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Dedicated by Special Permission to H.P.H. the Princess of Wales. i Monograph of Odontoglossum, a Genus of the Yandeous Section of Orchidaceous Plants. By James Bateman, Esq., F.R.S. Imperial folio, with 30 Coloured Plates, £6 16s. 6d. The Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya; being an Account, Botanical and Geographical, of the Rhododendrons recently discovered, in the Mountains of Eastern Himalaya by Sir J. D. Hooker, F.R.S. By Sir W. J. Hooker, F.R.S. Folio, 20 Coloured Plates, £4 14s. 6d. LOVELL REEVE & CO., Ltd., 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. L TCJEN OPSINJE. 233 Distribution. —Recorded by Manders from the Shan States, by Watson from the Chin Hills, by Elwes from the Naga Hills, by de Niceville from Chittagong, Arakan, Burma; it is in our collection from Aru Island and Java ; in the B. M. also from Sikkim, Tilin Yaw, Borneo, Nias, Java and Sumatra. PITHECOPS FULGENS. Plate 628, figs. 2, , 2a, $. Pithecops fulgens, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 127, pi. 10, fig. 6. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 50 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 621. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 308 (1907), Imago. —Male. Upperside. Forewing with the discoidal cell, the internomedian interspace and the disc of the lower discoidal interspace resplendent cyaneous blue in some lights, dull violet in others, the black border wide, extending one-third towards the base. Hindwing similarly blue from the lower sub-costal nervule to the sub¬ median nervure, the black border somewhat narrower, especially towards the anal angle ; cilia of the hindwing whitish, except at the ends of the veins. Underside, both wings pure white, a very slender dark marginal line, a narrow sub-marginal dark band, containing a line of six minute, dark, transverse streaks in the fore wing, and five (usually six) in the hindwing, within which is a narrow transverse ochreous-brown fascia very closely defined (in the hindwing by an obscure dark line on its inner border) extending across the whole breadth of the forewing, and on the hindwing from the first sub-costal nervule to the sub-median nervure ; traces of slender discal streaks on the forewing near the lower angle within the ochreous band. Forewing with the apex obscured with black scales (two small costal black spots). Hindwing with a large and conspicuous sub-apical spot extending from the costa to the lower sub-costal nervule. Female. Upperside, both wings blackish. Forewing with the costa and outer margin darker; cilia of the fore wing pale, of the hind wing white. Underside, both wings as in the male (Doherty). Habitat. —Margherita, Upper Assam. We have not seen this species ; the types are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; the figures are copies of Doherty’s figure. INDO-MALAYAN AND CHINESE ALLIED GENERA AND SPECIES. Pithecojps phonix, Plebeius phonix, Rober, Iris, 1886, p. 61, pi. 4, fig. 26. Habitat, E. Celebes. Piihecops nihana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 702. Habitat, Hainan. Genus, Una , de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 51 (1890). Una usta, Zizera (?) usta, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 531; id. Rhop. Malayana, p. 454, pi. 44, fig. 5 (1886). Habitat, Malay Peninsula. VOL. VII. 2 H 234 LEPIDOPTERA INDIGA. Genus SPALGIS. Lucia, Westwood (part), Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 501 (1852). Spalgis , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 137. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 54 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 310 (1907). Eyes naked; antennae about half as long as the costa of fore wing, club long and gradual; palpi sub-porrect, third joint short, about one-third the length of the second; legs short. Forewing, costa slightly arched, apex not rounded ; outer margin convex, lower angle somewhat angulate ; hinder margin straight; vein 3 from before lower end of cell, 5 from junction of middle and lower discocellulars, these latter sub-equal; veins 6 and 7 closely approximate from upper end of cell, upper discocellular therefore absent; vein 8 absent; 9 from apex of basal third of 7; 10 and 11 free from apical third of sub-costal. Hindwing, costa somewhat straight, apex, outer margin and lower angle roundly arched ; cell about half the length of the wing; upper discocellular very oblique, middle and lower vertical; veins 3 and 4 from lower end of cell; 7 from a little before upper end (Bingham). Fgg, flattened above and delicately reticulated with irregular hexagons (Doherty). Type, S. epius, Westwood. SPALGIS EPIUS. Plate 628, figs. 3, $, 3a, 9 ? 3b, $ (imago), 3c (dorsal view of pupa, slightly enlarged), 3d (dorsal view of pupa, highly magnified), 3e (side view of pupa, slightly enlarged). Lucia epius, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 502, pi. 76, fig. 5, 9 (1852). Spalgis epius, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 137 ; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 72, pi. 34, figs. 1, $, la, 9 (1881). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 356. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 55, pi. 26, fig. 163, $ (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 292. Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1894, p. 485, pi. A, B. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1896, p. 372 (life history). Aitken and Comber, id. 1903, vol. xv. p. 47. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt, ii. p. 311 (1907). Imago. —Male. Upperside brownish-black, a small whitish spot beyond the cell, varying a little in size and sometimes quadrate, no other markings ; cilia whitish, becoming brown towards apex of forewings. Underside pale grey, uniform in colora¬ tion in some specimens, with a discal transverse obscure fascia on the forewing in others ; both wings crossed by numerous, very slender dark brown strigse, which are outwardly edged by whitish, an anticiliary dark brown line, inwardly edged by whitish. Forewing with a round white spot beyond the cell. Female. Forewing . Upperside with broad costal and outer marginal borders, the latter nearly black, the former paling gradually towards the base of the wing; a black spot at the end of the cell, a short white streak beyond it, the rest of the wing L Y0JEN0PSIN2E, 235 pale, somewhat whitish tinged with blue-grey. Hindwing with a very broad, nearly black costal border, occupying a third of the wing space, curving round the apex and gradually narrowing hindwards, a black linear mark at the end of the cell, a suffused whitish streak beyond it, and the rest of the wing pale coloured as in the forewing, but a little darker than it is in that wing. Underside like the male. Antennm black, ochreous at apex of club ; head and body brown above, paler beneath ; palpi and thorax greyish beneath. Expanse of wings, £ $ l-j 1 ^ inches. Larva. —Carnivorous, covered with minute dark bristles and furnished with a lateral fringe of hairs. Moore figured a larva and pupa in Lep. Ceylon (plate 34, fig. lb, larva and pupa) of Rathonda amor , Fabricius, by mistake (Moore’s notes). This information was given him by E. E. Green, of Ceylon. Green states that the real larvae are dull olive-green above, with numerous minute dark bristles and a lateral fringe of dark brown hairs, beneath pale green, slightly suffused with pink on anterior segments ; it feeds on Dactylopius adonidum (the mealy bug of planters), and partially covers and conceals itself with the mealy secretion from the Dactylopius. Pupa. —Various shades of brown, wing cases pale. E. H. Aitken confirms this in a very interesting paper in the Journal of the Bombay Nat. Hist. Society, 1894, p. 485 ; he states that he found the larvae covered with the white, woolly secretion of the mealy bug ; he brushed this off, and found that they were of the woodlouse form so common among the larvae of the Lycaenidae ; of a greenish-brown colour, with a few hairs scattered over the back, and a fringe of bristles running along the side and round the front, where the second segment conceals the head ; with this fringe he saw them shovel a quantity of the white stuff on to their backs, and clothe their nakedness after he had denuded them. He says, “Watching them with a lens, I soon saw that they were feeding among the mealy bugs; they would pass over the larger individuals and bury their heads in the downy covering of a little one, and though I could not say I actually saw that they devoured it, I was quite satisfied that this was what they did.” We represent on Plate 628 copies of Aitken’s figures of the pupa, slightly enlarged and also highly magnified. W. J. Holland, in Psyche, vi. p. 201, pi. 4 (1892), published a similar drawing of the pupa of Spalcjis s-signata , Holland, from Africa, exhibiting when magnified this extraordinary resemblance to the face of an ape or chimpanzee. Habitat. —India, Burma, Ceylon. Distribution, —Hampson records it from the Nilgiris, Davidson from Karwar, Aitken from Bombay, de Niceville from Calcutta, Burma and Ceylon; it is in our collection from Orissa and the Khasia Hills; it is in the B. M. also from Sikkim, Bhutan, Bhamo, Rangoon, and Penang. 