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COLIINJE.

113

IXIAS MOULMEINENSIS.

• *4

Plate 588, fig. 1, d , le, 9 (Wet-season Brood), lb, d , lc, 9 (Dry-season Brood), la, Id, d d
(Extreme Dry-season Brood, two forms).

Ixias Moulmeinensis , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 837, $ 9 (Fry Form). Watson, Journ. Bo.
Nat. Hist. Soc. 1894, p. 505, pi. 2, fig. 25 (Wet Form d ), %• 26 (Dry Form $); id. 1897,
p. 669. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 188; id. 1898, p. 139.

Ixias Meipona , Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 296 ; id. Rhop. Exot. i. ix. pi. 2,
figs. 4, 5, d (1888) (Wet Form).

Ixias Pyrene, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 193 (1907).

Wet -season Brood (Figs. 1, le, $ $).

Male. Upperside clear pale yellow. Forewing with the sub-apical orange-red
fascia somewhat narrower than in the Wet form of Latifasciatus , its black inner border
being also narrower. Hindwing with the marginal band also much narrower. Under¬
side clear pale yellow; discocellular spot small; the dusky patch at posterior angle of
the Forewing small and slightly defined.

Female. Very similar to the male. Forewing with the orange-red fascia smaller,
its black borders broader, its inner border contracted in the middle, much thickened
upwards and continued in a broad band along the costa to the base. Hindwing with
the black outer border narrower and diffused. Underside similar to the male.

Expanse, $ 2, $ 2| inches.

Dry-season Brood (Figs, lb, lc, $ ?).

Male. Upperside clear pale yellow. Forewing with the black inner border of
the orange-red sub-apical fascia slightly narrower than in the Wet form. Hindwing
with the marginal band narrower. Underside oehreous-yellow. Both wings with
delicate slender strigse, transverse cliscal spots with whitish centres. Forewing with a
large dusky discocellular spot. Hindwing with a small similar spot.

Female. Upperside clear pale yellow. Forewing with a moderately broad
orange-red sub-apical fascia, its black inner border being slender medially and broad
anteriorly, the basal costal area broadly blackish-grey. Hindwing with the black
marginal baud broader than in the male. Underside similar to the male, the
transverse discal spots with whitish centres, the discocellular spot more prominent.
Forewing also with a dusky patch at the posterior angle.

Expanse, $ 2 to 2^, ¥ if to 2| inches.

Extreme Dry-season Brood (Figs, la, Id, $ $).

Male. Upperside pale yellow. Forewing with the orange-red fascia larger and
the black borders narrower than in the ordinary Dry form. Hindwing with the
marginal band narrower, sometimes consisting of small spots or entirely unmarked.

VOL. VII. Q

114

LEPIDOP TEE A INDICA.

Underside similar to the Dry form, except that both wings have the discal spots more
developed.

Female. Upperside pale yellow. Forewing with the sub-apical fascia orange-
red, its black inner band composed of an anterior oblique even-edged bar, from which
to beneath the middle median veinlet the edge is not black scaled, and from thence
to the posterior angle it is much narrower than in the ordinary dry female. Hi idwing
with marginal band slightly developed, narrow, often macular. Underside similar
to the male.

Expanse, $ ? 2 to 2^ inches.

Habitat. —Maulmein to Meetan, Burma.

Note. —In Fig. la the artist unfortunately copied a male instead of a female of
the extreme Dry-season Brood.

IXIAS CITRINA.

Plate 588, fig. 2, £, 2a, 9 (Wet-season Brood), 2b, $ (Dry-season Brood).

Ixias Citrina , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 837 (Dry Form).

Ixias Verna, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 195 (1907).

Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, 2a, $ $).

Male. Upperside pale yellowish-white. Forewing with the sub-apical orange-red
fascia comparatively broader anteriorly and shorter posteriorly, its black inner border
narrower than in Pallida = Wet Latifasciatus. Hindwing with the marginal band also
half its width. Underside pale yellow. Both wings with slightly apparent strigje,
discal ordinary disposed spots and discocellular spots.

Female. Upperside very pale yellow. Forewing with the sub-apical fascia often
pale yellow, its black inner border medially slender and sometimes broken. Ilindwing
with the marginal band broader than in the male. Underside similar to the male, the
posterior patch on the forewing being larger.

Expanse, $ $ 2j inches.

Dry-season Brood (Fig. 2b).

Male, Upperside pale yellowish-white. Forewing similar to the Wet form.
Hindwing with the marginal band narrower. Underside more ochreous, with the
strigse, discocellular spot, and discal markings darker, the latter with whitish centres.
Female. Not known.

Expanse, 2f inches.

Habitat. —Tenasserim, South Burma.

COLIINAE.

115

IXIAS MARIANNE.

Plate 589, figs. 1, la, $ 2 (Wet-season Brood), lb, lc, 2 (Dry-season Brood), Id (Another Form),
le, ? (Another Form with pinkish tinge), If, lg, $ 2 (Extreme Dry-season Brood).

Papilio Marianne , Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 217, figs. C, D, 2 j B, $ (1780) (Wet Form).

Pajnlio Sesia, Fabricius (part), Mant. Ins. p. 22 (1787).

Thestias Marianne , Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i. p. 592 (1836). Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 61
(1847). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 216 (1869).

Ixias Marianne , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 95 (1816). Butler, P.Z.S. 1871, p. 253. Moore,
Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 126 (1881); id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 254. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat.
Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 36. Betharn, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 324. Watson (part),
Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1894, pp. 504, 507, pi. 2, figs. 17, 18, 19. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1898, p. 143. Mackinnon and de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 591,
de Bhe-Philipe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1902, p. 492. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt,
ii. p. 196 (1907).

Pieris Marianne , Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 120 (1819).

Pontia Marianne , Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. p. 142 (1829).

Ixias jBebryce , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 95, £ (1816).

Antfflpcharis Marianne , Lucas, Lep. Exot. pi. 35, fig. 1, $ (1845).

Ixias Agnivena, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 50, $ 2 (Extreme Dry). Butler, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1880, p. 150. Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 141.

Ixias Depalpura , Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 153, pi. 24, figs. 6, 7, £ 2 (Extreme Dry),
Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 432.

Ixias Meridionalis , Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 140, pi. 9, fig. 5, 2 (Dry Form); id. 1886,
p. 432.

Ixias Cumballa , Swinhoe, l.c. p. 141, pi. 9, figs. 13, 14, £ 2 (Wet Form).

Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, la, $ ?).

Male. Upperside white, the basal areas and the inner edge of the black oblique
band in the forewing tinged with bluish-grey. Forewing with a broad sub-apical
orange-red fascia (broader than in all other Indian species), the upper discocellular
portion only of which is always present; the black inner oblique transverse border
broad. Hind wing with the black marginal band broad and continuous. Upperside
pale sulphur-yellow. Both wings with a few outwardly-disposed very slightly defined
slender dusky strigse. Forewing with the basal area white, the subapical area
medially flushed with pale orange ; a black large discocellular spot, centred with a
white dot, a transverse discal series of small black spots, a black patch at the posterior
angle, and a streak on the end of the middle median veinlet. Hindwing with a small
black discocellular spot with white centre, and a transverse discal series of blackish-
brown spots, of which the middle two, three, or four are the larger and pale-centred.

Female. Upperside white as in the male, or very rarely the ground colour is
slightly orange-tinted. Forewing with the basal area tinged with darker bluish- grey
than in the male, the sub-apical orange fascia narrower, sometimes whitish apically,

Q 2

116

LEPIBOPTERA INDICA.

and traversed by four black spots, its inner black border being sometimes narrower
than in the male. Hinclwing with the black marginal band broader than in the male.
Underside similar to the male (or rarely the ground colour is of an ochreous tint,
which is brightest in the forewing) except that all the markings are more prominent.

Expanse, $ $ 2| to 2-| inches.

