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LEPIDOPTEBA INDICA.

Sub-Family LYCJENIIUE.

Eyes naked, colouring on the upper side generally blue or purple, some few dark
or pale brown : many metallic and shining, venation and general structure very similar
in all the genera; the margins of the wings invariably entire ; the hindwings are
tailless.

Genitalia. —iEdoeagus very wide at the proximal end, so that it is heart-shaped,
and there is a good armature of cornuti (Chapman).

Genus PHENGARIS.

Phengaris , Doherty, Journ. As. Soe. Bengal, 1891, p. 36.

Imago. —Eyes smooth; this splendid Chinese butterfly, Lycsena atroguttata ,
Oberthiir, deserves to be placed in a separate genus or sub-genus, distinguished from
Lycsena by the upper discoidal vein of the hindwing being short, and angled outwardly,
the lower discocellular meeting the median vein opposite its second forking.

This butterfly is certainly the finest of the sub-family, unless the Danis group of
Cyaniris be excepted. I was not able to detect any odour about it, but it has all the
air of a protected species. I often saw it in the meadows of the Kutcha Naga country,
Naga Hills, from 6,000 to 8,000 feet elevation, flying very slowly and visible from a
great distance, so that I caught a good number, in spite of its rarity. The character
of its markings, round black spots on a pure white ground, is very remarkable. It is
hard to avoid thinking Tajuria macuiata , Hew., a mimic of this species, though it
seems to live at a lower elevation and further to the westward. Taraka hamada is
somewhat similarly marked, and is obviously protected.

I have taken the name Phengaris, which means a daughter of the moon, from the
modern Greek (Doherty, l.c.).

Type, atroguttata, Oberthiir.

Dr. Chapman informs us that the genitalia of Phengaris show characters closely
allied to those of typical Lycsena.

VOL. VIII.

B

2

LEP ID OP TER A 1NDICA.

PHENGARIS ATROGUTTATA.

Plate 640, figs. 1, $, la, 9 > lb, 9 •

Lycsena atroguttata, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ii. p. 21, pi. 1, fig. 4, a, b (1876).

Phengaris atroguttata, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 36, Leech, Butt, of China, Japan,
and Corea, ii. p. 317 (1892). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 659.

Phengaris atroguttata, var. alhida, Leech, l.c. pi. 28, fig. 5, £.

Imago.— -Male. Upperside very pale blue with a metallic sheen in certain lights,
the basal and costal portions of the forewing and the basal and abdominal portions of
the hindwing suffused with darker blue, darkest at the base and gradually paling
outwards. Forewing with a large black spot at the end of the cell, two beyond it near
the marginal band, one above the other, a third black spot beneath them and more
inwards, a small black dot below that and more inwards still; a broad black marginal
band, well defined, which abruptly stops a little below vein 3, and has below it a black
mark on vein 2. Hindwing with a thin, suffused blackish, marginal band, containing
suffused black markings in the interspaces, the black spots of the underside showing
through the wing. Underside white. Forewing with all the markings jet black and
large ; a transverse spot in the middle of the cell, a larger nearly round spot at the
end, a whorl of spots in the upper disc beyond, commencing with a twin spot on the
costa, a twin spot below and a little outside, a round spot again below and on the inner
side and a small spot again below and still farther inwards, a sub-terminal row of square
spots from the costa to interspace l,an anteciliary row of short somewhat lunular marks
stopping in the same interspace, and a marginal series of smaller and somewhat triangular
spots stopping in the next lower interspace. Hindwing with three large spots on the
costa and three bands of large spots across the wing, the first consisting of five, the
second and third of seven each, and an anteciliary row, the spots becoming larger
hind wards.

Female. Upperside like the male, but there is an extra spot inside the cell, three
sub-apical spots instead of two, and a small spot straight below the hindermost large
spot instead of being well on the inner portion of the wing as in the male ; the
marginal black band is also broader and is somewhat suffused on its inner side.
Hindwing with all the spots of the underside showing more distinctly and the outer
marginal band broader. Underside similar to the male, except for the position of the
small spot being directly below the large lowest one, instead of being on its inner
side. Cilia of both sexes white.

Antennse black, club whitish beneath; head and body black above, whitish
beneath.

Expanse of wings, $ 9, 2 inches.

LYC2ENIN2E.

3

Habitat. —Naga Hills, Western China.

Distribution. —The type came from Moupin; it is commonly distributed in
W. China; Doherty procured it from the Naga Hills, and it is in our collection from
the same locality. Watson records it from the Chin Hills.

Genus SCOLITANTIDES.

Scolitantides, H bner, Yerz. bek. Scbmett. p. 68 (1816). Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B.M. p. 167 (1869).
Lycaena, de Niceville (part), Butt, of India, iii. p. 66 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii.
p. 334 (1907).

Has a peculiar type of coloration, the fringe of the wings being alternated with
black and white, and the spots of the underside large and black ; venation as in
Lycsena.

Genitalia. —Harpagones or clasps not Plebeid; very broad, exceptionally so, and
short, suddenly excavated from the lower apical half and extended into a long point
downwards. Cingula or girdle deeply bent over the harpagones. Tegumen highly
excised in front apex, raised into a high saddle at the back, the whole tegumen
extended right beyond the harpagones. Falces or hooks much reduced, being merely
two slightly curved points in the rear of the tegumen. Furca long, waved; sedceagus
broad, exceptionally short, being only about twice its own width (Bethune-Baker).

Type, orion, Pallas.

SCOLITANTIDES BATON.

Plate 640, figs. 2, $, 2a, $ , 2b, $.

Papilio baton, Bergstrasser, Nomencl. ii. p. 18, vol. iii. pi. 9, figs. 6 to 8 (1779).

Lycaena baton, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 889. Lang, Butt, of Europe, p. 109, pi. 24, fig. 2, $ 9
(1884).

Papilio hylastor, Bergstrasser, Nomencl. ii. pi. 47, figs. 7, 8 (1779).

Polyommatus vicrama, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 505, pi. 31, fig. 6, 9 •

Scolitantides cashnirensis, Moore, l.c. 1874, p. 272. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 408.

Lycaena hylas, de Niceville (nee Schiff.), Butt, of India, iii. p. 84 (1890). Leslie and Evans, Journ.
Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1893, p. 673. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 351 (1907).

Imago.— Male. Upperside greyish-blue, both wings with a slender lunular black
line at the end of the cell, and black marginal line with a little inner blackish suffusion,
a series of sub-terminal blackish spots on the hindwing, and indications of a very slender
white line close to the marginal line. Cilia white, with blackish spots opposite the vein
ends. Underside grey, with a slight bluish tinge with a few blue scales at the base,
markings black, prominent. Forewing with a spot inside the cell, a short lunular
mark at the end of the cell, a discal series of seven spots, much curved outwards

b 2

4

LEP1D0PTEBA INDICA.

above the middle, the two upper spots small, the second spot from the low T er end
well inwards, the lowest spot outside on a line with the third, a sub-terminal
series of spots, a black marginal line and between them a row T of short brown linear
marks. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots in an outwardly curved row, a lunule at the
end of the cell, a discal series of eight spots, the upper one near the apex of the wing,
the next well inwards being the commencement of an outwardly highly curved row of
five spots, the second from the lower end well outwards, and a costal spot between the
upper spot and the sub-basal spot; a sub-terminal double series of short lunules wdth
orange-ochreous between them ; a black marginal line. Cilia as on the upperside; in
some examples the black spots are encircled wdth pale wFitish.

