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LYcmmDm.

185

always the case, some species rest with wings fully expanded or half open to show off
the brilliant colouring of the upperside ; their flight is as a rule extremely rapid, so rapid
that the eye can scarcely follow them, but the flights are usually short, the species
that live in the grass have usually a weak flight.

Sexual dimorphism is rare, Leech records that Zephyr us. japonica , Murray, has
four distinct forms of females with many intergrades. We know of none from
the Indian region, whereas, on the other hand, seasonal dimorphism seems to be as
common as it is in the butterflies of other families.

In determining a sub-division of this very interesting family and the order in
which they and the species they contain should stand, we have had much difficulty.
Dr. Moore left a number of notes, but they refer only to individual species, and are
under no arrangement whatever; de Niceville described eighty-two genera and over
four hundred species, but he classified no sub-families, contenting himself with only
distinguishing certain groups of genera. These agree fairly well with the groups
Doherty had previously characterised from the egg alone. In 1884, in his grand work,
“ Ehopalocera Malay ana,” Distant proposed a division of the genera into three
groups, founded more or less on the presence or absence of tails to the hindwings,
but this system of grouping cannot hold, because there are undoubtedly some genera,
such as Arhopala, in which some of the species have tails and some have not.
Dr. T. A. Chapman has, however, been working on the genitalia of many Lycaenids,
his excellent paper in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1909, part ii. has
thrown entirely new light on the subject, and we are attempting to arrange the
order of this family in accordance with his views and with those of Mr. J. W. Tutt, in
his work on British Butterflies.

Imago. —Usually of small size, body generally slender, six perfect legs, forelegs
somewhat smaller than the others, nearly alike in both sexes, the forelegs in the males
furnished with an exarticulate tarsus having several hooklets at the tip, distinct from
the ungues; palpi variable in length, often longer in the female than in the male;
antennae generally shorter than half the length of the costa of the forewing, often
ringed with white, with an elongated club. Eyes often more or less hairy. Forewing
with two or three branches to the si b-costal vein, rarely four, vein 8 absent in all
but three genera in the Indian forms, and in the females but not the males of three
others, discoidal cell closed, generally narrow, owing to the distance between the
costal and sub-costal nervures, wing rather broad and short, the apex and hinder
angle well marked, seldom rounded. Hindwing with the outer margin often furnished
with one or more slender tails near the anal angle, precostal nervure absent, discoidal
cell closed by very slender nervules.

Eggs hard, small, numerous, much wider than high, reticulate, with a whitish
accretion, forming an asymmetrical network of tetragons (Doherty).

VOL. vii. 2 B

186

LEPIDOPTEBA INDIO A.

Larva shaped like wood-lice, extremely sluggish for the most part, and look in
many cases more like a Coccus or some other vegetable excrescence than caterpillars,
some are smooth, many clothed with a soft down, some with fascicles of short bristles,
or regularly disposed tubercles, and a few, hairy generally ; several are regularly
corrugated dorsally, and others prominently humped in one or two places; some
larvae of Lycsenidse are scutate, being furnished with a hard flattened shield on the
dorsal region of the three last segments, which is used by the larvae to plug up the
holes in the fruits in the interior of which they live. The majority of the larvae feed
on the young leaves, buds, and flowers of trees, bushes and low-growing plants.
Lampides , Virachola and Deudonx , however, feed on the interior of fruits of several
kinds, some feed upon the seed pods of leguminous plants; these latter have very
long necks, so that they can reach far into the interior of the pods (de Niceville).

Pupa. —Usually very blunt, never furnished with spines or processes, though
they are often densely covered with short hairs or bristles; much rounded
anteriorly, the thorax rounded and often humped, generally dull coloured, of various
shades of red or brown or green.

Sub-Family GERYDIN^.

Imago. —Coloration dull, brown or blackish-brown, white or marked with white
in most females ; wings mostly elongate and delicate. Forewing with vein 8 absent.
Hindwing with all the veins present; outer margin of both wings sometimes uneven,
sometimes dentate ; abdomen slender, usually extending beyond the wings ; antennae
half the length of the costa of forewings; club gradual; palpi with the third joint
long and slender ; legs long, abnormal, the first joint of the tarsi elongate. The
genitalia of the male, Doherty says, are peculiar, the prehensores long, thin and plate¬
like, resembling the valves of the Papilionidse.

Egg. —Less than one-third as high as wide, delicately and somewhat obsolescently
reticulate, sometimes carinate, flat above and below (Doherty).

Larvae and Pupe unknown.

Genus GERYDUS.

Gerydus, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep. i. pi. 23, fig. 2 (1836). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 205 (1884p
de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 21 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 288
(1907).

Symetha, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 59, pi. 2, fig. 2 (1828).

Miletus , Westwood (part, nec Hiibner), Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 502 (1852).

Imago. —Eyes naked, palpi slender, scaled, not fringed in front, third joint long,
antennae less than half the length of the costa of forewings, club long and slender, abdomen
of the male with a sub-anal tuft of stiff hairs; legs abnormal, first joint of tarsi

GEBYDINM.

187

elongated, widened and compressed; claws minute. Forewing long and narrow, costa
well arched, apex acute, hinder margin bisinuate more than three-fourths the length of
the costa, vein 5 arising equidistant between veins 4 and 7, vein 6 from underside
of 7 beyond end of cell, upper discocellular therefore absent, vein 8 absent, 9 from
the middle of 7, 10 from sub-costal a little before apex of cell, 10 ending on costal
margin above upper end of the cell. Hindwing long, pear-shaped, costa arched near
apex and base, outer margin rounded, lower angle rounded, abdominal margin nearly
straight; cell short, discocellulars faintly indicated, vein 6 from 7 beyond upper end of
cell, 8 long and strongly curved at base, thence bisinuate to apex.

Type, Gerydus symethus , Cramer.

GERYDUS SYMETHUS.

Plate 612, figs. 1, $, la, lb, 9*

Papilio symethus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 149, figs. B, C, 9 (1779). Stoll. Suppl. Cramer, pi. 37,
figs. 3, 3c, $ (1790). Fabricius, Sp. Ins. ii. p. 119 (1781 ); id. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 69 (1787).

Hesperia symethus , Fabricins, Ent. Syst. iii. (i.) p. 280 (1793).

Polyommatus symethus , Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 675 (1823).

Gerydus symethus, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. i. pi. 23, figs. 2, 9 > 2a, 2b, tarsi fore leg, $ 9 (1836). Butler,
Cat. Fabr. p. 160 (1869); id. Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 546. Distant, Rhop. Malayana,
p. 205, pi. 20, fig. 2, $, pi. 22, fig. 14, 9 (1884). de Hiceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 22 (1890).
Watson, Journ. Bo. Hat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 43. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 617.
Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 290 (1907).

Myletus symethus, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. xix. p. 152 (1876).

Symetha pandu, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. pi. 2, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9 > 2b to 2i (structure of imago)
(1828).

Miletus zinchenii, Felder, Reise, Hoy. Lep. ii. p. 284, pi. 35, fig. 34, $ (1865).

