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& b'ip

C47X
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Price 10s. plain, 15s. coloured, net.

LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

F. MOORE, D.SC.,

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COLHN.E.

65

separated from Ilecabe by Capt. Watson. We have figured the larva and pupa of
the' two species. Both species appear to be almost equally common in the
N. Kanara District. We have a specimen of Silhetana caught in October, in which
the ground-colour is pure white instead of yellow, the markings being normal ”
(J. Bombay N. H. S. 1896, 571).

Mr. L. de Niceville states that the larva of this species also feeds on <£ Poinciana
regia, N. 0. Leguminosse ” (J. A. S. Beng. 1900, 252).

Distribution.- —Col. C. Swinhoe possesses the type specimens of male and female
Wet form taken at Karwar, Kanara, and a male from Ooorg, also a female of the
Intermediate Dry form from Karwar. In our own possession is a male of both the Wet
and Dry form from the Nilgiris, and a male Dry form from Travancore ; also both
sexes of the Extreme Dry form from the Nilgiris, a male from Travancore, and a
female from Madras.

Of our illustrations on Plate 570, figs. 1, la are from the type male and female
Wet form from Karwar; lb from the male Intermediate form from the Nilgiris,
and lc from female bred by Mr. Aitken in October ; fig. Id, a male Dry form from
Travancore, and le, a female from the Nilgiris ; figs. 1, f, g, the male and female
Extreme Dry form, from the Nilgiris.

TERIAS CITRINA.

Plate 571, fig. 1, la, b, c, d, ? .

Terias Oitrina , Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 119, pi. 45, fig. 4, 4a, ? (1881)— Dry form.

Terias Silhetana (pt.), de Niceville, J. As. Soc. Peng. 1899, p. 213.

Wet form (fig. 1). Male. Upperside lemon-yellow. Forewing with the outer
marginal black band anteriorly broader than in Ceylon specimens of Hecabe , the
posterior end shorter and its inner edge outwardly oblique. Hindunng with a
moderately broad black outer band. Underside. Both wings with more or less
defined ordinary markings of Wet form. Foreivmg with three marks in the cell, in
addition to the discocellular. No subapical patch. Female. Not seen.

Expanse, 2 x - 0 inches.

Intermediate form (fig. la, ?). Male. Not seen. Female. Upperside.
Forewing with similar outer band to the Wet form. Hindwing with a broad black
outer marginal band. Underside with slightly-defined ordinary brown markings as
in Wet form. Forewing with a brown subapical patch.

Expanse, ? 2^ inches.

Dry form (fig. lb, c, <S ¥). Smaller than in Wet form. Male. Upperside.
Forewing with narrower outer marginal band, its posterior end much smaller.
Hindwing with a slender outer band. Underside. Both wings with similar
von. vn.—Nov. 5, 1906.

K

66

LEPID OP TER A INI) ICA.

ordinary markings to the Wet-form. Forewing with a more or less defined
subapical patch.

Female. Upperside. Forewing with a broader black outer band than in
male. Ilindwing with a much broader outer band than in male. Underside.
Both wings similar to male.

Expanse, <? ? 1^ 0 to l x - 0 inch.

Extreme Dry form (fig. d, ?). Male not seen. Female. Upperside. Forewing
with a broad black outer band, its posterior portion angled obliquely outward from
the lower median veinlet. Ilindwing with a moderately broad outer band.
Underside. Both wings with ordinary markings as in Dry form. Forewing with a
prominent almost complete quadrate apical brown patch.

Expanse, ? 2 inches.

Habitat. —Ceylon.

Of our illustrations on Plate 571, fig. 1 is from a icet -season male, and fig. la
the female of an intermediate form, both specimens being in Col. C. Swinhoe’s
Collection ; figs, lb, c, male and female Dry- season form, and fig. Id, of a female
Extreme Dry form, in our own possession.

TEEIAS KOTUNDALIS.

Plate 571, fig. 2, 2a ( Wet) ; 2b, e (Dry).

Terms rotundalis, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 120, pi. 46, fig. 1, la, b, $ $ (1881)— Wet form.

Terias Silhetana (pt.) de JSiceville, J. As. Soc. Eeng. 1899, p. 213.

Wet form (fig. 2,d, 2a, ? ). Male. Upperside bright yellow. Forewing with
the black outer band similar to, but comparatively narrower than in same sex of
uniforms , its posterior end slightly angled at the lower median veinlet. Hind wing
with a very slender outer marginal band, or it is indicated only by linear spots at
the vein tips. Underside pale yellow. Both wings with ordinary markings very
indistinct. No subapical patch on forewing.

Female. Upperside paler yellow. Forewing with broader outer band than in
male, the lower end larger and its inner edge extending obliquely outward.
Ilindwing with similar slender outer marginal line. Underside similar to the male.

Expanse, <S 1 X “ 0 to 1 x -q ; ? l x - 0 to 1 inch.

Dry form (fig. 2 b, c, S ?). Male. Upperside. Forewing with the outer band
comparatively broader than in male of Wet form. Hindwing with the outer band
slender and broken posteriorly. Underside. Both wings with distinct ordinary
marks. Forewing with a more or less distinctly formed subapical patch.

Female. Forewing with the outer black band broader throughout than in
male, its posterior inner end outwardly oblique. Hind wing with

a narrow

COLIINJE.

67

continuous outer band. Underside. Both wings with the ordinary marks, and the
subapical patch on forewing distinctly defined.

Expanse, S 1 to 1^ 0 ; ? 1^ inch.

Habitat. —Ceylon.

Of our illustrations on Plate 571, figs. 2, 2a are from the types of male and
female wet season form, in our possession; 2b of a dry-season form from Kandy,
in Col 0. T. Bingham’s Collection, and fig. 2c of a female dry form taken at
Pundaloya by Mr. E. E. Green, in our own collection.

TERIAS UNIEORMIS.

Plate 571, fig. 3, (Wet ); 3a, b, ? ( Dry ).

Terias mriformis , Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 120, pi. 46, fig. 2, 2a, b, g 5 (1881).

Terias Templetom , Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 218, £ Wet. Moore, l.c. iii. p. 531 (Wet).

Terias Silhetana (pt.), de Niceville, J. As. Soc. Beng. 1899, p. 213.

Wet form (fig. 3). Male. Upperside bright yellow. Forewing with the outer
band somewhat broader throughout than in male Wet rotundalis , its lower end
inwardly oblique. Hind wing also with the outer band broader and complete in its
entire length. Underside with the ordinary marks more distinct.

Expanse, c? 1 /q to 2 inches.

Dry form (fig. 3, a, b). Male. Upperside paler than in Wet. Both wings with
similar marginal band. Underside. Both wings with prominent ordinary brown
markings, and forewing with sabapicul patch. Female. Upperside. Forewing
with the marginal band similar to the male. Hindwing with the band similar
but less defined. Underside. Both wings with somewhat less defined ordinary
markings. Forewing with a brown, more or less complete, quadrate apical patch.

Expanse, 6 1^,9 lf 0 to 2 inches.

Habitat. —Ceylon.

Of our illustrations on Plate 571, fig. 3 is from the male type of TUeJ-season
form in our own possession ; 3a from a male dry -season form in Col. C. Swinhoe’s
Collection, and 3b, the female dry form in our own Collection.

TERIAS GRANDIS.

Plate 572, fig. 1, la, $ $ ( Wet ); lb, $ ( Dry ).

Wet form (fig. 1, la). Male. Upperside paler yellow than in male of Wet
form of Hecabe from the same localities. Foretoing with the black marginal band
comparatively broader at the apex, the posterior portion somewhat longer, and its
inner edge irregularly rounded and inclined obliquely inward, this latter portion
being much longer than in Wet Silhetana. Hind-wing with broader marginal band
than in Wet Hecabe. Underside. Both wings with indistinct ordinary Wet
markings. Forewing with three cell-marks and the discocellular.

K 2

68

LEP ID OPT ERA INDIGA ,

Female. Uppersicle. Foreiving with broad marginal band similar to male.
Hind wing with broader marginal band than in female Wet Hecabe . Underside.
Both wings with less defined ordinary markings than in male.

Expanse, S ? 2 inches.

Dry form (fig. lb). Female. Upperside. Forewing with the marginal band
as in Wet, except that the lower portion has its inner edge more outwardly oblique.
Hindwing with the marginal band not quite so broad as in Wet. Underside.
Foreiving with the discocellular and cell-marks more distinct than in Wet, and with
a more or less prominent subapical dark brown patch. Hindwing with distinct
basal, discocellular, and zigzag discal markings. Male not known.

Expanse, ? to 2^- inches.

Habitat. —Upper Bengal; Assam; Chittagong.

Distribution. —Col. C. Swinhoe possesses the male and female type specimens
of the TDciCseason form from the Kliasia Hills and Cherra Punji, Assam, and also a
female of the Dry form from Maldah, Upper Bengal, the latter taken in June by
Mr. Irvine. We possess a female dry- season form from Nowgong, Assam, taken
by Mrs. Span, and also a female from Chittagong taken in October. Col. C. T.
Bingham has a dry female from Shillong, Assam, which was reared from pupa, in
September, found on an Acacia tree.

Of our illustrations on Plate 572, figs. 1, la are from the types of male and
female Wet form, lb from female Dry form taken in Nowgong.

TEBIAS SILHETANA.

Plate 572, fig. 2 ( Wet ); 2a, b, $ ? (Dry) 5 2q, d, e (Extra Dry).

Terias Silhetana , Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1867, p. 321, £ (Extra jD ry), de Niceville, Sikkim
Gazetteer, 1894, p. 167.

Terias HeliojjJdla , Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 338, pi. 8, fig. 2, $ (Dry), Watson, Journ.
Bombay N. H. Soc. 1894, p. 511.

Wet form (fig. 2). Male. Upperside pale yellow. Fore wing with a broad
black outer marginal excavated band, the lower end much shorter than in Wet
qrandis , and its inner edge outwardly oblique. Hindwing with the outer band of
moderate but slightly varying width. Underside pale yellow. Forewing with three
cell-marks, discocellular mark, and also those on hind icing slightly defined. Female
not seen.

Expanse, S 2 inches.

Dry form (fig. 2a, <$ 2b, ? ) = Heliophila, Male. Upperside. Forewing with
the black band similar to Wet, its lower portion being smaller. Hind wing with the
band comparatively narrower. Underside with similar markings as in Wet form,
the forewing also having a more or less defined subapical patch.

COLIINxE.

69

Female. Upperside. Fore-tiring with the black band, throughout, wider than
in male. Hind wing with a broad outer band. Underside with the ordinary
markings, and also the subapical patch on the forewing more distinctly defined
than in the male.

Expanse, S 2, ? 2- 1 2 (J - inches.

Exm^tUe Dry form (fig* 2c, d, c? 2e ?) = Silhet ama. Male. Upperside. Fore¬
wing with the black band comparatively narrower than in the ordinary dry form, its
lower portion from the upper median veinlet being more or less slender, and in some
examples slightly angulated between the lower median and submedian. Hindwing
w T ith either a slightly indicated marginal thread, or a minute dot at end of the veins.
Underside. Both wings with distinct ordinary markings. Forewing with a prominent
brown almost completely filled-up quadrate apical patch, which has a short streak
extending from below its middle.

o

Female. Upperside. Fore/ring with the black marginal band comparatively
broader throughout than in male, its lower portion larger and more angled.
Hindwivg with a marginal slender broken thread. Underside. Similar to the male.