2 n 2 236 LEPIBOPTEBA INBIOA. SPALGIS NUBILUS. Plate 629, figs. 1, $, la, ?, lb, ^. Spalgis nubilus , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 522. Distant and Pryer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 266. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 56 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 658. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 311 (1907). Imago. —Male. Upperside darker than in Epius, nearly pure black ; a black spot at the end of the cell, hardly visible, no other markings. Underside darker, with a silky lustre, markings as in Epius. Female, like that sex of epius, but the pale spaces on both wings much restricted. Expanse of wings, £ £ 1 inch. Habitat. —Ceylon, Andamans, Nicobars. Distribution. —It is in the B. M. from Ceylon, and in our collection from Port Blair ; de Niceville records it from Borneo; the type in the B. M. is from the Andamans. INDO-MALAYAN AND CHINESE ALLIED SPECIES. Spalgis substrigata, Lucia (1) substrigata, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. xxi. p. 15 (1878). Habitat, Celebes. Spalgis dilama , Lucia dilama, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 701. Habitat, Hainan. Spalgis fangola, Lucia fangola, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 28, pi. 5, fig. 31. Habitat, Nias. Genus TARAKA. Taraka , de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 57 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 312 (1907). Eyes naked; antennse much as in Pithecops, slender, with a short, distinct terminal club ; palpi sub-porrect, third joint sub-fusiform, about half the length of the second; body slender; legs short, stout, covered with very long hairs, tibiae swollen in the middle; tarsi as long as the tibiae. Forewing, costa rounded, apex rather acute, outer margin convex, hinder margin concave; cell not half the length of the wing, discocellulars slender, upper very short, lower the longest; vein 8 absent, 9 from middle of 7; 10 and 11 free, from apical half of sub-costal; 12 short, terminating on costa before end of cell. Hindwing long and narrow, costa long, outer margin rounded, composed of two curves meeting at the end of the second sub-costal nervule; cell less than half the length of the wing, vein 3 from a little before lower end of the cell, 7 from a little before the upper end, 8 long, strongly curved upwards at base, then nearly straight to the apex of the wing. Type, T. hamada, Druce. Dr. Chapman says its genitalia is not near anything else he has yet examined. L YC2EN0PSIN2E. 257 TARAKA HAMADA. Plate 629, figs. 2, £, 2a, 9» 2b, $ (Wet-season Brood), 2c, £, 2d, 5 (Dry-season Brood). Miletus hamada , Druee, Cist. Ent. i. p. 361 (1875). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 882. de Riceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 76, pi. 1, fig. 16, $. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 132. Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 409. Pryer, Rhop, Riphonica, p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 12, ? (1886). Neopithecops hamada , Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 374, pi. 11, fig. 2, 9 • Taralca hamada, de Riceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 58, pi. 26, fig. 164, 9 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Rat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 44. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 621. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 292. Watson, Journ. Bo. Rat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 658. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 312 (1907). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, £, 2a, 9, 2b, £). Imago. —Male and Female. Upperside rather pale black, very uniform in colour, no markings, but the spots on the underside slightly showing through the wings. Underside white, with black spots and markings. Forewing with a basal streak and a streak adjoining, followed by an ante-medial transverse band complete to the cell, where it is disjointed and has a disconnected spot on the costa; a medial band, disjointed in the middle ; two spots from the costa ; a band of post-discal spots; a sub-terminal series of small round spots and a row of triangular spots on the outer margin. Hindwing with a basal spot, followed by a band disconnected in its middle, then two short streaks in echelon, with three pairs of spots below them ; a sub¬ terminal series of round spots decreasing in size hindwards and a marginal black line. Expanse of wings, $ 9 ly 1 -^ inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2c, £, 2d, 9)- Male. Upperside more transparent, the spots showing through the wing more plainly. Forewing with the basal two-thirds of the wing pale ; a white streaky patch beyond the lower end of the cell. Hindwing also pale; the spots quite as apparent. Underside as in the other form. Female. Much paler than the male. Forewing mostly pure white, leaving a broad costal and outer brown border. Hindwing pale brown; costal and outer portions darker brown. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, £91 inch. x Habitat. —Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Malay ana. Distribution. —Watson records it from the Chin Hills, Elwes from the Naga and Karen Hills, de Niceville from Cachar, Chittagong, Tenasserim, E. Java, China; and in our collection from the Khasia Hills, Sikkim and Yokohama; some of the Japanese examples are very small; it is in the B. M. also from the Shan States, Moupin, Shanghai, Foochow, and Chusan. 238 LEPIDOPTEDA IN DICA. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. TaraJea malianetra, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 129. Habitat, Malay Beninsula. Genus CASTALIUS, Castalius, Hiibner, Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 82 (1881). Distant, Bhop. Malayana, p. 214 (1884). de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 195 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 421 (1907). Forewing triangular, costa arched, hinder angle angulated, outer margin rounded, cell more than half the length of the wing, vein 7 before upper end of the cell, 8 absent, 9 from middle of 7, 10 emitted closer to base of 11 than to base of 7, 11 anastomosing with 12, sometimes only just touching it, 12 ends on costa before upper end of cell. Hindwing almost evenly rounded, anal angle rather sharp, cell less than half the length of wing; veins 3 and 4 from lower angle of the cell, 7 from a little before upper angle, 8 arched, terminating at the apex of the wing. Antennae less than half the length of the costa of forewing, club long, gradual, blunt at the end ; palpi sub-porrect, densely clothed in front, third joint long, body slender, a slender tail to hindwing; eyes naked. Type. G, rosimon, Fabricius. CASTALIUS ANANDA. Plate 629, figs. 3, $, 3a, $, 3b, (imago), 3c (larva and pupa). Castalius anancla, de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 75, pi. 1, figs. 11, $, 11a, J. Hampson, id. 1888, p. 357. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 198 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 299. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 379, pi. 4, fig. 3, 3a (larva and pupa). "Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 662. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 423 (1907). Imago. —Male. Upperside dark purple, with narrow, uniform, black, marginal borders to both wings; the spots of the underside generally showing through the wings. Underside dull white, markings black. Foreiving with a band from the base to the costa before the middle ; a bar from the middle of the costa to the middle of the wing; on its inner side there is another bar extending hindwards to vein 1, and sometimes touches the second bar, sometimes does not; a post-discal macular band, with the spots sometimes joined together, sometimes more or less well separated. Hindwing with basal and sub-basal transverse bands, sometimes broken; a medial band usually of two pieces; both wings with sub-terminal and anticiliary uniform rows of small spots. Antennae black, ringed with white ; head and body black above, white beneath. Female, like the male. Upperside with the ground colour usually very much paler; the markings of the underside showing conspicuously through the wings. Expanse of wings, £ $ 1 inch. L YC2EN0PSINJE. 