Imago. —Male. Upperside blackish-brown. Forewing with a large white patch in
the centre, its upper margin having a small tooth projecting upwards in its middle,
its borders irregularly sinuous, a long white streak immediately below the patch,
sometimes attached to it, sometimes more or less separated; the upper, apical, and
outer portions of the wing darker blackish. Hindwing uniform blackish-brown, a
broad whitish streak beyond the cell, sometimes extending nearly to the outer margin,
often obscure, sometimes absent. Underside very pale with an ochreous tinge.
Forewing with the patch as above, often larger, a blackish patch on the lower basal
half; obscure, transverse, sinuous pale lines, two at base, and two or three on the
costal apical area, a sub-terminal series of slightly lunular small brown marks.
Hindwing crossed by a number of obscure, sinuous, brown and whitish lines, a
sub-terminal series of brownish slender lunules, the centre of the wing generally the
palest.

2 B 2

188

LEPIDOPTEBA INDIGA.

Female. Upperside. Forewing with the basal portion irrorated with dark greyish-
brown scales, the white patch very large, occupying more than two-thirds of
the wing, its outer margin very irregular, the patch sometimes intersected by the
veins; basal half of costal band broadly greyish-brown, the remainder black,
extending round the apex and outer margin, and running in on the hinder margin,
where in the middle it joins the grey irrorations, this outer band at the apex is very broad
and is black throughout. Hindwing greyish-brown, sometimes very pale, costal margin
very broadly blackish, a white patch in the middle of the wing which is sometimes
more or less suffused with grey and varies much in size. Underside, much as in the
male. Forewing with the white patch as large as it is above. Hindwing v T ith the
discal sinuous brown line more pronounced, a short brown shade through it from the
abdominal margin, and both wings with lunular sub-terminal brown marks. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath, palpi and thorax beneath white.

Expanse of wings, J $ 1 T 8 7 inches.

Habitat. —Burma, Malacca, Java, and many of the adjacent islands.

Distribution.— Recorded by Elwes from the Naga and Karen Hills, by Butler
from Maulmein, and by Watson from Chin Lushai; it is in the B. M. from Java.

GERYDUS ANCON.

Plate 612, figs. 2, $, 2a, J , 2b, $, 2c, ?.

Gerydus ancon, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 438, pi. 23, fig. 8. de Niceville, Butt, of
India, iii. p. 23 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 291 (1907).

Imago.— Male. Forewing, upperside, dark brownish-black at the base, a white
transverse band, which commences with a sub-costal streak near the base, and descends
outwardly before the middle of the wing, is crossed by a broad bar from the basal
brown space which becomes nearly pure black ; then the white band expands inwards
on to the hinder margin very broadly, its inner and outward edges being very
irregularly sinuous ; all the broad black marginal band being pure black, being very
broad at the apex and gradually narrowing to the hinder angle. Hindwing of a
uniform very dark brownish-black colour, without markings. Underside. Forewing
chocolate-brown, the white band much reduced, macular, and almost continuous, with
blackish suffusion inside it, on the centre of the wing and some similar suffusion
outside the band, above its middle ; the outer portion of the wing with pale streaks.
Hindwing of a uniform rather pale chocolate-brown, some obscure mottlings of a darker
brown, and a brown, obscure band from the abdominal margin beyond the middle,
which becomes more or less obsolete inwards.

Female, like the male. The white band slightly narrower hindwards.

GEBYBIN2E.

189

Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen pale brown above, more or less ochreous
tinged beneath.

Expanse of wings, £ $ 2 inches.

Habitat. —Tenasserim, Tavoy, Burma.

GERYDUS BOISDUVALI.

Plate 613, figs. 1, $ , la, <j>, lb, $ (Wet-season Brood), lc, Id, ? , le, <j> (Dry-season Brood).

Miletus boisduvali , Moore, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 19, pi. la, fig. 1, $ (1857) ; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865,
p. 777. Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. xix. p. 152 (1876). Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 374.

Gerydus boisduvali, de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 24, pi. 26, fig. 155, $ (1890). Manders, Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 527. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 43. Elwes, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1892, p. 618. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 561 (note). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1893, p. 292. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 658. Bingham, Fauna of Brit.
India, Butt. ii. p. 292 (1907).

Miletus chinensis, Felder, Verb. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 488 (1862) ; id. Reise, Nov. Lep. ii.
p. 284, pi. 35, figs. 35, 36 (1865). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 701.

Miletus irroratus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106.

Gerydus boisduvali , var. acragas, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 186.

Gerydus chinensis , J. J. Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1895, p. 460. Kershaw, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1905,
p. 1, pi. 1 (life history).

Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1 <£, la, ?, lb, £).

Imago. —Male. Upperside of a nearly uniform blackish-brown colour. Forewing
with an obscure discal band of small whitish spots, one or two obliquely, beyond the
cell and two below them nearer the margin, these spots mostly suffused with scales
of the ground colour, sometimes nearly obsolete. Hindwing without markings, cilia
white. Underside, pale pinkish-grey. Forewing with an obscure and irregular
whitish patch on the lower half of the disc, three spots in the cell, caused by six
whitish lines crossing it, a similar spot below the middle of the cell, some similar but
smaller sub-costal spots, four joined together from the costa near the apex, three below
them, and a series of sub-terminal brown spots. Hindwing with basal, sub-basal and
medial bands of spots, similar to those on the forewing, a discal band of similar spots
joined together, and a sub terminal angulated brown line.

Female. Above and below similar to the male, but the band on the forewing
above is better pronounced, and the spots larger, but often much suffused.

Expanse of wings, £ £ l| inches.

Dry —season Brood (Figs, lc, (t, Id, le,

Male. Much paler than the Wet form, the band is broad and continuous from
near the costa of forewing, outwards almost joining the two lower spots, the portion of

190

LEPID OP TEE A INDICA.

the wing outside this band is dark blackish-brown, nearly black, but all the inner
portion and the hindwing are pale pinkish-brown, a little darker brown occasionally ; on
the underside there is a brown shaded streak from the base inwards on the forewing,
and a similar streak on the hindwings extending inwards from the middle of the
abdominal margin.

Female, similar to the male.

Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen above and below brown.

Expanse of wings, $ $, 1 T % inches.

Habitat. —Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Hong Kong, Ceylon, extending to Java.

Distribution. —Watson records it from the Chin Hills and Chin Lushai, Elwes
from North Assam and the Karen and Naga Hills, Manders from the Shan States ;
it is in the B. M. from Hong Kong, Ceylon and Java, and in our collection from the
Khasia Hills.

GERYDUS LONGEANA.

Plate 613, figs. 2, <£, 2a, $, 2b, $, 2c, J .

Gerydus longeana , de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 141, pi. Z, figs. 15, 16.

Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 293 (1907).

Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, 2a, $, 2b, £, 2c $).

Imago. —Male. Upperside pale blackish-brown with a slight ochreous tint.
Forewing with the space beyond the white discal band black, the band consisting of an
oblique rather broad streak across the end of the cell, and two somewhat elongate
spots below it, nearer the margin. Hindwing unmarked. Underside of a uniform
very pale brownish-grey, tinged with ochreous, markings very obscure, much as in
boisduvali ; the white discal band of the forewing broader throughout and much
enlarged hindwards.

Female, like the male, the discal band very much broader, consisting of four
elongated white streaks of uniform size; on the underside the markings are better
defined.

Expanse of wings, J inches.

Intermediate Form.