Expanse, c? lyu t° 2 inches, ? Ifjy inch.

Habitat. —Assam; Lower Sikkim.

Dr stb i but i on. —We possess males of the wet and dry season form from Assam,
taken by Dr. G. Watt, and both sexes of the dry form labelled, fic Nepal,” taken by
General G. Ramsay probably in Lower Sikkim; also male type of the Extra dry
form, named Sillietana , by Wallace. Col. C. Swinkoe lias males of the wet and dry
form from the Khasia Hills. Col. C. T. Bingham has males of wet and dry forms
from Shillong, Assam, and also males of the extra dry form from Sikkim.

Of our illustrations on Plate 572. fig. 2 is from a male wet- season form from
Silhet, Assam, in our Collection ; 2a from a dry form from Sikkim in Col. C.
Swinhoe’s Collection; 2b from a dry female from Sikkim, which we also possess;
2c from the Extra Dry male, from Silhet—this being the type specimen of Wallace’s
Silhetana , from specimens in our possession ; 2d, also a male of the extra dry form
from the Khasia Hills, and fig. 2d, the female of extra dry form, from Sikkim,
both of which are in Col. Swinhoe’s Collection.

TERIAS KANA.

Plate 573, figs. 1, la, £ ? (i IVet), lb, c, $ ? [Dry), Id, e, $ $ [Extra Dry).

Terias Kana , Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 48, pi. 4, fig. 9, g (Dry).

Terias Sodalis, Moore, lx. p. 45 (Extra Dry).

Terias Hecabe (var.), Watson, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896, p. 283.

Terias Kana et Sodalis (pt.), Butler, Ann. N. H. 1898, p. 73.

Wet form (fig. 1, la). Male. Upperside clear yellow. Forewing with the

70

i

LEPIDOPTERA IN DIO A

black outer marginal band somewhat broader throughout than in male of local

o O

HecQ.be. , its lower portion being also broader. Hindwing with the marginal band
twice as broad as in male of that species. Underside. Both wings with the
ordinary markings indistinct. Forewing with two cell-marks only in addition to
the discocellular.

Female. Upperside. Both wings with similar very broad outer marginal band,
as in male ; the band on the hind wing being broader than in female IJecabe .
Underside as in male, the ordinary markings more distinct.

Expanse, S ? 1^ 0 inch.

Intermediate form. Male. Upperside as in the Wet form. Underside with
the markings more distinct. Forewing with a slightly defined subapical patch.

Expanse, 1 no inch.

Dry form (fig. lb, c). Male. Upperside. Forewing with the outer marginal
band similar shaped to the Wet form, and somewhat narrower throughout.
Hinclwing with narrower outer band than in Wet form. Underside. Both wings
with distinctly formed brown ordinary markings, the discocellular mark broad and
triangularly dentate. Forewing with a prominent brown subapical patch.

Female. Upperside. Forewing with slightly broader outer marginal band
throughout than in male. Hindwing with the outer band half the width of that
in female Wet form. Underside similar to the male.

Expanse, S ? 1^ to inch.

Extreme Dry form (fig. Id, e) = sodalis . Male. Upperside. Forewing with
similar, but somewhat broader, outer band, to the Dry form. Hindwing also with
slightly broader outer band than in Dry. Underside with less-defined markings.
Forewing with a prominent brown quadrate completely filled-up apical patch, which
is dentate on its lower edge; a small slight brown streak is also present before the
posterior angle of the wing.

Female. Upperside. Forewing with the outer band similar to ordinary
Dry form. Hindwing with the band slightly broader. Underside, Both wings
with less defined markings than in Dry. Forewing with quadrate apical patch
as in the male, and also a small oblique dusky oblique streak before the posterior
angle.

Expanse, S ¥ l^o to 1|| inch.

Habitat.— Lower Burma; Tenasserim ; Mergui Archipelago.

Distribution.— We possess both sexes of the Wet form, from Rangoon, Pegu,
and a male of Wet form from Herizada, and co-type specimens of both sexes of the
Dry form {Kina) from Mergui, also co-types of both sexes of the Extra-Dry form
{sodalis) : Dr. J. Anderson obtained the types of Kaiia in “ Mergui in January on
King Island, in January and February, and on Elphinstone Island in March, also

Q0LI1NJE.

71

those of sodalis on King Island in February, and on Pataw Island in December”
(lx. pp. 44, 46).

Of our illustrations on Plate 573, figs. 1, la, male and female Wet form, from
Pangoon, Pegu ; lb, c, male and female Dry form co-types , from Mergui ; Id, e,
male and female Extreme Dry form, co-types of sodalis , from Mergui, taken in
February.

TERIAS ANDERSONIL

Plate 573, figs. 2, $ (Wet), 2a, b, ? {Dry).

Terias Andersoni 3 Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 47, pi. 4, fig. 8, g (Dry form). Watson,
Jo urn. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896, p. 282,

Wet form (fig. 2, S ). Male. Uppersicle. Forewing with the outer marginal
band moderately broad, the medial portion inclined slightly inward, and the lower
portion very slightly inclined obliquely-outward. Hindwing with a moderately
broad outer band. Underside with slightly defined ordinary markings. Forewing
with two cell-marks, basal obsolescent. Female not seen.

Expanse, S 1^ inch.

Dry form (fig. 2a, b). Male. Upperside similar to the Wet form. Underside
with the ordinary markings distinct. Forewing with a medial cell mark, and a
more or less well-defined subapical patch.

Female. Upperside paler. Forewing with slightly broader outer band. Hind-
wing with a moderately broad outer band. Underside similar to the male.

Expanse, S 1 ? 1 f 0 to 1 /- (J inch.

Habitat.— Mergui Archipelago.

Di stribution. —Dr. J. Anderson obtained the type specimens of both sexes on
“ Sullivan Island, Mergui, in January, and on Elphinstone Island in March” (lx.
p. 48). We possess a male of the Wet form, and co-type of both sexes of the Dry
form.

Of our illustrations on Plate 573, fig. 2 is from a male Wet form, and fiou
2a, b, co-types of male and female Dry form, in our possession.

TERIAS MERGUIANA.

Plate 573, figs. 3, {Wet), 3a. b, J ? (Dry), 3c, d, $ $ (Extr. Dry).

Terias Mergui ana, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 47, pi. 4, fig. 7, $ (Wet ).

Terias Hecabe (var.), Watson, Journ. Bombay PL H. Soc. 1896, p. 283.

Wet form (fig. 3, S }. Male. Uppersicle yellow. Fortwing with the outer
marginal band less angled at upper median than in Anclersoni, its posterior portion
curving obliquely outwrad. Hinclwitig with the band narrower. Underside. Both

J

LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

72

wings with slightly defined ordinary markings. Forgiving with two cell-marks.
Female not seen.

Expanse, c? lyk to 1 i 8 q inch.

Dry form (fig. 3a, b, 6 ¥). Male. Upperside similar to Wet form. Underside
with similarly defined ordinary markings. Forewing with pale ill-defined brownish
subapical patch.

Female. Upperside. Forewing with the outer band comparatively broader
than in male, its lower portion somewhat longer and distinctly curved outward.
Hindwing with the outer band slightly broader than in male. Underside with
the ordinary markings, and subapical patch as in male.

Expanse, c? ? l-^o inch.

Extreme Dry form (fig. 3c, d, #?). Male. Upperside. Forewing with the
outer band similar to the ordinary Dry form, its lower portion slightly smaller.
Hindwing with the band slender and almost macular. Underside. Both wings
with similar ordinary markings to the Dry form. Forewing with three cell-marks,
and a broad brown almost completely filled-up quadrate apical patch, with a
short dentation from below its middle.

Female. Upperside. Forewing with the outer band slightly narrower than in
ordinary Dry female, its lower portion being much smaller. Hindwing with the
outer band slender. Underside with the ordinary markings more defined, the apical
quadrate patch on forewing, as in the male, but less complete.

Expanse, <$ lx 0 - to 1 -^q, ¥ 1-*$ to 2 inches.

Habitat.— Burma; Tenasserim ; Mergui Archipelago.

Distribution. —Dr. J. Anderson obtained the type specimens in cc Mergui in
November and December, at Zeduwon in December, on Kisserang Island in
December, Elphinstone Island in January and March, and on Sullivan Island in
January n ( l.c . p. 47). We possess co-types of both sexes from Mergui, and also botli
sexes from Bhamo, taken in November by Dr. L. Fea. Col. C. Swinhoe has
specimens from the Younzaleen Valley, taken in November.

Of our illustrations on Plate 573, fig. 3 is from male co-type Wet form from
Mergui; figs. 3a, male of Dry form from Younzaleen, and fig. 3b, a female Dry form
from Bhamo ; fig. 3c, a male Extreme Dry form from Younzaleen Valley, and 3d, a
female from Bhamo.

TERIAS FRATERNA.

Plate 574, fig. 1, $ (Wet), la, b,¥ (Dry).

Terias frater na, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. 1886, p. 46, pb 4, fig. 6, <£( Dry ).

Terias Recabe (var.), Watson, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1896, p. 282.

Wet form (fig. 1, c?). Male. Upperside. Forewing with the outer band more

COLIINJE .

73

sinuous than in Mergviana , its posterior portion broader and less outwardly oblique.
Hindwing with the band of similar width, or slightly broader. Underside with
slightly defined ordinary markings, two in cell of forewing. Female not seen.

Expanse, d l^inch.

Dry form (fig. la, b, S $ ). Male. Upperside. Fureiving similar to wet form.
Hindiving with the outer band somewhat narrower. Underside with the ordinary
markings broader and more distinctly defined. Forewing with two cell-marks and
a brown subapical patch.

Female. Upperside. Forewing with the outer band similar to male, its lower
portion slightly broader. Hindwing with the band somewhat broader and more
definitely dentated. Underside similar to the male.

Expanse, c? lr 0 to 1^, ? 1 ^ inch.

Habitat. —Burma ; Tenasserim ; Mergui Archipelago.

Distribution.— Dr. J. Anderson obtained the type specimens in “ Mergui,
December; King Island in February, and on Elphinstoue Island in March” (/.c.
p. 46). We possess co-types from Mergui.

Of our illustrations on Plate 574, fig. 1 is from a male of the Wet form., and
figs. In, b, male and female of the Dry form from Mergui.

TERIAS PATRUELIS.

Plate 574, (igs. 2, d(Wet), 2n, b, $ $ (/Jr//), 2c, $ {Inter. -Dr//), 2d, g (Extra Dry).

Terias Patruells , Moore, Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. 1886, p. 46, pi. 4, tig. 5, g( Dry).

Terias Silhetana , Moore, Lc. p. 45. (Extreme Dry).—nee Wallace.

form (fig. 2, c?). Male. Upperside. Forewing with the black outer
band of similar width to that in fraterna , the posterior end being smaller, and its
inner edge slightly inclined obliquely inward. Hindiving with a narrow outer band.
Underside. Both wings with indistinct ordinary markings. Forewing with two
marks in the cell. Female not seen.

Expanse, $ 1x~q inch.

