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LEPIDOPTEKA INDICA.

Sub-family PIERINiE (cotdi in.icd)

Genus LADE.

Lade, de Niceville, Jo urn. Bombay Nat. Hint. Soc. 1898, p. 153.

Male. Forewmg triangular, costa much arched towards the end, apex some- 0
wliat falcate, exterior margin crenulatecl anteriorly; cell broad, llindiving
triangularly-oval, very convex exteriorly. No tufts of hair present at base of the
anal clasps ; a lengthened rigid introinittent organ generally exserted.

LADE LALASSIS.

Plate 551, fig. 1, la y {Wet-season Brood), lb, e £ (Dry-season Brood).

Pieris Lalassis, Grose-Sraith, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 265; id. Bhop. Exot. ii. P. pi. 2,
fig. 1, 2, 3 $ (1889).

HvposcriUa Lalassis, Adamson, List Bunn. Butt. 1897, p. 44.

Hyposcritia Lalassis , Butler, Ann. Nat, Hist, 1898, p. 395.

Lade Lalassis , de Niceville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 153.

Pieris Indroides, Honrath, Bei l. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p, 403 (woodcut fig.).

Iliposcritia Lucasi, var. Lalassis, Fruhsfcorfer, Deufcs. Ent. Zeit. 1902, p. 284.

Wet-season form . Male. Upperside greyish-white. Forewing with the costa
narrowly edged with grey-black scales ; a broad black-scaled apical-marginal band
decreasing much in width, to or near the lower median veinlet, its inner edge being*
more or less defined, and irregular from below the subcostal; a small more or less ill-
defined black-scaled discal spot between the upper and middle median veinlet, and a
smaller blacker spot on middle of the lower discocellular veinlet. Hind/wing unmarked.
Underside, or owing with the apical band irrorated with brownish-ochreous scales,
the discal and discocellular spot prominently black, the latter larger than on upper-
side. Hindwing irrorated with brown scales, and traversed by an ill-defined
darker-scaled discal and a sub marginal zigzag fascia.

Female. Unknown.

Expanse, c? 3 to 3^ inches.

von. vii. September 19th, 1905. B

0

LEP1DOPTERA IN DIG A.

Dr y-season Form . Male. Upperside. For owing with a much narrower black-
scaled apical-marginal band, and a more or less obsolescent discal spot, the latter
being sometimes quite obsolete ; the discocellular black spot much smaller. Under¬
side similar to ivet-season form, the apex of forewing , and the hindwing, being much
paler brown scaled.

Female. Unknown.

Expanse, S 2\ to 2\ inches.

Habitat.— Lower Burma ; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula.

Distribution. —The type specimens described and figured by Mr. H. Grose-
Smith were taken by Col. C. H. E. Adamson at Thoungya Sekkan, Upper Tenasserim,
who writes “numerous specimens were taken by me on April 24th ” (List p. 44).
Col. Adamson also obtained specimens in the same locality on February 18th. We
have examined the types, and other specimens, both of the wet and dry form., and we
find that all prove to be males, as is evidently the fact by their having the intromittent
organ exserted at base of the anal valves. In Mr. Grose-Smith’s collection is a
male of the wet form, taken by Mr. T. C, Hauxwell in April, in the Dounat Range,
Middle Tenasserim; Dr. Leonarda Fea obtained it in the Karen Hills.

The type of Indroides , Hagen, is recorded from Perak, Malay Peninsula.

Genus CATOPHAGA.

Catophaga, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 93 (1816). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon i. p. 131 (1881).

Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 395.

Tackyris (group A. pt.) Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 363.

Applets (pt.), Distant, Iihop. Malayana, p. 310 (1885).

Appias (sect. Catophaga , pt;^ Watson, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1894, p. 499.

Imago. —Male. Forewing triangular, apex obtusely pointed ; costal vein
extending a little over half length of the margin; first subcostal branch emitted at
one-third and second at one-fifth before end of the cell, the third bifid, the fourth at
one-fourth before the apex, the fifth (or upper radial) at one-fifth beyond the cell;
upper and lower discocellular concave, the lower radial from their angle; middle
median branch at one-fourth and low r er median beyond one-half before end of the
cell; submedian vein recurved. Hind-wing triangularly-oval; exterior margin
oblique, very convex anteriorly, anal angle somewhat prolonged; precostal vein
short, curved; subcostal somewhat bent at the base of precostal; first subcostal at
one-tliird before end of the cell; discocellulars very oblique, nearly straight; middle
median at one-fifth, lower at one-third before end of the cell ; submedian vein
straight, internal much recurved. Body moderate ; thorax stout, hairy above; palpi
hairy beneath, extending half beyond the eyes, third joint long, slender ; legs long,

PIERINAE.

3

slender. Antenna 3 with a rather short flattened club. Anal valves with a basal
lateral-tuft of hairs beneath ; intromittent organ usually exsertecl.

Type. —C. Paulina.

CATOPHAGA WAEDII.

Plate 552.

Catophaga Wctrdii, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 1884, p. 43, £ ?. Hampson, Journ. As. Soc.

Beng. 1888, p. 362. Watson, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1894, p. 499. Butler, Ann. Nat.

Hist. 1898, p. 898. Fruhstorfer, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1902, p. 288.

Appias (Catophaga ) Ward'd, Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 574.

Appias Wardii, de Nieeville, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1900, p. 256.