Dry-season Brood ( Meridionalis ), (Figs, lb, lc, Id, le, ?).

Male. Upperside white. Forewing similar to the Wet form, the black inner
border of the orange fascia generally slightly narrower. Hindwing with the black
marginal band also narrower. Underside similar to the Wet form, the transverse
series of discal spots being more developed, and those on the hindwing white-centred.

Female. Upperside white. Forewing with the sub-apical orange fascia as in the
Wet form, its black inner border anteriorly formed by an oblique bar, terminating at
the lower end of the cell, the ordinary medial portion being absent, or sometimes very
slightly indicated by a few slightly defined scales, and the lower end pointedly
terminating at the posterior angle. Hindwing with the black marginal band some¬
times narrower, sometimes broader, than in the male. Underside deeper yellow than
in the I Vet female. Forewing with the sub-apical orange flush brighter, the
discoceilular spot and outer markings more prominent, the upper discal spots pale-
centred. Hindwing with the markings more prominent, all the discal spots being more
prominent, larger, and white-centred.

Expanse, $ $ if to 2 inches.

Extreme Dry-season Brood ( Agnivena = Depalpura ), (Figs. If, Ig, $ $).

Male. Upperside white. Forewing with the black inner border of the subapical
orange fascia narrower than in the ordinary Dry form. Hindwing also with the black
marginal band narrower. Underside of deeper and duller yellow; the markings
similar. Forewing with the upper discal spots whitish-centred. Hindwing with the
discal spots more distinctly white-centred.

Female. Upperside white. Forewing similar to the Dry form ; the medial
portion of the inner band of the orange fascia without any traces of black scales.
Hindwing with the marginal band somewhat narrower. Underside similar to the
male.

Expanse, $ $ if to 2"inches.

Larva. —Pale green, with a lateral pale reddish narrow band; feeds on Capparis
sepiaria (Grote).

Pupa.-—P ale green, anteriorly bent backwards; head pointed in front; thorax
dorsally convex; wing-covers much produced and convex in front, with a slightly
reddish sub-apical patch; abdomen pointed at end.

COLIINM,

117

Habitat. —Throughout the plains of India and Ceylon, except in the desert
portions.

Distribution. —Eastern Provinces, Plains, also in forest lands; fond of damp
spots (Hutchinson, Ceylon). Taken by us (Meridionalis) at Poona in October and
November ; in Bombay, December; Belgaum, September and October ; Ahmednuggur,
October and November ; in Bombay (Cumballa), July and August; Hambantotte and
Mulliatum, Ceylon, common (Wade). Watson reports its capture in Mysore, Betham
in the Central Provinces, Mackinnon in Mussoorie, and de Rhe-Philipe at Lucknow,
and we have it from Manipur, Deesa and Karachi.

IXIAS NOLA.

Plate 590, figs. 1, la, $ ? (Wet-season Brood), lb, lc, J (Dry-season Brood), Id, le, ?
(Extreme Dry-season Brood).

Ixicis Nola , Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 399. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1894, p. 504.
Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 143. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 197
(1907). de Rhe-Philipe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1908, p. 885.

Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, la, J £).

Male. Upperside white. Forewing with the sub-apical orange fascia much
narrower throughout than in the Wet form of Marianne , being also curved uniformly
outward, and without any trace of the ordinary red upper portion at end of the cell,
its black inner border being of a similar broad width. Mindwing with a narrower,
decreasing, posteriorly macular band, which terminates generally at the middle median
veinlet. Underside pale yellow. Forewing with the basal area white ; apex slightly
flecked wPh grey strigse, the sub-apical area being flushed with very pale orange j
discocellular black spot large and with a minute white centred dot; ordinary blackish
upper discal spots, the anterior one slightly whitish centred. Mindwing slightly
flecked with grey strigrn, the discocellular spot small, brown, with white centred
dot; discal spots more or less ill-defined, brownish, the centres whitish.

Female. Upperside white. Fore wing of similar pattern to same sex in the Dry
form of Marianne , the sub-apical orange fascia much narrower, with three traversing
black spots only, its black anterior portion as in the Dry form of Marianne , broad and
acutely angled at the lower end, the medial portion without any traces of dark scales.
Hindwing with the marginal band similar to the male, but narrower and generally
extending only halfway down the wing. Underside similar to the male.

Expanse, $ £ 2 inches.

Dry-season Brood (Figs, lb, lc, J £).

Male. Upperside white. Forewing with the black inner border of the sub-apical
orange fascia narrower throughout than in the Wet form, the medial portion being

118

LEPIDOPTEBA INBICA.

more or less slender, j Hindwing with the marginal band also narrower and usually
extending only halfway down the wing. Underside similar to the Wet forte, except that
the transverse discal markings of the hindwing are more prominent and whiter centred.

Female. Upperside white. Forewing similar to the Wet form, the upper and
lower portion of the black inner band to the sub-apical orange fascia narrower.
Hindwing with the marginal band narrower. Underside similar to the Wet form,
the discal markings less developed.

Expanse, $ $ if to 2 inches.

Extreme Dry-season Brood (Figs. Id, le, $ $).

Male. Upperside white. Forewing similar to the ordinary Dry form, except
that the upper portion of the black inner border of the sub-apical orange fascia is
smaller and somewhat broken at the upper end of the cell, and the end of it is more
equally quadrate, the medial edge of the fascia being without any dark scaling, or
sometimes a few are slightly visible. Hindwing with a slightly-defined dusky upper
marginal narrow macular band. Underside similar to the ordinary Dry form. Both
wings with the markings similar but less developed.

Female. Upperside white. Forewing similar to the ordinary Dry female, except
that the upper portion of the black inner band to the orange fascia is smaller and more
equally quadrate posteriorly. Hindwing as in the male. Underside similar to the
male, but paler throughout.

Expanse, $ l\ to If, $ 1^ inches.

Habitat. —Mahableshwur.

Seems to be confined to the Mahableshwur Mountains ; two stragglers were,
however, taken by us at Poona in the month of April, and another by
de Bhe-Philipe at Khandalla in October, 1907. Colonel Bingham (p. 197) suggests
that it may be a variety of Ixias Marianne , but we have all the seasonal forms
in a long series of this very distinct species in the British Museum and in our
own Collection.

INDO-MALAYAN AND INDO-CHINESE SPECIES.

Ixias Evijppe, Papilio Evippe, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i. pi. 5, fig. 2 (1773). Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1889, p. 136. Habitat, China.

Ixias Veniiia , Pieris Venilia, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 121 (1819). Horsfield (Pontia), Cat. Lep.
E.I.C. p. 143 (1829). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 392. Lucas, Lep. Exot. pi. 36, fig. 1
(1835). Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 135. Habitat, Java.

Ixias Bailee , Thestias Balice, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i. p. 593 (1836). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc.
1867, p. 393. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 253. Eruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1894, p. 246,
pi. 18, fig. 9, J . Habitat, Java.

Ixias LudeJcingii, Thestias Ludekingii, Vollenhoven, Monog. Pieridag, p. 49, pi. 5, fig. 6 (1865) ; id. Trjd.
voor Ent. 1869, p. 126. Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 396. de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc.
Bengal, 1895, p. 500. Habitat, Sumatra.

C0LIIN2E.

119

Ixias Vollenhovii, Thestias Vollenhovii, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 393. Butler, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 135. Synonym , Thestias Yenatrix, Wallace, l.c. p. 393. Ixias Venatrix,
Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 254, pi. 19, fig. 1, $. Habitat, Java; described in error by
Wallace as from Maulmein.

Ixias undatus , Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 252, pi. 19, fig. 4, $ . Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873,
p. 356. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 137. Habitat, Borneo.

Ixias verna, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 108, pi. 16, figs. 5, 6, $ 9 • Habitat, Siam.