Female. Upperside purplish-brown, with some blue-grey basal irrorations, the
lunular mark at the end of the cell obscure, some sub-terminal obscure blackish spots
with narrow, paler surroundings, mostly obsolete on the forewing, faintly indicated on
the hindwing, not visible on either wing in some examples. Cilia as in the male, but
the spots in it are brown. Underside as in the male. Antennae black, ringed wdth
white ; top of head white ; some white marks on the front of the thorax; thorax and
abdomen blackish above, with greyish-blue pubescence, white beneath.

Expanse of wings, ^ $ 1-j^- inches.

Habitat. —NAY. Himalayas, Central and South-Eastern Europe, Afghanistan.

Distribution. —Leslie and Evans record it from Chitral, Butler from Kandahar,
de Niceville from Ladak, Kashmir, Lahoul, Kunawur, Bingham from Beluchistan; it is
in our collection also from Kulu and Kashmir.

ALLIED CHINESE AND JAPANESE SPECIES.

Scolitantides orion, Papilio orion, Pallas, Reise, i. p. 471 (1771). Leech, Butt, of China, etc. ii.
p. 309 (1892). Habitat, Corea, Pekin, Central Europe, Asia Minor, South Siberia, and the
Amur.

Scolitantides lanty, Lycaena lanty, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. xi. p. 21, pi. 7, fig. 53 (1886). Habitat,
Chinese Thibet.

Genus LYC^ENA.

Lycsena , Eabricius, Ill. Mag. vi. p. 285 (1807). de Niceville (part), Butt, of India, iii. p. 66 (1890).

Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 334 (1907).

Forewing with vein 6 from upper end of cell, 9. out of 7, the bases of 6 and 7 well
separated, 8 absent, 5 from the middle of discocellulars, 10 and 11 from apical half of
sub-costal vein, 12 at apex bent slightly towards 11. Hindwing with 3 and 4 distinctly
separated at base, 3 from a little before the end of the cell, 4 from the end, 7 from

LYCJENINM.

5

apical half of sub-costal, 8 strongly arched at base, then straight to apex, running
close to costal margin. Antennse half as long as the costa of forewing, club well
marked, oval, pointed at tip,
palpi sub-porrect, with short
stiff hairs in front, third joint
moderately long, legs slender,
tibiae and tarsi of foreleg
tapered, the latter long, ex-
articulate, spined beneath,
foreleg of female normal,
with minute claws. Genitalia
with the clasp more or less
quadrangular on side view,
with a strong spine from the
dorsal angle parallel with the
distal margin; the cornuti
are small and numerous.

Type, avion, Linnseus. Photo of genitalia of Lyccena arion , Linnaeus.

According to Tutt, all

the species of this genus that follow belong to Scudder’s genus Glaucopsyche, Syst.
Rev. Am. Butt. p. 38 (1872), type, lygdamus, Doubleday, from America, which Tutt
separates from Lyccena , but the general structure is the same, and Dr. Chapman
informs us that the genitalia are congeneric.

LYCiENA YOUNGHUSBANDI.

Plate 640, figs. 3, $ , 3a, 9 > 3b, $.

Lycsena younghusbandi, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 484, pi. 36, fig. 10, <£. Bingham, Fauna of
Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 338 (1907).

Imago.— Male. Upperside, dark brownish-black, with a satiny sheen and tinted
with plumbeous; marginal lines black and slender, an indistinct slender linear mark
at the end of the cell of the forewing. Cilia snow white, with a basal ochreous-grey
band. Underside. Forewing brownish-grey, spots black, with whitish edges ; a linear
mark at the end of the cell, and a discal even row of six spots, the row slightly outwardly
curved, the lowest spot oblique, formed of two joined together ; a sub-terminal, very
indistinct double row of grey lunular marks ; terminal line brown. Llinclwing with all
the inner portion glistening green, leaving a fairly even terminal band of brownish-
grey, veins in the green portion grey, some glistening green sub-terminal spots, grey
terminal line, and cilia of both wings grey.

6 IEPIDOPTERA INDIO A.

Female, like the male above and below, the sub-terminal markings on the underside
more prominent. Antennae black, ringed with white, head and body brownish-black
above, white beneath.

Expanse of wings, $ $ 1-pL inches.

Habitat. — Thibet.

Distribution. —Eecorded by Bingham from Sikkim, Chumbi Valley, and Phari;
in the B. M., a fine series of both sexes (including the types) from Gyantze, Thibet.

LYCLENA FELICIS.

Plate 641, figs. 1, la, $, lb, $.

Lycsena felicis , Oberthur, Etud. d’Ent. xi. p. 21, pi. 7, fig. 52 (1886). Leech, Butt, of China, etc. ii.
p. 307. (1892).

Imago. —Male. Upperside dark blackish-brown with a chocolate tint, five deep
black sub-terminal, triangular spots on the hindwing, from the anal angle upwards,
each outwardly edged with metallic blue-green scales, and inwardly with dark orange
angulated lunules, the upper and lowest spot small. Underside. Forewing grey, spots
deep black, ringed with white ; a lunular spot at the end of the cell, a discal series of
six nearly round spots, slightly curving inwards at its upper end, the lowest spot
geminate * a sub-terminal series of more or less lunular spots decreasing in size and
paling in colour upwards, a very fine brown terminal line, and between them some
grey lunular marks on a whitish ground. Hindwing pale blue-green, becoming pale
outwards, the terminal border more or less grey like the colour of the forewing, a black,
fine, lunular line on a pale ground at the end of the cell. Cilia above, with the inner
half brown, the outer half white ; on the underside it is grey. Antennae black, ringed
with white. Palpi black above, white beneath, with black and white rather long hairs ;
frons blackish-brown, with a white streak on each side, head and body blackish-brown
above, wdiite beneath.

Very near Young husband i, but the markings on the underside of the forewings
differ somewhat, and the wings are broader and shorter.

Female, like the male.

Expanse of wings, $ ? 1 x 3 -q inches.

Habitat. —Thibet.

Distribution. —In the B. M. from Gyantze, How-kow and other parts of Thibet.

LYCJJNA OMPHISA.

Plate 641, figs. 2, 2a, J, 2b,

Polyommatus ompMsa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 573, pi. 66, fig. 2, $ .

Lycsena omjphisa, cle Niceville, Butt of India, iii. p, 84 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, ii.
p. 347, pi. 19, fig. 131 (1907).

LYC2ENIN2E.

7

Imago. —Male. Upperside blackish-brown, all the interior portion of both wings
thickly covered with metallic blue scales which in some lights look purple-blue and in
others purple-green, leaving the borders as if with broad even blackish bands, the
extent of the blue scaling, however, varies somewhat in different specimens. Under¬
side. Forewing dark brownish-grey, darker on the outer marginal portion ; a black
lunule edged with white at the end of the cell, an even discal series of six black spots
edged with white, the lowest geminate, the three upper ones curving inwards below
the costa, some obscure white angular marks on the outer margin ; the base of the
wing thickly suffused with blue scales. Hindwing blue-green, darker towards the base ;
a white lunule at the end of the cell, four white spots in an even curve in the middle of
the disc, and a fifth white spot on the middle of the costa ; veins rather prominent.

