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OBJECT LESSONS
IN
BOTANY.
The Mexican Sage,— the Pink,— Phlox,— Bell-flower,— Sweet Pea,— Lily,— Morning-glory, —Heather,— Rose,— Ear-drop,— Monk's-hood, &c.,— illustrating the several classes of corolla forms. See Lesson XV.
pMMSi mi gkwm;
OR,
i;jECT LESSONS IN BOTANY
WITH
A FLORA.
PREPARED FOR BEGINNERS IN ACADEMIES AND TUBIJC SCnoOI 9,
BY ALPIIONSO WOOD, A.M.,
AUTHOR OF THE CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, ETC. WITH 685 ILLUSTRATIONS.
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PREFACE
Amoxg tlie happiest days of oar childhood were those devoted to the study of Botany. Pure sunshine rests upon the memory of those rambles in the fields and woods, amid the opening flowers of Spring, and then in the gay profusion of advancing Summer, in which we made acquaintance with many a floral gem before unknown. "We love to think of that wild woodland lake w^here first we saw the sparkling Sundew, the quaint Sarracenia, and the fair Nymphtea, resting on the bosom of the waters ; or of that lowly dell by the brookside, where the Yellow Violet, the Hepatica, and the Bloodroot bloomed; or of that craggy mountain, where, among the rocks, the Columbine hung out its scarlet flowers. Then returning home with our gathered treasures, how we entered with a will upon the work of Analysis, toiling for hours as no schoolmaster could have compelled us to do, being attracted to the task by the very love of it alone. Here, then, we have at least one department in learning whose earnest pursuit is so congenial to the affections and tastes of the mind as to be no irksome task, but a pastime, — a perpetual feast; and this not only to maturer minds, but to the season of early youth even in a higher degree, since then the objects of nature are especially invested with the charms of novelty.
Let it not be said, however, that Botany attracts such willing votaries because it requires no labor, no persevering effort. No science is more intricate or profound. It cannot be understood except by vigorous and persevering effort. Consequently, in its successful pursuit there is disci- pline for the mind as well as for the body ; and since the subject itself is replete with refinement and beauty, and fresh from the hand of God, its pursuit must also conduce to the invigoratiou of the moral nature.
If, then, it be desirable to preoccupy the minds of our children with controlling ideas of purity, refinement, and moral beauty, — with exalted
27695
(5 PREFACE.
thoughts of God, habits of mental activity, strength of judgment, and decision of character ; and, moreover, to do all this by means of a study whose path, in a double sense, is strown with flowers, then is the study of Botany desirable; and that labor is not in vain which is bestowed upon the preparation of a work designed, like the present, for primary classes, from the ages of ten to fourteen.
As the title implies, we have aimed to represent to the eye nearly every subject or form treated of, or described in these Lessons. But, notwith- standing the copiousness of these illustrations, neither the teacher nor the pupil will be satisfied to rely upon their aid alone. Nature alone can afford the proper illustrations in the study of Nature's works, and it is only by comparison with the living specimen that eithjr the picture or the description becomes intelligible. Therefore let specimens in unlimited number accompany every botanical recitation.
Most of the figures are original. Others have been derived from Maout,, Payer, Richard, Balfour, Lindley, and a few, by permission, from Darl- ington's " ^Yeeds and Useful Plants."
Finally, to the children and youth of our country, gathered in schools of every name, this liumble volume is dedicated, with confident belief that it will prove to many of them a source of intellectual and moral culture as well as of pure and rational delight.
Bkooklyk, N. Y., February 23, 1863.
BOTANICAL APPARATUS. The Publishers have recently provided and have on sale a set of apparatus of the most approved form for the use of the student in hotanical pursuits, and as described in the Class- Book, page 15. It consists of a km'fe-ti'owel for dig.^ing and cutting specimens, a inicroscojie and tweezers for analysis, a tin-box for preserving them fresh, and a j/rcss for drying them. The Set, securely packed, will be sent by Express to order, at a moderate price.
IN PRESS. " The Botanical Index,'' a work for Schools and Seminarfes, altogether neto and ^7ef (<'iar, in which the study of the entire flora of the country and city is reduced to the last degree of simplicity and precision. Its use will lighten the labors of the teacher and add still new pleasures to botanical pursuits for every one. It will be issued ia June or July.
Also, in the domain of Science, the Publishers offer Steele's 14 Weeks' Course in Astronomy.
" " " Chemistry (with Apparatus).
" " " Philosophy (in Press).
Most interesting and valuable Text Books.
CONTExNTS.
PAGE
Preface 5
Lesson 1. The Leaf and its parts 9
2. Veins and Venation of tlie Leaf 11
3. Forms and Figures of Leaves 15
4. Forms and Figures of Leaves 19
5. Otlier Forms and Figures 23
6. Margin and Apex 26
7. Compound Leaves 28
8. Sessile Leaves. — Forms of Stipules 32
9. Arrangement of Leaves and Buds 35
10. Appendages, &c 38
11. Organs of tlie Flower 41
13. More about tlie Calyx and Corolla 43
13. About Adliesions 48
. 14. Forms of tlie Perianth 50
15. Concerning the Stamens 54
16. More about the Stamens 59
17. The Plan of the Flower 63
18. Of the Pistils 67
19. How the Leaves are folded in the Bud 71
20. How the Flowers are arranged on the Plant 75
31. The Inflorescence continued 78
33. Concerning the Fruit 83
33. Fruits continued 88
34. Concerning the Seeds 93
35. The Seed becoming a Plant 95
. 26. Life of the Plant, or its Biography 100
. 37. Of the Axis of the Plant 103
38. Of the Stem or Ascending Axis 106
29. Plants to be .arranged in Classes 113
8 CONTENTS.
PACK
Lesson 30. The Natural System 115
31. More about the Natural System 119
32. Of the Analysis of Plants 122
33. How to Analyze a Plant by the Tables 125
34. Various Suggestions and Cautions 128
Abbreviations and Signs 131
Analysis of the Natural Orders 132
The Flora. — Cohort 1. The Polypetalous Exogens 143
Cohort 2. The Gamopetalous Exogens 215
Cohort 3. The Apetalous Exogens 275
Cohort 4. The Conoids (omitted).
Cohort 5. The Spadiciflorse 282
Cohort 6. TheFloridioe 284
Glossary of Botanical Terms 302
Index to the Names of Species, Genera, Orders, &c 309
.?*-^
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
• LESSON I.
THE LEAF, AND ITS PARTS.
Fig. 1. Leal'uf Llic Quince.
1. "We have before us tlie picture of a Quince leaf, care- fully drawn and colored. It is of a rich green color, very pleasant to the eye. Its outlines are full, even, and grace- fully curved, and its upper surface is smooth and naked. Although it is indeed but one leaf, yet it seems to be made up of three parts — 5, j9, ss,
2. The upper part, 5, is broad and thin, and is called the
10 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
BLADE. The upper end of tlie blade is tlie ajpcx^ and the lower end is the hase. You see at once that the outline of this blade represents a certain form or figure, with an even margin, rounded, and broader at the base than at the apex, like the figure of an ^g^. So it is called an egg-shaped leaf: or, to use a softer word, ovate.
3. Now see how this blade is supported. At the base it is suddenly narrowed to a foot-stalk, which is properly called the PETIOLE. You see that this part of the leaf is narrow and slender, and in this leaf terete^ or cylindrical^ in form. But in some kinds of leaves it is flattened. Remember its name, — petiole.
4. Lastly, at the base of the petiole you notice a pair of little leaf-like bodies, one on this side and one on that. These we call the STiruLES. Stipules, then, are always in pairs, and placed at the base of the petiole. Their shape is quite various.
5. Thus, when a leaf is complete, it consists of a blade, a petiole, and a pair of stipules. But you will not find every kind of leaf complete. Many sorts have no stipules at all. Can you find stipules on the leaves of the Lilac? Some leaves, moreover, have not even a petiole. See the leaves of Phlox. Such leaves are said to be sessile^ that is, sitting.
1. What is tlie color of the leaf of the Quince bush ? What is the color of leaves generally ? Ans. Green, of lighter or darker shade. What of the outline of this leaf? — its upper surface?
2. What is the Uade ? — the apex ? — the hase ? What is the figure of the blade?
3. How is the blade supported? Describe the foot-stalk. Tell its real name.
4. Describe the stipules.
5. Now state the three parts of a complete leaf. Do all kinds of leaves have stipules ? Do the leaves of the Lilac ? — of St. Johnswort, &c. ? — of the
VEINS OF THE LEAF.
11
LESSON II.
VEINS AND VENATION OF THE LEAF.
6. The blade of the Quince leaf (Fig. 2) shows many veins running through it, and branching all over it. Examine
blcide.
Fig. 2. Leaf of the Quince, showing the veins.
them. First, the petiole seems to be extended and continued right through, from the base to the apex, forming the largest vein in tlie leaf. This is the midvein,
7. lS[ext observe several large branches sent off from this midvein on both sides, right and left. These are the veinlets, Now, looking at these veins, their arrangement reminds us of a feather, and we call such leaves feathti'-veiJied. Therefore,
Violet ? Do all kinds of leaves have petioles ? — of Plilox, for example 1 Wliat do you understand by sessile leaves ?
6. Describe the midvein of the Quince leaf.
7. Describe the veinlets. What is the feather-vcincd venation ?
12
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
we may say that the feather- veined venation consists of 07ie 7nidvein hranching iiito vei7ilets. This is very common.
8. Thirdly, the veinlets themselves send off little branches (branchlets) on their right and left, and we call these the veinulets. These again and again may divide, and finally, all the little divisions unite again, forming a complete net-work all over the leaf. Thus we learn what a net-veined leaf is.
Fig. 3. The Willow leaf. Some of the veinulets are shown.
9. Here is a picture of the Willow leaf (Fig. 3). You can point out all its parts, and the three kinds of veins in it. In
Fig. 4. Leaf of the Red-bud (Cercis).
8. What are the veinulets ? When is a leaf said to be net Yeinod!
VENATION OF THE LEAF.
13
the next cut (Fig. 4), representing the Judas-tree or Red- bud leaf, you see a different venation.
10. At tlie base of the blade the petiole seems to divide all at once into five large veins, each rumiing tlirougli, one to the apex, and four to the margin. In tliis case the vein- ing (that is, the venation) is compared to the division of the hand (or j[)ahn of the hand) into fingers, and so named ^a^
Fig. 4 a. Leaf of Sweet-gum {Liquidamhar),
mate venation. Therefore, you may say that the palmate venation consists of about five veins startins: towther at the base of the blade, each one branching into veinlets and veinulets. Fig. 4 <z is a lohed leaf of the Liqnidambar tree,
9. Note the parts of tliis Willow leaf. Point out its midveiu. Its veinlets — veinulets.
10. Define the palmate venation. What are the veins ?
u
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
j^almate venation. Maple leaves are veiy familiar ex- les of the same.
11. Our next iigiire (5) represents the leaf of the Tulip. How very different is its venation ! How smooth, even, and polished its surface ! The veins all run side by side, from base to apex, in graceful and regular curves. They are so nearly parallel, that this kind of venation is called the jparallel venation. Look at the grass leaves, the Corn leaves, and the Palm leaves, and see the ^IIJvli same kind of venation.
P\?\
Fig. 5. Leaf of Tulip.
Fig, 6. Leaf of the Climbing Fern.
12. Let us examine one other kind of venation, and the list will be complete. Here is a cut showing the leaf of
11. Define the parallel venation. Mention examples.
12. The forked venation. Examples.
Now repeat the names of the five or six kinds of venation.
FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES.
Climbing Fern (Fig. 6). To say nothing of the five veins (which are pahnate, as in tlic leaves of Sweet-gnm, Fig. 4 «), you may notice the veinlets, how they fork and run to tlie margin, without uniting again to form a net-work. This is the forked venation. You will lind this sort in nearly all the Ferns.
LESSON III.
FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES.
13. You have already noticed that the form of the Quince leaf, and of most others, is a thin, flat expansion, presenting a large surface to tlie air. A few plants have thick, solid leaves, as the leaves of the Live-forevers and Ice-plants.
Fig. 7. Represents a branch of Juniper, witli awl-sliaped leaves (siibnlate). Fig. 8. Leaves of the Fleur-de-lis {Irls)\ they are sword-shaped (ensiform). Fig. 9. Leaves of the Scotch Pine ; they are needle-shaped (acerose).
Other plants have slender leaves, as the Pines. See Figs. Y, 8, and 9.
13. What is the general form of leaves ? Wliat plants have thick and solid leaves? What form of leaves has the Pine? the Iris? the Juniper?
16
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
14. We also spoke of the figure of the outline of the Quince leaf, which is ovate. But you must have observed that there is a very great variety in the figure of leaves, af- fording a very interesting study. First, we will examine, one by one, the figures of the feather-veined leaves (Figs. 10-21.)
Fig. 10. Ovate leaf of the Pear-tree. Fig. 11. Lanceolate leaf of the Flowering Almond. Fig. 12. Narrow lanceolate leaf of the Weeping Willow. Fig. 13. Deltoid leaf of the White Birch.
15. The leaf of the Flowering Almond (Fig. 11) is lanceo- late. It is narrower than ovate, shaped like a lance, having the lower half wider tlian the upper. This "Willow leaf (Fig. 12) is narrowly lanceolate. The leaf of the Lombardy Pop- lar, or of the White Birch (Fig. 13), is so broad at the base as to form a three-sided figure, like the Greek letter (A) delta. Hence it is a deltoid leaf.
14. What is the figure of the Quince leaf?
15. Describe the figure of the leaf of Flowering Almond ; of the Weeping Willow ; of the Lombardy Poplar, &c.
LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES.
17
16. In the next fonr kinds of leaves yon will notice tliat tlie broadest place is midway between the base and apex. Thus the orhicidar (Fig. 14), or rounded, leaf is about as broad as it is long. The oval leaf (Fig. 15) is about one-third longer than broad. This Plum leaf is an example. The el- liptical (Fig. 16) is about twice longer than broad, and the oblong (Fig. lY) is three or four times longer than broad. Here are examples.
Fig. 14. Orbicular leaf of "Wiuter-greeu {PyroU). Fig. 15. Oval leaf of the Plum-tree. Fig. 16. Elliptical leaf of Black Haw. Fig. 17. Oblong leaf of a Willow.
17. We next have four varieties of forms which are broader towards the apex than base. First, the olovate (Fig. IS), like this leaf of the Smoke-tree. Its outline is like that of
16. Wlaen is the figure of a leaf called orbicular ? Will you sliow me specimens ? Describe an oval leaf, and give specimens. Describe an cllii>- Ucal leaf, and give examples. Describe an oblong leaf, and give examples.
17. When will the figure of a leaf become obovate? Give examples of
18
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
the egg inverted. A similar form, but narrower, is the db- Icmceolate ^ that is, tlie inverted lance-sliaped, like the leaf' of Papaw, or Fig. 19. Next, still narrower, is the spatulate^ a figure compared to the surgeon's spatula (Fig. 21); and lastly, the wedge-shaped, or cuneate^ tapering from a broad apex to a slender base, as in Fig. 20.
Fig. 18. Obovate leaf of the Smoke-tree (Rhys cotula). Fig. 19. Oblanceolate loaf of MuhJetiburg's Willow. Fig. 20. Cuneate leaf of a Sundew (Drosera longifolia). Fig. 21. Spatulate leaf of a Sundew (variety of i>. longifolia).
18. Thus we have arranged these twelve forms of feather- veined leaves into three classes.
Bucli leaves. Oblanceolate ? Sliow us examples. Spatulate ? Sliow us ex- amples. Wedge-sliaped, or cuneate ? Give examples.
18. Repeat the names of the four leaf-forms broadest at base ; — the four broadest in the middle ; — the four broadest towards apex.
LEAF-FORMS AND FIQUKES.
19
LESSON IV.
FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES.
19. In many kinds of leaves we find the parts at the base more or less enlarged backwards, as yon see in this picture
Fig. 22. The Morning-glory.
of the Morning-glory leaf (Fig. 22). This is the lieart- ghaped, or, more properly, the cordate leaf. It is truly an
20
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
elegant figure in this and in the Lilac, &c. But sometimes this peculiar enlargement at base becomes excessive, and the figures more curious than elegant. Such is the arrow-shaped figure, called sagittate^ having long-pointed base lobes, as seen in the Arrow-head (Fig. 47), the Scratch Knot-grass, &c. (Fig. 26.)
Fep-. 23. Eeniform leaf of Wild Ginger. Fig. 28. Fraser's Magnolia: obovate- Fig. 24, Eeniform leaf of Pennywort. spatulate, auriculate at base.
Fig. 25. Peltate leaf of Penny wort. Fig. 29. Oblong leaf of the Toothed Fig. 26. Arrow-shaped leaf of Scratch Arabis.
Knot-grass. Fig. SO. Three-lobed leaf of Liverwort. Fig. 27. Spatulate leaf of SileneVirginica.
20. In the common Sorrel leaf, and in Fraser's Magnolia leaf (Fig. 28), these base lobes remind one oi em^s, and such leaves are said to be auriculate (from the Latm aiiriGula^ an
19. Desci'ibe tlie cordate leaf, and give examples. The sagittate, and ex- amples.
20. Describe the auriculate form, and give examples. The reniform. Examples.
LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES.
21
ear). In some leaves these lobes are very broad and round- ed, giving to tliem a kidney-shaped form, that is, reniform^ as you see in this Wild Ginger leaf (Fig. 23), and in the Pennywort (Fig. 24). ^\\.q jpeltate^ or shield-shaped leaf (Fig. 25 — another Pennywort) has its base lobes united, and its pet- iole iixed to the under side. See, also, IN^asturtion leaves. 21. We will next study a class of forms with deeply lobed
or cleft blades, not well filled
up
between the veinlets.
Fig. 31. Bi-pinnatifid leaf of Pig-weed.
Fig. 32. Sinnate-lobed leaf of White Oak,
Fig. 33. Undulate-lobed leaf of Jack Oak.
Fig. 34. Lyrate leaf of Moss-cup Oak.
Fig. 35. Lobed \ci\f of Mulgedlum (Bine Milkweed).
First, look at this Liverwort leaf (Fig. 30). It is cleft id two places, rendering it three-lobed. The Sweet-gum leaf (Fig. 4 a) is five-lobed Oak leaves are lobed in many pat« terns, according to the kind. The White Oak has a simiate-
2L What is tlie figure of the Liverwort leaf? AYliat Ihe figure of the Maple leaf? What kind of venation have tliese last two? Define the fig- ure of the Wliite Oak leaf. Of the Mossy-cuj) Oak.
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
lohed leaf (Fig. 32), tlie Mossy-cnp Oak has a lyraU leaf,
having its terminal lobe larger than any other (Fig. 34). 22. Fig. 35 is the leaf of a kind of Milkweed, called Muh
gedium^ with sharp lobes pro- jecting at right angles to the niidvein ; and Fig. 36 is of the Wild Lettuce, with lobes point- ing or hooking backwards. Such leaves are called riin- cinate. The Dandelion has also runcinate leaves. When a leaf has only shallow lobes, as you see in Fig. 33, it ap- pears with a wav}^ outline,
(tailed undulate. It is a leaf of that beautiful tree called at
the West, Jack Oak.
Fig. 36. Leaf of Lactuca elongata^ or Wild Lettuce.
LESSON V.
OTHER FORMS AND FIGURES.
23. It is now time to learn the difference between a sim- ple and a compound leaf. The simple leaf has but one blade, as the Quince leaf, and all the leaves which we have liitherto noticed. We have now before us a compound leaf, one plucked from a Eose-bush (Fig. 39), consisting of several distinct blades on one petiole. It has also one pair of stip-
22. What of the figure called runcinate? Describe the undulate leaf. What example ? What kind of venation have the last four forms ? 2.3 What is a simi)lo loaf? A compound leaf?
LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES.
23
Fig. 37. Compound leaf of Red Clover.
Fig. 38. Simple leaf of Willow {Salir. lucida).
Fig. 39. Compound leaf of Rose.
ulcs, like a simple leaf. This Clover leaf is also compound (Fig. 37), having stipules («), as well as this simple leaf of the Shining Willow (Fig. 38).
24. But here is a leaf, the Celandine (Fig. 40), which is almost, but not quite, compound. The blade is feather- veined, and deeply divided into several parts, called segments. Such a leaf is called innnatifid. In Fig. 31, the leaf of a garden weed (Ambrosia), you observe that the segments ni'e themselves pinnatifid, so that the leaf is twice or hi-])innatifid.
24. Plense define tlie pinnatiCd loaf. Tlic bi pinnatifid.
24
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
25. But what form of leaf is this (Fig. 41) of the Fennel-flower, with such a multitude of nar- row segments ? You may call h jp{?i-?iat-i-secty if the long word does not try your short memory too much. The Thistle leaf is also pinnatisect, al- though quite different in form.
26. Fig. 42 represents a pedate leaf of a Pas- sion-flower. Observe its palmate venation, each of its veins bearing a seg- ment, and each lower
Fiff. 40. Pinnatifid leaf of Celandine. Fi(/. 41. Pinnatisect leaf of Fennel-flower.
segment double, so resembling a bird's foot. Fedate means foot-shaped.
tig. i'i. Pedate leaf of Passion-flower. Fig. ^o. Laciniale leaf of Monk's-liood.
25. What do you call sucli leaves as those of the Fennel-flower ?
LEAF-FOKMS AND FIGURES.
25
27. The singular leaf of MonkVliood ap- pears as if gashed with scissors, and may be called laciniate^ or gashed (Fig. 43).
28. The parallel-veined leaves may have figures similar to the net-veined, as lanceo- late (Fig. 44), orbicular (Fig. 45), cordate (Fig. 4G), sagittate (Fig. 47), &c. ; but the most usual form is the linear^ like the Grass
leaf (Fig. 48), which is long and n arrow, witli sides nearly parallel. The sword-sbaped leaf, or ensiform^ differs from the linear in having its edges vertical, not horizontal as other leaves. See tbe Iris. 8.
26,27. Pedate? Laciniale ? State the venation of the above forms. •
28. What is a linear leaf? an en- siform ? Define the word vertical.
Fig. 44. Lanceolate, — Lily of the Valley. Fig. 4G. Cordate leaf of Pond- weed. Fig. 45. Orbicular,— Kound-lcavcd Orchis. Fig. 47. Sajjittate leaf of Arrow-head. Fig. 48. Linear Laves of Bluo-oycd Grass {.Sin^rinvhium).
86
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
LESSON yi.
MARGIN AND APEX.
29. In describing a leaf we are to consider the patterns of its border, or margin, which are quite varions, and often eleirant. Some of the leaves heretofore noticed have the
Fig. 49. Serrate leaf of Chestnut. Fig. 50. Doubly serrate leaf of Elm. Fig. 51. Dentate leaf of Arrow-wood
( Viburnum dentatum). Fig. 52,. Crenato leaf of Catmint.
Fig. 53. Kepand leaf of Enchanter's Ni-ght-shade {Circaa Lutetiana).
Fig. 54. Undulate leaf of Shingle 0«k {Q. imhricaria).
Fig. 55. LooLd leaf of ChrysuKthemvm.
margins entire and even, as in the Quince leaf, or tlie Lily.
But most leaves are notched in various ways. For example,
30. This Willow leaf (Fig. 3) is notched in the margin
29. When is the margin said to be entire ?
MARGIN AND APEX.
27
like a saw, with the teeth projecting forward. Such a mar- gin is said to be serrate^ or, if the teeth are quite small, ser- rulate. When the teeth point neither forward nor back- ward, but outward^ we call the margin dentate^ or toothed ; and if tlie teeth are quite small, denticulate. See Figs. 49, 50, 51, &c.
31. Some leaves are maro^ined with rounded and blunt teeth, and we call them crenate (Fig. 52) ; or, if such teeth are very small, crenulate.
32. In Figs. 13 and 50, you see that the teeth themselves are again toothed, an arrangement called douUy dentate. So we may find leaves doubly serrate or doubly crenate. Thus we liave described seven modes or styles of border-
ing-
Several other modes are found described in the larsfer
botanies.
56
APEX.
57
Flff. 56. Apex of leaves: or, obcordate ; 6, emarginate; c, retuso ; rf, truncate ; «, obtuse ; f, acute ; ^, mucronate ; h, cuspidate ; k, acuminate.
Fig. 57. Bases of leaves: I, hastate; m, w, sagittate; o, auriculate ; p, cordate; 7, rcniform.
30. When is the margin serrate ? Wlien serrulate ? How ioes the den tate differ from the serrate ?
31. What sort of teeth docs the crenate imply? Crenulate? 33. Explain doubly dentate, &c.
28 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
33. It is also necessary to be acquainted witli the vari- ous forms of the apex of leaves. This diagram (Fig. 56) will assist the memory. The apex may be acmninate^ end- ing in a long, tapering point; or cusj>idate^ suddenly con- tracted to a sharp, slender point ; mucronate^ tipped with a S2>iny point ; acute^ simply ending with an angle ; obtuse^ blunt.
34. Or the leaf may end without a point, being truncate, as if cut square off; retuse, with a rounded and slightly de- pressed end where the point should be ; emarginate, having a small notch at the end; obcordate, having a deep inden- tation at the end. See also, and exphiin, the diagram ol the bases of leaves (Fig. 57).
LESSON VII.
COMPOUND LEAVES.
35. A COMPOUND leaf consists of several distinct blades borne on one petiole. (See Lesson Y., first paragraph.) These separate blades are called leaflets. You notice that in Fig. 39 each of the five leaflets has its own foot stalk, called petiolule^ and its own midvein, &c.
36. The Eose leaf (Fig. 58) is pinnately compound, or Eim-
33. What does tlie term acuminate imjDly ? What sort of apex is i uspi date ? miicronate ? acute ? obtuse ?
34. When may we call the apex truncate ? retuse ? emarginate V ohcor date ? Please name these several forms of the bases of leaves.
35. Define a compound leaf. What is a leaflet ? What do you call the foot-stalk of the leaflet ?
COMPOUND LEAVES.
29
ply pinnate^ liaving several leaflets arranged along both sides of the com- mon stalk. This common stalk, an- swering to the midvein of a simple leaf, is called the r acids.
37. Among pinnate leaves, there are, at least, three important distinc- tions. Observe the Figs. 59, 60, and 61. One of them ends with an odd leaflet, and is called odd-joinnate. Another ends with a pair of leaflets, and is equally pinnate. Another still has its alternate leaflets smaller, and is interruptedly pinnate.
Fig. 5S. Lciif ofthe Rose.
Fig. 50. Odd-pinnate \iii.\^ {Tephrosia). Fig. 61. Interruptedly pinnate (Agrimony). Fig. GO, Equally pinnate \Qa^ {Cassia). Fig. 62. Pinnately ternate {Desmodium). Fig. 63. Paliiiately ternate (Clover).
3G. Define tlie pinnate leaf. What is the rachis ?
37. Give the distinction between odd-pinnate and equally pinnate. What leaf is interruptedly pinnate 'i
30
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
88. Every one knows that the number of Icallets in tlie Clover is three; also in the Bean, and in this figure (62) of the Desmodium leaf. Such leaves are called ternate. But here the pupil will notice another important distinction. In this Desmodium leaf, the odd leaflet is stalked, and is said to be ^:>?727i(2i5(?Zy ternate ; in Clover, the odd leaflet is nearly sessile, like the this \'$= ixdmately ternate.
Fig. 65. Poison Hemlock.
39. Fig. 64 represents a li-jjmnate (that is, twice pinnate) leaf of Honey Locust. The simple leaflets seem to have eacli become itself a pinnate leaf. And still more compound is this Poison Hemlock leaf, being tri-jpinnate^ or thrice pin- nate (Fig. 65). In the same manner, we hav<3 M-ternate and tri-teimate.
38. How many leaflets in a ternate leaf? Difference between tliQ pin- aately and tlie palmately ternate ?
39. Can you define a bi-pinnate leaf? Tri-pinnate ? Wliat is abi-ternata teaf ? A tri-ternate ?
FOllMS AKD FIGURES OF LEAVES.
31
40. AH the above forms of com- pound leaves, except the Clover, are founded on the pinnate vena- tion ; but tlie palmate venation gives us the palmately ternate (Clover, already described) ; the quinate^ witli five leaflets ; the sej}- tinate^ with seven leaflets, &c. See the leaves of Horse-chestnut, of Hemp, and of tliis Lupine (Fig.
Fig. 60. A leaf of Lupine. 72 73
Fig. 67. Eose-bay {Rhododendron).
Fig. 68. Alder {Alniis glauca).
Fig. 69. Knot-grass {Folygonun sagitta-
tian). Fig. 70. Papaw {Asiriiina triloba). Fig. 71. To\\Q\\-mQ- not {hnpatiensfulva).
Fig. 72. Sugar-berry ( Celtis Americana).
Fig. 73. Enchanter's Night-shade {Cir- ca-a lutetiana).
Fig. 74. Catmint {Nepda GUclioma).
Fig. 75. Goldenrod (Solidago Canaden- sis), a triple-veined leaf.
The pupils should be required to describe the leaves in this cut, as to venation, figure, margin, apex, and base.
32
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY
Ficj. 76. Potentilla anserina; leaf with five cut lobes, almost qninate. Fig. 77. Potentilla tridentata ; ternate, with palmate, three-toothed leaflets Fig. 78. JefFersonia diphylla ; a binate leaf. Fig. 79. Lemon ; a simple leaf jointed to the petiole.
LESSON VIII.
SESSILE LEAVES— FORMS OF STIPULES.
41. Y\^E have alreaclj stated (Lesson L, § 5) that many leaves are without petioles (foot-stalks), or, in other words, are sessile. The figures presented on page 33 exhibit some of the modes of attachment peculiar to sessile leaves. In Fig. 80 (an Aster) you see leaves of the form called spatulate (Lesson III., § 5), having large base lobes nearly clasping the stem at the point of attachment. Such leaves are said to be arrh- plexicaul (stem -clasping).
42. In the next figure (81, Bellwort) the leaves are ellipti- cal, parallel-veined, and not only clasp the stem at base, but the lobes there grow together on the opposite side, appearing as if the stem passed through the leaf; that i^., perfoliate.
40. What kind of venation have all these forms ? On the palmate vena- tion what forms are founded ?
41. When are leaves said to he sessile? Define an amplexicaul lea£
42. Can you define a perfoliate leaf?
FORMS OF THE PETIOLE.
33
Fig. 80. Amplexicaul leaves of Aster laevis.
Fig. 81. Perfoliate leaves of Bellwort {Uvulana perfoliata).
Fig. 82. Connate leaves of Honeysuckle {Lonicera sempervirens).
43. In Fig. 82 (Trumpet Honeysuckle) the leaves placed opposite are joined together by pairs, base to base. Such are connate leaves.
44. The forms of the petiole, Avhen the petiole exists, are also various. Generally, it is merely a rounded, slender stem, but you vill often iind it flattened. Plave you ever noticed the structure of the Aspen (Poplar) leaf, which so easily flutters in tlie gentlest breeze ? Its petiole is flattened vertically, so that its edges turn sky-ward and earth-ward. Such a form of leaf-stalk is called compressed., and it must be very nicely balanced in order to hold the blade at rest.
43. When are leaves said to be connate ?
44. What is the usual form of the petiole ? Carefully describe the petiole of the Aspen.
■ 2*
34
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
45. A winged petiole is flattened horizontally. A shccdh- ing petiole embraces tlie stem with its winged edges like a sheath. Yon can And plenty of examples of these forms.
S3 .^4 Fig. 83. Eose, — stipules adnate. Fig. 84. Violet ( V. tricolor)^ — plashed stipules.
46. Let ns now study more particularly the varying forms of the stipules. We have already defined them. (See Les- son I., § 4.) Here is seen the leaf of a Rose and of a Pansy (Figs. 83, 84), both with quite showy stipules. The former
85 86 87 88 Fig. 85. Leaf of Coniosellnum,— tri-pinnate, with sheathing petiole. Fig. 86. Leaf of Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, witli its (s) ochrea. Fig. 87. Stem of Grass, with joint 0"), leaf (^), ligule (s). Fig. 88. Leaf of Pear-tree, with slender stipules.
45. What difference between a winged and compressed petiole ? Can you describe a sheathing petiole ? Give examples of these three forms.
ARRANGEMENT OF THE LEAVES. 35
has its stipules adnate j tluit is, growing to the petiole. The Pansy lias large stipules deeply cleft into many segments.
47. Figs. 85-88 are very instructive. Fig. 88 is a Pear leaf, with an ovate blade, a slender, cylindric petiole, and a pair of small, narrow stipules (s). Fig. 86 is a Knot- grass leaf, with an ochrea {s) ; that is, a pair of stipules so joined at the edges as to form a sheath around the stem Fig. 87 is a Grass leaf, linear, with a ligule {s) supposed to be the top of a doubled stipule. Fig. 85 is a very compound leaf of Conioselinum, having a broadly winged, sheathing petiole.
LESSON IX.
ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES AND BUDS.
48. If you carefully notice how the leaves are distributed over any plant, — the Corn plant, for example, — you will soon admire their order and exactness in this respect. At first view, we might suppose their positions all accidental ; but it is not so, and much of the peculiar aspect of the j)lant de- pends upon this circumstance.
49. In the Corn plant, or in this figure of Lady's-slipper (89), we find the leaves alternate, — that is, one on this side, the next one higher and on that side, and so on. So it is in
46. Stipules ; can you repeat the definition ? Describe the stipules of tlie Rose. Describe the stipules of the Pansy.
47. Describe the stipules of the Pear. Stipules of Knot-grass — what called ? Stipules of Grass — what called ?
48. Are the positions of the leaves on the plant accidental?
49. Can you describe the alternate arrangement? How is this arrango- nient more accurately described ?
36
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
the Elm, Clieriy, Willow, and many otlier plants. But it would be more accurate to say that the arrangement, in all these cases, is spiral. (See Class Book, § 22 i.)
S9 90 91 92
Fig. 89. Lady's-slipper {Cypripedium)^ — leaves alternate.
Fig. 90. Synandra, — leaves opposite.
Fig. 91. Larch {Larix Americana)^ — leaves fasciculate.
Fig. 92. Indian Cucumber (J/gJ^rv^a),— leaves whorled.
50. In the Maple, Lilac, Phlox, and in this figure of th( Synandra (90), a wild western plant, the leaves are Ojpjyosite that is, two opposite ones stand at each joint. The Meadow Lily, and this Medeola (Fig. 92) of the I^ew England woods^ hav' e tohorled or 'vei'ticillate leaves ; that is, several in a circle at each joint. Again, look at this Larch (Fig. 91), the Pines, &c., whose leaves, gathered in little tufts or bundles, are fasGiculate.
50. Define tlife opposite arrangement. The wliorled j fasciculate.
VERNATION.— LEAF-BUD.
37
51. In early spring, before the leaves are expanded, we find them folded up in the buds. This is called the verna- tion of the leaves (from the Latin vermis, spring). In this condition the yonng leaves are closely packed in many curi- ous modes, which are described in the Class Book, §§ 209-214.
52. If we dissect and carefully examine a swelling leaf-bud in early spring, we observe in the midst of it a tender point of a growing pith, bearing and covered by many circles of little leaves and scales, packed as close as possible. Fig. 94 shows a twig with two buds as if split through the axis, exhibiting the pith, growing point, young leaves, and scales.
53. According to this figure and the next (94), buds are either terminal (Q, situated at the end of the stem or twig, or lateral (a)^ situated on the side. But we must more care- fully define the position of the lateral buds, you that they are axillary, or located in the axil of a leaf, 3*ou would not understand, until knowing that the axil of a leaf is the upper angle between the leaf-stalk and the stem. (See h, Fig. 90.) Now, remember this rule, which you may Boon confirm by your own observation, that there is a hud at the terminatioii of every stem or branch, and in the axil of every lecf.
51. What is the meaning of the terra vernation?
52. Give a careful definition of a leaf-bud.
53. What is a terminal bud ? "SVhat an axillary ? Where are buds al- ways found V
Fig. 93. A twig, with two lateral and one terminal bud.
Fig. 94. Sanae, split through the two buds.
Should we tell
38
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
LESSON X.
APPENDAGES, ETC.
54. The tendril is a very common appendage. You have seen it in the Grape-vine, the Pea- vine, the Greenbrier, &c It is like a stout, green thread, reaching out its curved poin like a linger, until it touches some object; then it quickly entwines itself around it, and soon acquires a firm hold. We do not find tendrils on any plants except such as, like vines, are too weak to stand without support.
Fig. 95. Leaf of Greenbrier, with tendrils in place of stipules. Fig. 96. Leaf of Everlasting Pea, — tendrils at end of rachis. Fig. 97. Leaf of Gloriosa, — apex ends in a tendril. Fig. 98. Air-bladder of Horn-pondweed.
55. But tendrils are quite various in habit. Those of the Pea (Fig. 96) grow from the extremity of the rachis. Tliose of the Greenbrier (Fig. 95), from the base of the leaf-stalk, in the place of stipules ; those of the Grape (Fig. 000) are oppo- site the leaves, in the place of clusters.
h^Q. Many plants are armed with sharp thorns, spines, or
54. What is the first appendage mentioned ? Please describe the form and use of the tendril.
55. State the habit of the tendril of the Pea • Greenbrier ; Grape-vine.
APPENDAGES.
39
prickles, as if in self defence. See the Thorn-bush (Fig. 99), where tlie long straight thorns come from the axils of the leaves, and are woody. The terrible thorns of the Honey Locust (Fig. 100) are branched. Those of tlie common Locust are in the place of stipules. Those last mentioned, and all others which originate with the leaves (as in Berberis, Thistle, &c.), are more prop- erly called spines,
57. As for the Rose and Bramble, they are armed with prirMes, which are horny in substance, connected with the bark only, not with the wood. (See Fig. 101.)
58. Glands are little wart-like bodies which secrete the peculiar fluids of the plant, sometimes imbedded in the leaf or the rind of the fruit, as in the Lemon, where it is filled with a fragrant volatile oil ; sometimes raised on a hair (Figs. 102, 103), as in Sundew, exuding a clammy liquid.
59. Stings are piercing hairs, having a bag at the base filled with an acrid fluid. "When touched the tip breaks off*, the hair penetrates the skin, and the poison is injected into the wound. (See Fig. 106.)
Thorns.— i^/(7. 99. Crattsgus parvifolia (thorns axillary). Fig. 100. Honey Lo- cust (branched thorns).
56. What is tlie liabit of tlie tliorns of the Thorn-bush ? of the Honey Locust ? of the common Locust ? What of the habit of spines ?
57. What of prickles?
58. Describe glands, the two kinds.
59. What is the structure and action of stings ?
40
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY
101
What do these figures represent ? — Fig. 105 represents a branched hair as it appeara under a strong magnifier; Fig. 104, an unbranched or simple hair; Fig. 102 is a hair with a gland on it; Fig. 103, also, is a gland on the top of a hair; Fig. 101 represents the hooked prickles of a Kose-bush, not magnified ; Fig. 106 represents n sting of a Nettle, much magnified.
60. Hairs of various kinds (Figs. 104, 105) are found on the leaves and. other parts of plants. By this clothing pecu- liar qualities are given to the surface, named and described as follows.
61. A dense coat of hairs will make the surface jpiibescent when the hairs are short and soft ; mllous, when rather long and weak ; sericious, or silky ; tomentous, when matted like felt, &c.
62. But thinly scattered hairs make the surface hirsute wdien they are long ; pilous, when short and soft ; 7iisj>id, when short and stiff, &c.
60. How are plants clotlied ?
61. Define the term pubescent; villous, &c
62. Define the term hirsute ; hispid, &c.
OIJGANS OF THE FLOWER.
41
LESSON XI.
ORGANS OP THE FLOAVER.
63. To-day, we commence the study of the beautiful flower. We have before us the Meadow Lily (Fig. 107), whose or- gans are large and j^erfectly distinct. Observe, in the first place, that its brighter colors form a striking contrast with tlie soft green of the leaves. The coloring, the structure,
Fig. 107. Meadow Lily {Lilinm Canadei)&is).
Fig. 108. Wiike-robin {TrilUum eredum).
Fig. 109. Stamens (.f, *) and pistil {j)) of the Lily.
Fig. 110. Stamens (.<-•, ^•) and pistils {j^) of the Trilliiii
42 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
and tlie fragrance of the flower are all wortlij of its Infinite Creator, and remind ns of his wisdom and goodness.
6i. As to the structnre of the flower, it is ahvays com- pound, being composed of several or many pieces nicely adapted to each other. In this Lily, for example, you may count thirteen pieces, or organs, attached in a close order to the summit of the flower-stalk (Fig. 113, d). You may call the flo^ver-stalk iha pedimcle, and the point of attachment {r) the torus, or receptacle. The former is the better name.
65. Two circles of leaf-like organs form the envelopes of this flower, and each circle consists of three pieces. The outer circle is the calyx, and the three pieces which compose it are called sepals {s, s, s). The inner circle is the corolla, and the three pieces wdiich compose it are called petals il'^P^P)' Ii^ ^^^® -Lily ^^^ some other flowers the calyx is colored like the corolla. But it is not so generally. In the liosc, Strawbcriy, Pink, and in this Trillium (Fig. 108), the calyx is green, while the corolla is almost always distin- guished by some brighter color.
66. Now, taking both calyx and corolla together as a whole, we call them the periaiith (a Greek word, meaning around the flower^. This name is very convenient when we speak of such flowers as this, where the calyx and corolla are not much different.
63. What is tlie subject of to-day's lesson ? What do you notice as to the color of the flower ?
G4. What is said of the compound nature of the flower ? Of how many pieces is the flower of the Lily composed ? What is the peduncle ? What is the torus ?
65. Will you point out and define the calyx ? sepals ? Will you point out and define the corolla ? i)etals ? What of the colors of these organs ?
68. What is the use of the word perianth ? Will you point out and define the stamens? What of their number? What is the pistil? How many ?
OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 43
67. JN^ext witliin the periantli of tlie Lily we find six long, Blender organs of peculiar form and color, called stamens. In tlie Rose you find a larger number (perhaps one hundred) of stamens, while in the Speedwell you find but two. But the most common number is five. Count them in the Morn- ing-glory, the Bellwort, Primrose, &c.
Q%. Lastly, this central, club-shaped body (jp), here as long as the stamens, but of totally different structure, is thejnstil. Other flowers have more than one pistil, as the Pink, which has two ; the Hose, which has many.
69. Thus, we have learned that the flower — at least this flower— is compounded of four kinds of organs, those of each kind being arranged in a circle by themselves. The outer circle, of sepals, constituting the calyx; the second circle, of petals, constituting the corolla; the third circle, the stamens ; the fourth circle, the pistils.
LESSON XII.
MORE ABOUT THE CALYX AND COROLLA.
TO. Let us examine the flower of the Pink (Fig. 112), the Strawberry (Fig. Ill), the Crowfoot, the Single Rose. In eitber you observe five green sepals, and the same number of colored petals, l^otice also the positions of those organs, — how the petals stand alternating with the sepals, and that they are all distinct and separate. This is the general rule, but there are many exceptions.
G7. Lastly, review the whole arrangement.
70. What is the rule as to the number of petals and sepals ? What ia th« rule as to their relative position, &c. V
44
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
Fig. 111. Flower of the Strawberry. Fig. 112. Flower of the Piuk.
i^i(y. 11;3. Flower of the Lily.
71. Often in the petal, and sometimes in tlie sepal, yon can distinguish two parts, — namely, the broad, expanded part above, called the lamina^ and the narrow part at base by which it is attached to the torns ; this is the daw (Fig. 116, c). The petal of the Pink has a long claw ; of the Rose or Buttercup (Fig. 119), a short one.
72. The forms of tlie j^etal are almost infinite in variety, like the leaf; as ovate, orbicular, oblong, &c., and some-
71. Will you define the lamina ? the claw?
72. Please mention some of the forms of petals.
OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA.
45
times very singular. See these figures. Fig. 114 is the form of tlie bifid petal of a Cerastinm; Fig. 115, the flower of Mitella, with five pinnatifid petals ; Fig. 117, the flower of Sweet Cicely, with five petals inflected at the point; Fig. 116, fringed, long-chiw^ed petal of Silene stellaria ; Fig. 118, many-cleft petal of Mignonette; Fig. 119, rounded, short- clawed petal of Crowfoot, showing its honey scale, or nec- tary, at base.
*122
F/ff. 120. Larkspur, its petals and sepals separated: s, s, 8, s, 8, sepals; a, the upper sepal spurred ; c, the petals all united into one, and produced backwards into a spur which is sheathed in the spur of the calyx.
Fit/. 121. Touch-me-not. Fig. 122. Its petals and sepals displayed : p, p, the two double petals ; s, s, s, y, the four sepals, y being in the form of a sack, with a spur.
73. A nectary is found also in the j^etals of Columbine (Fig. 361), Larkspur (Fig. 120), Touch-me-not (Fig. 121), &c., distorting them into grotesque shapes, called sjnirs.
74. Before us now is the flower of Pink (Fig. 123). The calyx (c) appears as a green tube, with five notches or teetli at the top. It is evident that this is made up of five sepals
73. What is a nectary ? What is a spur? Examples.
46
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
cohering (united) by their edges. The Convolvulus (Figs. 128, 144), tlie Phlox (Fig. 126), the Pink-root (Fig. 127), &c., show a similar cohesion (union) of their petals into a tube more or less complete.
Fig. 123. Pink : a, the five petals ; 6, the calyx, composed of five united sepals , c, a bract ; (/, several bract- lets.
Fig. 124. Flower of Ttconia radicans (the Trumpet-creeper) : c is the calyx, composed of five united sepals ; ^, the tube ; 5, the segments of the corolla or the petals, forming the border.
75. The calyx »with united sepals is called ononosejMloiis^ and the corolla of united petals monojpetalous (from the Greek raonos^ one), from the mistaken idea that this calyx consisted of only one sepal, &c. Gamojpetaloiis and gmnosejxiloiis are similar words, used in the same sense. Opposed to these terms 2<xq jpolysejpaloiis 2iU(\. polypetaloiis {Greek jjolys, many).
76. The gamosepalous calyx or gamopetalous corolla, al- though composed of several pieces, is described as a single organ, and its lower part, formed by the united claws, whether long or short, is tlie tuhe (Fig. 124, t); the upper
74. Describe the calyx of Pink ; corolla of Phlox.
75. Meaning of the terms monopetalous, &c. ?
70. Define the limb of a monopetalous corolla ; the tube ; the throat.
GAMOPETALOUS COROLLAS.
47
part, composed of tlie united laminae, is tlie linib (Fig. 128,5); the opening of the tube above is the throat.
Fig. 125. Flower of Saponariu (Bouncing-Bet) ; petals and claws quite distinct. Fig. 12G. Phlox; claws united, with laminae distinct. Fig. 127. Spigelia (Fink-root); perais still further united. Fig. 128. Quamoclit coccinea; petals united throughout.
77. In the Figs. 125-128, you may see how the petals in different flowers are distinct, or in various degrees united. In the Bouncing-Bet, the petals, with their long claws, are entirely distinct. In Phlox, the claws unite in a tube, while the laminae are distinct. In Pink- root, only the narrow tips of the laminae are distinct ; and in Quamoclit, the laminae also are wholly united.
. 77. Wliat is the condition of the petals in Pink Soapwort ? What their condition in Phlox? What their degree of cohesion in Pink-root? What 1 Quamoclit ?
48
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
LESSON XIII.
ABOUT ADHESIONS.
YS. We fear that tlie pupil will find some difficulties in tliis lesson. Yet if he bring to the task eyes determined to see, and a iinind determined to understand, the difficulties will soon vanish.
79. Cohesion^ as tauglit in the last lesson, implies the union of organs of the same kind, as sepals with sepals, petals with petals ; bnt adhesion implies the union of one kind of organ with another kind.
129
Fig. 129. Section of the flower of the Golden Currant, showing its parts.
Fig. 130. Section of the flower of Fuchsia. Fig. 131. Of Early Saxifrage.
80. For example, split a flower of Phlox, and you will see the five stamens adhering to the inner side of the corolla tube, appearing as if inserted into it.
79. Can you state liow adhosion differs from cohesion ?
CONCERNING ADHESIONS.
49
81. Now wc take it for granted tliat all the organs of the flower have their starting-point or origin at the same one point, namely, at the torus (^, Fig. 129), hence in this figure of the Golden Currant, it is understood that from t to u the calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil, adhere together; from ^o to Vy the calyx, corolla, and stamens, adhere ; and at v, all the organs are separate, that is, J^j'ce. Observe the same structure in the Ear-drop (Fig. 130).
82. In this and like cases, the calyx is said to be superior, because it seems to stand uj)on the pistil (ovary) and fruit, but the more correct term is, calyx adherent.
133.
Fig. 132. Section of the flower of Yellow Violet: t^ the torus. Tlie stamens are hypogynous.
Fig. 133. Section of the flower of Pear: c, c, sepals ; j?, ^, petals; s, <;, stamens, ^perigynous ; o, ovary, — inferior or adherent.
83. There are two other terms used in similar cases, which, although hard to pronounce, you may as well become ac- quainted with now. When the stamens adhere to the calyx
81. What do -^e take for granted? Please sliow tlie adhesions in the Golden Currant.
83. A\nien is the calyx adherent? When superior?
3
50 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY
or corolla tliej- are said to be perigynous (a Greek word, meaning " around the jDistil"). Otherwise, when free^ thej are said to be hypogynoiis, meaning " under the pistil."
8i. 1^0 w study attentively these figures, or rather, the flowers themselves. The figures are sections, i. 6., show the flowers as if split. Fig. 132 (the Yiolet) shows tlie stamens hypogynous and the organs all free. Fig. 133 (the Pear shows the stamens perigynous, adhering to the calyx. Fig. 131 (the Saxifrage) shows the stamens perigynous and the calyx lialf adherent. Do not fail to examine many flowers until these troublesome terms become familiar, for these distinctions are very important.
LESSON XIV.
FORMS OF PERIANTH.
85. "While all flowers agree in certain general characteris- tics, so that you are never at a loss to recognize any one of them as a flower^ yet in form and fashion they appear in infinite variety, each form endowed with its own peculiar grace. It is impossible to describe or name every form, but we will endeavor to reduce them to a few classes of forms.
86. Notice first that all forms are either polypetalous or gamopetalous, as already described (§ 75). Again, they are either regular or irregulai'. Compare the flower of Flax
83. When are tlie stamens said to be perigynous ? When hypogynous ?
84. How are they in Saxifrage? in Pear? in the Rose? the Violet?
86. What is the first division of the corolla forms ? What is the second division ? When is a flower said to be regular ? irregular ?
FORMS OF PERIANTH.
51
1S5.
136.
Polypetalous coroWas.— Fig. 184. Wild Apple (Pi/rus corona/ia), —roi^accons. Fig. 135. Wall-flower,— cruciform. Fig. 1S6. Scarlet Catclifly,— caryopliyllaceous. Fig. 137. Atamasco Lily, — liliaceous.
and Pea. Tlie former is equally and similarly developed all around, and each petal is like all the other petals. It is a regular flower. The Pea flower (Fig. 13S) is unequally developed, some of the petals diflPering in form and size from the others, as shown in Fig. 139 ; therefore it is irregular.
87. The figures at the head of this page re];)resent four difi'erent styles of corollas which are polyp)etalous and regu- lar. Fig. 134 (Wild Apple) is a rosaceous corolla, that is, rose-like, having five short-clawed petals. Fig. 135 (Wall- flower) is a cruciform (cross-shaped) corolla, with four long clawed petals.
88. Fig. 136 (Scarlet Catclifly) is a caryopliyllaceous corolla,
87. Name tlie four forms of polypetalous, regular flowers. Can you de scribe the rosaceous corolla? What sort of corolla is the Wall-floAver Describe it.
88. Please describe the Cavchfly or Pink. What sort is it? The Lily- please describe. What sort of corolla is it?
52
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
pink-like; a form witli five long-clawed petals. Fig. 187 (Atamasco Lily) is a liliaceous corolla, having a six-leaved perianth, made up of three sepals and three petals, all colored alike.
Fig. 13S. Pea,— an irregular flower. Fig. 189. Its five petals shown separate, m., t), the banner ; a, a, the wings ; c, c, the keel-petals. Fig. 140. Flax {Linum grandijlorum), — a regular flower.
89. Fig. 145 is the flower of Sweet Pea, an irregular corolla, called jpapilionaceoiis.^ or butterfly-shaped, consisting of five petals, as displayed in Fig. 139, viz.^ one odd petal above, very large, called the lanner, two smaller petals below (^'), called the keel\ and two lateral petals {a^ a), called the wings.
90. We next propose to examine the principal forms of gamopetalous corollas. Here we have a beautiful array of them. Among the regular forms is, first, the Rotate^ wheel- shaped or star-shaped, having a very short tube, and a fiat, spreading border; as Fig. 141 (Campanula Americana).
91. Campanidate^ bell-shaped, having a wide tube and
89. Can you describe the papilionaceous corolla ?
90. Of monopetalous corollas, describe the rotate.
91. The eampanulata
FORMS OF PERIANTH
53
144 143 142 141
Gamopetalous corollas. — Fig. 141. Campanula Americana, — wheel-shaped. Fig. 142. Campanula divaricata, — campanulate, or bell-shaped. Fig. 143. Andromeda, — urceolate. Fig. 144. Field Bindweed {Convolvulus)^ — a funnel-form corolla.
narrow border, as in the Bell-flower (Fig. 142), and in Canter- bury Bells.
92. Urceolate^ iirn-sliaped, an oblong or globular corolla with a narrow opening, as the Whortleberry, Heath (Fig. 143).
93. Funnel-form^ narrowly tubular below, gradually en- larging to the border, as Morning-glory (Figs. 22, 144).
148 147 146 145 149
Fig. 145. Petunia, — salver-form. Fig. 147. Dandelion, — ligulate.
Fig. 146. Honeysuckle,— tubular. Fig. 148. Synandra, — labiate.
Fig. 149. Toad-flax,— labiate-personate.
92. The urceolatG.
93. Tlic funnel-form.
54 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
94. Salver-form^ the tube suddenly spreading out in a liorizontal border, as in Phlox, Petunia (Figs. 126, 145).
95. Ticbular^ when the corolla is nearly all a slender tube with a small border or none at all, as in the Trumpet Honey- suckle (Fig. 146).
96. Ligulate (from the Latin ligula, tongue), as if formed by splitting the tubular on one side. The notches at the end plainly indicate the number of united petals which compose it, as also do the parallel seams. See the flowers of the Dan- delion (Fig. 147), also of Cichory.
97. Labiate (Latin labium, lip), resembles the mouth of an animal. It is a very irregular corolla, having the petals of dissimilar shape and dissimilarly united. See (Fig. 148) a flower of Synandra, or Catmint, or Catalpa. In Fig. 149 (Snap-dragon), the mouth is closed and said to be ^ersonate^ which means masked.
LESSON XV.
CONCERNING THE STAMENS.
98. Safely infolded within the perianth, we flnd a number of delicate, thread-shaped organs, quite unlike the sepals and petals. They are arranged in one or more circles, and called the essential organs, because they are absolutely necessary to the perfection of the seed.
94. Describe the salver-form. 95. The tubular. 96. Ligulate.
97. Labiate. Now repeat tlie regular forms. Repeat tlie names of the irregular forms.
98. AVhere do we find the essential organs ? How arranged? Why are they so called ?
OF THE STAMENS.
55
Fig. 150. Tiger Lilj. Fiff. 151. Flower (enlarged) of Dodecatheon : a, pistil p, petals.
b, anthers ; c, filaments ;
99. Let us look at tins picture of the Lilj (Fig. 150), or at some real flower. The slender organs marked a, h, c, are the essential organs of which we are speaking ; and you see at once that there are two kinds of them. Those which stand in the outer row next to the petals are the stamens.
Fig. 152. Ehododendron ; only tlie torus (t), the five stamens (s), and the pistil (p). Fig. 153. Buckeye, whole flower; 7 stamens, 1 pistil, 3 petals. Fig. 154. Hydrastis, split tlirough'ohe centre (u section), showing the torus, 2 se- pals is), many hypogynous Btamens (st), and several pistils in the midst.
56
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
157 158 159
A leaf (Fig. 155), a sepal (Fig. 150), a petal (Fig. 157), a stamen (Fig. 158), and a pod (pis- til, Fig. 159) of Draba arabizans, placed side by side for comparison.
The central organ (or organs) is tlie pistil. AYe now propose to notice the form of the stamens.
100. The stamen may be compared to the leaf. Its slender, thread-like stalk is the filament, an- swering to the petiole of the leaf (f^jp). Its head {a) is the anther, answer- ing to the blade. More- over, the anther contains within its cells many dust- like particles called jpol- len. When the cells burst the pollen escapes. Thus it ap- pears that the stamen consists of three members. See them illustrated in this figure (161) of a stamen of the Morning- lory.
101. The filament is usually of a thread-like form (as its name, from the Latin filum, a thread, implies), longer than the anther, and more or less elastic. But the filament is no more necessary than the stem of a leaf, and is often wanting.
102. The anther is an oblong body at the top of the fila- ment, consisting of two hollow lobes joined to each other and to the filament by the connectile (c), which answers to the midvein of the leaf. The two lobes are usually marked along their outer edge by a seam, which at length opens into the cells. This opening, however it takes place, is called the dehiscence. If there be no filament, the anther is sessile.
99. How many kinds ? Situations of the two kinds respectively ?
100. How does tlie stamen compare with the leaf? Specify the three mem bers of the stamen.
101. Describe the filament. 103. The anther : the dehiscence.
OF THE STAMENS.
57
160 162
Fig. 160. Frankenia, showing tlie five stamens (around the one style, which has three stigmas at top).
Fig. 161. Stamen (adnate) of Morning-glory.
Fig. 162. Same, enlarged, w'ith pollen-grains discharged: _/, filament; a, anther, — two-lobed ; c, top of conuectile.
Fig. 163. Buttercup. Fig. 164. Same, cut across.
Fig. 165. Iris, cut across (extrorse).
Fig. 166. Amaryllis, — versatile. Figs. 167, 168. Larkspur, — innate.
103. But dehiscence takes j)lace very variously. When all regular, it is a chink running lengthwise along the outer edge, as you see in this stamen of a Buttercup (Fig. 163). Buf here, in this stamen of Iris (Fig. 165), it appears on the back of the anther (looking towards the petals), and we say that the anthers are extroTse.^ that is, turned outwards. A term of opposite meaning is introrse^ denoting that the lines of dehiscence turn inwards towards the pistil, or at least do not turn outwards. For example, the anthers of the Yiolet (Fig. 173).
101. Moreover, other modes of dehiscence besides chinks are occasionally found. The anthers of Berberis, Sassafras, &c. (see Figs. 171, 172), open by lids hinged at the top. The
103. When is tlic antlier said to be extrorse ? introrse ?
104. Can you distinguisli tlie opercular and porous dehiscence?
3*
58
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
Peculiar forms of stamens.— Fig. 169. A stamen of Pyrola rotundifolia : p, two openings (pores) at top where the pollen escapes. Fig. 170. Stamen of Bilberry ( Vaccininium uliginosum) : p, its pores at the top of two horns ; it has also two spurs. Fiff. 171. Berberis aquifolium, anther closed. Fig. 172. Anther open by two lids upwards. Fig. 173. Anther of Violet with an appendage at top. Fig. 174. Oleander, — an arrow-shaped anther appendaged at top. Fig. 175. Catalpa, — lobes of anther separated. Fig. 176. Sage,— lobes of anther widely separated on stipes; &, barren lobe without pollen. Fig. 177. Mallows,— anther one-celled. Fig. 178. Ephedra,— anther four-celled.
anthers of Huckleberry, Blueberry, Wintergreen, and otliei-s of tlie Heath family, open through two little tubes at the top. Tlie former is oj>ercular dehiscence, the latter porous. (See Figs. 169, iro.)
105. It is also interesting to notice how the anther is at- tached to the filament in various ways. Generally, it is innate, that is, seeming to stand erect on the top of the fila- ment. Again, it is adnate, which means, attached by its back to the side of the filament, as in Buttercups. And thirdly, it is joined by a single point in its back to the slender tip of the filament, as if lightly balanced ujDon it. This is the versatile anther, common in the Grasses (Figs. 150, 166).
105. What tliree distinctions in the attachment of the anther ? Descrihe that of the stamens of the Pink ; the stamens of Buttercups ; of the Grasses.
OF THE STAMENS.
59
LESSON XVI.
MORE ABOUT THE STAJVIENS.
106. The careful student will find a great and interesting variety in the number, arrangement, and form of the stamens. In regard to number, as we have already seen, the Lily has six stamens, the Pink has ten, the Speedwell two, the Indian Shot only one. Some flowers have numerous stamens, as the Rose with forty, fifty, or one hundred, and the Cactus with
179 ISO
Fig. 179. Stamens and pistils of Mallow ; the filaments (/) are united into a tube sheathing the styles.
Fig. ISO. Floret of Dandelion,— anthers (a) united into a tube.
Fig. 181. Corolla of Lophospcrmum, split open to show the four stamens (didyn'i'.- mous) and the one style.
Fig. 182. Cardamine, — stamens six, tetradyn'amous.
106. What number of stamens in Pink? Speedwell? Indian Shot? What in the Rose ? Cactus ? Apple ? or in these flowers? Define "stamens definite ;" " stamens indnBuite."
60
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTiVNY,
two liuiidred. Let us learn liow to distinguisli between flowers with definite and with indefinite stamens. Definite, when thev are not more tlian ten, indefinite, when more than ten, or not readily counted.
107. The stamens are usually separate and distinct, as in the Lily, Ehododendron, &c. (Figs. 150, 152), while in the Mallow (Fig. 179), Pea, and other flowers, they grow together, forming a tube around the pistil ; in other words, they are monadeljpJwus (Greek, monos, one, adelphos, brotherhood). The Pea, or Dielytra, is diadel^Jioiis, — the stamens in two sets ; and the St. Johnswort,j^9oZy6^(^6/^:)/^^z^5, — in three or more sets. Another mode of cohesion is seen in the floret of Dan-, delion (Fig. 180), wdiere the anthers cohere while the fila- ments are distinct, i. e.^ syngenecious.
108. In two cases we may definitely mark the relative length of the stamens. Didyn' anions stamens (as seen in the Mint tribe, and in the Figworts, Fig. 181) are four in num-
Fig. 183. Pistillate flower of Balm of Gilead.
Fig. 184. Staminate flower of the same.
Fig. 185. Begonia: a, staminate flower; &, pistillate flower.
107. Define "stamens monadelphous." Give examples. Diadelphous. Give examples. Polyadelplious. Example. Define " stamens syngenecious.'' Mention examples.
IMPERFECT FLOWERS.
61
ber, two long and two short. Tetrad yn' amoiis stamens are six in nnmber, four long and two short (as in the Mustard tribe, Fig. 182). Again, hypogynous stamens may be seen in the Crowfoot tribe and in Fig. 132 ; and perigynoics sta- mens in the Rose tribe and Fig. 133. "What is the differ- ence? You need not be told the meaning of these w^ords (§§ 83, 84).
109. Some plants have their essential organs separated, so that the stamens aixi all found in one sort of flowers, the sterile^ and the pistils are all in another sort, iha fertile. So
1S9 1S8 187 1S6
Fig. 186. Flower of Lizard-tail {Sauriirus) ; it is perfect, but nahd, i. <;., with no floral envelopes ; stamens seven, pistils three. Fig. 187. Flower of Ash {Fraxinus), — Baked, with two stamens and one pistil. Fig. 188. Staminate flower of Willow, — made up of two stamens and a bract. Fig. 189. Pistillate flower of the same, — merely one pistil and a bract.
it is in the Begonias (Fig. 185), and in the Willows (Figs. 188, 189). All such flowers are called imjperfect, and only the fer- tile bear fruit.
110. A perfect flower is one that has both stamens and
108. In what two cases do we mark tlie length of stamens ? Define " sta- mens didynamous ;" " stamens tetradynamous ;" " stamens hypogynous ;" " stamens perigynous."
109. What do you understand by " sterile flowers ?" by " fertile flowers ?"
110. What is a perfect flower? complete? imperfect?
62
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
pistils. A complete flower has all the organs, vlz.^ sepals,
petals, stamens, pistils. A naked flower lacks both the calyx
and corolla.
1 1 1 . A symmetrical flow- er has each of these several organs in an equal number or, at least, the same num ber of j)ieces in each circle of organs. For example, the Flax flower is symmet- rical, having sepals Ave, petals five, stamens five, and pistils five. The Lily is also symmetrical, having three sepals, three petals,
six stamens (in two equal circles), and three pistils (which
are combined in one).
190 191
Fig. 190. A symmetrical, regular flower of
Iceland Mosd (.S'fc'f^Mm acre)\ it has five sepals,
five petals, twice five (ten) stamens, and five
pistils, — all separate and distinct. Fig. 191. House-leek {Sedum sempefvlvum),
— twel ve-parted.
LESSON XVII.
THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER.
112. It is very instructive and delightful to study the symmetry of flowers in the way mentioned in the last lesson. We are thus led to the discovery of a truth in the science of botany at once beautiful and sublime, — worthy of the wis- dom of the Inflnite Creator. That truth or principle is, that all flowers^ though infinitely various in form and fashion^
111. What a symmetrical flower? How is the Lily symmetrical?
112. Please state the principle learned from studying the symmetry of the flower.
PLAN OF THE FLOWER.
63
are huilt iij?on one only jplan^ and tJiat jf^an founded in the science of numbers.
Fig. 192. Flower of Ilippuris, — one-parted.
Fig.\^Z. Circtea Lutetiana; flower two- parted.
Fig. 194. Yellow-eyed Grass {Xjji'is) ; flower three-parled.
113. Let US, then, examine the FLix. Here all the organs are in lives. The Circe has them all in twos; the Iris, in threes. And every plant is distingnished in this way by some number which we call the radical number., according to which its organs are parted. ]^ow in the Mock Orange, o» Philadelphus, although the stamens seem to be indefinite, still the radical number is four. The stamens occur in many circles, with four in each circle, so that these are also in fours. As for the pistils, they are evidently four, but so united as to form apparently but one. Examine also the Bloodroot. Its stamens will be found in fours, the radical number, and the stamens of the Apple will be found in fives. So the petals of Bloodroot are twice four (8), and of the Magnolia twice three (6), or three times three (9).
114. It is therefore a general law, that when any organ is
113. Can you define the radical number of the flower? What is it in Circe? Iris? Flax? How is it in Philadelphus ? How in Bloodroot?
114. State the law of multiplied organs.
64
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
multiplied, its new number is only a repetition of the radical number.
115. Also, wlien any organ is diminished in number, we find generally that the deficiency is only apparent, and does not interfere Avitli the law of the radical number. Thus in Philadelphus, the one pistil proves to be four growing to- gether. In the Lady's-slip)per, the radical number is three, and the sepals are three, although the two lower ones are united almost to the tip into what seems but one. Thus the true number is often curiously disguised ly cohesions.
195 s 196 197
Fig. 195. Flower of Aeonitum Napellus displayed ; s, s, s, «, «, the five sepals, the
upper one hooded ; p, p^ p, the five petals, of which the two upper are nectaries
covered by the hood, and the three lower very minute. Fig. 106. Flower of Catalpa,— two-lipped, five-lobed. Fig. 197. Corolla laid open, showing the perfect stamens and rudimentary.
116. Again, the five petals of Monk's-hood (Fig. 195) are apparently but two, while three of them are so very small as to be overlooked. In the Mint tribe, as Peppermint, Cat-
115. How does coliesion interfere witli the radical number in Pliiladelplius How in the sepals of the Moccasin flower ?
116. How does suppression interfere in Monk's-hood ? In the Mint tribe Catalpa ? Mustard ? What tendency do you see in all these cases ?
PLAN OF THE FLOWER.
65
mint, while iive-parted, tlie flowers have generally but four stamens; but on close observation we often find a small rudiment of the fifth stamen in its proper place, as if its grovjth had heen early stopped. And in Monarda and Catal- pa, only two stamens grow up to maturity, while three are mere rudiments (Fig. 202). l!s"evertlieless, such flowers are said to be unsymmetrical. So the flowers of the Mustard tribe. The stamens are in two rows of four in each ; but ot the outer row (or circle) two were checked in growth (or suppressed^ as the botanists say) at the outset. (See Fig. 97.) The tendency to symmetry is manifest in all these cases.
IIT. We must carefull}^ distinguish between the terms unsymmetrical and irregidar. The former refers to number
only, the latter to form and size (Less. XIY.). The Mustard flower is unsymmetrical, but not irregular. The Orchis is irregular, but not unsymmet- rical. Snap-dragon is both irreo^ular and unsymmetrical.
k h g / e Fig. 198. Nymphsoa odorata. Fig. 199. Petals gradually passing into stamens.
118. Here is a figure of the Water Lily (19S), and a separate view of its sepals, petals, and stamens. Observe
117. What difference between unsymmetrical and irregular? Examples.
66
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
liow the form of the slender stamen gradually changes to the broad petal, the anther becoming smaller and smaller. One can scarcely say where it ceases to be a stamen and begins to be a j^etal. So, also, the petals gradually pass into sepals, and in other plants. Peony for instance, the sepals just as gradually pass into leaves. (See Class Book of Botany, § 113.)
119. This transforma- tion of one sort of organ into another (always from stamen hack to- wards the leaf) is quite common among culti- vated plants. It is in this manner that the Rose, Carnation, Peony, &c., become doichle, vi^., by the stamens, and oft- en the pistils too, becom- ing petals : for in the wild state these flowers have but five petals.
120. From these ex- amples and others like them^we conclude that the different organs of the flower, and the leaf also, although commonly very different, have all one coininon naUire and ovicjin', or, in other words, the organs of the flower may all be considered as transformed leaves.
118. Show tlie graduation of organs in Water Lily.
119. How do the Rose, Peony, &c., become double?
120. What great principle is derived from these facts ?
Fig. 200. Flower of Crowfoot. Fig. 201. Double flower of the same ; the sta- mens and pistils have become petals.
OF THE PISTILS.
67
LESSON XVIII.
OF THE PISTILS.
Fig. 202. Section of flower of Strawberry, — ovaries many, on a raised torus. Fig. 203. Section of a Kose, — ovaries sunk into a hollow torus.
121. The pistils occupy the centre of the flower, at the end or centre of the torus. Their number varies in different plants from one to one hundred, or more. When they are several they stand arranged in a circle like the other organs. When they are many they are commonly heaped together in a spiral manner, and raised on the conical torus, as in Butter- cup, Strawberry, or sunk into the cavity of a hollow one, as in Rose. (See Figs. 202, 203.)
122. The pistil consists, plainly, of three parts, as may be Been in Fig. 201:. At the top is the stigma {s\ at base is the ovary (p), and between them is the style {sty). The style
121. In wliat part of tlie flower are the pistils situated ? Wliat is their number? their arrangement ? How situated in the Rose?
122. Please describe the pistil and each of its parts. In what case is the Btigma sessile ?
68
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
T
being a mere stalk, like the filament of a stamen or the petiole of a leaf, may, like them also, be wanting, without loss to the pistil. In this case" the stigma is sessile (sitting) npon the ovary, as in the ]3istils of Anemone (Fig. 207), and of Trillium (Fig. 206).
205
207
Fig, 204. Pistil of Tobacco.
Fig. 205. Pistil, stamens, and calyx of Azalea.
Fig. 206. Trillium,— stigmas {d) and anthers (5) nearly sessile.
Fig. 207. Pistils of Eue Anemone {A. t7i,alict)'oides),— stigmas sessile.
123. The ovary is a kind of sac or case, enclosing the ovules (see Fig. 215, where there is but one, or in Fig. 209, where there are five, and Fig. 202, where there are many ovaries.) AVhen full grown, the ovary becomes the fruit, and the ovules the seeds.
124. It is very important to distinguish between the simple and the compoimd pistil, for when there are several in the same flower they often grow together, forming a single body with members more or less distinct. As the petals grow
123. Describe the ovary and the ovules.
124. Name an important distinction in ovaries. When is the ovary or pistil compound ?
OF THE PISTILS.
69
Fig. Fig. united Fig. Fig. Fig.
211 212 213
208. Simple pistil of Larkspur.
209. The five simple pistils of Columbine, all distinct.
210. The three pistils of a St. Johnswort, — ovaries united but styles distinct.
211. Compound pistil ©f another St. Johnswort, the three pistils entirely
212. Flax, — the five ovaries united but the styles distinct.
213. Pink, — the two ovaries united, styles distinct.
214. Saxifrage, — the two pistils slightly united.
together, forming a monopetaloiis corolla, so the pistils may combine into a compound jpistll. The parts of such a pistil are conveniently called carpels.
125. As to the extent of this union of the pistils, it is found in all possible degrees, always beginning at base and pro- ceeding upwards. For example, in Columbine (Fig. 209), the iiv^e carpels (pistils) are entirely distinct; in Early Saxi- frage (Fig. 21-i), the two carpels are united at the base; in Pink (Fig. 213), the two unite to the top of the ovary, leav- ing the styles distinct ; so also in Flax (Fig. 212) ; in Even- ing Primrose, the four pistils cohere to the top of the style, leaving the stigmas distinct ; and finally, in the Lily, the three carpels are united throughout. (See Figs. 209-21-1.)
12G. AVe may know^ the number of carpels in a compound
125. As to the cohesion or union of pistils, — how is it in Columbine? iu Pink? in Early Saxifrage f Evening Primrose? Lily?
'0
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
pistil by tlie number of separate styles, or by the separate stigmas, or by the lobes of the stigma or ovary, or by the iinraber of cells in the ovary, or (when only one cell) by the number of seed-rows. Thns the three-lobecl stigma or ovary of tlie Lily indicates a triple j)istil, also the three stigmas of the Spring Beanty, and the three seed-rows in the Violet. (See Fig. 229.)
215 216
Fig. 215. Section of the flower of AlchemLla, showing the stamens perigynous, the style single, simple, and lateral.
Fig. 216. Section of flower of Jefl'ersonia, — stamens hypogynous, pistil single, tjimple, with one seed-row.
127. But wlien the pistils remain separate and distinct we call each one a siuiple pistil. Thus in Columbine (Fig. 209) there are five simple pistils ; in Anemone (Fig. 20Y), and in Buttercups, many ; while in Cherry, Peach, Bean, Alchemilla, and JefFersonia, there is just one simple pistil in each flower. Such a pistil is usually of an irregular form, with its style lateral (on one side), and only one seed or seed-row. (See Figs. 215, 216.)
126. Please tell us liowyou detect tlie numher of carpels in tlie compound ovary of Spring Beauty ; of Lily ; of Violet.
127. What peculiarity in the form of a simjole pistil ?
TWO KINDS OF BUDS.
LESSON XIX.
HOW THE LEAVES ARE FOLDED IN THE BUD
221 218
iEstivation.— i^i^. 217. Valvute calyx, as of Mallow. F'>g. 218. Sepals of Holly- hock,— valvate-reduplicate. Fig. 21 f. Sepals of Clematis,— vaivate-induplicttte. Fig. 220. Petals of Flax,— contorted. Fig. 221. Petals of Wild Kose,— quincuntial. Fig. 222. Petals and sepals of Lily or Tulip. Fig. 223. Petals of Wall-flower,— convolute. Fig.^2i. Petals of Pea, — vexillary.
128. There is the leaf-hud^ consisting of many scales and young leaves, folded up in such a manner as to occupy as little space as possible ; and the flower-lmd., consisting of the organs of the flower in their early state, also closely packed. Xow if you stndy the arrangement of the pieces composing the bud of either sort, you will be surprised and delighted with its variety and elegance. As each species of plant has the same invariable mode of folding in all its buds, this study well becomes a matter of science.
Less. XIX — What is the subject of this Lesson ? 128. Two kinds of buds ; please describe each.
72 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
129. AYitli a sharp knife let lis make a cross-section (that is, a cut square across) of a flower-bud just ready to open ; we may thus obtain some such views as are here drawn. For example, in Fig. 217, Ave have the vallate arrangement. Here the pieces composing the circle barely touch each other by the edges, as in the sepals of Mallows, petals of Lilac, valves of a seed-vessel. (See, also. Figs. 218, 219.)
130. In the Phlox, Flax, Oleander, we find a tvv^isted or contorted arrangement of the petals (Fig. 220), wdicre each piece overlaps the next, all in one direction.
131. The bud is said to be hiibricatcd^ wdien some of the pieces are wholly outside, covering by the two edges others which are wholly inside. But this may take place in various ways. See how it is in the petals of the Eglantine, or Apple (Fig. 221). Here two petals are outside, two inside, and one partly both. In the Tulip, one sepal is outside, one inside, and one partly both. And just so with its three petals (Fig. 222).
132. The bud is convolute when each leaf wholly involves all that are within it, as do the petals of Magnolia and Wall- flower (Fig. 223) ; and it is vexillary in the Pea tribe, where only the outside petal, larger than the rest, infolds them all (Fig. 224).
133. The plicate arrangement is found in monopetalous flowers, as in Thornapple, Potato, where the corolla is folded in a manner somewhat like a fan.
129. How do we prepare a bud for examination ? What do you under- stand by a cross-section ? Define tlie valvate arrangement, with examples.
130. What aestivation do we find in Flax, Phlox, &c. ?
131. What is the imbricated aestivation? Describe it in the petr.ls of Tulip ; Apple ; Eglantine.
132. How are the petals arranged in the bud of Wall-flower ?
133. How in the flower of Thornapple ? or Potato ?
VERNATION.
73
13J:. The pupil sliould make himself well acquainted with these seven modes of cestivatlon (so the botanists call it). Other modes are described in larger works. (Class Book of Botany, p. 79.)
135. Also in the leaf-bud we find similar modes of leaf- folding (here called vernation, from the Latin ver?ius, spring, as cestivatlon is from cestivus, summer). The figures follow- ing represent cross-sections of various sorts of leaf-buds. In the bud of Sycamore the infolding scales are imbricate, but the young leaves within are somewhat plicate.
136. In the leaf-bud of Cherry (Fig. 230) we find the con- volute vernation, similar to the mstivation of Wall-flower. The leaf-bud of Lilac (Fig. 231) gives us another form of imbricate.
225 226 227 223 229
Vernation.— ^/^. 225. Unfolding leaf-bud of Tulip-tree,— reclinate. Fig. 22G.
Fern leaf-bud,— circinate. Fig. 227. Sedge,— equitant. Fig. 228. Sage,— obvoiiite. FJfj. 220. Iris,— eqnitaut.
137. Fig. 229 represents the vernation of Iris, and Fig. 227 vf a Sedge-grass. Both are equitant (which means, in Latin,
134. Wliat is the meaning of the word cestivatlon?
lo5. What is the nicauing of the word vernation f Please describe the "vernation in Sycamore leaf-bud. 130. In the leaf-bud of Cherry ; Lilac. 137. What of the equitant vernation?
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY
riding horseback). Each leaf, first on this corner, then on that, infolds or overlays all that is within it.
138. Ohvolute vernation appears in the leaf-bud of Sage (Fig. 228), where each leaf infolds only half of the blade of its opposite leaf.