Idas Insignis , Butler, Cistula, Entom. ii. p. 431, pi. 8, fig. 1, (1877); id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

1898, p. 137. Habitat, Formosa.

Ixias Birdii , Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1883, p. 351 ; id. Bhop. Malayana, p. 309, pi. 26,
fig. 4, £ (1885). Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 137. Habitat, Malay Peninsula.

Ixias Flavijoennisj Grose-Smith, in Forbes’ Nat. Wanderings, p. 275 (1885). Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1898, p. 135. Thestias Flavipennis, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1891, p. 335, pi. 16,
figs. 1, 2, <J, 3, 4, 9- Synonym , Ixias Pyrites, Weymer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1886, pi. i. fig. 4, £ ;
id. 1887, p. 13. Habitat, Sumatra.

Ixias Yunnanensis , Fruhstorfer, Soc. Entom. 1902, p. 81, 9- Habitat, Yunnan.

Ixias Malum-Sinicum , Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1896, p. 408. Habitat, Nias.

Note.— As regards China, this genus seems to be confined to the south ; no
mention of it is made by Leech in his Butterflies of China, Japan and Corea.

This practically ends Dr. Frederick Moore's contribution to these volumes ; for
the remainder I have his notes to go on ; it is a very great pity he did not live to
finish the entire work, the compilation of his lifetime ; his notes are innumerable, and
refer to the whole of the Heterocera as well as the Bhopalocera ; his knowledge of the
Lepidoptera of the Indian Region was very great; he was the father of all Indian
Lepidopterists, always patient, kindly and courteous, never sparing time or trouble in
helping workers who came to him for assistance ; his industry was prodigious, his
Books and Memoirs on the Indian Lepidoptera extend over a long period of years,
many of them will remain as standard works ; his Monograph of the Limnaina and
Euploeina, published in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1883, is a classic :
his division of the different genera, though misunderstood by ordinary Collectors, was
almost at once adopted by all scientific Lepidopterists in Germany, and is now
universally adopted.

I must, of course, continue the work on Dr. Moore’s lines, otherwise I should adopt
the excellent trinomial system used by Messrs. Rothschild, Hartert, and Jordon ; so
much nonsense has been written about the multiplicity of names, and as to what is, or
is not a species, the trinomial system seems to be necessary to show Collectors that,
because a name is given to an insect, it does not mean that this insect represents a
distinct species; the study of variation and of local and seasonal forms is the very
essence of the theory of evolution, and for the sake of convenience, if for nothing else,
every form must have a name : as I cannot use the trinomial system, I will endeavour
to put the typical species first and follow on with the allied forms.

120

LEPID OP TEE A INEICA.

Genus EUCHLOE.

Euchloe , Hiibner, Yerz. bck. Schmett. p. 94 (1816). Westwood, British Butterflies, p. 30 (1841).

Butler, Cistula, Entom. i. p. 39 (1870). Kirby, Cat. Diurnal, Lep. p. 505 (1871).

Ajithocharis, Boisduval (part), Sp. Gen. Lep. i. p. 585 (1836). Doubleday, Gen. Diurnal, Lep. p. 55
' (1847).

Sinchloe , Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 179 (1907).

Imago. Forewing . Costa somewhat arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly
oblique ; lower angle rounded, inner margin long and nearly straight, more than three-
fourths the length of the costa; cell half as long as the wing, sub-costal nervure five-
branched, the first two branches emitted before the end of the cell, the upper radial,
thrown off a little beyond the cell, the middle discocellular nervule well marked ; all
the veins present. Hindwing longer than the forewing, costa somewhat arched,
especially near the base, exterior margin and lower angle evenly rounded, inner margin
nearly straight to near the base, then strongly concave ; cell broad, lower discocellular
the longest, middle discocellular short. Antennae short, less than half the length of
the forewing, club abrupt, broad and flat, palpi slender, third joint short; head and
palpi very hairy in front.

Type, Belia , Linn., from Africa.

EUCHLOE DAPHALIS.

Plate 590, figs. 2, £, 2a, J .

Anthocharis Dajphalis , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 491, pi. 31, fig. 14, J .

Euchloe DnjjJialis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 273.

Synchloe Daphalis, Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 676. Bingham, Fauna of
Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 180 (1907).

Euchloe Venosa , Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 151, pi. 15, fig. 5.

Male. White, with the base of both wings irroratecl vjith black scales. Forewing
with the costal margin delicately chequered with black, a black band at the apex
containing a large white spot and three or four marginal spots, its inner portion sinuous
and attenuated hindwarcls, a transverse black spot at the end of the cell, more or less
lunate. Hindwing without markings, but the pattern of the underside distinctly
showing, through the wing. Underside Forewing creamy-white, costa chequered with
black, the discoidal spot with white centre, the apex chequered with pale greenish-
brown, the interspaces being pale silvery white. Uindwing with transverse irregular
bands of greenish-brown overlaid with greenish-yellow scales, the interspaces shining
silvery white. \

Female. Differs from the male chiefly in having a more rounded apex to the
forewing.

Expanse, $ $ 1^ inches.

Habitat. —Western Himalayas.

CCL11NM .

121

Distribution. —The type was taken at Kumaun, there are examples in the
British Museum, and other collections from Chitral, Goorais Valley, Attock Bridge,
Kairabad, and the Punjab. Mr. Lang, in his notes, says it is not likely to be caught
by many persons, it flies high up in April, the brood is very early and very
short-lived.

EUCHLOE LUCILLA.

Plate 590, figs. 3, , 3a, 9 •

j Euchloe Lucilla, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 376, pi. 35, fig. 4; id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888,
p. 205.

Anthocharis Lucilla , Baker, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 525.

Synchloe Lucilla, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 180 (1907).

Male. Upperside lemon-yellow. Both wings with the base irrorated with black
scales. Forewing with a black band on the outer border, broad at the apex and
narrowing hindwards, traversed obliquely by a more or less obscure macular band of
the ground colour ; cell closed by a very broad black bar. Hindwing without markings.
Underside paler and duller. Forewing with the outer band showing through the wing
and irrorated with minute black scales ; the discoidal bar shorter; often a pink line
along the costal and outer margins; the costa towards the apex with a series of small
white spots, each spot containing a black dot. Hindwing with thick black irrorations,
a small white spot at the end of the cell and a series of white transverse spots along
the costal margin; antennae brown tinged with yellow, head brown, collar pink,
thorax brown, abdomen black on the sides and yellow beneath.

Female. Upperside pale sulphur - yellow. Forewing with the black outer
marginal band similar in size to the male, the pale line traversing it generally much
more prominent and distinct; the discocellular bar broader. Hindwing without
markings. Underside as in the male, colour of the antennae, head and body
similar.

Expanse, $ ? 1^- inches.

Habitat. —The P unj ab.

Distribution. —The type was taken by Colonel Yerbury at Campbellpur ; we have
examples also from Attok and Khairabad.

INDO-CHINESE AND JAPANESE SPECIES AND GENERA.

\

Euchloe Scolymus, Anthocharis Scolymus, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. 1866, p. 52. ELvves, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1881, p. 877. Pryer, Bhop. Niphon. p. 6, pi. 3, figs. 4a, 4b (1886). Leech, Butt, of China,
Japan and Corea, ii. p. 479 (1893). Synonym , Anthocharis Thunbergii, De l’Orza, Lep.
Japan, p. 14 (1869). Habitat, Japan.

Euchloe Bamhusarum, Anthocharis Bambusarum, Oberthiir, Et. d ? Ent. ii. p. 20, pi. 3, fig. 4 (1876).
Habitat, Chekiang, W. China.

VOL. VII.

R

LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Euchloe Bieti , Anthocharis Bieti, Oberthiir Et. cTEnt. ix. p. 14, pi. 1, fig. 1, 9 (1884) ; id. xi. p. 16,
pi. 6, fig. 39, $ (1886). Habitat, North-Eastern and Western Thibet.