Dry fo, m (figs. 2, a, b, S ? ). Male. Upperside. Forewing with the outer band
similar to Wet form, its posterior end inclined obliquely inward. Hindwing with
narrow outer band, Underside. Both wings with slightly defined ordinary
markings. Forewing with two cell-marks and a more or less defined subapical
patch.

Female. Upperside. Forewing with slightly broader outer band than in male,
its lower portion being comparatively longer. Hindiving with band narrower.
Underside. Both wings as in the male.

Expanse, g 1^, ? 1& to lpp inch.

L

VOL. VII.

74

LEPIDOPTERA IN DIO A.

Intermediate Dry form (fig. 2 c, 3). Male. Upperside. Forewing with the
band narrower than in the ordinary Dry form from below the upper median,
and only slightly angled at the lower median. Hindwing with a more or less
slightly-indicated marginal slender thread or obsolescent tip to the veins. Under¬
side. Both wings with less-defined ordinary markings, and a similar subapical
patch on the forewing.

Expanse, <3 1 inch.

Extreme Dry form (fig. 2d). Male. Upperside similar to the Intermediate
Dry form. Forewing with the band slightly narrower from below the upper median.
Hindwing with similar slender marginal line. Underside. Both wings with the
ordinary markings more distinct. Forewing with a quadrate almost completely
filled-up brown apical patch.

Expanse, 3 Ij-q inch.

Habitat. —Burma; Tenasserim ; Mergui Archipelago.

Distribution. —Dr. J. Anderson obtained the type specimens in “ Mergui, in
December ; Elphinstone Island in March, and Pataw Island, in January” {lx. p. 46).
We possess a male of Wet form from Chittagong, and both sexes of the Dry form,
and male of Extra Dry form from Mergui, and Bhamo, the latter taken by Dr. L.
Eea in November, also a male of Dry form from Tounghoo, and Intermediate Dry
male from Mergui and Bhamo ; also Extreme Dry male from Moulmeiu. Col. C.
Swinhoe also has the latter form from Moolai, Tenasserim.

Of our illustrations on Plate 574, fig. 2 is from a male Wet form from
Chittagong; figs. 2a, b, from a male and female {co-types) of Dry form from Mergui;
fig. 2c, a male of Intermediate Dry form; and fig. 2d, male of Extreme Dry form.

TERIAS NIKOBARIENSIS.

Plate 574, figs. 3, 3a, b, ? Wet), 3c, J {Dry).

Terias Nikobariensis, Felder, Verli. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 1862, p. 480, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1877, p. 590. Wood-Mason and de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 236 ; id. l.c .

1882, p. 18.

Wet form (fig. 3, 3a, b, 3 ? ). Male. Upperside yellow. Forewing with the
black outer marginal band comparatively narrower throughout than in specimens of
Hecabe from the same locality, its inner edge more evenly curved apically, less
angular at upper median, the posterior portion smaller, and inclined obliquely
inward. Hindwing with the outer band also somewhat narrower. Underside
paler than upper ; the ordinary markings slightly defined. Forewing with two cell-
marks.

Female. Upperside sulphur-yellow. Forewing with the outer band com-

COLIINJE.

75

paratively narrower than in same sex of local Heco.be , its inner edge somewhat more
angled at the upper median than in the male. Underside as in the male.

Expanse, S 1^ to l^, ? 1^, inch.

Dry form (fig. 3c, A). Male. Upperside paler yellow. Forewing with the
black outer band more irregular and angled apically, the posterior portion slightly
excavated on its inner edge. Hindwing as in wet form. Underside with distinctly
defined ordinary markings. Forewing with two marks in the cell, and a prominent
brown subapical patch.

Expanse, A 1 , R 0 inch.

Habitat. —Nicobar and Andaman Islands.

Distribution. —Little and Great Nicobar ; Oar Nicobar ; Nankoury ; Andamans.

Of our illustrations on Plate 574, fig. 3 is from a male 11 ft form from Little
Nicobar, exactly the same as Felder’s type specimen, now in the Collection of Mr.
Walter Rothschild; fig. 3a is also a Wet male, from Great Nicobar, and fig. 3b,
a female Wet form from Nicobars; fig. 3c is from a male of the Dry form from
the Andamans.

TERIAS BLAIRIAHA.

Plate 575, fig. l lC J, la, $.

Dry form. Male. Upperside pale yellow. Forewing with comparatively
broader black outer band than in Andamana and Hcepstorffl, the posterior portion
being also broader and larger, quadrate in shape, with its inner edge uneven.
Jlind'wing with a minute black point at end of the veins, which are slenderly
connected by marginal scales. Underside. Both wings with slightly defined
ordinary markings. Forewing with a medial and smaller subbasal zigzag mark in
the cell; also a slightly-defined broken greyish-black scaled subapical patch.

Female. Upperside. Forewing with similar broad outer band, its posterior
portion projecting further inward. Himlwing with marginal black marks as
in male. Underside similar to the male; the subapical patch on forewing more
defined.

Expanse, <3 ¥ 2 inches.

Habitat.— Andaman's,

The type of both sexes, from Port Blair, are in Col. 0, T. Bingham’s Collection,

TERIAS ANDAMANA,

Plate 575, fig* 2, cj ( Wet ); 2a, b, $ (Dr//), 2c, $ ( Extr . Dry).

Wet form (fig. 2, <$). Male. Upperside pale yellow. Forewin] with the

76

L EF1D 0 P TER A IXDICA.

black outer band of normal width apical ly, and with a prominent dentation projecting
between the second and third subcostals, the portion at posterior end being slightly
convexly-inclined obliquely outward. Tlindwing with a narrow black distinctly
formed marginal band. Underside. Both wings with very indistinct ordinary
markings, the veins and intermediate folds with a black point at their end.

Expanse, 3 inch.

Dry form (2a, b, c?¥). Male. Upperside pale lemon yellow. Forewing with
black marginal band as in Wet form. Tlindwing with a slender black marginal
thread, which is continuous and slightly dentated. Underside. Both wings with
distinct ordinary markings. Forewing with a single subbasal mark in the cell; and
a prominent slaty-black more or less complete apical patch, also a slight oblique
streak near posterior angle, and a smaller spot above if.

Female. Upperside as in male. Underside as in male, the apical patch on
forewing being more complete, and purplish-black.

Expanse, 3 1 to 1^, ? 1 inch.

Ex treme Dry form (fig. 2c, 9). Female. Upperside. Fore wing with the outer
band broader than in Dry form, Hindwiiig with the outer band also some¬
what broader, and its inner edge irrorated with black scales. Underside with
similar distinct ordinary markings. Forewing with a single cell-mark, and a more
completely filled-up quadrate apical patch, below which a slight squamous streak
extends to the two near the posterior angle.

Expanse, ¥ lf 0 to l-,- 0 inch.

Habitat. —Andamans.

Described from specimens in our possession, and in the collection of Col. C. T.
Bingham.

TERIAS RGEPSTOBFFII.

Plate 575, figs. 3, 3 > 3a, ? ,

Dry form (fig. 3, 3, 3a, ¥). Larger than Andarntw . Male. Upperside pale
lemon yellow. Forewing with the outer black band comparatively narrower, its
posterior end smaller, and slightly concavedly-inclined obliquely outward. Hind wing
with a slender ill-defined squamous marginal broken thread. Underside with the
ordinary markings not prominent. Forewing with three marks within the cell in
addition to the discocellular ; a subapical pale brown patch.

Female. Upperside. Forcwing with similar outer band to male, its posterior
end being broader. Hindwing with a broader squamose outer band than in male.
Underside as in male.

Expanse, 3 ¥ 2 inches.

COL I IN. E.

77

Habitat.— Andamans ; Nicobars.

The male type specimen is in the Collection of Col. C. Swinhoc, from the
Andamans. We possess the type of female, from the Nicobars.

TERIAS CADELLII.

Plate 575, figs. 4, $, 4a, ? .

Dry form (fig. 4, <?., 4a ? 9). Male. Upperside pale lemon yellow. Fore (ring with
the black outer band similar in shape, but narrower throughout than in Txoepstorfjii .
Hindwing with indistinctly defined black marginal tip to the veins, or a very slender
squamous thread. Underside similar to RcepsforJJU . Foret ring with three cell-marks.

Female. Upperside. Forewing similar to male. IHndwing with an ill-defined
slender squamous marginal band. Underside similar to male.

Expanse, c? 1 fb to 1 r 8 0 , ? l x 8 0 inch.

Habitat.— Andamans ; Nicobars.

The male type from Port. Blair, Andamans, and the female from Nankoury
Nicobars, are in Col. C. T. Bingham’s Collection.

TERIAS MOOREI

Plate 575, fig. 5, J .

Tenets Moorei, Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 21G, pi. 5. fig. 1, J ; uL Lc. 1898, p. 72, $.

Wet form . Male. Upperside light yellow. Foreunvg with the costal base
slightly irrorated with minute black scales; costa slenderly edged with black from
the base to end of second subcostal, from thence narrowly widening apically, and
then decreasing marginally to the posterior angle, its inner edge dentate-sinuate,
the strongest denticles being at the anterior veinlets, and decreasing hind ward.
Hindwing with a minute black marginal dot at end of the veins, which are more or
less very slenderly connected by grey scales. Abdomen above grey. Underside
clear yellow. Forewing with the posterior border pale sulphur-yellow; a black
dot near base of cell, followed by two slender zigzag marks, and then a double lined
discocellular mark; the anterior veins marginally ending in a black dot. Tu some
specimens (probably Dry form) a trace of an incipient subapical patch is visible.
Hindwing with a small black ringlet mark in middle of cell, a double lined
discocellular mark, a basal dot and a small subbasal circlet above the cell, a
constricted circlet below the cell, and a discal zigzag series of squamous sinuous
marks; the veins with a marginal black point at the tip. Female unknown.

Expanse, c? to 2| inches.

Habitat.— Nicobars (Nankoury ; Great Nicobar).

78

LEPIDOPTERA IN DIG A.

Indo-Malay, In do-Chin a, Japan, and Philippine Species :—

Terms Suava , Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i. p. 670 (183(5). This species is
undeterminable from the description, and the locality cfi Bengal/ 3 as given for the
type, is doubtless erroneous. Boisduval’s Collection has passed into the possession
of Mens* C. Oberthlir, who has kindly sent me the (presumed) type for verification.
This specimen has an original locality label cc Ban /’ not “ Bengal/ 5 the latter locality,
as given by Boisduval, being undoubtedly erroneous. This specimen is certainly
not identical with any known Indian species. cc Ban 33 maybe an abbreviation for
Banda, or Banka Island.

Terias Blanda , Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep, i. p. 672 (1836). Habitat. Java.
Terias Phanospila , Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. ii. p. 209, 3 (1865 )—Dry form .
T. Nicobariensis (pt.). Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 71. Habitat. Java.

Terias Sari , Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. L Compy., p. 136, ¥ (1829 )—Extr.
Dry form), Moore, id, lx, i. p. 61 (1857). Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 305, pi. 25,
fig. 3, pi. 26, figs. 3 and 7, <? ? Extr. Dry (1885). Snellen, Mid. Sumatra, Lep. p. 23,
pi. 2, figs. 8, 9, S Extr, Dry (1892). T. Hecabe, var. A ; Boisd. Sp. Gen. Lep. i.
p. 669 (1836). T. Sari (pt.), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 73. P Terias vallivo-
lans, Distant, Lc, p. 306, pi. 26, fig. 17, 3 (Wet), Habitat. Java; Sumatra;
Malay Peninsula; Borneo.

