BIOLOGY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/lepidopteraindicO8moor _ LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. sa al, , Sv 4 = Li ie a > : s . yy i & =e = 9 ~*~ * ; 7 = 4 « ¢ | ADTUUT ATSDSO0 17. ae LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. BY Seem ow ENO, MA. F..8., F.Z.8., PE-S., MEMBER OF THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE, AND OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. VOE. VIL. RHOPALOCERA. FAMILY LYCANID. SUB-FAMILIES LYCZNINA, PLEBEINZ, LAMPIDINA, CHRYSOPHANIN, PORITIINA, AMBLYPODIINA, CURETIN#, LIPHYRINA, RURALINZ, LONDON: LOVELL REEVE & CO., LIMITED, PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS, 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1910—1911. ae YH —* SLES. 2a ee LONnIWe ; p84 Gee Faroe more wr @ Tao Cota! 200 rae ‘ayo sie = ‘eraieiniTi Ray Werte Gre bo at. at = = PN, _ - TLL | see Ago Raa = MAAS Soy {MMA i CRU RIGA ROOT RRNA ORED AEP Ene snnineeert PN > * - ORLEANS BLE eee af " a a o. *... — afi & J ” : moni GaATINIT LOoem Ava La Be ‘UM CHMOD: HATOARL HA ~LAIMOIC) AMOR Se Pay AACA THEY OO Tae A Cs Ener SQ1er | ‘law + PAGE Puate 640. Fig. 1, g, la, 1b, 9. ‘Phengaris Atroguttata . ° ; : 2 Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Scolitantides Baton. : ‘ ; : 3 Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Lycena Younghusbandi 5 - : 5 Puate 641. Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Lycena Felicis. F A : s 6 Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, g. lLycena Omphisa . ‘ F : ‘ 6 Fig. 3, g, 3a, 3b, 9. Lycena Metallica if Fig. 4, 6, 4a, 4b, 9. Lycena Nycula . 8 PLATE aa Fig. 3g, la, 9, 1b, g. Lycena apis eae . : : : : 9 Fig. 2, $, 2a, 2b, 9. Plebeius Loewii . 12 DESCRIPTION Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Plebeius Samudra . 13 Fig. 4, g, 4a, 4b, 9. Plebeius Astrarche 14 Puate 643. Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. PlebeiusIris. 15 Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Plebeius Lehana . : 2 : — 16 Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Plebeius ‘Asiatica : 17 Fig. 4, g, 4a, 2, 46, $. Plebeius Pharis 17 Prats 644. Fig. 1, 6, la, 9, 1b, 6, le, 2. Plebeius Jaloka . 18 Fig. 2, g (one cae): 2a, i (another form), 2b, 9, 2c, g, 2d, 9. Plebeius Ellisi 5 19 Fig. 3, g, 3a, 3b, 9. Plebeius Annulata 20 Puate 645. Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, . Polyommatus Sree) nov. . : ; ‘ 21 Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 6. Polyommatus Pseuderos j F om 22 Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, $. Polyommatus Drasula, nov. . = : “ 23 Fig. 4, g ,4a, 9, 4b, $, 4c,9. Polyommatus Stoliczkana if ; 5 i 24 OF -PLATES: Prats 646. Fig. 1, 6, la, 9, 1b, g. Polyommatus Deyanica . : : : : Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g (Wet-season Brood), 2c, 6, 2d, 9, 2e, 6, 2f, 2 (Dry-season Brood = arene, Fawcett). Polyommatus Ariana . Fig. 3, g, 3a, 3b, 9. Polyommatus Drunela, nov. é > 0 Puate 647. Fig. 1, 6, la, 2, 1b, g. Polyommatus Bilucha . ‘ : : Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 2, 2b, $,2 2c, 2 ( Wet-season Fi 0a Brood), 2d, t, 2e, 2 (Dry-season Brocd). Polyommatus Fugitiva . 3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Polyommatus Chitralensis, nov. ; : Puiate 648. Fig. Fi Fig. Fig. Fig. oc Ss: 1, g, la, 9,16, g, le, 9 (Wet-season Brood), 1d, 6, le, 2 (Dry-season Brood). Polyommatus Yarkun- densis”. t : Dass & > “2b, $. Azanus 3, 3a, g. Azanus Uranus 5, 4, 6, 4a, 9, 4b, g. Azanus Gamra 5, 6, 5a, 9, 5b, Se Orthomiella Gpantig Prats 649. Fig. Fig. 1, g, la, 1b, 2 (Wet-season Brood), le, g, 1d, 9 (Dry-season Brood), le, larva and jupa. Edales Pandava . : : ; j 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, g (Wet-season Brood), 2c, 6, 2d, 2 (Dry-season Brood). Euchrysops Cnejus Puate 650. Fig. Fig. Fig. f=) 1, g, la, 1b, : (Wet-season Brood), le,-g, 1d, 2 (Dry-season Brood), Euchrysops Contracta 3 25, ds 20; 9,20, gs Lampides Beticus . 3, g, 3a, 3b, Q (Wet season Brood), 36," 3d, 2 (Dry-season ca Catochrysops Strabo . : PAGE bo oo 37 40 44 47 vi DESCRIPTION OF PLATES ‘PAGE PAGE Prats 651. Prater 658. Fig. 1, g, 1a, g. Catochrysops Lithar- Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g¢. Nacaduba gyria ; : ‘ : 48 Dana 3 78 Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 2b, 2 (Wet-season Brood), Fig. 2, 2a, g. Nacaduba Hampsoni Ae fis, 2c, g, 2d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Fig. 3, $, 3a, 3b, 2 (Wet-season Brood), Syntarucus Plinius . : . 49 3c, g, 3d, 2 (Dry-season Brood), Fig. 3, $, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Niphanda 3e, larva and pupa. Nacaduba G mbia . 52 Atrata. 4 : : a) 80 Fig. 4, $,4a, 2, 4b, go. " Niphanda Marcia 53 Fig. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, $. Nacaduba Plumbeomicans 6 : ~ 82 PuLateE 652. ios ais 9, 1b, g. Lycenesthes Puate 659. fora : 99 Fig. 1, $, la, 9, 1b, g. Nacaduba Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 2, 2b, 6. ‘Lyexnesthes Nora A . ‘ . a 82 Lycenina oy wee Hig. 25g 2a , 2b, g. Nacaduba Fig. 3, g, 3a, 3b, 9. amides Boeke ‘ 58 Nosain! : r & 4 84 Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, Be Nacaduba Pate 653. (Celeste : : . 85 Fig. 1, 6, la, 9, 1b, g. Jamides Fig. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, 3. Nacaduba Nicobaricus : . 60 "Ancy Ta. ‘ ; SO Hie ds 20, 9, 2, $. Jamides Fig. 5, 6, 5a, 9, 5b, $. Nacaduba Coruscans 60 Viola i; 5 : : 5 Si Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 3b, 9. a amides Lacteata 61 Fig. 4, 6, 4a, 4b, 2. Jamides Cerulea . 62 Prats 660. Fig. 1, la, 6. Una Usta (Vol. VII.) . 279 Prare 654. Fig. 2, 2a, g¢. Plebeius Jermyni, nov. . 89 I Is 5 ley 2 a 6. Jamides Fig. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, 9. Chrysophanus Cleodus . : 100 Phileas . 91 Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2, 3. Jamides Fig. 4, ¢, 4a, ?. Chrysophanus Timeus 92 Subdita . 64 Fig. 5. 3, 5a, 9. Chrysophanus Fig. 3, $, 3a, 3b, Q (Wet. “season Brood), Stygianus : : : - 98 3c, 6, 3d, 9 (Dry-season ae Jamides Conferenda f 65 Prats 661. Fig. 1, g, la, 1b, 9. Chrysophanus Prare 655. epi ne Fig. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, 6 (Wet- season Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Chrysophanus Brood), le, g,1d, 9, le, § (Dry- Aditya. é . : . ge season Brood), lf, larva and pupa. Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, g (Wet-season Jamides Celeno 66 Breod, 3c, g, 3d, 2 (Dry-season Fig. 2, g, 2a, 2, 2b, a 2c, 2. Jamides Brood). Chrysophanus Kasyapa. 95 Kinkurka 68 Puate 662. Prate 656. Fig. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, ¢. Chrysophanus Fig. 1, g, la, 1b, 9. (Wet-season Brood), Susanus . 97 le, g, 1d, le, 2 (Dry-season Brood). Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, $. Chrysophanus Jamides Elpis . ; f . 69 Evansi . 98 Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, 6. Jamides Fig. 3, g, 3a, @, 3b, é. Chrysophanus iRomsleae : ieee Al Tseng o ; 98 Fig. 3, 3a, g. Jamides Kankena » 72 Fig. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, Bi ‘Heliophorus Sena : 100 Prate 657. Fig. 1, 6, la, 2, 1b, g. Nacaduba Prate 663. j Macropthalma . ‘ 5 eee ie! Fig. 1, $, la, 2, 1b, 6, le, 9. Helio Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 2b, 9. Nacaduba Bes Brahma . : : . 102 Kerriana . ; ee (hte i Fig. 2, g, 2a, 2, 26, 6 (Wet-season Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 3b, 2, 3c, Ao Nacaduba Brood), 2c, g, 2d, 2 (Dry-season Pavana - ye Brood). Heliophorus Epicles . 103 Fig. 4, ¢, 4a, 2 4b, 3+ “de 2. Nacaduba Fig. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Helge ns Bhutea 2 5 pea tits Viridipunctata . - 104 DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Puate 664. : Fig. 1, 6, la, 2, 16, g (Wet-season Brood), 1c, 6, 1d, 2 (Dry-season Brood). Heliophorus Tamu = 2, }> 2a, g; 2b, 3} 2c, 2 (Wet- season Brood), 2d, 6, 2e, 9 (Dry- season Brood). Heliophorus Moorei Fig. 3, $, 3a, 2, 3b, g, 3c, 9. Helio- Fig. phorus Androcles Puate 665. Fig. 1, la, 9. Gyaniriodes Libna ‘ Fig. 2, 6, 2a, e 2b, ¢. Poritia Hewit- soni Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, $. Poritia ‘Eryci- noides ‘ Fig. 4, g, 4a, 9, “4b, 3. Poritia Sumatre . : 2 Puate 666. Fig. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, g, 1c, 2. Poritia Geta > Fig. 2, g, 2a, 2b, $. Poritia Phraa- tica . Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, 3; Be, Q. " Simis- kina Pediada . Puate 667. Fig. 1, ¢, 1a, 9,1b, g,1le, 9. Simiskina Phalena . Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, $; 2e, 9. Simiskina Phalia . Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g, Be 2. Simiskina Potina Prate 668. Fig. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, g,1¢e, 9. Zarona Jasoda . Fig. 2, 2a, g. Cyaniriodes Libna Fig. 3, $, 3a, 2, 3b, g,3c, 9. Surendra pee tae ‘* Fig. 4, 6, 4a, 2, 40, a 4c, . Shrendra Discalis . Pate 669. Fig. 1, ¢, 1a, 9,16, g, le, 9. Surendra Amisena . ‘ 5 . Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, $3, 2c, es Surendra Florimel . - : Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 3, 3c, 2 Q (Wet-season Brood), 3d, 3 (Dry-season Brood), 3e, larva and pupa. Traota Timoleon . Puate 670. Fig.1, 6, 1 ?,1b, g. Iraota Rochana Fig. 2, $, 2a, 2b, 9, 2c, larva and pupa. Amblypodia Narada . 5 Fig. 3, 3a, ¢. Amblypodia Taooana PAGE 105 129 130 Prats 671. Fig. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, g. Amblypodia Anita ; = . 3 C Fig. 2, g, 2a, 2b, ?. Uae Atkin- soni : ‘ Fig. 3, g, 3a, g, 3b, he Mahathala "Ameria 5 Prate 672. Fig. 1, ¢, 1a, 1b, 9. Thaduca Multicau- data 2 3 : , 5 Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Arhopala Con- Stancee . Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, é- Athopals Cen- ” taurus = Puate 673. Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Arhopala Pirithous . : : ‘ : Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, larva and pupa. ‘Arhopala Coruscans. Fig. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, g, 3c, larva oral pupa. ‘Arhopala Amantes . Puate 674. Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Arhopala Amatrix . Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, 3. Arhopala Agnis Fig. 3, 3a, g. Arhopala Apha Puate 675. Fig. 1, g,1a, 1b, 9. Arhopala Anthelus Fig. 2,¢, 2a,?,2b, 6. Arhopala Camdeo Fig: 3, g,3a, 2,3b, ¢. Arhopala Anarte Puate 676. Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Arhopala Eumolphus : j : < Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2), Arhopala Maxwelli . : 5 : Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, Arhopala Hellenore 3 z : Puate 677. Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, 6. Arhopala Silhetensis , : 3 F Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 6. Arhopala Nicév illei . Fig. 3, ¢,.3a, 9, 3b, g. Arhopala ‘Agaba Fig. o 4a, 6. “Arhopala Zambra, nov. Prats 678. Fig.1, $,1a,?,1b,g. Arhopala Bazalus Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 2b, 9. Arhopala Singla . Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 92, 3b, 3. Athopala ‘Antura, nov. 158 160 161 161 163 164 165 166 167 168 Vili DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Puiate 679. Fig. 1, g, 1a, 9,1b, g. Arhopala Selta Fig. 2, Gis Be 2, 2b, 6. Arhopala Aroa Fig. 3 be: 3a, 3b, 9. Arhopala Canaraica Fig. 4 4a, 3. ‘Athopala Mindanensis PrateE 680. Fig. 1, g, la, 1b, 9. Arhopala Rafilesii Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Arhopala Bazaloides Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, g. " Arhopala Alemon Prats 681. Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Arhopala Atrax Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9,20, 6. ee Hewitsoni é Fig. 3, 3a, g. Arhopala Agrata : Fig. 4, 4a, g. Arhopala Alea PuatE 682. Fig. D la, 6. Arhopala Opalina . Fig. 2, 2a, g. Arhopala Aida . Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 9,930, 3 - Arhopala Basiviridis Fig. 4, 6, 4a, 9, Ae 3. Arhopala Mirabella . ‘ j : c PLATE 683. Fig. 3 g, la, 1b, 9. Arhopala Subfasciata Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 2b, 9. Arhopala Albo- ‘punctata : Fig. 3, 6, 3a, ?, 3b, g. Arhopala ‘Alesia Fig 4, 6, 4a, 9, 4b, g. Arhopala Dama, nov. : c c 5 Puate 684. Fig.1, ¢, 1a, 9,1b, ¢. Arhopala Adorea Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 6. Arhopala Atosia Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, 6. Arhopala Aidias Prate 685. Fig. 1, la, 3. Arhopala Khamti . Fig. 2 , ¢, 2a, 2b, 9. Arhopala Ginea . Fig. 3, , 8a, 3b, 9. Arhopala Abseus Puate 686. Fig. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, g, le, larva, 1d, pupa. Arhopala Rama. Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 2b, 9. Arhopala Dodonxa Fig. Be 3a, Q. “Arhopala Comica . PLATE 687. Fig. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, g. Arhopala Diardi . ; . : z Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Arhopala Fulgida . : : : . Fig. 3, g¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Arhopala Asoka. : ° . : PAGE 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 198 199 Puiate 688. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 , 6, la, 1b, 2, le, larva and pupa. ” Arhopala ‘Apidanus 2, g, 2a, 2b, 9. Arhopala Ageia Fig. 3, 3a, g. Arhopala Belphcebe Pate 689. Tes, No ei c,e ils Oe itp, Arhopala Chinensis s : G Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, Arhopala Areste . : : 3 Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 2, 3b, Arhopala Anniella . : > : Pate 690. Fig. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, g. Arhopala Bp : : ¢ : . Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Arhopala Antimuta Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 3b, 9. Arhopala Moolaiana Prats 691. Fig. 1, la, g. Arhopala Duesse . Fig. 2, é6, 2a, 9, 26, 6. Arhopala Artegal Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, Os 3b, $. Arhopala Hypomuta 3 2 4 5 Fig. 4, 6, 4a, 9, 4b, g. Arhopala Metamuta é ° * : PLATE 692. Te, WL ig Ue, On Ie ec ese Paramuta : Fig. 2, 2a, g. Arhopala Roona Fig. 3, 3a, 9. Arhopala Zeta. Fig. 4, g, 4a, 4b, 9. Arhopala Perimuta Prate 693. Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Arhopala Andamanica . : : A Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9,2b, g. Arhopala Fulla Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Arhopala Arvina 5 : : - Prats 694. Hig: 1; }, la, 9, 1b, Arhopala Agelastus : : : Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 26 Arhopala Perissa . 5 a Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, Arhopala Adala ‘ : e Puate 695. Fig. 1, $, la, 9,10, ¢. Arhopala Tounh- one : : : ; Fig. 2, g, 2a, 2b, @. Arhopala Asopia . . 8, 6, 3a, 2, 3b, @. Arhopala Meta PAGE DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Prate 696. - Fig. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b,g. Arhopala Ober- thiiri : : : t : Fig. 2, $, 2a, 2b, 9. Arhopala Ganesa . Fig. 3,6, 3a, 3b, 9. Arhopala Aberrans Fig. 4, dg, 4a, 2, 4b, a a Bir- mana Pruate 697. Fig. 1, la, g> Arhopala Ammonides Fig. 2, g, 2a, 2b, 2. ae Paraga- nesa Fig. 3, g, 3a, 3b, Q. " Arhopala Zephy- retta d Fig. 4, g, 4a, 9, 40, 3. Arhopala Ariel Prats 698. Fig. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, @, le, 1d, larva and pupa. Curetis Thetys : Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 26, oy Curetis Stig- mata Fig. 3, $, 3a, ?, 3b, $b. Curetis Gloriosa Prate 699. Fig. 1, g, a 9, 1b, g. Curetis Saronis Fig. 2, g, 2 re 2b, g (bulis form), 3, Be 3a, 3h, Q (discalis form) Puate 700. Fig. 1, g, la, 2,1b, 6. Curetis Dentata His. 2; 6, 2a, 9, 26, g. Curetis Angulata : : : é Fig. 3, g, 3a, ¢, 3b, g. Curetis Malayica . : : - : Prate 701. Bias dus @, 1b, 6g. Liphyra eae : E . : 5 Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Strymon Sassanides : : . : Fig. 4 8, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Callophrys Rubi Fig. 4, 6, 4a, or 2 Pes ees "Leechi ; c PAGE PLATE Fig. 702. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, 6. Neolycena Sinensis : : : 5 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Ruralis Dohertyi ‘ : By Cig CEE Og lA Ge Ruralis Teana . 4, 4a, $. Ruralis Khasia : 703. 1, g, la, 9,1b, 6. Ruralis Ataxus 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Ruralis Duma 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, 6. Ruralis Syla . 704. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, g, le, 1d, larva and pupa. Ruralis Birupa 2, 2a, g¢. Ruralis Letha . 3, 3a, 6. Ruralis Zoa . 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, g. Ruralis ahen 705. ig. » 3g, la, 9, 1b, g. Ruralis Pavo. » 65 2a, 9, 2b, g. Euaspa Mili- ‘onia Osis) Os 9, 3b, in ‘Cheetoprocta Odata é . . 4, 4a, g. Listeria Dudgeonii 705A. 1, la, larva and pepe. Traota Timoleon . 5 : . 2, 2a, larva and. pupa. Surendra Quercetorum . . : . 3, 3a, larva and pupa. "Amblypodia Anita . 4, 4a, larva and pupa. Arhopala ‘Coruscans . 5, larva. Arhopala Amantes . ie Ax ws : o, 7 i* 2 Yip at C “| - = Leeetaae A ‘shegie © : ‘ iA Saar tree © Thad y } e ifs My a f e * . “"s ‘ + 5 i a Tae eee | das alemdie SQ Soi H Hh : , _ cme, s . ; d , fo f ever abee} iv 2 ‘ iL pa .¥ r, weet “ [ : * he re) | # : 4 heal dae felt wel GL al AB ae US. , Be _ ae = Pee 5 = a :. . = « dy “a re AS ¥: =v 4, F : ; 4 eee : +f > ee i > _-. ee r 1 La} 7 +m - » lf wr. * [. - 209° wihvie?? of Pega” ¥ bi) pt r ¥! A ‘ai > ‘ ets eri etal) ee ly Lindale - Cliprut ail hee nactd ; } 2 ; > war +> ae : ~ é : aA ae “ i ‘ ; af At hace = gf ieddutl aides 4 b ee : £ Vreegtonrs ' : . « : BAe oh i bie 4 eg iat 3 itrietese . 4, ri , i at ' ; ’ : 5 fe, ‘ : jy Pe, : nh! Ctehal Hi » @ a Org . ... P : 4 ute elt ~ Fk aleliwedgulle ay 5% ‘ opie dlo— er | F: t i I Sy ; x elt ry LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Sub-Family LYCAENINZ. Eyes naked, colouring on the upper side generally blue or purple, some few dark or pale brown: many metallic and shining, venation and general structure very similar in all the genera; the margins of the wings invariably entire; the hindwings are tailless. GENITALIA.—/Edeeagus very wide at the proximal end, so that it is heart-shaped, and there is a good armature of cornuti (Chapman). Genus PHENGARIS. Phengaris, Doherty, Journ. As, Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 36. Imaco.—Eyes smooth; this splendid Chinese butterfly, Lyceena atroguttata, Oberthiir, deserves to be placed in a separate genus or sub-genus, distinguished from Lycena by the upper discoidal vein of the hindwing being short, and angled outwardly, the lower discocellular meeting the median vein opposite its second forking. This butterfly is certainly the finest of the sub-family, unless the Danis group of Cyaniris be excepted. I was not able to detect any odour about it, but it has all the air of a protected species. I often saw it in the meadows of the Kutcha Naga country, Naga Hills, from 6,000 to 8,000 feet elevation, flying very slowly and visible from a great distance, so that I caught a good number, in spite of its rarity. The character of its markings, round black spots on a pure white ground, is very remarkable. It is hard to avoid thinking Tajuria maculata, Hew., a mimic of this species, though it seems to live at a lower elevation and further to the westward. Turaka hamada is somewhat-similarly marked, and is obviously protected. Ihave taken the name Phengaris, which means a daughter of the moon, from the modern Greek (Doherty, l.c.). Type, atroguttata, Oberthiir. Dr. Chapman informs us that the genitalia of Phengaris show characters closely allied to those of typical Lycena. VOL. VIII. B 2 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. PHENGARIS ATROGUTTATA. Plate 640, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, 9. Lyczna atroguttata, Oberthiir, Etud. @Entom. ii. p- 21, pl. 1, fig. 4, a, b (1876). Phengaris atroguttata, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 36, Leech, Butt. of China, Japan, and Corea, ii. p. 317 (1892). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 659, Phengaris atroguttata, var. albida, Leech, 1.c. pl. 28, fig. 5, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside very pale blue with a metallic sheen in certain lights, the basal and costal portions of the forewing and the basal and abdominal portions of the hindwing suffused with darker blue, darkest at the base and gradually paling outwards. orewing with a large black spot at the end of the cell, two beyond it near the marginal band, one above the other, a third black spot beneath them and more inwards, a small black dot below that and more inwards still ; a broad black marginal band, well defined, which abruptly stops a little below vein 3, and has below it a black mark on vein 2. Hindwing with a thin, suffused blackish, marginal band, containing suffused black markings in the interspaces, the black spots of the underside showing through the wing. Underside white. Horewing with all the markings jet black and large ; a transverse spot in the middle of the cell, a larger nearly round spot at the end, a whorl of spots in the upper disc beyond, commencing with a twin spot on the costa, a twin spot below and a little outside, a round spot again below and on the inner side and a small spot again below and still farther inwards, a sub-terminal row of square spots from the costa to interspace 1, an anteciliary row of short somewhat lunular marks stopping in the same interspace, and a marginal series of smaller and somewhat triangular spots stopping in the next lower interspace. Hindwing with three large spots on the costa and three bands of large spots across the wing, the first consisting of five, the second and third of seven each, and an anteciliary row, the spots becoming larger hindwards. Female. Upperside like the male, but there is an extra spot inside the cell, three sub-apical spots instead of two, and a small spot straight below the hindermost large spot instead of being well on the inner portion of the wing as in the male; the marginal black band is also broader and is somewhat suffused on its inner side. -Hindwing with all the spots of the underside showing more distinctly and the outer marginal band broader. Underside similar to the male, except for the position of the small spot being directly below the large lowest one, instead of being on its inner side. Cilia of both sexes white. Antenne black, club whitish beneath; head and body black above, whitish beneath. Expanse of wings, f ?, 2 inches. LYCANINE. 3 Hasirat.—Naga Hills, Western China. Distripution.—The type came from Moupin; it is commonly distributed in W. China; Doherty procured it from the Naga Hills, and it is in our collection from the same locality. Watson records it from the Chin Hills. Genus SCOLITANTIDES. Scolitantides, H bner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 68 (1816). Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B.M. p. 167 (1869). Lycena, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 66 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 334 (1907). Has a peculiar type of coloration, the fringe of the wings being alternated with black and white, and the spots of the underside large and black; venation as in Lycena. GerniTaLiA.—Harpagones or clasps not Plebeid; very broad, exceptionally so, and short, suddenly excavated from the lower apical half and extended into a long point downwards. Cingula or girdle deeply bent over the harpagones. Tegumen highly excised in front apex, raised into a high saddle at the back, the whole tegumen extended right beyond the harpagones. Falces or hooks much reduced, being merely two slightly curved points in the rear of the tegumen. Furca long, waved; sdcagus broad, exceptionally short, being only about twice its own width (Bethune-Baker). Type, erion, Pallas. SCOLITANTIDES BATON. Plate 640, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Papilio baton, Bergstriasser, Nomencl. ii. p. 18, vol. iii. pl. 9, figs. 6 to 8 (1779). Lyczna baton, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 889, Lang, Butt. of Europe, p. 109, pl. 24, fig. 2, ¢ 9? (1884). Papilio hylastor, Bergstriisser, Nomencl. ii. pl. 47, figs. 7, 8 (1779). Polyommatus vicrama, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 505, pl. 31, fig. 6, 9. Scolitantides cashmirensis, Moore, l.c. 1874, p. 272. Butler, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 408. Lyczena hylas, de Nicéville (nec Schiff.), Butt. of India, iii. p. 84 (1890). Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1893, p. 673. Bingham, Fauna of Brit, India, Butt. ii. p. 351 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside greyish-blue, both wings with a slender lunular black line at the end of the cell, and black marginal line with a little inner blackish suffusion, a series of sub-terminal blackish spots on the hindwing, and indications of a very slender white line close to the marginal line. Cilia white, with blackish spots opposite the vein ends. Underside grey, with a slight bluish tinge with a few blue scales at the base, markings black, prominent. /orewing with a spot inside the cell, a short lunular mark at the end of the cell, a discal series of seven spots, much curved outwards B 2 4 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. above the middle, the two upper spots small, the second spot from the lower end well inwards, the lowest spot outside on a line with the third, a sub-terminal series of spots, a black marginal line and between them a row of short brown linear marks. /Zindwing with four sub-basal spots in an outwardly curved row, a lunule at the end of the cell, a discal series of eight spots, the upper one near the apex of the wing, the next well inwards being the commencement of an outwardly highly curved row of five spots, the second from the lower end well outwards, and a costal spot between the upper spot and the sub-basal spot ; a sub-terminal double series of short lunules with orange-ochreous between them ; a black marginal line. Cilia as on the upperside; in some examples the black spots are’encircled with pale whitish. Female. Upperside purplish-brown, with some blue-grey basal irrorations, the lunular mark at the end of the cell obscure, some sub-terminal obscure blackish spots with narrow, paler surroundings, mostly obsolete on the forewing, faintly indicated on the hindwing, not visible on either wing in some examples. Cilia as in the male, but the spots in it are brown. Underside as in the male. Antenne black, ringed with white ; top of head white ; some white marks on the front of the thorax; thorax and abdomen blackish above, with greyish-blue pubescence, white beneath. Expanse of wings, S 14%; inches. Hasirat.—N.W. Himalayas, Central and South-Eastern Europe, Afghanistan. DisrriputTion.—Leslie and Evans record it from Chitral, Butler from Kandahar, de Nicéville from Ladak, Kashmir, Lahoul, Kunawur, Bingham from Beluchistan ; it is in our collection also from Kulu and Kashmir. ALLIED CHINESE AND JAPANESE SPECIES. Scolitantides orion, Papilio orion, Pallas, Reise, i. p. 471 (1771). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. il. p. 309 (1892). Habitat, Corea, Pekin, Central Europe, Asia Minor, South Siberia, and the Amur. Scolitantides lanty, Lycena lanty, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. xi. p. 21, pl. 7, fig. 53 (1886). Habitat, Chinese Thibet. Genus LYCA( NA. Lyczena, Fabricius, Tl. Mag. vi. p. 285 (1807). de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 66 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 3384 (1907). Forewing with vein 6 from upper end of cell, 9 out of 7, the bases of 6 and 7 well separated, 8 absent, 5 from the middle of discocellulars, 10 and 11 from apical half of sub-costal vein, 12 at apex bent slightly towards 11. Hindwing with 3 and 4 distinctly separated at base, 3 from a little before the end of the cell, 4 from the end, 7 from LYCANIN 4. 5 apical half of sub-costal, 8 strongly arched at base, then straight to apex, running close to costal margin. Antenne half as long as the costa of forewing, club well marked, oval, pointed at tip, palpi sub-porrect, with short stiff hairs in front, third joint moderately long, legs slender, tibie and tarsi of foreleg tapered, the latter long, ex- articulate, spined beneath, foreles of female normal, with minute claws. Genitalia with the clasp more or less quadrangular on side view, with a strong spine from the dorsal angle parallel with the distal margin; the cornuti are small and numerous. Type, arion, Linnzeus. Photo of genitalia of Lycena arion, Linnzus. According to Tutt, all the species of this genus that follow belong to Scudder’s genus Glaucopsyche, Syst. Rev. Am. Butt. p. 33 (1872), type, lygdamus, Doubleday, from America, which Tutt separates from Lycena, but the general structure is the same, and Dr. Chapman informs us that the genitalia are congeneric. LYCHNA YOUNGHUSBANDI. Plate 640, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Lyczena younghusbandi, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 484, pl. 36, fig. 10, ¢. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt, ii. p. 338 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside, dark brownish-black, with a satiny sheen and tinted with plumbeous; marginal lines black and slender, an indistinct slender linear mark at the end of the cell of the forewing. Cilia snow white, with a basal ochreous-grey band. Underside. J orewing brownish-grey, spots black, with whitish edges ; a linear mark at the end of the cell, and a discal even row of six spots, the row slightly outwardly curved, the lowest spot oblique, formed of two joined together ; a sub-terminal, very indistinct double row of grey lunular marks ; terminal line brown. indwing with all the inner portion glistening green, leaving a fairly even terminal band of brownish- grey, veins in the green portion grey, some glistening green sub-terminal spots, grey terminal line, and cilia of both wings grey. 6 LEPIDGPTERA INDICA. Female, like the male above and below, the sub-terminal markings on the underside more prominent. Antenne black, ringed with white, head and body brownish-black above, white beneath. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1435 inches. Haspirat.—Thibet. DisrripuTion.—Recorded by Bingham from Sikkim, Chumbi Valley, and Phari ; in the B. M., a fine series of both sexes (including the types) from Gyantze, Thibet. LYCHNA FELICIS. Plate 641, figs. 1, g, la, 9, lb, 6. Lycena felicis, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. xi. p. 21, pl. 7, fig. 52 (1886). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 307. (1892). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark blackish-brown with a chocolate tint, five deep black sub-terminal, triangular spots on the hindwing, from the anal angle upwards, each outwardly edged with metallic blue-green scales, and inwardly with dark orange angulated lunules, the upper and lowest spot small. Underside. Lorewing grey, spots deep black, ringed with white; a lunular spot at the end of the cell, a discal series of six nearly round spots, slightly curving inwards at its upper end, the lowest spot geminate ; a sub-terminal series of more or less lunular spots decreasing in size and paling in colour upwards, a very fine brown terminal line, and between them some grey lunular marks on a whitish ground. SHindwing pale blue-green, becoming pale outwards, the terminal border more or less grey like the colour of the forewing, a black, fine, lunular line on a pale ground at the end of the cell. Cilia above, with the inner half brown, the outer half white; on the underside it is grey. Antenne black, ringed with white. Palpi black above, white beneath, with black and white rather long hairs ; frons blackish-brown, with a white streak on each side, head and body blackish-brown above, white beneath. Very near Younghusbandi, but the markings on the underside of the forewings differ somewhat, and the wings are broader and shorter. Female, like the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1335 inches. Hasirat.—Thibet. Disrripution.—In the B. M. from Gyantze, How-kow and other parts of Thibet. LYCHNA OMPHISA. Plate 641, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 2, 2b, @. Polyommatus omphisa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 573, pl. 66, fig. 2, ¢. Lyczena omphisa, de Nicéville, Butt of India, iii. p. 84 (1890), Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, ii. p. 347, pl. 19, fig. 131 (1907). LYCHNINA. 7 Imaco.—Male. Upperside blackish-brown, all the interior portion of both wings thickly covered with metallic blue scales which in some lights look purple-blue and in others purple-green, leaving the borders as if with broad even blackish bands, the extent of the blue scaling, however, varies somewhat in different specimens. Under- side. orewing dark brownish-grey, darker on the outer marginal portion ; a black lunule edged with white at the end of the cell, an even discal series of six black spots edged with white, the lowest geminate, the three upper ones curving inwards below the costa, some obscure white angular marks on the outer margin ; the base of the wing thickly suffused with blue scales. Hindwing blue-green, darker towards the base ; a white lunule at the end of the cell, four white spots in an even curve in the middle of the disc, and a fifth white spot on the middle of the costa; veins rather prominent. Female. Upperside dark purple-brown without any markings; a slender black marginal line to both wings and a black costal line on the forewing. Underside. Forewing suffused with pale chestnut-brown, the outer margin with large pale white spots joined together, making a rather broad whitish marginal band, some blue suffusion at the base. Hindwing dull pale blue-green with some pale greyish suffusion on the costal parts; markings on both wings as in the male. Cilia white. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body black above with some blue pubescence, below white. Expanse of wings, $ 14%, 2 1445 inches. Hasirat.—N. W. Himalayas. DistripuTion.—Recorded from Chitral, Lahoul and Ladak; and it is in our collection from Dras, LYCHZNA METALLICA. Plate 641, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 9. Lycena metallica, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 283, pl. 35, figs. 7,8, ¢, 9, 9 (1865). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1882, p. 247. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 83 (1890). Lyczna galathea, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 348 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings dilute violaceous-cyaneous, a whitish striga before the cilia, outwardly powdered with fuscous. J orewing with the tips of the veins and the margin increasingly hindward. indwing with the costal border and the external margin fuscous. Underside. orewing very pale hoary-brownish at the base and at the apex; the hindwing entirely metallic bluish-greenish. J vurewing with a rounded spot. Hindwing with a litura on the discocellulars, and a bent fascia of rounded spots beyond the disc whitish, broader in the forewing and in the hindwing joined to a fuscous shadow (Felder). Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with the basal two-thirds. Hindwing with 8 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the interior area with blue iridescent scales, three sub-terminal square spots (now faded) orange-ochreous above the hinder angle of the forewing and a series of similar sub- terminal spots on the hindwing, decreasing in size upwards. Cilia of both wings white. Underside. orewing grey, shining, some blue-green scales at the base; a narrow spot at the end of the cell, and seven in a transverse row in the disc, all whitish with brown centres. Hindwing green, almost emerald green, veins and outer margin speckled with brownish (apparently because the green scales are rubbed off them), a white lunular spot at the end of the cell and a discal, evenly curved row of large round, white spots. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish-brown above, orey beneath. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1425 inches. Hasrrat.—Ladak. The description and figures of the male are taken from Felder’s description and figures, the type being lost; the blue colour of the upperside is undoubtedly too vivid ; the description and figures of the female are taken from the actual type-specimen kindly lent from the Tring Museum ; the type-specimen isa female as stated by Felder, and not a male as supposed by de Nicéville. There can be no doubt that Felder’s figures 7 and 8 represent the male and his figure 9 represents the female, though the blue coloration of the interior of the wings of this figure is, as it is in the male figure, much too vivid, the colour of this female is really brown with blue iridescence, very difficult to represent in a coloured figure. Bingham altogether misidentified the species, sinking fig. 9 to omphisa, and figs. 7 and 8 to galathea. He never could have seen Felder’s type. LYCANA NYCULA. Plate 641, figs. 4, g, 4a, 2, 4b, 9. Polyommatus nycula, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 503, pl. 31, fig. 3, ¢. Lycena nycula, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. 1888, p. 272, pl. 94, ¢. Lyczna galathea, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 82 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 348 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-blue. vrewing with the costal line blackish, and both wings with the outer marginal line blackish, with fine streaks from it running in on the veins; cilia white with a pale grey line in it, hardly visible ; some blue scales at the base of both wings. Underside pale brownish-grey. Forewing with a white spot at the end of the cell, and a discal even row of white spots, containing minute, central, grey dots, outwardly curved above its middle and inwardly curved below it, some indistinct angulated whitish marks on the outer margin which under the lens are blue-tinted. Hindwing pale blue-green, a thin white lunule at the end of the cell, and a curved row of five pale white spots in the disc, LYCZENINZ. 9 - with a sixth white spot in the middle of the costa; a series of pale white angulated marks on the outer margin. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish with blue pubescence. Female. Dark chocolate-brown. Fvrewing with four large square subterminal orange spots above the hinder angle, sometimes with indications of a fifth. finding with a complete sub-terminal row of similar spots, the second and third the largest, decreasing in size upwards. Underside like the male, but the colour on both wings paler, the outer marginal space tinged with pale blue on the forewing, some brownish suffusion on the interior portion of the wing, and the discal row of white spots with more prominent dark central dots. Hindwing similar to the male. Expanse of wings, f 1745, 2 143; inches. Hasrrat.—N.W. Himalayas. DisrriputTion.—The type came from Kunawar, it has been recorded from Simla and Tehri Gurhwal. Moore also records it from Kashmir and Narkunda; and it is in our collection from Kunawur and Pangi. LYCHNA GALATHEA. Plate 642, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Lycena Galathea, Blanchard, in Jacq. Voy. Ind. iv. p. 21, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6, g (1844). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 82 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 379. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 673. Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 348 (1907). Polyommatus galathea, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 271 ; id. Sci. Res. Second Yark. Miss. Lep. p. 6 (1879). ImaGo.—Male. Upperside of a beautiful azure-blue colour. orewing with the costal line black, marginal line black with the colour running in shortly on the veins. Cilia white with a grey line in it. Underside. Fvrewing grey, pale on the upper parts, the lower portions smeared with brown in the outer parts of the interspaces ; a discal row of six black spots edged with white, the two lowest geminate, the third and fourth linear, the fifth oblique, the sixth small, the seventh minute and placed a little inwards below the costa ; a thin lunular line edged with white at the end of the cell; base of wing with blue iridescence. Hindwing blue-green densely irrorated with darker blue- green on the basal portion; a white lunular line at the end of the cell, and a discal well-curved row of six pale white spots in regular order. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish above, covered with blue hairs ; white below. Female. Upperside dark brown, almost blackish-brown. orewing with three subterminal dark orange spots above the hinder angle, decreasing in size upwards. VOL. VIII, c 10 ; LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hlindwing with four subterminal similar spots, the second and third from the anal angle the largest. Underside like the underside of the male. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1445 inches. Hapirat.—N.W. Himalayas. : DIsTRIBUTION.—Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri; Leslie and Evans from Chitral; it has also been recorded from Pangi, Kashmir, Kulu, and the hills north of Simla, and it is in our collection from Goolmurg. ALLIED CHINESE AND JAPANESE SPECIES. Lyczena lycormas, Polyommatus lycormas, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. ix. p. 57 (1868). Synonym, Lycena scylla, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 22 (1880). Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 139, pl. 16, fig. 7 (1887). Habitat, Japan. Lyczena kazamoto, Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 361 (1875). Habitat, Central Japan. Lycena cxligena, Oberthiir, Ktud. d’Ent. ii. p. 21, pl. i. figs. 3, a, b (1876). Habitat, Central China. Lycena euphemia, Lycena euphemius, var. euphemia, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. iii. pp. 142, 288, pl. 138, fig. 6 (1887). Habitat, Yesso Island, Japan. Lycena divina, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 286, pl. 13, figs. 5a, b, 2 (1887). Habitat, Corea. Lycena xgina, Grum-Grshimailo, Hore Ross. 1891, p. 451. Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 303, pl. 31, fig. 11, g¢ (1892). Habitat, Central China. Lycena insularis, Lycena argus, var. insularis. Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii, p. 302, pl. 31, figs. 8, 6,5, 9 (1892). Habitat, Yesso Island, Japan. Lycena barine, Leech, l.c. p. 304, pl. 31, fig. 14, § (1892). Habitat, Oiwake, Japan. Sub-Family PLEBEINZ. Eyes naked, except in the genus Polyommatus, and in the aberrant genera Azanus and Orthomiella, colour generally blue or purple as in Lyceeninz, neuration similar, GENITALIA.—Clasp large, tapering to each end, each clasp quite separate from its fellow, and with the two divisions into which the clasp is divided only distinct at the very end. The dorsal portion of the armature consists of two lateral portions, connected across the actual dorsum by a comparatively narrow and featureless strip of chitin, less reduced, however, than in Celastrina (Lycenopsis) ; each side has a rather long process clothed with hairs, and of by no means simple structure ; attached to the hase of this is a smooth hook, so articulated as to have considerable freedom of movement; the base of the hook is more or less swollen, and extends somewhat transversely to the dorsal process, then with a bend, which may be a right angle, the rest of the hook extends more or less parallel to the dorsal process on its dorsal side. It is the size and form of this PLEBEINL. 11 hook and its relation to the dorsal process that afford the easiest characters to seize for the sub-division of the Plebeids (Chapman). Tutt has divided the genus Plebeiws into several sub-divisions merely on account of small differences in the genitalia, most of them so small, it is impossible to consider them generic characters, we prefer putting them into sections, giving the genitalial differences from Chapman’s notes in Tutt’s Britt. Lep. x. pp. 156-157 (1907). Polyom- matus, however, though practically similar in every other character, has hairy eyes, and therefore the species of that genus are easily distinguishable ; all the above are tailless. All the species of Edales and Euchrysops have filamentous tails, and in that they differ from the other Plebeids, but in every other respect Hdales is a true Plebeid, and Euchrysops very nearly related. , Nore.—Tutt says (Britt. Butt. ix. p. 327) that the character (smooth or hairy eyes) is of little importance, and “ does not even separate species belonging to different sub-families.” We have not found this to be the case; in the Heterocera the eye character is of great importance as a family character, and in the Lycenidz we have found it, almost universally, to correspond with the characters of the genitalia and general structure ; in only two instances in the whole of the Lyceenidze do we find hairy- eyed and smooth-eyed genera that have to be put in the same sub-family ; in the Plebeinze there are three, Polyommatus, Azanus and Orthomiella; Polyommatus is a true Plebeid, the others somewhat aberrant; the other genera are all smooth eyed; in the Hypolyczeninz the hairy and smooth-eyed genera are in about equal numbers, and form two sections of that sub-family ; the remaining sub-families have no exceptions that we have yet found, and are as follows :— _ SMOOTH EYED. HAIRY EYED. Gerydinz. . “ Curetine. Ly cxenopsinz. Ruraline = Thecline. Everine. Aphneine. Lyczenine. Chrysophanine, Poritine, Amblypodine. Cheritrinz. Horagine. Biduandine. Loxurine. Liphyrine, SECTION I. . Genus PLEBEIUS. _ Plebeii, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. (2); p. 744-(1767). Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. p. 591 (1799). - ‘Plebeius, Kluk, Zwierz, Hist.. Nat. iv..p: 81 (1780), Crotch, Cist. Ent, i. p. 60 (1872). Kirby, Cc 2 12 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Handbook Lep. ii. p. 87 (1895), Tutt, Ent. Record, vii. pp. 220, 340 (1895) ; id. Brit. Lep. x. p. 159 (1909). Lycena, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 66 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, i. p. 334 (1907). Cyaniris, Dalman, Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. xxxvii. p. 63 (1816). Type, semiargus, Rottenburg. Nomiades, Hiibner, Verz, bek. Schmett. p. 67 (1816). . Aricia, R, and L, Jena, Allg. Lit. Zeit. i. p. 280 (1817). Prout, Ent. Record, xxi. p. 156 (1909). Type, astrarche, Bergstriisser. Vaceiniina, Tutt, Brit. Butt. x. p. 154 (1908). Type, optilete, Knoch, Albulina, Tutt, l.c. Type, pheretes, Eversmann. Latiorina, Tutt, l.c. p. 55. Type, orbitulus, Esper. Structure and neuration very similar to Lycena. Genitalia characterised by its length and slenderness of both dorsal process and the upright portion of the hook ; the dorsal process is, also curved in such a way that, when the parts are flattened, as — occurs when mounting them on a slide, the dorsal armature has the closest resemblance to the harp-like tale of the lyre-bird, or perhaps we ought to say, to the conventional harp that that tail so closely imitates (Chapman). Type, Argus, Linnzeus. PLEBEIUS LOEWII. Plate 642, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. Lyczxna loewii, Zeller, Isis, 1847, p. 9. Herrick-Schiifer, Schmett. Eur. i. figs. 434 to 437 (1849). Lang, Butt. of Europe, p. 141 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 79, pl. 26, fig. 167, ¢ (1890). Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 672. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 343 (1907). Lycena empyrea, Freyer, Neuere Beitr. vi. pl. 573, fig. 1 (1852). Gerhard, Mon. Lye. pl. 17, figs. 2, a to ¢ (1853). i Lyceena chamanica, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 23. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 111. p. 79 (1890). ImaGo.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue. orewing with the costal and outer marginal lines black, the latter with a little black suffusion and short blackish streaks running in on the veins and in the interspaces. J/indwing with a black marginal line, a series of indistinct subterminal black marks with a fine white line between them. Cilia white with a black basal band. Underside grey, markings black edged with white. orewing with a lunule at the end of the cell, a discal series of six spots, the lowest linear, the second and third oblique, the upper three close together. /indwing with four sub-basal spots, a lunule at the end of the cell, and a discal series of six spots, the lowest lunular, the next placed inwards in a line with the first spot and the cell lunule, forming the end of a complete curve with the next three, the last two of this curve, being the fourth and fifth spots of the series, close together, the six PLEBEINZ. 13 inwards, in a line with the seventh spot below the middle of the costa, and also another costal spot near the apex of the wing; both wings with a subterminal series of brown spots, enclosed by a lunular pale brown line, the first, second and fourth from the anal angle with metallic blue scales, the first three bordered on their inner sides with orange-ochreous ; a fine marginal brown line and grey cilia with a brown basal band. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body black above with a little blue pubescence, white beneath. Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with a blackish spot at the end of the cell, a post-discal transverse double series of pale whitish spots, the outer series being obscure, a marginal blackish line with a very indistinct and very fine inner whitish line. Hindwing with a post-discal series of more or less obscure whitish spots, a subterminal series of blackish spots, commencing with a small pair close together near the anal angle, the next two the largest, the others more obscure and decreasing in size upwards, all edged outwardly with white, and the first four crowned inwardly with orange, a marginal blackish line, and cilia of both wings as in the male. Underside as in the male, the markings larger and more prominent. _Expanse of wings, $ 1,45 inches. Hasirat.—Beluchistan, Chitral, Persia, Asia Minor. DistriputTion.—Recorded by Leslie and Evans from Chitral, by de Nicéviile from Quetta and Khojak; in our collection from Gunduk in the Sarakola Pass, Beluchistan. PLEBEIUS SAMUDRA. Plate 642, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢g. Polyommatus samudra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 574, pl. 67, fig. 2, ¢. Lycena samudra, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 78 (1890). Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 673. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 347 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside lavender-blue, both wings with slender terminal black line, in most examples (but not in the type-specimen) with a little black suffusion inside the line, thickest at the apex of each wing ; some dull blue scaling at the base. Cilia snow-white. Underside grey, spots black, ringed with whitish. Forewing with a short lunule at the end of the cell, a discal even series of five spots, with a slight outward curve, the lowest composed of two small spots joined together, the next the largest, the next three more or less angular in shape. Hindwing with three sub-basal spots, a pale short slender lunular mark at the end of the cell; a discal series of eight spots, six of them in an even and well-curved row from the middle of the costa to the second interspace, the other two outwards, level with each other, near the abdominal margin of the wing; both wings with slender terminal brown line, sub-terminal brown 14 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. lunules and an indistinct series of brown marks between them, those on the hindwing containing some pale blue-green metallic scales. Cilia white with grey marks at the vein ends. Female. Upperside brown with a few dull blue scales at the base, and on the abdominal margin of the hindwing ; terminal line black and slender. Underside as in the male, but in the type-specimen the ground colour is much darker, markings similar. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body black above with blue hairs, white beneath. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1545 inches. Hasirat.—Baltistan, Beluchistan, Ladak, Kashmir. DisTRIBUTION.—-The types in the B. M. are from Kashmir; there is one example from Ladak, and a fine series of both sexes from Kiris, 8,000 feet elevation. SECTION J[.—Aricta. Genitalia has a comparatively very fine hook to the dorsal process, and possesses on the body of the clasp, in a longitudinal line, a number of rough spinous processes. Type, astrarche, Bergstrasser. PLEBEIUS ASTRARCHE. Plate 642, figs. 4, g, 4a, 2, 4b, 2. Papilio astrarche, Bergstrisser, Nomencl. iii. p. 4, pl. 49, figs. 7, 8 (1779). Lycena astrarche, Staudinger, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. xiv. p. 2£0 (1878). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 889. Lang, Butt. of Europe, p. 114, pl. 24, fig. 9, g, 9 (1884). Alphéraky, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 386 (1881). Doherty, Journ, As. Soc, Bengal, 1886, p. 133. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 337 (1907). Papilio allous, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 988 to 992 (1827-1841). Lyczna astrarche, var. allous, Lang, Butt. of Europe, p. 115 (1884). ; Lyceena medon, de Nicéville (nec Hufnagel), Butt. of India, iii. p. 69 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 379. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 671. Polyommatus nazira, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 504, pl. 31, fig. 4. Lyczna nazira, Moore, l.c. 1882, p. 246. Cupido nazira, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 368. Imaco.—Male. Upperside satin brown. orewing with a black spot at the end of the cell; a terminal series of blackish spots, and a sub-terminal series of orange lunules, sometimes one and sometimes both obsolete. Hindwing with a similar terminal and sub-terminal series more prominent, a fine black marginal line to both wings. Underside dark grey with some blue scales at. the base, markings PLEBEIN 4. ; 15 black, with white edgings. Forewing with a spot at the end of the cell, and a discal series of spots, highly curved outwards above the middle and inwards below it. Mindwing with four sub-basal spots in a line, a thin lunule at the end of the cel], a discal series of spots curved above and below as in the forewing ; both wings with terminal black line, a sub-terminal series of black spots with a white line between them and the terminal line, the white line having black dots on the vein ends, the black spots heavily crowned with orange and the orange crowned with thin blackish lunules. Cilia white. Antenne black, ringed with white ; club whitish beneath ; head and body blackish-brown above, white beneath ; palpi with some stiff black hairs. Female, above and below, like the male, but the bands above are composed of larger orange spots, and on the underside the ground colour is darker, and all the markings larger and more prominent. Expanse of wings, $ 2 145 to 1; inches. Larva.—Pale green, with a brownish-purple medio-dorsal stripe and faint pale lateral stripes ; each segment has two wart-like eminences with projecting white bristles ; the ventral surface is pale green with whitish bristles ; the claspers are semi-transparent and pale yellow in colour; the legs are spotted with black ; when full-grown itis about half an inch in length and has the usual Lycena shape ; its food-plant is the Storkbill (Erodium cicutarium). Pupa.—Has the usual Lyceena form, pale yellow in colour, witha green tinge, with a dorsal stripe of reddish-purple ; it is spun up among the dry leaves of Hrodium and Artemisia (Lang). Hasirat.—The Himalayas, throughout Europe, Asia Minor, Kouldja, Askold and Amurland. Distrisution.—de Nicéville records it from Simla, Kashmir, Ladak, Kumaon, Cheena, Doherty from Naini Tal, Bingham from Beluchistan, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, Leslie and Evans from Chitral, and it is in our collection from Solon, Simla. PLEBEIUS IRIS. Plate 643, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, ¢. Lycena iris, Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1886, p. 207. Grum-Grshimailo, Rom. Mem. Lep. iv. p- 378, pl. 7, fig. 8 (1890). Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 672. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 337 (woodcut) (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich silky purple-brown; both wings with terminal black line and black lunule at the end of the cell. Hindwing with a very indistinct sub-terminal series of blackish spots, and sometimes indications of a series close to the margin, the two nearest the anal angle less obscure than the others, and occasionally 16 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. with two or three blue-green metallic scales. Cilia snow-white. Underside dark grey, spots large and edged with clear-cut white rings. Jorewing with the largest spot of all, at the end of the cell; in some examples it looks like two spots closely joimed together, a discal series of six spots quite close to the large discoidal spot, the first four from the upper end in a well-curved series, the lowest spot outwards, the third, fourth and fifth at right angles to the others, like short bars, the fifth generally the longest. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots in an irregular line, a thick lunular mark at the end of the cell, and a discal series of seven spots, the sixth from the costa outwardly deeply curved, the seventh placed a little outwards ; both wings with a terminal brown line, a sub-terminal series of brown lunular marks, edged inwardly by conspicuous white lunules, and between them a paler series of brown lunular marks, the last four spaces before the anal angle of the hindwing filled in with orange suffusion, the spots in them jet black with metallic blue-green scales, the two middle ones the largest. Female, above and below, like the male. Antenne black, ringed with white; thorax and abdomen blackish above, white beneath ; front and top of head white. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1 to 1+/5 inches. Hasrrat.—Central Asia, Pamirs, Chitral. DisTRIBUTION.—A fine series in the B. M. from Turkestan, Samarkund, and many other parts of Central Asia, and nine examples from Ziarat and Jhela Drosh, Chitral, collected by Leslie and Evans. SECTION IIJ.—Atxpu.ina. Genitalia agrees with Aricia in the general form of the long hard process of the clasp, but has the hook of the dorsal process with a very broad square base, and the upper portion thick below, tapering and ending in a slight hook. Type, pheretes, Eversmann. PLEBEIUS LEHANA. Plate 643, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, @. Polyommatus lehana, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878, p. 230; id. Sci. Res. Second Yark. Miss. Lep. p. 6, pl. i. fig. 6, ¢ (1879). Lycezena lehana, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 81 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 379. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 352, pl. 19, fig. 132, ¢, 133, 9 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue, with some dark blue scaling at the base ; both wings with very fine marginal black line. Underside. Forewing plumbeous- grey, with blue scaling at the base, markings blackish-brown with white edges; a lunular mark at the end of the cell, a diseal row of five small spots, evenly curved PLEBEINZ.. 17 inwards at its upper end. //indwing with the ground colour darker; markings pure white, large and prominent, a streak within the cell, a costal spot above it, another spot outwards close to it, a spot below obliquely outwards, five squarish lengthened spots in the disc in a row, only separated from each other by the veins, the upper end outwardly obliquely below the last-mentioned spot, the row running right across the wing, the lowest spot belonging to it (very small) placed inwards, a series of paler and more obscure sub-terminal spots, all the spots centred by very obscure grey dots. Cilia white. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish above, clothed with bluish hairs, white beneath, the palpi beneath fringed with black hairs, Female. Upperside darker than the male, otherwise it is similar both above and beneath. Expanse of wings, $ $ 1 inch. Hasirat.—Western Himalayas. Distripution.—Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri, de Nicéville from Leh and Ladak ; and both sexes are in our collection from Kashmir. PLEBEIUS ASIATICA. Plate 643, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, ¢. Lyczxna pheretes, var. asiatica, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 402; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 382. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 81 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 352, pl. 19, fig. 134 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Forewing more pointed at apex. Upperside, both wings rich metallic blue, with very fine marginal black line. Underside grey. Forewing with a thin black lunular mark edged with white at the end of the cell, some blue scaling at the base of the wing. Hindwing irrorated with blue scales on the basal two-thirds, the white spots arranged as in Lehana, but smaller and more round. Female. Upperside darker and duller in colour, with fine marginal black line. Underside coloured like the male. Forewing with three small white spots in a transverse row in the upper disc, instead of the complete row of discal spots as in Lehana. HHindwing with a white lunule at the end of the cell, the remaining markings as in Lehana. Expanse of wings, 3 75, 2 1 inch. Hasitat.—Sikkim, Chumbi. PLEBEIUS PHARIS. Plate 643, figs. 4, $, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢. Lycena pheretes, var. pharis, Fawcett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii. p- 138, pl. 9, figs. 5, g, 5a, 9. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-blue. Forewing with a black marginal line; margin of hindwing broadly black, especially at apex and costa ; cilia broadly VOL. VIII. D 18 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. white. Underside. Forewing purple-grey, paling towards apex; a black spot ringed with white at apex of cell, a discal series of small black spots ringed with white, varying in number; in some specimens only three, usually four. indwing pale brownish on the disc, fading into pale greenish-ochreous at the margin, with the following pale ochreous spots; one in and extending beyond discoidal cell, cuneiform, a discal series of six beyond it, and an indistinct one basally below the costa. Female. Upperside dark fuscous, basally irrorated with blue. Underside as in the male. This form differs from the var. asiatica of Elwes in having fewer discal black spots on forewing, and in the size and length of the pale cellular spot on hindwing (Faweett). Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1 inch. , Hasrrat.—Khamba Jong, Thibet, 15,000 feet elevation. Colonel Fawcett has kindly lent us his types for figuring. Elwes says, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 485, that he believes this to be a form of his Asvatica, but there is undoubtedly a marked difference, especially in the whitish streak in the cell of the hindwing. SECTION IV.—Larrorra. Genitalia very near Albulina, but the dorsal hook is less heavy and more like that of Polyommatus ; the hard process of the clasp is rather long, and the serrate margin extends round an almost circular termination. Type, orbitulus, Esper. PLEBEIUS JALOKA. Plate 644, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, lb, g, le, 9. Polyommatus jaloka, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 573, pl. 66, fig. 3, ¢. Lycena jaloka, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 86 (1890). Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 349 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue, the base of forewing and the basal and abdominal half of hindwing covered with greenish-blue scales. Forewing with a fine black costal and outer marginal line, and a short black mark edged with grey at the end of the cell. HMindwing with a deeper black terminal line inwardly edged with a very fine white line, interrupted by black dots at the vein ends. Underside greyish- white. Forewing basally irrorated with blue scales, markings black, edged with white, a short lunular mark at the end of the cell, a discal series of six spots, commencing in the third interspace, decreasing in size upwards where it is curved inwards; three pale blackish somewhat spear-shaped marks between the discal series and the outer margin, in the first three interspaces. Hindwing with the basal third with blue scaling ; a pale PLEBEIN. 19 brownish rather broad and even medial band deeply elbowed outwards in its middle, leaving a large white spot inside the elbow. Cilia white, black basally. Antenne black, ringed with white, the club bright bronzy-red on the underside ; head and body blackish above with blue hairs, white beneath. Female. Upperside brown, with some dull blue basal scaling, marked like the male. Underside. orewing with the basal two-thirds sutfused with brown, sharply defined just before the discal series of spots which are disposed as in the male, as also are the paler spots before the outer margin above the hinder angle. Hindwing with the basal third densely irrorated with blue scaling, the elbowed band represented on both sides of the large white spots, meeting both above and below it. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 3° to 1 inch. Hasirat.—Kashmir. DistripuTion.—Recorded from the Rajdiangan Pass, Sursungar and Stakpila Passes, and Baitul. PLEBEIUS ELLISI. Plate 644, figs. 2, § (one form), 2a, ¢ (another form), 2b, 2, 2c, g, 2d, 9. Polyommatus ellisi, Marshall, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 41, pl. 4, fig. 4, g. Lycena ellisi, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ili. p. 87 (1890). Lycena leela, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 66, pl. 1, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 87 (1890). Lyczna jaloka, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 349 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale greyish-black, with blue basal irrorations. [ore- wing with a thick lunular black spot ringed with white at the end of the cell, and a discal medial series of five white spots with black centres. Hindwing with a fine black lunule ringed with white at the end of the cell, and a white spot above it a little outwards, a discal medial row of five white spots with blackish centres, the lowest small and a little outwards. Cilia of both wings white. Underside grey, suffused with pale chocolate colour. Both wings with the spots as above, but more prominent, the upper spot on the hindwing joined to another above it, the base of this wing suffused with blue séales. Female. Upperside greyish-black, much darker than the male, with some blue scales at the base. Both wings with similar white spots, but without black centres. Underside grey, with glistening blue scales at the base of the hindwing, which often occupy a third of the wing. vrewing with the white spots very faintly indicated, but without black centres. Hindwing with the cell spot and upper spot large and touching each other, a blackish patch on their outer side, the black colour continued in a ring round the upper spot, also indications of a discal series of white spots. Expanse of wings, $ ¢ 1 inch. D2 20 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasirat.—Himalayas, Ladak. Distripution.—Recorded from Pangi, 12,000 feet. Sanch Pass, 14,000 feet (type). The form Jeela was taken by de Nicéville at Zogi-la, on the Ladak side, at about 11,000 feet elevation, and at Mamyka Pass, Ladak, 13,000 feet, and at Fotu-la, Ladak, about the same elevation. The species is variable, but undoubtedly both ellisi and leela are forms of one species. SECTION V:—Cvyantris. Genitalia agrees with Aricia in having the hard process markedly larger than the soft one, but it has a more special character in the hook of the dorsal process being folded at the bend to about 170°, ie. the base and upper part almost folded together. Type, Semzargus, Rottenbure. PLEBEIUS ANNULATA. Plate 644, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 9. Lyczna semiargus, var. annulata, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 484, pl. 36, figs. 12, g, 11, 9. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brownish-black with a slight purplish tint, with blue iridescence in certain lights leaving broad blackish margins to both wings, and also to the costa of the hindwing. Costal line of forewing and cilia of both wings pure white. Underside pale grey, spots small, black, narrowly ringed with white. Forewing with the costal line pure white, with black inner edge, the entire wing, except a small outer marginal space, suffused with pale blackish-brown, with some obscure darker streaks on the veins ; a short linear mark at the end of the cell, a discal evenly curved row of five spots. /indwing with three sub-basal spots, a discal row of six spots, evenly and deeply outwardly curved, a linear mark at the end of the cell, the inner third of the wing with blue irrorations, both wings with a sub-terminal row of brown lunular marks, rather far from the margin, the upper ones on the forewing more or less obsolescent ; marginal line black. Cilia pure white. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body black above, with white bands on each side of the eyes, white beneath. Female, similar to the male, above and below, with less iridescence above. Expanse of wings, S 2 14%; inches. Hasirat.—Gyantze, Thibet, 13,000 feet elevation. The types are unique ; it is a very distinct form. ALLIED CHINESE, JAPANESE AND AFGHAN SPECIES. Plebeius argus, Papilio argus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. p. 483 (1758). Habitat, Central Japan, Europe, Asia Minor, Amurland, PLEBEINA. 21 Plebeius optilete, Papilio. optilete, Knoch, Beitr. Ins. i. p. 76, pl. 5, figs. 5, 6 (1781). Central Japan, Europe, Siberia, Amurland, Trans-Baikal. Plebeius cleobis, Lycena cleobis, Bremer, Butt. Acad. Petr. iii. p. 472 (1861). Habitat, Central Japan, Corea, Amurland, Bureja Mountains. Plebeius pheretes, Papilio pheretes, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. p. 45 (1865). Habitat, Western China, Europe, Turkestan, Amurland, Lapland. Plebeius micrargus, Lycena micrargus, Butler, Cist. Ent. ii. p. 283 (1873). Habitat, Tokio, Japan. Phebeius chinensis, Lycena chinensis, Murray, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 523, pl. 10, fig. 5; Synonym, Lycna mandschurica, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. vi. p. 160 (1892). Habitat, N. China. Plebeius bracteata, Lycena bracteata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p- 407, pl. 39, fig. 4, ¢. Habitat, Kandahar. Plebeius pseudegon, Lyczna pseudegon, Butler, Proc. Zool. Sec. 1881, p. 851. Habitat, Yesso Island, Japan. Plebeius iburiensis, Lycena iburiensis, Butler, l.c, p. 852. Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 108 (1882). Habitat, Yesso Island, Japan. Genus POLYOMMATUS. Polyommatus, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins, xiv. p. 116 (1805); id. Enc. Méth.ix. p, 11 (1819). Tutt, Brit. Butt. i. p. 313 (1906). Lyczna, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 66 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit, India, Butt. ii. p. 334 (1907). Hirsutina, Tutt, Brit. Lep. x. p. 154 (1908). Type, damon, Schiff. Agriades, Tutt, l.c. p. 155. Type, coridon, Scop. Eyes hairy, coloration, structure and venation much as in Lyceena and Plebeius ; differs from Plebeiws in the genitalia, in having a less heavy base to the clasp, a less slender upper portion, and its curvature is simple; the hard process of the clasp is rather shorter than in Agriades; in both there is a soft process between the two divisions of the clasp (it often swells out in preparation in a balloon-like way) ; whether we regard it as a part of the soft process of the clasp, or a development of the membrane between the two processes does not much matter, but its considerable development (it occurs elsewhere) is characteristic of these two genera. The hairy eyes of the species of this genus makes it a link between the Plebeine and Lampidine. Type, Zcarus, Rottenburg. POLYOMMATUS SARTOIDES, nov. Plate 645, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Lyczena sarta, Bingham (nec Alphéraky), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 345 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-blue, with some darker blue scaling at the base. Forewing with the costal line finely black, terminal line black, with indications of suffused sub-terminal blackish spots. Hindwing with the costa broadly suffused with 22 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. blackish; the terminal line black with large sub-terminal almost square black spots edged with grey in the interspaces, the two near the anal angle small and geminate. Cilia white with a black basal band. Underside dark chocolate-grey, markings black, broadly surrounded with white, spots all large. orewing with a short lunular mark at the end of the cell, a row of five discal spots, curved inwards at its upper end, the third from the top oblique, a series of sub-terminal short lunular spots, the white surroundings joined together forming a narrow white sub-terminal band, and between it and the discal series is a row of almost square dark brown spots, almost filling up the space between. //indwing with a somewhat spear-shaped, large white spot at the end of the cell, another in the middle of the disc between the discal and sub-terminal series, four sub-basal spots in a line, a discal series of eight spots, bent outwards above its middle, the lowest two spots geminate, a sub-terminal series of black spots broadly capped with orange, edged on its inner side by black lunules, the two lowest spots and the two lowest Junules geminate ; marginal line of both wings black, slightly crenulate. Cilia grey with brown lines across it, opposite the vein ends. Antennz black, ringed with white, with some white marks on the club ; head and body blackish above with blue pubescence, white beneath. Female. Upperside brown, with a chocolate bronzy tinge. Forewing with the costal line black, and a narrow black marginal band, containing a series of black triancular spots, the discal portion of the wing generally the palest. Hindwing, darker brown, black marginal line, and sub-terminal black spots as in the male, both wings with a transverse series of unusually large spear-shaped orange spots, the outer ends touching the black spots, darker and more prominent on the hindwing. Cilia not quite as in the male, the black basal band on it being interrupted in places. Under- side as in the male. Expanse of wings, f ? 1445 inches. Hasirar. — Chitral. A fine series in the B. M. taken by Leslie and Evans (Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 1908, vol. xiv. p. 672), who naturally were unable to identify it; it no doubt belongs to the Sarta group, but is a very distinctive local form. POLYOMMATUS PSEUDEROS. Plate 645, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 6. Polyommatus pseuderos, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 138. Lycxna pseuderos, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 77 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-blue with beautiful blue reflections. Torewing with a black costal lineand black terminal line, with some slight blackish suffusion on PLEBEINE. 23 its inner side and short blackish streaks running in on the veins. //indwing with the costa somewhat narrowly blackish, terminal line black, a series of sub-terminal blackish spots with a very fine white line between them. Cilia white, with a basal black band. Underside grey, with a pinkish tint, spots black, narrowly ringed with white. Porewing with a few blue scales at the base, a spot inside the cell, another below it, a lunule at the end ; a discal row of seven spots, the two lowest geminate, the row curving evenly outwards above its middle and curving inwards below it. Hindwing with blue scales on the basal and abdominal portions, four sub-basal spots in a line, the lowest close to the lowest geminate spots of the discal series, which consists of eight spots, the upper three in a line outwards, the remainder nearly in a line inwards, both wings with a terminal brown line, sub-terminal white spots with brown centres, capped with orange, the orange limited by brown lunules inwardly edged with white triangular marks, the middle ones of the hindwing expanding into a whitish streak inwards. Cilia whitish, with grey markings opposite the vein ends. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body blackish above, covered with blue hairs; a white band on each side of the eyes, whitish beneath. Female. Upperside blackish-brown, with blue reflections, varying much in extent in different specimens. Forewing with a black mark at the end of the cell; black terminal line, three or four sub-terminal orange lunular marks above the hinder angle. findwing with a black terminal line, a regular series of orange lunular spots, decreasing in size upwards, each orange spot with a black spot at its outer end, and a black lunule at its inner end, a very fine white line between the spots and the terminal line. Cilia white with a brown basal band. Underside as in the male, the spots and markings larger and more prominent. Expanse of wings, S ? 13%; inches. Haprrat.—Kashmivr. DistriBuTion.—The type came from the Sind Valley, Kashmir; it is in the B. M. from Mandi, Kulu, and Bhagi, 9000-10,000 feet. POLYOMMATUS DRASULA, nov. Plate 645, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Imaco.—Male. Upperside cyaneous-blue with brilliant reflections, veins pro- minent. orewing with the costal line white with black inner edging before the apex, outer-marginal line rather broadly blackish, inwardly diffuse and shortly running in on the veins. Hindwing with the costal space narrowly blackish, terminal line black, narrowly diffused with blackish inwards with:a series of indistinct sub-terminal blackish spots. Cilia white, with grey marks opposite the vein ends. Underside grey with a pink tint; spots black, ringed with white. Forewing with a lunule at the end of the cell, 24 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. a discal series of seven spots, the two lowest geminate, the row evenly curved outwards above its middle, some blue scaling at the base. Hindwing with the basal portions irrorated with blue scales, four sub-basal spots in a line, a fine Junular line in a small white patch at the end of the cell, a discal outwardly well curved row ef seven spots, the lowest lunular ; both wings with brown terminal line, a sub-terminal series of spear-shaped white marks, each with a grey spot in it; the middle spots of the hindwing expanding into a white streak inwards, its inner point joining the discoidal patch. Antenne: black, ringed with white ; head and body blackish, with blue hairs. Female. Upperside brown, costal line of forewing white, marginal line of both wings blackish, a few indistinct blackish sub-terminal spots on the hindwing. Under- side darker than the male, markings similar. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1 to 175 inches. Hasirat.—Kardong Pass, 17,000 feet elevation (types); it is in the B. M. also from the Chongching Valley, Ladak and Kashmir. POLYOMMATUS STOLICZKANA. Plate 645, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 2, 4b, g, 4c, 9. Lyczena stoliczkana, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 283, pl. 35, figs. 10, 11, ¢ (1865). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 73 (1890). Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 341 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside rather pale violet-blue. Forewing with dark blue iridescent scales at the base and along two-thirds of the hinder marginal space. Hind- wing with the basal and abdominal portions with similar iridescent scales; both wings with brown marginal line. *, Cilia white witha basal brown band. Underside pale violet- grey, all the veins more or less prominent, marginal line brown. Forewing with a black thin linear mark at the end of the cell, on a round white spot; some bright iridescent blue scales at the base, outer part of the wing palest, the interspaces being somewhat whitish. //indwing with the basal and abdominal portions broadly irrorated with blue iridescent scales, a large pale whitish spot or round patch at the end of the cell, with the whitish colour continued in the interspace above vein 4 down to the outer margin, which contains a series of rather broad whitish streaks in all the inter- spaces, each streak containing a fine line of the ground colour ; with the exception of the mark at the end of the cell of the forewing there are no other marks or spots on either wing. Cilia pure white without the basal band. Female. Upperside violet-brown with some basal blue scales on the forewing and on both basal and abdominal portions of the hindwing, a few markings on the outer margin of the latter, like nearly obsolete pale spots. Underside coloured like the male. PLEBEINAL. 25 Forewing with the black spot at the end of the cell larger, and on the outer margin a series of pale white spots, with small lunular grey marks inside them; blue iridescent scales on both wings as in the male. Hindwing with the white cell patch and the streak to the sub-terminal series broader, commencing with a point below the cell patch and widening outwards, a series of rather large white terminal spots with brownish spots inside them, capped with orange, the orange marks with what looks like a series of brownish lunules on their inner. sides, but the specimen is somewhat faded and all the marginal markings of the hindwing are very indistinct; no other spots or markings on either wing. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body blackish-brown above, white beneath. Expanse of wings, $ ? 14% inches. Hasrrat.—Ladak. The above description and figures are taken from Felder’s types from the Tring Museum ; they are in fairly good condition, though apparently somewhat faded ; de Nicéville suggested that they were dwarfed examples of Ariana, Moore, and Bingham sank Ariana to Stoliezkana, but they had evidently never seen Felder’s types, which have no resemblance to Moore’s species. There are two examples of Stoliczkana in the B. M. which have some of the usual discal spots on the underside more or less visible. POLYOMMATUS DEVANICA. Plate 646, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, g. Polyommatus devanica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 573, pl. 66, fig. 4, ¢. Lyczna devanica, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 71 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 344 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky purplish-brown with blue scaling on the basal portions, sometimes covering the greater portion of the wings, but the amount is very irregular and varying; a black lunular mark at the end of the cell in both wings and black terminal line. Underside dark brownish-grey, or greyish-brown ; much darker than usual, the spots black, large and prominent, and broadly ringed with white. Forewing with one at the end of the cell, a discal series of five (sometimes six) spots, the upper one inwards, the third, fourth and fifth from the top rather oblique ; just outside this series is a row of brown lunular marks, a sub-terminal row of smaller brown marks, all more or less ringed with whitish, and a brown marginal line. Lindwing with four sub-basal spots almost in a line, a spot at the end of the cell, a discal series of five spots almost in a line, the lower two geminate, the series completed to seven by a spot near the middle of the costa and another outwardly below it; marginal line brown, a series of sub-marginal brown spots, the lower two small and geminate, each capped with pale orange and edged outwardly by a white line, the orange edged VOL. VIII. E 26 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. inwardly by brown lunules, the latter again inwardly edged by white lunules, these white lunules expanding into a white patch in the middle of the disc. Female. Upperside uniformly dark brown with a few blue-grey basal scales, very neatly resembling the male, cell marks and marginal line black. Underside slightly darker, markings as in the male. Cilia white with brown spots opposite the extremity of the veins. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish above, with a little blue pubescence, white beneath. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 144; inches. Hasrrat.—Ladak, Kashmir. DisTRIBUTION.—It is in the B, M. from Dras, Gorais Valley, as well as the type from Ladak ; in our collection from Ladak. POLYOMMATUS ARIANA. Plate 646, figs. 2, $, 2a, 2, 2b, ¢ (Wet-season Brood), 2c, g, 2d, 9, 2e, g, 2f, 9 (Dry-season Brood=arene, Fawcett). Polyommatus ariana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 504, pl. 31, fig. 2, ¢; and 1874, p. 271; id. Sci. Res. Second Yarkand Miss. Lep. p. 6 (1879). Lyczena ariana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 246. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p- 133. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 72 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 379. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 672. Cupido ariana, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 368; id. Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 149. Lyczena sutleja, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 246. Lycena stoliczkana, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 341, pl. 19, fig. 130, g (1907). Lyczena arene, Fawcett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, p. 137, pl. 9, fig. 4. Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, 3, 2a, ?, 2b, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue. orewing with a blackish costal line, and rather broad marginal blackish border, and inside this border is a series of very indistinct, pale bluish short marks in the interspaces ; an indistinct small blackish spot at the upper end of the cell. Hindwing with the costa rather broadly suffused with pale blackish, and a marginal, inwardly suffused blackish band, broader than the marginal band of the forewing; some dull blue scales on the basal portions of both wings, marginal line black. Underside rather dark brownish-grey with basal blue irrorations ; markings black, ringed with white. orewing with a spot inside the cell, another sometimes below it, neither always present, a slender short lunular mark at the end, a series of seven discal spots, curved inwards above, the lowest two small and geminate, a grey terminal line, and short greyish linear sub-terminal marks. Hindwing a little darker, three sub-basal spots, the lowest more or less obsolete, a very slender pale PLEBEINA. 27 lunular line in a triangular white patch at the end of the cell, a discal series of eight spots, the lowest two minute and geminate, the upper three in an outward line, the remainder angled inwards in an inwardly curved series, terminal line grey, sub-terminal white spots with grey centres, the middle ones expanding inwards in a white streak, the series of white spots with brown thin lunules on their inner sides capped with minute slender brown lunular marks. Cilia white. Antennee black, ringed with white ; head and body blackish above with purplish pubescence, white beneath. Female. Upperside brown, generally without any markings, but in some examples there are some sub-terminal orange spots on the lower portion of both wings. Under- side darker than in the male, the markings similar. Expanse of wings, S ? 1345 inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2c, g, 2d, ?, 2e, ¢, 2f, 2). Male. Upperside brilliant grey-blue, with some darker blue irrorations at the base. orewing with the costal line very finely black, marginal line of both wings black, with some short slender black lines running in on the veins. HHindwing with the costal space slightly suffused with pale blackish. Cilia white. Underside very much paler than in the other form, the blue scales at the base, and especially in the abdominal portion of the hindwing, more extensive and brighter, markings similar, the outer area of both wings often nearly white. Female like the same sex of the Wet-season form, but the sub-terminal orange spots on both wings on the upperside are always present and prominent; the series is, however, seldom complete, especially on the forewing; on the underside the spots are usually smaller and more round, and the size is very variable. Expanse of wings, f 1345 to 15°5, 2 14% to 1,4 inches. Hasirat.—W. Himalayas. DistripuTion.— Recorded by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, by Leslie ’ and Evans from Chitral, by Doherty from Naini Tal (4,000 to 8,000 feet), by Moore from Kashmir, by de Nicéville from Kunawar, Mataran, Dras Valley (11,000 feet), Leh ; in the B. M. also from Thundiani, and in our collection also from Kulu and the Gorais Valley ; the type of arene came from Khamba Jong, Thibet (15,000 feet elevation). ‘Note.—Colonel Fawcett has very kindly lent us his type of arene for figuring (2c and 2e); it is a very good example of the Dry-season form of ariana; we possess some identical with it from Kashmir. POLYOMMATUS DRUNELA, nov. Plate 646, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, @. Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining opalescent blue, some brilliant blue-green scales at the base and along the hinder margin of the forewing, and covering the whole of the nH 2 28 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. hindwing except the narrow marginal portions; costal line of forewing, and outer marginal line of both wings black. Cilia brownish at the base, its outer portion white, tipped with grey. Underside dark chocolate-grey, some green scaling in the basal portion of the hindwing ; spots deep black, ringed with white. orewing with a thick lunular spot at the end of the cell, an evenly, outwardly curved, discal series of six round spots, the lowest in the first median interspace. Hindwing with three sub-basal spots in a row, the lower two rather close together; an evenly outwardly curved discal series of seven round spots, the lowest geminate, a white streak between the fourth and fifth spots, running into a small white patch at the end of the cell; which contains a very fine lunular line ; both wings with a terminal fine black line, sub-terminal black spots, outwardly edged with white, and inwardly with orange, capped with black lunules. Cilia pure white. Female. Upperside dark chocolate-brown, black lunular spot at the end of the cell of the forewing, and both wings with sub-terminal black spots capped with orange, four on the lower part of the forewing and five on the hindwing. Underside much darker than in the male, markings similar but larger, and brighter coloured, and in addition on the forewing there is a spot inside the cell and another below it, the latter in the left wing being geminate. Expanse of wings, $ $ 1 inch. Haprrat.—Peshawar, types in Mus. Druce. The underside in both sexes is much like the underside -of Plebeius astrarche, Bergstriisser. POLYOMMATUS BILUCHA. Plate 647, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, ¢. Lycena bilucha, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 24. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 340. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 76 (1890). Lycena balucha, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. 1. p. 340 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining opalescent purplish-blue, base of both wings and abdominal area of hindwing with iridescent dark blue scales ; costal line of fore- wing and marginal line of both wings black. Cilia white with a grey basal line. Underside grey, markings black edged with white. J orewing with a spot inside the cell and another below it, a short lunular mark at the end, a discal row of six spots, elbowed outwards in the 6th interspace. Hindwing with three sub-basal spots, and a deeply curved discal row of seven spots, the upper one just below the middle of the costa the largest, both wiags with some blue scales at the base, a marginal fine brown line, a sub-terminal series of spots, brown on forewing, black on the hindwing, followed by a series of orange spots inwardly edged by blackish lunules. Antennz black, ringed with white ; head and body blackish above with blue hairs, whitish beneath. PLEBEIN. 29 Female. Upperside brown with some blue scaling at the base, a slender marginal black line to both wings ; a black spot at the end of the cell of forewing and sometimes a sub-marginal series of orange spots, generally obsolete. Hindwing with a terminal series of black indistinct spots, with pale surroundings, nearly obsolete, sometimes bnt not often with orange markings ; in most examples all but the terminal series of black indistinct spots of the hindwing are wanting. Underside as in the male, but the ground colour is darker and the markings on the hindwing generally smaller. Expanse of wings, f ? 13°5 inches. Hasirat.—Beluchistan. DisrriputTion.—The type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; de Nicéville records it from Quetta, and we have both sexes from Shurog, Quetta and Chaman. POLYOMMATUS FUGITIVA. Plate 647, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, 2 (Wet-season Brood), 2d, g, 2e, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Lycena fugitiva, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 606; id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 207. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 340. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 74 (1890). Lyczna persica, Butler (nec Bienert), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 407 ; id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, p- 207. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 340. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 74 (1890). Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 672. Lycena icarus, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 339 (1907). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, 3, 2a, 2, 2b, f, 2c, 2). Imaco.—Male. A local form of P. icarus. Upperside bright lilacine blue, with some darker blue scaling at the base of both wings and on the abdominal portion of the hindwing, a fine black costal line to forewing and on the outer margin of both wings. Underside grey with bright blue scales at the base of both wings and on the abdominal portion of the hindwing, markings black with white edges. vrewing with a spot in the cell and another below it, a lunule at the end and a discal row of seven spots, the lowest two small, pale and geminate; the row is evenly curved outwards above the middle and ‘inwards below it. Hindwing with three sub-basal spots, a pale thin lunular line at the end of the cell and a discal row of eight very small spots, the lowest two geminate, the row elbowed outwards in the fifth interspace ; the spots all of a size; both wings with brown terminal line, and sub-terminal spots followed by very pale and obscure orange spots (seldom visible) edged on their inner sides by blackish lunules. Cilia white, grey at its base. Antennze black, ringed with white; head and body blackish above with blue hairs, white beneath. Female. Upperside brown, with some blue scaling at the base of both wings. Forewing with two or three sub-marginal orange spots below the middle and indications 30 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. of paler-spots upwards, but generally these spots are absent. Hindwing with some very indistinct blackish sub-terminal marks. Underside dark brownish-grey, markings as in the male, but the orange spots near the outer margin of the hindwings, though pale, are distinctly visible. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 14% inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2d, 2, 2e, 2). Male and Female do not differ from the other form, except in their smallness of size and paler colour, and with all the markings on the underside very minute, and the orange sub-terminal spots on both wings of the female above are often complete. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1 inch. Haspirat.—Beloochistan, Kandahar. DistRIBuTIon.—The types came from Quetta, in North Baleockiceee there are many examples in our collection taken at Kandahar, Chaman and Quetta, anid we have received it from Gwal, Sheerog, Karian and the Lora Valley; it is no doubt a local form of P. icarus, Rottenbure. POLYOMMATUS CHITRALENSIS, nov. Plate 647, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Imaco.—Male. A local form of P. icarus. Upperside dark lavender-blue. Forewing with a slender black costal line, both wings with black terminal line. Cilia white, with a brown basal band. Underside dark grey, spots black ringed with white, much larger and more prominent than in P. fugitiva or P. yarkundensis, markings similarly disposed, but there are eight spots in the discal row on the hindwing, the lowest two being twin spots ; in some examples the sub-marginal orange spots of the hindwing are very prominent. Female. Upperside dark brown with a pinkish-ochreous tint. orewing in some examples without any markings, in others there are three or four pale orange sub- terminal spots above the hinder angle. /Hindwing with a more or less complete series of sub-terminal black spots marked with blue on the outer side and with orange capped with dark brown lunules on the inner side, prominent in some examples, more or less obsolescent in others. Underside darker than in the male and more pinkish tinged, all the spots and also the sub-terminal orange spots on both wings large and prominent. Expanse of wings, ? 2 1445 inches. Hasirat.—Chitral, Sane se and four females in the B. M. The tint of the blue colour of the upperside in the males is different to the other forms of P. icarus, PLEBEINA. 31 POLYOMMATUS YARKUNDENSIS. Plate 64$, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢, 1c, ¢ (Wet-season Brood), 1d, ¢, le, ? (Dry-season Brood). Polyommatus yarkundensis, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878, p. 229 ; id. Sci. Res. Second Yarkand Miss. Lep. p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 8 (1879). Lycena yarkundensis, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 75 (1890). Polyommatus kashgharensis, Moore, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878, p. 230; id. Sci, Res. Second Yarkand Miss. Lep. p. 5, pl. i. fig. 7, g (1879). Lyczna kashgharensis, de Nicéville, 1.c. Lycena icarus, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 339 (1907). Wet-season Brood = yarkundensis (Figs. 1,-3, 1a, 2, 1b, 2, le 2). Imaco.—Male. A local form of P. zcarus. Upperside of a beautiful lilacine-blue with a rich satiny lustre, terminal line black. Cilia white with a brownish basal band, some darker blue scaling at the base of both wings. Underside grey with blue-green scaling at the base of both wings and along the abdominal portion of the hindwing ; spots black, ringed with white. J vrewing with a spot in the middle of the cell, a lunule at the end, and a discal series of seven spots, the lowest two small and geminate ; the series even, and well curved outwards above its middle. Hindwing with a pale brown lunular mark at the end of the cell, four sub-basal spots in a line, a well curved discal series of six spots; both wings with terminal brown line, sub-terminal brown lunules, and between them a series of small pale brown spots surrounded with whitish, those on the forewing more or less obsolescent. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body blackish above, covered with blue hairs, white beneath. Female. Upperside dark brown with a purplish tint, some blue scaling at the base, and sub-terminal series of four or five orange spots above the lower angles of both wings, those on the hindwing capped with obscure black lunules, and having black spots in them which are edged on the terminal side with white. Cilia white with blackish basal band. Underside dark grey with a pinkish-ochreous tint, with some basal blue scales, spots arranged as in the male, but in the forewing there is an extra spot immediately below the spot in the centre of the cell ; the sub-terminal markings on both wings are very prominent and contain a series of orange spots below the sub- terminal lunules. Expanse of wings, f 1445 to 14%, $ 1435 to 145 inches. Dry-season Brood = kashgarensis (Figs. 1d, 3, le, ?). Male, Upperside similar to the Wet-season form, but the colour brighter with a slight lavender tint, the costal space of the hindwing suffused with blackish. Under- 32 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. side with the markings disposed as in the other form, but smaller, and on the hindwing the basal blue irrorations are less, and the sub-terminal lunules are attached to pale orange spots. Female. Upperside blue, of a paler and duller colour than the male. vrewing with a rather broad blackish terminal band containing a. series of sub-terminal orange spots which decrease in size upwards, and become obsolete above the middle. Ilindwing with the costa broadly suffused with blackish, terminal line black, and a sub-terminal series of five orange spots, inwardly edged with slender black lunules. Underside darker than in the male, markings similarly disposed, both wings with the sub-terminal series of black lunules inwardly edged with white, and the space between them and the black spots near the margin filled in with prominent orange spots. Expanse of wings, f 17/5, 2 1,15 to 1;4inches. Hasirat.—Kashgar, Yarkand. Three males and four females of the Wet-season form, and five males and three females of the Dry-season form in the B. M. The type (a female) is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, a co-type (also a female) is in the B. M., it is much worn and broken, but there can be no doubt it is a female of the Wet-season brood of this local form of icarus. Genus AZANUS. Azanus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 79 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 122 (1850). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 361 (1907). Eyes hairy. Forewing with the cell half as long as the wing; vein 11 emitted at one-third before the end of cell, strongly bent upwards and anastomosing with 12 for a short distance, then free; 10 free, 9 out of 7; 8 absent; 7 emitted a little before upper end of cell, 6 from the upper end, 4 from the lower end, 3 from well before the end ; costa arched, apex sub-acute, outer margin rounded, hinder angle obtuse, hinder margin straight. Hindwing with vein 3 emitted before the lower end of the cell. Costa rounded, apex broadly so, outer margin convex, anal angle angular, abdominal margin strongly convex in the middle, concave just before the angle. It differs, however, from the other Plebeids in vein 11 anastomosing with 12 for a short distance, whereas in true Plebeids vein 12 is bent towards 11, but does not touch it. Genitalia almost if not absolutely congeneric with Euchrysops, and is not strictly Plebeid. Type, Ubaldus, Cramer. PLEBEIN £. 33 AZANUS UBALDUS. Plate 648, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Papilio ubaldus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 209, pl. 390, figs. L, M (1782). Herbst. Pap. pl. 312, figs. 3, 4, § (1804). Polyommatus ubaldus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 682 (1823). Azanus ubaldus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 245. Butler, id. 1886, p. 366. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. Hampson, id. 1888, p. 357. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 123. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 380. Nurse, id. 1899, p. 512, de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 488. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 362, pl. 19, fig. 138 (1907). Catochrysops ubaldus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 149. Lyczna zena, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 505, pl. 31, fig. 9, 9. Azanus zena, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 483, and 1885, p. 763, and 1886, p. 365. Swinhoe, id. 1884, p. 507, and 1885, p. 134, and 1886, p. 428. Imaco.—Male. Upperside bluish-purple, with a slight shade of brown in the middle of the wings. Forewing with the outer margin edged with brownish, the cell and beyond it in the disc covered with hair-like specialized scales. HHindwing also with brown marginal edgings, two black sub-terminal spots in interspaces 1 and 2, the latter the larger and more prominent ; both wings with white cilia, black at its base. Underside pale grey. vrewing with the markings pale brown, edged with white ; a streak from the base to the middle of the wing near the costa; a bar at the end of the cell, a black sub-costal spot above it, another similar spot a little further forward, an upper discal bar from the costa to the middle of the wing, short bar below it on the inner side, a sub-terminal broken line, a terminal line, and some short linear marks between them. Hindwing with three sub-basal black spots in a line, the lower two rather close together, a sub-costal black spot near the apex, two sub-terminal similar spots near the anal angle, all large and prominent and edged with white, all the other markings brown, also edged with white, a line at the end of the cell, a discal broken band of three linear marks, terminal brown line, sub-terminal sinuous line and some more or less angulated spots between them. Female. Upperside blue, more or less suffused with brown, with purplish-bluc suffusion, and terminal black line; a sub-terminal series of brown spots ringed with white, one near the anal angle large and prominent, sometimes with two; capped often with very pale orange ; all the other spots capped with white and with another row of whitish lunules; these sub-terminal marks varying much in different specimens. Antenne black, ringed with white, apex of club also white ; head and body dark brown above with blue pubescence, white beneath. Expanse of wings, S ? 3% to 1 inch. Hasirat.—India, Ceylon. VOL. VIII. EF 34 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, DistrrpuTion.—The type came from the Coromandel Coast. Doherty recorded it from Kumaun, Ranibagh and the Kali Valley, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, de Rhé-Philipe from Lucknow, Nurse from Kutch, Hampson from the Nilgiris ; we took it at Poona, Karachi, Mhow, Ahmednugger and Aden; it is never very common, but is generally distributed throughout India, and both de Nicéville and Bingham record it from Ceylon. AZANUS URANUS. Plate 648, figs. 3, g, 3a, g. Azanus uranus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 366, pl. 35, fig. 1, g; id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 146. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 124 (1890). Nurse, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1899, p. 512. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p 488. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt.ii. p. 363 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside coloured like A. ubaldus, but paler; terminal line black, no brown edgings ; the two blackish spots near the anal angle of the hindwing obsolescent. Underside grey, darker than in ubaldus, markings similarly disposed, but very obscure, and the black sub-costal and sub-basal spots on the hindwing very small, and the discal series somewhat differently disposed, being composed of short lunules joimed together and broken at its upper end. Female. Upperside much paler than in ulaldus, the blue basal suffusion more extensive. Underside like the male in colour, the markings very ill-defined, the sub- basal spots on the hindwing obsolescent, sometimes absent, the outer sub-costal spot present, the two sub-terminal spots near the anal angle large. Cilia, antenne, head and body as in ubaldus. Expanse of wings, 2 1 inch. Hasirat.—India. © DistTRIBUTION.—We took it in Beluchistan, Karachi, Poona and Mhow, Irvine in Malda, Yerbury in Campbellpur and Chitta Pahar, Punjab; Leslie and Evans record it from Chitral, de Rhé-Philipe from Lucknow, Nurse from Kutch. AZANUS GAMRA. Plate 648, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, g. Lyczna gamra, Lederer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. y. p. 189, pl. i. fig. 3, ¢ (1855). Azanus gamra, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 132. de Nicévyille, Butt. of India, iii. p. 125, pl. 26, fig. 176, g (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34, and 1891, p. 44. Azanus crameri, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 80, pl. 36, fig. 1 (1881). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 357. Azarus jesous, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 363 (1907). PLEBEIN 4. 35 Imaco.—Male. Upperside greyish-blue, both wings with black outer marginal line, with a little narrow, blackish suffusion inside it. Cilia white, with a black basal band. Underside grey, with a slight pinkish suffusion, markings brown, edged with white. Horewing with a streak from the base, which is blackish basally, a black spot inside the cell, a thick lunular mark at the end, and another between it and the black cell spot, beyond the cell are three bars from the costa, the middle one the thinnest, the first and second descend to vein 2, the third to vein 3, the first expands a little on vein 2, below these bars are two short oblique streaks. Terminal line black, sub- terminal line brown, composed of lunular marks joined together, and between them a series of spots, the lower one lunular. Hindwing with a black spot near the base, joined to the base by a thick black streak, four sub-basal spots in a line, the two upper ones larger than the other two, a black spot on the middle of the costa, a brown lunule at the end ofthe cell, and a discal curve of lunular marks in three pieces, with a linear mark on the white ground, in the middle beyond them ; terminal line black, a sub-terminal line of conjoined brown lunules, and between them a series of black spots, decreasing in size hindwards, except the second and third from the anal angle, which are large, all the spots edged with white. Female. Pale grey blue, suffused more or less with brownish, the inner portion of both wings often quite pale, and the veins somewhat prominent. Forewing with a black lunule at the end of the cell, the costa and outer margins broadly brownish. Hindwing with the costa and outer margin more narrowly brown. Underside as in the male, spots more prominent. Expanse of wings, S ? 1 inch. Hasrrat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Aden, Abyssinia, South Africa, Syria. DistrisuTion.—Lederer’s type came from Syria; we took it at Poona, Mhow and Aden ; Doherty records it from Kumaun, Moore from Ceylon, Watson from Mysore and Chin Lushai, Hampson from the Nilgiris, de Nicéville from Umballa, Orissa and Madras, Bingham from Baluchistan, Oudh, the Central Provinces and Upper Burma. ALLIED MALAYAN SPECIES. Azanus asialis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, vol. x. p. 33, pl. 8, fig. 22, $. Habitat, N.E. Sumatra. Genus ORTHOMIELLA. Orthomiella, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 125 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii, p. 368 (1907). Hyes hairy. forewing, cell large, more than half the length of the wing, vein 3 from before lower end of cell, 4 from the end, 5 from junction of lower and middle F 2 36 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. discocellulars, 6 from upper end of cell, 7 from before upper end, 8 absent, 9 from apical half of 7, 10 free, 11 and 12 anastomosed for a part of their length, 12 ends before end of cell. Hindwing with the cell about half the length of the wing, vein 3 from a little before lower end of cell, 8 strongly arched, then straight to apex, running very close to the costal margin. Costa slightly concave, apex obtuse, outer margin slightly sinuous, hinder angle somewhat rounded. Antenne about half as long as the costa of forewing, club stout, abrupt, spatulate ; palpi sub-porrect, with a bristly fringe of hairs in front, third joint acicular, body moderately stout, its genitalia is Plebeid, and in its hairy eyes, anastomising of veins 11 and 12 and in its general characters it is closely allied to Azanus. Type, pontis, Elwes. ORTHOMIELLA PONTIS. Plate 648, fies. 5, ¢, 5a, 9, 5b, g. Chilades (?) pontis, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 446; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1883, p. 384, pl. 8, fig. 5, ¢. Orthomiella pontis, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 126, pl. 26, fig. 177, g (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 660. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 369, pl. 19, fig. 139. (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep purplish-brown, with a lilacine tint in certain lights, terminal line of both wings blackish. Cilia brown alternated with white. Underside grey with a pinkish tinge. orewing, a brown bar across the middle of the cell, and another across the end, a discal series of conjoined brown bats, three in a row, from near the costa to vein 4, the fourth a little inwards, the fifth and sixth hindwards from the inner side of the fourth ; the base of the wing irrorated with black scales; all the bars edged with fine whitish lines. Mindwing with the base and lower half of cell densely irrorated with black scales, with small patches of paler scales, bands brown as on the forewing, but not edged with whitish, a sub-basal band of bars commencing with a large spot near the costa, the rest of the band more or less obliterated by the black scaling; a bar at the end of the cell, and a discal irreeular band of conjoined bars outwardly curved, its lower portion obliterated by the black scaling, both wines with a pale terminal line and a sub-terminal series of angular brown spots, one in each inter- space. Antenne dark brown, speckled with white; head and body purplish-brown above, blackish-brown beneath. Female. Upperside dark brown, the inner portion of the forewing purplish-blue, with a bright blue sheen in certain lights; the blue colour much more extensive on the hindwing. Underside like the male, but the markings are more pronounced, and the basal black irrorations less extensive. Expanse of wings, ¢ , 1415 inches. Haprrat.—sikkim, 6,000 feet, North Chin Hills, Upper Burma. PLEBEINZ. 37 ALLIED CHINESE SPECIES. Orthomiella sinensis, Chilades (7) sinenses, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 446. Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 339, pl. 31, fig. 19, 9 (1893). Habitat, Chang Yang. Genus EDALES, nov. Catochrysops, Moore (part), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 90, 1881. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 223 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 175 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 410, (1907). Eyes naked. Forewing, cell half as long as the wing, vein 7 from well before upper end of cell, 8 absent, 9 from middle of 7, 11 free from 12. Wing comparatively short, costa arched, apex moderately acute, outer margin convex, hinder angle obtuse, hinder margin straight. Hindwing, cell short, less than half the length of the wing ; vein 3 emitted a little before lower end of cell, 7 a little before the upper end ; costa slightly arched, apex and outer margin rounded, hinder angle well marked, hinder margin slightly convex, a filamentous tail ; genitalia distinctly Plebeid. Type, pandava, Horsfield. EDALES PANDAVA. Plate 649, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, 9 (Wet-season Brood), lc, g, 1d, 9 (Dry-season Brood), le (larva and pupa). Lyczna pandava, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 84 (1829). Catochrysops pandava, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 92, pl. 37, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, larva and pupa (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 225, pl. 21, fig. 17, g (1884). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 47; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 183, pl. 27, fig. 187, 9 (Wet-season Form), p. 184, pl. 27, fig. 188, 9 (Dry-season Form) (1890) ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 386. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 627. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 46. Betham, id. p. 179. Watson, id. 1897, p. 661. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 381. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 488. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 413 (1907). Catochrysops nicola, Swinhoe, Proce. Zool. Soe. 1885, p. 132. Catochrysops bengalia, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 47. Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, 3, 1a, ?, 1b, ?). Imaco.— Male. Upperside lavender-blue, costal line of forewing and outer marginal line of both wings black. Hindwing with a sub-terminal series of black spots with a thin white line between them, and the terminal black line, the spot at the end of interspace 2 large, inwardly crowned more or less broadly with pale ochreous-yellow ; tails black with white tips. Underside brownish-grey ; markings of the ground colour 38 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. formed by their white edges. Jorewing with a spot at the end of the cell, a discal row of six spots, the second from the lower end sometimes, but not always, a little inwards, the uppermost spot always so; a sub-terminal double row of short linear marks joined together, the inner row the heavier. Hindwing with four sub-basal black spots edged with white, decreasing in size hindwards, the lowest placed a little inwards on the abdominal margin, in some examples the lowest two spots are more or less obsolete, a mark at the end of the cell, a discal whorl of spots, the second and third from the upper end placed a little outside the others; a sub-terminal double row of conjoined lunular marks effaced near the anal angle by an orange patch, which forms the caps to two large black sub-anal spots, the inner one the larger, with sometimes one and sometimes two small black dots, one on each side of the spot nearest the anal angle; marginal line on both wings brown. Cilia brown, contaming a darker brown line. Antenne black ringed with white; head and body brown above with bluish hairs, beneath whitish. Female. Upperside. orewing with broad costal and outer marginal borders, the inner portion blue like the male, but paler, marginal line black. Hindwing with the costa broadly pale blackish-brown, the outer marginal band narrowly so, some white spear-shaped marks on its inner side, the inner portion of the wing dull blue with some basal blue iridescence, a series of sub-terminal black spots capped with white inwardly and lined with white outwardly, the first and often the second also capped with orange, the second always the largest and the others decreasing in size upwards. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 1525 inches. Dry-season Brood (= bengalia) (Figs. 1c, 3, 1d, 9). Male and Female like the other form, but generally paler and often duller in colour, sub-terminal spots on the hindwing less clearly defined, and in the female the blue iridescence is more extensive; on the underside the ground colour is generally darker, the markings not so well defined on the hindwing, the discocellular and discal bands sometimes coalesce and form an ill-defined diffuse medial cloud on the wing ; but this is by no means always the case, many specimens being without it. Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 1 to 14/5 inches. Larva.—Onisciform greenish or violet-brown above, with a dorsal darker brown line and white spots, and a yellow lateral line (Moore). Feeds on Cycadacee (Thwaites). When full grown a little over half an inch in length, of two distinct colours, some being bright green, others of a dark reddish-purple (vinous). They are of the usual Lycznid shape; the head very small, black, shining, and hidden beneath the second segment, the third segment larger than the second, the other segments of about equal size, the anal segment flattened and rounded, divisions between the segments well marked. PLEBEING. 39 The larva throughout is very rough, widely pitted or depressed, and covered with very minute white tubercles bearing very short fine hairs, neither the hairs nor the tubercles being visible without a lens. The body at its highest and widest. part is wider than high. It is extremely variable in markings, hardly any two being exactly alike ; there is usually a dark dorsal, sub-dorsal and lateral line dividing the upper surface of the body into three equal areas, the dorsal and two subdorsal lines coalescing on the eleventh segment, and forming a broad band to the thirteenth. In some examples the divisions between the segments are marked with darker, and there is a sub-dorsal series of oblique lines, one on each segment, between the dorsal and sub-dorsal lines. The underside of the body and legs seem to be always pale green. The erectile organs on the twelth segment very small. Feeds in Calcutta on Cycas revoluta. In Calcutta three species of ants attend this larva, which Professor Forel has identified for me: Prenolepis longicornis, Latreille, Monomorium speculare, Mayr, and Cremasto- gaster, 1. sp. Pupa.—Violet-brown, thick, head truncate (Moore); of the usual Lycznid form, quite smooth, more or less fuscous, with a darker dorsal and sub-dorsal line, head-case somewhat square, thorax slightly humped and constricted posteriorly, spiracles pale. Though the larve swarm in April and May in Calcutta on the cultivated Cycads in gardens, eating the hardly-opened shoots or fronds, thereby utterly destroying the appearance of the plant for the year, I have never succeeded in finding the pupa on the plants, and can only conclude that the ants drive the full-grown larve down the stems of the plants into their nests, where the larve undergo their transformations (de Nicéville). Hasirat.—-India, Ceylon, Burma and the Malay sub-region. DistrisuTion.—Moore records it from Ceylon, Elwes from Bernardmyo, Betham from the Central Provinces, Watson from the Chin Hills and Chin Lushai, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, de Rhé-Philipe from Lucknow, de Nicéville from the Himalayas, Orissa, Kanara, Bangalore, Pulni Hills, Andamans, Nicobars; the type came from Java. Norr.—The Ceylon examples are always of a paler and more brilliant blue colour than those from India. Genus EUCHRYSOPS. Euchrysops, Butler, Soc. Ent, xxxiii. p. 1 (1900). Catochrysops, Moore (part), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 90 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 223 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 175 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 410 (1907). Eyes naked. orewing, cell half the length of the wing, vein 7 from a little before upper end of cell, 8 absent, 9 from middle of 7, 10 from apical third of sub-costal 40 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. vein, 11 with its base well separated from 10, but touching vein 12 above its middle, 12 being bent towards it, wing longer than in Edales, costa less arched, outer margin less rounded. Hindwing with vein 3 from a little before lower end of cell, 7 from well before its upper end, costa slightly arched, apex and outer margin rounded; a filamentous tail. Genitalia very special, and differ much from that of Edales, more inclined to Plebeid than to any other form. Type, enejus, Fabricius. EUCHRYSOPS CNEJUS. Plate 649, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g (Wet-season Brood), 2c, ¢, 2d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Hesperia cnejus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 430 (1798). Polyommatus cnejus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 657 (1823). Lyezna enejus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. &3 (1829). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 773, Herrich-Schiiffer, Ex. Schmett. ii. fig. 120, 2 (1869). Lumpides cnejus, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 165 (1869). Semper, Journ. Mus. Godef. xiv. p. 158 (1879). Cupido cnejus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 348. Catochrysops cnejus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 92 (1881). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 605. Moore, id. 1882, p. 246. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 225, pl. 21, fig. 2, g (1884), and p- 456, pl. 44, fig. 15, 9 (1886). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 358. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 178 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34. Betham, id. 1891, p. 179. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 297. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 661. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 381. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 488. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 48. Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. 0. p. 415 (1907). Euchrysops enejus, Butler, Soc. Ent. xxxiii. p. 1 (1900). Catochrysops cneius, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 133. Lycena pandia, Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 418 (1848). Lycena patala, Kollar, l.c. p. 419. Lampides patala, Butler, Trans. Linn Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 547. Catochrysops patala, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 148. Swinhoe, id. 1885, p. 131, and 1886, p. 426. Lyczna samoa, Herrich-Schiiffer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxx. p. 37, pl. 4, fig. 18, 9, also p. 138 (1869). Catochrysops theseus, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 131, pl. 9, fig. 8, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 180 (1890), Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, g, 2a, $, 2b, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside violet-blue. orewing with the outer marginal line black, inwardly edged with brownish, which is broadest at the apex. Sindwing with the marginal line black, two sub-terminal black spots in interspaces 1 and 2, with white outer and orange inner edges, the latter the larger. Cilia whitish, grey at its base ; tail black, tipped with white. Underside grey, markings pale brown edged with white. Forewing with a lunular mark at the end of the cell, a discal line of short PLEBEINZ. 41 linear marks, curved slightly inwards at its upper end, and rather close to a sub- terminal double line of short linear marks, rather darker in colour. Hindwing with three sub-basal black spots in a curve, and another black spot in the middle of the costa, a discal series of spots, the uppermost one outside the others, the lowest one well inside, the lowest two more or less lunular, a sub-terminal series of spots, decreasing in size upwards, those in interspaces 1 and 2 black, the latter the larger, both marked with orange on their inner sides, all enclosed by a line of lunules joined together ; both wings with a terminal brown line. Female. Upperside. orewing blackish-brown at the base, with broad blackish- brown costal and outer borders, the inner portion of the wing blue with iridescent scales. Hindwing with the costa broadly blackish-brown, the outer margin narrowly so, the sub-terminal spots large and prominent, with smaller blackish spots with whitish outer edges continued up the wing, with a row of spear-shaped, whitish spots on their inner side. Underside as in the male, the two black sub-terminal spots on the hind- wing with some metallic blue scales. Cilia white. Antenne black, speckled with white; head and body dark blackish-brown above, with some blue scales, white beneath. 'Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 134; to 1,5 inches. Dry-season Brood (= patala) (Figs. 2c, 3, 2d, ?). Male and Female above and below similar to the Wet-season form, the coloration paler, the markings on the underside smaller. Expanse of wings, $ ? 14/5 to 14%; inches. GenITALIA.— Harpago long, very narrow, apex somewhat spatulate and excoriated, covered with stiff bristles, all through its lower edge and terminal third of upper edge ; cingula bent closely over harpagines as in veres, tegumen deeply cleft, with long strong falces, in close proximity to the harpagines as in Hveres; furca short and broad ; zedceagus of moderate and even width, with a bend near the middle. Larva.—Of the usual Lycznid shape, the head small, black shining, retractile. Colour of body pale green with darker green or reddish dorsal and sub-dorsal lines, the latter coalesced into a broad band between the eleventh and last segments. The entire surface of the body covered with minute white tubercles, there are also a few scattered white hairs. The segmental constrictions shallow. Spiracles black ; extensile organs on the twelfth segment small. The larva is broader than high in its higher part, increasing in width to fourth segment, from thence to the flattened anal segment of about uniform width. Bred by me in Caleutta on Phaseolus trilobus, Linn. Mr. W. C. Taylor reports that the larva feeds in Orissa on Dolichos catjany, Roxb. Dr. A. Forel identifies the ant in Calcutta as Camponotus rubripes (= sylvaticus, Fabr.), sub- species, compressus, Fabr. VOL, VIII. G 42 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Pupa.—Very pale green, the abdominal segments somewhat opaque ; of the usual Lyceenid shape, no distinctive structure or markings. Head-case square, thorax slightly humped, slightly constricted before the first abdominal segment, a dark dorsal line extending the whole length; spiracles black; entire surface smooth, not hairy (de Nicéville). Hasrrat.—Throughout India, Ceylon and the Malayan sub-region, extending to Australia. A very common insect. Note—The type-specimen of the variety theseus is unique, and as, until more examples are procured, it is impossible to decide by dissection whether it is a good form or not, we leave it here. EUCHRYSOPS CONTRACTA. Plate 650, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, 9 (Wet-season Brood), 1c, g, 1d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Lampides contracta, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 406, pl. 39, fig. 3, ¢. Catochrysops contracta, Butler, l.c. 1881, p. 606. Swinhoe, id. 1884, p. 506. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 297. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 181 (1890). Nurse, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1899, p. 512. Catochrysops ella, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 606, and 1886, p. 365. Swinhoe, id. 1884, p. 506, and 1886, p. 426. Swinhoe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1887, p. 273. de Nioéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 180 (1890). Catochrysops hapalina, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 148, pl. 24, figs. 2, §, 3, 9. Swinhoe, id. 1885, p. 131, and 1886, p.426. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, p.145. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 182 (1890). Catochrysops cnejus, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 415 (1907). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, 3, la, 2, 1b, ?). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark grey-blue tinged with lilac; both wings with a fine outer marginal black line and pure white cilia, with a blackish-brown basal band. Hindwing with a small terminal black spot in interspace 1, and a very minute black dot in the next interspace, not always present, without any white or orange edges; tail black tipped with white. Underside dark grey, markings disposed as in enejus, but very obscure, and on the hindwing the black sub-basal and costal spots are indicated by pale spots a little darker than the colour of the wing, and there is a distinct white fascia across the wing, between the discal row of spots and the sub-terminal series; the anal spots are small and obscure, and the orange and white edgings are very small and faint, and often absent. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body blackish-brown above, with some blue scales, white beneath. Female. Upperside coloured like the male, but darker. Forewing with the costa broadly blackish, the outer margin with a narrower blackish band. Hindwing with the costal portion suffused broadly with blackish, the outer marginal band about as PLEBEIN. 43 broad as on the forewing, with the spots and enclosing lunular line much as in the female of enejus, but generally without any indications of orange or white edgings, but sometimes there are indications of them. Underside as in the male, the markings and the white fascia on the hindwing more prominent. Expanse of wings, $ ¢ 4% inch. Dry-season Brood (Figs. le, #, 1d, 2). Male. Upperside very pale lilac-blue, marginal lines brown, the anal spots on the hindwing more prominent. Underside paler than in the other form, but like the Wet- season form the colour is of quite a different kind to that of enejus ; markings similar to those of the Wet form. Female. Upperside coloured like the male, but the costal and outer portions of the forewing are broadly suffused with pale brownish-grey, the markings on the hindwing as in the Wet form, but more distinct, the marginal spots ringed with white, the anal spots with pale ochreous. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ?, 78; inch. GENITALIA.—Harpago broad, longish, fore apex developed into a long hook ; altogether much more Plebeid than enejus ; cingula erect as in the Plebeids. Tegumen Plebeid in all particulars, the harpagines different, very deeply cleft, with long narrow pointed cheeks ; furca long and narrow as in the Plebeids ; edceagus narrow, angled at a quarter from the tip; the harpagines are nearer the arion group; cingula and tegumen essentially Plebeid. Nore.—Bingham has put contracta as a synonym to enejus; we believe he could not have had suttcient material to judge by. We have a very fine series of seasonal forms of both, and believing, as we always have maintained, that they are distinct from each other, we obtained from Mr. Bethune-Baker a diagnosis of the genitalia of each. Hasirat.—N.W. India. DistripuTion.—The type-specimens of all the above were collected by us; we took this species on the Hubb River in Beluchistan, in Kandahar, Karachi and Kutch. ALLIED CHINESE AND MALAYAN SPECIES. Euchrysops trifracta, Catochrysops trifracta, Butler, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1884, p. 194. Habitat, Rat Island, Straits of Malacca. Euchrysops luzonicus, Plebeius luzonicus, Rober, Tris, 1886, p. 60, pl. 5, fig. 22. Habitat, Philippines. Euchrysops arcana, Lycena arcana, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 43 (1890). Everes arcana, Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 329, pl. 31, fig. 1, 9 (1893). Habitat, W. China. 44 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Sub-Family LAMPIDINZ. Eyes hairy. orewing with vein 12 usually bent towards 11, sometimes touching it; in Jamides jomed by a short bar ; in Nacaduba they anastomose for a short dis- tance; 8 absent. The genitalia present much variation, most of the genera have a pistol-shaped eedoeagus much like that of Lyceenopsis (Chapman). Genus LAMPIDES. Lampides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816). Polyommatus, Moore (nec Latreille), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 93 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 230 (1884). de Niceville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 203 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 432 (1907). Eyes hairy. Forewing with cell less than half the length of the wing, veins 6 and 7 close together, 8 absent, 9 from the middle of 7, 10 and 11 from apical half of sub-costal, 12 bent towards 11, very close, touching it, but not anastomosed, 12 long, ends on costa opposite end of cell; costa very slightly arched, nearly straight, apex not acute, outer margin convex, hinder angle obtuse, hinder margin straight. Hind- wing with the cell very short, veins 3 and 4 from lower end of cell, 7 from a little before upper end, 8 arched at base, ends on costa before the apex; costa slightly arched, apex rounded, outer margin rather straight, especially in the female, hinder angle angulate, hinder margin rather long. Type, beticus, Linnzeus. LAMPIDES B@TICUS. Plate 650, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Papilio beticus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. xii. vol. i. (2), p. 789 (1767). Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 522 (1775) ; Sp. Ins. ii. p. 119 (1781) ; Mant. Ins. ii. p. 69 (1787). Esper, Schmett. i. (1), pl. 27, figs. 3a, b (1778), and part ii. pl. 91, fig. 3 (1784). Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 373, 374, g, 375, 9 (1798-1803). Polyommatus beticus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 653 (1823). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 93 (1881). Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1882, p. 31. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 214, fig. 64, neuration of forewing, p. 230, pl. 20, fig. 8, g, 1, 9 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 204, pl. 27, fic. 190, g¢ (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34, and 1891, p. 47, and 1897, p- 662. de Nicéville, id. 1890, p. 297. Betham, id. 1891, p. 179. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 381. Nurse, id. 1899, p. 512. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 489. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xvi. 1903, p. 48. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 432 (1907). LAMPIDIN£. 45 Lampides beticus, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 165 (1869). Semper, Journ. Mus. Godef. xiv. p. 158 (1879). Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 567. Hesperia betica, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 280 (1798). Lyczna betica, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 80 (1828). Boisduval, Sp. Gen. i. pl. 7, fig. 9, ¢ (1836). Guenée, An. Soc. Ent. France, fourth series, vii. p. 665, pl. 13, figs. 9 to 12, five posterior segments of larva showing special organs (1867). Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 99, pl. 22, figs. 2, 6 ?, pl. 28, fig. 5, pupa (1884). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 887. Pryer, Rhop. Niphonica, p. 17, pl. 4, fig. 22, g (1888). Papilio coluthez, Fuessly, Schweiz. Ins. p. 31, fig. 2 (1775). Papilio damoétes, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 526 (1775). Papilio archias, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 181, fig. C (1777). Papilio pisorum, Fourcroy, Ent. Paris, ii. p. 242 (1785). Imaco.—Male. Upperside violet-blue, with hair-like, whitish scales dispersed over the entire surface of both wings. Forewing with costal and outermarginal brown line, the latter often with a little inward brown suffusion. Hindwing with a similar marginal line, a rather large round black subterminal spot in interspace 2, a smaller spot in interspace 1, each spot ringed, sometimes with pale blue, sometimes with pale orange-ochreous. Cilia white, with a brown basal band ; tail black, tipped with white. Underside grey with a slight ochreous tinge, markings brownish. Forewing with a pair of bars across the middle of the cell, and a pair across the end, a pair in the disc, from near the costa to vein 3, continued a little inwards to the hinder margin in two pieces, all with white inside the pairs. Hindwing with eight or nine more or less sinuous brown fasciz at even distances apart, all the brown lines with white marks between them; both wings with brown terminal line, white subterminal line, then a series of white lunules, followed by white marks, more or less in echelon on the forewing, formed into a white narrow band on the hindwing, the whole surface of both wings having these markings at even distances apart; and there are small jet black subterminal spots, containing metallic, blue-green scales, broadly surrounded by orange, in interspaces 1 and 2. Female.. Upperside with some slight brownish suffusion, some shining blue scales at the base of both wings and in the interior portion of the forewing ; on the hindwing there are two spots in interspaces 1 and 2 as in the male, and some pale brown spots in continuation up the wing, all outwardly edged by a fine white subterminal line, and across the disc there is a narrow white band, divided by the veins. Underside as in the male. Antennae black, ringed with white; head and body blackish-brown above with blue pubescence, white beneath. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 143, to 14 inches. Larva, when full grown, measures 7%ths of an inch; pale dull green throughout, shagreened, but not hairy, except slightly so at the sides; the small retractile head smooth, ochreous pale brown, shining, a dorsal line of a somewhat darker green than 46 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the ground, no other markings whatever, altogether a very plain-looking creature. The constrictions at the segments shallow, the spiracles black, but inconspicuous, the usual extensile organs on the twelfth segment very short. The larva feeds on the yellow pea-like flowers and on the pods of Crotalaria striata, D.C., in Caleutta. Dr. A. Forel, of Geneva, has identified the three species of ants which I have found attending this larva in Calcutta as Camponotus rubripes, Drury (sylvaticus, Fabricius), sub-species compressus, Fabricius ; Tapinoma melanocephalum, Fabricius, and Prenolepis obscura, Mayr. (var. clandestina, Mayr). Pupa.—Pale yellowish-green, the posterior end very blunt and rounded, the abdominal segments larger than the anterior, the head small, a dark dorsal line, a double sub-dorsal series of small black spots, the thorax slightly humped on the back, the pupa smooth throughout (de Nicéville). Lang’s description of the larva in Europe is somewhat different, and so also is Trimen’s description of it in South Africa, they are both given in detail by de Nicéville, at p. 205 of his work; he says, “I have given these various descriptions of the trans- formations of P. baticus, as from them it would appear that the insect is much more variable in the earlier portions of its history than it is later on asa butterfly. I think this will be found true of very many of the larvee of the Lyceenidz, which, as far as my experience goes, vary in coloration and markings in the most extraordinary and puzzling manner.” Hasrrar.—All India, Burmah, Ceylon, the Malayan sub-region to Australia, also in parts of Europe, Asia and Africa a very common insect. ALLIED MALAYAN SPECIES. Lampides bagus, Polyommatus bagus, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 352; id. Rhop. Malayana, p. 457, pl. 44, fig. 18, 9 (1886). Habitat, Malacca. Genus CATOCHRYSOPS. Catochrysops, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. i. p. 87 (1832). Moore (part), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 90 (1881). Distant (part), Rhop. Malayana, p. 223 (1884). de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 175 (1890). Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 410 (1907). Eyes hairy. orewing with the cell half the length of the wing, upper disco- cellular in line with the sub-costal vein, the lower vertical ; vein 7 emitted before the upper end of cell, 8 absent, 9 from middle of 7, 10 from apical third of sub-costal vein, 11 at base well separated from 10, 12 bent towards 11. Costa arched, apex somewhat acute, outer margin convex, hinder angle obtuse, hinder margin straight. Hindwing, LAMPIDINEA. 47 cell short, vein 3 from before lower end of cell, 7 from beyond the middle ; wing elongate, pear-shaped ; costa slightly arched, apex rounded, outer margin slightly convex, hinder angle well marked, hinder margin slightly convex. Type, strabo, Fabricius. CATOCHRYSOPS STRABO. Plate 650, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, 2 (Wet-season Brood), 3c, g, 3d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Hesperia strabo, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 287 (1793). Polyommatus strabo, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 656 (1823). Catochrysops strabo, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. i. p. 88 (1832). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 91, pl. 37, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9 (1881), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 246. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 224, pl. 21, fig. 8, g, 14, @ (1884). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 358. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 177 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34, and 1891, p. 45, and 1897, p. 661. de Nicéville, id. 1890, p. 386. Betham, id. 1891, p. 179. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p- 297. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 377. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 380. Nurse, id. 1899, p. 512. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 488. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 48. Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 411, pl. 19, fig. 143, g (1907). Lampides strabo, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 165 (1869). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1892, p. 627. Cupido strabo, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106. Lycena strabo, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. xix. p. 152 (1876), Lyczna kandarpa, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 82 (1829). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 773. Lampides kandarpa, Semper, Journ. Mus. Godef. xiv. p. 158 (1879). Lyczna asoka, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 419 (1848). Lyczna didda, Kollar, l.c. p. 420. Lycena platissa, Herrich-Schaffer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxx. p. 74, pl. 4, fig. 20, 9 (1869); id. Ex. Schmett. ii. fig. 122, 9 (1869). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 3, 2, 3a, 2, 3b, $). Imaco.—Male. Upperside, pale violet-blue, shining; terminal line on both wings black, edged inwardly on the hindwing by a fine white line; a short blackish bar at the anal angle, followed by a round black spot in interspace 2, with a little white on its inner side. Cilia white, with a grey medial line. Underside, pale dull grey, markings darker grey edged with white. orewing, with a bar at the end of the cell, a small round sub-costal spot in interspace 10, a discal band of conjoined spots from veins 1 to 7, dislocated below vein 3, where the upper end of the lower portion is shifted a little inwards. Hindwing with a black sub-basal spot and a medial sub-costal black spot; a curved bar at the end of the cell, an outwardly curved discal series of six spots, the first three from the top nearly in a line, the second and third conjoined, the fifth inwards, the sixth outwards and lunular and three lunular spots in a row between it 48 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. and the sub-basal black spots, these latter, however, often indistinct, both wings with a fine terminal black line, a sub-terminal series of lunular spots edged on both sides with white, and between them a series of small grey spots ; a large round sub-terminal black spot crowned with orange in interspace 2, two black dots between it and the anal angle, outwardly edged by a short white line; tail black, tipped with white. Antenne black, the shafts speckled with white; palpi black above, with white hairs beneath tipped with black; head and body brown above, white beneath ; body with blue and grey hairs above. . Female. Upperside grey, with blue reflections at the base, the extent of which varies much in different examples. orewing with the costa and apex broadly blackish, in some examples this colour extends down the outer margin, in others it is broken into three bands on the lower portion of the wing. Hindwing with the costa broadly pale blackish, extending down the outer margin in some examples, in others the band is narrow with whitish sub-terminal lunules, and indications of a discal series; a large sub-terminal black spot crowned with orange in interspace 2. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, f ? 14%5 inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 3c, 2, 3d, 9). Male and Female like the Wet-season brood, but much paler in colour and smaller in size. Expanse of wings, f ? 75 to 14/5 inches. Larva of the usual shape (ie. onisciform); head light yellow, margined with brown ; body light rose, covered with tiny star-topped stems so arranged as to make diagonal whitish lines to each segment ; a sub-dorsal line on the back; anal segment nearly square, the margin of the body clothed with light-coloured and longish hairs. Pura of the usual form, covered with stiff, erect hair; colour light rose, with a black patch on the second segment and centre of thorax ; it has also a dark dorsal line, and the lower segments are smudged with black (Davidson, Bell and Aitken). Hasrrat.—India, Ceylon, Burma, Andamans, Nicobars, and throughout the Malayan sub-region to Australia a common insect. CATOCHRYSOPS LITHARGYRIA. Plate 651, figs. 1, g, la, 9. Lampides lithargyria, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 340; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 91 (1881). Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 336. Elwes and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 429. LAMPIDINZA. 49 Catochrysops lithargyria, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 178. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 661. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 297. Catochrysops strabo, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 411 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside greyish silvery-blue, with some darker glistening blue scales at the base; the tint of colour is quite different to that of strabo, the markings above and below are, however, very similar, but the sub-anal black spot on the hindwing is seldom capped with orange, the cilia of that wing has black points at the vein ends, and there is a distinct sub-terminal series of blackish lunules. Also on the underside of the forewing, the sub-costal small spot above the discal band, in every example we have examined, is closer to the band, very nearly touching the uppermost spot of the band, whereas in strabo it is always widely separated from it; the genitalia, however, is very similar to that of strabo, but there is some difference in the androconia. Female. With the same peculiar silvery blue scaling above, the sub-anal spot sometimes (but not always) capped with pale orange; markings similar. _ Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14% inches. Hasirat.— Assam, Ceylon, Andamans and the Malayan sub-region. DistriBuTion.—Moore records it from Ceylon, Elwes from Burma, de Nicéville from the Philippines; we have a fine series from the Khasia Hills, Port Blair and Amboina. Genus SYNTARUCUS. Syntarucus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 929. Tarucus, Moore (part), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 81 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 186 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 417 (1907). Langia, Tutt, Brit. Lep. ii. p. 314 (1908), and ix. p. 331 (1908). Raywardia, Tutt, l.c. p. 484 (1908). Eyes hairy. Forewing, vein 12 short, reaching the costa before the upper end of the cell, 11 emitted at one half before the end of the cell, short, suddenly bent upwards soon after its origin, and in the males touches 12, but does not anastomose with it, in the females it does not quite touch, vein 10 emitted at one-third and 9 from beyond middle of 7, 8 absent, 6 and 7 well separated at base, middle discocellular slightly outwardly oblique, the lower upright. Costa slightly arched, apex angulate, outer margin convex, hinder angle angulate, hinder margin straight. Hindwing, vein 8 strongly curved at base, 7 emitted at one-fourth before upper end of cell, cell short, discocellulars in nearly a straight line, 4 emitted from lower end of cell, 3 from close before it. Costa arched, apex and outer margin rounded, anal angle obtuse. Type, telicanus, Hiibner. SYNTARUCUS PLINIUS. Plate 651, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 9 (Wet-season Brood), 2c, g, 2d, 2 (Dry-season Brood). Hesperia plinius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst, iii. p. 284 (1793). VOL. VIII. H 50 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Papilio plinius, Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 45, fig. 1 (1800). Polyommatus plinius, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 658 (1823). Lycena plinius, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 72 (1828). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 528. Tarucus plinius, Moore, Lep, Ceylon, i. p. 82, pl. 36, fig. 4 (1881). Swinhoe, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1884, p. 506, and 1885, p. 133, and 1886, p. 427. Hampson, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 357. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 194 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 1890, p. 34. Davidson and Aitken, id. p. 353. de Nicéville, id. p. 386. Watson, id. 1891, p. 47. Betham, id. p. 179. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 628. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 297. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 661. Nurse, id. 1899, p. 512. de Rhé- Philipe, id. 1902, p. 489. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 48. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 420 (1907). Lampides cassius, var. plinius, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 164 (1869). ? plinius, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 132. Tarucus telicanus, Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 381. Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 2, 2b, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-grey, both wings with terminal black line with a narrow blackish edging, widest at the apex, gradually decreasing hindwards, the markings of the underside more or less visible through the wings; tail black tipped with white. Cilia white. Underside white, markings dark chocolate-brown. Forewing a sub-costal streak from the base, a short spear-shaped streak below it, six irregular transverse bands close together: Ist outwardly curved, its upper end touching the end of the sub-costal streak ; the 2nd commencing in a point at-the costa just before the middle and thickening hindwards to the middle of the hinder margin; the 3rd from the costa, outwardly oblique and sinuous, thickening somewhat hindwards to vein 2, then suddenly fining downwards ; the 4th in three pieces, outwardly curved, commencing with a short outwardly oblique band from the costa, followed by a rather large round spot, and then a thin streak obliquely inwards to the hinder margin; the 5th a short sinuous outwardly oblique band from the costa, one-fifth from the apex ; the 6th a thin similar band beyond it. Hindwing with seven transverse, disjoimted bands, mostly outwardly curved from the costa to the abdominal margin, both wings with fine terminal line, sub-terminal somewhat sinuous thicker line, and between them a series of spots, somewhat lunular, larger on the hind than on the forewing, a large black spot containing a ring of metallic scales in interspace 2, and two black similar dots near the anal angle, all ringed with orange-ockreous. Antenne, head and body black, shafts of antenne with white rings, thorax with blue pubescence. Female. Upperside. J orewing with the ground colour white with a violet tinge, the costa broadly black, the outer margin very broadly black, the base suffused with black and with some blue scales, a transverse, ante-medial outwardly curved black band, a post-medial outwardly oblique and nearly straight band, followed by two or three spots merging into the outer border, the black predominating all over the wing except LAMPIDIN&, 51 in its middle portions. Hindwing with an even, rather narrow, black outer marginal band, sub-terminal black spots with white caps and the entire wing blackish, with the bands of the underside showing through it. Underside as in the male, the markings darker, nearly black. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1/5 inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2c, ¢, 2d, $). Both sexes with. markings above and below very similar to those of the Wet- season brood, but much paler in colour; in the female, the white colour above is much more extensive, showing on the forewing the discoidal bar and discal band of square spots distinctly, the costal and outer marginal bands are also narrower and more even, and on the hindwing there is a post-discal series of white spots present. Expanse of wings, ¢ ¢ 1 inch. Larva.—Pale greenish-yellow above, sides lilacine, a narrow brownish median line, followed by eight diagonal short streaks and six brownish-red spots. Before pupating the colour gets much more diffused. Feeds among the flower-beds of Plumbago. Pupa.—Dull yellowish, profusely mottled with brown spots (de Nicéville). Hasrrat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, China, the Malayan sub-region to Java, West Africa, Aden. DistrIBuTION.—Elwes records it from the Karen Hills, Watson from Mysore and Chin Lushai, Davidson and Aitken from Karwar, Betham from the Central Provinces, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, Nurse from Kutch, de Rhé-Philipe from Lucknow, Manders from the Shan States, Hampson from the Nilgiris, and it is in our collection from the Khasia Hills. Genus NIPHANDA. Niphanda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 572. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii, p. 131 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 370 (1907). Eyes hairy. The venation closely resembling Lycewnesthes. orewing with the cell a little shorter, vein 3 is emitted from before lower end of cell, 9 from middle of 7, 12 bent a little downwards towards 11, ends on costa opposite end of cell, instead of before it; costa nearly straight, apex blunt, hinder angle obtuse. Hindwing, cell shorter than in Lycznesthes, vein 8 arched and ends before apex of wing. Antenne long, more than half as long as the costa of forewing, club long, gradual ; palpi sub- porrect, densely clothed with short scales, not fringed with long hairs or bristles, third joint long, naked; costa and outer margin evenly curved, hinder angle obtuse ; hinder margin convex at base, concave outwardly. Type, tessellata, Moore. NOIS NIVERSITY OF ILL i LIBRARY 52 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. NIPHANDA CYMBIA. Plate 651, figs. 3, $, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Niphanda (2) cymbia, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 76, pl. 9, figs. 8, g, 8a, 2. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 270, pl. 94, g (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 132, Frontispiece, figs. 130, ¢, 131, 9 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 296. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 370 (1907). Niphanda plinioides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 524, pl. 48, fig. 8, 9. Niphanda tessellata, de Nicéville (nec Moore), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 61. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 572. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet colour, shining, costal and outer marginal lines of both wings blackish-brown, edged inwardly with brown, the edging deeper on the hindwing, which has a sub-terminal indistinct series of brown spots with lunules above them, thin lunules closing all the cells. Underside dull greyish-white, markings dark chocolate-brown. Forewing with the base suffused, this suffusion running along the costa in small angular patches; a broad sub-basal streak from the hinder margin, narrowing upwards but not reaching the costa, a post-medial outwardly oblique broken band of three spots, the upper one closing the cell, the other two touching each other in interspaces 1 and 2; two sub-apical short outwardly oblique bands close together, the outermost one twice as thick as the other. Mindwing with three large, nearly round black spots ringed with white, one sub-costal beyond the middle, one immediately below it, and a third also sub-costal, nearer the base, all the outer markings chocolate-brown, all ringed with white, a spot near the base, a row of three below the inner black spot, a long cell lunule with a spot touching its lower end, a discal outwardly curved series of spots, a series of short streaks beyond it; both wings with terminal, very fine black line, sub-terminal spots, the lowest two in each wing geminate, on the hindwing a third at the anal angle, all these spots enclosed by a line of lunular marks, the spot in interspace 2 of the forewing, and all the spots of the hindwing more or less black, the two at the apex of the latter larger than the others. Cilia brown with white patches. Antenne black ringed with white ; head and body blackish-brown above, whitish beneath. Female. Upperside dull pale smoky brown. rewing with a black bar at the end of the cell, a rather broad blackish outer marginal band, a discal irregular narrow band, very indistinct. Hindwing more suffused with brown than the forewing, indications of an indistinct thin discal band, followed by a series of dull whitish spots, both wings with brown terminal line, on the hindwing edged inwardly by a fine white line, followed by a series of black spots, ringed with whitish. Cilia grey without white patches. Underside with the colour and markings very similar to those of the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14%; to 1335 inches. LAMPIDINE. 53 Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam. We have received many examples from the Khasia Hills. NIPHANDA MARCIA. Plate 651, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢. Lyczena (Niphanda) marcia, Fawcett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, pt. ii. p. 139, pl. 9, fig. 7. Niphanda marcia, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 370, pl. 20, fig. 146 (1907). Imago.—Male. Upperside violet, brighter and paler in colour than eymbia ; some of the markings of the underside faintly visible through the wings, and all the veins more or less prominent, terminal line of both wings black, and some indistinct sub- terminal blackish spots. Cilia brown at the base, white at the tips, chequered with brown. Underside with the ground colour white, markings chocolate-brown with white edges. Forewing with the basal and costal spaces suffused with pale chocolate- brown; a dark basal streak, an outwardly oblique broad dark streak, from the hinder margin one-third from the base, formed of conjoined spots, through the outer part of the cell, where there are two smaller spots, the upper one minute, a bar at the end of the cell, a discal band composed of five small spots in an outwardly oblique row from near the costa to vein 3, with a broad dark smear outside them, the band completed by two large spots one above the other and somewhat inside, in interspaces 3 and 2. Hindwing entirely suffused with pale chocolate-brown, except for a small space in the middle of the disc, all the markings white-edged, three sub-basal rather large dark spots, the first sub-costal, the next two close together, the lower one a little inwards, in interspaces 3 and 2, a minute dot above them, and a small spot on the abdominal margin, a discal outwardly curved series of spots, two close together from below the costa, then a white patch, outside which are four pale spots in a circle, an outside spot and then an inside spot close to the abdominal margin; both wings with terminal brown line, a sub-terminal series of white spots, with brown spots inside them, the spot in interspace 2 of the forewing and those in interspaces, 2, 3, and 6 of the hindwing and also an anal spot more or less black and larger than the others, the whole series being followed by a series of white lunules. Antenne black ringed with white ; head and body blackish-brown above, white beneath. Female. Upperside white, markings brown. vrewing with the base and costal portions suffused with brown, a thin bar at the end of the cell, a diseal band, broad from the costa where it is outwardly curved to vein 3, then in a narrow form, inwardly curved to the hinder margin; a narrow white band divided by the veins, nearly obliterated in its upper part by brown suffusion, and followed by a marginal band of brown. Hindwing with the interior portion almost entirely suffused with brown, a discal outwardly curved series of five small white spots, a sub-terminal double series of 54 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. white spots, the outer spots large and centred with brown spots which become darker and larger hindwards, especially those in interspaces 2 and 3; terminal line of both wings black. Underside white without any brown suffusion, markings disposed as in the male, but much more prominent on account of the whiteness of the ground colour. Expanse of wings, $ 13%, ? 1 inch. Hasirat.—Burma, Mergui, Siam. DistTRIBUTION.—The type (a male) came from Tounghoo, Burma, taken in June ; there is a male in the B. M. from Siam, and a female from Contor Island, Mereui. ALLIED CHINESE, JAPANESE AND BORNEAN SPECIES. Niphanda fusca, Thecla fusca, Bremer and Grey, Schmett. N. China, p. 9 (1853). Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 340, pl. 31, fig. 17, 9, var. (1893). Habitat, Japan, Corea. Niphanda tessellata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 526. Lyczenesthes tessellata, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 458, pl. 42, fig. 13, ¢, and pl. 44, fig. 21, 9 (1886). Synonym, Lyczenesthes ethiops, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 253. Habitat, Malayana. Niphanda lasurea, Thecla fusca, var. lasurea, Graeser, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 74. Habitat, Central China. Niphanda reta, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 576, pl. 32, fig. 12, g. Habitat, Kina Balu, Borneo, Genus LYCANESTHES. ‘ Lyceenesthes, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 773. Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 343. Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 87 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 232 (1884). Trimen, South Afr. Butt. ii. p. 93 (1887). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 127 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 372 (1907). Eyes hairy. Jorewing. Celllong, more than half the length of the wing; vein 7 from before upper end of cell, veins 1 and 2 very wide apart at base, 2 and 3 emitted from apical fourth of median vein, 4 from lower end of cell, 6 from upper end, 8 absent, 9 from apical half of 7, 10 and 11 free, 12 ends on costa before end of cell; veins | and 12 and the median and sub-median veins thickened towards base ; costa slightly arched, apex sub-acute, outer margin convex, hinder angle almost a right angle, hinder margin straight. Hindwing with the cell about half as long as the wing ; middle and lower discocellulars concave and sloping obliquely outwards; veins la, 1, median and sub-costal veins and vein 8 all distinctly thickened towards base; 3 and 4 arise close together from lower end of cell, 8 strongly arched at basal third and extended parallel and very close to the costal margin up to the apex of the wing, wing broad, costa arched, apex and hinder angle well marked, outer margin convex, short projections at the end of veins 1 to 3 composed of slight fascicles of long hair-like scales or cilia ; hinder margin very slightly convex. Antenne more than half the length of the costa LAMPIDINZ. 55 of forewing ; club long, gradual, acute at apex ; palpi porrect, fringed with stiff hairs in front ; third joint long, naked ; body robust. Type, lengalensis, Moore. LYCANESTHES EMOLUS. Plate 652, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Polyommatus emolus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 656 (1823). Lycenesthes emolus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 128 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1891, p. 45, and 1897, p. 660. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 296. Elwes, id. p. 622. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 374. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 373 (1907). Lycznesthes bengalensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 773, pl. 41, fig. 2, g. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 458, pl. 44, fig. 9, g¢ (1886). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark, dull, purple-blue, base of wings suffused with dark dull blue scales ; terminal line on both wings black, expanding slightly at the apex of the forewing ; sub-terminal, indistinct, black spots in interspaces 1, 2 and 3 on the hindwing, the upper one the smallest. Cilia brown. Underside pale brown, with a slight purplish tint, markings slightly darker than the colour of the wing, formed by their whitish edgings. Forewing with a bar at the end of the cell, a discal sinuous and outwardly curved band of short bars joined together, rather close to the margin, followed by a sub-terminal complete band of small lunular marks joined together, this band haying the whitish edging only on its outer side. 7indwing with sub-basal band of three bar-shaped spots, with a minute blackish spot below them on the abdominal margin, a bar at the end of the cell, a discal, outwardly curved complete band of short bars joined together, terminal black band inwardly edged with whitish, a series of sub- terminal darker and somewhat angulated spots, inwardly edged by whitish lunules, closely followed by a similar smaller series, a sub-terminal black spot, capped with dull orange in interspace 3. Antenne black, speckled with white ; head and body purplish- brown above, whitish beneath. Cilia grey, with a black basal band above, brown beneath. Female. Upperside pale brownish, of a violet tint. orewing with the base, costa and outer margins broadly suffused with dark brown, the hinder margin narrowly brown, terminal line black. Hindwing with some brown suffusion at the base, and with a brown, narrow outer marginal suffusion, terminal line black, inwardly edged by a white line, a series of indistinct, sub-terminal blackish triangular spots, inwardly edged with pale lunules. Underside like the male, ground colour some- what paler. Expanse of wings, $ ? 14% inches. 56 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Larva, when full-fed, 0°62 of an inch in length, somewhat dark green in colour (of darker shade than most Lyczenid larvee), smooth and shining, the whole upper surface covered with minute pits to be seen only under. a strong magnifying glass. The head is very small and retractile as usual, and of a pale green colour, the second segment is unmarked, the third to sixth segments inclusive have some obscure reddish- brown dorsal blotches, the three following segments are unmarked, the tenth to twelfth segments have somewhat similar blotches to those on the third to sixth segments, but they are more distinct and darker in shade. There is a pale yellow lateral line just about the legs. All the segments are irregularly and broadly pitted at the sides ; these pits seem more or less to assume the form of a longitudinal sub-dorsal depression, below which to the lateral line the colour of the insect is slightly paler. The whole larva is much depressed, somewhat wider than high, and seems to gradually increase in breadth to the tenth segment, the last seement is almost as large and rounded. The larva varies greatly in colour and markings, some being pale green throughout and unmarked, others again are reddish-brown throughout. It feeds m Calcutta on Nephelium litchi, Lamb., Cassia fistula, Linneeus, and Heynea- trijuga, Roxb., and not improbably, as it feeds on so many bushes, it will eat others. Dr. Forel identifies the ant which attends the larva as Ceophylla smaragdina. Fabricius, the large red and green ant which makes immense nests of growing leaves in trees. Pura, 0°4 of an inch in length, of the usual Lyceenid shape, the tail pointed, the thorax slightly humped, and ending in a somewhat sharp ridge-line on the back ; it is coloured pale ochreous, and bears a prominent diamond-shaped mark posteriorly. It is smooth throughout, reddish-brown, sprinkled with minute darker spots (de Nicéville). Hasrrat.—India, Burma, Malacca, Borneo, Amboina, Cape York, Australia. Distripution.—de Nicéville records it from Orissa, Ganjam, Sikkim, Andamans, Elwes from Naga and Karen Hills, Watson from the Chin Hills, Davidson, Bell and Aitken from Karwar; we have received many examples from the Khasia Hills, and have it in our collection also from Silhet, Kulu, Borneo and New Guinea. Norr.—de Nicéville puts Pseudodipsas lyceenoides, Felder, from Amboina, as a synonym to emolus, at p. 47 of his vol. iii.; he says: “ Felder’s lyceenoides is a very curious species, in which the hindwing has two short but well formed tails; Hewitson says that this species belongs to the genus Lycenesthes, Moore, but the tails look to me to be too substantial to bring into that genus.” We have the type of lyceenoides before us, through the courtesy of the Hon. Walter Rothschild; it is a true Lyceznesthes, as Hewitson said. Felder’s figure is misleading, the specimen has no tails, what the artist mistook for tails are the usual fascicles of long hair-like scales or cilia common to all species of the genus Lyceenesthes. Felder’s lyceenoides is, however, quite distinct from emolus, being much paler on the underside, almost exactly of the colour of Nacaduba macropthalma, the linear markings are pure white, and the discal band is complete and LAMPIDIN&. 57 of a different nature to that of emolus. What balliston, Hiibner, is, we do not know; it is also made a synonym of emolus, but its habitat is doubtful, we therefore omit it. LYCAHNESTHES LYCANINA. Plate 652, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Lyczena lycenina, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot, Ges, Wien, xviii. p. 281 (1868). Hewitson, Il]. Diurn. Lep. p. 219, pl. 90, figs. 6, 9, 9 (1878). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 87, pl. 35, figs. 8, 8a, ¢ (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 232, pl. 21, fig. 3, g (1884). Hampson, Journ. As, Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 357. de. Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 130, pl. 26, fig. 178, ¢ (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34, and 1891, p. 45, and 1897, p. 660. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 623. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 296. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 375 (1907). Lyczenesthes lycambes, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 220, pl. 90, figs. 11, 12, g (1878). de Nicéyille, Butt. of India, iii. p. 131 (1890). Lyczenesthes orissica, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 23. Imaco.—Male. Upperside of a lighter and brighter purple colour than emolus, apex of forewing more acute, the outer margin straighter, the hindwing is more truncate, the anal angle somewhat acute instead of being rounded; terminal line black, but not expanding at the apex of the forewing, no sub-terminal indistinct blackish spots on the hindwing. Cilia similar. Underside, bands slightly darker than the ground colour, edged with white. Jorewing with a bar at the end of the cell, a discal dislocated band of four conjoined bars, from costa to vein 4, a conjoined bar slightly inwards, in the next interspace, a band of three conjoined bars, from the inner side of the fifth bar, running hindwards from vein 3 to vein 1. Hindiing with a sub- basal, round black spot, ringed with white, below the costa (not always present), a band across the end of the cell, continued to vein 1, a sub-basal spot on the abdominal margin (sometimes nearly black) ringed with white; a discal, somewhat irregular, outwardly curved band of conjoined bars, with two conjoined bars touching on its inner side from vein 7 to vein 4; both wings with terminal brown line and a sub- terminal double series of white lunules, a large black sub-terminal spot in interspace 2 of the hindwing, crowned with orange, the terminal line of this wing inwardly edged by a white line, and the cilia grey with white basal line. Female. Upperside much as in the female of emolus, the sub-terminal spots on the hindwing generally more prominent. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ $ 14%; inches. Haszrrat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. DistRisuTion.—The type came from Ceylon, we have not been able to examine it, it is not at Tring, and we have not been able to ascertain where it is deposited ; Moore records it from Orissa, Elwes from the Naga Hills, Watson from Mysore and the Chin VOL, VIII. I 58 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hills, Hampson from the Nilgiris, Bingham from Tenasserim and Siam, Distant from the Malay Peninsula; we have received many examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills, we took one example at Karachi in August, 1882, and have it from Ranchi (Bengal), Karwar and Coorg. ALLIED MALAYAN SPECIES. Licznesthes philo, Lycena philo, Hoptfer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxxv. p. 27 (1874). Habitat, Celebes. Genus JAMIDES. Jamides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 86 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 222 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 156 (1890). Lampides, Moore (nec Hiibner), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 94 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 226 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 159 (1890). Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 396 (1907). Eyes hairy. Forewing, cell half as long as the wing, vein 7 emitted before upper end of cell, upper discocellular in line with and forming part of sub-costal vein, middle and lower discocellulars sub-equal, middle slightly straight, lower slightly concave, vein 3 emitted before lower end of cell, 8 absent, 9 from middle of 7; 10 and 11 from apical half of sub-costal, both free, 12 ends on costa, well before end of cell, 11 and 12 bent inwards towards each other close to base of 11 and joined by a short bar; costa arched, apex somewhat acute, outer margin very slightly convex, nearly straight; hinder angle somewhat angular, hinder margin straight, about four-fifths the length of the costa. Hindwing, cell short, broad; venation normal; costa slightly curved, apex rounded, outer margin somewhat convex, and obtusely angulate at vein 2, hinder angle well marked, hinder margin straight. Antenne half as long as costa of forewing, club spindle-shaped, long and gradual, palpi densely clothed with scales beneath, third joint long (except in J. bochus, which has the palpi comparatively short) ; body slender. Type, bochus, Cramer. JAMIDES BOCHUS. Plate 652, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, 9. Papilio bochus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 210, pl. 391, figs. C, D, g (1782). Jamides bochus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 86, pl. 36, figs. 8, ¢, 8a, 9 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 222, pl. 21, figs. 19, ¢, 16, 2 (1884). Hampson Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 357. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 157 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 528. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1902, p. 626. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34. de Nicéville, id. 386. Watson, id. 1891, p. 46, and 1897, p. 660. Betham, id. 1891, p.178. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1896, p. 377. LAMPIDINZ. 59 Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 380. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 488. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 47. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 398 (1907). Polyommatus bochus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 661 (1823). Lyczna bochus, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 272, pl. 94, g (1888). Hesperia plato, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 288 (1793). Papilio plato, Donovan, Inst. Ind. pl. 45, fig. 2 (1800). Polyommatus plato, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 653 (1823). Blanchard, Voy. Péle-Sud, iv. p. 398, pl. 3, figs. 9, 10, ¢ (1853). Lampides plato, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B, M. p. 166, pl. 2, fig. 3, 9 (1869). Semper, Journ, des Mus. Godef. xiv. p. 156 (1879). Lycena pluto, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 490 (1852). Hesperia democritus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i.) p. 285 (1793). Polyommatus democritus, Godart, Ent. Méth. ix. p. 656 (1823). Lampides democritus, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 166 (1869). Lycena nila, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 78 (1828). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark metallic blue, very shining and _ brilliant. Forewing with the outer margin very broadly black, varying in width in different specimens, deepest at the apical portion and narrowing along the costal margin to the base. Hindwing with the costal space pale, terminal line black, with a little black suffusion inwards, a white sub-terminal short line towards the anal angle, a black sub-terminal spot in interspace 1, a smaller one in interspace 2,and sometimes indications of small spots on the next two or three interspaces. Cilia blackish- brown above, brown beneath. Underside pale chocolate-brown, marking very slightly darker than the ground colour of the wings, formed by their whitish edgings. Forewing with a bar at the end of the cell, a discal band of short bars touching each other, the upper three outwardly curved, the fourth and fifth in a line, a little inwards. Hindwing with a sub-basal band consisting of a bar from the costa, another below it, somewhat inwards, a spot below and another near it on the abdominal margin; a bar at the end of the cell, an irregular discal band of bars joined together, the two upper bars much larger than the others, and in echelon with cach other ; both wings with a terminal black line, inwardly edged by a white line, sub- terminal double rows of brown spots capped by whitish lunules, a large black sub- terminal spot in interspace 2, a smaller spot in interspace 1, both with metallic blue-green scales, and capped with orange, tail black, tipped with white. Antenne black, speckled with white ; head and body black above, greyish beneath. Female. Upperside pale greyish-blue. Forewing with the black borders as in the male, but of a duller colour. Hindwing with the costa broadly blackish, blackish rather narrow, terminal band, containing a series of black sub-terminal spots ringed with pale greyish-blue, the second from the anal angle the largest, the others decreasing in size upwards. Terminal line black. Underside as in the male, ground colour slightly paler. I 2 69 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Expanse of wings, 3 ? 13%5 inches. Larva, hardly distinguishable from that of Catochrysops pandava, Horsfield, it is, however, covered with minute hairs, and is generally of an olive-green colour, and without the reddish suffusion so generally noticed in C. pandava; feeds on Xylia dolabriformis and also on the flowers of Butea frondosa. Pura, indistinguishable from that of C. pandava (Davidson, Bell and Aitken). Hasirat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Andamans, the Malayan sub-region to Australia. DistriBuTion.—All peninsular India except the desert tracts; Elwes records it from the Naga and Karen Hills, Watson from Mysore, the Chin Hills, and Chin Lushai, Betham from the Central Provinces, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, de Rhe- Philipe from Lucknow, Hampson from the Nilgiris, Manders from the Shan States, Davidson, Bell and Aitken from Karwar; we have taken many examples in Bombay. JAMIDES NICOBARICUS. Plate 653, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Lampides plato, var. nicobaricus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 234. Jamides bochus race nicobaricus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 158, pl. 27, fig. 186, g (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. i. p. 398 (1907). Imaco.—Male, very like the sex of J. bochus on both sides, but on the upper side the blue area of the forewing is more extensive, there being no costal black band ; on the hindwing the anal angle has some blackish on it, which in some examples is somewhat extended up the abdominal margin. Female, like the typical form of female. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1+/5 inches. Hasrrat.—Nicobar Islands. JAMIDES CORUSCANS. Plate 653, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Lampides coruscans, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 341; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 96, pl. 36, figs. 9, 9b, $, 9a, Q (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 163 (1890). Manders, Journ. Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1904, p. 78. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii, p. 400, and p. 398, woodeut, fig. C. (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining metallic cobalt-blue. orewing with the costal and terminal line black, the latter edged inwardly by a fine pale bluish line, followed by a little blackish suffusion containing some indistinct blackish suffused spots. Hindwing with the costal area greyish, terminal line black, edged inwardly by a distinct white line, followed by sub-terminal black spots, commencing with the largest in the LAMPIDINA, 61 second interspace, the spots decreasing in size upwards, with a little blackish suffusion between them, the large spot with a lunular mark on its inner side, which is continued in duplicate somewhat indistinctly to the anal angle. Underside pale greyish-brown, markings white. Forewing with two straight lines closing the cell, the inner one continued hindwards to vein 1 ; followed by a discal line from near the costa, where it is duplicated in the shape of a cup, straight down to the hinder margin, the fourth line parallel with it from near the costa to vein 3. Hindwing with five transverse lines fairly close together, the first a little distance from the base, all the lines on both wings formed of more or less irregular-shaped lunules, some joined together and some disconnected ; both wings with terminal black line, sub-terminal brown spots each in a white angulated spot, followed by a series of brown lunules with white caps, a large sub-terminal black spot in interspace 2 of the hindwing, capped with orange. Cilia above and below, brown at the tips, white at the base, interrupted opposite the vein ends with brown, tails black, tipped with white. Antenne black, with white speckles ; head, thorax and abdomen blackish, with blue hairs above, white beneath. Female. Upperside dull blue-grey, costa narrowly and outer margin broadly blackish-brown, the blackish colour sometimes shortly running up the veins. Hindwing with the costa broadly blackish, terminal line black, sub-terminal black spots edged and capped with white, followed by another series of indistinct smaller blackish spots, capped also with indistinct whitish lunules. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, S ¢ 13°5 inches. Hasrrat.—Ceylon. JAMIDES LACTEATA. Plate 653, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, @. Lampides lacteata, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 36, pl. 8, figs. 25, 26, g 9. Manders, id. 1904, p. 78. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. il. p. 401, and p. 398, woodcut, fig. b (1907). Lampides pseudelphis, Moore (nec Butler), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 95 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 165 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale shining azure-blue, varying in shades of colour in different examples, sometimes as pale as J. elpis, often darker. orewing with costal and terminal fine black line. Hindwing with the costa broadly pale, terminal line black, edged inwardly with a fine white line and some blackish sub-terminal spots, the abdominal marginal space also pale. Cilia of both wings black at the base and blackish at the tips, leaving a medial white band with black points at the vein ends; tail black, tipped with white. Underside‘dark brownish-grey, markings white. orewing with a medial line from the median vein, obliquely to the hinder margin, a line at the end of the cell, with a dot above it near the costa, followed by a line from near the costa to 62 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. vein 4, where it is broken and continued to the hinder margin, beimg broken again at vein 2,a fourth line from near the costa to vein 3, broken at vein 4; a lunular complete, rather broader line, a band of brown lunules, outwardly edged by white lunules, then smaller and darker brown lunules, a terminal black line, and between them, edging both, a white line, all packed close together, forming the terminal band. Hindwing with a linear short mark near the middle of the base, and six transverse broken lines, the fourth terminating in an acute angle at the abdominal margin; the terminal band, composed as on the forewing, the inner line of it (being the sixth transverse line) broken and not thicker than the others; a large black sub-terminal spot in interspace 2, another smaller one near the anal angle, both with metallic scales, and capped with orange. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish, with some blue pubescence, white beneath. Female. Upperside much paler than the male. Forewing with a broad outer marginal black band, very broad at the apex, with some of the colour, in some examples, running shortly up the veins. /indwing with the costal space broadly blackish, a black terminal band, containing large white spots in the interspaces, with black lunular spots inside them ; a series of white lunules edging the inner side of the band ; terminal line black. Underside as in the male, the markings more pronounced. Expanse of wings, 135, $ 13% inches. Haprrat.—Ceylon. A not uncommon species in Kandy ; we have received several examples. JAMIDES CHRULEA. Plate 653, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b. 9. Cupido czrulea, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 349, pl. 32, fig. 6, g. Lampides cerulea, H. H. Druce, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1894, p. 9; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 582. Lampides bochides, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 367, pl. F, fig. 15. Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining azure-blue, darker and brighter than in J. lacteata, almost as dark as in J. coruscans. Forewing with a costal fine black line, a thicker terminal line, with inner black suffusion, forming almost a band at the apex and fining hindwards. Hindwing with the costal space pale, terminal line very finely black, edged inwardly with a pale, indistinct, whitish line, broken at the veins, and indications of sub-terminal blackish diffuse spots. Cilia blackish, tipped with grey ; tails black, tipped with white. Underside pale chocvlate-brown, markings white. Forewing with four transverse lines, the first from the median vein, just inside the end of the cell, to the hinder margin; the second of same length parallel to it, both very slightly sinuous and divided by the veins; the third from near the costa to vein 3, sometimes (but not always) dislocated at veins 4, 5, and 6, followed by a fourth similar LAMPIDIN. 63 line which ends at vein 5; two sub-marginal lunular lines, broken by the veins, and sometimes indications of an anteciliary pale line. Hindwing with six transverse lines, all more or less dislocated by the veins, the third and fourth abruptly curved inwards towards the abdominal margin, the sub-terminal scries as on the forewing; a large black sub-terminal spot in interspace 2, a much smaller one in interspace 1, both with metallic blue scales, both capped with orange. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body blackish above, with blue pubescence, white beneath. Female. Upperside blue, not shining. orewing with black costal line, apex broadly black, rapidly fining hindwards on the outer margin. //indwing with the costal space blackish, terminal line black edged inwardly by a white line, attached to a series of black spots, capped with white lunules, which are also capped with blackish Junules. Underside as in the male, but the orange caps near the anal angle of the hindwing much more extensive. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1,55 to 1;‘5 inches. Hasirat.—Assam, Borneo, Malacca. DIsTRIBUTION.—It is in the B. M. from the Khasia Hills, Malacca, Sarawak and Labuan ; we possess an example from the Khasia Hills, received from the Rev. Walter A. Hamilton, and we have it also from Perak and Penangah. JAMIDES CLEODUS. Plate 654, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, 6. Lycena cleodus, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. p. 272, pl. 34, figs. 20, 21, g, 22, 9 (1865). de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 40. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 583. Lampides pura, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xxi. p. 41 (1886). Imaco.—Male. Upperside bluish-white, very much the same colour as J. celeno ; terminal line of both wings finely brown, the white lines of the underside showing through the wings. Cilia white. Underside chocolate-grey, markings white. Forewing with the hinder marginal space narrowly white, a line from the median vein, inside the cell, to the white hinder margin, a white dot above the line near the costa, a line across the end of the cell, with a dot above it, followed by a line from near the costa to the white hinder margin, then a line from near the costa to vein 3, all these lines nearly straight. Hindwing with six lines, the second, third and fourth abruptly angled and bent inwards towards the abdominal margin, the fourth line commences from the median vein at the end of the cell, the fifth from near the costa ends on vein 4, its lower portion close to the commencement of the fourth line, the sixth line is dislocated at vein 4 ; both wings with a brown terminal line edged inwardly by a white line, followed by two sub-terminal lines more or less lunular and divided by the veins ; a large black lunular sub-terminal spot in interspace 2, a small one in interspace 1, both with metallic scales and capped 64 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. with orange; tails brown, edged and tipped with white. Antenne brown, ringed with white ; head and body brown above, with grey pubescence, white beneath. Female. Upperside slightly paler than the male, but without the gloss, the underside markings showing through the wings. orewing with a narrow terminal brown band, with inner brown suffusion at the apex, a sub-terminal brown thin band, well separated from the terminal band, composed of more or less lunular marks divided by the veins. indwing with a terminal black line, inwardly edged by a white line, with a series of black lunules attached to it, and a sub-terminal band like that of the forewing, but more lunular. Underside as in the male, the lines broader, the orange near the anal angle of the hindwing more extensive. Hasitat.— Burma, Assam, Sumatra, Nias, Philippines. DiIsTRIBUTION.—The type came from the Philippines, Moore’s types from Mergui, now in the B. M.; de Nicéville records it from Assam, Burma and Sumatra; it is in our collection also from Nias. Nore.—de Nicéville misidentified J. pura, Moore, in Butt. of India, iu. p. 170 (1890), and in his frontispiece figure No. 132 2, he described and figured Butler's species conferenda, and Bingham unfortunately followed his example in Fauna of Brit. Ind. Butt. ii. p. 143 (1907), but de Nicéville discovered his mistake, and recorded pura properly as a synonym to cleodus in Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 40, and records the proper localities in p. 38. JAMIDES SUBDITA. Plate 654, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Lampides subdita, Moore, Journ, Linn. Soc. Zool. xxi. p. 41 (1886). de Nicéville, Butt of India, iii. p. 166 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 402 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale lavender-blue. orewing with a fine costal black line, and both wings with thicker terminal black lines, the white lines of the underside: showing through the wings. Tail black, tipped with white. Cilia grey. Underside pale lilac-brown, lines white. Forewing with a line closing the cell, and a similar parallel line just outside; a line from the middle of their lower ends to the hinder margin, which is narrowly white, an almost straight lime from near the costa (above its commencement two small linear marks) to the hinder margin, a parallel line from near the costa to vein 3, two sub-terminal lines, the space between them darker than the ground colour, an anteciliary white line. Hindwing with six lines, the fourth, fifth and sixth angled and bent inwards towards the abdominal margin, followed by a double row of lunules, the inner series angulated, between them the ground colour is nearly black, and beyond them a series of small blackish lunular marks which are enclosed between the band and the anteciliary white line, the band is LAMPIDINA. 65 interrupted in interspace 2 by a large orange patch which caps a black sub-terminal spot, and a small black spot with a small orange cap near the anal angle. Female. Upperside of a duller blue colour. Forewing with a very broad blackish outer marginal band, broadest at the apex. Hindwing with the costal portion broadly blackish, outer marginal band narrow and blackish, containing a series of white spots with black lunular spots inside them, the band having on its inner side a series of indistinct whitish Junules. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ ? 14%, inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Tenasserim, Mergui. JAMIDES CONFERENDA. Plate 654, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b 2 (Wet-season Brood), 3c, ¢, 3d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Lampides conferenda, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 185. Lampides pura, de Nicéville (nec Moore), Butt. of India, iii. p. 170, frontispiece, fig. 132, 9 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 627. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 403, woodcut (1907). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside bluish-white, like cleodus; the underside markings showing through the wings. Fvrewing with costal and terminal lines black, a thin black terminal band, from the apex narrowing hindwards. Hindwing with black terminal line ; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings grey, with a basal white band. Underside. orewing with the lower portion whitish, the rest of the wing suffused with pale chocolate, two brown lines across the end of the cell, two (curving outwardly a little) from near the costa to vein 3, two from vein 8 to vein 1, closing together hindwards, all filled in with dark chocolate colour, forming three short bands into the shape of the figure Y; a paler chocolate terminal band, rather narrow and uniform in width, bordered on its inner side by a series of small lunular chocolate marks. Hindwing entirely suffused with chocolate colour, bands darker, a sub-basal rather straight narrow band, a medial broader band divided into four pieces ; the series with a slight inward curve the lowest piece angled, a still broader band from vein 8 to vein 3, with its outer margin sinuous and curving outwards, all these bands lined on both sides with dark brown, an indistinct marginal band of disconnected rather large squares. Female. Upperside coloured like the male, but duller in colour. Forewing with a ‘rather broad black marginal band, broadest at the apex, continued a little on the costa and down the outer margin, where it narrows hindwards, and has some short black streaks running in on the veins. Hindwing with terminal black line and a sub-terminal VOL. VIII. K 66 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. series of thin grey connected lunules and a series of grey spots between them, the spot in interspace 2 being largest and blackest. Underside like the male. Expanse of wings, $ $ 13 inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 3c, ¢, 3d, ?). Male. Upperside coloured like the Wet-season form, the marginal band on the forewing absent; both wings with terminal brown fine line. Underside similar to the underside of the other form. Female. Like the female of the Wet-season form on both sides, but on the upper- side the marginal band on the forewing is much narrower and paler. Expanse of wings, 3 $ 13/5 inches. Haprrat.—India, Burma. DistRIBUTION.—We have it from Rangoon, Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, Bombay, Mahableshwur, Poona and Karwar, and there is a drawer full of both forms of this species, including Butler’s types, in the B. M. from many parts of India. Norr.—This species has heretofore stood in collections as the Dry-season form of J. celeno, Cramer, and was described and figured by de Nicéville and Bingham as J. pura, Moore. JAMIDES CELENO. Plate 655, figs. 1g, la, 9, lb, g¢ (Wet-season Brood), lc, ¢, 1d, ¢, le, § (Dry-season Brood), 1f (larva and pupa). Papilio celeno, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 31, figs. C, D (1775). Lampides celeno, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 625. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 661. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 380. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 404, and p. 398, woodcut, fig. a (1907). Lyczena alexis, Horsfield and Moore (nec Stoll), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 25, pl. i. fig. 1, larva, la, pupa (1857). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 773. Lampides alexis, Moore (nec Stoll), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 833. Swinhoe, id. 1885, p. 131. Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529. Swinhoe, id. 1893, p. 298. Hesperia xlianus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i.) p. 280 (1793). Polyommatus zxlianus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 634 (1823). Lycena zxlianus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 73, pl. 4, fig. 1, larva, la, pupa (1828). Lampides zlianus, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 166 (1869). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 94, pl. 38, fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, larva and pupa (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 228, pl. 21, fig. 18, g, and pl. 22, fig. 19, ¢, variety (1884). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p- 358. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 167 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 35. Davidson and Aitken, id. p. 352. de Nicéville, id. p. 386. Watson, id. 1891, p- 46. Betham, id. p. 179. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 488. Aitken and Comber, id. 1903, p. 48. Lampides zethus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816). Cupido agnata, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106, pl. 16, figs. 2, 4, g, 3, Q. Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 547. LAMPIDIN. 67 Lampides zxlianus, var. agnata. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 228 (1844). Plebeius malaccanus, Rober, Iris, i. p. 57, pl. 4, fig. 3, g (1886). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, 3, la, 2, 1b, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside bluish-white ; terminal line on both wings black, the white lines of the underside showing through the wings. Hindwing with a black sub- terminal spot in interspace 2, and a black line from this spot to the anal angle running a little way up the abdominal margin. Cilia white, grey at the tips. Underside chocolate-brown, lines white. orewing, with an oblique line from near the costa (with a dot above its commencement) to the white hinder marginal space, a line across the end of the cell with a dot above it, a line from near the costa (with a dot above it) to the hinder margin, almost meeting there, the inner of the two sub-terminal lines ; a line from near the costa to vein 3, with a slight outward curve, followed immediately by two parallel lines which follow the shape of the outer margin, and are composed of lunular marks joined together; the last of these lines is rather near the margin, and between it and the white anteciliary line is a series of blackish lunular spots. Hindwing with six lines, the second, third and fourth terminating hindwards in angles, these lines with the two sub-terminal lines cover the whole wing, and are for the most part at equal distances apart, and extend right across the wing, with the exception of lines 4 and 5; the fourth commences on the median vein at the end of the cell, and the fifth commences at the costa and ends on vein 3; nearly all the lines are formed of broken parts; the two sub-terminal lines are composed of broken lunular marks, and are interrupted in interspace 2 by a large orange patch which caps a large black sub- terminal spot, and there is another very small black spot at the anal angle with some orange on it, the terminal lines of both wings are black, edged inwardly by a fine white line ; tails black, tipped with white. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body brown above, white beneath. Female. Upperside darker and duller than the male, especially on the inner portions. Forewing with a broad black outer marginal band, broadest at the apex, and extended a little on to the costa, the black running in a little on the veins, and sometimes there is some black suffusion on the outer portion of the hinder margin. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, a marginal black even band, containing large white spots in the interspaces, with black, somewhat lunular spots inside them ; terminal line black. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ ? 14 inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 1c, g, 1d, 9, le, ae! Male and female on the upperside similar to the Wet-season form, except that the marginal band on both wings in the female is paler and narrower. On the underside K 2 68 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA the markings are similar, but thin and indistinct, and the ground colour of both wings is very much paler, some of the examples being very pale grey. Expanse of wings, $ 1335 inches. Larva, when full-fed just half an inch in length, of a dull reddish-green colour, thickly shagreened with minute white tubercles, scarcely, if at all, hairy ; the head pale ochreous, entirely hidden beneath the second segment, the segments increasing in width to about the fifth, the two anal segments slightly decreasing and above flattened, especially the thirteenth ; the erectile organs very small ; a dorsal pulsating line, some- what darker than the rest of the body; a sub-dorsal series of pale green oblique streaks, one on each segment on each side from the third to the eleventh segment inclusive ; no other conspicuous markings. Dr. Forel has identified the ant that attends the larva in Caleutta as Camponotus mitis, Smith (= bacchus, Smith = ventralis, Smith). Dr. G. King identifies the plant on which the larva feeds in Calcutta as Heynea trijuga, Roxburgh. Pupa, of the usual Lycenid shape, quite smooth, neither hairy nor pitted, pale ochreous-greenish, the upper portions of the abdominal segments darker, covered throughout with coarse, rounded, blackish spots placed irregularly ; a dorsal and a sub- dorsal series of similar but larger spots or blotches placed irregularly. Head bluntiy rounded, thorax slightly humped and constricted posteriorly, end of the abdomen rounded (de Nicéville). Hasirat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Andamans, Nicobars and the Malayan regions extending to the Philippines. A very common species. Norr.—de Nicéville puts Papilio alezis, Stoll, as a synonym to zlianus, Fabricius, but Stoll records his type as from Surinam, he has only figured its upperside and it is impossible to make out what it is meant to represent. JAMIDES KINKURKA. Plate 655, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, 2. Lycena kinkurka, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 481 (1862) ; id. Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 273, pl. 34, figs. 24, 25, 9 (1865). Lampides kinkurka, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 588. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 171 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 404, and p. 409, woodcut, fig. a (1907). Lampides zlianus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville (nec Fabricius), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 234. de Nicéville, id. 1882, p. 17. Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale whitish opalescent blue. Forewing with a narrow whitish even band, containing a series of sub-terminal, pale blackish lunular marks, some little pale blackish suffusion at the apex, beyond these marks the narrow whitish band is complete and distinct in fresh specimens, and it is limited on its imner side by LAMPIDINZ. 69 an indistinct grey thick line. Mindwing with a similar terminal band, but the sub- terminal lunular marks are black, the largest one in interspace 2 above the tail, which is brown with white edging ; terminal line on both wings black. Cilia white. Under- side nearly white, markings indistinct and white. Forewing with a line across the inner end of the cell, continued to the hinder margin, outwardly lined with brownish ; a short line across the outside of the cell, inwardly similarly edged; each with a white spot above them near the costa, two parallel lines from above vein 7 to vein 3, the inner one outwardly edged, the outer one inwardly, the inner line continued inwardly to the hinder margin, inwardly edged. Hindwing with six somewhat ir- regular lines in pairs, but nearly at equal distances apart, the first three acutely angled and bent towards the abdominal margin ; both wings with terminal black line, a double series of sub-terminal, brown marks on a white band; those on the hindwing dark brown, the outer series on the hindwing blackish, interrupted in interspace 2 by a large sub-terminal black spot with a black waved line to the anal angle, crowned with orange. Antenne black, with white specks; head and body grey above, with pale bluish-white pubescence, white beneath. Female. Upperside darker than the male. Furewing in some examples with a very broad blackish outer marginal band; this band varying much in different examples, the ordinary form has a broad blackish apical band, shaped somewhat squarely on its inner side, and narrow down the outer margin, generally with a pale centre. Hindwing with the outer marginal band shaped as in the male, but more pronounced and distinct, the sub-terminal spots black, the line or thin band limiting the narrow white band blackish. Underside as in the male, but the ground colour is dark grey and the lines white and distinct. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1,3; inches. Hasrrat.—The Nicobar Islands. Disrripution.—The type came from Kar Nicobar, and is in the Vienna Museum ; we have many examples from Kamorta and Nancowry, and de Nicéville records it from Teressa, Trinkut, Katschall, and Great Nicobar. JAMIDES ELPIS. Plate 656, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, 9 (Wet-season Brood), lc, g, 1d, 9, le, ? (Dry-season Brood). Polyommatus elpis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 654 (1823). Lycena elpis, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 76, pl. i. fig. 4, g (1828), and pl. 4, figs. 1b to e, structure of imago (1829). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 24 (1857). Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. xix. p. 152 (1876). Lampides elpis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 833. de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 52. de Nicéville, id. 1889, p. 11, pl. i. figs. 5a, g, 5b, larva. Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 95, pl. 38, figs. 4, g, 4a, ? (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 226, pl. 21, figs. 25, g, 70 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 26, (1884). Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, 1884, p. 335. Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 358. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 161 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 528. Elwes, id. 1892, p. 626. Swinhoe, id. 1893, p. 297. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 35. . de Nicéville, id. p. 386. Watson, id. 1891, p. 46. Betham, id. p. 179. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1896, p. 377. Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 407 (1907). Lampides pseudelphis, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 547, pl. 68, figs. 9, ¢, 8, 2. Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, g, 1a, 2, 1b, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale azure-blue; the underside markings showing through the wings. Forewing with a black costal and terminal line, some narrow black suffusion inside the latter. Hindwing with sub-terminal rather large blackish spots outwardly edged with white and a terminal black line ; these spots vary much in size, and in some specimens there is a second row of smaller and paler spots on their inner side. Cilia blackish. | Underside greyish chocolate-brown. Furewing with two parallel oblique lines, the inner one commencing across the end of the cell to the hinder margin, the third line from near the costa to vein 3, the fourth from near the costa to vein 4, the first and last two disconnected in parts, two sub-terminal lines divided by the veins, followed by darkish lunular marks, a sub-terminal white line and a black terminal line. Hindwing with six transverse lines, which, with the two sub-terminal lines, cover the whole wing, and with the exception of the first two, which are rather close together, are at fairly equal distances apart; and all are more or less divided by the veins; the third, fourth and fifth are angulated at their lower ends, the fifth terminates at vein 8, the sixth at vein 4; the two sub-terminal lines are somewhat lunular, and have darker spaces between them and between the outer one and the anteciliary white line, the dividing veins make them look like dark spots, and they are interrupted in interspace 2 by a large orange patch inside of which is a large black sub-terminal spot, with metallic scales, and there is a smaller black spot at the anal angle with a small orange cap; tails black, tipped with white. Antenne black, rmged with white ; head and body brown above, with blue pubescence, white beneath. Female. Upperside paler and duller in colour than the male. Fvrewing with a broad black marginal border, broadest at the apex, extending narrowly along the costa to its base and down the outer margin narrowing hindwards, with some black colour running in shortly on the veins. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the outer marginal band composed of a series of largish white spots containing black lunules, except in interspace 3, where there is a largish black spot ; on the inside of the series is a line of brownish lunular marks joined together, and on the outside a terminal black line. Underside paler than the male, markings similar. Expanse of wings, $ 14% to 14% inches. LAMPIDINA. 71 Dry-season Brood (Figs. 1c, S, 1d, ?, le, 2). Male and female paler than the Wet-season form, otherwise very similar, but on the underside the colour is paler and greyer and the markings somewhat indistinct. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1435 inches. Larva.—Feeds on the flowers and seeds of the cultivated cardamom and also on those of Kempferia pandurata. It is very similar to that of L. celeno, Cramer, but is of a pink hue, with well-defined stripes of red dorsally and laterally. Pura.—Found inside the fruit, or in the cluster of dead flowers above the fruit ; is smooth and of a dull yellowish-brown, marked with interrupted bands of a darker brown ; in shape it is similar to L. celeno. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasirat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Andamans, Nicobars, extending through the Malayan sub-region to Java. A common species. JAMIDES KONDULANA. Plate 656, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. - Lyczena kondulana, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 484 (1862); id. Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 271, pl. 34, fig. 6, g¢ (1865). Lampides kondulana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 588, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 172 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 409, woodcut, fig. b (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale azure-blue, much as in the Wet-season brood of elpis, but the colour more uniform; markings similar. Underside greyish chocolate-brown as in elpis, bands formed by white streaks not so sinuous as those in elpis. Forewing with a bar across the end of the cell, continued in an outwardly oblique way to the hinder margin, close to the sub-terminal series, the inner line of the upper part, commencing from the centre of the lower end of the discoidal bar ; a short band of three bars from near the costa (with a small upper, attached spot) to vein 4, a short line in the next interspace, from the centre of the band. Hindwing with an outwardly curved, indistinct antemedial band of conjoined bars, a medial band, commencing with a bar across the end of the cell (a streak above, in the two uppermost interspaces) where it is disjointed, and continued a little inwards, and curves round (not angled) at its lower end to the abdominal margin; a discal disjointed band from the costa to vein 4, with a streak below in the middle; both wings with terminal blackish line, sub-terminal white line, and a double row of white lunular marks, interrupted on the hindwing by a large black spot in interspace 2, with a black smaller spot on each side of it, all capped with orange. Cilia grey with a white medial line; tail black, tipped with white. Antenne black, speckled with white beneath ; head and body blackish above, with blue pubescence, whitish beneath. -1 bo LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Upperside coloured like the male. Forewing with broad, black, costal and outer marginal bands; broadest at the apex, narrowing towards the base and towards the hinder angle. Hindwing with terminal black line, a sub-terminal white band, inwardly edged with a pale blackish somewhat lunular thin band, and containing a series of black spots, one in each interspace, the largest in interspace 2. Underside as in the male. Expause of wings, ¢ $ 13 inches. Hasirat.—The Nicobar Islands. JAMIDES KANKENA. Plate 656, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, g. Lycena kankena, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 481 (1862); id. Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p- 270, pl. 34, fig. 37, ¢ (1865). Lampides kankena, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 174 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 408, pl. 20, fig. 148 (1907). Lampides rogersi, Bingham, l.c. p. 409. Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining silvery azure-blue, of a brighter and more beautiful tint than any Indian species of this genus; some of the white markings of the underside visible through the wings. orewing with the costal and terminal line finely black. Cilia black. Hindwing with the terminal line black, a sub-terminal broad whitish line, a sub-terminal black spot in interspace 2, a sinuous black line from it to the anal angle where there is a white dot; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia brown, with a middle white line. Underside, chocolate-brown, markings white. Forewing with a double line across the end of the cell, both continued to near the hinder margin, outwardly oblique and ending close to the sub-terminal series; two outwardly curved short lines from near the costa, the inner one to vein 3, the outer to vein 2. Hindwing with two antemedial lines, a third line disconnected in inter- space 6, a series of two short lines in interspaces 7 and 6, a series of three lines in interspaces 7, 6, and 5, a sixth line complete across the wing, line. 2, angled, 3 and 6 curved, all turning in on the abdominal margin ; both wings with black terminal line and black cilia; an anteciliary white line and a double series of short white lines or lunular marks interrupted in interspace 2 of the hindwing by a large sub-terminal black spot and a smaller one in interspace 1, both with some metallic blue scales and capped with orange. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body above blue like the colour of the wings, white below. Female, unknown. Expanse of wings, ¢ 14/5 inches. Hasirat.—Nicobar Islands. LAMPIDIN. 73 The type from Kar Nicobar is in the Vienna Museum, the figure and the above description are from a male from Naucowry, in the late Colonel Bingham’s collection now in the Druce Museum and kindly lent to us. We cannot agree with Bingham that it is nearly related to e/pis, his figure of both upper and underside is very bad, and does not at all represent the insect, which is unlike any other species we know of. INDO-MALAYAN AND CHINESE ALLIED SPECIES. Jamides aratus, Papilio aratus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 365, figs. A, B (1782). H.H. Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 584. Habitat, Malayana, Borneo, Celebes. Jamides astraptes, Lycena astraptes, Felder, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. cl. xl. p. 456 (1860). Habitat, Philippines, Amboina. Jamides suidas, Lycena suidas, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 373, pl. 34, figs. 18, 19. Synonym, Plebeius calliatus, Rober, Tris, 1886, p. 55, pl. 4, fig. 13. Habitat, Philippines. Jamides mindora, Lycena mindora, Felder, |.c. p. 277, pl. 34, figs. 9, 10. Habitat, Philippines. Jamides adana, Cupido adana, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 349. Habitat, Borneo. Jamides evanescens, Lampides evanescens, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 615. Habitat, Philippines, New Hebrides. Jamides latimargus, Cupido latimargus, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1878, p. 19, pl. i. fig. 4. Habitat, : Celebes. Jamides philatus, Cupido philatus, Snellen, l.c. p. 21, pl. 1, fig. 5. Habitat, Celebes. Jamides talinga, Plebeius talinga, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 29, pl. 5, fig. 32, ¢, 33, 9 (1884). Habitat, Nias. ; Jamides siraha, Plebeius siraha, Kheil, l.c. pl. 5, fig. 35 (1884). Habitat, Nias. Jamides abdul, Lampides abdul, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 456, pl. 44, fig. 22 (1886). Synonym, Lampides markata. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 174 (note) (1890). Habitat, Perak. Jamides snelleni, Plebeius snelleni, Rober, Iris, 1886, p. 54, pl. 4, fig. 9. Habitat, Celebes. Jamides insularis, Plebeius insularis, Rober, Iris, l.c. pl. 4, fig. 14. Habitat, Java. Jamides osias, Plebeius osias, Rober, le. p. 56, pl. 5, fig. 17. Synonym, Lycena amphissima, Staudinger, Lep. Palawan, p. 100, pl. i. fig. 4, 2 (1889). Habitat, Philippines. Jamides optimus, Plebeius optimus, Rober, Iris, l.c. p. 56, pl. 4, fig. 16. Habitat, Malacca. Jamides obscurus, Plebeius optimus, var. obscurus, Rober, l.c. p. 56. Habitat, Celebes. Jamides festivus, Plebeius festivus, Rober, l.c. p. 58, pl. 4, fig. 17. Habitat, Celebes. Jamides orestes, Plebeius orestes, Rober, l.c. pl. 4, fig. 20. Habitat, South Celebes. Jamides griseus, Plebeius griseus, Rober, l.c. p. 60, pl. 4, fig. 18. Habitat, East Celebes. Jamides talanjang, Lampides subditus talanjang, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 28, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1904, p. 204. Habitat, Engano, N. Philippines. Jamides elpidion, Lampides elpidion, Doherty, l.c. Fruhstorfer, l.c. Habitat, Engano. Jamides coalita, Lampides coalita, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 363, pl. F, figs. 12, ¢,18, 9. Habitat, Java. Jamides saturata, Lycena saturata, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1892, p. 37. Habitat, Java, Sumatra. Jamides cunilda, Lycena cunilda, Snellen, l.c. 1896, p. 91, pl. i. fig. 4. Habitat, W. Java. Jamides subperusa, Lycena superusa, Snellen, l.c. p. 93. Habitat, W. Java. Jamides lucida, Lampides lucida, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Scc. Bengal, 1894, p. 33, pl. 5, fig. 3, g. Habitat, N.E. Sumatra. VOL. VIII. Li 74 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Jamides limes, Lampides limes, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 581, pl. 32, fig. 16, g. Habitat, Kina Balu, Borneo. Jamides virgulatus, Lampides virgulatus, H, H. Druce, le. fig. 17, ¢. Habitat, Kina Balu, Labuan, Sarawak. Jamides lugine, Nacaduba lugine, H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 577, pl. 32, fig. 15, g¢. Habitat, Labuan. Jamides zebra, Lampides zebra, H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 583, pl. 32, fig. 18, ¢. Habitat, Borneo. Jamides lividus, Lampidus lividus, H. H. Druce, lc. p. 584, pl. 32, fig. 20, ¢. Habitat, Kina Balu, Labuan. Jamides margarita, Plebeius margarita, Martin, Hinige, neue Tagschmett. von Nord. Sumatra, p. 9 (1895). Habitat, Sumatra. Jamides daones, Lampides daones, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 656, pl. 29, fig. 5, ¢. Habitat, Penungah, Borneo. Jamides daonides, Plebeius (Lampides) daonides, Rober, Ent. Nachr. xxiii. p. 100 (1897). Habitat, W. Jaya. Jamides lunata, Lampides lunata, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 145, pl. Z, figs. 21,6, 22, 9. Habitat, N. Celebes. Genus NACADUBA. Nacaduba, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 88 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 218 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iil. p. 141 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 381 (1907). Eyes hairy. J orewing with vein 3 from before lower end of cell, 6 from upper end, 7 from a little before it, 8 absent, 9 from middle of 7, 10 from apical third of sub-costal, 11 close to it at its base, completely anastomoses with 12 for a short distance, then runs free to the costa, 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell. Costa arched, apex blunt, outer margin convex, hinder angle obtuse, hinder margin straight. //indwing with veins 3 and 4 from lower end of cell, or from a little before it, 8 well arched at base, ends on costa before the apex of the wing, wing sub-triangular, costa arched, apex blunt, outer margin convex, hinder angle well marked, abdominal margin convex. Clearly in almost all its characters a Lampididid, but has the Everid character of having in the forewing the sub-costal nervule completely anastomosed with the costal nervure for a short distance, then again becoming free. Type, Prominens, Moore = atrata, Horsfield. NACADUBA MACROPTHALMA. Plate 657, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, lb, ¢. Lycxena macropthalma, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 483 (1862) ; id. Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p- 275, pl. 34, fig. 35, g (1865). Lampides macropthalma, Butler, Trans. Linn, Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 547. LAMPIDINZ. 75 Nacaduba macropthalma, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 89, pl. 37, figs. 4, 4a, ¢ (1881). Butler, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1883, p. 417. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p- 367, pl. 17, fig. 13, g. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 218, pl. 20, fig. 3, g (1884), and p. 454, pl. 44, fig. 8, 9 (1886). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 358. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 143 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 296. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 660. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 382 (1907). Lampides confr. pactolus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville (nec Felder), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 230. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purplish-brown; costal line of forewing and outer marginal line of both wings black, tail black, tipped with white. Cilia brown, with white tips. Underside pale greyish-brown, lines greyish-white. orewing with a line from the median vein a little before the end of the cell, to near the hinder margin a little beyond the middle, a similar line a little beyond the end of the cell, nearly touching the third line which commences near the costa and runs almost straight down to near the hinder margin rather close to the end of the inner sub-terminal line, a line from near the costa to vein 3; two subterminal lines, composed of somewhat lunular marks disjointed by the veins, and somewhat thicker than the other lines. Hindwing with seven disjointed transverse lines at about equal distances apart covering the whole surface of the wing; the fourth line having an additional mark above its middle, making the second piece from the costa into a V shape ; the fifth line runs into the sixth below the costa and is very irregular, and its lower portion is composed of very short streaks and spots, the sixth and seventh lines correspond to the two sub-terminal lines of the forewing, and are interrupted in interspace 2 by a largish ochreous spot containing a large black spot, and there are two minute black spots at the anal angle, all three spots with metallic blue-green scales. Female. Upperside paler than the male, in some examples almost greyish-white with a blue suffusion, and with all the veins prominent and black. Forewing with rather broad costal and outer marginal blackish bands inwardly suffused. Hindwing with a narrower and more even blackish band, containing a series of black spots capped with grey-blue, terminal line black. Underside as in the male, but all the lines much broader and whiter. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish- brown above, dull whitish beneath ; the palpi white beneath, with stiff black hairs. Expanse of wings, $ $ 1445 to 1435 inches. Hasrrat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Andamans, Nicobars, and the Malayan sub- region as far as Australia. Distripution.—de Nicéville records it from Sikkim, Bhutan, Ceylon, Andamans, Nicobars, Bingham from Burma, Hampson from the Nilgiris, Watson from the Chin Hills; we have received many examples from the Khasia Hills. 76 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. NACADUBA KERRIANA. Plate 657, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ?. Nacaduba kerriana, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 253; id. Rhop. Malayana, p. 455, pl. 42, fig. 12, g (1886). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii, p. 146 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 384 (1907). . Imaco.—Male. Upperside, pale violet-blue, costal line of forewing and terminal line of both wings black; a series of blackish sub terminal spots in the interspaces, more or less square on the forewing and lunular on the hindwing, followed by a series of indistinct short linear marks on the forewing and lunular marks on the hindwing. Underside white, slightly tinged with grey. Forewing with a pale chocolate-grey thin band before the middle, a line closing the cell, two bands from near the costa, the inner one thin, its lower end joined to the upper end of a thicker band which runs from vein 3 to vein 1, the outer one thicker, fining down to vein 3 just beyond the upper end of the lower band; all of the same colour. Hindwing with six transverse lines or thin bands of short linear dislocated pale chocolate-grey marks, at equal distances apart, covering the whole surface of the wing ; both wings with a double series of sub-terminal black disjointed marks, the inner series composed of short linear marks, the outer series of lunules ; the second from the upper end of the inner series being a large black spot ; a sub-terminal black spot in interspace 2, with metallic scales; terminal line on both wings black. Cilia grey; tail brown, tipped with white. Antenne black, speckled with white ; head and body brown above, white beneath ; palpi with black hairs. Female. Upperside coloured like the male, but somewhat paler. Forewing with the lower discal portion white, divided by the veins; outer margin with the black spots joined together forming a narrow even band, slightly thickened at the apex, and with the inner series of marks as in the male. Hindwing with the sub-marginal series of black spots, larger and darker than in the male, the inner line of lunules capped by a row of prominent white lunular-shaped spots, and a large white space in the upper disc, divided by the veins. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, 3 ? 14%5 to 1445 inches. Hasirat.—Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. NACADUBA PAVANA. Plate 657, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 9, 3c, g. Lyczna pavana, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 77 (1828). Nacaduba pavana, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 367. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 145, pl. 26, fig. 182, ¢ (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 297. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 385, woodcut (1907). Lyczna hermus, Felder, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Nath. el. xl. p. 457 (1860). LAMPIDINA. 17 Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple with a silvery blue sheen, but varying somewhat in colour, in some specimens the purple prevails, in others the blue, probably due to climatic influences ; a slender black terminal line to both wings. Underside, ground colour as in macropthalma, markings on both wings very similarly disposed, but finer and more disjointed, the first line on the forewings runs across the cell before its end, and is disconnected hindwards, the continuation running from between the two lines across the end of the cell to the hinder margin ; the short line a little beyond the end of the cell is well separated from the third line, which is broken, the upper portion of this third line is-in an outward curve and stops at vein 3, being continued from that vein at a little distance on the outer side, the fourth line, which also stops at vein 3, is also outwardly curved ; on the hindwing the fourth line has no additional mark (as in macropthalma), and on both wings the inner sub-terminal line has the upper three marks of the forewing and all of the hindwing, formed of lunules; tails black, tipped with white. Female. Upperside very much as in the female of macropthalma, Underside as in its own male. Expanse of wings, $ ? 14%; inches. Hasirat.— India, Burma, Andamans, Java, Amboina. Distrizution.—Recorded from Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Cachar, Burma, and the Andamans ; the type came from Jaya; Felder’s type of hermus came from Amboina. Note.—We have received many examples from the Khasia Hills, which cannot be separated from this species, but they are all of a more uniformly blue shade above, and every example on the underside has a dark blackish-brown patch on the centre of the hindwing obliterating the linear markings ; this is probably an extreme Wet form ; we figure the underside of one of them, fig. 3c, 3. Norz.—We have examined Felder’s type of Lycena hermus ; it is in all respects identical with typical pavana. NACADUBA BHUTEA. Plate 657, figs. 4, g¢, 4a, 2, 4b, g¢, 4c, 2. Nacaduba bhutea, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 72, pl. i. fig. 13, ¢. Elwes, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 387. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 152 (1890). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 578. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 660. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 387, pl. 20, fig. 147 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull purple-brown, both wings with terminal, very slender black line. Underside pale greyish-brown with a slight chocolate tint; markings slightly darker than the ground colour, indicated by their pale edgings. Forewing with a bar across the middle of the cell with a spot on the costa above it; a 78 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. bar across the end of the cell, a discal band of four disjointed bars, with a spot on the costa close above the first bar, the fourth bar a little inwards in the second interspace. FTindwing with two transverse outwardly curved bands of disjointed bars, antemedial and postmedial, a bar also crossing the end of the cell ; both wings with a sub-marginal double series of indistinct, more or less lunular marks, interrupted in the second inter- space of the hindwing by a sub-terminal black spot crowned with pale dull orange- ochreous, two (geminate) black dots at the anal angle, all with metallic blue-green scales. Cilia grey, with a brown medial band ; tails black, tipped with white. Antenne black, ringed with white, and with some white on the club; head and body brown above and below, the underside of the abdomen pale at the sides. ° Female. Upperside paler than the male. orewing with the inner portion with blue scales ; costal and outer marginal border broad and brownish-black, the black colour running in also on the hinder margin, leaving but a small portion of the inner part of the wing blue. Hindwing suffused with brown, terminal line black, three straight rows of white dots near the anal angle, with indications of a fourth row, all packed closely together. Underside greyish-white, with a slight chocolate tint; markings more prominent, but similarly disposed, except that on the forewing the discal band is more complete and more evenly outwardly curved, and the outer of the two sub-terminal series of spots on both wings has some of the spots deep black, especially the three or four upper ones on the forewing and the first, second and last on the hindwing. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1 inch. Hanirat.—Sikkim, Chin Hills, Borneo. NACADUBA DANA. Plate 658, figs. 1, g, la, 2, lb, ¢. Nacaduba dana, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 73, pl. i. fig. 15, ¢. Doherty, id. 1886, p. 133. Hampson, id. 1888, p. 358. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ili. p. 155 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34, and 1891, p. 46, and 1897, p. 660. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 297. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 386 (1907). Lyczna ardeola, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 97. Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue, terminal line black. Cilia grey, with 2 brown medial band. Underside ochreous-brown, markings slightly darker than the wings, formed by their whitish edges. orewing with a bar across the middle of the cell and another across its end, each with a spot above on the costa ; a discal outwardly curved band, commencing with a costal spot, and composed of four bars, the fourth inwards in interspace 2; the hinder marginal space pale. Hindwing with a sub-basal band of four bars joined together, a whitish line across the cell, a discal LAMPIDINA. 79 outwardly curved band of six bars joined together, a line of three lunular marks from vein 7 to vein 3; and both wings with sub-terminal double band, edged on both sides with whitish lunular lines, a black sub-terminal spot in the second interspace; the terminal line brown. Antennz black, ringed with white; head and body blackish above, whitish beneath. Female, with a very broad, costal and outer marginal blackish band; the space inside pale, with blue sealing. Hindwing suffused with blackish-brown ; terminal line on both wings black. Underside very much paler than in the male; markings similar, but very indistinct ; both sexes without tails. Expanse of wings, $ $ 1 inch. Hapirat.—India, Burma. Disrrisution.—Recorded by Hampson from the Nilgiris, by Watson from the Chin Hills, Chin Lushai and Mysore, by de Nicéville from Kumaon, Bholahat, Malda, Bhutan, Chittagong and Pegu; we have received many examples from the Khasia Hills. Staudinger has recorded it from the Philippines; H. H. Druce, who has examined Staudinger’s type, says ardeola is identical with dana (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 579, footnote). NACADUBA HAMPSONI. Plate 658, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, ¢. Nacaduba hampsoni, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 118, pl. 2, fig. 13, ¢. Hampson, id. 1888, p. 358. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 155 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34, and 1891, p. 46. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 380. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 387 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside violet-purple, shining; terminal line black. Cilia black at the base, white at the tips; no tails. Underside pale lilac-brown; markings darker brown with whitish edges. /orewing with a bar across the middle of the cell and another just outside its end; a discal band of seven bars from near the costa to near the hinder margin, slightly outwardly curved, the lowest but one oblique and a little inwards, the last somewhat elongate. Hindwiny with three transverse bands of bars, the first sub-basal, composed of two bars; the second of four bars from the costa to the lower end of the cell, the third of six bars from vein 6 to the abdominal margin a little beyond its middle, all the bars joined together, forming more or less complete bands ; both wings with a sub-terminal, very indistinct, double row of lunular marks, and black terminal line. Antennz black, speckled with white; head and body blackish above, whitish beneath. Female, unknown. Expanse of wings, S 14)5 inches. 80 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasirat,—India. DisrripuTion.—The type came from the Nilgiri Hills; it is recorded by de Nicéville from Dehra Dhun, by Watson from Chin Lushai and from Mysore, by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, and by Manders from the Shan States. NACADUBA ATRATA. Plate 658, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 9 (Wet-season Brood), 3c, ¢, 3d, 9 (Dry-season Brood), 3e (larva and pupa). Lycena atrata, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 78 (1828). Nacaduba atrata, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 89 (1881). Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 366. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 148 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529, Swinhoe, id. 1893, p. 297. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. x. 1895, p. 35. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1896, p. 376, pl. 4, figs. 2, 2a, larva and pupa, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 388, woodcut (1907). de Rhé-Philipe, Journ. Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1908, p. 886. Lycena kurava, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.J.C. i. p. 22 (1857). Cupido akaba, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 350. Lampides prominens, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 341. Nacaduba prominens, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 88, pl. 37, fig. 3, g, 3a, 3b, 9, 3c, larva and pupa (1881). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 357. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 149 (1890). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 3, 3, 3a, $, 3b, ?). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull violet, with some dull blue scales at the base, terminal line black, costal space on the hindwing pale. Underside pale violet-brown, markings white. Forewing with the hinder margin narrowly whitish; two parallel lines across the middle of the cell, each with a spot above it near the costa, these lines continued to the white in the hinder margin; a line across the cell, just inside its end, followed by a parallel short line, each with a spot above it; a line commencing below the last short line runs down to the hinder margin and is rather sinuous, a line commencing with a small white sub-costal spot, across the wing to the hinder margin somewhat near the lower end of the sub-terminal series; another line from near the costa, a little outwardly oblique to vein 3, near the middle of the sub-terminal series ; this series is composed of two bands of lunular brown marks edged outwardly with white lunules, the inner series having the largest spots. indwing with six disjointed white lines at equal distances apart covering the wing, their lower ends curving evenly inwards towards the abdominal margin, the first close to the base, the sixth touching in parts the inner lunules of the sub-marginal series ; this series is disposed as on the forewing, but the brown spots are smaller and the white lunules more acute, and it is interrupted in interspace 2 by a black spot capped with orange, and two minute LAMPIDINA. 81 black spots near the anal angle, all three spots with metallic blue-green scales, tail black, tipped with white. Cilia whitish, with a grey medial band. Antenne black, with white speckles at the sides ; head and body purplish-brown above, whitish beneath, the palpi with black hairs. Female. Upperside white, with glistening blue scaling in parts. Horewing with black marginal band, broadest at the apex, and extended along the costa, narrowing to the base of the wing; most of the wing with blue scales, except a small portion in the upper disc. LZindwing with the costa very broadly blackish, the outer margin with an even narrow band composed of a double row of lunular spots, the outer ones the largest and blackest, each capped with a white lunule, terminal line black, edged inwardly by a white line broken by the veins, the dise of the wing more or less white below the costal blackish space. Underside as in the male, but the markings are more prominent, and the brown colour between the lines darker than the ground colour of the wing. Expanse of wings, S ? 14%5 inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 3c, 3, 3d, ?). Male and Female coloured and marked on the upperside like the Wet-season form, but the female, in most examples, has the inner portion of the forewing nearly all white, the colour of the underside is much paler, and the markings more or less indistinct. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1 to 145 inches. Larva.—Feeds on Erubelia robusta, the back elevated and the segments most distinctly defined ; the anal segment is flattened; the back forms a distinct ridge, the colour is green, but there is a purple line along the ridge of the back; the other seoments are also edged with the same colour. The head is small, amber-coloured, with a darker border. Pura.—Short and stout, constricted slightly between the thorax and the abdomen, and has slight traces of a ridge along the back. In colour it is a dingy greyish-brown, powdered with black. There is an interrupted dark band along the middle of the back, and also spots of blackish on the abdominal segments and just beyond the wing covers and the sides of the thorax. It is smooth and only fastened at the tail parallel with the leaf to which it is attached. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasrrat.—Sikkim, Bhutan, Burma, Ceylon, Southern India, Nicobars, and the Malay Peninsula; the type came from Java. Distripution.—de Nicéville records it from Malda, Cachar, Bingham from the Shevaroy Hills, Tenasserim and the Nicobars, Hampson from the Nilgiris, de Rhe- Philipe from the Konkan, Manders from the Shan States; we have it in our collection also from the Khasia Hills, Kanara, Koorg, Ceylon, Andamans, Mahableshwar, Madras, Borneo, Celebes, N. Guinea and the Philippines. VOL. VIII. M LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. co bo NACADUBA PLUMBEOMICANS. Plate 658, figs. 4, g, 4a, 2, 4b, ¢. Lampides plumbeomicans, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 231. Nacaduba plumbeomicans, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 40. de Nicéville, Butt. -of India, iii. p. 150 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 389 (1907). Lampides plumbeomicans, var. nicobaricus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 234. Nacaduba nicobarica, Bingham, l.c. p. 390. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull purplish-blue, glistening in certain lights; terminal line black. Cilia grey, with a brown medial band; tail black, tipped with white. Underside pale greyish-brown with a slight purplish-chocolate tint ; lines thin and whitish. orewing with three pairs: the first from near the costa, across the middle of the cell, to the hinder margin; the second across the end of the cell, where it is broken, and continued a little outwardly to the hinder margin; the third from near the costa to vein 8, the inner line there touching the lower commencement of the outer line of the second pair. Hindwing with six transverse disjointed lines at equal distances apart, covering the whole wing ; the fourth and fifth nearly meeting together on vein 4, where the fifth terminates, the sixth terminating on vein 3, its last portion a little on the inside; a double row of sub-terminal marks on both wings capped with whitish lunules, those on the hindwing interrupted in interspace 2 by a deep black spot, capped with orange, two minute spots near the anal angle, all three with metallic blue-green scales ; terminal line on both wings black, inwardly edged by a white line interrupted by the veins. Antenne black, speckled with white; head and body blackish-brown above, grey beneath ; palpi white below with long black stiff hairs. Female. Upperside brownish, of a dull pale purplish-brown colour ; sometimes uniform in colour, sometimes with a whitish space in the middle of the forewing with some blue scaling ; both wings with a double series of sub-terminal brown markings capped with whitish lunules, very indistinct, and nearly obsolete on the forewing, the spot in interspace 2 of the hindwing the largest and round ; terminal line brown, with inner white edging on the hindwing. Underside much paler than the male, markings similar. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1 to 1,5 inches. Hasirat.—Tenasserim, Mergui, Chittagong Hills, Andamans and Nicobars. NACADUBA NORA. Plate 659, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, 6. Lycxna nora, Felder, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. cl. xl. p. 458 (1860); id. Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 275, pl. 34, fig. 34, ¢ (1865). Herrick-Schiiffer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxx. p. 72 (1869). LAMPIDINZ. 83 Lampides nora, Semper, Journ. des Mus. Godef. xiv. p. 175 (1879). Nacaduba nora, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 73, pl. i. fig. 14, 9; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 147 (1890). Lyczna felderi, Murray, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 527, pl. 10, figs. 4, ¢, 6, 9. Lycxna ardates, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 574, pl. 67, fig. 1. Nacaduba ardates, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 90, pl. 38, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ (1881), and iii. p. 530 (1887). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 3. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 335. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 133. Hampson, id. 1888, p. 358. Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 153 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 45. Betham, id. p. 178. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 297. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 380. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 488. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 391 (1907). Lyczna dubiosa, Semper, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, xiv. p. 159 (1879). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brownish-purple, terminal line on both wings black ; indications of a sub-terminal blackish spot in interspace 2 of the hindwing ; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia dark grey with an inner darker band. Underside dark brownish-grey with a slight ochreous tint ; markings a little darker than the ground colour, edged with brown, and whitish. Forewing, a bar from near the costa, across the middle of the cell, to vein 1, a bar across the end of the cell, a discal band of conjoined bars, from the costa to vein 8, continued hindwards from its inner side to near the hinder margin. //indwing with an antemedial band of bars ending in a spot near the abdominal margin, a bar across the end of the cell, a discal outwardly curved band of bars, the third from the abdominal margin a little inwards ; both wings with terminal blackish-brown line, a series of sub-terminal brown lunules, and between them a series of brown marks; a large sub-terminal black spot in interspace 2 crowned with orange, and two pairs of small blackish spots before the anal angle, all with metallic blue-green scales. Antenne black, ringed with white, the club tipped with white; head and body blackish-brown, abdomen whitish beneath. Female. Upperside darker than the male. Forewing with the costal and outer spaces blackish, some blue scaling on the inner portion. Hindwing suffused with blackish, -with a terminal row of black angular spots, capped with grey and outwardly edged with white ; terminal line of both wings black. Underside darker than in the male, the bands not darker than the ground colour, markings similar to those of the male, but the white edgings to the bands whiter. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1 to 1+/5 inches. Some of the females vary much in the coloration of the underside, some examples from the Andamans and from Amboina are yellowish. Hasirat.—India, Ceylon, Burma, Andamans, Nikobars, Malay sub-region extending to the Philippines and Amboina. A common species. M 2 84 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Nore.—We have carefully examined Felder’s type of nora, and find it to be identical with the tailed form of ardates, as Bingham (who had not seen the type) suggested ; there are three males, all from Amboina, in the Felderian collection at Tring, and a female with yellowish underside, and all are true ardates. NACADUBA NOREIA. Plate 659, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Lyczna noreia, Felder, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, xviii. p. 282 (1868). Nacaduba noreia, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 148 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 1897, vol. x. p. 660. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 393 (1907). Nacaduba ardates, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 154, pl. 27, fig. 185, ¢ (1890). Imaco.—Male and Female very similar to nora above and below, but without tails. Genitalia also conspecific. Expanse of wings, $ $ 385 to 1 inch. Hasrrat.—India, Burma, Ceylon and nearly (if not quite) all the islands of the Malay Archipelago. DisTRIBUTION.—Felder’s type came from Ceylon, it is not now in the Felderian collection at Tring; it is undoubtedly the insect that has heretofore been called the tailless form of ardates, which is very common in Ceylon; it is found in most of the localities in which nora = ardates is found, but in certain localities where nora is plentiful this tailless form does not seem to exist. In all the years we collected in Bombay, where nora is very common, we never took a single specimen ; and de Nicéyille says (p. 154), in the Bombay Presidency, Burma and the Andamans, only the tailed form is to be found; de Nicéville says they occur together in Masuri, Sikkim, Malda, Shillong; Orissa, the Nilghiri and Shevaroy Hills and Ceylon ; but that does not prove they are one and the same species ; Green, who is a careful observer, says, “‘ The tailless form of ardates differs distinctly in its habits from the tailed form, sporting about in large clouds round the Madras thorn-trees in Colombo ; the specimens of ardates that I catch up-country are never seen but singly or in pairs, and have a more hesitating flight.” de Nicéville says W. C. Taylor at Orissa, G. F. Hampson at Ootacamund, as well as E. E. Green at Colombo, all consider these forms to represent distinct species. We have the tailless form from Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, Chota Nagpore, Orissa, from Flores, and many of the islands of the Malay Archipelago; and we have always believed it to be distinct from the tailed form. Watson also says, “ Noreia = ardates is either very variable or more than one species is included under the name ; the tailless form appears to be much rarer in this district. I only obtained four specimens, three from the Upper Chindwin in February and March, and one from 3,500 feet in June.” ~m or LAMPIDINA. NACADUBA CQ@LESTIS. Plate 659, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Nacaduba celestis, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 366, pl. 17, fig. 11, g. Doherty, id. p. 133. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 151, pl. 27, fig. 184, ¢ (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 45, and 1897, p. 660. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 297. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 393, and p. 385, woodcut (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining blue tinged with purple, costal line of forewing and terminal line of both wings black, with a sub-terminal series of indistinct brown marks. Cilia grey, brown at the base ; tails black, tipped with white. Underside pale purplish-brown, with a chocolate tint; markings dark brown, with pure white edges. orewing with three transverse bands, the first antemedial, across the middle of the cell down to the hinder margin; the second across the end of the cell, with a short square mark above it, also to the hinder margin, slightly disjointed at the lower end of the cell; the third commences below the costa, where there is a short square, is dislocated at vein 7, where it recommences a little outwards, runs down the two next interspaces, is dislocated on vein 4, and has there an inside square filling the next interspace, touching the outer side of the second band. Hindwing with a square bar near the base, another at the end of the cell, a complete transverse band between them, with an inward curve in its centre, an outwardly curved discal band, broader and darker than the others, which narrows hindwards, touching the outer lower edge of the band at the end of the cell, and then breaks up into double lunules in the lower interspaces ; both wings with a double series of dark brown, rather large, sub-terminal lunular marks, capped with white lunules, a large deep black sub- terminal spot in interspace 2, capped with orange, and two at the anal angle, all with metallic blue-green scales. Antenne black, speckled with white ; head and body blackish, with blue pubescence, white beneath ; palpi with a black fringe. Female. Upperside. vrewing with very broad outer marginal blackish border, broadest at the hinder angle, extends also down the costa, narrowing towards the base of the wing; the inner portion of the wing whitish with shining blue scaling. Hindwing nearly all blackish-brown, with some shining blue scaling on the inner portion below the median vein ; a sub-terminal, very indistinct series of double brown marks. Underside paler than the male, markings similar. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1 inch. Hapirat.—Himalayas, Sikkim, Burma, Andamans. DisTRIBUTION.—We have received many examples from the Khasia Hills, it has been recorded by Watson from the Chin Hills and Chin Lushai, and by de Nicéville from Kumaon, Cachar, Sibsaghar, and South Andamans. 86 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. NACADUBA ANCYRA. Plate 659, figs. 4, $, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢. Lyczna ancyra, Felder, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xl. p. 458 (1860) ; id. Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 276, pl. 34, fig. 5, g (1865). Nacaduba ancyra, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool.iSoc. 1895, p. 579. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 395 (1907). Cupido almora, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 349, pl. 22, fig. 7. Nacaduba pseustis, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 182. Nacaduba amaura, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 361, pl. 31, fig. 10. Nacaduba maniana, H. H. Druce, le. fig. 9. Nacaduba aberrans, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 626, pl. 44, fig. 6, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside plumbeous-blue, terminal line on both wings black ; a sub-terminal black spot in interspace 2 of the hindwing, and two smaller spots in interspace 1, outwardly edged by a white line; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia brown basally, white outwardly. Underside grey, with a slight pinkish tinge, bands darker than the ground colour, edged with white. Forewing with a band across the middle of the cell, continued from its inner side downwards to vein 1, a band across the end of the cell, a discal outwardly curved band of five conjoined spots from the costa to vein 3, continued from the middle of the fifth spot, hindwards in an almost straight line to vein 1, rather close to the sub-terminal series. Hindwing with an ante- medial band, slightly outwardly curved, a bar across the end of the cell, and an outwardly curved discal band broken in three pieces, touching each other; the first from the costa to the upper end of the cell, touching the outer edge of the discoidal bar ; the second outwards, its upper end touching the outer edge of the upper piece ; the third touching the outer lower edge of the discoidal bar, passing and touching the lower edge of the second piece, and continuing in a rounded curve to the abdominal margin; both wings with terminal black line, a sub-terminal series of brown lunules, and between them a series of small brown spots on a white ground, the spot in interspace 2 black and larger than the others, the spots in interspaces 1 and 2 capped with orange. Antennze black, ringed with white; head and body blackish, suffused with blue. Female. Upperside varying much in colour, but always paler than the male; in most examples the /vrewing has a broad blackish costal and outer marginal band, broadest at the apex, narrowing somewhat towards the base on the costal portion, and broadening on the outer margin at the hinder angle, the inner portion of the wing often suffused with glistening blue scales, a black lunular mark at the end of the cell. Hindwing blue-grey, a terminal rather broad and even band, containing a series of sub- terminal angular black spots outlined by white, and capped with white, the spot in LAMPIDIN. 87 interspace 2, the largest and capped with orange, this series is followed by a blackish angular band (touching it) capped with indistinct whitish lunules, both wings with black terminal line. Underside as in the male, the outer markings large and very prominent. Expanse of wings, $ $ 17/5 to 1,3; inches. Hasitat.—Burma, Nicobars, Borneo, Amboina, Alu. DistriBuTIoNn.—Felder’s type, which we have examined, came from Amboina, Druce’s type from Borneo, H. H. Druce’s types from Alu Island, Rubiana Island, Malaita Island, and Uluana Island; Elwes records it from Eastern Pegu, and Bingham from Burma, Tenasserim and the Nicobars ; we have several examples from Alu Island and Tenom, British N. Borneo; they vary much in size from the different localities, but cannot be specifically separated. NACADUBA VIOLA. Plate 659, figs. 5, ¢, 5a, 9, 5b, ¢. Lampides viola, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 340. Nacaduba viola, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 89, pl. 38, figs. 1, lb, ¢, 1a, 9 (1881); id. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 40. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 219 (woodcut), pl. 20, fig. 24, ¢ (1884). Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 367, pl. 17, fig. 12, ¢. Hampson, id. 1888, p. 358. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 146, pl. 27, fig. 183, g (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 297. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. x. 1895, p. 35. Nacaduba prox. viola, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 3. Lyceenesthes merguiana, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 23. Nacaduba hermus, Bingham (nec Felder), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 394 (1907). ImMaco.—Male. orewing triangular, costa long, quite a fifth longer than the hinder margin, apex produced and somewhat acute; outer margin nearly straight. Hindwing with the apex well defined, outer margin nearly straight to vein 3, the anal angle rounded. Upperside dark brownish lilac-purple, terminal line on both wings black. Hindwing with a sub-terminal series of indistinct blackish spots, the spot in interspace 2 large and more distinct and edged outwardly by a pale line; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia grey, darker inwardly. Underside brownish-grey, with a slight pinkish tinge, bands not darker than the ground colour, indicated by their white edgings. Forewing with a bar across the middle of the cell, extends hindwards to vein 1, a bar across the end of the cell, a discal band of four conjoined bars from near the costa to vein 8, extended hindwards from its inner side to vein 1; the bar above vein 3 a little disjointed inwards. Mindwing with a sub-basal band, a bar across the end of the cell, and a discal outwardly curved band of bars, the fifth from the costa a little inwards, touching the lower end of the discoidal bar ; both wings with terminal brown line, and a double series of sub-terminal white lunules filled in with pale brown, a large sub-terminal black spot in interspace 2, with some metallic blue-green scales and 88 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. capped with pale orange. Antennee black, ringed with white ; head and body brown, the palpi fringed with black hairs. Female. Upperside. Forewing dull greyish-blue, costal and outer marginal borders broadly black, broadest at the apex, gradually narrowing on the costa towards the base. ITindwing darker greyish-blue, veins prominent, a sub-terminal series of black angular spots, small and geminate in interspace 1, large in interspace 2, decreasing in size upwards, all capped with pale lunules and outwardly edged with white, terminal line on both wings black ; indications of a series of sub-terminal, blackish, angular spots on the forewing. Forewings with the outer margin slightly convex; the apex less produced. Hindwing with the outer margin rounded. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ $ 14); inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, South India, Ceylon, Burma, the Andamans and Malay sub-region. Distripution.—Hampson recorded it from the Nilgiri Hills, de Nicéville from Sikkim, Cachar, Mergui, and the Andamans; we have received many examples from the Khasia Hills, and have it in our collection also from Perak and Sarawak (Borneo). ALLIED INDO-MALAYAN SPECIES. Nacaduba pactolus, Lycena pactolus, Felder, Sitzb. Ak, Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. cl. xl. p. 456 (1860) ; id. Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 274, pl. 34, figs. 1 to 3 (1865). Habitat, Philippines, Amboina. Nacaduba beroé, Lyczna beroé, Felder, l.c. p. 275, pl. 34, fig. 36 (1865). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p- 219, pl. 20, figs. 17, g, 16, 9 (1885). Habitat, Malacca, Luzon. Nacaduba sericina, Lycena sericina, Felder, l.c. p. 277, pl. 34, figs. 30, 31 (1865). Habitat, Philippines, Nacaduba angusta, Cupido angusta, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 349, pl. 32, fig. 9, Habitat, Borneo. Nacaduba aluta, Cupido aluta, Druce, l.c. pl. 32, fig. 8. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 220, pl. 20, figs. 14, 6, 138, 9 (1886). Habitat, Malacca. Nacaduba ardeola, Lycena ardeola, Staudinger, Iris, 1880, p. 97. Habitat, Palawan. Nacaduba cupa, Plebeius cupa, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 29, pl. 5, fig. 34 (1884). Habitat, Nias. Nacaduba tombugensis, Plebeius tombugensis, Rober, Iris, 1886, p. 63, pl. 5, fig. 18 (tailless). Habitat, Celebes. Nacaduba azureus, Plebeius azureus, Rober, l.c. pl. 4, fig. 19. Habitat, Celebes. Nacaduba subfestivus, Plebeius subfestivus, Rober, l.c. p. 64, pl. 4, fig. 33. Habitat, Sumatra. Nacaduba unicolor, Plebeius unicolor, Rober, l.c. p. 66, pl. 5, fig. 4, Habitat, Sumatra. Nacaduba glauca, Lycrena glauca, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1892, p. 142. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1902, vol. xiv. p. 248, pl. FF, fig. 10, ¢. Habitat, Java. Nacaduba datarica, Lycena datarica, Snellen, l.c. p. 140. de Nicéville, lc. p. 247, pl. FF, fig. 9. Habitat, Java. Nacaduba pamela, Grose-Smith, Noy. Zool. ii. p, 508 (1895). Habitat, S. Celebes. LAMPIDINZ. 89 Nacaduba nanda, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. x. 1895, p. 34, pl. 8, fig. 23, ¢. Hahitat, N.E. Sumatra. Nacaduba nelides, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 280, pl. O, fig. 24, §. Habitat, Java, N.E. Sumatra. Nacaduba lutea, Lycena lutea, Martin, Einige neue Tagschmett. von Nord-Oste Sumatra, p. 1 (1889). Habitat, N.E. Sumatra. Nacaduba ni, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, vol. xii. p. 247, pl. AA, fig. 8, ¢. Habitat, Java, N.E. Sumatra. Nacaduba atromarginata, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, p. 113, pl. 11, figs. 1, 2. Habitat, S. Celebes. Norge.—We have received two specimens of a Plebeius from Colonel Jermyn, new to the Indian Fauna; under ordinary circumstances their record should be made in the Addenda at the conclusion of this volume, but as it may be many months before this can be done, we think it advisable to figure and describe this species here, before commencing the groups of the larger Lyceenide. -PLEBEIUS JERMYNI, nov. Plate 660, figs. 2, 6, 2a, g. Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark violet-brown, nearly black, with a violet tinge. Fvrewing with an indistinct black spot at the end of the cell, costal line white, a terminal row of indistinct lunular spots. Zindwing with very indistinct terminal black spots. Cilia of both wings white with some brown at its base. Underside dark violet-grey. Forewing with some blue scales at the base, a black lunule, ringed with white at the end of the cell, an almost straight row of four or five very indistinct small blackish spots ringed with whitish, followed by a little more distinct parallel row of larger brown somewhat lunular spots, terminal line black, with somewhat large white, more or less square anteciliary spots. Hindwing with blue scales at the base and abdominal marginal space, a black lunule at the end of the cell, with a white streak of even breadth from it to the middle of the discal series of black spots, which are rather near the outer margin and are outwardly and evenly curved like the margin, are composed of black lunules, capped with white lunules, the terminal line is black, with white anteciliary spots as in the forewing, but the space between the white spots and the curved row of black lunules is filled im by largish orange spots. Antennas black, ringed with white ; head and body black above, grey beneath. Expanse of wings, f 1445 inch. Female unknown. Hasrrat.—Babusar Pass, Raghan Valley, Gilget road, 10,400 and 12,000 feet elevation. Two examples taken by Colonel Jermyn, August, 1902. It is a local form of Plebeius eumedon, Esper, nearest to P. antigua, Staudinger, Iris, xii. p. 334. VOL. VIII. N 90 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Sub-Family CHRYSOPHANINZA. Eyes naked. Close to Plebeius in neuration, vein 5 of the forewing is emitted at lower end of the middle discocellular; in Plebeius it is emitted a little higher up, otherwise the neuration is similar. GeEniTALIA.—The male abdominal appendages with the lateral flaps of the upper organ forming bent and equal cylinders; the proximal halves parallel and enclosing between them a deep and equal mesial cleft, the distal halves bent downwards, lateral arms strongly arcuate, but not bent, clasps coarse, stout, bullate, several times larger than broad, well rounded (Tutt, Brit. Butt. i. p. 328 (1906). Genus CHRYSOPHANUS. Chrysophanus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 72 (1816). Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep ii. p. 497 (1852). Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 258 (1862-66) ; id. South-Afr. Butt. ii. p. 90 (1887). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 313 (1890). Lycena sect. 3 (part), Fabricius, Ill. Mag. vi. p. 285 (1807). Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 340 (1871). Cupido sect. A. Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (i.) pp. 153, 206 (1801). Polyommatus (part), Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins. xiv. p. 116 (1805); id. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 11 (1819). Boisduval and Leconte, Lep. Amer. Sept. p. 122 (1833). Boisduval, Gen. et Ind. Méth. p. 9 (1840). Lang, Butt. of Eur. p. 86 (1884). Heodes, Dalman, Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. xxxvii. pp. 63, 91 (1816). Rumicia, Tutt, Ent. Record, xviii. p. 131 (1906). Eyes naked. vrewing, vein 12 euds on costa opposite upper end of cell, 1] emitted at one-third before the upper end, well separated from 12; 10 from a little before the end ; 9 long, from 7 about half way between the apex of the cell and apex of the wing where 7 terminates; 6 from the upper end; 7 from near the upper end; 5 from the lower end of the middle discocellular; middle and lower discocellulars straight and nearly upright, the lower rather the longer, vein 4 from lower end of cell, 3 from a short distance before the end. //indwing ovate, with the hinder angle somewhat prominent, the extremity of vein 2 is often produced into a slight angle and in some species into a filamentous tail. Head small, hairy, palpi obliquely porrect, the basal and middle joints thick with bristly hairs, terminal joint long, nearly naked. Antennze moderately long, slender, middle joints long, ringed with white; club clongate-ovate ; legs with the tibize with short acute spines, the tip not produced into a hook, tarsi with still more numerous spines, those of the male exarticulate, ending in an obliquely curved horny point, those of the female articulated, middle and hind legs CHRYSOPHANIN A. 91 rather short, tarsi with the basal joint long, claws and their appendages as in the forelegs ; generally of a brilliant copper colour on the upperside of the forewings. Type, phlzas, Linneeus. Both Chrysophanus and Heodes were erected in the same year; it is impossible to say which has precedence ; but the former has been the recognised genus of these species for so many years that it is only right under the circumstances to give it preference. Nore.—Tutt says (Brit. Butt. i. p. 314) that the type of the genus Chrysophanus, Hiibner, was fixed by Scudder in 1875 as hippothoé, and consequently he erects the genus Lumicia for Linnzeus’s species phleas ; but how can Scudder or any one else but the author of the genus fix the type of the genus? The first species named by the author after describing a genus must stand as the type of the genus, if it corresponds with the description of the genus; any other system for recognising types of genera upsets the rule of priority. CHRYSOPHANUS PHLAAS. Plate 660, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Papilio phlzas, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 285 (1761); id. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. i. (2), p. 793 (1767). Esper Schmett. i. (1) pl. 22, fig. 1 (1777). Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 362, 363 (1805-1824). Polyommatus phlzas, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 670 (1823). Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 417 (1848). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 887. Leech, id. 1887, p. 414. Pryer, Rhop. Niphonica, p. 16, pl. 4, fig. 21, 9 (1888). Chrysophanus phlzas, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 498 (1852). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 27 (1857). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 271, and 1882, p. 247. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 340. de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 315 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 385. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. Papilio virgawrezx, Scopoli, Ent. Carn. p. 180 (1763). Fourcroy, Ent. Paris, ii. p. 246 (1785). Chrysophanus baralacha, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 25. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Furewing dark shining copper colour, the base thickly irrorated with blackish scales, a few black scales also on the rest of the wing ; a narrow brown band on the costa, and a much broader blackish even band on the outer margin; spots black; one in the middle of the cell, another at the end ; a discal band of three short rows of black spots in echelon with each other ; the upper one containing four spots more or less divided by the veins, the middle band two, and the lower band two joined together. /dindwing dark blackish-brown, with a shining copper-coloured, outer marginal band from the anal angle to vein 6; containing five black spots on each side in the interspaces; terminal line of both wings black. Cilia whitish, the outer edge of the hindwing slightly sinuous, deeply scalloped near the anal angle. Underside. J orewing paler copper colour, spots disposed as above, all small and ringed with whitish, all round and well separated ; an additional spot in the cell near the N 2 92 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. base, no costal band, outer marginal band grey with some black spots on its mner margin, which become obsolescent towards the apex. //imdwing brownish-grey, the outer marginal band as above, but paler and more red, the sub-terminal spots pale ochreous-brown ; a number of minute black spots edged with whitish, three in a line basal, three sub-basal, one at the lower end of the cell, and nine in an outwardly curved, somewhat irregular discal row, terminal line dark grey. Cilia grey. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body dark brown above, whitish beneath; eyes ringed with white. Female like the male, generally darker, the blackish scales irrorating the hase of forewing, usually more extensive ; on the hindwing above there is often an indistinct black discoidal line, and a discal series of black spots ; on the underside the black spots are more distinct, especially on the hindwing. Expanse of wings, 3 $-15%, to 1445 inches. Hasirat.—Western Himalayas, Biluchistan, North-Western Europe. Disrripution.—Kollar recorded it from Kashmir, Lang from Kasaoli to Upper Kunawar and Naini Tal at 5,000 to 7,000 feet, Doherty from Kumaon, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, Leslie and Evans from Chitral ; we took many examples at Kandahar, Quetta and Hassan Abdul, and we have it in our collection from Simla and Thundiani in the Punjab. Nors.—The above descriptions are from Kulu and Thundiani examples; the range of Chrysophanus phlzas is so extensive, extending over a great part of the Palearctic and Nearctic regions, it naturally has many local forms and races and many varieties, most of them having been named by different authors; in so far as our limits of locality are concerned there are two local forms, de Nicéville put them with phleas, but as these forms, though often flying together with phleas, vary much, and more or less constantly, we think it is advisable to give descriptions and figures of them. CHRYSOPHANUS TIMEUS. Plate 660, figs. 4, g, 4a, 2. Papilio timeus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. p. 137, pl. 186, figs. E, F, 9 (1772). Chrysophanus timeus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 506. Butler, id. 1886, p. 368. Chrysophanus timzeus, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. Chrysophanus phleas, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 315, pl. 27, fig. 205, g (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings almost entirely suffused with brown, in some examples entirely suffused, in others a little of the copper colour is visible in the cell and upper disc of the forewing. Female with some copper colour always visible on the forewing, the hindwing CHRYSOPHANIN 4. 93 entirely suffused; on the underside both wings in both sexes are coloured and marked as in C. phleas. Expanse of wings, ? ? 154 to 143; inches. Hapirat.—N.W. Himalayas, Beluchistan, Afghanistan. Disrrisution.—Lang records it from Kasaoli to Upper Kunawar, he says it however disappears in certain gaps, as it were, which are occupied by C. pavana, Kollar ; common also at Naini Tal, at 5,500 to 7,000 feet, and Doherty remarks on. Kumaon specimens, “Comparing the prehensores of many specimens with those figured by Dr. White, | should suppose the species distinct from the European C. phlzas, Linneus ;” he says he met with it at Naini Tal, 6,000 to 7,000 feet above Garbyan, and at Kalapani, N.E. Kumaon, 11,000 to 15,000 feet (de Nicéville, p. 316); we have many examples in our collection from Kulu, Thundiani, Simla, Murree, Kandahar and Quetta. CHRYSOPHANUS STYGIANUS. Plate 660, figs. 5, ¢, 5a, ?. Chrysophanus stygianus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 408, pl. 39, fig. 5, g. Chrysophanus phleas, var. stygianus, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 208. Chrysophanus phleas, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 315 (1890). Imaco.—Male and Female. Upperside. Forewing dark dull orange, not bright coppery as in phlzas; a dull brown costal band, somewhat suffused and four times as broad as the costal band of pleas, a still broader, dull brown outer marginal band, the interior of the wing smeared in parts with pale brown. Hindwing entirely suffused with dull brown, the outer marginal band as in pleas, but of a dull orange colour. Underside, both wings as in that species. Expanse of wings, S 1445, 2? 14°5 inches. Hasirat.—Beluchistan, Afghanistan. Disrripution.—The types in the B.M. were taken by us at Kandahar ; we have a fine series of both sexes, taken at Kandahar and Quetta. CHRYSOPHANUS PAVANA. Plate 661, figs. 1, ¢, la, ?, 1b, 9. Polyommatus pavana, Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 416, pl. 5, figs. 5, 6, g (1848). Chrysophanus pavana, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 28 (1857). Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 506, and 1874, p. 271, and 1882, p. 247. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 317 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 385. Thecla panava, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 487 (1852). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. orewing rich copper colour, darker than in phlzas, and slightly orange-tinged, costal line and outer marginal even band black, 94 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. broader than in that species, the base with blackish suffusion, spots black, two inside the cell, and one at the end at even distances apart, increasing in size outwards; a discal band of spots in three pieces, in echelon with each other, the upper piece of four spots, the others of two each, in rows, the lower parts inclining outwards. TTindwing suffused with brownish, with a pale space of copper colour in the upper disc, with very slight suffusion, two spots at the end of the cell, one above the other, and two similar spots a little beyond ; costa broadly blackish, a black outer marginal band containing an orange band of connected, thick lunules, from the anal angle to vein 6. Cilia brown at the base, whitish at the tips. Underside. Jorewing bright orange, spots as above, but finely ringed with whitish, terminal line black, a sub-terminal series of thick linear black spots, the lowest geminate, and between them a series of minute black dots or points. J7indwing dark grey, spots black, ringed with white, three sub-basal in a transverse row at equal distances apart, the middle one inside the cell, followed by three similar spots, the middle one inside the cell, near its end, the upper one near the costa, 2 smaller spot just outside the middle spot, a lunular black mark at the end of the cell just below it, a series of nine discal spots in an irregular row, a white band outside them, followed by a series of black lunular marks, then an orange band divided by the veins, containing a series of sub-terminal black spots outwardly edged by a white anteciliary line divided by the veins and a black terminal line. Antenne black, rmged with white ; head and body black above, whitish beneath ; eyes ringed with white. Female like the male above and below, but the colour is generally duller, the band on the forewing a little broader, the spots usually larger, and the hindwing above is eutirely suffused with blackish-brown, the outer marginal orange lunules larger, the sub-terminal black spots in the lunules darker. Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 14 inches. Hasrrat.—Western Himalayas. Disrripution.—Doherty recorded it from Kumaon, 4,500 to 13,000 feet, Lang from Naini Tal and Almorah, 6,000 to 7,000 feet; we have it from Simla, Kulu and Cashmir; and itis in the B. M. also from Dalhousie, Kali Valley, Lahoul, Kasaohi, Ranikhet, and Narkundah. CHRYSOPHANUS ADITYA. Plate 661, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Chrysophanus aditya, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 571, pl. 66, fig. 1, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 318 (1890). Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 674. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings brilliant metallic brassy, copper colour, slightly red-tinged, Cilia white, with its basal half black. orewing with the costal line black, outer marginal band narrowly black, thickest at the apex. Hindwing with the outer marginal band separated into distinct largish black spots by the veins. CHRYSOPHANIN.E. 95 Underside. Forewing pale whitish-yellow, with an orange tint, the orange colour darkest in the disc, the spots black, with whitish, narrow rings, two inside the cell and two joined together at the end, the innermost spot very small, a discal series of six spots, four in a gentle curve from the costa to interspace 4, two inwards in interspaces 2 and 3, and a small dot a little inwards in interspace 1. Hindwing greyish-white, three sub-basal spots as in pavana, three larger spots in a row, the middle spot inside the cell, two similar spots at the end of the cell, a discal series of nine spots, the first near the costa, the second immediately below it, the third and fourth (one above the other) a little outwards, the fifth and sixth a little inwards, the seventh more inwards, the eighth outwards, the ninth inwards almost in a line with the second row of three spots, the fifth, sixth, seventh and ninth spots somewhat elongated ; both wings with terminal black line, a sub-terminal series of black lunules, and between them a series of small black lunules, the series more separated on the hind than on the fore wing, and on the hindwing the inner series of black lunules is edged outwardly with orange marks. Cilia whitish, tipped with brown, and brown at its base. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body blackish above, white beneath. Female. Upperside. Forewing duller in colour than the male, some slight brownish suffusion at the base, spots large and black, a spot inside the cell, a large one at the end, a discal series of seven spots, in three pieces, three in a slight outward curve below the costa, two a little inwards, and inwardly oblique, and two still a little inwards, one above the other, a sub-marginal series of spots, the lowest the largest and geminate, the others decreasing in size upwards, a marginal band of angular spots joimed together and somewhat thickened at the apex of the wing. MHindwing suffused with greenish-brown, but not deeply suffused, the orange colour showing well through the suffusion, a spot at the end of the cell, two pairs of spots in the disc, the upper two, one above the other, the lower two inwardly oblique, a broad marginal orange band almost filled up with large black sub-terminal spots and edged inwardly by a series of smaller angular black spots, terminal line black. Underside. Pvrewing pale orange. findwing whitish, nearly white, markings as in the male, the spots larger. Expanse of wings, ¢ ¢ 13 inches. Hasrrat.—Dras Valley, Ladak, Baltistan, Chitral. DisrriBuTION.—The type came from the Dras Valley ; it is in our collection from N.W. Chitral, 11,000 to 14,000 feet, and in the B. M. also from Braldo and Gurais Valley, 7,000 feet. CHRYSOPHANUS KASYAPA. Plate 661, figs 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢ (Wet-season Brood), 3c, g, 3d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Chrysophanus kasyapa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 506, pl. 31, fig. 10, g. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 270, pl. 94, ¢ (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 319 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 385. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. Chrysophanus zariaspa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 271. 96 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Wet-season Brood (Figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, 3). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark copper-red, sparsely irrorated with minute black atoms, markings black. orewing with a spot inside the cell, a larger one at the end, the discal series formed of three slightly elongated spots in an outward curve from near the costa to the fourth interspace, followed by four longitudinal bars, varying in length, one in each of interspaces 3 and 2 and two in interspace 1, costal line blackish, a blackish outer marginal band, and some blackish suffusion on the hinder margin and at the base of the wing. Hindwing with a suffused blackish costal and outer marginal band, the abdominal area being also broadly suffused with blackish-brown, a lunular mark at the end of the cell and a discal series of five spots, two in interspaces 5 and 4, and three a little inwards, in the three lower interspaces ; the base of the wing also suffused with blackish atoms. Underside bluish-green. orewing with the lower part of the wing suffused with orange, a black dot in the cell,a lunule at the end, and a discal series of six small black spots, varying in size in different examples, also some black linear sub-terminal marks divided by the veins on the lower half of the wing. ITindwing with greenish reflections at the base, the wing generally without any markings, sometimes with a discal series of minute black spots, the wing evenly rounded. Cilia greyish-white, blackish at the base. Antennze black, ringed with white ; top of head with a small white space, between the bases of the antenne ; palpi black above, white beneath, with black, stiff hairs, eyes ringed with white, body blackish above with grey hairs, white beneath. Female. Upperside. orewing darker and duller in colour, the basal third thickly suffused with brown, the terminal band deeper and darker, the spots as in the male, but the lower discal spots only slightly elongated. Hindwing entirely suffused with blackish-brown, obscuring the marginal band, the discoidal and discal spots only faintly visible. Underside. Forewing bright orange, marginal band blue-green, the base suffused with the same colour, markings as in the male, but larger, an additional black small spot inside the cell near the base. Hindwing bluish-green as in the male, the discal dot usually visible. Expanse of wings, ? ? 153, to 153; inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 3c, ¢, 3d, 9). Both sexes marked above and below like the Wet-season brood, but the ground colour on the upperside is much paler, and in the male is of a much brighter coppery- red, and the discal bars of the forewing are reduced to two pairs of small spots. Expanse of wings, # ? 153; to 14% inches. Hasrrat.—Western Himalayas. Disrripution.——Recorded by Mackinnon and de Niceville from Mussuri, by Leslie CHRYSOPHANINZ. 97 and Evans from Chitral ; it is in our collection from Rala, Kosker, Kashmir and Murree, and in the B. M. also from Goolmurg, Lahoul, 10,000 feet, Gundarbul, Goorais Valley, Kangra and Kulu, 12,000 feet. CHRYSOPHANUS SUSANUS. Plate 662, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Chrysophanus susanus, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 397. Chrysophanus caspius, var. transiens, de Nicéville (nec Staudinger), Butt. of India, iii. p. 320, pl. 27, fig. 206, g (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown, with a purplish tint, outer marginal line on both wings finely black. Forewing with a dull purplish gloss on the basal portion, the spots of the underside showing more or less through the wing. //indwing glossed with dull purple in the middle portion of the wing, a black line closing the cell, a sub-marginal series of black spots beyond which is a narrow white line towards the anal angle, a filamentous tail, black with white tips. Underside whitish, marginal line to both wings black, spots black. Forewing with three cell spots, a large quadrate spot at the end of the cell, an oval spot across the middle, and a smaller round spot towards the base, a similar spot immediately below it, a rownd spot below the middle spot, and three unequal-sized spots, divided by the veins, below the discoidal spot, the middle one the largest, an S-shaped sub-apical series of four conjoined spots, the upper two small, a sub- marginal macular band followed by an orange band and a marginal series of small spots. ITindwing with a sub-basal series of four spots in a line, the lowest but one the smallest, a similar discal series of larger spots, an oblong spot at the end of the cell, and an outer discal series of six spots in pairs, the marginal series as in the forewing, but the orange band is narrower. Female. Upperside suffused with brown. orewing paler, with some copper colour showing through the suffusion, three black cell spots at one-third, two-thirds and at the end, the first sometimes obsolete. //indwing with indications of an orange marginal band, clearer towards the anal angle, containing an anteciliary row of blackish spots. Underside. Morewing with all but the basal third suffused with coppery-orange, the three cell spots as above, but larger, a smaller spot below the middle cell spot, a discal row of eight small spots, the two lowest close together, terminal line black, a sub-terminal series of larger blackish spots, the space beyond whitish and containing a series of pale blackish linear marks close to the terminal line. S/indwing suffused with grey, a sub-basal spot near the costa, a small one below it, in the cell, a sub- costal spot with a larger spot below it also in the cell, and another spot below this, all three in a line, two small spots at the end of the cell, all the spots ringed with white; a discal series of eight spots, the marginal series as in the forewing, the space between the two series white, the space between the outer and inner row of spots VOL. VIII. ) 98 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. of the marginal series more or less orange-tinted, leaving an anteciliary white line. Antennze black, ringed with white ; head and body brown above, white beneath. Expanse of wings, $ 14/5 to 14% inches. Hanrrat.—Beloochistan. DisTRIBUTION.—The type (a female) was taken by us at Gunduk, Watson found it there in great plenty in June and took it also at Quetta: it is a good local form of C. caspius, Lederer. CHRYSOPHANUS EVANSI. Plate 662, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Chrysophanus evansi, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1902, p. 249, pl. F, F, fig. 11, g. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brown, darker than C. susanus. SL orewing with the inner area paler and tinged with dark bronzy-red, leaving the apical and outer marginal areas broadly brown; three spots in the cell as in the female of C. susanus ; the spots of the underside hardly ever visible through the wing. L/indwing entirely suffused with dark brown, the veins blackish, terminal line of both wings black, tail black, tipped with white. Cilia whitish, black at the base and at the tips. Underside. Forewing entirely suffused with bright bronzy-orange, markings as in C. susanus, but the spots are much smaller, and the discal series is obsolete except for a few indistinct dots at its upper end. Hindwing marked as in C. susanus, but the ground colour of the wing is clearer and whiter, and the sub-marginal series and orange band more pronounced and prominent. Female, above and below, is very similar to that sex of susanus, but the colouring above is paler. Expanse of wings, f 2 145 to 153; inches. This is also a local form of C. caspius, it varies but little from C. susanus, and they are both somewhat similar to the Samarkand form of caspius, named transiens by Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1886, p. 201, but are quite distinguishable from each other. Hapirat.— Western Himalayas. Distripution.—The type came from Drosh, it is in our collection, and in the B. M. from Chitral. CHRYSOPHANUS TSENG. Plate 662, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, ¢. Chrysophanus tseng, Oberthiir, Bull. Soe. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. xiii. ; id. Ktud. V@Entom. xi. p- 19, pl. 5, tig. 35 (1886). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 403, pl. 30, fig. 17, 2 (1893). Chrysophanus mandersi, Elwes, in Manders’ Memoir, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 531. Imaco.— Male. “ Curieux Polyommate intermédiaire entre pang et li; violet en dessus comme ces deux especes, différent & peine de 2 en dessus, sauf par ce que CHRYSOPHANIN ZL. 99 Pappendice caudal est obtus, mais en dessous tout & fait distinct. Les ailes sont, en dessous, d’un fauve doré un peu rougdtre, traversées par trois bandes maculaires communes, extra-cellulaires, descendant du bord antérieur des supérieures au bord anal des inférieures; les deux. premiéres sont formées de points noir assez gros aux supérieures, nettement séparés, éclairés intérieurement d’un trait bleu violet brillant, plus fins aux inférieures, presque joints, intérieurement ornés d’un croissant blanc. La 3°, marginale, et plus accentuée aux inférieures et & peine sensible aux supérieures. Il y a, en outre, aux supérieures deux points nots, intracellulaires, entourés de violet brillant, et, aux inférieures, trois points alignés dans l’espace basilaire, du bord antérieur au bord anal. De plus, la cellule est close par un trait noir fin, en forme d’accolade lisérée de blane. L’abdomen est gris blanchatre en dessous.” (Oberthiir.) “Like C. pang, Obthiir., but the band of black spots hardly showing through the forewing. Below the difference is well marked on the forewing. The outer row of spots which, like those of C. pang, are black edged with blue inside, except the discal ones, which are ringed with blue, does not extend to the costa; the next row is parallel to the outer one, not directed inwards, as in pang, the third and narrowest discal spot is absent ; on the hindwing, the transverse white band is only represented by a faint trace of spots. The interspaces are not red, and the black spots near the base not ringed with white. Nearly allied to C. pang, of which I have two specimens from M. Oberthiir, taken at or near Tatsieulo in East Thibet, many hundreds of miles to the northward. My specimen was taken at Banzan, 3,400 feet, in February, and is a male.” (Elwes.) Female differs from the male in having a fulvous patch beyond the cell of primaries; the spots of undersurface are reproduced on these wings and edged internally with brilliant purple: there is a sub-marginal bard of lunular fulvous spots edged internally with brilliant purple on the secondaries, and some dots of the latter colour on the disc. Although widely: distributed, this does not seem common anywhere. (Leech.) Expanse of wings, S ? 1545 inches. Haspirar.—China, Shan States. DisrripuTion.—Oberthiir’s type came from Kouy-Tchéon, Elwes’ type from Banzan, Shan States, 3,400 feet elevation, Leech records it from Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, Ni- Tou and Chow-pin-sa. We have carefully examined Elwes’ type in the B. M. with Leech’s Chinese examples of tseng, they undoubtedly represent one and the same species. ALLIED CHINESE SPECIES. Chrysophanus chinensis, Chrysophanus phlieas, var. Chinensis, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 488 (1862). Habitat, Shanghai, Ningpo, Kiukiang. 0 2 100 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Chrysophanus pang, Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. xii. ; id. Ktud. d’Ent. xi. p. 19, pl. 5, fig. 36 (1886). Habitat, W. China. Chrysophanus li, Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. xxii. ; id. Etud. d’Ent. xi. pe UE ob a figs. 34, ¢, 38, 9 (1886). Habitat, W. China. Chrysophanus auratus, Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 414, pl. 35, fig. 3, § 2. Habitat, Corea. Chrysophanus ouang, Oberthir, Etud. d’Ent. xv. p. 17, pl. 2, fig. 19 (1891). Habitat, Tse-kow, China. Chrysophanus standfussi, Polyommatus standfussi, Grum-Grshimailo, Hore Ross. 1891, p. 450. Leech, Butt. of China, ete. i. p. 404, pl. 30, fig. 19, g (1893). Habitat, W. China. Genus HELIOPHORUS. Heliophorus, Geyer, in Hitbner’s Zutrage, iv. p. 40 (1832). Tlerda, Doubleday, List, Lep. B. M. ii. p. 25 (1847). Hewitson, Tl. Diurn. Lep. p. 57 (1863). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 322 (1890). Eyes naked, venation as in Chrysophanus, Doherty says,* the prehensores being generically the same, though each species has its characteristic form ; the species of the genus are distinguished in the males by a richness of colouring as various as it is beautiful, purple, brilliant metallic blue, and rich metallic green, with the exception of IH. sena, Kollar, which has some copper colour and is, as de Nicéville says, a distinet connecting link between the two genera. orewing triangular, costa slightly curved, apex acute in the male, except in FT, sena, which has the apex much rounded; outer margin nearly straight (much rounded in sena), hinder margin straight ; in the female the apex is more rounded than in the male, and the outer margin is very convex. Hindwing somewhat lengthened, usually with a moderate-sized tail at the end of vein 2; reduced to a mere tooth in some species ; outer margin in some species evenly rounded, in others irregular. Type, belenus, Hubner, = epieles, Godart, HELIOPHORUS SENA. Plate 662, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢. Polyommatus sena, Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 415, pl. 5, figs. 3, 4, g (1884). Tlerda sena, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 28 (1857). de Nicéyille, Butt. of India, iii. p. 323 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 385. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. Tlerda cadmus, Doubleday, List, Lep. B. M. ii. p. 25 (1847). TIaraco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-brown, shining. orewing with an even, rather broad, darker brown margin. Hindwing with the costal and outer marginal * Journ. As. Soc, Bengal, 1886, p. 130. CHRYSOPHANIN 4. 101 portions darker, a sub-marginal series of large conjoined orange lunules, their points touching the margin and enclosing round blackish spots; these lunules do not, however, generally extend higher up than the fifth or sixth interspaces, and have sometimes one or two small orange sub-marginal spots in continuation ; and there is also a fine, more or less disconnected, pale blue line inside the black terminal line ; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia white, with blackish patches. Underside dark ochreous-grey. Forewing with an orange sub-marginal band, narrowing somewhat upwards, edged inwardly by a white, thin, lunular band which is edged on both sides with black, and outwardly by a series of black angulated spots outwardly edged by a white line adjoining the terminal black line; the lower part of the orange band has also some black suffusion. Hindwing with a large black spot ringed with white below the costa one-third from the base, and a similar smaller spot below it, in the second interspace ; a broad sub-marginal band, twice as broad as that in the forewing without any black suffusion at its lower end, inwardly edged by a thin white band, which has a black line on its inner side and black long pointed angles on its outer side, running across the orange band to the outer series of black spots, the white line and terminal black line as on the forewing. Female. Upperside coloured like the male, but not shining, the orange sub- marginal lunular band of the hindwing with the lunules more acute and extended up to the apex of the hindwing and continued up the forewing in the form of short thick lunular orange marks to the third or fourth interspace. Underside as in the male. Antennz black, ringed with white; head and body brown above, white beneath. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 143, to 14% inches. Larva.—When about half-crown pale yellowish-ereen, the whole surface thickly shagreened and covered with rather long brownish bristly hairs, which are longer on the anterior and posterior segments and along the sides than elsewhere ; there is a narrow dark dorsal line, but no other markings. In shape the larva is about as high as broad, of very nearly equal breadth throughout, hardly tapering at either end, the fourth segment rather wider than the rest, the constrictions between the segments sight. The full-fed larva is just half an inch in length when walking, of the usual lyceenid shape, flattened, broader than high, both ends rounded ; the segments (except the second and last) of almost equal breadth, the constrictions between the segments shallow, the whole larva pale dirty greenish mottled with dirty dull crimson, the narrow dull dorsal line also dull crimson, that being the only conspicuous marking possessed by the animal; the whole surface is covered with minute whitish dots, also with short fine brownish hairs, which are placed more thickly at the sides and on the posterior seoment of the larva; head entirely hidden as usual under the second segment, pale greenish, anteriorly becoming rather dark; all the legs also pale greenish. Feeds ona species of sorrel. 102 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Pupa.—Exactly 0°4 of an inch in length, of the usual lyceenid shape, bluntly rounded at both ends, the thorax slightly humped, a little constricted where it joins the first abdominal segment; coloration pale greenish, profusely sprinkled with blackish, entirely without markings, the whole surface roughened, being covered with minute points, but not hairy. I am indebted to Mr. P. W. Mackinnon for the two larvee and a pupa described above. He observed a female J. sena ovipositing on sorrel leaves, and on searching found three larvee, one of which turned to a pupa on the long journey to me by post of 1,000 miles, occupying three days in transit. These specimens were obtained at Masuri, in the Western Himalayas, at 6,000 feet elevation, early in March. Mr. Mackinnon assures me that ants do not attend this larva, and I was unable to find any extensile tubercles on the twelfth segment or a mouth-like opening on the eleventh. Dr. G. King has kindly identified the food plant for me as Aumex hastatus. (de Nicéville. ) Hasirar.— Western Himalayas, a common insect there up to 3,000-9,000 feet. HELIOPHORUS BRAHMA. Plate 663, figs. 1, g, la, 9, Ib, g, le, 2. Tlerda brahma, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 29, pl. la, fig. 4, g (1857). Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 274, pl. 95, g¢ (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 330 (1290). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 531. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 636. Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 405 (1893). Iaco.—Male. Upperside glittering coppery gold colour. orewing with a narrow costal black band, a very broad black outer marginal band, very broad at the apex, occupying a third of the wing, narrows gradually to the first interspace where its inner edge curves round on to the hinder margin. J/indwing with a broad black marginal band, which runs along the costa and widens at the apex in an even curve down to the outer margin, where it runs into a broad orange band with lunular edges of black, all the black on both wings shot with a coppery gold sheen; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia white, with brown patches. Underside dull dark ochreous. /urewing with a thin grey discal band or thick line in an even outer curve from the costa to vein 2, a whitish patch at the hinder angle containing a black bar-shaped spot, with indications of a grey thin sub-marginal band upwards, a series of very indistinct angulated golden marginal spots, only visible in certain lights, and a golden grey terminal line. /Zindwing with a thin discal line, slightly outwardly curved, indistinct, and its lower portion more or less obsolescent, a narrow marginal orange band, the upper half separated somewhat from the margin, inwardly edged with white thin lunules capped with grey, a coppery golden terminal line, inwardly edged by a white line with a series of angulated black spots. Cilia of both wings down to the tail whitish, with a golden red base, below the tail with a black base. CHRYSOPHANIN 4. 103 Female. Upperside blackish-brown, with a brown pink tint. orewing with a discal, oblique orange band, fairly uniform in width, varying somewhat in its width in different examples. Hindwing with an acutely lunular orange marginal thin band, the spaces between the acute outward points filled in with black. Cilia brown and white. Underside like the male. Expanse of wings, S ? 143; inches. Hasirat.— Sikkim, Assam, Kumaun, Burman Hills. Disrripution.—Lang took it at Naini Tal, de Nicéville records it from Sikkim, 4,000 feet, and Kumaon, 5,000 to 7,000 feet, Elwes from the Naga Hills, Manders from the Shan States, and it is in the B. M. also from Thibet and Western China. HELIOPHORUS EPICLES. Plate 663, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢ (Wet-season Brood), 2c, g, 2d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Polyommatus epicles, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 646 (1823). Thecla epicles, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 92, pl. i. fig. 8, 9 (1829). Tlerda epicles, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 58 (1865). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 325 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 531. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p- 386. Watson, id. 1891, p. 49, and 1897, p. 665. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 635. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 301. Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 408, pl. 30, fig. 6, ¢ (1893). Heliophorus belenus, Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Schmett. figs. 785, 786, 9 (1832). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, 3, 2a, 2, 2b, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside blackish-brown, with a strong violet tinge, veins in some specimens more or less prominent. /rewing with an obscure blackish spot at the end of the cell. /indwing with a marginal band of acutely angled orange-red lunules from the anal angle to vein 4, followed by two or three obscure spots of the same . colour; there are as a rule only two complete lunules, and half of another, with the space inside the points filled in with black ; on the outside of these lunules is a white line which stops at the upper end of the fourth interspace, terminal line black, tail black, tipped with white.. Cilia of both wings white, tipped with brown, with brown patches at the vein ends. Underside dark, bright chrome-yellow. orewing with a narrow scarlet-red outer marginal band which is contracted upwards to the apex, has at the hinder angle a white patch with a thick black streak in it, the white running up finely on the inner side of the red band in the two next interspaces edged inwardly by a very fine black line. HHindwing with a broad outer marginal band lined on the inner side by white angulated lunules, edged finely on both sides with black, terminal line black, with an inner white line, both interrupted by the very acute outer angles of the orange-red band, the inner portion of these angles being filled in with black. 104 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Upperside dark brown without the violet tinge. Forewing with a large orange-red, outwardly oblique fascia in the upper disc. indwing with a marginal band of fine rather broad lunules from the anal angle decreasing in size upwards, the space inside the outer points black, two fine white and black marginal lies as in the male interrupted by the red lunule points. Underside as in the male. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish-brown above, white beneath. Expanse of wings, 2 153,, 2 174 mehes. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2c, 3, 2d, $). Male. Upperside. orewing more glossed with the violet tint, leaving the costal and outer marginal spaces as if with broad bands, an orange-red small patch in the upper disc varying in size in different examples. Hindwing as in the other form. Underside also very similar, but there are indications of a discal black disjointed line on the forewing which in most examples is only apparent in the first two or three lower interspaces ; and there are often some white more or less lunular discal marks on the hindwing. Female, like the same sex of the Wet-season brood, but the orange-red band in the upper disc of the forewing above is broader. Expanse of wings, ? 153, $ 135 inches. Hasrrat.—The Himalayas, Sikkim, Assam, Bhutan, Upper Burma, China, and Java. A common species, with a wide northern range in India. HELIOPHORUS VIRIDIPUNCTATA. Plate 663, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, ¢. Tlerda viridipunctata, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 329, pl. 28, fig. 207, g (1890). Elwes, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 635. Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 405, pl. 30, fig. 3, g (1898). Tlerda tamu, Hewitson (nec Kollar), Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 57 (1865). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865; p- 773, and 1882, p. 248. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark blackish-brown, nearly pure black. Forewing with the centre portion from the base to two-thirds its length covered with metallic green scales, not extending below the sub-median vein. Hindwing with the inner portion very sparsely covered with similar scaling, two thin ochreous-red lunules on the outer margin from the anal angle; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia blackish at base, white at the tips, a very fine anteciliary blue line outside the red lunules. Underside dull chrome-yellow, colour and markings as in J/. moore’, except that the discal line of the hindwing is curved inwards in the third interspace and runs obscurely towards the abdominal margin. CHRYSOPHANIN:. 105 Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with an oblique slightly curved orange-red band in the upper disc. indwing with a marginal band of thin orange-red lunules. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 15%, inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Kumaon, Naga Hills, Western China. DistRiBuTIoN.—It is in our collection from Sikkim and in the B. M. from all the other localities mentioned, also from Bhutan. It is a good species, perfectly distinct from androcles, moorei, or tamu; Doherty says it can easily be distinguished by the prehensores, the clasp seen from the side is very broad and rounded at the end, with a line of strong, bent hooks ; the uncus from the side is shorter than in coruscans and its branches are more bent. HELIOPHORUS TAMU. Plate 664, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g (Wet-season Brood), le, ¢, 1d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Polyommatus tamu, Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), i. p. 417, pl. 5, figs. 7, 8, g (1844). Tlerda tamu, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 28 (1857). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 368. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 326 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 385. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. Tlerda oda, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 58, pl. 24, figs. 9, 10, g (1865). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 508, pl. 31, fig. 12, 9, and 1882, p. 249. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 274, pl. 95, g (1888) (I. androcles on plate). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, 3, la, 2, 1b, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-blue, violet-blue in some lights, not metallic. Forewing with a black costal line, and black outer marginal band, deepest on the costa at the apex, its inner edge irregular, its width gradually narrowing hindwards. Hindwing with the costa broadly blackish, outer marginal band, corresponding to the marginal band of the forewing, broadest at the apex, its inner edge moré or less dentated, a large orange-red lunule at the anal angle, with an orange-red spot in continuation. Underside of a sordid chrome-yellow colour, markings pale brown, very obscure. Forewing with a spot in the cell, a line closing it, very faint indications of a discal line, a white patch containing a black spot at the hinder angle, a row of obscure brownish sub-terminal spots, the marginal space above the white patch pale scarlet-red. Hindwing with indications only of the cell markings and discal line; a broad outer marginal scarlet-red band, lined inwardly by white lunules, edged on both sides with fine black lines, and outwardly by long black lunules on the margin. Cilia black, with white edges. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body black above, white beneath ; palpi black above, with white hairs beneath tipped with black ; frons with a white line on each side. Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with a rather irregular, orange-red, VOL. VIII. P 106 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. outwardly oblique band in the upper dise. Hindwing with a marginal orange-red band of lunules from the anal angle to vein 6. Underside as in the male, with the lines and marks a little more distinct. Expanse of wings, 3 2 13 inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. le, $, 1d, ?). Male. Upperside of a duller blue colour, the outer marginal band of both wings very much broader than in the other form, the orange-red lunules near the anal angle of the hindwing thinner and more extended, in some examples there are two and in others three. Underside very similar to the other form, but there are sometimes two black spots in the white (more extended) patch at the hinder angle of forewing, one above the other, the red marginal band is generally nearly obsolete, in many examples no trace of it is visible, the hindwing is as in the other form. Female, similar to the Wet-season brood. Expanse of wings, S$ ? 145 inches. Hasirat.— Western Himalayas, Kashmir. DistRiBuTION.—Recorded by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, by Leslie and Evans from Chitral; we have it from Chitral and from Murree, and it is in the B. M. also from Rala, Gurais Valley, Thundiani, and Dalhousie. HELIOPHORUS MOOREI. Plate 664, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, 9 (Wet-season Brood), 2d, g, 2e, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Ilerda moorei, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 58 (1865). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 327 (1890). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, ¢, 2a, ?, 2b, ¢, 2c, ¢). Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant blue-green. orewing with a black narrow costal band, a broad outer marginal band, with an even inner edge, broadest at the apex and gradually narrowing hindwards. SHindwing with a broad costal and outer marginal band, with its inner edging evenly rounded; this band gradually broadens from the base to the apex, and then gradually narrows hindwards, and at the anal angle it contains two orange-red thick lunules, the abdominal area broadly blackish ; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia blackish-brown at the base, white outwardly. Underside dull chrome-yellow, with a slight greenish-grey tinge. orewiny, lines brown, a thin line closing the cell, a discal line, nearly straight from the costa to vein 2, made of slightly curving thin lines joined together, indications of a thin greyish sub-marginal band, a white patch containing a black streak at the hinder angle, terminal line faintly _ orange-red. Cilia white. //imdwing with an indistinct blackish spot in the cell, a thin CHRYSOPHANINZL. 107 line closing it and a discal line from costa to vein 2, similar to that on the forewing, a marginal scarlet-red band inwardly limited bya series of white lunules which are black- edged on both sides, terminal line finely black, with white lunular marks which are also inwardly finely edged with black. Cilia white, scarlet-red basally. Antenne black, ringed with white; palpi black, white beneath, with white hairs tipped with black ; head and body black above, white beneath ; eyes ringed with white. Female. Upperside brown. forewing with a rather narrow, dull orange-red, outwardly oblique fascia in the upper dise. Hindwing with a marginal band of rather thin, orange-red lunules, from the anal angle to near the apex, decreasing in size upwards. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, 3 ? 14 inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2d, 3, 2e, 9). Both sexes are coloured and marked like the Wet-season brood, but are somewhat brighter in colour, and very much smaller. Expanse of wings, f ? 7% to 14% inches. Hapirat.—Native Sikkim. The above descriptions and figures are taken from specimens in our collection from Native Sikkim, they were named for us by de Nicéville, and the males correspond with Hewitson’s type; we are very doubtful as to there being any real difference between them and H. androcles of Doubleday and Hewitson from the Western Himalayas and Assam of which we have many examples. JAvorei is said to be metallic-blue and androcles metallic-green, but it appears to us that both are metallic-blue and metallic- green according to the reflected light in which they are seen, there being no pigment colour, and in all other respects, though they vary somewhat, especially in the females, they appear to us to be conspecific. HELIOPHORUS ANDROCLES. Plate 664, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g, 3c, 9. Tlerda androcles, Doubleday and Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. ii. pl. 75, fig. 2, g (1852). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 29 (1857). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 328 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 635. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 301. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 665. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 385. Thecla androcles, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 487 (1852). Tlerda coruscans, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 248. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. : Tlerda langii, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 526. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. forewing green (turning to a rich metallic-blue in some lights) with the costa narrowly and increasingly, the apex very widely, and the 1D, 108 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. outer margin decreasingly black. Hindwing with the dise and base green (of the same metallic shade and turning to blue in some lights as in the forewing), the costa and outer margin broadly black, bearing at the anal angle two orange lunules. The above description is taken from de Nicéville, it corresponds with the type in the Hewitson collection, and de Nicéville adds there is little to distinguish androcles on the underside from its allies. The measurements correspond to those of moore?, the figures are of specimens from the Western Himalayas and the Khasia Hills. Hasirat.—Kashmir to Kumaon, Khasia Hills, Assam, the Chin Hills and Naga Hills. Disrripution.—-We have received many examples from the Khasia Hills, it has been recorded by Elwes from the Naga Hills, by Watson from the Chin Hills, by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, and it is in the B. M. from Rala, Sultanpore, Kulu, Jibi, Kali Valley and Kangra. ALLIED CHINESE AND MALAYAN SPECIES. Heliophorus saphir, Thecla saphir, Blanchard, Compt. Rend. Ixxxii. p. 811, note (1871). Tlerda saphir, Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 406, pl. 30, figs. 2, ¢, 5, 2 (1893). Habitat, Central China. Heliophorus marica, Ilerda saphir, var. marica, Leech, lc. p. 407, pl. 30, figs. 1, g, 4, ? (1893). Habitat, Central China. Heliophorus ila, Terda ila, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1896, p. 472. Habitat, Sinabong, Sumatra. Heliophorus kiana, Sithon kiana, Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 317. Whitehead, Kina Balu, p. 118, pl. 20, figs. 7, 8 (1893). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 595. Habitat, Kina Balu. Sub-Family PORITIINZA. Eyes naked. Forewing with veins 5, 6, and 7 approximate at base, 11 anastomosed with 12; three sub-costal nervules in Poritia and Simiskina, four in Zarona and two in Cyaniriodes; coloration above bright blue, often brilliant, no secondary sexual characters in Zarona; sexual tufts of hairs on the wings in the males of Poritia and Simiskina, sexes alike in the former, very dissimilar in the latter, both in colour and shape, the hindwing of Simiskina being conspicuously angled ; Cyaniriodes is a some- what aberrant form, veins 11 and 12 touch each other, but do not anastomose, in all other respects it belongs to this group, and has secondary sexual characters on the hindwing. Though widely distributed through Assam, Burma and the Malay Archi- pelago, all the species of this group seem to be very rare. PORITIIN. 109 Genus CYANIRIODES. Cyaniriodes, de Nicéville, Butt of India, iii. p. 33 (1890). Two sub-costal nervules in the forewing ; vein 11 just after its origin touches 12, but does not anastomose, there are no tails, there are however secondary sexual characters ; the hindwing of the male having an oval shining patch below and adjoining the sub-costal nervure just before the middle, on which lies a short tuft of hairs, which appears to be attached to the membrane of the wing close to the sub- costal nervure ; there is also a small tuft of hairs placed close to the base, which are directed upwards, and are partially covered by the forewing. Type, andersoni, Moore. CYANIRIODES LIBNA. Plate 665, figs. 1, 9, la, 9. Plate 668, figs. 2, g, 2a, ¢. Hypolyczna libna, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 15, pl. 5, Suppl. figs. 30, 40, 9 (1869). Cyaniriodes libna, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 565, and 1896, p. 653, pl. 29, fig. 3, g. " Logania andersoni, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 2; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 39, pl. 3, fig. 6, 9. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 32 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark shining emerald-green. orewing, costal margin rather narrowly, outer margin broadly, black; a black quadrate spot at the end of the cell confluent with the black costal margin. J/indwing, apex narrowly, outer margin and anal fold broadly black. (H. H. Druce.) Female. Upperside, both wings pale violet-brown. Cilia alternated with white. orewing with a broad longitudinal medial lilacine-grey band, of a some- what triangular form, disposed below the cell, the exterior border of the band being scalloped. Hindwing with a narrow medial discal similar-coloured band. Underside, both wings purplish lilacine-white, with a blackish zigzag cell-streak, a transverse zigzag duplex line, and two narrow similar sub-marginal lines, a slender marginal line, and a waved anteciliary line. (Moore.) Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 175 to 13; inches. Hasirat.—Mergui, Borneo. We have seen only Hewitson’s type; Moore’s type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; the figures here given are copies of Druce’s and Moore’s figures. de Nicéville says andersoni only differs from Hewitson’s type in the pale blue band on the upper side of the hindwing, which is larger in libna than in andersoni. Hewitson’s type in the B. M. is in poor condition, and has lost its abdomen; the male (also a unique example) is in coll. Cator. The females of all this group vary somewhat ; undoubtedly 110 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. andersont from Kisseraing Island, Mereui Archipelago, and /ibna from Borneo represent one and the same species. Genus PORITIA. Poritia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 775. | Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 213 (1878). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 197 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 37 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 457 (1907). Eyes naked. Morewing, vein 12 long, ending on costa considerably beyond end of cell, 11 emitted at one-third before upper end of cell, and at once runs into 12, with which it entirely anastomoses to its end, 10 from near end of cell, just beyond the origin of 11, 9 very short, from 7 about two-thirds beyond the cell, 8 absent; 5, 6 and 7 closely approximate at base; upper discocellular short, one-third the length of the lower, straight; vein 3 emitted some distance before lower end of cell ; wings short and broad, costa concave at its middle, outer margin straight, slightly oblique (convex in the female), hinder margin nearly as long as the costa; the male has a large, somewhat quadrate shining patch of differently formed and large scales on the underside, from the hinder margin to the median nervure near the base of the wing. Hindwing with a patch of scales of the same shape on the upperside, from the sub- costal nervure to the costa; the basal area of the abdominal margin from the sub- median nervure to the margin is also furnished with a patch of similar scales ; there is also a tuft or pencil of long hairs from near the base of the sub-median nervure lying along the abdominal margin ; wing convex near the base, concave in the middle, outer margin and anal angle rounded and scalloped; vein 8 strongly arched near its base and very short; upper discocellular straight, outwardly oblique and much shorter than the lower; vein 3 from just before lower end of cell. Antenne slender at the hase, club moderate ; palpi long, third joint slender, one-third as long as the second ; thorax stout, abdomen extending to two-thirds the leneth of the hindwing. Type, P. hewitsoni, Moore. PORITIA HEWITSONI. Plate 665, figs. 2, g, 2a, 2, 2b, g. ° Poritia hewitsoni, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 775, pl. 41, fig. 10, ¢. Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 214, pl. 88, fig. 1, g (1878). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 429. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 275, pl. 95, g (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 39 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 43, and 1897, p. 658. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 292. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 460, pl. 19, figs. 144, ¢, 145, 2 (1907). Poritia hewitsoni, var. tavoyana, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 429. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant blue, very deep in colour, and almost emerald- green in some lights. orewing with a black costal border which widens outwardly, PORITIINE. 111 and fills up the cell, all except a small portion at its base, extends beyond the cell, its lower portion sometimes, but not always, touching the broad outer marginal black band, leaving a thin blue space between them; the marginal band varies much in depth in different examples, is very deeply excavated just above the hinder angle, and sometimes contains some small blue sub-marginal spots; there is also a small black spot in the middle of the interno-medial interspace, which in some examples is elongated into a longitudinal bar. //indwing with a very broad, black, costal band, covering nearly the upper third of the wing, a series of black sub-marginal spots, sometimes joined together, some smaller black spots close to the outer margin. Cilia of both wings black, with white tips. Underside grey, markings pale chocolate-brown. Forewing with bands across the cell, composed of conjoined spots, a discal band running across the outer end of the cell, followed by a similar transverse band, the outer portion of the wing with a number of triangular-shaped, irregular marks in irregular order very difficult to describe, a black spot capped with pale orange near the hinder margin at the lower end of the outer band. /indwing crossed by eight similar bands at equal distances apart, covering the whole surface of the wing, all the bands on both wings composed of irregular lunular marks, with slightly darker edgings, some conjoined and some free ; four sub-terminal black spots, the smallest at the anal angle, the others in the first three interspaces, the second spot the largest and capped with orange ; terminal line of both wings brown. Cilia grey. Female. Upperside paler blue. orewing with blackish suffusion at the base, often running into the black spot or bar in the interno-median interspace, leaving the blue space much restricted, but the blue band dividing the costal black band from the marginal band generally clear and well pronounced, and sometimes with some orange suffusion in the upper disc. Hindwing with all but a small bluish space in the disc suffused with blackish-brown, terminal line black edged inwardly by a fine white line. Underside as in the male, but generally paler. Antenne black, rmged with white and with some dull orange at the tips of the clubs; head and body black above, grey beneath. Expanse of wings, # $ 144 to 14% inches. Eec.—According to Doherty the egg is a truncate pyramid, half again as long as wide, with two vertical, two sloping, and two horizontal faces, reticulate above as is usual in the Lycenide. It is the most remarkable egg known to me among butterflies. (Doherty’s notes, de Nicéville.) Hasirat.—Himalayas at low elevations, Sikkim, Burma. DistrisutTion.—de Nicéville records it from Garjighat, Kumaun, Sikkim, Chitta- gong Hills, and Burma; Watson from the Chin Hills; we have received it from the Khasia Hills and from Silhet, and it is in the B. M. from the Karen Hills, Chindwin, Pegu and the Shan States. 112 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. PORITIA ERYCINOIDES. Plate 665, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Pseudodipsas erycinoides, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 259, pl. 30, figs. 23, 24, g (1865). Frih- storfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1896, p. 303. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 461 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark blue, of a very clear and brilliant colour. Fore- wing with the costal line thickly black, a black spot in the cell near its base, a black patch at its end, its upper portion nearly square and touching the costal line, its lower portion extending outwards, and also running inwards along the median vein to the middle of the cell, a black costal spot near the apex of the wing, two somewhat diffuse black conjoined spots in the middle of the disc, a narrow marginal black band narrowing somewhat hindwards, with black streaks running in on the veins, a short, thin, black streak on the sub-median vein, from its middle to its base, disconnected in its centre. HHindwing with its upper half black, the lower edge of the black portion nearly straight across the wing, abdominal margin broadly black, the limited blue space with a small spot inside it and two more near the outer margin, terminal line black, some sub-terminal black spots. Cilia of both wings black. Underside grey, markings pale chocolate-brown, with darker edges. Forewing with four bars across the cell, the basal one narrow, the others with their middles constricted, a discal band running just outside the cell, with its outer edge angled, followed by an irregular band of somewhat lunular marks, mostly disconnected, the marginal portion of the wing filled in by two rows of somewhat lunular marks, the margin tinted with pale pink, edged inwardly by a brown line of conjoined curves, a black spot capped with orange-pink near the hinder angle. Hindwing with eight transverse bands of mostly disconnected, somewhat lunular marks covering the whole surface of the wing, except a narrow space from the end of the cell to the costa, the fifth band being incomplete, a small black anal spot, a larger black sub-terminal spot capped with orange in interspace 1, anda smaller black spot in each of the two followimg interspaces, an orange-pink terminal line edged inwardly by a dark brown line. Cilia of both wings black, tipped with white. Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with a pale pinkish-orange, rather broad streak along the middle of the wing, broadening a little outwards, and extending from near the base to near the outer margin. Sindwing with a similarly coloured, waved, narrower streak from near the outer margin above its middle, across the wing towards the middle of the abdominal margin ; a sub-terminal row of blackish spots, an orange-pink terminal line, edged on both sides by a dark brown line. Cilia brown, tipped with white. Underside as in the male, but paler. Expanse of wings, f ? 14%; to 1545 inches. Hasrrat.—Burma, Shan States, Singapore, Java, Sumatra, Borneo. PORITIINAL. 113 DistrisutTion.—The type came from Java. Bingham records it from Burma and the Shan States, but he has evidently described a wrong female. We have it also from Mergui, and Druce has two males from Sikkim. We have been able to carefully examine the type-specimen kindly lent us from the Tring Museum; it being somewhat faded, we have figured a fresh example identical with the type, and a female received along with it, taken by the same collector. There is a female in the B M. coloured and marked above like the male. PORITIA SUMATRA. Plate 665, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢. Pseudodipsas sumatre, Felder, Reise, Noy. Lep. ii. p. 259, pl. 36, figs. 24, 25, $, 26, @ (1865). Poritia sumatre, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lycenide, p. 218 (1878). Butler, Trans. Linn. Scc. Zool. 1877, p. 546. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 198, pl. 22, figs. 2, ¢, 3, 9 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 42, footnote. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 654. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 462 (1907). ° Poritia sumatre, var., Distant, l.c. p. 198, pl. 20, fig. 12, ?. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brilliant blue, rich metallic-green in certain lights. Jorewing with the upper portion deep black, limited by the median vein and vein 2, a little of the black colour covering below that vein, runs down the outer margin and along the hinder margin for a very short distance, the remainder of the wing blue without markings. Hindwing with the costal portion down to the sub- costal vein blackish, the rest of the wing blue, abdominal fold blackish, terminal line black. Cilia black, tipped with white. Underside dark grey, markings pale reddish- chocolate colour, edged with brown. vrewing with the cell crossed by five bars, the basal one narrow, the others of the usual shape, the third bar with two spots below its outer side, the fourth and fifth bars, with a nearly straight bar below, running from between them into the first interspace, two discal bands of somewhat lunular-shaped bars from the costa to the sub-median vein, the inner one stopping short of it, the space below the lower ends of these bars whitish and slightly glazed, outer marginal space with a double series of lunular marks ; a narrow terminal band of pale reddish- chocolate edged inwardly by a dark brown line of conjoined curves edged inwardly with white, a small indistinct black spot near the anal angle capped with dull orange. Hindwing with six bands of somewhat lunular conjoined bars, the marginal space much as in the forewing, four sub-terminal black spots on a whitish ground from the anal angle in the interspaces ; the whitish inner edging of the dark brown sub-terminal line more conspicuous than it is in the forewing ; all the bands in both wings at equal distances apart covering the entire surface of both wings. Female. Upperside pale dull lilac-purple. orewing with a brown bar across the end of the cell, a discal brown band from the costa to vein 2, a narrow, brown, VOL. VIII. Q 114 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. terminal band, joined to the discal band by brown streaks along the veins, with ochreous streaks between them in some examples. Hindwing with the costa rather broadly brown, a sub-terminal double row of blackish spots with whitish lunular marks between them. Underside as in the male, but paler. Antennze, head and body above and below as in the foregoing species. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1745 to 14% inches. Hasitat.—Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. DistriButTion.—Felder’s types, which we have examined, came from Sumatra, being faded, we have figured fresh, identical examples. Druce records it from Borneo, Distant from the Malay Peninsula, Penang and Malacca, and Bingham from the extreme south of Tenasserim. PORITIA GETA. Plate 666, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, g, Ic, @. Poritia geta, Fawcett, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 112. Poritia pleurata, de Nicéville (nec Hewitson), Butt. of India, iii. p. 40, pl. 26, fig. 160, 2 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 620. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 464 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant blue, emerald-green in certain lights. re- wing with a black, narrow costal band from the base to the end of the cell, where it becomes deeper, with some of the black colour in some specimens running down the median vein for a short distance, its lower edge running out evenly below vein 4 and then sharply down to vein 2 which limits the broad black band, the apical third of the wing thus being black, the black then runs narrowly down the outer margin to the hinder angle, and for a short distance along the hinder margin; in this black apical band are three blue spots joined together, outwardly oblique from below the costa one- fifth from the apex of the wing, and there are also within the band two or three small blue, sub-marginal spots. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the colour paling towards the actual costa, a series of sub-marginal black spots rather blurred, in some examples a double series ; terminal line black. Cilia black, with some white at the tips. Underside dull grey, markings very slightly darker than the ground colour, indicated by their orange-brown edgings. Forewing with four bars across the cell of the usual shape, a discal band, dislocated in its middle, extending to the sub-median vein, followed by another band dislocated in three places extending beyond the sub- median vein, a double sub-terminal series of indistinct marks, a terminal orange-brown line. Zindwing with three indistinct irregular bands of bars on the basal half, a discal lunular band, dislocated at vein 4, a brown anal spot and a similar sub-terminal spot in each of the three following interspaces, all the markings more or less indistinct. Female. Pale bluish. orewing. Upperside with the colour inclined to whitish in the upper disc, where there is some orange suffusion ; costal band black, PORITIINA. 115 separated from the outer marginal black band by three subapical, elongated, blue, con- joined spots, outwardly oblique, and the outer marginal black band has in it three sub- marginal blue spots and is very deeply excavated, as usual, above the hinder angle. Hindwing with the costal space pale, a broad, blackish streak through and beyond the cell, sub-terminal space, containing a series of black spots rather large and somewhat triangular ; terminal line black, edged inwardly by a fine white line, and between them a series of black spots capped with pale blue. Underside as in the male, but there is a small black spot near the hinder angle on the forewing, and four small black sub-terminal spots on the hindwing commencing from the anal angle, where the spot is capped with orange. Expanse of wings, S 1335, 2 1455 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Shan States, Sikkim. Norr.—de Nicéville and Bingham were mistaken in their identification of this very distinct species, they could never have seen Hewitson’s type of pleurata ; it is no doubt somewhat similar to it on the upperside, but the underside is quite different ; de Nicéville states that he is somewhat doubtful of his identification; we have male examples from the Karen Hills and from Kyan Keyat, marked by de Nicéville as pleurata, which are identical with Faweett’s type. In coll. Druce there is a male from Sikkim which differs somewhat from the type in the upperside of the forewings, the male has the costal black band complete and fairly even in width, with two conjoined outwardly oblique blue spots in it at one-third from the base, and a female from the Karen Hills in the B. M. which is much paler than our type, with only indications of the cell stripe on the hindwings and the marginal bands on both wings narrower, but the undersides are identical with Fawcett’s type. PORITIA PHRAATICA. Plate 666, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. Poritia phraatica, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 214, pl. 88, fig. 2, 9 (1878). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 199, pl. 21, fig. 21, g, and pl. 24, fig. 8, 9 (1884). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 38. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 429. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 41 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 527. Friihstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1895, p. 303. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 465 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Allied to the male of P. sumatre, Felder, but larger and with the black area of the forewing on the upperside smaller, its inner margin somewhat con- cavely occupying the end of the cell, after which it is more or less convexly continued to the first medial nervule, and is then marginaliy continued to the angle, where there is a short black streak along the sub-median nervure. Underside, both wings with the markings closely resembling those of P. sumatre, but much paler in line. (Distant. ) Q 2 116 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Upperside brown. orewing with an oval orange-yellow longitudinal band, from near the base, where it is narrow, widening outwards right across the middle of the wing, its end, which is rounded, not reaching the outer margin. Cilia brown. /indwing with a narrow band of the same orange-yellow colour across the lower middle of the wing, from vein 1 to vein 6, somewhat sinuous, widening outwards, turning upwards at its outer end, and sometimes broken ; an indistinct sub-terminal black thin band, more or less angulated, marked with orange-yellow, with a slender white edging. Cilia brown, tipped with white. Underside white, markings much as in hewitsoni, but pale brown, not chocolate-brown, as in that species, the markings finer. Eixpanse of wings, # $ 1,4, to 1,5, inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Mergui, Malay Peninsula. Disrripution.—The type female came from Singapore. Distant records it from Province Wellesley, Friihstorfer from Java, Manders from the Shan States, de Nicéville from Tenasserim and Tavoy. Notr.—We have not seena male. Distant seems to have figured the correct male, therefore we give copies of his figure. The males referred to by de Nicéville are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; both sexes appear to differ somewhat in character of the markings of the upperside, if they have been properly identified. On the under- side they seem to be identical with Hewitson’s type. Doherty says the male is very variable ; he had no specimen so green, or with so large and solid coloured area as in Distant’s figure, and that all his specimens have a triangular dark patch below the cell and a macular blue band across the apex. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED GENERA AND SPECIES. Poritia pheretia, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 346; id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 217, pl. 89, figs. 17, 18, g, 16, ? (1878). Habitat, Singapore. Poritia philota, Hewitson, l.c. p. 346 ; id. lic. fig. 20 (1878). Habitat, Sumatra, Borneo. Poritia pleurata, Hewitson, lc. p. 346; id. lc. p. 215, pl. 88, figs. 3, 4, g, 5, 2 (1878). Habitat, Singapore. Poritia promula, Hewitson, l.c. p. 347 ; id. Lc. p. 216, pl. 88, figs. 12, 13, 9. Habitat, Java. Poritia pellonia, Distant and Pryer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 265. Habitat, Sandakan, Borneo. Poritia plateni, Staudinger, Tris, 1889, p. 104, pl. i, fig. 8. Habitat, Palawan, Philippines ;Kina Balu, Borneo. Poritia phormedon, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 566, pl. 31, figs. 16, g, 17, 9. Habitat, Kina Balu. Poritia phaluke, H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 567, fig. 15, g. Habitat, Kina Balu. Poritia phare, H. H. Druce, Le. pl. 34, fig. 14, ¢. Habitat, Mindanao, Davao, Philippines. Poritia phama, H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 568, pl. 31, fig. 18, ¢. Habitat, Kina Balu. Poritia silva, Friihstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1896, p. 303. Habitat, Java. PORITIIN 2. 117 Deramas livens, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 252; id. Rhop. Malayana, p. 451, pl. 42, fig. 15, § (1886). Habitat, Singapore. Deramas livescens, Frihstorfer, l.c. Habitat, Java. Poriskina phakos, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 570, pl. 34, fig. 15, g. Habitat, Philippines. Genus SIMISKINA. Simiskina, Distant, Entom. xix. p. 12 (1886); id. Rhop. Malayana, p. 450 (1886). Massaga, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 429. Poritia, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 37 (1890). Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 457 (1907). Eyes naked. Jvrewing with four sub-costal nervules, vein 11 completely anastomoses with 12 from near its origin, 11 emitted from the sub-costal nervure at three-fifths, 10 from near its end, 9 from 7 from near its end, 8 absent, middle disco- cellular rather stout and oblique, lower distinct and sinuous, apex of wing more pointed in both sexes than in Porttia, and is usually slightly falcate, the upper part of the outer margin being slightly excised, sexual tuft of the male less conspicuous. Hindwing, discoidal cell longer than in Poritia, upper discocellular nervule short, very oblique, the lower much longer, vein 3 from before lower end of cell, a tuft of long hairs on the upper side of the wing, the hindwing of the female is conspicuously angled, the sexes are very unlike, the females having a peculiar shape much resembling that of the genus Abisara of the family Nemeobiinee. Antenne and palpi as in Poritia. Doherty says that the egg of Simiskina potina differs from that of Poritia in having the hexagonal reticulations very regular and delicate; it has the same extraordinary shape; the habits of the female, he says, are also different; it sits on a leaf with half-open wings, and might easily be taken for a small Cirrhochroa or some- times for a Lozura, and in colour it is entirely different from the usual colours of species of Poritia. Type, fulgens, Distant = potina, Hewitson. SIMISKINA PEDIADA. ; Plate 666, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g, de, 9. Poritia pediada, Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag. xiii. p. 223 (1877); id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 218, pl. 89, figs. 21, 22, 9 (1878). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 200, pl. 22, fig. 16, 2 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 46 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. i. p. 469 (1907). Massaga pediada, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 430, pl. 23, fig. 15, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Above, velvety black. Forewing with the following markings bluish-green, varying according to the light, namely, one below the cell, one basal below the internal vein, its terminal part crossing the vein, one a little beyond the 118 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. cell, oblique, consisting of three quadrate spots, a sub-marginal row of six spots, the last larger, sub-cordate. [indwing with a longitudinal mark in the interno-median space from the base, united terminally with the inner of a row of three triangular spots crossing the disc; three sub-marginal spots in the same spaces as the discal ones, the middle small, lunular, the outer two semicircular, enclosing black spots, the sub-anal one largest. Below dull rufous-brown, with a pale violet gloss. /orewing with a broken macular line of minute whitish spots across the disc, an outer discal line of small and very obscure pale lunules, beyond which hes a pale band, the margin brighter rufous. [7 indwing, base and costa dull rufous-brown, most of the rest irrorated with whitish scales, an obscure darker transverse line with two sagittate marks on the median spaces, a sub-marginal dark zigzag line bordered inwardly by a pale line, a marginal bright reddish line bordered inwardly by slender black and white lines which do not extend to the apex. (Doherty.) Female. Upperside dark plum-brown, almost black, without markings except for a very fine white sub-terminal line on the hindwing from near the anal angle to vein 4. Underside rufous-brown, paler and more rufous than in the male. vrewing with darker brown, transverse-discal and post-discal slender, sinuate whitish bands, the former single, the latter double, the outer line very faint, the space between them darker than the ground colour, outer margin brighter. Mindwing with the medial and lower spaces pale, the discal band broken and lunular, a post-discal, sinuous whitish line, edged outwardly by a fine dark line, a sub-terminal silvery white line. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish-brown above, whitish- ochreous beneath. Expanse of wings, ¢ ¢ 14%; to 13’5 inches. Hasirat.—Tenasserim, Mergui, Singapore. We have not seen a male of this species; it is not in the B. M. Our figures are copies of Doherty’s figure. The type female from Singapore is unique in the B. M. SIMISKINA PHALENA. Plate 667, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g, le, 9. Poritia phalena, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 544; id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 216, pl. 89, figs. 14, 15, g (1878). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 200, pl. 22, fig. 8, g (1884). Hartert, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1890, p. 204. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 44, footnote (1890). H. H. Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 568. Simiskina phalena, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 210; pl Os fie: 13, “9. Friihstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1896, p. 303. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 654. Massaga harterti, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 128, pl. 10, fig. 1, ¢. Poritia harterti, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 43 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 466 (1907). PORITIINA. 119 Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining purplish-black, markings bright blue-green. Forewing with a streak immediately below the median vein, from the base, to the end of the cell, where it is slightly thickened upwards; three small spots in an outwardly oblique row, below the costa a fourth from the apex, six outer discal spots in an outwardly curved row, increasing in size hindwards, the lowest spot continued in a streak on the hinder margin. //indwing with the costal space broadly ochreous-white, a streak down the inner side of the abdominal fold, from the base for about three- fourths, with two spots near its lower end placed longitudinally in the middle of the wing, four sub-terminal, lunular spots, the first small at the anal angle, the others in the following interspaces, the spot next to the-anal spot the largest. Cilia black. Underside. Forewing dark chocolate-brown, an erect white band across the middle of the wing, widening hindwards, continued on its outer side to near the hinder angle, and on its inner side extending over the whole hindward space below the median vein ; a post-discal line of minute white lunules. //indwing with the basal third chocolate- brown, its inner edge sharply defined, followed by a very broad white band which has on its lower side a row of small brown spots, then a large blackish patch or medial band of irregular spots close together, the middle ones the largest, and all edged with white, the outer portion of the wing is suffused with paler chocolate-brown of variegated shade, an outwardly curved, somewhat sinuous dark brown post-discal line, edged on both sides with white, this line is almost sub-terminal, and between it and the terminal brown line, which is inwardly edged by a fine white line, is a series of sub- terminal dark brown spots on a whitish ground, one in each interspace. Cilia brown, with white tips. Antenne black, ringed with white, and with some orange-ochreous colour at the tips of the clubs ; palpi, head and body black above, whitish beneath. Female, as described by de Nicéville. Upperside, both wings shining purplish- fuscous. orewing with an oval discal pure white spot beyond the discoidal cell, anteriorly bounded by the third median nervule, posteriorly extended slightly beyond the first median nervule. Hindwing much broader than in the male, the outer margin between the terminations of the second and third median nervules produced into a blunt tail-like projection bearing a black spot on the underside ; with faint traces of a series of sub-marginal bluish-white lunules and a marginal very fine white line. Underside both wings as in the male, except that the discal white band on the forewing is posteriorly much wider. . Cilia white, here and there touched with fuscous, almost entirely fuscous on the anal half of the hindwing. The female is here described for the first time. Its nearest ally is probably my S. solyma from Perak, which, however, has the white spot on the upperside of the forewing bordered with rich iridescent emerald-green, and in some lights is suffused throughout with this beautiful colour, thereby greatly differing from the present species. The markings of the underside are, however, entirely different. I am 120 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. indebted to Lieutenant James M. Burn, R.E., for the gift of specimens of both sexes taken in the Katha district of Upper Burma, at 800 feet elevation above the sea, in March and November. (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, f 14% to 144, 2 14% to 14% inches. Hasirat.—Upper Burma, Upper Assam, Singapore, Sumatra. DisrripuTion.—The type, a male in the B. M., came from Singapore ; Doherty’s type from Patkoi Hills, Upper Assam ; Hartert records it from the Baltac Hills, N.E. Sumatra, and de Nicéville from the Katha district, Upper Burma. It is in the B. M. also from Java. Norre.—Doherty’s type was taken by Hartert, he subsequently secured another specimen in the Baltac Hills, which he says is undoubtedly identical ; where Doherty's type now is, is not known; de Nicéville’s type of the female is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, we have not been able to examine it; we give a copy of de Nicéville’s figure. Doherty gives the following description of the egg and pupa. Eee, a truncate pyramid nearly twice as long as wide, with two vertical and two sloping sides, the former trapezoidal, reticulate near their upper edges; the latter and the apex nearly square, delicately reticulate. In the ovarian tubes of the female, these eggs are found in pairs, attached by their bases. Along with Liphyra brassolis, Westwood, they are the most remarkable eggs in the family. Pupa, somewhat resembles those of the Hrycinide and strikingly illustrates the singularity of the group. It is suspended, not girt, but rigidly inclined towards the surface of the leaf. It is less compact in form than that of other Lycaenidae, and is studded with bristles. Of these a number on the side of the head are white, with two black ones on each side of the top of the head, and one black one on each side of the thorax above the thoracic angle. The second, third, and fourth abdominal segments have each a lower white and an upper black bristle approximate laterally ; while the last segments have a number of white lateral and of black sub-dorsal ones. The ground colour is ochreous, much marked with dark, especially on the upper surface of the abdomen, each segment having a black line near its hind margin, except the first, which has two distinct black spots dorsally. The wing-covers are veined and bordered with brown. (Doherty.) Larya, unknown. SIMISKINA PHALIA. Plate 667, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, 2. Poritia phalia, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 345; id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 216, p. 88, figs. 10, 11, g (1878). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 569. Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 467 (1907), fuaco.—Male. Upperside purple-black, markings bright dark blue. Forewing with a broad streak immediately below the median vein, from the base to the end of PORITIINE. 121 the cell, broader than in phalena, thickened at the end, divided by the veins into three pieces, the second piece the longest outwardly, two rather large, somewhat elongated spots below the costa, a fifth from the apex, an outwardly, well curved series of six sub-marginal spots, the lowest three lunular, the lowest the largest, a spot immediately above the middle of the sub-median vein, with a short streak a little inwards, just below it on the hinder margin. Hindwing with two elongated spots in the middle of the disc, a broad streak from the base, along the inner edge of the abdominal fold, down to the lowest of the three sub-marginal spots, which it does not quite touch ; these three spots are rather large and more or less lunular, the one nearest the anal angle the largest ; costal space of the wing broadly pale whitish-brown. Cilia black, tipped with whitish. Underside chocolate-brown. Forewing with the hinder marginal space pale, the basal two-thirds of the wing dark chocolate-brown, with a slaty tinge in parts, limited by a broad straight discal fascia of a still darker shade ; a brown, thin lunular line at the end of the cell, followed by a short medial transverse line composed of three thin lunules, the upper one a little more inside than the other two, which are in a line, a narrow, indistinct orange-red marginal band, and a pale space below the apex. indwing with the basal fourth dark chocolate-brown, the rest of the wing uniformly much paler, a medial, outwardly curved, zigzag, irregular orange-red line, a discal somewhat similar series, and an orange-red, narrow marginal band, inwardly edged by a fine white line. Antenne black, ringed with white, with some orange-ochreous at the tips of the clubs; palpi, head and body black above, whitish beneath. Female. Upperside dull purple-brown, the discs of both wings paler than the rest of the wings, leaving broad diffuse outer marginal bands, no markings. Underside pale chocolate-brown, fairly uniform in shade of colour, some faint blue-grey gloss on forewing, slightly paler than the rest of the wing at the apex, the transverse lines and markings exactly as in the male, but on the hindwing there are traces of a sub-terminal series of brown spots. Expanse of wings, ¢ 13, $ 13% inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. DisTRIBUTION.—The type, a male, in the B. M., came from Borneo ; the female, which is now described for the first time, is in coll. Druce from Labuan, there is a male from Tavoy Valley, Burma, taken by Bingham, in the B. M. (which we figure), identical with Hewitson’s type. Nore.—Bingham made potina, Hewitson, and fulgens, Distant, synonyms to this species, never having seen a female of phalia. The female of potina is an entirely differently coloured and marked insect, and the male as described and figured by Doherty, though somewhat similar to the male of phalia, has distinctive differences. VOL. VII. R 122 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. SIMISKINA POTINA. Plate 667, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, $, 3c, 9. Poritia potina, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 347, 9? ; id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 215, pl. 88 figs. 6,7, 9. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 201, pl. 22. fig. 7, 9 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 44 (1890). Simiskina potina, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 275, pl. 95, female, nec male (1888). Massaga potina, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 431, pl. 23, fig. 3, ¢. Simiskina fulgens, Distant, Entom. xix. p. 12 (1886) ; id. Rhop. Malayana, p. 450, pl. 42, fig. 3, 9 (1886). Poritia phalia, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 467 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Above velvety black, with the following rich blue markings varying according to the lght:—/orewing, one below the cell, clavate, extending widely into the median spaces, one below the internal vein, with a spot above the end of it, a series of three spots a little beyond the end of the cell, the upper obscure, the lower quadrate; a submarginal series of six spots, the lower one large and cordate. Hindwing with a longitudinal mark in the interno-median space, from the base two- thirds to the outer margin, two discal spots in the next two spaces, three marginal crescents in these three spaces, the sub-anal one large, with a streak outside of it beyond the median vein. Below rufous-brown, brighter than in pediata. Forewing with an obscure darker rufous streak across the end of the cell, a darker rufous line across the disc as far as the lower median, bordered outwardly by a darker bluish-tinged space, an outer discal, obscure, lunular line, bordered inwardly by a paler bluish one, and outwardly by a broad pale space, which is conspicuous and somewhat ochreous near the apex. Hind margin and interno-median space chiefly dull ochreous, shining ; a bright reddish marginal line. Cilia blackish. Hindwing, base and costa dark rufous-brown, the rest paler rufous, a brighter rufous streak closing the cell, a similar discal series of lunules irregularly placed, an obscure dark outer discal lunular line obsolete sub- apically, bordered both inwardly and outwardly by a paler bluish space, and then by a brighter rufous one ; a bright rufous marginal line bordered usually by slender black and white ones. Cilia dark. (Doherty.) Female. Upperside orange. orewing with the outer and hinder margins broadly dark brown, the former broadest at the apex, a thin, brown, lunular mark at the end of the cell. /Zindwing somewhat suffused with brown, with three large brown sub- marginal spots. Underside pale dull orange-yellow. Forewing with a thin linear mark at the end of the cell and two or three indistinct transverse bands, the first medial, the other two discal and somewhat close together. Hindwing with similar indistinct bands, sometimes broken into spots and outwardly well curved; the colour and markings vary much in different examples, the underside having the transverse markings sometimes very indistinct. PORITIIN. 123 GeNITALIA, seen from the side, uncus quadrate, the upper angle projecting, rather acute, the lower rounded, retreating; branches long, slender, tapering, not hooked. Clasps with a basal tubercle on the upper edge, the end enlarged and _ bilobed, resembling a pair of pincers, the upper thickened beyond the base, bent down to meet the other, but with the tip recurved upwards, the lower lobe regularly curved, tapering, acute. (Doherty MS., de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 45, footnote.) Expanse of wings, 1435, 2 14% inches. Hasrrat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula. DisrripuTion.—The type female, which is in the B. M., came from Singapore. Doherty records it from Myitta, Tavoy District; de Nicéville from the hills north of Papun, Thoungyin Valley, and the Donat Range, all in Burma. We have not seen a male, and therefore give a copy of Doherty’s figure. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Simiskina pharyge, Poritia pharyge, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 345; id. Il. Diurn. Lep. p- 215, pl. 88, figs. 8, 9, ¢ (1878). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 450, pl. 41, fig. 8, g (1886). de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 36, pl. F, fig. 11, 9. Habitat, Borneo, Perak, Siam. Stmiskina pavonica, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, vol. x. p. 28, pl. S, fig. 18, ¢. Habitat, N.E. Sumatra. Simiskina solyma, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1899, p. 29, pl. 4, fig. 10, 9. Habitat, Perak. ; Stmiskina proxima, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 29, figs. 19, ¢, 20, 9. Habitat, N.E. Sumatra. Simiskina procotes, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 32, fig. 21, 9. Habitat, N.E. Sumatra. Simiskina philura, Poritia philura, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 569, pl. 32, fig. 1, ¢. Habitat, Kina Balu. Simiskina niasana, Simiskina phalena niasana, Friihstorfer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1898, p. 226. Habitat, Nias. Genus ZARONA. Zarona, de Nicéville, Journ. As Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 280; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 34 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 470 (1907). Eyes naked. orewing, vein 12 ends on costa well beyond upper end of cell ; 11 emitted at one-third before end and at once anastomoses with 12; 10 from apical fourth of subcostal ; 9 from basal half of 7; 8 from apical third of 7; 5, 6 and 7 from upper end of cell, so close together as to practically obliterate the upper and middle discocellulars ; 3 and 4 from the lower end of cell ; costa of wing slightly arched, apex rather acute, outer margin nearly straight in the male, convex in the female, hinder margin straight. Hindwing with vein 7 emitted rather near to the upper end of the cell; 8 strongly arched at base, terminates at apex of wing; 5 closer to 6 at its base R 2 124 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. than to 4; 3 and 4 from lower end of cell; wing elongated in the male, the outer margin very straight, giving the wing a truncated appearance, costa strongly arched at base, then nearly straight to apex, which is rounded, outer margin very slightly rounded, nearly straight, slightly and bluntly dentate at the ends of the lower veins: no secondary sectional characters ; body moderately robust. Antenne short, witha long, gradually formed club, flattened beneath ; palpi stout, porrect ; third jomt short; legs short and stout. Type, Z. jasoda, de Nicéville. ZARONA JASODA. Plate 668, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢, le, 2. Zarona jasoda, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 280, pl. 14, fig. 5, g ; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 34, pl. 25, fig. 144, g (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 620. H. H. Druce, id. 1896, p. 654. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1899, p. 334. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, ii. p. 471, pl. 20, fig. 153 (1907). Zarona zanella, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 35, frontispiece, fig. 159, 9 (1890). Bingham, l.c. p. 471. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing black, the inner portion almost down to the hinder margin rich dark blue, and up to the median vein, the blue colour entering a little into the cell, a black band across the middle of the blue space; the veins black ; this stripe or band runs from the base narrowly above the sub-median vein, crosses the interspace in the middle of the wing rather broadly to vein 2, then runs down below vein 2 a short space and joins the black margin, thus forming two rather broad blue longitudinal bands across the black wing, each divided by the black veins into three parts of unequal length, the inner part of the lower blue band is longer than the others, and extends below the sub-median vein nearly to the base ; three blue sub-apical spots in an oblique row, outside and above the outer end of the upper blue band, Hindwing with the costal space down to the median vein black, the abdominal space also broadly black, the rest of the wing blue, with a marginal black thin band with sub-marginal black lunular marks more or less attached to it, and black, bottle-shaped marks running shortly up the veins. Cilia black, tipped with white on the hindwing. Underside varying from rufous-grey to purplish-brown. orewing with a discal, very sinuous brown line outwardly edged with white and indications of a double series of sub-terminal lunules. Hindwing with a similarly coloured discal line, with a more or less toothed outward projection below its middle, the sub-terminal series as in the forewing, ending in a black spot capped with orange near the anal angle. Antennz black, ringed with white ; tip of club orange-ochreous ; head and body black above, with some blue hairs on the thorax, grey beneath. Female. Upperside, both wings fuscous. Jvrewing with the costa, the upper PORITIINA. 125 half of discoidal cell, giving off a wedge-shaped process covering the discocellular nervules, the apex widely, the outer margin widely but decreasingly, and all the veins fuscous, the rest of the wing purple, the portion of that colour occupying the lower half of the cell with its anterior margin waved. /Hindwing with a patch of purple in the middle divided by the fuscous veins. Underside, both wings dull, reddish-purplish. /orewing with a discal macular narrow line formed of linear spots rather darker than the ground, from the upper discoidal nervule to the sub-median nervure, two extremely indistinct marginal fascize. /indzwing with a discal fascia as in the forewing, but highly irregular, the marginal fascize as in the forewing, a small round black spota little removed from the margin in the sub-median interspace. Cilia reddish- ochreous throughout. I can compare this plainly coloured, simply marked butterfly with no other ; as far as I know it is quite unique, though it is possible that hereafter it may be proved to be the opposite sex of Z. jasoda, mihi, from which it differs in the much paler eolour of the ground on the underside, in the discal band on the hindwing not being slightly outwardly marked with grey, and the grey irroration at the anal angle absent. The type and only known specimen was taken in the Meplay Valley, Upper Tenasserim, Burma, on the 8th of January, 1882, by Major C. T. Bingham. The figure shows both sides of the type-specimen in my collection. (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, S ? 1345 to 14°5 ches. Hasitat.—Burma, Borneo. We have not seen the female; the type, a unique specimen, is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; the figure we give is a copy of de Nicéville’s figure ; our description and figures of the male are from an example taken in the Donat Range, kindly lent us from the Druce Collection; there can be no doubt that zonella is the true female of jasoda ; it differs from de Nicéville’s type of jasoda chiefly in the ground colour of the underside, but this is evidently an unstable character, the shade of the coloration on the underside of the males varying much in the only three examples yet described, viz. de Nicéville’s type “deep glossy purplish-brown ;” Bingham’s “silky golden brown ;” and ours “rufous-grey ;” the uppersides of all three being identical. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Zarona pharygoides, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 208, pl. E, fig. 3. Habitat, Malay Peninsula. Zarona bradamante, Doherty MS., de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 36, footnote (1890). Habitat, Lower Siam. Nors.—de Nicéville put Pseudodipsas cephenes, Hewitson, at the end of the Poritias; the unique type, a female, is in the B. M., it has on it an attached minute 126 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. label marked “India Atk,” but it cannot be an Indian insect; it is the female of Pseudodipsas fumidus, Miskin, from Australia, and therefore we omit it from the Indian fauna. Cephenes undoubtedly belongs to the genus Pseudodipsas, Felder, the type of which is cone, from the Aru Islands. We have examined Felder’s types of cone, kindly lent us from the Tring Museum; they are both females, but there is a male in the B. M. and another in the Druce collection. It does not belong to the Poritia group. Sub-Family AMBLYPODIIN~A. Forewing, veins 5, 6 and 7 approximate at base, 7 usually ends on outer margin below the apex, 7, 10 and 11 sometimes almost parallel to each other and somewhat close together, 9 out of 7 from beyond its middle, 8 absent, except in the males of Amblypodia and Jraota, when it is very short, being emitted out of 7 near its termination, 11 always quite free from 12; upper discocellular generally very short, absent in Lraota and Amblypodia. Eyes naked, palpi long, mostly naked, body stout, legs short; no secondary sexual characters except for a small tuft of hairs on the mner margin of the forewing in Jraota ; an anal lobe to the hindwing, all with tails, except in the genus Arhopala, where some have rudimentary tails and some absolutely tail- less, a character in the Lyceenide apparently of only specific importance ; of large size, wings squarely built, colour above blue (in a few species of Arhopala green), markings on the underside mostly variegated, with spots and transverse fasciz. All the descriptions and expositions of the genitalia are taken by permission from Bethune-Baker’s excellent monograph of the family in Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903. Genus SURENDRA. Surendra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 635; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 112 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 218 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 3, Pl. 4, fig. 1 (genitalia). Eyes naked. Forewing with three sub-costal nervules, 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell, 9 out of 7 from near its end, 8 absent, 11 from middle of cell; discocellulars upright, concave, the middle a little shorter than the lower, sub-median vein straight. Costa regularly arched, more so in the female than in the male, apex acute, outer margin slightly concave below the apex, then strongly convex, especially so in the female, hinder margin slightly sinuous. Lindwing, vein 7 from near upper end of cell, discocellulars straight, of equal length and slightly outwardly oblique, vein 3 from lower end of cell, sub-median nervure straight, internal nervure at first straight then strongly AMBLYPODIIN. 127 outwardly curved ; costa much arched at base, then nearly straight to the apex in the male, slightly arched in the female, outer margin convex to the tail, deeply excavated from the tail to the anal lobe in the male, a somewhat short tail at the end of vein 2; in the female there is a second tail of equal length at the end of vein 3; both sexes with a large anal lobe, abdominal margin excavated above the anal lobe, then convex to the base of the wing. Palpi long and slender, legs short. Antennz uniformly thickened, no secondary sexual characters. GeniraLiA, of the usual Lyceena shape, the tegumen being less ample, the hooks, however, are short and stout, whilst the clasps are not so reduced as in the genus Arhopala; the penis 1 F i i i Genitalia of Swrendra is long and slender, with the extremity slightly extended. Genial jo aia Type, quercetorum, Moore. SURENDRA QUERCETORUM. Plate 668, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢, 3c, 9. Amblypodia quercetorum, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 42, pl. la, fig. 7, ¢ (1857). Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 14 (1862). Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 281, pl. 96, g, 9 (1888). Surendra quercetorum, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 251. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 220, pl. 27, figs. 194, ¢, 195, 9 (1890). Elwes, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 628. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 299. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47, and 1897, p. 662. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 381. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 4. Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1910, p. 366. Surendra (Amblypodia) quercetorum, Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 532. Amblypodia vivarna, Hewitson (nec Horsfield), Cat. Lye. B. M. pl. 7, fig. 76, 2 (1862). Surendra latimargo, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 142. de Nicéville, Le. Surendra quercetorum, var. latimargo, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 235. Surendra biplagiata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 147, pl. 24, fig. 12, g. de Nicéville, l.c. p. 121. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. orewing dark dull violet-purple, with broad black, inconspicuous costal and outer-marginal borders broadest at the apex. Hindwing similarly coloured, but the wing is mostly black, the dull violet-purple colour mostly confined to the lower disc. Underside, both wings dark greyish-brown, with a purplish tint, markings darker brown and obscure. Forewing with a small dot in the cell, a small ringlet at the end, sometimes round, sometimes elongated, two dots near the costa above it, a sinuous, recurved, thin discal line, and a sub-marginal series of dots. Hindwing with three very sinuous transverse lines, the first a little distance from the base, outwardly curved, the second across the middle, very slightly curved, with brown 128 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. suffusion on its inner side, the third post-medial, but nearer to the outer margin than to the middle, not irregular like the other two, and much angulated and with some brown suffusion inwards; the two inner lines with some white marks at their upper ends, indications also of a sub-marginal line, and a little whitish, indistinct suffusion often at the anal angle, tail at the end of vein 2, concolorous with the wing, tipped with white, anal lobe produced. Cilia black, tipped with white. Female. Upperside violet-brown. orewing with the inconspicuous blackish borders generally broader than in the male, and with the upper disc usually paler than the rest of the wing. J/indwing uniformly violet-brown, sometimes with some blackish suffusion on the costal and outer marginal spaces, and an additional tail at end of vein 3, also tipped with white, anal lobe usually larger than in the male. Underside as in the male, but the ground colour is usually paler, the markings more pronounced, and on the hindwing the middle line is more or less squarely curved inwards to the middle of the abdominal margin. Antenne black, with an orange-red tip ; palpi, head and body black above, brown beneath. Expanse of wings, ¢ 13, ? 14% imches. Hapirat.—India, Burma, Andamans. DistriputTion.—Recorded by Elwes from the Naga Hills, by Watson from Chin Lushai, by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, by Manders from the Shan States, by Hampson from the Nilgiris, by Moore from the Kangra Valley, by Hewitson from Silhet, by Doherty from the Gori and Kali Valleys (2,000 to 4,000 feet elevation), by Hannyngton from Kumaon, and we have many examples in our collection from Sikkim and from the Khasia Hills. SURENDRA DISCALIS. Plate 668, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, 6, 4c, 2. Surendra discalis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 142; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 113, pl. 44, figs. 1, ¢, la, @ (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 222 (1890). Surendra quercetorum, Bethune-Baker (part), Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 4. Imaco.—Male. Much smaller than quercetorum, the anal lobe considerably smaller, the upperside darker and brighter, the underside very much paler, quite violet- grey in many examples, the hindwing with the central transverse line not nearly so irregular, and almost uniformly, outwardly well curved, and outwardly edged throughout with rather prominent white marks, the suffusion inside it, and imside the outer curved line orange-brown. Female. Upperside uniformly darker than in that sex of quercetorum, with a large pinkish-ochreous patch in the upper disc, varying somewhat in its shade of colour in some examples, but nearly always more or less well indicated. Underside AMBLYPODIIN. 129 coloured and marked like its male, with the lower half of the wing more or less suffused with whitish. Expanse of wings, f 1,25, ? 1,3, inches. Hasirat.—Ceylon. We have many examples of both sexes in our collection; it cannot be an aberration of quercetorum, as Bethune-Baker suggests, because that form does not occur in Ceylon, and from the uniform smallness of its size and peculiar features it must be considered a good local form, apparently not occurring anywhere out of Ceylon. SURENDRA AMISENA. Plate 669, figs. 1, $, la, 9, lb, g, le, 9. Amblypodia amisena, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 13, pl. 7, figs. 74, 78, 9 (1862). Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 33 (1884). Rapala amisena, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 277, pl. 23, fig. 13, g¢ (1885). Surendra amisena, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 424. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. ies 222 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 6, pl. i. fig. 3, $, 4 and 5, 9, pl. 4, figs. 1, la (genitalia). | Amblypodia palowna, Staudinger, Tris, 1889, p. 131, pl. 2, fig. 3. Surendra palowna, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 588. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-blue. Forewing with the costa and outer margin broadly blackish, broadest at the apex. Hindwing with costa very broadly blackish, the outer margin with a narrow blackish band, the abdominal margin pale. Underside dark rufous-brown, markings darker brown, an outwardly deeply curved series of thin lunules, outwardly edged with dull whitish, a sub-marginal series of spots, also with pale outer edges, hinder marginal space pale. Hindwing with a discal outwardly curved band of conjoined lunular marks, outwardly edged with white, a post-discal series of spots, some of which are more or less lunular, all inwardly pale-edged, a large black sub-terminal spot in each of the first three anal interspaces, more or less covered with blue metallic scaling, which varies much in quantity in different examples, and is sometimes wanting. Cilia brown, with some whitish edging on the underside. Female. Upperside much as in the male, but the colour has a tint of lilac-blue and is more or less glossed. Underside as in the male, but the discal series on the forewing is generally more separated from the sub-marginal series than it is in the male. Antenne black; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, outer margin of the hindwing with very short projections of hairs at the ends of veins 2, 3 and 4, sometimes a filamentous tail varying in length in different specimens at the end of vein 2, sometimes without any tail at all. VOL. VIII. S 130 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Expanse of wings, S 142; to 1y%s, $ 1y’o to 14% inches. Hasrrar—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Nias. DistRrBuTion.—The type came from Singapore ; Distant records it from the Malay Peninsula ; Kheil from Nias ; Druce from Kina Balu, Borneo ; Doherty from Mergui and Tenasserim, and we have several examples of both sexes from Deli, Sumatra. SURENDRA FLORIMEL. Plate 669, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 6, 2c, 9. Surendra florimel, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 424, pl. 23, figs. 17, g, 4, 9. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 223 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 7. Surendra stimula, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ix. 1895, p. 279, pl. O, fig. 23. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark rich purple-blue, so dark as to obscure the black borders and make them invisible except in certain lights. orewing with the costa and outer margin broadly black, the band decreasing in width hindwards on the outer margin until it reaches the hinder angle, where it broadens somewhat ; the blue area angled at the upper median vein, and occupying about half the wing. Hindwing with the costal and abdominal portions broadly blackish-brown, the latter the paler, the blue area extending from just below the sub-costal to the median vein, leaving the upper part of the cell blackish, a narrow black marginal line, the outer margin with a projection at the end of vein 3 and then straight to the anal angle, but in one example there are very slight projections at the ends of veins 2 and 4; no tails. Underside rufous-brown with a purplish tint, varying somewhat in shade of colour in different examples, markings darker brown and somewhat indistinct. orewing with a dark shade across the middle of the wing, leaving the costal and apical portions pale, the hinder margin broadly paler still; a fine line across the middle of the cell, another across the end; a discal outwardly curved series of conjoined, somewhat lunular and irregularly shaped marks, projecting a little, outwardly in the middle, indications of a series of sub-marginal marks. /Zindwing darker and more evenly coloured, with a brown-edged white dot in the cell, often absent, a medial dark fascia across the wing, outwardly edged by an outwardly curved series of disconnected, white marks, an indistinct discal series of conjoined lunular marks, outwardly marked by a suffused brownish shade, a sub-terminal metallic blue patch in interspace 2, sometimes with a black spot in it, indications of a terminal series of brown marks. Female. Upperside dull brown, palest in the middle of the disc. Underside. Forewing with the dark area confined to the neighbourhood of the median spaces on the dise. Hindwing with a dark band across the wing from the apex to the hind margin, crossing the end of the cell ; a distinct whitish spot basally between the costal and sub-costal veins, the inner transverse line united, crossing the dark area sub- AMBLYPODIIN. 131 apically ; the outer one consisting of pale lunules, bordered especially outwardly by a dark band, in which there are two dark sub-apical spots, the second larger. Cilia black. Antenne black ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings; the egg and venation are as in amisena and quercetorum. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1345 to 14% inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Java, Sumatra. DistrisuTion.—Doherty’s types came from Wagung, Tavoy district (1,500 feet) ; we have not been able to discover where they now are; de Nicéville’s type came from Java, and it is in the Druce collection, also from Sumatra, all males ; we have not seen a female, therefore give Doherty’s description and figure. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Surendra vivarna, Amblypodia vivarna, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 99 (1829). Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 13, pl. 7, figs. 73, 77, 8, 75, 2 (1862). Habitat, Java, Sumatra. Genus IRAOTA. Traota, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 101 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 258 (1885). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 213 (1890). Eyes naked. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite upper end of cell, 11 emitted from beyond the middle of cell, 10 at one-third from before end, bent upwards near its base, towards 12, which it does not touch ; 9 long, from 7 beyond its middle, which is emitted at one-fifth before end of cell, 8 present in the male only, short, from 7, from close to the apex of the wing, 7 terminates on the outer margin below the apex in the male, at the apex in the female ; upper discocellular obsolete. Costa arched at the base, then nearly straight to the apex; apex sub-acute, outer margin convex in its upper half, then concave, hinder angle {, Z YT. rounded, but angular and distinct, hinder margin more or less concave in the basal half, then straight. MHindwing, vein 8 highly arched at the base, 7 from the middle of ef the cell, 6 from the end, in a line with the sub-costal, 5 from the middle of discocellulars, which are concave and ee ae acutely angled in the middle, 4 from lower end of cell, bowed at its base, 3 from immediately before the end, 2 from a little beyond the middle; wing narrow, but produced hindwards, costa and apex evenly rounded, outer margin nearly straight, scalloped between the vein ends, slightly convex above the tail, which is at the end of the internal nervure in the male just above the anal lobe, the female also with a second tail at the end 8 2 Genitalia of Iraota timoleon. 132 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. of vein 2; male with a slightly indicated glandular space between the bases of the costal and sub-costal nervures, on the upperside of the wing there is a tuft of long hairs from the base of the cell, and the abdominal space covered with very long hairs. Antenne gradually thickened to the tip. GENITALIA, specialized, the tegumen being of a very simple hood-like shape (like a sun-bonnet) with long slender hooks attached very simply to its lower extremity; the lateral supports are slender and the clasps well developed. Type, timoleon, Stoll. IRAOTA TIMOLEON. Plate 669, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢, 3c, 9 (Wet-season Brood), 3d, ¢ (Dry-season Brood), 3e (larva and pupa). Papilio timoleon, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, Pap. Exot. v. pl. 32, figs. 4, 4d, 9 (1790). Amblypodia timoleon, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 44, pl. 12, figs. 3, larva ; 3a, pupa (1857). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. pl. 2, larva and pupa (1882). Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soe. Bengal, 1886, p. 368. Deudorix timoleon, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. pl. 8, fig. 21, 9 (1863). Traota timoleon, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 249. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 279, pl. 96, g (1888). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 359. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p- 215, pl. 27, figs. 192, g, 193, 9 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 531. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 628. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 299. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 352. Watson, id. 1891, p.47. Mackinnon and de Nicéyille, id. 1898, p. 381. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 48. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soe. 1903, p. 9. Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1910, p. 366. Hesperia mzcenas, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 271 (1793). Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 39, fig. 2, g (1798). Deudorix mzcenas, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 25 (1863). Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 180 (1869). Traota mzcenas, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 102, pl. 40, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, larva and pupa (1881). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 48. Doherty, id. 1886, p. 126. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 216 (1890). Betham, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 180. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 48. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1905, p. 720. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 11. Thecla nila, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. p. 413, pl. 4, figs. 5, 6, ¢ (1844). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 3, 3, 3a, , 3b, 3, 3c, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. orewing black, the basal two-thirds of the lower area of the wing deep metallic blue, varying in extent in different specimens. Hindwing also black, the dise deep metallic blue which also varies in extent, abdominal marginal space pale, a glandular basal patch between veins 7 and 8 ; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black, tipped with white. Underside dark chocolate- brown variegated, being paler in parts. Forewing a gradually formed club-shaped AMBLYPODIIN&. 133 silvery streak in the cell, touching the sub-costal nervure, reaching a little beyond the middle of the cell, a round silvery spot at the end of the cell, a discal series of four spots in a straight line, in pairs, the upper two below the costa, the other two in the middle of the disc, the upper and lower portions of the wing paler than the centre portion. Hindwing with a very prominent, curiously-shaped silvery band, which extends from the base where it is narrow, suddenly broadens, has a point upwards and a lobe downwards, then narrows somewhat and turns upwards and expands into a large lobe near the middle of the costa; a small silvery spot below the band, two angulated, outwardly curved pale whitish indistinct lines, from the abdominal margin across the wing, ante and post medial, also terminal and sub-terminal indistinct whitish lines, anal lobe black, with a long somewhat spatulate tail, black tipped with white at the end of the internal vein. Antenne black, the tips pale orange-red ; head and body black above, brown beneath ; palpi white beneath, eyes ringed with white. Female. Upperside varying in colour from purplish-brown to bright shining blue, with black borders, varying very much in width in different specimens. Under- side like the male, but all the markings larger and more prominent, a medium-sized filamentous tail at the end of vein 2, in addition to the tail at the anal lobe. Expanse of wings, ? 1;°; to 14% inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 3d, 2). Both sexes on the upper and under side like those of the Wet-season brood, but on the underside the prominent silvery band on the hindwings beneath is entirely absent, or only very faintly indicated. Expanse of wings, # ? 1345 to 148; inches. This is the form known as mecenas, Fabricius ; there can be no possible doubt that it is but a seasonal form of timoleon, Stoll, because as in all such cases many intergrades occur. LarVA, onisciform, *9 of an inch in length; head very small; second segment rather large, third and fourth progressively larger, then gradually decreasing in width to the anal segment ; constrictions between the segments very shallow; head pinkish ; - dorsal area pale pink, shading off laterally into pale greenish, the anal segment entirely pale greenish ; three series of annular dots on each side, no prominent markings what- ever, but gradually becomes dark green before pupating. Feeds on the leaves of the banian tree, Licus bengalensis. Pupa, very short and thick, dark brown, streaked with darker brown ; head case well marked; the abdomen very slightly constricted behind the thorax, posteriorly much rounded. We figure both Horsfield’s and Grote’s figures: the latter from Grote’s notes of the larva and pupa reared by him in Caleutta. 134 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasirat.—India, Ceylon. Distripution.—Elwes records it from E. Pegu, Watson from Chin Lushai, Manders from the Shan States, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, de Rhé- Philipe from Lucknow, Betham from the Central Provinces, Davidson and Aitken from Karwar, Aitken and Comber from the Konkan, Hampson from the Nilgiris, Doherty from Kumaon, Aitken from Thana and the Thul Ghat, de Nicéville from Bhutan, Sikkim, Mandi, Dinapore, Bholahat, Calcutta, Orissa and Bangalore, and we have taken it at Poona, Khandala, and Bombay. IRAOTA ROCHANA. Plate 670, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9,.1b, ¢. Amblypodia rochana, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C, p. 108 (1829). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 44, pl. la, fig. 10, ¢ (1857). Traota rochana, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 43. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 217 (1890). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 587. de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 463. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 12. Thecla timoleon, Boisduval (nec Stoll), Sp. Gen. i. pl. 22, fig. 4, 9 (1836). Deudorix timoleon, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 352. Traota boswelliana, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 258, pl. 22, fig. 36, 9 (1885). Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 279, pl. 96, 9 (1888). Imaco.—Male. Upperside azure-blue, shining. Forewing with costal and outer marginal bands broadly black, broadest at the apex, the blue colour diftermg much from that colour in ¢¢moleon, but somewhat similar in extent, the black marginal band extends somewhat more inwards on the hinder margin. Hindwing with the black bands and extent of blue as in timoleon, but with two black tails tipped with white, narrower, the outer tail at the end of vein 2 the longer; the anal lobe smaller, the wing more rounded, the anal angle being not nearly so much produced. Underside with the coloration and markings much as in the Wet-season form of timoleon, but on the hindwing there is a short narrow white streak on the costa at the base, the lower portion of the wing is paler, the silvery spot below the white band is generally replaced by a white thin streak downwards from its middle, the two angulated outwardly curved whitish lines are more in the middle of the wing, and more complete and distinct, the outer margin is scalloped above vein 3, where it is somewhat produced and contains a large black spot. Female. Upperside dark golden brown, darkest on the margins, without any blue coloration, the end of vein 3 with a short tail-like projection in addition to the two tails of the male. Underside paler than in the male, all the white markings broader and more prominent. Antenne, head and body as in ¢imoleon. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 1,5; to 14%) inches. AMBLYPODIINA. 135 Hasrrat.—Mergui, Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines, Malay Peninsula. DistrIBuTION.—The type came from Java, Distant’s type from the Malay Peninsula, Druce records it from Borneo, Bethune-Baker from Sumatra and the Philippines, and de Nicéville from Elphinstone Island, in the Mergui Archipelago. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Traota lazarena, Myrina lazarena, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. vi. p. 293 (1862). Semper, Schmett. Philip. Ins. v. p. 195. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 13, pl. i. fig. 2, 9. Habitat, Borneo, Celebes, Philippines. Traota nila, Distant (nec Kollar), Rhop. Malayana, p. 462, pl. 44, fig. 24, 9 (1886), H.H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 588, pl. 33, fig. 1, g. de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 463. Habitat, Malacca, Borneo, Sumatra, Perak. Genus AMBLYPODIA. Amblypodia, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 98 (1829). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 113 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 275 (1885). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 208 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool, Soc. 1903, p. 15. Eyes naked. orewing, vein 12 ends on costa, a little beyond end of cell, 11 and 10 emitted close together from the sub-costal nervure before the upper end of cell, 8 and 9 out of 7; 9 from one-third, 8 from two-thirds between end of cell and apex of wing, 7 terminates on outer margin somewhat below the apex (8 absent in the female), 6 emitted from before upper end of cell, 5 from a little below it; 3 from a little distance before lower end, 2 from a little beyond the middle; lower discocellular upright, slightly concave, upper discocellular obsolete ; cell broadest at its middle ; wings broad, costa arched, apex acute, outer margin slightly convex in the male, strongly convex in the female, with a slight concavity just below the apex, hinder margin long, slightly concave. Hindwing, with vein 7 emitted some little distance before upper end of cell, upper discocellular shorter than the lower, straight, outwardly oblique ; lower slightly concave, nearly upright ; vein 3 from close to lower end of cell, sub-median nervure straight, internal nervure short, highly recurved, wing broader in the male than in the female, the costa and outer margin strongly arched,a ~_— short tail at the end of the sub-median nervure, the outer margin anterior to the tail concave, a moderate-sized anal lobe, above which the outer margin is excavated somewhat, the abdominal margin convex ; no secondary sexual characters. Antenne short, one-third the length of the Genitalia of Amblypodia narada. costa of forewing. 136 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. GuNITALIA.—The tegumen and lateral supports of the prehensores are more fully developed in this genus, whilst the clasps, though smaller, are very unusual in shape ; the extremities are strongly serrated and produced upwards into a long straight extension and attached to the laterals by a fine covering of thin chitine. Penis short and stout. Type, narada, Horsfield. AMBLYPODIA NARADA. Plate 670, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 2, 2c (larva and pupa). Amblypodia narada, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 98, pl. i. fig. 8, ¢ ; pl. 4, figs. 4, 4a, larva and pupa (1829). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 39 (1857). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 276, pl. 21, fig. 23, g (1885). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 210 (1890). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 587. de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 463. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 16, pl. 4, figs. 3 and 3a (genitalia). Thecla narada, Horsfield, 1.c. Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue. Forewing with a moderate costal and outer marginal black band broadest at the apex, narrowing hindwards a little to the hinder angle. /Zindwing with the costal space paler, a narrow outer marginal some- what macular black band. Underside rufous-brown. Jorewing with a darker brown sinuous line from the apex to the pale hinder marginal space, beyond the middle, indications of a sub-marginal series of brown spots. /indwing with the transverse line of the forewing continued in an outward curve to the middle of the abdominal margin, the whole space in both wings from this line to the base generally darker than the rest of the wing; a discal series of small black spots inwardly edged with small suffused white marks, followed by a sub-marginal row of similar black spots, anal lobe and tail concolorous with the wing above and below. Cilia black above, brown beneath. Female. Upperside pale azure-blue. J orewing with broad costal and outer marginal blackish-brown bands. Hindwing with the abdominal fold whitish, the space inside it brownish, as also is the base ; the outer marginal blackish band very narrow, more or less macular in some examples. Underside ochreous-grey, the markings as in the male, but more pronounced, the middle line much darker and thicker, the space outside of it paler than the rest of the wing. Antenne blackish-brown, ferruginous at the tips. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 14% to 2 inches. Eec.—Large, coarse, overlaid with white, roughly tubercular, and indented with spaces obscurely hexagonal. It greatly resembles that of most of the Thecline. (Dcherty.) Larva.—Of the usual Lyczenid shape, onisciform, with head small, second segment much larger, the segments gradually increasing in width to about the seventh, then AMBLYPODIINA. 137 decreasing to the anal segment, which is bluntly pointed ; the constrictions between the segments fairly well marked ; a few short bristly hairs on the sides of the body. Pupa.—Unusually lengthened and attenuated ; with head rounded, thorax humped in the middle, abdominal segments very slender, the tail sharply pointed. Described from Dr. Horsfield’s figures of the type species. (de Nicéville.) Hasirat.—Burma, Andamans, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Nias, Philippines. DisTRIBUTION.—The types came from Java, Distant records it from the Malay Peninsula, Druce from Borneo, Moore from Taoo, Upper Tenasserim (3,500 feet), de Nicéville from Mergui, Bethune-Baker from the Andamans, Philippines, Nias, and we have it also from Thoungyin and Maulmein. AMBLYPODIA TAOOANA. Plate 670, figs. 3, g, 3a, ¢. Amblypodia taooana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 835. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 211 (1890). Amblypodia andersoni, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 43 ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p- 44, pl. 4, fig. 4, g. de Nicéville, lc. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 17. Amblypodia narada, Bethune-Baker (part), l.c. p. 16. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant purple. Forewing with rather broad black band on costa, broadest at the apex, continued down the outer margin, narrowing gradually hindwards. Hindwing with the costal space broadly black, the outer marginal black band narrow, decreasing in width hindwards to a mere black line, abdominal fold blackish, tail black, anal lobe dull red, sometimes with a whitish spot in it. Underside as in A. anita. Female unknown. - Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 to 2%; inches. Hasirat.— Burma. DistRIBUTION.—The type came from Taoo (3,500 feet) in Tenasserim ; the type of andersoni from Sampi, Sullivan Island, Mergui Archipelago; it is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Moore’s figure of it is good, and compares well with the type of taooana in the B. M. which we have carefully examined ; the brilliant blue colour of the upperside makes it very distinctive. AMBLYPODIA ANITA. Plate 671, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Amblypodia anita, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 14, pl. 8, figs. 90, 91, g (1862). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 147. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 403. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p- 211, pl. 27, fig. 191 9 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47. Elwes, VOL. VIII. T 138 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 628. H. H. Druce, id. 1895, p. 587. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903,-p. 18. de Rhé-Philipe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1908, p. 886. Amblypodia anita, Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 532. Amblypodia naradoides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 141; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 114, pl. 43, figs. 1, la, 9 (1881). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 49. Hampson, id. 1888, p- 360. de Nicéville, l.c. p. 212. Betham, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 180. ; Amblypodia darana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 141 ; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 114, pl. 43, fig. 2, 9 (1881). de Nicéville, l.c. Amblypodia narada, var. erichsonii, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 234, and 1881, p. 250. Amblypodia arracana, Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 268. de Nicéville, l.c. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-purple with very little gloss, the colour obscuring the marginal black borders. Forewing, costa and outer margin with a moderately broad blackish band, generally broadest on the latter. Hindwing with the costal band broad, the outer marginal band narrow, in most specimens a mere line ; anal lobe marked with dull red. Cilia black, tail stout, with a black cilia. Underside rufous-brown. /orewing with a black line from the costa near the apex to the hinder margin beyond the middle, followed by a post-discal series of indistinct disconnected lunular black marks, not always visible, and sometimes indications of a sub-marginal series. /Zindwing with a medial outwardly curved black line and an indistinct out- wardly curved discal series of black dots marked with white points, both in continuation of the two lines of the forewing, and a series of sub-marginal similar black dots, the ground colour of the wing varying in tone in different examples. Female. Upperside very dull violet, sometimes almost violet-brown. Forewing with broad costal and outer marginal blackish-brown borders. Hindwing generally uniform dull violet-brown, without any borders, anal lobe as in the male. Underside varying in shade of colour from ochreous-grey to violet-brown, markings as in the male, but some of the darker-coloured examples have a band of suffused whitish marks in connection with the discal line. Antenne black, with an orange tip; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, $ $ 2 to 2445 inches. Hasirat.—India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam. DistRIBuTION.—The type came from Siam, Moore’s types of naradoides and darana from Ceylon, Grose-Smith’s type from the Arracan Hills ; Elwes records it from Bernardmyo, Watson from Chin Lushai, Betham from the Central Provinces, Hampson from the Nilgiris, de Rhé-Philipe from Khandala, near Bombay, de Nicéville from Sikkim and Madras, we have it also from Karwar, Ranchi, Maulmein, Trincomali and Kandy ; in one male example from Kandy on the underside of the forewing the first transverse line is double, and there is a similar but shorter sub-basal duplex line. AMBLYPODIINA. 139 ALLIED CHINESE SPECIES. Amblypodia hainana, Crowley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 508. Habitat, Hainan. Genus APPORASA. Apporasa, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 38. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 224 (1890). Mahathala, Bethune-Baker (part), Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 20. Forewing differs from Thaduka, Moore, in having the exterior margin biangulated and produced outwards below the apex. Hindwing has the costa longer, arched at the base, and produced to an upward angle at the apex, the interior margin is deeply scalloped ; it has also three shorter tails (the spatulate tail at the end of vein 2 is broken in the type). Palpi long porrect, second joint extending two-thirds beyond the eyes, third joint also long and slender, being half the length of the second. Antennz stouter and blunt at tip. (Moore.) Superficially this genus appears to be a close ally of the genus Thaduka, Moore ; the forewing has two blunt rounded dentations below the apex, immediately below which again it is almost entire ; the hindwing is very dentate, nor has it the large anal lobe present in Thaduka; the outline of the costa of the hindwing of Apporasa is quite different from that of Thaduka; the general style of markings of Thaduka and Apporasa on both surfaces is the same. (de Nicéville.) APPORASA ATKINSONI. Plate 671, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. Amblypodia atkinsoni, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 14 g, pl. 3b, figs. 48, 49 (1869). : Apporasa atkinsoni, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 38. Doherty, id. 1889, p. 423. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 224 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47. Mahathala atkinsoni, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 21. Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale lilac-blue. Forewing with very broad black, costal and outer marginal bands, broadest at the apex and hinder angle, veins black, costa with four white spots. Hindwing with the costal space very broadly black, the black band narrowing a little but very gradually to the anal angle, abdominal fold blackish, the blue space very limited, tail at the end of vein 2 of moderate length, spatulate, short productions at the ends of all the other veins. Underside grey, irrorated with brown. Forewing with the space above vein 1 dark chocolate-brown, darkest in the cell and a little below it, three large spots in the cell indicated by their prominent white sides, increasing outwards very little in size, all bar-shaped, right across the cell, some mottled brown costal marks, a white scalloped discal line limiting the dark © 2 140 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. portion of the wing, the outer and lower portions irrorated and mottled with brown. ITindwing with the whole surface irrorated with brown and with a few metallic pale blue atoms here and there, indications of some sub-basal spots and medial and discal bands formed by their dark brown outlines broken up and obsolete hindwards, a sub-marginal line of angulated lunules with some dark shadowing on the lower half of the margin. Female like the male above and below. Expanse of wings, S$ ? 14% inches. Hasirat.— Burma. DisTRIBuTION.—The type in the B. M. came from Maulmein, its tails are broken ; Watson records it from Chin Lushai, and Doherty from Lower Tenasserim ; our description is from the type, our figures from Watson’s Chin Lushai examples. Genus MAHATHALA. Mahathala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 702. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 282 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 20. Forewing, vein 12 reaches costa much before end of cell, on less than half its length, 11 emitted at about the middle of the cell, 7 at the end, 10 half-way between them, 9 out of 7 at about two-thirds, and is rather long ; upper discocellular short, straight, and outwardly oblique, the lower much longer, slightly inwardly oblique, vein 5 emitted from upper end of lower discocellular, 4 from the lower end of the cell, 3 from before the end, 2 from the middle, bent a little downwards near its base ; wings broad, short. Costa highly and evenly arched, apex acute, outer margin slightly concave from the apex to vein 2, then slightly convex obliquely to the hinder angle, which is nearly round, hinder margin nearly straight, nearly as long as the costa. Hindwing, vein 8 highly arched at its commencement, sinuate, bent upwards at its termination in the middle of the costa, 7 emitted a little beyond the middle of the cell, and is strongly arched, 6 from the upper end in a line with the sub-costal vein, 5 from the middle of discocellulars, 4 from the lower end of cell, 3 from a little before the end, 2 from two-thirds ; upper discoidal straight, and inwardly oblique, the lower very slightly concave, and also inwardly oblique, thus forming a< shape; sub-median vein Ve SES nearly straight, internal nervure short and sinuous ; costa highly Genitalia of Mahathala arched at base, then convex, turning up to an angulated point at the apex, outer margin rounded, a spatulate tail at the end of vein 2; the wing slightly produced at the end of veins 1 and 3, anal lobe well formed, abdominal margin excavated above it. Antenne very short, one-third the AWE, FDAN, NN AMBLYPODIIN. 141 length of the costa of forewing, apparently no club, the antenne thickening very slightly towards the tips, legs short. GeENITALIA.—The tegumen consists of a very ample and substantial hood, to the lower part of which are affixed, by a strong muscular attachment, the hooks, which are very robust and straightish, with a slight deflection at their tips. ‘The clasps are usually fully developed, and are excised in the middle, so as to form the extremities into two strong points. The penis is short and the hinder two-thirds very large. Type, ameria, Hewitson. MAHATHALA AMERIA. Plate 671, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Amblypodia ameria, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 14, pl. 8, figs. 85, 86, 9 (1862). Mahathalia ameria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 703. Rothney, Ent. Mo. Mag. xix. p. 35 (1882). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 49. Doherty, id. 1889, p. 422. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 283, pl. 27, fig. 200, @ (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 634. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 22, pl. 4, figs. 4, 4a (genitalia). Narathura ameria, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 268, pl. 21, fig. 30, (1885). Arhopala (Mahathala) ameria, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 470. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark dull purple. vrewing with the costal and outer marginal bands narrowly black, but not prominently so, broader on the outer margin than on the costa, broadest at the apex. /7indwing with a broader, inconspicuous, black band, from the base along the costa, where it is broadest, and round the outer margin (uniformly) to the anal angle, tail at the end of vein 2, black, rather long, broad and spatulate, scalloped on each side, so as to form a short tooth-like projection. Underside. Forewing with the upper half suffused with rufous-brown, the apex smeared with whitish, the Jower half of the wing pale greyish-brown ; a broad bar across the middle of the cell and another across the end, formed by their white edgings, an irregularly angled spot edged with white below the end of the cell, a broad discal band of conjoined spots from the costa to vein 2, edged with whitish, commencing from the costa in an outward curve, then nearly straight down, indications of a sub-marginal series of indistinct brown lunular marks. Hindwing with the entire surface, except the middle and upper marks, smeared with whitish scales, the basal area irregularly spotted with brown, a very irregular narrow brown, outwardly curved band ending in a large brown spot below the costa near the apex, joined to a smaller brown spot on each side of it, a discal band mostly smeared with whitish, with an outward, even curve, edged on both sides by a brown angulated line, broad at the abdominal margin, gradually narrowing upwards, a sub-terminal row of indistinct, small brown spots, capped with darker brown lunules, all these markings often indistinct. Cilia of both wings black. 142 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female, like the male above and below, except that the inner area of both wings above is generally much duller in colour, and is often more restricted. Antenne black ; palpi black above and below ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14%; to 14'5 inches. Hasitat.—Assam, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Calcutta, Burma, Perak and Java. DisTRIBUTION.—We have it from Java, Ataran, Burma and Calcutta; Elwes records it from E. Pegu and Assam, Hewitson from Siam, Rothney from Barrackpore, Doherty from Mergui, Distant from Perak, and de Nicéville also from Beerbhom District, Goalpora, Sibsaghar, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. ALLIED CHINESE SPECIES. Mahathala hainani, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 23, pl. i. fig. 1. Habitat, Hainan. Genus THADUCA. Thaduca, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 836. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 225 (1890). Bethune- Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 24. Forewing, vein 12 slightly arched, ends on costa opposite end of cell, 11 from one-third, 10 from middle, 7 from a little before end of cell, 9 from 7 at one-third from tip, longer than in Mahathala, 8 absent, 6 from the end of cell, 5 from the middle of discocellulars, discocellulars about equal length, concave, vein 4 from lower end, bent at its base, 3 from a little before the end, 2 from one-third before the end, costa highly arched, apex angular, outer margin sinuous, at its upper half, slightly convex, hinder angle rounded, hinder margin nearly straight, as long as the costa. Hindwing, vein 8 highly arched at base, 7 from the middle of the cell, arched at base, 6 from the end on a line with the sub-costal, discocellulars angled outwards, being thus of exactly the reverse shape to that in Mahathala, the lower the longer, vein 5 from the middle, 4 from the lower end, 3 from a little before the end, 2 from the middle of the cell, internal vein straight; short tails at the end of the internal vein and vein 3, a longer tail (twice as long) at the end of vein 2, an anal lobe of ordinary size ; Gens les Tia e me costa and outer margin in a continuous round, excavated somewhat between the tails; abdominal margin ex- cavated above the anal lobe for about one-third its length, straight from thence upwards ; the abdominal space covered with long hairs. Antennz short, a little more than one-third the length of the costa of forewing, slightly, gradually thickened AMBLYPODIINA. 143 upwards, forming very little more of a club than in Mahathala, slightly stouter than in that genus. GENITALIA, approach closely to the pattern of the genus Arhopala with the fully developed tegumen and the small clasps ; the tegumen is composed of a full hood, the hooks having a strong muscular attachment, straightish as in Mahathala ameria, but with a decided deflection. The clasps are small, with the extremities projected well outwards, which can be seen better in the figure than it can be described. The penis is unusually short and moderately robust. Type, multicaudata, Moore. THADUCA MULTICAUDATA. Plate 672, figs. 1, $, la, 9, 1b, 9. Thaduca multicaudata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 836, pl. 52, fig. 7, 9. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 225, pl. 27, fig. 196, 9 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 24, pl. 4, figs. 5, 5a (genitalia). Imaco.—Male. Upperside black, with the basal area smalt-blue or silvery- blue, otherwise the colour of the wings is blue with very broad black borders covering all but the basal, discoidal and sub-median areas. Cilia and tails also black. Underside, dark vinous-brown. forewing with the outer half and lower portions paler, three blue spots in the basal half of the cell, a larger one at the end with a brown dot inside it, a discal band of six separate square spots, from the costa to vein 2, the first two outwardly oblique, the third outside them, the next three, a little on the inner side of each other, a sub-marginal series of acutely angled marks. Hindwing generally darker than the forewing, with three outwardly curved irregular bands of separated spots with pale edges, ante-medial, medial and discal, often very indistinct ; anal area with some bronzy or bluish scales, and a few similar scales near the base and sometimes on other portions of the wing. Female, like the male above and beneath, but on the upperside the blue area is generally paler and less silvery, on the underside the wing is not quite so dark, especially the lower portion of the forewing, the markings are more distinct, and the blue scalings on the hindwing more numerous. Antenne black; palpi black above, the two basal joints grey beneath ; head and body black above, brown beneath. Expanse of wings, $ ? 13% to 138 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, South India. DistrisutTion.— The type came from Taoo, in Tenasserim ; de Nicéville records it from the Meplay Valley, Upper Thoungyin and the Nilgiris; we have it from Kolar, Karwar, and Tenasserim. 144 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Genus ARHOPALA. Arhopala, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 75 (1832). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 226 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 25. Narathura, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 835 ; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 114 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 259 (1885). Nilasera, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 114 (1881). Panchala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 251. Distant, l.c. p. 272. Satadra, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 38. Acesina, Moore, l.c. p. 41. de Nicéville, Le. p. 280. Darasana, Moore, l.c. p. 42. Flos, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 412. Lois, Doherty, lc. p. 412. Forewing, vein 12 short, reaching the costa before the end of the cell, 11 from the middle of the cell, 7 from before the end, 10 from half-way between 11 and 7, 9 out of 7 from beyond the middle, variable in length, but generally short, 8 absent ; upper discoidal short, straight, outwardly oblique, lower variable, twice as long to four times as lone as the upper, straight generally, but not always, outwardly oblique, vein 6 from upper end of cell, 5 from upper discoidal, its base rather close to the base of 6, 4 from lower end, 3 from a short distance before lower end, 2 from one-third before end, bent downwards and curved, median nervure bent upwards from the origin of vein 2, sub-median nervure sometimes straight, often waved. Costa variable, nearly straight, sometimes arched more or less, in some species more or less depressed towards the apex, apex angular, sometimes acute, outer margin variable, straight in some species, evenly convex in others, and sometimes concave below the apex, then convex, hinder margin generally (not always) hollowed in the centre, hinder angle more or less rounded, /Hindwing with vein 8 generally well arched, 7 emitted some distance before upper end of cell, well arched, upper discocellular shorter than the lower, rather concave and outwardly oblique, lower erect, or somewhat oblique inwardly, occasionally straight, rarely concave; vein 3 from just before lower end of cell, internal vein recurved, wing generally ample, in some species without a tail, but generally with a tail at the end of vein 2, which is sometimes little more than a tooth, but varies considerably and is often long, sometimes there is a second very short tooth-like projection at the end of vein 3, and occasionally a third very short one at the end of vein 4. Costa evenly arched, sometimes waved, sometimes straight, apex and outer margin evenly rounded, abdominal margin variable, straight, emarginate or curved. Palpi rather long, porrect ; body more or less robust. Genitalia follow one pattern very closely, having the tegumen composed of an ample hood with strong muscular hooks straightish, ie. not elbowed, the clasps decidedly small, and the penis of a medium size. Type, phryzus, Boisduval = helius, Cramer, from Amboina. AMBLYPODIINA. 145 Norr.—As to the structural characters of the different genera relied on by their authors, Bethune-Baker says: ‘‘ The whole are extremely variable, even in the species which are most nearly allied, and no good can be gained by sub-dividing a large and well-marked genus like this, merely for the sake of making it less unwieldy, when no definite and good characters can be given. I have examined a consider- able number of prehensores of the males, but do not find that they aid much in this respect, and it seems very doubtful if the eggs will be sufficiently well known in our generation to be of any use in the matter.” de Nicéville and Martin say (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Fou sacs 7) 1895, p. 470): “All are found in forests, they never Seats Ge chapete csttlneeras come to small streams or damp spots on roads to suck up the moisture, or to flowers; they hardly ever fly unless disturbed, and as they always settle with folded wings, of which the undersides present only dull brown, grey or dull purple colour, little is seen of them. They rest on leaves of shrubs of moderate height, and never fly for any length of time to a distance. There is therefore only one way to capture them, and that is to walk through the underwood and disturb them by beating the bushes and low trees, and thus cause them to fly.” A large genus of over two hundred known species, confined to the Indo-Malayan region, with the exception of one or two species found in N. Australia, the Pacific Islands, China and Japan; in placing the different species in tabular order we have found very great difficulty. Bethune-Baker, in his excellent Monograph of the Ambly- podiinee, arranges the Arhopalas apparently in accordance with their underside patterns, disregarding their tail structures altogether, except for specific separation, and he admits that the examination of their genitalia does not give much help as to their tabular arrangement. We have tried to follow him, but have found the arrangement incongruous when the different species are looked at as they so stand in the cabinet. Doherty,* on the other hand, divides them into five genera, on the differences of structure, but the differentiating characters are very slight and somewhat variable ; we have therefore thought it advisable to keep the name Arhopala for the entire genus, and divide it into four sections, commencing with the true Arhopalas, tailed and with the markings of the underside formed of spots; in section IJ. we have put all those with tails that have the markings of the underside formed of solid bands and mottled variegations ; in section III. all those without tails; and in section IV. the tailed group heretofore standing as Acesina, which on their undersides have a peculiar pattern of their own. * Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 412. VOL. VIII. U 146 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. SECTION I. With tails, and with the markings of the underside formed of spots. ARHOPALA CONSTANCE. Plate 672, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Arhopala constancex, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 34, pl. 4, fig. 11, 9. Bethune- ' Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 33. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark shining violaceous-blue. Forewing with fine black costal and outer marginal line. Hindwing with the costal space narrowly black, and a black outer marginal line, abdominal fold pale blackish, tails broken, but probably like its female, black tipped with white. Cilia of both wings purplish-black. Underside dark chocolate-brown with a thick purplish gloss; markings slightly darker than the ground colour, pale edged. Forewing with a round sub-basal spot in the cell, a larger oval spot in the middle, and a bar at the end, an outwardly oblique spot below the inner end of the discoidal spot, and a similar spot in the next lower interspace, below the middle cell spot, well separated from each other, the hinder marginal space from these spots to the sub-marginal band broadly pale ; a discal band of six evenly sized, conjoined spots almost straight, a rather broad sub-marginal macular band, with another indistinct band between it and the marginal line which is dark brown. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots, the third a little outwards, the fourth a little inwards, followed by three larger spots ina line, the third curved, a curved bar at the end of the cell, a discal series of eight spots, the inner lower end of the second touching the outer upper end of the discoidal bar, the third a little outwards, the fifth a little inwards, the seventh in a curve as usual joining the eighth, which runs inwards on to the abdominal margin, a rather broad, macular, sub-marginal band, brown marginal line, with a series of small lunular marks close to the margin, a black anal spot and a minute black spot in each of the following two interspaces, the former capped with metallic green scales, the latter covered with them. Female. Upperside, both wings rich shining, rather light blue. Forewing with the costa as far as the sub-costal nervure, the apex very widely, and the outer margin widely, purplish-black. Hindwing with the costa and outer margin broadly purplish- black, abdominal margin pale fuscous ; the anal lobe small, purplish-black ; tail rather short, purplish-black, tipped with white. Cilia purplish-black throughout. Underside, both wings purplish-reddish-brown, the markings a little darker only than the ground colour. Jorewing with a small round dot towards the base of the discoidal cell, a larger one at its middle, alarge one at its end, with a spot below filling the base of the first median interspace, the discal band straight, evenly formed of six nearly equal-sized AMBLYPODIINA. 147 spots extending from the costa to the first median nervule; two indistinct sub-marginal macular bands, the inner margin broadly pale, this pale area reaching to the sub-median nervure with an indistinct spot (its outer edge sharply defined) within and posterior to the point where the first median nervule arises. Hindwing with the usual basal spot small, the quadrate spot closing the discoidal cell touching the large second anterior spot of the usual discal fascia; the sub-marginal band broad, the anal lobe bearing a small deep black spot crowned with dull dark green scales, with a few scattered similar scales in the interspace beyond. There is no allied Indian species with which I can compare this, but it appears to be very similar on the underside to A. ate, Hewitson, from Amboina, differing, however, in the discal band of the hindwing touching the discocellular spot, instead of being widely separated from it, and in having the metallic green sprinkling at the anal angle. Described from a single example obtained at Port Blair by the late Mr. Wimberley, after whose widow I have much pleasure in naming it. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 158, inches. Hazirat.—S. Andamans. The description of the female is a copy.of de Nicéville’s, and our figure is a copy of his. We have not been able to see it; the unique type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. The male we have had in our collection unnamed for some time, it well matches the female, which is well described and figured by de Nicéville, and the undersides correspond ; it is no doubt, as suggested by Bethune-Baker, a local form of A, meander, Boisduval. ARHOPALA CENTAURUS, Plate 672, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Papilio centaurus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 520 (1775) ; id. Sp. Ins. ii. p. 117 (1781); id. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 68 (1787). Hesperia centaurus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i.) p. 275 (1793). Polyommatus centaurus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 658 (1823). Amblypodia centaurus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 102 (1829). Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 3 pl. 2, fig. 12, 6, 11, 2 (1862). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 775, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 179 (1869). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 107. Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 548. Narathura centaurus, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 261, pl. 21, figs. 4, g, 5, 9 (1885). Hagen, Berl. Ent. Zeit. xxviii. p. 152 (1892). Nilasera centaurus, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 44. Arhopala centaurus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 234 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47, and 1897, p. 662. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 629. de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 464. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 588, and 1896, p. 671. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 39, pl. 4, figs. 10, 10a (genitalia). Polyommatus helus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 652 (1823). Amblypodia nakula, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. iv. p. 395 (1860). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 33 (1884). U2 148 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Arhopala nakula, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 222, pl. 29, fig. 14 (1865). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 590, and 1878, p. 835. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p- 251. Amblypodia vihara, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. iv. p. 395 (1860). Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 33 (1884). Arhopala vihara, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 228, pl. 29, fig. 7 (1865). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 835. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 241 (1890). Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 662. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 66, pl. 2, fig. 1, @. Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark blue with a violaceous tint, with black outer marginal fine border and black cilia, a rather broad black tail at the end of vein 2, a slight angular, black projection at the end of vein 1, abdominal space pale. Underside. Forewing with the basal half above the median vein dark violet-brown, the outer portion above that vein somewhat paler, the lower portion of the wing pale ochreous- brown ; a large round spot inside the cell near the base, a large bar in the middle, and another, larger still, at the end, very slightly darker than the ground colour, formed by their very prominent pale blue edgings, a small pale ringed spot on the costa, above the outer bar, an oblique angled spot below it on its inner side, around spot below the middle bar, both edged with pale blue, a discal band of large conjoined more or less square spots increasing in size hindwards to vein 2, where it is joined on its inner edge to a large square spot in the next interspace, all edged on both sides with whitish ; a sub-terminal series of pale brown, somewhat indistinct spots and some terminal brown suffusion. indwing uniformly ochreous-brown with a violet tint, all the brown markings (which are somewhat darker than the ground colour) edged with pale whitish, three spots near the base in a straight row, followed by two in a row, with three small spots in a curve towards the abdominal margin; two large square spots joined together from the middle of the costa, and the rest of the wing covered with five bands of disconnected spots at equal distances apart, the sub-terminal series having the three spots near the anal angle black, capped with metallic blue-green scales, edged outwardly by a fine white line. Female. Upperside paler than the male and more violaceous-blue. Forewing with a very broad, inconspicuous black costal border, and with the outer margin also blackish, but to a lesser extent. Underside as in the male, but paler. Antenne black ; palpi black, white beneath ; head and body concolorous with the wings above and below. Expanse of wings, 3 2 14% to 233, inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra, Nias. DistriBution.—Elwes records it from the Naga Hills, Watson from Chin Lushai and the Chin Hills, de Nicéville says it occurs throughout Burma, Druce from Borneo, and it is in our collection from Rangoon, Singapore, Sumatra and Nias. Nore.—We have Felder’s types of nakula and vihara before us and have very AMBLYPODIINA. 149 carefully examined them, and have submitted them to Mr. Bethune-Baker for examination, they cannot possibly be separated from centawrus and are absolutely typical, they correspond to Felder’s descriptions, but his figures are very misleading, vihara is quite wrongly identified in the National Collection, and this has led to the confusion that has taken place, especially with reference to whara. Distant’s and Bethune-Baker’s figures represent quite another species, our figure (male of centaurus) is from Felder’s type of vihara. ARHOPALA PIRITHOUS. Plate 673, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Nilasera pirithous, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 531. Arhopala pirithous, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 299. Arhopala centaurus, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 234. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 39. Imaco.—Male and female like centaurus above and below, but the male on the upperside has an extremely narrow outer black margin, a mere anteciliary line; the underside in both sexes is paler in colour, the discal band in the forewing is more regular and complete, the markings on the hindwing blurred and very indistinct, and though there are a few blue-green scales in an occasional example, the black spots prominently capped with blue-green near the anal angle are usually absent. Expanse of wings, ? 2 153, inches. Hapitrat.—Sikkim, Assam. Distripution.—A common form in Sikkim and Assam, we have received many examples from the Khasia Hills. ° ARHOPALA CORUSCANS. Plate 673, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, larva and pupa. Arhopala centaurus, var. coruscans, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 234. Nilacera pirama, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 116, pl. 43, figs. 3, 3b, g, 3a, 9, 3c, larva and pupa (1881). Manders, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1904, p. 78. Arhopala centaurus, Watson (nec Fabricius), Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 35. Davidson and Aitken, id. p. 354. Comber, id. 1903, p. 357. Arhopala centaurus, de Nicéyille (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 234 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 39. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant dark blue or ultramarine blue, becoming gradually darker towards the costal and outer borders, costal and terminal line finely black. Cilia black, the abdominal space of the hindwing usually very pale, somewhat 150 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. greyish, the general coloration quite different to that of pirithous. Underside with the colour and markings similar. Female. Upperside a much paler and brighter blue than in the male. Forewing with a broad costal and outer marginal border, the latter with the black suffused inwardly. LHindwing with a suffused blackish costal and apical border and a black outer marginal line, inwardly, broadly suffused with blackish. Underside as in the male, but the ground colour of the forewing is generally much paler, and consequently the markings are more pronounced ; and in some few specimens there are some green speckles near the anal angle. Expanse of wings, f ? 2 to 24%; inches. Larva, elongated, oval, depressed, anterior segments scutate; finely pilose along the sides; colour green, with dorsal and lateral reddish marks, and an intervening sub-dorsal slender black line ; feeds on Schleichera trijuga. Pura, green ; dorsal segments reddish. (Moore.) Hapsrrat.—Andamans, South India, Ceylon. DistripuTion.— Watson records it from Mysore, Davidson and Aitken from Karwar, Comber from Matheran, the type came from South Andamans, the type of pirama from Ceylon, we have it from Port Blair and from Trincomalee. Norr.—de Nicéville and Bethune-Baker make pirithous and coruscans synonyms to centaurus, but as they can easily be distinguished from centaurus and occur in localities where typical centaurus is not to be found, we are of opinion that they should be kept separate as good local forms; we have examined many examples of coruscans and pirama, and agree with Bethune-Baker that they represent one and the same form. ARHOPALA AMANTES. Plate 673, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, ¢, 3c, larva and pupa. Amblypodia amantes, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 4, pl. 2, figs. 2, 3, g, 1, 9 (1862). Arhopala amantes, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 250. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 239 (1890). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 34. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 35. Betham, id. 1891, p. 180. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 382. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 48. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 42, pl. 4, figs. 11, lla (genitalia). Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1910, p. 366. Arhopala (Amblypodia) amantes, Manders, Trans. Ent Soc. 1890, p. 532. Nilasera amantes, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 115, pl. 44, figs. 2a, 2b, g ; 2, 9, 2c, larva and pupa (1881). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 49. Nilasera apella, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 429, pl. 40, fig. 4, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-blue, shining in certain lights, coloured somewhat like purithous, but brighter blue, costal and outer marginal line black. AMBLYPODIINE. 151 Cilia black, tails black, a rather long tail at the end of vein 2, slight projections at the ends of all the other veins of the hindwing, more pronounced at the ends of veins 1 and 3 than at the ends of the others. Underside grey suffused with pinkish-brown, the lower portion of forewing pale, the hindwing darker than the forewing, but varying much in shade of colour, spots and bands chocolate-brown. /orewing with a small spot in the cell near the base, a larger one in the middle, four conjoined spots at the end, the third from the upper end minute and sometimes absent, a discal band of conjoined spots from the costa to vein 2, increasing in size hindwards, the band slightly outwardly curved, sometimes very nearly straight down, but the middle spot is always a little outside the others, all these spots and bands edged with bluish-white ; a sub-terminal indistinct brown band and still more indistinct terminal band. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots, three in a row, the fourth near the abdominal margin, followed by two spots, an outwardly curved bar at the end of the cell, with dark brown edges, with two spots in an inward curve below it, a discal outwardly curved irregular band of spots and curves, commencing on the costa with a large brown patch composed of two squarish spots joined together, a sub-marginal lunular thick brown lime and an anteciliary thinner line, both more or less lunular, the latter edged outwardly with bluish-white near the anal angle where there is a black spot in the lobe capped with bluish-white, the bands with indications of very indistinct similar bands between them, a black terminal line. Antenne black; palpi black above, whitish beneath ; head and body blackish-brown above, grey beneath. Female. Upperside paler and brighter blue merging into black on the outer parts, forming broad costal and outer marginal bands on the Morewing, with generally a black spot at the upper end of the cell; the /indwing with similar costal and marginal bands, narrowing much in the middle of the outer margin, then broadening hindwards with some blackish suffusion running up near the abdominal space, which is pale. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 2,2; to 23; inches. Larva, elongated, oval, depressed at the ends, anterior segment scutate, with a lateral row of fine short hairs; colour green, with two sub-dorsal reddish lines, a red patch on the second and last segments, the inter-dorsal space marked with blackish spots and lines ; a lateral row of spots. Popa, broad, thorax convex, head slightly produced, thorax and wing cases greenish, abdomen reddish. (Moore.) Hapitat.—India, Ceylon, Andamans. Distripution.—de Nicéville records it from Dehra Dhun, Sikkim and Calcutta, Moore from Ceylon, Watson from Mysore, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, Hannyngton from Kumaon, Aitken and Comber from Salsette and Karanja near Bombay, Betham from the Central Provinces, Doherty from Margherita in Upper 152 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Assam, we took it at Mhow, and it is in our collection from Ranchi in Bengal, Karwar, Quilon near Tinavelli in the extreme south of India, Colombo and Trincomali. ARHOPALA AMATRIX. Plate 674, figs. 1, g, la, 9, lb, 6. Arhopala amatrix, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 370, pl. G, figs. 23, ¢ ; 24, 2. Watson, id. 1891, p. 47, and 1897, p. 662. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 629. Bethune- Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 42. ; Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining purple-blue, a narrow, black costal band, a broader black band on the outer margin, broadest at the apex. Hindwing with the margins broadly blackish-brown, nearly black, the blue occupying a much smaller space than it does in A. amantes, to which this form is closely allied; tail blackish-brown, tipped with white, long and rather broad, slight projections at the ends of all the veins, the longest tooth-like at the end of vein 3, and sometimes a smaller one at the end of vein 4. Underside varying in colour from pale lavender-brown to lavender-grey, spots and bands brown, double-edged with darker brown and white, arranged almost exactly as in A, amantes, but the discal band on the forewing is more disjointed at the fourth spot from the costa, and the markings on both sides of the discal band of the hindwings generally more or less obsolete. Female. Upperside paler blue, in some examples with a violet tint, the broad bands only distinguishable in certain lights, both wings with the marginal bands very much broader than in the male. Underside as in the male,but the ground colour usually paler. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 2 to 24%5 inches. Hasirat.—Burma. DistripuTion.— Elwes records it from Bernardmyo, Watson from Chin Lushai and the Chin Hills, we have it from Tenasserim, and it is in the B. M. also from Tilin Yaw. ARHOPALA AGNIS. Plate 674, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Arhopala agnis, Felder, Reise, Noy. Lep. ii. p. 228 (1865). Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 281, pl. 96, g (1888). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 418. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 236 (1890). H.H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 589. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 125. Amblypodia agnis, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 14a (1869). Narathura agnis, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 262, pl. 21, fig. 29, 9 (1885). Arrhopala agnis, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 466. AMBLYPODIIN. 153 Amblypodia anarte, Hewitson (ex errore), Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 4, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7, 9 (1863). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353. Amblypodia yendava, Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 297 ; id. Rhop. Exot. Lye. pl. 14, figs. 8, 9, ¢, 10, 9 (1898). Arhopala yendawa, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 239 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 125. Imaco.—Male.. Upperside dark violet-blue, varying somewhat in tone of colour ; both wings with black costal and outer marginal line; anal lobe with a black spot, tail with white tip. Cilia black. Underside brown, also varying much in tone of colour, the type specimen is rather pale brown, but some examples are very dark brown, spots and markings darker than the ground colour, with pale edges. orewing with a sub- basal round spot in the cell, sometimes with a pale centre; a larger somewhat oval one in the middle and a sub-quadrate spot at the end; the latter has sometimes a small blackish spot attached to its inner upper end; a discal series of six spots divided by the veins from the costa to vein 2, the first four almost ina line, oblique outwards, the first is smaller than the others, the second is a little outside, the two last are slightly out- wardly obliquely placed, but are placed a little on the inner side of the fourth ; immedi- ately following the first four spots are indications of four others (in fresh specimens) parallel with them ; a sub-marginal row of rather square spots, marginal line brown, with a fine inner pale line and indications of a row of spots close to the line; the inner marginal space of the wing pale. indwing with four sub-basal spots, the fourth well inwards, near the abdominal margin, followed by three larger spots in a line, the third the largest and sub-quadrate, with a cleft in it ; a curved bar at the end of the cell, an outwardly curved discal series of eight spots, the first two separated from each other and well separated from the third, which is a little outwards, and touches the fifth, the sixth isa little inwards, attached to the seventh which is immediately below it, the seventh is angular, touches the lower inner end of the sixth, and the eighth runs upwards near the abdominal margin, a sub-marginal series of somewhat lunular thick spots, a marginal brown line with a pale inner line, and brown lunular marks close to the margin, anal spot black, a smaller sub-terminal black spot in the second interspace, and sometimes two more small spots in the first interspace (but not in the type specimen) all capped with metallic blue scales. Female. Upperside violaceous-blue, with the outer margins broadly blackish-brown. Underside generally paler than the male, markings similar. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 2325 to 2345 inches. Haprrat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Nias, Philippines. DistripuTion.—The type (which is now a little faded) came from Malacca, Hewitson records it from Sumatra, Doherty from Mergui, de Nicéville from Perak and Upper Tenasserim, we have it from Nias, and from Ataran in Burma, and it is in the B. M. also from the Meplay Valley. VOL. VIII. x 154 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ARHOPALA APHA. Plate 674, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, g. Arhopala apha, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 287, pl. O, fig. 31, g. Bethune- Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 69. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings rich shining deep bluish-purple. /orewing with the costa narrowly and the outer margin somewhat widely black. Hindwing with the costa widely, the outer margin of the same width as in the forewing, black ; the abdominal margin broadly pale fuscous; the anal lobe black, just touched outwardly with a few white scales. Underside, both wings shining vinous, all the markings large and prominent, pale fuscous, outwardly bounded by a fine pale line; a sub-marginal fuscous fascia; a very indistinct marginal fascia. Forewing with the inner margin prominently and widely pale ochreous, reaching up to the second median nervule; a small oval spot towards the base,a larger oval one at the middle, and a still larger quadrate one at the end of the discoidal cell; above the latter is a prominent small costal spot; a large spot in the sub-median interspace at the point where the first median nervule arises; a similar spot at the base of the first median interspace ; the discal band nearly straight and even, slightly dislocated only between the fourth and fifth and sixth and seventh spots; the latter very variable in size, very small in the type specimen, twice as large in another specimen, still larger and shaped like a figure 8 ina third example. JZindwing with the four basal round spots as usual; an oval spot at the middle of the cell, with a sub-costal spot anterior to it, and another spot posterior to it in the sub-median interspace ; a large spot at the end of the cell; the discal band greatly dislocated, the two anterior spots strongly shifted inwardly from the rest, touching the spot at the end of the cell; the next four spots nearly in a straight line ; the seventh spot V-shaped ; the eighth spot elongated, ending on the internal nervure ; the anal lobe large, jet-black, anterior to which is a large area reaching to the second median nervule of metallic green scales, Female. Upperside, both wings differ from the male only in the black borders being very much broader, in the forewing reaching the sub-costal nervure, and ex- tending over the discocellular nervules. Underside, both wings as in the male. This species is closely allied to A. anella, de Nicéville, and to all the species ated in the description of that species above, but it is distinguished from all of them by the very rich vinous-red coloration of the underside, in this respect reminding one of A. acestes, de Nicéville, but the colour in A. apha is still richer ; in markings it differs from that species in having an additional costal spot, and all the spots are much smaller. Described from three males and one female in my collection. Expanse of wings, ¢ 148; to 2745, 2 148; inches. or AMBLYPODIIN. 15 Hapirat.—Burma. DistripuTion.—Martaban, Maulmein, and Ataran Valley, all in Tenasserim; de Nicéville’s description is so perfect, we have thought it advisable to reproduce it ; our figures are from an example from Tenasserim in the B. M.; there is also a male from King Island, Mergui Archipelago. ARHOPALA ANTHELUS. Plate 675, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, 9. Amblypodia anthelus, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 478, pl. 74, fig. 6, ¢ (1852). Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 5, pl. 3, figs. 23, 24, 9 (1862). Satadra anthelus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 39. Narathura anthelus, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 263, pl. 23, fig. 4, 9 (1885). Arhopala anthelus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 259 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p- 631. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 78. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, deep morpho-blue, shining. Forewing with a narrow blackish costal band, a wider similar sub-marginal band. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the outer marginal black band narrow, with a blackish patch at the anal angle, lobe small, tail stout, rather long, black, tipped with white, slight projections at the ends of veins 1 and 3, abdominal fold brown. Cilia black, with grey tips. Underside chocolate-brown, with a slight ochreous tint ; spots varying in colour, some very dark, nearly black, with pale ochreous edges, others pale, slightly darker than the ground colour, with double edgings, the inner edge dark, the outer pale ochreous-grey. orewing with the usual three cell spots, all dark and large, the sub- basal spot double extended upwards beyond the sub-costal vein, the middle spot joined to two others above it, the upper of the three being a little outwards on the costa, the end spot is double, its lower end projecting a little outwards, a smaller dark spot below it, and a large pale spot in the next hinder interspace, below the middle cell spot; discal band of six spots, all touching each other, the upper three pale, the others dark, the first is against the costa, the second well outwards, the third and fourth below it, in a slight outwardly inclined row, the upper outer end of the fifth touches the lower inner end of the fourth, and the sixth, which is larger, is below it; asub-marginal series of brown spots, brown marginal line and indications of pale brownish lunular marks against it ; the lower marginal area of the wing somewhat paler than the rest of the wing. Hindwing with the ground colour fairly uniform in tone, a dark spot on the immediate base, four sub-basal dark spots, the upper one much the largest, the lowest well inwards followed by three larger spots in a line, the middle one the smallest, the lower one very large, and sub-quadrate, and has a long dark spot attached to its outer side, the outer side of this long spot touching the inner lower end of an outwardly curved, rather large pale bar at the end of the cell, discal series of eight conjoined spots, x 2 156 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the series deeply curved at its termination, on to the abdominal margin, the first dark, the largest, has a small sub-costal spot on its outer side, quite separated from it, the second also dark, shifted outwards, all the remaining spots pale, the third and fourth both inwardly oblique, the fifth and sixth in a line, outwardly oblique, the upper outer end of the fifth touching the lower inner end of the fourth, the seventh curved, the outer portion of the curve touching the inner side of the sixth, the inner portion of the curve joined to the long eighth spot which bends in on to the abdominal margin, a sub- marginal row of pale brown lunular marks, marginal line brown, edged inwardly by a pale line, a black spot on the anal lobe, another in the second interspace, sometimes another, smaller, in the interspace between them, all capped with greenish-bronzy metallic scales, a narrow, suffused, brown stripe on the costa. Female. Upperside silvery-blue, glistening in certain lights. Forewing with costal and outer marginal blackish bands, which are narrow at the base of the costa and at the hinder angle, and broaden rapidly towards the apex. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the outer margin narrow, ending in a blackish patch at the anal angle. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 25 to 24% inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula. DistriputTion.—The type came from Maulmein, de Nicéville records it from the Thoungyin Forest, Elwes from Tenasserim and Perak; we have it from King Island, Mereui Archipelago. ARHOPALA CAMDEO. Plate 675, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Amblypodia camdeo, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. H.I.C. i. p. 41, pl. la, fig. 6, 9 (1857). Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 5, pl. 3, figs. 25, 26, ¢ (1862). Nilasera camdeo, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 370. Arhopala camdeo, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 280, pl. 96, ¢ (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 257 (1890). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 34. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 300. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 46. Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale lilac. /vrewing with the inner portion pale, sometimes more or less whitish-lilac, a large black spot at the end of the cell, costal and outer marginal line finely black. Hindwing with blackish suffusion on the costal portion, outer marginal line finely black, a rather long filamentous tail at the end of vein 2, and a very short projection at the end of vein 1, both black. Cilia black, tipped with white. Underside grey, markings dark brown, edged with white. orewing with the lower disc pale, sometimes nearly whitish, a small round spot in the cell near the base, two conjoined larger spots in the middle, three (sometimes two) conjoined spots at the end, the lower the largest; an outwardly oblique, outwardly angled spot below the AMBLYPODIINA. 157 middle of the two outer discoidal spots, a discal series of eight spots, all well separated, the upper four round and in a gentle outward curve, the next two a little elongated and inwardly oblique, the last two small and close together; a sub-marginal series of pale squarish spots, edged on both sides with whitish, and indications of a paler similar series close to the margin. Hindwing with three sub-basal small spots in a line and a fourth small spot near the abdominal margin near the base, followed by three larger spots in a line, the middle one inside the middle of the cell (a twin spot), an elongated spot at the end of the cell, with a small elongated spot between it and the lowest spot of the second series ; a discal series of eight spots curving with the shape of the outer margin, the fifth a little inwards, the lowest three lunular; the marginal series like that on the forewing, but with three sub-terminal black spots near the anal angle, all capped with pale blue; a terminal fine white line. Female. Upperside whitish. Forewing with some blue suffusion on the basal portion and along the hinder margin, a broad black costal and outer marginal border, a large black spot at the end of the cell, and three sub-apical, elongated black spots, the upper one more or less merged in the apical border. Hindwing with the costal and outer marginal areas suffused with blackish, the inner area cyaneous. Underside as in the male. Antenne black; palpi with the last joint black, the basal joints white, with a brown line above, head brown, eyes ringed with white ; body brown above, with cyaneous pubescence, grey beneath. Expanse of wings, 3 2 23%; to 24 inches. Hasirat.—Silhet, Sikkim, Assam, Burma. Distripution.—de Nicéville records it from Sikkim, Cachar, and Chittagong Hill Tracts, also from Jalpaiguri, he says it occurs in the Sikkim Tarai, but not in the hills, Doherty from Margherita, Upper Assam, we have it from Silhet and the Khasia Hills, and it is in the B. M. also from Bhutan and Tenasserim. ARHOPALA ANARTE. Plate 675, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Amblypodia anarte, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 5, pl. 3, figs. 16, 17, ¢ (1862). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 417. Arhopala anarte, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 260 (1890). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 34. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 81. Imaco.—Male. Upperside glistening pale blue, shading darker towards the margins, but with no actual bands, but the margins are broadly dark; and the abdominal fold of the hindwing is grey, costal and marginal line brown, tail brown, tipped with white. Cilia brown. Underside rather pale ochreous-brown, spots large, 158 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. rather darker brown, encircled with ochreous-grey. Forewing with a round sub-basal spot in the cell,-a much larger oval spot in the middle, with a spot attached to its upper end, a very large sub-quadrate spot at the end, with a small round sub-costal spot above it, an outwardly oblique spot below it, with a small spot connecting it, a large spot below the middle spot connected with the oblique spot in an angular form, a discal series of six spots, the first four small, very obliquely placed, the other two much larger and well inwards, one above the other. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots, the fourth well inwards, near the abdominal margin, almost level with the third, on the inner side of these there are some basal spots, and the series is followed as usual by three larger spots in a line, the third being shaped like an elongated triangle, an irregular-shaped bar at the end of the cell, and another elongated spot between it and the triangular spot touching both, a discal series of eight spots in four conjoined pairs, the fifth well inwards; both wings with a sub-marginal lunular band, and marginal brown line, three black spots at the anal angle, the first and third capped with and the middle spot almost covered with metallic blue-green scales. Female. Very similar to the male above and below, but the blue above is duller and the ground colour below is darker and the spots more prominent. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 24%; to 245 inches. Hasirar.—Burma, Malacea, Borneo, Celebes. DistR1BUTION.—Hewitson’s type male was without locality, his female from Sumatra was the female of A. agnis, Felder. Doherty records A. anarte from Myitta, Lower Tenasserim, and from Margherita, in Upper Assam. ARHOPALA EUMOLPHUS. Plate 676, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Papilio eumolphus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 19, pl. 299, figs. G, H, g (1780). Herbst, Pap. pl. 298, figs. 3, 4, g (1804). Polyommatus eumolphus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 652 (1823). Amblypodia eumolphus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 103 (1829). Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 8, pl. 8, fig. 89, ¢ (1862). Arhopala eumolphus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 263 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 631. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 104, pl. 2, figs. 19 to 22, g, g ; 23, 24, 9, @; pl. 5, figs. 14, 14a (genitalia). Arhopala (Amblypodia) eumolphus, Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 532. Amblypodia bupola, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 21, pl. 7. Suppl. figs. 64, 65, Q (1878). Satadra bupola, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 38. de Nicéville, id. 1885, p. 4. Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich emerald-green, with a golden or brassy sheen in AMBLYPODIINZ. 159 certain lights. orewing with a black costal line which thickens outwards, the outer marginal band black and broad, broadest at the apex and hinder angle, running also narrowly for a short distance up the hinder margin in most examples; veins black. Hindwing nearly all black, the green colour more or less limited to the cell area and a little beyond, and usually with some green scales above the sub-costal vein. Cilia black ; tail black, tipped with white; a very small projection at the end of vein 3. Underside pale brown, or greyish-brown, with a slight pinkish tint; spots rather small, more or less of uniform size, their colour brown, edged with dull pale whitish. Forewing with a round spot in the cell a third from the base, a larger, oval spot in the middle, and a still larger, squarish spot closing the cell; a small round spot in the base of the third interspace, an upwardly pointed spot in the next lower interspace a little inside, a discal band of seven spots, the first four from the costa, conjoined and outwardly oblique, the lowest slightly larger than the others and a very little outside them, the next three in a straight line hindwards, its outer, upper end just touching the lower, inner end of the fourth spot, terminal line pale brown, a sub-terminal series of pale brown lunules, and between them an indistinct smaller series. fTindwing, usually darker than the forewing and more uniform in shade of colour; three sub-basal small spots in a line, followed by three larger spots in a line, the lowest V-shaped, a narrow bar at the end of the cell, a discal whorl of nine spots, curved in the shape of the outer margin of the wing, somewhat irregular in form, the third, fifth and seventh from the costa shifted a little outside the others, the sixth and seventh lunular, whence it curves inwards, the eighth and ninth running up to the abdominal margin, terminal line whitish, a sub-terminal acutely angled brown line, and between them a series of faintly indicated brownish lunules ; a very small anal lobe with a black lunular spot followed by two other sub-terminal smaller spots, but very often these spots are obso- lescent and sometimes entirely absent. Female. Upperside dark lilac-blue. Forewing with broad costal and outer marginal black border, and often with a large black spot at the end of the cell which is merged in the costal border. Hindwing nearly all black, the blue confined to the basal and abdominal half of the wing : on both wings the extent of the blue colour varies much in different examples. Underside as in the male, but the discal band of the forewing is continuous, except that the fifth spot from the costa is shifted a little outside, but the black anal spots on the hindwing are nearly always present, the lobe spot often large and round and edged on both sides with white, and all three spots capped with golden green, but the feature of these anal spots differs much in different examples. Antenne black; palpi black above, grey beneath; head and body black above, with green pubescence, brown beneath. Expanse of wings, 3 2 143, to 24/5 inches. GENITALIA.—Very specialised, the tegumen is much less ample and distinctly 160 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. angled where it resolves itself into its arm-like supports ; the hooks are sharply bent at their muscular attachment inside the tegumen, whence they project horizontally in a slight curve ; the clasps are bilobed, the upper lobe being anvil-shaped, the upper fore extremity being sharply pointed and very highly excavated internally, whence it is projected into the long finger-shaped lower lobe, which has an upward curve. The penis is very long, with a contrary angle fore and aft, with a large trumpet-shaped orifice much expanded on its outer lip. Hasrrat.—Ssikkim, Assam, Nepal. DisTRipution.—Moore records it from Nepal, de Nicéville from the Chittagong Hill Tracts, we have it in our collection from Sikkim and the Khasia Hills. ARHOPALA MAXWELLI. Plate 676, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Narathura maxwelli, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 263, pl. 23, fig. 10, 2 (1885). Nargthura farquhari, Distant, l.c. p. 264, pl. 23, fig. 3, g. Arhopala farquhari, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 421. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 264 (1890). Amblypodia eumolphus, Butler (nec Cramer), Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond, 1877, p. 548. Arhopala eumolphus, Bethune-Baker (part), Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 104. Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich emerald-green like A. ewmolphus. Forewing with a fine black costal line, the outer marginal black band narrow and even. HMindwing with the costal and outer marginal bands much narrower than in ewmolphus, mm some examples the latter is of almost even breadth, running in one or two places a little up the veins. Underside generally darker than in that form, and of a fairly uniform dull brown colour, the spots similarly disposed, but all much larger, the anal spots are larger and deep black, and are capped by brilliant metallic green scales, wings more squarely shaped than in ewmolphus, apex not so produced, costa more highly arched, outer margin less oblique. Female. _Upperside lilac-blue, brighter blue than in ewmolphus, the black outer marginal bands in both wings narrower. Underside like the male, the black spots and ereen scalings at the anal angle similar. | Expanse of wings, $ 158; to 2445 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java, Sumatra. No doubt one of the forms of ewmolphus, but not eumolphus, which does not appear to occur out of India; we cannot but believe that mazwelli is the true female of Jarquhari, they occur together, and the colour and markings of the underside are exactly similar. AMBLYPODIIN. 161 ARHOPALA HELLENORE. Plate 676, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, ¢. Arhopala hellenore, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 422, pl. 23, fig. 7, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 265 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 632. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47, and 1897, p. 663. Arhopala viridissima, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1890, p. 449. Arhopala eumolphus, Bethune-Baker (part), Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 104. Imaco.—Male. Upperside green, of the same colour and brilliancy as in eumolphus. Forewing with a fine black costal line very slightly increasing in thickness towards the apex, outer marginal black band narrow, very narrow at the apex, gradually increasing in width hindwards and not running up the hinder margin. Hindwing with the green colour more extensive than in ewmolphus, with two streaks filling up the basal halves of interspaces 2 and 3 and part of the first interspace, for three-fourths its length. Cilia and tail as in ewmolphus. Underside much paler, the ground colour is somewhat shining, grey tinged with pinkish, with darker shades of colour in parts of the wings; markings similarly disposed, but all much larger, in most examples at least three times as large, the small round spot in the base of the third interspace of Forewing replaced by the outwardly oblique bar with a more or less pointed end. Hindwing not darker than the forewing, the discal band commencing broadly on the costa, formed of broad, square, conjoined spots and its hinder portion generally becomes lost in the dark suffusion in the lower part of the wing ; the anal lobe has a deep black spot, and there are some metallic green scales preceding it. Female. Upperside much darker blue than the female of ewmolphus. Forewing with the costal line finely black, the outer marginal black border even in width and narrow. Hindwing with the dark blue coloration as uniform as it is on the forewing, the costal and outer marginal borders uniformly and narrowly black, very little broader than it is on the other wing. Underside with the coloration much as it is in the female of ewmolphus, but the spots are larger, and the discal band of the forewing is more continuous, the shifting of the fifth spot hardly discernible. Expanse of wings, $ $ 1;°5 to 2 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Mergui. Disrripurion.—Appears to be distributed fairly well all over Burma, Doherty’s type came from Tenasserim, our type from Mandalay, and we have it also from Rangoon, Elwes records it from Mergui, Watson from Chin Lushai and the Chin Hills. It is a good local form of ewmolphus, easily recognisable. ARHOPALA SILHETENSIS. Plate 677, figs. 1, $, la, 2, lb, ¢. Amblypodia silhetensis, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 7, pl. 4, figs. 27, 28, g (1862). NOL. VILL. Y 162 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Arhopala silhetensis, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 237 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 72. Arhopala arama, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 285, pl. O, fig. 30, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue. Forewing with the costal line narrowly and the outer marginal line more broadly black. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the outer margin with a narrow black band which terminates at the anal angle, in a somewhat diffuse black patch, anal lobe black, with a whitish spot in it, tail black, tipped with white, and with some whitish scales in the black margins between it and the anal spot. Cilia of both wings black. Underside brown, with a chocolate tint, markings dark brown, with pale edges. Forewing with the hinder marginal space broadly pale, the usual three cell spots, increasing in size outwards, and the usual oblique spot below the middle of the two outer cell spots and the spot in the next lower interspace below the central cell spot, but well separated from each other, a spot on the costa above the discoidal spot, well separated from it, a discal series of seven conjoined spots, the first four in a gentle curve obliquely outwards, the fifth outwards, the sixth below it in a slight outwardly oblique line, the seventh small and inwards, and sometimes a very small spot below it. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots, the second a little inwards, the fourth well inwards, followed by three larger spots, the second slightly inwards, the third sub-triangular, a slightly curved bar at the end of the cell, with a small spot below it, touching its lower inner end, a discal series of eight spots, the first two from the costa larger than the others, the lower inner end of the second touching the upper outer end of the discoidal spot, the third well separated and outwards, joined to the next three, the fifth bemg somewhat wards, the seventh well inwards and well curved, touching the eighth and running inwards and upwards to the abdominal margin; both wings with a rather prominent series of sub-marginal spots, conjoined on the forewing, the upper two separate on the hindwing, terminal line brown, indications of small and sub-terminal lunular marks, a large black spot on the anal lobe, with a white dot on its fringe, not always present, a small black spot in each of the next two interspaces, the anal spot capped with metallic blue-green scales, the other two almost covered with them, and a few whitish scales above the blue-green scales. Female. Upperside paler and more violet-blue. orewing with the costa broadly black, the band widening towards the apex, a black mark at the end of the cell running into the costal band, outer marginal band narrowing gradually hindwards. ITindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the band continued down the outer margin, narrowing gradually hindwards. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 2 inches. Hasirat.—Sylhet, Sikkim, Burma. DistrIBuTION.—The type came from Sylhet, de Nicéville records it from Jaipulguri, AMBLYPODIIN. 163 there is a male in coll. Druce from Ataran, Burma, and a female from the Naga Hills in our own collection, both of which we figure. ARHOPALA NICEVILLEI. Plate 677, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Arhopala nicévillei, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 73, pl. 2, fig. 3, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside violet-blue. Forewing with the costal and outer marginal lines black. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the outer margin with a narrow black band, abdominal fold grey, tail long, blackish, tipped with white, anal lobe with a black spot, inwardly edged with white, some white marks in the black border between the anal lobe and the tail, and one or two on the other side of the tail. Cilia of both wings black. Underside rather pale chocolate-brown, the inner markings on both wings dark brown, nearly black and prominent, with pale edges. Forewing with a sub-basal spot in the cell, a larger, somewhat oval spot in the middle and a sub-quadrate, still larger spot, with a small spot above it, at the end, an outwardly oblique spot below the middle of the two outer cell spots, and another outwardly oblique spot well separated from it, in the next lower interspace below the middle cell spot, a discal series of seven spots, the first four conjoined and in a slightly outwardly oblique line, the second and fourth placed a little outwards, the next two, separated from each other, in a line, less oblique, the upper outer end of the third spot near the lower inner end of the second, the seventh spot also separate a little inwards and more outwardly oblique, with a faint mark attached to its lower end. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots, the fourth inwards, followed by three larger spots in a line, the lower like an acute triangle, a curved bar at the end of the cell, with a spot between it and the triangular spot, touching both, a discal series of eight spots, the first two from the costa rather large and square, and black, the lower side of the second spot, touching and half overlapping the upper side of the discoidal bar, the remaining spots pale, very little darker than the ground colour, and edged with dark brown and pale ochreous, spots 3 to 6 conjoined, almost in a straight line, the fifth being a little inwards, the seventh separate, very deeply curved, almost angular, its inner end touching the eighth spot which is inwards and upwards and reaches the abdominal margin at its middle; both wings with sub-marginal conjoined lunular spots, terminal brown line, sub-terminal series of small pale brown lunular marks, the ground colour between the two series pale, a large black anal spot, another in the second interspace, two small black dots in the interspace between them, some metallic blue-green scales on the dots, none on the spots, a white anteciliary thread outside the spots. Y 2 164 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Upperside a little bluer than the male. Morewing with broad costal and outer marginal black bands, broadest at the apex, a black narrow bar at the end of the cell merged into the costal black band. Hindwing with the costa and outer margin broadly black. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, f ? 2 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Sikkim, Assam. Disrripution.—The type male from Julpi, Burma, we figure, the female figure is from an example in our collection from the Khasia Hills, Bethune-Baker also records it from Sikkim. ARHOPALA AGABA. Plate 677, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, 6. Amblypodia agaba, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 8, pl. 4, figs. 39, 40, 2 (1862). Satadra agaba, Moore, Journ As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 38. Elwes and de Nicéville, id. 1886, p. 430. Arhopala agaba, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 244 (1890). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 422. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 631. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p- 663. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 83. Imaco.—Male. Upperside bluish-purple. Forewing with narrow costal black line and outer marginal narrow black band. Hindwing with the costa somewhat broadly black, and a narrow outer marginal black band, abdominal fold greyish ; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black. Underside purple-brown, with a lilac gloss; bands and spots darker brown, with pale edgings. Forewing with the hinder marginal space broadly pale, a small sub-basal round spot in the cell, a larger oval spot in the middle, and a still larger oval spot at the end, a small sub-costal spot above the discoidal spot, an outwardly oblique spot below it a little on the inner side, and a rather longish spot in the next hindward interspace below the middle cell spot, a discal band of seven conjoined spots, straight down the wing, but somewhat sinuous, the uppermost spot small, the fourth pushed a little outwards, the fifth and sixth somewhat lunular, the sixth the largest, the seventh small and indications of another attached spot below it ; a sub-marginal complete band of conjoined spots. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots, the third a little outwards, the fourth well inwards, near the abdominal margin, followed by three larger spots in a line, a sub-quadrate spot at the end of the cell, connected with a smaller spot below it on its inner side, which connects it with the lower of the three spots in a line; a discal series of eight spots, the upper two conjoined, the third outwards, the fourth again further outwards, the fifth slightly inwards, the sixth outwards, the last three lunular and curving inwards to the abdominal margin, a rather broad sub-marginal dark fascia, curving like the outer margin of the wing, broadest in its middle, a sub-terminal series of lunules, anal lobe with a large black spot followed by three small black sub-terminal lunules capped with AMBLYPODIINA. 165 metallic blue scales, with a whitish smear above them; marginal line of both wings brown. Antenne black ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside paler, being of a bright ultramarine-blue. orewing with broad black costal and outer marginal bands, broadest at the apex. Hindwing with the costal and marginal bands very broad, but paler black, leaving but a small portion of the blue colour in the middle of the wing, varying somewhat in extent in different examples. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 1;% to 2 inches. Hasrrat.—Burma. Distripution.—Hewitson described it as from India, which probably means Maulmein ; many species so described by different authors came from Maulmein ; we have it from Rangoon and Ataran, Elwes records it from the Karen Hills, Watson from the Chin Hills, Doherty from Myitta, and de Nicéville from Thoungyin. ARHOPALA ZAMBRA, nov. Plate 677, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, g. Imaco.—Male. Upperside lilac-blue. Forewing with costa and outer margin very narrowly black. Hindwing with the costal space black, the outer margin narrowly black; anal lobe small, with a black spot edged above with some whitish scales, abdominal fold blackish-grey, tail black, tipped with white. Cilia black, with white tips. Underside rufous-brown, markings dark brown with pale edges. orewing with three somewhat large oval spots in the cell increasing in size outwards, a smaller spot on the costa above the end spot, an outwardly oblique spot below it, with another slightly outwardly oblique and detached in the next lower interspace, the wing space below these spots very pale, marginal line brown, slightly sinuous. Mindwing with three rather large sub-basal spots, the second slightly out of line, inwards, the fourth well inwards, near the abdominal margin, followed by three larger spots, in a line, the third sub-triangular, a slightly curved bar at the end of the cell, with a spot below it touching or nearly touching both the bar and the triangular spot, a discal series of eight spots, the first two from the costa, the second the largest, and set obliquely, its inner lower end touching the upper outer end of the cell bar, the next four conjoined almost in a line, well separated outwards from the upper two, the fifth spot a little inwards, the seventh well curved and continuous with the eighth, which runs round on to the abdominal margin, the outer end of the seventh curves round inside the sixth and just touches it; both wings with brown marginal line, sub-marginal macular band, and between them a series of small lunular marks, a black spot on the anal lobe, and 166 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. smaller black spots in the two next interspaces all heavily capped with metallic blue scales, with a few whitish scales above it. Expanse of wings, $ 17‘5 inches. Hasirat.—Burma. DisrripuTion.—A male from Thoungyin, Burma, taken by Bingham in April, 1893, like A. adatha, Hewitson, from Malacca and Singapore, on the underside, but the coloration on the upperside is quite different, being bright lilac-blue, not purple-blue, and the discal series on the hindwing below is also somewhat different. ARHOPALA BAZALUS. Plate 678, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, 6. Amblypodia bazalus, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 8, pl. 4, figs. 37, 38, 9 (1862). Satadra bazalus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 39. Arhopala bazalus, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 119. Amblypodia turbata, Butler, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 855. Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 11, pl. 2, fig. 16 (1886). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 345 (1893). Satadra teesta, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 253, pl. 11, fig. 3, ¢. Arhopala teesta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 250, pl. 27, fig. 197, g (1890). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 34. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 630. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 300. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 663. Arrhopala teesta, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 466. Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark purple-blue, in some examples nearly purple- black. Forewing with the costal line finely black, the outer marginal line more thickly so, but the width of these black borders varies somewhat in different examples. Hindwing with the costal space broadly black, the outer marginal black band narrow, but the blue and black colours are so blended, that it is only in certain lights that these marginal bands can be distinguished. Cilia black, a rather long filamentous tail at the end of vein 2, black, tipped with white, very minute black projections at the ends of veins 1, 3, 4 and 5, anal lobe of moderate size, fairly well formed. Underside chocolate- brown, markings dark brown, edged with whitish. Morewing with a large whitish space above the middle of the hinder margin, a spot sub-basal, in the cell, a larger spot in the middle, and a still larger one at the end; two elongated spots below the two latter, with their narrow ends hindwards, touching each other at their base, then separating, the outer spot being outwardly oblique; the discal band composed of six conjoined spots, the first four nearly square and outwardly oblique, the fifth also square, its outer upper edge touching the lower inner edge of the fourth spot, and a round spot immediately below the fifth spot, and this is followed by a paler brownish band in continuation to vein 1, terminal line brown, a sub-terminal line of rather thick lunules joined together and outwardly whitish-edged. Hindwing with four sub-basal round AMBLYPODIIN. 167 spots, the first three in a line, the fourth a little inwards on the abdominal margin, followed by two unevenly formed spots, below the middle of the costa and in the middle of the cell; a discal, very irregular band of conjoined spots, three from the costa crossing the end of the cell, closely followed by six or seven similar spots, from vein 6 curving round to the abdominal margin, the upper one touching the second spot, the fourth one touching the lower middle of the discoidal spot ; terminal line pale, a sub-terminal very indistinct series of lunular marks, a black spot in the anal lobe, slightly capped with metallic blue scales, the anal area smeared with pale sordid whitish, all the markings much more obscure than are those of the forewing. Female. Upperside. Forewing dull bluish-violet colour, with very broad costal and outer marginal blackish borders. Hindwing nearly all blackish, with some traces of the violet colour in and below the cell, its extent varying somewhat in different examples. Underside as in the male. Antenne black; palpi brown above, white beneath ; eyes ringed with white; head and body above concolorous with the wings, greyish beneath. Expanse of wings, f ? 17% to 2 inches. Hasirat.—Sylhet, Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Sumatra, Borneo, Japan. DisrripoTion.—Recorded by Elwes from the Naga Hills, by Watson from the Chin Hills, the type came from Sylhet, the type of teesta from the Teesta Valley, Sikkim ; it is also recorded by de Nicéville from Tenasserim ; we have received many examples from the Khasia Hills,and it is in the B. M. also from the Shan States, Kiushing, Gensan, Satsuma and Nikko, in Japan. ARHOPALA SINGLA. Plate 678, figs. 2, g, 2a, 2, 2b, 9. Satadra singla, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 119, pl. 2, figs. 8, 6, 7, 9. Arhopala singla, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 250 (1890). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 34. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 630. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 300. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 120, pl. 5, figs. 20, 20a (genitalia). Imaco.—Male. Upperside of a very dark purple colour, somewhat shining in certain lights, more purple than in bazalus and of a different shade of colour ; the costal and outer marginal black bands broader, especially on the forewing, the black colour, however, overshadowed by the purple, and difficult to see except in certain lights. Cilia, tail and projections at the end of the veins of the hindwing as in bazalus. Underside usually paler than in that species, the bands and spots similarly disposed, but all usually much larger and more prominent, and the discal band of the forewing ends abruptly at vein 2, and has no indications of any hindward continuation. Female. Upperside closely resembles the female of bazalus, the violet colour is, 168 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. however, generally of a duller hue. Underside more glossy, the ground colour more variegated with pale and dark shades, there is usually a whitish smear on the apical space of the forewing, and the bands and spots are, as in its male, much larger and more prominent. Expanse of wings, ¢ ¢ 1,8; to 2 inches. GenrTALIA with a good-sized tegumen, the hooks of which are strongly curved at their bases, the clasps have a long arm-like extension, the penis is stout, rather long, with a trumpet-shaped orifice. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Burma. DistRIBUTION.—The type came from Sikkim, Elwes records it from the Naga Hills, Doherty from Margherita, in Upper Assam, Bethune-Baker from the Shan States ; we have received many examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills, and it is in the B. M. also from Bhutan and Yenwatang, Upper Burma. ARHOPALA ANTURA, nov. Plate 678, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark rich violet-blue. orewing with the costal and outer marginal lines thickly black. Hindwing with the costal space black, an outer marginal very narrow black band, abdominal space blackish-grey, anal lobe well formed, with a black spot capped with some rather prominent white scales, tail black, tipped with white, with a white dot on each side of it, and traces of a white lme between it and the anal lobe. Cilia black. Underside chocolate-brown, with an ochreous tint, markings darker brown, edged with pale ochreous-grey. orewing with three rather large spots in the cell, gradually increasing in size outwards, the first two oval, the end spot sub-quadrate, a square spot near the costa above it, a small round spot below the middle of the two last cell spots, the central space below it pale, with a brown mark in it below the middle cell spot and quite disconnected, a discal band of six conjoined spots, the first four of equal size forming an outwardly oblique band with a slight outward curve, the fifth spot smaller than the others, half inwards, the sixth below it in a slightly oblique line, a small detached spot below the sixth spot. Hindwing with four rather large sub-basal spots, the third a little outwards, out of line, followed by three larger spots in a line, the third almost triangular, a rather large outwardly curved bar at the end of the cell, with a short ochreous-grey line below its inner end, a discal series of eight spots, all rather large, the first six in pairs and of uniform size, the lower inner end of the second touching the outer upper end of the cell bar, the third and fourth outwards, not connected with the second, but joimed to the fifth and sixth, the fifth being half inwards, the seventh well curved, its outer portion touching the inner side of the sixth, its inner end touching the point of the long eighth spot which is AMBLYPODIIN. 169 pear-shaped ; both wings with brown marginal line and inner pale line, sub-marginal band of thick lunules, commencing on each wing with a detached sub-costal spot, and between them a series of small lunular marks, a large black spot on the anal lobe, a black spot in each of the two following interspaces, the lobe spot capped with metallic blue scales, the other spots covered and almost obliterated by similar scales, the brown cilia with a white dot on the inner side of the tail, and edged with white between the tail and the lobe. Female. Upperside paler and more violet. Forewing with a broad black apical band, narrowing on the costa to the base, evenly but less broadly down the outer margin. Hindwing with the costal space black, the outer margin with a narrow black band, abdominal fold blackish-grey. Underside as in the male, the markings darker and more prominent. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 24); inches. Hasirat.—Burma. Described and figured from a pair in the B. M., taken by Bingham in the Tenasserim Valley in April, 1893. ARHOPALA SELTA. Plate 679, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Amblypodia selta, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 14f, pl. 3a, figs. 36, 37, 9 (1869). Satrada selta, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 38. Arhopala selta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 245 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 84. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant, somewhat shining purple-blue. Forewing with costa and outer margin with black narrow bands broadest at the apex, but other- wise of fairly even breadth. Hindwing with a somewhat broader but paler outer marginal black band, tail black, tipped with white. Underside pale brown, with a pink tint, spots and bands pale edged, slightly darker than the ground colour. Forewing with the hinder marginal space broadly pale, a small sub-basal spot in the cell, a larger somewhat oval spot in the middle, and a still larger one at the end, a small costal spot above the discoidal spot, an outwardly oblique spot below the two outer cell spots, and a spot in the next lower interspace below the middle cell spot ; a discal band of seven conjoined spots, the upper one small, sometimes absent, the others of fairly equal size, very nearly in an even row, the fifth spot being just a little inwards, the lower end of this row is very close to the sub-marginal series composed of spots somewhat divided by the veins. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots, the third a little outwards, the fourth well inwards near the abdominal margin, followed by three spots in a line; a sub-quadrate spot at the end of the cell, and another somewhat similar spot below it, from its inner lower end ; a discal series of eight spots as in A. agaba, but well separated VOL. VIII. Z 170 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. from the discoidal spot ; a post-discal series of spots and a sub-terminal series, the small anal lobe with a small black spot, followed by two sub-terminal small black spots capped with metallic blue scales. Female. Upperside of a pale dull lilac, witha purplish tint. Morewing with the black costal band broad, widening outwards to the apex, the outer marginal band narrow. Lindwing with the costal space rather broadly blackish, the outer marginal band broader and paler than on the forewing. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, # 143; to 14%, 2 144) to 14% inches. Hasrrat.—Burma. DistrrpuTion.—We have both sexes from Ataran; Hewitson recorded it from Maulmein; de Nicéville records it from King Island, Mergui Archipelago ; Bethune- Baker from Tenasserim, and it is in the B. M. also from the Shan States, Chin Hills, Beeling, Meplay Valley and Toungoo. ARHOPALA AROA. Plate 679, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 2, 2b, g. Amblypodia aroa, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 13, pl. 2, fig. 12, ¢ (1862). Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 548. Narathura aroa, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 266, pl. 23, fig. 17, ¢ (1885). Arhopala aroa, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 244 (1890). H.H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p- 590. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 85. Arrhopala aroa, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 465. Amblypodia pryeri, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 121. Arhopala pryeri, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 590. Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark purplish-blue. Forewing with fine black costal and outer marginal line. /indwing with the costal space black, and a fine black outer marginal line as in the forewing. Cilia black, with whitish tips; tail black, rather long, very narrow, tipped with white. Underside brown, markings darker brown, pale edged. orewing with the hinder marginal area pale ; a small oval sub-basal spot in the cell, a very slightly larger one in the middle, and a still larger one at the end, with a spot below it and another in the next lower interspace below the middle cell spot, well separated from each other, a fairly even discal band of six conjoined spots, the uppermost spot small, the others almost square and of even size. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots rather close together, the uppermost one being inside the cell, the two next almost in a line with it, the fourth spot well inwards, close to the abdominal margin, followed by three larger spots in a line, the lowest one almost triangular, a larger sub-quadrate spot closing the cell, a discal series of eight spots, the first two con- joined one above the other, the lower inner end of the second almost touching the AMBLYPODIIN2. 171 upper outer end of the discoidal spot, the next four conjoined and in an outward curve, its upper portion well outside the first two spots, the fifth being shifted a little inwards, the seventh is curved and is well inwards and is attached to the eighth, the lower portion of the series curving well inwards on to the abdominal margin; both wings with brown terminal line, a sub-terminal series of brown spots, and between them a series of somewhat lunular brown spots attached to the terminal line, a rather large black anal spot, a small black lunular sub-terminal spot in each of the next two inter- spaces, all three capped with metallic blue-green scales. Female. Upperside, lilac-blue, varying in shade of colour in different examples. Forewing with a very broad and even black costal band, and a narrow outer marginal black band. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the black outer marginal band broad at the apex and narrowing hindwards. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14 to 2 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, New Guinea, Batchian. DisTRIBUTION.—The type came from Sumatra, Butler records it from Malacca, it is in our collection from Singapore and Lawas, Borneo, and Bethune-Baker records it from Burma and all the other localities. ARHOPALA CANARAICA. Plate 679, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 9. Satadra canaraica, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 39. Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 165, figs. 5, 5a, g (1886). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 360. Arhopala canaraica, de Niceville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 245 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 35. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 133. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purplish-blue. Forewing with the costal line finely black, outer marginal line more broadly black. Hindwing with an outer marginal black band rather narrow, with uneven inner edge. Cilia black, tail filamentous, rather long, black, tipped with white, anal lobe small. Underside purplish-brown, markings: darker brown, not edged with white. Forewing with the usual three cell spots, all rather small, the sub-basal spot, round, minute, an outwardly oblique linear spot below the middle of the two outer cell spots, a spot in the next lower interspace below the middle cell spot, with another faintly indicated spot on its inner side, a discal, slightly outwardly curved, even band of conjoined spots, closely packed together, from the costa to vein 2; terminal line finely brown, the usual sub-terminal double series of marks faintly indicated. Hindwing with three very small sub-basal spots, followed by three others, equally small ; a thin lunular mark closing the cell, and a discal irregular band of spots, the first two from the costa, more’inwards than the others, the terminal Z 2 172 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. series very faintly indicated, all the markings more or less indistinct; a small black spot in the anal lobe, marked on each side with pale blue, and a few scattered and very indistinct, blue scales between it and the tail. Female. Upperside. Forewing duller and paler than in the male, with very broad costal and outer marginal blackish borders, a black spot at the end of the cell, merged into the costal border. Hindwing. Upperside with the outer half more or less blackish, the colour gradually changing to dull purplish-blue on the inner half. Underside paler than in the male, markings similarly disposed, but more prominent. Antenne black; palpi black above, whitish beneath; head and body concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, S 1445 to 1455, 2? 14% to 1485 inches. Hasirat.—South India. DistRIBUTION.— Watson recorded it from Mysore, Hampson from the Nilgiris, de Nicéville from Travancore, the types came from Kanara; we have many examples of both sexes from Karwar. ARHOPALA MINDANENSIS. Plate 679, figs. 4, g, 4a, g. Arhopala mindanensis, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 62, pl. i. fig. 24, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purplish-blue, with a violet tint, sub-lustrous, almost purplish-brown in certain lights, with the costal and outer marginal bands shading into blackish-brown rather broadly. Hindwing with the costal space and outer margin also shading into blackish-brown, abdominal fold pale, tail black, tipped with white. Cilia blackish-brown, with a little white at the tips near the anal angle. Underside brownish-erey, markings whitish-edged, a little darker than the ground colour. Forewing with the middle of the hinder marginal space pale, three rather large oval spots in the cell, increasing in size outwards, an outwardly oblique spot below the middle of the two outer cell spots, a spot in the next lower interspace below the middle cell spot, a spot on the costa above the discoidal spot and touching it, a discal series of six conjoined spots, the first a little inwards, the fourth outwards, a curved mark below the sixth spot, touching it. Hindwing with four rather large sub-basal spots, the fourth inwards on the abdominal margin near the base, followed by three rather larger spots in a line, the first two oval, the third sub-triangular, a bar at the end of the cell, constricted in its middle, a discal well-curved series of eight spots, the first two from the costa, touching the discoidal spot, the third with its upper inner end touching the lower outer end of the second, the fourth a little outwards, the fifth also a little more outwards, the sixth inwards, the seventh curved, and the eighth continuing the curve to the abdominal margin, both wings with brown outer AMBLYPODIINZ. 173 marginal line, edged inwardly by a whitish thread which is most prominent near the anal angle, a sub-marginal series of lunular spots, a black spot at the anal angle, another in the second interspace, with a small spot in the interspace between them, all with a few metallic blue-green scales on them. Female. Upperside purplish-brown. brewing with the discal and sub-median areas purple. Hindwing with a very obscure purple patch in the cell, sometimes obsolescent. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 154, inches. Hasrrat.—Mergui, Singapore, Philippines. Bethune-Baker has very kindly lent us his type for description and figuring, we have not been able to see a female. ARHOPALA RAFFLESII. Plate 680, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, Q. Arhopala rafflesit, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 248, frontispiece, fig. 136, ¢ (1890). Bethune- Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 86. ~ Narathura amphimuta, Distant (nec Felder), Rhop. Malayana, p. 267, pl. 21, fig. 10, ¢; 9, 9 (1885). Arrhopala pseudomuta, de Nicéville and Martin (nec Staudinger), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 465. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violaceous-blue, costal and outer marginal lines black. Cilia black, tail black, tipped with white. Underside brown, with a pinkish tint, markings slightly darker than the ground colour, indicated by their pale greyish- white edgings. orewing with two spots in the cell and one at the end, increasing in size outwards, a spot immediately below the last, and a larger squarish spot adjoining on its inner side in the next lower interspace, a small spot near the costa above the discoidal spot, a discal fascia of six conjoined spots, the first three from the costa almost in a line, the fourth well out, the fifth inwards, the sixth just touching it, ina line with the first four, and an indistinct “short dash in continuation, a sub-marginal series of paler spots and indications of an anteciliary series of still paler lunular marks, Hindwing-with three sub-basal spots in a line, followed by a similar series, the lowest of the second series somewhat lunular, a bar-shaped spot at the end of the cell, and touching it, the lower end of an almost straight band of conjoined spots from the costa to vein 3, touching this band on its outside is the continuation of the discal band, which is bent inwards in its middle and then curves inwards in three lunules to the abdominal margin ; in some examples these markings are very obscure and cannot well be distinguished, but in some of the female examples they appear to be as herein indicated, the sub-marginal and anteciliary series as in the forewing with three black sub-terminal spots capped with metallic blue-green scales, near the anal angle. 174 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Upperside paler blue, showing broad costal and outer marginal black borders to both wings, some of the black colour running up the abdominal space inside the brownish abdominal fold of the hindwing. Underside as m the male. Antenne black ; palpi black above, brown beneath, white on the imner sides, eyes ringed with white ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1,95 to 145 inches. Hasrrat.— Burma, Penang, Singapore. Disrripution.—Recorded by de Nicéville from Myitta, in the Tenasserim Valley, and by Distant from the Malay Peninsula; we have both sexes from Burma and Singapore. ARHOPALA BAZALOIDES. Plate 680, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Amblypodia bazaloides, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 21, pl. 7, figs. 62, 63 (1878). Bethune- Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 55, pl. i. fig. 17; plate 4, fig. 15, 15a (genitalia). Satadra bazalus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 370. Arhopala bazalus, de Nicéville (nec Hewitson), Butt. of India, ii. p. 249 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 35. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 34. Elwes, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 630. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 300. Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep purple, with fairly broad costal and outer marginal inconspicuous black borders, the costal band of the hindwing broadest, tail at the end of vein 2 of moderate length, very narrow, black, tipped with white. Cilia on both wings brown. Underside dark brown, with a purplish tint, markings darker brown, especially on the hindwing, indicated by their white edgings. orewing with a fairly sized round spot inside the cell sub-basal, but well separated from the base, a slightly larger spot in the middle, and a still larger bar-shaped spot at the end which is edged with white only at its sides, a twisted white line hindwards, two bar-shaped spots outside the end of the cell, marked by their prominent white side edgings, the upper one just below the costa, the other beneath it, and almost attached to each other; a discal paler band of five conjoined bar-shaped spots from the costa, the last two a little inwards, and indistinct ; a sub-marginal rather indistinct row of smaller spots, the lower portion of the wing paler than the rest. Hindwing with all the spots larger than usual, four round ones sub-basal, three of them in a line, the fourth towards the abdominal margin near the base,-closely followed by a series of four larger spots in an outward curve, at equal distances apart right across the wing, the second from the top, inside the middle of the cell, oval ; two conjoined spots at the end of the cell, closely followed by a discal band of eight conjoined spots descending from the costa in a slightly distorted shape to vein 4, where the band curves round to the abdominal AMBLYPODIINE. 175 margin, the spots forming the curve being lunular, a sub-marginal angular brown line, a series of very indistinct anteciliary lunules and some brown terminal suffusion. Female. Upperside. /orewing brighter purple than in the male, with very broad blackish costal and outer marginal borders. Hindwing nearly all suffused with blackish, the blue colour being confined more or less to the cell area. Underside as in the male. Antenne black, tipped with orange ; palpi black above, grey below; head and body blackish-brown above, white beneath. Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 13% to 1,8) inches. Hasirat.—Assam, South India, Burma, Philippines. Disrripution.—Bethune-Baker records it from the Philippines, he says the Indian examples are identical ; he also records it from Travancore and Kanara, Elwes from the Naga Hills and E. Pegu, Watson from Mysore, Moore from Nepal, de Nicéville from Cachar, Doherty from Margherita in Upper Assam, we have received many examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills, and it is in the B. M. also from Karwar. ARHOPALA ALEMON. , Plate 680, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Arhopala alemon, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 371, pl. F, figs. 20, ¢; 21, 9; id. Watson, p. 48. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 133, pl. 5, figs. 24, 24a (genitalia). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull purple. Forewing with a costal blackish band, widening to the apex, then down the outer margin in an even band of moderate width. Hindwing with the costal space blackish, the outer margin more narrowly blackish ; abdominal fold grey. Cilia black, tipped with white, tail black, with a white tip. Underside pale greyish-brown, markings brown edged with white. orewing with a small sub-basal spot in the cell, another, slightly larger in the middle, and a larger spot at the end; an outwardly very oblique spot below it, and an erect spot in the next lower interspace, below the middle cell spot; a discal band of seven spots, the upper one very small, the next five conjoined and nearly straight down the wing to vein 2, the third and fourth being very slightly outwards, the seventh spot disconnected and somewhat inwards; a double series of sub-marginal spots, the outer one very pale, marginal line brown, with a pale inner line ; the hinder marginal space pale. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots, the fourth slightly inwards, followed by three spots in a line, the upper one the largest, a lunular bar at the end of the cell, a discal, outwardly curved series of seven spots, in three irregularly shaped pieces, the . first two conjoined, the third commencing a little outwards, and joined in an irregular line to the fourth, fifth and sixth, the seventh, a curved spot somewhat inwards, a sub-marginal series of lunular marks, marginal line brown, with a whitish inner line, 176 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. with a series of pale lunular marks attached to it, a large black anal spot, a small black sub-terminal spot in each of the two following interspaces, powdered with pale blue metallic scales ; all the spots on both wings much smaller than usual. Female. Upperside of a lighter and brighter purplish colour. Forewing with the costal, apical, and outer marginal black bands broader, a black bar at the end of the cell, running into the costal band. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the outer marginal black band sometimes macular. Underside as in the male, the bands usually broader. Expanse of wings, $ $ 153, to 1,8; inches. Hapirat.—Burma. DistripuTion.—The type came from Tilin Yaw; the description and figures are from examples from the same locality, kindly lent by Bethune-Baker; de Nicéville records it also from the Meplay Valley, the Donat Range and the Thoungyin forests ; it is in the B. M. also from the Shan States, Ataran Valley, Amherst Road and the Hawndraw Valley. ARHOPALA ATRAX. Plate 681, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, g. Amblypodia atrax, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 13 (nec pl. 7, figs. 80 and 82, 9) (1862). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 774. Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 13 (1869). Satadra atrax, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 39. Arhopala atrax, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 130, pl. 3, fig. 8, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue, shining in certain lights. Forewing with a narrow costal black band, outer marginal black band about twice as broad. Hindwing with the costal space and outer marginal line black, tail black, tipped with white, indications of a blackish spot on the margin on each side of the tail, abdominal fold grey. Cilia black, with white tips. Underside pale brown, with a lilac tint, markings darker brown, edged with white. Forewing with three oval cell spots, increasing in size outwards, an outwardly oblique spot below the last, and another in the next lower interspace, slightly outwardly oblique below the middle cell spot, well separated from each other; a discal band of seven spots, the first four conjoined, outwardly oblique, the second and fourth a little outwards, the fifth inwards, its upper outer end almost touching the lower inner end of the fourth, and joined to the sixth outwardly obliquely, the seventh similarly inwards and similarly oblique, with a small mark attached to its lower end, the hinder marginal space below and between these spots pale. //indwing with four sub-basal spots almost in a line, the fourth being a little inwards, followed by three slightly larger oval spots in a line, the third of irregular shape, an outwardly curved bar at the end of the cell, with a small spot attached to its lower end, a discal series of eight spots, the first two below the costa, the lower ends AMBLYPODIINEA. 177 of the second touching the upper ends of the discoidal bar and the third spot, this conjoined with the other four spots in an outward curve, the fourth and sixth shifted outwards, the seventh angular as usual, both wings with a brown marginal line, a sub- marginal, somewhat lunular band, and between them a series of smaller lunular marks. Female. Upperside brighter blue, and paler. orewing with a black spot at the end of the cell running into the broad black costal band which widens gradually from the base, is very broad at the apex and is continued broadly and evenly down the outer margin. Hindwing with the costa and outer margin very broadly black. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 13 inches. Hasirat.—Burma. DistripuTion.—The type, a male, is marked India, which probably means Maulmein, both sexes are in the B. M. from Tavoy Valley, collected by Bingham, they correspond exactly with the type, and are herein described and figured. ARHOPALA HEWITSONI. Plate 681, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Arhopala hewitsoni, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 132, pl. 3, fig. 9, $; pl. 5, figs. 23, 23a (genitalia). z Amblypodia atrax, Hewitson (part), p. 13, pl. 7, figs. 80, 82, ?. Satadra atrax, de Nicéville (nec Hewitson), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 39. Arhopala atrax, de Nicéville (nec Hewitson), Butt. of India, iii. p. 246 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 630. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47. Betham, id. p. 181. Watson, id. 1897, p. 662. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 382. Hannyngton, id. 1910, p. 366. Arhopala (Amblypodia) atrax, Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 532. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull lilac colour. J vrewing, costal band blackish, narrow, outer marginal blackish band rather broad, even in width. MHindwing nearly all blackish-brown tinged with lilac, with a lilac-blue patch in the cell space ; filamen- tous tail of moderate length, brown tipped with white. Cilia white, with a brown base. Underside greyish-brown, markings a little darker than the ground colour, with pale whitish edges. Forewing with three spots, all sometimes more or less elongated, increasing in size outwards, near the base of the cell, in the middle and at the end, the last closing the cell, an outwardly oblique spot below the last two cell spots, a spot some- what elongated hindwards in the next lower interspace, and a small round spot above the middle of the two outer cell spots; a slightly outwardly curved, discal, even band of six conjoined spots followed by a disconnected spot; a marginal pale brown line, a sub-marginal band of rather thick lunular marks, and between them a band of paler VOL. VIII. 2A 178 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. marks ; the lower portion of the wing pale in colour. Hindwing with the markings more indistinct; four sub-basal spots, followed by three similar spots, a lunular mark at the end of the cell, with two other lunular marks a little inwards connected with its lower end, an irregular discal band of eight spots, the first two from the costa and the seventh shifted a little inside the others, the eighth being a round spot a little more inwards on the abdominal margin ; the terminal line and sub-terminal series as in the forewing, anal lobe small, containing a black spot, capped narrowly with white, and some whitish and metallic blue scales at the ends of the three lowest interspaces ; indications of an anteciliary whitish line on both wings, plainest on the hindwing. Female. Upperside. orewing with the lilac colour brighter, the costal blackish- brown border very broad, a black spot at the end of the cell merged in it, the outer margin broadly suffused with blackish-brown, leaving the discal, medial, and sub-medial portions lilac-blue. Hindwing uniformly brown, but often with a lilac tint. Under- side as in the male. Antenne black; palpi black above, white beneath ; head and body concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, $ 2 144, to 1445 inches. Hasirat.—India, Burma. Distripution.—Recorded by de Nicéville from Orissa,-Chota Nagpur, Dehra Dun, Bholahat, in the Malda District, Sikkim, Jalpaiguri, Calcutta, Nilgiris (lower slopes) ; by Elwes from Bernardmyo, by Betham from the Central Provinces, by Watson from Chin Lushai and the Chin Hills, by Mackinnon and de Nicéyille from Mussuri, by Manders from the Shan States, by Hannyngton from Kumaon. We took it at Pach- mari, a small hill-station near Poona, and it is in our collection from Simla and Ranchi. Nore.—This species has hitherto passed as A. atrax, Hewitson, in Indian collections. Hewitson described two species as male and female, he figured the female only ; this latter, a commoner furm, Bethune-Baker has described as hewitsoni ; we have examples of both sexes, it is no doubt quite distinct from Hewitson’s male atrax, of which there are examples of both sexes from Burma in the B. M. ARHOPALA AGRATA. Plate 681, figs. 3, g, 3a, ¢. Arhopala agrata, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 251, footnote ; frontispiece, fig. 137, ¢ (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1892, p. 632. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 123. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings extremely deep purple, almost black, of the exact shade of A. teesta, mihi, Cilia black. Hindwing with the abdominal margin pale. Underside, both wings dull brown, all the markings very indistinct, but very slightly darker than the ground, outlined obscurely with grey, orewing with the usual three spots in AMBLYPODIIN. 179 the cell, two below it divided by the first median nervule, the discal band composed of five spots, the two lowest shifted inwards below the third median nervule. Hindiing with the usual bands and spots; the black anal lobe very small, with some metallic blue irrorations beyond ; tail probably of the usual length, but mutilated in my specimens, a portion of the base alone remaining ; is not closely allied to any species as far-as I am aware. (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, $ 158; inches. Hasirat.—Singapore, Burma. We have not seen this species; the type from Singapore is in the Rafiles Museum, Singapore; the Burman examples in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; the female is not known; the figures are copies of de Nicéville’s figure. ARHOPALA ALEA. Plate 681, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, ¢. Amblypodia alea, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 12, pl. 7, figs. 79, 81, ¢ (1862). Satadra alea, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 38. Arhopala alea, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 246 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 133. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings violet-blue. Forewing with the outer margin rather broad. JZindwing with the margins as broad as in the females of other species. Underside, both wings brown tinted with lilac. /orewing with the transverse band long and narrow, slightly curved. Hindwing with the band broken, ill-defined ; the anal angle irrorated with white. (Hewitson.) Hasirat.