Eucliloe Thibetana , Anthocharis cardamines, var. Thibetana, Oberthiir, Et. d’Ent. xi. p. 16 (1886).
Leech, Butt, of China, Japan and Corea, ii. p. 477 (1893). Habitat, Western China.
i Eucliloe Orientalis, Anthocharis Belia, var. Orientalis, Alpheraky, Bom. Mem. ix. pi. 6, fig. 1 (1897).
Habitat, Western Thibet.

Leucophasia Sinensis , Leptosia Sinensis, Butler, Cist. Entom. i. p. 173 (1873). Habitat, Shanghai.
Leucophasia Vibilia , Jansen, Cist. Entom. ii. p. 272 (1878). Habitat, Japan.

Leucophasia Morsei, Leptosia Morsei, Fenton, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 855. Fenton, Papilio,
ii. p. 35, figs. 3, 4, 5 (1882). Habitat, Japan.

Agalais Gigantea , Leucophasia Gigantea, Leech, Entomologist, xxiii. p. 45 (1890); id. Butt, of
China, Japan and Corea, ii. p. 484, pi. 36, figs. 10, 11 (1893). Agalais Gigantea, Grote, Proc.
Am. Soc. 1900, p. 13. Synonym , Leucophasia immacula, Leech, Butt, of China, Japan and

Corea, p. 484 (1893). Habitat, Central and Western China.

Genus HEBOMOIA.

t

Hebomoia, Hiibner, Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 95 (1816).

Ipliias, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep. i. p. 595 (1836). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 396.

These large and handsome butterflies frequent the skirts of forest districts ; the
males often settle on the ground in damp or muddy places, in company with many
Papiliontdse and Pieridse ; when thus resting the wings are erect; they are at once
distinguishable from all around them by the peculiar attitude they assume, the upper
wings being depressed between the lower pair, so that its basal half is completely
hidden by them ; as probably a consequence of this we find that this basal half of the
upper wings is always pale in colour on the underside, and devoid of the characteristic
markings of the exposed portions ; the females fly rather low, in woods and thickets,
and seldom come out into the open grounds, and are therefore less frequently
captured (Wallace).

Imago. Forming triangular, apex more or less acute, costa arched towards apex,
exterior margin oblique, posterior margin recurved, costal vein extending to two-thirds
the margin, first sub-costal branch rising at one-third and second at one-fourth before
end of cell, third from the end, fourth branching from the third at one-fifth before its
end, fifth absent; upper discocellular minute, oblique, vein 6 arising close to upper
angle of cell, which is little more than half the length of the wing ; middle and lower
discocellulars concave, the, lower slightly the longer.

Hinclicing sub-oval, broad, exterior margin rounded and sinuous, angles also
rounded, inner margin nearly straight to near base, where it is highly convex;
pre-costal nervure short, simple, inclining outwards. Antennae about half the
length of the forewing, gradually thickened to apex, latter sub-truncate. Palpi
situated low down the face, somewhat flattened, scaly, clothed with stiff* hairs

C0LIIN2E.

123

anteriorly and at the apex, third joint short. Thorax and abdomen robust, legs
slender ; clampers in the male elongate.

Larva.— Stout, tapering at both ends, green, with pale red-dotted stripe on the
sides, and is shagreened on the upper surface.

Pupa. — Boat-shaped, like that of Euchloe , it is much arched, and produced into a
long point at both ends. (Kirby, ii. p. 200, 1896.)

HEBOMOIA GLAUCIPPE.

Plate 591, figs. 1, £, la, f (Wet-season Brood), lb, <J, lc, J (Dry-season Brood).

Papilio Glaucippe , Linnseus, Syst. Nat. i. ii. p. 762 (1767). Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i. pi. 10, figs. 3, 1
Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 164, figs. A, C.

Hebomoia Glaucippe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 96 (1816). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 108.
Wood-Mason and de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 371. Elwes and de Niceville,
Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 431. Murray, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1888, p. 26.
de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 387. Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 355.
Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 308. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Plist. Soc. 1897, p. 669.
Frubstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1898, p. 174. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 290.
Eruhstorfer, Iris, 1902, p. 297 ; id. Soc. Ent. 1903, p. 42. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, ii.
p. 274 (1907).

Iphias Glaucippe , Wallace (part), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 396.

Papilio Callirhoe , Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 473, J (1775).

Wet -season Brood (Figs. 1, la, $ $).

Male. Upperside creamy-white. Forewing with the costal line prominently
black; a large orange-red apical patch bordered with black, the band rather deep at
the apex, gradually narrowing downwards, sinuous on its inner side, and somewhat
angulated on the veins; the inner band very sinuous, thinner than the outer band,
but more uniform in width, and crosses the end of the cel] ; within the orange-red
area are several more or less spear-shaped large black spots in a sub-marginal row, in
the interspaces, and in most examples the two bands are joined together below vein
2 by a thick bar, leaving a large orange-red spot below it. Hindwing with some black
triangular spots on the outer margin, mostly large at the middle of the margin,
varying in number, also some two or three upper discal spots in most specimens.
Underside. Forewing white, apical area of the upperside represented by an ochreous-
pink patch, but without the black margins, the inner spear-shaped spots much paler
than they are above, covered with brown strigse, costal line brown. Hindiiing
suffused with ochreous-pink covered with brown strigse, and with several brown
spots varying in position, and with a brown line running from the base through the
cell straight to the middle of the outer border.

R 2

124

LEPIDOPTEBA INDIG A.

Female. Upperside creamy white with a slight greenish tinge, the basal portion
more or less irrorated with black atoms. Forewing with the apical patch larger than
in the male, occupying nearly the apical half of the wing, the orange fascia
much restricted, consisting generally of four or five orange-red streaks, the four
larger lower streaks with large, black, spear-shaped spots in a sub-marginal row in
the interspaces, the inner black band broad, almost uniform in width, joining the
outer band hindward where it is much thickened and extends to the hinder angle.
Hindwing with the outer marginal band broad, its inner margins dentated on the
veins, a discal row of large sub-triangular black spots. Underside similar to the male,
the brown transverse strigse more dense, the spots more numerous, the costa of the
forewing and the medial line of the hindwing darker and more prominent. Antennae
in both sexes dark brown, head and thorax with reddish-brown hairs in front, thorax
above greyish-blue, abdomen white with a bluish tinge; on the underside, the head
and thorax are brownish and the abdomen white.

Expanse, Z ¥ inches.

Dry -season Brood (Figs, lb, 1c, $ ¥)•

Wings more falcate in both sexes, the ground colour on the upperside purer
white. Male. Forewing w T ith the apical orange-red fascia larger, the black sur¬
rounding bands correspondingly thinner, the inner band much attenuated, and less
sinuous. Hindwing with the black spots on the outer margin all but obsolete.
Underside very similar to the Wet-season form, the brown strigse and spots more
numerous.

Female. Upperside whiter than in the Wet-season form. Forewing with the
apical orange-red fascia much larger, in some examples almost as large as in the male,
the costa black ,• the outer black band of the fascia a little broader than in the male,
the inner band less sinuous and more pronounced, the spear-shaped sub-marginal row
of black spots larger and nearer the outer band. Hindwing with the discal spots
smaller and more round, the band on the outer border thinner, often reduced to mere
triangular spots. Underside much as in the male.

Expanse, $ 4-f^, ¥ 3 T % to 4 inches.

Habitat.— N.E. India, Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Burma.

Distribution.— Many examples in our Collection from the Khasia Hills and from
Sikkim ; reported from Chin Lushi by de Niceville ; from Burma by Murray and
Fruhstorfer; from Tavoy by Elwes and de Niceville ; from the North Chin Hills by
Watson ; from the Shan States by Manders; from Siam, Annam, Tonkin, Hainan, and
Hong Kong by Fruhstorfer; it is also found in the Malay Peninsula.