Wet-season Brood (Plate 552, tig. 1, la A > lb, c ? ).

Male. Upperside greyish-white. Forewing with a broad black apical marginal
band extending outwardly from middle of the costa to the submedian at the
posterior angle, the inner edge of the band is excavated angularly outward beyond the
cell beneath the lower subcostal veinlet to the upper median, and is then concave
between the middle and lower median, below which the band is imperfect and
decreasingly terminates at the submedian ; the band is traversed by a curved subapical
row of five white spots ; basal area of the wing broadly grey and sparsely speckled
with minute black scales along base of the costa. Hindwing with the outer marginal
series of broad more or less confluent dentated black spots decreasing in size and
width from the apex, the anal area being slightly speckled with black scales ; basal
area pale grey scaled. Underside. Forewing greyish-white ; apex pale yellow, with
a black narrow subapical band extending from middle of the costa to posterior angle
as on upperside. Hindwing uniformly pale yellow throughout.

Female. Upperside greyish-white. Forewing with a broader bub similar
excavated black outer band than in male, the posterior end being entirely black to
the submedian vein, the band with three upper subapical white spots, the two lower
minute or absent; basal area also darker grey and blackish scaled. Hindwing with
a broader continuous black outer marginal band, its inner-edge acutely dentated, and
inwardly broadly bordered from the lower subcostal veinlet to abdominal margin
with greyish-black scales. Underside. Forewing with the discal area white, the
base pale yellow-tinged, the apex glossy greyish-white, the curved black band
broader and more prominent tliau in the male. Hindwing glossy greyish-white, the
outer border darkest, the costal edge tinged with pale yellow.

Expanse, <? 2^ to 3, ? 2^ to 2 inches.

Dry-season Brood (Plate 552, fig. Id, e, f, g k, i ?).

Male. Upperside of a whiter tint than the ivet form. Fureimig with the black

b 2

4

LKPID OPTERA INBIG A,

band much less prominent, its apical and lower portions being more or less speckled
with white scales, and its inner portion (in extreme dry specimens narrower, cts in our
figure f) ; the subapical white spots less defined, and the upper three more or
less elongated; basal area also less grey-scaled. Findwing with the marginal
dentate spots much less defined, these being speckled and narrow, showing only at
the end of the upper veinlets or are obsolescent, and in extreme dry specimens (fig. f.)
absent. Underside. Forewing with the subapical band much less defined, narrower,
the basal portion more or less obsolescent, and in extreme dry specimens (our fig. Ig)
obsolete, the apical area and hindwing paler yellow tinted.

Female. Upperside. Fore/wing with the outer band somewhat narrower than
in 7 vet form, and less intensely black, five subapical white spots being present; the
basal grey area also narrower. Findwing with narrower marginal black dentated
band. Underside. Forewing similar to the wet form, except that the black band is
much narrower and less black. Fd/ndwi/ng very faintly tinged with pale yellow
throughout.

Expanse, c? 2fi 0 to 2^, ? 2 x - 0 inches.

FIabttat.—S outh India.

Distribution. —This species is confined to South India. The type specimens
were obtained by the late Mr. S. N. Ward at Kunur, Nilgiris. Mr. G. F. Hampson
records it from the Nilgiris (J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, 362). Messrs. Davidson and
Aitken obtained “ a few specimens, chiefly in the Southern parts of the Kanara
District 55 (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896, 574).

Of our illustrations on Plate 552, fig. 1, la, b, c, are from a male and female of
the Wet-season form, Id, e, from a male, and h, i, from a female of the Dry form ;
fig. If, g, from a male of the extreme dry form from S. India, this latter specimen
being erroneously figured in Lep. Ceylon i. pi. 50, fig. 3, as the male of Neombo.

CATOPHAGA ADAMSONI.

Plate 551, fig, 2, 2a g, 2b, c ? ( Wet-season Brood) ; 2d, e g (Extreme d.y Brood).

Wet-season Brood (Plate 551, lag. 2, 2a ^, 2b, c $ ).

Male. Upperside similar to the S. Indian 0 . Wardii. Forewing comparatively
more obtuse at the apex than in the male of that species, the apical band somewhat
narrower posteriorly, its anterior inner portion also narrower, and its inner costal
portion paler grey-scaled, the four subapical white spots more imvardly positioned ;
basal area also less broadly grey-scaled. Find wing with the outer marginal row of
black, disconnected, well-formed dentate spots.

Underside. Similar to wet form of G. Wardii , except that, on the fore wing, the
subapical black band is incomplete and ill-defined.

PIERIN JE.

5

Female. Upperside somewhat similar to ivet form of Wardii. Forewing with
the black outer band extending broadly to the extreme posterior margin, the sub-
apical white spots placed less ontwardly-oblique. Hindwing with a broad black
entirely-continuous outer band; costal and basal area slightly flushed with pale
yellow. Underside. Foreunng with the black subapical band somewhat narrower
than in wet Wardii; basal area and apical edge yellow-tinted. Hindwing white, the
veins, costa and extreme outer margin slenderly edged with yedlow ; traversed by a
slightly black-scaled submarginal narrow zigzag fascia, the outer margin being
slightly glossy greyish-white.

Expanse, S 2f, ? 2f inches.

Pry -season Brood.

Male. Upperside. Foreunng similar to the above described wet form, but with
somewhat narrower black outer band (which is also narrower than in the dry form
o£ Wardii); the subapical spots larger. Hindwing with small ill-defined marginal
decreasing spots, or short slender streak at end of the upper veins. Underside
paler than in wet form. For earing with the discal black quadrate spot only present.