239 Larva. —Feeds on Zizyphus xylopyrus and Z. loranthus , only on the parenchyma of the leaf, is of the usual woodlouse form, slightly flattened; head concealed in the second segment, surface more or less rough ; a fringe of long white bristles all round, with an erected ridge of similar bristles along the back from the 2nd segment, those on the 3rd to 7th segments, and the last two, much longer than the others, those on the 2nd segment very few, short and black. It has a conspicuous gland on the 12 th segment, and is attended by a small species of ant of the genus Cremastogaster. Its colour is pale green; the dorsal portion of the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th and last two segments being park brown, while the centre segments are almost yellow with a darker dorsal line. Pupa. —Of the usual Castalius form, but narrow and slightly flattened. It is intensely glossy, as if covered with gum. It varies in colour, being sometimes black, at others green, with inconstant black markings. Habitat. —Sikkim, Orissa, Southern India. Distribution. —The type came from Sikkim ; Sampson records it from the Nilgiris, Watson from the Chin Hills; we have received many examples from the Khasia Hills ; it is in the B. M. also from the Nil girls and 1ST. Kanara. CASTALIUS ROSIMON. Plate 630, figs. 1, $, la, ?, lb, $ (Wet-season Brood), lc, $, Id, ? , le, ? (Dry-season Brood), If, $, lg, $ (Extreme Dry-season Brood). Papilio rosimon, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 523 (1775) ; id. Sp. Ins. ii. p. 121 (1781); id. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 71 (1787). Herbst. pi. 289, figs. 5 to 7 (1800). Hesperia rosimon, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i. ) p. 288 (1793). Polyommatus rosimon, G-odart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 658 (1833). Lycsena rosimon, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 71 (1828). Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1876, p. 152. Gupido rosimon, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106. Lampides rosimon, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 235. Castalius rosimon, Hiibner, Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816). Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 162 (1869). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 83, pi. 36, fig. 2 (1881). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 357. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 197 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Hat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34. de Mceville, id. p. 386. Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47. Betham, id. p. 179. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 628. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 299. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. x. 1896, p. 379 (life history). Watson, id. 1897, p. 661. Mackinnon, id. 1898, p. 381. de Bhe-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 489. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 48. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 424 (woodcut) (1907). Papilio maimon, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 534 (1775 ); id. Sp. Ins. ii. p. 137 (1781); id. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 90 (1787). Hesperia maimon, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i.), p. 349 (1793). Papilio clyton, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 67, figs. F, G (1775). 240 LEPIDOPTEBA INBICA. Castalius clyton , Hiibner, Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 695 (1816). Polyommatus clyton, Godart, Enc. Metb. ix. p. 679 (1823). Papilio coridon, Cramer, Pap. Exofc. iv. pi. 340, figs. C, D, E (1781). Castalius naxus, Hiibner, Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816). Castalius chota, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 133. Castalius approximates, Butler, Ann. Mag. Hat. Hist. 1886, p. 186. Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, £, la, $, lb, $). Imago. —Male. Upperside white, densely irrorated on the basal third of both wings with brilliant blue scales; all the markings black. Forewing . A narrow band on the costa ; a fairly broad band on the outer margin; three large more or less round spots in an oblique row from the centre of the basal third to the costal fourth; five> similar spots across the disc, the first on the hinder margin near the angle and generally touching the outer band, the second above and touching it, but a little more inwards, the third somewhat outwards touching the middle of the outer band, the fourth and fifth oblique, touching them, but are placed a little inwards, and all are usually joined together. Ilindwing with the basal spots submerged in the brilliant blue scales ; costal band narrow, continued round the apex joining the broad outer marginal band, which occupies a third of the wing, leaving merely a broad transverse medial band of white; the inner edging of the outer black band is composed of large spots running into each other, and within the band there is a regular series of white lunules. Underside white, all the markings deep black. Forewing with a straight black streak, which first crosses the base of the hindwing and runs to the costa of forewing a little before the middle; a very large spot in the middle third, sometimes pear-shaped ; a band from the costa near the end of the streak to near the hinder margin a little before the angle, composed of large spots joined together, broken in the middle; a sub-apical band of four spots parallel to it, the third nearer the apex than the others, the lower three generally touching each other. Hindwing with a short sub-basal streak from the abdominal margin ; a spot outside its upper end, and close outside this a band of six spots in three pairs, the pairs joined together, one above the other; both wings with a sub¬ terminal complete row of small, round spots; on the hindwing there are also some black spots close inside this row, and both wings have an anticiliary row of black dots. Cilia white, alternated with black; a filamentous short tail to the hindwing black, tipped with white. Antennae black, ringed with white; head and body black above, white beneath. Female. Upperside like the male, but the outer bands are much broader and the spots coalesce, leaving very little of the white ground colour on either wing. Underside is similar to the underside of the male, but most of the spots on the forewing are joined together into bands. Expanse of wings, $ $ l T 3 -o inches. L Y ClENOPSINJE. 241 Dry-season Brood (Figs. 1c, Id, le, £). Male and Female. Upperside white, bands and spots black, but not of so deep a colour as in the Wet-season form, the blue basal irroration much more limited, the spots smaller, the outer bands narrower, that on the hindwing having the adjacent spots on its inner side disconnected from the band, and the row of white lunules inside it much more pronounced. Underside similar to the other form, but all the markings more attenuated. Expanse of wings, £ $ ly 1 -^ inches. Extreme Dry-season Brood = chota (Figs. If, Ig, $). A very minute form in both sexes; on the upper side the markings are very pale, and above and below they are very small. Expanse of wings, £ $ T y to 1 inch. Larva. —Feeds on Zizyphus jujuba, and is of a rough texture as if shagreened all over. It is of the usual woodlouse form, much flattened towards the anal segment, which is very broad; head concealed; colour bright green with a double, dorsal, yellow line and the sides powdered with small yellow spots. Pupa. —Fastened by the tail along a leaf horizontally (the band across the thorax being very lax). It is much contracted at the thorax, while the abdominal portion is large and rounded and much higher than the thorax. It is of a bright green with faint yellow bands on the abdomen and two or three black spots there. It also shows traces of a darker band in the centre of the abdomen (Davidson, Bell and Aitken). Habitat. —India, South of the Himalayas, Ceylon, Burma, Andamans, Nicobars and the Malay sub-region, a common species. CASTALIUS ETHION. Plate 630, figs. 2, £, 2a, $ , 2b, £ (imago), 2c (larva and pupa). Lycsenci ethion, Doubleday and Hewitson, Cat. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 490, pi. 76, fig. 3, (1852). Hewitson, Ex. Butt. v. (Lycsena), pi. 1, fig. 3, $ (1876). Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1876, p. 152. Gupido ethion, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106. Oastalius ethion, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 587 id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 83, pi. 36, figs. 5, 5a, (1881). Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 547. Wood-Mason and de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 248. Distant, Bhop. Malayana, p. 216, pi. 22, fig. 25, $ (1884). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 357. de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 386. Watson, id. p. 34, and 1891, p. 47. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 628. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 198 (1890). Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 380, pi. 4, figs. 4, 4a (larva and pupa). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 426 (1907). 2 I VOL. VII. 242 LEPIB 0 P TEE A. INBIGA. Imago. —Male. Upperside dark blue with a broad white transverse band across both wings. Forewing with the costal line thickly black ; a broad, even, outer marginal black border; the white band extends from the hinder margin to vein 6, and above vein 3 it projects outwards for a short distance ; all the rest of the wing is dark blue. Hindwing with an outer marginal black band like that of the forewing; the white band continued across the wing, the remaining portion of the wiug dark blue. Underside white, with black bands and spots. Forewing with an oblique sub-basal transverse band; a slightly broader parallel band on its outer side, narrowing upwards, and slightly bent inwards on to the costa at its middle ; a discal band, composed of an outwardly curved streak from the costal third, thickening hindwards to vein 4 ; a small spot below it, and an erect band from vein 3 to vein 1 a little on the inner side. Hindwing with two short sub-basal bands in continuation of those on the forewing, a discal band of three large spots, the middle spot nearer the margin than the others ; both wings with complete rows of sub-terminal and anticiliary spots, the former the larger, the two spots near the angle the largest, and a terminal black line. Cilia black, tipped with white. Antennse, head and body black above and beneath; beneath the palpi, thorax and abdomen with a median, longitudinal white line; tails black, tipped with white. Female. Upperside marked like the male, but the medial white band much broader, the blue coloration much restricted, sometimes almost entirely absent. Underside like the male, but the two oblique basal bands of the forewing generally further apart. Expanse of wings, J $ ly 1 ^- inches. Larva. —Feeds on young shoots of Zizyphus jujuba and is of the woodlouse form, but flattened. Its texture, though apparently smooth, if looked at with a lens, is found to be thickly covered with white hairs ; its colour is greenish-white, with a faint green dorsal band. Pupa. —Similar in shape to that of C. rosimon, Fabricius, but smaller and narrower. It is of a bright apple-green, with a darkish green line down the centre. There are some red dots on the edges of the wing-cases (Davidson, Bell and Aitken). Habitat. —Assam, Burma, South India, Ceylon, extending into the Malay sub-region. Distribution. —Recorded by Hampson from the Nilgiris, by Watson from Mysore and Chin Lushai, and by Elwes from the Karen Hills, by Moore from Ceylon, by Davidson from Karwar; it is in the B. M. from Silhet (Hewitson’s type), Chittagong, Upper Burma, Rangoon, Mergui, Siam, Andamans, Tonkin, Penang, Malacca, Singapore, Borneo and Java; and in our collection also from Bombay, Trevandrum, and the Andamans. t, •>) •■•T' LYcmNOPsmm. 243 CASTALIUS AIR A V ATI. Plate 631, figs. 1, $, la, 9 j lb, $ , lc, $ . Castalius airavati , Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 261. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 199, Frontispiece, fig. 133, $ (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 427 (wood-cut) (1907). Imago. —Male. Allied to C. ethion , Doubleday and Hewitson. Upperside, both wings light shining bine, the outer borders broadly, and the costa of the wing narrowly black ; a white band crosses both wings which has its upper part wide in the forewing, centering between the third medial and lower discoidal nervules, thence to the hind margin it is slender and almost obsolescent; on the hindwing it is narrow and angular. Underside, both wings with the ground ochreous-white (it is white in C. ethion), pure white on the lower part of the forewing. It differs from C. ethion below in the increased size of all the black markings. The transverse discal band across the hindwing, though irregular, is continuous, its two parts very close together, the upper one is widely united near the costa with the outer of the two oblique basal stripes ; the latter are united in both wings, enclosing a narrow white band. The two lines of sub-marginal spots are less equal and regular than in C. ethion , the inner one being- very large and forming an almost continuous and very heavy lunular line; the anal and sub-anal black spots are edged with silvery blue. Tail shorter than in C. manluena, Felder (Doherty). Female. Upperside entirely lacking the blue gloss of the male ; the discal white band rather narrower. Forewing with a somewhat rectangular, detached black spot, on the outer side of the white medial band. Flindwing with the white band prominently narrowed anteriorly by the encroachment on it of the inner portion of the black area on the termen. Underside ground colour and markings similar to that of its own male. Antennae, head and body as in C. ethion (Bingham). Expanse of wings, ^ ? 1 T 2 7 inches. Habitat. —Nicobar Islands. We have not seen this species; the types are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; the figures are copied from de Nice'ville’s and Bingham’s figures. CASTALIUS ROXUS. Plate 631, figs. 2, $, 2a, ? , 2b, $ , Polyommatus roxus, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 659 (1823). Lyceena roxus , Horsfiekl, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 70, pi. 2, fig. 4, 4a, ?, 4b to 4f (structure of irna^o) (1828). Cupido roxus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 348. 2 I 2 244 LEPIDOPTEBA 1NDIGA. Gastalius roxus, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 547. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 833. Wood-Mason and de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 248. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 216, pi. 22, fig. 24, $ (1884). Elwes and de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 428. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 199 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 628, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 428 (1907). Imago. —Male. Upperside black; crossed by an oblique, medial white band extending from just above vein 5 of the forewing to the abdominal margin of the hindwing. Foreioing. The band has a short production outwards, its end being nearly square. Hindwing. Band broader and fairly uniform in width throughout. Under¬ side white; all the markings black ; a very broad sub-basal band across both wings; a discal narrower band; in the forewing disjointed below the middle, the lower piece rather broader and a little on the inner side; on the hindwing this band consists of three rather broad linear markings, more or less joined together, the middle one nearer the margin than the others; both wings with a sub-terminal series of black lunules and a marginal black line, showing a series of white spots between them. Cilia black, tail long, black, tipped with white. Antennae, head and body black; the abdomen barred with white at the sides ; palpi, thorax and abdomen white down the middle on the underside. Female, like the male, but the white medial band on the upperside is distinctly broader, the inner edge of the terminal black band of the hindwing is irregular, and the black bands on the underside are usually also broader. Expanse of wings, J £ ly 1 -^ inches. Habitat.— Burma, Andamans, extending in the Malay sub-region as far as the Philippines. Distribution.— Manders records it from the Shan States, and Elwes from the Karen Hills ; it is in our collection from the Andamans, Java and Borneo. CASTALIUS ROXANA. Plate 631, figs. 3, 3a, J, 3b, Gastalius roxana, de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 633. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 661. Gastalius roxus , Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 428 (1907). Imago. —Male. Upperside black. Forewing with a broad, medial, white, transverse band, from just above vein 5 to the hinder margin ; at its commencement it is produced outwards above vein 8, in a nearly square form. Hindwing with an oblique continuation of the white band to the abdominal margin, but much broader than it is on the forewing, leaving only a small basal space black, and the outer black border very broad. Underside white. Forewing with the costal line thickly black ; a rather broad LYCMNOPSINM. 245 oblique sub-basal black straight band (which is continued across the base of the hind¬ wing) ; a post-discal black band from the costa near the outer edge of the other band, curved outwards towards the margin, and at the middle almost joining a black short band, which is a little inwards, and does not reach the hinder margin. Hindwing with a post-discal band of the same width almost macular and with a curve outwards in its middle, both wings with a narrow black marginal band containing a series of white lunules. Head and body black above, white beneath. Antennae black, with white bands beneath. Female differs from the male in the greater extension of the white band above, which occupies nearly the whole of both wings, leaving the black bands narrow with its interior edges very uneven. Underside with the markings similarly disposed, the bands narrower. Expanse of wings, £ l xx , ? 1 inch. Habitat. —Upper Burma. Distribution. —Watson records it from the Chin Hills ; the type came from Upper Burma; in the B. M. from the Shan States and Karen Hills. CASTALIUS MANLUENA. Plate 632, figs. 1, la, lb, £, lc, Lyesena manluena, Felder, Yerh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 484 (1862).. Castalius manluena , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 587. Doherty, Jonrn. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 261 ; id. l.c. 1889, p. 134, pi. 1.0, fig. 8, $ . de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 200 (1890). Imago. —Male. Upperside black, a broad transverse white band from the upper disc near the costa of forewing to the abdominal margin of hindwing before the middle, just entering the cell of forewing, indented above, and also outwardly between veins 3 and 4; on the hindwing it is somewhat broader, and is strongly produced outwardly, acutely indented inwardly; on both wings also there is a slender marginal white line, broken at the veins, and a pale whitish post-discal line. Underside coloured like the upperside, the white band broader. Forewing with a white sub-costal streak from the base to the middle, a white post-discal transverse band, narrowing and somewhat irregular hindwards, and a terminal series of white spots. Hindwing with the band somewhat irregular and divided by the veins, and produced outwardly below its middle, a post-discal irregular white band and a series of terminal white spots. Antennae black ringed with white ; head and body black above, paler beneath, tails black, tipped with white. Female. Upperside like the male, but somewhat paler, the band on the hindwing broader and more regular. Underside also like the male, but the bands are complete and not broken. Expanse of wings, $ $ 1 inch. 246 LEPIDOPTEBA INDICA. Habitat. —Nikobar Islands. Distribution.— Felder’s type, female, which we figure through the kindness of the Hon. Walter Kothschild, came from Kondul; Doherty captured a male in Ikuya, Little Nikobar, CASTALIUS ELNA. Plate 632, figs. 2, $, 2a, 5 , 2b, (Wet-season Brood), 2c, $, 2d, $ , 2e, 5 (Dry-season Brood). Lycsena elna, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. v. (Lycsena), pi. 1, fig. 8, $ (1876). Castalius elna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 587. Wood-Mason and de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 248. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 217, pi. 20, fig. 4 (1884). de Niceville, Butt. o£ India, iii. p. 201 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 628. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 299. Bingham, Eauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 430 (wood-cut, p. 429) (1907). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, 2a, $, 2b, $). Imago. —Male. Upperside black ; a broad, oblique, white band across both wings. Forewing with this band slightly produced both outwards and inwards at its commence¬ ment in the upper disc and broadens hindward. Hindwing with a continuation of this band of fairly equal breadth. Underside white. Forewing with a broad black band from the lower base to the middle third of the wing, where it is sharply angled on to the costa ; a large black spot on the costa between it and the apex ; a large black spot below it near the hinder angle, a marginal thin band with a spot inside its middle and sometimes attached to it, but this band is inconstant, and is often broken and irregular, and sometimes almost obliterated. Hindwing with a continuation at its base of the basal band of the forewing, a discal band of what appears to be a number of large spots joined together, a marginal narrow band of triangular spots ; tails black, with white tips. Antennae black, speckled with white; head and body black above; palpi and body beneath with a medial white line ; sides of abdomen barred with white. Female, like the male above and below. Expanse of wings, £ £ 1-j^r inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2c, <£, 2d, $, 2e, $). Male and female only differ on the upperside in the breadth of the white, oblique band, which in this form is very much broader throughout, on the underside the costal and outer marginal spaces are suffused with pale chocolate colour, and the discal and outer marginal bands of the hindwing are almost obliterated. Expanse of wings, $ $ 1-^ inches. Habitat. —Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Burma, South Andamans, extending to the Malayan sub-region. L Y GIENOPSINjE. 247 Distribution. —It is in the B. M. from Silhet, Sikkim, Bhutan, Shillong, the Karen Hills and the Andaman Islands ; we have received many examples from the Khasia Hills. CASTALIUS DECIDIA. Plate 633, figs. 1, d,la, lb, $ (Wet-season Brood = Jiamata), lc, Id, 9 (Dry-season Brood), le, $, If, $ , lg, 9 (Extreme Dry-season Brood). Lycdena decidia, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. v. (Lycsena), pi. 1, fig. 4 (1876). Castalius decidia, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 84 (1881) de Hiceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 201 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Hat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 353, and 1896, p. 380. Betham, id. 1891, p. 179. Watson, id. p. 47, and 1897, p. 661. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 48. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 430 (wood-cut) (1907). de Bhe-Philipe, Journ. Bo. Hat. Hist. Soc. 1908, p. 885. Castalius hamatus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 84, pi. 36, figs. 6, 6a (1881). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 357. Castalius interruptus, de Hiceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 74, pi. 1, fig. 12, 9* Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 523, pi. 48, fig. 4. Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 357. Watson, Journ. Bo. Hat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34. Wet-season Brood = hamatus, Moore (Figs. 1, la, 9? lb, ^). Imago. —Male. Upperside black, with a very narrow, white, oblique band on both wings; on the forewing it is produced outwards above vein 3, and is crossed by black veins on both wings. Underside white, markings black. Forewing with two short streaks from the base, the first costal, the other below it; a broad outwardly curved ante-medial band ; a large inwardly curved spot on the costal fourth, and another below it, near the hinder angle; an apical small patch ; a square spot on the middle of the outer margin ; an anticiliary line running through a regular series of small spots, j Hindwing, with a band from the base, bent upwards; a large irregular spot, or patch of spots, at the apex, two small ones in the disc, a long transverse spot on the abdominal margin above the anal angle, a spot on this margin in its middle; an anticiliary line, running through a series of small spots, and a row of lunules on the inner side of the line. Tails black, with white tips ; cilia white checkered with black. Antennae, head and body black above ; palpi and body white beneath. Female only differs from the male in having a broader white band above. Expanse of wings, £ 9 lyu inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs, lc, £, Id, 9). Male and female differ from the Wet-season form in having broader white bands on both wings above. Expanse of wings, £ 9 ly%- inches. 