The Lar\ a and Pupa are from Horsfield’s well-known drawings of the Java form
(. H . Javanensis , Wallace).

C0LIIN2E.

125

HEBOMOIA AUSTRALIS.

, Plates 592, figs. 1, la, $ 2 (Pry-season Brood).

Hebomoia Glaucippe , Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 127, pi. 49, figs. 1, la, £ 9 (Wet-season Brood).
Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 140. Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1887, p. 38.
Fergusson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 444. Betham, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1894,
p. 422. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 572. Aitken and
Comber, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 51.

Hebomoia Australis , Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 290. Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1894,
p. 174. Manders, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1904, p. 79. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India,
Butt. ii. p. 275 (1907).

Hebomoia Glaucippe Ceylonicaj Fruhstorfer, Iris, 1908, p. 100.

Wet-season Form.

Male. Upper side creamy-white. Forewing with the costal line much narrower
than in Glaucippe, the orange-red apical patch larger, the outer marginal black band
narrower, the black spots smaller, and the inner band nearly obsolete, being repre¬
sented by a thin sinuous line, or sometimes by a few black scales. Hindicing with
one, two or three marginal black spear-shaped spots above the middle, and a sub-
apical, more or less obscure spot.

Female. Upperside white. Forewing with grey irrorations towards the base, the
costal line greyish on the basal half, the apical orange patch reduced in size, the
marginal black band being broader, the spear-shaped sub-marginal black spots more or
less joined together on their outer sides, forming orange spots outside them, the two
upper ones being generally complete, the inner band better defined than in the male
into a continuous sinuous line thickened hindwards. Underside of both wings much as
in Glaucippe, but the apical patch of forewing and the coloration of the entire surface
of the hindwing darker.

Expanse, $ ? 4 inches.

Dry-season Brood.

Male. Upperside white. Forewing with the costal line very thin, obscure and
often greyish-red tinged towards the base, the orange apical patch with the outer
border narrower, the sub-marginal spots quite small, the inner band absent, except for
a few black scales at its lower end. Find wing without markings.

Female. Upperside white. Fore wing with a very few grey scales, almost pure
white, the apical orange patch as in the Wet-season form, the sub-marginal spots
generally well separated. Hindwing with the outer marginal band very narrow, the
spots small, discal spots very much reduced in size and mostly round, sometimes
obscure. Underside in both sexes as in the Wet-season form.

Expanse, $ $ 3 XX to 3 XX inches.

Habitat. —Southern India and Ceylon.

126

LEI?ID OP TEE A INDICA.

Distribution. —Taken by us at Khandalla and Malabar Hills, Bombay, where the
Dry-season form is very plentiful in October, November and December; we have it
also from Calicut, and several Wet-season forms from different parts of Ceylon taken in
April, May, June and July. Davidson reports it from the Canara District, Aitken and
Comber from the Konkan, Betham from Matheran, and Fergusson from Travancore.

HEBOMOIA ROEPSTORFI.

Plate 592, figs. 2, J, 2c, J (Wet-season Brood), 2b, <£, 2a J (Dr y-season Brood).

Hebomoia Eoejpstorji , Wood-Mason, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1880, pp. 134, 150 and 235. Wood-
Mason and de NTiceville, l.c. 1881, p. 251, pi. 14, figs. 3, 4 and 5, $ $ . Bingham, Fauna
of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 276, pi. 18, fig. 122 (1907).

Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, 2c, <? $).

Male. Upperside. Forewing white tinged with sulphur-yellow ; the costal line
black as in Australis , the orange apical patch broader, spreading into the apex of the
discoiclal cell, the outer black band similar, the inner band complete and more or less
even, but usually thin throughout, except at its upper and lower ends where it is
slightly thickened, and usually with two indentations at veins 2 and 4, the
sub-marginal row of black spots small and nearly round. Hindwing white with the
yellow tinge deeper, the exterior margin with a thin black band, thickened on the veins.
Underside marked as in Australis , but the apical patch of the forewings and the entire
hindwings suffused with dark ochreous-yellow.

Female. Upperside. Forewing white tinged with sulphur-yellow, with the basal
portions irrorated with black scales, the black costal margin thicker than in the male,
the apical orange patch reduced, the black outer border being broader, the inner border
similar, the sub-marginal black spots much larger, spear-shaped, and much nearer to the
margin. Hindwing white, with the yellow tinge deeper than in the male, almost
chrome-yellow in the outer portions in most specimens, the exterior marginal band
broader and angled on the veins, the discal row of black spots smaller than in Australis ,
but of similar shape. Underside of both wings similar to the male.

Expanse, $ $ 4 inches.

Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2b, 2a, $ $).

Male. Upperside. Forewing coloured as in the Wet-season form, the costal
margin and orange apical patch similar, except that there is always an orange spot at
the lower end of the patch below vein 2, the black inner margin to the patch is
generally absent, sometimes faintly indicated, the sub-marginal spots are generally
reduced to mere dots. Hindwing with the coloration of the Wet-season form, but the
band on the exterior border is reduced to a few black spots on the veins and is some¬
times entirely absent.

COLIINM

127

Female. Upperside. Forewing coloured as in the Wet-season form, but the
black irrorations are more faint, the black costal line is pale towards the base, the orange
apical patch is similar, but the sub-marginal spots are much reduced in size, and the inner
margin either altogether absent or very faintly indicated. Hindwing as in the Wet-
season form, but the yellow tinge is usually not so deep. Underside of both wings similar.

Expanse, 3 x 8 q- to 4 inches.

Habitat. —Nikobar and Andaman Islands.

Distribution. —We have received the species from the Great Nikobars, from Port
Blair and from Aberdeen, Andamans. Bingham records it from Barren Island.

INDO-MALAYAN SPECIES.

Hebomoia Borneensis , Iphias Glaucippe, var. Borneensis, Wallace, Journ. Ent. Soc. 1863, p. 3 ;
id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 396. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 356. Habitat, Borneo.

Hebomoia Javanensis , Colicis Glaucippe, Horsfielcl, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. 1829, p. 130. Iphias Glaucippe,
var. Javanensis, Wallace, Journ. Ent. Soc. 1863, p. 3. Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1898,
p. 174. Habitat, Java.

Hebomoia Pkilippensis, Iphias Glaucippe, var. Philippensis, Wallace, Journ. Ent. Soc. 1863, p. 3,
Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1898, p. 174. Habitat, Philippines.

Hebomoia Vossi, Iphias Vossi, Maitland, Tijd. voor Ent. 1859, p. 25. Vollenhoven, Mon. Pier, p. 55,
pi. 6, fig. 4 (1865). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 397. Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1898,
p. 174. Habitat, Nias.

Hebomoia Sumatrana, Hagen, Pdanzen. Tierwelt von Deli, Sumatra (1890). Hebomoia Glaucippe
var. Sumatrensis, Hagen, Iris, 1894, p. 36.

Hebomoia Liulciuensis , Hebomoia Glaucippe, Liukiuensis, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1898, p. 171.
Hebomoia Glaucippe, Adolf Fritz, Zool. Jarb. xi. p. 256, pi. 16, figs. 5, 5a, 5b (1898).
(Gynandromorphus). Habitat, Liukiu Islands, North of Japan.

Genus CALLOSUNE.