Female. Upperside. For owing with duller and comparatively narrower black
outer band than in above described wet form, the subapical white spots less distinctly
formed. Hindiving with a duller black marginal continuous band. Underside.
Forewing with narrower subapical black band than in above wet, form. Hindwing
uniformly white.

Expanse, c? 2^ to 2^, ? 2^ 0 inches.

Extreme Pry-season Brood (PJate 551, fig. 2d, e (J).

Male. Upperside. Forewing similar to but with a less prominent black outer
band, its inner edge bordering the upper subapical spots being partly obliterated.
Hindwing with a very few almost invisible minute blackish scales at end of the upper
veins. Underside similar to the ordinary dry form, the discal black quadrate spot
on forewing being smaller.

Female. Upperside. Forewing very similar to the male. Hindwing with a few
distinct black scales at end of the upper veins. Underside with the apex of fore wing,
and the entire hindwing much paler, almost white. Forewing with the discal black
spot only present.

Expanse, <$ ? 2^ inches.

Habitat.-— Burma ; Upper Tenasserim.

Disteibution. —Specimens of both sexes of the wet-season form, taken in April,
in the Thoungying Yalley, Upper Tenasserim, by Mr. T. A. Hauxwell are in Mr.
H, Grose-SmitlTs Collection. A male of the dry-season form, taken in the Dounat

6

LIE PI D OPT ERA IN DIO A,

Range, Upper Tenasserim, by Col. C. T. Bingham, and from Muong Gnow, Shan
States, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s Collection. A male of the dry form, taken in
Rangoon, is in Col. C. Swinhoe’s Collection ; a female of the dry form (above
described) was taken in Arrakan in November by Col. C. H. E. Adamson. A male
of the extreme-dry season form, taken at Hlaingbeoo, Arrakan, in February, is in
Col. C. H. E. Adamson’s Collection, and a female from Muong Grnow, Shan States,
is in Mr. W, Rothschild’s Collection.

Of our illustrations on Plate 551, fig. 2. 2a is from the wet season male, fig. 2b,
c, from the met season female, both taken in April by Mr. Flauxwell ; fig. 2d, e, is
from the extreme dry form taken in February by Col. Adamson.

OATOPHAGA GALATHEA.

Plate 553.

Pieris Galathea , Peltier, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. xii. p. 485, g (18G2) ; id. Reise Novara Lep. ii, p. 165
(1865).

Tacky ris Galathea } Wallace, Trans. But. Soc. 1867, p. 371.

Applets Galathea , Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 591.

Tachyris Paulina , yar. Galathea , Wood-Mason and de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 237 ;
id Z.c. 1882, p. 18.

Catopkacja Roepstorfii , Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 44, $. Watson, Journ. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soc 1894j p. 499,

Wet season Brood (Plate 553, fig. 1, la £, lb, c $ ).

Male. Upperside greyish-white. Foreivmg with the costal base and basal area
sparsely dark grey scaled, the costal edge from about its middle and the outer marginal
edge to below the middle median veinlet black lined, the apical border with a more or
less defined denticulated black-scaled decreasing band (in some specimens wider than
in our figure 1), and also a few black scales forming a small patch near the base of
lower subcostal veinlet; between the upper and middle median is a more or less defined
cluster of black scales. Hindiving unmarked. Underside. Forewing with the outer
discal area greyish-white; the base, costa, and apex tinged with very pale sulphur-
yellow ; the lower cluster of black scales present as on the upper side. Hindwing
tinged with very pale ochreous-yellow.

Female. Upperside greyish-white. Forewing with the costal base and basal
area darker greyish-black scaled, a broad black normal-shaped outer-marginal band
extending from middle of costa to posterior augle, and traversed by a series of five white
spots, the upper one slender or indistinct, these spots sometimes being very slightly
pale yellow-tinted, Hindwing with a black outer-marginal continuous dentated band.
Underside. Forewing with the discal area greyish-white, basal area pale yellow, a

PlEBINsE .

7

narrow black normal-shaped subapical band paling inward to the middle of the costa,
the apical area being deep ochreous-yellow. Plindwing uniformly deep ochreous-

yellow.

Expanse, S ? 2^ to 2^ inches.

Dry-season Brood (Plate 553, fig. Id, e g, If, g 5 ).

Male. Upperside similar to the wet season form, except on the foreiving , the
apical bordering black scales and the lower cluster of scales are obsolescent or
absent. Underside similar, the cluster of scales on forewing more or less
obsolescent.

Female. Upperside. Foreioing with the outer black band and the subapical
white spots as in the Wet season form, or, the band is slightly broader and the series
of spots more medially disposed. Hindwing with similar black marginal continuous
band, or a variable macular band composed of smaller decreasing spots.

Underside. Both wings greyish- white. Forewing with the base sulphur-yellow,
the subapical black band somewhat broader and the apical area greyish.

Expanse, 3 2p~ 0 to 2^, ? 2p 0 inches.

Habitat. —Nicobars ; Andamans.