248 LEPIDOPTERA INBICA. Extreme Dry-season Brood = interruptus (Figs, le, If, lg, £). Male and Female. Upperside white. Forewing with a broad black band, that commences at the base, runs along the costa, in the middle of which there is a slight excavation, runs round the apex and outer margin and curves with a square ending a little inwards and a small upward streak at the angle. Hindwing with a little black at the base, a somewhat narrow, outer marginal black border, all the rest of both wings pure white. Underside with the markings very small, the streak in the middle of the abdominal margin of hind wing absent, as also is the lower discal spot; the sub-terminal lunules very much constricted. Expanse of wings, $ $ 1 X V inches. Larva. —Feeds on the tender leaves of the “ chorna,” Zizyphus rugosa ; pale green, of the usual woodlouse form, with the head concealed under the second segment. The whole body is more or less pubescent, and there is a fringe of longer hairs on each side; it may be known from the larva of C. ethion by having two green bands on the back instead of one. Pupa. —Short and stout, constricted between the thorax and abdomen, clothed with short hair, closely attached by tail and band to any convenient surface ; colour ochreous mottled with brown (Davidson and Aitken). Habitat. —Sikkim, Assam, Western and Southern India, Burma, Ceylon. Distribution. —Recorded by Hampson from the Nilgiris, by Manders from the Shan States, by Davidson from Karwar, by Betham from the Central Provinces, by Watson from Chin Lushai, by Aitken from Salsette and Matheran, by de Rhe-Philipe from the Konkan; it is in the B. M. from Mysore, Nilgiris (Hewitson s type), Ceylon (Moore’s type), Calcutta, Sikkim, Maldah, Maulmein, Tilin Yaw; and many examples in our collection from the Khasia Hills. ALLIED INDO-MALAYAN SPECIES. Castalius ilissus, Danis ilissus, Felder, Wien, Ent. 'Mon. iii. p. 186 (1859). Lycsena ilissus, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. pi. 33, figs. 25, 26 (1865). Habitat, Celebes. Castalius rhode, Lycsena rhode, Hopffer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 27. Synonym , Castalius roxus, var. celebensis, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 96. Habitat, Celebes. Castalius argola, Lycsena argola, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. v. (Lycsena), pi. i. fig. 7, $ (1876). Semper, Reise, Philipp, v. p. 188 (1890). Habitat, Philippines. Castalius angustior, Castalius roxus, var. angustior, Staudinger, Lep. Palawan, p. 95 (1889). Semper, l.o. p. 189. Habitat, Philippines. Castalius ulysses, Staudinger, l.c. pi. i. fig. 5, $. Semper, l.c. p. 188. Habitat, Philippines. Castalius morosi, Semper, l.c. p. 187, pi. 33, fig. 14, $ (1890). Habitat, Philippines. Castalius austini, Heron, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1894, p. 193. Habitat, Damma Island. Castalius ulyssides, Grose-Smith, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 511 (1895). Habitat, Celebes. LYC2EN0PSINJE. 249 Castalius niasana, nov. Male. Uppersicle pale greyish-blue ; a white transverse band from vein 6 of forewing, expands outwards above vein 3, is uniform on that wing, expands outwards in its middle on the hind wing; forewing with a black costal line ; both wings with a thin black more or less macular band, white terminal line, black cilia; wings rather transparent, nearly all the markings of the underside showing through. Underside as in C. ethion, but there is a thick linear spot at the end of the cell of both wings. Expanse 1 T 1 ^ inches. Habitat, Nias. Type in the B. M. from coll. G-odman, and three other examples from the Crowley Bequest. Genus TARUGUS. Tarucus , Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 81 (1881). de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 186 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 417 (1907). Eyes naked ; closely allied to Castalius. Forewing , cell a little longer, vein 9 from beyond middle of 7, costa more slightly arched. Hindwing with vein 7 from apical half of sub-costal. Antennse half the length of costa of forewing, club fusiform ; though closely allied to Castalius in venation and general structure, it is much more widely distributed, occurring in Europe, Africa, Western Asia, Asia Minor, Persia, India and Ceylon, but apparently not in the Andamans, Nicobars, or the Malay Peninsula; in so far as our researches go, it is only represented by two species in the Indian region, Theophrastus , Fabricius, and Venosus, Moore; the so-called Tarucus pimiics belongs to another group of the family, having hairy eyes and other material differences ; in colour and pattern Tarucus differs from Castalius , the upperside of the wings being always more or less of a uniform greyish-purple colour above, with black spots on a white ground beneath, and therefore for the sake of convenience we think it advisable to keep it distinct. Type, T. theophrastus , Fabricius. TARUCUS THEOPHRASTUS. Plate 634, figs. 1, $, la, $, lb, $ (Wet-season Brood), 1c, $, Id, le, 9 (Dry-season Brood), If, $, lg, $ , lb, $ (Extreme Dry-season Brood). Hesperia theophrastus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 281 (1793). Polyommatus theophrastus, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 658 (1823). Lycsena theophrastus, Lucas, Expl. Alg. Zool. iii. p. 362. Lep. pi. i. fig. 6, 6a, $, 6b, antenna (1849). Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 73 (1828). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 25 (1857). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 772. Lang, Butt, of Europe, p. 140 (1884). Lampides theophrastus, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 164 (1869). Tarucus theophrastus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 81, pi. 36, fig. 3 (1881). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 148, and 1884, p. 484. Swinhoe, id. 1885, p. 134, and 1886, p. 438. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, pp. 122 and 132. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 187 (1890). Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 353. Watson, id. 1891, p. 46. Betham, VOL. VII. 2l K 250 LEPIDOPTEBA INDICA. id. 1891, p. 179. Mackinnon and de Niceville, id. 1898, p. 381. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 417, pi. 20, fig. 151, $ (1907). Lycsena psittacus, Allard, Ann. Soc. Fr. 1867, p. 313. Lycsena nara, Kollar, Hugels Kaschmir, iv. p. 421 (1848). Tarucus nara, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 606, and 1886, p. 366. Butler, An n. Mag. Hat. Hist. 1888, p. 147. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 245. Swinhoe, id. 1884, p. 506, and 1885, p. 134, and 1886, p. 427. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 190 (1890). Tarucus alteratus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 245, pi. 12, fig. 4, 4a, $. de Niceville, l.c. p. 192 (1890). Tarucus calinara, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 185, and 1888, p. 147. de Niceville, l.c. p. 191 (1890). Tarucus extricatus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 366, pi. 35, fig. 2, $. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 147. de Niceville, l.c. p. 192 (1890). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, la, lb, £). Imago. —Male. Upperside pale greyish-purple, a mauve colour; the markings of the underside showing through the wings; outer marginal lines thickly black, with the black colour running inwards shortly on the veins, some black anticiliary spots on the hindwing ; cilia of both wings white, with a black basal band. Underside greyish- white, nearly white; markings black. Forewing with a streak from the costa a little before the middle to the hinder margin, near the base and continued across the base of the hindwing; a somewhat oblique and rather sinuous transverse streak a little before the middle and not reaching the costa; a streak from near the costa, close to the other streak, runs obliquely outwards to the hinder marginal fourth, and is disconnected in its middle ; three spots in a triangle in the upper disc; a post-discal thin band, which curves inwards below the costa; a sub-terminal thinner band, both more or less divided by the veins and a thick marginal line. Hinclwing with a sub-basal oblique band not reaching the costa, followed by three bands of disconnected short streaks, a post-discal band like that on the forewing, a sub-terminal series of spots shining with blue metallic scales and a terminal line ; tails black, tipped with white. Female. Upperside rather duller in colour, the markings of the underside more plainly visible than they are in the male. Forewing with some white in the upper disc ; a brown spot at the end of the cell, a discal band of brown spots, followed by a brownish complete band, a sub-terminal brown band and a black marginal line. Hindwing with ante-medial, medial and post-medial brownish bands, a sub-terminal series of white lunular marks on a brownish ground, a black terminal line, and between them a series of black spots, increasing in size hindwards, and a white anticiliary row of thin lunules. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ $ 1 T 7 ¥ inches. LYCjPNOPSINzE. 251 Dry-season Brood (Figs. 1c, J, Id, $, le, $). Male. Upperside similar to the Wet-season form. Underside, Forewing with the inner markings similar, the two outer bands composed of spots, those nearest the margin being small and well separated from each other. Hindwing with all the bands and markings composed of well separated spots. Female. Upperside with the general colour much paler, the upper disc of fore¬ wing broadly white, in some examples the ground colour of the outer half of the inner space is all white, and the hindwing is also more or less white on the outer portion, the base of both wings with blue iridescent scales. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, £ $ 1 inch. Extreme Dry-season Brood (Figs. If, J, Ig, $, 1 h, $). Male and Female. Upperside as in the other forms. Underside with the outer markings of the fore wing and all the markings of the hind wing obsolescent, in some examples the markings of the hindwing are almost obliterated. Expanse of wings, J $ t 8 q- to t 9 q- inch. Egg. —Pale apple-green with porcelain-white ridges and tubercles, the ridges arranged in lines parallel to or concentric with the equator, the tubercles arranged meridionally in curved lines, so that the tubercles, when the egg is viewed from above, form a figure like a star of many rays all curved similarly and in the same direction. The tubercles appear very conspicuous under a microscope, and are blunt conical, in size they are equal in diameter about to the intervals between them. The egg is very much flattened and with a wide depression at its apex, it has in fact much the proportions of an Echinoid of the genus Diadema. Larva. —Just half an inch in length, when full-grown, much flattened, the head pale ochreous and completely hidden under the second segment, which is somewhat wide, the third and fourth segments progressively a little wider, whence the body very gradually tapers to the last segment, which is about as wide as the second. Colour pale green, the whole upper surface covered with a shagreening of small white tubercles, which under a magnifying glass give it a frosted appearance ; along the lateral edge of the body and round the anal segment there are numerous somewhat long whitish hairs. From the third to the anal segment there is a somewhat broad (slightly decreasing in width posteriorly) yellowish-green dorsal stripe, which bears a red stripe in its middle decreasingly on the first four segments on which it appears; in some specimens the dorsal stripe is marked with reddish on both sides, which colour is very conspicuous on the twelfth and thirteenth segments. There is also a sub-dorsal series of small spots from the third to the eleventh segments inclusive, which are quite inconspicuous in some specimens. The extensile organs on the twelfth segment are 2 K 2 252 LEPIDOPTEBA INDICA. small. The constrictions between the segments slight and inconspicuous. Feeds on Zizyphus jujuba and Zizyphus vulgaris . Dr. A. Forel, of Geneva, identifies the ants which attend these larvae as Componotus rubripes , Drury, sub-species Compressus, Fabricius, and Plieidole latinota , Eoger. Pupa. —Of the usual Lycsenid shape ; head, thorax and wing cases green, speckled thickly with black, abdomen green. There is an indistinct black dorsal line extending down the whole length of the body, with a double sub-dorsal series of indistinct black specks; the head is rounded, the thorax slightly humped, the pupa throughout quite smooth. Mrs. Wylie says the ants attend the caterpillars until they are full-grown, when the ants drive them down the stem of the tree which they have hitherto inhabited, into a temporary nest the ants have set up at the foot of the tree, where on opening the nest “ you will see some hundreds of larvse and pupse in all stages of development arranged in a broad and even band all round the trunk, and lightly covered with earth/’ The perfect insects emerge in this nest, and, after drying their wings, are allowed to fly away unmolested (de Niceville). Habitat. —India, Burma, Ceylon, Beluchistan, Persia, Arabia and Africa. A common species. TARUCUS VENOSUS. Plate 633, figs. 2, £, 2a, $ , 2b, $. Tarucus venosus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 245, pi. 12, fig. 6, 6a, $ . Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 132. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 147. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 193, pi. 27, fig. 189, £ (1890). Bingham, Pauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 419 (1907). Imago. —Male. Upperside coloured like T. theophrastus, but of a darker purple. Forewing with a rather conspicuous black linear mark at the end of the cell, with a rather broad outer marginal brownish-shaded band. Hindwing with a similar black bar at the end of the cell, and with a terminal band as in the forewing, but narrower. Underside as in the Wet-season form of Theophrastus, but all the streaks and spots larger. Female. Upperside coloured like the male, the markings as in the female of the Wet-season form of Theophrastus, but the sub terminal row of white lunules on the hind¬ wing is wanting. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, £ ¥ lyu inches. Habitat. —North-Western India. Distribution. —Recorded by de Niceville from Dharmsala, Kala Pani, Bagheswar, Sarju Valley, Kali Valley, 2,400 feet, Kumaon ; we have it from Kulu, and it is in the B. M. also from Kangra, Sultanpore, and Gurais Valley. LYGMNOPSINM. 253 ALLIED INDO-MALAYAN SPECIES. Tarucus fasciatus, Rober, Iris, 1884, p. 194, pi. 9, fig. 15. Habitat, Bankei. Tarucus clathratus, Holland, PrOc. Boston Soc. xxv. p. 71, pi. 5, fig. 8, $ (1891). Habitat, Celebes. Tarucus waterstraclti, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 585, pi. 32, fig. 21. Habitat, Borneo. Tarucus Jluvialis, Grose-Smith, Hov. Zool. ii. p. 511 (1895). Habitat, South Celebes. Genus ZIZERA. Zizera, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 78 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 212 (1884). cle Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 110 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 355 (1907). Imago. —Eyes naked ; antennae less than half the length of the costa of fore wing, club elongate, concave on the underside, palpi sub-porrect, long, thickly fringed in front with stiff hairs, third joint about three-fourths the length of the second, body and legs robust. Forewing , costa arched, apex more or less blunt, outer margin convex, hinder angle obtuse, hinder margin slightly sinuate, about three-fourths the length of the costa, the outer margin consequently short; first sub-costal nervure strongly bowed upwards a little beyond its origin and touching the costal nervure, the latter at the point of junction is slightly bowed downwards, second sub-costal given off midway between the bases of the first sub-costal and upper discocellular, third sub-costal given off at less than half the distance between the apex of the cell and of the wing, reaching the costa long before the apex of the wing, sub-costal nervure terminating at the apex, middle discocellular nervule slightly outwardly oblique, concave, lower discocellular as long as the middle, concave, slightly inwardly oblique, hardly differs in venation from the genus Lgcsenopsis, but the second median nervule is given off at, instead of before, the lower end of the cell, as in that genus, the species of the genus Zizera has, however, a very distinct facies of their own, some of them are the smallest of butterflies. Larva. —Green onisciform, the upper portion of the body finely shagreened or covered with short tubercles emitting colourless hairs, no prominent markings. Pupa. —Pale green, of the usual Lycsenid form, finely hairy (de Niceville). Type. — Zizera maha, Kollar. Moore quotes Alsus as the type, but he described the structure of Maha , believing that the European Alsus (which belongs to the genus Cupido ) was congeneric; Alsus was not represented in his collection. ZIZERA MAHA. Plate 634, figs. 3, J , 3a, $, 3b, $ (Wet-season Brood), 3c, 3d, $ (Dry-season Brood). Lycsena maha , Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 422 (1848). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 528. 254 LEPID OP TEE A IN PICA. Zizera mala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 248. Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 426. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 133. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 148. cle Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 112, pi. 26, fig. 172, $ (1890). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 106. Betham, Journ. Bo. Hat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 177. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 623. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 295. Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1893, p. 673. Watson, id. 1897, p. 659. Mackinnon and de Niceville, id. 1898, p. 380. de Rhe-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 487. Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 355, pi. 19, figs. 136, $ 137, 9 (Dry-season Brood) (1907). Polyommatus chandala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 504, pi. 31, fig. 5, $, and 1874, p. 272. Zizera chandala , Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 426. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 114 (1890). Lyceena diluta, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 280, pi. 35, figs. 12, 13, $ (1865). Zizera diluta, Rothney, Ent. Mo. Mag. xix. p. 35 (1882). de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 46. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 367; id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 149. Wood- Mason and de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 365. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 114 (1890). Lycsena squalida, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 4. Zizera squalida , Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 148. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 115 (1890). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 3, 3a, 3b, £). Imago. —Male. Upperside dark greyish-blue. Forewing with broad blackish- brown outer marginal border, darkest on the margin and paling inwardly. Hindwing with the costa broadly suffused with pale blackish-brown, the outer marginal border similar to that on the forewing. Underside pale brownish-grey, markings blackish- brown, edged with whitish. Forewing with a lunular mark at the end of the cell, a spot in the middle of the cell, a discal curved row of spots, the first from the lower end, sometimes more or less linear, the second oblique and a little inwards. Hindwing with a sub-basal series of four spots almost in a line, the lowest one being the end spot of a curved discal row of spots, that and the third spot of the discal row being placed a little inwards, both wings with a sub-terminal double row of lunular marks and a terminal black line. Cilia whitish. Antennae black, ringed with white, head and body blackish above, white below. Female. Upperside of a uniform blackish-brown without any markings. Under¬ side as in the male, markings more prominent. Expanse of wings, £ £ lyy inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 3c, 3d, $). Male. Upperside silvery light blue, with some bright blue basal irrorations, costal and marginal lines on both wings black; no other markings. Underside with the ground colour darker than in the Wet-season form, the markings similarly disposed, but all very obscure, except the cell spots and discal row of spots on the fore wing. L YC2EN0PSIN2E. 255 Female, like the male, but the ground colour above is darker and duller, and both wings have broad, suffused, brownish outer marginal bands; on the underside the markings are like those of the male of the Wet-season form. Expanse of wings, £ $ 1 inch. Photo of Z. maha — As compared with Z. ossa, the dorsal processes are slighter. The clasps are much more slender, especially basally, longer, viz., 1*00 mm., and attached to each other to a higher level. The ter- teeth, well separated; there are always one or more small teeth along the distal margin (Chapman). Larva. —When full-grown about 0 ■ 4 of an inch in length, green, onisciform, with a dorsal line of a darker green than the ground, the entire upper surface shagreened, the minute whitish tubercles giving out very fine short colourless hairs. No distinctive markings whatever. Head smooth, black, shining as usual. Feeds in Calcutta on Oxalis corniculata, Linnaeus. Pupa. —Very pale green, attached to the underside of the leaves of the food plant; finely hairy, without markings, of the usual Lycaenid shape (de Niceville). Habitat. —Northern India, North Burma. Distribution. —Elwes records it from the Naga and Karen Hills, Watson from the Chin Hills, Mackinnon from Mussuri, de Rhe-Philipe from Lucknow, Leslie and Evans from Chitral, Manders from the Shan States, Betham from Pachmari; it is in our collection from Ranchi, Mhow, Kulu and the Khasia Hills; and in the B. M. from Hassan Abdul, Campbellpur, Rawul Pindi, Chittar Pahar, Akhor, Deval, Buguster, Murree, Nander, Sikkim, Cachar and Calcutta. minal teeth have two nearly equal large ZIZERA OSSA. Plate 635, figs. 1, £, la, J, lb, $ (Wet-season Brood), lc, $, Id, $ (Dry-season Brood). Zizera ossa, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 132, pi. 9, figs. 11, $, 12, $ . de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 115 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34. Zizera maha, Aitken and Comber (nec Kollar), Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, vol. xv. p. 43. Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 355 (1907). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, la, fj>, lb, £). Imago. —Male. Upperside of a uniform pale grey-blue, with the exception of the basal area where there are some dark blue scales. Forewing with the costal line black, apex narrowly black, fining down to a fine marginal line towards the hinder angle. 256 LEPIDOPTEBA INDICA. Hindwing with, a fine outer marginal black line. Underside muck as in Zizera maha, the spots smaller, the ground colour darker. Female. Upperside paler and duller in colour. Forewing with a diffuse blackish border, very broad. Hindwing with the costal and marginal areas slightly suffused with pale blackish. Underside as in the male. Cilia grey, brownish on the upper part of the forewing. Antennae black, ringed with white; head and body dark, with blue reflections above ; grey beneath, abdomen beneath white. Expanse of wings, $ $ 1 inch. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 1c, Id, ?). Male and Female. Upperside pale lavender-grey, both wings with very fine terminal black lines, more pronounced in the female, which has a slight thickening at the apex of forewing, and indications of a greyish sub-terminal, shaded thin band. Underside with the markings disposed as in the other form, but minute, and on the hind wing obscure. Expanse of wings, £ $ T 9 ¥ inch. Photo of Z. ossa .—The whole appendages are rather smaller, dorsal process fuller, clasps shorter 0*83 mm. (against 1*00 in if. maha). The base of the clasp is wider, giving a flask shape (= body, neck and head), as compared with the more cylindrical form in Maha. They are united together propor¬ tionately higher up. Assuming two terminal teeth as in Maha, then the upper one is very short and clearly adpressed to the lower, form¬ ing merely a notch on its upper margin, be¬ yond this there are no small teeth on the distal margin. The distal margin may be straight or recessed as in photo (Chapman). Habitat.— Southern India. Distribution. —Recorded by Aitken and Comber from the Konkan, by Watson from Mysore; it is in our collection from Poona, Bombay, Bangalore, Anamalli Hills, Mahableshwur, Ahmednagar; and in the B. M. also from Kolar, Ootacamund and Durbunga. ZIZERA GAIKA. Plate 635, figs. 2, $, 2a, $ , 2b, $ (Wet-season Brood), 2c, £, 2d, $ (Dry-season Brood). Lyceena gciika , Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 403 ; id. South Air. Butt. ii. p. 50 (1887). Zizera gaika, Butler, Proc. Zool Soc. 1884, p. 484. de Hiceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 118, pi. 26, fig. 174, J (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 528. Watson, Journ. Bo. Hat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 44. Befcham, id. p. 177. Watson, id. 1897, p. 659. Mackinnon and de Niceville, J. N.'Fitch. deL,etlitk. VirLcerctfeo oks Da j &.Son LtSimp L Reeve &.G?LotiS£u\ ' i ■ FI 629. J.N’.Fiteh. del etlild v5ncea\tI3r o ols ( T) gy -5c S onLt^rimg L. 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