The Teracoli form a little group peculiar to Africa and South-West Asia as far as
India and Ceylon, where they represent the Palsearctic genus Euchloe. They are very
numerous in species, which, though differing much in outward appearance, present few
tangible characters by which they can be satisfactorily separated into genera, and
hence they have been united into a single genus by Butler, in which he has been
followed by Boland Trimen, who formerly treated Idmais as distinct. Schatz,
however, though admitting the absence of well-marked generic characters, keeps them
provisionally separate, because most of the species belonging to each can readily be
separated at a glance by their colour and pattern, and he thinks it probable (with
which we quite agree) that these differences may be correlated in their early stages.
Trimen, while! including all the species under the single genus Teracolus, divides them
into nineteen sections; we prefer to treat the known Indian groups separately, giving
the generic characters which mostly apply to all. We omit the genus Teracolus , its
type being Subfasciatus , Swainson, and also Idmais , type Chrysonome , Klug, no species

128

LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

of either section occurring within our limits, and the section of which Faustus , Olive,
is the type we name Madais , putting them into three sections : Callosune , type Danae,
Fabricius ; Colotis , type Amata, Fabricius ; and Madais , type Faustus , Olive ; the males
of the first section have no sex marks or secondary sexual characters; in Colotis the
males bear patches of specialized scales or androconia on the upperside of the hind¬
wing ; in Madais there is a patch of androconia on the underside of the forewing and
upperside of hindwing, and the different patterns and coloration form them into
well-divided and natural groups.

The species of these genera have been treated in a most arbitrary manner by
Watson and Bingham; for the most part the species belong to desert tracts and
sandy countries, but some few of them, such as Callosune Danae , are forest and
garden insects, their habits of life are quite different to those of the Dulcis group
which superficially resemble them; the present writer studied these forms in Bombay
where Danae is to be found, and for many months in Scind where Dulcis and the
other desert forms are very plentiful. The male of Danae has habits akin to the
Kallimas of the family of Nymphalidse , it settles on a leaf on the top of a tree
and remains there for days together, making short flights out and returning to the
same spot. On one occasion a male of C. Danae in the garden of one of the Bombay
hotels was closely watched for six successive days. On the other hand, the different
forms of the Dulcis groups are most restless creatures, they seem to be perpetually
on the move, wandering long distances without settling at all. Then, again, with
reference to the seasonal forms we are in a little difficulty; that nearly all the species
herein referred to have seasonal forms corresponding to the seasonal forms of the
other groups of Lepidoptera there can be no reasonable manner of doubt. It is true
that in the desert districts there is very little actual rainfall, but cloudy and clear
sky seasons, and hot and cold seasons, come about with the same regularity as wet. and
dry seasons in the other parts of the Indian region, and these changes affect the
Teracoli exactly in the same manner ; there are some intergrades, but so there are in
nearly all the forms of Lepidoptera. Bingham says, “A slight difference in the rain¬
fall from one week to another, probably even from day to day, in localities where they
are found, seems to affect the shade of the ground-colour, the width and prominence or
otherwise of the markings on their wings ” ; but he shows no warranty whatever for
these assumptions, and does not quote the authority of any one who has observed
them m the desert tracts they inhabit. In Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 434, we stated
<£ the real home of the Teracoli is the sandy desert, and it is a most extraordinary
fact that the worse the locality, where nature is a barren wilderness of nothing but
intense he^it and sand, the more beautiful are the species to be found there, many of
them having most brilliant patches of golden orange; regular sun patches, just as if
these patches had been burnt into their wings by the sun,”

C0LIIN2E.

129

Aphrodite , Hiibner, Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 95 (1816) (preoccupied).

Callosune , Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 57 (1847). Moore, Lep, Ceylon, i. p. 128 (1880).

Schatz, Ex. Sclimett. ii. p. 72 (1887).

Colotis, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 259 (1907).

i

Imago. —Orange or crimson tips to the forewings in all the species; no sex marks
or secondary sexual characters ; wings short, broad. Forewing sub-triangular, costa
slightly arched, apex almost rounded, exterior margin more or less rounded, costal vein
more than half the length of the wing, cell broad ; veins 6 and 7 from upper end of cell,
8 absent, 9 from 7 a little above its middle, 10 and 11 emitted at one-fifth and two-
fifths before end of cell; upper discocellular short, inwardly oblique, slightly concave,
lower deeply concave.

Hindwing w T ith the costa much arched, apex rounded evenly with the exterior
margin and posterior angle ; cell less than half the length of the wing; discocellulars
very oblique, upper very short, lower long, outwardly oblique and concave, vein 5 near
upper end of cell, 6 from the end, 7 from beyond the middle of cell, 8 much curved ;
preeostal vein long, inclined outwards.

Antennse short, not half the length of the forewing, with an oval flattened club.

Palpi rather long, projecting half beyond the eyes, second joint flat, very laxly
pilose beneath, third joint slender, legs very long and slender.

Pupa less boat-shaped than in Euchloe , with prominent wing covers.

Type, C. Danoe , Fabricius.

CALLOSUNE EUCHARIS.

Plate 593, figs. 1, la, $ 9 (Wet-season Broo d = Pseudevanthe), lb, £ (Albino), lc, Id, 9
(Underside Wet Form), le, £, If, 9? Ur, 9 (Dry-season Brood), lg, 9 (Albino), li, Ij, 9
(Extreme Dry-season Brood), lk, £ , 11, 9 (Underside Extreme Form).

Papilio Eucharis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 472 (1775).

Antliocharis ( Callosune) Eucharis, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 57 (1847).

Callosune Eucharis, Moore, Catal. Lep. E.I.C. i. p. 68 (1857). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867,
p. 389. Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 128, pi. 49, fig. 4, (1880), Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885,

p. 144. Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 362. Fergusson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist,
Soc. 1891, p. 444.

Euchloe Eucharis , Butler, Catal. Fabr. p. 215 (1869).

Teracolus Eucharis , Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 161. Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 144.
Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 36 ; id. 1894, p. 522. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist. 1897, p. 45. Guy Marshall, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 26. de Niceville, Journ. As.

Soc. Bengal, 1899, p. 214. Sharpe, Monograph, Gen. Teracolus, i. p. 97, pi. 31, figs. 1, la to ltn

(1900). Aitken and Comber, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 51. Manders, Journ. Bo.

Nat. Hist. Soc. 1904, p. 79.

Colotis Eucharis , Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 268 (1907).

Papilio Aurora , Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 299, figs. A, B (1782).

Euchloe Coeneos, Hiibner, Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 94 (1816).

VOL. VII.

S

130

LEPIDOPTEBA INPIG A.

Pieris Titea , Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 124 (1819).

Pontia ( Mancijjum ) Titea , Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. 1829, p. 141.

Teracolus Titea, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 144.

Teracolus Pseiidevanthe, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 164, pi. 7, fig. 16 $ 9 • Swinhoe, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 144.

Teracolus Pallens, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 49.

Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, la, lc, Id).

Imago. —Male. Uppersi.de white. Forewing with the costal line black, a large
orange-yellow apical patch, margined on its outer side with a black band, a little
narrow in its middle and broadly thickened at its lower end, the inner black margin
to the band narrow, thickened somewhat at both ends, indications of a slight shadowy
band through the centre of the patch, the black bands meeting at the lower end of the
patch fine hindwarcls to a point almost touching the lower angle of the wing. Hind-
vying with four or five black spots on the exterior margin, on the veins. Underside
white. Forewing with the orange patch showing through the wing with a band of five
or six spots more or less joined together running through its centre. Hindwing with a
brown spot on the costa a little beyond its middle.

Female. Upperside white, with a few grey scales towards the base. Forewings
with the orange patch reduced to a band of four, five or six spots, the orange colour
much paler than in the male, the black outer and inner bands broad, the inner band
recurved, elbowed inwardly before reaching its lower end, where it sometimes stops
abruptly, and in some examples is joined to the outer band and narrows hind wards as
in the male; a small black spot at the end of the cell. Hindwings with the black
spots on the exterior margin as in the male, but generally larger. Underside white.
Forewing with the apical patch showing through the wing, the inner black band well
pronounced with a blackish-brown spot below it, immediately below vein 2, also
a spot at the end of the cell. Hindwing usually tinged with orange-ochreous and
covered with ochreous-brown strigse, sometimes more, sometimes less, a black dot at
the end of the cell, a discal irregular brown macular band, angled outwardly below its
middle, often broken and incomplete, and brown spots on the veins on the exterior
margin. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, antennae speckled with white at
its sides, head and thorax clothed with short grey brown hairs.