Terias Tola , de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 496, 3 ¥. T.
Hecabe, var. 1, Snellen, Mid. Sumatra, Lep. pi. 2, figs. 10, 11, ? Dry form (1892).
PT. Senna, Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 307, pi. 26, fig. 13, 3 ; pi. 25, fig. 14, ? (1885).
Habitat. Sumatra; Malay Peninsula.

Terias Snelleni (Terias Hecabe, var. 3, Snellen, Mid. Sumatra, Lep. pi. 2, figs.
12, 13, 3 Wet form (1892). T. Silhetana, de Niceville, lx. 1895, p. 498. Habitat.
Sumatra.

Terias Tecmessa , de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 498, 3. T. Sari,
var. a, Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 305, pi. 26, fig. 3, ¥ (1885). Habitat. Sumatra ;
Penang.

Terias latilimbata, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 221; 3 ¥, pi. 5, fig. 5, 3
(Wetform); id. l.c. 1898, p. 74. de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1895, p. 499.
Habitat. Sumatra.

Terias semifasca , Butler, Ann. Nat, Hist. 1886, p. 222, pi. 5, fig. 8, ? (Intermed.
Dry), de Niceville, l.c . 1895, p. 499. Habitat. Sumatra.

Terias bidens, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 222, 3 ¥, pi. 5, fig. 7,9 (Dry
form), de Niceville, l.c. 1895, p. 499. Habitat. Sumatra.

Terias Ada , Distant, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 271, ?. Habitat. Borneo.

Terias gr adieus, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 223, pi. 5, fig. 9, 3 (Wet); id.
lx. 1898, p. 78 Habitat. N. Borneo.

I

COLIINM

79

Terias Tilaha , Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy., p. 136 ¥ (1829).
Boisd. Sp. Gen. Lep. i. p. 668. Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. L C. i. p. 64 (1857).
Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 303, pi. 25, fig. 8, c? Dry (1885). de Niceville, Jo urn* As.
Soc. Beng. 1895, p. 495. Butler, Ann. N. LI. 1898, p. 79. Habitat . Java, Sumatra,
Malay Peninsula ; Borneo.

Terias Niceville% Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 79, 3 ¥. Habitat. N.E.
Sumatra.

Terias Baliel (Pap. Rahel, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 22 (1787); id. Eut. Syst.
iii. p. 204 (1793). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 227 (1869); id. Ann. N. H.
1898, p. 79. Staudinger k Schatz, Exot. Sckmett. ii. p. 28, pi. 16, 3 (1892).
Habitat . Borneo.

Terias Sinensis , Lucas, Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 429. Wallace, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1867,
p. 325. Butler, Ann. N. H. 1898, p. 78. Habitat. China (Lucas). Sulu Archi¬
pelago (Butler).

Terias unduligera , Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 668 (Wet) ; id. Ann. N. H.
1898, p. 68. Habitat. Foo-Chow; N. Formosa.

Terias Hobsoni , Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 668 (Wet). Habitat. Formosa.
Terias AAsiope, Menetries, Catal. Mus. Petrop. Lep. i. p. 85, pi. 2, fig. 3, $,
Dry form (1855). Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 219. Syn. T. subdecorata,
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 699, ¥ only. T. Ilecabe, Butler, Ann. N. H. 1898,
p. 69. Male. Dry form. Upper side. Forewing with the black marginal band as
in Menetries' figure, except that its posterior end is slightly larger. Hindwing with
a slight marginal tip at end of the veins. Underside. Both wings with the same
shaped large discocellular mark and other markings, and forewing with subapical
patch as in his figure. Female ( = subdecorata, ¥). This agrees exactly with
Menetries 5 figure, on upperside and underside, and also in size. Expanse, 3 2, ¥ 2
to 2^ 0 inches. Habitat. S.E. China. Hainan; Formosa.

Terias subdecorata , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 699, 3 only (Dry form).
Syn. T. arcuata, Moore, l.e . p. 700, <3 (Dry). Habitat. Hainan.

Terias attenuata , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 700, 3 (Dry form). Habitat 0
Hainan.

Terias Anemone , Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1862, p. 23. Fryer, Ent. M.
Mag. 1877, p. 52. Elwes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 881. Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880,
p. 199, pi. 6, figs. 8-11. Habitat. Ningpo; Chekiang, S.E. China; Nikko,
Japan.

Terias Mariesii , Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 198, pi. 6, figs. 1-6, 3.
Leech, Butt. China, p. 428 (1893). Habitat. Nikko, Japan.

Terias Mandarma, De Lorza, Lep. Japan, p. 18 (1869). Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc.
1880, p. 196, pi. 6, figs. 13-17. Elwes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 881. Leech, Butt. China,

80

LET ID OPTERA INDICIA.

p. 428, 1893. Walker, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1895, p. 465. Habitat . Japan; Hong Kong;
Shanghai; Cliusan.

Terias Hybrida, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 199, pi. 6, fig. 7 . Leech, L<\
p. 428. Habitat . Nikko, Japan.

Terias cminsxiva, Butler, Tr, Ent. Soc. 1S80, p. 199, pi. 6, fig. 12. Leech, l.c.
p. 428 (1893). Habitat. Nikko, Japan.

Terms Lmoniemis (Pap. Luzoniensis, Linnaeus, Mus. Ulr. [text P. Hecabe],
p. 249 (1764). = Petiver, Gazopli. pi. 28, fig. 9 (1702). T. Hecabe, Semper, Reis.
Phil. Lep. p. 255, pi. 41, figs. 13, 3 fig. 14, ? Extr. Dry (1891). Habitat. Minda¬
nao ; Luzon.

Terias Vallivolam, Butler, Ann. Hat. Hist. 188-3, p. 420. Semper, Reis. Philip.
Lep. p. 253, pi. 41, figs. 3, 4,3 Wet, 5,? (1891). Habitat. Mindanao, Samar;
Manila, Philippines.

Terias simulatrir, Semper, Reis. Philip. Lep. p. 253, pi. 41, figs. 7, 8, 9, Dry
(1891). Habitat. Philippines.

Terias Sarilata, Semper, i.e. p, 254, pi. 41, figs. 10, 3 Extr. Dry , 11, 12 ? (1891).
Butler, Ann. N. H. 1898, p. 73. Habitat. Mindanao; Davao, Philippines.

Terias diversa, Wallace, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 324; Semper, l.c. p. 255, pi. 41,
figs. 15-17 (1891). Habitat. Manila; Mindoro; Mindanao.

Terias Alitha, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1862, p. 289 (1862). Semper, l.c.
p. 256, pi. 41, figs. 21-24,3 ? (1S91). Butler, Ann. 1ST. H. 1898, p. 81. Habitat.
Mindanao; Davao, Philippines.

Terias invida, Butler, Ann, N. H. 1883, p. 418, 3. Semper, l.c. p. 256, pi. 41,
figs. 18-20, 3 ? (1891). Habitat. Sulu Islands ; Samar; Caraotes.

Genus CATOPSILIA.

Catopeilia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmetfc. p. 98 (1816). Scudder, Syst. Rev. Amor. Butt. 37 (1872).
Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 121 (1881). Distant, Rliop. Malay, p. 295 (1885). Standinger and
Scbatz, Exot. Scb. p. 154 (1883). Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 257 (1891). Leech, Butt. China,
ii. p. 423 (1893). Kirby, Allen’s Nat. Libr. Lep. ii. p, 225 (1S9G).

Muriia Hubner, Verz. bek. Sehmett. p. 98 (1 SI6).

Callidryas (pt.)> Boisduval; Doubleday, Butler.

Colins (pt.), Godart; Iiorsfield.

Wings broad. Foremng subtriangular; costal vein extending to two-thirds
the margin ; subcostal vein much arched at the base, first branch emitted at more
than one-lialf before end of the cell, and extending close alongside the costal, second
branch from end of the cell, third trifid, the fifth at one-third beyond the cell;
discocellulars slightly oblique, both angled inward, the radial from their middle;
the middle median veinlet at one-fourth, and lower at one-half before end of

COLIINM .

81

i

the cell; submedian vein slightly waved. Mindwing broadly obconical ; precostal
vein very short; costal vein bent upward at the precostal; first subcostal branch at
one-third before end of the cell; the cell very broad; discocellulars very oblique,
lower bent near the middle, the radial from the angle; middle median branch at
nearly one-fifth, and lower at nearly one-half before end of the cell; submedian vein
straight, internal vein slightly curved. Body stout; thorax clothed with long silky
hairs; palpi porrect, projecting one-third beyond the head, second joint laxly
squamose, third short; legs slender; antennas gradually thickened to end, tip blunt.
Male. Foreiving beneath with an elongated brush-like tuft of long, fine silky hairs
extending along the edge of the posterior margin, from the base to near one-half its
length, this tuft is either recumbent and flattened, along the margin of the wing,
or, it is sometimes exserted and outspread, and is then projected in its entire
length, along the upper side of the wing. Hindiving above with a conspicuous
elongated-oval raised patch of glandular scales extending above the subcostal vein
to its first branch, this patch being visibly opaque on holding the wing up to the
light.

Larva. —Cylindrical, slender, granulated ; green or grey, with black dots, and
a lateral pale line. Feeds on Cassia ( Leguminosce ). Pcjpa moderately stout, pointed
at each end, dor sally humped.

Type.— C. Crocale.

Migratory Habits: in Ceylon. —Dr. N. Manders writes : u Catopsilia Pyranthe
occurs in Ceylon under many different forms, three of which, besides Pyranthe, have
received names. Ilea , Ghryseis , and Gnoma. The latter is usually called the dry-
season form, and Ghryseis the wet, and though Gnoma is certainly more common in
the dry, it is by no means confined to the dry months, neither is Ghryseis confined
to the wet . It may be said that all the forms occur indiscriminately all the year
round, and my first object was to ascertain which was the dry form and which the
wet, and what would be the several effects of heat, moisture, &c., on the larvae and
pupae. The first thing was to ascertain the proportion of each variety, and this I
left in Mr. Wickwar’s hands, and in tlie month of February, 1903, during a
migratory flight, he captured sixty specimens, the weather at the time being very

dry and hot. He mentions that 75 per cent, were males,.and quite

independently we had observed that the wet-season flight in November and December
were almost all females. I cannot account for this further than to say that possibly
during the dry months, owing to a more scanty and drier foliage, the female larvae
succumbed ; whereas with the damper and more luscious foliage of the wet months
they had no difficulty in surviving. The mystery of these migrations may be
explained, to some extent, by this preponderance of the sexes during the different
flights. By a coincidence, a migratory flight of butterflies was in full swing on the day

M

VOL. VII.

82

LEPIDOPTERA IN DIG A.