Vernalion. — Fig. 230. Clierry Icuf-bnd, — convolute. Fig. 231. Lilac,— iiubncate. Fig. 232. Birch leaf,— plicate. Fig. 233. Dock,— rcvolute. Fig. 234. Balm-of-Gil- ead, — involute.
189. In the bnd of Dock (Fig. 233) we find the young leaves revoliUe^ or rolled backwards from both edges ; but in the bud of Balm-of-Gilead (Fig. 234) they are involute.^ or rolled inwards from both edges. This is best seen under a microscope of one lens, i. e.^ a single microscope.
140. In the bnd of Tulip-tree (Fig. 225) each leaf is recU- nate^ being bent over forward and infolding all within it; and in the Fern (Fig. 226) it is circinate^ or coiled from the top downwards, like a watch-spring.
138. The obvolute ?
139. ^Vliat the vernation of Dock ? of Balm-of-Gilcad ?
140. Please describe the reclinate ; the circinate.
INFLORESCENCE.
75
LESSON XX.
now THE FLOWEES ARE ARRANGED ON THE PLANT.
x41. Wk may now devote one or two lessons to tlie arrange ment and position of tlie flowers npon the plant, a subject to which botanists give the name of inflorescence.
Fig. 235. Stapliylea trifolla; a peruhilous, paniculate cyme. Fig. 236. Catalpa; a panide.
142. Every one has observed such facts as the follow- ing, namely, that flowers are sometimes alone, and often in clusters ; that tliey are sometimes raised on stalks, and some
141. What is the meaning of the word inflorescence?
142. What common facts in inflonpconcc docs everybody notice?
76 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
times sessile (or without stalks) ; and tliat tliey may arise ■ from terminal buds, or from axillary. With the meaning of the words terminal and axillary you were made acquainted in Lesson IX.
143. The stalk which supports the flower, or the cluster of flowers, we cslW pedu7icle. ISTow the peduncle may be either simple, bearing a single flower, or divided into branches and bearing a cluster of flowers. In the latter case, the branches or branchlets are csilled pedicels.
144. When the peduncle arises from terminal buds it seems like a continuation of the main stem, as in Foxglove, Horse-chestnut ; and when from axillary buds, it comes out from the side of the stem just above a leaf, as in the Cur- rant. Sometimes it arises from the root or some under- ground part of the stem, and then we generally call it a scape. Thus the flower-stalk of Tulip is a scape ; also of the Dodecatheon.
145. The flower is said to be solitary^ not only when alono on the plant, but also when alone in the axil of a leaf, as in Fuchsia, Morning-glory, Petunia.
146. Among clustered flowers, you will often meet with the following twelve varieties of inflorescence, which we must now try to represent and describe. AYe begin wdth tlic spike^ such a cluster as we see in the Plantain, Mullen, &c. We may define it thus : A long peduncle (called o'achis)^ having sessile flowers arranged along its sides. But before we go further with inflorescence, we must examine the Iracts which accompany it.
143. Please define jpecZMWc?^/ 2I&0 pedicel.
144. When are the flowers terminal ? axillary 1 Define scape.
145. Why is the flower called solitary in Fuchsia, Petunia, &c. ?
146. Define a spike. Explain to us the rnchin.
INFLORESCENCE.
77
237.
Bracts (J, 5, b). Fig. 237. Cornus Canadensis, with an involucre of four colored biacts. Fiff. 23S. Ilepatica triloba, with an involucre of three green bracts. Fiff. 289. Calla palustris, with a colored spathe of one bract, inclosing the spadix.
147. Brads are evidently of the same nature as leaves, difiering only in tlieir diminished size, and in their position on the flower-stalks, or near the flowers. They are some- times colored as brightly as flowers, as in Painted-cup, or in Balm. AVhen several bracts are arranged in a whorl at the base of the cluster of flowers, an involucre is formed, such as we find in Carrot, and most of the Umbelworts (Fig. 2J:-i). In the Flowering Dogwood the large involucre is colored wliite.
148. Kext in resemblance to the spike is the sjpadix^ an inflorescence seen in the Calla (Fig. 237), Golden-club (Fig. 241), and Cat-tail. It may be defined as a thickened, club- shaped spike, often with a large bract (called sjjathe) at base, as in Jack-in-the-pulpit, or without a spathe, as in Fig. 241.
147. What sort of leaves grow on the peduncles, if any ? Define bracts What is an involucre? IIow is it in Cornus?
78
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
Fig. 240. Lady's-tresses (Spii-anthes), — flowers in a twisted spike.
Fig. 241. Golden-club (Orontium), — flowers in a spadix with no spathe.
Fig. 242. Birch {Betula), — flowers in aments.
149. An ament^ called also catMn^ is a more slender and delicate spike, filled with colored scales and flowers, and all falling together without separating, such as adorn the Birclies (Fig. 242), Willows, and Poplars in early spring. The Hop also bears aments.
LESSON XXI.
THE INFLORESCENCE, CONTINUED.
150. The flowers of the Black Cherry, Currant, Foxglove, Locust, and Moth-mullen are in racemes. The raceme, then, is a rachis bearing its flowers on distinct, simple pedicels
148, 149. Can you define the spike ? anient ? spadix ? and spathe ? 150. Please name and describe the inflorescence of Black Cherry.
1^'FL0RESCE^'CE.
'9
(nut sessile, as in the spike). It is often pendulous, often erect.
242rt 243
Fig. 242. Secund (one-sided) raceme of Andromeda racemosa. Fig, 243. Pendulous raceme of Currant.
151. The corymh differs from the raceme in having the lower pedicels lengthened so as to elevate all the flowers to about the same level, as in the Yarrow or Wild Thorn.
152. The umhel appears in Milkweed, Onion, Ginseng, tfec. It consists of several pedicels of similar length, all arising from the same point at top of the peduncle. But in Car- away, Carrot, and most of the Umbelworts (Fig. 24:-i), the umlels are comj^ound^ as if each of the pedicels had become
151. How does a corymb differ from a raceme?
153. Please name and describe the inflorescence of the Milkweed. How
80
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
itself an umbel. These secondary umbels we call umlellets. At the base of the umbel there is usually a whorl of bracts forming an involucre (a), and often also at the base of each umbellet (J), Avhen we call it an hivolucel.
153. The fine flowers of the Ca- talpa are in panicles (Fig. 235), also t]ie flowers of Oats. We may describe a panicle as if a raceme should have its pedicels irregularly branched.
154. A cluster resembling a pani- cle, but more compact, such as you see in Lilac, is called a thyrse.
155. A head of flowers, such as we see in Clover or the Button-bush, hardly needs description. We might say that the head is a reduced umbel, having its flowers all sessile at the top of the peduncle.
156. The great family of the Asterworts has all its flowers in heads, so dense and so nicely arranged as to be easily mis- taken for a single flower. But if you carefully examine such a head, say of an Aster, or especially of a Sunflower, you will see that it is composed of many little flowers or florets. The florets of the outer row are enlarged and open, so as to
Fig. 244. Compound iimbel of Sweet Cicely {OsrnorMza).
does tliat of Carrot differ? Wliat is an umbellet? Wliat tlie ^ylLorl of bracts at tlie base of tlie umbellets ?
153. Please describe the panicle. 154. Tlie thyrse. 155. The head.
156. What the inflorescence of the AsterT^'orts ? How is the head of Aster made to resemble a single flower ? What the florets of the ray ? What the florets of the disk ?
INFLORESCENCE.
81
resemble the petals of one corolla, and the involncre, formed of many imbricated scales, resembles a calyx. This head is often called a com- 2?ound flower. The outer flo- rets are the florets of the ray^ the interior are the florets of the dish. See all this illus- trated in Figs. 2i5-250.
157. The forms of inflo- rescence heretofore described result Irom axillary buds ; but the three followino^ come from terminal buds. Cyme is the general name given to all the forms of terminal inflores- cence. You may recognize them by the order in which the flowers open. Thus, in
Fig. 245. Head of Blue Milkweed {Mulgedlitm) ; all its florets are ligulate. Fig. 246. A view of one of them remain- ing on the receptacle. Fig. 247. A fruit crowned with its pappus.
Fig. 248. Heads of Ironweed {Verno- nia) ; all its florets are tubular. Fig. 249. One of them remaining on the receptacle. Fig. 250. Fruit.
the cyme, the terminal and central flowers open first, but in the forms before mentioned, the lower and outer flowers first.
158. AVhen the cyme is spreading and level-topped, we call it a cymous corymb^ as in the common Elder ; and when not level- topped, it may become a cijmovs panicle^ as in Chick- weed (Fig. 251), Spergula, and Stafi'-treo (Fig. 234).
159. The scorjooid cyme is a very remarkable form of in-
157. Are the forms liitlicrto described terminal or axillary ? Please define llie cyme.
158. Cymoso corymb ; Cj-mose panicle.
159. What is a scorpoid cyme ? Name and describe the inflorescence of Bunch Pink ; the inflorescence of Catmint.
4*
82
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
Fig. 251. Cyme of Cliiekweed {Stellaria media). First, the terminal flower {a) opened ; secondly, from the axils of its highest leaves arose two branches, and ter- minated in the flowers h, b ; thirdly, from their highest axils arose the flowers c, c, c, c, from whose axils a fourth set is seen to start, and so on.
Fig. 252. Scorpoid cyme of Forget-me-not {Mijosotis palustris).
florescence, as shown in Pink- root and Forget-me-not (Fig. 252). Before flowering it is coiled from the tip down- wards, and it uncoils as it blossoms. In its nature it is a half-cyme. The fascicle is a densely packed cyme, as seen
IMagrams of the forms of axillary inflorescence, showing how they gradually pass .iito each other. Fig. 253. Spike. Fig. 254. Eaceme. Fig. 255. Corymb. Fig. 25^. Jmbel. Fig. 257. Panicle. Fig. 258. Compound corymb. Fig. 260. Head. Fig. 250. Compound umbel.
OF THE FRUIT.
83
in Bunch Pink or Pjcnantliemum. The glomenile is a small, dense cj'me a\>pearing in the axils of the leaves, as in Cat- mint and the Mint tribe ger. erallj.
160. The p-eceding diagrams may be carefnlly studied. They will convey a general idea of all these forms of inflo-' rescence, and how they are related to each other.
LESSON XXII.
CONCERNING THE FRUIT.
161. The flower is of short duration. After a few hom-s or a few days of blooming beautj^, it fades and disappears.
Fig. 2G1. Fruit of Currant, — a berry,
Fig. 262. Fruit of Maple, — samara.
160. Please explain th* diagrams 253-200.
84
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
The stamens and petals Lave accomplisliecl tlieir work, and are dead. The sepals also, \Yhen colored like petals, are dead. But the pistil, especially the ovary, yet remains in its place, living and growing nntil the seeds wliich it contains are perfect.
162. Thus the fruit is the ovary or pistils bronght to per- fection.
163. During the growth and ripening of the pistil, great and manifold changes occur, so that at last the fruit is very different in form, size, substance, and color. The little pistil in the flower of the Cherry must undergo a great alteration in becoming a plump Ox-heart !
263 ■ \ 265
Fig. 263. An umbel of Cherry blossoms, — namely, a bud, an entire flower, and a
section showing the one pistil and the perigynous stamens.
Fig. 2C4. The drupe, cut through to show the stone and one seed.
7'?^. 265. A corymb of Strawberry, — flower and fruit. The achenia are seen on the
surface of the fruit, which is only the overgrown torus,
161. Can you tell us what parts of tlie flower perisli ? What parts remain in place and still grow ?
162. How do you define the fruit ?
163. Mention some of the changes occurring from ovary to fruit.
OF THE FRUIT.
85
266 207
Prnpe, — a ripe
104. In the fruit we see the end and aim of plant-life accomplished, accord- in o; to the wise and good design of the great Creator. While it serves to re- produce and keep alive the plants upon the earth, it also serves as food for ani- mals and for man.
165. It is curious to observe how dif- ^- 266 ferent are the parts of the fruit which Cherry. in different plants become food. In the ^'^- ^-^''- Tryma -acora Apple, we eat the calyx winch here
adheres to the ovary, and in ripening was thickened and en- larged by the nutritions snbstance. In the Strawberry, we eat the enlarged, pnlpy torus, which bears, all over its surface, the little dry, seed-like fruit. In Peach, the luscious mor- sel is the outer coats of the ovary itself; and in the Orange, it is the in- ner coat. In the ISTiit, Pea, Wheat, and most plants, the nourishing matter is laid np in the seeds, while the carpels ripen into a dry fruit.
166. The fruit consists of the seeds and the seed-vessels. The word pericarp means the same as see<l-vessel. When
164. Mention some of tlie uses of tlio fruit.
1G5. Can you tell us -vvliat part of the Apple is eaten ? What part of the Strawberry is the eatable part ? What part of tlie Peach ? the Orange ? In what part is the nutritious matter deposited in the Pea? Wheat? Almond?
Fig. 2GS. Etrerio,— a Blackbeiry. Fiff. 269. Capsule of Violet, open.
86
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
the pericarp is ripe, it may open in some special manner of itself and discharge the seeds ; or it may have no prevision for opening, and remain closed until it grows or decays
Fig. 270. Aclienia of Eue Anemone, in a head.
Fig. 271. Fruit of Caraway, consisting of two aclienia.
Fig. 272. Kernel of Wheat, — a sort of achenium called cariopsis.
Fig. 273. Fruit of Thistle,— another sort of achenium, crowned with a par"- us which serves as wings.
Fig. 274. Fruit of Elm, — a samara, or winged achenium.
lig. 275. Fruit of Beech, — two nuts, inclosed in the burr.
Fig. 276. The Peach (a drupe),— cut open, showing the seed inclosed in its stone, and the stone in the thick pulp.
Fig. 277. Fruit of Pigweed,— a one-seeded pericarp called utricle.
Fig. 278. Fruit of India Strawberry,— a fleshy torus bearing the achenia outside.
Fruits that open we will call dehiscent fruits, and those which do not open, indehiscent. A\^e will first study some of the forms of indehiscent fruits, arranged as follows :
167. First Division : Fruits indehiscent, one-seeded, dry ; namely, Achenium, Samara, Glans.
166. Of wliat two parts does the friiit consist ? What is a dehiscent fruit T indehiscent ?
OF THE FRUIT.
87
Second Division: Fruits indehiscentj one-seeded, fleshy; namely, Dkupk, Tkyma, Et^rio.
Third Division : Fruits indehiscent, several-seeded ; name- ly, Bkrky, Pepo, Pome.
108. The achenium is such a fruit as we find in Butter- cups, Anemone, Sage. Usually there are several produced together from one flower. We must not mistake them for seeds. They are pericarps, each inclosing one seed, as you see in the figures. The grain of Wheat or Corn (called cariop- sis) is much the same, but the one seed cannot be separated from the pericarp.
169. The samara is mere- n: 2so ly an achenium with a wing, ^ as in Ash, Elm, Maple. The latter fruit is a double sa- mara.
170. A Cjlans (or nut) is such a fruit as Acorn, Chest- nut, Hazelnut, much like achenium, but larger, and seated in a cup or invo- lucre.
171. A drupe is such a fleshy fruit as the Cherry or Peach. It is well called a stone-fruit. Tlie stone in- closes the one seed, and is i''^rged view, show
itself inclosed in a juicy '''^-^"^^gg. Fruit of Henbane pulp. with its lid open.
Fig. 279. Maple,— a double samara. Fig.^%^. Pear,— a pepo. Fig. 281. Gooseberry, cut across; an en- ing the seeds lying in
-a pyxis
167. Please define our first division of fruits. What special fruits belong to it ? the second, &c. ; the tliird, &c.
88 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
172. Tnjma is tlie name for such fruits as Walnut, Cocoa- nut. Like the drupe, it has a stony seed- shell, but its outer coat is rather woody than pulpy.
173. Such fruit as the Raspberry or Blackberry we call etcerio. It consists of many little flesliy_druj)es growing fast together or to the torus. In the Blackberry they grow to the torus (Fig. 268).
174. The terry is a thin-skinned, pulj)y fruit, holding its several seeds loose in the pulp, as Currant, Grape (Fig. 261). The Orange, &c., is much like a berry, but on account of its thick rind has been called by another name (hesperidium).
175. Pe^o is sucli a fruit as Squash, many-seeded, with a hard, crusty rind.
176. Pome^ the Apple, Pear, Haw, a fleshy fruit with sev- eral distinct cells. Here the fleshy calyx grows fast to the ovaries ; while in the Hip^ or Hose-fruit, the fleshy calyx merely incloses the ovaries, as seen in Fig. 203.
LESSON XXIII.
FRUITS, CONTINUED.
177. The dehiscent pericarp, — that is, those whicb open to discharge the seeds, — are generally dry fruits, known as pods. The various forms have the following names : Pyxis, Folli- cle, Legtoie, Siltqtje, Capsule.
168-176. The student wiU now please define and name the fruit of Butter- cups, Corn, Ash, Maple, Oak, Hazel, Plum, Walnut, Raspberry, Grape, Orange, Squash, Pear, Haw, and Rose.
177. Please give the names of the dehiscent pericarps.
FORMS OF FRUITS.
89
ITS. The pi/^:id is the most curious and singular of all pods.
It opens crosswise by a lid, like a sniifi'-box. Fig. 28-1 is tlie
likeness of the pyxis of Rheumatism-root, common in Ohio.
It is formed of o?ie carpel only. Fig. 282 is the pyxis of
Henbane, formed of two carpels. So the pyxis
\ of Poor-man's-wcather-glass (Anagallis, Fig.
34:4:) is foi-med of several carpels.
Fiff. 2S3. A follicle of Milkweed {Asclepias).
Fig. 284. A pyxis, — fruit of Jeffersonia, the Eheumatism-root.
Fig. 285. A pair of follicles, — the fruit of the Do-^bane {Apocymtm).
Fig. 286. A legume, open, — fruit o'f the Pea-plant.
Fig. 287. A jointed legume, or loraeut, — fruit of Desmodium.
Fig. 288. A silicle, — fruit of Shepherd' s-purse.
170. Follicle is the name of such pods as those of Colum- bine (Fig. 208), Milkweed (Fig. 283), and of Dogbane (Fig. 285). They are formed of a single carpel, and oj^en length- wise, on one side only. It is easy to see the resemblance between the follicle and a leaf, the leaf being folded so as to bring its two margins together. (See Fig. 207.)
180. Legume is the proper name of the Pea pod. Bean pod, c^c, of one carpel, one cell, one row of seeds, and commonly
178. Give tlie cliaracter of the pyxis. How docs tlie pyxis of Henbane diflfor from that of Jeffersonia ?
179. Can you describe and name the fniit of Cohimbine ? How is its leafy character seen ?
180. Describe and name the Pea pod What is a loment ?
90
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
opening by two valves (Fig. 28G). Such a pod is sometimes divided crosswise by joints (as in Fig. 287, Desmodium); we then call it a loment.
181. Silique is a two-carpeled pod, such as w^e find in Mustard. It has two cells, separated by a thin partition, and two rows of seeds (Fig. 291). A short silique, or one not much longer than wide, such as we find in Pepper-grass or Shepherd's-purse (Fig. 288), is called a silicle. (See Fig. 290).
182. Cajpside (the word means casket).
This name is applied to all other forms of dry, compound
r ', J? J i? 1 'i. Fig. 291. A silique, —
fruits, formed of several unit- f^.i/.f Mustard. ed carpels. In opening, they commonly sj)lit into several valves, as in Iris; or divide into several parts (carpels) like so many follicles, as in St. Johnswort; or they open by small pores, as in Poppy.
295 ^_ — _ . oQ-» Fig. 292. A capsule, — fruit of
Scrophularia ; it is two-celled, two-carpeled, or two-valved.
Fig. 293. A three-celled cap- sule of Colchicum ; it opens he- tween the carpels.
Fig. 294. Capsule of Iris, open- ing into the carpels.
Fig. 295. Cross-section of the same, showing how it opens.
Fig. 296. Fruit of Geranium; its five carpels separate, and are carried up on the curving styles (called a regma).
Fig. 290, Silicle of Draba (en- larged).
181. Mustard pod ; describe its structure and name. What is a silicle?
182. What is a capsule? What three modes of opening are mentioned?
COMPOUND FRUITS.
91
183. We sliould not omit altogether to notice the aggre gated fruits, such as the Pine-cone (Fig. 300), Pine-apple, &Q. These fruits are composed not merely of the pistil, but of the entire flower, or even of the whole inflorescence, bracts and all, grown thick, and consolidated into one fleshy mass. This is evidently the nature of the Pine- apple and of the Mulberry.
^?
Fig. 297. Black Mulberry, — an aggregated fruit. Fig. 298. Fig, cut open, showing the little flowers within. Fig. 299. Hip of a Eose, cut open, showing the achenia within. Fig. 300. Pine-cone, composed of thick scales.
184. As for the Fig, it is a great hollow torus, having its innumerable flowers within the cavity, growing from the walls, and all together become a sweet, pulpy mass.
183, 184. Mention some examples of aggregated fruits. Can you describe Pine-apple ? a Fig ?
92 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
185. But there are some kinds of fruit almost or quite des- titute of a pericarp, consisting of naked seeds. On the pre- ceding page is a figure (301) of the Canada Yew, a trailing shrub of New Ed gland and Canada. The fruit is a single naked black seed, seated in a fleshj, coralline-red cup. The cone (of Pine, Fir, &c.) is made up of thick woody bracts, each covering in their axils two or more winged seeds (Fig. 300).
LESSON XXIV.
CONCERNING THE SEEDS.
186. Last and most imj)ortant is the seed, the perfected ovule, containing the germ of a new plant like its parent plant. The seed consists of a kernel and its shell. Place a bean in water, and soon its softened shell or skin is easily separated from the kernel,
187. The shell of a seed may be of any color, as white, black, 3^ellow, red, &c. ; may be polished and shining, or dull and rough; may be of any shape, as round, or oval, or egg- shaped ; may be winged, as in Catalpa, or may be clothed with long hairs, called coma. The silk of Silk-grass (Ascle- pias) is the coma of the seed, and cotton is the coma of Cotton seed. The seed of Poplar (cotton-wood) or Willow is also furnished with coma.
185. What plants have no pericarps? Please describe a cone of Pine; fruit of Yew.
186. What is the seed, and what does it contain ? Of what two parts does it consist ?
187. What do you remember concerning the color and shape ? Describe the coma of a seed.
CONCERNING THE PAPPUS.
9:^.
302 303
Fig. 302. A seed of the Cotton-plant, with its tuft of coma, or cotton.
Fig. 303. A seed of the Cotton-tree {Populus), with its silky coma.
Fig. 804. A winged seed of the Catalpa.
Fig. 305. Aehenium of Eclipta; it has no pappus.
Fig. 306. Aehenium of Horseweed ; scarcely any pappus.
Fig. 307.' Aehenium of Sunflower; has two awns for pappus.
Fig. 308. Aehenium of Ageratum ; has five sepals for pappus.
Fig. 309. Aehenium of Blue Milkweed; has abundant pappus.
Fig. 310. Aehenium of "Wild Lettuoc ; witli i->appus raised on a beak
188. The learner must distinguisli between tlie coma of a seed and the pappus of a fruit. Tlie down of Thistle or Dan- delion is pappus, for the little fruit on which it grows is not merely a seed, but a pericarp (aehenium), also containing one seed. In a word, the seed may be fledged with a coma, bnt \\\e fruit is fledged with a pappus, both intended as wings .0 bear away the seed to distajit places. (See Class Book of Dotany, § 485.)
188. Wliat is the distinction bct'.veen coma iind paijnis?
91
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
189. As to the seed-kernel, it may consist of two parts, namely, the germ and albu- meii, or it may be all germ.
190. In the Bean (Fig. 311) it is all germ. A better name for the germ is emhrijo, Kow in all seeds, the embryo is, in fact, a miniature plant, consist- ing of three parts, viz., radi-
/>7zj rrn,^,n^^n ^ ,^v. 1 J T ■^^9- ^H- Seed of Beau, without its
cLe, plumule,^ cotyledons. In ,1,^11 : c, c are the two cotyledons ; ., the
this Bean, r is the radicle, j) radicle; p, the plumule.
is the plumule, C, C, are the ^'^•■■'^^- Seed of wheat, cut open : a is -IT the albumen; c, the one cotvledon ; j>,
cotyledons. ph.mule; r, radicle.
Fig. 313. Seed of Four- o'clock ; embryo two-cotyledoned, coiled; a, albumen.
Fig. 314. Seed of Heather. Fig. 815. A section of the same, showing the curved embryo, with two cotyledons, lying in albumen.
Fig. 316. Seed of Onion. Fig. 317. Section of the same, showing the coiled em- bryo, one cotyledon, in albumen.
191. The radicle is the part destined to grow downwards
189. Of what two parts may the seed-kernel consist ?
190. Describe the parts of the seed of bean.
OF GERMINATION. 95
and become root. The plunuile is the yoinig bud destiued to expand upwards and become stem and leaves. The cotyle- dons are two young leaves, thick and bulky, full of starchy matter to feed the embryo when it shall awake and begin to grow.
192. In the Wheat-seed (Fig. 312) we find, besides the embryo, a white, mealy mass ((2), well known when ground into flour. This mass is evidently intended to answer the same purpose as the starchy cotyledons of the Bean — to nourish the embryo. The radicle (r), the plumule (^), the cotyledon (c), and the albumen (a), are clearly shown. Fig. 313 (seed of Four-o'clock) also shows albumen ; here the em- bryo is coiled into a ring around the albumen. Thus we see that the food of the young plantlet is laid up somewhere in every seed, either in the bulky cotyledons of the embryo itself, or in the albumen outside the embryo.
193. We have, then, seeds albuminous, and seeds exalbu- minous ; seeds two-cotyledoned, and seeds one-cotyledoned.
LESSON XXV.
THE SEED BECOMING A PLANT.
191". Wh have seen that the ripened seed is a miniature plant, living, but sleeping; packed and sealed up for trans- portation. It may continue to sleep, perhaps, for years, if
191. Describe the nature and destiny of the radicle; of the plumule; of the cotyledons. i
192. Of what does the Wheat-seed consist ? AVhat is the intention of the albumen? the position of it in Wheat? in Four-o'clock ?
193. What seeds are albuminous? exalbuminous ? What seeds are two- cotyledoned ? one-cotyledoned ?
90
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
kept diy ; but if exposed to moisture, it soon awakes and commences its wonderful course of development.
195. In the Spring of the year the melting snows or the warm rains supply the proper moisture to the seeds which have fallen to the ground, and they may be seen everywhere swelling, bursting, and growing. The young botanist must not fail to watch their development.
196. Beneath some Oak, for example buried in the old leaves, we find acorns in all stages of growth, showing at one view all the steps in the process of ger- mination. Here is an acorn with its shell softened and its kernel a little swollen. We divide it leno;th- wise with a sharp knife, and the section (Fig. 318) shows the two thick cotyledons (c c) and the radicle (r).
197. In another acorn (Fig. 319) the cotyledons have ab- sorbed yet more water, and en- larged so much as to burst the shell, and the radicle growing, has come forth, a little root, directing its course downwards.
pro^rre<
Fig. 318. Acorn, seed of tlie
Oak, cut open, — showing c, f,
the cotyledons ; r, the radicle.
Figs 819, 320, 321. Show tlie
of germination: r, radicle ; _p, plumule.
194. Please tell us again Avliat a seed is.
,^-_ .,, - In what condition is a seed?
Wnen wiU it awake ?
195. Condition of the seeds generally in Spring ?
OF GERMINATION.
97
^/<^^^m^
198. In the next stage of growth (Fig. 320) the two stalks of the cotyle- dons (.9, petioles, Less. I.), make their appearance, and from between them, at the top of the rootlet, the plumule shoots forth, a little stem with a bud at the top, directing its course up- wards. The rootlet, meanwhile, has grown longer, entered the soil, and divided itself into branches and fibres all covered over with«fine white hairs. These hairs, called fibrils, may be seen under a microscope, as in Fig. 322, which represents the end of a
^^ i? nr 1 •l.^ V xiT, •! 1 of a rootlet of Maple, greatly
fibre of Maple with its fibrils much „,,^„5fi,,i under a lens, show- magnified, ing the fibrils.
199. Up to this stage, the growing rootlet and bud have drawn all their nourishment from the store of food laid up beforehand in the thick cotyledons for this very purpose ; but novr the rootlet has reached the soil, and by means of its numerous fibrils, which are so many little mouths, it is begin- ning to draw its nourishment from the earth.
200. Another acorn, or the same one a few days later (Fig. 321), shows root and stem well organized, and the young Oak fairh^ started on its grand journey of growth and life. The root has descended deeper and spread its branches wider
Fig. 322. The extreme end
196. Wliat is the meaning of the word gerininntion ? Describe the section of an acorn in Fi<r. 318.
197. Describo that stage of growth soon in Fig. 319.
198. Describe the third stage, as represented in Fig. 320.
199. The first source of food for the embryo? the second ?
200. TTow does the plnnf appear in Fig. 321 ?
98
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
in the soil, wliile the bud has mounted higher, unfolding itself into stem and leaves, and spreading itself in the air and light.
201. The young plant has now become independent of the seed, which will soon wither and perish. The cotyledons, in this case, are never able to throw off the shell, but perish
326 825 824
Progress of germiiiution in Maple.— i^«>. 323. A seed (samara). Fig. 324. The same, just beginning to grow ; the rootlet descends, the cotyledons have burst the shell. Fig. 325. The leaf-like cotyledons (c) nearly open, the stem («) and root {r) lengthening. Fig. 326. The terminal bud appears. Fig. 327. The first pair of true leaves expanded. Fig. 328. The second pair appear, &c.
together with it. In other plants, however, as in Maple (Fig. 325), the two cotyledons escape from the shell, change color, and become leaves, — the first pair on the plant {c). 202. The bud, which we called plumule, is still seen at the
201. When does the seed perish? Cotyledons of Oak and Maple — how differ In development ?
DEVELOP^IENT OF BUDS.
90
top, arising higher and higher, as it unfolds its axis into the joints (called nodes and internodes) of the stem, its outer scales into leaves, and is itself continually renewed from within. Thus the ascending stem, or axis^ is always termi- nated by a bud.
329
Fig. 329. Bud of Currant unfolding, — the scales (s) gradually becoming leaves. Fig. 330. Bud uf Tulip-ti-ee,— the scales unfolding into stipules (s).
203. Soon other buds appear. There is one in the axil of each leaf. So long as the terminal bud only is developed, the plant grows up a simple stem. But by the growth of these axillary buds, if they grow at all, branches are pro- duced ; and these branches, from their axillary buds, produce branchlets, and so on.
202. What do you understaud by the nodes and internodes? How is the axis always terminated?
20u. In what case will the stem be simple? How are branches produced
100 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
LESSON XXVI.
LIFE OF THE PLANT, OR ITS BIOGRAPHY.
204. The water which the plant imbibes by its roots be- comes sap in the stem, and circulates in every part as the blood circulates in the animal frame. The leaves, by their broad, thin forms, serve as lungs, to bring all the sap which passes through them into contact with the air and light.
205. By this means the sap is changed into a nourishing food, fitted to sustain the growth of the plant in every part. Thus the leaves are designed, not only as an ornamental robe, but as organs of breathing and digestion.
206. In the second stage of growth, when the plant depends no longer upon the seed for nourishment, it goes on increas- ing in stature and multiplying its leaves and branches. It now consists of three parts, namely, root, stem, and leaves. These are called the organs of vegetation.
207. The third stage of plant-life is the period of flowering. Before this period, all its activity was devoted to its own nourishment and growth. Now it begins to live and act for the continuance of its own kind after it upon the earth, according to the Divine decree in Genesis, i., 11. Some of its buds undergo a striking change, and oj)en each a flower instead of a leafy branch.
208. A flower is therefore a leafy branch transformed (as
204, Wliat becomes of tlie water wliicli the roots imbibe ? What part do the leaves act ?
\^, What change takes place in the sap ? /i06. What is the second stage of plant-life ? r-07. The third stage? Wlience come the flowers?
BIOGRAPHY OF THE PLANT. 101
sliown in the Class Book, p. 23), having its axis undeveloped, its leaves in crowded circles, moulded into more delicate forms and tinged with brighter colors, not only to adorn the face of nature, but to prepare the way for fruit.
209. The fourth stage of plant-life is the period of its fruit bearing. The flowers have gradually faded and disappeared^ but the pistil, having received the quickening pollen (see Class Book of Botany, p. 148), remains in its place, holds fast all the nourishino^ matter which continues to flow into it through the flower-stem, grows, and finally ripens into the perfected fruit and seed.
210. The fifth and last stage in the biography of the plant is its hibernation (w^inter's sleep), or its death. If the event of flowering and fruit-bearing occur within the first or second year of the life of the plant, it is generally followed by its speedy death. In all other cases it is followed by a state of needful repose, wherein it is commonly stripped of its leaves, and gives few, if any, indications of life, until awaked, with renewed vigor, in the following Spring.
211. According to their difi*erent terms of life, we distin- guish plants as annuals, biennials, and perennials. An an- nxLol herl) completes its whole history in one year. In the Spring it germinates ; in Summer it grows, blooms, bears fruit; and in Autumn its work and life are ended. The Mustard, Maize, and Morning-glory are such.
212. A biennial herb lives two years. During the first it
208. Please state the nature of the flower.
209. Please describe the fourth stage of plant-life.
210. The fifth stage.
211. In regard to their term of life, how are plantg divided ? Describe aj annual herb.
212. A biennial herb.
102 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
germinates, grows, and bears leaves only ; and in its second year it blossoms, bears frnit, and dies. Sucli are tlie Beet and Radisb.
213. A perennial plant survives several or many years. There are herbaceous perennials and woody perennials. The herbaceous perennials, or perennial herbs^ are such as survive the winter only by their roots or their parts which grow underground. These in Spring send up leaves, flowers, and and often stems, all of which perish in Autumn, leaving only the parts underground alive as before. Such are the Hop, Asters, Yiolets.
214. Woody jperennials survive the winter by their stems as well as roots, and usually grow several years before flow- ering, and thence flower annually during their existence. According to their size, such plants are trees, shrubs, under- shrubs. A tree is the largest among plants, having a perma- nent, woody stem, usually unbranched lelow, and dividing into branches above. The Oaks, Elms, and Pines are famil- iar examples.
215. A bhrub is smaller than a tree, usually growing in clusters from one underground mass of roots. The Lilacs, Roses, Alders, are shricbs. Small shrubs, about of our own stature, as the Currants, Brambles, we call lushes. Yery low shrubs, as the Blueberries, Box, &c., are under shrubs.
213. Describe a perennial plant. Of what two sorts ? Describe a peren- nial herb.
215. A tree, a slirub, bush, undershrub, — bow distinguished? To which of the above-mentioned sorts does the Cabbage belong ? To which the Hol- lyhock? the Balsamine ? Four-o'clock? To which the Tulip? Golden-rod? Lily? Pink? Quince? &c.
CONCEKNING THE ROOT.
loa
LESSON XXVII.
CONCERNING THE AXIS OF THE PLANT.
216. The term axis ex- presses the central column or body of the plant around which the branches and other organs are arranged. As we have already no- ticed, the axis grows and extends in two directions, — upwards and downwards. The ascending part is the stem, the descending part is the root. The former loves and seeks the air and light, the latter the dark, damp bosom of the earth.
217. The E.00T serves the twofold purpose of fixing the plant firmly in its place, and of imbibing the neces- sary food from the soil. The food when thus im- bibed is never in a solid
Fig. 831. An entire plant (Sliep- lierd's-ptirse), sliowing the axis (a to r). Tlie part from c to r is the desccndiDfj axis, or root ; from c to a the ascending axis, or stem; A, by branches, bearing racemes of flowers and fruit.
831
104
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY
state, but dissolved in water, and con- sists of certain earths, alkalies, and gases. (See Part II., Chap. 7, Class Book of Botany.)
218. It is the nature of the root to divide itself into branches, and the only organs wliich properly belong to it are branches, fibres, and fibrils. It puts forth no buds nor leaves unless the plant be in some unnatural state.
219. The roots of woody plants, es- pecially, are hranching roots. Year after year they multiply and extend in branches and branchlets beneath the
m^^
F^g. 832 Brandling root of u voung tree.
lij. 333. A tuberous root (Erigenia). Fig. 334. Fibrous roots (Buttercups!. Fig. a35. Branching root (White Clover), with tubercles.
FORMS OF ROOTS.
105
ground, in proportion to the growth of the branches and twigs of the stem above. The axis itself may not descend to any great depth, and after a few years may be found far exceeded in growth by its own branches which extend hori- zontally in a better soil. The greater the growth of the root? the more firm will be its hold upon the ground, and the great- er its capacity for drinking in liquid nourishment for the tree.
220. The roots of herbaceous plants take a great variety of forms. Some are tuberous, some fibrous. The tuberous are such as consist of a large axis or body, with small branches ; as in the Beet, Ground-nut, Spring Beauty, and many other biennial plants.
221. Ti\Q fibrous are such as con- sist mostly of fibres, with scarcely any axis ; as in Buttercups, Grass- es. In such cases the axis ceased to grow immediately after ger- mination, and long thread-like ^. „„„ ^ , a ^ -^
' , ^ Fig. 836. Tuberous and fusiform
branches supplied its place. root of Beet.
222. The fihrO-tulerOUS roots ^'^- ^S^- Tuberous and napifonn ^ 1 /> ,1 . root of Turnip.
are such as have some of their
fibres thickened and fleshy, as seen in the Peony, Dahlia,
216. Please explain the meaning of the term axis. In what two directions does it grow ?
217. What is the twofold purpose of the root? What docs it imbibe ? In what state is this food when imbibed ?
218. What is said of the nature of the root? Wliat are its only proper organs ? What is said of leaves or buds ?
219. Describe the roots of woody plants, and their growth.
220-222. Describe tuberous roots ; fibrous ; fibro-tuberous ; tubercular.
5*
106
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
Spirsea. If little tubers here and there are attached to the fibres, the root is tubercular^ as in Squirrel-corn.
Fig. 838. Fibro-tuberous root of Peony.
Fig. 339. Fibro-tuberous root of Spiraea filipundula.
Fig. 340. Fibro-tuberous root ef Mourning Geranium.
223. All these fleshy forms, whether tuberous or fibro-tu- berous, are filled with starchy deposited there in store, for use in the future growth of the plant. Many other forms of roots are described in larger works.
LESSON XXVIII.
OF THE STEM OR ASCENDING AXIS.
224. TiiK stem tending upward in its growth is often called the ascending: axis. It does not in all cases continue to arise
223. Wliat purpose do fleshy roots serve ?
Less. XXVIII. What is the subject of this lesson?
THE ASCENDING AXIS
107
Fig. 341. Spotted Prince's Pine, entire plant; the stem is a "leaf-stem." Fig. 342. Diclytra (Z>, cucullana), whole plant; it has a "scale-stem."
Ill growing, but often becomes oblique or horizontal. There- fore we have, besides erect sterns^ stems pj'ostrate, procumbe7it, trailing^ when running along flat on the ground, or over bushes, as the Partridge-beny, "White Wintergreen (Fig. S-iS) ; and, also, stems decumbent^ first arising and afterwards re- clining on the ground, as the Poor-man's-weather-glass (Fig. 344).
225. There are, also, siibterranean stems, never arising
224. What of the direction of the growth of stems ? How does the stem of White Wintergreen grow ? How the stem of Anagallis ?
108
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
Fig. 343. Tne "White Wintergreen {Chiogenes)\ it has a procumbent stem
above the ground at all, but only sending up leaves and flowers with their stalks, as the Tulip.
226. It is the nature of the stem to produce buds, as it is of the root to produce none. At first the stem is itself a bud, and as it grows it bears this bud always at the summit and produces a new bud in the axil of every new leaf.
Fig. 344. Poor-man's-weather-glass {A?iagalus) ; it has a decumbent stem.
227. The stem has nodes and intemodes. The joints where the leaves severally come out are the nodes^ and the portion of stem between, the intemodes. In the bud the internodes are quite undeveloped, and the nodes close together ; but as it develops into a regular leaf-stem, the internodes grow, and the nodes with their respective leaves are se]3arated.
228. But in some plants, the nodes only are developed, and the axis never extends itself above ground, and covers itself
325. What of the stem of Tulip ?
226. What the nature of the stem Avith respect to buds '
227. Please tell us what are nodes and internodes.
FORMS OF STEMS.
100
Flg.Uh. Conns of Putty-root (.4/9Zfci/7m): «, of last year ; 6, of the present year.
Fig. 346. Scale bulb of White Lily.
Fig. 347. Scale bulb of Violet Sorrel {Oxalis vlolacca).
with scales instead of leaves. Tims we liave two classes of stems ; namelj, leaf -stems and scale-stems. These figures, one of the delicate Diclytra and the other (Fig. 341) of the
Fig. 348. Ehizome of Solomon's Seal: a, fragment of the first year's growth ; J, the pocond year's growth; c, the third year's growth, bearing d, the stem oftho present year, which will leave a scar (the seal), like that of the others.
Fig. 349. Premorse rhizome of Trillium.
228. What two classes of stems liave we to consider? "SVliat is the diflfer- ence between them ? To which class does Dicly tra belong ? Prince's Pine ?
110
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
Prince's Pine, make a fine contrast of the two kinds of stems.
229. Several varieties of scale-stems must be distinguished ; as, bulb, corm, rhizome, creeper, tuber, &c.
230. The Tulip, Hyacinth, Onion, Lily, have lulls ; you Bee (Figs. 31:6, 347), they consist of roundish masses of thick scales with a small axis — in fact, an overgrown bud. Th eorm is like it in shape, but has a thick axis with thin scales or none. (Fig. 31:5.)
231. The rhizome^ or root-stock, is a fleshy, underground stem, often scaly and marked with scars, as you see in the Bloodroot, Solomon's Seal (Figs. 348, 349).
Fig. 350. Creeper of "Nimble Will," or Witch-grass: a, bud; i, i, bases of the Btems which rise above-ground.
232. Tlie creeper is more slender, much branched, many- jointed and many-scaled, as seen in this figure of the Witch- grass. It sends out rootlets from its joints, and is \qvj tena- cious of life, binding the soil into turf wherever it abounds.
233. The tuler^ such as grows on the underground stems of the Potato-plant, is evidently a stem (not a root), for it al- ways produces buds.
229. Name five sorts of scale-stems.
230. Describe the bulb ; the corm. 231. Tlie rMzome. 232. The creeper. 233. The tuber.
FORMS OF STEMS.
Ill
234. Of the leaf-stem class we must describe three kinds, the trunk, caulis, and vine. Trunk is the name given to the stems of woody, erect plants, especially of trees. They are tlie rej^resentatives of loftiness and strength, in poetic phrase, lifting their summits to the skies and doing battle with the storm. There are, indeed, few objects in nature possessed of a truer grandeur than the White Pine's trunks of the North- ern forests.
235. Caulis^ is the general name given by botanists to the
Vines. Fig. 351. Passion-flower {Passijiora lutea), climbing by tendrils. Fig S52. Morning-glory, twining from left to right. Fig. 353. Hop, twining from right to left.
234. Name, next, three kinds of leaf-stems. Describe the trunk.
235. The caulis. Meaning and use of caulescent? acaulescent? Give ex- amples of each.
112 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
stems of herbs. From this word come two adjectives much used, and quite convenient, viz., caulescent and acaidescent ; the former denoting the presence of stems above-ground, the Latter of only underground stems. Thus the Buttercup is caulescent, while the Pitcher-plant is acaulescent ; the Garden Yiolet or Pansy is caulescent, while the wild Blue Yiolet is acaulescent.
236. Yine, as every one knows, denotes a slender stem, too weak to stand alone, and supporting itself by the aid of other plants or objects. Some vines are woody, some herbaceous. The Hop twines itself around its supporter, turning from right to left, as in Fig. 353, The Morning-glory, also, but it turns from left to right (Fig. 352). Thirdly, the Grape and Passion-flower (Fig. 351) climb by special organs, the tendrils^ of wonderful adaptation, showing their Maker's de- sign more truly than if by an audible voice.
236. Describe tlie vine. What their three varieties ? What is the read- mirable in the tendril ?
CLABSIFICATION.
113
LESSON XXIX.
PLANTS TO BE ARRANGED IN CLASSES.
PLAXT may be studied by itself, as an individual, separate from other plants or oljjects; or it may be considered in its re- lations to other plants, as consti- tuting a part of a system. In this latter view we discover one vast design embracing the innu- merable millions of plants as one kin2:doni, leadinoj ns to adore the wisdom and goodness of him who planned and created the world. For we see that he has not only made each plant with so much loveliness and perfec- tion in itself, but has assigned to each its proper rank in the system, and endowed it with just
that nature, habit, and style of beauty, which adapts it to
that rank.
238. To study plants as constituting a system, as we now
propose to do, is useful in two ways : first, it gives us a
larger and truer conception of the Yegetable Kingdom ; and
237. Wliat two modes of studying tlie plant are mentioned ? In tlic sec- ond mode what discovery is made ?
238. In the systematic study of plants what two other advantages?
114 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
secondly, it teaches us how to recognize by name the plants with which we meet, so as to avail ourselves of all that has been recorded concerning the same by botanists before us.
239. Suppose the pupil, in his study, has dropped a single Flax-seed on a lock of cotton floating in water in a bulb- glass. It grows, filling the clear water with its silvery radi- cles, while its stem shoots upwards covered with leaves and finally blooming with flowers. This is an individual plant. He studies its organs, colors, portrait, and carefully writes its history.
240. Meanwhile, other Flax-seeds, by thousands, have been sown in the fields, and fix)m each, also, a plant has arisen. The student finds them in flower, tinging all the plain in ocean blue. I^ow, shall he, as a botanist, repeat his study over each of all these millions ? Certainly not. He finds himself already acquainted with them, for each bears an ex- act resemblance to that which he has already described. His knowledge of one individual Flax-plant, therefore, avails him for each and all the myriads of Flax-plants growing every- where.
241. In this manner we obtain the idea of a Species. Thus, a species of plants consists of many individuals of the same Mnd^ having descended from a common stock, and resem- bling each other and their common parent in every feature.
242. The common Blue Flax, of which linen is made, is a sj^ecies f the wild Yellow Flax is another; and the Purple Flax of the gardens is another. The White Clover is a spe-
239. Can you give us an idea of an individual plant ?
240. Having studied one individual Flax-plant, why do we not need to udy the others ?
241. Please state your idea of a species. i42. Please illustrate your idea of a species.
THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 115
cles with its progeny of millions of plants ; the Red Clover is another ; the Yellow Clover another ; the Buffalo Clover another. In like manner all the plants of the globe are grouped into species, and this is the first step in classification.
243. The second step carries us to the genus, which we may thus define : A Genus is an assemblage of species which are much alike ; especially in their flowers and fruit. Thus, Flax is a genus made up of the several species mentioned above, and other similar species. Clover is a genus com- posed of 150 species, some of which we have just mentioned. Every one notices the resemblance between White Clover, Hed Clover, &c. Pine is a genus, embracing as sj^ecies White Pine, Yellow Pine, Pitch Pine, Long leaved Pine, and many others.
244. Individuals of the same species may differ somewhat among themselves, and these differences constitute varieties. Thus Apple-trees differ in their fruit, and there are hundreds of varieties although only one species. Poses differ in their form, color, and fragrance of their flowers, forming many va- rieties under each species. Probably no tw^o plants of any species were ever exactly alike. Sameness, or monotony, is not a characteristic of Kature.
LESSON XXX.
THE NATURAL SYSTEM.
245. In attempting to classify and arrange the genera of plants, according to their natural resemblances and differ-
243. Can you now define a genus ? Please illustrate your idea of a genus.
244. What is a variety ? Illustrate your meaning.
116 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
ences, botanists liave formed a system called the Xatm-al Sys- tem. Let us now briefly notice this system of classification.
246. We have already stated that the plants of the globe are all created in species, and that this is the first step in classification. Then, in the second place, the species are grouped into genera. Now the number of species of plants already known is about 100,000, and the genera 20,000.
247. The thh'd step in our system carries us forward to the Natural Ordeks. These are made up of genera. As we as- sociate similar species to form a genus, so we associate similar genera to form the natural orders. The number of orders described in the Natural System is about three hun- dred. For example, the natural order Crucifirge, or the Crucifers, embraces such genera as Mustard, Cress, Cabbage, Turnip, Kadish, Wall-flower, which every one sees to bear resemblance to each other in many respects.
248. How then shall we define a natural order ? It is a group of similar genera ; or, a group of genera closely re- lated to each other. Therefore, individuals form species; species form genera ; genera form orders. But how shall we classify these three hundred orders ?
249. Suppose we take an excursion into the mountains. We walk beneath the forest trees, and among the shrubs. We tread upon the lesser herbs, the matted grasses, and the mosses and lichens which cover the rocks. Everywhere we lee plants, and behold the domain of the vegetable kingdom.
245. What is the subject of this Lesson XXX. ?
246, 247. What is the first step in classification ? the second ? the third ? What number of species known in all the vegetable world ? What number of genera ? of orders ? (Ans. 303.)
248. Define a natural order. Please review these three steps.
249. Show how we may divide the vegetable kingdom.
THE NATURAL SYSTEM.
117
Now viewing this as one grand whole, we want to divide it into two subkingdoms. How shall we do it ?
250. Every attentive observer has noticed that some of these plants produce no flowers ; as, e, g.^ the Ferns and Mosses. Let us then take all such plants and consider them as forming one sub-kingdom, viz., the Flowkrless Plants All other plants will of course constitute the other sub-king dom, viz.<, the Flowering Plants. Botanists call the latter the Phaenogamia, and the former, the Cryptogamia (Greek words of the same import).
251. Now these two sub-kingdoms have other distinctions hii^i^o,^ flowering and notfloicering. See the fruit-dots growing on the back of Fern leaves. The microscope shows them to be clusters of hollow cases, and each case lilled with a fine yellow dust. But this dust is not seeds, with v-^'- S embryo, radicle, &c. (Less. 21), but little sacs, ^ ^jr^^l^ containing a fluid, similar to the pollen grains ^^^^'j?^^ (Less. 15). AVe call them Spores. See, also, the '^^/t=sfel. Mushrooms having no leaves, and the Lichens
355 35C 357 853
Some of the Cryptogams. — Fig. 35"). A Fern, showing the fruit dots. Fi'js. 356, "57 85S, are Lichens, some appearing to have stems, and some with no appearance of any
250. Please distinguish the' two subkingdoms. The meaning of Crypto-
gamia ? Pha'uoga
:2.')1. Wliat about the Spores of Ferns, kcA
118
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
often, also, witliout stems. Hence we may say of the Cryp- togams til at they are not only flowerless^ but seedless^ and often leafless and stemless.
252. We will now dismiss the Cryptogams for the pi-esent, and consider the Flowering Plants (Ph sen ogams), as one sub- kingdom; — how shall this be divided? Every one notices a striking difference between plants with parallel-veined leaves and those with net-veined leaves. The former have their flowers three-parted, while the latter have their flowers two, four, or five-parted, &c., — the former have seeds one-lobed (monocotyledoned. Less. 15), the latter, two-lobed (dicotyle- doned, Less. 15). Let us, then, divide the Phsenogamia into two provinces ; as Natui-e has already done.
Fig. 359. Cross-section of an exogenous stem (Elm), of two years growth : 1, the pith; 2, 3, two layers of wood; 4, the bark. Fig. 360. Cross-section of an endoge- nous stem (Corn), sliowing no distinction of layers.
253. We may call these two provinces severally, the Exo- GENS and the Endogens: — two Greek words denoting: outside growers, inside-growers, referring to their modes of growth.
254. l^ow, taking such an Exogen as the Apple-tree, and such an Endogen as the Indian Corn, w^e may distinguish them thus : The Exogen has its wood, if any, arranged in con- centric rings, or layers, as seen in Eig. 360 ; — the outer ring
252. Show how the Flowering Plants are divided. 253. Please give the character of an Exogen ; an Endogen. Meaning of these two words ?
THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 119
being the youngest; the leaves net-veinecl ; tlie flowers sel- dom (or never completely) tliree-parted ; and the seeds two- lobed. On the contrar}^ :
255. The Endogen has its wood, if any, confused, the mner portions being tlie newest ; — its leaves parallel-veined ; — its flowers three-parted ; and its seeds oi:e-lobed.
LESSON XXXT.
MORE ABOUT THE NATURAL SYSTEM.
256. Thus Exogens and Endogens are so clearly defined that yon may know them as far off" as you can see them. The next step in the analysis is, to subdivide each of these provinces. First, as to the Exogens : We know that they generally have pistils in their flowers, with the young seeds (ovules) inclosed in their ovaries. But there are exceptions to this rule. The Pines, Yews, &c., have no pistils at all, or, at least, no stigmas, and produce naked seeds, not inclosed in seed-vessels. Hence, we have two classes of Exogens : the naked-seeded and the vessel-seeded. The botanists call the lat- ter the Angiosperms (Greek, angios, a vessel; sperma, S(3ed) ; and the former, the Gymnospkrms (Greek, gymnos, naked).
257. Secondly, the Endogens : here consider the peculiar forms and flowers of the Grasses. Their flowers are all en- veloped in green, alternate scales, called ghinies^ instead of
254. Is the Lily an Exogen or Endogen ? The Buttercup ? The Maple, &c. ?
25G. What is the next step in the analysis ? State the manner of subdi- viding th3 Exogens. What is the meaning and etymology of the word " Angiospenns T What of Gyranospemis ? Give an example of each.
257. Show the subdivision of the Endogens. What of the Petaliferaet What of the Glumiferoe ?
120 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
tlie circles of petals common in other flowers. Hence we have a class of Glume-plants and of Glumeless-plants, or, as the botanists saj, Glumifer^ and Petaliferje. Thus we divide all the Flowering Plants into four Classes, viz. :
1. AngiosjKrms I Exogens bearing stigmas and seed-vessels.
2. Gymnosperms ; Exogens with no stigmas, and with naked seeds, as the Pines, Firs, Larches, Cedars, Cypresses, Yews, &c.
3. Petaliferce j Endogens with no glumes and ordinary flowers.
4. GlumifercB ; Endogens with glumes instead of petals, as the Grasses, Sedges, Grains.
258. Again, each of these Classes are to be subdivided into Cohorts, as follows : the Angiosperms are divided (not very naturally) into three cohorts, viz. :
1. The Dialypetalce, or Polypetalous Exogens, having flow- ers with the petals distinct and separate, as in the Buttercup, Pose, Mustard.
2. The Gamopetalce^ having flowers with the petals united into one piece, as in the Phlox, Morning-glory, Foxglove.
3. The Ajpetalm^ having flowers without j^etals, eitlier naked, or -with only one circle of floral envelopes (which must then be considered as sepals, whatever be the color) ; as Gin- ger-root {Asarwn\ Poke {Phytolacca\ and Pig- weed {Ckeno- podium).
4. E'ext, the Gymnosperms are regarded as forming one cohort, called the Conoids^ having the fruit usually in cones. (Less. XXIIL)
258. After tlie classes, wLat is tlie next step in analysis? How are the Angiosperms subdivided ? Please define tlie Polypetalous Exogens ; the Gamopetalous ; the Apetalous. What cohort do the Gymnosperms form ? Why ? What two cohorts do the Petaliferous Endogens form ? Define the fifth cohort. Define the sixth cohort. What cohort do the Glumiferous Endoffens constitute ?
THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 121
The Endogenous Petalifera3 are divided into two cohorts, vis. :
5. Tiie SjMdlcifiorcB, having the flowers on a sj)adixj as in the Egyptian CalLa and Jack-in-the-pulpit.
6. The Floridice^ having the flowers separate, not on a spadix, as in Tulip, Gladiolus.
7. The Class Glumiferee constitutes the seventh cohort, under the name Graminoids^ i. e., the Grass-like plants.
Six other cohorts are formed from the flowerless plants, but we cannot notice them in this work.
259. Lastly, the cohorts are themselves divided into, or composed of, the Natural Orders, w^hich we defined in Les- son XXX.
260, Table I. Tabular View of the Natural System.
Kingdom. Suh-kinqdoms Pi'ovtnce^. Classes. Cohorts.
'Dialypetalous.
^ Gamopetalous, t Anijiospcrms. . ( Apctalous. r Exogcns. . 1 Gymno?penns.=Conoids.
\ Spadicifloroj,
1 retalifenx! ( FloridccT.
Phainogamia. LEiidogens. ( (Jlumiferaa . . . .=Graminoids. Vegetables. | Cryptogami.'u (Its divisions liero omitted.)
2G1 Table II. Yiew or the Natural System.
1. Flowering Plants. (Next pass to No. 2. ^ PH^NOGAMIA.
1. Flowerless Plants. (Pass to No. 9.) CRYPTOGAMIA
2. Leaves net-veined. Flowers never quite 3-partod 3. EXOGEXS.
2. Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers 3-parted 4. ENDOGENS.
8. Stigmas present. Seeds in seed-vessels.. ..5. Angiosperms.
3. Stigmas none, seeds naked. Pines. Spruces, &c.. .6. Gymnosperms.
4. Flowers without glumes, naving petals, *fcc 7. Petaliferae
4. Flowers witn grccn, alternate glumes, no DCtals. ..S GlumiferaB
259. Finally, into what are the cohorts themselves divided? Give us ex- amples of each of all these cohorts.
260 Explain the use of Table I 2G1 Of Table II.
*
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTA^^Y.
5. Petals distinct and separate. PoLYPETAL^f:
5. Petals united more or less. Gaiiopetal.e.
5. Petals none. Apetal^.
6. The cone-bearing plants. Cedars, Larches. Conoids
7. Liflorescence a spadix. Spadiciflor^.
7. Inflorescence not a spadix. Floride^.
8. Grass-like plants. GpvAminoids.
9. Siicn as Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, Sea-weeds, Muslirooms all omitted :n
this book. (See Class-Book, Chapter XIV. ..
262. Table III. Another View of the Natural System
VEGETABLE KINGDOM, divided into two sub-kingdoms, viz.:
Suh-lc'mgdom First, PH^NOGAMIA, the Flowering Plants, mchiding Piovince /., the EXOGENS^ or Dicotyledons, including two classes Class 1, the Angiosperms, having three Cohorts, viz. *.
Cohort A, PoLYPETALous Exogens Cas Rose worts, &c.) : Cohort Jj, Gamopetalocs Exogens (Phloxworts, &c.'i; and Cohort (7, Apetalous Exogens (Pokeworts, &c.). Class 2, the Gymnosperms, witli one Cohort, viz. :
Cohort i>, CoxoiDs, or cone-bearing plants (Pineworts, &c.). Province 11., the ENDOGEXS, or Monocotyledons, two Classes, viz. Class 3, the Petaliferous Endogens, having two Cohorts ; Cohort E, Spadiciflor^ (the Aroids, &c.) ; Cohort F, Floride^ (Lily worts, &c.}. Class 4, the Glumiferous Endogens, one Cohort, viz. : Cohort G, Graminoids (Grasses, Sedges, &e.). Suh-Hngdom Second, CKYPTOGAMIA the Flowerless Plants Province 111. Szc , &c.
LESSON XXXII.
OF THE ANALYSIS OF PLANTS.
263. To study any subject by the separate examination of thd parts of which it is composed, is a process called analysis. For example, in Grammar, we analyze a sentence when we point out and separately consider the subject, predicate,
262. Of Table III. 2G3. Wliat is the general meaning of analysis ? IllustratB.
BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 123
object, &c. In Clicmistiy, we analyze water when we sep- arate its two elements, oxygen and hydrogen, and examine each by itself.
264. In Botany, however, we use the word analysis in a wider sense. It implies not only the separate study of each particular organ composing the plant, but doing all this in connection with certain tables, in order to determine its name and history.
265 This kind of analysis is the constant and delightful pur- suit of the active botanist. Without it, the study of books loses lialf its pleasure and usefidness. The student can acquire a better knowledge of a species by the study of a living specimen, than by memorizing the longest description found in books.
266. During the flowering months, he will often meet with species in blossom which are yet unknown to him. If he is duly interested in his study, he will not fail to seize and analyze each new specimen, and even extend his walk in search of more. In this manner, he may in a few seasons become acquainted with every species in his locality.
267. But we do not expect that all this will be accomplished by our young friends while using as their only text-book this little work. "We only aim now to furnish them with the means of making a fair beginning, so that they may be able, in future seasons, to advance rapidly with the " Class Book," or other works of that rank.
268. In the following pages we present the pupil with numerous tables, designed to conduct our inquiries in every process of botanical analysis ; also accompanied by a plain, miniature Flora, or a partial description of all the flowering plants in the United States.
2G4. What is its signification in botnny?
124 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY
269. Specimens gathered for analysis slionld have flowers in full bloom, full-grown leaves, and also, if possible, the mature fruit. If it be an herb, it is w^ell to have the whole of it, as the root and lower leaves often aiford characters by which the species is known. Suppose yon now have good specimens of some one unknown plant, gathered for analysis, — how will you proceed with them ?
270. We first examine the several parts of the plant, begin- ning with the root and ending with the pistil or ovary, deter- mining the character, of each according to the definitions given in the former lessons. After this, we refer to the table commencing on page 121, entitled, " Review of the Natural System," and read, compare, and decide according to the directions contained in Lesson XXXIII., in order to determine the Natural Order to which the specimen belongs. Having determined the Order, we next turn to that Order, and deter- mine the Genus and Species by means of other similar tables.
271. In examining the specimen, previous to the use of the tables, the first inquiries may be somewhat as follows :
As to the plant — whether it be an herb, shrub, or tree.
As to the root — whether tuberous, fibrous, or fibro- tuberous.
As to the stem — whether a scale-stem or leaf-stem ; bul- bons, rhizome, or erect, &c.
As to the leaves — whether alternate or opposite; parallel- veined or net-veined ; Avhether the figure be ovate, lanceo- late, oblong, &c.
269. Wliat kinds of specimens are to be preferred for analysis ?
270. Please state the first thing to he done with them. After you have found the Order, what then ?
271. What special care should be taken? As to character, what do we inquire concerning plants? What concerning the root? the stem? the leaves ? the stipules ? What concerning the flowers ? the calyx ? the corol la? stamens? What concerning the pistil or fruit?
USE OF THE ANALYTICAL TABLES. 125
As to stipules — wlietlier present or absent.
As to tlie flowers — whether symmetrical or nnsymmetrical ; regular or irregular; whether the calyx be free or adherent; the petals, whether distinct or united; tlie stamens, whether hypogynous or perigynous, whether opposite to the petals or alternate with them.
As to the pistil and fruit, — wdiether the carpels be more than one, and whether distinct or united. (See Lesson XYIIL)
LESSON XXXIII.
HOW TO ANALYZE A PLANT BY THE TABLES.
272. Our readers are already informed that the Flora which accompanies these instructions is not intended to make them acquainted with the plants of the country, but simply to teach the pupil how to analyze. Hence they will not expect to find in it any thing like a full account of all our flora, but a few plain exercises by which they may trace every flowering plant in the country to its Natural Order, about one in every two to its Genus, and about one in every five to its Species. In conducting an exercise in this Flora with a class of pupils who have well studied the former part of the work, some method like the following would be inter- esting and profitable.
273. Suppose the class present, and each furnished with a spe- cimen of some one unknown species, both in flower and fruit.
Teaclier. Are you all ready? Turn to the Flora and let us find out to- gether the family relations and the names of this fine plant. Wo will commence at the "Analysis of the Natural Orders" (page 132), and read the first pair of lines, which \vc will call a couplet.
126 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY
John {reads). "Plants bearing flowers (Plitenogamia).
" Plants not bearing flowers (Cryptogaraia)."
Teacher. To w^hich of these sub-kingdoms does your specimen belong?
John. To the flowering plants, for it has both flowers and fruit.
Teacher. Now tell us to which couplet we shall next pass.
Joh^n. To the second.
Teacher. Very well. Edward, you may read and determine the second couplet in the same manner.
Edward. " Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely three-parted.
"Leaves parallel-veined (rarely net- veined). Flowers three-parted." This specimen seems to answer to the first line, having net-veined leaves and five-parted flowers. It is, then, an Exogen. Pass to No. 3.
Teacher. Now let it pass along, and if a wrong decision is made, let the observer signify it by raising his hand.
Sarah. " Stigmas present. Seeds inclosed in seed-vessels.
" Stigmas none. Seeds naked." These flowers have pistils and stig- mas. I think it is an Angiosperm. Pass to No. 5.
Eliza. " Corolla with distinct petals.
" Corolla with united petals.
" Corolla none ; sepals sometimes none." My specimen has five distinct petals, and five sepals. It is therefore Folypetalous. Pass over to A.
Jane. "Herbs.
"Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs." This plant is an herb. Pass on to No. 2.
Mary. "Leaves alternate or all radical.
"Leaves opposite, on the stem." The leaves of the stem are alternate, but many are radical. Pass to No. 15.
Louisa. "Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume.
"Flowers irregular," &c. I do not remember the legume. (Several hands are raised.)
Teacher. Edward will define a legume.
Edward. A legume, sir, is a fruit like a pea-pod.
Teacher. Can Mary improve this definition ?
Mary. The legume is a simple, or one-carpeled fruit, with two valves and one cell.
Louisa. But this plant has regular flowers, in any case. See No. 17.
Nancy. " Stamens numerous." &c. I count more than twenty stamens liere. Turn to No. 21.
HOW TO ANALYZE. 127
Lucy. "Stamens on the torus," &c. I tliiiik they are on the torus, and not on the calyx. Next to No. 22.
Emily. "Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styles).
"Pistils (styles, also, if any), completely united." I see many little green pistils, quite distinct, in the centre of the flower. Go to No. 23.
Caroline. "Petals five or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate," &c. This flower has five petals, hut I do not know whether they are deciduous or not.
Teacher. Will some of you relieve Caroline's douhts?
Emily. I think they are deciduous, for they have already fallen oflf from several of my flowers.
Teacher. True. Then what is Caroline's decision?
Caroline. I suppose, then, that the plant helongs to the "Order of the Crowfoots," which is the first natural order.
Teacher. Well done. This brings us to the order of which our plant seems to be a member. Let us now turn to that order and learn the genus of the plant. But before we look into the " Analysis of the Gen- era," we should carefully compare our plant with the characters of the order, so that we may be sure that we have not erred in our conclusion. John will read aloud these characters, and the class will consider whether their specimens answer to each.
John {reads). "Herbs, rarely shrubs, with a colorless, acrid juice" (&c., to the end).
Teacher. Since we are now confident that we have a plant belonging to the order of the Crowfoots, let us commence the "Analysis of the Genera." Edward, the first couplet.
Edward. "Sepals four, valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed.
"Sepals imbricate in the bud." The sepals are imbricate. No. 2.
Sarah. " Ovaries one-seeded, achenia in fruit.
" Ovaries with two or more seeds." I find one seed in each ovary, — indeed, the ovary is itself like a little seed. Pass to No. 3.
Eliza {after reading the couplet). The greenish sepals are quite diflfor- ent from the yellow petals. Go to the triplet marked d.
Jane {after reading the three lines). As this plant has leaves on tho stem, and a little scale with honey at the base of each petal, I must pro- nounce it a Crowfoot, genus No. 4.
Teacher. Wc now turn to that genus (page 147), and read its character for the sake of confirmation and a better knowledge.
128 OBJEr-T LESSONS IN BOTANY
Mary (rends the character of tlie genns Raimnculus aloud).
Teacher. Wc are now ready for the analysis of the species. Mary is next.
Mary. " Petals yellow. Seeds (carpels) rough with prickles. Flowers small. South
" Petals yellow, seeds smooth and even
"Petals white (claws yellow). Seeds wrinkled crosswise." This spe cimen has smooth seeds and yellow petals. Pass to a.
Louisa. " Leaves more or less divided," &c. This second line of the triplet describes the plant. Pass on to h.
Nancy. " Root leaves neither divided nor cleft, merely crenate.
"Lower leaves three-cleft, but not divided to the base.
"Leaves all ternately divided and much cleft." Pas^ to c.
Lucy. " Sepals reflexed in flower. Plants erect.
" Sepals si)reading in flower, shorter than the petals." The sepals are reflexed. Ptcad Nos. 14, 15.
Emily., after reading both descriptions, finally concludes that she holds in her hand a specimen of the Bulbous Crowfoot, or llanunculus bulbosus, in which conclusion all concur.
LESSON XXX LV
VARIOUS SUGGESTIONS AND CAUTIONS.
274. The work of analysis is often attended with difficul ties which severely try the skill and perseverance of the young botanist. So it often is in the stndy of Algebra, or of Logic ; indeed, in nearly every valuable branch of learning His decisions may be wrong through a w^ant of a thorough acquaintance with botanical terms, or through his ignorance of the real characters of his specimens. Of course his success will always be in proportion to the accuracy of his knowl edge, — here, as well as in all other pursuits.
274. Mention two sources of error in the analysis of plants
DIFFICULTIES IN ANALYSIS. 129
275. But tlie minuteness of tlie organs or parts to be studied is often discouraging even to the accurate student, much more to the careless one. To overcome this, skill in dissection and a dauntless courage in observation are indis- pensable. Moreover, there is often much ambiguity in the nature of the subject. For example, whether the Geraniums are herbs or shrubs ; whether the flowers of Petunia are reg- ular or irregular; whether the Pear leaf is ovate or oval, &c. Experience will at length diminish this difficulty.
276. The exact limits between the classes, the cohorts, &c., are not always easily defined. For example, is Trillium an Exogen or an Endogen ? Its netted leaves indicate the for- mer, but its flowers being three-parted throughout, and its seeds with one cotyledon, prove it to be an Endogen. Again, is Spring Beauty an Exogen or an Endogen? Its leaves seem, at flrst, parallel-veined, but as its flowers are five-parted it is an Exogen.
277. Angiosperms will be readily distinguished from Gym- nosperms, if we remember that almost all the latter are ever- green trees, like the Pines, Cedars, Larches, &q.
278. The industrions student will very soon find himself so well acquainted with the difi*erent characters of the cohorts that he will in analysis refer his plant at once to its right cohort, without consulting the previous parts of the table. This is desirable; and a thorough acquaintance with the
275. What of tlie minuteness of the organs of some plants ? What of tlie ambiguity of the plants themselves ? What ^viIl soon diminish this diffi- culty ? Mention examples of this ambiguity.
276. Arc tlie limits of the classes, cohorts, genera, &c., always clear? IIow do we know that the Trillium is an Endogen ? that Spring Beauty is an Exogen ?
277. How may the Gymnosperms be quickly distinguished ?
6*
130 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY
characters of the five great orders following will prove a great saving of time and trouble.
279. The Ckucifeks are herbs with alternate leaves, cruci- form flowers (§ 87), two stamens shorter than the other four, and two-celled pods. Example, Mustard.
280. The Peaworts are plants with one-celled pods, mostly papilionaceous flowers and compound leaves. Examples, Pea, Bean.
281. The Umbellifeks have alternate leaves, small, regular, five parted flowers, in umbels, and two-seeded fruit. Cara- way
282. The Asterworts are herbs with compound flow^ers, that is, with heads composed of many little fi.ve-parted flow- ers appearing together Uke a single flower. Asters, Sun- flower.
283. The Labiates are herbs with square stems, opposite 'eaves, labiate flowers, and fruit deeply cleft into four parts. Peppermint.
Among Endogens we select two or three orders.
284. The Orchids. Herbs with very irregular and gro- tesque flowers, and stamens united to the style. Orchis.
285. The Sedges. Herbs with solid stems ; linear, grass- like leaves (if any), on entire sheaths ; and wdth green glumes and flowers.
286. The Grasses. Herbs with hollow stems, linear leaves on split sheaths, and with green glumes and flowers.
279. Define the Crucifers 280. Tlie Peaworts
281. Tlie Umbellifers. 282. The Asterworts.
283. The Labiates. 284. Define also the Orchids.
285. The Sedges. 286 The Grasses. ,
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, Often used in Descriptive Botany.
ach.^ aoheii'.a, (RAf., {estivation. alter. ^ alternate. anth., anther. axilL, axillary. c, conniion. cal., calyx. oa/7.«., capsule. cor., corolla. decld., deciduous. dicnn., diameter. etmu-y., cmarginate. f. or/L, feet.
Jil., filament.
Jl., flower; ^*\, flowers.
./>., fruit.
'/id., head; hds., heads.
h//p., hypojrynous.
itnbr., imbricate.
inf., inferior.
ihVoL, involucre.
irreg., irregular.
leg., legume.
If., leaf; Ivs., leaves.
Ifts., leaflets.
oi-a., ovary.
pet., petals. r., rare, uncommon. recp., receptacle. reg., regular. rliiz., rhizome rb., root. sds., seeds. seg., segments. Sep., sepals. St., stem. sta., stamens. stig., stigmas. sty.^ styles.
Apr., April. Aug., August. Dec, December. Ftb., February. Jan., January. JL, July. Jn., June. J/ar., March. Nov.., November. Oct.., October. Sept.^ September.
N., Northern, that is, the northern portions of the United States.
N.-E., New England, or the Northeastern States.
N.- W., the Nonhwestern States.
E., the Eastern, or the Atlantic States.
W., the Western, or the States bordering on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers.
M., tlie Middle States or portions of the United States.
S., the Southern States.
S.-E., the Southeastern States, and S.- JT., the Southwestern States.
N. Y., New York. Mass., Massachusetts. Fa., Pennsylvania, &c.
f. (with or without the period), a foot.
' (a single accent) denotes an inch (a twelfth of 1 foot).
''' (a double accent) a second, a line (a twelfth of an inch).
0 An annual plant.
§ (placed after), a naturalized plant, t (placed after), cultivated for ornament. X (placed after), cultivated for use. 00 Indefinite or numerous. 5 A staminate flower or plant.
0 A biennial plant.
If A perennial plant.
^ A plant with a woody stem.
$ A pistillate flower or plant.
5 A perfect flower, or a plant beanng perfect flowers.
§ Monoecious, or a plant beanng staminate and pistillate flowers.
$ ,5 Dioecious; pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants.
$ 5 ^ Polygamous; the same species, with pistillate, perfect, and staminate fls,
0 (a cipher) signifies wanting or none, as, " Petals 0."
132
LESSONS IN BOTANY
ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS,
Being a Key for the ready determination of any plant, native or cultivated, growing icithin any State cast of the Mississippi river, or bordering on, its western shore.
Note.— A star (*) prefixed to the name of the Order, denotes that tl\at Order, -with its genera and species, is described in its place in tlie Flora. The Orders net tliu-s marked are not noticed in tlic Flora beyond this Table, Tlie Orders are here nunibored lo correspond with the " Class Book of Botany."
CI. ASSES AND COHORTS
] Floweriug rimits ... 2. Sub-Tctngdovi, I'll J^:N0GAMIA.
1 Flowerless Plants.. ..Fevus, Mosses, Lichens, Mushrooms,
Sea- weeds, tfcc. (not further noticed here). Sub-kijigdom, C.liYrTOGAMIA. 2. Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely 3-parted ...3. EXOGENS.
2. Leaves parallel-veined (rarely net veined). Flowers 3-parted 4. ENDOGENS.
3. Stigmas present. Seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel 5. Angiosperms.
3. Stigmas none. Seeds naked (Fines, Spruces, &c.). . .0. GTmnosperms.
4. Flowers without glumes, colored or green 7. Petaliferee
4. Flowers with green, alternate glumes, no perianth 8. Glumiferae
5. Corolla with distinct petals A. Cohort 1. Polypetalous.
5. Corolla with imited petals B. Cohort 2. Gamopetalous.
5. Corolla none. Sepals sometimes none. .C. Cohorts. Apetalous.
6. The cone-fruited plants (same asGymuospenus). .!>. Cohort 4. Conoids.
7. Fls. on a spadix, apetalous or incomplete E. Cohort 5. Spadicifloe^.
7. Fls. complete, perianth double. No spadix.. P. Cohorts. FLouiDEiB.
8. The grass-like plants (same as Glumiferre). .G. Cohort 1. Graminoid»
A Orders of the Polypetalous Exogens
1. Herbs 2.
L Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs. .3.
2. Leaves alternate or all radical lo.
2. Leaves opposite on the stem 11.
3. Flowers regular or nearly so. . . .4.
3. Flowers irregular (or fruit a legume, § ISO) . .57 4. Stamens 3 times as many as the petals, or more. . . 5. 4. Stamens 1 or 2 times as many as the petals, or fewer. . 7.
5. Leaves opposite 60.
6. Loaves alternate. . C.
ANALYSIS OF THE OUDERS 133
6. St.iincn.s on tlic torus or on tlie liypogyiiotifl (§ 83) petals... 63.
6. Stamens and petals on the calyx tube (perigynons, § 83).. .68.
7. Ovaries simple, distinct or one only. Vines or erect shrubs 69.
7. Ovary compound.. . .8.
8. Ovary inferior,— wholly adherent to the calyx 70.
9. Ovary superior,— free from the calyx, or nearly free 9.
9. Stamens opposite to the petals, and of the same number 72.
9, Stamens alternate with the petals, or of a different number.... 10
10. Leaves opposite on the stem 73.
10. Leaves alternate, compound 76.
10. Leaves alternate, simple 78.
11. Stamens 8 times as many as the petals, or more. . . .47. 11. Stamens 1 or 2 times as many as the petals, or fewer 12
12. Pistils distinct and simple, few or one only 48.
12. Pistils united into a compound ovary. . . .13. 13. Ovary free from the calyx. . .14. 13. Ovary adherent to the calyx. ..49.
14. Stamens opposite to the petals, and of the same number 51.
14. Stamens alternate with the petals, or of a greater number 52.
15. Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume. . . .17.
15. Flowers irregular (rarely regular), and the fruit a legume.. 16
16. Stamens 3 or more times as many as the petals 42.
16. Stamens few and definite, 5-12. . . .43, 17. Stamens numerous, 3 or more times as many as the petals. . . .21. 17. Stamens few and definite 18.
18. Ovary free from the calyx, — superior. . . 19.
18. Ovary adherent to the calyx, — inferior 39.
19. Pistils one or indefinite (1-15), distinct, simple. . ,30. 19. Pistils definite in number, as follows, viz 20,
20. Carpels (or pistils) 2, united, the short styles icombmed nito 1 ... .81
20. Carpels 3 or 4, united, the styles or stigmas 3, or 4, or 6 32.
20. Carpels 5, distinct or united, with 5 distinct styles 37.
20. Carpels 5, united, and the styles combined into 1. .38.
21. Stamens on the torus (hypogynous) 22.
21. Stamens situated on the corolla at base. . . .27. 21. Stamens situated on the calyx at the base. . . .28.
22. Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styies) ... 23.
22. Pistils (and styles also, if any) completely united 24.
23. Petals 5 or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate. Order of the * Croic/oots. 7 23. Petals 3, persistent and withering. Floating leaves peltate. Water-shields. 7 23. Petals many, deciduous. Leaves all peltate. * Water- beans. 8
24. Sepals 2 only 26.
24. Sepals 4, 5, or 6, niostiy 5 ...25
134
LESSONS IN BOTANY
25. Petals numerous, imbricate in the bud. 25. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Leaves tubular. 25. Petals 5, convolute in bud. Flowers of 2 sorts 26. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. 26. Petals 4, usually crumpled in bud. 27. Filaments united into a tube. Anthers 1-celled Sepals 2, persistent. Fruit a pyxis (§ 178).