Distribution. —The type specimen, in the Berlin Museum, is recorded by
Dr. Felder from the island of Sambelong, Nicobars. Messrs. Wood-Mason and
de Niceville record it from Nankowri and Katschall, and Great Nicobar Island (lx.
1882, 18). Prof. B. Meldola obtained it at “ Sambelong ” (P.Z.S. 1877, 591). A
male in the British Museum is labelled “ Kamorta.” Col. C. Swinhoe has both
sexes from Katschall, and a female from Port Blair, Andamans, the latter taken by
Mr. Wimberley. Col. C. T. Bingham has recently received it from the Nicobars and
the Andamans.

GATOPHAGA PAULINA.

Plate 554.

Papilio Paulina , Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 110, fig. E, F $ (1779). Herbst, Nat. Schmett. v. p. 82,
pi. 91, fig. 1, 2 $ (1792) ; dry form. Eabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 189 (1793).

Cato pi tag a Paulina Hiibner, Yerz. bek. p. 93 (1816).

Thycct Paulina , Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B.M. p. 205 (1869).

Appias Paulina , de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1899, p. 217.

Gatophaga lanlmpura , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 142, g 9 ; id. Lep. of Ceylon i. p. 133,
pi. 50, fig. 4, 4a (f, pi. 51, fig. 1, la $ (1881); wet form.

Gatophaga Galene, Moore, Lep. Ceylon i. p. 132, pi. 51, fig. 2 , 2 a $ ? (1881); dry form.

Wet-season Brood (Plate 554, fig. 1 , la lb, c ?).

Male. Upperside greyish-white. Forewing with a narrow costal and a broad
apical ill-defined blackish-scaled marginal band, the latter attenuating posteriorly

8

LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

and ending beyond the lower median veinlet, its inner edge being sinuated; a few
paler scales are contiguously clustered between the upper and middle median.
Hindiving with a more or less slightly-defined marginal small cluster of blackish
scales at end of the veins. Underside. Forewing white, the costal border narrowly
and the apex broadly pale ochreous-yellow. Hindiving uniformly pale ochreous-
yellow.

Female. Upperside greyish-white, the hindwing being very faintly tinted
with pale yellow. Foreiving with a broad intense black outer marginal band,
traversed by four subapical white spots—the upper one being slender and less
distinct; the band curves angularly outward from within upper end of the cell to
the middle median veinlet, below which it is deeply excavated to the lower median,
and then terminates broadly outward to the posterior angle ; base of wiug and costal
base dark grey scaled. Hinchving with a moderately broad black outer marginal
sinuous-edged band, the anal area and base of wing being irrorated with dark grey
scales. Underside. Foreiving with a broad black normal-shaped subapical band, its
inner-edge as on the upperside; the discal area greyish-white, the base and costal
edge pale yellow tinted, the apex bright ochreous-yellow. Hindiving bright ochreous-
yellow, traversed by a somewhat zigzag blackish-scaled broken submarginal fascia.

Expanse, cf ¥ 2f 0 to 2^ inches.

Dry-season Brood (Plate 554, fig. Id, e If, g $ ).

Male. Upperside. Forewing with a narrower outer-marginal band than in the
wet form, the cluster of scales between the upper and middle medians absent. Hind-
wing with less apparent marginal tip to the veins. Underside with the apex of
foreiving , and the entire hindiving of a much paler yellow.

Female. Upperside similar to the wet form. Underside. Foreiving with
similar black band, the apex being pale bluish-grey. Hindiving very faintly tinted
with glossy pale yellow, and the outer margin with pale glossy bluish-grey, and—in
some specimens-—portions of the submarginal clusters of scales are very slightly
apparent.

Expanse, S 2f 0i ? 2 x - 0 to 2^ inches.

Habitat. —Ceylon.

DistkibdtiojS. —-Cramer gives “ Coromandel and Java” for his types of
Paulina ; his figures, however, agree only with the dry-season form of our present
species, consequently his localities are erroneous. This species is confined to Ceylon.
Mr. L. de Niceville writes that “it is found all over the Island, but is more common
at the commencement of the monsoons than at any other times, when it migrates in
immense swarms. Strangely enough it has never been bred” (J. As. Soc. Bengal,
1899, 217). Capt. Wade obtained'it in the “Western and Central Provinces, both

PIEMENM.

9

in the Plains and up to 6,000 feet, in open ground and forest, being much more
common in the Hills than in the Plains. It has a very rapid and long flight. 95 Mr.
F. M. Mackwood found it ec most abundant in low country and up to 4,000 feet.
It is found all the year round. In the up-country flights, this species forms a third
or half of the whole number ; on a sunshiny day thousands will pass by in an hour.
When the flight is over, they are to be found congregated on damp spots in the open
sunshine in great numbers. I have seen quite 100 within the diameter of twelve
inches 55 (Lep. Ceylon, i. 133). Mr. T. A. Mann (referring to this species as Galena)
writes : “ I observed this butterfly migrating in thousands across the northern part of
the Island during March and April, 1859, in a direction from N.E. to S.W. The
movement commenced about 7 a.m., and lasted until noon, when it decreased, and
was renewed in the afternoon for another two hours 55 (Proc. Linn. Soc. London,
June, 1895).

CATOPHAGA GALENE.

Plate 555.

Pieris Galene, Felder, Feise Novara Lep. ii. p. 165, g (1865).

Tackyris Paulina (pt.), Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 369.

Catophaga Neombo, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 131, pi. 50, fig. 3, a, b ? (nee fig. 3) A

Catophaga Venusta , Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i, p. 132, pi. 51, fig. 3 $ (1881). Dry form.

Catophaga albina (pt.), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 397.