I landed in Ceylon, October 25th, 1895, and I certainly thought that I had stepped
into a land of butterflies. The harbour, streets, and large promenade, the Galle
Face of the seashore, was alive with butterflies, and, being mostly composed of
Catopsilias , looked like a snow-storm. In order to gain some idea of their numbers,

1 selected two points, one at the edge of the sea and the other twenty yards from
it, and then counted them as they flew past. The result of my calculation, and that
of my companion, taken separately, gave 14,000 insects between 10 a.m. and

2 p.m. The flight usually lasts about a week ; we have therefore 98,000 butterflies
passing through a space sixty feet broad in twenty-eight hours. In round

numbers 100,000.The butterflies, in whatever part of the island they

happen to be hatched, immediately begin to migrate, so that on the same day the
migration is as vigorous in one part of the island as in another. As the butterflies
hatch in Colombo they immediately fly north, and their places are promptly filled by
the insects coming up from Galle, the Galle ones by those from Hambantotte, and
so on, round to Trincomalee, beyond which, in the uninhabited country to the north,
I have been unable to trace them. The proof that the insects on the Trincomalee
side really do follow the coast, and come to Colombo, is shown by the fact that it
is only during the flights that certain butterflies, otherwise confined to that portion
of the island, Papilio Jason , for instance, occur at Colombo, and are there seen
migrating in the same frantic haste as their companions. On one occasion, on
December 2nd, i.e. in the wet-season , I was observing the flight from Fort Frederick,
Trincomalee. The butterflies came from the northern shore straight across the sea
to the end of the peninsula on which Fort Frederick is built; several bushes of the
food-plant of Galopsilia Pyranthe were growing there, and these were literally
covered with eggs, as many as half a dozen on a single leaf; the bushes were so
speckled with the multitude of eggs that they looked as if handfuls of sago had
been scattered over them. The flights in November and December on both sides of
the island undoubtedly comprise a majority of females, but scarcely a single larva
out of this multitude of eggs could possibly have come to maturity; there was not
enough food for half of them,, and on a previous migration the bushes not far off
were completely stripped by the larvae. The insects comprising the coast flight are
almost entirely Catopsilias , two species of Appias , Enploea Asela and Montana , in
the Hill districts, and Danais septentrionis irregularly. I should have mentioned
that the process of laying eggs was totally contrary to what one usually observes—
there was no attempt to choose a suitable leaf, no deliberation displayed about the
operation at all, but every female seemed possessed with the one idea of getting
rid of her eggs with the utmost expedition, utterly regardless of the fate
of the future larvae, and then madly continuing her flight. When in full
migration they fly with great rapidity, and can give points to Colias edusa.

COLIINM.

83

They select the sea-coast, I feel sure, simply to avoid obstacles. The road
between Trincomalee and Kandy, which runs through dense forest, is also
largely used by the migrating insects. When travelling south they have the N.E.
monsoon behind them, but when turning north they meet a stiff wind which really
seems to drive them to a faster flight. The breadth of the flight is usually not more
than a quarter of a mile.

“ The reason for these flights is at present very obscure ; it was probably
originally a question of food-supply. This instinct might have arisen from the
necessity for constantly seeking new feeding-grounds for the larvae. As the species
increased, this tendency to expand would not only preserve the species, but would
cause in time its very material increase ; the necessity for constantly enlarging the
feeding-grounds would in time produce an inherited tendency to migrate. But in
due course, when all available feeding-grounds were occupied, as they soon would
be, in a small island like Ceylon, some check would be required to keep the
enormous number of resulting butterflies within due bounds, otherwise the species
would be in danger of annihilation from their very numbers. This appears to me
to be effected in the following manner:—The insects of the wet-season migration
are mostly composed of females, and provided that the males can successfully
impregnate more than one female, the result would be an enormous number of eggs
laid, and this I have shown to be the case. The migratory instinct is so strong
that the females are precluded from taking any precautions for their future
offspring, as the females of most butterflies do ; and the result is that the struggle
for existence among the multitude of larvrn subsisting on the food-plant, which is
quickly diminishing by their voracity, and also slowly by the heat and dry weather,
is so great that the larvae which would produce female butterflies succumb, and a
great majority of males are produced which form the dry-weather flights. This
majority of males would also be another factor in checking the increase of the
species. During the intervening portion of the year the species would gradually
increase, until the wet months at the fall of the year favour a luxuriant vegetation,
and all the female larvae then survive, and possibly being stronger crowd out the
male larvae. These larvae produce the overwhelming proportion of females in the
next wet-season flight, with the result shown above. This migratory instinct,
originally due to a necessity for the increase of the species, is now become a means
of preventing its undue propagation.” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Bond. 1904, pp. 701-6.)

Migratory Habits: in Burma.— Col. 0. T. Bingham writes whilst “returning

O fc3

down the Salween to Moulmein, on a hot steamy day in October, and when below
Shwegon, I noticed clouds of butterflies, chiefly Catopsilias, migrating, crossing
the Salween from East to West in a continuous stream ” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1902,
363).

84

LEPIBOPTERA INBICA.

CATOPSILIA CROCALE.

Plate 576, fig, 1 , la, g ? (Wet); lb, larva and pupa) lc, d, $ (Extreme Wet); le, f, 5 (Dry);

lg, h, 5 (Extreme Bry).

Papilio Crocale , Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 55, fig. C, D, 5 (1775).

Catopsilia Crocale , Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 98 (1816). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 122 ,
pi. 48, fig. 1, la, b, ^ $ , larva and pupa (1881). Wood-Mason and de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. 1881, p. 251. Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 35 (1884). Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 511 ;
id. 1885, p. 140; id. 1886, p. 432 ; id. J. Bombay NT. H. S. 1887, p. 279. de Nice'ville, J. As.
Soc. Beng. 1885, p. 50; id. Sikkim Gaz. 1894, p. 166. Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 296, pi. 25,
figs. 11, 12, ? (1885). Dolierty, J. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 135, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc.

Zool. 1886, p. 49. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 411. Hampson, J. As. Soc. Beng. 1888,
p. 361. Taylor, Butt, of Orissa, p. 14 (1888). Semper, Reise Phil. Lep. p. 257 (1891).
Eerguson, J. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 1891, p. 444. Davidson and Aitken, J. Bomb. NT. H. Soc. 1890,
p. 360; id. 1896, p. 570. Leech, Butt, of China, ii. p. 423 (1893). de Niceville, J. As. Soc.
Beng. 1895, p. 490; id. 1899, p. 211; id. 1900, p. 251. Mackinnon, J. Bombay NT. H. Soc. 1898,
p. 586. Walker, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1895, p. 464. Adamson, List Burm. Lep. p. 41 (1897). Dixey,
Proc. Ent. Soc. 1902, p. xvi. Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1904, p. 413.

Callidryas Crocale , Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. p. 625 (1836). Butler, Lep. Exot. i. p. 22, pi. 9,
figs. 1—6, $ ? (1871). Druce, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 355. Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 837.

Papilio Alcmeone f Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 141, fig. E, (1777 )—Wet form.

Colias Alcmeone, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 97 (1819). Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy.
p. 131 (1829).

Callidryas Alcmeo?ie, Boisd. Sp. Gen. Lep. i, p. 627 (1836). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 56,
pi. 1, figs. 7, 7a, larva and pupa (1857); id. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 493. Wallace, P. Z. S. 1866,
p. 357.

Catopsilia Alcmeone , Hubner, Verz. bek Schmett. p. 98 (1816).

Papilio Jugurtha , Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 187, fig. E, F, 9 (1777 )—Wet form.

Colias Jugurthina , Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 96 (1819). Horsfield, l.c. p. 132 (1829).

Catopsilia Jugurthina , Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 202.

Papilio Cedilla , Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 229, figs. E, F, $ (1779 )—Extreme Bry form.

Colias Catilla, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 95 (1819).

Callidryas Catilla , Butler, Lep. Exot. i. p. 24, pi. 9, figs. 7-10, S ? (1871).

Catopsilia Catilla , Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 122, pi. 47, figs. 3, 3a, C ? (1881). Distant, Rhop.

Malay, p. 297, pi. 25, figs. 15, 16, 9 (1885). Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 411. Manders,

id. l.c. 1890, p. 533. Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 140; id. 1886, p. 432 ; id. Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893,

p. 309. Adamson, List Burm. Lep. p. 41. (1897).

Papilio Hilaria, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 339, figs. A, B, (1781 )—Bry form.

Catopsilia Hilaria , Hubner Verz. bek Schmett. p. 98 (1816).

Colias Hilaria , Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 97 (1819).

Callidryas Hilaria, Boisd. Sp. Gen. Lep. i. p. 626 (1836).

Catopsilia Heera, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 140, ^ .

Catopsilia Pomona (pt.), Fruhstorfer, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1902, p. 273* Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1904,
p. 413 —nec Fabr.

? Tap. Lalage , Herbst, Nat. Syst. Ins. v. p. 163, pi. 106, fig. 1, 2, d (1792).

GOL1INJE.

85

Wet form (figs. 1, la, cJ?). Male. Upperside. Both wings white, the basal
areas sulphur-yellow. Foreiving with the costal edge anteriorly, and the exterior
margin slenderly black bordered, the inner edge of the border being slightly
sinuous at the apex. Underside pale yellow. Foreiving with the lower discal area
white. Hinchving sometimes with a slightly-defined small ochreous streak on upper
discocellular yeinlet. Forewing beneath with an elongated brush-like tuft of long,
fine silky hairs, extending along the edge of the posterior margin, from base to near
half its length, this tuft being either recumbent and flattened, along the margin,
or, it is sometimes exserted and outspread, and is then projected along the upperside
of the wing in its entire length. Hinchving above with a conspicuous elongated-
oval raised patch of glandular scales extending above the subcostal vein to its first
branch, this patch being visibly opaque on holding the wing up to the light.

Female. Both wings with the basal yellow tint more widely extended, and
sometimes pervades the entire wing. Foreiving with the black costal band extending
broadly from near the base to upper end of the cell, where it is more or less
confluent with a round black discocellular spot, from whence it runs outwardly
more narrowly, then widening apically, and continues sinuously down the exterior
margin to posterior angle, the anterior portion being subapicaliy traversed by three
or four white spots, and lower disconnected inwardly-oblique sinuous black streaks.
Hindwing with a broad sinuous-edged continuous black band. Underside similar to
the male. Antennas in both sexes greyish-black above, pinkish-grey below.

Expanse, S ? 2^ 0 to 3 inches.

Intermediate or Extreme Wet form (fig. 1, c, d, ?). Female. Upperside. Both
wings either very faintly yellow-tinted basally, or white throughout. Forewin g
with the extreme base sometimes grey-tinted ; with broader subbasal-costal black
band and its continuous discocellular patch, apical and marginal band enclosing its
subapical white spots, the sinuous or sometimes diagonal marks below the latter
extending to the lower median interspace. Hindwing with a broad marginal band,
and more or less defined confluent submarginal diffused lunules. Underside
similar to Ordinary Wet female.

Expanse, ? 2^ to 3 inches.

Ordinary Dry form (fig. le, f, S ?). Male. Upperside. Both wings with the
basal yellow tint more restricted than in ordinary Wet form. Forewing with the
outer marginal band more or less slightly macular posteriorly. Underside more
uniformly paler than in Wet form. Forewing with a lower discocellular nacreous-
centred red spot, a very indistinctly-defined reddish transverse subapical inwardly-
oblique narrow sinuous fascia, and a slight fascia bordering the apex of wing.
Hindwing with a similar low T er discocellular nacreous spot, which is outwardly ringed
by a slender red line, and is accompanied by a smaller more or less defined similar

I

86 LEPIDOPTERA INDIO A.

M

ringed contiguous spot placed outwardly above it. Tuft on forewing, and glandular
patch on the hindwing , as in ordinary Wet male.