Sepals 3 to 5 29.
29. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit a long pod. South 20. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit not a pod. 29. Petals convolute in bud. Fruit compound. Stamens opposite to the imbricated petals. Pistil one. Stamens alternate with the petals, or more numerous. 31. Stamens 6 (tetradynamous, § 108). Pods 2-celled. 31. Stamens 4, or 8-12. Pod 1-celled. Sepals and petals in 3's. Stamens 6. Small herbs. Sepals and petals in 4's. Stamens 8. Climbing.
Sepals and petals in 5's 33.
33. Stamens definitely 5 34.
33. Stamens indefinite, 3-30 36
34, 34
* Water Lilies. |
9 |
* Water-pitchers. |
10 |
s. Kock-roses. |
17 |
* Purselanes. |
22 |
* Poppyworts. |
11 |
* Mallows. |
24 |
* Purselanes. |
22 |
1. Lmdenh looms. |
26 |
* Rose^n'ts. |
47 |
Loasads. |
53 |
* Berherids. |
6 |
* Croivfoots. |
1 |
* Crucifers. |
13 |
Capparids. |
14 |
Limnanths. |
36 |
* Indian Soap worts. |
41 |
Stems climbmg.
Passion worts. 57
89.
Stamens monadelphou?
Stamens distinct 35.
35. Stem climbing. Flowers greenish. (Mexican tine.) Order
35. Stem erect. Flowers yellow. Turnerworts.
35. Stem erect. Flowers cyanic. * Sundews.
86. Flowers perfect, very many and small. Rock-roses.
36. Fls. monoecious. Plants woolly, scurfy, or downy. Order
37. Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 petals. Seeds many. * Flaxworts.
37. Stamens 5, opposite to the 5 petals. Seed 1. {Leadwo7'ts.) Order
87. Stamens 10 (twice as many as the petals), united at base. * Wood-sorrels.
37. Stamens 6-24 (twice as many as the petals), distinct.
38. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves radical, spinous. S.
38. Ovary 3-5-celled. Leaves mostly radical, dotless.
38. Ovary 3-5-celled. Leaves cauline, dotted, pinnate.
Style Ij but the carpels (§124)as many as the petals (2-6).
Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals 40.
Styles 3-5 41.
40. Seeds several. 40. Seeds two only.
41. Sepals 2, with 5 petals. 41. Sepals as many as the petals. 42. Ovaries many or few, rarely 1, always simple. 42. Ovary compound, 8-carpeled, open before ripe.
" Houseleeks.
* Sundews.
* Order
Rucworts.
* Onagrads.
* Saxifrages. *■ Ifmhelworls.
* Purselanes.
Araliads. * Crowfoots. Mignonettes.
104 56 19 17
112 30 80 32 60 19 73 37 52
ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS 135
43. Sepals fewer or more in luuuber tlinn the petals. . . .44.
43. Sepals and petals each oftlie same number 45.
44. Sepals 2 (or vanished) ; petals 4 (2 pairs), with 1 or 2 spurs. * Fumcivorts. 12
44, Sepals 4, petals 2; tlie largest sepal spurred behind. * Jewelweeds. 34
44. Sepals 5, petals 3. No spur. * Milkworts. 45
45. Flowers 4-parted, not very irregular. No spur. Cappuiids. 14
45. Flowers 5-parted 46.
46. Stamens 8. Spur slender. Iropkyworts. 35
46. Stamens 5. Spur blunt, or none. * Violets. 16
46. Stamens 10 (or more). Fruit a legume. No spur. * Peaworts. 46
47. Pistils many, entirely distinet, simple. * Crowfoots. 1
47. Pistils 3 to 5, united more or less completely. * St. Johnsworts. 18
47. Pistils 5 to 10, united, with sessile stigmas and many petals. Ice-plants. 23
48. Pistil only 1, simple. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18. * Berberids. 6
48. Pistils 3 or more, distinct, simple. Flowers all symmetrical. *Houseleeks. 60
48. Pistils 2, covered up by the stamens Juice milky. * Order 97
49. Carpels as many as the sepals 49"
49. Carpels fewer tiian the sepals. . .50.-
49C Anthers opening at the top. Melastomes, oQ
49." Anthers opening along the side. * Onagrads. 59
50. Seeds numerous. Styles 2. * Saxifrages. 61
50. Seed 1 in each cell. Styles 2 or 3. Araliads. 64
50. Seed 1 in each cell. Style 1 (double). * Cornels. 6a
51. Style 3-cleft at the summit. * Furselane^. 23
51 Style and stigma 1, undivided. * 07'der 78
52. Leaves pinnate, with stipules between the petioles. Bean-capers. 33
52. Leaves simple, toothed or lobed. . . .53.
52. Leaves simple, entire. . . .54.
53. Flowers cruciform, with 6 stamens. * Oniclfcrs. 13
53. Flowers 5-parted, with 10 stamens. * Geraniums. 31
54. Petals and stamens on the throat of the calyx. Loosestrifes. 51 54. Petals on the torus (hypogynous) ... .55.
55. Flowers irregular, unsymmetrical (§ 110). * Milkworts. 4i
55. Flowers regular, 2 (or 3)-parted throughout. Water-peppers. 20
55. Flowers regular, 5-parted 56.
56. Leaves dotted with pellucid or black dots. *St. Johnsworts. 18
56. Leaves not dotted. * Pinkworts. 21
57. I'lstil a simple carpel, becoming a legume. Stamens 10-100. * Peaworts. 46
57. Pistil compound, 3-carpeled 5S.
57 Pistil compound, 5-carpeled.. . .59.
58. Flowers perfect. Leaves digitate. * Buckeyes. 41
58 Flowers moncecions (§ 109). Leaves 1-sided. Cultivated. Begoniad^. 59
59. Stipules present. Plants halt-shrubby. Cultivated. * Geraniums. 81
59. Stipules none. Shrubs or half-slirubs. Native. * Order 73
136
LESSON t5 IN BOTANY
63.
St. Johntworts. 18
.65.
South. ...66.
Erect shrubs.
Calycanths. Loose-strifes.
Myrtlehlooms. * Saxifrages.
* Mallows. Silh-cottons.
Papaivs.
Magnoliads.
Moonseeds.
Orangeivorts.
Lindenblooms.
Stamens on the torus, in several sets. Loaves dotted.
Stamens on the calyx (perigynous, § 83) 61.
61. Ovaries many, free, but inclosed. 61. Ovary compound, free in the bell-shaped calyx. 61. Ovary compound, adherent to the calyx. . . .62. 62. Leaves with a marginal vein. 62. Leaves with no marginal vein. Petals imbricate or vaivate in the bud. .
Petais convolute in the bud 64.
64. Anthers 1-celIed, turned inwards. 64. Anthers 2-cened, turned outwards. 65. Ovaries distinct, many or few.
65. Ovaiy compound 67.
60. Petals 6, vaivate (§ 129). C6. Petals 3-9, imbricate. Trees or erect shrubs. 66. Petals 6-9, imbricate. Climbing shrubs. 67. Leaves dotted with pellucid dots.
67. Leaves dotless. Sepals vaivate. Fls. small. Lindenblooms. 26
67. Leaves dotless. Sepals imbricate. Fls. large. Teaworts. 27
68. Style 1, with many stigmas. Green, fleshy shrubs ^ Vrc^i). Indian Figs. 54
68. Styles several, or 1 with 1 stigma. Woody trees or shrubs. * Hosavorts. 47
69. Pistils many, spicate on the slender torus. Climbers. Schizands. 4
69. Pistils 2-6, capitate on the short torus. Climbers. Moonseeds. 5
69. Pistil 1 only. Stamens opposite the petals. * Berbends. 6
70. Flowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens. * Onagrads. 52
70. Flowers 4-parted, with 4 stamens. * Cornels. 65
70. Flowers 5-parted, with 5, 10, or many stamens 71.
71. Ovary 5-carpeled, 5-styled. A?'aliads. 64
71. Ovary 2-carpeled. Leaves palmate-veined. * Currants. 55
71. Ovary 2-carpeled. Leaves pinnate-veined. * Saxifrages. 61
72. Leaves opposite. Stem climbing by tendrils. Vinewort^. 44
72. Leaves alternate. Erect, or vine without tendrils. Buckthorns. 43
73. Carpels 3-5.... 74.
73. Carpels 1 or 2 75.
74. Styles short. Leaves simple. Staff-trees. 42
74. Styles long and slender. Leaves pinnate, serrate. * Soajoworts. 41
75. Styles 2, slender. Samara double. * Mapleworts. 40
75. Style 1, short. (Drupe, or single samara.) ^ Order 99
76. Filaments 10, united into a tube. Leaves bi-pinnate. Pridc-of- India. 29
76. Filaments 5, distinct 77.
77. Leaves pellucid-punctate. Bneworts. 37
77. Leaves not dotted. Ovary S-carpeled, 1-seeded. Sumacs. 38
77. Leaves not dotted. Ovary 3-carpeled, 3 seeded. * Soaj>worts. 41
ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS i;;'
78. Petals 4, yellow. Witch-hazeh 62
78. Petals 4-7, cyanic 70.
79. Fruit becoming fleshy drupes SO.
79. Fruit becoming dry capsules 81.
80. Stigmas 3, but tho drupe is 1-seeded. Sumach. .38
SO. Stigmas 4-6, and the drupe 4-G-secdcd. {IMly worts.) Order 74
81. Capsule 3-seeded. Seed with a scarlet aril. Staff-trees. 42
81. Capsule 2 or 3-scedcd, seed not ariled. § 8. * Order 73
81. Capsule many-seeded. § 2. * Ord. 73, and Fittospores. 39
B. Gamopetal^e, or Monopetalous Exogexs
1. Stamens (6-100) more numerous than the lobes of the corolla S.
1. Stamens (2-12) fewer than the corolla lobes, or of the same number.... 2. 2. Ovary adherent to the calyx tube, that is, inferior.... 3. 2. Ovary free from the calyx tube, that is, superior.. ..4
3. Stamens cohering by their anthers 11.
3. Stamens entirely distinct 12.
4. Flowers regular 5.
4. Flowers irregular 28.
r>. Stamens as many as the petals 6.
5. Stamens 2, fewer than the petais 26.
6. Stamens oppo^^ite to the lobes of the corolla (and free).. .U. 6. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla (rarely connate).. ..7. 7. Shrubs, trees, with the stigmas or carpels 3 to 6... 15.
7. Herbs 1-10-carpeled, or shrubs 2-carpeled 16.
8. Stamens 6, united below into 2 equal sets. Herbs. * Order 12
8. Stamens 10, united into a split tube around the 1 style. * Order 46
8, Stamens many, united into an entire tube around the styles. * Order 24 8. Stamens many, united only at the base into 1 or 5 sets.'. . .9.
8. Stamens entirely distinct 10.
9. Calyx of 5 leafy, imbricated sepals. Shrubs, trees. ( Teaworts. ) Order 27
9. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, or truncate. Shrubs, trees. .%;m-amE. 75
10. Stamens 8 or 10. Flowers all perfect. * Ileatha-orts. 73
10. Stamens 8 or 16. Fls. not all perfect (dioecious). Persimmons. 76
11. Flowers in a compact head surrounded by an involucre. * Asterworts. 70
11. Flo- ers separate, irregular, perfect. Plants erect. * Lobeliads. 71
11. Flowers separate, regular, imperfect. Weak vines. (Cticurhils.) Order 58
12. Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-parted, regular, separate. * Bellworis. 72
12. Leaves opposite, with stipules between, or verticiUate. * Maddencorts',
1 2. Leaves opposite. Stipules none 13
13. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary 2-5-celled. * Uoneysuckles.
67
66
18. Stamens 2 or 3. Ovary 1-celled, 1-secdcd. VaUrians. 68
13. Stamens 4. Ovary 1-ccllcd, 1-seeded. Jlazelwort^. 69
138
LESSONS IN BOTANY.
14. Herbs. Ovary with 5 styles and but 1 seed. 14. Herbs. Ovary with 1 style and many seeds. 14. Shrubs, trees. Ovary 1-styled, 5-celled, 1-seeded. 15. Style none. Drupe 4-6-seeded. 15. Style one. Drupe 4-seeded. 15. Style one. Capsule 3-5-celled, many-seeded. 16. Ovary 1, deeply 4-parted or 4-partible, forming 4 achenia. ■*
16. Ovaries 2, distinct, often covered by the stamens 18.
16. Ovary 1, compound 17.
17. Ovary 1-celled 20.
17. Ovary 2-6-celled.... 22.
18. Stigmas united or connate. . .19. 18. Stigmas distinct. Flowers minute, yellow 19. Elower-bud with convolute pieces. 19. Flower-bud with valvate pieces.
20. Seeds several 21.
20. Seed one. Corolla limb entire. 21. Leaves cleft and lobed.
Leadu oris. |
80 |
* Primworts. |
78 |
Soapworts. |
77 |
EollyworU. |
74 |
Vervains. |
88 |
* Ileathivorts. |
73 |
Borrageworts. |
90 |
* Bindweeds. * Dogbanes.
* Ascleplads.
* Order * Hydrophylls.
21. Lvs. or Ifts. entire. Fls. not spicate. Gentiamcorts. 21. Leaves entire. Flowers spicate. Elhivor's.
22. Leaves opposite .... 23. 22. Leaves alternate .... 24.
23. Ovary 2-celled. * Loganiads.
23. Ovary 3-celled. Plants not twining »
2K Ovary 3-celled. Plants not twining. } * Pl^^'^^^^^'i^-
24. Ovary 2-celled, 2-6-seeded. Twining * Bindweeds.
24. Ovary 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stem erect,. * Borrageworts.
24. Ovary 2-celled, many-seeded 25.
25. Styles 2. * Hydrophylls.
25. Style one. * Nightshades.
26. Herbs. Corolla 4-partcd, dry, scarious. Ribworts.
26. Shrubs.... 27.
27. Corolla 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Jasmineworts.
27. Corolla 4-parted, valvate or none. * OUveworts.
28. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 (or fewer) achenia. . . .29.
28. Ovary entire, of one piece 30.
29. Leaves opposite. Stems square. * Labiates.
29, Leaves alternate. Stems round. * Borrageworts.
30. Ovary with 4 or fewer seeds. Leaves opposite. Vervains.
SO. Ovary with many seeds, or more than 4 31.
31 . Trees or climbing shrubs. Seeds winged. * Bignoniads. 31. Trees, Seeds wingless. * Paulownia , \n Order
81, Erect shrubs. Seeds wingless, * Ileathwurts.
81, Herbs o'l.
93 96
97
101 91 25 79
ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS
139
32. Leatlcss and without verdure.
32. Leaves only at base. Fls. spurred.
82. Leafy 33. Fruit 4 or 5-celled.
88. Fruit 2-celled.... 34.
84. Corolla convolute in bud.
84. Corolla imbricate in bud.
84. Corolla plicate in bud.
Broomrapes.
Butterworts.
Pedaliads.
Acardhs. * Figivoi-ts.
Nightshades. 94
C. Orders of the Apetalous Exogens.
Plants heibaceous, the flowers not in aments (except in the Hop, 115) 2.
Plants woody,— shrubs or trees 22.
2. Flowers with a regular calyx or calyx-like involucre 3.
2. Flowers naked, having neither calyx nor corolla. . . .20.
3. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobed, toothed, or entire...
3. Calyx free from the ovary, sometimes inclosing it 4.
4. Ovaries several, entirely distinct, each 1-styled, 1-seeded. * Order
4. Ovary one only, simple or compound 5.
5. Style or stigma one only 6.
5. Styles or stigmas 2-12. . . .7.
6. Ovary 1-ovuled, bearing but one seed 11.
6. Ovary raany-ovuled, bearing many seeds. . . .12.
7. Ovary 1-3-ovuled, 1-3-seeded 13.
7. Ovary 4-oo-ovuled, 4-oo-seeded....l7. Stamens 1-12, as many or twice as many as the stigmas.. . .9. Stamens 2-10, not symmetrical with the 1 or 2 stigmas.. ..10. 9. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 1-4. 9. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 6.
10. Ovary many-seeded. Styles 2. 10. Ovary 1 or 2-seeded. Style 1. 11. Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 1-4. 11. Flowers perfect. Calyx entire, funnel-shaped, colored, 11. Flowers imperfect. Calyx lobed, green. 12. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals. 12. Stamens 5, alternate with the sepals. 18. Fruit 3-6-seeded, with 3 (often cleft) stigmas. Spurgeworts. 112
13. Fruit 1-seeded.... 14.
14. Stipules sheathing the stems.. * Knot-grasses. 102
14. Stipules none.. ..15.
15. Calyx with scarious bracts outside. Amaranths.
15. Calyx double. Climbing. Mexican Vine.
15. Calyx naked 16.
IG. Leaves alternate. Goosefoot$. 105
16. Leaves opposite. § 3. * Order 21
* Order |
52 |
|
* Birthu'orts. |
100 |
|
* Order |
61 |
|
Sandalworts. |
103 |
|
* Order |
47 |
|
lored. |
* Marvelworts. |
101 |
Nettlewurts. |
115 |
|
{Loosestrifes.) Order |
51 |
|
* Order |
78 |
106 104
140 LESSONS IN BOTANY
* Order |
23 |
* Order |
21 |
* Order |
60 |
* PoTceweeds. |
103 |
Amaranths. |
lOS |
* Order |
131 |
Lizard-tails. |
123 |
Starworts. |
12i |
Threadfoots. |
125 |
Hornwovts. |
126 |
17. Leaves opposite 18,
17. Leaves alternate 19.
18. Fruit a pyxis, opening by a lid. 18. Fruit a capsule, opening by 4 or 5 valves. 19. Fruit a capsule, 5-cellcd, 5-liorned. 19. Fruit a fleshy, 4-oo-seeded berry. 19. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, opening by a lid. 20. Flowers on a spadix with a spathe. 20. Flowers in a long, naked spike. Stamens 6 or 7. 20. Flowers solitary, axillary, minute. Water-plants.. ..21. 21. Stamen 1. Leaves opposite. 21. Stamens 2. Leaves alternate, dissected. 21. Stamens 12-2-4. Leaves whorled, dissected.
22. Flowers, none of them in aments 23.
22. Flowers (imperfect), the sterile only in aments.... 34.
22. Flowers (imperfect), both the sterile and the fertile in aments. . .35.
23. Leaves opposite 24.
23. Leaves alternate 27.
24. Stamens 2. * Order 99
24. Stamens 3. Parasites. Mistletoe — Lor anths. 108
24. Stamens 4-9 25.
25. Fruit a double, 2-winged samara. * Order 40
25. Fruit not winged 26.
26. Seeds 6. Low shrubs. Box. Spurgeworts. 112
26. Seed 1. Shrubs. Oleasters. Ill
27. Style or stigma 1. Seed 1 28.
27. Styles or stigmas 2 31.
27. Styles or stigmas 3-9 32.
28. Calyx free from the ovary. . . .29.
28. Calyx adherent to the ovary 30
29. Anthers opening by valves. * Laurels. 107
29. Anthers opening by slits. Daphnads. 11(?
SO. Seeds 2-4. Shrubs. ^andalworts. 109
80. Seed 1. Trees. * Order 65
31. Stamens numerous. * Order 62
31. Stamens as many as the calyx lobes. Uhmvorts. 113
32. Leaves pinnate. Pistils 5. {Prickcy Ash.) Order 37
82. Leaves simple, linear, evergreen. Crowberries. 116
32. Leaves simple, not linear 33.
33. Flowers 3- parted. Fruit dry. {StiUingia.) Spurgeworts. 112
83. Flowers 4 or 5-parted, Fruit fleshy. {Buckthorns.) Order 43 34. Nut or nuts in a cup or involucre. Leaves simple. * Mastworts. 119 84. Nut naked, a tryma (§ 172). Leaves pinnate. Eichory worts. 118
ANALYSIS OF THE OKDEKS
Ul
85. Fruit flesliy, compound. Juice (sup) milky. Aitocarps 114
85. Fruit dry (except in Myrica, 121). Sap watery 30.
36. Aments globular, racemed. Nutlets 2-celled. (Z«jwit/amiar.) Order 36. Aments globular, solitary. Nutlets 1-celled. Sycamores
36. Aments cylindrical or oblong.... 37.
37. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit dry or fleshy. Galeworts. 37. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded. * Birchworta.
62
117
121 120
37. Ovary many-ovuled, many-seeded.
* U'illowworts. 122
D. Orders of the Conoids.
Leaves simple. The fertile flowers in cones. Stems branched. Finetcorts. 127 Leaves simple. The fertile flowers solitary. Stems branched. Yews. 128
Leaves pinnate. Stems not branched, palm-like. Cycads. 129
E. Orders of the Spadiciflor^.
1. Trees or shrubs with pal mutely- cleft leaves all from one terminal bud, and
a branching spadix arising from a s-puthe. Falms. 130
1. Herbs with simple (rarely ternate) leaves. Spadix simple. . . .2.
2. Plants minute, floating loose on the water. Duchneats. 132
2. Plants with stem and leaves rooting in the soil 3.
8. Spadix evident, in a s-pathe or on a scape. * Aroide. 131
3. Spadix obscure or spike-like. Stems leafy 4.
4. Flowers with no perianth, densely packed. Cat-tails. 133
4. Flowers Avith a perianth or not. In water. Kaiad^. 134
F Orders of the Floride^.
1. Flowers (not on a spadix) in a small, dense, involucrate head. . .17 L Flowers (not on a spadix) solitary, racemed, spicate, &C....2.
2. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary 4.
2. Perianth free from the ovary 3
3. Petals and sepals differently colored (except in Medcola, 147). . . .9
3. Petals and sepals similarly colored 12.
4. Flowers imperfect 5.
4. Flowers perfect . . .6
5. Low herbs, in water Frogbits. 136
5. Woody climbers. Yamroots. 144
6. Stamens 1 or 2, growing to the pistil (gynandrous). * Orchids. 133
6. Stamen only 1, with half an anther. Airowworts. 131)
6. Stamens 3 to 6, distinct 7.
7. Perianth woolly or mealy outside. Ovary half- free. BloOit worts. 142
7. Puriantli glabrous outside 8.
142 LESSONS IN BOTANY.
8. Stamens 8. Anthers turned inwards. Bannaniads. 187
8. Stamens 3. Anthers turned outwards. * Irids. \^Z
8. Stamens 6. * Amaryllids. 140
9. Pistils many, distinct, achenia in fruit. * Water-plahtaitis. 185
9. Pistils 3, more or less united 10.
10. Leaves verticillate, in 1 or 2 whorls. Stigmas 3. * Trllliads. 147
10. Leaves alternate 11.
11. Stigmas 3. Plants growing on other plants. Bro?neliads. HI 11. Stigmas united into one. * Spider worts. Ic2
12. Leaves net-veined, broad 13.
12. Leaves parallel-veined 14.
13. Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Oroomia—Roxburgs. 146
13. Flowers dioecious, (3-parted. Greenbriers. 145
14. Styles, and often the stigmas also, united into 1....15.
14. Styles and stigmas 3, distinct 16.
15. Flowers colored, regular. Stamens 6 (4 in one species). *Lili/worts. 148 15. Flowers colored, irregular, or else 3-stamened. Fontederiads. 150
15. Flowers greenish, glume-like, or scarious. *Rushes. 151
16. Leaves rush-like. Ovary of three 1-seeded carpels. * Arrow-grasses. 135 16. Leaves linear, lanceolate, &c. Ovary 6- co-seeded. * Melanths. 149
17. Petals yellow, small, but showy. Leaves radical. Xyrids. 153
17. Petals white, minute, fringed. Leaves radical. Pipeworts. 154
G". Orders of the Graminoids.
Flower with a single oract (giume). Stem solid. Sheaths entire. Sedges. 155
Flower with several bracts (glumes and pales). Stem hollow. Sheaths
split on one side. Grasses. ■* 56
THE FLORA:
SELECTIONS FROM THE NATIVE AND CULTIVATED PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Designed as first exercises in Analytical Botany.
Explanations.— The Tables in this work are designed to be corupMe, that is. each Ordinal Table includes all the genera belonging to that order known -vvithin the limits of the P'lora (/. e.. the States east of the Rocky Mountains); and each Generic Table includes, in like manner, all its known species. The nnmbers annexed to the genera in the Ordinal Tables, refer to ihe descrip- tions immediately following. If no number be annexed, the pupil will understand that that genus is not further noticed.
COHORT I.
THE POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS.
Essential Character. — Flowering Plants (Ph.exogamia), with tlieir stems growing by additions to their outside in layers (Exogens), their seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel or peri- carp (Angiosperms), their flowers with a double perianth and their petals distinct (Polypetal^), (But to this last condition there are many exceptions.)
Order I. RANUNCULACE.E. The Crowfoots.
Eei-ls, rarely sJiruls, with a colorless, acrid juice, with
leaves moiit]y alternate and much divided, without stipules;
eepah 3-15, deciduous, distinct, and colored when apetalous;
petals 3-15, distinct, often deformed or contracted or wanting;
stamens <x, distinct, hypogynous ;
pl.'itils 00 (rarely 1 or few), distinct, becoming in
fmit either achenia, follicles, or berries.
144
THE FLORA.
Fig. 361. Bulbous Crowfoot; 2, a petal, showing the honey -scale at base; 3, a single ovary 4, section of it, showing the ovule.
Fig. 365. "Wild Columbine; 6, one of the hollow petals attached to the receptacle with th< stamens and styles; 7, a ripe follicle; 8, a seed ; 9, section of it, showing the embryo.
Fig. 370. Plan of the flower.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Sepals 4, valvate in the bud, Achenia tailed a
§ Sepals imbricate in the bud 2
2 Ovaries 1-seeded, achenia in fruit 3
2 Ovaries with 2 or more seeds 4
3 Corolla 0, or undistinguishable from the colored calyx. . . .5
3 Corolla and calyx distinct either in color or form d
4 Sepals as permanent as the stamens. Fruit dry.... 6 4 Sepals falling off sooner than the stamens.... k
4 Sepals persistent with the fruit. Petals very large m
5 Sepals persistent with the stamens b
5 Sepals caducous (fulling) sooner than the stamens c
OiiDEji 1.— THE CROWFOOTS. 145
6 Flowers regular 7
6 Flowers irregular.. ..h
7 Petals none e
7 Petals smaller than the sepals f
7 Petals larger than the sepals g
a Petals none or stamen-like. Leaves all opposite, lirgin's Bouer. Clem'atis. 1 b Stem leaves opposite, remote from the flower. Anem'one. Anemone. 2
b Leaves all radical. 3 bracts close to the flower. LiverUaf. IIepat'ica.
c Flowers mostly imperfect. Leaves compound. Meadow Rue. Thalic'trum.
c Flws. perfect. Lvs. simple, palmately lobed. Prairie Rue. Tkautvette'ria. d Leaves all radical, linear. Torus linear. Small plant.
Movsetail. ^Iyosu'bus. d Lvs. cauliue. Petals with a honey-scale at base. Crowfoot. Eanun'cclus. 4 d Leaves cauline. No honey-scale. Petals red or yellow.
Fheamnt's-eye. Ado'nis. 5
e Sepals white, 5 in number. Leaves compound. False Rue. Isopy''rum.
e Sepals yellow, 6-9. Marsh Marigold. Cal'teia. 6
f Petals tubular at apex. Roots yellow. Gold-thread. Cop'tis. 7
f Petals tubular at base, 1-lipped. Globe-flower. Trol'lius. 8
f Petals tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals persistent. Ilellehore. IIellee'crus.
f Petals concave, 2-lobed. Flowers racemed. Yelloiv-root. Zanthorhi'za.
g Petals larger than the colored sepals, 3-lobed. Fennel-flower. Nigel' la.
g Petals larger than the colored sepals, spurred alike. Columbine. Aqcile'gia. 9 h Upper sepal spurred, inclosing spurred petals. Lark-ipur. Delphin'ium. 10 h Upper sepal hooded, covering 2 deformed petals. Monk's-hood. Aconi'tum. 11
k Flowers numerous, in long, slender racemes. JJugbane. Cimicif'l-qa.
k Flowers many, in short racemes. Berries simple. Baneberry. Actje'a.
k Flower one only. Leaves 2. Berry compound. Tiu-vx eric-root. Hydras'tis. m Disk sheathing the ovaries. Very Showy. Peony. Pjeo'nia.
1. CLEM' AXIS. Virgin's Bower.
Calyx ot 4 colored sepals, valvate-induplicate in tlie bud. Petals none, or small and stamen-like. Stamens many, shorter than the sepals. Ova- ries many, styles becoming long and feathery npon the seed-like achenia. — 2^ Mostly climbing vines, with twisted petioles for tendrils, and with opposite, compound leaves.
§ Leaves vertieillate. Outer stamens petal-like. Vine No, 1
§ Leaves opposite. Petals none. Calyx colored a
a Erect herbs near 1 foot high. Flowers solitary 10, 11,12
a Vinos climbing. . . b
7
1-iC , THE FLORA.
b Flowers clustered in panicles 2, 3, 4, 5
b Flowers solitary, large, showy 6. 7, 8, 9
1 Clem'atis verticilla'ris. Purple Virgin's .Bower. Leaves ternate, 4 at each nodo
Flowers purple, 2 at each node. Hills. N. W.
2 C. Virginia^na. Virginian V. Leaves ternate. Leaflets smooth, lobed, and toothed. 6 O holoseric'ea. Silhj V. Leaves ternate, leaflets downy or silky, entire. S.
4 C Catesbya''na. Catesby''8 V. Lvs. bi-ternate, Ifts. 3-lobed. Clusters axillary. S. 6 C. Flam'mula. Sweet V. Lvs. pinnate. Lfts. entire, pointed. Fls. terminal, t
6 C. cylin'drica. Crisped V. Lfts. acute, thin, 3-15. Sepals wavy at edge, b-p. S.
7 C. reticula'ta. Veiny V. Lfts. obtuse at each end, thickish. Sep. wavy. b-p. S.
8 C. Vior''na. Leather-flower. Lfts. ovate, acute, pinnate. Sep. not wavy. P.
9 C. Viticella. Vine-Boiver. Lfts. oval, 3-15. Sepahs not wavy, obovate. P. t
10 C. ochroleu''ca. Ground V. Lvs. undivided, ovate, entire, silky beneath, p-y.
11 C. ova'ta. Egg-leaved V. Lvs. undivided, broad-ovate, smooth, glaucous, p. S.
12 C. Baldwin'ii. Baldicinh V. Lvs. 3-cleft, the upper lance-ovate, entire, p. S.
2. ANEMO'XE. Anem'one, or TATind- Flower.
Calyx regular, of 5-15 colored sepals resembling petals. Petals prop- erly none. Stamens many, much shorter than the sepals. Pistils many, collected into an oblong or roundish head. Achenia generally without tails. Leaves mostly radical, palmately lobed, those of the stem opposite, forming a sort of involucre.
§ Carpels with long, feathery tails in fruit. Flower large. . . .1
§ Carpels without tails a
a Stem leaves (involucre) sessile. .. .2, 3 a Stem leaves petiolate. . . .b
b Flower-stalk 1 or several, all leafless 4, 5, 6
b Flower-stalks 2-5, all but the first 2-leaved in the middle 7, 8
1 A. Nuttal'lii. Pusque-flower. Lvs. cleft into linear lobes, very hairy. Apr. N.-W. 2 A. Carolinia'na. Carolina A. Flower only one, with 15 sepals. S. "W". 8 A. Pennsylvan'ica. Pennsylvanian A. Flowers 1-5, with 5 obovate, pure white sepals. Height 12-20'. N. W.
4 A nemoro'sa. Wood A. Flower 1, stalk 2 or 3' long. Sepals rose-white. Apr.
5 A. cylin'drica. Gray's A. Flowers mostly several, whitish, stalks 6-12Mong. Fruit
heads oblong or cylindrical. May. N. W.
6 A. thalictroi'des. Eue A. Flowers several or many, rosy or white, on short (1-2')
stalks. Leaves of the invol. 2, twice ternate. Apr. Common.
7 A. Virginia'na. Virginia A. Leaf-lobes, lance-ovate. Flowers greenish-
white. Height 2-3 feet. Common.
8 A. muliLf'ida. Red A. Leaf-bbes linear. Flowers red. Height 6-12'. r. N.
Order 1.— THE CROWFOOTS.
147
8. HEPAT'ICA. Noble Liverwort.
Calyx (generally called an involucre) of 3 entire, ovate, green sepals (or bracts), situated a very little below the corolla. Corolla of 5-9 petals, arranged in 2 or three rows. Achenia without tails. — U Pretty little plants blossoming in early spring. Leaves all radical, thick, 3-lobed, grceu through the winter. Flowers numerous, one on each scape, blue, roseate, or white.
Fig. 371. Flower and leaf of II. triloba.
1 H. trU'oba. Leaf-lobes and sepals obtuse. Scapes hairy, several inches high.
2 H. acutil'oba. Leaf-lobes and sepals acute. Fls. and scapes like the other.
4. PvANUN'CULUS. Crowfoot.
Corolla of 5 roundish, shining petals, each
Buttercups
Calyx of 5 ovate sepals with a honeyed scale or pore at the base inside. Stamens 00. Achenia numerous, flattened, crowded in a roundish or oblong head. — A large genus of herbs mostly perennial (U) and with yellow flowers. Leaves di- vided or entire. Juice very acrid.
§ Petals yellow. Seeds (carpels) rough with prickles. Fls. small. S 1,2
§ Petals yellow. Seeds smooth and even )
§ Petals white (claws yellow). Seeds wrinkled crosswise )
a Leaves all undivided. Plants growing in wet places. . . .5-8
a Leaves more or less divided, not growing under water b
a Leaves in fine, thread-like divisions, growing under water.... 3, 4
b Hoffi loaves neitlier divided nor cleft, merely crenate 9, 10
b Lower leaves 3-cleft but not divided to tlie base. Height l-2f 11-13
b Leaves all ternately divided and much cleft. c
c Sepals reflexed in flower. Plants erect 14, 15
c Sepals spreading in flower, shorter than the petals 16-lS
1 R. murica'tus. liough-fruitfd G. Plant smooth. Seeds with large, stout, hooked
beaks. Sepals spreading. Leaves 3-lobed and cleft. South.
2 R. parviflo'rus. SmalL-flowered C. Plant hairy. Seeds with a very short beak.
Sepals finally reflexed. Leaves 3-lobed and cleft. South. 8 R. aquat^ilis. Water Cnnvfoot. In ponds and rivers. The w/zzV^ petals with a
cavity at base. Only the flowers above water. Summer. 4 R. Pursh'ii. Ptirsk'n Crowfoot. In stagnant water. The yellow petals with i!j leaves, 3-5-partcd. Spring.
a Roale at base. Floati
148 . THE FLORA.
5 R. Flam mula. Spear-haved C. Stems ascending (l-2f). Leaves all lanceolate,
narrow, entire, on sheathing stalks. Sum.
6 E. pusirius. Tiny C. Stems nearly erect. Leaves ovate and lanceolate. Petals
mostly but 3, with about 10 stamens. May.
7 E. rep'tans. Creepiny G. Stems creeping and rooting (4-8''). Leaves lance-liu-
ear, and linear. Flower 1 at a node. July.
8 E. Cymbala'ria. Boat G. Stems creeping and rooting (1 foot). Leaves all r)und-
cordate, crenate. Salt-marshes. June.
9 E. aborti^vus. Abortive G. Plant glabrous, l-2f. high. Eoot leaves, round-
cordate. Petals smaller than the sepals. Spring, c.
10 E. rhomboi'deus. Rhombic C. Plant hairy, bushy, 4-10'' high. Eoot
leaves rhombic-ovate. Sepals spreading. N. W.
11 E. palma''tus. Palm G. Stem hairy. Seeds with a straight beak in a round head.
Leaves palmately 3-5-cleft, with sinus closed. South.
12 E. recurva'tus. I look- seed G. Stem hairy. Seeds with a recurved beak in around
head. Leaves all similarly 3-parted. Flowers small. Spring. 18 E. scelera'tus. Villainous G. Stem glabrous. Seeds not beaked, in an oblong head. Flowers small. Leaves palmately 3-5-parted. June^ July.
14 E. bulbo'sus. Bulbous G. Erect (6-12^) from a solid bulo. Petals large
Head of fruit round. Eoot leaves ternate. Spring.
15 E. Pennsylvan'icus. Bristly G. Erect (l-3f.), very hairy. Head of fruit ob-
long. Leaves ternate. Summer.
16 E. repens. Large creeping G. Stems first ascending, then creeping. Flower-
stalks farrowed. Petals obovate, large. Wet places. June.
17 E. fascicula'ris. Early G. Stem erect. Eoot fibres thickened. Flower ftalks
terete. Petals narrow. Leaves appear pinnate. May.
18 E. acris. Tall Buttercup. Stem erect (2-3f.). Leaves palmately divided, and
cleft. Petals roundish. Flower-stalk terete, calyx spreading. Summer, c. In the gardens, it becomes double-flowered.
4 5. ADO'NIS. Pheasant's-eye.
Sepals 5, colored. Petals 5-15, with no scale on the claws. Achenia in a spike, egg-shaped, and pointed with the hardened, persistent style. Leaves numerously cleft into linear and very narrow segments. Flowers terminal, solitary, red or yellow.
1 A. autumna'lis. Late Ph. A fine, hard annual, from Europe, cultivated in garden;*,
and naturalized in some places. Stem rather thick for its height, branched. Leaves pinnately parted, with very numerous segments. Petals 5-8, of a bright crimson color, li'' across.
2 A. verna'Hs. Early Ph. Petals 10-12, oblong, yellow, c' jntate. Upper leaves
sessile, all much divided. Flowers large. Sprir\g. \
Order 1.— THE CROWFOOTS. 149
6. CAL'THA. Marsh Marigold.
Calyx colored, of 5 roundish sepals resembling petals. Corolla 0. Sta- mens 00. Follicles 5-10, oblong, compressed, erect, many-seeded. — U Smooth marsh plants.
O. palus'tris. Cowslips. Marsh Marigold. In wet meadows. Eoot large, thick. Stem about If. high, hollow, round, branched. Leave.s largo (4-6'' wide), ronndish, cordate, crenate — lower on long, half-round petioles, upper ."^essilo — all of a dark, shining green, and very smooth. Flowers of a golden yellow in all their parts, li' broad. Outer row of stamens club-shaped, long. Spring.
7. COP'TIS. Gold-thread.
Calyx of 5 or 6 oblong, colored sepals. Corolla of 5 or 6 small club- shaped sepals, hollow and 1 -lipped at top. Stamens 20-25. Follicles 5- 10, stalked, beaked, spreading, 4-6-seeded. — U Herbs with radical leaves, and long, creeping root-stocks.
0. trifo'lia. Gold-thread. Leaves 3-foliate, ail radical, the divisions broad, 4-8''^ long, crenate, smooth shining, sessile. Petiole 1-2' long. Stems undergroundJ creeping extensively, bright yellow, and very bitter. Peduncles 3-4' high] each 1-flowered. Calyx white. Petals yellow, much smaller than the sepals, barely distinguishable among the stamens by their color. Ma?/.
8. TROL'LIUS. Globe-flower.
Calyx of 5, 10, or 15 concave sepals colored like petals. Corolla ot 5-25 small, linear petals, which are tubular at base. Stamens many, much shorter than the sepals. Pods many, each many-seeded. — U smooth, with palmately-parted leaves.
1 T. laxus. American G. Sepals 5. Petals 15-25, shorter than the stamens. Grows in swamps, M. r. Calyx yellow, greenish outside. Jane. T. Europae'us. European G. Sepals 10-15. Petals 5-10, as long as the stamens. Flowers globular, bright yellow, t
8 T. Asiat'icus. Asiatic G. Sepals 10, orange-colored. Petals 10, longer than sta- mens, t
9. AQUILE'GIA. Columbiue.
Sepals 5, ovate, colored, spreading. Petals 5, tubular with a wide mouth, the outer margin erect, the inner attached to the receptacle, and behind extended into a long, spurred nectary. Stamens 30-40, the inner
150
THE FLORA.
ones longer and sterile. Styles 5. Follicles 5, manj-seeded. — U Leaves twice and thrice ternate. Flowers nodding.
1 A. Canaden'sis. American 0. Spurs straight, longer than limb. Stamens exserted.
Flowers scarlet.
2 A.vulga'ris. European G. Spurs incurred, shorter than limb. Stamens included.
Flowers purple, t
Fig. 3T2. Flower of Larkspur, displayed: s, s, s, s, s, the five petals; or, the spurred sepal; c, the two petals, spurred, which spur was sheathed in the spurred sepal.
Fig. 373. Flower of Garden Aconite, displayed : s, s, s, s, s, the five sepals; p, p, p, p, p, the five petals.
10. DELPHINIUM. Larkspur.
Sepals 5, colored, the tipper one spurred. Petals very irregular, the two Tipper ones extended behind into a tubular, honeyed spur, sheathed in the spur of the calyx. Styles 1-5. Follicles 1-5. — Showy herbs with the leaves much divided. Flowers blue, red, or purple, never yellow.
§ Petals united into 1 piece. Pistil and pod 1 1, 2
§ Petals 4, distinct. Pistils and pods 2-5 (a)
a Leaves many-parted into linear segments 3
a Leaves divided into 3-7 wedge-shaped lobes (b)
b Tall (2-5f.), with slender, many-flowered racemes. . . .4, 5
b Low (6-18''), with few (6-12) flowered racemes. , . .6-8
1 D. consorida. Field L. Fls. loosely scattered. Ovary smooth. Lvs. finely cut. © t
2 D. Aja^cis. Eoclcet L. Flowers covering the branches. Ovary pubescent. Leaves
finely cut. (T) f 3 D.azu''reuni. Azure L. Fls. in strict, slender racemes. Ovaries 3-5. 2f W. |- 4 D. cxalta'tum. Tall Wild L. Leaf-lobes 3-5, curvate. Spur straight. M. Summer. \ 6 D. elatum, Bee L. Leaf-lobes 8-7, curvate. Spur curved downwards, f
OiiDEK 2.— THE MAGNOLIADS. 151
6 D. tric'ome. Low WildL. Leaf-lobes linear. Pods recurved. Height 6-12'. M.W.
7 D. vires'cens. G reen-fiowered L. Leaf-lobes laneeolate. Fls. greenisli-
white. S. W.
8 D. grandiflorum. Great-Jloicered L. Leaf-lobes 5-7, linear. Fls. large, b-p. f
11. ACONI'TUM. Monk's-hood. A'coiiite.
Sepals 5, irregular, colored, upper one vaulted or hooded. Petals 5 or 6, the two upper on long claws, concealed beneath the upper sepal, re- 'Turved and honeyed at top ; the other 3 or 4 very small. Styles 3-5. Follicles 3 -5. — 11 Leaves palmately cleft or divided. Flowers odd and •ihowy, in terminal spikes.
1 A.nnrlna'tum. Wild M. Stem reclining, widely branched. Ilelniet conical. M.S.
2 A. Napel'lus. Garden A. Stem erect, nearly simple. Helmet semicircular, t
Order 11. MAGNOLIA'CE^. The Magnoliads.
l^rces and sJiriids with membranous stipules sheathing the buds, with leaves alternate, leathery, simple entire, or lobed, never serrate ; flowers solitary, large and showy, mostly odorous and perfect ; 8e2:>als 3-6, colored like the 6-12 hypogynous imbricated petals ; stamens numerous, hypogynous, distinct, and many ovaries ; fruit compound, composed of the united carpels.
Analysis of tlie Genera.
§ Pistils arranged in a cone 2
§ Pistils whorled in a single row. Shrub. South. Star Anise. Illic'ium.
2 Anthers opening inwards. Magno'lia. 1
2 Anthers opening outwards. Lirioden'dro.v. 2
1. MAGNO'LIA.
Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Anthers longer than the filaments, opening in- wards. Carpels 2-valved, 1-2-seeded, imbricated into a hard, cone-like fruit. Seeds berry-like, suspended when ripe by a long seed- stalk. — A noble genus of trees or shrubs, with large, fragrant flowers.
§ Native Magnolias, flowering with the leaves a
§ Exotic Magnolias, flowering bi^fore the leaves expand 8
152
THE FLORA.
a Leaves acuto at the base (not cordate) b
a Leaves cordate or auriculate at the base. Trees 8'?-40f. high. . . .5-7
b Leaves shining above, vrhite or rust-colored beneath. Petals 9-12 1, 2
b Leaves dull green both sides, thin, deciduous. Petals 6-9. . . .3, 4 M. grandiflo'ra. Big Laurel. Tree evergreen, 60-701". high. Leaves thick, rust
downy beneath. Flowers 8 or 9'' broad, white. S. M. glauca. White Bay. Shrub deciduous, 6-25f. high. Leaves very smoolh glaucous beneath. Flowers 2-3'' broad, cream-color. Swamps. +
3 M. acuinina''ta. Cacumher-tree. Tree large. Leaves oval, acuminate, scat
tered. Flowers small (3-4'' broad), petals obovate. M. S.
4 M. umbreHa. Umbrella-tree. Tree small (20-80f.). Leaves wedge-lanceo
late, whorled, very large, as well as the flowers. M. S. M. corda'ta. Yellow Cucumber-tree. Petals 6-9, yellow, 'wjith reddish lines. Lvs.
broad-ovate, slightly cordate. Flowers 4'' broad. S. M. Fra'seri. Ear-leamd M. Petals G, pure white. Leaves ear-shaped at base,
cbovate-spatulate, near If. long. Spring. S. M. macrophyKla. Great-leaved M. Petals 6, white, each 6-8^ in length. Leaves 2-3f. long, obovate-spatulate, cordate. Tree 30-50f. high. S. W. t 8 M. conspic^ua. Yulan. Flowers in Spring, large, rose-colored or white, with 6-9 petals or sepals, nearly erect. Japan.
2. LIRIODEN'DROK Tulip-tree.
Sepals 3. Petals 6, in two rows. Anthers opening outwards. Car- pels 1-2-seeded, imbricated into a cone, indehiscent, separating from each other in fruit. — Trees with large and fragrant flowers.
L. tulipifera. Tulip-tree. WIntewood. Poplar. This is one of the finest and largest trees of our forests. The trunk is generally straight and cylindric, dividing at the top rather abruptly in a few coarse and crooked branches. Leaves, dark green, smooth, square at the end, with 2 lobes each sidj, 3-5' in length and breadth. Flowers large and elegant, greenish-yellow, orange within, 4^6' >road. Ma If, June,
Fig. 374. Young branch of Tulip-tree, unfold- ing from tbe bud : s, s, stipules.
Ordeu 6.— the BERBERIDS.
153
Order YI.— BERBERIDACEJE. The Berberids.
Herhs and shrubs, with alternate leaves and perfect flowers, with tepals imbricated in the bud in 2 or more rows; petals opposite the sepals, also imbricated in two or more rows ; stamens opposite to the petals, the anthers usually opening by two lids; ovary 1-celled, solitary and simple, forming a capsule or berry.
5. Section of the flower of Jeffersonla,
Fig.
A leaf of the same.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Herbs, anthers opening by two valves hinged at top. . . .a
§ Herbs, anthers opening by 2 slits lengthwisa b
§ Shrubs, with yellow flowers and acid berries. Ber''beris. 1
a Stamens 6. Fruit 2, drupe-like, soon-naked seeds. CoTiosh. Leon''tice.
a Stamens 6. Fruit a 2-4-seeded berry. UmbreUa-leaj. Diphyllei'a.
a Stamens 8. Fruit u capsule opening by a lid. Twin-leaf. Jefferso'>;ia. 2
b Stamens 9-18. Flower 1, with 2 leaves. May Apple. Poddphyl^lum. 3
1. BER'BERIS. Barberry.
Sepals 6, obovate, colored, the 3 outer ones smaller. Petals 6, round- ish, with two glands at the base of each, inside. Stamens 6. Stigma ses- sile, disk-like, on the top of the ovary. Berry oblong, sour, 1-celled, 2-3-seed- ed. — Fine, hardy shrubs, with the wood, inner bark, and flowers yellow. ^ 9 S7S ''<zyzso
Fig. 377. a, Flower of Berberis vulgaris; h, the piatil (magnified), with the ovary cut open c, <?, petals with stamens opposite ; 9, a berry ; 350, a seed cut open, showing the embryo.
L54: THE FLORA.
1 B. vulga'ris. Common Barhernj-bush. A well-knowu, bushy, handsome shrub, in hard soils. Grows 3-8 f. high. Leaves oval, near 2' long, rounded- obtuse at apex, tapering to a petiole, with bristly serratures on the margin. Flowers yellow, a dozen or more in each hanging raeeme, with entire petals. Stamens irritable, springing against the stigma when touched. Berries red, very sour. June^
S'l B. Aquifo'lium. Holly-leaved B. Leaves pinnate, of 7-13 thick, spiny-toothed leaflets. Shrub 3-5f. high. Cal. t
2. JEFFERSO'NIA. Twin-leaf.
Sepals 4, colored, caducous. Petals 8, spreading. Stamens 8, with linear anthers. Pod on a short stipe, opening hy a lid. — % Flowers and leaves from the root. Scape 1-flowered. (Figs. 875, 376.)
J. diphyl'la. Twin-leaf. A very curious plant, acaulescent. Leaves each with two blades, about If. high. Flowers same height, white. Eoot-stock black, with a thick mass of fibres, supposed good in rheumatism. M. W.
8. PODOPHYL'LUM. Mandrake.
Sepals caducous. Petals 6-9, obovate, concave. Stamens 12-18, with linear anthers, the lids scarcely opening. Berry large, egg-shaped, 1-celled, crowned with the solitarj stigma. — Low, somewhat poisonous herbs, with one or two leaves and one flower.
p. pelta'tum. Mmj Apple. Wild Mandrake. A singular and interesting plant, in woods and fields. Height about If. The barren plants bear but a single leaf, which is 5-8^ broad, 5-7-lobed, and centrally peltate. The flowering plants have a pair of leaves, with the flower at the fork of the two petioles— the leaves not peltate, but with a deeply-hollowed base, about 7-lobed. Flower droop- ing, white, about 2' across. Fruit yellowish, with the flavor of the Strawberry. May.
Order YIII.— NELTJMBIACE^. The Water-beans.
Herls aquatic, prostrate root-stock, and radical, peltate leaves, with flowers large, solitary, on long, upright scapes, 4 or 5-sepaled ; petals numerous, arranged in many rows, as are also the many stamens ; ovaries separate, each with a simple style and stigma, becoming in fruit 1-seeded nuts, half sunk in the hollows of the very large torus, the seeds with a very large embryo and no albumen.
OiiDEK 9.— THE WATER LILIES.
155
NELUM'BIUM. Nelumba
The ch<iracter of the genus the same as that of the order. N. luteum. Yellow Nelumho. A magnificent flowering plant, frequent in tlie stag- nant waters of the South and West, rare in N. Y. and Conn. The leaves are l-2f. broad, round, entire, peltate in the centre, which is concave, and elevated above the water more or less on the long petioles. Flowers several times larger than the White Water Lily, but without fragrance. Petals concave, of a brilliant white at edge, becoming yellow towards the base. Nuts (called Water-beans) about as large as acorns, eatable. June^ Juhj.
Order IX.— NYMPHS ACE. E. The Water Lilies.
Herhs aquatic, with roundish leaves from a prostrate rhizoma;
Jlowers large and showy, the sepals, petals, and stamens gradually passing
into each other, imbricated and arranged in many rows ; sejjals few, colored inside, persistent ; stigmas radiating and crowning the ovary, which in fruit becomes a capsule compound and 5-celled ; seeds minute, numerous, with the embryo at the end of the albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
Petals large as the sepals, white, red, or blue. Nymph^'a. 1
Petals smaller than the sepals, stamen- like, yellow. Froff Lily, Nuphar.
Fig. 381. Nymphflea odorata: a, the leaf; c, the flower; ft, the biul ; (7, e.f,g, stamens grad- ually changing into petals; A, a seed cut open, showing the embryo in a little sac. Fig. 3S3, the many-rnycd stigma ; 3S4, cross-section of tlio many-celled ovary.
156
THE FLORA.
NYMPHS' A . Water Lily.
Sepals 4 or 5, green outside. Petals in many rows inserted on the re- ceptacle beneath the ovary. Stamens inserted above the petals. Anthers slender, opening inwards, the outer filaments gradually widening and pass- ing into petals. Capsule ripening under water.
N. odora'ta. White Water Lily. One of the loveliest of flowers, frequent in ponds and shiggish streams. The root-stock is long and thick, running in the mud where the water is from 3-lOf. deep, sending up leaves and flowers to the surface. Leaves 5-6' long, roundish, cleft at the base to the centre, where the long petiole is inserted, margin entire. Petals lanceolate, 15-2' long, of the most delicate texture and whiteness, often tinged with purple. Filaments yel- low.
Order X. SARRACENIACEJE The Water-pitchers.
387
Fig. SS5. Sarracenia purpurea, with bud, flo\^er, and fruit
Fig. 3S6. Section of the 5-celIed ovary.
Fig. 387. A seed (magnified), with small embrj-o and large albumen.
OiiDEli 11.— THE POPPYWORTS. 157
Herbs aquatic, in bogs, with fibrous roots, and with the leaves all radical, urn-shaped, hollow, and large flowers on scapes; sejyals 5, with 3 little bracts at base ; petals 5, clawed, incurved ; stamens hypogynous ; ovaj'y 5-celled, with a single style, the stigma very broad, peltate, and 5-angled, crowning, in fruit, the cajysule, which is 5-celled and full of minute, albuminous seeds.
SAPvRACE'NIA. Pitcher-plant Trumpet-leaf.
Character essentially as expressed in the order. Nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, are probably varieties, not species.
Tf Leaf-blade inflected over the throat of the tube 7, 8
1 Leaf-bhide erect, cr nearly erect ; throat of the tube open a
a Leaf-tube pitcher-shaped, with a broad wing, . . ,1-3 a Leaf-tube trumpet-shaped, with a narrow wing 4-6
1 S. purpu'rea. Purple Pitcher-plant. Flowers purple. Leaves all inflated alike,
dark green with purple veins, G-O' long. Scapes 1-flowered, l-2f. high. June.
2 S. heteTophyl'la.. Yellow Pitcher-plant. Fls. yellow, Lvs, pale, the outer slender, Jn.r. I S. ala'ta. JSan'Ozv-win^ed P. Fls. yoWow. Lvs. all more slender than in No. 1. S.-W.
4 S. (G-rono'vii) flava. Yelloiu Trvmpet-leaf. Flowers yellow. Leaves 18-36'
high, all yellowish green, veins not purple.
5 S. rubra. lied Trumpet-leaf. Fls. reddish purple. Lvs, (l-2f.) purple-veined. S.
6 S. Drununondii. Drummond^sT. Fls. purple. Lvs.(lS-S6') mottled with colors. S.
7 S. psittacina. Parrof 8 Pitchei'-plant. Fls. purple. Lvs. (3-5'') spotless, liooded. S.
8 S. variolaris. Mottled P. Flowers yellow. Lvs. (12-18') spotted with white. S.
Order XI. PAPAVERACEJE. The Poppyworts.
Uerhs^ generally with a colored juice, with alternate leaves ;
flowers on long peduncles, solitary, never blue ;
sepals 2 or 3, falling off when the flower expands ;
2)etals generally 4, sometimes 8 ; stamens 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20, &c. ;
stigmas 2, or if more, star-like on the flat apex of the compound ovary ;
fruit a pod-shaped or roundish capsule ; seeds numerous and minute.
Analysis of the Genera.
Ti Plants with a yellow juice. Petals yellow, crumpled in bud a
a Stigmas and placentae 3, 4, or 6. Capsule ovoid c
a Stigmas and placentae 2 only. Capsule long, pod-shaped. . . .b
158
THE FLORA.
1 Plants with an orange-red juice. Bloodroot. Sanguina'ria. 1
T[ Plants with a milk-white juice. Poppy. Papa'vek. 2
^ Plants with a colorless juice. Calyx a cap, falling off whole.
Petals 4, orange-yellow. Lvs. dissected. California Poppy. Eschscholt'zia. b Pod 1-celled, smooth. Leaves pinnately divided. Fls. yellow.
Stamens 24-82, shorter than the 4 petals. Celandine. Chelido'nium.
b Pod 2-celled, rough. Leaves palmate. Stig. 2-horned. Horn Poppy. Glau'cium.
c Style present, stigmas 3 or 4. Stem lvs. 2, opposite. Yellow Poppy. Meconop'sis
c Style none, stigmas 4 or 6. Stem lvs. alternate. Prickly Poppy. Argemo'nk
L SANGUINA'RIA. Bloodroot.
Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 8-12, the outer longer. Stamens about 24. Stigma sessile, 1 or 2-lobed. Cap- sule pod-like, oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved, acute at each end, and many-seeded. — U A low, acaulescent plant, with white flowers, and full of a red or orange-colored juice.
S. Canadensis. Bloodroot. An interesting plant, in shady, rich soils, flowering in early spring. Ehizoma thick, fleshy, and when broken or wounded exudes a blood-colored juice, as does every other part. From each joint of the root-stock springs a single large glaucous leaf, and a scape about 6' high, bearmg a single flower. Leaf kidney-shaped, with lobes separated by rounded sinuses between. Flower of a square outline, white, scentless, and of short duration.
jF'jfi'. 388. Sanguinaria Canadensis: &, the pod; c, cross-section of It; d, seed cut open, showing the embryo.
2. PAPA'YER. Poppy.
Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Stamens 00. Stigmas many, united into a star-like crown, sessile upon the thick ovary. Capsule 1-celled, opening by pores beneath the edges of the stigma. Exotic herbs, mostly O, with a milk-white juice abounding in opium.
* Bristly or hairy. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers scarlet 2,3
* Smooth, glaucous. Loaves cut-tcothed, clasping. Flowers whito
Order 12.— THE FUMEWORTS. 159
1 P. somnif' eram. Opium P. Fls. large, often double, t Summer.
2 P. dubium. Small Bed P. Pod club-shaped, smooth. Leaves coarsely
divided. Flowers light red, smaller than in No. 1. M. S. Summer. 2 P. Rheas. Corn P. Pod globular, smooth. Leaves more finely divided. Flowers large and brilliant, deep scarlet, often double, t Sum.
Order XII. FUMARIACEJE. The Fumeworts.
Herbs smooth and delicate, with brittle stems and watery juice ;
leaves usually alternate, many cleft or compound ;
fiowers irregular, purple, white or yellow ; sepals 2, very small ;
petals 4, more or less cohering, one or both of the outer saccate, the two
inner inclosing the anthers in their coherent tips ; stamens 6, in 2 sets of 3 in each ; pistil 1 ; pod 1-celled.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Corolla equally 2-spurred or 2-saccate at base. . . .a
* Corolla unequal, only 1 of the petals spurred b
a Petals slightly united or distinct, deciduous. Not climbing. Dicen'tra. 1
a Petals firmly united, persistent. Plants climbing. Mountain Fringe. Adlu'mia. b Ovary with several seeds, forming a slender pod. Corydal. Cokyd'alis. 2 b Ovary with 1 seed, becoming a globular nut. Fumitory. Fuma'ria.
1. DICEN'TRA. Ear-drop.
Sepals 2, very small, sometimes disappearing. The 2 outer petals alike, saccate at base, with spreading tips; the 2 inner alike, spoon-shaped, meeting face to face over the stamens and pistils. Filaments flat, separate or not. Middle anther of each set 2-celled, the outer 1-celled. Pod man j-seeded. — li
§ Low herbs (6'), with white flowers in shnple racemes 1,2
§ Taller (l-2f,), with purple flowers racemed or panicled 3, 4
I D. cucuUa'ria. White Ear-drop. Eoot bulb-like. Spurs of the flowers divergent
acute, straight. Flower nearly as broad as long. Spring. J D. Canaden'sis. Sqmrrel-corn. Eoot bearing yellow tubers as large as peas. Fls niueli longer than broad, spurs rounded, incurved. May, Jn. 3 D. exim'ia. Wild Purple Ear-drop. Kacenics panicled. Flowers oblong
■«vith very short blunt spurs. Sepals manifest. M. S. t 3 D. spectab'ilis. Chinese E. Raceme simple. Flowers nearly as broad as long (T), very fine and showy; scpalo obsolete, t
160
THE FLORA.
2. CORYD'ALIS. Corydal. Sepals 2, very small. Petals 4, one of which is spurred at base. Fila- ments with broad bases united into 2 sets, sheatliing the ovary. Pod 2- valved, slender, many-seeded. Leaves twice ternate, on the stem. In rocky places. Spring.
C. glau'ca. Finh C. Erect. FIs. pink-yellow, panicled. Leaf-lobes obtuse. © 0. au^rea. Golden C. Diffuse. FIs. yellow, racemed. Leaf-lobes acute, (i)
Fig. 3S9. Dicentra cucullaria, entire plant. Fig. 890. Enlarged view of a flower. Fig. 391. A section of the same. Fig. 892. A flower (enlarged) of D. Canadensis.
Order XIII. CRUCIFER.E. The Crucifers, or Mustardworts.
Herl)s with alternate leaves and no stipules, and regular flowers, with fiepals 4, and petals 4, spreading in the form of a cross ;
Order 13.— THE CRUCIFERS.
161
itamens 6, 2 of tliera on opposite sides shorter than the rest ; an
ovarij of 2 united carpels, forming in fruit a
silique or silicle^ with 2 cells and few or many seeds;
seeds without albumen, the large evihnjo variously bent and folded.
Note. — Under this large Order, as under others, we present to our young readers a complete analysis, by which tliey may trace to its genus any 3[iistardicort growing in the United States But as the genera are so nearly alike, great care and close observation will be needful In avoiding mistakes. The plants for examination must be in fruit as well as in flower.
Fig. 893. Flower of White Mustard. Fiff. 394. Same, with its parts separated. Fig. 395. A ellique, ripe and open. Fig. 396. Draba verna. Fig. 397. A pod open.
Analysis of the Genera. * Garden plants cultivated for ornament or art.
1 Fruit a silique or long pod (§ 3G3) 5
1 Fruit a siliclo or short pod (§ 3()4) 2
2 Silicle 2-celled, with 2 or more seeds 3
2 Silicle 1-celled, with one seed only. Woad. Isa''ti8.
3 Petals all equal ... .4
3 Petals unequal, the 2 outside ones larger. Candij-tvft. Ibi/ris. 1
4 Some of the stamens toothed. Gardens. Madwort. Alys'sum.
4 Stamens all toothless. Silioles very large and thin. Satin-Jivwer. Lu.na'ria.
5 Seeds flat. Stigma rounded or head-shaped. Wall-flower. CuKntAN'Tiics.
5 Seeds flat. Stigmas 2-horned, spreading. Stock. Mattiii'ola.
6 Seeds egg-shaped. Stigpaa with 2 converging lobes. liocket. HksYirm,
162 THE FLORA.
** Plants growing wild^ or cultivated for food.
„ . .,. ,, , , , . ( flowers yellow 8
1 Fnut a Bihque, 2-celled lengthwise, \ ^^^^^^ ^^^.^^^ p^^^.p^^^ ^^ ^
1 Fruit a silicle, 2-celled lengthwise, \ . ^,. '***, o
( flowers white, purple, &c 2
I Fruit a jointed pod, with the partitions crosswise. . . .11 2 Silicle flattened or turgid, with a broad partition 4
2 Silicle flattened contrary to the narrow partition. . . .3
3 Silicle triang., seeds several in each cell. S/iepTierd-s-puree. Ca.psel'la. S
3 Silicle roundish, with one seed in each cell. Pepper-grass. Lepip^ium. 4
3 Silicle double, with one seed in each lobe. S. Swine Cress. Senebik'ra. 5
4 Silicle flattened. Leaves cauline or radical. WJiitlow-grass. Draba. 6
4 Silicle turgid. Leaves cauline. Horse Radish. Aemora'cia
4 Silicle turgid. Leaves all radical. r. Awhcort. Subula''ria.
5 Silicle obovoid, i.e., inversely egg-shaped, turgid. False Flax. Cameli''na. 5 Sil. globose, turgid, membranous. Style long. Bladder-pod. Vesiga'ria. 5 Silicle oblong, turgid, and somewhat terete. Cress. Nastur''tium.
6 Seeds arranged in two rows in each cell, not winged. Cress. Nastur'tiuji.
6 Seeds in two rows in each cell, wing margin. Tower-miietard. Tur'ritis.
6 Seeds arranged in a single row in each cell 7
7 Sil. linear, flattish, each valve with 1 central vein. Roch Cress. Ar'abis. i 7 Silique lanceolate, flat, the valves veinless. Tootli-root. Denta'ria. 8
7 Siliques linear, veinless, terete. Flws. purple. False Rochet. Iodan'thus. 7 Siliques linear, veinless, flat. Fls. whitish. Cuckoo- jiov}er. Cardami''ne. 9
8 Seeds ovate or oblong. . . .9
8 Seeds globose 10
8 Seeds flat, with a broad, winged margin. S. Leavenworth'ia.
9 Calyx i-open. Lvs. runcinate, or finely dissect. Hedge-mustard. Sisym'brium. 9 Calyx closed. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Winter Cress. Barba'rka. 10
9 Calyx closed. Leaves lanceolate. False Wall-flower. Erys'imum. 11
10 Ciilyx spreading. Valves of the pod 1-3- veined. Mustard, Sina^pis. 12
10 Calyx mostly erect. Valves of the pod 1-veined. Cabbage, dtc. Bras'sica.
II Pods short, 2-jointed, with 1 seed in each joint. Sea-rocket. Caki'ee. 11 Pods with several transverse joints and cells. Radish. Raph^anus.
1. IBE'RIS. Candy- tuft.
The two outside petals larger than the two inside ones. Pods flattened, truncate, emarginate, the cells one-seeded. — Foreign, ornamental plants. 1 Flowers white. Plain about If. high .... 2-4 1 I. umbella'ta. Purple C. Fls. purple, in umbels. Lvs. serrate, upper entire.
2 I. ama'ra. Bitter C. Corymbs lengthening into racemes. Lvs. slightly toothed.
3 I. piiina'ta. Wing-leaved 0. Corymbs scarcely lengthening. Leaves pinnatifid.
4 I. saxat'ilis. Rock C. Corymbs not lengthening. Shrubby. Lvs. linear, entire.
Order 13.— THE CRUCIFERS. 163
2. LUNA'RIA. Satin-flower.
Sepals somewhat 2-lobed at base of the flower. Petals nearly entire. Stamens without teeth. Silicle oval or lanceolate, flat, usually very large, with a stalk. Seed-stalk adhering to the partition. — Foreign, ornamental plants.
L. rediviVa. Perennial S. Pods lanceolate, narrowed to each end. Lvs. sharp- toothed, n.
L. bien'nis. Biennial S. Pods broad-oval, rounded at each end. Lvs. blunt- toothed. 0
8. CAPSEL'LA. Shepherd's-purse.
Calyx equal at base. Silicles triangular, wedge-shaped at base, notched at top, compressed laterally, that is, contrary to the narrow partition. Valves boat-shaped. Style short. Seeds 00, oblong, small. — A common weed, with white flowers.
C. Bursa-Pasto'ris. Shepherd'' 8-purse. Found everyvt'here, in fields, pastures, and road-sides. Stem growing to a foot in height, hairy below, branching. Koot leaves many (when the plant has room), half a foot long, deeply-lobed and toothed. Stem leaves much shorter, with two ear-shaped stem-clasping lobes at base. Flowers very amall, in racemes which become very long, and are suc- ceeded by the little purse-shaped pods. Apr -Sept. (See Fig. 331.)
4. LEPID'IUM. Pepper-grass.
Sepals ovate. Petals ovate, entire. Silicles roundish or oval, notched at the end, flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Cells 1 -seed- ed. Valves boat-shaped, dehiscent. Flowers white, racemed, numerous.
1 Stem leaves undivided. Flowers from June to Sept 2
1 L sativum. Leaves all divided and lobcd. Pods round. Gardens. July.
2 L Virginicum. Tongue-grass. Pods round, wingless. Stem leaves toothed.
3 L rudera'le. Pods roundish-oval, wingless. Petals 0. Stem leaves entire. "W.
4 L campes'trc. Pods ovate, winged, rough-scaly. Leaves arrow-shaped. W.
5. SEi^EBIE'RA. Swine Cress.
Silicle 2-lobed, appearing double. Valve somewhat turgid and inde hiscent. Cells each with 1 roundish and 3-cornered seed. Flowers white, in short racemes which stand opposite to the leaves.
164 THE FLORA.
S. pinnatifida. A prostrate, weed-like plant, common at the South, in fields and on river-banks. Leaves divided in a pinnate manner, into oblong, toothed lobes. Flowers obscure, with scarcely any petals. Silicles flattened, notched at apex, wrinkled on the surface. Feb.-July.
6. DKA'BA. Wliitlow-grass.
Calyx equal at base. Petals equal. Filaments without teeth. Silicle oval-oblong, entire, flattened parallel to the broad partition. Cells 2, many-seeded. Seeds not margined. — Low herbs, with small white ©r yellow flowers in racemes. (See Fig. 396.)
§ Petals 2-cleft, white. Leaves all radical 1
§ Petals entire or merely notched. Stems more or less leafy. . . .a
a Style present. Plants perennial 2, 3
a Style none. Plants annual or biennial. . . .b
b Pedicels as long or longer than the pod. . . .4, 5 b Pedicels shorter than their pods .... 1 D.verna. Spring W. Leaves oblong, hairy. Scape 1-5'' high, 0 (See Fig. 396.) 2 D. arabi'sans. Mock W. Leaves minutely toothed. Silicle twisted, longer than
the pedicel, oblong-lanceolate, 4-6'''' long. Lake shores. (Figs. 155-159.) 8 D. ramosis'sima. Bushy W. Leaves with remote and slender teeth. Silicle as long as its pedicel, style half as long. Flowers white. Eocks. * 4 D. nemora'lis. Wood W. Petals notched at end. Pod half as long as ilR pedicel. Seeds near 30. Flowers yellowish-white. N-W. 4 D. brachycar''pa. Short-f I'uitedj TV. Petals entire. Pod as long as pedicel, 10-12-seeded. Leaves round-ovate. S. W. March, April.
5 D. Carolinia'na. Leaves round-ovate, entire. Pods linear, in a sort of corymb.
Flowers white. Plant hispid, 1-3'' high. E. S. April-June.
6 D. cuneifo'lia. Wedge-leaved W. Leaves wed,i;e-oblong. Pods lance-oblong, 20-
30-seeded, racemed. Plant 3-8' high. S-W.
7. AE'ABIS. Rock Cress. Sickle-pod.
Sepals erect. Petals clawed, entire. Silique linear, flattened, valves one-veined in the middle. Seeds in a single row in each cell. Flowers white. Aprilr-June.
§ Leaves all (or at least the radical) pinnatifid 1, 2
§ Leaves all undivided ; toothed or entire, often clasping. . . .a
a Siliques short (6-12^'') and straight. Seeds not winged 3, 4
a Siliques longer (1-2''), straight or curved. Seeds not winged 5, 8
a Siliques long (30> curved, hanging. Seeds winged 7, 8
Order 13.— THE CRUCIFEES. 1 f»5
1 A. Ludovicia''na. Loiiiaiana R. All the leaves fenther-cleft. Seeds nor-
dered. Plant slender, 6-10' high. S. Mar., Apr.
2 A. lyra''ta. Lyre-leaved E. Only the root leaves feather-cleft. Seeds not
bordered. Plant 6-12^ high. Pods '[\-2' long. S A. Thalia'na. Mouse-ear E. Stems erect. Leaves nearly entire. Petals twice
longer than the sepals. Pods erect. Plant downy. May. A. A. denta''ta. Toothed E. Stems diffuse. Leaves sharply toothed. Petals scarce
longer than sepals. Pods spreading. Eongh. M. W.
5 A. patens. Patent E. Downy. Pods spreading and curved upwards, beaked
with a distinct style, w. W. S.
6 A. hirsu''ta. Hairy E. Plant hairy. Siliques straight, erect. Style none.
Leaves arrow-shaped. Fls. g.
7 A. laeviga'ta. Smooth Siclcle-pod. Stem leaves arrow-shaped, clasping, narrow.
Pod spreading. Plant glabrous, 2f. high.
8 A. Canaden''sis. True Sickle-pod. Stem leaves pointed at both ends, sessile. Pod
curved, pendulous. Tall, downy.
8. DENTA'KIA. Tooth-root. Pepper-root.
Sepals converging or closed. Silique lanceolate, with flat, veinless valves opening elasticallj. Seeds in a single row in each cell, ovate, not bordered. — Plants U. Rhizoma prostrate, jointed. Stem leaves but 2 or 3. Flowers white or purplish.
T[ Stem leaves almost opposite or whorled. . . 1, 2, 3
T[ Stem leaves alternate or scattered. Koot-stock moniliform 4, 5
1 D. diphyl'la, Ttvo-leaved P. Stem leaves 2 only, leaflets 8, tDvate, toothed.
2 JD. lacinia'ta. Cut-leaved P. Stem leaves 3, leaflets 3-5, linear, cleft.
8 D. multif'ida. Stem leaves 2-3, numerously divided into linear leaflets. S,
4 D. max'ima. Leaflets 3, ovate, cut and cleft. Lvs. S-7. Fls. purple. M.
5 D. heterophyl'la. Lflts. 3, nearly entire ; of the rt. lvs. round-ovate, toothed.
9. CAPwDAMrNE. Bitter Cress. Calyx a little spreading. Silique linear, with flat, veinless valves which are narrower than the partition. Stigma entire. Seeds not margined, with a slender seed-stalk. Flowers white or purple.
* Leaves pinnate with many leaflets. April-June 1,2
* Leaves simple or partly ternate. Mostly perennials a
a Style slender. In low, wet grounds
a Style none. In high mountains
1 0. hirsu'ta. Pennsijlvanian 0. Smooth, about If. erect. Leaves 5-11-foliate, the
terminal lobe largest, 3-lobed. Stigma sessile. "Wet. @ c.
2 C. praten''sis. Cuckoo-flower. Stem simple, ascendinsr. If. Leaves 7-lo-foliate,
with Btalked, roundish k'iitlel5. Style present. Flowers large. Wet. %
166 THE FLORA.
a O. rhomboid'ia. Rhombic C. Steins upright, bearing tubers at base. Poda
linear-lanceolate. Leaves roundish and rhomboidal. w. or p. c. 4 C. rotundifo'lia. Bound-leaved G. Stems decumbent, branched. Pods linear- subulate. Leaves roundish, lower 3-lobed. w. By streams. 5 C biUidifo'lia. Daisy-leaved G. Leaves smooth, roundish. Pods erect. Height
1-3^ N. H. C O. spatula'ta. Spath-leaved G. Leaves hairy, spatulate. Pods spreading. 6''. S.
10. BARBA'REA. Winter Cress.
Sepals erect, nearly equal at base. Silique columnar, 2-4-cornered. Valves concave or keel-shaped by means of a strong central vein. Seeds in a single row. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow.
B. vulga^ris. Winter Gress. Common in old fields, also brook-sides. Whole plant glabrous. Stem l-2f, higli, branching above. Leaves lyrate with the terminal lobe roundish, upper leaves obovate, pinnatifid at base, crenate, or repand- dentate — all dark green, sliining. Flowers showy, in racemes. Pods ob- scurely 4-cornered, slender, ij' long, curved upwards. May, June, ti
11. ERYSIMUM. False Wall-flower.
Calyx closed. Silique linear, 4-sided. Stigma capitate. Seeds in a single row in each cell. Mostly ©. Flowers yellow.
1 E. cheiranthoi'des. Stem ascending. Fls. small. Pods spreading, l''in length. M.
2 E. Arkansa'num. Yellow Phlox. Stem strictly erect. Flowers large {^' broad).
Pods 2-3' long. Kiver bluffs. A fine plant. W.
12. SIN'ATIS. Mustard.
Sepals spreading. Petals ovate, with straight claws. Silique nearly- terete, valves 3-veined. Style short. Seeds in a single row, globular. —
0 or © with yellow flowers. (Figs. 393, 394.)
1 S. nigra. Black M. Upper leaves lance-linear, entire. Pod 4-cornered, smooth.
2 S. arven'sis. Field M. Leaves all repand-toothcd. Pods torose, smooth.
3 S. alba. White M. Leaves all lyrate-pinnatifid. Pods bristly, shorter than beak.
Order XYI. YIOLA'CE.E. Violets.
Eerhs with simple (often cleft), alternate leaves with stipules ; flowers irregular, spurred, with the sepals, petals, and stamens in S's ; corolla spurred at base; anthers united: 2 of the filaments appendaged;
Okder 13.— violets.
167
style 1, with a one-sided stigma; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved; seeds many, with the embryo nearly as long as the albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
Sepals unequal, with ear-shaped lobes at base. Sepals nearly equal, not appendaged at base.
Green Violet.
Viola. 1 So 'lea.
1. VrOLA. Violet. Sepals 5, prolonged at base into two auriciilate lobes. Petals more or less unequal, the largest one spurred at base, the 2 opposite ones at the sides equal, the 2 upper ones all equal. Stamens cohering by their anthers, 2 of them spurred at base. Seeds attached to the valves of the capsule. — U Low herbs, caulescent or acaulescent. Pe- duncles angular, solitary, 1 -flowered, nodding at the top.
* Acaulescent : leaves and flowers all radical. . . .a Fig. S9S. Violet No. 1 : section.
* Caulescent : stems leafy d
a Flowers blue. . ..b
a Flowers white Nos. 2-4.
a Flowers yellow. . . .No. 1.
b Petals beardless 5-7
b Petals bearded c
c Leaves divided.... 8, 9 [otic 22.
c Leaves undivided 10-12, and the E.\-
d Pet. yellow. Steins leafy at the top only 13-15
d Petals not yellow, or but partly yellow e
e Stipules entire. Summer 16
e Stipules fringe-toothed. May., June 17-19
e Stipules lyrate-]>innatifid, very large 20-21
1 V. rotundifo'lia. Early Yelloiv Violet. Lvs, round-ovate, cordate, smooth. Sepals blunt. April.
2 V. lanceola'ta. Lance-leavedV. Lvs. lanceolate, tapering to the base. Some bearded.
3 V. primulsefo'lia. Primrose V. Lvs. lance-ovate, abrupt at base. Fls. beardless.
4 V. blanda. Sweet Wild V. Leaves round-cordate. Fls. beardless, fragrant. May.
5 V. palus'tris. Boff V. Lvs. reniforin-cordate. Spur very t^hort. Stii)S. ovate. White Mts.
6 V. Selkir'kii. Selkirk's V. Lvs. round-cor. Spur near as long as petals, blunt. May.
7 V. peda'ta. Foot-leaved F.Lvs. pedate, 5-9-part.,segm. narrow, entire. Koot preinorse.
8 V. delphinifo'lia. Larkspur V. Leaves in 7-9 linear, 3-eleft segments. W. ApriU
9 V.palma'ta. Pahn-leaved V. Leaves hastntc-lobed. cordate. Variety of No. 10,
Fig. 399. Kipe, open cap- sule of Violet.