Appias albina , de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1899, p. 217, nec Boisd.j

Plate 555, fig. 1, la, b g, lc, d, li, i $ .

Male. Upperside greyish-white. Forewing with the base of costal border and
basal area very slightly grey-scaled, the apical border very slenderly sinuously-edged
with dusky-grey scales, or these scales are absent (as in fig. lb). FLindwing un¬
marked, or the upper veinlets marginally ended with a few dusky grey scales.
Underside. Forewing with the apical area, and the entire hindwing, washed with
very pale ochreous-yellow.

Female. Trimorphic . Form I. (wet season , fig. lc, d, h, i.) Upperside with the
ground-colour of both wings yellow, that of the forewing being of a more or less
pale lemon-yellow tint, and the hindwing of an ochraceous tint. Forewing with the
basal area and base of costa broadly dusky-grey scaled ; a broad black outer band
extending from middle of the costa and decreasing hindward to the posterior angle,
its inner upper edge being outwardly-obKque and angled beyond the upper end of
the cell and again at upper median veiniet, below which it is excavated to the

* This fig. 3 was taken from a South Indian specimen in our Collection, which we then mistook to be the
male of this species, but have now proved it to be the extreme-dry form of C. Wardii , and as such we have
described it and rtfigured it on our.Piate 552 (fig. If, g).

f The true albina of Boisduval (Spec. Gen. p. 480) is an allied species from Amboina.

VOL. VII.

C

10

LEPIDOPTERA IN El CA,

lower median, and thence decreases outwardly to the posterior angle; the band
is traversed by four yellow subapical spots and sometimes an upper fifth speckled
spot is also apparent, the entire series vary in size, the larger series (fig. h) being
more inwardly positioned. Hindwing with a black outer marginal dentated
continuous or macular band, and in some specimens with the continuous band
there are submarginal clusters of minute black scales. Underside. Foreiving
with the discal area pale lemon-yellow as on upperside, the basal and apical
area deep ochreous-yellow ; the subapical normal-shaped black band narrow, either
prominent or ill-defined. Hindwing uniformly deep ochreous-yellow.

Expanse, d 2f 0 , ? 2 ^-q to 2^ 0 inches.

Form II. (Plate 555, fig. le, f, g), dry-season . Upperside. Both wings with
the ground-colour greyish-white, the hindwing with very faint traces of pale yellow
along extreme outer margin. Foreiving with the black outer band similar, the sub¬
apical spots being white and comparatively more medially positioned. Hindwing
with the black marginal band more macular and in some specimens decreasingly
smaller. U nderside white, the hind wing being very faintly glossy yello wish-tinged and
with a pale greyish outer marginal border. Forewing with the base faintly pale yellow
tinged, the apex pale grey, the black subapical band more curved on its outer edge.

Expanse, 2 x - 0 inches.

Form III. (Plate 555, fig. Ij, k ?), extreme dry season . Upperside. Both wings
with the ground-colour greyish-white, their black markings, and apical white spots
on the forewing, disposed as in the yellow form, fig. 111 . Underside greyish-white,
the hindwing glossy and very faintly tinged with pale yellow, and the outer border
pale grey tinged. Foreiving with the black band slender and ill-defined, the apex
glossy pale grey and outwardly edged with pale yellow.

Expanse, 2^ 0 to inches.

Habitat. —Ceylon.

Distribution.— Capt. Hutchison records it as being found in the Hills of the
Central Provinces, from 3,000 to 6,000 feet elevation, in open places in forest,
generally in company with the preceding species, the yellow variety being found with
the white one, but less common. Mr. F. M. Mackwood obtained it “ in the Hills from
2,500 and principally up to 4,000 feet. It is found in abundance in the early months
of the year, taking part in the large annual flights of butterflies ” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 131).
Mr. L. de Niceville writes, “ It is particularly common in Ceylon, occurring wherever
Paulina is found and at the same seasons ” (J. A. S. Beng. 1899, 217).

Of our illustrations on Plate 555, fig. 1, la is from a wet season male; lb, the
male type of Felder’s Galene —now in Mr. Walter Rothschild’s Collection ; fig. lc, d,
and h, i, yellow females of the wet form; fig. le, f, g, white females —dry season
form, and fig. Ij, k, extreme dry female.

PIERINsE.

11

CATOPHAGA SWINHOEI.

Plate 556, fig. 1, larva and papas, la, b, c ; Id, e, f, g, li, i, j $ .

I

Appias Ares (pt.), Swinhoe, Proc. Zook Soc. 1885, p. 138 $ ; Moore, Lep. Indica, vi. p. 205, pi. 542,
fig. 3 $ (1905).

Gatopkaga Paulina, T&ylor, Butt, of Orissa, p. 15 (1888).

Catophaga Neombo , Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 362.

GatopJiaga Lankapura , Watson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1890, p. 268.

Appias Neombo, Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896, p. 574 ; de Niceville, Journ.
As. Soc. Bengal, 1900, p. 254.

Both sexes smaller than O. Daradct. Male (fig. la, b, c). Upperside. Fore¬
wing greyisli-white, apical marginal band narrower and less defined. Hindwing
unmarked. Underside •with the apex of forewing , and the entire liindvnng very
faintly tinted with pale yellow.