Female. Upperside dark purple-brown without any markings; a slender black
marginal line to both wings and a black costal line on the forewing. Underside.
Forewing suffused with pale chestnut-brown, the outer margin with large pale white
spots joined together, making a rather broad whitish marginal band, some blue suffusion
at the base. Hindwing dull pale blue-green with some pale greyish suffusion on the
costal parts; markings on both wings as in the male. Cilia white. Antennse black,
ringed with white; head and body black above with some blue pubescence, below
white.

Expanse of wings, £ 1^-, 9 I inches.

Habitat. —-N.W. Himalayas.

Distribution. —Recorded from Chitral, Lahoul and Ladak; and it is in our
collection from Dras.

LYCiENA METALLICA.

Plate 641, figs. 3, £, 3a, $ , 3b, 9 •

Lycsena metallica , Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 283, pi. 35, figs. 7, 8, <£,9, $ (1865). Moore, Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 247. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 83 (1890).

Lycsena galathea, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 348 (1907).

Imago. —Male. Upperside, both wings dilute violaceous-cyaneous, a whitish striga
before the cilia, outwardly powdered with fuscous. Forewing with the tips of the veins
and the margin increasingly hindward. Hindwing with the costal border and the
external margin fuscous. Underside. Forewing very pale hoary-brownisli at the base
and at the apex ; the hindwing entirely metallic bluish-greenish. Forewing with a
rounded spot. Hindwing with a litura on the discocellulars, and a bent fascia of
rounded spots beyond the disc whitish, broader in the forewing and in the hind wing
joined to a fuscous shadow (Felder).

Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with the basal two-thirds. Hind wing with

8

LEPIDOPTERA INDIO A.

the interior area with blue iridescent scales, three sub-terminal square spots (now faded)
orange-ochreoiis above the hinder angle of the forewing and a series of similar sub¬
terminal spots on the hindwing, decreasing in size upwards. Cilia of both wings
white. Underside. Forewing grey, shining, some blue-green scales at the base; a
narrow spot at the end of the cell, and seven in a transverse row in the disc, all whitish
with brown centres. Hindwing green, almost emerald green, veins and outer margin
speckled with brownish (apparently because the green scales are rubbed off them), a
white lunular spot at the end of the cell and a discal, evenly curved row of large round,
white spots. Antennse black, ringed with white; head and body blackish-brown above,
grey beneath.

Expanse of wings, d ¥ l-ro inches.

Habitat. — Laclak.

The description and figures of the male are taken from Felder’s description and
figures, the type being lost; the blue colour of the upperside is undoubtedly too
vivid ; the description and figures of the female are taken from the actual type-specimen
kindly lent from the Tring Museum ; the type-specimen is a female as stated by Felder,
and not a male as supposed by de Niceville. There can be no doubt that Felder’s
figures 7 and 8 represent the male and his figure 9 represents the female, though the
blue coloration of the interior of the wings of this figure is, as it is in the male figure,
much too vivid, the colour of this female is really brown with blue iridescence, very
difficult to represent in a coloured figure. Bingham altogether misidentified the species,
sinking fig. 9 to omphisa, and figs. 7 and 8 to galathea. He never could have seen
Felder’s type.

LYCtZENA NYCULA.

Plate 641, figs. 4, £ , 4a, $ , 4b, J .

Polyommatus nycula , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 503, pi. 31, fig. 3, $ .

Lycsena nycula , Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. 1888, p. 272, pi. 94, $.

Lycsena galathea, de Niceville (part), Butt, of India, iii. p. 82 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit.

India, Butt. ii. p. 348 (1907).

Imago. —Male. Upperside dark violet-blue. Forewing with the costal line
blackish, and both wings with the outer marginal line blackish, with fine streaks
from it running in on the veins; cilia white with a pale grey line in it, hardly visible ;
some blue scales at the base of both wings. Underside pale brownish-grey. Forewing
with a white spot at the end of the cell, and a discal even row of white spots,
containing minute, central, grey dots, outwardly curved above its middle and
inwardly curved below it, some indistinct angulated whitish marks on the outer
margin which under the lens are blue-tinted. Hindwing pale blue-green, a thin white
lunule at the end of the cell, and a curved row of five pale white spots in the disc,

LYC2ENIN2E.

9

with a sixth white spot in the middle of the costa; a series of pale white angulated
marks on the outer margin. Antennae black, ringed with white; head and body
blackish with blue pubescence.

Female. Dark chocolate-brown. Forewing with four large square sub terminal
orange spots above the hinder angle, sometimes with indications of a fifth. Hindwing
with a complete sub-terminal row of similar spots, the second and third the largest,
decreasing in size upwards. Underside like the male, but the colour on both wings
paler, the outer marginal space tinged with pale blue on the forewing, some brownish
suffusion on the interior portion of the wing, and the discal row of white spots with
more prominent dark central dots. Hindwing similar to the male.

Expanse of wings, $ I T %-, $ lq-Q- inches.

Habitat.— N. W. Himalayas.

Distribution. —The type came from Kunawar, it has been recorded from Simla
and Tehri Gurhwal. Moore also records it from Kashmir and Narkunda ; and it is in
our collection from Kunawur and Pangi.

LYCJ1NA GALATHEA.

Plate 642, figs. 1, $, la, 9 > lb, $.

Lycsenci Galathea, Blanchard, in Jacq. Yoy. Ind. iv. p. 21, pi. 1, figs. 5, 6, $ (1844). de Niceville,
Butt, of India, iii. p. 82 (1890). Mackinnon and de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc.
1898, p. 379. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 673. Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India,
Butt. ii. p. 348 (1907).

PolyOMmatus galathea , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 271 j id. Sci. Res. Second Yark. Miss. Lcp.
p. 6 (1879).

Imago.— Male. Upper side of a beautiful azure-blue colour. Forewing with the
costal line black, marginal line black with the colour running in shortly on the veins.
Cilia white with a grey line in it. Underside. Forewing grey, pale on the upper parts,
the lower portions smeared with brown in the outer parts of the interspaces; a discal
row of six black spots edged with white, the two lowest geminate, the third and fourth
linear, the fifth oblique, the sixth small, the seventh minute and placed a little imvards
below the costa ; a thin lunular line edged with white at the end of the cell; base of
wing with blue iridescence. 11 indie in g blue-green densely irrorated with darker blue-
green on the basal portion ; a white lunular line at the end of the cell, and a discal
well-curved row of six pale white spots in regular order. Antennae black, ringed with
white; head and body blackish above, covered with blue hairs; white below.

Female. Upperside dark brown, almost blackish-brown. Forewing with three
sub terminal dark orange spots above the hinder angle, decreasing in size upwards.

VOL. viii. c

10

LEPII) OP TEBA INI) IGA.

II in dicing with four subterminal similar spots, the second and third from the anal
angle the largest. Underside like the underside of the male.

Expanse of wings, I 9 ly^- inches.

Habitat. —N.W. Himalayas.

Distribution. —Mackinnon and de Niceville record it from Mussuri; Leslie and
Evans from Chitral ; it has also been recorded from Pangi, Kashmir, Kulu, and the
hills north of Simla, and it is in our collection from Goolmurg.

ALLIED CHINESE AND JAPANESE SPECIES.

Lycsena lycormas , Polyommatus lycormas, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. ix. p. 57 (1868).
Synonym , Lycsena scylla, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 22 (1880). Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. iii.
p. 139, pi. 16, fig. 7 (1887). Habitat, Japan.

Lycsena kazamoto, Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 361 (1875). Habitat, Central Japan.