108
THE FLORA.
10 V. cuculla'ta. Hood-leaved V, Leaves reniform-cordate, base lobes involute, com.
11 V. villo'sa. Woolly V. Leaves round-ovate, cordate, obtuse, flat, downy. M. S.
12 V. sagitta'ta. Airow-lcd. V. Lvs. lance-oblong, some sagittate or cut-toothed at base.
13 V. hasta'ta. Halherd-leaved V. Smooth. Lvs. hastate. Stip. ovate, minute. S.
14 V. tripar'tita. Three-cleft V. Hairy. Lvs. deeply 3-parted. Stip. lanceolate. S.
15 V. pubes'cens. Downy V. Downy. Lvs. broad-cordate. Stip. ovate, large, c. 6 V. Canaden'sis. Canada V. Plant If. high. Leaves cordate, pointed, smooth.
17 V. stria'ta. Cream- colored V. Spur i the lengtli of the corolla. Stip. large, oblong.
18 V. Muhlenber'gii. MuMenberg' s V. Spur k the length of corolla. Stip. lanceolate.
19 V. rostra 'ta. Long- spurred V. Spur longer than corolla. Stipules lanceolate.
20 V. tric'olor. Pa/zsy. HearUease. Stipules as large as the leaves. Fls. three-colored.
21 V. grandiflo'ra. Great-fioicered V. Stip, much smaller than the leaves. Purple, t 22 V. odora'ta. Sweet English V. Stolons creeping, Lvs. cordate. Fragrant, i
Order XYIII. HYPERICACE^. St. Johnsworts.
Her'bs or shrubs with opposite, entire^ dotted leaves, and no stipules ;
fiowers mostly yellow, in cymes ;
sepals unequal, 4-5, dotted ;
petals 4-5, twisted in the bud, dotted, and with the veins oblique ;
stamens hypogynous, in 3 or more par- cels;
ovary superior ; style 1 ;
fruit a capsule or berry, many-seeded.
Analysis of the Genera.
Petals and sepals 5 2
Petals and sepals 4. Flowers yellow.
St. Feterswo?'t. As'cykuii. 2 Fls. yellow. St. Johnswort. Hyper'icum. 1 2 Flowers purplish. Elodk^\.
Fig. 400. Hypericum perforatum (Common St. Johnswort): stem, leaves, and flowers. Fig. 401. The stamens in 3 sets surrounding the ovary with 3 Btyles. Fig. ^^2. Cross-section of the ovary.
Order 18.-ST. JOHNSWORTS. 169
HYPER'ICUM. St. Johnswort.
Sepals 5, connected at base, nearly equal, leaf-like. Petals 5, oblique. Stamens many (sometimes few and distinct), united into 3-5 parcels with no glands between them. Styles 3-5, either distinct or united at base. Capside 1 -celled, or 3-5-celled. — Herbs or shrubs, with branching stems, opposite, entire leaves, and yellow flowers. (Figs. 210, 211, 400-402.)
§ Stamens 25 to 100, more or less united into sets a
§ Stamens 5 to 15, not at all united g
a Carpels (pistils) and styles 5 or more. Capsule 5-cellcd Nos. 1, 2
a Carpels 3. Capsule 3-celled (the partitions meeting) b
a Carpels 3. Capsule 1-celled (the partitions not quite meeting) c
b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate.. ..8-5
b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves linear 6, 7
b Herbaceous. Petals sprinkled with black dots 8-10
c Shrubs. Styles united into 1 d
c Half-shrubby. Styles united into 1 e
c Herbaceous. Styles distinct, at least at the top f
d Flowers solitary or in 3's, axillary. Stems 2-edgcd 11, 12
d Flowers clustered in a con^ipound, terminal cyme 13, 14
e Flowers in a leafless, stalked c}"me. Loaves obtuse 15, 16
e Flowers in a leafy (few-leaved) cyme. Leaves acute 17, 18
f Stem or branches 4-cornered or square 19, 20
f Stem and branches terete, not angular 21, 22
g Flowers in corymbous cymes 23, 2-i
g Flowers racemed on the slender branches 25, 20
1 H. pyramida'tum. Giant S. Herb 3-4f , flowers 2'' broad. Leaves lance-oblong.
2 H. Kalmia'num. KalrrCi S. Shrub l-2f , flowers 1' broad. Leaves lance-linear.
3 H. Buckle 'yi. BttckUy's S. Leaves obovate. Flowers terminal, solitary. iS.
4 H. prolif 'icum. Prolijic S. Lvs. lance-oblong. Cymes compound. W,
5 H. galeoi'des. Bedstraw S. Lvs. lance-linear. Clusters axillary. S.
6 H. rosmarinifo'lium. Rosemary S. Lvs. petioled, shorter than internodes. S.
7 H. fascicula'tum. Clustered S. Lvs. sessile, longer than t lie internodes. S.
8 H. perfora'tum. Punctured S. Stem 2-edged. Lvs. i<mall, light-dotted, c.
9 H. corymbo'sum. Corymhed S. Stem terete. Lvs. large, black-dotted, c.
10 H. macula'tum. Spotted S. St. terete. All over black-dotted. Sty. long.
11 H. au'reum. Gulden S. Lvs. thick, obtuse, sessile. FIs. large (U^). Stam. 500 ! S.
12 H. ambig'uum. Dubious S. Lvs. thin, acute, sessile. Fls. S^' broad. Pet. toothed. S.
13 H. myrtifo'lium. Myrtle S. Branches terete. Lvs. clasping. Cyme leafy. S.
14 H. cistifo'Iium. Rockrose S. Branches 2-edged. Lvs. sessile. Cyme If aH ess. S.
15 H. nudiflo'ram. Kaked-Jlowered S. Lvs. lance-ovate. Pod ovoid-conic. M.S.
16 H. spha&rocar'pon. Ronnd-frvifrd SI. liVS. lincar-ol.lojig. Pod globular. W.
8
170 THE FLORA.
17 H. adpres'sum. Closed S. Lvs. lialf-erect. Petals obovnte, longer tlian sep.
18 H. dolabrifor'me. Hatchet S. Lvs, spreading. Pet. dolabriform^ long as sep.
19 H. angulo'sum. Angled S. Lvs. ovate, acute. Style thrice longer than ovary.
20 H ellip'ticum. Elliptic S. Lvs. elliptic, obtuse. Style as long as ovary. N. M.
21 H. grave'olens. Strong-scented S. Smooth. Lvs. oblong-ovate, clasping. S.
22 H. pilo'sum. IlairT/ S. Hairy. Lvs. lance-ovate, appressed. S.
23 H. mu'ticum. Dwarf S. Lvs. ovate, clasping, 5-veined. Cymes leafy, c.
24 H. Canaden'se. Canada S. Lvs. linear, black-dotted. Cymes leafless, c.
25 H. Saro'thra. Fine-weed S. Lvs. awl-shapcd, minute. FIs. sessile.
26 H. Drummon'dii. Drummond'' s S. Lvs. linear. FIs. stalked. W.
Order XIX. DROSERACEJS. The Sundews.
Herhs growing in bogs, often covered with glands, with leaves alternate, circinate (rolled from top to base) in the bud ; Jioicers regular, of 5 persistent sepals and 5 withering j9e^aZ«; stamens 5, distinct, and a single, compound ovary ; styles 1-5, and fruit a 1-3-celled many-seeded capsule, and with seeds having a small embryo at the base of the albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
I Stamens 5. Dkos'era. 1
j coiled (circinate) in the bud. j Stamens 10-15. Dion.e'a. 2
Leaves j not coiled in tlie bud. Sterile stamens many. Parnas'sia. 3
1. DROS'ERA. Sundew.
Sepals 5, united at base, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Styles 3-5, each deeply 2-parted, so that there seems to be 6-10. Capsule 3-5-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded. — U Small aquatic herbs. Leaves (all radical in the American species) clothed with long, reddish, gland-bearing hairs, exuding a clear, sticky fluid. Flowers in a raceme on a slender scape, which is at first coiled downward, but uncoils as the flowers open.
* Scape 4-6 times longer than the spreading leaves 1-3
* Scape 1-2 times longer than the ascending leaves 4-6
1 D. rotundifo'lia. Round-leaved S. Leaves round, on long hairy stalks. F.'s white,
small (about 2," broad). Scapes 5-8'' high. c.
2 D. minor. Lesser S. Lvs. wedge-obovate, on suT)oth stalks. Scape 3-6'. p. S. 8 D. brevifo'lia. Tiny S. Lvs. spatulate, on short, hairy stalks. Scape 2-3'. p. S.
ordek 19.— the sundews.
in
4 D longifolia. Long-leaved S. Lvs. spatulate, on lon^:, smooth stalks. 4-7^ White. (Fig. 20, 21.)
6 D. linearis. Linear-leaved S. Lvs. Unear, obtuse; stalks smooth. 3-6'. White.
6 D. filiformis. Thread-leaved S. Lvs. filiform, long. Scape If. Purple.
2. DIOISrjE'A. Venus' Fly-trap.
Sepals 5, spreading. Petals 5, obovate, with pellucid veins. Stamens 10-15. Style 1. Stig- mas 5, many-cleft. Capsule breaking irregularly in opening, 1-celled, many-seeded. — if Glabrous herbs. Leaves all radical, sensitive, closing con- vulsively when touched. Scape umbelled.
D Muscip'ula. A very remarkable plant, in sandy bogs, at the South, sometimes cultivated. Leaves spread- ing, the petiole broadly winged, ending in a roundish blade which is fringed with epines, instantly closing upon insects which alight upon it. Scape 6-12' high, bearing an umbel of 8-10 white, handsome flowers. Apr., May. +
Fiff. 41^3. Venus' Fly-tr.-ip. Fig. 404. Ovary and style. Fig. 405. Section of ovary.
8. PARNAS'SIA. Grass- of-Parnassus.
Sepals
Petals 5, inserted on the calyx (pe-
rigynons). Stamens also perigynous, in 2 rows, the outer row of numerous sterile filaments, united
in 5 sets, the inner row of 5 perfect stamens. Stigmas 4, sessile. Cap- sule 4-celled. Seeds very numerous. — if Elegant herbs, with radical leaves and 1 -flowered scai)es.
1 p. Carohnia'na. Meadow G. Sterile filaments, 3 in each set. Leaves al)out
7-veiiied, broadly oval or ovate, radical ones on long stalks, cauline few, ne.\r the ground, sessile, clasping. Scape about If. high, bearing one flower at top, which is about V across. Petals marked with green veins, July, Avg.
2 P asarifolia. Broad-leaved G. Sterile filaments, 3 in each set. Lvs. renifonn. S. 8 P palus'tris. Swamp G. Sterile filaments, 9-15 in each set. Lvs. cordate. N. W.
172
THE FLORA.
Order XXI. CARYOPHYLLACE^. Pinkworts.
Fig. 406. Pink (Phcasant's-eye): 5, the bracts; c, the tubular calyx. Fig. 407. The ovary wiMi its 2 ftyle-s Fig. 408. A petal of the Diurnal Lychnis, 2-cleft: c, the claw. Fig. 409. Arenaria stricta, showing the spreading cyme. Fig. 410. A flower enlarged, calyx not tubular.
Eerhs with the stems swelling at the nodes ; opposite, entire leates ; sepals 4 or 5, sometimes distinct and sometimes united into a tube; petals 4 or 5 (sometimes 0), with or without claws, hypogynous ; stamens generally twice as many as the petals ; styles 2-5 ; fruit a 1-celled (rarely 2-5-celled) capsule with numerous seeds, and an emhryo coiled around fleshy albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
Stipules dry, scale-like, between the leaves at base 6
Stipules none 2
2 Sepals united into a tube. Petals with long claws 3
2 Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals sessile or none 4
3 Calyx with 2 or more bractlets at base a
3 Calyx naked, i. «., with no bractlets b
4 Pod 1-celled and with several seeds. Petals generally present 5
4 Pod 1-celled, with 1 seed. Petals none, calyx green g
4 Pod completely 3-celled. Petals none, calyx white h
5 Petals 2-parted or 2-lobed c
5 Petals undivided and entire.... d
Order 21.— PINKWORTS. 173
(5 Styles or stip^mas 3 or 5. Pod 1 -celled, many-seeded e
6 Styles or stigmas 2 or united into 1. Pod 1-seeded f
a Styles 2. Petals variously notched or fringed. PinJc. Dian'thcs. 1
b Styles 2. Capsule 4-toothed when open. Soapwort. Sapoxa^iiia.
b Styles 3. Capsule 6-toothed when open. Silene. Silene. 2
b Styles 5. Calyx 5-toothcd, teeth short or long. Eose Campion. Lychnis. 8 c Styles 5. Pod opening at top by 10 teeth. Mouse-ear. Cerastium. 4
Styles 3. Pod splitting into 6 valves, Chickweed. Starwort. Stella'kia.
d Styles 3. Valves of the ripe pod 3, each 2-toothed. Sandicort. Arenv'ria.
d Styles 3. Valves of the pod 3, entire. Grove Sandwort. Alsi'ne.
d Styles 4 or 5, always as many as the sepals. Pearlwoit. Sagi'na.
d Styles 3 and 5. Plant fleshy. Disk 10-lobed. Sea Sandwort. Honken^ya. e Styles 5. Leaves linear, whorled. Flowers white. Spurry. Sper'gula.
e Styles 3 and 5. Lvs. linear, opposite. Fls. red. Sand Spurry. '^vetigv-la^kw, e Styles 3 in all the fls. Leaves in 4's. Stipules ovate. All-seed. Polycar^pon-. e Styles 3 in all the fls. Leaves opposite. Stipules many- cleft. Stipclic'ida.
f Sepals green, distinct or nearly so JS'ailwort. Paronych'ia.
f Sepals white above, united into a tube below. Syphonych'ia.
g Styles 2. Utricle inclosed in the hardened calyx tube. Knawell. Scleran'tiius. h Styles 3. Stamens 3 or 5. Herb flat on the ground. Carpet-weed. Mollu'go. 5
1. DIAN'THUS. Pink. Carnation.
Calyx tubular, cylindrical, striate, with 2 or more pairs of opposite, im- bricated scales at base. Petals 5, with long claws, limb unequally notched. Stamens 10. Styles 2, with revolute stigmas. Capsule cylindrical, one- celled.
H Bracts as long as the calyx tube 2, 3, 4
1 Bracts much shorter than the calyx 5, 6, 7
1 D. Arme'ria. Wild Finl\ Bracts erect. Leaves linear. Flowers small, pink-red
in cymes of about 3. Stem 18-24Miigh. In sandy fields. July. E.
2 D. barbatus. Sweet William^ or Buncli PinTc. Bracts erect. Leaves lanceolate,
cymes large, many-flowered. Red or variegated with white. May-July, -f D. Chinen''sis. China Pink. Bracts spreading. Leaves lance-linear. Flowers solitary, red, large. Plant evergreen, not glaucous, f
4 D. caryophy-rius. Carnation Pink. Bracts rounded. Petals crenate, beard-
less. Whole plant glaucous. Many beautiful varieties, t
5 D, pluma^rius. PheasanVs-eye. Bracts ovate. Petals fringe-toothed, bearded.
Plant glaucous. Flowers solitary, white and purple, t 6. D. super-'bus. Superb P. Bracts mucronate, ovate. Petals pinnatifidfringed^ bearded, cymes level-topped. White, f
174: THE FLORA.
2. SILE'NE. Catch-fly. Campion. Calyx tubular, swelling, without scales at base, 5-toothed. Petals 5, 2-cleft, the claws often crowned with a stiff scale. Stamens 10. Styles 8. Capsule partly 3-celled, opening by 6 teeth at top. (Fig. 116.)
* Petals many-cleft and fringed. Fls. white or roseate, large. Perennial 1-3
* Petals bifid or entire, not fringed a
a Calyx inflated and netted with veins. Perennial ... .4, 5
a Calyx close upon the pod, not inflated b
b Flowers spicate, alternate. Annual 6, 7
b Flowers not spicate c
c Petals white, closed in sunshine. .. ,8, 9 c Petals red, purple, &c.,— (d) bifid.... 10, 11 —(d) entire 12-15
1 S. stella'ta. Whorled C. Lvs. in 4's. Calyx inflated. Fls. white, many. Juli/.
2 S. ova'ta. Ovate G. Leaves opposite. Calyx not inflated. Flowers white. S.
8 S. Baldwin'ii. Baldwin's C. Lvs. opposite, obovate. Fls. very large, roseate. S.
4 S. infla''ta. Bladder G. Petals not crowned. Flowers f^w^ white.
5 S. nivea. Snowy G. Petals with a little crown. Flowers many, white.
6 S. quinquevul'nera. Variegated G. Woolly. Petals entire, red, white-edged. S.
7 S. noctur'na. Spiked G. Downy. Petals narrovv, 2- parted, greenish-white.
8 S. Antirrhi'na. Saapdragon G. Sticky in spots. Calyx egg-shaped.
9 S. noctiflo'ra. Night G. Viscid-downy. Calyx cylindric. Petals 2-parted.
10 S. Virgin'ica. Virginian G. Leaves spatulate. Fls. large (2''), crimson, M. S.
11 S. rotundifo'lia. Round-leaved G. Leaves round, large. Fls. large, scarlet. W.
12 S. Pennsylvan'ica. Perennial. Petals rose-purple, toothed at end.
13 S. re'gia. Royal G. Perennial. Petals scarlet, entire, oblanceolate.
14 S. Arme'ria. Garden G. Annual. Stem sticky in spots. Flowers rose-p. t
15 S. acau'lis. Sternless G. Annual. Scape 2' high, 1-flowered. Mountains.
3. LYCH'NIS. Cockle. Rose Campion.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, w^ithout scales at base. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule 1-celled, or 5-celled at the base, opening at the top by 5 or 10 teeth. Petals sometimes crowned.
* Petals broad, entire. Plants very hairy 1,2
* Petals 2-cleft, crowned with 2 scales at top of claw 3, 4
* Petals gashed or 4-cleft. Plants nearly smooth 5, 6
1 L. Gritha'go. GocTcle. Sepals longer than the crownless, purple petals.
2 L. Corona''ria. MuUeinPink. Sepals shorter than the stifi'-crowned petals. +
3 L. Chalcedon'ica. Sweet William. Fls. scarlet, in a crowded, compound cyme. +
4 L. diu'rna. Diurnal L. Flowers light purple, in an open, loose cyme, t
(Sec Fig. 406.)
ordek 22.— the purselanp:s. 1'
5 L. corona'ta. Chinese L. Petals very broad, fringed witli numerous teeth, t
6 L. Floscu'culi. Eagged Robin. Petals divided into 4 long teeth, crowned, t
4. CERAS'TIUM. Mouse-ear. duckweed.
Sepals 5, ovate, acute. Petals 5, bifid or 2-cleft. Stamens 10, some times 5 or 4. Styles 5. Capsule cylindrical or roundish, opening at top by 10 tooth-like valves. Seeds numerous. Fls. white, in cymes. (Fig. 114.
Petals about as long as the caly.x. Plants hairy 1, 2
Petals much longer than the calyx. Plants hairy or downy 3, 4, 5
1 C. vulga'tum. Common M. Lvs. obovate. Sepals acute. Fls. at first crowded.
2 O. visco'sum. Sticky M. Hairs sticky. Leaves lance-ovate. Sepals obtuse.
8 C. arven'se. Field M. Lvs. linear. Kipe pods as long as the calyx. N. E.
4 C. oblongifolium. Leaves lance-obl. Pods longer than calyx. M.
3 C. nu'tans. Kodding M. Eipe pods curved, thrice longer than calyx. N W
5. MOLLU'GO. Carpet-weed.
Sepals 5. Petals 0. Stamens 3-5, opposite to the sepals. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. — © Low or prostrate herbs, with the leaves appearing whorled.
M. verticilla'ta. Stems slender, jointed, much branched, lying flat on the ground. At each joint stands a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves of unequal size, usually about 5 in number, and a few flowers, each solitary on its stalk, wiiich is shorter than the petioles. Flowers small, sepals white inside. In dry places. July-Sept.
Order XXII. PORTULACACE^. The Purselanes.
Tlerlys with thick, entire leaves, no stipules, and regular flowers ; flowers with 2 sepals, 5 petals, open only in the sunshine ; stamens opposite to the petals when of the same number, often more ; pistils several, with their ovaries united, free, or half-free, forming iu fruit a pyxis (§ 178) or a capsule.
Analysis of the Genera.
1[ Sepals five. Petals none. Fruit a pyxis. Stamens oo. Sta Purselane. Sesu'vicm.
t Sepals 2. Petals 5 a
a Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Spring Beauty. Clayto'ma. 1
a Stamens 8-30, on the torus. Pod 3-vulved. Tali'm-m.
a Stamens 8-30, on the calyx. Pyxis opening by a lid. Poktvla'cv. 2
170
THE FLORA.
1. CLAYTO'NIA. Spring Beauty.
Sepals 2, ovate. Petals 5, emarginate or obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Stigmas 3, on 1 long style. Capsule 3-valved, 2-o-seeded. — They are small, fleshy, if, early-flowering herbs, arising from a small tuber.
1 C. Carolinia''na. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Sepals and petals obtuse.
2 C. Virgin'ica. Leaves linear or lance-linear. Sepals acute, petals obovate.
2. PORTULA'CA. Purselanes.
Sepals 2. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 8-20. Styles 3-6. Pyxis lid opening oft" near the middle. — ^Low and fleshy herbs.
1 P. olera'cea. Common P. Leaves thick, wedge-shaped. Stem fleshy, reddish,
prostrate. Flowers sessile, small, yellow. A common weed. Summer.
2 P. grandifio''ra. Great P. Leaves cvlindric and fleshy. Stems ascending. Fls.
large, red or scarlet. Cultivated. June.
Order XXIY. MALYACEJE. The Mallows.
Herbs, shrtil/s, or tj^ees, with alternate, stipulate, divided leaves, with the flowers showy, axillary, regular, often with an involucel at the base ; 5 sepals valvate and the 5 petals convolute in the bud, hypogynous ; stamens indefinite and monadelphous, the anthers splitting across ; carpels several, united into a ring or forming a several-celled capsule , seeds with a curved embryo in a little albumen.
Fig. 411. Hibiscns Trionnm (Flower-of-an-hour); 2, cross-section of the flower, showing the arrangement of its parts; 3, cross-section of the 5-celled capsule; 4, capsule open by its five valves; 5, Malva sylvestris; 6, its fruit, consisting of 10 carpels arranged ia a circle ; 7, section of one of the carpels, showing the curved embryo.
Okder 24.— the mallows.
177
Analysis of the Genera.
% Calyx naked, i. e., having no involucel b
§ Calyx furnished with an involucel as if a second calyx.
2 Pistils and carpels more than 5 a
2 Pistils and carpels 5 only, each 1-seeded c
2 Pistils and carpels 5 or 3, each 3-oo-seeded d
a Involucel of G-9 bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. a Involucel of 3 united bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. a Involticel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. a Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 2-seeded.
b Flowers dioecious. Stigmas 10, linear.
b Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or more, 1-seeded.
b Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or many, 3-9-seeded. c Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, baccate, united. c Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, dry, distinct. c Stigmas 5. Carpels 5, dry, united into a pod.
d Involucel of many bractlets. Calyx regular.
.2
Marsh M. Althaea.
Tree M. Lavate'ra.
Mallow. Malva.
Basket M. Modi'ola.
Napoea. Napji^a.
Sida. Sida.
Indian M. Abu'tilox.
Glue M. Malvavis'cus.
Peacock M. Pavoxia.
Marsh M. Kostelets'kva.
Hibiscus. HlBIS^CUS.
d Involucel of many bractlets. Calyx split on one d Involucel of 3 incisely-toothed bractlets.
lidc.
Okra. Abelmos'chus. Cotton. Gossyp'iuM.
1. ALTn^'A. Hollyhock, &o.
Calyx surrounded at base by a 6-9-cIeft involucel. Carpels oo, 1-seed- ed, not opening, arranged circularly around the axis.
1 A officina'lis. Marsh M. Lvs. downy, entire or 3-lobed. Fls. rose-col., stalked.
2 A. rosea. Hullyhock. Leaves rough-hairy, roundish, 5-7-lobed. Flowers sessile.
3 A. ficifo'lia. Fig-leaved IIol. Lvs. hairy, deeply 7-parted. Fls. orange colored.
2. MAL'VA. Mallows.
Calyx 5-clcft, with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Carpels and styles numerous. Fruit cheese-form, separating when ripe into many 1-seeded pieces, arranged circularly.
* Flowers white or rose-colored 1, 2, 3
* Flowers deep red or purple 4, 5, 6
1 M. rotundifo^lia. Cheese M. Stem prostrate. Lvs. round-cordate. Fls. small.
2 M. crispa. Crisp M. Stem erect, tall. Lvs. abundantly crisped and curled, t
3 M. moscha'ta. Musk M. Sts. ascend. Lvs. deeply 5-part. Fls. large, showy, f
4 M. sylves'tris. Wood M. Lvs. roundish, lobcd. Petals obcordate. f) M. triangvda'ta. Lvs. triangular-ovate. Petals wcdge-obovate. N.-W. 6 M. papaver. B>ppy M. Lvs. palmately parted. Petals erose. Stalks very long. S.-W.
8»
178
THE FLORA.
3. HIBIS'CUS. Hibiscus. Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded by a many-leaved involucel. Styles united, stigmas 5, distinct. Fruit a 5-celled, 5-mauy-seeded capsule. Flowers large, often nearly a foot broad.
§ Calyx, &c., hispid. Leaves palmately divided 1,2
§ Calyx, &c., velvet-downy. Leaves undivided, angularly lobed. . . .3, 4
§ Calyx, &c., glabrous, i. e,, smooth a
a Leaves deeply lobed or parted 5, 6
a Leaves undivided or slightly lobed 7, 8
1 H. aculea^tus. Prickly H. Bractlets of involucel forked. Fls. sulph-yellow.
2 H. Trio'num. Flower-of-an-hour. Bractlets entire. Fls. chlorine-yellow, c.
3 H. Moscheu^tos. Marsh H. Lv
Rose-red. c.
4 H. grandiflo'rus. Giant II. Leaves cordate, lower 8-lobcd.
pointed, p-r. S.
5 H. milita'ris. Sivord H. Lvs. hastately 3-lobed. Flowers tubular-bell-shaped,
Hesh-eolor. W.
6 H. cocci'mus. Scarlet H. Lvs. palmately 5-parted. Cor. expanding, carmine-red. S
7 H. Carolinia'nus. Lost J I. Heib. Lvs. cordate. Fls. purple. Very rare. S.
8 H. S3rri'acus. TrecH. Tree 8-15f lugli. Lvs. wedge -ovate, w. p. t
S. t
ovate, toothed. Sepals abruptly pointed.
Sepals gradually
Order XXX. LINAGES. The Flaxworts.
Fig. 41S. Common Flax. Fl^. 419. Plan, showing the posi tlons of the parts of the flower, the imbricated sepals, the con torted sepals, the 5 stamens, and the 5 carpels. Fig. 420. Crim- son Flax.
OnDETi 31.— GEKANIA. 179
Flerhs \yitli entire, simiile leaves and no stipules; with lowers regular, symmetrical, perfect, aud 5-parted ; calyx imbricate, and corollu convolute in the bud; stamens and styles each 5; capsule with 5 double-cells, 10-seeded. Our only gmius is
Ll'NUM. Flax.
The character is sufficiently indicated in the Order. The long, tough fibres of tlie bark constitute the linen of commerce.
§ Flowers bhie or red, large (1' broad), Nos. 1-3
§ Flowers yellow. Leaves linear. Sepals ciliate 4,5
§ Flowers yellow, Lt'aves lanceolate. Sepals entire 6-8
1 L. usitatis'simum. Commim F. Flowers blue, in a sort of corymb. Leaves
lance-linear, acute. The seed yields linseed oil. Fields.
2 L. peren'ne. Perennial F. Flowers blue, axillary and terminal. Leaves lin-
ear, acute, scattered. Gardens.
3 L. grandiflo'rum. Crimson F. Flowers crimson, axillary. Leaves lancc-clliptic,
acute, sessile. Gardens. 4 L. rig'idum. Rigid F. Sepals longer than the globular pod. Styles united at base, o L. simplex. Simple F. Sepals shorter than ovate pod. Styles distinct. S.-W.
6 L. Virginia 'num. Stems and branches erect. Flowers Q" broad, c.
7 L. difTu'sum. Stems, branches, leaves diffuse. Flowers 1" broad. W.
8 L. trig'ynum. Three-styled F. Flowers large (1'') with 3 styles, t
Order XXXI. GERANIA'CEJE. Gerania.
Herhs or shrubby plants with the lower leaves opposite ; with the flowers regular or irregular, terminal or opposite the leaves ; with the se2:>als 5, persistent, and petals 5, clawed, twisted in the bud ; the stamens 10, monadelphous, and instils 5, united; the carpels in fruit separating and bending upwards on the elastic style, each with one seed. Albumen 0.
Analysis of the Genera.
( Stamens 10, all of them perfect Gera'mvm. 1
( regular. ( Stamens 5 perfect, 5 imperfect Euo'dium.
Corolla ' irregular. Stamens 7 perfect, 3 imperfect Pelargo'kivm.
GERA'NIUM.
Sepals and petals 5, regular. Stamens 10, all perfect. Fruit beaked,
180
THE FLORA.
at last separating into 5, long-styled, 1 -seeded carpels. Styles smooth in- side, fijjally curling from the base upward, but still adhering at top ip the axis. — Herbs with forked stems, jnucli divided leaves. Flowers mostly purple.
Petu^s entire, twice as long as the
awned sepals 1, 2
Petals notched or 2-lobed, short.
Leaves palmatelj 5-7-lobed. Pods
hairy 0 3,4
1 G. macula'tum. Sj)&ttfd G. Erect. Lvs.
palmately 3-5-parted. Flowers large (1' broad), showy. Sepals mucro- nate. ^j)7'lnr/. c.
2 G. Robertia'num. Herb Rohert. Dif-
use, weak. Lvs. primately 3-parted to the base. Flowers small (7''' broad). Sepals muoronato. June.
3 G. pusillum. Dwarf G. Diffuse.
Sepals veiiiless. Leaves parted into 5-7 linear lobes, lobes 3-cIeft. Fields and hills. July.
4 Gr. Carolinia'num. Stems diffuse. Se-
pals with an awn, Lvs. parted into 5 wedge-oblong, many-cleft lobes. Fields. July.
Fig. 421. Herb Robert, leaves, flowers, and its elastic stylo; 4, cross-section of a seed, space ; 2, the 10 stamens.
fruit; 3, fruit enlarged, sliowing one carpel on showing the large embryo filling the whole
Observation.— T\\Q pupil will perceive by the table above, that the parlor "gera- niums" belong to the genus Felargo' nium.
Order XXXII. OXALIDACE.E. Wood Sorrels.
Low herbs with a sour juice, and alternate, compound leaves ; with flowers regular and symmetrical, 5-sepaled and 5-petaled ;
Order 34.— THE JEWEL-WEEDS.
181
stamens 10, monadelphous, hypogynons, the alternate ones longest; carpels 5, united and forming in fruit a 5-celled pod ; seeds albuminous.
OX' ALTS. Wood Sorrel.
Sepals 5, distinct or united at base, persistent. Petals much longer than the sepals. Stamens united at the base. Styles 5. Capsule roundish or pod-shaped, cells several-seed- ed. Herbs mostly y, with trifoliate leaves.
1 O. Acetosel''la. Wood Sorrel. Fls.
■white, with purple veins. Phmt acaulescent, arising from a creeping root-stock, c. N. Ju.
2 O. viola'cea, Violet W. Flowers
violet-purple. Plant acaules- cent, arising from a scaly bulb. Scape with an umbel. May. 8 O. stricta. Yelloio W. Flowers yellow. Plant with leafy stems, weak, branched. Flowers um- belled. Grows everywhere. 425
Fig. 425. Oxalis Acetosella, In the plan of the flower, o, the 5 carpels in the centre! «, the 10 stamens in two rows; p, the 5 petals; c, the 5 sepals. Fig. 426. The ripe pod.
Order XXXIY. BALSAMINACE^. The Jewel-weeds.
Eerls annual, with a fleshy stem, watery juice, and simple leaves; flowers very irregular and unsymmetrical ; calyx spurred; stamens 5, on the torus ; pod bursting by 5 elastic valves.
IMPA'TIENS. Touch-me-uot.
L Sepals colored, apparently but 4 (the 2 upper being united), the lowest
(y) enlarged into a sac tipped with a bent spur. Petals 4, united into 2 double ones (j?, p). Stamens 5 short, the anthers united over the pistil.
1S2
THE FLORA.
Fruit a pod of 5 strong elastic valves which break and coil at the slightest touch when ripe, scatter- ing the seeds. Stem ten- der, thickened at the nodes. Leaves alternate.
1 I. pal'lida. Pale Jewel-ioeed.
Lvs. oblong-ovate. Fls. pale yellow, sparingly dotted, with a very short, recurved spur.
2 I. fulva. Tawny Jewel-tveed.
Leaves rhombic-ovate. Flowers deep orange,
thickly spotted, with a long clor^e-reflexed spur. 8 I. Balsami'na. Balsamive. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers white, crimson, scarlet, flesh-colored, &c. t
Fig. 42S. Flower of the Pale Jewel-weed. Fig. 429. Its parts displayed : s, s, s, y, the four sepals, the latter spur- red ; j9, ^, the 2 petals, each double.
,-ery large and showy,
Order XL. ACERACEJE. The Maples.
Trees or shriibs with opposite, usually simple palmate-veined leaves ; the flowers often imperfect, with the 5 sepals imbricated in the bud, and the petals 5, hjpogynous, sometimes 0 ; the stamens mostly 8, and the fruit a double samara, with two opposite wings, 2-seeded.
Analysis of the Genera.
Leaves simple, palmate-veined. Very common. Leaves compound, odd-pinnate. Leaflets 3-5, toothed.
1. ACER. Maple. Calyx of 5 united sepals, 5-lobed. Petals 5 or 0,
Maple. Acer. 1 Box-Elder. Negundo.
6-8. Leaves simple, palmate-lobed.
Styles 2. Stamens Flowers mostly polygamous.
§ Pedicels short, in side clusters, flowering before the leaves. Trees. . . .1, 2
§ Pedicels long, slender, drooping, flowering with the lvs. Large trees 3,4
§ Pedicels in racemes, flowering after the leaves 5-7
I A. dasycar'pum. White M. Leaves deeply lobed, square at base, silver-whito beneath. Ovaries downy. Fruit very large. Petals 0. Tree 50f.
Order 40.— THE MAPLES.
183
Fig. 430. Red Maple (^Acer rubrum), a leaf and several saraara. Fig. 431. Sugar Maple {Acer sacchariiium), leaf, flowers, and fruit
2 A. rubrum. Red If. Swamp M. Loaves lobed, cordate at base, paler beneath. Petals linear-oblong'. Ovaries and fruit smooth. 40 to lOOf. Flowers red.
3 A. sacchari'num. Bock M. Sugar M. Leaves cordate, 5-lobed, with deep,
rounded openings between. Bark light gray. g-y.
4 A. ni'grum. Black Af. Sugar-tree. Leaves cordate, with the sinus closed,
roundish, with 3 broad, shallow lobes. Bark dark gray. y.
5 A. spicatum. Mountain-Bush M. Eacemes erect, thyrse-like. Shrub 10-15f.
high, in clumps. Bark gray. Leaves 3-5-lobed. g.
6 A. Pennsylvan'icum. Striped M. W histle-ivood. Eacemes drooping. Tree small,
with striped bark (green and black). Leaves 3-lobed. g.
7 A. Pseudo-Plat 'anus. Si/camore M. Eacemes long, drooping. A large tree, in
parks. Leaves 5-lobed, broad, rounded. Flowers grcL-n.
I
181
THE FLORA
Order XLI. SAPINDACEJS. Indian Soapworts.
Plants of various habit, mostly with uusymmetrical flowers; 8ej>als and j>etals both imbricated in the bud ; stamens 5 to 10, inserted on a thick disk under the ovary ; '^ruit usually colored and showy, lobed, 1 or few-seeded.
The Order includes the foUowino: three Tribes.
§ 1.
The Buckeye Tribe.
a Petals unequal. Stamens 7.
Analysis of the Genera.
Leaves opposite, carpels 2-ovaled....a
Leaves digitate. BucJceye. uEs'culus.
The Soapberry Tribe. Leaves alternate. Carpels 1-ovuled b
b Trees, with pinnate-leaves and fruit with soapy pulp, covering a
large seed. Stamens 8-10. South. Soapwort. Sapin'dus.
b Herbs climbing with tendrils. Leaves biternate. Fruit a large,
inflated, 3-carpeled pod. Balloon-vine. Cardiosper'mdm.
^ 3. The Bladder-nut Tribe. Leaves opposite, pinnate.
Staphyle'a. 2
^JD^
Fig 434. Braiichlet of Bladder-nut, with 2 tornate leaves and a hanging cyme. 435. The stamens and pistil enlarged. 436. A. flower of Ohio Buckeye.
1. ^S'CULUS. Buckeye.
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 4 or 5 unequal petals. Stamens 7, distinct, unequal. Style filiform. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, bu only 1 of the 6 ovules grows, becoming a large seed. Flowers in terminal panicles.
0RDE15 45.- THE MILKWORTS.
185
§ Fruit covered with prickles. Tctalrt 4 or 5, spreading 1,2
§ Fruit smooth. Petals 4, erect, 2 of tlicm clawed 3-5
1 JE. Hippocasta'neum. J/orae Chestnut. Leaves of 7, obovate leaflets. Petals 5.
Fruit prickly. Panicles large, handsome. +
2 SI. glabra. Ohio Buckeye. Leaflets 5, oval or oblong. Petals 4. Tree ill-
seented. Flowers yellowish. Seed mahogany-color. "W. 8 .E. fla'va. Big Buckeye. A large tree, with pale-yellow flowers. Leaflets 5-7
Petals very unequal, longer than Btamens. W. 4 2B. Fa'via. Eed-Jlvwered B. Shrub 3-lOf. Fls. large, red, in thyrse-lise racemes.
Very handsome. S. t 6 iE. parviflo'ra. White B. Shrub 2-3f. Petals 4, somewhat alike, spreading,
thrice shorter than the stamens. S.
2. STAPHYLE'A. Bladder-nut Flowers perfect. Sepals 5, colored like the 5 petals. Stamens 5. Styles 8. Capsules 2 or 3, with thin, inflated walls. — Shrubs. 1 S. trifo'lia. Ternate B. A handsome shrub, 6-8f. high. Leaves ternate, leaflets ovate. Eacemes pendulous. Petals
ciliate below. Fruit very large, 3- celled, inflated like a bladder.
Order XLY. POLYGALA- CEJE. The Milkworts.
Plants without stipules, bearing verj
'wTQ^lav flowers ; stamens 4-8, diadelphous; anthers opening at the top, 1 -celled ; fruit a flattened, 2-celled, 2-seeded
capsule, free from the calyx.
Fig. 437. Polygala polygama: o, the raiiical flowers; 8, P. paucifolia; f, the crest on tlie lower petal ; 9, tho stamens in 2 sets, and the style seen beneath tho hooded lower i)etal.
Fig. 440. The ovary and the style: 1, seed of P. sanguinea, with its 2-lobed caruncle; 2, seed of P. Nuttallii.
POLYG'ALA. MUkwort.
Sepals 5, persistent, 2 of thorn (wings) wing-shaped and colored.
186 THE FLORA.
Petals 3, the lower one boat-shaped, and often tipped with a crest. Sta- mens united bj the filaments into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the claws of the petals. Fruit a small 2-celled, 2-seeded capsule, flattened on the sides and notched on the top. Seeds with an appendage at one end. — Low, bitter herbs (sometimes shrubs), with simple entire leaves, sometimes bearing underground flowers. {Fig. 437, a.)
* Leaves all alternate and scattered a
* Leaves whorled, at least the lower ones e
a Flowers purple, or reddish, or white b
a Flowers yellow or yellowish green d
b Flowers solitary or in racemes, purple Nos. 1-3
b Flowers in spikes which are oblong or slender.. . .c
c Leaves lanceolate, large, pointed at each end.... 4
c Leaves linear, 1 to 2'^ wide 5-7
c Leaves awl-shaped or bristle-shaped.. ..8-10 d Spikes solitary, large, thick. Biennial. .. .11, 12 d Spikes numerous, corymbous, small. Biennial. .. .13, 14
e Spikes acute, slender 15, 16
e Spikes obtuse, thick 17, 18
1 F. paucifo'lia Showy M. Fls. 2 or 3, large (root fls. small). Lvs. ovate. (Fi^. 438.)
2 P. grandiflo'ra. Fls. racemed, crestless. Lvs. lance-ovate. S.
3 P. polyg'ama. Flowers racemed, crested. Lvs. linear-oblong. {Fig. 437.)
4 P. Sen'ega. Seneca Snake-root. Fls. white, in slender spikes. Stem If. high.
5 P. sanguin'ea. Bloody M. Spikes oblong, obtuse, dense. Wings sessile,
6 P. fastigia^ta. Roofed M. Spikes roundish, loose-flowered. Wings clawed.
7 P. Nuttal'lii. NuttalVs M. Spikes roundish, acute, dense. Wings elliptic.
8 P. incarna'ta. Flesh- colored M. Lvs. few, subulate. Pet. much longer than calyx.
9 P. seta'cea. Nalced M. Leaves very minute. Petals longer than calyx. S.
10 P. Chapman^ii. Chapmau^s M. Lvs. subulate. Calyx long as petals. S.
11 P. lu'tea. Yellow M. Tall (8-120, with orange-yellow flowers. M. S.
12 P. na'na. Dwarf M. Low (3-5''), with greenish-yellow flowers. S.
13 P. cymo'sa. Cyme-flowered M. Lvs. mostly cauline. Seed not bracted. S.
14 P. ramo'sa. Branching M. Lvs. mostly radical. Seed bracted. S.
15 P. verticilla'ta. Whorled M. Lvs. linear. Wings roundish. Fls. greenish. W.
16 P. Boykin'ii. Bcykin's M. Lvs. lance-obovate. Wings round-obovate. S.
17 P. crucia'ta. Cross M. Spikes obtuse, thick, sessile. Wings pointed.
18 P. brevifo'lia. Short leaved M. Spikes obtuse, loose, stalked. AViiigs acute.
Order XLYI. LEGUMINOSJ^. Leguminous Plants.
Plants with alternate, mostly compound stipulate leaves, with
i-o sepah ; 5 j^^tals, more or less papilionaceous, sometimes regular;
OnDER 40.— LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.
187
about 10 stajnens, monadelplious, ditidelplious, or distinct; a single, simple 2^istil, producing a legume in fruit, and with no albumen in the seeds.
445
Fig. 443. Flower of the Pea. Fig. 444. Its petals displayed; v, the banner; c, c, the 2 keel petals. Fig. 445. A legume (pea-pod).
the wings,
Analysis of the Genera.
% Flowers papilionaceous (§ 89). Upper petal (banner) covering the rest in bud. . .2
§ Flowers nearly regular, or upper petal covered by the rest in bud t
§ Flowers regular, in dense heads. Petals valvate in bud. Leaves bipepoate n
2 Stamens 10, all distinct s
2 Stamens 10, all or 9 united 3
3 Leaves cirrhous {Fig. 96), the rachis ending with a tendril. . .r
3 Leaves not cirrhous 4
4 Pod a loment (§ ISO), i. e., jointed between the seeds . . .6
4 Pod a legume, 1, 2, or oo seeded, not in joints 5
5 Erect (or if prostrate, with palmatcly 3-foliute leaves) 7
5 Trailing or twining vines, leaves pinnately compound. . . .9
6 Flowers yellow q
6 Flowers cyanic (not yellow) p
7 Leaves simple, with yellow flowers o
7 Leaves palmately o-15-foliate (rarely simple) . .u
7 Leaves palmately 3-foliate m
7 Leaves pinnately 3-foliate k
7 Leaves pinnate with no odd leaflet, 15-25 pairs. ..h 7 Leaves pinnate with au odd leaflet. . . .8
183 THE FLORA.
8 Leaflets dotted with dark glands g
8 Leaflets not dotted. Herbs f
8 Leaflets not dotted. Shrubs or trees.. . .e 9 Leaves pinnately 5-15-foliate. . , .d
9 Leaves pinnately 3-(rarely 1-) foliate. Flowers yellow.... o 9 Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Flowers cyanic. . . . 10 10 Calyx 4-toothed or entire . . . .b
10 Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft a
a Keel with the stamens and style spirally coiled. Bean. Phase'olus. 1
a Keel obtuse, on short claws. Fis. very large, blue. S. Blue Banner. Centrose'ma.
a Keel acute, on long claws. Fls. very large, roseate. Butterjly Pea. Clito'ria.
b Calyx 4-clefc, supported by 2 bractlets. Fls. purple. Milk-vine. Galag'tia.
b Calyx 4-toothed, with 2 bractlets. Fls. purple. Sds. flattened. Dol''ichos.
b Calyx 4-toothed, without bractlets. Fls. pale p. Hog-Peanut. A.u'pniCh.nvM.' k.
b Calyx entire. Flowers and seeds scarlet. S. Bed Bean. Erythri''na.
c Legumes 5-seeded. S. Vio''na.
c Legumes 1-2-seeded. S. Ehynco''sia.
d Herbs. Keel (straight in Galactia, 2) spirally twisted. Pea-vine. Apios. 2
d Shrubs. Keel curved. Fls. bli;*, in hanging racemes, t Wista'ria.
e Flowers white or red, in racemes. Locust. Kobin'ia. 3
e Flowers yellow, few in a cluster. Pods inflated. Bladder Senna. Colu'tea.
f Pod 2-celled lengthwise, turgid. Milh Vetcli. Astrag'altjs.
f Pod half-2-celled lengthwise. Bastard Vetch. Phaoa.
f Pod 1-celled. Style hairy outer side. GoaVs Rue. Tephro'sia.
f Pod 1-celled. Style not hairy at all. S. Indigo. Indigo'fera.
g Shrubs. Fls. spicate, only 1 petal (the banner). W.S. Lead Plant. Amor'pha.
g Herbs. Flowers with 10 stamens, bluish, spicate. W. Da'lea.
g Herbs. Flowers with 5 stamens, white or red, capitate. W. Petaloste'mon.
h Pod 1-2-seeded, valves double. Tall, with yellow flowers. S. Glotid''ium.
h Pod many-seeded, very long. Tall, with yellowish flowers. S. Sesba'nia.
k Pod few-seeded. Flowers scarlet in Erythri'na.
k Pod few-seeded. Flowers white or yellow. Melilot. Melilo'tus. 4
k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers yellow. Leaves resinous-dotted in Ehtncosia.
k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers cyanic. Leaves dark-dotted. Psora'lea.
k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers cyanic. Leaves not dotted. Melilot. Melilo'tus. 4
m Herbs with curved or spiral pods. Medic. Medica^go.
xn Herbs with small 1-4-seeded pods not coiled. Clover. Trifo'lium. 5
xn Tree with yellow flowers in hanging racemes, t Golden Chain. Labur'num.
n Stamens all united. Calyx 2-lipped. Lupine. Lupi'nus. 6
n Stamens all but 1 united. Calyx bill-shaped. Psora 'lea.
o Shrubby. Keel oblong, straight. Scotch Broom. Genis'ta.
o Herbs. Keel curved, acuminate. Rattle Pod. Crotala'bia.
P Leaves pinnate, 5-21-foliate. Umbels stalked. Cobonil'la.
p Leaves pinnate, 5-21-foliate. Eacemes stalked. Vt. Hedys'arum.
Order 46.— LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.
1S9
p Lvs. pinn'ly 3-fol., stipellate. Pod 3-7-jointed. Tick Trefuil. Desmo'dium.
p Lvs. pinn'ly 3-fol. Stipcls none. Pod 1-jointed. Biuh Trefoil. Lespede''za,
q Leaves palmately 4-foliate. Stamens all united. Zou'nia.
q Loaves pinnate, 7-49- foliate. Stamens 9 united. iEscHYNOM^KXE.
Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Pod slender at base. Stylosan'thes.
Leaves pinnately 4-foliato. Pod ffibbous at base. Peanut. Ak'achis.
r Leaflets serrate. Pods 2-8ecded. Chick Pea. Cicek.
r Leaflets entire. Style grooved outside, hairy inside. Pea. Pisum.
r Leaflets entire. Style flattened, hairy most inside. Sweet Pea. LATn^YRUs.
r Leaflets entire. Style filiform, hairy most outside. Vetch. Vic'ia.
s Pod legume flat and thin, short-stiped. Lvs, pinnate. Tree. S.W. Cladas'tris. 8 Pod inflated, stipitate (stalked at base). Lvs. 1-3-foliate. Baptis'ia.
t Fls. perfect, purple, papilionaceous. Tree. Lvs. simple. Judas-tree. Cercis.
t Fls. perfect, yellow. Lvs. equally pinnate. Senna. Cassia.
t Fls. imperfect, green. Sta. 5. Trees thorny. Honey Locust. Gledits''chia.
t Fls. imp., greenish. St. 10. Trees unarmed. Ky. Coffee-tree. Gymnoc'ladus. u Pods flat, jointed between the seeds. Shrubby. Sensitive Plant. Mimo'sa. u Pods prickly, 4-sided, 4-valved. Sensitive Brier. Schran'kia.
u Pods smooth, turgid, filled with pulp. Tree. S. Sponge-tree. Vachel'lia. u Pods smooth, flat, dry. Petals distinct. Stara. 5-10. Herbs. Desman'thus. u Pods smooth, flat, dry. Petals united. Stam. 8-200. S. Julibrassin. Aca'cia.
10
1. PHASE'OLUS. Bean, &c.
Calyx 5-toothe(l or cleft, the 2 upper teeth half united. Keel in- cluding the stamens and style, and with them spirally coiled or twisted. Legume straight or curved, many- seeded. Seeds oblong, kidney- shaped. — Herbs twining or trailing. Leaves pinnately trifoliate, stipellate. June-Oct,
Native species, growing in fields and
woods... .a Exotic species, growing only by culti- vation b
a Flowers racemed. Pods curved . . .
Fig. 446. Section of flower of the Dean, showing the spirally coiled stamens and styles, the simple ovary, kc.
a Flowers 1 or few in a head.
b Stems climbing .5-7
b Stems erect, bushy 8
Pods straight. . .2-4
190 THE FLORA.
1 P. peren''nis. Peren7iialWild-hecin. Leaflets ovate, pointed. Eacemes in pairs. 4-7 f.jo.
2 P. diversifo''lius. Trailing W. Leaflets angular, 2-3-lobed. Peduncle longer
than leaf. c.
3 P. hel'volus. Long-stalked W. Leaflets lance-ovate, not lobed. Peduncle 3-4
times longer tlian the leaf. M. S.
4 P. pauciflo'rus. Faw-jUnvered W. Leaflets linear-oblong, hairy. Peduncle longer
than the leaf. W.
5 P. vTilga'ris. Common, Garden-bean. Leaflets ovate, pointed. Racemes solitary,
shorter than leaves.
6 P. multiflo^rus. Scarlet Pole-hean. Fls. scr.rlet, showy. Eoot tuberous. Pedicels opp. f
7 P. luna^tus. Lima B. Flovi-ers white. Lfts. ovate-deltoid, acute. Pods broad, large.
8 P. na'nus. Bush-lean. Erect, bushy. Leaves broad-ovate, acute, t
2. A'PIOS. Ground-nut.
Calyx bell-shaped, somewhat 2-lippetI, the 2 side teeth nearly obsolete, the lower tooth longest. Keel incurved and at length coiled against the very broad, reflexed banner. Ovary sheathed at base. — Twining, smooth herbs. 2f Root bearing eatable tubers. Leaves pinnately 5-7-foliate.
A. tubero'sa. Stem round, twining about other plants, 2-4f. in length. Leaflets mostly 7, narrow-ovate, more or less acuminate, on short stalks. Eaeeines axillary, solitary, dense-flowered, shorter than the leaves. Flowers dark pur- ple. The tubers on the root are oval, thick, and very nutritious. In thickets and shady woods. July., Aug.
3. ROBIN'IA. Locust.
Calyx short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the 2 upper divisions more or less united. Banner large, wings obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style bearded inside. Legume flattened, long, many-seeded. — Trees and shrubs with stipular spines. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers showy, in axiUary racemes. April., May.
R. visco'sa. Clammy Locust-tree. Eacemes rather compact, rose-white, erect.
Branchlets and stalks sticky. Leaflets ovate. In parks. Native South. R Pseudaca'cia. Common Locust-tree. Eacemes rather loose, drooping, white,
fragrant. Leaflets oblong-ovate, smooth, as well as the branchlets. R. his'pida. Ease Acacia. Shrub 4-9f. high, hispid, with clusters of large, purple
flowers. Leaflets 5 or 6 pairs, broadly oval.
4. MELILO'TUS. Melilot. Sweet Clover.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Keel petals completely united, shorter than die others. Of the 1 0 stamens 9 are united one separate. Pod 1 or few-
Order 46.— LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.
191
Leaves piiinately trifoliate.
seeded, longer than the permanent calyx. Flowers in racemes.
1 M. officina'lis. Yellow M. Leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, dentate. Calyx half
as long as the yellow corolla. Pod 2-seeded. Stem 3f.
2 M. alba. White M. Leaflets ovate-oblong, square at end. Calyx not half as long
as the white corolla. Pod 2-seedcd. Height d-fif. Very fragrant.
5. TRIFO'LIUM. Clover. Trefoil.
Calyx 5-cleft, with bristly teeth, persist- ent. Petals more or less united at the base, persistent and withering. Banner longer than the wings, which are also longer than the keel. Stamens 10, diadelphons (9 & 1). Legume short, membranous, often included in the calyx, 1-6-seeded, mostly indehis- cent. — Herbs with palmately trifoliate leaves. Leatlets straight-veined. Flowers in heads or spikes. Apr.-Sejji.
* Flowers yellow, in small, dense, oval heads.
Pod 1-seeded 1, 2
* Flowers cyanic (not yellow). . . .a
a Flowers on little stalks (pedicels) and
finally deflexed b
a Flowers nearly or quite sessile, never de- flexed c
b Heads small, on stalks some ten times longer 3, 4
b Heads large, on stalks two or three times longer 5, 6
c Calyx teeth feathery, longer than the whitish corolla 7
c Calyx teeth shorter than the purple or roseate corolla S-10.
1 T. procum'bens. Yelloio C. Stipules much shorter than the petioles. Style 3 or
4 times shortcrthan thepod. Heads ovate, 4 in. thick. Stems prostrate. May.
2 T. agra'rium. Larger Yellow C. Stipules longer than the petiole. Style about
as long as the pod. Heads oblong, i in. thick. Stems ascending. Jane^July.
3 T. Carolinia'num. Southern C. Stipules leaf-like. Calyx teeth thrice longer
than its tube. Legume 4-8eeded. Scarcely forms a turf. W. S.
4 T. repens. White C. Shamrock. Stipules narrow, scale-like. Calyx teeth
shorter than its tube. Pod 4-seeded. Forms a dense turf. Fls. white, e. T. reflexum. Bvffalo C. Lflts. obovate. Calyx nearly as long as the red corolla. 6 T. stolon: 'fe rum. Prairie C. Leaflets obcordate. Calyx not half as long as the white corolla. W,
453 O
Fig, 44". Red Clover,— a head of flowers. Fig. 44S. A single flower. Fig. 449. A pod, with a part of the calyx. Fig. 450. A sc-ed, cut open. See also Fig. 37.
192 THE FLORA.
7 T. arven'se. Jiahhit-foot G. Heads cylindrical, very hairy. Lfts. narrow obovate.
8 T. praten''3e. Rtd C. Leaflets spotted, oval. Heads roundish, sessile. Flowers
rose-red, or white, c. \ (Figs. 447-456.)
9 T. me'dium. Zigzag 0. Lfts. oblong. Heads roundish, stalked. Fls. deep purple, r.
10 T. incarna'tum. Rose Trefoil. Lfts. round-ovate. Heads oblong. Fls. rose-red. f
6. LUPI'NUS. Lupine.
Calyx deeply 2-lipped, upper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3-toothed. Wings united towards the top, keel acuminate. Stamens monadelphous, the filaments forming an entire sheath. Anthers alternately oblong and globose. Pod leathery and knotted. — Herbs, with leaves palmately 5-15- foliate, rarely simple.
1 L. peren'nis. Common L. Root creeping, perennial. Stem erect, l-2f. high,
hairy. Leaflets soft-downy, 7-11, oblanceolate, I5-2'' long, broadest above the middle. Flowers alternate, in an erect, terminal raceme, blue, varying to white. It is often called Sun-dial^ from the fact of its leaves turning to face the sun from morning till night. — Several other species are cultivated in gardens. May, June. (Fig. 66.)
2 L. villo''sus. Mullein L. Stem erect, l-2f., terminating in a showy raceme. Leaves
simple, clothed in a dense coat of silky wool as well as the stem. S.
7. LESPEDE'ZA. Bush Clover.
Calyx 5-parted, with 2 bractlets at base, the sepals nearly equal. Keel very obtuse, on slender claws. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume lens-sliaped, small, flattened, unarmed, one-seeded, not opening. — % Leaves pinnately trifoliate. Flowering in Ang..^ Sept.
T[ Flowers in dense spikes, whitish, with a purple spot on the banner 1, 2
TI Fls. racemed, &c., violet or purple. Some of the fl*. with no corolla.. . .a
a Stem prostrate, trailing, difl'use. Leaflets oval 3
a Stem erect and mostly branched, l-3f. high.. . .4, 5
1 L. capita''ta. Head B. Leaflets elliptical, silky. Spikes shorter than leaves.
Stem nearly simple, 2-4f.
2 L. hirta. Hairy £. Leaflets roundish-oval. Spikes longer than leaves.
Stem branching, very hairy. 8 L. repens. Creeping B. Downy more or less, except the upper side of the leaves, which is always smooth. Stems slender, many.
4 L. viola''cea. Violet B. Smoothish. Leaflets oval, varying to :)blong and linear
obtuse, mucronate. Corolla Z-i" long. Varies greatly.
5 L. SteuM. Plant velvety or downy. Lfts. round'sh-obovate. Variable.
Order 46.— LEQUMINOUS PLANTS.
193
'^
8. PrSUA[. Pea.
Calyx divisions leaf-like, 2 upper shortest. Banner large, reflexed. Stamens 10, diadelplious (9 & 1). Style flattened, keel-shaped, bearded on the upper side. Legume oblong, tumid. Seeds globose. — Climbing herbs. Leaves pinnate, end- ing with a branching tendril.
P. sati'vum. Common Garden Pea. Leaflets usually 4, ovate, entire. Stipules rather larger than tlie leaf- lets (2-3'' long), ovate, half- cordate at base. Flow- ers 2 or more on axillary peduncles, large, white. Pods 2 or 3'' long, 5-9-seeded. A very valuable leguminous plant, all over smooth and glaucous. There are many varieties. June. (Also, Fig. 443.)
9. BAPTIS'IA. Wild Indigo.
Calyx 4-5-cleft half way. Petals of about equal length, somewhat united. Banner roundish, notched at the end. Stamens 10, distinct, decid- uous. Pod inflated, many-seeded, raised on a stalk in the persistent calyx. — u Large herbs with leaves palmately 3-foliate or simple. Flowers in racemes, mostly oblong, broadest above. A2)7\-Sept.
§ Leaves simple. Flowers yellow. (3 species far South, omitted.) § Leaves 3-foliate ... .a Flowers blue, in a few long racemes ... .1 a Flowers white, in a few long racemes. . . .b a Flowers yellow, solitary, or in short racemes.... c
b Stipules leaf-like, longer than the petioles 2, 3
b Stipules much shorter, or not longer than the petioles 4, 5
c Flower-stalks not longer than the calyx 6, 7
c Flowcr-.^talks much longer than the calyx. S. Omitted. 1 B. austra'lis. Austral W. Smooth. Lfts, obovate or oblong. Fls. large. \V. S. i
2 B. leucophoe'a. Whitish IV. Stipules large, ovate. Kacemes nodding. W.
3 B. villo'sa. Wooll// IV. Stipules small, lance-linear. Racemes erect. S.
4 B. leucantha. Stipules lancc-lincar, about as long as petioles. W. S. f
5 B. alba. Stipules and bracts minute, early falling off. S.
G B. lanceola'ta. Leaflets narrow-elliptic. Flowers axillary. S.
7 B. tincto'ria. Leaflets siiiiiU. round-obovate. Kacemes terminal. Common.
Fii'. 451. Con s, the large 8ti|iiili-s; p, tlie pod; / the (lower; t, tbe tendrils on tlie end of the- li^af.
Leaflets
19^
THE FLORA.
10. OAS'SIA. Senna. Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, nearly equal. Petals 5, unequal, but not papilionaceous. Stamens 10, distinct, 3 upper anthers often sterile, 3 lower ones beaked. Legume long, many-seeded. — Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate, mostly with a gland on the petiole. Flowers yellow. July^ Aug.
1 Racemes axillary. 3 of the anthers imperfect, 7 of them perfect 1,3
T[ R acemes above the axils. Anthers all perfect. Stem l-2f. high 4, 5
1 C. obtusifo'lia. Blunt S. Leaflets 4-6, obtuse. Stem l-3f. high. S.
2 C. occidenta'lis. Western. S. Leaflets 6-12, acute. Stem 4-6f. liigh. S.
3 C. Marilan'dica. American S. Leaflets 12-18, mucronate. Stems of. high.
4 C. Chamaecris'ta. Sensitive Pea. Anthers 10, unlike. Fls. large. Lfts. 16-24.
5 C. nic'titans. Sensitive S. Anthers 5, alike. Fis. small. Leaflets 12-30.
Order XLYII. ROSACEA. Roseworts.
Trees., sJiruhs, or Jierhs with stipules mostly, and alternate leaves; witli jiowers regular, commonly showy, perfect, and polyandrous ; with 5 sepals united at base, often supported by as many dractlets outside ; 5 petals (rarely 0), which are perigynous as well as the stamens ; 1-co 2yi8tils, which are distinct, or sometimes united and adhering to the calyx tube ; fruit various ; seeds with no albumen.
Order 47.— ROSEWORTS.
105
457
r,<"/P/
Fig. 4.V2. Flowers of the Gi eat lied Clierry : 5, section, fliowing tlie periirynor.s slaiiietis, tlie single ovary, &c. Fig. 453. Section (jf tlio cherry, showing the seed lying , In the stone and jmlp. Fig. 454. Section of the flower of Lady's-niantle (Class Book, p. 325), with the simple ovary, lateral style, Ac. Fig. 455. A flower of Strawberry. Fig. 456. A section of the same, showing the pcrigynous stamens, the many simple pistils on the large turns. Fig. 457. Section of a Hose, showing the many simple pistils sunk in the hollow toru.s, &c.
Analysis of the Genera.
% Flowers with 1 pistil and no petals. Herbs a
§ Flowers with 1 pistil and 5 petals. Shrubs or trees 2
§ Flowers with 2— oo pistils 3
2 Style lateral, i. «., arising from the side of the ovary o
2 Style terminal, i. c, arising from the top of the ovary c
3 Pistils (carpels) 2-5, all consolidated with the calyx. Fruit a pome....<l
3 PiBtils (carpels) 2-50, free, in an open or closed calyx 4
4 Carpels 1-seeded, achenia inclosed in the calyx tube....e 4 Carpels 1-sceded, achenia dry or pulpy in an open calyx.... 5
4 Carpels several-seeded, pods in an open calyx k
5 Styles persistent on the dry aclicnia f
5 Styles falling off with the rest of the flower 6
6 Calyx entirely bractlcss. Flowers never yellow, , ..g 6 Calyx with bractlets bcneatli it as if double.. ..h
a Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. Fls. scattered. LaJ yh-mantle. Alciiemil'la.
» Stamens 4. Style terminal. Fls, in dense spikes. ^«rne/. S.xnguisor'ba.
a Stamens od. Style terinin;d. Flowers in spikes. JBurnet. Pote^kiuk,
b Stamens about 20, Drupe 1-seeded. S. Cocoa Plum. CniiYsoBALA^NU.-?.
c Stone globular, smooth. Fruit not glaucous. Chen-y. CEK''ASfs. 1
c Stone flattened, smooth. Fruit glaucous or downy. Plum. Puu'nls.
c Stone roughened with pits and furrows. Fruit pulpy. Peach. Peis'sica.
c Stone roughened with pits and furrows. Fruit dry. Almond. Amyo'd.m.is. d Petals spat.-oblong. Pome with 5 dble.- cells. Shad-hush. AiUiLA.N'ciiiHi:. 2 d Petals roundish. Pome with bony, 1-sceded cells. Thorn. Cratje'oi's. d Petals roundish. Pome with thin, 2-seedod cells'. Apple. Pyris. 3
d Petals roundish. Pome with 5, many seeded colls. Quince. Cydo'nia. 4
106 THE FLORA.
e Carpels many, in the fleshy calyx. Flowers often double. Rose. Eosa. 5
e Carpels 2 only, in the dry, fluted, prickly calyx. Agrimony. Agrimo^nia.
f Petals and sepals 8 or 9. A small, rare plant on mountains Drtas.
f Petals and sepals 5. Achenia numerous. Avem. Geum. 6
g Sepals equal. Fruit a heap of pulpy achenia. Fls. cyanic. Bramble. Rubus. 7 g Sepals unequal. Stems creeping. Flowers white. False Violet. Dalibak'da. 8
h Torus small, dry. Flowers yellow. Bractlets minute or 0. Waldstei^nia. 9
h Torus small, dry. Fls. mostly yellow. Bractlets large.
Cinqxiefoil. Potentil'la. 10
h Torus becoming very large and juicy in fruit. Strawberry. Fraga'kia. 11
h Torus becoming large and spongy. Fls. purple. Lvs. pinnate. Com'arum. k Petals obovate, not yellow. Stamens very long. Steeple-bush. Spir^'a. 12
k Petals lance-linear, not yellow. Stamens very short. Indian Fliysic. Gille''nia. k Petals multiplied, orange-yellow. Pods 1-seeded. Shrubs.
Guelder Rose. Ker^eia.
1. CER'ASUS. Cherry.
Calyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous. Petals 5, much spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary with 2 ovules. Drupe globular, very smooth, destitute of a glaucous bloom. Stone also globular and smooth. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves folded in the bud. Flowers early, white. May. (Fig. 452.)
g Leaves evergreen, leathery, entire 1
§ Leaves deciduous, thin a
a Flowers in umbel-like clusters from side buds. Drupes red b
a Flowers in racemes leafy at base. Cherries black or blackish 2, 3
b Shrubs or trees growing wild, native 4, 5
b Trees cultivated, not native G, 7
1 C. Oarolinia'na. Cherry Laurel. Flowers in dense, shurt racemes. Fruit black, poisonous. Splendid in cultivation.
2 0. sero'tina. Wild Black C. Trees with lance-oblong, blunt-toothed leaves.
3 C. Virginia'na. Choke C. Shrubs with oval-obovate, slender-toothed leaves. 4 O. pum'ila. Sand C. Shrubs trailing, with lance-obovate, acute lvs. Fr. egg-shaped. 6 0. Pennsylvan''ica. Wild Red C. Trees. Lvs. oblpng-ovate, acuminate. Fr. roundish.
6 C. A'vium. Oxheart C Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, hairy beneath.
7 0. vulgaMs. Great Red C. Leaves lance-ovate, acute, narrowed to base.
2. AMELAN'CHIER. June-berry.
Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong-ovate and oblanceolate. Stamens sliort. Styles 5, somewhat united at base. Pome 5-celled, cells cartilaginous, each nearly divided into two 1-seeded divisions. — Small trees or shrubs with simple, serrate leaves, and white early flowers in racemes.
Okdeu 47.— ROSEWORTS. 197
A. Canaden'sis. Shad-berry. June-berry . A small tree or shrub found in woods, with a dark-grayish bark. Flowers large white, in racemes at the ends of the brandies, appearing in April and Alay, while the forests arc yet naked. Fruii round, purplish, well-flavored, ripe in June. The plant is very variable in size, and in the leaves, Ac.
3. PY'RUS. Pear. Apple.
Calyx urn-shaped, limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens 00. Style* 2-5. Pome fleshy or berry-like, containing 2-5 cartilaginous (thin ana elastic) carpels, each with 2 seeds. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple or pinnate. Flowers showy, white or rose-colored, in cyme-like umbels. J/iry, June.
% Leaves pinnate. Fruit as large as peas, scarlet when ripe. . . ,6, 7
§ Loaves simple a
a Wild shrubs, 5-8f. high. Flowers small, in compound clusters 5
a Trees wild or cultivated. Flowers large, in simple clusters b
b Flowers white. Pome bell-shaped, acute at base. . . .1
b Flowers rose-white. Pome with a pit at base 2-4
1 P. commu''nis. Pear. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Styles 5, distinct, t (Fig, 280.)
2 P. malus. Apple. Leaves ovate, not lobed, the veinlets incurved. (Fig. 183.)
3 P. corona'ria. American Crab. Leaves ovate, often lobed, cut-serrate, straight-
veined. (Fig. 454.)
4 P. angustifo'lia. Narroio-leaved C. Leaves lanceolate, scarcely veiny.
5 P. arbutifo'lia. Choke-berry. Leaves obovate or oval, with glands on mid-vein.
6 P. America'na. Mountain-Ash. Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, pointed.
7 P. Aucupa'ria. English M. Leaflets lance-ovate, acute. Fruit larger.
4. CYDO'NIA. Quince.
Calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Styles 5. Stamens many. Pome with 5 parchment-like cells, each with several seeds.— Shrubs. Leaves simple. Flowers solitary or few in a cluster.
1 0. vulgaMs. Common Quince. Leaves downy beneath, broadly ovate, acute, en-
tire, with small, half-ovate stipules. Flowers roseate, solitary terminal. Fruit large, obovate, highly esteemed in preserves, &c. (Fig. 1 )
2 C. Japon'ica. Japan Quince. Leaves glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, acute at each
end, serrulate. Stipules reniform. Flowers red, side clusters, opening early.
5. RO'SA. Rose.
Calyx tube urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the throat, limb 5-cleft the sepals generally with a little leaf at tip Petals 5 (greatly multipliec"
198 THE FLOKA.
by culture); aclienia 00, bonj, hispid, included in and attached to the in side of the fleshy calyx-tube.— Shrubby and prickly plants. Leaves un- e lually pinnate. Stipules attached to the petiole, or often free.
In the table, the first ten species are found growing wild in this country, and Bometimes also cultivated. The other species never grow wild here.
§ Styles growing together into an inserted column. Climbers h
§ Styles not cohering into a column a
a Stipules nearly free from the petiole and falling off g
a Stipules adhering to the petiole b
b Plant armed with curved or hooked prickles, erect d
b Plant armed witli straight prickles c
c Wild, native Hoses, 1-3 f, erect.... 5-7
c Cultivated exotics climbing (No. '20) or erect 21-23
d Leaflets glandular and fragrant beneath. . . .f
d Leaflets not at all glandular. Shrubs erect e
e Wild, native Rose, flowers single 8
e Cultivated exotics, mostly double-flowered 13, M
f Flowers single. Wild.... 9, 10
f Flowers double. Exotic, cultivated.. . .15-17 ■
g Leaflets 5-9. Flower-stalk enveloped in brncts 4
g Leaflets 3-5. Flower-stalk bractless, very smooth 2, 19
h Leaflets 3-5, mostly 3. Kative and cultivated 1
h Leaflets 5-9 k Stipules and sepals mostly entire 11^12
k Stipules fringed, sepals entire 3
k Stipules entire, sepals pinnatifid 18
1 R. setig^era. Michigan R. Flowers iii corymbs, rose- colored, changeable. W. f 2 R. l£eviga''ta. Cherokee E. Lfts. very smooth, ellip. Fls. solit., white. S. t 3 R. multiflo'ra. Japan B. Lfts. soft, wrinkled. Fls. corymbed, double. S. f 4 R. bractea''ta. Macartney R. Fls. solitary, with large bracts beneath it. S.-W. t
5 R. lu'cida. Shining R. Lfts. 5-9, elliptic, shining. Prickles few. Calyx hispid.
6 R. nit'ida. Wild R. Leaflets 5-9, narrow-lance, shining. Prickles numerous. '
7 R. blanda. Bland R. Lfts 5-7, oblong, dull. Prickles very lew. Calyx smooth.
8 R. Caroli'na. Swamp R. Stems 4-7 f. high. Flowers in corymbs. Dull green.
9 R. rubigino'sa. Sweet Brier. Sepals persistent. Some of the prickles awd-shaped.
10 R. micran''tha. Eglantine. Sepals deciduous. All the prickles hooked alike. Fls.
small.
11 R. sempervi''rens. Evergreen R. Prickles alike. Lfts. evergreen, leathery, f
12 R. arven'sis. Ayrshire R. Prickles unlike. Lfts. soft, deciduous. +
13 R, cinnamo''mea. Cinnamon R. Stipules broad, pointed, involute, wavy, f
14 R. cani'na. Bog R. Stipules broad, serrulate. Sepals fall off after flowering, t
15 R. centifc'lia. Cabbage R. Moss R. Sepals spread in flower, often very glandular, f
Okdj:u it.— ROSEWORTS. 109
16 R. damasce'na. Damask Ii. Montlily E. Sepals reflcxcd in flower. Flo\vc)-3
very double, t
17 R. alba. White R. Sepals piiinatifitl, spreading. Fls. coryinbcd, large, t 18 R. moscha'ta. Mash E. Leailcts lanceolate, pointed. Fls. panicled, large, white, t
19 B.. In' AicB.. Chinese Monthly. Bengal R. T:a Rose^d:c. Lfts. ovate, pointed, t 20 R Alpi'na. Boursaiilt R. Lfts. 5-11, obovate, sharp-serrate. Stipules narrow, t
21 R. eglante'ria. Fellow Rose. Lfts. broad-oval. Petals obcordate, fugacious, -f
22 R. Gal'lica. French R. Leaflets elliptical. Petals large, spreading, t
23 R. Pimpinellifo'lia. Burnet R. Lfts. small, roundish. Flowers small, t
6. GE'UM. Aveus.
Calyx 5-cleft, usually with o alternate bractlets outside. Petals 5. Stamens many, collected on a dry receptacle, and bearing the long, per- sistent style. — U Leaves pinnate or lyrate.
§ Style bent and jointed near the middle ... .a
§ Style straight and not jointed, wholly persistent. Kare plants G, 7
a Head of fruits quite sessile, with the styles finally hooked b, 1
a Head of fruits stalked in the calyx more or less. . . .4, 5
b Petals yellow, longer than the calyx 2, 3
1 G. Virginia'num. Petals white, as long as the calyx. Receptacle hairy. 2 G. macrophyl'lum. Mountain A. Lvs. ending with a very large roundish leaflet. 8 G. stric'tum. Yellow A. The end leaflet but little larger than the rest. Height 3-5f.
4 G. vemum. Head-stalk A. Petals yellow, small. Stalk as long as head. W.
5 G. livable. Water A. Whole flower dark purple, large, nodding.
6 G. triflo'rum. Bractlets longer than the calyx or jPu/p/wA petals. Fls. 3. W.
7 G. Peck'ii. Feck's A. Bractlets minute. Pet. yellow. Stem almost leafless. Mts.
7. RU'BUS. Bramble. Blackberries and Raspberries.
Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens oo . Ovaries many, becoming many pulpy, drupe-like achenia (grahis) united into a compound fruit. — Ilalf-shrubby plants with 2^ roots and 0 stems, armed with prickles. Flowers mostly white. In the Blackberries the pulpy receptacle constitutes a part of the fruit, but in the Easpberries it does not.
* Leaves simple, 3-5-lobcd. Flowers large 1-3
* Leaves compound, of 3-7 leaflets a
a Stems stout, upright, often recurved at top b
a Stems weak, trailing or prostrate 7
b The side leaflets stalked. Prickles strong, recurved 8
b The side leaflets sep^^ilc. Prickles weak, nearly straight.... 4
200 THE FLORA.
Ri(fipherries.
1 R. odora'tus. Roae F,oivtri/i(/, Petals round, purple. Stalks hairy-cIarnM> .
2 R. Nutka^nus. White-Jlowering. Petals broad-oval, white. Fls. several. JSf.-i»
3 R. Chamaemo'nis. Cloud-levry. Petals obovate, white. Flower only one. Mts.
4 Petals as long or longer than the calyx 5, 6
4 R. Idaeus. Garden Ras])herry. Petals shorter than the calyx.
5 R. strigo''sus. Wild Bed Raspherry. Corolla cnp-shaped, single.
6 R. rosaefo'lius. Bridal Rose. Corolla spreading, double. Cultivated.
7 Stems prickly, shrubby, biennial. Fruit of many grains 11
7 R. triflo''rus. Stems entirely unarmed, green, © Fruit of few grain?. 8 R. occidenta'lis. Thhnhle-herry . PI. glaucous. Petals shorter than sepals. Fr. dark,
8 Plants not glaucous. Petals much longer than the sepals 9, 10
Blackberries.
9 R. villo'sus. High Blackberry. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets ovate.
10 R. cuneifo'lius. Sand Bl. Fls. 1-3 together. Lfts. wedge-obovate. M. S. 11 Prickles many. Flower-stalks without leaves or bracts 12, 13
11 R. Canaden'sis. Dewherry. Prickles few. Flower-stalks with leafy bracts.
12 R. his'pidus. Hispid^ Running Bl. Flowers small, with spreading sepals.
13 R. trivia'lis. Low Busk Bl. F'owers large, with reflexed sepals. S.
8. DALIBAK'DA. False Violet.
Calyx deeply 5 or 6-parted, 8 of the segments larger. Petals 5. Sta- mens many. Styles 5-8, long, deciduous. Fruit 5-8 dryish, drupe-like achenia. — ii Low herbs with creeping stems, simple leaves and 1-2 white flowers on each stalk. Korth.
D. re'pens. Creeping F. Found in damp woods. Creeping stems a few inches to a foot in length. Leaves roundish- cordate, crenate. Stipules very narrow-linear. Petioles 1-3' long. Scapes 1-flowered, about as long as the petioles. June.
9. WALDSTEI'NIA. Dry Strawberry.
Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate, sometimes minute and deciduous bract- lets. Petals 5 or more, sessile. Stamens many. Styles 2-6. Achenia few, dry, on a dry receptacle. — U Acaulescent herbs with lobed or divid- ed radical leaves and yellow flowers on scapes.
W. fragarioi'des. A pretty plant, in hilly woods, bearing some resemblance to the strawberry. Koot-stock thick, scaly, blackish. Leaves trifoliate, on petioles 3-6' long ; leaflets broad-wedge-shaped, cut-toothed, of a shining green above. Scapes about as high as the leaves, bearing 2-6 flowers, which are h' across. June.