Female. Dimorphic. Form T. (fig. Id, e, f). Upperside greyish-white. Fore¬
wing with the black outer band somewhat narrower than in Darada, the subapical
white spots similarly disposed. Hindwing with the marginal black dentated band
also comparatively narrower and continuous, or sometimes macular. Underside.
Forewifg with greyish-white discal area, the basal area, costal and outer marginal
edge pale yellow, the normal-shaped black subapical band narrow, and the apical
area glossy pale grey. Hindwing glossy greyish-white, the basal and costal area
aud the outer edge slightly tinted with pale yellow.

Expanse, S 2 to 2/ 0 , ? 2f 0 to 2 X % inches.

Form II. (fig. lg, h). Smaller than in form I. Upperside. Forewing with the
outer band narrower, the subapical white spots less medially positioned. Hindwing

with the marginal band composed of smaller dentate spots. Underside similar to
form I.

Expanse, 2^, inches.

Form III. (fig. li, j). Upperside similar to form II. Underside. Forewing with
the apical area, and the entire liindvnng oclireous-yellow.

Expanse, 2 inches.

Larva. —Slender; dorsally and sublaterally clothed with fine short hairs; head
slightly hairy; a pale green dorsal, a pale yellow lateral, and a brown sublateral
stripe extending from head to anal segment; head and legs brown.

Pupa.— Head with a frontal point; thorax dorsally produced and angled ; basal
segments of abdomen broad and laterally angled. Colour pale green; wing cases
and a lateral oblique abdominal stripe pale yellow. (Described from Sir W. Elliot’s
drawing).

Habitat. —Southern India.

Distribution. —Col. C. Swinhoe has males from Ahmedabad, and Bisnuo’sur in

y o O

c 2

12

LEPIDOPTERA 1NDICA.

Griizerat, taken in December, and from Poona, taken in November, January, and
February, also male from N. Kanara, taken by Mr. Davidson, and a male from
Orissa (ex Coll, de Niceville). We possess a male from Poona taken in January by
Col. Swinhoe, both sexes from N. Kanara, taken by the late Mr. S. N. Ward, also
both sexes from the Nilgiris (ex. Coll. Hampson), and from Travancore. Capt. E. Y.
Watson records it (as Lanlmpura) from “Madras, taken in July and August 55 (lx.
p. 268). The larva of this butterfly was found by the late Sir W. Elliot at Elamane,
Madras, on November 25th, changing to pupa December 8th, and the imago
emerging December 17th, a coloured drawing being made of both larvae, pupae, and
imago, the latter agreeing exactly with our male (fig. la, b).

Of our illustrations on Plate 556, fig. 1, larvae and pupae, are copied from and
in the same positions as in Sir W. Elliot’s original drawing ; fig. la, b, from a male
taken at Poona in February, by Col. Swinhoe; fig. lc, from a S. Indian male ; Id, e,
from a Malabar female ; If, from a S. Indian female ; lg, h, from a Travancore
female; and li, j, from a female taken above the west Ghats by Mr. S. N. Ward.

CATOPHAGA DARADA.

Plate 557.

Pieris Darada , Felder, Reise Novara Lep. ii. p. 166, g (1865).

Catophaga Darada, de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1885, p. 50. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893,
p. 310.

Tachyris Paulina (var.), Wallace, Trane. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 370.

Catophaga Paulina et Neombo , Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 838,

Tachyris Paulina, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 418.

Catophaga Paulina , Rothney, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882, p„ 35. de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886,
p. 371; id. Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 169. Watsoo, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, p. 53.

Ajopias Paulina , Adamson, List Burmese Butt, p. 41 (1897). Watson, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc.
1897, p. 670.

Wet-season form (Plate 557, fig. 1, la <A, lb, c $).

Male. Upperside greyish-white. Fordoing with the costal border blackish-
grey speckled; an outer marginal black-scaled band decreasing hindward to beneath
the lower median veinlet, its inner-edge being distinctly sinuous ; basal area tinged
with pale grey. Hindwing with an outer marginal series of five black-scaled small
dentated spots. Underside. Forewing greyish-white, the basal area faintly tinged
with pale yellow, the apex very pale ochreous-yellow. Hindwing uniformly very
pale ochreous-yellow.

Female. Upperside greyish-wliite ; the hindwing extremely faintly tinged with
pale yellow. Foreioing with the basal area and costal base broadly blackish-grey
scaled ; a broad black outer marginal band extending from before middle of the costa
to posterior margin, the band being angled outward beyond lower end of cell and

FIERI NJE.

13

excavated between the middle and lower median, and traversed by a subapical series
of decreasing white spots, usually four, and sometimes an upper fifth is slenderly
apparent. Hindwing with the basal area dusky-grey scaled ; a moderately broad
black outer-marginal dentated band, which, in some specimens, has a few blackish
scales scattered between the posterior portions. Underside. Forewing basally
tinged with pale yellow", the apex clear ochreous-yellow, the normal-shaped black
subapical transverse band narrow. Hindwing uniformly clear ochreous-yellow.

Expanse, S 2^- 0 to 3, ? 2^ to 2 x - 0 inches.

Dry-season form (Plate 557, fig. Id <J, e, f $ ).

Male. Upperside. Forewing with the outer band comparatively narrower than
in wet form. Hindwing with the marginal spots small and slender. Underside
similar, the apex of forewing, and the hindwing paler.

Female. Upperside similar to wet female, both wings being uniformly greyish-
white. Underside. Forewing with the black subapical band slightly broader, the
apex being glossy pale grey. Hindwing glossy pale grey.