Lycsena ciligena, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. ii. p. 21, pi. i. figs. 3, a, b (1876). Habitat, Central China.

Lycsena eujjliemia, Lycsena euphemius, var. euphemia, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. iii. pp. 142, 288,
pi. 13, fig. 6 (1887). Habitat, Yesso Island, Japan.

Lycsena divina, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 286, pi. 13, figs. 5a, b, 9 (1887). Habitat, Corea.

Lycsena segina, Grum-Grshimailo, Horae Ross. 1891, p. 451. Leech, Butt, of China, etc. ii. p. 303,
pi. 31, fig. 11, $ (1892). Habitat, Central China.

Lycsena insularis, Lycsena argus, var. insularis. Leech, Butt, of China, etc. ii. p. 302, pi. 31,
figs. 8, (£,5, ? (1892). Habitat, Yesso Island, Japan.

Lycsena barine, Leech, l.c. p. 304, pi. 31, fig. 14, £ (1892). Habitat, Oiwake, Japan.

Sub-Family PLEBEINJE.

Eyes naked, except in the genus Polyommatus , and in the aberrant genera
Azanus and Orthomiella, colour generally blue or purple as in Lycsenbwe, neuration
similar.

Genitalia. —Clasp large, tapering to each end, each clasp quite separate from its
fellow, and with the two divisions into which the clasp is divided only distinct at the very
end. The dorsal portion of the armature consists of two lateral portions, connected across
the actual dorsum by a comparatively narrow and featureless strip of chi tin, less reduced,
however, than in Celastrina ( Lycsenopsis); each side has a rather long process clothed
with hairs, and of by no means simple structure ; attached to the base of this is a smooth
hook, so articulated as to have considerable freedom of movement; the base of the hook
is more or less swollen, and extends somewhat transversely to the dorsal process, then
with a bend, which may be a right angle, the rest of the hook extends more or less
parallel to the dorsal process on its dorsal side. It is the size and form of this

PLKBEIN2E.

11

hook and its relation to the dorsal process that afford the easiest characters to
seize for the sub-division of the Plebeids (Chapman).

Tutt has divided the genus Plebeius into several sub-divisions merely on account
of small differences in the genitalia, most of them so small, it is impossible to consider
them generic characters, we prefer putting them into sections, giving the genitalial
differences from Chapman’s notes in Tutt’s Britt. Lep. x. pp. 156-157 (1907). Polyom -
matus, however, though practically similar in every other character, has hairy eyes, and
therefore the species of that genus are easily distinguishable ; all the above are tailless.
All the species of Edales and Euchrysops have filamentous tails, and in that they differ
from the other Plebeids , but in every other respect Edales is a true Plebeid , and
Euchrysops very nearly related.

Note. —Tutt says (Britt. Butt. ix. p. 327) that the character (smooth or hairy
eyes) is of little importance, and <c does not even separate species belonging to different
sub-families.” We have not found this to be the case; in the Heterocera the eye
character is of great importance as a family character, and in the Lycaenidse we have
found it, almost universally, to correspond with the characters of the genitalia and
general structure ; in only two instances in the whole of the Lycsenidm do we find hairy-
eyed and smooth-eyed genera that have to be put in the same sub-family ; in the
Plebeinse there are three, Polyommatus, Azanus and Orthomiella; Polyommatus is a
true Plebeid, the others somewhat aberrant; the other genera are all smooth eyed ; in
the Hypolycseninse the hairy and smooth-eyed genera are in about equal numbers, and
form two sections of that sub-family; the remaining sub-families have no exceptions
that we have yet found, and are as follows :—

SMOOTH EYED.

HAIRY EYED.

Geryclinae.

Curetinse.

Lycaenopsinas.

Ruralinae = Theclinae.

Everinse.

Aphnaeinae.

Lycaeninae.

ChrysophaninaB.

Poritinae.

Amblypodinae.

Cheritrinae.

Horaginae.

Biduaiiclinae.

Loxurinae,

Liphyrinae,

SECTION I.
Genus PLEBEIUS.

Plebeii, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. (2), p. 744 (1767). Cuvier, Tabl. Elern. p. 591 (1799).

Plebeius , Kluk, Zwierz. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 81 (1780). Crotch, Cist. Ent. i. p. 60 (1872). Kirby,

12

LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Handbook Lep. ii. p. 87 (1895). Tutt, Ent. Record, vii. pp. 220, 340 (1895) ; id. Brit. Lep. x.
p. 159 (1909).

Lycsena , de Niceville (part), Butt, of India, iii. p. 66 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, ii.
p. 334 (1907).

Cyanins , Dalman, Kongl. "V et. Acad. Handl. xxxvii. p. 63 (1816). Type, semiargus, Rottenburg.

Nomiades , Hiibner, Yerz, bek. Schmett. p. 67 (1816).

Aricia, R, and L, Jena, Allg, Lit. Zeit. i. p. 280 (1817). Prout , Ent. Record, xxi. p. 156 (1909).
Type, astrarche , Bergstrasser.

Vacciniina, Tutt, Brit. Butt. x. p. 154 (1908). Type, ojptilete, Knoch.

Albulina , Tutt, l.c. Type, plieretes, Eversmann.

Latiorina , Tutt, l.c. p. 55. Type, orbitulus, Esper.

Structure and neuration very similar to Lycsena. Genitalia characterised by its
length and slenderness of both dorsal process and the upright portion of the hook ;
the dorsal process is also curved in such a way that, when the parts are flattened, as
occurs when mounting them on a slide, the dorsal armature has the closest resemblance
to the harp-like tale of the lyre-bird, or perhaps we ought to say, to the conventional
harp that that tail so closely imitates (Chapman).

Type, Argus, Linn ge us.

PLEBEIUS LOEWII.

Plate 642, figs. 2, £, 2a, $ , 2b, J .

Lycsena loewii, Zeller, Isis, 1847, p. 9. Herrick-Schafer, Schmett. Eur. i. figs. 434 to 437 (1849).
Lang, Butt, of Europe, p. 141 (1884). de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 79, pi. 26, fig. 167, ^
(1890). Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 672. Bingham, Fauna of Brit.
India, Butt. ii. p. 343 (1907).

Lycsena empyrea , Freyer, Neuere Beitr. vi. pi. 573, fig. 1 (1852). Gerhard, Mon. Lyc. pi. 17,
figs. 2, a to c (1853).

Lycsena chamanica , Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 23. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii.
p. 79 (1890).

Imago.— Male. Upperside purplish-blue. Forewing with the costal and outer
marginal lines black, the latter with a little black suffusion and short blackish streaks
running in on the veins and in the interspaces. Hindwing with a black marginal line,
a series of indistinct subterminal black marks with a fine white line between them.
Cilia white with a black basal band. LTnderside grey, markings black edged with
white. Forewing with a lunule at the end of the cell, a discal series of six spots, the
lowest linear, the second and third oblique, the upper three close together. Hindwing
with four sub-basal spots, a lunule at the end of the cell, and a discal series of six
spots, the lowest lunular, the next placed inwards in a line with the first spot and the
cell lunule, forming the end of a complete curve with the next three, the last two of
this curve, being the fourth and fifth spots of the series, close together, the six'

PLEBEINM 1*

inwards, in a lm6 with th.6 seventh spot below the middle o£ the costa, and also
another costal spot near the apex of the wing; both wings with a subterminal series
of brown spots, enclosed by a lunular pale brown line, the first, second and fouith
from the anal angle with metallic blue scales, the first three bordered on then inner
sides with orange-ochreous ; a fine marginal brown line and grey cilia with a brown
basal band. Antennae black, ringed with white ; head and body black above with a
little blue pubescence, white beneath.

Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with a blackish spot at the end of the
cell, a post-cliscal transverse double series of pale whitish spots, the outer series being
obscure, a marginal blackish line with a very indistinct and very fine inner whitish
line. Hindwing with a post-discal series of more or less obscure whitish spots, a
subterminal series of blackish spots, commencing with a small pair close together near
the anal angle, the next two the largest, the others more obscure and decreasing in
size upwards, all edged outwardly with white, and the first four crowned inwardly with
orange, a marginal blackish line, and cilia of both wings as in the male. Underside as
in the male, the markings larger and more prominent.

Expanse of wings, £ $ 1-fQ inches.

Habitat. —Beluchistan, Chitral, Persia, Asia Minor.

Distribution. —Becorded by Leslie and Evans from Chitral, by de Niceville
from Quetta and Khojak; in our collection from Gunduk in the Sarakola Pass,
Beluchistan.

PLEBEIUS SAMUDRA.

Plate 642, figs. 3, $ , 3a, J , 3b, $ .

PoJyommatus samudra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 574, pi. 67, fig. 2, $.

Lycsena samudra , de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 78 (1890). Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat.

Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 673. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 347 (1907).

Imago. —Male. Upperside lavender-blue, both wings with slender terminal black
line, in most examples (but not in the type-specimen) with a little black suffusion
inside the line, thickest at the apex of each wing ; some dull blue scaling at the base.
Cilia snow-white. Underside grey, spots black, ringed with whitish. Forewing with
a short lunule at the end of the cell, a discal even series of five spots, with a slight
outward curve, the lowest composed of two small spots joined together, the next the
largest, the next three more or less angular in shape. Hindwing with three sub-basal
spots, a pale short slender lunular mark at the end of the cell, a discal series of eight
spots, six of them in an even and well-curved row from the middle of the costa to the
second interspace, the other two outwards, level with each other, near the abdominal
margin of the wing; both wings with slender terminal brown line, sub-terminal brown

LEPID OP TEPA INDICA.

lunules and an indistinct series of brown marks between them, those on the bind wing

containing some pale blue-green metallic scales. Cilia white with grey marks at the
vein ends.

Female. Upperside brown with a few dull bine scales at the base, and on the
abdominal margin of the bindwing ; terminal line black and slender. Underside as in
the male, but m the type-specimen the ground colour is much darker, markings similar.

Antennae black, ringed with white; head and body black above with blue hairs, white
beneath.

Expanse of wings, $ $ 1 T % inches.

Habitat. Baltistan, Beluchistan, Ladak, Kashmir.

Distribution. The types in the B. M. are from Kashmir; there is one example
from Ladak, and a fine series of both sexes from Kiris, 8,000 feet elevation.

SECTION II.— Aricia.

Genitalia has a comparatively very fine hook to the dorsal process, and possesses
on the body of the clasp, in a longitudinal line, a number of rough spinous processes.
Type, astrarche, Bergstrasser.

PLEBEIUS ASTRARCHE.

Plate 642, figs. 4, $ , 4a, ? , 4b, $ .

Papilio astrarche , Bergstrasser, Nomencl. iii. p. 4, pi. 49, figs. 7, 8 (1779).

Lycsena astrarche , Staudinger, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. xiv. p. 240 (1878). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881,
p. 889. Lang, Butt, of Europe, p. 114, pi. 24, fig. 9, $, ? (1884). Alpheraky, Hor. Soc.
Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 386 (1881). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 133. Bingham,
Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 337 (1907).

Pajnlio allous, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 988 to 992 (1827-1841).

Lycsena astrarche , var. allous , Lang, Butt, of Europe, p. 115 (1884).

Lycsena medon, de Niceville (nec Hufnagel), Butt, of India, iii. p. 69 (1890). Mackinnon and
de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 379. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 671.

Polyommatus nazira, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 504, pi. 31, fig. 4.

Lycsena nazira , Moore, l.c. 1882, p. 246.

Cujyido nazira , Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 368.

Imago. —Male. Upperside satin brown. Forewing with a black spot at the end
of the cell; a terminal series of blackish spots, and a sub-terminal series of orange
lunules, sometimes one and sometimes both obsolete. Hindwing with a similar
terminal and sub-terminal series more prominent, a fine black marginal line to
both wings. Underside dark grey with some blue scales at the base, markings

PLEBEINJE.

15

black, with white edgings. Forewing with a spot at the end of the cell, and a
discal series of spots, highly curved outwards above the middle and inwards
below it. Hindicing with four sub-basal spots in a line, a thin lunule at the end
of the cell, a discal series of spots curved above and below as in the forewing ;
both wings with terminal black line, a sub-terminal series of black spots with a white
line between them and the terminal line, the white line having black dots on the vein
ends, the black spots heavily crowned with orange and the orange crowned with thin
blackish lunules. Cilia white. Antennae black, ringed wffth white ; club whitish beneath ;
head and body blackish-brown above, w'hite beneath; palpi with some stiff black hairs.

Female, above and below, like the male, but the bands above are composed of
larger orange spots, and on the underside the ground colour is darker, and all the
markings larger and more prominent.

Expanse of wings, $ $ ly^- to 1 r 2 y- inches.

Larva. —Pale green, with a brownish-purple medio-dorsal stripe and faint pale
lateral stripes ; each segment has two wart-like eminences with projecting white bristles ;
the ventral surface is pale green with whitish bristles ; the claspers are semi-transparent
and pale yellow in colour; the legs are spotted with black ; w T hen full-grown it is about
half an inch in length and has the usual Lycsena shape ; its food-plant is the Storkbill
(Erodium c icutarium ).

Pupa. —Has the usual Lycsena form, pale yellow in colour, with a green tinge, with
a dorsal stripe of reddish-purple ; it is spun up among the dry leaves of Erodium and
Artemisia (Lang).

Habitat. —The Himalayas, throughout Europe, Asia Minor, Kouldja, Askold and
Amurland.

Distribution. —de Niceville records it from Simla, Kashmir, Ladak, Kumaon,
Cheena, Doherty from Kami Tal, Bingham from Beluchistan, Mackinnon and de
Niceville from Mussuri, Leslie and Evans from Chitral, and it is in our collection
from Solon, Simla.

PLEBEIUS IRIS.

Plate 643, figs. 1, la, $ , lb, $.

Lycsena iris, Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1886, p. 207. Grum-Grshimailo, Rom. Mem. Lep. iv.
p. 378, pi. 7, fig. 8 (1890), Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 672.
Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 337 (woodcut) (1907).

Imago. —Male. Upperside rich silky purple-brown; both wings with terminal
black line and black lunule at the end of the cell. Hindwing with a very indistinct
sub-terminal series of blackish spots, and sometimes indications of a series close to the
margin, the two nearest the anal angle less obscure than the others, and occasionaffy

16

LEPIDOPTEBA INPICA,

with two or three blue-green metallic scales. Cilia snow-white. Underside dark grey,
spots large and edged with clear-cut white rings. Forewing with the largest spot of
all, at the end of the cell; in some examples it looks like two spots closely joined
together, a discal series of six spots quite close to the large discoidal spot, the first four
from the upper end in a well-curved series, the lowest spot outwards, the third, fourth
and fifth at right angles to the others, like short bars, the fifth generally the longest.
Hindwing with four sub-basal spots in an irregular line, a thick lunular mark at the
end of the cell, and a discal series of seven spots, the sixth from the costa outwardly
deeply curved, the seventh placed a little outwards ; both wings with a terminal brown
line, a sub-terminal series of brown lunular marks, edged inwardly by conspicuous white
lunules, and between them a paler series of brown lunular marks, the last four spaces
before the anal angle of the hindwing filled in with orange suffusion, the spots in them
jet black with metallic blue-green scales, the two middle ones the largest.