W. loba'ta. Lobed D. Along rivers, &c. Leaves simple, roundish-cordate, gener ally 3-5-lobed, &c. Jj^ril, June. S.
Order 47.— ROSEWORTS. 201
10. POTENTIL'LA. Cinquefoil.
Calyx deeply 4-5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate bractlets outside. Petals 4-5, obcordate. Stamens co . Achenia oo , collected in a head on a small, dry receptacle. — Herbs or shrubs with compound leaves and (mostly) yellow flowers. (Figs. 70, 77.)
* Leaves pahnatelj compound a
* Leaves pinnately compound 6-8
a Leaflets 3 only in each leaf. . . .1
a Leaflets 5. Stems prostrate or inclining. . . .4, 5
1 Flowers yellow. Stems herbaceous 2, 3
1 P. tridenta'ta. Trident C. Fls. white. Lfts. wedge-obov., o-toothedat end. N. "2 P. Norve'gica. Norway C. Erect, many-flowered. Petals short. N. M. 3 P. min'ima. T'my G. Low. Stems 1-flowered. Pet. longer than sepals. Mts
4 P. Canaden'sis. Canada C. Leaflets green both sides, serrate, oblong.
5 P. argen'tea. Silver G. Leaflets silvery-white beneath, pinnatifid.
6 P. frutico'sa. Shrubby G. Erect, shrubs with yellow flowers. Height l-2f. N.
7 P. Anseri'na. Goose-gras$. Stemlcss herbs. Leaves and peduncles radical.
8 Herbs with leafy stems. (3 rare species omitted.)
11. FRAGA'PJA. Strawberry.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate bractlets out- side. Petals 5, obcordate. Stamens oo . Achenia many, fixed to the surface of the large, conical, pulpy, scarlet or white receptacle. — Low U plants with trifoliate leaves. (Figs. 2G5, 455, 456.)
1 F. Virginia''na. Common S. Bractlets under the calyx entire. Flowers white, on scapes. Root-stock sending out runners which take root and form new plants.
2 F. In'dica. Indian Strawberry. Bractlets under the calyx 3-lobed. Petals yellow. Stems trailing on the ground. Fruit roundish, bright red, tasteless. S, t (272.)
12. SPIR^A. Meadow-sweet. Hard-hack.
Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens 10-50, exscrted. Carpels distinct, 3-12, forming little 1 -celled, several-seeded pods. Styles terminal. — U Beautiful, unarmed herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and branches, and small white or rose-colored flowers. May^ ^i(g-
* Shrubs 4-9 f. high.... a
* Herbs with the leaves once or thrice pinnate ... .7 a Stipules present 1, 2
a Stipules none. Leaves simple and undivided. .. .b
9*
203
THE FLORA.
b Flowers in panicles. Leaves lance-ovate 3, 4
b Flowers in corymbs or little umbels. Leaves oval or ovate 5, 6
opulifolia. Kine-harh. Leaves simple, 3-lobed. Corymbs umbellate. N. sorbifo'lia. Sorb-leaved M. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers in panicles.
3 S. tomento^sa. Hard-hack. Lvs. with u rusty white dense wool beneath.
4 S. salicifo'lia. Willow -leaved. Lvs. nearly smooth. Shrub 3 or 4f. high, corymbo'sa. Corymb very large, terminal, flat-topped. Height l-2f. S. hypericefo'lia. St. Petefs Wreath. Little umbels many, lateral. Cultivated. 7 Leaves once-pinnate. Inflorescence terminal, on a long stalk. . . .8, 9, 10
7 S. Amn''cus. GoaVs Beard. Lvs. thrice-pinnate. Fls. in slender spikes. M,
8 S. loba'ta. Queen of the Prairie. Flowers purple. Side leaflets 3-lobed. W.
9 S. filipen'dula. Dropwort. Fls. white. Lfts. pinnatitid-serrate. Gardens.
10 S. Ulma^ria. Meadoio-sweet. Flowers white. Lfts. doubly-serrate. Gardens.
1 S.
2 S.
5 S.
6 S.
Order LII. OXAGRA'CE^. Evening Primroses.
Eerhs with alternate or opposite lemes ; and with the parts of the flowers generally in 4's, sometimes in 3's, 2's, or I's ; with the scpah united below into a tube, valvate in the bud ; the 'petaU and stamens inserted into the throat of the caljx; ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx ; becoming in the fruit a 2-4-celled capsule or berry with many seeds.
3
Fig. ibS. Flower of (Enothera fruticosa. 9. Plan of the flower. Fi ff. i60. Section of the 4-celIecl capsule of (E. biennis. 1. Hippuris vulgaris. 2. Its flower, with 1 stamen, 1 ovary, 2 stj'le. 3. Vertical section of its 1-seeded fruit. 4. Circsea Lutetiana. 5. The flower en- larced. 6. Plan of the flower. 7. Vertical section of the 2-celled and 2-seeded fruit.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Flowers 4 or 5-parted (that is, with 4 or 5 petak., sepals, &c.) 2
* Flowers 3-parted, i. e., with 3 sepals, 3 stamens, &c. (no petals). . . .g
OiiDEi; 52.— EVENING PRIMROSES. 203
* Flowers •2-piirled, witli 2 sepals, 2 petals, &c f
* Flowers l-purte<l, with 1 stamen, 1 pistil, 1 seed (no petal)... .h
2 Flowers perfect (that is, having both stamens and pistils) 3
2 Flowers monoecious (some with stamens, some with pistils) e
3 Stamens 8, twice as many as the sepals 4
3 Stamens 4, same number as the sepals. . . .d
4 Calyx tube much prolonged above the ovary 5
4 Calyx tube not prolonged above the ovary a
5 Garden exotics, with showy purple flowers c
5 Wild, native herbs, rarely cultivated b
a Seed comous with a tuft of silky hairs. Fls. purplish. Willow lie rl. EpiLo'uruM. 1 a Seed not comous, &c, Fls. large, j^ellow. Southern. Yellow Jessie. JassijE^A. b Petals equal, not clawed, yellow\ Pods oo-seeded.
Eve.nvig Primrose. (Exothe''iia, 2
b Petals hardly equal, clawed, red. Pods 1-4-seeded. Gaura. Gaura.
c Herbs from California. Calyx tube short. Petals clawed. Glarkia. Clar'kia.
c Shrubs from Chili. Cal. tube long, enlarged. Fls. hanging. Ear-drop. Yxi^w'^ix.
d Petals yellow, sometimes minute or 0. Lvs. entire. Seed Box. Lcuwig'ia
e Petals greenish or none. Leaves many-cleft. Water-plants.
Water Milfoil.. MYRiopiiyL'LUM. -f Delicate herbs with small, pale flowers. Enchanter'' s Nightsliade. Circ^'a. 8 g Small herbs in wet places, with pinnatifid lvs. Mermaid Weed. Proserpixa'ca. h In water, rare. Leaves linear, whorled. Mare's Tail. IIippu'ris.
1. EPILO'BIUM. Willow-herb. Calyx tube not prolonged above the ovaiy. Limb deeply 4-parted, de- ciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Stigma often with 4 spreading lobes. Ovary and capsule linear, 4-cornered, 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds crowned with a tuft of long hairs. — U Flowers purplish or white. E. angustifo'lium. Karrow-leaved Willow-herb. Rose-hay. A tall, showy herb (4- 6f. high), common at the North. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, nearly entire, with a vein running along the margin. F'lowers large, all parts pale purple or white, in a long, terminal spike. Style and stamens declined. Stigma with 4 long lobes. Julu, Aug. Our four other species, with small flowers, and a club- Bhaped, undivided pistil, we omit.
2. (ENOTHE'RA. Evening Primrose. Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous: segments 4, re- flexed. Petals 4, equal, obcordate or obovate, inserted into the top of the calyx tube. Stamens 8. Capsule 4-celle(l, 4-valvcd. Stigma 4-lobed. Seeds not tufted. — Ilcrbs with alternate leaves, and yellow flowers (in all the following species). May ^ Aug.
204
THE FLORA.
§ Flowers opening by night. Pods rounded at the corners, sessile 1,2
§ Flowers opening by day. Pods club-shaped, sharply 4-cornered a
a Stems erect, 1-3 feet high. Flowers large (1-2' across) 3
a Stems half-erect, 6-15' long. Flowers small (5-8^'' across) 6, 7
1 CE. bien'nis. Lvs. slightly toothed. Pods oblong. Fls. 1' or more wide.
2 CE. sinua'ta. Leaves sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers i' wide. S. 0 Pods scarcely winged on the 4 sharp angles. Leaves narrow 4, 5
3 CE. frutico'sa. Pods with the 4 angles distinctly winged. Leaves lanceolate.
4 CE. ripa'ria. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Flowers finally racemed. S. M.
5 CE. linea'ris. Leaves linear. Flowers on the ends of the branches. S. M.
6 CE. pum'ila. Flowers straw-yellow. Pods almost sessile. Common. N. M.
7 (E. chrysan'tha. Fls. orange-yellow. Pods distinctly stalked. Pare N.-W.
3. OIRCJi'A. Enchanter's Nightshade.
Calyx tube a little prolonged above the ovary, lobes 2. Petals 2, ob- cordate. Stamens 2, opposite the sepals. Fruit reflexed, inversely egg- shaped, with hooked hairs, 2-cellcd, 2-seeded. — U Small, tender herbs, with opposite leaves and terminal racemes of small, reddish-white flowers.
C. Lutetia'na. (See the figure.) Stem l-2f. high, sparingly branched, pub'»r>cent Leaves dark green, ovate, subcordate, acuminate, coarsely toothed. P'-idicel* without bracts, bent down after flowering. Frait clothed with bristl,v hook* June^ July.
O. alpi'na. Stem 5-10'' high, very smooth. Leaves pale green, broad corda i", tU-"L slightly dentate. Common in I'ocky woods at the North. Julf/.
Order LY.— GIlOSSULAaE. Currants
Small sJiruhs, often prickly, with alternate,
lobed, plaited leaves; Jloioers in axillary racemes, regular, 4 or 5-
parted, small; petals inserted into the throat of the calyx,
small, distinct, and the ^ruit a 1-celled, many-seeded, 2-carpeled berry.
Fig. 468. A flower of the Red Currant cut open ; o, the ovary and ovules ; 5^, c, the calyx tube; p, the petals; s, the stamens. Fig. 469. A berry cut open, show placentae and seeds. Fig. 470. A seed cut open, showing the little embryo.
ordeh go.— the HOUSELEEKS.
205
KI'HES. Currants and Gooseberries.
The character of the genus is about the same as of the Order.
§ Currants. Steins witliout prickles or thorns a
§ Gooseberries. Stems armed witli prickles or spines.. . .c
a Leaves rolled in the bud (convolute). FIs. bright yel 1
a Lvs. plaited (plicate) in the bud. FIs. not yellow b
b Fruit hairy 2, 3
b Fruit smooth . . . .4-6.
c Fruit hispid 7, 3
c Fruit smooth d
d Stalks ofthe flower or fruit long.... 11, 12
d Stalks very short 9, 10
1 R. au'reum. Mlssouvi Currant. Shrub 6-Sf., with smooth, 3-lobed leaves (Fig. 471). W. f
2 R. sanguin''eum. Oregon C. Flowers bright red, showy.
Leaves o-5-lobed. +
3 R. prostra'tum. Skunk C. FIs. striped with red. Lvs. 5-7-lobed. Mts. N. M.
4 'R. ru'brum. Common Red G. Leaves not dotted, downy beneath. Berries glob-
ular, red or white, in pendulous racemes as well as the fls. (Figs. 243, 261.)
5 R. flor'idum. Flowering C. Leaves yellow-dotted. Berries obovate, black.
6 R. nigrum. Black G. Leaves yellow-dotted. Berries roundish, black. Petiole
shorter than the blade. Eacemes loose, partly nodding, Gardens.
7 R. Cynos^bati. Prickly Gooseberry. B:iccmc3 2 or 3-flowered. Styles united.
(Fig. 2S1.)
8 R. lacus'tre. Swainp G. Eacemes 5-S-flowered. Style 2-cleft. Berry small.
9 R. hirtil^lum. Smoothish G. Stems not prickly. Calyx tube bell-shaped. North.
10 R. oxycanthoi'des. Hawtlwm G. Stems very prickly. Calyx tube cylindric.
North.
11 R. rotundifo'lium. Round-leaved G. Calyx cylindric. Stalk 1-3-flowered.
12 R. Uva Cais'pa. Garden G. Calyx bell-shaped. Stalk hairy, 1-flowered. 1
Fig. 471. Missouri Currant,— flower di- vided.
Order LX. CRASSULACE^. The Houseleeks.
Thick, juic7|^?«?z^ with simple, mostly entire leaves; with
flowers perfectly symmetrical and regular ; the
petals., sepals., and pistils being of the same number (3-20) ; and the
stamens either the same or twice as many ; the
follicles (as many as the ovaries) distinct or somewhat united.
206
THE FLORA.
Anal ij sis of the Genera.
Pistils (follicles) entirely distinct and separate 2
ristils 4 or 5, united into a 4 or 5-celled capsule 4
2 Stamens twice as many as the pistils, petals, or sepals 3
2 Stamens as many (3 or 4) as the pistils, &e. Herb 1-3' high. r. Tilljs'a.
Flowers 5 (rarely 4)-parted. Stamens 10 or 8. Stone- crop. Sk/dum.
Flowers 12 (or 6-20)- parted. Stamens 12-40. Ilouseleek. Sempervi'vum.
4 0 Herb 2-4' high, fleshy, with 4-parted flowers. S. Diamor'pha,
4 n Herb lO-lC high, not fleshy, with 5-parted flowers, c. Pentho'kum.
4T4
Fig. 472. A flowering branch of Sedum acre. Fig. 473. A flower of S. acre, natural size. Fig. 474. A flower (12-parted, symmetrical, regular) o{ Semper- ^^^^ v'tum (Ilouseleek).
1. SE'DUM. Stone- crop. Orpine.
Sepals and petals 5, sometimes 4, distinct. Stamens 10 or 8. Pods 5, sometimes 4, distinct, many-seeded, with an entire scale at the base of each. — ^Mostly ii herbs, with 5-parted flowers in cymes, or in one-sided clusters.
1 Flowers Avhite, or purplish, or rose-colored 2
1 S. a'cre. Iceland Moss. Fls. yellow. Plant in low tafts. Gardens.
2 Leaves scattered, 1-3' long 3-5. (Figs. 472, 473.)
2 S. terna'tum. Stone-crop. Leaves in whorls of 3's. Flowers white, in a 3-spiked cyme.
3 S. telephioi'des. False 0. Leaves lanceolate or obovate, nearly entire. M. S.
4 S. Tele'phium. Common O. Leaves oval, serrate, obtuse. Flowers purplish.
5 S. pulcherium. Handsome O. Lvs. linear. Fls. in an umbel of spikes, purp. S.
Order LXI. SAXIFRAGACE^. Saxifrages.
Herbs or sliriibs with the j^istils fewer than the sepals of the flower ;
the
as many as the calyx sepals (4 or 5), and together with the
Order 61.— SAXIFRAGES.
207
5-10 sta7n€ns inserted on the calyx; tlie
sfijles 2, distinct, with their
3 ovaries more or less united below, and
either free or adhering to calyx ; vod.^ capsular, many-seeded ; emhryo slender, in albumen.
//
475 Fig. 4T5. Section of flower of Early Saxifraore (Class Book, page 371). FigAlG. Ovary and pistils, cut across to show the two cells. Fig. 477. Mitella diphylla; S, a flower, magnified; 9, the fniit pods open, showing the blaek seeds. Fig. 480. Cross-sec- tion of the ovary; 1, seed cut open, showing the long embryo.
Analysis oftlie Genera.
% Kerbs. Petals imbricated in the bud a
§ Shrubs. Petals valvate or convolute (twisted) in bud. . . .e
a Flowers with 10 stamens b
a Flowers with 5 stamens d
b Petals 4-6, usually 5, entire c
b Petals 5, all pinnatifid. Stamens 10. Mitreicott. Mitel''la.
b Petals 0. Low, pro.^tvate, in wet places. Wafer Carpet. CnRYsos^L^/^'IUM.
c Pods 2-cellcd. Leaves simple, mostly radical. Saxifrage. Saxif'raoa.
c Pods 2-celled. Leaves bi-ternately compound, cauline. S- Astil''be.
c Pods 1-celled. Leaves palmately lobed. False Mitrewort. Tiarel'la.
d Styles 2, pod 2-celled. Scape reclined, 8-1 2Mong. W. Sullivan^tia.
d Styles 2, pod 1-celled. Scape erect, a foot or more. M. "W. IIeu'chkra.
d Styles 3, pod 1-celled. Herb in tufts 4'' high. S. Lepukopet''alon.
e Leaves opposite, simple f
e Leaves alternate. Shrub 4-Sf erect. Eaccmes white. f Shrub climbing trees, &c. Flowers white, fragrant. S. f Shrubs erect. Cymes not radiate— all the flowers perfect. f Shrubs erect. Cymes radiate. Stamens 8-10.
M. S. Ite'a.
Deccma''kia.
PuiLADEI.''rHUS.
IIvdkan'gea.
1. MITEL'LA. Mitrewort. Calyx 5-cleft, bell-shaped. Petals 5, pinnatifid with linear divisions,
208
THE FLORA.
inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5 or 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Capsule short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, 2-valved. — U Small, slender herbs, with roundish, lobed, and cordate leaves, mostly from the root. Flowers small, in a slender raceme. N.
1 M. diphyria. Scape 12-20'' high, with 2 opposite leaves nearly sessile, and many
white flowers above with cariously cleft petals. Ma?/, June. (See Fig, 477.)
2 M. nu'da. Scape leafless, thread-like, 5-7 'high, few-flowered. May^ June.
Both species send out runners from the base.
2. TIAEEL'LA. False Mitrewort. Gem-fruit.
Calyx 5-parted, lobes obtuse* Petals 5, entire, the claws in- serted on the calyx. Stamens 10, exserted. Styles 2. Cap- sule 1-celled, 2-valved, 1 valve much larger. — if Fls. Avhite. N. M.
T. cordifo'lia. Scape about 10' high, sometimes bearing a leaf, the flowers white in all their parts, forming a cylindrical ra- ceme. In rocky woods, with the Mitrewort., veiy common at the North. May^ June.
3. PHILADELTHUS. False Syringa.
Calyx 4-5-parted, tube ad- herent to the ovary, persistent. Corolla 4-5-petaled. Styles 4, more or less united. Stamens 20-40, shorter than the petals. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, .-nany-seeded. — Handsome flowering shrubs, with opposite leaves. Petals convolute in the bud.
Fig. 4S2. "Radiant" panicle of Oak-le:ivcd Ilydran gca; the larger flowers neutral.
Okdki! G:J.-THE UMBEl.WORTS. 209
P. grandiflo'rus. Large-Jloivertd StjriiKja. A very sliowy shrub, 6f. liigb. Leiives ovate, acumhuite, 3-veined. Stiffiiias 4, styles united into 1. Flowers large, in umbels of 2-7, white nearly inodorous. Cultivated, but wild at the South. June.
P. corona'rius. Mock Orange. Steins 5-8f. high. Leaves oval and ovate, short- pointed, feather-veined. Styles and stigmas 4, distinct. Flowers numerous, white, handsome, very fragrant. Cultivated. June.
4. IIYDRAN'GEA. Hydrangea. Flowers in cymes, the marginal ones generally barren, with the sepals much enlarged (that is, the cymes are radiant). The fertile flowers are small, calyx about 4-toothed, petals 4, stamens 8 or 10; capsule 2-beaked, many-seeded.
1 H. arbores'cens. Big Wild H. Leaves ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, nearly
smooth. Cymes fiat. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, M. W. Cultivated.
2 H. quercifo'lia. Oak-leaved II. Leaves deeply sinnatc-lobed. Cymes in the form
of a panicle. South. Cultivated. (See i^/<7. 482.)
3 H. radia'ta. Silver-leaved H. Leaves ovate, clothed with a silvery-white down
beneath. Cymes flat. Shrub 6-8f. high. S. t
4 H. horten'sis. Changeable H. Leaves elliptical, narrowed at each end, smooth.
Cymes mostly all barren, changing from green to white, pink, blue, &c.
Order LXIII. TJMBELLIFERiE. The Umbelworts.
Eerls with hollow, furrowed stems, simple or compound leaves; no stipules^ but with a broad sheathing base to the petioles ; the ^maW flowers in umbels, and the calyx wholly adherent to the ovary; thej?)e^«?s and stamens 5, standing on the top of the ovary; the styles 2, and the fruit dry, its 2 carpels seed-like and separating, marked outside by ribs and farrows rimning lengthwise.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Plants growing wild, some of them cultivated for the eatable root 2
* Plants never wild, but cultivated for their fruit, &c q
2 Flowers white, rarely rose-colored or cream-colored 3
2 Flowers yellow, or (in one instance) dark purple 4
3 Umbels simple, leaves simple. Little creeping wet plants a
3 Umbels regularly compound, th.e flowers not sessile c
3 Umbels irregular, flowers in crowded heads, sessile. ...b
4 Fruit decidedly flattened on the back p
4 Fruit flattened on the sides or not at all o
210 THE FLORA.
a Fruit flattened. Leaves roundish. Pennywort. Hydkoco'tyle. -.
a Fruit globular. Lvs. linear. Fls. pedicelled. Height 1-2'. r. Crant'zia. b Fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Heads small, 2-4. c. Sanicle. Sanic'ula. 1 b Fruit clothed with scales. Heads often near V thick. "W. S. c. Eryn'oidm.
c Umbels not radiate (§ 255, a, outer flowers not larger than the rest) d
c Umb. rad., very large. Huge herbs, 4-Sf. high. c. Cow Parsnip. JIkuxc'l-ev^. d Leaves simple Ihiear petioles without blades. S. Tiedman'nia.
d Leaves only once divided, pinnately or ternately . . . .e d Leaves twice or thrice compounded g
e Fruit flattened or contracted, more or less,, on the sides f
e Fruit much flattened on the back. M. S. ArcJiemore. Archemo'ra.
f Leaflets 3, ovate, doubly serrate. Stem l-2f. high. Honewort. Ckyptot^'nia. 2 f Leaflets 3, long, linear, grass-like. Eare. S. KerveUaf. Neurophyl'lum.
f Leaflets 5-11, lanceolate or lancc-linear. 2-6f. Water Parsnip. Si'um.
f Leaflets 5-9, oblong. Stem procumbent. S. Marsh Umbel. Helosciad'ium.
g Bracts of the involucre (not involucel) entire h
g Bracts of the involucre cleft and divided k
g Bracts of the involucre none or almost none m
h Fruits bristly, club-shaped, few. Stem l-2f. high. Cicely. Osmoriii''za. 3
h Fruits smooth, flattened on the sides, ribs wavy. Poison Hemlock. Coni'um. 4 h Fruits smooth, flattened on the back, ribs winged, straight, r. CoNiosELi''NrM. h Fruit smooth, terete, not flattened, ribs straight. Lavage. Ligus'ticum.
k Fruits bristly, short, numerous. Often cultivated. Carrot. Dau'cus.
k Fruits smooth. Stems and leaflets thread-like. Eare. Discopleu'ra.
k Fruits smooth. Stem 3-6'' erect, bulbous. W. Pepper-and-Salt. Eriqem''a. m Fruit flattened on the back. Stems large, c. Angelica. Archangel'ica.
m Fruit flattened on the sides n
in Fruit terete, not flattened. Poison. N. Eare. FooVs Parsley, ^thu'sa.
n Calyx 5-toothed. Stems difl"use, slender. "W". Chervil. Ch^rophyl'lum.
n Cal. 5-toothed. Umbels stalked. Sts. erect, very slender. S. Leptocau'lis.
n Calyx teeth none, fruit strongly ribbed. Poison. Water Hemlock. Cicu'ta. 6
n Calyx teeth none, fruit scarcely ribbed. W. Eare. Crest Umbel. Eu''lophus. o Livolucels leafy. Leaves perfoliate, simple, entire. Modesty. Buplec'ritm.
o Involucels minute. Seed with 5 winged ribs. Golden Alexanders. Thas'pium. 7 o Involucels minute. Seed with 5 ribs not winged. Alexanders. Ziz'ia. 8
p Involucels minute. Fruit corky. Leaves bi-pinnatifid. Polytje'nia. -^
p Involucels none. Fruit thin. Leaves pinnate. Parsnip. Pastixa'ca.
q Flowers white. Involucre 0 or of 1 entire bract r
q Flowers white. Involucre of a few cleft bracts. Parsley. PETR0SELi''NnM:.
q Flov/ers yellow. Leaf segments very narrow and many. Fennel. FosMC'uLnu:.
r Umbellets radiate. Fruit round. Lvs. finely cut. Coriander. Corian'drum.
r Umbellets not radiate (the flowers all similar) s
s Fruit flattened on the sides, roundish. Lf. segin. wedge-form. Celery. A'picir. s Fruit flattened on the sides, oval. Leaf segments linear. Caraway. Ca-'rum. . s Fruit egg-shaped, not flattened. Loaf segments linear. Anise. Pjmpinrl'la.
Order 67.— THE UMBELWORTS.
211
Fig. 4S3. Golden Alexanders, with its compound, naked umbel, &m. i. A flower enlarged. 5. The fruit with its thread-shaped ribs and two persistent styles. 6. Cross-section, showing tlie two carpels with the oil-tubes and flat inner face. 7.. Umbel of Sweet Cicely, in fruit. S. A flower enliirgod. 9. The fruit with the two carpels separating from the base and supported by a two-clift stalk. Fig. 490. Summit of the fruit of Biiter Cicely. 1. Fruit of Poison Ileiiilock. with the undulate-fienulate ribs. 2. Cross-section, showing the grooved inner face and invohile albumen. 3. Radiate flower of Coriandrum. 4. Vertical section of the globose fruit, showing the minute embryo.
1. SANIC'ULA. Sanicle.
Flowers polygamous. Calyx teeth leafy, tube bristly. Petals obovate, erect, with the point inflected. Fruit roundish, armed with hooked prickles. Carpels without ribs. — n Plants l-2f. high. Umbel with a few capitate umbellets. Involucre of few cleft bracts, involucel of several, entire. June- Aug.
1 S. Marylan'dica. Long-styled S. Sterile flowers many, pedicellate ; fertile flowers
sessile. Styles slender, conspicuous, recurved. Leaves 5-7-parted. Common.
2 S. Canaden'sis. IShort- styled S. Sterile fltiwers few, much shorter than the fertile.
Styles shorter than the prickles. Leaves 5-parted, upper 8-parted. Unibeld (or heads) small. Woods. Common.
212 THE FLORA.
2. CRYPTOT^E'NIA. Hone-wort.
Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals with an inflexed point. Fruit linear-ob- long or ovate-oblong. Seeds with 5 obtuse ribs, contracted at the sides. — If A smooth herb with 3-parted leaves. Umbels compound, with very unequal rays, white flowers, no involucre, and few-leaved involucels.
O. Canaden'sis. St. l-2f. high, erect. Leaflets large, the side ones often 2-parted or lobed. Common in moist woods. July.
8. OSMORHI'ZA. Cicely.
Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, club-shaped, tapering to the base, crowned with the conical styles ; carpels each with 5 equal, acute, bristly ribs, and a deep groove on the face. — % Leaves bi-ternately divid- ed, with the umbels opposite. Involucre few-leaved ; involucel 4-7- leaved. Flowers white. Fruit an inch in length. Height about 2f. May, June. (Figs. 244, 487-9.)
O. longis''tylis. Sweet G. Styles thread-like, nearly as long as ovary. Plant downy.
The root has an agreeable spicy flavor. O. brevis'tylis. Bitter G. Styles conical, 5 times shorter than ovary. Plant hairy.
Less interesting than No. 1. (See Fig. 490.)
4. CONPUM. Poison Hemlock.
Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened on the sides, each carpel with 5 wavy-crenulate ribs on the back, and a deep narrow groove on the inner face. — (D Herbs with large, decompound leaves, with very many leaflets. Involucre and involucels of 3-5 leaves, the latter one-sided. Flowers white. (Figs. 65, 491, 492.)
C. macula'tum. Stem spotted with purple, glaucous, about 4f. high. Leaves bright green, leaflets small, lanceolate, pinnatifid. Umbels terminal, the involucels with the inner half wanting. June, July.
5. EPJGENPA. Pepper-and-salt.
Calyx limb wanting. Petals flat, entire. Carpels (half-fruits), 8-ribbed, contracted on the face, forming together a fruit much broader than long. — y Root tuberous. See Fig. 338.
Okder G3.— the UMBELWORTS, 213
£. bulbo'sa. A small, early-flowering herb, Western N. Y. to Mo. Stem arises from a roundish tuber deep in the ground. The root leaf is thrice ternate. The involucrate leaf twice ternate. The dark-brown stamens with the little whito petals suggest its common name.
6. CICU'TA. Water Hemlock.
Calyx 5-toothed. Petals with the point inflected. Fruit roundi.sh, a little contracted on the sides so as to appear somewhat double. Seeds with 5, flattish, equal ribs, 2 of them on the margin. — U Poisonous herbs with compound leaves and perfect umbels of white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or 1. Involucels many-leaved.
1 C. macula'ta. Spoiled Water- Hem lock. Stem streaked with purple, 3-Cf. high,
smooth, striate, hollow. Lower leaves triternate and tripinnate, segments lan- ceolate, serrate. Umbels 2-4' broad. Fruit 10-ribbed. Involucels of 5 or 6 short, slender, acute bracts. Common in wet meadows. Jul?/, Aug.
2 C. bixlbi'fera. Karroiv-leaved Water- Hemlock, Stem green, striate, slender, Avith
little bulblets in the axils of the branches. Leaves bi-ternately divided. Leaf- lets linear or lance-linear, 2-4' long, with distant teeth. In wet meadows and swamps. Aug.
7. TIIAS'PIUM. Alexanders.
Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit elliptical, roundish across, not flat- tened either way, seeds each with 5 winged ribs. — u Leaves divided. Involucre none, involucels few-leaved. The species resemble the Zizias except in their fruit. Mat/, June. (Figs. 483-6.)
1 Root leaves simple, cordate, stem leaves once-ternately divided 2
1 T. barbino'de. Leaves bi- or tri-ternate, Ifts. cut-serrate. St. hairy at joints.
2 T. au'reum. Golden A. Fruit oval. Flowers yellow. Stem 2-3f. high.
2 T. atropurpu'reum. Purple A. Fruit roundish. Flowers dark purple. Stem 2-8f. high. S. M.
8. ZIZ'IA. Alexanders.
Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit oval or ovate, flattened at the sides so as to appear somewhat double. Seeds each with 5 ribs which are not winged, but thread-like. — U Smooth, with divided leaves and yellow flowers. Umbels compound, with no involucre or involucels.
Z. integer'rima. Entire-leaved A. Koot and stem leaves bi- and tri-ternate, lualKta entire. Plant l-2f. high, in rocky woods. May-July.
2U
THE FLORA.
Order LXY. CORNACE^. Cornels.
Trees and sJiruhs, seldom Iierds^ with sim- ple, mostly opposite leaves; with
-^.owers d-parted, arranged in cymes ; the 4
petals valvate in the bud ; and with the 4
stamens standing on the top of the 2- celled
ovary^ which is adherent to the calyx- tube ; styles united ;
fruit a 1 or 2-seeded drupe.
Fig. 495. Low Cornel; ?>, the 4-lcavcd involucre surrounding the head of flowers.
Analysis of the Genera.
% Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Petals 4. Drupe 2-celled. Corneil. Cornus. 1
§ Flowers imperfect, 5-parted. Petals often 0. Drupe 1-celled. Trees
with small, green flowers in side clusters. Fruit plum-like. Tupelo. Ntssa.
CORNUS. Cornel. Dogwood.
Trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs. Flowers in cymes. Sepals, petals, and stamens each 4, with a double pistil.
1 C. Canaden'sis. Low Cornel. A small herb, with a creeping, woody root-stock
sending up annually its stems 4-6' high. Some stems bear only 4 whorled leaves, others bear 6 leaves at top and an umbellate cyme of small white flowers supported by a large, white, 4-leaved involucre. The whole resembles a single white flower. May., June. (Fig. 495.)
2 O.flor'ida. Flowering Dogwood. A small tree, 20-30f. high, with opposite, ovate,
pointed, entire leaves. The cyme of small greenish flowers is supported by a very large, white, 4-leaved involucre in May. Six other species, Avithout involucres, grow in the country -
Order OC.—HONEYSUCKLES. 215
COHORT II.
THE GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS.
Essentu.l Character. — Flowering plants (Pii^nogamia) -with their stems growing by additions to the outside in lay- ers (ExoGENs), their seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel or pericarp (AngIospekms), their flowers with a double perianth and tlieir petals nnited (Monopetal^:).
Order LXYI. CAPRIFOIJACE.E. Honeysuckles.
Slirubs and Aer5s, often twining, with opposite leaves ; -with
flowers clustered and often fragrant, 5-parted and often irregular;
corolla monopetalous, tubular or rotate ;
stamens on the tube of the corolla, often one less than its lobes ;
ovary adherent to the calyx ; style 1 ; fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule ;
embryo small, in fleshy albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
1 Corolla tubular. Stigma capitate, on u slender style 2
1 Corolla rotate, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 3, rarely 5, sessile. Shrubs c
2 Herbs a
2 Shrubs.... b a Stamens 4, capsule 3-celled. A trailing evergreen. Tivin-Jluuer. Linn^'a. 1
a Sta. 5, drupe bony, 3-5-celled. Erect, unbranched. Fever-root. Thios'tetm. b Cor. bell-shaped, reg'r. Berry glob., 4-colled, 2-seeded. SvMrnoniCAit'pus. 2 b Cor. tubular, lobes unequal. Berry 2-3-cclled, few seeded, c. Lonice'ra. S b Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule 2-eelled, many-seeded, c. Diervil'la. 4 c Leaves pinnate. Berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded. Elder. Sambu'ccs. 5
c Leaves simple. Drupe flattish, 1-soeded. Handsome shrubs. Viuun'M-M.
1. LlNNiE'A. Twin-flower. Calyx tube ovate, limb 5-parted, deciduous, with 2 bractlets at base. Coroha bell-shaped, limb a little irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, 2 longer than the other 2. Capsule 3-celIed, but only 1 -seeded, 2 of the cells being empty. — A trailing evergreen herb, dedicated to Linr.;cus, the first and greatest of botanists.
'21 i]
THE FLORA.
L. borea'lis. The only species, a fine little plant, found in moist woods in cool cli- mates. It has long, thread-like, creeping stems, rooting at the joints, the up- right branches about S'' high. Leaves small, roundish. Flowers in pairs, rose-
Leaves smal colored, nodding, r.t the top of the slender stalk. June.
2. SYMPHORIOAETUS. Snow berry.
Calyx tube globose, limb 4-5-tootlied. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, regular. Stamens 4-5, short. Fruit a globose berry, 4-celled but only 2-seeded, 2 cells being empty. — Small erect shrubs with oval, entire leaves, rose-white flowers in short clusters.
♦ Stamens and style included (i. e., not longer than the corolla) 1, 2
* Stamens and bearded style exserted (extending out of the corolla) 3
1 S. racemo-'sus. Cult. Fls. in loose, leafy racemes. Berries snow-white, large.
2 S. occidenta'lis. Wolf-berry. Fls. in dense, nodding spikes. Berries white. N.-W.
3 S. vxilga''ris. Coral-berry. Fls. in axillary heads. Berries red. M. S. W.
3. LONICE'RA. Honeysuckle.
Calyx tube globular, limb 5-toothed, very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, jinib 5-cleft, irregular or almost regular. Stamens 5. Ovary 2 or 3-celled. Berry few-seeded. — Climbing or erect shrubs, with opposite and often connate leaves (that is, their bases growing together around the stem), entire on the margins.
§ Stem climbing, flowers sessile, whorled (in
pairs in one species) a
§ Stem mostly erect, leaves never connate,
flowers in pairs 2
a Upper pair or pairs of leaves united (con- nate) at base b
a Leaves all distinct, corolla ringent, (In
gardens only.) 7, 8
b Corolla tube gibbous (swelled out on one side)
at base, limb ringent 5, 6
b Corolla tube equal and slender (not gibbous)
at the base 1
1 Corolla ringent, lower lip linear, upper 4-lobed 2-4
1 L. sempervi'rens. Trumpet II. Cor. trumpet-shaped, nearly regular, scarlet.
Fig. 496. Trumpet Honeysuckle. Flowers and the connate leaves.
Order 71.— HONEYSUCKLES. 21
2 L. flava. Wild-ydlow H. Flowers in a terminal, 2 (or morc)--\vhor)ed spike, pnl«
yellow. Leaves glaucous. W. S.
3 L. grata. WUd-siveet H. Fls. in terminal and a.\illary whorls, reddish white.
4 L. Caprifo'lium. Italian H. Fls. in a single, terminal whorl, red, yel., and white.
5 L. parviflo'ra. SmaU-ji. II. Leaves oblong, smooth and glaucous beneath.
Flowers V long, yellowish and purplish, or crimson.
6 L. hirsu'ta. Hairy H. Leaves broad-oval, hairy and downy, green (not
glaucous). Flowers sulphur-yellow. N.
7 L. Periclym'enum. Woodbine II. Fls. whorled, capitate, red and yellow, sweet-
scented. Leaves deciduous. Berries red. +
8 L. Japon'icum. Japan II. Flowers in pairs, axillary, sweet-scented, deeply
two-lipped, reddish. Leaves evergreen, t 9 Corolla gibbous at base, lobes more or less irregular. Wild. . . .10-12 9 L. Tartar'icum. Tartarian B.. Corolla scarcely gibbous, lobes spreading,
equal, rose-color, handsome. Leaves cordate, obtuse. \
10 L. cilia'ta. Fly H. Corolla lobes short, erect, nearly equal. Berries red.
11 L. oblongifo'lia. Swamp Fly H. Corolla deeply, ringent. Pedicels long. Berries
double, purple. Shrub 3-4f. high, swamps. N.
12 L. ccEru^lea. Blueberried II. Corolla lobes short, subcqual, yellow. Pedicela
very short. Berries double, blue. N.
4. DIERYIL'LA. Bush Honeysuckle.
Calyx tube oblong, limb 5-cleft. Corolla twice as long, limb 5-cleft and nearly regular. Stamens 5. Capsular fruit 2-cellcd, many-seeded. — Small erect shrubs with opposite leaves and axillary tiowers.
D. trif'ida. Stem about 2f. high, branching. Leaves ovate, serrate, ending in a long, narrow point. Peduncles 1-3-flowered, the ovaries slender, about half as long as the greenish-yellow corolla. Hedges and woods. June.
5. SAMBU'CUS. Elder.
Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla regular, rotate, 5-cleft into obtuse lobes. Stamens 5. Stigmas sessile. Berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded. — Shrubs (5-6f. high) or perennial herbs with pinnate or bi-pinnate leaves. Flowers (white) in cymes.
S. Canaden'sis, Su-eet E. Leaflets 7-11. Cymes flat. Berries dark-purple. June. S. pu'bens. Bed E. Leaflets 5-7. Cymes oblong, panicled. Berries red. May.
10
21S
THE FLORA.
Order LXVII. IIUBIACEJE. The Madderworts.
Plants witli opposite, sometimes whorled, entire leaves ; the sllpulcs between the petioles ; the cahjx adherent to the ovary; corolla regular, inserted on the calyx tube; stamens inserted on the corolla and as many as its lobes ; ovaries 2, nnited ; with the 2 styles more or less united.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Leaves ^YllOl•led. Herbs ^vitll square stems a
§ Leaves opposite, with small stipules between the petioles 2
2 Herbs, with the flowers habitually 4-parted ... .3
2 Shrubs or trees d
3 FIs. twin (always in pairs) b
3 Flowers single (not twin) c
a Flowers 5-parted. Fruit twm,
fleshy, berry-like. Madder. Ru'bia. a Flowers 4-parted. Fruit twin, dry,
separable nuts. JSedstraw. Ga'lium. b Two fls. on one ovary. Creeping
stems. Partridge-leri'y. Mitchkl'la. 1 c Carpels 2, 1-seeded, both never open- ing. Fls. axillary, solitary. Dio'dia. c Carp. 2, 1-seeded, one never opening.
Fls. axillary, clustered. Spermaco'ce. c Carpels 2, few-seeded. Corolla
much exscrted. Bluets. Housto'nia. 2 c Carpels 2, mauy-soeded. Cor. scarce exscrted. Greenhead. Oldenlan'dia. d Flowers 4-parted, in globular
hds. Button-hush. Cephalan'thus. d FIs. 5-parted, cymes radiant
with scarlet sepals. S. Pinckne'ya.
X. MITCIIEL'LA. Partridge-berry.
Flowers 2 on each double ovary. Ca- hx 4-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, iiairy within. Stamens 4, short, insert- Fig. 497. Mitcheiia rcpcns, ^vhoie
, ,, n Oi. , -r> • plant, with flowers and fruit, o, cross-
ed on the corolla. Stigmas 4.^ Berries Ltion of ibe double fruit, showing ti.e composed of the 2 united ovaries. Jn, two ovaries.
Order TO.— ASTERWORTS. 219
M. re 'pens. Common in woods. Leaves round-ovate. Flowers white or pinkish. Berries red, remaining througli the winter,
2. liOUSTO'NIA. Bluets.
Calyx tube round egg-shaped, 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla tubular, much exceeding the calyx, limb 4-lobed, spreading, filaments 4, on the corolla. Style 1. Capsule 2-lobed, half-free. — Herbs. Stipules connected to th petiole. Flowers never yellow.
§ Corolla .'^alver-form, glabrous. Pedunelos 1-flowered a
§ Corolla funnel-form. Peduncles many-flowered, cyinou3....b a Flowers terminal. Small, delicate herbs....!, 2 a Flowers axillary. Small, delicate herbs. . . .3, 4 b Leaves lance-ovate. Cymes terminal.. ..5 b Leaves lance-linear. Cymes terminal. . . .0, 7.
1 H. coeru'lea. Dxcarf PiTik. Stems very numerous, upright, S-G'. Eoot leaves
ovate- spatulate. Flowers pale blue. May^ June.
2 H. serpyllifo'lia. Thyme-Uaxied B. Stems thread- form, decumbent, 6-12'. Leaves
round-ovate, petiolate, fringed. Flowers on long stalks, pale. S,
3 H. minima. Tiny B. Leaves linear-spatulate. Stems 1-3' high. Prairies.
4 H. rotundifo'lia. Round-leaved B. Lvs. roundish. Stems 2-5'. S. Mts.
5 H. purpu'rea. Prairie Innocence. Stems upright, much branched, If., with numer- ous clusters of roseate or white, very delicate flowers. W. S.
6 H. loiigifo'lia. Long-leaved I. Stems 4-10', erect. Leaves oval-elliptic,
narrowed to end.
7 H. angustifo'lia. Narrow-leaved I. Stems l-2f. erect. Lvs. linear. Flowers
numerous. "W. S.
Order LXX.— COMPOS'IT.E. Asterworts.
An immense family of lierhs or shrubby plants, with comjio.und Jloicers, that is, the Jiowers {or florets) collected into close heads upon a common receptacle, and surrounded by an involucre of many bracts (called scales), with 5 stamens which have their anthers united into a tube around the style, with the calyx tube closely adhering to the 1-celled ovary (an aohe- niuin in fruit), and the calyx limh crowning the ovary in tlie form of a papp^is consisting of scales, awns, bristles, or hairs, or else entirely want- ing; the corolla consisting of 5 united petals, eitlier strap-shaped (ligulate or tubular, and the style 2-cleft at the top.
In this Order the pupil will remember that the heads are called radiate, when the outer florets only have rays or are Vigulate (see Fig. 498); radi-
220
THE FLORA.
ant, when all the florets areligulate (Fig. 504) ; discoid^ when all the florets are tubular, there being no rays (Fig. 509). The receftade is the broad top of the stalk on which the florets sit (Fig. 499). It is chaff ij when there are scales or bracts growing among the florets, and naked when none.
The tubular florets constitute the di&\ and the ligulate, if any, the ray ; the disk is generally yellow^ while the ray is about as often cyanic (that is, blue, red, white, or any color except yellow) as yellow.
Fig 4riS. A Sunflower, — bead radiate. 9. Vertical secition of the head, showing the scales of the involucre, and a single disk-flower remaining upon the convex receptacle. Fig. b\)\). A per- fect disk-flower magnified, showing the achenium, the 2 awns of tlie pappus, the 5-toothed tu- bular corolla, the 5 stamens united around tlie brimched style, and the chafif-scale at base. 1. lie id (radiate) of Solidago caesia, 2. A pistillate, ligulate flower of the ray. 8. A perfect disk-flower. 4 A (radiant) head of Dandelion. 5. A perfect, ligulate flower. 6. Achenium, with its long beak and feathery pappus. 7. A (radiant) head of Nabalns altissimus. 8. A flower. 9. Luppa (Burd ck), head discoid. 10. A flower. 11. One of the hooked scales. 13. A (discoid) head of Eupatoriuni purpureum. 13. A flower. 14. ^w&rcs/a (Pigweed). 15. Staminate head enlarged. 16. Pistillat involner<i enlarged. 17. The fertile flower.
Order 70.— TUBULIFLOR^. 221
Analysis of the Genera,
Sub-order First, TUBULIFLOK^, having all the perfect flowers tubular (§ 05), the ligulate flowers, if any, imperfect.
§ Heads of flowers radiate, with yellow rays. , . .2
§ Heads of flowers radiate, the rays not yellow 3
§ Heads of flowers discoid (no rays). These genera, about 50 in number, such aa the Tansy, Jl'onmvood, Boiies^t, Ironweed (Figs. 24S-250), Everlasting, Burdock (Fig. 50y), Thistle, Jlogiveed (Fig. 514), and even Bachelor'' s-hutton, are all, for want of room, omitted. (See Class Book of Botany, p. 410, &c.)
2 Leaves alternate or scattered on the leafy stems 4
2 Leaves opposite or whorled on the stems, or all radical. . . .6 3 Leaves alternate or scattered on the I'eafy stem. . . .7
3 Leaves opposite or whorled on the leafy stem x
3 Leaves all radical and the flowers on a scape y
4 Eeceptacle chaify (with bracts growing among the florets) 5
4 Keceptacle with deep, horny cells, like a honeycomb e
4 Keceptacle not chafty, flat or merely convex a
4 Eeceptacle not chafly, conical or globular.. . .f
5 Kays sterile, disk fertile. Eeceptacle conical or columnar g
5 Kays sterile, disk fertile. Keceptacle flattish. Fruit flattened on the sides. . , .h 5 Kays fertile, disk sterile. Keceptacle flat. Fruit flattened same way as scales. , ..k
6 Keceptacle chaffy. Kays sterile, disk fertile.... o
6 Keceptacle chaffy. Kays fertile, disk sterile p
6 Keceptacle chaffy. Kays fertile, disk perfect q
6 Keceptacle naked or destitute of chaffy scales m
7 Keceptacle not chaffy, naked of scales. . . .8
7 Keceptacle chaffy with scales among the florets. Lvs. finely divided t
7 Keceptacle chaffy with scales, &c. Lvs. undivided, merely toothed.... w
8 Pappus of numerous bristly hairs 9
8 Pappus of 2 or 3 awns and minute hairs. Glabrous plants t
8 Pappus wholly wanting, or only a membranous margin.... u
9 Involucre of unequal scales, imbricated in several rows.... 10 9 Involucre scales nearly equal, narrow, and almost in one row.. ..t
10 Pappus simple, the bristly hairs abundant and about equal r
10 Pappus double, the outer row of hairs extremely short s
a Involucre scales imbricated in several rows. . . .b
a Involucre not imbricated, the outer scales very short or none Sexe'cio. a Invol. not imbr., outer scales equal to the inner. Marigold. Calen^ddla. a Involucre not imbricated, outer scales longer than inner. S. Gaillak'dia
b Pappus simple, the bristles all equal and of one kind o
b Pappus double, the outer very short and chaffy. Lvs. entire. W. S. Chrysop'sIs
b Pappus double in the disk, none in the rays. Lvs. toothed. S. IIeterotue'ca
222 THE FLORA.
c Heads small, rays few (2-15) d
c Heads quite large, rays narrow, about 30. Tall. c. Elecampane. In'cla. d Pappus scaly, very short. Koot Ivs. cordate. Eays 4 or 5. S. Bjiachych^'ta, d Pappus abundant bristly hairs. Eoot Ivs. not cordate. Goldenrod. Soliua'go. 1 d I'ap. of a single row of equal bristly hairs. Ped. long, slender. S. Isopap''pus. e Involucre about 4-rowed. Kays 20-80. Head solitary. S. Baldwin''ia. e Involucre about 2-rowed. Eays 8-10. Heads corymbed. S. Actinosper'mum. f Kay florets pistillate. Leaves decurrent. Sneezewort. Hele'nium.
f Kay florets neutral. False Sneezewort. Leptop''oda.
g Fruit (achenia) 4-angled. Heads large, showy. Gone-flower. Kudbeck'ia. g Fruit flattened, winged. Heads showy. Eays droop. W. S. Lep'achys. h Achenia wingless. Pappus of 2 deciduous scales. Sunflower. Helian'thus. 2 h Achenia winged. Pappus of 2 persistent awns. Lvs. often decurrent. W.
Rag-Sunflower. Actinom''ekis. k Achenia wingless, in more than 1 row. Coarse herbs with large heads.
M. W. Leaf-cup. SiL^PHiuM. k Ach. winged, in only 1 row. Small, with middling hds. S. BePvLandie'ka.
m Stems leafy, erect, about 2f. (or l-3f.) high n
m Stemless plants, leaves radical, appearing after heads. GoWs-foot. Tussila''go. n Scales 5, united in 1 row. Leaves pinnate. French Marigold. Tage''tes. n Seal, in 2 rows, the out. united. Lvs. pinn. W. S. FaUo. Dog-fennel. Dyso'dia. n Scales in 1 or 2 rows, all distinct. W. S. Arnica. Ar^nica.
o Involucre imbricated in 3 or more rows of scales. Sunflower. Helian''thus. 2
o Invol. 2-rowed. Pappus of downwardly hispid awns. Burr Marigold. Bi'dens. 3 o Invol. 2-rowed. Pappus upwardly hispid if at all. Tick Sunflower. Coreop'sis. 4 p Achenia wingless. Eays 5-12. Herbs viscid, 2-lOf. high. S. Polym'nia. p Achenia wingless. Eays 5. Herbs 2-10^ high, at first stemless. Flowers
early in Spring. W. S. Chrysog'onum.
p Achenia broadly winged. Eays 12-25. Coarse, tall herbs. M. S. W.
Resin Weed., Polar Plant. Sil'phium.
q Herbs 3-6f. high. Kays 1-5. Keccpt. flat. S.-W. Grown Beard. Verbesi^na.
q Herbs 2-3f. high. Eays 6-9. Eeceptacle convex. S.-W. Tetragonothe'ca.
q Herbs 2-6f. high. Eays 10-15, Eecept. conical. False Sunflower. Heliop'sis.
q Shrubs 3-lOf. high, with solitary heads. S. Borrich''ia.
r Ach. very silky, biggest at top. Eays about 5. False Aster. Sericocar''pus.
r Achenia smooth or smoothish, flattened. Eays 6-100. Starwoj't. Aster. 5
s "Wild plants l-4f. high, with middle-sized heads (about 1'' broad). Diplopap''pus.
s Garden plants l-2f. high, with very large heads. China Aster. Callis'tephus.
t Herbs 2-3f. high, very smooth. Leaves lanceolate, entire. W. Bolto'inia.
t Herbs i-9f. high, hairy or rough. Eays 20-200. White-weed. Ehig'eron. 6
u Involucre bread and flattish. Pappus 0. Eays white. Ox-eye. LEucAN''THEMtJM.
u Involucre hemispherical. Pappus a membranous margin. Cult. Pyre'thrum.
a Involucre hemispherical. Pappus 0. Lvs. lobed. Cultivated. Chrysan'themum.
u Inv. bell-shaped. Pappus 0. Lvs. entire. Kays violet-purp. W. + i)ai5y. Bel'lis.
Order 70.— LIGULIFLOR.E. 223
V D\.k florets yellow, perfect. Kays pistillate. Camomile. Anthem'is.
V Disk florets yellow, perfect. Euys neutral. Mai/-weed. Mahu'ta
V Disk florets white, perfect. Rays pistillate. Yarrow. Achil'i.ea: 7 w Rays short, white, 3 or 4. W. S. Crown-beard. Vkuhes.'na. w Rays very short, white, 5, ear-shaped. W. M. Pai'ti.e'nium
w Rajs very lar^.e, purple, pendulous. J>u>:ple Cone-jlower. Ecmina'cea'
X Leaves pmnately divided. Inner involucre of 8 united scales, f Daii'iia
X Leaves simple. Receptacle conical with large chaff. \ Zin'ma
X Leaves simple. Receptacle flat. Rays rose-color. Tick-seed. Cou^^^'^,^
X Leaves smiple. Receptacle flat. Rays white, short. W. Eciip'ta
}• Heads in corymbs. Disk florets regularly 5-toothcd. r. Nardos'mia"
y Heads solitary. Disk florets regularly 5-tootlied. S, i^a^BEL'ns
y Hds. solitary. Disk flts. 2-lipped, outer lip 3-toothed, inner 2. S. Chapta'lia!
Suh-order Second, LIGULIFLOR^,
having all the florets ligulate (§ 06) and perfect, i. e., the heads radiant.
2 Flowers bright yellow 3
2 Flowers cream-color or purplish 5
2 Flowers blue. Stems leafy, erect . . . . e
8 Pappus none. Involucre of about 8 equal scales. . . .a 3 Pappus double, the outer of scales, inner of bristles! . . .b 3 Pappus wholly of feathery bristles.. . .f
8 Pappus wholly of hair-like bristles, generally abundant. . . .4 4 Fruit bearing the pappus on its slender beak....c 4 Fruit not lengthened into a beak, pappus sessile. . . .d 5 Pappus consisting of equal, feather-like bristles. .". .f 5 Pappus of simple, hair-like bristles, abundant g a Leaves all alternate. Heads panicled. ;•. ' " ' " Kipplewort. Lxmpsa'v.
a Leaves partly opposite. Heads solitary or umbeled. Pappus 0. S. ApoW b Leaves all radical, pinnatifid-toothcd. Pappus scales 5, with
5 bristles, c. Dwarf Dandelion.. Kuro'iA.
b Lvs. all or mostly rad., seldom pinn. Pap. seal, and bn.t. manv. Cyn'thia
c Stemless leaves runcinate. Pappus white. Dandelion. "Tarax^cum' 8
c Stems eafy or not. Pappus reddish or tawny. S. Pvruuopap'pus:
c Stems leafy, leaves runcinate. Pappus silky-white, c. lettuce. Lxctv^c.k
d Pappus brownish. Stems mostly leafy, with many heads, c.
, p ... , . ^ Hawkweed. Hiera'cium. 9
a 1 ap. silky white. Stemless; scapes each with one head. W. Trox'imon d Pappus silky white. Stems bear prickly leaves, c. Sow Thisile. So^'chvs e Pappus of many small scales. Branched stems 2f. high. Heads axillary
large. Common. Eastward. Succor^j. Cicno'niVM.
e Pappus of many hair-like bristles. 3-8f. Blue Lettuce. Mulge^dum
f Leaves on the stem linear, entire. Purpl. f Veffetahle Oyster. Tragopo'gon. f Leaves all radical, toothed. Flowers yellow. Fruit taper-beaked.
IlaiL'khit. L^on'todow
224
THE FLORA.
g Ach. wit)i alongbeak, pap. silk-wliite. Heads erect, c. Wild Lettuce. "Lkcrv^cx. g Acheniu not bciiked, pnppns dull-white. Hds. nod. c. Drop-flower. Nab'altjs. 10 g Achenia not beaked, pap. dull-white. PIds. erect, purple. S. r. Ltgodes'mia.
521 523 519 520
Achenia of Asterwovts, showing the varying pappus. Fig. 518. Acjenium of Eclipta, w pappus. Fig. 519. ITorseweed (^Amlrosia trifida). Fig. 520. Sunflower; pappus 2 teeth Fig. 521. Ageratum,— 5 scales. Fig. 522. Blue Lettuce,— many hair-like bristles. Fig. 523. Wild Lettuce, pappus raised on a beak.
1. SOLID A'GO. Goldenrod. Heads few-flowered, the rays 1-15, pistillate, disk florets perfect. In- volucre oblong, imbricate, witli close-pressed scales. Receptacle alveo- late, narrow. Pappus simple, of equal, hair-like, rougii bristles. — Herbs, very abundant in the United States. Stem erect, branching near the top. Leaves alternate. Heads small, florets all yellow (in S. bicolor, whitish), opening from August to October. (See Figs. 501-503.)
H Shrub woody, l-3f. high. Heads with 1-3 rays. S 1
TI Herbs. Heads -without rays (discoid). S 2,3
^ Herbs. Heads with rays (1-15, generally small) a
a Scales of the involucre with recurved, leafy, green tips 4, 5
a Scales of the involucre erect, tips scarcely at all green . . . .b
b Herbs (white or yellow) in axillary, close clusters or short racemes 6-9
b Heads in terminal racemes forming a close or a spreading panicle c
b Heads in terminal compound corymbs. . . .n
c Eacemes erect, not one-sided. Leaves feather-veined d
c Eacemes spreading or recurved, the flowers all on one side f
d Alpine species (growing only on mountains). Heads quite large. . . .10-12
d Not alpine — growing in plains or low grounds. Heads not large . . . .e
e Plants very smooth, at least the stem and leaves. Eays 4-7 13-15
e Plants downy or hoary with very close soft hairs. Eays 9-12. . . .16, 17 Leaves 3 or 1-veined, Very smooth salt-marsh herbs 18, 19
f Leaves evidently 3-veined. Herbs inland, &c g
f Leaves not veiny, thick, subcutive 27-29
f Leaves evidently feather-veined, mostly serrate k
Order 70.— ASTERWORTS.
g Leaves entire or very nearly so 20, 21
g Leaves serrate. Stem smooth and glabrous 22-24
g Leaves serrate. Stem roughi3h-pubescent....25, 26
k Stem downy or hairy. Leaves rough or not 80-32
k Stem smooth and glabrous. Leaves smooth or rough m
m Kays G-12. Eacemes close, forming a compact panicle 38-40
m Kays 6-12. Kaeemes distant, loosely or scarcely panicled 86, 37
m Kays 2-5. Eacemes, or the panicle, long and slender. . . .33-35
n Leaves lanceolate, large. Stem smooth 44-46 .
n Leaves lanceolate, large. Stem rough-downy 41-43
n Leaves linear, entire. Stems much branched, smoothish....47, 48
I S. pauciflosculo'sa. Shimhby Goldenrod. Bush 2f. high, very smooth, with
lanceolate leaves and the 5-flowered heads in erect, panicled racemes. S.
2 S. discoi'dea. Rayless G. Disk florets 10-15. Eacemes erect, panicle slender. S.
3 S. brachyphyl'la. Chajjnian" s G. Florets 5-7. Eacemes spreading, one-sided. S.
4 S. squarro'sa. Bagged S. Eays 10-15. Scales stiflf, with spreading, green
tips. Heads large. N.
5 S. squarrulo'sa. Hough S. Eays 6-10. Scales awl-shaped, with slender,
loose tips. S.
6 S. bi'color. Creamy S. Eays about 8, creamy-white. Plant hairy. Lvs. elliptic.
7 S. Buck'lyi. Buckly''s S. Eays 4-0, yellow. Plant woolly. Leaves oblong. S.
8 S. latifo'lia. Broad-leaved S. Eays yellow. Plant smoothish. Leaves broad
lanceolate, coarse-toothed. Seed downy, c.
9 S. cse'sia. Polished S. Eays yellow. Plant smooth and glaucous. Lvs. lin. -lance-
olate. Stem fiexuous, tall, slender. A beautiful Goldenrod. Woods, c. 10 S. thyrsoiMea. Thyrse G. Leaves ovate, long-stalked. Tall, l-3f. high. Heads large. Coarse, showy. In mountain woods.
II S. Vu-gau'rea. True G. Leaves oval, short-stalked. Low, 2-3' high. Heads
about 30-flowered, few, often only one. 12 S.hum'ilis. i/b?mi!<n'/i (?. Lvs. oblanceolate. High 6-12'. Heads about 12-flwd.
13 S. virga'ta. Virgate G. Heads all in one raceme at top.
14 S. stric'ta. Upright G. Heads in a panicle, which is narrow and erect.
15 S. specio'sa. Showy G. Heads in a thyrse-like panicle, large and very showy.
Pedicels shorter than the involucre, pubescent. Leaves very broad. 16S. verna, Farly S. "Whitish-downy. Lower leaves ovate. May, June. S. 17 S. puber'ula. I>iisty S. Dusty-puberulent. Lower leaves oblanceolate. Panicle long, compound, dense. Scales acute. Aug. N.
18 S. sempervi'rens. Eoergreen S. Lvs. lanceolate, thick, obscurely 3-veined. E.
19 S. angustifo'lia. Karrow-lv. S. Lvs. lance-lin. 1-veined, thick. Hds, small. S
20 S.nemora'lis. WoodS. Plant dusty, roughish. Lvs. acute. Eays showy, c
21 B. nipes'tris. ^oci-.9. Plant smooth. Lvs. acuminate. Eays very short. W
22 S. Missourien'sis. Missourie G. St. l-2f. All glabrous. Panicle dense. W.
23 S. sero'tina. Late G. Stem 3-6f. Leaf veins hairy beneath. Panicle loose.
24 S. gigan'tea. Giant G. Stem 3-8f. Branchlets hairy. Leaves Innceolnte.
10*
226 THE FLORA.
25 S. Canaden'sis. Canada G. Leaves pointed, rough. Panicle broad, e. 2G S. Short^ii. Shores G. Leaves acute, very smooth. Panicle long, narrow. W.
27 S. pilo'sa. Hairy S. Hairy, 4-7f. high. Leaves remotely serrulate. N.-J. S.
28 S. odo^ra. 6"w€et S. Stem downy in lines, slender, 2-3f. high. Leaves very en-
tire, smooth, punctate with pellucid dots. Fragrant, c.
29 S. tortifo^lia. Twist-lv. S. Stem rough. Lvs. often twisted, not punctate. S.
80 S. altis'sima. Tall S. Stem hairy, 4-6 f. Lvs. veiny, rough. Scales acute. <?,
81 S.HTmaTiion^dM. Drummond''sS. Stem l-2f. Lvs. velvety. Scales obtuse. W. 32 S. rad'ula. Basp-lv. S. Stem rough-downy. Lvs. oblong-spatulate. W.
83 S. ulmifo'Ua. Mm S. Branchlets hairy. Scales acute. Eays 3 or 4, disk flow-
ers 3 or 4. N. W.
84 S. Boot'ii. BooWs S. Branchlets hairy. Scales obtuse. Kays 2-5, disk flowers
8-12. S. 35 S. linoi'des. Flax S. Smooth all over. Scales obtuse. Eays 1-4. 12-20'. N.
36 S. Muhlenber'gii, Muhlenberg's S. Lvs. large, thin, notched, smooth both
sides. Heads 15-flowered. N.
37 S. pat'ula. Spreading S. Lvs. large, thick, very rough on the upper side.
Stem 2-4f, branches leafy. Heads' 20-flowered. N. 88 S. ellip'tica. Mars/i S. Very leafy. Lvs. elliptic. Panicle dense, pyramidal,
39 S. argu'ta. Saio-lv. S. Leaves few, elliptic, sharply serrate. Panicle spreading.
40 S. neglec'ta. Neglected S. Leaves few, serrate, lin. -lanceolate. Panicle narrow.
41 S. Ohien'sis. Ohio S. Smooth all over. Lvs. obtuse, flat. Corymbed. W.
42 S, Riddel'lii. BiddeWsS. Branches, &c., dust-downy. Lvs. acute, concave.
Heads corymbed. W.
43 S. corymbo'sa. Corymbed S. Branches corymbed, hirsute. Outer secund. 44 S. Houghto'nii. Houghton''s S. Hds. few, very large. Otherwise like No. 41. N.-W. 45S. rig'ida. Stiff S. Lvs. rigid. Heads very large. Scales obtuse. Height 3-5f. 46 S. Spithamae'a. Dwarf S. Leaves thin, sharp-serrate. Scales acute. Height
6-1 2^ Mountains. S.
47 S. lanceola'ta. Lance-lv. S. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-5-veined. Eays
minute, about 17. Corymbs crowded, fragrant, c.
48 S. tenuifo^lia. Linear-lv. S. Leaves narrow-linear, one-veined. Eays short,
about 10. More slender, with thinner clusters, c.
2. HELIAN'THUS. Sunflower.
Heads many-flowered, rays neutral, disk-florets perfect. Scales of the involucre in several rows, more or less imbricated. Torus flat or convex, the chaff persistent, embracing the 4-sided, flattened achenia. Pappus of 2 chaffy awns, deciduous. — Herbs, mostly if, rough. Leaves opposite, the upper often alternate, mostly 3-veined. Heads mostly large, the disk from half an inch to If. broad. Eays yellow, disk yellow or purple. July- Oct. (Tigs. 498, (fee.)
OuDEK 70.— ASTERWORTS. 227
§ Disk with its corollas and pales dark purple a
§ Disk with its corollas and pales yellow c
a Herbs annual. Leaves ehiefly alternate 1, 2
a Herbs perennial. Leaves opposite b
b Scales of the involucre acuminate 3-5
b Scales of the involucre obtuse 6,7
c Leaves chiefly alternate and feather-veined 8-11
c Leaves ehiefly opposite and 3- veined or triple- veined. ...d
d Scales of involucre erect, closely imbricated e
d Scales loosely spreading. Heads large, 9-15-rayed.. . .f d Scales loosely spreading. Heads small, 5-S-rayed... .22-25
e Plants green, rough 12, 13
e Plants whitish, downy,... 14, 15
f Scales lance-linear, longer than disk. Leaves thin 16, 17
f Scales lanee-ovate, as long as the disk. Leaves thick 18-21
1 H. an'nuus. Common, S. Stout and tall (3-lOf.). Heads large 6-10 across,
nodding. Achenia (seeds) glabrous. A variety has all the flowers ligulate.
2 H. deb 'ills. Slender S. Slender, decumbent. Heads small. Seeds downy. S.
3 H. Rai'vLla. B(i.tp-lv. S. Leaves roundish, rough, obtuse. Eays7-10ornone. S.
4 H. heterophyrius. Leaves oval, lanceolate, &c. Eays 12-18. Pales acute. S.
5 H. angustifo'lius. Leaves lance-linear, pointed. Pales 3-toothed. N.-J. S.
6 H. rigidus. Rigid S. Lvs. lanceolate, pointed. Scales ovate, acute. Es. 12-20. W.
7 H. atrorubens. Livid S. Leaves ovate, obtusish. Scales oblong, obtuse. S.
8 H. gigan'teus. Tall S. Hairy, rough. Lvs. lanceolate, pointed, serrate, c.
9 H. tomento'sus. Velvets. Very downy. Lower lvs. ovate, nearly entire. W. S.
10 H. grosse-serra'tus. Coarse-toothed S. Stem smooth. Leaves lance-pointed,
sharp-serrate. Eays 15-20. W.
11 H. tubero'sus. Artichoke. Cultiv. Lvs. 3-veined, lower cordate-ovate.
12 H. laetiflo'rus. Laughing S. Branched. Leaves lance-oval, short petioled.
13 H. occidenta'lis. Western S. Stem slender, simple, nearly leafless above.
14 H. moriis. Srft S. Leaves ovate, cordate, sessile. Plant woolly. W.
15 H. cine'reus. Ashy S. Lvs. ovate-oblong, tapering to base. Ashy-downy. 0.
16 H. decapet'alous. Ten-rayed S. Eays 9-12. Leaves all opposite. Stem 3-4f, N. M.
17 H. tracheliifo'Uus. Trach-leaved S. Eays 12-15. Branch lvs. alternate, 4-Sf. W.
18 H. doronicoi'des. False Tiger-bane. Leaves petiolate, ovate, and lance-
ovate, upper alternate. Scales longer than disk. Eays 12-15. W. S.
19 H. strumo'sus. Warty S. Leaves short-petioled, lance-ovate, all alike.
Scales equalling the disk. c. A double-flowered variety is cultivated,
20 H. hirsu'tus. Hairy S. Leaves petiolate, hairy beneath. Scales hairy. W.
21 H. divarica'tus. Forked S. Leaves sessile, very rough, opposite or ternate. c.
22 H. nxicroceph'alus. Small S. Stem smooth, much branched, Lvs. narrow. W.
23 H. Schweinit'zii. Schiveinitz' s S. Stem downy, rough. Leaves white, downy. Car.
24 H. lajviga'tus. Polished S. Stem and leaves very smooth. Not branched. S. Mts.
25 H. longifo'lius. Long-lvd. S. Leaves lancc-lincar, acute, smooth. Eays 8-10. Ga.
5228 THE FLORA.
3. BI'DENS. Burr-Marigold.
Involacre scales nearly equal, double, the outer generally large and leafy. Eays few (3-8, or sometimes none), neutral, disk perfect. Kecep- tacle chaffy, flat. Achenia flattened or 4-sided, crowned with 2-4 awns which are hispid backwards. — Leaves opposite. July-Oct.
* Eays inconspicuous or none a
* Buys quite showy, yellow 4, 5
a Achenia flattened, broadest at top. . . .1-3 a Achenia slender, 4-sided. . . .6, 7
1 B. frondo'sa. Leafy B. Leaves pinnately 3-5-fol., divisions distinct. Eays 0.
2 B. conna-'ta. Leaves simple, lower ones sometimes 3-parted. Eays 0.
3 B. cer'nua. Nodding B. Leaves simple, scarcely connate. Eays few or 0.
4 B. clirysanthemoi''des. Mud, B. Lvs. narrow-lance., equally serrate, connate.
5 B. Beck'ii. BecTc's B. Lvs. mostly under water and very finely divided. M.
6 B. leucan'tha. White B. Heads small, with white rays. Lvs. pinnate. S.
7 B. bipinna'ta. Spanish Needles. Eays very short, yellow. Lvs. bi-pinnate.
4. COREOP'SIS. Tick-seed.
Involucre many-flowered, double, each of 8-13 scales, the outer leafy, the inner membranous. Receptacle flat, the chaff falling with the fruit. Achenia flattened, often winged, emarginate, each commonly with 2 teeth or awns which are not hispid downwardly as in Bidens. — Leaves gener- ally opposite. Heads showy (rarely without rays).
* Heads discoid (without rays) 1,2
* Heads radiate, rays showy a
a Disk yellow, rays also yellow, mostly entire b
a Disk yellow, rays rose-colored, 3-5-toothed at the end 20, 21
a Disk purple, rays yellow with a purple base, toothed. . . .18, 19 a Disk purple, rays wholly yellow, toothed at the end. . . .14-17
b Leaves petiolate, compound, with lanceolate, toothed divisions 3-5
b Leaves petiolate, compound, with linear, entire divisions.. . .6, 7
b Leaves petiolate, simple, or some of them eared at base 8-10
b Leaves sessile, 3-parted, divisions entire or not often, seeming whorled 11-13
1 C. discoi''dea. Mayless T. Leaves on long petioles, ternately divided. "W.
2 C. bidentoi'des. Leaves on short petioles, toothed, lance-linear. Penn. r.
8 O. au'rea. Golden T. Leaflets 3-5. Outer scales about 8. Achenia 2-4-toothed. S.
4 C. trichosper'ma. Leaflets 5-7. Outer scales about 8. Ach. slender, 2-toothed.
5 C. aristo'sa. Leaflets 5-7. Outer scales 10-13. Achenia 2 or 4-awned. W.
6 C. trip'teris. Stem 4-8f. high. Hds. on short stalks. Eays 2' long, entire. W. S
7 O. grandiflo'ra. St. l-2f. high. Heads on long stalks. Enys 1' long, 4-5-oleffe. 8
Order TO.— ASTERWORTS.
229
8 C. latifo'lia. Stem 4-Gf. liigh. Eiiys entire. Leaves ovate, serrate. S. I) C auricula'ia. Stem l-3f. high. Eays 2-5-toothecl. Lvs. often eared at base. S. 10 C. lanceola'ta. Stem 2-of. high. Euys 4-5-toothed. Lvs. lanceolate, entire. S. n C. senifo'lia. Leaf divisions all entire, appearing in 6-leaved whorls. S.
12 C. verticilla'ta. Leaf divisions all again divided into narrow-linear lobes. \V.
13 C. palma'ta. Lvs, deeply 3-eleft, wedge-shaped, lobes linear, not whorled. W.
14 C. delphinifo'lia. Leaves sessile, 3-parted, the divisions often lobed. S.
15 C. gladia'ta. Sword-lv. G. Leaves petioled, lance-
olate, sometimes divided. Stem round. S.
16 C. angustifo'lia. Karrow-lv. G. Leaves petioled,
narrow-spatulate, entire. Stem square. S.
17 C. CEm'leri. (Einler''s G. Leaves petioled, lance-
ovate, entire. Stem round below. S. 13 O. Drummon'dii. Drummond''8 G. Lvs. pin-
nately 3-5-foliate, divisions oblong- oval,
entire, f 19 C. tincto'ria. Byer'^s G. Leaves pinnatcly
much divided, divisions linear, entire, t
20 C. ro'sea. Rose G. Stem leafy, leaves narrow-
linear, entire. Eays rose-white. E.
21 0. nuda'ta. Leafless G. Stem few-leaved, leaves
awl-shaped, entire. Rays rose-red. S.
5. ASTER. Starwort.
Heads many-flowered. Scales of the invo- lucre generally imbricated in two or more rows, and with green tips. Disk florets tubu- lar, perfect, rays fertile, in one row, oblong, revolute when old. Receptacle flat, marked ^'^- ^-^- ^^^'' ^^^""^
with pits. Pappus simple, hair-like, rough. Achenium usually flattened. — A large genus of 11 herbs, very abundant in the United States, flower- ing in late summer and autumn. Leaves alternate ; disk florets yellow, changing to purple ; rays blue, purple, or white, never yelloAv. — The spe- cies are very variable, and many of them are hard to distinguish.
* Eadical and lower leaves cordate and petiolate a
* Radical leaves never cordate c
a Heads in loose corymbs. Rays white or whitish 1,2
a Heads in racemes or panicles, blue or bluish b
b Leaves evidently serrate ; rays light blue, about 12, spreading i' . . .3, 4 b Leaves entire or nearly so ; rnys bright blue, spreading near 1' 5-7
c Involucre scales tipped with green, or the outer ones wholly green d
c Involucro scales with searious margins or wholly scarious. . . .f
230 THE FLORA.
d Stem leaves clasping-, with a cordate or auricleJ base e
d Stem leaves sessile, rarely claspinof, never cordate or auriclcd. . ..19
e Involucre scales close, in several rows, outer ones gradually shorter 8, 9
e Involucre scales loose, nearly equal, outer ones often wholly green . . . .10-12
f Leaves lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, more or less rough 13-15
f Leaves linear, fleshy, very smooth, entire. Salt-marsh herbs 16-18
1 A. corymbo'sus. Corymbed S. Slender, with thin, serrate leaves.
2 A. macrophyrius. Big-lvd. S. Stout, with large, thick, ser., rough Ivs. 13-rayed. 8 A. cordifo'lius. Heart-leaved S. Involucre scales close, obtuse. Lvs. sharp-serrate. 4 A. sagittifo'lius. Arrow-leaved S. Scales awl-shapcd, long, loose. Lvs. blunt-serrate.
5 A. azu'reus. Azure S. Stem leaves sessile, rough, lanceolate, and linear.
6 A. undula'tus. Stem lvs. on winged stalks, with rounded clasping bases, wavy. "
7 A. Shor'tii. SJiorfs S. Stem leaves on naked stalks, all cordate, pointed, entire.
8 A. patens. Patent S. Plant rough-downy. Leaves entire. Scales pointed.
9 A. laevis. Polished S. Plant smooth and glaucous. Scales broad, acute.
10 A. prenanthoi'des. Lvs. sharply cut-serrate, with a long, slender, entire base.
11 A. punic'eus. Red-st. S. Lvs. sparingly serrate, lance. Stem hairy, often red.
12 A. Novce-Angliae. Kew-England S. Leaves entire, rough, numerous. Kays
nearly 100, %' long. Stems 4-6 f. high. A fine species, often cultivited.
13 A. acumina''tus. Pell S. Leaves coarsely-toothed, broad-lanceolate, long-pointed,
often clustered. Kays white. In dark woods. N.
14 A. nemora''lis. Wood S. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, nearly entire, acute, with
edges revolute. Heads 1-3. In damp woods. N. M.
15 A. ptarmicoi'des. Sneezewort S. Leaves entire, stiff, acute. Heads corymbed.
16 A. flexuo'sus. Zigzag S. Heads large, with showy rays. Stem flcxuous.
17 A. linifo''lius. Flax S. Heads numerous, with very short rays in 2 rows.
18 A. subula'tus. Heads with showy blue rays. Scales in 2 or 3 rows. S. 19 Many species, very variable, here omitted. (See p. 420, Class Book.)
6. ERIG'EROK Fleabane. Whiteweed.
Heads many-flowered, mostly hemispherical, rays very numerous (20- 200), narrow, linear, pistillate ; disk flowers perfect. Receptacle flat, naked (no chaff or pits). Scales of the involucre nearly equal and in one row. Pappus generally simple. — Herbs with alternate leaves. Rays white, blue, or reddish. Flowering from May to September.
* Rays showy, longer than the involucre. Heads large (i-V broad) a
* Kays obscure, shorter than the involucre, whitish. Heads very small 1, 2
a Kays purple, very numerous. Heads loosely corymbed. . . .3-5 a Rays white or whitish. Heads loosely panicled 6-8
1 E. Canaden'se. Canada F. Erect, hairy. Leaves lanceolate. Heads panicled.
2 E. divarica'tum. Prostrate F. Low, diffuse. Lvs. linear. Heads corymbed. W.
Order 70.— ASTERWORTS. 231
8 E. bellidifo'lium. Daisy F. Leaves nearly entire. Kays 50-80, bluish -p.
4 E. Fhiladel'phicum. Leaves nearly entire. Eays 150-200, reddish-purple.
5 E. quercifo'lium, Oak-lv. F. Lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid-toothed. Eays 100-200. S.
6 E. an'nuum. Annual F. Stem leafy, 3-5f. high. Leaves coarse-toothed.
7 E. strigo'sum. Rough F. Stem leafy, 2-3f. high. Leaves nearly entire.
8 E. nudicau'le. Naked F. Stem leafless, l-2f. high. Kays about SO. S. "^
7. ACIIILLE'A. Yarrow. MillfoiL
Heads many-flowered, rays few, fertile; receptacle flat, chaff*y ; achenia flattened, margined, without a pappus. — U European herbs with small, 4-12-rayed heads in corymbs. June-Sept.