Male, with the space on forewing beyond the white band black, the band purer
white, very broad, evenly curved, the spots closer together and narrowing hindwards,
the inner portion of the wing and the entire hind wing pale whitish-grey with a
pinkish-ochreous tinge, a short brown streak, immediately above the upper half of the
cell, and another in the interspace above vein 2, extending from its origin to the
white band; the hind wing with the costa broadly blackish-brown, unmarked. Under-

GERYD1N2E.

191

side as in the other form, the discal band much as on the upperside, the ground colour
of both wings somewhat darker, a discal obscure brown transverse shade on the
hindwing.

Female. Forewing with the base ochreous-grey, the outer band black and as in
the male ; the remainder of the wing white, containing the two brown streaks as in the
male. Underside similar to the male.

Expanse of wings, £ ? lj inches.

Dry-season Brood.

Male. Upperside nearly all white except the outer black band of the forewing ,
markings as in the female of the intermediate form; some slight ochreous-grey
suffusion on the basal and abdominal portions of the hindwing . Underside pale.

Female, almost pure white above, the central brown bar on the forewing above
very small and obscure, the suffusion on the hindwing hardly visible. Underside as in
the male.

Expanse of wings, £ ? 1 r % to ly 3 ^ inches.

Habitat. —Burma.

Distribution. —The type came from Hsipaw in the Shan States; there is a fine
series of all three forms in the B. M. from Thyetmyo, Chindwin, Beeling, and
Tilin Yaw.

GERYDUS CROTON.

Plate 614, figs. 1, $, la, 5 > It), $, lc, J .

Gerydus Croton, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 439, pi. 23, fig. 9. de Niceville, Butt, of
India, iii. p. 25 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 617. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India,
Butt. ii. p. 294 (1907).

Imago. —Male. Upperside. Forewing rich dark brown, the apical portion beyond
the white band black; the white band consists of one elongated, rather large spot
beyond the cell, with two round white spots below it, nearer the outer margin.
Hindwing of a uniform similar rich brown colour without markings. Underside
paler brown, more or less uniform in colour throughout both wings. Forewing
with the discal band much as on the upperside, sometimes the spots are a little
larger, and often tinged with ochreous, some obscure annular markings on the
costal and apical areas. Hind wing crossed with several very obscure annular
bands, sometimes almost indistinguishable, both wings with a sub-terminal line of
minute black dots.

Female paler in colour than the male, the white discal band of the forewing
broader, the elongated spot beyond the cell becoming broader and forms a band which

192

LEPID OPTEDA INDIG A.

extends np to the costa a little before the middle. Underside much paler and tinged
with chocolate colour. Forewing with the discal band consisting of four elongated
spots in the disc, increasing in size upwards, a black patch just inside them. Hindwing
with some very obscure annular markings, both wings with minute sub-terminal black
dots as in the male. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown above, paler
beneath.

Expanse of wings, £ $ l T 8 -g- inches.

Habitat. —Burma.

Distribution.— Elwes records it from Pegu ; it is in the B. M. from the Shan
States ; the type came from Tenasserim.

GERYDUS BIGSII.

Plate 614, figs. 2, $, 2a, $, 2b, $, 2c, ? .

Gerydus bigsii, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 206, pi. 22, fig. 12, $ (1884). de Niceville, Butt, of
India, iii. p. 24 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 43. Elwes, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1892, p. 617. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 560. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist.
Soc. 1897, p. 657. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 295 (1907).

Gerydus gopara, de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 25 (1890); id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890,
p. 208, pi. E, figs. 1, $, 2, $ .

Imago. —Male. Upperside of a uniform dark blackish-brown. Forewing with
the apical portion darker black; the white discal streak crossing outside the end of
the cell, descends hindwards, less obliquely than is usual in the genus, and therefore is
more in the middle of the wing, it is more like a bar, and is very broad and extends
from near the costa at its middle to near the hinder margin of the wing, there are no
other markings on either wings above, but the outer margin of the hindwing is
distinctly sinuous, wdiich is very unusual in the males of this group. Underside pale
brownish-grey with a faint pinkish tinge. Forewing with the white band forming a
large white patch, a blackish suffusion on the wing in the inner portion, the usual
markings on forewings better defined than in boisduvali, very obscure on the hindwing ;
a sub-terminal series of black dots.

Female, like the male. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brown above and
below.

Expanse of wings, J $ 1^ inches.

Habitat. —Burma, Malay Peninsula.

Distribution. —Watson records it from the Chin Hills and Chin Lushai, Elwes
from the Naga and Karen Hills ; it is in the B. M. from Thyetmyo, the Malay Peninsula
and Java, and we have it from Celebes.

GEU YTfINM.

193

GERYDUS ASSAMENSIS.

Plate 614, figs. 3, 3a, $.

Gerydus irroratus, var. assamensis, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 37, pi. 1, fig. 7.

Gerydus irroratus , Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 295 (1907).

Imago.— Above unmarked except by a small, pale, longitudinal area around the base
of the upper median vein on the forewing. Below pale grey-brown, without the dark
markings of G. boisduvali; a small pale area on the forewing below the middle median
vein, the markings lunular, those in the cell of the forewing reduced, the transverse
discal band of the forewing sub-apical, extending only to the upper median vein, a
single conspicuous dark lunule near the lower angle; the transverse band of the
hindwing regular, an undulated, continuous sub-marginal dark line.

It resembles G. melanion from the Philippines, but is without the white area near
the lower ansde of the forewin o- above.

The figure represents the transverse band of the hindwing incorrectly; it is really
composed of separate annular lunules (Doherty, l.c.).

Habitat.— Dhansiri Talley, Naga Hills.

We have not seen this species; the unique type is in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta ; the figure is copied from Doherty’s figure.

ALLIED INDO-MALAYAN FORMS.

Gerydus leos, Simethus leos, Guerin, Voy. Coq. pi. 18, fig. 8 (1829). Synonym, Gerydus teos, Doherty,
Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 185. Habitat, Salaya Isl., Celebes, Amboina, Sumba.

Gerydus melanion , Miletus melanion, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 284, pi. 35, figs. 32, 33 (1865).
Habitat, Philippines.

Gerydus fearchus , Miletus learchus, Felder, l.c. p. 285, pi. 35, figs. 35, 37 (1865). Synonym, Miletus
philippus, Staudinger, Lep. Palawan, p. 92, pi. 1, fig. 2 (1889). Habitat, Cochin China,
Philippines.

Geryduspetronius, Distant and Pryer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 266. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1895, p. 559. Habitat, Borneo.

Gerydus maximus, Holland, Proc. Boston Soc. xxv. p. 68, pi. 5, fig. 9 (1891). Habitat, Celebes.
Gerydus heracleon, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 36. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892.
p. 617. Habitat, Perak.

Gerydus gigantes, de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 23, pi. 5, fig. 1, $ , 13, 9 . Habitat,
N.E. Sumatra.

Gerydus goetidus, de Niceville, l.c. p. 24, pi. 5, fig. 12, 9 . Habitat, N.E. Sumatra.

Gerydus gallus, de Niceville, l.c. p. 25, pi. 5, f. 11, 9 • Habitat, N.E. Sumatra.

Gerydus gsesa, de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895 (vol. x.), p. 26, pi. S, fig. 16,
Habitat, N.E. Sumatra.

Gerydus gig as, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 559, pi. 31, fig. 3, Habitat, Kina Balu,
Borneo.

2 c

VOL. VII.