Expanse, S 2^ 0 to 2^, ? 2^ to 2^ inches.

Extreme dry form (Plate 557, fig. lg $, h, i 5 ).

Male. Upperside. Forewing comparatively more pointed at the apex, the apical
margin with narrower and less-defined, or obsolescent, blackish-scaled border. Hind-
wing unmarked. Underside similar to the ordinary dry form, the apex, and the
hindwing being somewhat brighter pale yellow tinted.

Female. Upperside greyish-white. Forewing with the^lack oulfer band some¬
what narrower than in the ordinary dry form, the white subapical spots less medially
disposed. Hindwing with the black marginal band macular and narrower.

Expanse, S 2-^j| to 2^, ? 2^ 0 inches.

Habitat. —Lower Sikkim ; Assam, Khasias, Silliet; Lower Bengal; Burma ;
Upper Tenasserim.

Distribution. —We possess both sexes of the wet-season form from Darjiling and
from Eastern Bengal; also female from BarrackpUr, near Calcutta, taken by Mr. J.
Rothney; males of the wet form from Lushai and Moulinein, Burma. Of the dry-
season form, we have males from Silhet, and Parisnath Hill, Lower Bengal, taken in
September by the late W. S.'Atkinson, and from Upper Tenasserim, also females
from Darjiling and Barrackpur; of the extreme dry form we have males from Moulmein.
Col. C. Swinhoe has the male of the wet form from Palene, Burma, a female
of the dry form from the Khasias, and Palene, and also extreme dry from Palene.
In Mr. Walter Rothschild’s Collection is a wet male from Dibrugarh, Assam. Mr.
H. Grose-Smith has a female of the dry form from Malda, Bengal, and extreme dry

14

LM PID OP TER A INDIO A.

from Burma [ex Coll. Hauxwell). Mr. H. J. Elewes writes, cc Moller notes it as rare
in Sikkim, in April and May, at the lowest elevations 55 (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 418).
The type specimen is recorded by Dr. Felder, from Silhet. Col. C. Swinhoe has
received specimens from the “ Khasia Hills ” [lx. 1893, 310). Mr. J. Wood-Mason
obtained cc seven males in forests in and around Silcuri, Cachar, from May 20th to
July 11th, a male on Nemotha Peak, 3,634 feet elevation, October 2nd; also twelve
females from May 20th to July 11th, and three females with the apex of forewing
and entire hindwing on underside rich ochreous, in June and July, around Silcuri ”
(J. As. Soc. Beng. 1887, 371). Mr. J. Rothney caught it in “ Barrackpur Park, near
Calcutta” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882, 35). Mr. L. de Niceville took u a single male in the
neighbourhood of Calcutta, in August” (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1885, 50). Capt. E. Y.
Watson records “ a single female taken at Loungat, in May, during the Chin-Lushai
Expedition of 1889-90” (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 53), also “a single specimen
in the Upper Chindwin District in May, and numerous specimens in the Hills, from
3,500 feet, during the rains” [lx. 1897, 670). Col. 0. H. E. Adamson obtained
cc numerous males, and one female, in November, in the Arakan Hills and in
Tenasserim ” (List Burm, Butt. 44). Dr. N. Manders probably refers to this species
[as T. Paulina ] being rare at Fort Stedman, Shan States, but common in the
Mono Yallev, in April” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 534).

Of our illustrations on Plate 557, fig. 1, la, are from a wet-season male from
Lushai, and lb, c, a female from Darjiling; fig. Id, from Felder’s male type, in Mr.
W, Rothschild’s Collection ; le, f, a dry-season female from Barrackpur ; fig. lg 5 a
male of extra-ivet form from Moulmein, and h, i, a female from Palene, Burma.

Indo-Malay Species. — Gatophaga Leis, Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett, fig.
771-2 ? (1832). Syn. Pieris Amasene, Boisd. Spec. Gen, Lep. p. 335, <$ (1836),
Pieris Alope, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 372, S. Habitat. Java.

Gatophaga Distanti (Appias Leis, Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 313, pi. 25. fig. 7 8,
6, 10 ? (1885). Catophaga Leis, de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 502.
Habitat , Malay Peninsula; Sumatra ; Borneo.

Gatophaga Agave (Pieris Agave, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1862, p. 286.
Appias Agave, Semper, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1875, p. 398 ; id. Reise Phil. Lep. ii. p. 247,
pi. 40, fig. 9-11, cj ? (1891). Habitat. Philippines.

Gatophaga Maria (Appias Maria, Semper, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1875, p. 40
id. Reise Phil. Lep. ii. p. 247, pi. 39, fig. 1-4, c? ¥ (1891). Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist.
1898, p. 398. Habitat. Luzon, Philippines.

Gatophaga, Mata (Tachyris Mata, Kheil, Lep, Ins. Nias, p. 34, pi. 4, fig. 21, 8
(1884). Habitat. Nias.

Gatophaga Semperi (Appias albina, Semper, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1875, p. 36, <5 ; id.
Reise Phil. p. 246, pi. 40, fig. 6, 7, 8, <S ? (1891). Habitat. Philippines.

PIPPIN AE.

15

CatojMiciga Neombo (Pieris Neombo, Boiscl. Spec. Clen. Lep. i. p. 539, ?, white
form (1836). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mas. E. I. Company, i. p. 72, pi. 2a, fig. 3, ? , yellow
form (1857). Type in Coll. C. Oberthur. Compared June, 1905. Agrees precisely
with White females from Sumatra and Borneo in our possession. A yellow female
from Borneo is in the Hewitson cabinet. Habitat . Sumatra; Borneo ; Java.