1 A. millefo'lium. Leaves twice pinnatifid with fine segments. Kays 4 or 5. c.
2 A. Ptar'mica. Sneezewort. Leaves undivided, lance-linear, serrate. Kays 8-12. r.
8. TARAX'ACUM. Dan'delion.
Involucre many-flowered, double, the outer of small scales much shorter than the close, erect row of the inner. Receptacle naked. Achenia pro- duced into a long beak crowned with copious white, hair-like bristles of the pappus. — Acaulescent herbs with runcinate leaves. (Figs. 504-506.)
T. Dens-leo'nis. Dan'delion. Outer scales of the involucre reflexed. Leaves run- cinate, smooth, dentate. — In all open situations, blossoming at all seasons ex- cept winter. Scape round, hollow, lengthening after flowering, and bearing a globular head of seeds and seed-down, whose light and airy form is i very famil- iar sight to all.
9. HIERA'CIUM. Hawkweed.
Involucre more or less imbricated, egg-shaped, many-flowered. Ache- nia not prolonged into a beak, striate. Pappus of rough, brittle, numerous tawny bristles in a single row. — U Leaves alternate, entire, or toothed, Florets yellow. July-Sept.
* Involucre and stalks smooth or nearly so. . . .a
• Involucre, stalks, Ac, rough with glandular hairs.... b
a Heads with 50 to 60 florets 1
a Heads with 10 to 20 florets 2, 8
b Heads with 40 to 50 florets. . . .4 b Heads with 20 to SO florets 5, 6
1 H. Canaden'se. Canada II. Stem leafy, corymbed at top. Leaves sharp- toothed. N.
232 THE FLORA.
2 H. panicula^tum. Panicled H. Stem leafy, widely panicled. Leaves fine-toothed 8 H. veno'sum. Euhin's Plantain. Stem almost leafless, corymbed, Lvs. entire.
4 H, scabrum. Rovgh II. Heads corymbed. Plant stiff, rongh-liairy. 5 H. longip'ilum. Long-haired II. Plant clotlied with straight bristles V long. "W. fi H. Grono'vii. Gronovius' H, Plant slender, quite hairy below.
10. NAB'ALUS. Lioii's-foot.
Involucre cylindrical, double, the inner of many linear scales in one row, the outer of a few short scales at base. Receptacle naked. Achenia smooth, striate, not beaked, crowned with a copious, straw-colored or brownish hair-like pappus. — ^Erect herbs, with a thick, tuberous, bit- ter root. Heads 5-18-floAvered, white or straw-colored, often purplish. Aug. -Oct,
* Heads glabrous, pendulous. Leaves multiform in the same plant a
* Heads hairy, erect or nodding. Leaves reniform, undivided . . . .7-9
a Tall (2-4f, high). Hea,ds (8-12-flowered) in a corymb-like panicle 1, 2
a Tall (2-6f. higli). Heads in a long, raceme-like panicle 3, 4
a Low (5-10'' high). Heads raeemed. Found only on high mountains.... 5, 6
1 N. al'ba. White L. Pappus cinnamon-color. Leaves hastate, often lobed.
2 N. Fra'seri. Frasev^s L. Pappus straw-color. Leaves deltoid, often cleft.
3 N. altis'simus. Tall L. Heads 5-flowered. Leaves divided, or cleft, or entire.
4 N. virga'tus. Rod L. Heads 8-12-flowered. Lowest leaves pinnatifid.
5 N. na'nus. Dwarf L. Outer involucre of sliort-ovate, close scales.
6 N. Boot'tii. BootVs L Outer involucre of linear, loose scales.
7 N. racemo'sus. Raeemed L. Heads nodding, 9-12-flowered. W. M.
8 N. crepidin'eus. Grepis L. Heads nodding, 25-35-flowered. W. S.
9 N. as'per. RovgJi L. Heads erect, ll-14-flo\vcTed. Panicle raeemed. W,
Order LXXI. LOBELIACEJE. Lobeliads.
Herbs with alternate leaves, scattered ^(?w?er5, and often m\]kj juice ; calyx superior ; corolla irregular, 5-lobed, tube split down to the base ; stamens 5, united into a tube both by the filaments and anthers ; ovarij adherent to the calyx tube ; styles united into one ; stigma fringed ; fruit a 2-3-celled, many-seeded capsule.
LOBE'LIA. Cardinal-flower. Indian Tobacco.
The two upper lobes of the irregular corolla are smaller than the three
Okdeii 72. BELLWORTS. 233
lovv'er. Stamens united into a curved tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule opening at top. Seeds very small. — Flowers axillary, generally forming leafy or bracted racemes. July-Sept.
§ Stems leafy a
§ Stems leafless, leaves nearly nil crowded at the root, under water 11, 12
a Flowers bright red or scarlet, largo and showy 1,2
a Flowers blue, varying to bluish-white.. . .b
b Stem stout, 2-3 or 4f. high. Flowers large, about V long 3-5
b Stem slender, 6''-2f. high. Flowers small (i-s' long) c
c Stem branched, racemes several, loose, or flowers scattered fi, 7 •
c Stem generally simple, bearing a single raceme.. . .8-10
1 L. cardina'lis. Cardinal-flwr. Stem smooth. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute.
2 L. ful'gens. Mexican. Stem downy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, t
3 L. puber'ula. Leaves obtuse, denticulate. Eaceme one-sided. Plant downy.
4 L. sjrphilit'ica. Blue C. Lvs. acute, slightly toothed. Kacemes equal, hairy. .5 L. amoe'na. Pretty C. Leaves acuminate, toothed. Eacemes one-sided,
smoothish. S.
6 L. iixfla''ta. Indian Tobacco. Hairy. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, toothed. Pod inflated.
7 L. Kal'mii. KalmU C. Smooth. Leaves linear-spatulatc, entire. Fls. blue-white.
8 L. Nuttal'lii. NuttaWs L. \ Pedicels twice as long as the flowers. Leaves
linear, extremely slender. S. M.
9 L. spica'ta. Spiked L. Pedicels as long as the flowers. Eacemes dense.
Leaves oblong. 10 L. leptostach'ya. Slender- spiked L. Pedi. none. Lvs. lance-oval, smooth. "W
11 L. Dortman'na. Water L. Root leaves linear, terete, hollow, fleshy. Scape long.
12 L. paludo'sa. Marsh L. Eoot leaves linear-oblong, flat. Stem tall. S.
Ordek LXXII. CAMPANULACE.E. Bellworts.
Herls witb a milky juice, alternate leaves; flowers mostly blue and sliowy, with a superior
calyx; a regular and mostly campanulate 5-lobed corolla ; with the 5 stamens usually separate, and ovary adherent to the calyx tube ; and witli the 2-5-celied i^od crowned with the remains of the calyx.
Analysis of the Genera.
Calyx tube very short (below the flower). Campanula. 1
Calyx tube long and three-angled. Speccla'uia.
234:
TPIE FLORA.
CAMPAN'ULA. Bell-flower. HarebeU.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or wheel-shaped, its 5 lobes valvate in the bud, closed at the base inside by the valve-like bases of the 5 stamens. Pod open- ing on the sides. — U Herbs with axillary or terminal flowers. June- October,
Fig. 526. The Harebell, the whole plant
7. Ovary of Canterbury Bells, withyj a broad filament, s, an anther, and .p, the hairy stylc.^
8. A cross-section of the curious 5-ceiIed seed- vessel, 2 placentje in eacli cell. 9. Seed cut open, showing the large embryo. Fig. 530. Flower of American Bellwort. Fig. 531. Flower of Patent Bellwort.
§ Corolla wheel- shaped, flat, in leafy spikes 1, 2
§ Corolla bell-shaped, &e., broadly or narrowly ... .a a Flowers on slender pedicels, solitary or panicled. . . .b a Flowers sessile or nearly so. Stem erect. Gardens 7-9
b Flowers large (6-12'''' broad). Eoot leaves unlike the stem leaves. . . .8, 4
b Flowers small (2-5'''' broad). Leaves all similar in form ... .5, 6
1 C. America''na. Americaii B. Stem tall (2-4f,). Leaves pointed at ends, smooth.
2 C. planiflo'ra. Stem low (7-12'), simple. Lvs. thick, shininof, obtuse, or acute. +
3 0. rotundifo'lia. Harebell. Stem weak. Root lvs. roundish, stem lvs. linear. <t C. persicifo'lia. Feach B. Stem erect. Leaves lance-linear. Flowers very broad, f
5 C. aparinoi'des. BeJstraw B. Stem reclining, rough backwards. Flowers white.
6 C. divarica'ta. Patent B. Erect, Panicle wide. Leaves toothed. Fls. blue, S.
7 O, glomera''ta. Flowers crowded above, funnel-shaped. Plant smooth, t
8 0. me''dium, Canterbury B. Flowers distant, very large, obtuse at base, t
9 0. lanugino''sa, Woolbj B. Flowers scattered, rather large, acute at base, +
Order 73.— HEATIIWORTS.
285
Order LXXIII. ERICACEJ3. Heathworxs.
Hcrls^ or more generally shrubs^ with simple, often evergreen leaves ; flowers regular or nearly so, 4 or 5-partc(l; 'petals rarely almost distinct; stamens as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, and the anthers oddly appendaged and generally opening by two terminal pores; the style 1, and the ovary 4-10-celled, with albuminous seeds. 6 5
Fig. 532. Azalea procunibens. 8. A flower enlarged. 4. A stamen, much enlarged, showing the lengthwise opening of each of tlio cells. 5. Cross-section of a 5-ce!le(l capsule of Rhododen- dron, showing the inflexed margins of the valves. 6. Pyrola secunda. 7. A flower enlarged. 8. A stamen enlarged, showing the terminal tubes and pores. 9. Cross-section of a 5-celled, many-seeded capsule. Fig. 540. Checkerberry {Gaultheria). 1. A flower enlarged. 2. A berry. 8. Vertical section of the ovary, showing the free, fleshy caly.v. 4 Anther of the Vaccinium Vltis-IdcsB. 5. Stamen of Bcarberry {Arctv)>t<iphylos). 6. Awned stamen of a Blueberry ( VcM- cinium).
236 THE FLORA.
Analysis of tfie Genera.
§ Shrubs or trees, or shrublets 2
§ Herbs evergreen, with green herbage and leaves m
§ Herbs leafless, without verdm-e. Bracts scale-like n
2 Calyx adherent, crowning the berry in fruit. . . .a
2 Calyx free from the ovary, or inferior 3
8 Petals united into a gamopetalous corolla 4
3 Petals entirely or very nearly separate and distinct. . . .5
4 Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8 b
4 Flowers 5-parted. Stamens 5 or 10. . . .
5 Pods 2 or 3-celled, cells only 1-seeded. Southern k
5 Pods 3-celled, cells many-seeded g
5 Pods 5 or 7-celled, cells many-seeded h
6 Corolla urn-shaped (oval or globular), lobes small c
6 Corolla not urn-shaped, open or spreading e
a Erect shrubs with 5-parted flowers and 10-seeded berries.
Huckleberries. Gaylussa'cia. a Erect shrubs with 5-parted flowers and oo-seeded berries.
Blueberties. Vaccin'ium. a Trailing shrublets. Corolla 4-cleft, reflexed. Fr. red. Cranberry. Oxycog'cus. 1 a Trailing shrublets. Corolla 4-cleft, spreading. Fruit white.
Boxberry. Chiog'enes. 2 b Leaves linear-acerose, whorled or crowded. Cultivated. Heath. Eu''ica.
b Leaves oval-lanceolate. Shrub, 4f. high. Penn. S. ) ^^^^^^^.^^^^^^^^_ Mekzie'sia. c Pod dry, opening bet. the cells. Lvs. lin. N. )
c Pod dry, opening into the cells d
c Drupe fleshy, 5-seeded. Shrubs trailing. Bearberry. AncT0STAPH''TL0S. c Berry fleshy, many-seeded. Little shrublets. ChecJcerberry. Gaulthe''ria. 8 d Shrublet moss-like, on high Mts. Leaves linear. Moss Andromede. Cassi''ope. d Shrubs with ample leaves. Pod-valves entire. Andromede. ANDKoii''EDA.
d Tree with ample leaves and slender racemes. Sorrel-tree. OxYDEN^DRuar.
e Corolla saucer-form, holding the anthers in 10 pits. Laurel. Kal'mia. 4
e Corolla salver-form, very fragrant. Trailing. May-flower, Epig^''a. 5
e Corolla funnel or bell-form, with spreading lobes f
f Stamens 5, included. Plant and leaves very small. Mts. N. H. Leioseleu'kia. f Stamens 5 (rarely more), long-exserted. Corolla funnel-form. Aza''lea. 6
f Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), exserted. Corolla bell-form. Bay. Khododen''dron. 7 g Leaves alternate, deciduous, serrate. Flowers racemed. Cle^thra.
g Leaves mostly opposite, evergreen, entire. Flowers umbeled.
Sand Myrtle. Leiophyl' lum. h Flowers 5-parted. Corolla regular. * Labrador Tea. Le'dtjm.
h Flowers 5-parted. Corolla irregular. Khodo^ra.
h Flowers 7-parted, regular. Stamens 14. S. Befa'ria.
Order 73.— HEATHWORTS.
k Flowers 4-partcd, with 8 stamens and a 3-scedcd pod. S. Elliot'tia.
k Flowers 5-parted, with 5 stamens. Leaves lanceolate, entire. S. Cvryl^la.
k Flowers 5-parted, with 10 stamens. Lvs. lancool., entire. S. MyLocA''nYUM. m Flowers racemed, many. Perennial, low, smooth, erect. Pyr^ola. 8
m Flower solitary, one only. Perennial, small. N. r. Moxe'ses.
m Flowers eorymbed, few. Leaves evergreen, thick. Fipsisshca. Chimaph^ila. 9
n Corolla polypetalous. Plant white, reddish, &c. Indian Pipe. Monot'ropa.IO
n Corolla gamopetalous, bell-shaped, in a short spike. S. Schweinit'zia.
n Corolla gamop., egg-shaped, in a loose rac. Albany Beechdrops. Pteros'pora.
1. OXYCOC'CUS. Cranberry.
Calyx superior, 3-cleft. Corolla 4-parted, with lance-linear, reflexed segments. Stamens 8, anthers tubular, 2-parted, opening by oblique pores. Berry globular, 4-celled, many-seeded. — Trailing and very slen- der, with woody stems, alternate, thick, narrow, entire leaves, and acid, eatable fruit. Flowers purplish. June.
1 O. palus'tris. Bog C. Stems thread-form, trailing. Leaves ovate, 2-4'' long.
Pedicels terminal, 1-flowered.
2 O. macrocar'pus. MarTcet G. Stems thread-form, trailing. Leaves oblong, 4-6"
long. Pedicels axillary, 1-flowered.
3 O. eryihocar'pus. Bush C. Stems l-3f. high, erect. Leaves oval, pointed, ser-
rulate. Petals not reflexed at first. S. Mountains.
2. CHIOG'ENES. Boxberry.
1 C. hispid'ula. Run7iing B. A little woody creeper, 4 to 6' long, in old woods, northward. Leaves many, small, oval. Flowers white, 4-parted. Berry white. Plant tastes like Checkerberry. (Fig. 5i7.)
Fig. 547. Boxbci ly, the entire-plant.
3. GAULTHE'RTA. Checkerberry.
Calyx 5-cleft, with 2 bractlets at base. Corolla urn-shaped, the limb of 5 short, re volute lobes. Stamens 10. Capsule 5-celled, invested by the calyx, which becomes a pulj)y berry. — Little shrubby or half'-shrubby plants, with alternate, evergrocu leaves. (Figs. 540-543.)
238 THE FLORA.
G. procum'bens. Common Ghecherlerry^ or Wintergreen. Branches ascending Z' from the prostrate, slender root-stock, which is usually concealed. Leaves obovate, and few nodding flowers, all clustered at top of the stem, and spicy in flavor. Berries scarlet. Flowers in Summer, white.
4. KAL'MIA. Calico-bush. Mountain LaureL
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with 10 prominences beneath, and 10 corre- sponding pits within, holding the 10 anthers. Filaments recurved. Bor- der with 5 shallow lobes. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. — Beautiful shrubs, with entire, evergreen, leathery leaves. Flowers white and red, in racemed corymbs. May- June.
1 Flowers in terminal corymbs. Leaves smooth, thick 2, 3
1 Flowers in lateral corymbs. Leaves rusty or downy beneath. . . .4, 5 1 K. hirsu'ta. Hairy L. Flowers axillary, solitary, stalked, red. Plant hairy. Leaves mostly scattered, acute, sessile. l-2f. S.
2 K. latifo'lia. Great L, Leaves scattered, green both sides. Corymbs large, rose-
white, numerous and very showy. 3-20f.
3 K. glau'ca. Polished L. Leaves opposite, glaucous-white beneath, revolute on
the margin. Corymbs small, lilac. 2-3f.
4 K. cunea'ta. Wedge-leaved L. Leaves scattered, wedge-oblong. Corymbs
small, roseate, each of 4-6 flowers. Plant 3-5f. S.
5 K. angustifo'lia. Sheep-poison. Leaves opposite and in 3's, blunt at each end.
Corymbs small, deep purple. 3-4f.
5. EPIG^'A. May-flower.
Calyx large, 5-parted, with 3 bracts at base. Corolla salver-form, tube hairy within, limb of 5 spreading lobes. Stamens 10. Anthers open by slits. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. — Little trailing shrubs.
E. repens. Trailing Arhutus. Leaves cordate-ovate, entire. Corolla tube cylin- drical. Stems slender, flat on the ground, lO-lS' long. Leaves evergreen, rounded at the end, 2'' or more long. Flowers tinged with red, very fragrant. April, May.
6. AZA'LEA. Azalea.
Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, somewhat irregular, with 5 spreading lobes. Stamens 5, and, with the 1 style, long exserted, curved toward the lower side, Anthers open by pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. — Erect shrubs. Leaves alternate, deciduous, entire. Flowers large, showy, fragrant, clustered. April-July.
Order T3.— HEATHWORTS. 239
§ Lobes of the calyx all (rarely 1 excepted) very short or minute 1,2
§ Lobes of the calyx all oblong, and of conspicuous lcn<(th S-5
1 A. visco'sa. Clammy Swamp Pink. Flowers very viscid, appearing with the
full-grown leaves, the tube much longer than the segments. Shrub 4-7f. White or roseate.
2 A. nudiflo'ra. Finxter Bloom. Clusters naked, appearing with or before the
young leaves. Corolla tube downy, scarcely longer tlian the segments.
Branches often whorled. Colors pink, purple, white, buff, &c. t 8 A. calendula''cea. Flaming Finxter. Young branchlets downy, corymbs nearly or quite leafless. Tube of the corolla hairy, shorter than the ample lobes. Common. Penn. S. & "W. Flowers very many, flame-color, bright red, saffron- yellow, iSzc. t
4 A. arbores'cens. Tree Azalea. Branches smooth. Leaves glaucous beneath.
Corymbs leafy with full-grown leaves. Corolla tube longer than the lobes, not viscid. Height 10-20f. Mountains. S. 6 A. Pon'tica. Asiatic A. Flowers viscid, witli full-grown leaves. Tube wide- mouthed, as long as segments. All colors, t
7. RnODODEN'ORON". Rose Bay.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broad, campanulate, regular or slightly irreg- ular, 5-lobed. Stamens ]0, mostly declined, anthers opening by pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. — Shrubs with alternate, entire, evergreen leaves. Flowers umbeled, splendid.
§ Calyx lobes large, leaf-like. Exotic 7
§ Calyx lobes small, scale-like a
a Leaves small, obtuse at each end. Mountains 1,2
a Leaves large, acute, rusty or silvery beneath 5, 6
a Leaves large, acute, glabrous beneath 3, 4
1 R. Lappon'icum. Lapland R. Shrub 5-10' high. Lvs, scaly, elliptic. N.
2 R. Catawbien'se. Catawba R. Shrub 3-5f. high. Leaves smooth, oval. S.
3 R. max'imum. Great R. Leaves oblanceolate, acute, paler beneath. Flowers
in large unibels, white, with yellow dots. Eocky woods.
4 R. Pon'ticum. Asiatic R. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, not paler beneath.
Flowers large, purple, variegated.
5 R. puncta'tum. Dotled-lf. R. Lvs, with rusty, resinous dots beneath. Mts. S.
6 R. arbo'reum. Tree R. Leaves with silvery spots beneath. Asia, t
7 R. In^dicum, Indian R. Leaves rough, wedge-lance. Fls, few together, f
8. PYR'OLA. False "Wintergreen.
Calyx 5-parted, Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10, anthers large, turned outwards, opening by 2 pores at the obtuse top. Style thick, long; stig-
240
THE FLORA.
mas 5, often projecting like rays. Pod 5-celled, 5-valved, opening into the cells, many-seeded. — if Low, evergreen herbs, almost woody, with the leaves generally radical, and the scape bearing a raceme of nodding flow- ers. Mostly northern. June^ July.
§ Stamens ascending, style declined and curved a
§ Stamens and style straight and erect 5, 6
a Leaves thick and shining. Flowers white or :ose-colored. . . .1, 2 a Loaves green, not shining. Flowers greenish-white 3, 4
1 P. rotundifo'lia. Bound-leaved F. Lvs. orbicular. Mostly white petals. (Fig. 14.)
2 P. asarifo'lia. Heart-leaved P. Leaves round-cordate. Kose-colored petals.
8 P. ellip'tica. Pear-leaved P. Leaves large, thin, elliptical, on short petioles. 4 P. chloran'tha. Green-Jl. P. Lvs. small, thick, roundish, shorter than petioles.
5 P. secun'da. One-sided P. Kaceme with the green- white flowers all on one side.
6 P. minor. Lesser P. Eaceme ppike-forra, with small, globular, white fls. Mts.
9. CHIMAPH'ILA. Pipsissiwa. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading, round. Stamens 10. Anther cells lengthened above into tubes. Style very short, thick. Capsule 5-celled. — Small evergreens, with oblong, ser- rate, clustered leaves, and terminal flowers. June^ July.
Leaves wedge-lance- 4-7-flovvered, on an
1 0. umbella'ta. Prince'' s Pine.
olate, in 4's-6's. Umbel erect stalk. July.
2 0. macula'ta. Spotted P. Leaves lanceolate, acumi-
nate, marked with whitish streaks along the midvein. Flowers 2 or 3. (See Fig. 548.)
10. MONOT'ROPA. Pine Sap. Calyx of 1-5 bract-like sepals. Petals 4 or 5, connivent in a bell-shaped corolla. Stamens 8-10. Capsule 4-5-celled, 4-5-valved.~Low herbs growing on the juices of other plants, all white or tawny, with scales instead of leaves.
1 M. uniflo^ra. IndiaK Pipe, Sepals 1-3, Flower
solitary, scentless. Stem 6'' high, common in woods. Whole plant white. Summer.
2 M. Hypop'itis. Pine Sap. Downy, tawny. Sepals 4, 5.
grant. Stem G-S' high. Root a tangled ball of fibres.
548
Flowers racemed, fra-
Au(/.
Order 78.— PRIMWORTS.
241
Order LXXYIII. PRIMULACE^. Primworts.
Fig. 549. Primula Mistassinica, the whole plant. Fig. 550. The corolla cut optn, showing the stamens on the tube. 1. The plan of the flower, showing the stamens opposite the petals. 2. The calyx and ovary. 3. The fruit cut open, showing the seccls on the central jilaccnta. Fig. 554. Dodecatheon Meadiii, whole plant 5. A single flower, natural size. Fig. 556. Fruit (py.xis) of Anagallis, with its lid open, showing the seeds.
Jlcrls low, with the leaves either radical or mostly opposite ; with the /lowers 5 (rarely 4 or G)-parted ; the corolla monopetalous, regular ; the stamens inserted on the corolla-tnhe and opposite to its lobes ; the ovary 1-celled, with a free, central placenta ; style 1 ; stigma 1 ; the capsule 1-celled, many-seeded; seeds with fleshy albumen.
11
242 THE FLORA.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Stemlcss. Leaves all radical, scape bearing an nmbel a
* Steins leafy. Flowers yellow, corolla -wheel-form (tube none) . . . .b
* Steins leafy. Flowers white, red, &c., never yellow 2
2 Leaves Avhorled, at least those near the flowers. Corolla white. . . .c 2 Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers axillary, solitary.... d 2 Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers white e
a Cor. tube egg-shaped, lobes short, spread. Dicarf Primrose. Anpkosa\;k.
a Corolla tube cylindrical, lobes spreading. Primrose. Pkim'ula. 1
a Corolla tube cylindrical, lobes refiexed. Aino'ican Cowslip. DoDECATii'toN. 2 b Corolla 5- parted, without intermediate teeth. Loose-strife. Lysimach'ia. 3
b Corolla G-parted, with 6 intermediate teeth. Kaceines axillary. NAUMBiip/GiA.
c Fls. 7-part. Lvs. entire, in a singleVhorl. CMchWintergreen. Trienta^lis. 4
c Fls. 5-parted. Leaves finely pinnatifid, in water. Feather-fnU. Horro'xiA. d Plant prostrate, with scarlet corollas. Pimpernel. Anac.ai/i.is. I
d Plant erect, with no corolla, but white calyxes. Blach SalUvort. Glai:x.
e Fls. 5-parted, panicled. Plant 8-1 SMiigh. Water Pcmpernel, Sam'olus.
e Fls. 4-parted, axillary. Plant 1-2' high. P war/ Pimpernel. Centux'cuujs.
1. PPJM'ULA. Primrose. Auricula.
Calyx angular, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, or often rather funnel- shaped, with 5 entire, or notched, or bifid lobes. Stamens 5, included. Pod opening at the top, many-seeded. — U Herbs with the leaves all rad- ical, and the flowers showy, in an umbel on a scape.
* Corolla salver-fonn, limb abruptly spreading. Plants wild, rare 1,2
* Corolla salver-form, limb abruptly spreading. Plants cultivated S, 4
* Corolla funnel-form, limb gradually spreading. Cultivated a
a Leaves hairy, rugose, toothed, or crenate, or wavy at edge 5, 6
a Leaves smooth, plane, entire, or sometimes crenate.. . .7, 8
1 P. Mistassin'ica. Midassins P. Smooth, green, S-S' high. Flowers 1-8,
flesh-colored. On lake shores. N. First seen on L. Mistassins.
2 P. farino'sa. Bird'' s-eye P. Mealy, 3-10' high. Flowers 3-20, lilac-yellow
Shores of the great lakes. N. 8 P. gTandifio''ra. Common P. Petals obcordate, notched, yellow, purple, &c. \ P. purpu'rea. Purple P. Petals obtuse, entire, dark-violet, never yellow, f
5 P. ofiicina''lis. Cowslip P. Lvs. hairy. Outer fls. nodding, border concave, t
6 P. ela'tior. Odip P. Leaves smooth above. All fls. nodding, border flat, t 7 P. Auric'ula. Auricula. Lvs. and calyx mealy-glaucous. Bracts very short, t 3 P. calyci'na. Cup P. Lvs. white-edged, calyx inflated. Bracts long. Purpl. f
Order 78.— PRIMWORTS. 2-13
2. DODECATII'EON. American Cowslip.
Calyx S-parted, reflexed. Corolla tubo very short, limb rotate, 5-parted, with the limb reflexed. Stamens 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla, Olaments short, anthers long, acute connivent at apex, but shorter than the style. — u Leaves all radical, oblong, scape erect, bearing an umbel of nodding rose or white flowers. May, June, (Fig. 554.) D Mea'dia. P/ide of Ohio. A striking and elegant plant, in prairies througljout the "Western States. Seape l-2f. high. Petals wliite or pink. Stamens yellow. \
8. LYSIMACIl'IA. Loose-strife.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tube very short, limb 5-parted, spreading.
Stamens 5, on the base of the corolla, filaments often united. Pods 5-10-
valved. Seeds several or many. — If Leaves opposite or whorled, entire.
Flowers mostly yellow. June, July.
% Erect Peduncles several-flowered, or flowers panicled. . . .a
§ Erect. Pedicels 1-flowered, flowers racemed 8, 9
§ Erect. Pedicels ] -flowered, flowers axillary 1
§ Prostrate, creeping. Pedicels (or umbels) axillary 10, 11
a Leaves thick, rather obtuse, with the edges rolled back. . . .4, 5
a Leaves thin, acuminate, Avith the edges not rolled. . . .6, 7
1 Leaves mostly opposite, on petioles fringed with hairs 2, 3
1 L. quadrifo'lia. Whorled L. Leaves whorled in 3's, 4'8, and 5's, sessile.
2 L. cilia'ta. Fringe-lf. L. Leaves ovate, often cordate. Stems mostly branched.
3 L. hib'rida. JJijhr'id L. Lvs, lance-oblong, opposite or wliorled. Stems branched.
4 L. asperifo'lia. Kough-lf. L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Panicle bracted. S.
5 L. longifo 'lia. Long-lf. L. Lvs. lance-linear. Fls. large, scarcely pan. W.
6 L. lanceola'ta. Lance-lf. L. Lvs. whorled in 4's, lance. Upper fls. racemed. S.
7 L. Fra'seri. Frai<ir''8 L. Leaves opposite, ovate, often cordate. Panicle large. S.
8 L. stric'ta. Strkt L. Leaves nearly opposite, narrow-lance., with bull.lets.
9 L.Herbemon'ti. I [r rbemnnt' s L. Lvs. whorled, in 4's or 5's, lance., acuminate. S.
10 L. rad'icans. RixA'auj L. Branches rooting at the end. Leaves lanceolate.
11 L. Nummula'ria. Moneywort. Stem simple. Leaves roundish, very obtuse
4. TRIENTA'LIS. Chick-wintergreen.
Calyx and corolla 7-parted. Stamens 7. Pod many-seeded. — y Stem
low, simple. Pedicels l-flowered.
T America'na. American C. A pretty little plant, common in woods northward. Stem 3-5' bigh, bearing several lanceolate leares in a sort of whorl at top, and from their midst, 1 or more white, stnrlikc flowers. May, June.
2U
THE FLORA.
5. ANAGAL'LIS. Pimpernel.
Calyx and corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5. Pod globular, opening by a lid all around (i. e., a pyxis). — Herbs with square stems and opposite leaves. (Fig. 556.)
A. arven'sis. Scarlet P. Poor-mari' s-weather- glass. A small, trailing plant, in fields, roadsides, &c. Leaves sessile, broad-ovate. Pedicels 1-flowered, axillary. Flower red, rarely blue. Openino: at 8 a. m., closing at 2 p. ii., and in damp -weather not opening at all. (See the figure, 557.)
Order LXXXIII. BIGNONIACE^. Trumpets.
Plants with opposite leaves^ destitute of stipules, often climbing; flowers gamopetalous, irregular, 5-parted, showy ; stamens 5, but only 2 or 4 of them perfect, and didynamous ; ovary 2-celled, with 1 style, forming a dry pod with winged seeds.
Analysis of the Genera.
Stamens 4. Pod valves and partition contrary. Leaves pinnate. Stamens 4. Pod valves and partition parallel. Leaves binate. Stamens 2. Pod straight, cylindric. Trees. Leaves simple.
Teco'mia. 1 Bigxo''nia. Catal'pa. .2
1. TECO'MA. Trumpet flower.
Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla trumpet-sbaped, with a 5-lobed, nearly regular limb. Stamens didynamous, 4, with the 5th a small rudi- ment. Pod with the partition contrary to the valves. — Trees or shrubs, ofton climbing. Leaves digitate or pinnate. Flowers red.
Okdeii 83.— trumpets.
245
5G0
. . e, ^.
^
DOl
WW
559 Fiff. 55S. Flower of Ciitalpa.
Fig. 559. The Corolla cut open, showing the 2 perfect ttamens and the 3 rudiments of stametia. Fig. 560. A 2-winged seed of Catalpa. Fig. 661. Flower of the Trumpet Creeper.
T. rad'icans. Trumpet Creepei'. Climbing by radicating tendrils. Leaflets 9-11, ovate, acuminate, toothed. Corollatube thrice longer than the calyx. Stamens included. A well-known, splendid climbing vine. Summer.
T. Capen'sis. Cape T. Climbing. Leaflets 7-0, round-ovate, serrate. Stamens and stylo exerted. Corolla tube curved, f S. Africa.
T. grandiflo'ra. Chinese T. Climbing, Leaflets 9-11, pointed, ovate, toothed. Two glands on the nodding pedicels. Corollatube scarce longer than calyx. +
CATALTxV. Catalpa.
Corolla unequally bell-shaped, 4 or 5-lobed. Stamens 2 perfect, with 3 rudiments. Capsule long, cylindric, with a thick partition.
C. bignonioi'des. Trees with large, broad- ovate, cordate, velvety leaves, and ter- minal panicles of showy, white, varie- gated flowers. Common.
Fig. 562. A panicle (size much diminished) of Catalpa.
240
THE FLORA.
Order LXXXY. LOGANIACE.E.
Eerls or shruds witli opposite leaves, with the
stipules small or mere ridges connecting the base of the petioles ;
flowers 4 or 5-parted, gamopetalous, regular ;
ovary free ; fruit 2-celled, many-seeded, or few-seeded.
Analysis of the Genera.
% Corolla tubular, lobes 5, valvate in the bud a
§ Corolla bell-shaped, lobes 4 or 5, imbricate in the bud b
a Styles wholly united into 1. Corolla tube long. W. S. Spige'lia. 1
a Styles distinct, with the stigmas united. Fls. small, white. S. Mitre'ola.
b Flowers 4-parted. Diffuse, low herbs. M. S. Fulyprenum. Polypre''mum.
b Flowers 5-parted. Slender climbing slirubs. S. Gelsem'inum. 2
1. SPIGE'LIA. Pink-root.
Calyx segments linear-subulate. Corolla narrowly funnel-form. Stamens 5. Capsule 2-celled, few seeded. — Herbs with the flowers sessile in a terminal one-sided coiled spike.
S, Maryland'ica. Maryland P. Stem square, erect. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceo- late. Corolla 4 or 5 times longer than the calyx, scarlet. Jane.
Fig. 568. Spigelia ; the spike uncoils as the flowers open. Fig. 564. A flower, natural filzft
Orukii 80.— fig worts.
247
2. GELSEMrNUM. Yellow Jessamine. Calj'X lobes oblong. Corolla fiinnel-bcll-form, with 5 short, roundish lobes. Filaments 5, on the corolla. Stvle thread-form \vith 2 double stigmas.
G. sempervi'rens. A .^lirub very common, Soutli ; with lon<r, wiry, twining stems, nscendin;^ buslics and Ledges. Leaves evergreen, shining, lanceohite. Corollu tube 1 inch long, golden-yellow.
Order LXXXYI. SCROPIIULARIACE^. Figworts.
Fig. .5C5. The Yellow Foxglove {Danystnma pjihescens). 6. Xrature fruit. 7. Cross-section of the 2-celle(l capsule. 8. A stamen enlarged. 9. Monkoy-flowcr {Mimulufi tingens). Fig. 570. Calyx Willi the corolla partly removed, showingtlie didynomous stamens in pairs, with the stigma above the highest pair. 1. Sections of the 2-celk-d, many-seeded capsule. 2. Plan of the flower, showing the position of the fifih rudimentary filament. 3. Linaria vulgaris, loaf, and personaie, W-lahiate, spurred flower. 4. A winded seed.
248 THE FLORA.
Plants mostly herbaceous, witli unsyrametrical^M/:^/"^;, without fragrance ; calyx mostly S-parted, free from the ovary, persistent ; corolla bi-labiate or otherwise irregular, lobes imbricated in the bud ; stamens on the corolla tube, 1 or 3 of the 5 usually imperfect or minute ; ovary 2-celled; style 1; stigma 2-lobed; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Herbs with the leaves alternate or all radical. . . .2
* Herbs with the leaves opposite or sometimes whorled 4
* Trees with large cordate leaves and large blue panicles. . . .a
2 Flowers diandrous, having but 2 perfect stamens. . . .c
2 Flowers didynamons, having 4 stamens, 2 of them longei ... .3
2 Flowers pentandrous, having the 5 stamens all perfect b
3 Corolla bi-labiate, with the throat closed (personate).. ..d 3 Corolla bi-labmte, throat open, upper lip arched, . . .e
S Corolla rather bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal lobes f
4 Flowers with only 2 perfect stamens g
4 Flowers with 4 perfect stamens, the 5th scarcely appearing 5
4 Flowers with 4 perfect stamens and a 5th sterile distinct filament. . . .n
5 Corolla 2-lipped, the limb quite irregular G
5 Corolla limb nearly regular, with 4 or 5 plain, spreading lobes o
6 Stamens included in the tube of corolla, generally in pairs k
6 Stamens ascending beneath the arched upper lip. . . .m
6 Stamens descending into the sack-shaped lower lip h
a Corolla trumpet-shaped, stamens arched downwards. Fragrant, t Paulow'xia.
b Corolla wheel-shaped, stamens declinate. Scentless. J/w^(fei/'?.VERBAs'cuM. 1 c Corolla 4-lobed, minute, white. Plant small. Lvs. radical. S. Amphian^thus. c Corolla 4-lobed. Fls. spiked. Lvs. mostly radical. Scape If. N.-W. Synthi^kis. c Corolla deeply many-cleft, variously colored. Lvs. cleft, t Schizan'thus. d Corolla protracted into a spur behind. Racemes leafy. Toad-jiax. LrN-A''RiA. 2 d Cor. swollen into a sack behind. Eac. leafy, t Sawp-dragon. Ky.iiKW^V'^xi'iS.. e Bracts lobed, generally colored, Anth. -cells unequal. Painted-cup. QK^iYiAJ^'ik. e Bracts and leaves entire, green. Flowers purplish. Chaff-seed. Schwal'bea. e Bracts and leaves serrate, green. Flowers yellow. Louseivort. Pedicula''ris. f Tall, erect, with large, nodding flowers. Gardens. Foxglove. Digita''li3. f Low and minute. Corolla equally 5-cleft. In mud. Mudivort. Lbiosel'la. f Climbing, slender. Corolla large, gibbous at base, i Mexico. Mauran''dia. f Climbing, slender. Corolla large, equal at base, f Mexico. Lophosper''iium. g Corolla labiate. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments minute or 0. Gkati'ola, 3 g Corolla labiate. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filam, forked, Mud-Jlower. Ilysan'thus, g Corolla labiate. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers very small, Semi-flrnver. Hemian'thus. g Corolla rotate, with 4 nearly equal kbcs, lower smallest. Speedwell. Verox'ica, 4
Order 86.— FIGWORTS. 240
h Handsome lierb.s, l-2f. liigli, with flowers blue and wliitc.
Innocence. Collin'sia. 5 k Leaves serr. Sts. square. Palate of lower lip prominent. Monkey-fl. Mni'unjs. 6 k Leaves many-cleft into fine divisions. W. Conobea. Cono'bea.
k Leaves entire. Corolla protracted into a spur behind. Toad-Jlax. Lina'ria, 2 K Leaves entire. Cor. not spurred. Small, obscure weeds. "W. M. S. IIekpes'tis.
m FIs. yellow, in a terminal, one-sided spike. Yelloio-rattle, Khinan'thcs.
m FIs. white, small, in a term, one-sided spike. Mts. Eye-lrigld. Euphra'sia.
m FIs. yellowish, axil., or in a leafy, equal spike. Cow-wheat. MELAii'^PYituM. n Sterile filament shorter than the rest, smooth. SnaTce-Jiead. Chklo''ne. 7
n Sterile filament long, projecting, bearded. Beard-tongue. Pentste'mon-.
n Sterile filament a scale on the brown corolla. Figxvort. ScROPnuLA'r.ii^
o Corolla purple, in a long, slender spike. Leaves lancc-ovate.
Blue-liearts. Buciixe'ra.
o Cor. purp. or rose-white, axillary. Lvs. narrow-lin., entire. Gerap/dia. 8
o Corolla yellow, and 5-lobed as well as the calyx p
p Stamens scarcely longer than the tube of the corolla q
p Stamens long-projecting, with very large anthers. S. MACRAN''TnERA.
q Stamens quite unequal in length. Sepals very short. Dasys'toma. 9
q Stamens about equal in length, anths. all perfect. Sep. long.W. Setme'ria.
1. YERBAS'CUxM. Mullein.
Calyx D-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, slightly irregular. Stamens 5, all perfect, filaments woolly, at least the three upper ones. Pod round- ish egg-shaped, 2-valved, many -seeded. — Mostly © herbs. Flowers in spikes, or panicles, or racemes. Leaves alternate. June-August.
1 V. Thap'sus. Common M. Tall, woolly. Leaves decurrent. Flowers spiked, 2
filaments smooth.
2 V. Blatta'ria. Moth if. Branched, smooth. Leaves serrate. Flowers racemed.
Filaments violet-woolly.
3 V. Lych'nitis. White M. White-downy, branched. Leaves crenate. Flowers
paniclcd. Filaments white-woolly.
2. LINA'RIA. Toad-flax. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate with the throat closed by the prom- inent palate, upper lip rcfloxed, lower 3-cleft, tube inflated and spurred behind. Pod 2-celled, bursting below the top. — Ilerbs with the lower leaves generally opposite, the upper alternate. Flowers solitary, axillary, often forming leafy racemes. June-Sei^temlcr.
1 L. vulga'ris. Butter and Eggs. Leaves lance-linear. Flowers large, yellow and orange, in a close raceme. Erect.
11^
250 THE FLORA.
8 L. Canaden'se. Canada T. Leaves linear, obtuse. Flowers small, blue, loosely rucemed. Stem erect.
8 L. Elat'ine, Pointed T. Leaves ovate-hastate. Flowers sitiall, yellow, and pur- ple. Stem prostrate.
3. GRATI'OLA. Hedge-hyssop.
Calyx nearly equally 5-parted. Corolla upper lip entire or slightly 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, mostly with 3 sterile filaments. Pod 2-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. — Low herbs with opposite leaves. Peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, usually with 2 bracts near the calyx. June-August. § Flowers on peduncles. Plants weak, smooth, or viscid. . . .a
§ Flowers sessile or nearly so. Plants rigid, bristly-hairy. S 8, 9
a Sterile filaments thread-like, tipped with a small head....b a Sterile filaments none, or very minute and pointed.. . .5-7
b Leaves entire or nearly so. Plants smooth 1,2
b Leaves toothed. Plants generally viscid-downy. Flowers white. ...3, 4
1 Gr. officina'lis. Officinal H. Stem erect. Leaves clasping. Fls. whitish. S.
2 Gr. au'rea. Gulden II. Stem ascending, branched. Leaves sessile. Flowers
yellow, showy. 8 Gr. visco'sa. Viscid IT. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Sepals and bracts lanceolate. S. 4 Gr. ramo'sa. Branching H. Lvs. linear-lance. Bracts minute. Sepals linear. S.
5 Gr. sphaerocar'pa. Bound-fruited H. Peduncles not longer than calyx. Pod
globular. W. [calyx. S.
6 G. Florida 'na. Florida H. Peduncles long. Corolla four times longer than the
7 G-. Virginia'na. Virginian II. Peduncles long. Cor. twice longer than calyx.
8 G. pilo'sa. Hairy H. Leaves ovate, toothed. Corolla scarce longer than calyx. S.
9 G. subula'ta. Aui-lv. H. Leaves narrow, entire. Cor. thrice longer than calyx. S.
4. YERON'ICA. Speedwell. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla with a wheel-shaped, spreading, 4-cleft bor- der, the lower segment smallest. Stamens 2, inserted into the tube, pro- jecting. Sterile filaments 0. Pod flattened, mostly obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few or many-seeded. — Mostly herbs, with opposite leaves. Flowers small, solitary, axillary, or racemed, blue, flesh-color, or white. Marchr-September .
§ Erect, tall (U-4f.). Flowers in dense terminal spikes 1, 2
§ Low, weak (3-12^). Leaves opposite. Corolla tube very short a
a Racemes mostly opposite, from the axils of the leaves, sky-blue 3, 4
a Eacemes mostly alternate, from the axils of the leaves, light-colored 5, 6
a Kacemes terminal, or the flowers axillary and not racemed b
OuDEU SO.— FIGWORTS.
251
» Floral leaves like tlic rest, not longer than the recurved peduncles 7-9
I Floral leaves bract like, longer than the
erect tiower-stalks c
c rereniiial. Flower-stalks equalling or
exceeding the calyx 10, 11.
c Annual. Flower-stalks shorter than
the calyx, or none 12, 13
. V. Virginia'na. Culver'' s Physic. Leaves whorled. Corolla tube longer than limb. i V. spica'ta. Spike-flowered S. Leaves op- posite. Corolla limb longer than tube. +
3 V. Anagariis. Water S. Leaves ses- sile, cordate-clasping, ovate -lance.
4 V. America'na. Brooklime. Leaves petiolate, oblong-ovate, base round- ish or cordate.
5 V. scutella'ta. Marsh S. Leaves linear. Kacemes very slender, few-flowered.
6 V. officina'lis. Common S. Lvs. obovate- elliptical, finely serrate. Kacemes dense.
7 V. Buxbauna'ii. Bnxbaum,''$ S. Lvs. roundish-ovate. Pod triangular-ob- cordatc. Fields. E.
8 V. agres'tis. Keckweed. Lvs. cordate- ovate. Pod roundish, acutely notch- ed. Fields. E.
9 V. hederaefo'lia. Ivy -leaved S. Leaves cordate, roundish, 3-5-lobed. Capsulo
4-seeded. 'M. Kare. [than long. c.
10 V. serpyllifo'lia. Thyme-leaved S. Flower-stalks longer than calyx. Pod broader
II V. alpi'na. Alpine S. Fl. -stalks as long as the calyx. Pod obov. Hairy. "White Mts.
12 V. peregri'na. Purslane S. Smoothish. Leaves petiolate, oblong, few-
toothed, fleshy, c.
13 V. arven'sis. Corn S. Hairy. Lower leaves ovate, crenatc, petiolate ; upper
lanceolate, sessile, entire. Stem 2-6'' high. In fields. Common.
Fig. 575. Speedwell ( Veronica serpylli' foHa), whole plant Fig. 570. Plan of tlie flower: o, is the 2-celle(l ovary; .■?, the 2 stamens ; p, the 4 petals ; .<;;>, the 4 sepals. Fig. 577. Cross-section of the poJ, show- ing its 2 cells, &.C.
5. OOLLIN'SIA. Innocence. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lippecl, throat closed, upper lip bifid, lower lip trifid, with the middle segment keel-like, holding the style and 4 stamens In a kind of sack. Capsule roundish. — Annual herbs.
I C. vema. Early CoUinsia, or Innocence. Corolla 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx. Plant 8 to IS' high, tender and delicate. Leaves lance-ovate, dentate, opposite. Flowers variegated with blue and white, singular and pretty. M. W.
252
THE FLOKA.
2 C. parviflo'ra. Small flowered I. Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, blue. Plant small. N.-W.
6. MIM'ULUS. Monkey-flower.
Calyx prismatic, 5-angled and 5-toothed. Co- rolla tnbtilar, upper lip reflexed or erect, 2-lobed, lower lip spreading, with a prominent palate, 8-lobed. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded. — Herbs prostrate or erect, with square stems, opposite leaves, and axillary solitary flowers. July.
* Species from California, cultivated in gardens 3, 4.
* Species growing wild, in fields, road-side.", Ac. Fls.
blue....!, 2 1. M. rin''gens. Bingent M. Stem not at all winged. Leaves sessile. Peduncles longer than the flower, c. 1 M. ala'tus. Wing-stem M. Stem slightly winged, cles shorter than the calyx. S M. lu'tea. Yellow M. Flowers yellow, often spotted.
578
Fig. 578. Collinsia verna. Fig. 579. Section of a flower, full size.
Leaves petiolate. Pedun- Leaves round-ovate, t
4 M, cardina'lis. Cardinal M. Fls. scarlet, large and brilliant. Leaves ovate, -f
7. CHELO'Is'E. Turtle-head.
Calyx deeply 5-parted, or the sepals distinct. Corolla inflated, upper lip broad, concave, lower 3-lobed, bearded in the throat. Stamens 4, woolly, with a 5th sterile filament shorter than the others. Seeds many, broadly wing-margined. — U Plants about 2f. erect, with opposite serrate leaves. Auq.-Se2)t.
1 G purpu'rea. Purple T. Leaves lanceolate, petiolate. Flowers purple. Probably
a variety of the next. W. M.
2 0. gla'bra. White T. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or nearly so. Flowers white or
purplish. By brooks and, wet places.
3 C. Lyo'ni. Lyon'sT. Lvs. ovate, petiolate, rarely cordate. Fls. purple or white. S.
8. GERAR'DIA. Purple Gerardia.
Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, valvate in the bud. Corolla tubular, swelling above, with 5 unequal, spreading lobes, which are shorter than the tube. Stamens 4, quite unequal by pairs, included, hairy. Pod ovate, pointed, many-seeded. — ® Erect and branching herbs, with opposite, slender leaves, and large, showy, purple or rose colored flowers. Jubj-SeiiU
Okdek 86.— fig worts. 253
§ Calyx segments longer than its tube. Two anthers very small. W. (Omitted.)
§ Calyx segments short, equal. Anthers all equal a
a Corolla bi-labiate, upper lip very short, erect. S. (Omitted.) a Corolla lobes subequal, all spreading; throat usually liairy....l) b Leaves almost none; opposite scales instead. S. (Omitted.) b Leaves all alternate, fililbrm. S. (Omitted.)
b Leaves opposite c
c Peduncles not longer than the calyx. Leaves linear 1, 2
c Peduncles much longer than the calyx. Leaves linear, long d
d Flowers large, about ^" long 3, 4
d Flowers small, about Q>'' long 5, 6
1 G. mariti'ma. Sea-side G. Leaves linear, fleshy. Fis. small, their stalks scarce
as long as the truncate calyx. Cor. upper lobes fringed. Salt marshes. E.
2 G-. purpu'rea. Purple G. Leaves linear. Peduncles shorter than the calyx, "which
is a truncate tube with setaccously acute teeth. Flowers 1' long. Common.
3 G. as'pera. Emigh-li). G. Pedunc. twice longer than calyx, which has teeth. W.
4 G. linifo'lia. FlaxG. Peduncles many times longer than the toothless calyx. S.
5 G. tenviifo'lia. Slender G. Leaves linear, V long. Peduncle 1', longer than the
corolla, which is purple, with spots inside. Slender, branched, 6-1 2'' high. c.
6 G. seta'cea. Bristle-lv. G. Leaves linear-setaceous, the floral ones much shorter
than the very long peduncles. Plant 12-lS' high. Flowers rose-color. W.
9. DASYS'TOMA. Woolmouth.
The characters are the same as in Geuaiidia, except that the calyx ia 5-cleft, and imbricated in the early bud; the corolla yellow, with tube longer than the lobes, and woolly inside; the leaves rather large, and mostly pinnatifid, and the root li. Flowers very showy. Plants 2-4f. liigh. Juhj-Sept. (Figs. 5C5-5G8.)
§ Sepals finely toothed. Leaves all pinnatifid, with toothed lobes 4, 5
§ Sepals entire. Leaves entire or mostly once pinnatifid-toothed 1
1 Glabrous. Leaves acute at apex, lanceolate in outline 2, 3
1 D. flava. Doicny ^Y. Downy. Leaves obtuse, entire, except the lower. Sepals obtuse. Common in woods. 2 D. quercifc'lia. Oak-leaved W. Glaucous. Leaves mostly pinnatifid. Corolla 2'
in length. Calyx segments lance-acuminate, longer than its tube. 8 D. integrifo'lia. Entire-leaved W. Green. Leaves lanceolate, entire. Stalks shorter than calyx. Flowers 1'' long. Li woods. Ohio, W.
4 D. pedicula'ria. Lousewnrt W. Smoothish or downy, branched. Flower-
stalks longer than calyx. Leaves lance-ovate, twice pinnatifid.
5 D. pectina'ta. Comled W. Very hairy. Leaves lanceolate, pcctinatc-pinnnt-
ifid. Stalks shorter than calyx.
254:
THE FLORA,
Order LXXXIX. LABIAT.E. Labiate Plants.
Herbs with square stems, and opposite, aromatic leaves ;
jlowers axillary, in verticils, sometimes as if in spikes or heads ;
corolla labiate (rarely regular), the upper lip 2-cleft or entire, overlapping
in the hud the lower 3-cleft lip; stamens 4, didynamous, or 2; <yvary deeply 4-lobed, forming m fruit 4 hard nuts or achenia.
Fig. 5S0. Monarda diJvma. 1. An anther enlarged. 2. Flower of Ilenip Nettle {Galeop. «w). 3. One of its stamens much enlarged. 4. The calyx opened, showing the 4 achenia. 6. Flower of Sage (Salvia). 6. Flower of Ocimum basilicum. 7. Flower of Nepeta Glechoma. 8. A pair of tlie anthers forming a cross. 9. Flower of Piij-sostegia Virginica seen from heneatn. Fig. 590. One of its stamens. 1. Its ovaries with the rudimentary filament 2. Flower of Teu- crium Canadense. 3. Flower of Catnep {Nepeta Cataria). 4. One of its anthers. 6. Dittanj {Cunila Mariana). 6. A calyx and stylo.
OiiDER 89.— LABIATE PLANTS. 255
Analysis of the Genera.
% Flowers -with only 2 perfect stamens 7
§ Flowers with the 4 perfect stamens all declining to tlie lower lip a
§ Flowers with the 4 perfect stamens erect or ascending to tlie upper lip. . . .2
2 Stamens of equal length. Corolla almost regular, 4 or 5-Iubed c
2 Sta., the upper pair longer than the lower (outer). Calyx 13-L)-veined k
2 Stamens, the lower pair longer than the upper (interior) pair 3
3 Stamens diverging apart, mostly straiglit and exscrted 6
3 Stamens parallel, ascending and long-exserted from the upper side b
8 Stamens parallel, ascending in pairs beneath the upper lip 4
4 Calyx 13-veined, 5-toothed, and somewhat 2-lipped g
4 Calyx 5-10-veined or irregularly netted 5
5 Calyx strongly 2-Iipped, upper lip truncate, closed in fruit. . . .m
5 Calyx not labiate, 3 or 4-lobed, open in fruit n
5 Calyx subeqmilly o-toothcd, teeth not spinesccnt o
5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth ending in sharp spines q
5 Calyx unequally 8-10-toothed s
6 Calyx hairy in the throat, mostly labiate f
6 Calyx naked in the throat, mostly equal, 5-toothed e
7 Stamens ascending beneath the galea (upper lip). Anthers 1-celled b
7 Stamens exserted, distant. Anthers 2-celled. ,.d a Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower entire, flattish. t Siveet Basil. O'cymum.
a Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower saccate, deflexed. S. Hyptis. Hvptis.
a Corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, long, lilac, f La->'ender. Lavan'dula. b Stamens exserted through a fissure in the tube. Blue Curls. Tkicmos'tj;ma. b Stamens very long, involute, arching the corolla. Germander. Tku'ckicm. c Corolla limb equally 5-lobed. Stamens short. Blue-falsf-Gentian. Isan'thus. c Corolla limb 4-lobed, the broadest lobe notched. Peppermint, &c. Mentha. 1
d Cor. nearly reg., 4-cleft. Calyx naked in throat. Water J/oarhound. Lxc'opvs. 2 d Corolla labiate, cyanic, throat naked. Stain, straight. Dittany. Cuni'la. S d Cor. labiate, cyanic, throat naked. Stam. ascend. PennijroijaL IlEuja'oiiA. d Corolla labiate, yellow, throat hairy. Stamens V
long-exserted. ' v ITorse-halm. Collixso^via.
e Fls. yel. Coarse herbs not fragrant, with large Ivs. )
e Fls. bright blue. Handsome herbs. Calyx 15-veincd. + ITijssop. llxs'sovva.
e Fls. pale blue, in dense hds. Calyx 10 or 13-striate. Wild Basil. Pvcnan'theml-m.
e Fls. pink-colored, axillary. Lvs. linear, small, t Summer Savor?/. Satuke'ja.
f Corolla exserted, pink-color, racemed. Leaves linear, smooth. Stem If. S.
Diceuax'dka. f Corolla short as calyx, pale-purple. Bracts roundish, colored.
Mm-joram, Okig'amm. i Corolla short as calyx, blue-purp. Bracts minuto, grcon. Thyme. TnxuvA.
25G THE FLORA.
g Cor. tube straight. Lvs. small, snbcrenate or entiie. Calaminth. Calamin'tha. 4 g Corolla tube curved upwards. Leaves large, coarse-crenate. Balm. Melis'sa.
h Anthers halved, the halves widely separated, each 1-celled. Sage. Sal'via. 5
h Anthers halved, one half present, 1 celled. Filaments toothed. Shrub. +
Boscmanj. Kosmari'nus.
h Anthers whole, 2-cened. Calyx subsequally 5-toothed.
Mountain Mint. Monar'da. 6
h Anthers whole, 2-cclled. Calyx labiate, teeth bristle-shaped. Blephil^ia. k Leaves serrate. Stamens diverging. Fls. spiked. Tall Hyssop. Lophat<''thus. k Lvs. serrate. Stam. all ascend. Fls. capitate. Dragonhead. Dracoceph'alum. k Lvs. crenate, cordate or reniform. Corolla smooth inside. Catmint. Nep'eta. 7 k Leaves crenate, cordate. Corolla tube very broad, hairy inside. CEDKONiiL''LA.
m Calyx lips toothed. Filam. forked. Fls. spiked. Self-heal. Brunel'la. 8
m Calyx lips entire, the upper appendaged on back. Shullcap. Scutella'ria. 9 n Calyx 3-lobed. Anthers all distinct. Corolla large, purplish. S. Macbri'dea. n Calyx 4-lobed. Anthers, upper pair, connate. White. W. Syxan'dra.10
o Cor. tube inflated in the midst, whitish. Tall. Lion's-heart. Piiysoste'gia.II
o Cor. tube inflated at the throat, purple. Lvs. roundish. Henhit. Lam'idm.
o Corolla inflated in the broad concave upper lip. Jerusalem Sage. rnLOAiis.
o Corolla not inflated, short. . . .p
p Calyx salver-form, 10-veined. Black Iloaihound. Ballo'ta.
p Calyx broad-campanulate, netted. Molucca Balm. Molluccel''la.
q Lvs. serrate. Anth. open crosswise. Nuts truncate. Hemp Kittle. Galeop'sis.
q Leaves serrate, Anth. open lengthwise. Nuts obtuse. Hedge Xettle. Stachys.
\ Leaves lobed. Nuts truncate at top, 3-angled. MotTierwort. Leonu'rus.
s Cor. white, upper lip flattish. Style equally bifid. H^arhound. Marru^eium.
s Corolla white, upper lip concave. Style unequally bifid. S. Leucas.
s Corolla scarlet, exserted. Calyx upper tooth longest. Lion's-eavs. Leono'tis.
1. MEN'TIIA. Miiit.
Calyx equally 5-tootlied. Corolla nearly regular, tube included in the calyx, border 6-cleft, the upper lobe mostly notched. Stamens 4, equal, straight, erect, distant. — Aiiomatic herbs, with the pale purple or white flowers in close axillary clusters, or forming spikes.
* Whorls of flowers remote, axillary, not in spikes. Leaves petiolate. . . .1, 2
* Whorls of flov/prs approximate, forming terminal spikes. . . .3, 4
1 M. Canaden^sis. Wild Mint. Plant grayish, fragrant. Lvs. acute at each end.
2 M. arven'sis. Field M. Plant green, ill-scented. Lvs. frequently obtuse at base.
3 M. piperi'ta. Peppermint. Leaves petiolate, ovate, serrate, smooth. Spikes
few, thick, short. Stems 2-3f. high.
4 M. vir'idis. Spearmint. Leaves sessile, lance-oblong, acute, serrate. Spiken
many, slender, long. Stem.s l-2f. high.
Ordeu 89.— labiate PLANTS. 257
2. LYCOPUS. Water Hoarliouud.
Calyx tubular, 4-5-cleft. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft, tube as long as the calyx, stamens 2, distant, diverging the length of the straight style. — U Low herbs, with deeply toothed or pinnatilid leaves, and remote axillary whorls of small, whitish flowers. Jiihj, Aug.
L. Virgin'icus. Stem obtiisc-angled. Leaves sliarp-toothed. Calyx 4-cleft, blunt. L, Europae'us. Stem sharp-angled. Leaves sinuate-toothed. Calyx 5-cleft, spiny.
3. CUNI'LA. Dittany. (Figs. 595, 590.)
C. Maria'na. Manjland D. Stem branched, l-2f. high. Leaves ovate, serrate, nearly sessile. Cymes axillary and terminal, corymbous, stalked. Corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx, pale-red. In rocky woods. N, Y. to Ga. Summer.
4. CALAMIN'THA. Calamiiith.
Calyx 13-veined, tubular, throat mostly hairy, upper lip 3-cleft, lower 2-cleft. Corolla tube straight, exserted, throat enlarged, upper lip erect, subcutive, lower lip spreading, its middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, lower pair longer. — H
i C. Clinopo'dium. Wild Basil. Herb hairy, l-2f. high. Leaves ovate, subserrate. . Flowers many, in dense, axillary whorls, with subulate bracts. Calyx bent.
2 C. Nep'eta. False Catmint. Herb hairy, 2f., much branched below. Lvs. broad-
ovate, petiolute. Whorls few-flowered above. Calyx straight. Hills. Ya.
3 0. glabel'la. False Pennyroyal. Herb smooth, half erect, 6-12', branched. Lvs.
oblong, those of the runners ovate. Cor. pale-violet. Fragrant. June. M.
4 0. canes'cens. Hoary G. Shrub lOMiigh. Lvs. linear. Fls. opposite, roseate. S.
5 C. coccin'ea. Scarlet G. Shrub with narrow obovate leaves, large scarlet fls. S.
6 C. Carolinia'na. Carolina G. Shrub If. Leaves ovate, scrrate-crenate. Flowers
rose-purple, S.
5. SAL'VIA. Sage.
Calyx striate, labiate, throat not hairy. Corolla riugcnt, upper lip straight or falcate, lower spreading, 3-lobcd. Stamens 2. The connectile is placed transversely on the filament like the letter T, bearing at each end 1 lobe of the halved anther. (Sec Figs. 585, 176.)
§ Herbs native, in woods, &c. . . .a
§ Herbs or shrubs in gardens, with blue flowers 7, 8
§ Shrubs from Mexico, cultivated, with large scarlet flowers 9, 10
2o8 THE FLORA.
a Calyx slightly 2-lipped, obscurely 3-tootlied, equal. South.... 1-3 a Calyx deeply 2-lipped, 5-tootlied, lower lip longer 4-6
1 S. azu'rea. Azure S. Leaves linear-oblong. Fls. downy, azure-blue. Summer.
2 S. urticifo'lia. Kett'e-lv. S. Lvs. rhombic-ovate. Corolla smooth, blue. May.
3 S. coccin'ea. Scarlet S. Lvs. ovate, cordate, hoary. Corolla red, smooth. July.
4 S. Clayto'ni. Claytori's S. Lvs. lanceolate, pinnatifid, cauline. Fls. small. S.
5 S. obova'ta. Ohovate S. Lvs. broadly obovate, entire. Flowers blue. S.
6 S. l]rra'ta. Lyrate S. Leaves all radical, oblong, lyrate, erose-dentate, 1 or 2
on the scape, bract-like. Fls. V long, violet-purple. M. S. Spring.
7 S. Scla'rea, Glarry S. Lvs. ample, broad-ovate. Corolla upper lip large, high-
arohed. t (Fig. 5S5.)
8 S. ofScina'lis. Common S. Lvs. not large, lancc-oblong, rugous. Corolla upper
lip scarce longer than the lower, some vaulted. Shrubby. 9 S. ful'gens. Stem weak. Lvs. lance-ovate, long-stalked. Calyx scarcely colored. 10 S. splen'dens. Stem erect. Leaves broad-ovate, stalked. Calyx scarlet also.
6. MOISTAE'DA. Mountain- mint.
Calyx tubular, lengthened, 15-ribbe(l, nearly equally 5-tootlied. Corolla tubular, long, the lips linear or oblong, lower reflexed, 3-lobed, upper erect, entire, involving the filaments. Stamens 2, with rudiments of more. — Erect, fragrant herbs, with rather large flowers in bracted whorls or heads, the bracts generally tinged with the color of the flowers, July- Sept. (Figs. 580, 581.)
§ Calyx densely hairy in the throat. Corolla purple or whitish 1,2
§ Calyx naked in the throat. Corolla scarlet or yellow 3, 4
1 M. fistulo'sa. Wild Bergamot. Stem acutely angular, 2-4f. Leaves lance-
ovate, petiolate. Heads of flowers large, dense, terminal, b. p. iv. M. W.
2 M. Bradburia'na. Bradbury''s M. Stem simple, Sf. Leaves lance-oblong,
subscssile, hairy both sides. Heads few, large, purple. W. 8 M. puncta'ta. Ilorsemint. Stem branched, 2-8f, high. Leaves lance-oblong, tapering to a petiole. Bracts longer than the pale yellow flowers. M, W. S.
4 M. did'yma. Mountain Balm. Stem branched, 2-3f. Leaves broad-ovate, acu-
minate. Heads large, with long crimson flowers and bracts, t
r. NEP'ETA. Catmint.
Calyx striate, obliquely 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla notched or 2-cleft, lower 3-lobed, middle lobe largest, throat naked and widened. Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip. — u Lvs. crenate.(Figs. 587, 588..)
1 N. Cata^ria. Catnep. Tall. Cymes dense, terminal spikes. Leaves cordate.
2 N. Glecho'ma. Gill. Trailing. Cymes loose, axillary. Leaves round-reniform.
Ordku 89.— lakiate pl.v:nts. 259
8. BRUNEL'LA. Blue-curls.
B. vulga'ris. Common B. Stem simple, ascending 8-lS'. Leaves oblong-ovate, stalked, toothed. Whorls close together, forming an oblong, dense spike. Corolla blue, upper lip truncate, with 3 awns.
9. SCUTELLATJA. Skullcap.
Calyx campanulate, lips entire, with an appendage on the back and closed after flowering. Corolla with a long, ascending tube, the upper lip vaulted, nearly entire, middle lobe of the lower lip wide, spreading. Sta- mens approximate in pairs, ascending beneath upper lip. — Bitter herbs, not aromatic. Flowers generally blue. May-August. % Flowers large (7-13'''' long), racemed above, with bracts. . . .a
§ Flowers large or small, opposite, solitary in the axils of tlie leaves 8-10
f Flowers small (3''' long), in slender, axillary, 1-sidcd racemes 11
a Bracts ovate, abrupt at base. Lips of the corolla short 1, 2
n Bracts lance-oblong, acute at base. Leaves notched, petiolato b
a Bracts leaf-like, longer than the calyx. Leaves entire, subsessile. . . .7
b Helmet (upper lip) of the corolla longer than the lower 3, 4
b Helmet of the corolla not longer than the lip 5, 6
1 S. versic''olor. Variegated S. Floral leaves sessile, broad-ovate, not cordate
Corolla lower lip scarcely longer than the upper, blue above. M. W.
2 S. saxati'lis. Rock S. Weak, branched, ascending. Upper leaves oval, obtuse.
Corolla lower lip twice longer than the upper, blue above, tube pale. Koeks. W. S.
3 S. canes'cens. Hoary S. Tall, downy. Leaves petiolate, oblong or ovate.
Flowers canescent, tube ,$radually enlarged. M. W. c.
4 S. villo'sa. Woolhj S. Stem woolly. Corolla tube slender, enlarged only at
the throat. Helmet much larger than the lip. S.
5 S. serra'ta. Saiv-lf. S. Nearly smooth. Leaves acuminate, both ends. W. S.
6 S. pilo''sa. Ilalry S. Plant hairy. Leaves rhomb. -ovate, obtuse. M. S.
7 S. integrifo'lia. Entire-leaved S. Erect. Leaves ovate-lance., entire, sub- sessile. M.
8 S. nervo'sa. Nerve-lf. S. Lvs. broad-ovate, 3-5-veined. Stem 8-15'. M. W
9 S.par'vula. Pigmy S. Lvs. oblong, ovate, obtuse, entire, sessile. Stem3-fi'. M, W.
10 S. galericvila'ta. Common S. Leaves lance-cordate, crenate-serrate. Flowers 1'
long. c. 11 S. lateriflo'ra. Mad-dog S. Branching, smoothish. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate. Kacemes lateral, leafy, o.
2ao
THE FLOE A
10. SYiq'AN'DRA. Synandra.
Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lips of corolla entire, vaulted, the lower in 3 unequal, obtuse lobes. Throat widened. Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip, tlie two up- per anthers cohering. (Figs. 597, 90.)
1 S. grandiflo'ra. Great-flowered S. Grows in woods, West. 6-8' high. Leaves opposite, ovate, cordate, toothed. Fls. few, 1'' long, upper lip very large. June.
11. PHYSOSTE'GIA. Lion's-heart
P. Virginia'nii. Virginian L. Stem square, erect 2-3f., with very smooth, sessile leaves in four rows, and a terminal, 4-rowed spike of large, showy, pnrplish-white flowers. Aug., Sept. (Figs. 5S9-59L)
Order XC. BOHKAGmACE.^. Borragev/orts.
Fig. 59S. Borrage (Borrago officinalis). 9. The four nuts with the style sni calyx. Fig. 600. One of the nuts cut open, showing the seed, embryo, &c. 1. Pnccoon {Lithospermum canes cens). 2. Corolla laid open, showing the stamens. 8. Pistil of Comfrey, consisting of the deeply 4-lobed ovary with the slender style arising from between the lobes and near their base.
Herbs., shrubs, or ti^ees, with round stems and branches ;
leaves alternate, generally rough with stiff hairs ; stipules none ;
Order 90.— BORRAOEWORTS. 201
jtoijcers seldom yellow, generally in a coiled (circinate) inflorescence • sepals 5 ; petals 5, united below, almost always regular; stamens 5; ovary deeply 4-lobed, forming in fruit 4 separate, 1-seeded nuts or nutlets, generally without albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Ovary not 4-lobed, but separating when ripe irto several aclicnia a
§ Ovary 4-lobed or parted, becoming 4 achenia around the style. . . .2
2 Corolla irregular, with unequal lobes or a bent tube b
2 Corolla perfectly regular 3
3 Achenia or ovary prickly. Corolla throat closed with 5 scales. . . .f
3 Achenia and ovary not prickly 4
4 Corolla throat closed by 5 scales c
4 Corolla throat open, no scales, sometimes 5 ridges d
a Corolla tube with open throat. Achenia 4. lldiotrope. T'M/'nsoZ. IIeliotro'i'ium. 1
a Corolla tube with constricted throat. Achenia 2. False Helio. nKLioTiiopu''YTUM.
b Corolla irregularly 5-lobed. Tliroatopen. Blue. Viper'' s Bugloss.'E.ow'w:-^.
b Corolla with the slender tube bent, closed. Blue. Bughss. Lycop'sis.
c Corolla wheel-form, anthers exserted. '"Blue, Barrage. Borra'go.
c Corolla tubular bell-form. Style exserted. White. Comfrey. Sym^phytum,
d Cor. tubular, with erect, acute lobes. White. False Gromwell. Onosmo'dium.
d Corolla lobes rounded, spreading, e
e and imbricated in the bud. White or yellow. Gromwell. LiTiiosPER'iiuM. 2
e and imbricated in the bud. Purple or blue, large. Merten'sia. 3
e and convolute in the bud. Blue or white, small. Myoso'tis. 4
f Corolla salver-form. Ach. prickly on the edge. Burr-seed. Eciiinosper'mum.
f Corolla funnel-form. Achenia prickly all over, nound's-tongue. Cynoglos'sum. 5
1. IIELIOTROTIUM. Turusol. Heliotrope.
Corolla salver-form, lobes shorter than the tube. Anthers sessile. Style short, terminal. Ovary entire, splitting at length into 4 achenia. — Herbs or shrubs. Flowers in one-sided, coiled spikes.
1 H. Europae'um. Wild IT. Herb downy. Leaves oval, obtuse. Spikes single or
forked. Wliite. S. [obtuse. Blue. W.
2 H. curassav'icum. Glaucous IF. Herb smooth, glaucous. Lvs. linear-lanceolate,
3 H. Peruvia'num. Common JJ. Shrubby, whitish-downy. Spikes many, clus-
tered, w.-p. t
2. LITIIOSPER'MUM. Gromwell or Grammell.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla fiumel-form or salver-form, tlie limb 5-lobed, throat open, naked or with ."> itiojections. Stamens included. Achenia
2^32
THE FLORA.
bony, ovate, smooth or wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. — Herbs generally witli thick, reddish roots. Flowers spiked or racemed, with leafy bracts. May- July,
% Flowers wliitc, small a
§ Flowers yellow, showy. Achenia smooth, polished 5-7
a Aclieiiia roughened with wrinkles 1
a Achenia smooth and polished 2-4
1 L. arven'se. Wheat-thief. Koot ®, red. Leaves lance-linear. Plant 12-18' high, liairy. c. [tube. N. M.
2 L. officina'le. Gromivell. Koot 'K. Lvs. lanceolate. Calyx equal to corolla
8 L. latifo'lium. Broad-leaved G. Koot U. Leaves lance-ovale, sharply aeumi- nate. Sepals longer than the corolla, spreading in fruit. Stem l-2f.
4 L. angustifo'lium. Karrow-lv. G. U Lvs. linear, stiff, edges some revolute. M.W.
5 L. canes'cens. Fuccoon. Soft- velvety, canescent. Lvs. oblong-linear. Tube of
the corolla thrice as long as the very short calyx. Plant 8-12'' erect. W. &c.
6 L. hirtum. Hairy P. Kough-liairy. Lvs. hmce linear. Cor. long as calyx. W. S.
7 L. longiflo'rum. Long flowered P. Kough-ashy. Lvs. lance-linear. Corolla tube
four times as long as the calyx, lobes crenulate, wavy. W. S.
3. 5^rERTEN"'SIA. Lungwort. A short, 5-cleft calyx ; a tubular corolla, slender below, suddenly en- larged above, limb 5-cleft ; the 5 stamens inserted at top of the tube, and with smooth achenia. — li Plants usually smooth, with terminal racemes.
1 M. Virgin'ica. Virginian L. Very smooth, 12-lSMiigh. Koot lvs. large, stalked;
stern lvs. sessile. Fls. somewhat trumpet-shaped, blue-lilac, very fine. May. W.
2 M. marit'ima. i^ea L. Smooth, ditfuse. Leaves ovate,
fleshy. Corolla limb longer than the tube, which shows 5 folds in throat, blue- purple. E.
3 M. panicula'ta. PanicUd L. Kough- Leaves cordate,
acuminate, veiny. Calyx hispid, thrice shorter than the tube, bell-form, blue-white corolla. N.-W.
4. MYOSO'TIS. Forget-me-not. Scorpion-grass.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, the 5 lobes slightly notched at the end, throat closed with 5 short, concave scales. Nuts smooth, ovate, with a small cavity at base. — Little herbs slightly wool- ly. Racemes finally becoming long. May-Aug.
1 M. paius'tris. True F. Flowers in one-sided racemes.
Plant smoothish, 6-12' high. Leaves linear-oblong, pig. 604. Forget-me-not,- cbtuse. Flowers blue with a yellow centre. a pair of scorpoid cymes.
Ordki{ 91.— the HYDROPHYLLS. 203
2 M. ar7en'sis. Field F. Fls. in 2-side(l, leafless racemes. Plant hairy. Pedict-ls
twice as lono; as the open, equal calyx. Lvs. oblun<,'-lance., acute. Kare. w.
3 M. stric'ta. Rough F. Flowers in 2-sidecl racemes, which arc leafy at their base.
rciicels as long as the closed, 2-lipped calyx. Leaves oblong, w.
5. CYNOGLOS'SUiM. Hound's-tongue.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, funnel-form, the throat closed with 5 ohtuse scales, lobes rounded. Nnts depressed, covered with short, hooked prickles, fixed laterally to the base of the style. — Coarse herbs, strong- scented, with the flowers in leafless, panicled racemes. June^ July. C. officina'le. Common JL Velvety. Stem leafy (l-2f.). Flowers reddish purple. C. virgin'icum. Stalked II. Hairy. Stem leafiess above ('2f ). Flowers pale blue. C. Morriso'ni. Morrison's II. Hairy, leafy (2 3f.), wide-spread. Flowers whitish.
Order XCI. HYDROPIIYXLACE.E. The Hydrophylls.
Mostly Ttei-hs with alternate lobed leaves., and regular hlm^h flowers ; calyx 5-cleft, usually with appendages at the clefts, persistent ; corolla 5-lobed, often with 10 honey scales or furrows near the base ; stamens 5, inserted into the corolla, with a single bifid xfyle ; ovary simple, free, 1-celled, witli 2 usually projecting several-seeded placenta3.
Analysis of the Genera.
1 Corolla with 10 honey scales inside, extending lengthwise 2
1 Corolla destitute of honey scales. Stamens equalling corolla. Cusman'tiu-s. 2 2 Fls. in coiled cymes, without bracts. Placentce large, fleshy. llyDnopuYi.'i.LM. 1 2 Flowers in one-sided racemes, bractless. Placentce linear. Phack'i.ia.
2 Flowers (mostly) solitary. Calyx very large. Leaves pinnatifid. Ellis 'ia.
1. HYDROPHYL'LUM. Water-leaf.
Sepals slightly united at base. Corolla campanulate, with 10 linear honey scales running lengthwise, folded inward so as to form 5 grooves. Stamens exserted. Pod globular, 2-celled, 1-4-seeded, with large, fleshy plaoentjTC. — Handsome herbs, with the root leaves on long petioles, and the flowers in clustered cymes, bluish or white.
§ Calyx not appendaged. Stamens much exserted 1-3
§ H. appcndicula'tum. Appendaged W. Calyx appendaged at the clefts. Stamens not exserted. W. S.
2U
THE FLORA.
1 H. macrophyl'lum. Grf at- leaved If. Lvs. pinnately-veined and lobed, rongh-
Laiiy, Peduncles long. W. S.
2 H. Virgin^icum. Virginia IF. Leaves pinnately-veined and lobed, smooth.
Peduncles long. c. 8 H. Canaden'se. Canada W. Leaves palmately-veined and lobed, sir.ooth. Peduncles shorter than petals, r.
^ * 605
Fig. 605, A flower of Virginian Water-leaf. Fig. 606. The Ovary and Style. Fig. 607. Corolla cut open, showing the honey grooves. Fig. 608. A seed, cut, showing the embryo.
2. COSMAN'XnUS. Miami Mist.
Corolla broad-campanulate, soon falling off, throat not appendaged, limb of 5-fringed lobes. Ovary 1-celled, the two projecting placentcTS each 2-seeded. — (D Delicate herbs with alternate leaves, long, bractless racemes, and small, white or pale-blue flowers.
1 C. Pur'shii. Fnrsh^s If. Nearly smooth. Leaves pectinately pinnatifid, lobes
oblong-acute. Sepals lance-linear. Height 8-12'. Penn., S. and W. Pale blue.
2 C. fimbria''tus. Fringed G. Downy. Leaves pinnate, segments rounded or ob-
long, obtuse. Sepals obtuse, oblong-spatulate. Mts. Tenn. S.
Order XCII. POLEMONIACE^. Phloxworts.