194

LPPTDOPTEPA INDICA.

Gerydus innocens, H, H. Druce, l.c. p. 560, pi. 31, fig. 4. Habitat, Kina Balu.

Gerydus vincula , H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 561, pi. 31, figs. 9, 10, 9 • Habitat, Borneo.

Gerydus improbus, H. H. Druce, l.c. 1896, p. 651, pi. 29, figs. 1, <£,2, 9 . Habitat, Kina Balu.

Genus ALLOTINUS.

Allotinus, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 285 (1865). de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii, p. 27 (1890).

Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 296 (1907).

Paragerydus, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 207 (1884).

Miletographa, Rober, Ex. Schmett. ii. p. 277 (1891).

Imago. —Differs from tlie genus Gerydus in having the first joint of the tarsi
greatly elongated, round, not widened and compressed as in Gerydus; eyes naked.
Forewing , cell about half as long as the wing; vein 6 from basal third of 7 beyond
apex of cell; vein 8 absent; vein 9 from upper fifth of 7; 10 from upper end of cell;
11 from apical half of sub-costal. Hindwing long, oval, outer margin curved, slightly
dentate. Antennse more than half the length of the costa of fore wing, club gradual,
palpi erect, slender, aciculate ; body long and slender.

Type, Allotinus fallaxl Felder, from the Philippines.

ALLOTINUS DRUMILA.

Plate 615, figs. 1, £, la, 9? 15, £, lc, 9-

Miletus drumila, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 777, pi. 41, fig. 12, 9 ■

Allotinus drumila, de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 28 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India,
Butt. ii. p. 297 (1907).

Miletus insignis, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 269, pi. 94 (1888).

Imago. —Male. With the shape of the wings like a female, short, broad.
Forewing with the costa much arched before the apex, which is produced to a point,
outer margin of forewing slightly crenulate, of the hindwing highly so = Miletographa.

Upperside dark brown. Forewing with a white streak, from the outer end of the
cell, curving outwards and downwards into the interspace above vein 2, being broken
by some brown suffusion on vein 3, the apex, outer margin and space below the streak
darker brown, nearly black. Hindwing with the costal margin pale, a broad black
streak below the pale portion ; no other markings; underside pinkish-grey, a whitish
streak along the hinder margin beyond the middle, all the rest of the wing with brown
irrorations, which are thickest and darkest along the costal and marginal spaces, the
latter limited by a thin very dark transverse band from the hinder margin near the
angle, and stopping short of the costa ; cell with three transverse bars of dark brown,
the middle bar continued below the cell to the hinder margin. Hindwing darker in
colour, with many dark brown irrorations and mottlings and some dark brown,

GEEYDINJE.

195

irregular, transverse bands, the first sub-basal, disconnected in its middle, the second
and third short, from the centre of the wing to the costa, before which they meet,
the third from the abdominal margin near the angle right across the wing. Antennae
brown, pale below with browm rings, a long white streak below the club, and the tips
white, head and body brown.

Female. With the black outer band of the forewing and the broad costal black
band of the hindwing similar in shape to those of the male, but all the rest of both
wings is white above and below ; on the upperside on the forewing there is some
ochreous-grey suffusion at the base, and there is a sub-costal band of the same colour
from the base to the apical black band ; the hindwing is without markings except for
a terminal somewhat suffused line of the same colour, but some examples are without
it; on the underside there is some ochreous-grey suffusion, on the outer margin of the
forewing and the hindwing is more or less entirely suffused with this colour, the
centre portion being paler than the borders; all the markings are more or less
obsolescent, but those that can be distinguished are identical with the markings of
the male, except that the lower band on liindwings below, which stop in the middle
of the wing, has two teeth pointing hindwards.

Expanse of wings, £ 9 2 inches.

Habitat. —Sikkim, Assam, and Bhutan.

The females appear to be commoner than the males ; we have one from the
Khasia Hills, and there is one in the Hewitson Collection in the B. M. without
locality. Moore described the male of multistrigatus as the male of this species.*
We have examined his type in the B. M., and de Niceville and those that followed
him do not appear to have seen the true male.

ALL 0 TIN US MULTISTRIGATUS.

Plate 615, figs. 2, £, 2a, 9 > 2b, $, 2c, $ .

Allotinus multistrigatus , de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 253, pi. 11, figs. 11 and 2, £ 9 •
Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 131. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 373.
de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 29, pi. 26, figs. 157, 158, $ 9 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1890, p. 527. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 619. Bingham, Eauna of Brit. India, Butt,
ii. p. 298 (1907).

Gerydus drumila , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 521, $ (ex errore).

Imago.— Male. Upperside of a dark earthy brown. Forewing with a pale curved
patch from the end of the cell, sometimes connected with the base by an obscure pale
streak through the cell; the outer portion blacker than the rest of the wing. Findwing
unmarked. Underside with all the marking's darker brown with white edges.

o o

* P.Z.S. 1883, p. 521.

2 c 2

196

LEPIDOPTERA INBICA.

Forewing with the outer portion covered with many of these spots of various sizes, the
lower discal portions with a few; cell with three elongated spots crossing it, a post-discal
irregular band of detached spots, a sub-terminal lunular line. Hindwing with similar
spots and minute dark brown specks; three basal detached spots in a transverse row, a
medial macular band that crosses the cell, a large spot at apex of cell, with a similar
spot above touching the costa, and another below it at base of interspace 3, a broad
curved macular discal brown band, its upper spot well detached, the others confluent.

Female. Differs from the male in having a discal oblique band of three spots.
L nderside with the markings more clearly defined.

Expanse of wings, £ $ 2 T 2 ¥ inches.

Habitat.— The Himalayas from Kumaon to Bhutan at low elevations, Assam
and the Chittagong hill tracts (Bingham).

Distribution.— Elwes records it from the Naga Hills, and Manders from the
Shan States. We have received many examples of both sexes from the Khasia
Hills.

ALLOTINUS SUBVIOLESCENS.

Plate 616, figs. 1, la, $ , lb,

Allotinus subviulescens, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 280, pi. 35, figs. 27, 28 (1865). Bingham,
Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 300 (1907).

Allotinus alkamah, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 452, pi. 44, fig. 3, $ (1886). de Niceville, Butt, of
India, iii. p. 30 (1890).

Imago.— Male. Forewing. Upperside brownish-black, a dull violaceous patch
consisting of two streaks divided by the vein, filling up the internomedian interspace
from near the base, to the broad blackish outer border, a shorter streak fills up the
interspace above in a similar manner. Hindwing blackish-brown, a broad medial dull
violaceous streak from the base to the disc. Underside pale brownish-grey with a
slight ochrcous tint, with many transverse darker lines composed of specks, spots, and
stride, coalescing in parts.

Female. Upperside similar to the male, but the violaceous portion much larger,
occupying most of the interior portion of the wing, leaving a broad costal and outer
band. Underside like the male, but the markings more ochreous and prominent.
Antennae, head and body brown above, paler beneath, the palpi nearly white beneath.

Expanse of wings, $ f lqh inches.

Habitat.— Burma, Malay Archipelago.

Distribution. —The type came from Java ; Distant’s type from Malayana; it is in
the B. M. from Toungoo, Bangoon, Sumatra, Kina Balu, and Palawan. The male
figure is from Felders type-specimen from Tring Museum.