Female. Upperside. Both wings with the ground-colour either as in the male,
or uniformly pale yellow-tinted throughout. Fore whig with a large black lower
discocellular spot (which is either round, diagonal, or lobate); the marginal black
band broader, more sinuous-edged, and generally broken posteriorly, the anterior
portion accompanied by a more or less defined subapical series of five or six
dentate lunules, and, generally, two lower less apparent spots, those from the lower
subcostal veinlet being disposed obliquely inward. Ilindwing with a marginal row
of blackish dentate lunules. Underside more or less pale or brighter yellow than in
male. Forming with the posterior area white ; discocellular reddish spot larger,
the subapical sinuous fascia generally more defined, and apical band broader. Rind -
wing with the discocellular nacreous-centred spots larger, beyond which is a discally-
curved zigzag series^ of more or less apparent reddish-scaled dentate lunules, and
a marginal dot at* tip of the veins. Antennas in both sexes pinkish-grey.

Expanse, c? 2 to 3 1 2 u , ? 2/^ to of 0 inches.

Extreme Dry form (fig. lg, h, ¥ ). Female. Upperside uniformly whitish or
pale yellow-tinted. Both wings similar to ordinary Dry female. Underside brighter
yellow than in ordinary Dry form. Forewing with the discocellular spot more or
less obscured, and generally surrounded by a large reddish-brown angle-edged patch ;
the subapical sinuous fascia prominent and reddish-brown edged outwardly,
the apical band less defined. TI induing with the two nacreous discocellular spots
very prominent, and generally very broadly surrounded by a large angle-edged
reddish-brown upper-medial patch extending from within base of the cell to costal
vein, its outer edge forming the outline of upper-discal zigzag marks; the lower-
discal zigzag marks being more or less defined.

Expanse, ? 2^ 0 to 3 inches.

Habitat.— Western, Central, Eastern Himalayas ; Upper and Lower Continental
India; Ceylon; Andaman and Nicobar Islands; Burma; Tenasserim; Siam;
Tonkin ; Annam ; Formosa ; C, and S.E. China ; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra ; Java ;
Borneo; Philippines.

Larva.—“ ( Gatilla ). Colour green, with a spiracular white band touched with
bright yellow on segments two to five, and these segments, especially the third and
fourth, are distinctly flanged on the spiracular line as in the larva of Hebomoia
australis , though not to so great an extent. The head is round, green, the clypeus
edged with brown, covered with small, shiny, black tubercles, which are not very
large, and do not hide the colour of the head; the anal flap is rounded, but looks
square at the extremity, and is covered with small tubercles, not black, but green,
each bearing a short hair; the body is covered with rows of small black tubercles,

I

COLIIN^E. 87

of which only the row along the spiracular line is conspicuous ; the spiracles are
oval, shiny and white. Length 51 mm.”

Pupa.— £i The pupa has the dorsal line of the thorax absolutely parallel to the
longitudinal axis for two-thirds its length ; consequently the hinder part just before
the margin is perpendicular to this parallel part, i.e. is raised suddenly though very
slightly above the front margin of segment four, and the front end of this parallel
dorsal line is at an angle, and a sharpish angle, with the front slope of the thorax ;
the shoulder, too, is distinctly angled, the point where the lateral line of the head
and segment two meet that of the wings—the front margins of segments nine and
ten in the dorsal line—when looked at sideways show a minute peak overhanging
the hiuder margins of segments eight and nine; the cremaster is distinctly bifid at
the extremity, and has some shiny, very short, black suspensory hooks dorsally as
well as at the extremity. There is a dorsal rugose black tip to the snout terminating
the head, which snout is cylindrical in its apical half; there is no black line round
the eyes, and there is a dark green-blue dorsal line, which is yellow on the thorax,
as well as the supra-spiracular yellow line. Length 34 mm.” (T. R. Bell and de
Niceville, Butt, of Kanara, J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1900, 251.)

Egg.—“ Single, on leaf. Pale yellowish-white, sharply pointed at each end, and
attached by one point to the leaf. Larva, when emerged from the egg, is pale
green, the head larger than any succeeding segment.” (Capt. A. M. Lang,
Umballa, MS. Notes, Sept. 2nd, 1861.)

Food-plants. — £fi We have found the larva of Croc-ale on several species of
Cassia , all arboreal, such as C. fistula and Sumatrana , but never on the humble and
ill-smelling C. Occident alls, the food-plant of C . Pyranthe. We have found it
abundantly in the Kanara District of Bombay, at the end of the rainy season, and
also in April.” (J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken, lx. 1890, 360.)

Distribution, Habits, &c. —In the North-Western Himalaya Capt. A. M. Lang
“ found the butterfly frequenting, the Cassia fistula, which is indigenous to the lower
slopes of the outer ranges, 2,000 to 5,000 feet elevation, but an introduced plant in
gardens in the plains of N. India” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864, 103). Mr. P. W.
Mackinnon records C. Cascale and Catilla , as occurring commonly in Masuri,
N.W. Himalaya, from July to October, and in Dehra Dun throughout the warmer
months of the year ” (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1898, 586). Major J. VY. Yerbury
obtained it in N.W. India, at “Hassan Abdal, 1,600 feet above sea level, in
June; at Chittar, between Tret and Barracoo, Murree road, 2,500 to 5,000 feet, in
October; and at Hurripur, in October” (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, 202). Air. W.
Doherty obtained it at “ Bagheswar, Ranibagh, Jakula Kali Valley, from 1,000 to
6,000 feet, in Kumaon ” (J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 135).

Capt. A. M. Lang, writing from Umballa, Sept. 2nd, 1861, says, “ C. alcmeone

88

LEPID 0 PTE BA IND1CA.

in considerable numbers have been flying over the trees of Cassia fistula during the
end of August. I captured many in my garden, and found the eggs and larvse in
all stages. The egg, laid singly, on leaf, is pale yellowish-white, sharply pointed at
each end. The largest larva found on Sept. 2nd was 2^ inches long, of a uniform
breadth throughout, except at the head and last segment; colour deep grass-green,
darkest along the back, and shading slightly lighter towards the lateral stripe,
which is a creamy yellowish white ; the green is shagreened by transverse ridges of
points, their minute extremities being black; both the lateral stripe and the part of
the dark green occupying the space between it and the legs is glazed; stigmata
scarcely perceptible, creamy-white, and lying partly in, partly below lateral stripe ;
abdomen very bright cream, almost white ; the abdominal and true legs of the same
colour and a shade deeper ; head grass-green, irrorated with minute black points ;
immediately above the lateral stripe, in large specimens, the irrorations become
larger black points, and form a more or less uninterrupted line of black points
distinguishable above the stripe. The larva feeds on the upper surface of the leaf,
generally lying along the midrib.” (MS. Notes.)

Col. C. Swinhoe records C. Crocale , “ taken at Mhow, Central India, in July,
and Catilla , common, from September to April” (P. Z. S. 1886, 432). Col.
Swinhoe also records taking “ a single female in Karachi, in 1879, and another female
was taken in July, 1882 (id. lx. 1884, 511), and in the District of Bombay and the
Deccan,” he obtained Crocale at Poona, in June and October ; Ahmednuggur, in
June; Belgaum, September; Bombay, August to November. The form named
Heera having been taken at Belgaum in September, and at Poona in November and
December, and Catilla being “ common all the year round; the larvae found feeding
on the Sumatran Cassia , length 1 \ to 3 inches in the hot weather, and from 2\ to
3 inches in the rains; larval stage being from 18 to 22 days ” (id. l.c. 1885, 140).
Messrs. J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken record it as being “ found abundantly, in
the Kanara District of Bombay, at the beginning and end of the rainy season, and
also in April. We found the larva on several species of Cassia , all arboreal, such as
fistula and Sumatrana. They refuse C. occidentalis —the food of C. Pymntlie. The
larvae are most plentiful in April, June, and September, but the butterfly may be
seen any month in the year” (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 360; id. 1896, 570).
Mr. G. F. Hampson enumerates the forms Crocale , Catilla Gnoma , and Ilea, as
being found in the Nilgiris (J. As. S. Beng. 1888, 361). Mr. H. S. Ferguson
“found Crocale and Catilla in abundance together, in Travancore, in the dry-
weather, in the low country, and up to 2,000 feet on the Hills ” (J. Bombay N. FI. S.
1891, 444). Mr. W. C. Taylor records it as “very common at Khorda, in Orissa”
(List, p. 14 (1888). Mr. L. de Niceville “ obtained it in the neighbourhood of Calcutta,
the larva feeding on Cassia fistula ” (J. A. S. Beng. 1885, 50). Col. C. Swinhoe has

C0LI1NM.

89

received each named form from the Khasia Hills (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1898, 309). Mr.
H. J. Elwes records it as “ not uncommon, in Sikkim, up to 3,000 feet from March
to December; and I have it from Nepal and Bhotan ” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 411).
Mr. L. de Niceville also records it from Sikkim, “being a common species at low
elevations almost throughout the year. It i& not, I think, seasonably dimorphic,
the innumerable varieties which are found in both sexes occurring at all times ”
(Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 166). We possess specimens of the Wet and Dry form
from Nepal, taken by the late General G. Ramsay. In Ceylon, Mr. F. M. Mack wood
obtained it “ principally in the lower and middle ranges. In the flights along the
sea-coast, beginning generally in November, this species of Catopsilia forms about a
third of the number, always travelling to the north ; the flights lasting for days,
thousands of them passing in an hour.” Capt. Hutchinson found it “ everywhere,
in the Plains and Hills up to 6,000 feet, in forest and cultivated land; have taken
them at almost all times. Flight strong and quick; sits in crowds on damp spots
of roadside” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 122). Col. C. H. E. Adamson records it as being
“ common throughout Burma. Sometimes met with in immense quantities after the
first shower of rain in April” (List, Burm. Butt. p. 41, 1897). Dr. N. Manders
found it “ the most abundant of the Pierinte in the Shan States, and found
everywhere ” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 533). Mr. O. Limborg obtained it in “ Upper
Tenasserim, at Hatseiga, Nathoang, and Moolai, 3,000 to 6,000 feet” (P. Z. S.
1878, 837). Dr. J. Anderson obtained Groeale and Gatilla at “ Thaing, King-
Island, Mergui Archipelago, in January ; and Gatilla also at Elphinstone Island in
March, and in Mergui, in December” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 49). We possess
it from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, taken by Mr. F. de Roepstorff. Mr. 11.
Druce received it from “ Siam ” (P. Z. S. 1873, 355). Mr. J. H. Leech obtained it
at Kukiang, C. China. Mr. H. Fruhstorfer has received it from “Siam, Annam,
and Tonkin ” (D. Ent. Zeit. 1902, 273). Mr. W. Distant obtained it from
“ Province Wellesley and Malacca, Malay Peninsula, and Penang” (Rhop. Malay.
296). In Sumatra Dr. L. Martin observed “ Groeale to be the commonest species of
Catopsilia: I have bred it, and Gatilla, from found larvae, and have failed to discover
any differences in the larva and pupa. Groeale is enormously common, and occurs
throughout the year. The males are fond of flowers, and especially of the Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis. The larva feeds on the leaves of Cassia Jlorida, and sometimes in
company with Gat. Pyranthe, on Cassia alata. Groeale is far the commoner form,
occurring on roads, near houses and gardens, and is never found in the forest. It
sometimes appears in great numbers, in which case the larvae are very destructive,
as in January, 1893, near the Pcengei Estate, they destroyed in a short time a fine
plantation of young iron-wood trees, Go.ssia florida, valued at least at $3,000, by
eating up all the leaves and suffocating the plants. All the grass, and every low