Herhs with alternate or opposite leaves., and regular, showy, 5-parted
fiotcers ; calyx free from the ovary ;
corolla of 5 united petals^ twisted and imbricate in the bud ;
stamens 5, inserted into the midst of the corolla tube and alternate with
its lobes ; ovary 3-celled ; styles united into 1 ; stigma 3-cleft ;
3-celled, 3-valved, with few or many albuminous seeds.
Order 92.— PHLOXWORTS.
2Gi
Analysis of the Genera.
Corolla salver- form. Filaments unequal. Leaves simple. Phlox. Pulox. 1
Corolla funnel-form. Filaments equal. Leaves dissected. Gilia. Gi^'lia.
Corolhx bell-form. Filaments equal. Leaves pinnate. Poltmony. Poi.emo'nium. 2
1. PHLOX. Lychnidea
Calyx angular, deeply 5-cleft, corolla sa.ver-ic:*z: the tul»e more or less curved. Stamens quioC u^iequa. insertcd in the tube of the corolla above the middle. Capsule 3-celled, cells 1-seeded. — Ver} beautiful ISTorth American herbs. Leaves generally opposite, sessile, simple, entire. Flowers varying from pur- ple to white. A2)ril-Juhj.
,10-12
Fig. 609. Flower of of a Plilox.
,1,2 ..b
Lobes of the corolla rounded and entire at the end Loles of the corolla notched or bifid at the end. . , .a a Panicle of cymes oblonfj or pyramidal, many-flowered. . . a Panicle of cymes corymbed, level-topped, flowers fewer.
Plants glabrous. Calyx teeth shorter than its tube 3, 4
Plants hairy. Calyx teeth very slender, larger than its tube c
c Leaves narrow, linear or nearly so 5, 6
c Leaves broad, ovate, lanceolate, &c 7-9
P. panicula'ta. Fanided L. Garden P. Tall. Leaves laiice-ovatc, acuminate at each end. Calyx-teeth bristle-pointed, nearly as long as the tube. W. S. t P. macula^ta. Spotted L. Stem purple-spotted. Leaves lance-ovate, upper cor- date. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, half as long as its tube. Fields. W. S, f o P. Caroli'na. Carolina L. Stem ascending. Leaves lance-ovate. W. S. 4 P. glabcr'rima. Polished L. Stem erect, simple. Leaves lance-linear. W. S. P.pilo'sa. Ildrylj. Leaves lance-linear, acute. Calyx segments bristle-subulate,
Kiuch linger than its tube. Stem slender, l-2f. W. S. p.-w. P. involucra'ta. Cup-fl. L. Iloary-downy. Lvs. linear oblong, obtusish at cjich end, the floral crowded beneath the dense cymes, p.-r. S.
7 P. rep''tans. Creeping L. Stolons creeping. Stem oblique. Lvs. obovato
cicuse. W. S.
8 P. Laphamii. LaphairCsP. Slender, erect. Lvs. ovate, acute, thin. W.
9 P. Drummondii. Drummond'' s P. Annual, branched, hairy. Leaves mostly alternate. Calyx segments revolute. Corolla purple, with a star. S. f
divarica'ta. Wild L. Low, diff'use, downy. Lvs. lance-ovate, acute. Pan- icle corymbed, loose. Corolla grayish-blue. c. (No. 8, may be the same.) 11 P. Wiida. Beck''sL. Low, diffusely branched. Lvs. lanceolate, stem-clasping. P. subula^'ta. Moss Pi nh. Piostrate, much branched. Lvs. linear-subulate, .f* grows in dense tufts, covered over with rose-colored flowers in May. ■♦
13
10 P.
12
260
THE FLORA.
2. POLEMO'NIUM. Polemony.
1 P. coeru'leum. Blue P. Greek Valerian. Stem erect, l-2f. high. Lvs. pinuate, with 11-17 leaflets. Capsule 12-20-seeded. Sometimes Avild. f
i P. rep'tans. Creeping P. Stem weak, diffuse. Leaves pinnate, with 7-11 leaflets. Capsule 4-6-seeded. Woods, common. Light blue.
Ordef. XCIII. COFVOLYULACE.E. Bindweeas.
Herbs twining or trailing, -with alternate leaven : nowers snowy :
cacyx with 5 much imbncated ftepais, i>ers-ste.nt:
corolla regular, S-lobed or entire, pjaited and twisted in the bud;
stamens 5, and style single ; ovary free, oecoramg in
fruit a pod which is 2j-4-celled and 2-6-seeded ;
embryo large and leafy, with thin mucilaginous albumen.
The suborder, Cuscutixe^, consists of small orange-colored, leafless plants, living on other plants (parasites), with small flowers, and no cotyledons (OusouTA, the Dodder).
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Ovaries 2, distinct, with 2 distinct styles f
§ Ovary 1, open, when ripe by 2-4 valves 2
2 Ovary 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded. . . .3
2 Ovary 3-celled, 3-valved, 6-seeded b
2 Ovary 4-ceUed, 4-valved, 4-seeded a
3 Styles 2, distinct e
3 Styles united into 1 4
4 Calyx enveloped in 2 large bracts d
4 Calyx naked c
« Stamens exserted. Cor. small (scarce 1' broad). a Stamens included. Corolla large (2' broad), t
b Beautiful twining vines. Cor. bell-fuunel. c Stamens included. Stigma capitate. c Stamens included. Stigmas 2, linear, e Stamens exserted. Corolla tube slender, t
d Stigmas 2, obtuse. Corolla bell-form, f e Peduncles longer than the leaves. Soft-downy.
i Capsules 2, each 1-seeded. Plant very small
Fig. 610. Entire-leaved Cypress-vine {Quamoclit coccinea.)
t Ci/press Vine. Quam'oclit.
Siveet Potato. Bata'tas.
+ ytorning-glory. Phar''biti3.
False Bindweed. Ipoirj:^A.
B'lndiceed. Convol''vulus.
Good-night. Calyntc'tion.
Rutland Beauty. Calyste''oia.
Stylisma. Stylis'ma.
, prostrate. S. Diohon'pra.
Ordeu 90.— bindweeds. 267
1. QUAM'OCLIT. Cypress Vine.
1 Q. vulga'ris. True C. Leaves pectinate-piniiatifiJ. Fls. scarlet, crimson, &c. S.
2 Q. coccinea. Entive-lv. C. Lvs, undivided, cordate, acuminate. Crimson. W.S.
2. BATATAS. Sweet Potato.
1 B. littora'lis. Sea-side B. Peduncle 1-flowered, as long as the sinuate, cordate
leaf. S.
2 B. macrorhi'za. Wild Potato. Peduncle 1-5-fowered, shorter than the lobed or
entire leaf, which is downy beneath. Flowers purplish-white. S. 8 B, ed'ulis. Sweet Potato. Peduncle 3-5-flowered, shorter than the pahnate or pedute-lobed leaf. Flowers showy, rose-purple, t
3. PHAR'BITIS. Morning-glory. (Fig. 22.)
1 P. purpu'rea. Common M. Leaves entire, cordate. Peduncle 2-5-flowered. f
2 P. Nil. Indigo M. Lvs. 3-lobed, cordate. Ped. 1-3-flwd. Sepals long. M. S. t
4. IPOM^'A. False Bindweed.
A large genus. Some of its tropical species are shrubs and trees ; and are all trailing or climbing herbs, chieflj at the South. We mention but one species.
I. pan'durata. Wild Potato. Leaves broadly cordate, often fiddle-shaped (panduri- fonn). Corolla large (near 3' long), 4 times longer than the calyx, white, with a purple centre. Boot very large. Sandy fields, West and South.
5. CONVOL'VULUS. Bindweed.
1 O, arven'sis. FitldB. Leaves sagittate. Fls. white, with a tinge of red, small.
2 O. tri'color. Tri-colored B. Leaves lance-obovate. Fls. yellow, Avhite, blue, t
6. CALYSTE'GIA. Bracted Bindweed.
1 C. spithamae'us. Erect B. Stem ascending, 8-10\a span). Leaves lance-oblong,
Peduncle as long as the leaves, bearing 1 large, white flower. Fields.
2 C, Sepium. Rutland Beauty. Stem twining, long. Leaves cordate-sagittate
Flowers numerous, large, white, sometimes double in cultivation. aC Catesbeia'nus. CateshifsB. Plant downy, twining. Flowers purple. S.
268
THE FLORA.
Order XCIY. SOLANACE^. Nightshades.
Fig, 611. A flower of Bitter-sweet {Solarium Dulcamara). 2. Cross-section of the berry. 3. A seed cut open, showing the long, curved embryo. Fig. G14. Flower of Petunia,
Plants herbaceous or shrubby, with, alternate leaves; and with
flower-stalks often opposite to the leaves; and the
•pedicels without bracts ; cahjx generally persistent, 5-lobed ;
corolla 5-lobed, mostly regular, valvate and plaited in the bud;
otary free, 2-celled (rarely 3 or 4-celled), many-seeded ;
style and stigma single ; fruit a capsule or berry, with many seeds ;
embryo curved, lying in fleshy albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
Corolls T^'heel-shaped, the tube very short. Anthers convergent. . ..a Corolla bell-shaped, the broad tube including the erect anthers.... b Corolla funnel-form, tube long, and — (2)
2 The limb somewhat irregular c
2 The limb perfectly regular 3
3 Stamens exserted d
3 Stamens included e
Anthers connate, opening by slits. Berry lobed. Tomato. Lycospek'sicum. Anthers connivent, opening by pores. Berry round. Potato. SoLA'>a-M.
Anthers connivent, opening by pores. Pod angular. Pepper. CAp'sicm.
b Corolla bluish. Berry dry, enveloped in the calyx. Apple Peru. Nican'dka.
b Corolla yellowish. Berry fleshy, inclosed in the calyx.
Ground Cherry. Phys'alis.
b Corolla purplish. Berry black, in the open calyx. Belladonna. At'ropa. Stamens exserted, declining. Capsule opening by a lid. Henbane. Hyoscy'amus. Stamens included, unequal. Capsule opening by valves. Petunia. PetuVia„
Order 94.— NIGHTSHADES. 269
d Stamens growing to the summit of the tube. 2\eircinherg. Neihembku'gia.
d Stamens growing to the bottom of the tube. Matrimony. I.yc'ium.
e Calvx 5-angled. Capsule spiny or smooth. Thorn Apple. Datu''ra.
e Calyx terete. Stigma capitate. Herbs coarse. Tobacco. Kicotia'na.
e Calyx terete. Stigma 2-Iobed. Delicate shrubs, f False Tamaruk. Fabia'na.
SOLA'NUM. Nightshade.
Calyx 5-parte(l. Corolla rotate, limb spreading, tube very short, limb plaited in the bud, 5-lobed. Anthers erect, slightly united or converging, each opening at top by 2 pores. Berry globular or depressed, 2-celled. — Herbs or shrubs unarmed or prickly. Leaves often 2 together, a large and a small one. Flowers generally lateral. May-July.
% Plants not prickly. Anthers short, blunt. . . .a
§ Plants prickly. Anthers long, linear, and pointed,. . .b
a Herbs with pinnatifid leaves, shorter than the racemes. . . .1
a Herbs with undivided leaves, longer than the racemes 2-4
a Shrubby plants, erect or climbing. Berries red 5-7
b Peduncles exceeding the loaves, many-flowered 8, 9
b Peduncles shorter than the leaves, few-liowered 10, 11
I S. tubero'sum. Potato. Segments of the leaves unequal, some very small. Co-
rolla limb 5-angled. Tubers on the underground branches.
2 S. nig 'rum. Black Xigldshade. Smootliish. Leaves ovate, toothed, and wavy.
Flowers small, white, in lateral umbels. Berries black.
3 S. nodiflo''rum. Knot-jiowereJ, N. Quite smooth. Leaves ovate, entire.
Flowers minute, white, the stalk arising from a knot in the stem. S.
4 S. pycnan'thum. Stem hispid. Leaves ovate-acuminate, wavy. Peduncle 2
or 3-flowered. S.
5 S. Dulcama'ra. Bitter-siceet. Stem fiexuous, climbing. Loaves ovate, cordate,
¥pper ones lobed or gashed. Flowers purple, in lateral cymes, drooping. (Fig. 611.)
6 S, Pseudo-cap 'sicum. Jerusalem Cherry. A small, handsome, erect shrub, 2-4f. t
7 S. sempervi'rens. Evergreen N. Climbing. Leaves thick, cordate, elliptic, ob-
tuse, with a blunt cusp, very smooth and shining. Panicles terminal, f
8 S. Carolinen'se. Horsi Settle. Leaves angular-lobed. Kacemes leafless, w.
9 S. Virginia 'num. Virginia N. Leaves pinnatifid. Kacemes leafy. Pale. S. 10 S. mammo'sum. Apple of Sodom. "Woolly and prickly. Leaves roundish-ovate,
lobed. Fruit inversely pear-shaped. Flowers violet-colored.
II S escnlen'tum. Egg-plant. Leaves ovate, somewhat sinuate, downy. Flowers
6-9-parted. Fruit egg-shaped, from the size of an egg to a water-melon, f
270
THE FLORA.
Order XCY.— GENTIA]S\CE.^. The Gentianworts.
Herbs with opposite, entire, smooth leaves^ and showy rQ^xAav flowers ;
corolla usually twisted in the bud, with as many lobes as
stamens^ and alternate with them, mostly persistent and withering ;
stigmas 1 or 2 ;
otary 1-celled, superior, be- coming a 2-valved
pod with many seeds.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Leaves opposite or whorl ed,
sometimes minute. Corolla
mostly twisted in bud. . . .2 § Leaves alternate or radical.
Corolla valvate in the bud
2 Corollawitha glandular spot on each lobe, sometimes
with spurs c
2 Corolla without glandular
spots or spurs 3
3 Corolla tubular, the tube longer than the limb a
S Corolla deeply cleft, mostly wheel-shaped, tube very short.... b a Sepals 4 or 5. Corolla fringed, or with folds between lobes. Anthers straight.
Gentia'na. 1 a Sepals 4 or 5. Anthers spirally twisted. European Centaury. Erythr^'a.
a Sepals 2, leaf-like. Cor. 4-cleft, white or purplish. Pennywort. Obola''ria. b Leaves very small or mere bracts. Fls. 4-parted. Screxo-stem. Barto'nia. b Leafy. Fls. 5-12-parted. Anthers curved. American Centaury. Sabba'tia. 2 c Corolla 4-parted, with 4 spurs beneath at base. Spurred Gentlar^. Hale'nia. c Cor. 4-parted, without spurs. Tall, with whorled leaves. Columbo. Fba'seua. d Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 8-foliate, on long stalks.
Jjuck-bean. Menyan'thes. d Corolla smooth inside. Leaves simple, floating.
Floating Heart. Limnan'themum.
Fig.&lh. Gentiana Andrewsii. 6. The calyx and capsule. 7. The corolla laid open, showing the fold? (2-lobed) between the proper petals, and the stamens attached at base. 8. Capsule cut across. 9. Seed magnified, with its large, loose testa.
OiiDKii 05.— THE GENTIANWOKTS. 271
1. GENTIA'NA. Gentian.
Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, regular, usually with plaited folds between the lobes. Stigmas 2, style short or none. Pod oblong, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Aug.- Oct.
Corolla witli folded appendages between the 5 lobes. Anthers cohering b
t^oroiia with no appendages between the lobes. Anthers separate a
a begnietits ot ino corolla entire, pale-blue, 5 in number....!
a Segments or me corolla fringed, mostly but 4, bright blue 2, 3
0 Jtf lowers soliliiry, terminal, blue or white 4
? «''owe'-$ CL^stered, yellowish or cream-white. . . .5, 6 ' }<^;AWf>rs claslercd, blue.... 7-9 " Gr. quinqueflo'ra. Five-leaved G. Clusters about 5-flowered. Corolla lobes bristle- IDcmt.eri. 2 3-. criai'ta. Fringed G. Leaves lanceolate. Corolla conspicuously fringed.
Height If. 8 Gr. det'onsa. Shorn G. Lvs. linear. Corolla lobes crenatc-ciliate. Height If. 4 Gr. angustifo'lia. Sand G. Slender, If. erect. Lvs. linear. Flower large, b.orp.
5 G-. ochroleu'ca. Fide G. Lvs. lance-oval, narrowed to the sessile base. Corolla
greenish-white, a third longer than the sepals. S. M.
6 G!-. alba. Whitish G. Lvs. lance-ovate, clasping with the broad base. Corolla
cream-white, 4 times longer than sepals. W. M.
7 G-. Andrew'sii. Cloml Blue G. Leaves ovate lanceolate, 3-veinecl. Corolla never
opening, the lolies equalling the 5 fringed folds. (Figs. 615-619.)
8 G. Sapona'ria. SoapwoH G. Plant smooth. Leaves rough-edged, linear-lanceo-
late. Corolla open, the lobes twice longer than the cleft folds.
9 G^. puber'ala. Rough G. Tlant scabrous. Lvs. lance-ovate, very rough at edge.
Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, folds very short. W. S.
2. SABBA'TIx\. American Centaury.
Calyx 5-12-parted. Corolla rotate, limb 5-12-parted. Stamens 5-12. Style 2-parted. Capsule 1-celled. — Beautiful biennials, with mostly ro- seate flowers.
§ Corolla mostly 9 (rarely 7-12)-parted 1, 2
§ Corolla 5 (rarely 6)-parted a
a Branches alternate or forked b
a Branches opposite. Flowers with a central star. . . .c
b Flowers white or nearly white 3, 4
b Flowei-3 rose-red, with a central star o, 0
c Flowers white, corymbed 7, 8
c Flowers rose-rod, paniouiato 9, 10
2T2 THE FLORA.
1 S. gentianoi'des. Gentian C. Leaves linear, rigid, longer than the internod'^s.
Flov/ers 3-10-parted, bright flesh-color, clustered. S.
2 S. chloroi'des. Chlora G. Leaves lanceolate. Branches few, alternate, each
bearing at top a solitary, 7-12-parted, bright purple flower. E. 8 S. calyco'sa. Gup G. Calyx leafy, as large as the 5-6-parted corolla. S. 4 S. panicula'ta. Panicled C. Sepals linear, half as long as o-partod cor. S.
5 S. gra'cilis. Slender G. Leaves ovate to linear. Sepals bristle-form, as long as
the corolla. M. S.
6 S. stella'ris. Starry G. Leaves lance-obovate. Sepals linear, much shorter than
coi-olla. c.
7 S. corymbo'sa. Gurymled G. Leaves lanceolate, 3-veined. Calyx segments
linear, thrice longer than its tube, half as long as the corolla. N.-J. S.
8 S. macrophy-ria. Leaves 5- veined, cusp-pointed. Sepals shorter than calyx^
tube. S. 9 S. angularis. Angled G. Stem square, with winged angles. Leaves ovate, clasping, 5-veined. Flowers many, rose-red, the star greenish. Wet. c. 10 S. brachia'ta. Prairie G. Stem square, slender, joints 2-4 times longer than the sessile, lance-linear leaves. Panicle oblong. Corolla 6-parted, the star yellow. W. S.
Order XCYL APOCYNACE.E. Dogbanes.
Plants with a milky jwice, entire and mostly opposite leaves ; flowers 5-parted and regular, with the corolla twisted in the bud ; %tamens 5, with distinct filaments, anthers sometimes slightly united ; ovaries 2, distinct, but with their stigmas united at top of the styles ; fruit 2 follicles containing several or many albuminous seeds.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Herbs erect, 2-4f. high, the flowers in cymes a
* Shrubs twining or trailing, with opposite leaves b
* Shrubs erect, 3-6f. high, with the leaves in whorls of 3 c
a Cor. bell-shaped, whitish. Style none. Sds. silky. Dog's-hane. Apoc'YNtnvi. 1 a Corolla funnel-form, bluish. Style 1. Lvs. scattered. Amson. Amso'nia.
b Fls. solitary, blue. Throat 5-angled. Lvs. evergreen. + Periwinkle. Vin'oa.
b Flowers in cymes, yellow, small. Lvs. petiolate. Wet. South. Forstero^nia. c Leaves thick, evergreen. Flowers large, rose-colored. Oleander. Ne''kium.
APOC'YNUM. Dog's-baue.
Stamens shorter than the corolla, arising from its base, and alternate with 5 glandular teeth. Anthers arrow-shaped, cohering to the stigmoj
Order 97.— ASCLEPIADS.
273
by the middle. Follicles long, slen- der, separate. Seeds with a tuft of long, silky down. June-August.
1 A. androsaemifo'lium. Tutsan-leaved D.
Corolla rose-wliitc, much longer than the calyx. Leaves ovate. Plant smooth, elegant, about 3f. high.
2 A. cannabi'num. Hemp D. Cor. green-
ish-white, scarce longer than tho calyx. Leaves oblong. Bark tough as hemp.
Fig. 620. Common Dog*s-bane. 1. A flower of the natural size. 2. The flower cut open, showing the peculiar stamens. 3. The 2 styles and stigmas. 4. The plan of the flower. 5. The 2 follicles. 6. A seed with its tuft of silk.
Order XCYII. ASCLEPIADACE^. Asclepiads.
Plants (chiefly Jierbs in the United States) with a rmYkj juice ; leaves opposite (rarely whorled or scattered), entire, without stipules ; flowers generally umbeled, 5-parted, regular ; sepals and also the petals united at base, both commonly valvate in the bud ; stamens united into a fleshy mass with the two stigmas ; pollen cohering in masses ; ovaries 2, iorvomg follicles in fruit
Analysis of the Genera. % Plants erect. Stamen-mass crowned with 5 little hoods. . . .2
S Plants twining or prostrate 3
2 Hoods each with a little projecting horn ... .a
2 Hoods destitute of horns b
8 Flowers dark purple c
3 Flowers whitish or flesh-colored
■ Petals reflexcd. Hoods erect, horns incurved. SiU-grass. Milkweed. Ascle^'pias. 1 b Petals reflexcd. Hoods erect, adnate to the anthers. Ackra^tes.
b Petals spreading, green. Hoods free from the anthere. S. Anan'therix. b Petals erect, yellowish. Mass of anthers stalked. S. Podostiq'ma.
12*
274 THL FLORA.
c Tlie 5 filaments distinct. Pollen masses 5. N.-Y. Pkriplo'ca.
c Filaments united as weU as the stigmas. Pollinia 10. Gonol'obus.
d Petals spreading. Hoods erect. Leaves linear. Coast, S. Sente'ra.
d Petals spreading. Iloods flat, spreading, t Wax-j^lant. Hoy''a.
d Petals erect, white. Hoods erect, 2-awned. S.-W. Common. Ensle'nia.
ASOLE'PIAS. Silk-grass. Milkweed.
(We have many species of this genus, blooming in the Summer months. Begin Ders will find them difficult to distinguish. We omit them here, referring the reader to the Class Book.)
Order XCIX. OLEACEiE. Oliveworts.
Trees and shrubs with opposite leaves^ with
Jlowers 4-partecl, regular, sometimes without petals;
corolla (when present) valvate in the bud; stamens 2, rarely 4;
ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit fleshy or dry.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Leaves pinnate. Fruit a dry, winged samara a
§ Leaves simple. Fruit a dry, 2-celled pod (capsule) b
§ Leaves simple. Fruit a fleshy drupe or berry 2
2 Corolla present. Stamens included. White.... c
2 Corolla present. Stamens exserted d
2 Corolla none. Fruit an oblong drupe e
a Trees with imperfect flowers and odd-pinnate leaves. Ash. Frax'inus.
b Corolla salver-form, with short, white or purple lobes, t Lilac. Syrin''ga. 1
b Corolla bell-form, with long, yellow lobes, t Forsythia. Forsy''thia.
c Corolla with long, linear, pendulous lobes. Virginia Fringe-tree. Chionan'thus. c Cor. with short lobes. Panicle dense. Berries black. Privet. Prim. Ligus'trum.
d Style 2-parted. Leaves serrate. Shrubs, t Osmanth. Osman''thus.
d Style simple. Panicles axillary. S. American Olive. Olea.
d Style simple. Panicles terminal. Trees, t Visian. Visia'na.
e Flowers very imperfect, dioecious. Shrubs. Wet. W. S. Adella. Foresti'era.
SYRIN'GA. Lilac.
1 S, vulga'ris. Common L. Leaves cordate-ovate, entire. Flowers lilac-purple.
2 S. al'ba. White Lilac. Flowers pure white. Shrub taller. (Variety of No. 1.)
8 S, Per''sica. Persian L. Leaves lanceolate, entire or cleft. Flowers in looser panicles, lilac-bluo. Apr. May.
Okdek 101.— marvelworts. 275
COHORT III.
THE APETALOUS EXOGENS.
Essential Character, — Flowering plants (Pii^nogamia), with their stems growing by additions to the outside and the wood in circular layers (Exogens), with the seeds inclosed in seed-vessels (Angiospeems), and the flowers destitute of petals (Apetal^).
Order C— ARISTOLOCHIACE^. Birthworts
Low lierhs or climbing shrubs with alternate leaves^ \axgQ flowers ; calyx adlicring to the ovary, valvate in bud, brown or dull colored ; stamens 6-12, at top of the 6-celled, many-seeded ovary.
Analysis of the Genera. Ca]yx bell-form, rej^ular, 3-clcft. Stamens 12. Herbs with creeping,
underground stems. . Wild Ginger. Asa'rcm, 1
Calyx tubular, bent, irregular. Antbers 6. Shrubby, erect or climbing,
with very odd flowers. Birthwort. Aristolo'chia.
AS A RUM. "Wild Ginger.
1 A Canadense. Canada W. Leaves in pairs, broad-rcniform, with the single flower
between the petioles scarcely above-ground. May-July. c.
2 A. Virginicum. Virginia W. Leaf solitary, round-ovate, cordate, the single flower
much shorter than the petiole. Sepals obtuse. Mts. Va. S. April. 8 A. ariforium. Arum-lv. W. Leaf solitary, broadly hastate, wdth long, angular lobes at base. Calyx throat contracted, lobes very short. Va. S. April.
Order CI.— NYCTAGINACEJi]. Marvelworts.
Her}>8 (shrubs or trees) with swelling joints; entire, opposite leaves ; flowers surrounded by an involucre (which is, of course, calyx-like when
the flower is solitary) : calyx often colored like a corolla, tubular or funnel-form, breaking off
above the Icolled, 1-secded ovary.
278
THE FLORA.
Order CIII. PHYTOLACCACE^. Pokeweeds.
Herhs or shrubs with alternate leaves, no stipules, and^wers racemed;
sepals colored, 4 or 5 ; petals none ; stamens few or many ;
ovary of one or several carpels, which are united into a ring, forming a
berry in fruit; cells as many as the carpels, each 1-seeded; embryo curved around the fleshy albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
Sepals 5, ronndish. Sta. 5-20. Ovary 5-12-carpeled and seeded. Phytolao'ca. 1 Sepals 4, persistent. Stamens 4-12. Ovary 1-carpeled and 1-seeded. S. Eivi'na.
PHYTOLACCA. Poke. A £ A ^
Character expressed in the / . /^ si^^ / -Q '4^
Analysis. — Tall and stout per- i\"'w!l ^^f'"' VW^ S^
ennials, with greenish flowers ^^^/J ^^^ /||ii ^>^$
and purple berries. .^^^^s^ ^^^'/\\r^ ^^%
P. decan'dra. Plant 5-8f. high, ^^^2— -^^^^^LllU^^^ ^^K very smooth, bushy. Leaves ''''^■■^.!^v^.\\^;>2^s_;^^^l>^^>^ A^^^^ large, ovate, acute at eacli end, £^;|||| jv^S>^^^ /^M^
petioled. Racemes at first ^^ft\^^^^ ^a. ^^v ^^^ 630
terminal, finally opposite to Wrmj Z^^^'^^w^^""^"^^^ I f^^^ the leaves. Berries oblate, of 9m|,JiP^ 8^M\ ' y'l \ \\^\. I )~^/f^4) a rich dark purple. July-Sept. N^^ ^^^|^ b^^'V^-^^.^V ^^^f^y^
Fig. 627. Phytolacca decandria, leaves, flowers, and fruit. 8. A flower, natural size. 9. Ita stamens and ovary. Fig. 630. Cross-section of the ovary. 1. A seed cnt open, shoMing the em- bryo coiled around the albumen.
Order CYII. LAURACE^. Laurels.
Trees and shrubs aromatic, with alternate, simple, dotted leaves; sepals colored, 4-6, slightly united, strongly imbricated ; anthers 2 or 4:-celled, opening upwards by as many valves ; ovary 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe in fruit ; no albumen.
Analysis of the Genera. % Flowers perfect, the caly.x persistent. Leaves evergreen.. ..a
§ Flowers imperfect. Calyx deciduous. Leaves deciduous b
a Trees. Lvs. thick, lance- oblong. Fls. umbeled. S. Bay GalU. Per'sea.
ordeh 119.— the MASTWORTS. 279
b Involucre none. Anthers 4-valved. Leaves lobed. Sassafras. Sas'safras. 1 b Involucre 4 leaved. Anthers 2-valved. Shrubs. Spice-bush. Ben'zoin.
b Involucre 4-leaved. Antliers 4-valved. Shrubs. S. Pond-spice. Tetuan'thera.
SASSAFRAS. Sassafras. Flowers dioecious, G-parted, regular. Stamens 9. Trees with decidu- ous leaves, expanding after the clusters of yellow flowers. S. officina'le. Common S. Leaves of two forms, ovate and entire, or S-lobed and acute at base. Tree aromatic, 10-30f. high.
Order CXIX. CUPULIFERJi:. The Mastworts.
Trees or shi'uls, with alternate, simple leaves, and deciduous stipules; powers monoecious, the sterile in aments, which are racemed or head-like ; stamens in the sterile flowers, 6 to 20, on the base of the calyx; ovajy in the fertile flowers with several cells and ovules, but becoming in f?'uit a 1-seeded nut surrounded by an involucre (cup, burr, or sac).
Analysis of the Genera.
% Sterile flowers in aments, fertile flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together 2
§ Sterile flowers and fertile also in aments, the latter loose and large c
2 Involucre 1-ttowered, cup-like, composed of many little scales a
2 Involucre 2 or 3-flowered, composed of few large valves b
« Sterile aments slender, calyx 5-cleft, stamens 5 or 10. Fertile flowers, con- sisting of an ovary sitting in a scaly cup, becoming, in fruit, an acorn, 1- celled, 1-seeded. A noble genus of trees (rarely shrubs), always known by their peculiar fruit, called acorns. The timber is of great value, especially in ship-building. In the Class Book of Botany, 23 species are described. (See Figs. 32-34, 267.) Oak; Quercus.
b Involucre of the fruit and fertile flowers a burr with 4 valves. Sterile aments slender, each flower with 5-15 stamens ; 3 fertile flowers in each involucre, -which is beset with slender prickles. We have two species, one a tree, the other a shrub. Timber excellent. The fruit is sweet and nutritious. (See Fig. 277.) Clieistnut. Casta 'nea.
b Involucre of the fruit a burr with 4 valves. Sterile aments head-like, sus- pended by a slender stalk. Calyx 6-cleft. Two flowers in each burr, which is covered by weak spines. Nuts sharply 8-angled. They are tall, valua- ble forest-trees. Betch. Fag us.
b Involucre a sac, longer than the nuts, torn at the top. Sterile flowers in a slender ament. Shrubs. Usually but one flower or nut iu each involucre.
llazfl. Cou'yi.ob.
278
THE FLORA.
Order CIII. PHYTOLACCACE^. Pokeweeds.
Hei-bs or shrubs with alternate leaies^ no stipules^ and^werg racemed;
sepals colored, 4 or 5 ; petals none ; stamens few or many ;
ovary of one or several carpels, which are united into a ring, forming a
berry in fruit; cells as many as the carpels, each 1-seeded; embryo curved around the fleshy albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
Sepals 5, roundish. Sepals 4, persistent.
Sta. 5-20. Ovary 5-12-carpeled and seeded. Phttolao'ca. 1 Stamens 4-12. Ovary 1-carpeled and 1-seeded. S. Eivi'na.
PHYTOLACCA. Poke.
Character expressed in the Analysis. — Tall and stout per- ennials, with greenish flowers and purple berries.
p. decan'dra. Plant 5-Sf. high,
very smooth, bushy. Leaves
large, ovate, acute at eacli end,
petioled. Kacemes at first
termhial, finally opposite to
the leaves. Berries oblate, of
a rich dark purple. July-Sept. Fig. 627. Phytolacca decandria, leaves, flowers, and fruit 8. A flower, natural size. 9. Ita stamens and ovary. Fig. 630. Cross-section of the ovary. 1. A seed cut open, showing the eni- bryo coiled around tlie albumen.
Order CYII. LAURACE^. Laurels.
Trees and shrubs aromatic, with alternate, simple, dotted leaves; sepals colored, 4-6, slightly united, strongly imbricated ; anthers 2 or 4-celled, opening upwards by as many valves ; ovary 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe in fruit ; no albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Flowers perfect, the calyx persistent. Leaves evergreen a
I Flowers imperfect. Calyx deciduous. Leaves deciduous.. ..b
a Trees. Lvs. thick, lance- oblong. Fls. umbeled. S. Ba7j GalU. Per'sea.
Order 119.-THE MASTWORTS. 279
b Involucre none. Anthers 4-valved. Leaves lobed. Sassafras. SAS''sArRAs. 1 b Involucre 4 leaved. Anthers 2-valved. Shrubs. Spice-bush. Ben'zoin.
b Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 4-valved. Shrubs. S. Pond-spice. Tetran'thera.
SASSAFRAS. Sassafras. Flowers dioecious, G-parted, regular. Stamens 9. Trees with decidu- ous leaves, expanding after the clusters of yellow flowers. S. oiBcma'le. Common S. Leaves of two forms, ovate and entire, or S-lobed and acute at base. Tree aromatic, 10-30f. high.
Order CXIX. CUPULIFERJE. The Mastworts.
Trees or shruhs, with alternate, simple leaves, and deciduous stipules ; /lowers monoecious, the sterile in aments, which are racemed or head-like ; stamens in the sterile flowers, 6 to 20, on the base of the calyx ; ovary in the fertile flowers with several cells and ovules, but becoming in fruit a 1-seeded nut surrounded by an involucre (cup, burr, or sac).
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Sterile flowers in aments, fertile flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together 2
§ Sterile flowers and fertile also in aments, the latter loose and large c
2 Involucre 1-flowered, cup-like, composed of many little scales a
2 Involucre 2 or 3-flowered, composed of few large valves. . . .b
4 Sterile aments slender, calyx 5-cleft, stamens 5 or 10. Fertile flowers, con- sisting of an ovary sitting in a scaly cup, becoming, in fruit, an acorn^ 1- celled, 1-seeded. A noble genus of trees (rarely shrubs), always known by their peculiar fruit, called acorns. The timber is of great value, especially in ship-building. In the Class Book of Botany, 23 species are described. (See Figs. 32-34, 267.) Oal: Quercus.
b Involucre of the fruit and fertile flowers a burr with 4 valves. Sterile aments slender, each flower with 5-15 stamens ; 3 fertile flowers in each involucre, ■which is beset with slender prickles. We have two species, one a tree, the other a shrub. Timber excellent. The fruit is sweet and nutritious. (See Fig. 277.) Clieistnut. Casta 'nea.
b Involucre of the fruit a burr with 4 valves. Sterile aments head-like, sus- pended by a slender stalk. Calyx 6-cleft. Two flowers in each burr, which is covered by weak spines. Kuts sharply 3-angled. They are tall, valua- ble forest-trees. Betch. Fag us.
b Involucre a sac, longer than the nuts, torn at the top. Sterile flowers in a slender ament. Shrubs. Usually but one flower or nut iu each involucre.
Hazel. Cor'yi.ub.
280
THE FLORA.
c Involucre a closed, inflated sac, one-flowered, many together in the pendu- lous, hop-like cluster. Small trees, Avith very compact, strong timber, called
Ho^p Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood. Os'trya,
c Involucre an open, 3-lobed leaf, 1-flowered, Small trees, with a strong,
heavy timber. Hornbeam. Carpi'nus.
Order CXX. BETULACE^. The Birchworts.
Trees or shrubs.^ -witL deciduous stipules, with the alternate leaves simple, having the veinlets running straight to the margin ; flowers monoecious, both kinds contained in scaly catkins., 2 or 3 under each bract ; calyx and corolla hardly any ; ovary 2-celled and 2-ovuled, but becoming in
fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded nut, by the suppression of the other seed and cell.
Analysis of the Genera. $ bracts with 12 stara. each ; 5 bracts with mostly 3 ovaries. Birch. Bet'ula. 1 f bracts with 4-8 stam. each ; $ bracts with 2 ova. or fls, each. Alder. Alnus.
BET'ULA. Birch. 5 in a cylindrical cat- kin, bracts each with 3 tetrandrous flowers be- neath it. $ in an oblong or egg - shaped catkin, bracts 3-lobed, each with 3 ries or flowers, with no calyx, flattened, broadly winged. — Trees and shrubs, mostly with the outer bark in thin layers with horizontal fibres. Catkins ap- pearing in early spring before the leaves.
§ Trees with a yellowish bark, and heart -ovate, serrate leaves.. ..1
§ Trees with reddish-brown bark, and ovate, doubly serrate leaves. . . .2, 3
§ Trees with white bark and long-stalked, long- pointed leaves. . . .4, 5
S Shrubs with brownish bark, and roundish, crenate leaves.... 6, 7
633
2-styled ova- Samara
I'ig. 632. Sweet Black Birch {Betula lenta), with staininate and pistillate catkins : a, a scale with staminate flowers ; h, with pistillate flowers. Fig. 633. «, A winged sauiaia cut length- wise, showing its fertile and abortive cell ; h, the same cat across.
OiiDER 123.— THE WILLOWORTS.
281
2 B
1 B. excel'sior. Yelloio Birch. Tree 50-80f. Fertile aments erect, obloug, 1 inch
in length, erect, sterile 2-4', pendulous, clustered, c. N. lenta. Black B. Sweet B. Tree 40-GOf. Fertile aments erect, oval, obtuse, stalked; sterile 2-3', pendulous. Inner bark sweet-spicy. M. N. B, ni'gra. Red Birch. Tree 30-50f. Leaves rliombic-ovate, acute at both ends, obscurely lobed. Fertile aments sessile, ovoid. M. S. W.
4 B. populifo'lia. TV/die B. Tree 30-40f. Leaves triangular, long-pointed,
smooth, unequally serrate. Sterile aments long, pendulous. N.
5 B. papyra'cea. Canoe Birch. Tree 50-70f. Leaves ovate, pointed, doubly-
serrate. All the aments nodding. Hills and mountains. N.
B. pum'ila. Z>«w/i?. Shrub erect, 2-6f. Branches warty. Leaves obovate, ob- tusely serrate above. Fertile aments cylindric. Mountains. N.
B. na'na. Tiny B. Shrub low, trailing, smooth. Leaves round, crenate. Scales of fertile amcnt deeply 3-parted. 3-12''. Mountains, N.-II.
Order CXXII. SALICACE J]]. The Willoworts.
Trees or sTiriibs^ with simple leaves, and stipules usually present; flowers dioecions, naked, both kinds in aments, each with a bract; wary 1 or 2-celled, with 2 short styles; capsule many-seeded; seeds with a coma and no albumen.
C36 637
Fig. 634. A fertile flower of a Willow, consisting of a pistil and a bract Fig. 635. Sterile flower, 2 stamens and a Iract Fig. 636. A sterile flower of Ualni-of-Gilead {Pojmlus candi' cans); many stamens. Fig. 637. A fertile flower, consisting of a fringed scale, n calyx holding a double ovary.
Analysis of the Genera. § Aments cylindric, bracts entire. Stamens 2 or more. Capsule 1-celled, 2- valved, the seeds very small, clothed with silky hairs. Trees or shrubs. (Figs. 12, 17, SS.) We have about 27 t^jie-
Willow. Osier. Salix. Stamens 8 or more. Capsule 2-celled, 2- Buds varnisliod with a fragrant resin.
Poplar. Acpen. I'orcLcs
Leaves often long and narrow, cies. § Aments cylindric, bracts fringed, valved. Calyx an entire cup. Leaves broad, largo. Trees.
282
THE FLORA.
C 0 H 0 E T Y.
SPADICIFLORiB, OR THE APETALOUS ENDOGENS.
Order CXXXI. ARACEiE. Aroids.
Chiefly herls with a fleshy rootstock of corm ; leaves sometimes net- veined ; fiowers mostly without calyx or corolla, arranged on a spadix; stamens few or many, hypogynous, very short; anthers turned outwards; ovary free ; stigmas sessile ; fruit a dry or juicy berry, and the seeds with or without albumen. Growing in wet places.
642 633 639 640
Fi%. 033. Wild Calls (Calla palustris), a leaf, and a spadix of flowers, with its spatbe (6). Fig. 639. The same enlarged. Fiff. 640. A flower enlarged. Fig. 641. One of the berries cut, showing the 6 cells. Fig. 642. Golden Club {Oroiititim aqunticum); its spadix (s) is without a spathe.
Analysis of the Genera. •* Spadix enveloped in a spathe. . . .2
Spadix destitute of a spathe. Sepals 4-6 . . . . d 2 Flowers covering only the base of the spadix. Perianth 0. . . .a
2 Flowers covering the whole spadix, monoecious. Perianth 0 b
2 Flowers covering the wliole spadix and perfect. . . .c
OnnER 131.— AROIDS. 283
a Spathc rolled in at base. Top of spadlx club-shaped. Dragon-root. Aris^^'ma. 1 b Spathe rolled inwards the whole length. Arrow-lvd. Dragon. Pkltan'uka. 2 b Spathe rolled backwards above, white. Egyptian Calhx. Richar'dia.
c Perianth 0. Spathe open, flattish, white. Lvs. cordate. Wild Calla. Calla.
e Perianth regular. Spa. shell-form. Lvs. large. Shunk-cahhage. Symplocar'pus. d Flowers terminal, yellow. Scape terete. Golden Club. Oisonticm.
d Flowers lateral, green. Scape leaf-like. Sweet Flag. A'cokus.
1. ARISJE'MA. Arum. Indian Turnip.
Spathe rolled inward at base. Spadix covered with flowers below, naked and club-shaped above. Sterile flowers above the fertile, each a clump of 4 stamens. Fertile flowers each a 1-celled ovary, with a flai stigma. Berrj red, with 1 or several seeds. — Odd-looking plants, with scape arising from a corm or rootstock, and sheathed with the radical leaves. Taste very acrid.
1 A. triphyl'lum. Jack-in-the- Pulpit. Leaves usually 2, trifoliate. Spathe bent aud
inflected above, covering the obtuse spadix, striped.
2 A. qmna'tum. Five-leaved Jack. Leaves in pairs, one or both quinate. S. 8 A. Dracon'tiuxn. Green Dragon. Leaf mostly solitary, pedale, 7-11-foliate.
2. PELTAN'DRA. Arrow Dragon.
The sterile flowers consist of 8-12 anthers attached to the border of a shield-shaped (peltate) connectile. — Root fibrous. Leaves sagittate.
1 P. Virgin'ica. Virginia A. Spathe green, incurved, long, wavy on the margin.
Leaves many, large, hastate-sagittate, very smooth, dark.
2 P. glau'ca. Glaucous A. Spathe white, entire, gradually unrolled and widened
above. Leaves ovate-sagittate, the base lobes large. S.
284
THE FLORA.
COHOET VI.
FLORIDBiE, OR THE FLOWERING ENDOGENS.
Order CXXXY. ALISMACEvE. AUsmads.
Herljs growing in water, with the leaves parallel-veined, and with the flowers regular and not on a spadix ; the perianth consisting of sepals and petals^ 3 of each, the former always green ; ovaries free, 3 or more, separating into as many 1-seeded achenia.
Lvs.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Both the calyx and corolla greenish
rush-like {Arrow-grasses) b
§ Corolla colored, white. Leaves mostly
with a lamina a
a ris. y$ . Sta. 6. Carpels whorled.
Water Plantain. Alisma. 1 a ris. § . Stamens 0-24. Carpels in a
head. Echinodore. Echinodokus. a FIs. S . Sta. many. Carpels in a head, Arroio-Tiead. Saoittaria. 2 b Lvs. radical. Anthers ovate. Carpels
1-seeded. Triglock. TRiQLocHm.
b Leaves cauline. Anthers linear. Car- pels 1-2-seeded. Scheuchzeria.
1. ALISMA. Water Plantain.
Flowers perfect. Stamens 6. Ova- ries and styles numerous, collected into a whorl, becoming in fruit many dis- tinct, flattened achenia. — if Stemless herbs, the leaves all radical. Flowers in a panicle.
A. planta'go. A common, smooth, handsome inhabitant of ponds and ditches. Leaves oval or ovate, abruptly acuminate, 7-9-
Fig. 643. Sagittaria sagiltifolia (com- mon form), leaf and flowers. 4. One of the pistils enlarged. 5. The pistil of Alisma cut open, showing the seed and curved embryo.
Order 138.— THE ORCHIDS.
veined, entire, on long petioles. Scape l-2f. liigli, branching in whorls, bearir;g nu- merous purplisli-whitc flowers, in •Tuly.
2. SAGITTATJA. Arrow-head.
Flowers monoscious, rarely dioecious, tlie $ with about 24 stamens, the $ with numerous ovaries crowded in a head, and becoming in fruit as many compressed, margined achenia. — U Stemless plants, leaves radical, generally arrow-shaped. Flowers in whorls of 3's, the sterile ones above the fertile.
S. variab''ili3. A curious plant, conspicuous with its large white flowers among the rushes and sedges of sluggish waters. The petals are wholly white, and the scape simple, with the stalks 1-flowered. The leaves are generally arrow- shaped (as seen in the figure), but exceedingly variable, sometimes lanceolate, and sometimes even consisting of a petiole only. About If. high. Jul^.
Order CXXXYIII. ORCHIDACE.E. The Orchids.
Herhs perennial, with thick, fleshy roots; entire, parallel-veined leaves ; ■flowers very irregular, but ^^ 'perianth consisting always of 6 parts, viz., of 3 sepals and 3 petals^ all usually colored, the lower petal called the lip differing in form from the others, and frequently spurred at base ; stamens 3, but only 1 or rarely 2 of them perfect, united with the style and forming what is called the column ; anthers 2, 4 or 8-celled; 'pollen powdery, or waxy, or granulated ; oiarxj 1-celled, many-seeded.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Stems green, furnished with one or more leaves 2
* Stems green, furnished with sheaths instead of leaves....
* Stems brownish, furnished with sheaths and no leaves, or a late one. . . .0
2 Corolla lip very large, inflated and sack-like. . ..a
2 Corolla lip of various forms, but neither very large nor sack-like. . . .8
3 Corolla produced into a spur behind . . . .b
8 Corolla destitute of a spur 4
4 Flowers small, many, in a loose raceme, beardless. . . .e
4 Flowers small, many, in a close, twisted spike, beardless. .. .f
4 Flowers showy, purple or yellow, few or 1 only g
a Root fibrous. Lip obtuse, spurless. Anthers 2. Ladi/^s-slipper. CvrniPK'DiUM. 1
a Koot a corni. T/ip S-lobcd, 2-spurrod. Anther 1. Cab/pso. Cm.yp'so.
286
THE FLORA.
Fig. 646. Lady's-sljpper {Cypripedium acaule), whole plant, with its 2 leaves, scape, and curious flower. 7. Plan of the flower; s, sepals (outer circle), the 2 lower united ; p, the petals; i, lip (lower petal) ; e, the anthers, upper one sterile ; o, the 3-celied ovary. 8. The column seen roin beneath, with the pistil, two stamens, and the leaf-like sterile one. 9. Flower and bract of >chis spectabilis. Fig. &bO. Its 2 pollen masses exhibited (enlarged). 1. Arethusa bulbosa; ^/J he flower. 2. Its column enlarged, with its lid-like anther opening, showing its pollen-masses >eneath.
b Fls. in the axils of bracts. Pollen masses 2. Lvs. l-oo . Orchis. Orchis. 2 b Flowers bractless. Pollen masses 4. Leaf 1 only. Tipula. Tipula'ria.
s Root coniline. Spur growing to the ovary. Lvs. none. Coral-root. Corallorhi''za. 3
c Root 2 corms. Spnrnone. Leaf 1, late, radical. Putty-root. Kvlkctrv.^.
d Flowers 1 only, rose-purple. Lip bearded. Arethusa. Arethc'sa. 4
d Fls. racemed, dark-purple, beardless. (Lvs. 0 or few.) BUtia. Bletia.
e Leaf 1. Lip sagittate. Column minute. Micros' tylis. Micros 'tylis.
e Leaves 2, radical. Lip fiat, ascending. Column winged. Liparls, Lip''ari8.
e Leaves 2, cauline. Lip pendulous, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Ttcay-hlnde. Listetba
Order 138.— THE ORCHIDS. 287
f Leave.s nil green. Lip obtuse, erect. ^ Ijidie^ Tretses. Spirah'tiies. 5
f Leaves netted with white. Lip pointed, refle.xcd.
Rattlesnake Piantain. Goodye'ra.
f Lvs. all green. Lip 3-lobed, recurved. South. Cranichis. Cran'ichis. g T/ip on the upper side of the fl., bearded. Leaf linear. Grass Pink. CalopC'gon. 6 g Lip on the lower side (ovary twisted as in the other genera) h
h Column free from the lip. Flowers purplish. Beard Pink. Pogo'nia. 7
h Column growing to the lip. Yellow. On trees. S. Tree Orchis. Epidkn'duum.
1. CYPRIPE'DIUM. Lady's-slipper.
The 2 lower sepals united into one piece or rarely distinct. Lip very large, inflated, sack or slipper form, obtuse. Column terminated by a petal-like lobe (wbicb is the sterile stamen). Fertile stamens 2. — Root fibrous. Leaves large, plaited. Flowers large and showy, one or few. May- July.
* Flowers yellow, one or more. Stems leafy 5, 6
* Flowers white or rose-pnrple. . . .1
1 Stem leafy. Flower one or more 2-4
1 0. acau'le. Stemless L. (Figs. 642-644.) Scape naked, with 2 leaves at the base, and 1 large flower at top. c. 2 C. can'didum. White L. Two lower sepals united. Flowers 1 only, smaller,
white. W. S. r. S C. spectab'ile. Shoioij L. Two lower sepals united. Flowers few, very large,
purplisli, c. 4 C. Arieti'num. Jiain' s-Head L. Two lower sepals separate. Flower] only, small, purplish, r. 6 C. pubes'cens. Large yellow L. Moccasin Fl. Sepals narrow-lanceolate. Lip
flattened at sides, pale yellow, c. (Fig. 89.) C O. parviflo'rum. Smaller yellow L. Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Lip flat above and btlow, bright yellow, c.
2. ORCHIS. Orchis.
Flower ringent, sepals and petals similar ; all, or all but two, ascending and arching over the column. Lip turned downward, entire or lobed, produced at base into a spur beneath, which is distinct from the ovary. Stamen 1, anther 2-celled, pollen-masses 2, consisting of numerous waxy grains. — Flowers generally showy, in spikes or racemes. Junc-Aug. mostly.
Note,— Under this genns we Include two others, viz.: Gymnadenin and Platanthora The beginner would find it difficult to separate them. See Class Book of Botany, p. 6S2, ic. No. 1, le the true Orchis. Nos. 8, 9, 10, are Gt/mnaclcnia, and all the others belong to Platanthera.
288 THE FLORA.
§ Leaves radical and only 2 (rarely*3). Flowers on a scape 1-8
§ Leaf radical and only 1. Flowers small, on a scape 4, 5
§ Leaves on the stem, several, upper ones reduced to bracts. . . .a a Corolla lip entire, neitAcr lobed, fringed, nor toothed. . . .6-9 a Corolla lip 2 or 3-toothed, not fringed nor divided. Flowers greenish. . . .10-12
a Corolla lip cleft into a fringe at the edge, but not divided 13-15
a Corolla lip divided into 3 parts, which are fringed or not b
b Flowers white or yellowish, with 5 long bristles, the 2 side petals 2-parted.
S... .16,17. b Flowers white, the 2 side petals entire or toothed ; lip clawed.... 18, 19 b Flowers purple, numerous, showy ; lip raised on a claw 20-22
1 O. spectab'ilis. SJioivy Orchis. True Orchis. Fls. few, pink-purple, handsome.
Leaves oblong-ovate. Height 4-7^ (Figs. 649, 650.)
2 O. orbicula'ta. Eound-lv. 0. Fls. whitish, racemed. Spur very long. Leaves
round. Scape bracted.
3 O. Hook'eri. Hooker'' s 0. Flowers green, spiked. Spur long as ovary. Leaves
round. Scape naked.
4 O. obtusa''ta. Bluiit-lv. 0. Leafobovate, obtuse. Lip linear, entire. 5-8'. r.
5 O. rotundifo'lia. Small Round-lf. O. Lf. round. Lip, mid. lobe obcord. 6-9'. r.
6 O. hyperbo'rea. Northern 0. Flowers greenish. Lip, petals, leaves, and bracts.
lanceolate.
7 O. dilata'ta. Broad-lip 0. Flowers whitish. Lip lance-linear, rhombic at base.
8 O. niv'ea. Snowy 0. Flowers white. Lip oblong-linear. Leaves linear. S.
9 O. nigra. Black 0. Flowers yellow, close. Lip ovate. Leaves lance-oblong.
1 0 O. tridenta'ta. Trident O. Lip 3-toothed at end. Spur longer than ovary.
11 O. bractea'ta. Bracted 0. Lip 2-3-toothed at end, spur half as long.
12 O. fla'va. Small yellow 0. Lip obtuse, with a tooth eaeh side, spur long.
13 O. crista'ta. Crested yellow 0. Flowers yellow, small, lip as long as the spur.
14 O. cilia'ris. Large yelloio 0. Flowers yellow, large, lip half as long as the spur.
15 O. Blephariglot'tis. Ox,-tongue 0. Fls. white, large ; 2 side petals cut-toothed.
16 O. Michauxii. Michaux's 0. Leaves oval. Spur twice as long as ovary.
17 O. re 'pens. Five-hristled 0. Leaves lance-linear. Spur shorter than ovary.
18 O. leucophEe'a. White Prairie 0. Bracts shorter than the ovaries.. Lip fan-
shaped, 3-parted, fringed. Spur club-shaped, twice longer than ovary.
19 O. lac'era. Bagged 0. Bracts longer than the flowers. Petals notched at end.
Lip segments wedge-shaped, fringed. Spur filiform, long as ovary.
20 O. Junoena. Prairie 0. Flowers dark-purple. Lip broad, lobes toothed, not
fringed. M. W. S. c.
21 O. Psyc'odes. Fringed 0. Flowers light-purple. Lip wedge-shaped, the 2
petals merely toothed, c.
22 O. grandiflo'ra. Great-fi. 0. Flowers light-purple. Lip semicircular, largo.
2 petals fringed, r.
Order 138.— THE ORCHIDS. 289
3. COKALLORHrZA. Coral-root. Dragon's-claw.
Flower ringent Sepals and petals similar, ascending, the upper arch- ing. Lip produced behind into a short spur, which grows closely to the ovary. Pollen-masses 4, oblique. — Herbs without green herbage, leafless, with coraline roots, and spikes of dull-colored flowers. May-Sept.
1 Spur imperceptible. Lip not lobed, often with 2 teeth at base 2, 3
1 C. multiflo'rzL Many -flowered C. Spur manifest. Lip 3-lobed (the side lobes small), spotted. Flowers 10-20, purple. Height 10-15^
2 O. odontorhi'za. Dragon'' s-claio. Flowers 9-18, purple. Lip orenulate, spotted.
Ovary and pod nearly globular. Scape 9-14''.
3 O. inna^ta. L(sser C. Flowers 5-10, purplish. Lip obscurely 2-toothed near the
base, spotless. Ovary and pod club-shaped. 5-6''.
4. ARETHU'SA.
Sepals and petals cohering at base, similar, ascending, arching. Lip spurless, deflexed at the end, bearded inside, cohering to the petal-like column at base. Anther terminal, closing the 2 pollen cells like a lid. Pollen-masses 2 in each cell. — Small plants, 1 -flowered, in wet places. Leaves none, or hidden in the sheaths.
A. bulbo'sa. A beautiful plant 6-12'' high, invested with about 3 long loose sheaths with lanceolate points (hardly leaves). At the top is a large, fragrant purple flower, in June. (See Figs. 651, 652.)
5. SPIRANTIIES. Ladies' tresses.
Flowers in a spiral spike, somewhat ringent. Petals and sepals nearly erect, all tending to the upper side opposite the lip. Lip raised on a short claw, concave, entire, widened at top and furnished with 2 callous pro- cesses at-base. Column arching, pollen-masses 2. — Stem leafy below or nearly naked, bearing a spike of small, white flowers, which are bent sideways and horizontal. July-Oct. (Fig. 240.)
* Fls. in a single row on one side, and but little twisted. Lvs. radical 1, 2
* Fls. in several rows all around the short spike. Lvs. on stem below. . . .8, 4
1 S, grac''ilis. Slender L. Leaves ovate, varying to lance-oblong. Lip obovate,
wavy-crisped.
2 S. tor 'tills. Twisted L. Leaves linear, early withering (like firet). Lip 8-lobcd,
finely crenate.
13
290
THE FLORA.
3 S. latifo'lia, Broad-lv. L. Leaves oblong-lancc. 2-4' long. Spike dense.
Lip oblong, blunt, crisp.
4 S. cer'nua. Nodding L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-10' long. Spike dense.
Lip oblong, round, crisp.
6. OALOPO'GOI:^. Grass Pink.
Flower with the sepals and petals similar, spreading, distinct. Lip on the upper side of the flower, stalked at base and bearded above. Column winged at the summit. Pollen-masses 2. — Leaf sheathing the base of the scape, which is bulbous at base. Flowers several. (Fig. 655.)
C. pulchel'lus. A handsome plant, common in moist meadows and in bogs. Scape slender, l-2f. high. Leaf sword-shaped or broad linear, long. Flowers pink- purple, remarkable for having the lip on the upper side and the column below. July.
Fig. 668. Pogoniaverticillata. Fig. 654, Pogonla ophiglossoides. Fig. 655. Calopogon pulchclluA
Ordeu 140.— the AMARYLLIDS. 291
7. POGO'NIA. Beard-flower.
Flower with its sepals and petals distinct and somewhat spreading. Lip bearded inside, sometimes 3-lobed. Column club-shaped, wingless; anther terminal, pollen-masses 2, mealy. — Leaves 1-5, on the stem. Flowers purple. June- Aug.
* Sepals linear, spreading, much longer than the petals....!, 2
* Sepals and petals nearly equal, similar, and nearly erect.... 3, 4
1 P. verticilla'ta. W/to/i- leaved B. Leaves 5, in a whorl near the 1 brownish
flower. Sepals 2Mong. r. (Fig. 693.)
2 P. divarica'ta. Spreading B. Leaves 2, alternate, distant, lance- oblate. Lip
3-lobed, crenulate. S.
3 P. ophiglossoi^es. Adder-tongue B. Leaves 2, distant, upper bract-like. Flowers
terminal, pink-colored. (Fig. 694.)
4 P. pen'dula. Nodding B. Leaves 3-4, alternate, with as many pink-white, droop-
inir flowers.
Order CXL. AMARYLLIDACE.E. The Amaryllids.
Herls perennial, mostly bulbous, with linear leaves.^ with the flowers showy, mostly regular and on scapes, hexandrous ; perianth of 6 similar pieces united below and adherent to the ovary^ which is 3-celled, with the styles united into 1 ; fruit a capsule or berry, with albuminous seeds. (Fig. 137.)
Analysis of the Genera.
% Perianth bearing a crown on the summit of its tube a
§ Perianth destitute of a crown 2
2 Segments united into a tube above the ovary b
2 Segments distinct down to the ovary. Flowers nodding 3
3 Perianth irregular c
3 Perianth regular d
a Crown a thin membrane connecting the stamens. S. Pancra'ticm.
a Crown a firm cup containing the stamens. Narcissus. Nakcis'scs.
b Fir. solitary. Perianth-tube straight, erect. Ataniasco L. Zephyran'tiius. b Flowers many. Perianth-tube straight, American Aloe. Agave,
b Flowers many. Perianth-tube curved. Tuberose. Polyanthus.
c Stamens declined and curved. Scape with L Jacobea Lily. Spkekklia *
d Sepals all white, larger than the petals. Snow-drop. Galanthds
d Sepals green-tipped, as large as the petr.Is. Snow-flake. Leucojlm
d Sepals and petals equal, yellow. Star-grass. IItpoxi
292 THE FLORA.
1. NAPwCIS'SUS. Jonquil. Daffodil.
Perianth regular, crown of one piece, funnel-form or bell-form, consist- ing of a whorl of sterile petal-like filaments united by their edges, within which the fertile stamens are inserted. — A beautiful genus of bulbous plants with sword-shaped leaves and yeUow or white flowers. None here native, t Aprilr-June.
* Scape bearing 1-3 large flowers 2-4
* N. Tazet'ta. Polyanthus. Scape many-flowered, sep. white, crown yellow, short.
2 N. Daf'fodil. Daffodil. Scape 2-edged. Sepals whitish. Crown yellow, long
and large. S N. Jonquil'la. Jonquil. Scape terete. Crown yellow, much shorter than the
yellow sepals. 4 N. poet'icus. PoeVs Narcissus. Scape terete. Crown variegated, rotate, short;
sepals mostly white.
2. AGA'YE. American Aloe.
1 A. Virginica. False Aloe. Scape simple, 5-6f. high. Flowers in a spike, greenish-
yellow. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate. Penn. S.
2 A. America'na. Century Plant. Scape branched, 15-2of. high, bearing 1 vact
panicle of yellow flowers, after many years. Leaves very thick, lanceolate, spinous-dentate, often striped, f
Order CXLIII. IRIDA'CEJE. The Irids.
Perennial lierhs., arising from bulbs or thickened roots ; leaves 2-rowed ; flowers perfect, regular or irregular, spathaceous ; perianth of 6 petal-like segments ; stamens 3 ; anthers turned outwards , ovary inferior, 3-celled, with 1 style and 3 stigmas, becoming in fruit a 3-celled cainide with many albuminous seeds.
Analysis of the Genera.
1 Flowers regular, 3 petals unequal to the 3 sepals.... 2
1 Flowers regular, petals and sepals alike 3
1 Fls. irregular, stamens ascending. Sds. winged, t Corn Flag. Gladi'olus. 2 Stamens separate. Stigmas petal-like. Petals erect. Sepals reflexed. Iris. 1 2 Stamens united. Sepals very large. Pets, spreading, t Tiger-floicer. Tigrid'ia.
8 Flowers blue, small, rotate. Leaves, &c., grass-like. (Fig. 4S.)
Blue-eyed- grass. Sysiryn^ciiium.
8 Fls. purp., white or yellow, tube very long, sessile on the bulb, f CrC'cus.
8 Fls. yellow, red-spotted, tube short. Height 8-5f. t Ixia. Paruan'thus.
Order 147.— THE TiULLIADS. 293
IRIS. Flower-de-luce.
Perianth G-parted, the 3 outer divisions (sepals) reflexed, or spreading, the 3 inner (petals) erect. Stamens 3, distinct. Style short. Stigmas 3, petal-like, covering the stamens. — Perennial herbs with thick roots or rootstocks, sword-shaped or grass-like leaves, and large showy flowers. April- July. § Stems leafy, tall (l-2f. high), mostly bearing several flowers. . . .a
§ Scapes leafless, low (1-6' high), mostly bearing but 1 flower c
a Sepals or perianth bearded. Cultivated exotics in gardens, &c 11-18
a Sepals and petals beardless. "Wild plants, hardly ever cultivated b
b Leaves linear, grass-like, less than half an inch \vide....l b Leaves sword-shaped, nearly 1 or 2'' wide. . . .2-4
c Sepals or perianth bearded, beard crested or not crested. . . .8-10 c Sepals and petals beardless, but sometimes wuth a crest. . . .5-7
I I. Virgin'ica. Boston I. Stem slender. Ovary and pod acute, sides 2-grooved.
Flowers yellow-blue. E. [als obtuse, large, c.
2 I. versic'olor. Blue Flag. Stem 1-angled. Flowers blue-yellow-white. Pet-
3 I. tripet'ala. Stem terete. Flowers blue. Petals very small, 3-toothed. S.
4 I. cu'prea. Copper-coV d I. Stem terete. Fls. orange-yellow. Sepals notched. S.
5 I. lacus'tris. Lake I. Scape 1-flowered, flower blue and yellow. Lvs. lance. "W.
6 I. ver'na. Early I. Scape 1-flowered, flower blue. Leaves linear, very long. S.
7 I. ochroleu'ca. Cream-colored I. Scape 3-flowered, flowers yellow. Lvs. sword-
shaped. Pod G-angled. t
8 I. crista'ta. Crested I. Scape 1-flowered, 2-4' high, flower blue and yellow.
Leaves lanceolate, 3' long. S. [obtuse. Leaves ensiform. f
9 I. pum'ila. Dwarf I. Scape 1-flowered, 6-10' high, flower deep blue. Petals 10 I. Chinen'sis. China I. Scape many-flowered, flattened, flowers pale blue.
Stigmas jagged. +
II I. sambuci'na. Common Flower-de-luce. Stem many-flowered, flowers blue or
whitish. Petals and sepals notched, c. +
12 I. German'ica. German F. Stem many-flowered, flowers deep blue, spathes also
colored, r. t
13 I. Susia'na. Clialcedonian Iris. Stem 1-flowered, fl. striped. Petals deflexed. r
Order CXLYII. TRILLIACE.E. The TriUiads.
Uerhs with tuberous roots, simple stems, and whorled, net-veined leaves, with the Jlowers one or few, terminal, and mostly 3-parted; with the sepals green, and the petals more or less colored ; with the stamens 6-10, awl-shaped filaments and linear anthers; with the ozary free, 3-5-celled, becoming m fruit a juicy, many-seeded ^o<?.
294:
THE FLORA.
Analysis of the Genera.
Plants with 1 whorl of leaves and 1 flower.
Pod many-seeded. Wake-Roh'm. Tril'lium. 1 Plants with 2 whorls of leaves and several
greenish flowers. (Fig. 92.)
Indian Cucumber. Mede''ola.
Fig. 656. Trillium erythrocarpurn, with the parts of its flower as if separated : «, the 3 sepals ; p, the 3 petals ; st, the 6 stamens ; o, the 3 carpels.
TPJL'LIUM. "Wake'Robiu.
Character as expressed in the Order above. — U Low herbs with a simple stem, bearing at top a whorl of 3 leaves and a single large flower. Apr. -June. (Figs. 108, 110, 656.)
§ Flower sessile, petals dark purple 1, 2
§ Fl. ou a peduncle, raised above the leaves a
§ Fl. on a peduncle, recurved beneath the Ivs. . .7-9
a Lvs. ses., rhoraboidal or rhomb.-ovate. . .5, 6
a Leaves petiolate, rounded at the base 3,4
1 T. ses'sile. Eicket W. Lvs. sessile. Sepals erect,
S as long as the linear-lanceolate petals.
2 T. recurva'tum. BecL s W. Lvs. petiolate. Sepals
recurved, long as lance-ovate petals.
3 T. niva'le. Snowy W. Stem 2-4' high. Leaves obtuse
snow-w^hite. The smallest species. W.
4 T. erythrocar'pum. Smiling W. Stem 8-12' high. Leaves and petals pointed,
wavy, white, tinged and pencilled with purple. 6 T. grandiflo'rum. Great-flowered W. Petals lance-obovate, recurved, twice larger
than the sepals, rose-white. Large and showy. M. W. S. 6 T. erec'tum. Bath Flower. Petals ovate, acute, much broader (not longer) than
the sepals, dusky purple (or white, W.), ill-scented.
7 T. peii'dulum. Pendant W. Style scarcely any. Leaves rhombic. Petals
lance-obovate, short-pointed, flat, scarce larger than sepals, w. M. S. W.
8 T. cer'nuum. Nodding W. Style scarcely any. Leaves ovate, petiolate.
Petals lanceolate, wavy, recurved, much larger than calyx. Kose-white.
9 T. stylo'sum. Style-hearing T. Style manifest, as long as the stigmas,
656
Petals obtuse, wavy,
S.
Order 148.— LILYWORTS. 296
Order CXLYIII. LILIACEJ]]. Lilyworts.
Herbs with parallel- veined leaves^ bulbous or tuberous stems ; fiowers perfect, regular, generally large and richly colored ; 'perianth 6 (rarely 4)-parted, uniformly colored, free from the ovary; ttamens 6 (rarely 4) ; anthers fixed by a point and turned inwards ; style single ; ovary superior, 2 or 3-celled ; seed with fleshy albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
S Plants bulbous at the base, or with a thick, woody stem (caudex) 2
§ Plants with a rhizome, creeper, or fibrous roots 4
2 Perianth segments united, forming a tubular flower. . . .d 2 Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube. , . .3
3 Stem (or caudex) leafy at least below, few or many-flowered. . . .b
3 Stem (scape) sheathed at base, bearing a solitary flower a
3 Stem (scape) sheathed at base, leafless, many-flowered.. ..c 4 Stamens bent to one side, curved-ascending. Flowers showy. . . .e 4 Stamens straight, and equal in position. . . .5
5 Perianth segments united to near the summit. . . .f
5 Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube 6
6 Flowers in terminal, leafless clusters, small, whitish.... g 6 Flowers axillary, or terminal and solitary. . . .7 7 Leaves thread-form, &c. . . .h.
7 Leaves ovate, &c k
a Flowers nodding. Wild plants. E/'ythronium. Erythronium.
a Flowers erect. Garden plants. + Tvlip. Tu'lipa.
b Nectary a linear groove at the base of each segment. Lihj. Lilium.
b Nectary a round cavity at base of each seg. f Crown Imperial. Fritilla''kia.
b Nectary none. Flowers panicled, large. Seeds many, t Yucca. Yucca.
b Nectary none. Flowers panicled, small. Seeds 1-3. S. Nulina. Noli'na.
c Flowers in racemes, blue or purple, t Squill. Scilla.
c Fls. in racemes or corymbs, yellow or white. Star-Bethlehem. OiiNiTHoo^ALUM.
c Flowers in umbels, white or roseate. Stamens straight. Garlic. Al''lium.
c Fls. in umbels, blue. Stam. declined and curved, t Love-floicer. Agapan'thus.
d Perianth-limb revolute, as long as the tube, f Hyacinth. Hyacin'thus.
d Per.-limb spreading, much shorter than tube, t Grape Hyacinth. Musca''bi.
e Segments distinct. Stamens at base valve-like, t Ai^phodel. Aspiiod'elus.
e Segments half-united. Stamens perigynous (§ 83). t 2)a^ Z%. 1Iemeuocal''lis.
e Segments half-united. Stamens hypogynous. t White Day-Lily. Fun'kia.
f Fl. tubular-oblong, greenish, axillary. Jointed Solomon'' s Seal. Polyqona'tum.
f Fl. broad bell-shaped, white, raccmed. Lily-of -the- Valley. Convalla'ria.
296
THE FLORA.
g Stem leafy, bearing a cluster. Flowers 6-parted. Solomon'' s Seal. Smilaci'na. 5 g Scape leafless, bearing an umbel. Berry 2-Reecled. Clintonia. Clinto'nia. 6
g Stem leafy, bearing a cluster. Flowers 4-parted. Tway-leaf. Majan^themcm. h Stems branching. Flowers small, axillary. Berry red. Aspar'agus.
k Filaments flat, as long as the sagittate anthers. Twist-fool. Stkepto'pus.
k Filaments filiform, much longer than the anthers. Prosartes. Prosar'tes.
k Filaments shorter than the long, linear anthers. BdlwoH. Uvula^ria. 7
1. ERYTHRO'NIUM. Dog-tootOi Violet
Perianth bell-form, se- pals recurved, the 3 inner ones usually with a callous tooth each side near the base, and a groove in the middle. Pod a little stalked. Seeds egg-shap- ed.—Stem a bulb deep in the ground. Scape bear- ing a single flower, its base sheathed by the base of the two smooth leaves. Apr.^ May.
Fig. 657. The Dog-tooth Vio- let {E. Americanum). 8. The bulb. 9. The flower spread open, showing the 2 teeth in each petal, also the position of all the parts. 6C0. The ovary, style, and stigma.
1. A. cross-section of the ovary.
2. The plan of the flower : a, the 8 sepals in the outer circle; &, the 3 petals next; c, the 6 sta- mens ; and d, the 3-celIed ovary.
E. America'num. Yellow E. Flower yellow. Scape without a bract. Petals
toothed. Leaves spotted, nearly equal. Common. E. bractea''tum. Braded E. Flower greenish-yellow. Scape bearing a bract.
Leaves very unequal. Mountains. Vt. E. albi'dum. White E. Flower white. Scape without a bract. Petals not toothed.
Rare in N. Y. and "W.
Order 148.— LILYWORTS. 297
2. LIL'lUM. LUy. Perianth bell-shaped, segments mostly recurved, each with a groove running lengthwise within from the middle to the base. Stamens shorter than the style. Valves of the pod connected by latticed hairs. — Herbs with bulbous and leafy stems. Leaves whorled or scattered, ses^e. Flowers terminal. June^ July. (See Figs. 107, 150.) S Plants bearing biilblets in the axils. Flowers orange. Gardens. . . .6, 7
§ Plants not bulbiferous in the axils of the leaves a
a Flowers erect, orange-red. Sepals raised on elaws 4, 5
a Flowers nodding, white. Sepals sessile. Gardens 6,7
a ]*'lowers nodding, yellow or orange. Sepals sessile. Wild plants. . . .1 1 Sepals orange-red, strongly revolute, almost into rings. . . .2, 3 1 L. Canaden''se. Common Meadoio Lily. Sepals yellow, merely recurved, spread- ing above middle, c.
2 L. super-'bum. Suferl) L. TurTc's-ca'p. Flowers 8-SO, very showy. Leaves
lanceolate, lower whorled. c. M. W. S.
3 L. Caroliiua'num. Carolina L. Flower generally but 1. Leaves wedge-lance-
olate, partly whorled. S.
4 L. PhiladeKphicum. Fhiladelphia L. Upper leaves in whorls. Flowers 1-8, pur-
ple-spotted, c.
5 L. Catesb2B''i. Cateshi/s L. Lvs. all scattered. Fl. 1, red and yellow-spotted. S.
6 L. bulbif^erum. Orange L. Flowers erect, rough within, bell-shaped. Leaves
3-veined, scattered, t
7 L. tigri'num. Tiger L. Flowers nodding. Sepals strongly revolute. Leaves
3-veined, scattered, t
8 L. can-'didum. White Lily. Flowers in a raceme, smooth, large. Lvs. scattered, t
9 L. Japon^icum. Japan Lily. Flower 1 only, very large. Sepals rellexed at end. t
3. AL'LIUM. Garlic, Onion, &c. Flowers in a dense umbel with a 2-leaved spathe. Perianth deeply 6- parted, colored, usually spreading, persistent. Stamens 6. Ovary angu- lar. Style thread-like. Pod 3-lobed, containing 1 or 2 black seeds in each cell.— Strong-scented, bulbous, stemless herbs, the leaves radical and the umbel on a scape, sometimes bearing bulblets instead of flowers. May^ July.
% Leaves flat, lanceolate, but perishing before flowering 1
§ Leaves flat, lanceolate or linear, present with the flowers. . . .a
§ Leaves terete and hollow, or tubular c
a Filaments simple. Ovary with a 6-leaved crown. Leaves linear. . . .b a Filaments 3-forked. Leaves lance-linear. Gardens....
13*
298 THE FLORA.
b Stamens longer than the sepals. Umbel nodding. . . .2
b Stamens equalling the sepals. Umbel with bulblets or flowers 3, 4
b Stamens shorter than the sepals. Umbels with flowers only 5, 6
c Stem leafy half way np. Filaments 3-forked 7, 8
c Stem naked. Filaments simple
I A. tricoc'cum. Lance-leaved Garlic. Umbel If. high, with a thin spathe, 12-20-
flowered. Flowers white. Plants strong-scented. Woods. N. "W. ■*'* 2 A. cer'nuum. Nodding G. Leaves longer than the 4-angled scape. Eoso- colored flowers, 12-20, in the handsome, nodding umbel. M. W. S.
3 A. Stella 'turn. Star G. Umbel erect when in flower (nodding in bud), with
many rose-colored flowers. Western.
4 A. Canaden'se. Canada G. Umbel a dense head of bulblets and some flowers.
Bulblets sessile, bracted, 12-18^ high. 5 A. mutab''ile. Chang4ahle G. Leaves bristle-form. Scape terete. Flowers
many (20-40). S. 4 A. stria'tum. Striate G. Leaves striate, linear. Scape 3-angled. Flowers few (3-7),
7 A. sati'vum. Common G. Bulb compound. Umbel bearing bulbs, t
8 A. pomim. Leek. Bulb simple. Umbel bearing numerous flowers, t
9 A. venea^le. Crow G. Sta. exserted. Umbel with bulbs. Slender. M.W. 10 A. Schaenopra''suin. Gives. Leaves rush-like, as long as the scape. Stamens included.
II A. fistulo'sum. Welsh Onion. Leaves thick, as long as the swollen scape.
12 A. cepa. Common Onion. Leaves thick, much shorter than the swollen scape.
4. FUl^KIA. Day Lily.
1 F. ovata. White D. Flowers white, funnel-form, many in the raceme. Leaver
broad-ovate, more or less heart-shaped, t Japan.
2 F. coeru'lea. Blue D. Flower blue, rather bell-form. Leaves ovate-pointed, not
at all heart-shaped, t Japan.
5. SMILAOFiTA. Solomon's-seal.
1 S. racemo'sa. Clustered S. Eaceme compound. Stamens longer than the peri-
anth. Stem recurved, li-2f. Flowers numerous, small, white.
2 S. stella'ta. Stellate S. Flovers few, in a simple raceme. Leaves many. N.
8 S. trifolia'ta. Three-leaved 'SL Leaves 3 or 4, lance-elliptic. Flowers few, ra- cemed. N.
Order 149.— THE MELANTH8.
6. CLINTO'NIA. Clintonia.
1 0. borea'lis. Northern G. Leaves broad, oval-
lanceolate. Flowers white, 2-5, nodding in the erect, bractless umbel. Common in woods. N.
2 O. multiflo'ra. Mayiy-flowered G. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate. Flowers spotted, 12-80 in the co- rymb, erect or spread. Plant downy. Woods. M. S.
T. UVULARIA. BeUwort Perianth 6-parted. Sepals linear-spatulate or lanceolate, with a honey-cavity at the base of each. Filaments very short, anthers half as long as the sepals. Style 3-cleft. Pod (or berry) S-celled, cells few-seeded. — Pwoot-stock creeping. Stem leafy and usually branched. Flowers mostly solitary, straw- yellow, pendulous. May.