GER YDINJE.

197

ALLOTINUS NIVALIS.

Plate 616, figs. 2, £ , 2a, $ , 2b, £.

Miletus nivalis, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 348.

Paragerydus nivalis, Distant, Khop. Malayana, p. 207, pi. 22, fig. 11, 9 (1884).

Allotinus nivalis, cle Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 30, pi. 26, fig. 159, J (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool.

Soc. 1892, p. 620. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 301 (1907).

Logania substrigosa, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 22.

Imago.— Male. Uppersicle dark brown, unmarked. Underside white, with
oehreous-brown markings. Forewing with some thickly dispersed specks on the costa,
a post-discal thin transverse band, curving outwardly above and below its middle,
the entire wing covered with minute specks and transverse strigse. Hindwing
similarly marked with strigse, a sub-terminal series of black dots on both wings.

Female. Like the male above and below, except that the markings below are
more pronounced and there is more or less suffusion on the outer borders of both
wings, and a patch on the outer margin of the fore wing below the apex.

Expanse of wings, $ $ 1 inch.

Habitat. —Southern Burma, Malacca, Borneo, Sumatra, Nias.

Distribution.— The type came from Borneo; Moore’s type from the Mergui
Archipelago ; Elwes records it from Eastern Pegu, de Niceville from Tenasserim and
Mergui; it is in the B. M. from Sumatra and Nias.

ALLOTINUS PAN0RMIS.

Plate 616, figs. 3, $, 3a, J , 3b, <£, 3c, £ .

Allotinuspanormis, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 619, pi. 43, ligs. 8, 9, g J. Bingham, Fauna of

Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 301 (1907).

Imago. —Male. Upperside uniform dark brown with a slight pinkish -ochreo us
tinge. Forewing with a large pale, almost oval, longitudinal streak beyond the cell.
Hindwing unmarked, cilia of both wings grey. Underside, greyish-white markings,
ochreous-grey, both wings covered with innumerable minute strigse, some formiim
small spots on the costa of the forewing, a spot in the cell, a bar beyond it, and

another at its end; some larger transverse marks on the outer portion of the wing.

On the hindwing there are a greater number of large marks on the basal half
and a post-discal series of spots, on both wings there is a sub-terminal series of
small spots.

Female. Like the male on the upperside, colour more ochreous-tinged, indications
of the streak on the forewing; otherwise both wings are without markings. Underside

198

LEPIDOPTEBA INDICA.

similar to the male, but the larger markings form irregular transverse dislocated
bands on both wings. Antennae brown, head and body dark brown, greyish-white
beneath.

Expanse of wings, $ 1-jg, $ 1 t 5 q- inches.

Habitat. —Karen and Kaga Hills.

ALLOTINUS HORSFIELDI.

Plate 617, figs. 1, <£, la, $, lb, $, lc, $ .

Miletus horsfieldi, Moore, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. i. p. 19, pi. la, fig. 2, $ (1857). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1873, p. 347. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 269, pi. 94, £ (1888).

Gerydus horsfieldi , Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 546. Elvves, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892,

p. 618.

Pciragerydus horsfieldi, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 207 (woodcut of posterior leg), pi. 20, fig. 7, $
(1884). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 131. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 26,
pi. 26, fig. 156, $ (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1896, p. 527. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat.
Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 43.

Allotinus horsfieldi, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 299 (1907).

Wet-season Brood.

Imago. —Male. Upperside uniform dark brown with the oval pale streak on the
forewing much as in panormis, but somewhat shorter, both wings otherwise unmarked,
cilia grey. Underside white, much whiter than in panormis , both wings entirely
covered with very minute ochreous-grey strigse, and sub-terminal blackish lunules; the
forewing has some denser strigse along the costa, two thin transverse bars in the cell
and one at the end. The hindwing has some thicker marks along the costa and marks
forming irregular and dislocated transverse bands, or indications of them, at the middle
and on the disc.

Female. Like the male above, the longitudinal streak of the forewing very
faintly indicated, on the underside the markings are similar, in some examples rather
more pronounced. Antennae brown, head and body brown above, white beneath.

Expanse of wings, $ 1 t 7 q to $ 1-f^ inches.

Dry -season Brood.

Male and female in no way differ from the Wet-season form, except in the
smallness of its size and in the oval pale streak surrounding the swollen vein being
smaller, obviously a little shorter, otherwise the markings above and below are
identical.

Expanse of wings, $ £ lyy inches.

Habitat. —Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula.

GEE YEINAl.

199

Distribution. —Recorded by Watson from Chin Lushai, by Manders from the
Shan States, by Elwes from E. Pegu; it is in the B. M. from Burma, Malacca, Borneo
and Sumatra; in our collection from the Salween Valley, Burma and Sarawak ; and
there are several examples of the Dry-season brood in the B. M. from Tilin Yaw and
the Karen Hills.

ALLOTINUS TARAS.

Plate 617, figs. 2, £, 2a, 9 > 2b, $, 2c, 9 •

Allotinus taras, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 437, pi. 23, fig. 10, £. Elwes, Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 619. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 300 (1907).

Paragerydus taras , de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 27 (1890).

Imago. —Male. Forewing longer and more acute than in horsfieldi, outer margin
slightly curved. Upperside, both wings dark brown, the colour slightly darker at the
apex of the fore wing. Underside creamy-white, sparsely covered with brown strigse
unevenly distributed, a transverse macular discal band, composed of slender crescent¬
shaped markings, beyond which is a sub-marginal line of blackish dots. Forewing
tinged with brown at the apex, the sub-apical dots within the brown area edged
outwardly with white. Ilindwing with a brownish marginal line.

Female. Paler than the male, otherwise it is similarly coloured and marked.

Expanse, <£ 9 lyV inches.

Habitat. —Tenasserim and Chittagong.

o o

IND0-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES.

Allotinus fallax, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 284, pi. 35, figs. 24, 25, 26 (1865). Habitat,
Philippines.

Allotinus major , Felder, l.c. p. 286, pi. 35, figs. 29, 30, 31 (1865). Synonyms, Allotinus albatus,
Felder, l.c. p. 287. Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1878, p. 15. Allotinus albatus, var. maximus,
Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. 1888, p. 269. Habitat, Celebes.

Allotinus unicolor , Felder, l.c. p. 369. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 209 (1884). Habitat, Malay
Peninsula.

Allotinus ajpus, de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895 (vol. x.), p. 17, pi. S, fig. 17, 9 .
Habitat, N.E, Sumatra.

Allotinus audax, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 564, pi. 31, figs. 11, (£,12, 9- Habitat,
Kina Balu, Borneo.

Allotinus aphocha, Kbeil, Rhop. Nias, p. 28, pi. 5, fig. 30 (1884). Paragerydus aphocha, H. H.
Druce, l.c. p. 563. Habitat, Nias, Borneo. •

Allotinus fabius, Paragerydus fabius, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 266. Synonym,
Allotinus caudatus, Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1893, p. 34. Habitat, Borneo,
Celebes.

200

LEPIDOPTEPA INDICA.

Allotinus felderi, Paragerydus felderi, Semper, Reise, Philipp, v. p. 163, pi. 31, fig. 22, $ (1889).
Habitat, Philippines.

Allotinus nigritus , Paragerydus nigritus, Semper, l.c. p. 164, pi. 31, fig. 15 (1889). Habitat,
Philippines.