VOL. VII. n

90

L EPIOOP TEE A INDICA.

shrub near the plantation was covered with the pupa), and after the butterflies had
emerged, the whole place looked as if there was a heavy snow-storm in progress, the
air being full of large flakes of snow. I took there many hundreds of both sexes,
but amongst them was not a single Gat Ilia” . . . “ Oatilla is found only in the
forest, the males on forest roads on wet spots together with Lycxnidse and
Papilioninx , but they form the larger number of the congregations, and often occur
in such crowds that cart-horses get frightened on approaching one of these white
spots on the road, which all at once flutters up into the air with an audible sound.
If driven away from these favourite spots, they fly rapidly in Indian file up and
down the forest roads, and fall in again on the same spot when the danger is passed.
Cedilla appears never to be a destructive insect as is Crocale at times ” (J. As. Soc.
Bengal, 1895, 490). We possess specimens of Crocale from Java, Borneo, and
Formosa. It is also recorded from the Philippines, by Dr. Semper; from Kukiang,
0. China, by Mr. J. H. Leech, and Hong Kong, by Commander J. Walker.

CATOPSILIA PYRANTHE.

Plate 577, fig?. 1, la, g ? ( Wet) ; lb, larva and pupa; 1c, d, g $ (Dry); le, f, g, <$ 5 (Extreme Dry).

Papilio Pyranthe , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. x. ed. p. 469 (1758) ; id. Mus. Ulr. p. 245 (1764); id. Syst,

Nat, xii. ed. p. 763 (1767)— Wet form.

Colias Pyranthe , Godart, Enc. Metlu ix. p. 97 (1819). Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy.
p. 129 (1829).

Callidryas Pyranthe , Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i. p. 611 (1836). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I.
Compy. i. p. 56, pi. 1, figs. 8, 8a, larva and pupa- (1857). Butler, Catal. Lep. Fabr. p. 224
(1869); id. Lep. Exotica, i. p. 35, pi. 15, figs. 8, 9, 10, g $ (1871).

Catopsilia Pyranthe, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p, 124, pi. 47, fig. 2, 2a, g $ (1881). Swinhoe,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 511 ; id. l.c. 1885, p. 139; id. 1886, p. 433; id. J. Bombay N. H. Soc.

1887, p. 279. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc, 1890, p. 360 ; id. 1896, 570.

de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 50 ; id. 1899, p. 211. Doherty, J. As. Soc. Beng.
1886, p. 135. Hampson, J. As. Soc. Beng. 1888, p. 361. Taylor, Butt, of Orissa, p. 14 (1888),
Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 411. de Niceville, Sikk. Gazetteer, 1894, p. 166. Marsden,

Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 538. Swinlioe, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 308. Mackinnon, J. Bombay,

N. H. S. 1898, p. 586.

Catopsilia Pyranthe (pfc.), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1904, p. 414. de Niceville, J. As. Soc. Bengal,
1895, p. 492. Fruhstorfer, D. Ent. Zeit. 1902, p. 271.

Papilio Gnoma, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 828 (1776) £— Extra Dry.

Catopsilia Gnoma , Butler, Lep. Exotica, i. p. 43, pi. 16, figs. 1-4, g $ (1871), id. Ann. Nat. Hist.

1888, p. 203. Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 123, pi. 48, fig. 2, a, b, g ? , larva (1881); id. Journ.
Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 49. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 411.

Papilio Minna, Herbst, Nat. Schmett. v. p. 74, pi. 89, fig. 1, 2 (1792)— Wet.

Mancipium F. Murtia Minna , Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. plate, figs. 1, 2, J, 3, 4, ? (1806-16).
Murtia Minna, Hiibner, Yerz. bek. Schmett. p, 98 (1816).

COLIINPE.

91

Catopsilia Minna , Butler, Arm. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 203.

Papilio Philippina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 361, fig. C, D, $ (1781 )—Extra Dry.

Colias Philippina , Hiibner, Yerz. bek Sclimett. p. 99 (1816). Godart, Enc. Meth. p. 196 (1819).
Horsfield, Catal. Mus. E. Ind. Compy. p. 130 (1829).

Callidryas Philippina , Boiscl. Sp. Gen. Lep. i. p. 609 (1836). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i.
p. 56, pi. 12, figs. 8, 8a, larva and pupa (1857).

Catopsilia Philippina , Aurivillius, Kongl. Yet. Akad. Handl. 1882, p. 57. Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1881,
p. 511; id. It. 1885, p. 139 ; id. 1886, p. 432 : id. Journ. Bombay N. H. S. 1887, p. 279.

Callidryas Thisorella , Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. i. p. 609 (1836), $ — Dry.

Catopsilia Thisorella , Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 511 ; id. lx. 1885, p. 139 ; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893,
p. 309.

Papilio Ilea, Fabiicius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 421, $ (1778)— Dry.

Catopsilia Ilea , Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 124, pi. 47, figs. 1, la, b, I ? , larva (1881). Swinhoe,
P. Z. S. 1885, p. 139; id. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1887, p. 279; id. Tr. Ent. Soe. 1893,
p. 308.

Callidryas CTiryseis (pt.), Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 221 (1869). Distant, Eliop. Malay,
p. 300 (1885). Adamson, List Butt. Burma, p. 41 (1897).

Wet form (figs. 1, la, S9) — Pyranthe. Male. Uppersicle pale bluish-white.
Forewing witli a moderately broad black apical marginal band, which, decreases
narrowly hindward, and ends generally at lower median veinlet, its inner edge
being more or less sinuous; a small linear black mark on lower discocellular veinlet.
Hindwing with a very slightly indicated black point at marginal tip of the veins.
Underside w T ith the costal and apical area of forming , and the entire liinclwiiig pale
olivescent-jellow, and numerously covered with short transverse slender indistinctly-
defined grey strigae; a small, slightly apparent pale spot on lower discocellular
veinlet. Forewing with the posterior area bluish-white, its extreme edge furnished
with the normal elongated tuft of fine silky hairs, and the hindwing above with the
glandular patch of scales.

Female. Upperside bluish-white. Forewing with the black apical marginal
band broader than in male, and terminating at posterior angle, the band inwardly
accompanied by, or partly anteriorly-merged into, a subapical series of dentate
lunules ; the discocellular spot large, oval, or diagonal. Hindwing with a more or
less slightly apparent marginal row of blackish-scaled lunular spots, or larger
almost confluent spots. Underside similar to the male, the strigse more distinct;
the discocellular spot more distinct than in male, pale reddish with white centre,
that on the hind wing sometimes accompanied by a very slightly indicated similar
upper outer spot. Antennae in both sexes pinkish-grey.

Expanse, c? ? 2 to 2f- 0 inches.

Dry form (figs. 1, c, d, c?$) = Thisorella . Male. Upperside similar to Wet
form, except that the forewing has the apical marginal band conspicuously narrower,
and generally macular from below the apex, the discocellular spot small and short*

92

LEFIDOPTEUA INBICA.

Underside also similar, the strigge generally more distinct, the discocellular spot
more prominent and white. Normal tuft, and glandular patch, similar.

Female. Upperside. Forewing with the outer band comparatively narrower
thaii in female of Wet form, the subapical confluent lunules anteriorly restricted and
less defined, the discocellular spot similar. Hindwing with a more or less slightly -
apparent dentate dot at tip of the veins. Underside brighter yellow-tinted, and the
strigse more apparent. Both wings with the discocellular spot more distinctly
defined, that on the hindwing always accompanied by a similar upper spot, and a
small nacreous-centred ringlet within the upper end of the cell; a very slightly
apparent upper subapical transverse series of pale reddish dentate lunules on
forewing, and a curved discal series of similar lunules on the hind wing . Antennae
as in Wet form.

Expanse, S 2^ 0 , ? 2 1 - 0 inches.

Extreme Dry form (figs, e, f, g, <$ ?). Larger than ordinary Dry form. Male.
Upperside either bluish-white or olivescent-white. Forewing with a narrow black
apical marginal band, which is macular from below the apex; the discocellular
spot more or less slender. Underside pale olivescent-yellow, the strigse more
distinct than in ordinary Dry form, and the discocellular spot more prominent; a
subapical lunular fascia on forewing , and a discal fascia on hindwing more or less
slightly apparent.

Female. Upperside olivescent-wliite, and tinted outwardly with pale, olivescent -
yellow. Forewing with the marginal band broader, and more dentate than in male,
or macular from below the apex ; discocellular spot larger than in ordinary Dry
female. LTnderside. Both wings brighter olivescent-yellow than in male, the
strigse more apparent; the extreme marginal edge of wings red-tinted, Foreiving
with a prominent large single or duplex-reddish-centred discocellular spot, and
distinct reddish upper discal dentate-lunular fascia. Hindwing with two (sometimes
one only) prominent discocellular dark-red bordered nacreous centred spots, and a
much larger similar spot within upper end of the cell, the discal series of dentate
lunules also distinct.

Expanse, c? 2f 0 to 2^ 0 , 9 l fo to 2^ 0 inches.

Habitat. —Western, Central, Eastern Himalayas ; Upper and Lower Continental
India ; Ceylon ; Burma ; Tenasserim; Siam; Annam ; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra;
Java ; Borneo ; Formosa; Hainan.

Life History.—“ Fgg. § line long ; fusiform ; attached to the leaf, on which
larva feeds, by one end. Colour clear glossy-white. Solitary as regards position,
several, however, under one leaf of Cassia .

Larva .—When hatched 1-J line long. Colour deep rich glossy-green; lateral
line yellowish-white. bordered above by a black dotted line. The whole of the back

GOLIINrE.

93

and head most closely and thickly dotted with raised black spots, giving the larva
a rugose appearance ; abdomen pale green, slightly dotted with black. Legs green.
Head green, and very round in front. Stigmata black, circled with green. After
last moult. Length 1 inch. Cylindrical, as after first moult, though a little
darker. Feeds on Cassia occidentalism Habits sluggish. Changed into chrysalis on
August 28th. Pupa .—Green ; angles marked with yellow lines.

Imago .—Emerged on September 5th. Very common in Lucknow ” (Capt.
H. L. Chaumette. MS. Notes, 1860).

Messrs. Davidson and Aitken, in their ££ Notes on the Butterflies of the N.
Kanara District of Bombay, describe the larva as being “long, somewhat depressed,
rough, green, with a white lateral line, and above it a black line, more or less con¬
spicuous, formed by minute, flat, shining, black tubercles, being like a big specimen
of Terias PLecabe . The pupa is much stouter, and the keel formed by the wing
cases is much less pronounced. The normal colour is pale green, with a yellow
lateral line. We have never found it on any plant except Cassia occidentalism It
habitually rests on the upperside, along the midrib, like almost all Pierine larvae.