Female, above and below, like the male.

Antennae black, ringed with white; thorax and abdomen blackish above, white
beneath ; front and top of head white.

Expanse of wings, £ $ 1 to ly 1 -^ inches.

Habitat. —Central Asia, Pamirs, Chitral.

Distribution. —A fine series in the B. M. from Turkestan, Samarkund, and many
other parts of Central Asia, and nine examples from Ziarat and Jhela Drosh, Chitral,
collected by Leslie and Evans.

SECTION III.— Albulina.

Genitalia agrees with Aricia in the general form of the long hard process of the
clasp, but has the hook of the dorsal process with a very broad square base, and the
upper portion thick below, tapering and ending in a slight hook.

Type, phereles, Eversmann.

PLEBEIUS LEHANA.

Plate 643, figs. 2, £, 2a, J , 2b, $,

Polyommatus lehana , Moore, Aon. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878, p. 230; id. Sci. Res. Second Yark. Miss.
Lep. p. 6, pi. i. fig. 6, (1879).

Lycsena leliana, de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 81 (1890). Maekinnon and de Niceville, Journ.
Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 379. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 352, pi. 19,
fig. 132, 133, ? (1907).

Imago. —Male. Upperside purplish-blue, with some dark blue scaling at the base ;
both wings with very fine marginal black line. Underside. Forewing plumbeous-
grey, with blue scaling at the base, markings blackish-brown with white edges; a
lunular mark at the end of the cell, a discal row of five small spots, evenly curved

PLEBEINJE.

17

inwards at its upper end. Ilindwing with the ground colour darker; markings pure
white, large and prominent, a streak within the cell, a costal spot above it, another spot
outwards close to it, a spot below obliquely outwards, five squarish lengthened spots in
the disc in a row, only separated from each other by the veins, the upper end outwardly
obliquely below the last-mentioned spot, the row running right across the wing, the
lowest spot belonging to it (very small) placed inwards, a series of paler and more
obscure sub-terminal spots, all the spots centred by very obscure grey dots. Cilia
white. Antennae black, ringed with white ; head and body blackish above, clothed
with bluish hairs, white beneath, the palpi beneath fringed with black hairs.

Female. Upperside darker than the male, otherwise it is similar both above and
beneath.

Expanse of wings, $ 9 1 inch.

Habitat. — W es tern Himalayas.

Distribution. —Mackinnon and de Niceville record it from Mussuri, de Niceville
from Leh and Ladak ; and both sexes are in our collection from Kashmir.

PLEBEITJS ASIATICA.

Plate 643, figs. 3, <£, 3a, 9, 3b, $.

Lycsena pheretes , var. asiatica, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 402 ; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888,
p. 382. de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 81 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India,
Butt. ii. p. 352, pi. 19, fig. 134 (1907).

Imago. —Male. Forewing more pointed at apex. Upperside, both wings rich
metallic blue, with very fine marginal black line. Underside grey. Forewing with a
thin black lunular mark edged with white at the end of the cell, some blue scaling at
the base of the wing. Hindwing irrorated with blue scales on the basal two-thirds, the
white spots arranged as in Lehana , but smaller and more round.

Female. Upperside darker and duller in colour, with fine marginal black line.
Underside coloured like the male. Forewing with three small white spots in a
transverse row in the upper disc, instead of the complete row of discal spots as in
Lehana. Hindwing with a white lunule at the end of the cell, the remaining markings
as in Lehana.

Expanse of wings, £ T 9 ¥ , 9 1 inch.

Habitat. —Sikkim, Chumbi.

PLEBEITJS PHARIS.

■ Plate 643, figs. 4, $, 4a, 9 , 4b, $.

Lycsena pheretes, var. pjiaris, Fawcett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii. p. 138, pi. 9, figs. 5, £, 5a, 9 •

Imago. —Male. Upperside dark purple-blue. Forewing with a black marginal
line; margin of hindwing broadly black, especially at apex and costa ; cilia broadly
VOL. VIII.

D

18

LEPIDOPTEBA 1NDICA.

white. Underside. Forewing purple-grey, paling towards apex; a black spot ringed
with white at apex of cell, a discal series of small black spots ringed with white, varying
in number; in some specimens only three, usually four. Hindwing pale brownish on
the disc, fading into pale greenish-ochreous at the margin, with the following pale
ochreous spots ; one in and extending beyond discoidal cell, cuneiform, a discal series
of six beyond it, and an indistinct one basally below the costa.

Female. Upperside dark fuscous, basally irrorated with blue. Underside as in
the male.

This form differs from the var. asiatica of Elwes in having fewer discal black spots
on forewing, and in the size and length of the pale cellular spot on hindwing (Fawcett).

Expanse of wings, J £ 1 inch.

Habitat. —Khamba Jong, Thibet, 15,000 feet elevation. Colonel Fawcett has
kindly lent us his types for figuring. Elwes says, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 485, that
he believes this fco be a form of his Asiatica, but there is undoubtedly a marked
difference, especially in the whitish streak in the cell of the hindwing.

SECTION IY.— Latiorina.

Genitalia very near Alhulina, but the dorsal hook is less heavy and more like that
of Polyommatus; the hard process of the clasp is rather long, and the serrate margin
extends round an almost circular termination.

Type, orbitulus, Esper.

PLEBEIUS JALOKA.

Plate 644, figs. 1, $, la, ? , lb, $, lc, $ .

Polyommatus jalolca, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 573, pi. 66, fig. 3, £.

Lycsena jalolca , cle Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 86 (1890). Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit.

India, Butt. ii. p. 349 (1907).

Imago. —Male. Upperside purplish-blue, the base of forewing and the basal and
abdominal half of hindwing covered with greenish-blue scales. Forewing with a fine
black costal and outer marginal line, and a short black mark edged with grey at the
end of the cell. Hindwing with a deeper black terminal line inwardly edged with a
very fine white line, interrupted by black dots at the vein ends. Underside greyish-
white. Forewing basally irrorated with blue scales, markings black, edged with white,
a short lunular mark at the end of the cell, a discal series of six spots, commencing in
the third interspace, decreasing in size upwards where it is curved inwards; three pale
blackish somewhat spear-shaped marks between the discal series and the outer margin,
in the first three interspaces. Hindwing with the basal third with blue scaling; a pale

PLEBEINLE.

19

brownish rather broad and even medial band deeply elbowed outwards in its middle,
leaving a large white spot inside the elbow. Cilia white, black basally. Antennse
black, ringed with white, the club bright bronzy-red on the underside; head and body
blackish above with blue hairs, white beneath.

Female. Uppersicle brown, with some dull blue basal scaling, marked like the
male. Underside. Forewing with the basal two-thirds suffused with brown, sharply
defined just before the discal series of spots which are disposed as in the male, as also
are the paler spots before the outer margin above the hinder angle. Hindwing with
the basal third densely irrorated with blue scaling, the elbowed band represented on
both sides of the large white spots, meeting both above and below it.