Allotinus punctatus, Paragerydus punctatus, Semper, l.c. p. 165, pi. 31, fig. 16, $ (1889). Habitat,
Philippines.

Allotinus maccassarensis, Paragerydus maccassarensis, Holland, Proc. Boston Soc. xxy. p. 70, pi. 4,
fig. 5 (1891). Habitat, Celebes.

Allotinus pixus, Paragerydus pixus, de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 27. pi. 5, fig. 2, $ .
Habitat, Borneo.

Allotinus portunus, Paragerydus portunus, de Niceville, l.c. fig. 14. Habitat, Java.

Allotinus psetus, Paragerydus psetus, de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Hat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 269, pi. O,
fig. 12, $. Habitat, N.E. Sumatra.

Allotinus waterstradti , Paragerydus waterstradti, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 562, pi. 31,
fig. 1, $. Yar. absens, H. H. Druce, id. Habitat, Kina Balu.

Allotinus melos, Paragerydus melos, 'H. H. Druce, l.c. 1896, p. 652. Habitat, Cagayan Isl., N.E. of
Borneo.

Genus LOGANIA.

Logania , Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 208 (1884). de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 31 (1890).

Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 302 (1907).

Malais, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 436.

Forewing sub-triangular, costa arched, apex angulate, but not produced, outer
margin sinuous and somewhat dentate, strongly curved inwards above the lower angle
which is obtuse; hinder margin nearly straight, somewhat shorter than the costa;
costal nervure terminating near the middle of the costal margin ; first sub-costal
nervule emitted a little beyond the middle of the cell, second half way between that
and the end of the cell, third and fourth forked at about two-thirds from the end.
Hindwing long, the costa nearly straight, the outer margin deeply sinuate ; first
sub-costal nervule from a little before the end of the cell. Palpi long hirsute, apical
joint slender, clothed with adpressed hairs. Antennae with a gradually thickened club ;
tibiae incrassated ; first joint of the tarsi cylindrical, and long as in Allotinus.

Type, Logania malayica , Distant, from the Malay Peninsula.

LOGANIA MARM0RATA.

Plate 618, figs. 1, <£, la, .

Logania marmorata, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 22; id., Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886,
p. 39, pi. 3, fig. 7. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 33, frontispiece, fig. 128 (1890).
Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 527. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 620. Bingbam,
Fauna of Brit, India, Butt. ii. p. 303 (1907).

GEE YBINjE.

201

Imago. —Male. Upperside violaceous. Forewing with some grey irrorations at
the base, costal band narrowly pale black, outer marginal band brownish-black, very
broad, occupying one-third of the wing, its inner edge having some short blackish
streaks running in on the veins. Hindwing with the costa very broadly blackish, the
entire wing suffused with blackish-brown with the exception of a medial streak of the
violaceous colour from the base to the disc. Underside whitish, heavily and irregularly
mottled with dark brown. Forewing with the veins densely mottled and a dark sub-
apical shade. Hindwing with obscure bands formed by the coalescing of the mottlings,
sometimes medial, discal and sub-terminal, but they are not properly determinable, in
some lights they appear to be longitudinal, sub-costal and medial.

Female, unknown.

Expanse of wings, $ T y inch.

Habitat. —Lower Burma.

Distribution. —The type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, came from Elphinstone
Island, Mergui Archipelago ; Manders records it from the Shan States, Elwes from
Perak; there is an example in the B. M. from the Haundraw Valley, Burma.

LOGANIA WATSONIANA.

Plate 618, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, $, 2e, J.

Logania watsoniana, de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 143, pi. Z, figs. 17, 18, $ $.

Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 303 (1907).

Imago. —Male. Forewing. Upperside white, the base irrorated with blackish
atoms, a suffused blackish spot at the upper end of the cell, costal band narrowdy
blackish, apex broadly black, its inner margin crossing from the discoidal spot to
vein 5, and then uniformly and less broadly to the hinder angle, the hinder margin
also suffused with blackish. Hindwing entirely suffused, the costal margin broadly
black. Underside. Forewing pale purplish-brown, an irregular w T hite patch in the
disc, continued to the hinder margin, some dark clouds in the purplish-brown portions
and many striae. Hindwing paler, the mottlings forming ante and post medial
clouds.

Female. Upperside like the male, but the basal suffusion more extensive, leaving
but a small white space in the upper disc. On the underside the ground colour of
the hindwing is paler and more ochreous and sub-basal, ante-medial and post-medial
macular bands are more or less observable. Antennae, head and body blackish above
and below.

Expanse of wings, £ 1 y’y, $ l T 2 y inches.

Habitat.— Upper Burma.

VOL. VII. 2 D

202

LEPIDOPTERA INPICA.

Distribution.— The type from the Shan States is in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta. There are examples in the B. M. from the Shan States and Karen Hills.

LOGANIA MASSALIA.

Plate 618, figs. 3, 3a, 9 , 3b, 3c, $ .

Logania massalia , Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 37, pi. 1, fig. 8, 9 . Elwes, Proc. Zool.

Soc. 1892, p. 620. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 304 (1907).

Imago. —Male. Upperside dark brown. Forewing. A medial dull whitish spot
at base of interspace 3 extending upwards on to vein 4 and below into interspace 2.
Hindwing uniform, immaculate. Underside very pale dull brown, with darker brown
mottlings and striae that on the forewing are absent on a broad streak from base
outwards along the basal half of the dorsum, this area pale brown without markings ;
a dark obscure spot at apex of cell, and an incomplete similarly obscure dark transverse
discal band. On the hind wing the mottlings coalesce and form three or four very ill-
defined, obscure, transverse, somewhat broad bands. The antennae in the only
specimen of the male that I have seen are wanting; head, thorax and abdomen are
dark brown. Sex mark, the base of vein 4 swollen and bare of scales (Bingham).

Female. Above black, a round, dull white discal area on the forewing from just
above the upper median vein almost to the sub-median vein. Below, irregularly
speckled and variegated; forewing with the costal and apical parts ochreous-brown,
the rest blackish. Hind wing also tinged with ochreous, a sub-marginal dark area, and
obscure dark transverse bands. Hindwing not angled, the margin entire (Doherty).

Expanse of wings, $ 9 1-^- inches.

Habitat. —Margherita, Upper Assam.

We have not seen this species ; the figure of the £ is from the type-specimen in
coll. Bingham ; and of the female, from Doherty’s figure.

INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES.

Logania regina, Miletus regina, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 348, pi. 32, fig. 4. Habitat,
Borneo.

Logania malayica, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 208, pi. 22, fig. 21, 9 (1884). Habitat, Malay
Peninsula.

Logania lahomius, Miletus lahomius, Kbeil, Rhop. Mas, p. 27, pi. 5, figs. 28, 29. Habitat, Nias.
Logania obscurus, Allotinus obscurus, Rober, Iris, 1885, p. 52, pi. 4, fig. 8. Habitat, Celebes.
Logania sriwa, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 531 ; id. Rhop. Malayana, p. 452, pi. 44,
fig. 16 (1884). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 620. Malais sriwa, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc.
Bengal, 1889, p. 436. Habitat, Malay Peninsula.

L Y C2EN0PSINLE.