Expanse, $ $ l T R -g- inches.

Dry-season Brood (Figs, le, If, lh = Buchans).

Male. Upperside white. Forewing with the costal line paler, the orange-yellow
apical patch larger, because the outer black band is narrower and the inner band is
altogether absent except for a brown spot above vein 3, and there is no thickening of

COLIINM

131

the band hind wards. Hindwing similar to that of the Wet-season male, but the spots
on the exterior margin are reduced to mere dots. Underside white, somewhat tinged
with ochreous-yellow, Forewing with the orange patch showing through the wing,
the inner band of it represented by three or four brown spots downwards from the
costa. Ilindwing unmarked except for a brown spot on the costa beyond the
middle.

Female. Rather variable, the orange-yellow apical patch of the Forewing is as

_L V- V s ; ' ^ ^

usual paler than in the male, but more extensive than in the female of the Wet-season
form, because both the outer and inner black bands are much narrower and never meet
hindwarcls, and the spots on the outer border of the Hind wing are narrower. Under¬
side similar to the underside of the female of the Wet-season form, but the suffusion on
the hindwing is of a darker, richer and more reddish tint.

Expanse, J ? 1 tV t° It 8 ^ inches.

Extreme Dry-season Brood (Figs, li, lj, lk, 11 = Fallens).

Male. Upperside white. Forewing with the costal line obsolescent, the orange-
yellow apical patch with a thin outer black border, no indications of an inner band.
J. find wing immaculate. Underside as in the Dry-season form, the suffusion on the
hindwing much brighter and more or less tinged with pink.

Expanse, $ ? 1^ to 1 X 7 X inches.

This species often exhibits albinism. Fig. lb represents a male of the Wet-season
form, and Fig. lg a female of the Dry-season form.

Habitat. — Southern India, Ceylon.

Distribution. —Frequents cultivated lands and the outskirts of forests ; not a
desert insect. Fergusson reports it from Travaneore, Aitken and Comber from the
Konkan, Hampson from the Nilgiri Hills, Davidson from Khandesh, Watson from
Mysore, Manders from Ceylon. It is in our Collection from the Nilgiris, Madras,
Belgaum, Bombay, Poona and Mahableshwur.

Larva. —Narrow; much resembles that of a moth, dull green, with no line along
the back, but with a yellow or pinkish line along each side. It has an extraordinary
habit of resting with the anal segment turned up and not resting on a twig. Feeds on
Candaha Indica .

Pupa. —Very much bent back, far more so than in Tends, the head prolonged
into a long thin recurved beak. When first formed it is pale green, but becomes a
greyish-white marbled more or less with brown. (Davidson in Sharpe’s Monograph
Gen. Teracolus, p. 101.)

132

LEPID OP TEE A INDICA.

CALLOSUNE ETRIDA.

Plate 594, figs. 1, <£, la, 9, lb, <J, lc, 9 (Wet-season Brood = Pernotatus), Id, £, le, 9 (Inter¬
mediate Brood), If, , lg, 9, lh, $ , li, 9 (Dry-season Brood), Ij, $, Ik, 9 (Winter Form =
Bimbura), 11, , lm, 9 (Extreme Dry-season Brood).

Anthocharis Etrida, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i. p. 576 (1836).

Callosune Etrida, Moore, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. 1857, p. -69. Wallace, Trans. Ent. feoc. 186/, p. ^90.
Swinhoe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1887, p. 2/ 8. Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888,
p. 362. Mackinnon and de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 591.

Teracolus Etrida, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 726 ; id. 1876, p. 160. Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1884, p. 510; id. 1885, p. 144. Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1887, p. 38. Watson,
Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 36 ; id. 1894, p. 522. Davidson, Bell and Aitken,
Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 359 ; id. 1897, p. 572. de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Nat.
Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 359. Guy Marshall (part), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 144. Butler, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 456. Mackinnon and de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc.
1898, p. 591. Sharpe, Monograph, Gen. Teracolus, i. p. 104, pi. 33, figs. 1, la to lm (1898).
Nurse, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1899, p. 513. de Rhe-Philipe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc.
1902, p. 492. Aitken and Comber, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 51.

Colotis Etrida , Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 270 (1907).

Teracolus Pernotatus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 159, pi. 7, fig. 1, $ 9 •

Teracolus Fcirrinus, Butler, l.c. fig. 2, $ 9 j id. 1886, p. 373.

Callosune Farrina, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 254.

Teracolus Purus, Butler, l.c. p. 370, figs. 14, £, 15, 9 1 id. 1881, p. 610 ; id. 1886, p. 374 ; id. Ann.

Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 200.

Callosune Pur a, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 254.

Teracolus Casimirus, Butler, l.c. fig. 5, g 9 •

Teracolus Bimbura, Butler, l.c. figs. 3, 4, £ 9 > id. 1881, p. 609. Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884
p. 511 ; id. 1885, p. 144; id. 1886, p. 433.

Wet-season Brood (Figs, 1, la, lb, 1c, $ $).

Imago. —Male. Upperside white, the basal portion irrorated with grey scales.
Forewing with the costal line blackish, a black dot at the end of the cell, an orange-
red apical patch divided by the black veins, much narrower than in Eucharis , being
broadly bordered on both sides with black, the bands meeting hindwards and narrowing
to a point on the lower angle of the wing. Hindwing with a blackish spot on the costa
beyond the middle, and large black angulated spots on the veins on the outer border,
the discal band of the underside showing through the wing. Underside white. Fore¬
wing with the cell spot more pronounced, the orange patch showing through the wing,
bordered inwardly by a well-marked broad band from the costa, usually ex tending-
only to vein 4. Hindwing with a black dot at the end of the cell, generally with a
pinkish mark on its inner side, and a discal brown macular whorl, often dislocated, the
outer marginal spots often showing through the wing. Antennse blackish-brown, with

COLIINJE.

133

white bands above, whitish beneath. Head, thorax and abdomen black above, with
short greyish hairs, white beneath. Palpi black above, white beneath.

Female. Upperside white, more densely irrorated with grey scales, all the
markings darker and larger. Forewing with the cell spot often fairly large, the orange
at the apex much reduced, the black bands being much deeper, a discal row of black
spots, generally three, two large ones below veins 4 and 2 and a small one between
them. Hindwing with two black spots from the costa beyond the middle, the whorl
completed with fainter coloured spots, the black marginal spots larger than in the male.
Underside as in the male, but there is a discal macular band or whorl of spots on both
wings, often incomplete on the forewing.

Expanse, $ ? l-j%- inches.

Intermediate Brood (Figs. Id, le, $ ? = Farrinus).

Male. Upperside white, the grey scaling less. Forewing with the orange patch
larger, the black border being narrower. Hindwing with the spots on the exterior
margin smaller, the discal band not visible. Underside as in the Wet-season form,
but all the markings paler.

Female. Upperside as in the Wet-season form, with all the markings reduced,
the discal band on the forewing composed of only two spots, the cell spot reduced to a
dot. Hindwing with the spots on the exterior margin smaller, a large spot below the
costa beyond the middle, the rest of the discal band not visible. Underside as in the
Wet-season form, but all the markings paler.

Expanse, $ $ 1^ to 1 t 8 q- inches.

Dry-season Brood (Figs. If, lg, lh, li, $ ¥ = Etrida ).

Male. Usually smaller than the preceding and whiter. Forewing with the
orange-red apical patch larger, the black bands narrower and not extended hindwards
to the angle. Hindwing with the black spots on the exterior margin much reduced in
size. Underside white. Forewing with a dot at the end of the cell, the orange patch
showing through the wing, margined inwardly by a pale blackish bar from the costa,
usually ending before reaching vein 4. j Hindwing sometimes slightly tinged with
reddish-ochreous, a dot at the end of the cell, indications more or less pronounced of
the discal whorl, generally dislocated and incomplete, sometimes absent ( = Purus).