Expanse of wings, £ £ to 1 inch.

Habitat. —Kashmir.

Distribution. —Recorded from the Rajdiangan Pass, Sursungar and Stakpila
Passes, and Baitul.

PLEBEIUS ELLISI.

Plate 644, figs. 2, $ (one form), 2a, $ (another form), 2b, ? , 2c, $, 2d, 9 .

Polyommatus ellisi , Marshall, .Tourn. As. Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 41, pi. 4, fig. 4, g.

Lycsena ellisi, de Niceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 87 (1890).

Lycsena leela, de Mceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 66, pi. 1, figs. 3, $, 3a, $ ; id. Butt, of
India, iii. p. 87 (1890).

Lycsena jaloha, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 349 (1907).

Imago. —Male. Upperside pale greyish-black, with blue basal irrorations. Fore¬
wing with a thick lunular black spot ringed with white at the end of the cell, and a
discal medial series of five white spots with black centres. Hindwing with a fine black
lunule ringed with white at the end of the cell, and a white spot above it a little
outwards, a discal medial row of five white spots with blackish centres, the lowest
small and a little outwards. Cilia of both wings white. Underside grey, suffused with
pale chocolate colour. Both wings with the spots as above, but more prominent, the
upper spot on the hindwing joined to another above it, the base of this wing suffused
with blue scales.

Female. Upperside greyish-black, much darker than the male, with some blue
scales at the base. Both wings with similar white spots, but without black centres.
Underside grey, with glistening blue scales at the base of the hindwing, which often
occupy a third of the w T ing. Forewing with the white spots very faintly indicated,
but without black centres. Hindwing with the cell spot and upper spot large and
touching each other, a blackish patch on their outer side, the black colour continued in
a ring round the upper spot, also indications of a discal series of white spots.

Expanse of wings, $ £ 1 inch.

d 2

20

LEPIDOPTEBA INDICA.

Habitat. —Himalayas, Ladak.

Distribution. —Eecorded from Pangi, 12,000 feet. Sanch Pass, 14,000 feet
(type). The form leela was taken by de Niceville at Zogi-la, on the Ladak side, at about
11,000 feet elevation, and at Mamyka Pass, Ladak, 13,000 feet, and at Fotu-la, Ladak,
about the same elevation. The species is variable, but undoubtedly both ellisi and leela
are forms of one species.

SECTION Y.—Cyaniris.

Genitalia agrees with Aricia in having the hard process markedly larger than the
soft one, but it has a more special character in the hook of the dorsal process being
folded at the bend to about 17 0°, i.e. the base and upper part almost folded together.

Type. Semiargus , Eottenburg.

PLEBEIUS ANNULATA.

Plate 644, figs. 3, $, 3a, J , 3b, J .

Lycsena semiargus, var. annulata, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 484, pi. 3*6, figs. 12, $, 11, $ .

Imago. —Male. Upperside brownish-black with a slight purplish tint, with blue
iridescence in certain lights leaving broad blackish margins to both wings, and also
to the costa of the hindwing. Costal line of forewing and cilia of both wings pure
white. Underside pale grey, spots small, black, narrowly ringed with white. Forewing
with the costal line pure white, with black inner edge, the entire wing, except a small
outer marginal space, suffused with pale blackish-brown, with some obscure darker
streaks on the veins ; a short linear mark at the end of the cell, a cliscal evenly curved
row of five spots. Hindwing with three sub-basal spots, a discal row of six spots,
evenly and deeply outwardly curved, a linear mark at the end of the cell, the inner
third of the wing with blue irrorations, both wings with a sub-terminal row of
brown lunular marks, rather far from the margin, the upper ones on the forewing more
or less obsolescent; marginal line black. Cilia pure white. Antennae black, ringed with
white; head and body black above, with white bands on each side of the eyes, white
beneath.

Female, similar to the male, above and below, with less iridescence above.

Expanse of wings, $ $ 1 t 2 q- inches.

Habitat. —Gyantze, Thibet, 13,000 feet elevation.

The types are unique ; it is a very distinct form.

ALLIED CHINESE, JAPANESE AND AFGHAN SPECIES.

Plebeius argus, Papilio argus, Linnseus, Syst. Nat. x. p. 483 (1758). Habitat, Central Japan,
Europe, Asia Minor, Amurland.

PLEBEIN2E.

21

Plebeius optilete, Papilio optilete, Knoch, Beitr. Ins. i. p. 76, pi. 5, figs. 5, 6 (1781). Central
Japan, Europe, Siberia, Amurland, Trans-Baikal.

Plebeius cleobis, Lycsena cleobis, Bremer, Butt. Acad. Petr. iii. p. 472 (1861). Habitat, Central
Japan, Corea, Amurland, Bureja Mountains.

Plebeius pheretes, Papilio pheretes, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. p. 45 (1865). Habitat, WAstern China,
Europe, Turkestan, Amurland, Lapland.

Plebeius micrargus, Lycsena micrargus, Butler, Cist. Ent. ii. p. 283 (1873). Habitat, Tokio, Japan.

Phebeius chinensis, Lycsena chinensis, Murray, Trans. Ent. Soc. 18/ 4, p. 523, pi. 10, fig. 5 ; Synonym ,
Lycsena mandschurica, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. vi. p. 160 (1892). Habitat, N. China.

Plebeius bracteata , Lycsena bracteata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 407, pi. 39, fig. 4,
Habitat, Kandahar.

Plebeius pseudegon, Lycsena pseudegon, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 851. Habitat, Yesso Island,
Japan.

Plebeius iburiensis, Lycsena iburiensis, Butler, l.c. p. 852. Waterhouse, Aid, pi. 108 (1882). Habitat,
Yesso Island, Japan.

Genus POLYOMMATUS.

Polyommatus, Latreille, Hist. Hat. Crust. Ins. xiy. p. 116(1805); id. Ene. Meth. ix. p. 11 (1819).
Tutt, Brit. Butt. i. p. 313 (1906).

Lyceena, de Hiceville (part), Butt, of India, iii. p. 66 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India,
Butt. ii. p. 334 (1907).

Eirsutina , Tutt, Brit. Lep. x. p. 154 (1908). Type, damon , Schiff.

Agriades, Tutt, l.c. p. 155. Type, coridon , Scop.

Eyes hairy, coloration, structure and venation much as in Lycsena and Plebeius ;
differs from Plebeius in the genitalia, in having a less heavy base to the clasp, a less
slender upper portion, and its curvature is simple-; the hard process of the clasp is
rather shorter than in Agriades ; in both there is a soft process between the two
divisions of the clasp (it often swells out in preparation in a balloon-like w T ay) ;
whether we regard it as a part of the soft process of the clasp, or a development of the
membrane between the two processes does not much matter, but its considerable
development (it occurs elsewhere) is characteristic of these two genera. The hairy eyes
of the species of this genus makes it a link between the Plebeince and LampMince,

Type, Icarus, Eottenburg.

POLYOMMATUS SARTOIDES, nov.

Plate 645, figs. 1, $, la, % , lb, <£.

Lycsena sarta, Bingham (nec Alpheraky), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 345 (1907).