203

Logania distanti, Staudinger, Lep. Palawan, p. 93, pi. 1, fig. 3, 9 (1889). Semper, Reise, Philipp,
p. 161, pi. 31, figs. 6, 7 and 21 (1889). Logania obscura, Distant and Pryer, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1887, p. 266 (nom. prseoc.). Habitat, Philippines, Borneo.

Logania luca , de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 29, pi. 2, fig. 13, 9 • Habitat, Perak,
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,

Logania staudingeri, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 565, pi. 31, figs. 13, $, 14, 9 •
Habitat, Kina Balu.

Sub-Family LYC^ENOPSINS,

Genus LYCHENOPSIS.

Lyceenopsis, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 257. Chapman, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1809, p. 419.

Cyaniris, Scudder (nec Dalman), ii. p. 918 (1872). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 74(1881). Distant,
Rhop. Malayana, p. 210 (1884). de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii., p. 92 (1890). Bingham,
Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 315 (1907).

Celastrina, Tutt, Entom. xviii. p. 180 (1906).

Notarthrinus, Chapman, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 677.

Eyes naked. Antennae less than lialf the length of forewing, club long and spatu-
late ; palpi sub-porrect, second joint pilose beneath, projecting half beyond the head,
third joint naked, slender, and about half its length ; body slender; legs slender;
femora slightly pilose beneath. Fort wing broad and short, costa slightly arched, apex
rounded, outer margin convex, hinder angle slightly rounded, hinder margin nearly
straight; cell half as long as the wing; vein 3 from before lower end of cell,
4 from the end, 6 from upper end, 6 and 7 closely approximate at base, upper
discocellular therefore very short or absent, middle and lower very slender ; vein
8 absent, 9 emitted from basal half of 7, 10 and 11 free, 12 bent towards 11, ends on
costa a third before the apex. Hmdwing with the costa slightly arched, apex and
outer margin continuously rounded ; cell half as long as the wing, middle discocellular
shorter than the lower; veins 3 and 4 from lower end of cell.

Type, haraldus, Fabricius, from Sumatra.

We are obliged to put Chapman’s genus as a synonym, because it is erected on
the genitalia only, and for all practical purposes this is useless. The genus Cyaniris
seems to have been here misplaced by many authors ; Trout has called attention
to the fact that Dalman gave semiargus,- Rottenburg, as his type for Cyaniris, and
semiargus does not belong to this genus; we must take Lycsenojosis, Felder, for the
genus, his type haraldus being congeneric with the Indian forms.

2 d 2

204

LEPIDOPTEBA INDIG A.

SECTION I.—Notarthrintjs.

Differs from Lycsenopsis in each portion of the dorsal armature of the ancillary
appendages having the separate-join ted spine (as in Lycsena ). In Lycsenopsis the
spine, when there is one, is merely a chitinous process continuous with the base.
(Chapman.)

LYCSENOPSIS VARDHANA.

Plate 619, figs. 1, $, la, $ , lb, $ .

Polyommatus vardhana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 572, pi. 66, fig. 5, $ .

Cyaniris vardhana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 244. Butler, id. 1886, p. 367; id. Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 147. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 95 (1890). Mackinnon and

de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 379. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1900,

p. 442. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 318 (1907).

Notarthrinus vardhana, Chapman, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909, p. 424 (text fig. of ancillary appendages).

Imago. —Male. Upperside pale iridescent blue. Forewing with the costa and
outer margin broadly dusky black, the apical portion the broadest; some grey

irrorations on the basal and lower portions of the wing; a black bar at the end of the

cell, the space outside it palest, nearly white. Hindwing with the costa broadly pale
blackish, a black bar at the end of the cell, a dusky, suffused, narrow, outer marginal
band, the basal portion of the wing thickly irrorated with grey scales, the entire blue
colouring of the wing darker than it is in the forewing. Underside dull milky white,
some bright blue irrorations at base of forewing, and on the basal and abdominal
portions of the hindwing. Forewing with two black spots at the end of the cell,
sometimes touching each other ; two smaller, well separated spots beyond, at about
half distance to the apex of the wing, a row of three large post-discal spots in the three
lowest interspaces. Hind wing with a number of black dots; two near the base, two
close together below, near the abdominal margin, one sub-costal near the apex, two in
the disc below, and two below these, on their inner side, in echelon.

Female like the male, but the white space on the forewing is much more extensive,
and the dusky blackish edging to the hind wing broader, and some blackish, obscure
spots on the outer margin.

Expanse of wings, £ ¥ 1-ro inches.

Habitat. —N.W. Himalayas.

Distribution. —Mackinnon records it from Mussuri, de Niceville from Simla,
Thundiani, Kumaun and Naini Tal; it is in the B. M. from Murree, Kan grit, and
Kujiar.

LYCMNOPSINM

205

LYCiENOPSIS BINGHAMI.

Plate 619, figs. 2, £, 2a, <£.

Notarthrinus binghami, Chapman, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 678, pi. 38, fig. 2 (Ancillary appendages) ;
id. l.c. 1909, p. 424.

Agrees with de Niceville’s description of Bothnia chennellii, except that it is
without the discal line on the upperside of the forewing, and the sixth spot of the row
on the underside is all but obsolete. A more important difference is that in this row
of spots, the first one in chennellii is in line with the others, in binghami it is markedly
moved inwards, as in argiolus and many other Cyanirids.

Type in Colonel Bingham’s collection. A co-type in somewhat finer condition is
in the Museum at Tring. Colonel Bingham’s specimen is from Shillong. The Tring
specimen is labellel “ Khasia Hills, Assam ” (Chapman).

Expanse of wings, £ 1 T 2 ^ inches.

Habitat. —Khasia Hills.

There is an example in our collection identified by Dr. Chapman, which we figure.

LYCJJNOPSIS MUSINOIDES, nov.

Plate 619, figs. 3, $, 3a, 5 > 3b, $.

Lycsena musina, Bingham (nec Snellen), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 328 (1907).

Imago. —Male. Upperside pale greyish-blue, costal line of forewing and outer
marginal narrow bands of both wings brownish-black ; the latter broadest at the apex
of both wings, narrowing hindwards ; cilia white. Underside greyish-white, markings
pale brown. Forewmg with a linear mark at the end of the cell; a post-discal series
of transverse linear marks, somewhat in echelon, except the uppermost one, which is
well inside the wing. Hindwing with a similar linear mark at the end of the cell; a
recurved discal series of lunular marks; two sub-costal black spots, and a third below
the first one ; both wings with a sub-terminal lunular line and an anticiliary series of
small spots, all the spots and marks edged with white ; antennse black ringed with
white ; head and body brownish-black above, whitish beneath.

Female. Upperside a little paler than the male, with blue reflections. Forewing
with broad costal and outer blackish borders. liindwing with some blackish suffusion
on the basal area ; a thin outer marginal blackish band ; a sub-marginal series of
whitish lunules, edged inwardly by a blackish line ; the outer portion of all the veins
blackish. Underside similar to the male.

Expanse of wings, $ £ 1-pL inches.

Habitat. —Upper Burma.

206

LEPIDOPTEBA IN PIC A.

Distribution. —Types. N. Chin Hills in B. M., a male from Beeling, Tenasserim,
and both sexes from Tilin Yaw. It is allied to L. musina, Snellen, from Java and
Sumatra, but is much smaller and of an entirely different colour; there are five
examples of typical musina from Sumatra in the B. M. which are identical with Snellen’s
type male, kindly lent me ; de Niceville wrongly identified musina in Journ. Bo. Nat.
Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 275, pi. 0, fig. 19 ; he was not sure of his identification, and on the
following page suggested caudales as the name for his insect.