Female. Like the male, but on the upperside of the forewing the spot at the end
of the cell is larger. There is usually a spot in the disc below vein 4 and another below
vein 2 ; sometimes one or other of these spots is absent. Hindwing with the spots on
the exterior margin much as in the Intermediate form. Underside. Forewing white,
the apical patch showing through the wing, a spot at the end of the cell, and two discal
spots. Hindwing generally with a slight pinkish tinge, a dot at the end of the cell ;

134

LEPIDOPTEBA INDICA.

•sometimes indications of the discal whorl, often not visible, sometimes with indications
of the marginal spots, sometimes without them.

Expanse, $ $ l x % to l xx inches.

Winter Form (Figs. Ij, lk = Bimfwra).

Only differs from the Dry-season form in having the underside of the hindwings
in both sexes suffused with pink, usually very strongly suffused when first emerged,
when at rest the greater portion of the forewing is hidden by the hindwing. The
creature goes to rest on the tops of the bushes, the leaves of which are pink-tinged at
their ends, and thus becomes invisible. We have often watched them settling in
this manner of an evening.

Extreme Dry-season Form (Figs, ll to lm).

Male. Upperside pure white, the apical patch as in the Dry-season form. Hind-
icing with the spots on the exterior border reduced to dots, often absent. Underside
sometimes with both wings pure white, sometimes the hindwing is slightly tinged
with pink, generally a minute dot at the end of each cell, some of the usual spots
occasionally indicated, often the wings are immaculate, some of the examples are
very small.

Expanse, $ $ 1^ to l xx inches.

Larva.—N early cylindrical, slender, and of a uniform green colour, with the
rough surface characteristic of Catupsilia and Te,rias .

Pupa. —With a sharp transverse ridge above, at the junction of the thorax
and abdomen, which extends well beyond the general outline on each side,
forming a pointed lateral process; from this a dorsal ridge runs out into a similar
point just over and behind the head; the colour is light green, with a triangular
patch of yellowish-white on the anterior side of each lateral process, and a
similar patch covering the top of the head. Aitken (Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc.
1887, p. 38.)

Habitat.— All India except Bengal.

Distribution. —It is to be found in the desert and sandy tracts as well as in
cultivated land and the outskirts of forests. We have the species from Campbellpur,
Deesa, Neemueh, Rawul Pindi, Mhow, Ahmedabad, Nilgiris, from many localities in
the Bombay district, and from Sind right up to Sukkur ; de Niceville reports it
from Simla and Agra; Davidson from Kanara and Khandesh, and it is in the British
Museum from Mean Meer and Cashmir. It is very curious that its capture seems
never to have been reported from any part of Bengal Proper.

COLIINM>

135

CALLOSUNE LIMBATA.

Plate 595, figs. 1, £, la, J (Wet-season Form).

Teracolus Limbatus , Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 161. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1894,
p. 522. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 456. Sharpe, Mon. Gen. Teracolus, i. p. 110,
pi. 34, figs. 1, la to lg (1898).

Callosune Limbatus , Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 129, pi. 49, fig. 5 (1881).

Colotis Limbatus , Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 271 (1907).

Teracolus Etrida , Guy Marshall (part), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 26.

Wet-season Brood.

Imago. —Male. Upperside white, with basal portion irrorated with grey scales.
j Forewing costal line black, orange-red apical patch divided by the veins, the outer
and inner black borders broad, meeting thickly together hind wards to the lower angle
of the wing. Ilinclwhig with a broad continuous black marginal band, in some
examples diffused inwards, in others without the diffusion, and sometimes the band is
composed of large black spots joined together. Underside much as in the Wet-
season form of Etrida ,

Female. Upperside very similar to the male. Forewing with a small black
spot at the end of the cell, and the two usual discal spots, these are sometimes very
small and sometimes absent. Hindwing with the outer black band much as in the
male, a small black spot below the costa beyond its middle. Underside white, the
costal margin, basal area, apical patch, and hind margin greenish-yellow, of various
shades in different examples; the markings as in Etrida.

Expanse, $ $ 1 t 5 q- to 1 ^ inches.

Dry-season Brood.

Male. Upperside white, the grey irrorations less than in the Wet-season form.
Forewing with the costal line paler, the orange apical patch a little larger, the black
bands on each side being narrower, the inner band narrowing upwards, the two bands
meeting hindwards and fining down to a line on the lower angle of the wing. Hind-
wing with black marginal spots as in Etrida . Underside white tinted with
yellowish towards the base of both wings, the apical patch of the forewing showing
through the wing, a black spot at the end of each cell, largest on the hindwing and
touched wfith pink, the wing otherwise immaculate.

Female very similar to the male. Forewing with a black dot at the end of the
cell, and one, sometimes two, black discal dots. Underside like the underside of a
Dry-season form female Etrida.

Expanse, J $ 1-^ to 1 ^ inches.

Habitat. —Ceylon.

Distribution. —We have it from Trincomali, it is in the British Museum from
Puttalam, Hambantottey and Vavoniya Vilankulam.

136

LEPIDOPTEBA INDIOA.

CALLOSUNE DANAE.

Plate 595, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9 , 2b, $, 2c, ? (Wet-season Brood), 3, , 3a, <j> (Dry-season Brood =

Sanguinalis ), 4, , 4a, $> , 4b, , 4c, ? (Extreme Dry-season Brood = Tajplini).

Papilio Eanae, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 476 (1775). Donovan, Ins. Ind. pi. 26, fig. 2, (1800).

Callosune Eanae, Moore, Catal. Lep. E.I.C. i. p. 69 (1857). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 389.

Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 129 (1881). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 362.

Teracolus Eanae , Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 157. Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 143.
Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 36; id. (part) 1894, p. 521. Butler, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 498. Guy Marshall (part), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 22. Aitken and
Comber, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 51.

Colotis Eanae , Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 271 (1907).

Teracolus Sanguinalis , Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 158.

Callosune Sanguinalis, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 129 (1881).

Callosune Taplini, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 444, pi. 40, figs. 8, £, 9, ? ; id. 1885, p. 144.

Wet-season Form (Figs. 2, $, 2a, $, 2b, $, 2c, ?).

Imago.— Male. White, rather thickly irroratecl with blackish-grey scales towards
the base. Fore whig , costa from base to the apical patch with a broad black band, a
black spot at the end of the cell; apical patch large, carmine, edged on the costa and
outer side by a narrow black band, the outer band with angular spots on the veins;
the inner black band is broad, is somewhat suffused inwardly and widens hindward,
and is continued to the lower angle of the wing. Hindwing with a broad black band
on the exterior margin, more or less macular hindwarcls. Underside white, sparsely
covered with grey scales. Forewing with a black spot at the end of the cell, the apical
portion with pale rosy tinge, a band of pale carmine across its middle containing a
whorl of black spots with white centres, some grey marks on the outer margin,
followed by two large blackish square spots on the interspaces below veins 3 and 2.
Ihndwmg with a black spot with a carmine centre at the end of the cell, a discal
macular complete band or whorl right across the wing, the spots decreasing in size
hindward, and each containing faint traces of pale carmine inside them, the outer
black border faintly visible through the wing.

Female. Upperside white, w T ith the basal third very thickly irrorated with
blackish-grey scales, a black spot at the end of the cell, costal line black, the apical
patch very nearly as brightly coloured as in the male, but smaller, its outer and inner
black margins being deeper, the former running in acute angles inwards on the veins,
the inner band thickened hind wards and continued broadly to the lower angle, a whorl
of four or five black spots across the middle of the patch. Hindwing with a broad
black band on the exterior border as in the male, a square black spot near the costa
beyond the middle, being the commencement of the discal macular band, the spots of
which are less pronounced hind wards. Underside like the underside of the male, but

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