Imago.— Male. Upperside purple-blue, with some darker blue scaling at the base.
Forewing with the costal line finely black, terminal line black, with indications of
suffused sub-terminal blackish spots. Hindwing with the costa broadly suffused with

22

LEPIDOP TEE A INJDICA.

blackish, the terminal line black with large sub-terminal almost square black spots
edged with grey in the interspaces, the two near the anal angle small and geminate.
Cilia white with a black basal band. Underside dark chocolate-grey, markings black,
broadly surrounded with white, spots all large. Forewing with a short lunular mark
at the end of the cell, a row of five discal spots, curved inwards at its upper end, the
third from the top oblique, a series of sub-terminal short lunular spots, the white
surroundings joined together forming a narrow white sub-terminal band, and between
it and the discal series is a row of almost square dark brown spots, almost filling up
the space between. Hind wing with a somewhat spear-shaped, large white spot afc the
end of the cell, another in the middle of the disc between the discal and sub-terminal
series, four sub-basal spots in a line, a discal series of eight spots, bent outwards
above its middle, the lowest two spots geminate, a sub-terminal series of black spots
broadly capped with orange, edged on its inner side by black lunules, the two lowest
spots and the two lowest lunules geminate; marginal line of both wings black, slightly
crenulate. Cilia grey with brown lines across it, opposite the vein ends. Antennae
black, ringed with white, with some white marks on the club ; head and body blackish
above with blue pubescence, white beneath.

Female. Upperside brown, with a chocolate bronzy tinge. Forewing with the
costal line black, and a narrow black marginal band, containing a series of black
triangular spots, the discal portion of the wing generally the palest. Hindwing , darker
brown, black marginal line, and sub-terminal black spots as in the male, both wings with
a transverse series of unusually large spear-shaped orange spots, the outer ends
touching the black spots, darker and more prominent on the hindwing. Cilia not
quite as in the male, the black basal band on it being interrupted in places. Under¬
side as in the male.

Expanse of wings, $ $ l T 4 y inches.

Habitat. — Chitral.

A fine series in the B. M. taken by Leslie and Evans (Journ. Bo. Hat. Hist. Soc.
1903, vol. xiv. p. 672), who naturally were unable to identify it; it no doubt belongs to
the Sarta group, but is a very distinctive local form.

POLYOMMATUS PSEUDEROS.

Plate 645, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9 > 2b, .

Polyommatus pseuderos, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 138.

Lycsena pseuderos, de ISTiceville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 77 (1890).

Imago. —Male. Upperside purple-blue with beautiful blue reflections. Forewing
with a black costal line, and black terminal line, with some slight blackish suffusion on

PLEBEIN2E.

23

its inner side and short blackish streaks running in on the veins. Hindwing with the
costa somewhat narrowly blackish, terminal line black, a series of sub-terminal blackish
spots with a very fine white line between them. Cilia white, with a basal black band.
Underside grey, with a pinkish tint, spots black, narrowly ringed with white. Forewing
with a few blue scales at the base, a spot inside the cell, another below it, a lunule at
the end; a discal row of seven spots, the two lowest geminate, the row curving evenly
outwards above its middle and curving inwards below it. Hindwing with blue scales
on the basal and abdominal portions, four sub-basal spots in a line, the lowest close to
the lowest geminate spots of the discal series, which consists of eight spots, the upper
three in a line outwards, the remainder nearly in a line inwards, both wings with a
terminal brown line, sub-terminal white spots with brown centres, capped with orange,
the orange limited by brown lunules inwardly edged with white triangular marks, the
middle ones of the hindwing expanding into a whitish streak inwards. Cilia whitish,
with grey markings opposite the vein ends. Antennae black, ringed with white ; head
and body blackish above, covered with blue hairs; a white band on each side of the
eyes, whitish beneath.

Female. Upperside blackish-brown, with blue reflections, varying much in extent
indifferent specimens. Forewing with a black mark at the end of the cell; black
terminal line, three or four sub-terminal orange lunular marks above the hinder angle.
Hindwing with a black terminal line, a regular series of orange lunular spots,
decreasing in size upwards, each orange spot with a black spot at its outer end, and a
black lunule at its inner end, a very fine white line between the spots and the terminal
line. Cilia white with a brown basal band. Underside as in the male, the spots and
markings larger and more prominent.

Expanse of wings, $ £ 1 T V inches.

Habitat. —Kashmir.

Distribution.— The type came from the Sind Valley, Kashmir; it is in the B. M.
from Mandi, Kulu, and Bhagi, 9000-10,000 feet.

POLYOMMATUS DRASULA., nov.

Plate 645, figs. 3, $, 3a, $, 3b, .

Imago.— Male. Upperside cyaneous-blue with brilliant reflections, veins pro¬
minent. Fortwing with the costal line white with black inner edging before the apex,
outer-marginal line rather broadly blackish, inwardly diffuse and shortly running in on the
veins. Hindwing with the costal space narrowly blackish, terminal line black, narrowly
diffused with blackish inwards with a series of indistinct sub-terminal blackish spots.
Cilia white, with grey marks opposite the vein ends. Underside grey with a pink
tint; spots black, ringed with white. Forewing with a lunule at the end of the cell,

24

LEPIDOPTERA IN PICA.

a cliscal series of seven spots, the two lowest geminate, the row evenly curved
outwards above its middle, some blue scaling at the base. Hindwing with the
basal portions irrorated with blue scales, four sub-basal spots in a line, a fine lunular
line in a small white patch at the end of the cell, a discal outwardly well curved row of
seven spots, the lowest lunular ; both wings with brown terminal line, a sub-terminal
series of spear-shaped white marks, each with a grey spot in it; the middle spots of
the hindwing expanding into a white streak inwards, its inner point joining the
discoidal patch. Antennse black, ringed with white; head and body blackish, with blue
hairs.

Female. Upperside brown, costal line of fore wing white, marginal line of both
wings blackish, a few indistinct blackish sub-terminal spots on the hindwing. Under¬
side darker than the male, markings similar.

Expanse of wings, £ $ 1 to ly 1 -^ inches.

Habitat. —Kardong Pass, 17,000 feet elevation (types); it is in the B. M. also
from the Chongching Valley, Ladak and Kashmir.

POLYOMMATUS STOLICZKANA.

Plate 645, figs. 4, $, 4a, $ , 4b, $ , 4c, $ .

Lycama stoliczhana , Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 283, pi. 35, figs. 10, 11, $ (1865). de Niceville,
Butt, of India, iii. p. 73 (1890). Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 341 (1907).

Imago. —Male. Upperside rather pale violet-blue. Forewing with dark blue
iridescent scales at the base and along two-thirds of the hinder marginal space. Hind-
wing with the basal and abdominal portions with similar iridescent scales; both wings
with brown marginal line. U Cilia white with a basal brown band. Underside pale violet-
grey, all the veins more or less prominent,’marginal line brown. Forewing with a
black thin linear mark at the end of the cell, on a round white spot; some bright
iridescent blue scales at the base, outer part of the wing palest, the interspaces being
somewhat whitish. Hindwing with the basal and abdominal portions broadly irrorated
with blue iridescent scales, a large pale whitish spot or round patch at the end of the
cell, with the whitish colour continued in the interspace above vein 4 down to the
outer margin, which contains a series of rather broad whitish streaks in all the inter¬
spaces, each streak containing a fine line of the ground colour ; with the exception of the
mark at the end of the cell of the forewing there are no other marks or spots on either
wing. Cilia pure white without the basal band.

Female. Upperside violet-brown with some basal blue scales on the forewing and
on both basal and abdominal portions of the hindwing, a few markings on the outer
margin of the latter, like nearly obsolete pale spots. Underside coloured like the male.

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