Distribution, Habits, &n. —In the N.W. Himalayas this species was taken by
Capt. A. M. Lang, and also in the Plains. “ Larva reared on Cassia Tora ” (Ent. Mo.
Mag. 1864, 103). Mr. P. W. Mackinnon records it as ££ not very common in

Masuri during the rains, the dry-season form, Gnoma , even less so. In the

Dehra Dun both forms are common in their respective seasons. The larva feeds
in the Dun, on Cassia Tora , N. 0. Leguminosae ” (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1898, 586).
Mr. W. Doherty obtained it at “Bagheswar, Kali Valley, up to Dharchula, 2,000 to
4,000 feet, Ivumaon ” (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 135). Col. C. Swinhoe records

Pyranthe as being ££ common in Mhow, Central India, all the year round, and

Philippina from September to April” (P. Z. S. 1886, 432). Col. Swinhoe also
records “ a few specimens of Pyranthe from Karachi, taken in March, May, June,
and December; Thisorella being common from March to May, and Philippina from
September to January” {l.c. 1884, 511), and cc Pyranthe also common everywhere
in Bombay and the Deccan, all the year round; Thisorella at Poona from November
to June, Ahmednuggur, October to November; Ilea at Poona from November to
June, Ahmednuggur, Sept, and October; and Philippina at Poona from October
to April, Ahmednuggur, November; and Bombay, March, July, and October”
(lx. 1885, 139) ; in Karachi. “Pyranthe was common from May to August, Ilea ,
May and June; and Philippina from Sept, to January” (id. J. Bombay N. H. Soc.
1887, 279).

Messrs. J. Davidson and B. H. Aitken obtained and described the larva,
as found in the Kanara District of Bombay. “ The butterfly being common every¬
where and all the year round. The only food-plant, as far as our present knowledge

94

LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

goes, is Cassia occidentalis ” (J. Bombay 1ST. H. Soc. 1890, 360; 1896, 570). Mr.
Gr. F. Hampson obtained it in the Nilgiris (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 361). We possess
male and female from Madras, reared from larvseby the late Sir W. Elliot, feeding on
Cassia occidentalis and C. auriculata in August and September. Mr. H. S. Ferguson
records it as “common in the low country and the Hills, in Travancore ” (J. Bomb.
N. H. S. 1891, 444). In Ceylon, Mr. F. M. Mackwood found it “in all parts, but more
numerous in the low country than in the upper. A few occur in the low country
flights. Dr. Thwaites obtained and describes the larva and pupa; found on Cassia
fistula ” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 123). Dr. N. Manders notes “ that as far as his observations
in Ceylon go, the forms of Pyranthe are not dependent on season, but appear
indiscriminately nearly throughout the year, those flying in the dry-season from
February to April being a little smaller than those found during the rest of the
year” (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1899, 211). Mr. W. C. Taylor cites it as “very common
at Khorda in Orissa” (List, 14, 1888). Mr. L. de Niceville notes it as being found
in the neighbourhood of Calcutta (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1885, 50).

Col. Swinhoe has received Pyranthe, Ilea, Thisorella, and PhilippVna “ from the
lvhasia Hills ” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 308). Mr. H. J. Elwes records it as “ common
in Sikkim, up to 3,000 feet elevation, from March to December” (Tr. Ent. Soc.
1888, 411).

In Burma, observes Col. C. H. E. Adamson, “ this is a very common insect
throughout the year” (List, Burin. Butt. 41 (1897). Dr. 1ST. Manders found it
“ abundant all over the Shan States, at all elevations” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 533).
Dr. J. Anderson obtained it at “ Timing, King Island, and Mergui, in February and
March” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 49). Mr. W. L. Distant records it from the
Malay Peninsula (Bhop. Malay, p. 300). We possess specimens from Sumatra,
Java, Borneo, Hainan, Formosa.

CAT0PSILIA ALCYONE.

Plate 578, figs. 1, £, la, b, 5 (Wetform).

Papilio Alcyone , Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 58, fig. A, B, C, <? 4 (1779).

Catopsilia Chryseis , Butler, Trails. Linn. Soc. Zool. i. p. 551 (1877). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877,
p. 591. Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. As. Soc. Beng. 1881, p. 252. Moore, Lep. Ceylon,
i. p. 125, pi. 48, figs. 8, 3a, S ? (1881). Distant, Ehop. Malayana, p. 300, pi. 25, fig. 2, g
(? fig. 1, ? ); id. pi. 26, fig. 20, ? (1885). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 49.

Callidryas Chryseis (pt.), Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 224 (1869).

Catopsilia Chryseis (pt.), Adamson, List Burm. Lep. p. 41 (1897).

Catopsilia Pyranthe (pt.), Semper, Beise Phil. Lep. p. 258 (1891). de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc.
Bengal, 1895, p. 492. Fruhstorfer, D. Ent. Zeit. 1902, p. 271.

Wet form (figs. 1, la, b, S 9). Male. Upperside bluish-white. Forewing with
a black apical marginal band similar to, but broader throughout its length, and less

COLIINJE.

95

acutely-sinuated than in Wet form of Pyranthe ; the discocellular spot small, slender,
j Rindwing with, or without, a minute point at tip of the veins. Underside. Forewing
with the anterior half, and the entire hindwing pale olivescent-yellow, crossed
between the veins by numerous pale greyish-ochreous strigae. Both wings with a
slightly-apparent small pale reddish discocellular spot. Posterior half of fonnving
bluish-white ; veins of hindwing basally whitish.

Female. Upperside bluish-white. Forewing with the costal border from base
black scaled, merging into the black apical marginal band, which is broader than in
female Dry form of Pyranthe , having its upper portion to middle median veinlet
entirely black, and including the subapical lunules which are present in the latter
species; discocellular spot larger. Rindwing with a narrow, more or less macular,
marginal band. Underside brighter yellow than in male, the strigae more distinct,
the submarginal lunular fascia slightly apparent. Forewing with the discocellular
spot more distinct ; the hindwing with two small pale-centred discocellular spots, and
a similar spot within upper end of the cell.

Expanse, c? 2^, ? 2^ 0 to 2 x - 0 inches.

Dry form . Male. Upperside similar to Wet form. Forewing with the dis¬
cocellular spot more distinct. Himdwing with slightly-apparent marginal narrow
blackish-scaled spots. Underside similar to Wet form. Both wings with a more or
less distinct small pale-centred reddish discocellular spot.

Female. Upperside bluish-white. Foreiving with the marginal band as in Wet
form, the anterior portion not having any subapical whitish interspaces; some
specimens also show traces of black-scaled lunules from the middle median veinlet
to the submedian vein; discocellular spot prominent. Hindwing with a black, broad
marginal continuous band, and two or three inner upper-submarginal, less distinct
partly-confluent lunules. Underside brighter yellow, the strigse more apparent,
the discocellular spots more distinct, and the submarginal lunular fascia more
apparent.

Expanse, <$ ?, 2f- 0 to 2^ inches.

Habitat. —Ceylon?; Mergui, S. Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Penang; Sumatra;
Billitong; Philippines.

Distribution. —We possess a male from Capt. Hutchison, reputed to be from
Ceylon (vide Lep. Ceylon, i. pi. 48, fig. 3); also both sexes from Mergui, taken by
Dr. J. Anderson, and others from Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Billitong.

Of our illustration on Plate 578, figs. 1, la, b, S ? are from Mergui specimens.

CATOPSXLIA SCYLLA.

Plate 578, figs. 2, g, 2a, b, ? .

Tapilio S'ylJa , Linnaeus, Cent. Inst. p. 20 (1763) ; id. Mus. Ulr. p. 242 (1764) ; id. Syst. Nat. xii.
ed. p. 763 (1767). Johan. Amoen. Acad, vi, p. 404 (1764). Cramer, Piip. Exot. i. pi. 12,

96

LEPIDOPTERA IN PICA.

fig. C, D (1775). Sulzer, Gescli. Ins. p. 143, pi. 15, fig. 6 (1776). Meerburgli, Afb. pi. 16, fig.
<$ (1775). Donovan, Ins. Ind. pi. 28, fig. 3 (1800).

Colias Scylla, Hiibner, Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 99 (1816). Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 95, pi. 14,
fig. 3, £ (1819). Horsficdd, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. Ind. Compy. p. 133, pi. 4, fig. 6, 6a, larva and
pupa (1829).

Callidryas Scylla , Boisd. Sp. Gen. Lep. i. p. 631 (1836). Lucas, Lep. Exot. p. 80, pi. 40, fig. 1,
(1845). Moore, Catal. Lep. E. I. Compy. i. p. 58, pi. 1, fig. 9, 9a, larva and pupa (1857).
Butler, Catal. Eabr. Lep. B. M. p. 220 (1869); id. Lep. Exotica, i. p.‘ 31, pi. 12, figs. 5-8, $

(1870). Snellen, Mid Sumatra, Lep. p. 23 (1880).

Catopsilia Scylla, Aurivillius, Kongl. Yet. Akad. Handl. 1882, p. 55. Semper, Reise Philip.
Lep. i. p. 257 (1891). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 298, pi. 24, figs. 1, 2, $ (1885). de

Mceville and Martin, J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 493. Eruhstorfer, D. Eut. Zeifc. 1902, p. 275 ,
id. Soc. Ent. 1903, p. 25.

Papilio Cornelia, Eabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 21 (1787).

Callidryas Gorgoplione , Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pi. 9, fig. 2 [nee Boisd.).

Male. Upperside. Foreiving olivescent-white ; costal margin basally, slenderly,
and apex and outer margin broadly, black, its inner-edge from the first subcostal
branch sinuous; a small blackish-scaled discocellular spot more or less slightly
apparent. Hindwing bright ochreous-yellow, the abdominal margin being pale
yellow; with a more or less slightly apparent, or, a distinct marginal row of small
blackisli-scaled dentate spots. Underside pale yellowish-ochreous. Foreiving with
the posterior margin broadly white ; a single, small, or, a larger duplex, reddish or
blackish-scaled discocellular ringlet spot, and a discal upper series of more or less
defined black-scaled dentate lunules. Hindwing with a small upper discal ringlet-
spot, a small spot at base of the cell, and one above it, also two similar smaller
spots below the junction of lower median veinlet; also a discal transverse zigzag
series of black-scaled lunules, also a slight similar-scaled tip at end of the veins.

Female. Upperside. Forewing olivescent-white, with a somewhat broader,
similar costal and outer black band, the latter inwardly accompanied by a more or
less defined black submarginal dentate-lunular fascia, the anterior portions of which
are partly confluent with the outer band; the costal band sometimes extending
outward broadly towards the discocellular; spot similar to that in Crocale; a
sliglitly-apparent, or well-defined, discocellular mark. Hindwing paler ochreous-
yellow, and the blackish marginal spots larger than in male, and a more or less
apparent series of blackish-scaled submarginal lunules. Underside brighter yellow
than in male. Foreiving with a similar but more prominent duplex discocellular
spot and submarginal lunules, than in male. Hindwing also with a duplex disco¬
cellular spot, also a spot within base of the cell, two below it, and one above it, all
more defined than in the male.

Expanse, c? 2^ 0 to 2^, ? 2 x - 0 inches.

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