Genus SALETARA.

$ai,etara 3 Distant, Rhop. Mai ay ana, pp. 287, 316 (L885). Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 219 (1891).

Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 100.

Tachyris (group A, pt.) Wallace, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1867, pp. 312, 363.

Appias (sect, Gatophaga , pt.) Watson, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, p. 199.

Catophaga (group 3, Sccletara ), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 399.

Trigonia (pt.), Geyer, Hiibner’s Zutr. v. pp. 21, 35 (1837); preoccupied .

Male. Forewing triangular, costa long and almost straight, apex acutely pointed,
exterior margin very oblique ; third subcostal veinlet, normally, with a short
furcation (or fourth branch) at its apex, the latter being sometimes present on one
wing only, or, occasionally, absent Bindwing triangularly oval. Anal tufts long,
the valves also hairy above; intromittent organ sometimes exserted.

Type.— S. Distanti [Nathalia].

SALETARA CHRYSJEA.

Plate 558, fig, 1, la g, lb, c $ .

Scdetara Panda , subsp. Cliryscea , Fruhstorfer, Soc. Ent. 1903, p. 121; id. Stetfc. Ent. Zeit, 1901,
p. 348.

Male. Upperside, j Forewing white, the lower discal area very faintly tinted
with pale ochreous-yellow, becoming slightly darker along the posterior angle; base of
costal border and discal area greyish-black scaled, the apical costal-edge being black ;
outer margin with a narrow sinuafced black band, which is attenuated posteriorly
and ends beyond the lower median veinlet. Hindwing entirely ochreous-yellow,
without any marginal markings. Underside. Both wings ochreous-yellow.

Female. Upperside ochreous-yellow. Forewing with the base broadly greyish-
black scaled, the costal border from-about the middle and the outer border broadly
black. Hindwing with a broad black outer marginal sinuated band, the upper
portion being macular; basal area and lower discal area slightly greyish-black scaled,
the abdominal margin being white. Underside. Forewing pale yellow, the posterior
border being white j a black band curving outward from the third subcostal to the
posterior angle; the apical border, and outer margin narrowly, being pale yellow,
and enclosing a series of subapical white spots. Hind wing white; the costal and
outer border being very narrowly edged with pale yellow.

16

LEPIDOPTERA INDIO A.

Expanse, S 2J, ? inches.

Habitat.— Nicobar Islands. .

Described from specimens in Col. 0. T. Bingham’s Collection, taken on Great
Nicobar Island, March, 1904, by Mr. G. Rogers.

Ixdo-Malayan Species. —Saletara Distantly Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1898,

p. 400, S ? . Sal. Nathalia, Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 317, pi. 26, fig. 1,2, c? ? (1885).
Snellen, Mid. Sumatra, p. 8, ph 2, fig. 6-11 (1888). de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. 1895, p. 504. Tacliyris Nathalia, Wallace, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 369.
Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Singapore; Sumatra; Borneo.

Saletara Engania , Fruhstorfer, Soc. Ent. 1903, p. 124 ; id. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1904,
p. 203 ; id. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1904, p. 347. P. Panda, var. Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent.
1895, pi. 1, fig. 3, S. Habitat. Engano Island; Nias Island.

Saletara Panda (Pieris Panda, Godart, Encyc. Meth. ix. p. 147, S (1819).
Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. p. 485 (1836) ; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i.
p. 71 (1857). Trigonia Panda, Geyer, Hubner’s Zutr. v. p. 35, fig. 943-4, c? (1837).
Tachyris Panda, Wallace, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 368. Saletara Panda, Butler, Ann.
N. II. 1898, p. 400. Sign. Pieris sulphur ea, Vollenhoven, Monog. Pier. p. 32, pi. 4.
fig. 4, ? (1865). Habitat. Java.

Saletara Nathalia (Pieris Nathalia, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monat. 1862, p. 285),
Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 249, pi. 40, fig. 12, 13, ? (1891). Butler, Ann. Nat.
Hist. 1898, p. 400. Syn. Tachyris Panthea, Wallace, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 376, ¥.
Habitat. Philippines.

Genus TACHYRIS.

Tachyris (sect, C, pt.), Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, pp. 312, 316.

Tachyris , Scudcler, Proc. Amer. Acad. A. Sc. 1875, p. 274.

Trigonia , Geyer, Hubner’s Zutr. v. p. 21 (1837), preoccupied.

Male. Foretviug triangular; costa arched from the base, apex obtuse; third
subcostal furcated at one-fifth from the apex. Hindwing triangularly-oval, exterior
margin very convex. Anal tufts long.

Type. —T. Nero.

Habits. —Mr. H. O. Forbes (Wanderings Eastern Archipelago, p. 227) writes :
“ This species, as observed in Sumatra, is found in the open paths and sunny roads,
often flying in flocks of over a score, exactly matching in colour the fallen leaves,
which it was amusing to observe how often they mistook for one of their fellows at
rest, and to watch the futile attentions of an amorous male toAvards such a leaf
moving slightly in the wind.” Dr. L. Martin says “males are not rare in N.E.
Sumatra, in large forest, and frequent wet spots on roads. Females are very rare.
It is found throughout the year, and oA'er the whole of our area, except in the higher

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