1 Leaves perfoliate (§ 220). Pod obovate, 8-
lobed at end... .3 1 Leaves sessile. Sepals cream-colored, ob-
tiisisli, ovate, 3-angled 2
2 U. sessilifo'lia. Wild Oats. Leaves glabrous, glaucous beneath. Pod raised on
a little stalk. Stem 6-10' high, divided, c. 2 U. puber'ula. Downy B. Leaves fine-downy, shining green both sides. Pod sessile. Stem 8-12' high. Mountains. S. 3 U. grandiflo'ra. Great-floivered B. Sepals smooth within and without, W
long. Anthers obtuse. Stem If. high. 8 U. perfolia'ta. Mealy B. Sepals granular-roughish within, scarce V long. Anthers pointed. Stem If. high.
Fig. 663. Clintonia borealis. Fig. 664. A berry cut across to show the 2 cells.
Order CXLIX. MELANTHACEJE. The Melanths.
Serbs perennial, often poisonous, with parallel- veined leaves ; perianth double, of six similar pieces, green or colored alike, persistent; stamens 6, with their anthers turned outwards (extrorse) ; ovari/ 3-celled, the styles usually distinct, a capsule in fruit.
300 THE FLORA.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Perianth segments united below into a long tube a
§ Perianth segments distinct, not forming a tube 2 ■
2 Anthei-s 1-celled, cordate (shield-form when open) 8
2 Anthers 2-celled. Flowers in simple racemes d
3 Flowers in a panicle, that is, a compound raceme b
3 Flowers in a simple raceme or spike. . . .c a Leaves and flower arising from an underground conn. Golchicum. Col'chicum.
b Sepals clawed, each claw bearing a stamen. Melan-'thitjm.
b Sepals clawed, claw free from stamens. Zigadene. Zi'gadenus.
b Sepals not clawed, base bearing a stamen. Poke. Vera^tkum. 1
c Flowers white, in racemes. Stamens on the sepals. Fly-poison. Amian'thium. c Flowers greenish, in a spike. Stamens free from sepals. Sch.enocau^lon.
d Fls. perfect. Filaments widened at base. Ovary 6-ovuled. Xerophyllum.
d Flowers perfect. Filaments filiform. Ovary oo-ovuled, Helonias.
d Flowers dioecious, white. Stem leafy. Blazing Star. Cham^lir'ium.
YEEA'TRTJM. Poke. False HeUebore.
Flowers polygamous bj abortion in the same plant. Sepals united at base, colored, spreading, sessile, and without glands. Stamens 6, shorter than the sepals, wanting in some of the flowers. Ovaries 3, united at base, often abortive. Pod 3-partible, manj-seeded. — Stems leafj more or less. Flowers panicled. June^ July.
§ Stem stout and very leafy throughout. . . .1 § Stem slender, nearly naked 2
2 Sepals rather blunt. Leaves oval and lanceolate 2, 8
2 Sepals acuminate. Leaves linear. . . . 1 V. viride. Green-fl. P. Lvs. large, oval, pointed. Coarse plant with green fls.
2 V. Woodii. Wood?s V. Scape 3-6f. Leaves lanceolate. Fls. nearly black. W
3 V. parviflo'rum. Small-fl. V. Stem 2-5f. Lvs. oval. Fls. dingy green. Mts. S 4 V. angustifoUum. Grass-lv. V. Very slender, 3f. Lvs. long. Fls. greenish- white. "VV
Order CLI. JUNCACEJ3. Rushes.
Herls generally grass-like, often leafless, with small, dry, green Jlowers ; perianth of 6 glume-like pieces, whorled in two circles (sepals and petals) stamens 6, rarely 2, on the torus ; style 1 ; ovai-y 3-celled ; seeds few or many.
Ordek 152.— SPIDERWORTS.
301
Analysis of the Genera,
% Perianth greeuish outside, yellow inside. Stamens 6.
Stigma 1. Seeds many. Leaves sword-shaped.
Scape nearly naked. Nartliecium. Narthecium.
§ Perianth green or brownish. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3.
Capsule 3-celled, 3-sjeeded. Stems leafy, jointed.
Leaves linear. Wood, Rush. Lu'zula.
§ Perianth green or brownish. Stamens 6, rarely 3.
Stigmas 3. Capsule many-seeded. Leaves terete,
or linear, or none. Rush. Bullrush. Jun'cus.
Fig. GC5. Flower of Luzula, much magnified: jp, the green peri- anth ; *, the 6 stamens ; cc, the 3 stigmas.
Order CLII. COMMELYNACE.E. Spiderworts.
Herbs with flat, narrow leaves which are usually sheathing at base ; •perianth of 2 circles, onter of 3 green sepals, inner of 3 colored j^e^aZs; stamens 6, on the torus ; ovary 2 or 8-celled ; style and stigma 1 ; capsule 2 or 3-celled, with few seeds.
Analysis of the Genera. % Flowers irregular, clustered in a heart-shaped floral leaf. Commelt'xa.
§ Flowers regular, clustered, floral leaf like the re.st. Spideiwort. Tkadescan'tia. 1 § Flowers regular, solitary, axillary. Stamens 3. Moss-like herbs. S. Maya^ca.
TRADESOAN'TIA. Spiderwort.
Flowers regular, in terminal, close umbels, subtended by 2 or 3 leaf-like bracts. Petals broad, larger than the sepals. Filaments clothed with Pointed hairs. Juice viscid, spinning into cobwebs.
S Leaves linear, sessile, not narrowed at the base, smooth 1, 2
§ Leaves ovate or lanceolate, narrowed at base, hairy. . . .3, 4
1 T. Virgin''ica. Common S. Leaves broad-linear. Umbel many-flowered, ses-
sile, terminal, with 2 leaf-like bracts. Petals large, blue or white.
2 T. ro'sea. Roseate S. Leaves linear, long. Umbel few-flowered, with 2 sub-
ulate bj-acts. Petals twice longer than sepals, rose-colored. Penn. S. 3T. pilo'sa. llainj S. Leaves lanceolate, long-pointed. Umbels both terminal and
axillary, mauj^flj^wers. Petals small, bluish-purple. W. i T. crassifo'lia. Thick-lv. S. Leaves ovate, some petiolate, acute, ■woolly beneath.
Flowers small, rose-purple, terminal. Stem weak. Leaves striped, t
ftOfC/rrr u^haKY
INDEX AND GLOSS AEY:
Containing Definitions of Botanical Terms, together with refe/rences to those paragraphs in which they are defined in the foregoing Lessons.
A (in composition) signifies without j as
apetalous^ destitute of petals. Abbreviations, p. 131- Abortive, imperfect, useless. Acaulesceut, 235. Acerose, needle-shaped. — Fig. 9. Aclieniam, 168. Aculeate, armed with prickles. Acumi/ia'e, pointed, 33. Acute, sharp-angled, 83. Adherent, 82. Adhesion, 79.
Adnute, growing to or upon, 105. Adnate stipules, 46. Estivation, 134, 135. Aggregate, assembled close together. Aggregated fruits, 183. Albumen, Albuminous, 189, 192. Alburnum, white-wood or sap-wood ;
outer layers of the trunk. Alternate, 49. Anient, 149.
Amplexicaul, stem-clasping, 41. Analysis, 263. Ancipital, two-edged. Angiosperms, 256, 257. Annual, yearly, 211. Anther, 100. Apetalse, 258. Apetalous, without petals. Apex. — Fig. 56. Apex of the leaf, 2. Appendage, some unusual part added. Appressed, pressed closely to something
else. Aquatic, growing in M'ater. Arborescent, tree-like. Arid, dry. [ley.
Aristate^ bearded ; as the glumes of bar- Armed, furnished with spines or thorns,
as if in self-defence, 56. Aromatic, strong-scented, spicy.
Arrangement of leaves.— Lesson 9.
Ascending, arising obliquely.
Ascending axis. — Lesson 28.
Attenuate, made slender or thin.
Auriculate, ear-shaped, 20.— Fig. 28.
Aivned, tipped with a bristle-shaped ap- pendage, as the beard of Barley, &c.
Axil, 53.
Axillary, growing out of the axils, 53.
Axillary buds, 53.
Axis, the stem or central column, about which the organs are arranged, 216.
Baccate, berry-like ; covered with pulp.
Banner, 89.
Bark, the external covering of woody
stems. Beak, a hard, short point, like that of a
bird. Bearded, with long, stiff bristles or hairs. Berry, 174.
Bl (in composition), twice; as in Bi-cuspidate, with 2 points. Bi-dentate, with 2 teeth. Biennial, of 2 years' duration, 212. Bifid, 2-cleft. Bifoliate, 2-leaved. Bifurcate, 2-forked. Bi-labiate, 2- lipped. Binate, 2 grown together. Bi-pinnate, twice pinnate, 39. Bi-pinnathfid, twice pinnate-cleft, 24.-
Fig. 81. Bi- saccate, with 2 tumors or sacs. Bi-ternate, twice ternate, 39. Bi-valved, 2-valved. Biography of the plant. — Lesson 26. Blade of the leaf, 2. Botanical analysis, 264. Bracteate or Bracted, having bracts. Bractlets, little bracts. Bracts, 147.
INDEX AND GLOSSAKY.
303
Branches, 203.
Branching root, 219.
BranchUts^ small branches.
Bristles, stiff hairs.
Bud, 52.
Bulb, 230,
Bulblets, little bulbs borne above ground.
Bulbous, having bulbs.
Bushes, 215.
Caducous, fulling off early.
Calyculate, having bracts resembling an outer, additional calyx.
Calyx, 65.
Cainpanulate, bell-shaped, 91.
Canescent, whitish with tine hairs.
Cafdlary, very slender, hair-like.
Capitate, head-shaped, globular.
Capsule, a pod, 182.
Carinate, keel-shaped.
Carpels, 124.
Cartilaginous, gristly.
Caryophyllaceous, 88.
Carynpsis, grain or kernel.
Catkin, 149.
Caudate, with a tail.
Caulescent, 235.
Cauline, 146.
Caulis, 235.
Cellular, composed of cells.
Cernuous, nodding.
Chuffy, with chaff.
Chdructer, marks which distinguish a spe- cies, genus, &c.
Chartaceous, of the texture of writing- paper.
Cili(z, hairs, like those of the eye-lashes.
CUiate, furnished with ciliae.
Ci rein ate, 140,
Circumscissile, opening like a lid.
Cirrhoas, furnished with a tendril.
Classification. — Lesson 29.
Clavate, club-shaped.
Claw, 71.
Climbers, 54, 236.
Climbing fern, 12.
Cochleate, resembling the shell of a snail.
Cohering, connected.
Cohesion, 79.
Cohorts, 258.
Colored, not green.
Column, the consolidated stamens and pistils of the Orchis.
Coma, a tuft of hairs, 187, 188.
Complete flower, 110.
Compound flowers, 156.
Compound leaves, 23-35.
Compound petiole, 44.
Compound pistil, 124.
Compressed, flattened lengthwise.
Cone, the same as strobile, 183, 185.
Confluent, joining together.
Conjugate, joined in pairs.
Connate, joined together at base, 48.
Connectiie, 102.
Connivent, converging together.
Conoids, 258.
Contorted, twisted, 130.
Convex, rising spherically.
Convolute, 132.
Cordate, heart-shaped, 19.
Coriaceous, leathery, thick and tough.
Conn, 230.
Cornnte, Corniculate, horned.
Corolla. — Lesson 12.
Corona or Crown, the expanded, cup-like
disk of Narcissus, &c. Corymb, 151.
Corymhouti, arranged like a corymb. Cds'tate, ribbed. Cotvledon, 190, 191. Creeper, 232.
Crenate and Crenulate, 31. Crisped, Crispate, with excess of margin. Cristate or Crested, with raised ridge. Cruciform, 87. Cryptogamia, 250. CucuUate, hood-shaped. Culm, the stem of grasses. Cuneate, wedge-shaped, 17. Cupule, cup of the acorn, &c. Cuspidate, with a small abrupt point, 83. Cuticle, the epidermis, scarf-skin. Cyme, 157. Cymous, like a cyme.
Decandrous, with 10 stamens.
Deciduous, falling off in autumn.
Decompound, more than once compound- ed, as bi or tri-pinnate.
Decumbent, 224.
Decurrent, extendmg down the stem aa do the leaves of Mullen.
Decussate, crossing at right angles.
Deflexed, bent downwards.
Definite, 106.
Deliiseence, 102.
Dehiscent fruits, 166.
Deltoid, 15.
Dentate, Denticulate, SO.
Depressed, flattened from above.
Descending axis. — Lesson 27.
304
INDEX AND GLOSSARY.
Dialypetalse, 258.
J)i (in composition), two ; as in
Diadelplioiis, 107.
JJiandrovs, with 2 stamens.
Dich(jtomous, Ibrked, branched by two
equal divisions. Didynainous, 107.
JJiffuse, spreading loosely. [lobes.
Digitate^ finger-sliaped, with narrow Di<x,cious, staminate and pistillate flowers
on different plants, as in the Willow. Discoid head, the florets all tubular, as in
Burdock, Ironvveed, 156. Disk flowers, 156. Dissected, cut into 2 parts. Dissepiment^ a partition in a pod. Distinct, not united, 77. Divaricate, spreading in a straggling
manner. Dodecandrous, with 12 stamens. Dorsal, on the back. Double flowers, 119. Doubly dentate, 32. Downy, clothed with soft hairs. Drupe, 171. Duramen, inner wood of the trunk.
E, or Ex (in composition), destitute of.
Echinate, beset with prickles.
Elliptical, 16.*
Elongated, exceeding the common length.
Emarginate, 34.
Embryo, 190.
Endogens, 253, 255.
Enneandrous, with 9 stamens.
Ensiform, sword-shaped, 2S. — Fig. 8.
Entire, even-edged, 29.
Ephemeral, lasting but a day.
Epidermis, the outer skin.
Epigynous, standing on the ovary.
Epiphytes, plants growing on other plants.
Equally pinnate, 37.
Equitant, 137.
Erect stems, 224.
Erose, jagged, as if gnawed.
Eteerio, 173.
Exogens, 253.
Exotic, not native, foreign.
Exserted, projecting out of.
Exsiccate, dried up.
Exstipulate, without stipules.
Extrorse (anthers), facing outwards, 103.
Falcate, sickle-shaped, linear and curved. Fascicle, 159. Fasciculated, 50.
Fastigiate, having a flat or level top. Feather-veined, 257. Ferruginous, rust-colored. Fertile, fruit-bearing, 109. Fibrils, 193. Fibro-tuberous, 222. Fibrous, 221. Fig, 184. Filament, 101. Filiform, thread-shaped. Fimbriate, bordered with a fringe. Fistulous, Fistula, tubular, hollow. Flexuous, bent in a wavy manner. Florets, the flowers in a compound flow- er, 156. Floridly, 258. Flower-bud, 128. Flowering Plants, 250. Flowerless Plants, 250. Foliaceous, having the texture of leaves. Follicle. 179,
Footstalk, the stalk of either flower or leaf. Forked venation, 12. Forms of leaves. — Lessons 3, 4. Free, not adhering, 81. Fringed, the same a^ fimbriate. Fruit.— Lessons 22, 23. Fruiescent, shrubby. Fugacious, soon perishing. Funiculus, the seed-stalk. Funnel-shaped, 93. Furcate, forked. Fuiiform, spindle-shaped.
Galea, the arched upper lip of a labiate
corolla. Gamopetalae, 258. Gamopetalous, 75. Gamosepalous, 75. Geminate, in pairs. Genus, Genera, 243. Germ, the ovary, 189. Germination, 196. Gibbous, swelled out, protuberant. Glabrous, smooth, without hairs. Glands, the organs of secretion, 58. Glandular, gland-bearing. Glans, 170. Glaucous, sea-green : pale, bluish-green,
with a powder or bloom, Globous, Globular, round or spherical. Glomerate, crowded together. Glomerule, 159. Glume, the outer chafi", enveloping tho
flowers of the Grasses. Glume Plants, 257.
INDEX AND GLOSSARY.
30i
Glumcless Plants, 257. Gluiniferoe, 257.
Graniinoids, 258. [tjrains.
Granular, formed of, or covered with Grooved, furrowed or channelled. Gymnosperms, 256, 257. G(/nandrous, having stamens and pistils combined into one body.
TTiihit, the general appearance of a plant.
Habitat, the place where a plant grows.
Hairs, 60.
Hastate or Halbert-shaped. — Fig. 57, I.
Head, 155,
ILart-ivood, same as duramen.
Hflmd, same as galea.
Heptandrous, with 7 stamens.
Herb, a plant not becoming woody, 211.
Hrbarivm, a collection of dried plants.
Hexandrous, with 6 stamens.
Hibernation, 210.
Hip, 17G.
Hirsute, 62.
Hispid, rough with stiff hairs, 62.
Hooded, curved or rolled into the form of
a hood. Hybrid, partaking of the nature of two
species, Hi/pogi/nous, inserted under the ovary, 83.
Imbricated, 131. Imperfect flowers, TOO. Incised, deeply gashed or cut. Indefinite, variable in number and too
many to be counted, 106. Indehiscent, not opening. Indehiscent fruits, Ui6. Indigenous, native of. Inferior calyx, calyx free. Inferior ovary, ovary adherent. Inflated, tumid, as if filled by wind. Inflexed, bending inward. Inflorescence, 1-il. Innate, 105.
Inserted, growing out of. Internode, 202, 227. Interruptedly pinnate, 87. Introrse, 103.
Involucel, involucre of an umbcllet, 152, Involncrate, surrounded by au Involucre, 147. Involute, IS'J. Irregular flowers, 86.
Keel, carina, 89. [boat.
Keeled, ridged and curved beneath, like a
Labiate, 2-lipped, 97.
Laciniate, 27.— Fig. 43,
Lactescent, milky or juicy.
Lamina, blade, 71.
LanceoKite, 15.
Lateral, on the side, 53.
Leaf. — Lessons 1, 2, 3.
Leaf-bud, 128.
Leaflets, 35.
Leaf-stems, 228.
Legume, ISO.
Leguminous, bearing legumes.
Lenticular, sliaped like" a double conve*
lens. Liber, the inner bark. ligneous, woody, Ligulate, strap shaped, 96. Ligule, 47. Liliaceous, 88. Limb, 76,
Line {") the 12th part of an inch. Linear, 28.
Lobate, or Lobed.— Figs. 30, 85. Lament, a jointed legume, 180. Lunate, crescent-shaped. Lyratc, 21.— Fig. 34.
Marginal, on the margin.
Medulla, the pith.
Membranous, or Membranaceous, thin and soft, like a membrane.
Midvein, 6, [set.
Monadelphous, stamens nnited into ono
Monandrous, with one stamen.
Monoecious, stamens and pistils in sepa- rate flowers on the same plant,
Monopetaloi, corolla witli united petals.
Monopetalous, 75.
Monosepalons, 75.
Mucronatc, 33,
Mulberry, 183,
Multifid, many cleft.
Muricate, with hard, sharp points.
Naked, a relative term, signifying dtst%
tute of. Naked 'flower, 110. Naked seeds, 256.
Xapiform, tuberous root wider than long. A'atant, swimming, [sons 30. 31.
Natural System ; Natural Orders,— Les Nature of "the flower, 208. Nectariferous, producing honey. Net-veined, 8. ' [tils.
Neutral flowers, without stamens or pis- Nodding, in a drooping posture.
306
INDEX AND GLOSSARY.
Node, 227, 202.
Normal, regular, according to rule.
Number of Genera, 24ii.
Number of Species, 24fi.
Aut^ a simple, 1-seeded, bard fruit.
Oh fin composition) implies inversion.^ as
Ohcordate, 'nversely beart-sbaped, 34.
ObUinceolate, 17.
Oblique, unequal, one-sided
Obloncr, 16.
Obovate, 17.
Obsolete, indistinct, as if worn out.
Obtuse, blunt, 33.
Obvolute, 138.
Oclirese, 47.
Odd-pinnate, 87.
Off-set, a sbort, thick runner.
Opercular dehiscence, 104.
Opposite, 50.
Orbicular, rounded, 16.
Orders, 247.
Ordiaal, relating to the orders.
Oval, 16.
Ovary, 121, 123.
Ovate, 2.
Ovoid, egg-shaped.
Ovules, 123.
Pales, the inner chaff' of grass flowers. Palmate, hand-shaped. Palmate venation, 10. Palmately ternate, 38. Panduriform, fiddle-shaped. Panicle, 153.
Papilionaceous, 89. [cesses.
PapiUous, with small, gland-like pro- Pappus, 18S. Parallel venation, 11. Parasite, a plant living on other plants. Parietal, of, or adjoining the wall ; as Parietal placentae — Fig. 26t>. Pectinate, comb-liice, with long, narrow
segments. Pedate, foot-shaped, 26. Pedicel, 143.
Pedicellat'i, furnished with a pedicel. Peduncle, 143, Pellucid, transparent. Peltate, 20.— Fig. 25. Pendulous, drooping, hanging down. Pentaiidruus, with 5 stamens. Pepo, 175.
Perennial, enduring 3 years or more, 213. Perfect flower, 110. Perfoliate, 42.
Perianth, 66.
Pericarp, 166.
Ptvigynous, inserted into the calyx, 83.
Persistent, permanent, not falling off.
Personate, i)7.
Petal, 65.
Petaliferse, 257.
Petaloid, resembling petals.
Petiole and Petiolate, 3.
Petiolule, 35.
Phfenoganiia, 250.
Pilous, 62.
Pine-apple, 183.
Pinna, (wings), segments of a pinnate
leaf. Pinnate, 36. Pinnatelv ternate, 38. Pinnatifi'd, 24. Pinnatisect, 25. Pistil, 68.— Lesson 18. Pistillate, bearing pistils. Pith, the central cellular substance of the
stem. Placenta, a lobe or fleshy ridge bearing
the seeds. Plaited, same as Plicate. Plan of the flower. — Lesson 17. Plicate, folded like a fan. Plumous, feathery or feather-like. Plumule, 190, 191.
Pod, dry fruit ; as capsule, legume, (fee. Pollen, 100,
Poly (in composition) signifies many ; as Polyandrous, with many stamens. Polyadelphous, 107. Polygamous, having perfect flowers, with
staminate or pistillate flowers on the
same plant. Polypetalce. See Dialypetalas, 258. Polypetalous, 75, 258. Polysepalous, 75. Pome, 176.
Porous dehiscence, 104. Premorse, abrupt at end, as if bitten off. Prickles, 57.
Process, any projection from the surface. Procumbent, 224. Prostrate, 224. Pubescent, 61.
Pulp, the soft, juicy parts of fruits. Punctate, dotted as if with points. Pyrifonn, pear-shaped. Pyxis, 17S.
Quaternate, growing in fours. Qainate, growing in fives, 40.
INDEX AND (i LOSS All Y.
307
Raceme, 150.
Racemous, resembling a raceme.
Raehis, 3i5, 146.
Kadiate and Radiant, pp. 219, 220.
Radiate-veined. See Palmate-veined, 10.
Radical^ from the root.
Radical number, 113.
Radicle, lyO, 191.
Rcuaial, of the branches.
Rumous, branched.
Ray, Ray-flowers, 156.
Receptacle, 64.
Reclinate, 140.
Recurved, bent or curved backward.
Rejiexed, curved back and downward.
Rei,nilar flower, 86.
Rcnifonn, kidney-shaped. — Figs. 23, 24.
R&pand. — Fig. 53.
Rtticulute, netted.
Retuse, 34.
Kevolute, 139.
Rhizome, 231.
Rhomboid or rhombic, oval, with anguhir
sides. Rib (costa), ridge caused by raised veuis. Ringent, gaping, as when a labiate corolla
has an open throat. Root.— Lesson 27. Root-stock, 231. Rosaceous, 87. Rostrate, with a beak. Rotate, 90. Rudiments, 116. Rugous, wrinkled. R-.'.ncinate, 22.— Fig. 36. Runner, a slender branch striking root,
as in Strawberry.
Saccate, bag-like, or sack-like.
Sagittate, arrow-shaped, 19.
Salver-form, 94.
Samara (a key), 169.
Sap, 204.
Scabrous, rough.
Scale-stems, 228.
Scape, 144.
Scarious, dry, thin, scale-like.
Scorpoid cyme, 159.
Sec-i^nd, all turned to one side.
Seed. — Lesson 24.
Seg7nents, parts or divisions.
Sepal, 65.
Septinate, 40.
Sericious, 61.
Serotinous, late in the season.
Serrate and Serrulate, 80.
Sessile, 5.
Setaceous or Setous, bristly.
Sheath, lower part of the leaf or leaf-stalk
which surrounds the stem. Shrub, 215.
Silicic and silique, 181. Si)nple, not compound, of one piece. Simple pistil, 124. Sinuate, 21.— Fig. 32. Sinus, a rounded recess between the lobes
of the leaves, &o. Solitary, 145. Spadiciflora?, 258. Spadix and spathe, 148. Spatulate, 17. Species, 241. Spike, 146. Spine, 56.
Spinescent or Spinous, 187. Spiral arrangement, 49. Spores, 251. Spur, 78. Squarrous, of a ragged appearance; as,
with crowded, spreading bracts or
leaves, &c. Stamens, 67.
Staminate, with stamens only, barren. Stellate, whorled. Stem. — Lesson 23. Sterile, 109. Stigma, 122.
Stings, sharp, poisonous hairs, 59. Stipe, the stalk of a pod, &c. Stipitate, borne on a stipe. Stipule, 4.
Stipulate, with stipules. Stolon, a branch which strikes root at the
end, producing a new plant. Stoloniferous, bearing stolons. Straight-veined, when the principal veins
pass direct to the margin. Striate, slightly furrowed with streaks. Strigous, clothed with short, stiti", and
close-pressed hairs. Strobile, same as cone, 183. Style, 122. Sub (in composition) denotes the quality
in a lower degree, as, Sub-entire, nearly entire. Submersed, under water. Subterranean stems, 225. Subulate, awl-shaped, Fig. 7. Succulent, thick, juicy, ticshy. Superior, 82. •
Supra-axillary, arising from above the
axil, as do the flowers of Potato.
308
INDEX AND GLOSSARY.
Suture, a seam; the line of cohesion. Symmetrical, 111.
Syngenecious, having the anthers united into a tube, 107.
Tendril, 54, 55, 236.
Terete, rounded or cylindric, 3.
Terminal, borne at the summit, 53.
Terminal bud, 53.
Ternate, 38.
Ttda, the outer seed-coat.
Tetradynamous, 108.
Tetrandrous, with 4 stamens.
Tliorn, 56.
Throat, 76.
Thyrse, 154.
Tomentous, 61.
Tootlied, dentate, 30.
Torus, the receptacle, 64. [224.
Trailing, creeping or lying on the ground,
Tree, 214.
Triaadrons, with 3 stamens.
Tri- cuspidate, having 3 points.
Tri-dentate, 3-toothed.
Trifid, 3-cleft.
Trifoliate, 3 leaves or leaflets composing
one leaf. Tri-pinnate, thrice pinnate. Triternate, thrice ternate, 39. Truncate, blunt, as if cut square off. Trunk, 234. Tryma, 172. Tube, 76. Tuber, 233. Tubercular, 222. Tuberiferous, bearing tubers. Tuberous, thickened like a tuber. Tuberous roots, 220. Tubular, hollow like a tube, 05. TuHp, 11.
Tunicated, coated, as an onion. Turbinate^ shaped like a top.
Turgid, swollen.
Umbel, 152. Umbellet, 152.
Unarmed, without thorns, prickles, &c. Uncinate, hooked at tlie end. Undershrub, 215. Undulate, wavy, 22. — Fig. 33. Unguiculate, witli a claw, 71. — Fig. 116. Urceolate, urn-shaped, 02.— Fig. 143. Utricle, a one-seeded fruit, like that of Pigweed.
Valvate, 129.
Valves, the parts which open. Variety, 244. Veinlets, 7. Veins, 6.
Veins of the leaf, 6. Veinulets, 8.
Velvety, clothed with thick, soft down. Venation, 10.
Ve7itral suture, the front seam.
Ventricous, swelling out on one side. Vernation, 51, 135.
Verrucous, warty. Versatile, 105.
Verticil, a whorl of flowers. Verticillate, 50. VexiUary, 132.
Vexillum, the banner, 89. Villous, 61. Vine, 236.
Virgate, wand-shaped, terete and slender.
Wedge-shaped, see Cuneate, 17. Wheel-shaped, see Eotate, 90. Whorled, see Verticillate, 50. Wingtd, as if furnished with wings. Winged petiole, 45. Wings, 89. Woody plants, 214.
INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS,
BOTH LATIN AND ENGLISH:
Also, full references to the Illustrations.
Abelmoschus Page 'ill
Abutilon 177
Acacia 1S9
Acer, Jig. 822-328 1S2
Aceraceae 1S2
Accrates 273
Achillea 231
Aconite, 7f^. 195, 873 151
Aconitum 151
Acorns 2S3
Actaoa 145
Actinonieris 222
Actinospermum 222
Adluinia 159
Adonis 14S
JEscliynomene ISO
^senilis 184
-lEtliusa 210
Affapantbus 295
Apive 292
Ageratum, Jig. 303
Aciumacese
Agrimonia, Jig. 61 196
Agritnony, Jf{7. 61 196
Albany lieechdr' ,)S 237
Alchemilla, /(jr. 215 195
Alder, /i7. 63 280
Alexanders, Jig. 4S3-6 .... 213
Alisma 284
Alismacese 284
Alliuin 297
All-seed 173
Almond 195
AInus,/fi'. 68 2^0
Aloe 292
Alpine Bistort 277
Alsine 173
Althaea 177
Alyssum 161
Ai'naryllidacea? 291
Aniaryllids 291
Ambrosia. /^. 514-17
Amelancliier 196
American Aloe 292
American Centaury 271
American Cowslip 243
American Crab 197
Amorioan Olivo 274
Amianiliiuni 3<i0
Amorpba 188
Amphianthus 248
Ampliicarpsea 183
Amsonia 272
Amvsdalus I9.i
AnaValiis, Jig. 556-7 244
Anaiitlierix 273
Andromeda,/^. 242o, 143 236
Androsace 242
Anemone 146
Angelica 210
Angiosperms 275
Anise 210
Anthemis 223
Antirrhinum 248
Apetalfe 275
Apetalous Endogens 2S2
Apetalous Exogens 275
Apios 190
Apium 210
A-plectrum 286
Apocynaceae 27'i
Apocynum,/'(7. 285 272
Apogon 223
Apple 197
Apple of Sodom 269
Apple Peru 268
Aquilegia 149
Arabis, /£/-. 29 164
Aracea3 282
Arachis 1S9
Arcliangelica 210
Archemora 210
Arctostaphylos 236
Arenaria, j'g. 410 173
Arethusa, Jig. 651-2 2S9
Argemone 158
Arisaema 283
Aristolochia 275
Aristolocliiaceo3 275
Armoracia 162
Arnica 222
Aroids 282
Arrow Dragon 2S3
Arrow-head, Jig. 47 iJSS
Arrow-wood, Jig. 51
Artichoke 227
Arum 2"'S
A.-urum 275
AsclepiadaceaJ 27S
Asclepiads 273
Asciepias, jfig. 2S3 274
Ascyrura 168
Ash,/r/. 187 274
Asparagus 296
Aspen 2Sl
Asphodel, Asphodelus 295
Aster,/i7. 524 229
Asterworts 219
Astilbe 207
Astragalus ISS
Atamacco Lily, y?j/. 137. .. 291
Atropa 26S
Auricula 242
Avens 199
Awlwort 162
Azalea, ^g 205, 532-4 .... 238
Baldwinia 222
Balloon Vine 184
Ballota 256
Balm 256
Ba!:n-of-Gilead,>(7. 636-7, 234
Balsaminaceai ISl
Balsaniine 182
Bane-berry 145
Baptisia 193
Barbarea 166
Barberry 153
Bartonia 270
Batatas 267
Bav-galls 27S
llc'an. Jig. 446, 311 189
Bear-berry, ^g. 545 236
Beard-flower 291
Beard-tongue 249
Bedstraw.- 218
Beech, Jig. 275 279
Beet, /^. 336
Belaria 2S6
BciTonia, ^g. 1S5
Belladonna 2CS
Bell-llower 2::V4
Bellis 222
r.i'\\won.Jig. 580-1. SI. 283. 299
Benzoin 279
Berheridaceae 158
Berberids 153
INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS.
Berberis./er. 171-2, 377-SO 153
Berlaniliera 222
Betula 2S()
Betulacfse . . 2S0
Bidens 22S
Bignonia 244
Bisriioniaceae 244
liUi,erry,fg.lH)
Bindweeds 266
Bindwefd, fig. \U 267
Birch, fig. 13, 632-3 250
Birch worts 2S0
Birtli worts 275
Bitter Cress 165
Biaer-s\veet,/(7. 611-13.. 269
Bhick berry. >-!/. 26S 200
Blackcurrant 205
Black H&w.fg. 16
Black Hoarhoiind 256
Black Saltwort 242
Bladder-nut. Jig. 434 185
Bladder-pod 162
Bladder Senna 188
Blazing Star 300
Blephilia 256
Bletia 286
Blood-root 158
Blue-banner 18S
Blueberries, /ig. bi6 236
Blue-curls 255,259
Blue-eyed Grass, fg. iS.. 292
Bhie-fliig 293
Blue-hearts 249
Blue Lettuce, f. 35, 245-7,
309 223
Bluets 219
Boiierhaavia 276
Boltonia 222
Bovraiie 261
Borrageworts 260
Borraginacea?'. 260
Borrago, _fig. 598-000 261
Borrichia 222
Boxberry. j^gr. 547 237
Box Elder 182
Brachychaita 222
Bramble 199
Brassica 162
Bridal Kose 200
Brooklime 251
Brunella 259
Buchnera 249
Buck-bean 270
Buckeye, Jig. 1£3 1S5
Buckwheat 276
Bugbane 145
Butrloss 261
Bulrush 801
Bupleurum . 210
Burdock, /flr. 509-11
Burnet 195
Burr Marigold 228
Burr-seed 261
Bush Clover 192
Bush Honeysuckle 217
Butter and Eggs 249
Buttercups, ;y^. 168, 334.. 147
Butterfly Pea ISS
Button-bush 218
Cabbage 162
CaUile 162
Calaininth 257
Caianiintha 257
Calendula 221
Calico-bush 2^8
Calla, fg. 237 688-41 283
Callistephus 222
Calopogon, /e-. 655 290
Caltha 149
Calynyction 266
Calypso 285
Calystegia 267
Cauielina 162
Cauiouiile 2'23
Campanula, /!7. 142 234
Campanulacese 233
Campion 174
Candytuft 162
Canterbury Bells,/S'. 527-9 234
Caprifoliacere 215
Capsella, Jig.23\ 163
Cai)sicuui 268
Caraway. Jig. 211 210
Cavdamine, fg. 182 165
Cardinal-flower 233
Cardiiispermum 184
Carnation 173
Carpet-weed 175
Carpinus 280
Carrot 210
Carum 210
Caryophvllacese 172
Cassia, jig. 60 194
Cassiope 236
Castanea 279
Castilleja 248
Catal pa, /^. 196-7, 236.... 245
C&h-h&y, Jig. 136 174
Catmint, fig. 52, 593-4. , . . 258
Cedronelia 256
Celandine, Jig. 'iO 158
Celery 210
Celtis./fir. 72
Centrosema IBS
Centunculus 242
Century Plant 292
Cephalanthus 218
Cerastium, ^^. 114 175
Cerasus 196
Cercis,^j7- 4 189
ChiEiophyllura 210
Chaff-seed 248
Chamailiriuin 800
Chaptalia 223
Checkerberry,/^'- &40-8.. 237
Cheiranthus 161
Chelidonium 158
Chelone 252
Cherry, Jig. 452-8 196
Chervil 210
Chestnut, ^gr. 49 279
Cliick-[iea 189
Chickweed, j?gr.21 175
Chick-wintergreen 243
Chimaphila 240
China Aster 222
Chiogenes. fig. 343 237
Chionaiithiis 274
Chokeberry 197
Chrysanthemum, /ig. 55 222
Chrysobalanus 195
Chrysogonum 222
Ciirysopsis 221
Chrysosplenium 2(»7
Cicely, /V- 487-90 212
Cicer 189
Cichorium 223
Cicuta, Tfgr. 65 213
Cimicifuga 145
Cinquefoil 201
C\rcsBa,^g. 53, 73, 193, 464 204
Cives 29S
Cladastris 189
Clarkia 203
Claytonia 176
Clelhra 236
Clematis, j?^ 219 145
Climbing Fern, fig. 6
Clintonia, Jig. 663 299
Clitoria 183
Cloudberry 200
Clover,/ 37, 63, 335, 447-50 191
Cockle 174
Cocoa-plum 195
Coffee-tree 189
Cohosh 1 53
Colchicum 300
Collinsia. ^g. 578 251
CoUinsonia 255
ColtVfoot 222
Coluinbo 270
Columbine,/^. 365-70 ... 149
Colutea 188
Comarum 196
Comfrey. fg. 603 261
Commelyna 301
CommelynaceiB 301
Compositae 219
Cone-flower 222
Conioselinum, Jig. 85 210
Conium, ^e'. 65 2l2
Conobea 249
Convallaria . . 296
Convolvulaceae 266
Convolvulus, Jig. 144 267
Coptis 149
Coral-berry 216
Corallorhiza 289
Coral-root 2S9
Coreopsis 228
Coriander 210
Coriandrum, jfig. 498-4 . . . 210
Cornaceae 214
Cornel, Jig. 12,1 214
INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS.
311
Corn Flag 292
Cornus, /?(7. 495 214
Coronilla 18S
Corvdal 160
Corydalis 160
Corylus 279
Ci)Stnantlms 264
Cotton, /i?- 302 177
Cotton-tree. /(/. 303
Cow-parsnip 210
Cowslip 149
Cow-wlicat 249
Cranberry 237
Cranichis 2S7
Crantzia 210
CrassulacefE 205
Cratsesus, fg. 99 1 95
Cress 102
Crest-umbel 210
Crocus 292
Crotalaria 183
Crowfoot, fig 3 -.1-4 147
Crowfi)()ts," /ig. 200-1 143
Crownbeard 222
Crown Iinperiul 295
Cruciferae 160
Crucifers 160
Cryptot.-Bnia 212
Cuckoo-flower 162
Cucumber-tree 152
Culver's Tlivsic 251
Cnniln, 7?!7. 595-6 257
CupulifL-ne 279
Currant, fig. 243, 261, 329. 205
Cuscuiineae 266
Cyd<ini:i 197
Cynoglossum 263
Cynthia 223
Cypress-vine 267
Cvpripediuin,/^/. 89, 646-8 2S7 Cyrilla 237
DaflFodil 292
Dahlia 223
Daisy 222
Dalea 188
Dalibarda 200
Dandelion./ 147, Ho.r)04-6 231
Dasystoma, j^g. 565 -S 253
Datura 269
Daucus 210
Day Lily 295, 29H
Decumaria 207
Delpliinium, ^gr. 168, 203. 150
Dentaria 1 65
Desmanthns 1^9
DeMModi.im.^j/. 62,287... 1S9
Dewberry 200
Diamorpha 2o6
Dianihus 173
Dici"ntra../f(7. 3S9, 392 1.59
Dicerandra 2.55
Dichondra 266
Dierviila 217
Digitalis 243
Diodia. 21=5
Dion.-ea 171
Diphylleia 153
Diplopappus 222
Disooj)Ieura 210
Dittaiiy,/f/. 595-6 257
Dock, jfgr. 233 276
Dodecatheon,/ 151, 554-5 243 Dogbanes, fig. 285, 620-6.. 272
Dogtooth Violet 290
Dogwood 214
Doliclios IhS
Draba./5r. 396-7 164
Draba arabizans,/ 155-159
Dracocephalum 256
Dragon-root 2S3
DragonVliead 256
Dragon's-claw 2S9
Drop-flower 232
Dropwort 202
Drosera 170
DroseracciE 170
Dryas 196
Dry Strawberry 200
Dwarf Dandelion 223
Dwarf Pimpernel 242
Dwarf Pink. 219
Dysodia 222
Eardrop 159, 203
Echinacea 223
Echinodorus 284
Eehinospermum 261
Echium 261
Eclipta./^. 305 223
Egg-plant 269
Egvptian Calla 2S3
Elder 217
Elecampane 222
Elliottia 237
Ellisia 263
Elm./fl-. 5t,274,359
Elodoa 163
Enchanter's Nightshade,
Jig.b:i,T3 204
Ensleniii 274
Ephe.lra.^0'. 178
Epidcndruin 287
Ei)igiea 238
Epiiobium 203
Erica 236
EricacesB 2:<5
Erigenia, j«S'. S33 212
Eritreron 230
Erodiimi 179
Eryngium 210
Ery>imiim 160
Kryiliriea 270
Erytlirina 1S8
Erythronium,^£/. 657 296
E>choltzia 1.58
Euloplms 210
Eui)atorium,^(7. 512-13 ..
Euphrasia 24''
Evening Primro.^e 203
Everlasting Ten, Jig. 96. Eyebright
249
Fabiana
Fagopyrum ,
Fagns
False Aster
False Bindweed ,
False Catmint
False Dog-fennel ,
False Flax
False Gentian
False Gromwell
False Heliotrope
False Mitrowort
False Pennyroyal
False Kocket
False Sneezewort
False Sunflower
False Syringa
False Tamarisk
False Violet
False Wall-flower
False Wintergreen
Featherfoil
Fennel
Fenncl-flower,^{7. 41
Fern.^g. 226, 3.)5
Fever-root
Fig./£7. 298
Figwort
Figworts
Flax./(7. 418-420
Flax worts .,
Fleahai.e
Floating Heart
FlorideiB
Flowir-of-an-liour
Flower-de-luce
Flowering Almond, j?fir. 11
Fly-poison .300
Fcenicnlum .. 210
FooKs Parsley 210
Forestiera 274
Forget-me-not. J>V- 6U4... 262
Forsteronia 272
Forsvthia 274
Four-o'clock, /(7. 313 276
Foxglove 248
Fragaria.jfC- 2il2. 265 201
Frankenia,/(7. 160
Frasera 270
Fraxinus,^{7. 1S7 274
French Marigold 222
Frinire-tree 274
Kritillaria 295
Fuchsia.^V- 130 203
Furnaria I'D
Fumariaceic 1.59
Fumeworis 150
Fumitory 1.59
Funkia 298
221
276 279 222 267 257 222 162 255 261 261 2i8 257 162 222 222
i's
269 2iiO 166 2:19 212 210 145
215
249 247 179 178 230 270 284 178 293
Gaill.ardia Qaiactia..
01 C)
INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS.
Galanthus 291
Galeopsis,^^. 5S2-4 256
Gaiiiiin 218
Gamopetaloiis Exogens, . . 215
Garli.' 2^1
Gaiikheria 237
Gaura 203
Gavlnssacia 236
Gelseiniuin 247
Gem-fruit 20S
Genista 188
Gentian 270
Gentiana,./?(7. 615-9 271
Gentianaceae 2"0
Gentianworts 270
Gerariia 179
Geraniaccfe 179
Geraniinn,^gr.296,340,421 179
Gerardia 252
Germander 255
Geum 199
GSlia 265
Gili,;?fi'. 74,587-8 258
Gillenia 196
Gladiolus 292
Glauciuin 158
Glaux 242
Gleditschia 189
Globe-flower 149
Glorio<a.^g'. 97
Glotidimn 188
Goafs-beard 202
Goafs Rue 188
Golden Chain 188
Golden-club, ^(7- 642 283
Goldenrod.^g-. 75 224
Gold-thread 149
Gonolobus 274
Good-night 266
Goodyera 2b7
Gooseberry, /fir. 2S1 205
Gossypium 177
Grape Hyacinth 295
Grass Parnassus 171
Grass Pink 290
Gratiola 250
Greenbrier. /flf. 95
Green Dragon 283
Green Head 218
Gronnvell 261
Grossulaceae 2(I4
Ground Cherry 268
Ground-nut 190
Halenia 270
Hardback 201
Hare-bell, /flr. 526 234
Hawkbit 223
Hawkweed 231
Hazel 279
Hearf s-ease 168
Heath,7f£r. 314-5 236
Heatliworts 235
Hedeoma 255
Hedge Hyssop 260
Hedge Mustard 162
Hedge Nettle 256
Hedysarum 188
Helenum 222
Helianthus,/6r. 307 226
Heliopsis 222
Heliotrope 261
Heliotrophytum 261
Heliotropium 201
Hellebore 145
Helleborus 145
Helonias 800
Helosciadium 210
Hemerocallis 295
Hemianthus 248
Hemp Nettle, fig. 582-4 .. 256
Henbane,/^. 282 268
Henbit 256
Hepatica./fir. 238, 371 .... 147
Heracleum 210
Herb Robert, /fir. 421 1 80
Herspestis 249
Hesperis 161
Het^rotheca 221
Heuchera 207
Hibiscus, /^. 411-14 17S
Hieracium 231
Hippuris,/V. 461-3 203
Hoarhound 256
Ho- Peanut ISS
Hollyhock,/fir. 218 177
Honewort 212
Honey Locust, fig. (>4, 100 189 Honeysuckle, jri'fir- 82, 146,
496 216
Honkenya 173
nop,.;?(7. 353 Ill
Hornbeam 2S0
Horn Pondwecd, Jig. 98 . . 38
Horn Poppy 1 5S
Horse Balm 255
Horse Chestnut 185
Horse Nettle 269
Horse Radish 162
Hottonia 242
Hound's tonsue 263
Houseleek,/fir. 474 206
Houseleeks,>V- 191 205
Houstonia 219
Hoya 274
Huckleberry 236
Hyacinth, Ilyacinthus 295
Hvdransea, fig. 482 209
Hydrastis, /V- 154 145
Hydrocotyle 210
Hydrophvllacete 263
HydrophVlIs 263
Hydropliyllum,/fir. 605-S. 263
Hyoscyamus 268
Hvpericacete 168
Hvperi.'um 169
nVpoxis 291
Hyptis 255
Hyssop 255
Hyssopus 255
Iberis 16;
Illicium 15"
Ilysanthus 24
I mpatiens,/^. 71.428.... 18
Indian Corn, Jig. 360 11
Indian Cucumber, /fir. 92. 29
Indian Physic 19
Indian Pipes 24
Indian Soapworts IS
Indian Tobacco 23&
Indian Turnip 283
Indigo 1 SS
Indigofera IS"
Innocence 25 1
Inula 22?
lodanthus 16L
Ipomaea 267
Iridaceae 292
Irids 292
Iris,/^. 165, 229, 294-5... 293
Irish Moss,/v. 190 206
Iron-weed. /fir. 248-50 SI
Iron-wood 280
Isanthus 255
Isatis 16;
Isopappus 222
Isopy rum 145
Itea 207
Ixia 292
Jaek-in-the-pulpit 2S8
Jacobea Lily 291
.lapan Quince 197
Jeffersonia./^. 284, 375-6 154
Jerusalem Cherry 269
Jerusalem Sage 256
Jewel-weed 182
Jonquil 292
Jndas-tree, Jig. 4 1 89
Julibrassin 189
Juncacpse 800
Juncus 301
Juneberry 197
Juniper,/fir. 7 15
Jussisea 203
Kalmia 23S
Kerria 196
Knawell 173 I
Knot Bindweed 277',
Knot-weeds,/fir. 69 276;
Kostdetskya 177!
Krigia 223 j
i
Laljiatse 254 j
Labiate Plants 254 ,
Labrador Tea 236 ,'
Laburnum 188 I
Lactuci^/fiT. 36 224 ?,
Ladies'-tresses,/sr. 240 ... 289 f
Lady's-mantle./fir. 45i 19 ') |
Lady's-slipper./fi'. 89 2S7 /
Lady's-thumb 277 *
Lamium 256 i
Lampsana. TiJ \
INDEX TO THE NAVIES OF PLANTS.
313
1
hVnpa, r?(7. n09-ll
uych. Jiff, n
f^.ikspur,/^. 120, 872....
at liyrus
ccae
Rasi>.;
ivatera
vftiulula
vender
Li-ad-plant
Leaf-cup
Leather-flower
Lt venwortbia
Lerium
Lesruminosae
Leu'uininous Plants
Leiopliyllum
Leioseleuria .
Jjemon,yig. 79
Leoiiotis
L'"" tice ,,..
Leoi todon
Leoniirus
Ltia'-hys
Vi).uium
Lepiocaulis
L»^pi<.poda
Lepuropetalon
Lespedeza
Lettuce
.\,eucanthemam
}^euca3
I^eucojum
Leverwood
lic'-eis,7ffir. 356-8
I'jri iicum
Licustiuin
L\\&c,/ij.i3l
L liacux'
Liliutn.^Sr. 107, 113
LVy,fg.Si6
L'y worts
Li y-of-the-valley,^(7. 44. .
Liiinanihemum
Limosefla
LJnacese
Li n aria. /^. 663-4
Linnfca
Linuin
Lion's-cars
Lion's-foot I
Lion's-heart
Liparis
Liquidambar,j^^. 4 a . . . .
Liriodendron
Listcra
Litl)()sperninm,j'fo'. GOl-2.
Liver\v()rt,/(7. 30
Lizard-tail, /c'- 1S6
L(jbeiia
LobeliacesB
Lobeliads
Locust
L«gttniace»
150 1S9
278 152 278 177 255 25.-) ISS 222 146 1C2 236 ISfi 1S6 236 236
Lonicera./er. 82 216
Loosestrife 243
Lophantlius 256
Lopl)ospcrinuin,j'?^. 181.. 24S
Lousewort 24^
Lovaire 210
Love-flower 295
Ludwigia 203
Lunaria 163
Lungwort 262
Lupfne,/(7. 66 192
Lupinus, j?(7. 66 192
Luzula../f(7. 665 801
Lyclinidea 265
Lychnis,/(7. 403 174
Lyciuin 269
Lycopsis 261
Lycopus 257
L^'cospersicuDi 268
Lygodesmia 224
Lysiuiacbia 243
Macbridea 256
Mncrantbora 249
Madder 218
Madderworts 218
Madwort 161
Magnolia, ^^7. 23 151
Magnoliaceie 151
Magnoliads 151
Maiantheinum 296
MallowP,/i7. 177,217 177
Mai va, ^(7. 415-17. 177
Malvaceie 176
Malvaviscus 177
Mandrake 154
Maples,^er. 262, 430-1 1S2
Mare's tail 203
Marigold 221
Marjoram 255
Marrubiuni 256
Marsh Mallow 177
Marsh Marigold 149
Marsh Umbel 210
Maruta 22^3
Marvel-of-Peru 276
Marvel worts 275
Mastworts 279
Matrimony 269
Matthiola 161
Maurandia 248
Mayaca 301
May Apple 154
May-flower 238
May- weed 223
Meadow U\y,Jig. 107-9 . . 41
Meadow Kue 1-15
Meadow-sweet 201
Mcconopsis I'lS
Medeola,7?j7, 92 294
Medicago ISS
Medic 188
Melampyrum 249
Melilotus 190
MelantliaceiB 299
14
Melanthiuni 300
Melantbs 299
Melissa 256
Mentha 256
Mcnyanthes 270
Menzicsia 236
Mermaid-weed 203
Mertensia 262
Miami-mist 264
Microstylis 286
Misnonctte, /£7. 118 44
Milk Vetch 188
Milk-vine 18S
Milkweed,/^. 2&3 274
Milkworts 185
Milfoil 231
Mimosa 189
Mimulus,/V- 569-72 252
Mint 256
Mirabilis 276
Missouri Currant, /j7. 471. 205
Mitchella. ^(7. 497 213
Mitella.^^. 477-Sl 207
Mitreola 246
Mitrewort,7?i7. 115 207
Modesty 210
Modiola 177
Mollugo 175
Molucca Balm 256
Molucella 256
Monarda,7f(7. 580-1 253
Moneses 237
Moneywort 243
Monkey-flower,/fir. 569-72 252
Mouk's-hood, Jiff. 43 151
Monotropa 240
Morning-glory, Tfo-. 22, 161,
162; 352 267
AIoss Andromeda 236
Moss rink 265
Motherwort 256
Mountain Ash 197
Mountain Fringe 159
Mountain Heath 236
Mountain Laurel 238
Mountain Mint 258
Mountain Sorrel 276
Mouse-ear 175
Mouse-tail 145
Mud-flower 248
Mudwort 248
Mulberry, yto'. 297 91
Mulgedium,/i7. 35, 245-7. 223
Mullein 249
MulleinPink 174
Aruscari 295
Mustard./(7. 291, 893-5... 166
Mustardworts 166
Mylocaryum 237
Myosotis 202
M'vosurus 145
Myriopbyllum 203
Nnl.nlns, /j7. 607-9 232
Nuihvort 178
3U
INDEX TO THE NAMES OF I'LANTS.
\
Napwa 177
Narcissus 292
Nardosmia 223
Narthecinm 801
Nastnrtiuiu 162
Nauinbergia 242
Neckweed 251
Nesundo 1S2
Neirenibergia 269
Nelumbiacete 154
Neliimhium 156
Neliiinbo 155
Nepeta,/^'. 74, 5S7-S .... 25S
Nerium 272
Nettle,7?fir. 106
Neurophyllum 210
Nicandra 26S
Nicotiana 269
Nisella 145
Nightshade 269
Nightshades 268
Niiiebark 202
Nipplewort 223
Noble Liverwort 147
Nolina 295
Nu[)har 155
Nyctasinaceae .' 275
Nytnphfeace.'B 1;"6
Nvmphsea,/^'. 198-9,381-4 156
Nyssa 214
Oo.k.yf.g. 32-4, 54, 318-21 . . 279
Obolaria 270
Ocymum,^7. 5S6 255
(Enothera, Jig. 453-9 203
Okra 177
Oldenlandia 218
0!ea 274
Oleacese 274
OIeander,/£r. 1 74 272
Oliveworts 274
Onagracese 202
Onion, Jffir. 816-17 297
Onosmodium 261
Orchidacea 285
Orchids,7?fir. 45 28.5
Orcliis,^^-^'. 649-50 287
Oregon Currant 205
Origanum 255
Ornithogalum 295
Orontium,^Cr. 642 233
Orpine 206
Osier 281
Osmanthus 274
Osmorhiza 212
Ostrya 280
Oxalidaceae ISO
OxaWs, Jig. 425 181
Ox-eye 222
Oxybaphus 276
Oxycoccus 237
Oxydendrura 236
Oxyria 276
r8Donia,^j7. 838 145
Painted-cup 243
Pancratium 291
Pansy, j«sr. S4 168
Papaver 158
Papaveracese 157
Papaw,^^'. 70
Pardanthus 292
Parnassia ITI
Paronychia 173
Parsley 210
Parsnip 210
Parthenium 223
Partridge-berry 218
Pasque-flower 140
Passion-flower,^^'. 42, 351
Pastinaca 210
Paulo wnia 248
PavoTiia 177
Pen, Jig. 286. 443-5, 451 .. . 193
Peach, ^fl-. 276 195
Peanut 189
Pear./(7. 10, 88, 133, 280.. 197
Pearl wort 173
Pedicularis 248
Pelargonium 179
Peltandra 283
Pennyroyal 255
Pennywort, fig. 24, 25.... 210
Penthorura 206
Pcntstemon .■ 249
Peony, /fir. 838 145
Pepper 268
Pepper-and-Salt 212
Pepper-grass 163
Peppermint 255
Pepper-root 165
Periploca 274
Periwinkle 272
Persea 273
Persica 195
Petalostemon 188
Petroselinum 210
Petunia, Jig. 145, 614 268
Phaca 188
Phacelia. 263
Pharbitis 267
Phaseolus 189
Pheasant's-eye,/:406-7.14S,173
Philadelphia Lily 297
Philadelphus 2(i8
Phlomis 256
Phlox, ^gr. l-:6, 609 265
Phloxworts 264
Physalis 268
Physostegia, Jig. 589-91 . . 260 Piiytolacca,^^'. 627-31 ... 278
Phytolaccacece 278
Pigweed,/6r. 31, 277
Pimpernel. 214
Pimpinella 210
Pinckneya 218
Vme,Jig. 9,800
Pine-sap 240
Pink,j«fl'. 112 173
Pink-root, Jig.\21 246
Pinkworts \ .T9
Plnxter V ''.39
Pipsissewa, fig. 54S 2^ ;iO
Pisum, Jig. '138-9, 224 ... . 19,J?3
Pitcher-plant 1-' J; 7
PIum,/(7. 15 "-• 2|5
Podophyllum i5*^ *
Podostigma 173
Pogonia: fg. 653-4 291
Poison Hemlock,/^. 49 1-2 212
Poke 27-1,300
Pokeweeds 278
Polar-plant 222
Polemoniaceaj 264
Polemonium 266
Polyanthus 291, 292
Polycarpon 173
Polygala, Jig. 437-8 185
Polygalacese 1S5
Polygonacejft 276
Polygonatum 295
Polygonel'.a 276
Polygonum, Jig. 69, S6 . . . 276
Polyrania 222
Polypremum 246
Polytaenia 210
Pond weed, /fir. 46
Poplar 152, 281
Poppy 153
Poppyworts 157
Populus 281
Portulaca 176
Portulacaceoe 175
Potato 269
Potentilla, Jig. 76-7 201
Poterium 195
Prairie Innocence 219
Prairie Rue 145
Pride of Ohio 243
Prim 274
Primrose 242
Primula. Jig. 549, 553 242
Primulacese 241
Primworts 241
Prince's Feather 277
Prince's Pine, Jig. 341 ... . 240
Privet 274
Prosartes 296
Proserplnaca 203
Prunus 195
Psoralea 188
Pterospora 237
Puccoon 262
Purselane 176
Putty-root, /fir. 345 286
Pyciianthemum 255
Pyrethrum 222
Pyrola,/fir. 14, 169, 536-9. 239
Pyrrhopappus 223
Pyrus, /fir. 134 19T
Quamoclit. Jig. 610 267
Queen-of-the-Prairie 202
Quercus 279
Quince, /fi-. 1, 2 197
INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PL/VNTS.
15
Ra>1ish lCr2
IJa-ge.l Robin 175
liiinuiiculaceaB 143
Riimuu-ulus 147
Riipliunus 1()2
Raspberry 200
Kiitllc-pod 1S8
Rjittlc'snake Plantain 2S7
Rc.l B.-an ISS
Resin-wc-ed 2'22
Rlieiim 276
Riiinanthiis 249
Rhododendron ^g'. 152,535 239
Rl.odora 230
Rhubarb 276
Klivncosia 1S3
Riln-s 205
Richardia 2S3
Rivina 278
Robinia 190
Rubin's Plantain 232
liock Cress 164
R.R-i^et 161
Rosa, Jig. 221, 299 197
Rosaceje 194
Rosc/s- oO, 53, SCs 101,203 197
Rose Acacia 190
Kosft 15ay. Jig. Gl 2i9
Rusc Campion 1 74
Rosemary 256
Rosf worts 194
Rosmarinus 256
Riibia 2IS
RnbiaccsB 21S
Riibus 199
Rndbeckia 222
Rne Anemone, T^'r/. 207...
Rnmex 276
Rushes soil
Rutland Ueauty 267
Sabbatia 271
Sa<re. Jig. 176, 22S, 535. . . . 257
Sairina 173
Sa^'ittaria. Jig. 643-5 285
SalicaceiC 281
SnWx.Jig 19 '-SI
Salvia,/!/. 585 257
Snmbucus 217
Samolns 242
Sand Myrtle 23 i
Sandwort 173
Sangiiinaria-jf?^. 3s3 158
Sangnisorba 195
Sanicle 211
Saiiicnla 211
Sapindacoae 184
Sai.indiis 1^4
Saponaria, ^g. 125 173
Sarraconia. Jig. 3S5-7 157
Sarraceniaceaj 156
Sassafras 279
Satin-flower 163
Sat ni eja 255
Saiirurus, /t/ 1S6
Saxifraga 207
SaxifragaceiB 206
Saxifrage, ./fj7. 131, 214., . . . 207
Schenocaulon 800
Scheufhzeria 284
Scbizanthus 243
Schrankia ISO
Sciiwalbea 243
Schweinitzia 237
Scilla 295
Scleranthns 173
Scorpion-griiss 2(12
Scotch Broom 183
Scratch-grass, Jig. 26 277
Scre\v-sl;ein 270
Scrophularia 249
Scroiiiinlariaceai 247
Scutelhiria 259
Sea-rocket 1C2
Sea Sandwort 173
Sedge, Jig. 227
Sedum. jffe^. 1911,472-3.... 200
Seed-box 203
Self-heal 25G
Semillower 243
Semiiervivum £06
Senebiera 1 63
Senecio 221
Senna 194
Sensitive Brier lo9
Sensitive Pea 194
Sensitive Plant 1S9
Sentera 274
Sericocarpus 222
Sesbania 183
Sesuvium 175
Seymeria 249
Shad-berry 197
Shamrock 191
Sheep-poison 238
Si.epherd's-purse, Tfflr. 288,
331 1G3
Sickle-pod 164
Sida 177
Silene,/i7. 116 174
Si:kweed 274
Silpliinm 222
Sinapis 106
Sisymbrium 102
Slsyrinchiuin 292
Slum 2:0
Skullcap 259
Skunk Cabbage 2'«3
Skunk Currant 205
Smilacina 298
Smoke-tree. 7?(7. 18
Snake-head 249
Snap-dragon 248
Snee/.ewort 222. 230
Snowberry 216
Snovrdro]! '291
Siiowllake 291
Soapwoit 173, 1S4
Solanace.x* 26>
So.nmim, Jig. Gll-13 260
Solea 16T
Solidaco, /,/. 75, 501-3 ... 224
Solomon's Seal, ^g. 348 .. . 298
Sonchns 223
Sorrel '276
Sorrel-tree 236
Sow-thi.stle 223
Si>adicitioriE 2S2
Spanish Needles 228
S|)eculaiia 233
Speedwell, Jig. 575-7 250
Spergula 173
Si)ergiilaria 173
Spermacoce 218
Si. ice-bush 279
Sj.iderwort 301
Spiderworts 3(il
Si.iirelia. /(7. 503-4 246
Spiranihes,/^/. 240 289
Spirea 2<il
Sponge- tree ISO
Sprekelia 291
Sprini: Beauty 176
Spnrrv 173
Sipiill 295
Squirrel-corn 150
Starhys 256
Staphylea, Jig. 235 185
Star Anise 151
Star-grass 291
Star-(d-Bethlehem 295
Starwort. ... 173, 229
Steliaria. /?er. 251 173
Stijiulicula 173
St, Jolinswort,/.'/- 400-2 . 169
St JohnsworusyiV- 210-11 163
Stock 161
Stonecrop 206
St Peterswort 1 63
St Peter's Wreath 202
Strawberry, /((7. Ill, 273,
45.>-6 201
Streptopus 296
Stylisma 266
Stylosanthes ISO
Subularia 1 62
Succory 223
Sugar-berry. /(/. 72
Sullivantia 207
Summer Savorv 255
Sundews, yrV/. 20. 21 170
Suntlower. fig. 49d-500. .. 226
Swamp Pink 289
Sweet Basil 255
Sweet Clover 190
Sweet Flag 233
Sweet Pea 1S9
Sweet I'otlitO 267
Sweet William. 173, 174
Swine Cress U'>:i
Symiiliituin 201
Symphoricarpus 216
Svmplocarpiis 233
SynAndra,/£7. 90, 143, 697. 260
Synthiris 24S
81G
INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS.
Syplionycbia 173
Syringa 274
Tagetes 222
Talinum 175
Tall Hyssop 256
Taraxicum 231
Tecoma, Jiff. V2i 244
Tephrosia,.;?fir. 59 188
Teiragonotheca 222
Tetraiuhei-a 279
Tencrium.^^. 592 255
Tlialictruin 145
Thaspinm 213
Thiiuble-berry 200
Thistle, /{7. 273
Thorn 195
Thorn Apple 269
Thyme 255
Thymus 255
Thysanella 276
Tiarella 2()S
Tick-seed 228
Tiedmannia 210
Tiger-flower 292
Tiser U]y,jfig. 150
Tigridia 292
Tillaja 206
Tipularia 256
Toad -flax, Jiff. U9 249
Tobacco,>V. 204 269
Tomato 208
Tongue-grass 163
Tooih-root 165
Touch-me-not, /: 71, 121-2 181
Tower Mustard 162
Tradescantia 801
Tragopogon 223
Trailing Arbutus 238
Trautvetteria 145
Tree Orchis 287
Trefoil 189, 191
Trichostema 255
Trientalis 243
Trifolium 191
Triglochin 284
Triiliaceffi 293
Trilliads, /gr. 110. 206, 349 293 Trillium, Jig. 108, 656. . . . 294
Triosteum 215
Trollius 149
Troximon 223
Trumpet-flower, ^gr. 561.. 244 Trumpet-leaf 157
Trumpets 244
Tuberose 291
Tulip, Tulipa 295
Tulip-tree,/ 225, 330, 874. 152
Tupelo 214
TurkVcap 297
Turmeric-root 145
Turnip, ^(7. 837
Turnsol 261
Turritis 162
Turtle-head 252
Tussilairo 222
Tway-blade 2S6
Tway-leaf 296
Twin-flower 215
Twin-leaf. 154
Twist-foot 296
Umbeliferae 209
Umbelworts 209
Umbrella-leaf. 153
Umbrella-tree 152
Uvularia,/g'. 81 299
YRccmmm, Jiff. 170, 544., 236
Vachellia 189
Vegetable Oyster 223
Venus' Flytrap, _fiff. 403-5 171
Veratrum 800
Verbascum 249
Verbesina 222
Veronica, /g-. 575-7 250
Vesicaria 162
Vetch 188,189
Viburnum 215
Vicia 189
Vigna 188
Vinca 272
Y\o]a, Jiff. 89S-9 167
Violaceae 166
Violet. /.^. 269 167
Violets, ^^V- 132, 173 166
Vi[)er's Bugloss 261
Virgin's Bower 145
Visiana 274
Wake Robin 294
"VValdsteinia 200
Wall-flower, /£?. 135, 223 . 161
"Water-beans 154
Water-carpet 207
Water Hemlock 213
Water Hoarhound 257
Waterleaf, fff. 6(i5-8 263
Water Lily 156
Water Peppei 277
Water Pimpeinel 242
Water-pitchers 156
Water Plantain 284
Wax-plant 274
Vfheat,fff. 272,312
Wheat-thief 262
Whistle-wood 183
White Bay 152
W hite-M-eed 2-22, 230
White-wood 152
Whitlow-grass 164
Wild Apple, fg. 134
Wild Basil 255,257
Wild Ginger, fg.2i 275
Wild Indigo 193
Wild Lettuce, /S'- 36, 310. 224
Wild Oats 297
Wild Potato 267
Willow, Jiff. 3, 17, 88, 034-5 281
Willow-herb... 203
WMlloworts 281
Wind-flower 146
Winter Cress 166
Wintergreen,^^. 14 239
Wistaria 1S8
Witch-grass,^{7. 350
Woad 161
Wolf- berry 216
Wood-rush 301
Wood-sorrel 181
Woolmoulh 253
Xeroph yllum 800
Xy ris, jig. 1 94
Yarrow 231
Yellow Birch 281
Yellow-eyed-grass,yf£7. 194
Yellow Jessamine 247
Yellow Jessie 203
Yellow Eattle 249
Yellow-root 145
Yew, Jiff. 801
Yucca 295
Yulan 152
Zanthorhiza 145
Zephyranthus,/e'. 166 ... 291
Zigadenus 800
Zinnia 223
Zizica 213
Zornia 189
APPENDIX
• THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.
'* Then gather a wreath from the garden bowers, And toll of the wish of thy heart in flowers."
rEKCIVAL.
Acacia, Rose (Robinia liispida, 319*). Friendsliip.
Adonis, Floss (Adonis autumnalis, 205). Sad remembrances.
Almond, Flowering (Amygdalus pumila, 329). Hope.
Aloe (Agave, 694, or Yucca, 709). Superstition.
Alyssum, Sweet (Alyssum maritinum, 236). Merit before beauty.
Amaranth, Globe (Gomplirena globosa, 019). I change not.
Amaryllis (Zephyranthus, 695). Affectation, Co(iuetry.
Andromeda (Andromeda, 487). A cruel fate has fixed me here.
Anemone (Anemone nemorosa, 203). Anticipation.
Angelica (Archangelica, 381). These are idle dreams.
Arbor-vitae (Thuja, 662). Thy friend till death.
Arethusa (A. bulbosa, 691). I could weep for thee.
Aspen (Populus tremuloides, 655). Excessive sensibility.
Asphodel (Asphodelus, 713). My thoughts will follow thee beyond the grave.
Aster (420). Cheerfulness in age.
* liefers to the page in the Chiss-Book of Botany, where may be fomul a more full and complete account of the species or genus than could bo consistent with th« limits of an elementary treatise. Reference to page and place in this work may ba made through the Index.
318 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.
Auricula (Primula auricula, 502). You are proud.
Bachelor's Button (Centaurea Cyanus, 465). Single blessedness.
Balm (Melissa, 548 ; Monarda didyma, 550). Sympathy.
Balm-of-Gilead (Populus candicans, 6oG). You have cured my pain.
Balsamine (Impatiens balsamina, 280). Approach not.
Barberry (Berberis, 217). A sour temper is no slight evil.
Basil, Sweet (Ocymum basilicum, 541). Good wishes.
Beech (Fagus, 646). There let us meet.
Bluets (Houstonia coerulea, 402). Unaspiring beauty.
Box (Buxus, 632). Constancy. I change not.
Broom (Genista, 310). Humility.
Broom Corn (Sorghum saccharatum, 709). Industry.
Bulrush (Scirpus, 738). Indecision.
Burdock (Lappa major, 468). Don't come near me.
Bultercups (Ranunculus, 205). I cannot trust thee.
Cactus (the Cactacese, 359). l^ou terrify me.
Canterbury BeUs (Campanula Medium, 479). Gratitude.
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus, 254). A haughty spirit before a Ml.
Catchfly (Silene, 256). I am a willing prisoner.
Cedar (Juniper Virginiana, 664). I live for thee.
Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis, 457). Fortitude.
China Aster (Callistephus Chinensis, 429). I'll think of it.
Chrysanthemum (458). I love.
Clover, Red (Trifolium repens, 312). Industry.
Clover, White ( " " ). Truth needs no flowers of speecli.
Clover, I'ellow ( " " ). Slighted love.
Columbim (Aquilegia Canadensis, 210). I cannot give thee up.
Columbine (A. vulgaris, 110). Hopes and fears.
Corn Cockle (Agrostemma Githago, 257). Thou hast more beauty than wcrth.
Coxcomb (Celosia, 616). You are a fop.
Crocus (700). What an enigma thou art.
Cypress (Cupressus thyoides, 663). Bereavement. Despair.
Daffodil (Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, 693). Self esteem.
THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 319
Dahlia (429). Forever thine.
Dandelion (Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 473). You intrude.
Dogbane (Apocynum, 588). Falsehood.
Dogwood, Flowering (Gornus florida, 890). False pretensions.
Eglantine Rose (Rosa ruhiginosa, 335). I wound to heal.
Egyptian Calla (Richardia ^Ethiopica, GG9). Modesty.
Enchanter's Nightshade (Circsea, 35G) . I shall beware of your enchantments
Fennel-flower (Nigella damascena, 209). Love in a mist. Perplexity.
Fig (Ficus Carica, G35). It is a secret.
Fir Balsam (Abies Balsamea, GGl). Time will cure.
Flax (Linum usitatissimum, 275). Domestic industry.
Fleur-de-lis (Iris, 697). I bring you a message.
Four-o-clock (Mirabilis Jalapa, 603). Timidity.
Foxglove (Digitalis, 526). My heart acknowledges your influence.
Geranium, Ivy (P. peltatum, 278). A bridal decoration.
Geranium maculatam (277j. You burn with envy.
Geranium, Oak-leaf (Pelargonium qucrcifolium, 279). There is notliing in a
Geranium Robertianum (277). Aversion. [name.
Geranium, Rose (P. graveolens, 278). Thou art my choice,
Goldenrod (Solidago, 430). Encouragement.
Hazel-nut (Corylus, 647). Reconciliation.
Heart's-ease or Pansy (Viola tricolor, 244). Forget me not.
Hibiscus Syriacus (270\ Thy beauty soon will fade.
Hibiscus Trionum (269). I would not be unreasonable.
Heliotrope (Heliotropium Peruvianum, 559). Devotion.
Hellebore (Helleborus, 209). It is a scandal.
Holly (Ilex opaca, &c., 496). Am I forgotten?
Hollyhock (Althaea rosea, 266). Ambitious only of show.
Honeysuckle (Lonicera, 394). Seek not a hasty answer
Hop (Humilus lupulus, 638). You do me injustice.
Hyacinth (Hyacinthus, 713). Jealousy.
Hydrangea hortensis (373). Vain boasting.
Ice-plant (Mesembryanth, 265). Your very looks Are freezing.
320 THE LANCJUAGE OF FLOWERS.
Indian Tobacco (Lobelia infiata, 477j. Away with your quackery.
Ivy (Hedera Helix, 390). Nothing can part us.
Japonica, Red (Camellia Jap., 273). Pity may change to love.
Japonica, Wliite (C. Japonica, 273). Perfected loveliness.
Jessamine (Jasminum, 596). Thy gentle grace hath won me.
Jonquil (Narcissus Jonquilla, 693). Requited love.
Judas-tree (Cercis Canadensis, 301). Unbelief. Treachery.
Juniper (Juniperus communis, 663). I will protect thee.
Lady's-slipper (Cypripedium, 581). Caprice.
Larkspur (Delphinium, 210). Fickleness.
Laurel, Sheep (Kalmia angustifolia, &c., 485). Falsehood.
Lavender (Lavandula, 541). Owning her love she sent him Lavender. Shaks.
Lemon (Citrus Limonum, 274). Discretion.
Lilac (Syringa, 598). My first love.
Lily, White (Lilium candidum, 709). Purity and sweetness.
Locust, green leaves (Robinia Pseudacacia, 319). My heart is buried.
Lupine (Lupinus, 311). Indignation.
Magnolia glauca (214). He lives in fame who dies in virtue's cause.
Magnolia grandiflora (214). Thou hast magnanimity.
Marigold (Tagetes, or Calendula, 465). Cruelty.
Mignonette (Reseda odorata, 241). Moral worth superior to beauty.
Milkweed (Asclepias, 597). Conquer your love.
Mistletoe (Phorodendron, 621). Meanness. Indolence.
Mock Orange (Philadelphus coronarius, 374). Deceit. I cannot trust thee.
Monk's-hood (Aconitum, 211). Deceit. Your words are poison.
Morning-glory (Pharbitis purpurea, 571). You love darkness.
Myrtle (Myrica ceriera, 650). Thine is the beauty of holiness.
Myrtle (Myrtus communis, 346). Love's offering.
Narcissus, Poet's (Narcissus poeticus, 693). Egotists are agreeable only to
Nasturtion (Tropa^olum majus, 281). Honor to the brave. [themselves
Nettle (Urtica dioica, 636). Thou art a slanderer.
Nightshade (Atropa Belladonna, 588). Death.
Nightshade (Solanum nigrum, 577). Skepticism.
TW LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 321
Oak (Quercus, 642). Tliou art honored above all.
Oat (Avena sativa, 790). Thy music charms me.
Oleander (Ncrium Oleander, 590). The better part of valor is discretion.
Olive (Olea, 599). Emblem of peace.
Orange FJowers (Citrus Aurantium, 274). Bridal festivity.
Ox-eye Daisy, or Whiteweed (Leucanthemum, 458). Be patient.
Parsley (Apium petroselinum, 388). Thy presence is desired.
Passion-flower (Passifldra, 363). Let love to God precede all other love
Pea (Pisum sativum, 303). Grant me an interview.
Peach blossom (Persica vulgaris, 328). Preference.
Pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides, 544). Flee temptation.
Peony (Paeonia, 212\ A frown.
Pepper (Capsicum, 578). Your wit is too keen for friendship
Periwinkle (Vinca, 589). Remember the past.
Phlox (567). Our souls are one.
Pine, Pitch (Pinus rigida, 660). Time and philosophy.
Pine, White (Pinus strobus, 660). High-souled patriotism.
Pink, Single Red (254). A token of pure and ardent love.
Pink, Single White (Dianthus caryophyllus, 254). Artlessness .
Pink, Variegated (254). Frank refusal.
Poppy, Red (Papaver Rheas, 224). Oblivion is the cure.
Poppy, White (Papaver somniferum, 224). 'Twixt life and death.
Primrose (Primula grandiflora, 502). Confidence.
Primrose, Evening (OSnothera, 352). Inconstancy.
Quince (Cydonia, 333). Beware of temptation.
Rocket (Hesperus, 234). Thou vain coquette !
Rose Bud. Thou hast stolen my affections.
Rose, Burnet (Rosa pimpinellifolia, 337). Gentle and innocent.
Rose, Cinnamon (R. cinnamomia, 335). Without pretension. Such as I
am receive me. Would I were more for your sake. Rose, Damask (R. damascena, 336). Blushes augment thy beauty. Rosemary (Rosmarinus, 550). Remember me. Rose, Moss (R. centifolia, B., 886). Thou art one of a thousand.
14*
322 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.
Rose, White (R. alba, 33G). My heart is free.
Rose, White, withered (33G\ Transient impressions. [you.
Rose, Wild (R. nitida, 335). Simplicity. Let not this false world deceive
Rue (Ruta, 283). Disdain. [virtues.
Sage (Salvia, 548). There is nothing lovelier in woman than the domestic
Snap-dragon (Antirrhinum, 519). Thou hast deceived me.
Snow-ball (Viburnum Opulus, 397). Thou livest a useless life.
Snow-drop (Galanthus, 694). I am no summer friehd. [friend.
Sorrel (Polygonum acetosella, 606). Ill-timed wit. A jester is a dangerous
Speedwell (Veronica, 526^. My best wishes.
Spiderwort (Tradescantia, 727). You have my esteem ; are you content ?
Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum, 710). Look heavenward.
Stock (Matthiola, 229). Too lavish of smiles.
Sumac (Rhus, 283). Splendid misery.
Sweet Pea (Lathyrus odoratus, 304\ Must you go ?
Sweet-scented Shrub (Calycanthus, 345). Benevolence. [villain too.
Sweet William (Lychnis chalcedonica, 257). A man may smile and be a
Thistle (Cirsium, 467). Misanthropy.
Thorn Apple (Datura, 581). Thou scarcely hidest thy guilt.
Thyme (Thymus, 547). The prize of ^artue.
Tulip, Variegated (Tulipa, 707). Thy spell is broken.
Tulip, Yellow (707). I dare not aspire so high.
Venus' Looking-glass (Specularia, 479). Flattery hath spoiled thee.
Vervain (Verbena hastata, 537). I see thy arts, and despise them.
Violet, Blue (Viola cucullata, 243). Faithfulness. I shall never forget.
Violet, White (V. blanda, 242). Retirement. I must be sought to be found,
Virgin's Bower (Clematis, 200). Filial affection.
Wall-flower (Cheiranthus, 232). A friend in need is a friend indeed.
Water Lily (Nymphsea odorata, 220). Be silent.
Weeping Willow (Salix Babylonica, 655). Mourning for friends departed.
Zinnia (444). To the prude.