SECTION II.— Lyc^enopsinae.

Dorsal armature in two lateral portions, the actual dorsum being merely part of
the chitinous ring of the ninth abdominal segment with no armature; the ventral,
soft (that is unarmed with spicules or teeth), is nearly or quite obsolete (Chapman).

LYC-iENOPSIS OREANA, nov.

Plate 619, figs. 4, $, 4a,

Imago. —Male. Upperside lilaeine grey with a very strong violet flush, resem¬
bling L. oreas, Leech, from Central China, and to which it is closely allied, the genitalia
being similar (teste Chapman), but it differs from oreas on the upperside in the absence
of the black costal broad area on the hindwing, having merely a thin black costal line
in the forewing, and a very narrow and uniform outer marginal black band ; on the
hindwing there is no terminal band, merely a black terminal line; the cilia also is
different, in oreas it is pure clear white, the forewing with black spots at the vein ends;
in this form the cilia of the hindwing is intersected by a distinct basal grey line.
Underside. Forewing with a grey line at the end of the cell; a post-discal linear row
of four grey spots, a fifth spot of this series sub-costal and well inwards ; a sub-terminal
series of pale grey lunules; some spots close to the marginal line, which is black.
Hindwwg distinctly different from the markings in oreas, the same blue scales at the
base, a dot near the costal fourth, another below it, the outer marginal markings as on
the forewing, but the discal series of spots are quite differently placed to those in oreas,
being nearer the margin, consisting of five in almost a line ; between the first two from
the base there is one nearer the margin, and the series is completed by a spot well
inwards, followed by a dot on the costa a little forward.

Expanse of wings, £ l^o inches.

Habitat. —Khasia Hills (Elwes), two examples.

LYCMNOPSINYE.

207

LYCiENOPSIS TRANSPECTUS.

Plate 620, figs. 1, <£, la, ?, lb, $ (Wet-season Brood), lc, ^ , Id, 9 le, 9 (Dry-season Brood).

Polyommatus transpectus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 139.

Cyaniris transpectus , de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 70, pi. i. figs. 6 $, 6a, 9 ; id.
Butt, of India, iii. p. 99, pi. 26, fig. 170 (Wet-season form), 171 $ (Dry-season form) (1890).
Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 622. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 290. Bingham,
Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 322 (Woodcut 9 fig-) pi- 19, fig. 126 $ (1907).

Lycsenopsis transpectus, Chapman, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909, p. 432.

Cyaniris latimargo , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 523, pi. 48, fig. 9, ^ 9 ; de Niceville, Butt, of
India, iii. p. 100 (1890).

Wet-season Brood (= latimargo), Figs. 1, la, 9, lb, U

Imago. —Male. Upperside dark lilacine blue. Forewing , costa with a thin black
band; outer marginal band also black, deep at the apex, rather broad and even on the
outer margin ; a small lower discal white patch. Hindwing with a similarly broad and
even black band on the outer margin, but this band is not always entire, sometimes it
consists of a dentated thin band closely attached to a narrow marginal band. Under¬
side greyish-white with a very faint blue tinge, markings brown. Forewing wdtk a
line at the end of the cell; a post-discal row of short lines more or less in echelon,
the uppermost one more inwards than the others, a sub-terminal line of lunules, and
an anticiliary row of black short linear marks. Hindwing with two black sub-basal
spots; a linear mark at the end of the cell; a large black costal spot near the apex,
being the uppermost end of an outwardly curved rather disjointed series of brown
marks, the second from the margin more outwards than the others; a sub-terminal
rather acutely dentated line, and an anticiliary row of black spots. Cilia grey on
forewing, with white edgings on the hindwings.

Female. Upperside dark brownish-black; in some examples almost pure black.
Forewing with a large white patch with suffused edges in the disc, nearly always
extended hindwards to the lower margin in its middle, and often continued down the
hindwing, sometimes to its centre; the apical and outer portions darker than the rest
of the wings; cilia as in the male. Underside, like the male, but the markings more
pronounced, and in some specimens the interior markings of the hindwing are all
blackish.

Expanse of wings, £ 9 1 t 2 q- inches.

Dry-season Brood (Figs, lc, Id, 9, le, 9)-

Male. Upperside of a paler colour than in the other form. Forewing without
the costal black band, the outer marginal band similar, the white in the disc more

208

LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

extensive. Hindwing with the outer marginal band narrower, and suffused hindwards,
sometimes containing a whitish dentated line. Underside whiter, the markings
similarly disposed, but faint and reduced.

Female. Upperside. Forewing brownish-black, the whole of the disc pure
white, leaving a third of the base pale blackish ; the costa and outer margins broadly
black ; a black streak at the end of the cell, touching the costal band. Hindwing with
all the interior portion pure white; some blackish suffusion on the basal portion, and
paler suffusion on the abdominal marginal space ; a broad inwardly suffused pale
blackish marginal band, containing a sub-marginal series of whitish lunules. Under¬
side as in the male.

Expanse of wings, £ 9 1 T 2 ¥ inches.

Habitat. —Sikkim, Assam, Burma.

Distribution. —Kecorded by Elwes from the Karen Hills ; we have it from Sikkim,
the Khasia Hills and Bhutan; and it is in the B. M. also from Tenasserim.

LYC2EN0PSIS PUSPA.

Plate 620, figs. 2, $, 2a, $ , 2b, 9 ; (Wet-season Brood), 2c, $ , 2d, $ , 2e, $ (Dry-season Brood).
Polyommatus puspa, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 67 (1828).

Cyaniris puspa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 245. de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883,
p. 67, pi. i. fig. 5a, 9* Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 335. Hampson, Journ. As. Soc.
Bengal, 1888, p. 356. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 100 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1892, p. 622. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 294. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo.
Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 373 (life history). Watson, id. 1897, p. 658. Mackinnon and
de Niceville, id. 1898, p. 377. Aitken and Comber, id. 1903, p. 47. Bingham, Fauna of Brit.
India, Butt. ii. p. 323, pi. 19, fig. 127, $ (1907).

Lycsena puspa, var. Felder, Yerh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xviii. p. 282 (1868).

Lyceenopsis puspa, Chapman, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909, p. 437 (text fig. 71).

Polyommatus lavendularis , Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 341.

Cyaniris lavendularis, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 75, pi. 34, figs. 6, 6a, £, 7, 9 (1881).

Cyaniris Iambi, Distant and Pryer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 266. Distant, Rhop. Malayana,
p. 211, pi. 21, fig. 22, $ (1884).

Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, £, 2a, 9, 2b, 9).

Imago. —Male. Upperside dark violaceous-blue, with brilliant reflections in certain
lights. Forewing with the costal line black; a broad outer marginal black band,
broadest at the apex. Hindwing with a very broad black costal band, continued in a
somewhat narrower form on the outer margin, narrowing hind wards. Underside
greyish-white, very slightly tinged with blue ; markings pale brown. Forewing with
a lunular mark at the end of the cell; a discal whorl of spots, the upper one nearly
round and inwards, the others in a row, the third outwardly oblique, the fifth also

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