—India. Described from a specimen in the B. M. which is now lost; our figures are copies of Hewitson’s figures, ARHOPALA OPALINA. Plate 682, figs. 1, g, la, g. Nilasera opalina, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 531, pl. 49, fig. 1, ¢. Arhopala opalina, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 257 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 300. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc, 1903, p. 51. Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale violet-blue. Forewing with fine black costal and outer marginal line; the ground colour shading darker towards the costa and apex, a small space at the end of the cell whitish, with a grey spot in it at the cell end. Hindwing with the costal space narrowly blackish and a fine black line on the outer margin, tail black, tipped with white. Cilia white, black at its base. Underside pale chocolate-brown with a lilacine tint, markings dark brown with white edges. Forewing with three bars in the cell, increasing in size outwards, an outwardly oblique 2A 2 180 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. spot below the middle of the last two, another in the next lower interspace below the middle cell spot, the hinder marginal space beyond this whitish ; a discal series of six spots, the first inwards on the costa, very small, the next three outwardly oblique, the fifth a little inwards, the sixth under it a little inwardly oblique, a small dot under it, a sub-marginal band of thick conjoined spots. /Zimdwing with four sub-basal small spots, the fourth well inwards, followed by three larger spots in a line, a bar at the end of the cell, a spot between the lower outer end of the bar and the third spot of the second series, touching both, a discal series of eight spots in four pairs in a nearly even outward curve, the fifth a little inwards, a sub-marginal series of conjoined lunules, black marginal line with inner white thread, with small lunular marks attached, the four nearest the anal angle black on a whitish ground. Expanse of wings, ¢ 13 inches. Hasirat.—Assam. DistRIBuTION.—The type came from the Khasia Hills, it is unique, and is in the B. M., it must be very rare, though we have received many thousands of Lyceenide from that locality, we have never received an example, our description and figures are from Moore’s type. ARHOPALA AIDA. Plate 682, figs. 2, g, 2a, g. Arhopala aida, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1889, p. 168, pl. A, fig. 1, g. Bethune- Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 64. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings shining bluish-purple of exactly the same tint as in A. selta, Hewitson, and A. rafflesii, mihi. Forewing with the outer margin broadly black (a little broader than in A. s-lta). JTindwing with the outer black margin even, as broad as on the forewing, the costa more broadly black. Underside, both wings are purplish-brown, strongly glossed with purple, all the markings prominent, a little darker than the ground colour, outwardly narrowly and clearly defined with whitish. orewing with the inner margin broadly paler; an oval spot near the base of the cell, an oblong one at its middle, with a costal spot above it; a quadrate spot closing the cell, also with a costal spot above it; a discal macular band dislocated below the third medial nervule, the fourth spot nearer the margin, the two spots which follow further removed from the margin, a large quadrate spot in continuation in the sub-median interspace, a pair of sub-marginal fasciz, but more prominent than usual. Hindwing with the usual basal annular spots, a spot closing the cell, a discal band formed of spots arranged more or less in pairs, the usual marginal lunular fascize ; the small anal lobe black, a small black spot im the first median interspace on the margin, the space between this spot and the anal angle sprinkled with metallic green scales. AMBLYPODIINA 181 Female. Upperside, both wings of a lighter, more bluish shade than in the male, the outer margins much broader, otherwise as in the male. Described from a single male (the type) captured by Major C. T. Bingham on the Pegu Yoma, Burma, in December, 1887, and two males and a female captured by Mr. W. Doherty at Mergui and in the Tenasserim Valley in the cold season of 1888-89. One of these males differs slightly from the type in having all the markings of the underside rather larger and darker and consequently more prominent. Expanse of wings, f 14%, 14% inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Mergui. (de Nicéville.) We have not seen this species, the types are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; our figures are copies of de Nicéville’s figure. ARHOPALA BASIVIRIDIS. Plate 682, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Arhopala basiviridis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 373, pl. G, fig. 22, g. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 108, pl. 2, fig. 27, g; pl. 5, figs. 15, 15a (genitalia). Arhopala horsfieldi, H. H. Druce (nec Pagenstecher), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 591. Arrhopala horsfieldi, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 467. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with very broad black margins, the inner portion, including the cell, and two-thirds of the lower area from the base, brillant metallic green, the hinder margin narrowly black. Hindwing all black except the cell and a little above it, and two or three streaks below it, which are brilliant metallic green; abdominal fold greyish. Cilia black, tail rather long, narrow, and tapering, black, tipped with white. Underside rich chocolate-brown, spots darker brown, pale edged. Jvrewing with three sub-quadrate spots in the cell, increasing in size outwards ; an outwardly oblique spot below the end spot, another in the next lower interspace below the centre cell spot, and indications of a spot immediately below the sub-basal cell spot ; a discal band of eight spots, the first four conjoined in an outwardly oblique line from the costa, the other four also conjoined in a straight line down the wing, the outer upper end touching lower inner end of the fourth spot. Hindwing with four sub-hasal spots, the upper three in a line, the fourth inwards against the abdominal margin, followed by three larger spots in a line, the lowest somewhat bottle-shaped, a long bar with sinuous edges at the end of the cell, somewhat extended upwards and hindwards, a discal band of eight spots with its lower extremity well curved inwards, on to the abdominal margin, the second spot from the costa small and partly disconnected, all the others conjoined, the last but one curved as usual, terminal line of both wings brown, with inner pale line, a double series of sub-terminal spots ; a largish black anal spot, a small sub-terminal black mark in each of the two following interspaces, all 182 LEPILOPTERA INTICA. three capped with metallic blue-green scales ; abdomen ochreous-white on the underside. Antenne black; frons with a white stripe on each side. Female. Upperside pale violet-blue, shining in certain lights, both wings with broad costal and outer marginal blackish borders, broadest at the apex of forewing, the outer marginal band on the hindwing narrowing hindwards. Underside asin the male. Expanse of wings, S ? 148; to 135 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. DisrriBution.—The type came from Johore in the Malay Peninsula; it is in the Druce coll. (from which our description and figures are taken) from Bankasoon and Meetan, Burma ; Druce records it from Borneo, and we have it from Perak. ARHOPALA MIRABELLA. Plate 682, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, g. Arhopala mirabella, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 420. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 61. Imaco.—Male. Above bright violet-blue, dull violet in some lights, over fully five-sixths of the forewing, the marginal black band moderate and nearly equal on both wings; below bright fuscous, glossed with pale violet, the markings large, numerous, distinct and crowded, consisting of deep brown spots, paler in the middle, set in distinct violet-white rings or parenthetic lines. /orewing with the three usual cell spots large, a double series of costal marks, the transverse band much broken, the spot in the lower radial space (the fourth) extended, no distinct marks below the cell, two sub-marginal violet-whitish lines, the inner lunular, the outer straight, obscure. TTindwing with the basal spots annular, the basal-costal one obsolescent, the transverse discal band with only the first pair of spots continuous (the second touching the terminal cell spot which is large, parenthetic), the others irregular, the third dislocated outwardly, the fifth inwardly ; two sub-marginal lunular lines, the anal angle with three small black spots, bordered with metallic green, behind which is a narrow irrorated whitish fascia. Female. With the blue somewhat paler and covering only half the forewing and the hindwing from the costal vein (basally) to the upper sub-costal, almost to the sub-median, the dark border rather wide; both sexes have a slender tail, tipped with white, and a small distinct lobe. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14 inches. Hasirat.— Burma. DistripuTion.—A male from Mergui and a female from Myitta. Nearest to A. aliteus, Hewitson, from Celebes, but seems to be darker below, with a broad black border above: from achelous, Hewitson, it also differs in the broader AMBLYPODIIN 4. 183 black border, and the apex of the hindwing below is not lilac, the blue above seems also darker and richer; from aida, de Nicéville, it differs in the strong violet gloss and the large and crowded annulations, occupying most of the cell of the forewing and extending thence nearly to the costa on the underside; the upperside is very similar ; the figure of A. mirahella was omitted by accident. We have found both sexes in the B. M., standing unnamed, they came from the late Colonel Bingham’s collection, the male is from Mergui and the female from Tenasserim, and we figure them both; they are probably Doherty’s types, and correspond in description and locality. ARHOPALA SUBFASCIATA. Plate 683, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, 2. Nilasera subfasciata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 532, pl. 49, fig. 2. Arhopala subfasciata, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 418. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 260 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 80. Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale cobalt-blue, with a slight purplish tint. Forewing with the costal and outer marginal bands narrowly black, broadest at the apex. /7indwing with a similar but somewhat paler outer marginal band, abdominal fold whitish, tail blackish. Underside chocolate-brown, bands and spots rather darker than the ground colour, edged with white. vrewiny with the entire space below the median vein pale ; somewhat whitish ; a rather large, round, sub-basal spot in the cell, a bar across the middle, and another, a little larger, at the end; an outwardly oblique spot below the middle of the outer cell spots, with its lower end rounded, a somewhat square spot attached to its inner edge in the next lower interspace, a discal almost erect band of six square conjoined spots, the uppermost one near the costa small, the second and fourth with small, round, inner protrusions, the fifth a little outwardly placed, a small round spot below the sixth; a sub-marginal series of small lunular marks. /Zindwing with a white smear right across the upper part of the wing, four sub-basal spots, followed by four similar spots, a bottle-shaped spot at the end of the cell, four or five small spots between it and the costa, a large distorted spot attached below the discoidal spot, a discal, outwardly curved distorted series of seven spots, a large blackish sub-terminal spot in the first interspace, a small anal spot, a larger and paler spot between, all sparsely sprinkled with metallic blue scales and inwardly edged by a whitish line which becomes more or less obscure as it runs up inside the margin. Female, like the male above and below, the black marginal bands broader on the upperside. Antennz black; head and body concolorous with the wings above and below, Expanse of wings, $ 14% to 1485, ? 13%5 inches, 184 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasirat.—Burma. DistripuTion.—The type came from Tavoy, de Nicéville records it from Beeling and Myitta in the Tenasserim Valley, we have it from Ataran. ARHOPALA ALBOPUNCTATA. Plate 683, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. Amblypodia albopunctata, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 14¢, pl. 3b, figs. 43, 44, g (1869). Narathura albopunctata, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 44. Arhopala albopunctata, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 261, frontispiece, fig. 126, 9 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 631. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 60. Imaco.—Male. Upperside metallic light blue, almost morpho-blue. Forewing with the costal line narrowly black, a well defined apical and outer marginal black border broad at the apex, narrowing on the costa till about a third from the apex, and narrowing hindwards on the outer margin, its Inner margin being circular and well defined. Cilia brown. indwing with the costal space pale and somewhat greyish, outer marginal line black, tail black, short ; a black sub-terminal lunular mark in the interspaces on each side of it. Cilia greyish-rufous, with a black spot in it at the anal angle; abdominal fold greyish. Underside rich chocolate-brown, markings white. Forewing with the hinder marginal space broadly pale, six lines in pairs crossing the cell; the four first parallel with each other; of the outer two, one is just inside the end aud the other outside, their lower ends encircling towards each other, the third line has a spot above it, the fourth, fifth and sixth two, and there are two spots, in the space between the last mentioned four spots, there are four series of linear marks right across the outer portion of the wing and two linear marks below the fourth and fifth cell lines, all these marks cover the whole of the dark portion of the wing at almost equal distances apart, except the terminal and sub-terminal series which are paler than the others and are closer together. /indwing with three rather prominent sub-costal spots larger than the others, three small sub-basal spots, a pair of irregular lines across the middle of the cell and two similar ones at the end, and apparently six irregular outwardly curved series of short lines, some of which are little more than spots in pairs covering the whole surface of the wing and very difficult to describe ; a sub-marginal series of lunular marks, a small black anal spot, and two larger, somewhat lunular black sub-terminal marks in the next two interspaces outwardly edged by a white line and capped with metallic blue scales. Cilia grey, with whitish tips. Antennz black ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside duller in colour than the male. Forewing with the black costal line and apical black band broader. //indwing with indistinct sub-terminal, blackish, lunular marks as in the male. co AMBLYPODIIN. 185 Expanse of wings, S ? 13° to 1% inches. Hasitat.—Burma. DistTRIBUTION.—Elwes records it from the Karen Hills; de Nicéville says, in the Phayre Museum, Rangoon, there is also a female taken at Mergui in August ; Anderson obtained it at Mergui in November and December, at Pataw Island in January, and on Sullivan Island also in January ; Bingham took it on the Donat Range in April, and at Thoungyin in March and December ; the type came from Maulmein ; we have both sexes from the Ataran Valley, and it is in the B. M. also from Tavoy, Tenasserim, and the Hawndraw Valley. ARHOPALA ALESIA. Plate 683, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Arhopala alesia, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 235, pl. 29, fig. 18 (1864). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 102. Nilasera wimberleyi, de Niceville, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 462, pl. 40, fig. 4, 2. Arhopala wimberleyi, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 258 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside, brilliant blue. Forewing with broad black costal band which gradually widens to the apex and runs broadly down the outer margin. Hindwing with the costal and outer marginal bands broadly and evenly black, abdominal fold dark grey, almost blackish ; a fine filamentous tail at the end of vein 2, black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black, tipped with white on the hinder part of the hindwing. Underside chocolate-grey, markings dark chocolate-brown with whitish edges. orewing with the base, the entire cell, and the costal space above, up to the discal band suffused with chocolate-brown, three oval spots in the cell, slightly increasing in size outwards, an outwardly oblique spot below the middle of the two outer cell spots, with an erect spot in the next lower interspace, its upper part attached to the other spot in an angular form, a discal nearly straight band of six spots slightly divided by the veins, the upper one small, the next three the largest, their outer ends consequently protruding slightly outwards, a sub-marginal macular band, a dark and pale shade between the two bands, terminal line brown, the space between it and the sub-terminal band pale greyish, with a series of small lunular marks. Lindwing with a costal spot at the base, four sub-costal spots rather large, and consequently close together, the fourth inwards on the abdominal margin, followed by three slightly larger spots in a line, the third irregular in shape, a pale curved bar with brown edges at the end of the cell, all the outer spots with pale interiors, a discal series of eight spots, the lower ends of the second touching the upper ends of the discoidal bar and upper inner end of the third spot, the fourth below the third and joined to it, the fifth and sixth joined together, both in curves and well separated from the fourth, the seventh small and round, attached to the inner end of the sixth and well inwards, the VOL. VIII. 2B 186 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. eighth inwards and upwards, a sub-marginal series of conjoined, angulated lunules and brown terminal line, the entire wing, with the exception of a pale patch on the costa near the apex and another at the middle, more or less suffused with chocolate-brown and variegated with dark marks. Female, coloured and marked like the male above and below, but the blue colour above is somewhat paler. Expanse of wings, f ? 1455 to 14% inches. Hapirat.—Andamans, Philippines, Burma. Distripution.—Felder’s type male came from Luzon, de Nicéville’s type from Port Blair and is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, we have not been able to get it for examination, but Bethune-Baker received it from de Nicéville and makes it a synonym to Felder’s species, and indeed de Nicéville’s excellent figure is sufficient evidence of its identity ; our female figure is from an example from Luzon, in coll. Druce. ARHOPALA DAMA, nov. Plate 683, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, $. Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark lilac-blue, glistening in certain lights. ore- wing with the costa narrowly black, outer marginal black band a little broader and even, very slightly increased at the apex. Hindwing with the costal space black, outer margin as on the forewing, abdominal fold blackish-grey, tail black, tipped with white, outer margin evenly rounded, anal lobe quite small, a black spot on it with its fringe white. Cilia black, tipped with pale ochreous-grey. Underside rather pale ochreous- brown, markings a little darker than the ground colour, edged with ochreous-white. Forewing with a small sub-basal oval spot in the cell, a larger one in the middle, a squarish spot at the end, with a small square spot attached to its upper side, a smaller square spot above it near the costa, and an annular small sub-costal spot above the centre cell spot, an outwardly oblique spot below the end cell spot, another in the next lower interspace attached to it in an angular form, a discal series of six conjoined squarish spots in a slight outward curve, the first the smallest and a little inwards on the costa, the fourth shifted well outwards, a small disconnected spot below the sixth, the wing space below them pale. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots, the third a little outwards, the fourth inwards on the abdominal margin, followed by three some- what larger spots in a line, the first two oval, the third angular; a curved bar with a pale line in it, at the end of the cell, a small spot attached to its lower inner end, a discal series of eight somewhat square spots, the first six conjomed and in pairs, the lower ends of the second touching the upper ends of the discoidal bar and the third discal spot, the fourth a little outwards, the fifth half way imwards, the sixth rather AMBLYPODIINZ. 187 elongated, the seventh angular, the eighth squarish, both disconnected, both wings with a marginal brown line and an inner pale line, a sub-marginal band of lunules more pronounced on the hindwing, three black anal spots, the first capped with a few metallic blue scales, the others with a mass of similar scales almost obliterating them. Female. Upperside paler and somewhat duller than the male. /orewing with a broad apical black band which narrows on the costa towards the base and down the outer margin. Hindwing with the costal space black, the outer margin evenly and narrowly black. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, 3 2 158; inches. Hasirat.—Burma. Described and figured from a pair in the B. M. from Bingham’s collection, taken in Mergui Island in April, 1893. ARHOPALA ADOREA. Plate 684, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Arhopala adorea, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 238, frontispiece, fig. 139, g (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 299. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 67. Arrhopala adorea, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 465. Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep purplish-blue. orewing with the costal and outer marginal line black. /7indwing with the costal space broadly black, the outer marginal line black, the abdominal fold pale; the small anal lobe black, with a whitish spot on its upper side, tail long, rather narrow, black, tipped with white. Cilia black. Underside, chocolate-brown, spots and bands darker brown, pale-edged, a roundish sub- basal spot in the cell, a larger oval spot in the middle, and a still larger one at the end, and above this is a small round spot on the costa, below it is an outwardly oblique spot, and a spot, well separated from it, in the next lower interspace, also outwardly oblique below the middle cell spot, a fairly uniform discal band of six conjoined spots from the costa to vein 2, with a disconnected small spot below it a little inwards. Hindwing with four small sub-basal spots, the third a little outwards, two or three small indistinct basal spots, three spots in a line following the sub-basal spots, the lowest triangular, a large, curved spot at the end of the cell, and an outwardly curved irregular discal band of eight spots; the first two conjoined, one above the other, the lower, inner end of the second touching the upper outer end of the discoidal spot, the third, fourth, fifth and sixth spots conjoined, the fifth shifted inwards, the seventh in a deep curve inwards joined to the eighth which is long and ends the curve of the series on the abdominal margin close to the fourth spot of the sub-basal series, marginal line of both wings brown, with a pale inner line, a sub-marginal series of conjoined spots, a large black anal spot, a small narrow, lunular, black sub-terminal mark in each of the next two inter- spaces, all three capped with metallic blue-green scales. Apex of forewing blunt. 2B 2? 188 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Antenne black, frons with a white stripe on each side; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, except the abdomen, which is ochreous-white beneath. Cilia black, tipped with white. Female. Upperside paler than the male, with a violet tint. Forewing with the costa very broadly blackish, the outer margin narrowly so. Hindwing with a broad blackish costal space, and narrow outer marginal band. Anal lobe as in the male, the white spot capping the black one larger, and sometimes a small white spot at the root of the tail and two minute white dots in the cilia between the two white spots. Under- side as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 2 inches. Hasirat.—India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. Distripution.—It is in the Druce collection from Kina Balu, Borneo ; the types came from Singapore, de Nicéville records it from Tenasserim, Sikkim and the Khasia Hills, Bethune-Baker from Malacca and Sumatra, and it is in the B. M. also from the Ataran and the Yoonyalin Valley. ARHOPALA ATOSIA. Plate 684, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Amblypodia atosia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 9, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9, 9 (1863). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353. Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 548. Arhopala atosia, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 241, frontispiece, fig. 138, ¢ (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 629. H. H. Druce, id. 1895, p. 589. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soe. 1903, p. 87. Narathura atosia, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 265, pl. 23, figs. 6, ¢; 5, 2 (1885). Arrhopala atosia, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 465. Amblypodia aricia, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 124, pl. i. fig. 15. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violaceous-blue, with a large patch of differently arranged scales in the centre of the forewing, showing darkly through in certain lights, but not altering the colour of the wing. /vrewing with the costal and outer marginal lines black. Hindwing with the costa broadly black, and an outer marginal black line, tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings brown, with whitish tips. Under- side dark greyish-brown, markings slightly darker than the ground colour, with pale edgings. Forewing with the hinder marginal area broadly pale, an oval sub- basal spot in the cell, a larger similar spot in the middle and a still larger sub-quadrate spot at the end ; an oblique spot below the middle of the two outer spots, and an erect spot in the interspace below, its outer upper end touching the lower end of the oblique spot, a small sub-costal spot above each of the two outer cell spots, a discal band of seven spots, the uppermost one small, the second outwards attached to the third and fourth in an outwardly oblique line, the fourth being shifted somewhat outwards, AMBLYPODIIN. 189 the fifth and sixth in a line from the inner part of the fourth, the seventh spot out- wardly oblique, a little inwards and smaller than the others. //indwing with four sub-basal spots, the third a very little outwards, the fourth well inwards, close to the abdominal margin, followed by three larger spots in a line, the upper two somewhat oval, the third of irregular shape, a sub-quadrate spot at the end of the cell, with a smaller spot attached to its inner, lower end; a discal series of eight spots, the upper two one above the other, the inner, lower end of the second touching the upper, outer end of the discoidal spot, the third spot of the discal series is placed outwards, its upper, inner end just touching the lower, outer end of the second, the fourth a little more outwards, the fifth and sixth inwards one above the other, all the above are attached to each other, the seventh spot is angular and is detached and well inwards, and with the eighth, which is more or less square and is much inwards and near the abdominal margin, form a well turned curve to the series ; both wings with sub-terminal spots, more or less lunular, a terminal brown line, edged inwardly by a whitish line ; a black anal spot, black lunular sub-terminal marks in the two next interspaces, capped with metallic blue-green scales. Female. Upperside pale violet. Forewing with a black costal band suddenly expanding from the middle, the band very broad at the apex and running very broadly down the outer margin. /indwing with the costa broadly black, the outer margin with a moderately broad black band. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1435 to 14% inches. Hasrrat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines. Disrripution.—The type came from Sumatra, we have it from Borneo, de Nicéville records it from Singapore, Mergui and Tenasserim, Elwes from Eastern Pegu, and it is in the B. M. also from the Yé Valley. It closely resembles A. epimuta, Moore, but that species has no tails. ARHOPALA DIAS. Plate 684, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, 6. Amblypodia zdias, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 6, pl. 4, fig. 36, g (1862); id. Il. Diurn. Lep. Lyc. p. 7 (1865). Arhopala xdias, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 124, pl. 3, fig. 4, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale lilac-blue, metallic in certain lights, the blue colour with a dark shading towards the margins making the wings look in certain lights as if they had broad marginal bands of a pale lilac colour, costal and outer marginal lines black, tails long, black, tipped with white, abdominal fold grey, a black anal spot with a small white spot on its fringe. Cilia blackish, with white tips on each side of the tails. Underside pale chestnut-brown, markings slightly darker brown with 190 LEPIDGPTERA INDICA. pale, somewhat ochreous edges. J orewing with a sub-basal spot in the cell, a larger oval spot in the middle, and a still larger somewhat square spot at the end, two smaller spots above the cell, one over the end spot and the other inwards, an outwardly oblique spot below the discoidal spot, and another also outwardly oblique spot in the next lower interspace below the middle cell spot, well separated from each other, a discal series of six conjoined spots, the first small, the second and third outwardly oblique, the fourth outwards, the fifth and sixth from the inner side of the fourth, also slightly outwardly oblique, a small disconnected spot below the sixth; the outer half of the hinder marginal space paler than the rest of the wing. //indwing with four sub-basal spots, the fourth a little inwards, followed by three larger spots in a line, the third somewhat bottle-shaped, a curved bar at the end of the cell, with a small spot attached below it, touching also the bottle-shaped spot, a discal series of eight spots in an almost even curve, the second slightly disconnected from the third, the fifth inwards, the seventh in a curve a little inside the sixth ; marginal line of both wings brown, with a pale inner line, a sub-marginal series of lunular marks, large on the hindwing, and between them a series of small lunular marks. Female. Upperside pale lilac-purple, darker than the male and of a very different and peculiar colour. Forewing with a costal black band commencing narrowly at the base and broadening rapidly from the middle to the apex, where it is very broad and running narrowly down the outer margin. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the outer margin with a narrow, even black band. Underside as m the male, but the spots darker and more pronounced. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14% to 2 inches. Hapirar.—Burma, Java. Distripution.—The type male, which is in the B. M., came from Java ; there are a pair in the B. M. (which we figure), collected by Bingham in the Yé Valley, Burma, one from the Donat Range, and one from Tenasserim. ARHOPALA KHAMTI. Plate 685, figs. 1, g, la, ¢. Arhopala khampti, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 32, pl. fig. 5, ¢. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 630. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 129. Imaco.—Male. Near A. wnea, Hewitson, differing in the dark dull indigo-blue of the upperside and the darker shade of the underside, with the terminal cell spot remote from that on the lower median space of the forewing. Hindwing with a large sub-anal ocellus bordered with metallic green, which extends to the lower median vein, a dark spot edged with whitish on the lower median space ; lobe and tail large. (Doherty.) Female, unknown. AMBLYPODIIN. 191 Expanse of wings, $ 2 inches, Hasirat.—Margherita, Upper Assam. We have not seen this species, but have copied Doherty’s figure and description. ARHOPALA GNEA. Plate 685, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, ?. Amblypodia «nea, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 14e, pl. 3c, fig. 55, g¢ (1869). Arhopala cenea, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 243 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 300. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 130, pl. 5, figs. 21, 21a (genitalia). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-blue, costal and outer marginal bands narrowly black. Cilia blackish, edged with whitish ; a very fine, rather long filamentous tail at the end of vein 2 of the hindwing, black, tipped with white ; a small anal lobe. Underside clear ochre-brown, all the markings very obscure. Forewing. In some examples none of the markings are visible except some faint indications of a nearly straight discal band of conjoined spots very slightly darker than the ground colour, in others there are indications of a small spot near the base of the cell, a larger transverse one in the middle, and a still larger one at the end, a narrow discal band and a sub- marginal band. Hindwing with a blackish sub-costal spot near the base and indications of the three cell spots as in the forewing and discal and sub-terminal bands. Female. Upperside much paler violet-blue. Forewing with very broad costal and outer marginal black bands, and a black spot at the end of the cell touching the costal band. Hindwing nearly all black, some slight blue colour in and about the cell, varying in extent in different examples. Underside like the male. Antenne black ; palpi black above, grey beneath ; head and body concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1}°5 to 14%; inches. GENITALIA.— With the tegumen excavated and open at the apex, and the hooks jointed at the elbow are from that point long and slender ; the clasps are very deep, _ excavated at the tips, forming a sort of jaw, the upper part of which is resolved imto a long, curved, sharp hook. The penis is long and slender. Hapirat.—Sikkim, Assam. DisTRIBUTION.—We have it from Sikkim and from the Khasia Hills ; the species is local, but not uncommon where it occurs; it is in the B. M. also from Mussuri and Bhutan. ARHOPALA ABSEHUS. Plate 685, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, 9. Amblypodia abseus, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 9, pl. 5, figs. 41, 42, 9 (1862) ; id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 10 (1863). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353. , 192 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Satadra abseus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 41. Arhopala abseus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 242 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 1891, p. 47, and 1897, p. 662. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 629. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 112. Arhopala amphea, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. p. 234, pl. 29, fig. 19 (1865). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 589. de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 46d. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark bright blue, veins more or less black. Forewing with broad black borders, gradually widening from the base of the costa to the apex of the wing, down the outer margin curving and broadening slightly at the hinder angle. ITindwing with the costal and outer marginal black band also broad and of a fairly uniform breadth, the black colour running as broadly up the abdominal margin ; a rather long filamentous tail, black tipped with white, at the end of vein 2, and short black projections at the ends of veins 1 and 3. Costa highly arched at base, then nearly straight to the apex, which is sub-acute, outer margin evenly rounded, except for the projections mentioned. Cilia black, with white tips towards the apices of both wings. Underside. J rewing with the ground colour shining pinkish-grey, the basal and upper half of the wing suffused with dark pinkish-brown, paling somewhat outwardly, markings darker brown, edged with whitish, two round spots of nearly equal size inside the cell, and two paler ones below them, a band of conjoined square spots from the costa, increasing in size hindwards, crossing the end of the cell to vein 2, the band containing two or three small projections on each side, a discal similar band of five conjoined spots from the costa to vein 3, the fourth spot the largest, its outer end projecting a little outwards, the band continued by two paler and narrower brown marks in the next two interspaces; terminal line blackish, a sub-terminal series of blackish lunules, the three middle ones most prominent, and between the line and the sub-terminal series is a darker line of conjoined lunular marks. /Tindwing nearly entirely suffused with dark pinkish-brown, a whitish mark on the middle of the costa, a sub-basal row of five conjoined spots, the four lower ones round, closely followed by a row of four round spots, the last one touching the fourth spot of the first row, an irregular, outwardly curved discal band, dislocated hindwards and obscured upwards by the white mark on the middle of the costa, followed by an irregular extra discal narrow band ; terminal line blackish, a sub-terminal series of indistinct pale brown lunular marks, a large narrow sub-terminal black spot in interspace 3, and a round one at the anal angle, both capped with metallic blue-green scales. Antenne black ; palpi black above, grey beneath ; head and body blackish above, with dark blue pubescence, thorax brown beneath, abdomen grey. Female, like the male above and beneath. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 13’5 to 1335 inches. Hasrrat.—Sylhet, Sikkim, Burma, Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra. AMBLYPODIINZ. 193 DIsTRIBUTION.—The type came from Sylhet, Elwes records it from E. Peou, Watson from Chin Lushai and the Chin Hills, and it is in our collection also from the same locality, from Sikkim and the Khasia Hills; de Nicéville records it from King Island, Mergui, Doherty from Tenasserim, Hewitson from Singapore, Druce from Borneo and Sumatra, it is in the B. M. also from Chindwin, Tavoy and Salween. ARHOPALA RAMA. Plate 686, figs. 1, $, la, 9, lb, @, le, larva, 1d, pupa. Thecla rama, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 412, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, g (1848). Amblypodia rama, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 13, pl. 7, figs. 69, 70, 6; 71, 9 (1862). Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 111. Panchala rama, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 252. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 126. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 145. Arhopala rama, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 251 (1890). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 34. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 382, pl. V, figs. 14a, 14b, larva, 1l4c, 14d, pupa. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 130. Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1910, p. 366. Arhopala (Amblypodia) rama, Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 532. Amblypodia querceti, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C, i. p. 43 (1857), Amblypodia violacea, Rober, Iris, 1886, p. 72, pl. 5, fig. 6. Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple. Forewing, apex pointed, there being a slight excavation immediately below it, with very broad costal and outer marginal black borders commencing from the middle of the costa, where the black spot at the end of the cell runs into it, the band is broadest at the apex and projects inwards a little above the hinder angle. Hindwing also with very broad blackish borders, but the blackish colour is altogether of a paler shade than the black of the borders of the fore- wing, the costal space palest, the outer margin smoothly rounded, a short rather thick tail at the end of vein 2, black, tipped with white. Cilia dark grey, darkest on forewing, becoming blackish upwards. Underside grey-brown, with a slight pinkish tint. Forewing with the hinder marginal space broadly pale, markings slightly darker than the ground colour, three indistinct cell spots, a small round one near the base, a larger oval spot in the middle, and a bar-shaped still larger spot at the end, indications of an elongated spot below the last two in the next lower interspace, and another mark below this a little inwards, but all very indistinct and difficult to make out; a discal, even band of eight conjoined spots, in a very slight outward curve, and a sub-terminal series of very indistinct lunular marks, terminal line brown. Hindwing with some very indistinct marks on the basal portion, a bar at the end of the cell, a sub-costal spot above it and a discal outwardly curved band of conjoined spots ; all the markings visible on both wings are slightly tinged with ochreous. VOL. VIII. 2cC 194 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Upperside resembling the male, but paler, the marginal black bands are somewhat broader, leaving only the cell space and posterior base purple, the disc paler. /Tindwing with the purple interior more restricted. Underside like the male. Antenne black ; palpi black above, grey beneath ; head and body concolorous with the wings. GENITALIA not unlike those of @nea, Hewitson, but the tegumen hooks are short and not elbowed ; the clasps are broader, with the upper part of the jaw pointed, but broader. The penis is decidedly shorter. Expanse of wings, $ ? 144 to 14% inches. Larva, feeds on the young leaves of the common oak at Mussuri, Quercus incana, Roxb. : of the usual Lyceenid shape, pink, almost hairless, and attended by ants; of the colour of milk and water till about half grown, when they become a little greenish- blue; just before they turn into pup, they become of a pink colour. The only marking is the dorsal stripe, which begins on the third segment, becoming wider to about the seventh segment, when it narrows gradually to the eleventh, on which it ends. The new leaves of the hill oak are covered with a white tomentum, and these larvee le on the inside of the leaves, and, being exactly the same colour as the fluff on the leaves, they are very difficult to see. The attending ant is always single, and seemed to be occupied in stroking the posterior end of the larva. Pura, brown with a pink tinge. (Mackinnon and de Nicéville.) Hasirat.—Himalayas, Burma, China. Distripution.— Recorded by Moore from Dharmsala, by Doherty from Kumaon and Margherita in Upper Assam, by Watson from Chin Lushai, by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, by Manders from the Shan States, by de Nicéville from the Meplay Valley, Donat Range, and Thoungyin, all in Upper Tenasserim, by Leech from Kiukiang, China, and we have it from Sikkim and the Kangra Valley ; Doherty says he took it at Ramgarh (7,500 feet) in December, when the ground was powdered with snow; it is a common and widely spread species, it is in the B. M. also from Landoor, Murree, Thundiani, Tilin Yaw and Sultanpore. ARHOPALA DODONGA. Plate 686, figs. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. Amblypodia dodonea, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 43, pl. la, fig. 8 (1857). Panchala dodonea, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1882, p. 252. Panchala (?) dodonzea, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 364. Arhopala dodonxa, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 258 (1890) ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 1890, p. 386. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 382. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. Hannyngton, id. 1910, p. 366. Arhopala dodonea, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 134, pl. 5, figs. 25, 25a (genitalia). Imaco.—Male and Female. Sexes alike. Upperside pale-blue. orewing with a pale space in the upper dise, and very broad costal and outer marginal black borders, AMBLYPODIINZ. 195 narrowing somewhat towards the base of the costa, broadest at the apex and at the hinder angle; a black spot at the end of the cell merged into the costal band. Hindwing with the costa broadly blackish ; the band narrowing somewhat hindwards on the outer margin; tail rather broad and of moderate length, blackish, tipped with white. Cilia white, with a blackish base; apex of forewing acute, being somewhat excavated immediately below it, outer margin sinuous; the outer margin of the hindwing nearly smooth, anal lobe small, somewhat pointed. Underside. Lorewing greyish-cream colour, markings pale brownish, cell marks somewhat elongated, a small one near the base, an outwardly oblique mark in the middle, larger, and a still larger mark or narrow bar closing the cell; an outwardly oblique spot below the middle of the two outer cell spots, and a suffused larger one inwards on the next lower interspace, a rather broad discal compact band of conjoined squarish spots from the costa to vein 1, its upper part curving slightly outwards, marginal line pale brown, a sub-marginal thin brownish band, and between them indications of a series of paler lunular marks. Hindwing with the ground colour uniformly darker, the markings rather indistinct, being only indicated by their edgings, which area little darker than the ground colour ; three minute indistinct dots near the base, followed by three other similar dots, a thin bar at the end of the cell, with some indistinct marks in continuation above and below it, a somewhat irregular outwardly curved discal band of eight conjoined squarish spots, the two upper ones and the fifth spot a little inwards, marginal line pale brownish, a sub-marginal rather acutely angled line, with indications of some pale markings between them. Antenne black ; head and body concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 145; to 1485 inches. Hasirat.—Western Himalayas. Distripution.—de Nicéville says it occursin oak woods from Murree to Naini Tal, he also records it from Chin Lushai, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, Leslie and Evans from Chitral, Hannyngton from Kumaon ; we have it from Solon, Simla, and it is in the B. M. also from Dana, Narkundah, Ranikhet and Thundiani. Norr.—de Nicéville (p. 259) was doubtful as to whether this form was or was not a dimorphic female of A. rama, Kollar, all his examples being females; but Bethune- Baker says (p. 134), “I have examined several males and mounted dissections of the genitalia which show, I think, that the species are quite distinct, though very close, the claspers differ somewhat, and all the organs are very much larger and stouter.” ARHOPALA COMICA. Plate 686, figs. 3, 9, 3a, ?. Arhopala comica, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1900, p. 170, pl. E, E, fig. 18, 9. ; Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 134. Imaco.—Female. Upperside. Morewing black, the whole of the disc from the 202 196 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. base of the wing to one-fourth from the outer margin and from the sub-costal nervure to the inner margin shining purple, the end of the discoidal cell marked with a wedge-shaped tooth of the black ground colour. Hindwing reddish-brown, the basal area occupying about one-third of the total area of the wing, shining purple, the anal lobe reddish, the tail very broad at the base, thence tapering to a fine point, reddish, without a white tip. Underside, both wings light reddish-brown, all the markings black, of a curious character and unlike any species of the genus known tome. forewing with the three usual increasing markings in the cell, and the two outer ones with a spot each anterior to them on the costa; two spots below the cell, divided by the first median nervule ; a discal highly irregular macular band which is broadest on the costa, tapering to a mere dot behind the first median nervule, a very obscure sub-marginal fascia. Hindwing with the six usual sub-basal spots, a prominent discal macular fascia commencing behind the costal nervule towards the apex of the wing, terminating on the middle of the abdominal margin in front of the internal nervure ; beyond this is another fascia on the disc, each spot of which is represented by several black dots in a ring, the sub-marginal fascia as on the forewing, but even more obscure, no anal metallic markings whatever. This very comical-looking species may be an aberration or “sport,” but I am at a loss to conjecture of what species it can be an aberration, more especially as the shape of the tail with its broad base is very aberrant, on the upperside it is coloured and marked as on the same sex of A. alemon, mihi, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. vi., page 371, n. 20, pl. F, figs. 20, male, 21, female (1891), which flies with it. (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, ? 14% inches. Hasirat.—Burma. Disrripurion.—Described from a single example taken by Major F. B. Longe, R.E., on the 12th March, 1898. We have not seen this species ; the type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. SECTION II. With tails and with the markings of the underside formed of solid bands and mottled variegations. ARHOPALA DIARDI. Plate 687, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, ¢. Amblypodia diardi, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 9, pl. 5, figs. 51, 52, g¢ (1862). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 107. Butler, Trams. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 549. Satadra diardi, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 41. Panchala diardi, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 272, pl. 23, fig. 14, 2 (1885). Arhopala diardi, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 256 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, AMBLYPODIINZ. 197 p- 300. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 631. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 113, pl. 5, figs. 16, 16a (genitalia). Arrhopala diardi, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 466. Amblypodia capeta, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 22, pl. 8, figs. 70, 71 (1878). Amblypodia viardi, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 130. Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark purple-blue, costal and outer marginal line very finely black. Cilia black, a rather broad pointed tail of moderate length at the end of vein 2, black, tipped with white, and short black projections at the ends of veins 1 and 3. . Underside with the ground colour pale chocolate-grey, bands and spots dark chocolate-brown. Morewing with the outer middle portion suffused with darker chocolate-greyish-brown, somewhat darker than the ground colour, the basal third from the costa to vein 1 dark chocolate-brown, its outer edge outwardly oblique and rounded at its lower end, a broad band outwardly oblique and slightly curved from the costa, where it is broadly connected with the basal patch, down to vein 2, the colour running in to the base of interspace 2 touching the basal patch, this band has a slight projection outwards in interspace 3 touching the discal band which rather closely follows, and extends from the costa also to vein 2, and is somewhat elbowed in interspace 4, these bands are edged with white, and the spaces between them are somewhat whitish, and there are several pale brown diffused streaks in the interspaces from the outer third to the outer margin, and there is some trace of a whitish suffusion near the apex of the wing. Hindwing with a basal, dark chocolate-brown patch, its upper end deeply excavated, its lower inner end rounded ; inside the excavation is some whitish suffusion, and above the blunt lower end of the patch there are two elongated spots touching each other on the costa, and then separating in a A shape with their ends rounded ; an inner discal somewhat narrow band from the costa near the apex, inwardly oblique to vein 6, then straight down across the end of the cell when it becomes dislocated, there being a conical spot filling the base of interspace 2, and from its inner end a bar-shaped spot in the next lower interspace; also an outer discal narrow band from the costa in a straight line hindwards to vein 2, then straight inwards, broadly to the abdominal margin beyond its middle, with some little white suffusion at the bend, below the broad band there is another somewhat similar but narrower band parallel to it, crossing the anal area of the wing, the space between it and the margin being sparsely covered with minute black and bluish-white scales, a sub-terminal black spot in interspace 2 and a larger round black spot at the anal angle with an anteciliary line from the anal angle to the end of vein 2; all the bands and spots edged with white. Cilia black, tipped with white. Antenne black ; palpi, head and body blackish, abdomen below greyish. Female. Upperside violaceous blue. orewing with costal and outer marginal broad blackish bands, broadest at the apex, narrowing on the costa towards the base, 198 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. evenly broad on the outer margin, running narrowly for a short distance up the inner margin ; a short thick black bar across the upper end of the cell joining the costal band. /Tindwing with the costal space blackish, the outer margin with a fairly broad suffused blackish band, abdominal fold grey. Underside paler than the male, the bands narrower and consequently well separated, the dark patches at the base of both wings are generally only faintly indicated, and on the forewing the discal and post-discal bands are wide apart from each other and are not usually in any way connected. Expanse of wings, S$ 9 133, to 2 inches. GrnITaLia. —The tegumen is very simple with hardly any hood, and the sides very broad almost to the juncture with the clasps; the hooks are long, angled almost at 45° above their centre, and fixed very close to the top of the tegumen ; the clasps are small; the penis is rather like that organ in the ewmolphus group, but much shorter, not having the internal narrow portion as in that section. Hasrrat.—Assam, Naga and Karen Hills, Siam, Penang, Malacca, Singapore, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Philippines. Disrripution.—We have received many males from the Khasia Hills, but males only; the above description and figures of the male is from one of these examples. Elwes records it from the Naga and Karen Hills, Druce from Siam, Moore from Penang, Butler from Malacca, Distant from Singapore, and Bethune-Baker from the other localities ; it is in the B. M. also from Salween and the Shan States. ARHOPALA FULGIDA. Plate 687, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Amblypodia fulgida, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 11, pl. 5, fig. 31, ? (1863). Nilasera(?) fulgida, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 80, pl. 9, figs. 3, ¢; 3a, 9. Satadra fulgida, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 41. Arhopala fulgida, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 254 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p- 300. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 663. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 114. Arhopala (Amblypodia) fulgida, Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 532. Panchala singapura, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 273, woodeut 84 (1885). Iaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark purple-blue, the costal and outer marginal line finely black, much as in A. diardi. Underside rather pale rich chocolate- brown, bands and spots dark chocolate-brown, with pale edges. Forewing with the basal fourth dark chocolate-brown, with its inner edge nearly straight, this colour extended narrowly along the costa and joining an outwardly curved rather broad band which curves round the cell, from the middle of the centre to vein 2, and has irregular edges, an outwardly curved discal band from the costa to vein 2 where it narrows to a point, terminal line dark brown, a double sub-terminal series, rather AMBLYPODIIN. 199 indistinct. Hindwing with the centre parts suffused with dark chocolate-brown, two narrow bands near the base, a sub-basal very dark patch, swollen in its middle, from the costa ending at the end of the cell, with one or two paler spots below it, a recurved narrower band across the wing, a little beyond the middle, sometimes more or less continuous, sometimes broken into three pieces ending in a disconnected spot in the second interspace, a discal narrower band, its upper part suffused and obliterated by a large dark patch in the upper disc, indications of a sub-terminal band, darkest towards the anal angle, a black spot at the anal angle, another in the second interspace, somewhat removed from the margin, both capped with greenish- yellow metallic scales. Female. Upperside paler purple than in the male. Forewing with a broad costal blackish border and a still broader outer marginal border. /indwing with very broad marginal borders. Underside like the male. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1455 inches. Hasirat.—India, Burma, Singapore, Philippines. DisTRIBUTION.—The type is recorded as from the Philippines, we have received many examples of both sexes from Sikkim and the Khasia Hills where it is common, Watson records it from the Chin Hills, Manders from the Shan States, Distant from Singapore; it is in the B. M. also from Fort Stedman, Amherst Road, and Maymyo, Upper Burma. ARHOPALA ASOKA. Plate 687, figs. 3, $, 3a, 9, 3b, 6. Nilasera (?) asoka, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 78, pl. 9, fig. 6, g; 6a, 9. Arhopala asoka, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 252 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 118. Satadra chola, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 39. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark glossy purple-blue. orewing with the costal and outer marginal line finely black. Hindwing, costa broadly black, outer margin with a black band of about half the breadth, its inner edge uneven and somewhat diffuse. Cilia white, with a brown base, a moderately sized tail at the end of vein 2, black, tipped with white ; slight black projections at the ends of veins 3, 4, 5 and 6. Underside with the ground colour pale chocolate-grey, markings dark chocolate-brown. Forewing with the hinder marginal space below vein 5 nearly white ; costal space from the base to the discal band broadly paler than the bands, with a somewhat reddish tint, a broad sub-basal band from the costal band to vein 1, closely followed by a somewhat narrower similar band, which touches the sub-basal band at the base of interspace 2, and protrudes outwards in interspace 3 and is completed by a square spot a little outwards in interspace 1, the discal band, which is a little narrower than the medial 200 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. band, runs outwardly obliquely from the costal edge, is elbowed outwards somewhat in interspace 4, and then runs down straight to vein 2, a sub-terminal band, commencing from the costa in the form of a waved line, and begins to thicken hindwards from vein 5, an indistinct series of terminal, whitish lunular marks with dark centres. Hindwing suffused with brown, a broad sub-basal band, edged on both sides with whitish, its outer edge irregular, as if containing some conjoined spots, the medial and discal bands paler and very irregular and difficult to describe, the outer one containing some brown suffusion at both ends, terminal line brown, a sub-terminal line of more or less disconnected, fine lunules, and between them three black spots in interspaces 1, 2 and 3, more or less covered with iridescent blue-green scales, the middle spot often completely covered. Z Female. Upperside rather pale ultramarine-blue. J orewing with very broad costal and outer marginal black borders, the latter broadest at the hinder angle, a black spot at the end of the cell, sometimes more or less merged in the costal border. Hindwing almost entirely black, the blue area being confined to the cell and to the space below it, varying in extent in different examples. Underside as in the male, but the ground colour much whiter, making the bands more prominent. Antennz black; palpi black above, grey beneath ; head and body above and beneath concolorous with the wings, but the abdomen beneath is ochreous-grey. Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 14% to 15% inches. Hasrrat.—Sikkim, Burma. DistripuTion.—Common in Sikkim, we have received many examples; Bethune- Baker records the receipt of a pair from Staudinger, taken at Bhamo, Burma. ARHOPALA APIDANUS. Plate 688, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, 9, le, larva and pupa. Papilio apidanus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 137, figs. F, G, ¢ (1777), Fabricius, Sp. Ins. ii. p. 119 (1781) ; id. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 69 (1787). Hesperia apidanus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 280 (1798). Polyommatus apidanus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 652 (1823). Amblypodia apidanus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep, E.I.C. p. 100 (1829). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 39, pl. i. figs. 5, larva; 5a, pupa (1857). Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 180 (1869) ; id. Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 549. Satadra apidanus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 41. Panchala apidanus, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 273, woodeut, 85, ¢ (1885). Arhopalu apidanus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 253 (1890). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 590. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 115, pl. 5, figs. 17, 17a (genitalia). Thecla appidanus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. pl. 4, fig. 3, larva, 3a, pupa (1829). Amblypodia aphidanus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353, Payilio dorimond, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, pl. 37, fig. 4, 4D, 9 (1790). AMBLYPODIINA. 201 Arrhopala apidanus, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 466. Amblypodia apidanus, var. palawanus, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 130. Flos ahanus, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 33, pl. i. fig. 6, 2. Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark purple, with a cyaneous gloss in certain lights. Forewing with black costal and outer marginal line. Hindwing with the costal space narrowly somewhat paler than the rest of the wing, the outer margin sometimes with a black line, which has some obscure blackish on its inner side, tail at the end of vein 2 blackish, tipped with grey, slight productions near the anal angle (which generally has a blackish spot on it), and at the end of vein 3. Cilia black, with erey tips. Underside chocolate-brown, band and spots darker brown, with pale edges, the costal base of both wings with a short, dull scarlet streak. Forewing with the hinder marginal space pale, the basal half above the median vein dark brown ; having in it, near the end of the cell, an elongated narrow pale space, a rather broad, outwardly curved discal band, from the costa to vein 2 narrowing hindwards, a large sub-quadrate spot across the interno-median space, its upper inner edge touching the lower outer edge of the basal patch, a sub-marginal series of brown marks. —_Hindwing with the basal fifth dark brown, a pale curved bar at the end of the cell, indicated by its brown edgings; above this, but a little on its outer side, is a recurved similar mark from the costa to near the outer upper end of the discoidal bar, this mark is really the upper part of the usual discal band, which is continued on vein 6, well outwards and well separated from its upper portion, and consists of six conjoined spots in an even curve which narrows towards the abdominal margin, marginal line brown with a pale line inside it, a sub-marginal lunular line, and between this and the discal band is a diffused dark brown band, a black spot at the anal angle, another in the second interspace, both capped with metallic blue scales. Female. Upperside. Forewing, cyaneous-blue with broad costal and_ outer marginal blackish bands. Hindwing nearly all blackish, the centre portion cyaneous, varying somewhat in extent in different examples. Underside as in the male, but all the bands narrower. Expanse of wings, f ? 1,48; to 14% inches. GENITALIA.—Specialised in every point, the tegumen with its extraordinary beak- shaped hook and projection below this, the hooks recurved at their tips; the clasps small and evenly oblong ; the penis stout, curved, with a globose orifice, at the tip of which is a strong thorn-like spur. Larva.—Limaciform, black, marked with longitudinal reddish-brown and _ pale yellow stripes; the segments well defined, the sides furnished with numerous short bristly hairs; the head small; the second segment usually large, pale yellow, marked with a median fine black line, then on each side a U-shaped mark, and lastly a small round dot placed posteriorly ; each segment bearing laterally a prominent round dot VOL. VII. 2D 202 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. placed on a pale yellow patch ; the third to the penultimate seement inclusive of nearly equal size, the last segment anteriorly cut off or flattened. Pupa.—Rather elongated, smooth, the head rounded, the thorax but slightly humped, the tail pointed ; colour pale reddish, streaked and marked with dark brown and black. Described from the figures in Horsfield and Moore’s Catalogue. Dr. Hors- field says that in Java “ the larva feeds on the leaves of several species of Eugenia and Calyptranthes, and that the insect occurs commonly in the Island.” (de Nicéville.) Hasirat.—Mereui, Burma, Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Nias, Sambawa, Celebes, Philippines. Disrripution.—Taken by Doherty in Mergui, Java, Celebes and Sambawa ; recorded by Butler from Maulmein; we have it from Lawang and North Borneo; it is in the B. M. also from Yungzaleen Valley, Burma. ARHOPALA ADRIANA. Plate 688, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 2. Nilasera (?) adriana, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 79, pl. 9, figs. 5, ¢, 5a, 9. Arhopala adriana, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 253 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 117, pl. 5, figs. 18, 18a (genitalia). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-blue. Forewing with a black costal line and a black outer marginal band of fairly even and moderate width: Hindwing with the immediate costal space, narrowly, somewhat paler than the rest of the wing, a broad costal and outer marginal band broader than on the forewing, tail at the end of vein 2, black, tipped with white, slight projections at the ends of veins 1 and 3. Underside. Jorewing coloured and marked exactly as in A. asoka. Hindwing brown glossed with greyish, varying in shade in different examples, the basal portion dark, well glossed with grey, a large dark, sub-basal patch on the costa with two large round spots, pale edged, one above the other on its basal side, an irregular paler coloured band of spots (pale edged) across the middle of the wing, of which a large, curved, sub- quadrate spot at the end of the cell is the centre, an outwardly curved and much suffused broad discal band, darker than the ground colour, inwardly limited by an irregular line of curves, a sub-marginal similar line, brown terminal line, with a small black sub-terminal spot in the second interspace; these marks are fairly prominent in examples where the ground colour is pale, but in most specimens the ground colour is dark and hardly any of these marks are traceable. Female. Upperside. Forewing ultramarine-blue, generally brighter than in A. asoka, with similar broad black marginal bands and black discoidal mark. Hindwing with very broad black costal and outer marginal bands, the ultramarine-blue portion of AMBLYPODIINZ. 203 the wing varying somewhat in extent in different examples. Underside paler than in the male, the markings as in the male, but generally fairly prominent. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14° to 14% inches. GENITALIA.—Most peculiar ; the tegumen is elevated into a high saddle-back ridge, and then carried forward into two strong, curved, pointed tusks, jointed at the base with the tegumen, below which are the usual hooks. The clasps are composed of two portions, the hinder portion extending upwards with a hammer-shaped head, the fore portion small, sub-triangular, joined at its lower hind extremity to the other part. The penis is. stout, strongly curved in its whole length. Haprrat.— Sikkim. DisTRIBUTION.—Appears to be confined to Sikkim, where it is common; we have received many examples. SECTION III. Without tails. ARHOPALA BELPHGBE. Plate 688, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, g. Arhopala belphebe, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 421, pl. 33, fig. 18, and 1891, p. 34. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 272 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 632. Bethune- Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 142. Imaco.—Male. Above light, rather dull purplish-blue over about half of the Forewing, the darker border wide in the Hindwing; below much like mirabella, but the costal markings of the Forewing are absent, and the transverse discal band is composed of spots, nearly annular on the Morewing and entirely so on the Hindwiny; the three upper spots in the Morewing form a line outwardly oblique, the next two are united. Hindwing with the three basal spots small and crowded together, the others large, distinctly outlined with violet-white, that at the end of the cell irregular, produced outwardly to a point in the lower median space as in A. duessa; the transverse band annular, nearly regular, composed of slightly united pairs, the middle pair out of line ; a double line of obscure pale sub-marginal lunules on both wings: the species is some- thing like the female of the preceding one (mirabella), but the blue is paler and more lilacine ; it has no tail, and scarcely any lobe; it has some resemblance to A. ayesias, from Borneo. (Doherty.) Expanse of wings, ¢ 13 inches. Hasirat.—Myitta, Burma ; Margherita, Upper Assam. We have not seen this species, and have been unable to ascertain where the type is; the female is not described. 2D 2 204 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ARHOPALA CHINENSIS. Plate 689, figs. 1, g, la, 9, lb, @. Arhopala chinensis, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 231, pl. 29, fig. 10, g (1865). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 279 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 118, pl. 3, tig. 1, g; pl. 5, figs. 19, 19a (genitalia). ; Amblypodia chinensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 774. Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 14g (1869). Satadra chinensis, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 41. Nilasera (?) melleri, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 80, pl. 9, figs. 4, 6: 4a, ?. Arhopala moelleri, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 266 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 632. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 300. Flos melleri, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 34. Satadra lazula, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 40. Imaco.—Male. Upperside ultramarine-blue, with a beautiful shining gloss in certain lights. Forewing with the costal and outer marginal line black. Hindwing with the costal space black and a black outer marginal line, no tail, but there are slight black productions at the ends of all the veins, abdominal fold blackish. Cilia black, with white tips. Underside with the ground colour greyish-white, with a slight chocolate tint, markings chocolate-brown. Forewing with the basal third chocolate- brown, a pale spot in it in the middle of the cell, not always present, but generally some indication of it; in the type specimen it is somewhat prominent; a broad band from a little beyond the middle of the costa crossing the end of the cell to vein 2, connected broadly on the costa to the costal patch, and running in on vein 2, in connection with the patch, leaving another pale patch nearly square before the end of the cell, the lower outer end of this band touches the discal band, which is rather nearer the margin than usual, is broad and fairly uniform, and is very deeply outwardly curved, and ends in a square spot in the interno-median interspace, its upper part joining the two bands together, leaving a discal pale space from vein 7 to vein 2, the outer portion of the wing more or less suffused with chocolate-brown, a double sub-marginal brown line in it, obliterated by the dark suffusion in the type specimen. Hindwing with the ground colour darker than in the forewing, a small brown patch at the base, a broad sub-basal dark band broken on its outer margin in the type specimen, more or less broken in others, but sometimes its outer margin is complete and sinuous, a medial hand of five spots, the first from the costa pale, with brown edges, the second, third and fourth conjoined and running across the end of the cell, the first and second inwardly curved, the second much larger than the first, its outer upper end protruding outwards, a black angular spot fillmg up the base of the second interspace, a blackish square spot in the first interspace, its lower outer edge touching the base of the last- mentioned spot, its inner side narrowing and continued to the abdominal margin where it touches the lower end of the sub-basal band, a broad suffused brown discal fascia, AMBLYPODIINA. 205 inwardly limited by a series of somewhat spear-shaped marks with pale edges, a sub- marginal sinuous brown line and brown terminal line ; a row of five more or less conjoined, black, sub-terminal spots from the anal angle, all capped with metallic blue scales; all these bands and markings very difficult to describe, and they are not altogether constant, in some examples the central band commences from the costa with disjointed spots, and though the arrangement of them all is the same, they vary somewhat in their detail in different examples. Female. Upperside. Forewing pale purple in the middle with very broad marginal black borders. Hindwing nearly all blackish, the purple colour being limited to a little more than a streak down the middle of the wing. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ $ 15% to 2 inches. GENITALIA.—The tegumen highly excavated, so that the apex is produced into a strong curved hook, the hooks themselves are sharply angled, the clasps are in two portions, the fore portion receding within the hinder portion to a large extent, the latter being rather small. The penis is very stout and strongly curved. Expanse of wings, S ? 1745 to 145 inches. Hapitrat.—Sikkim, Assam, South China. DisrriBuTion.—Elwes records it from Margharita and Bernardmyo, de Nicéville from Sikkim and Sibsaghar ; we have received several examples from the Khasia Hills ; the type came from Shanghai, the type of mlleri from Sikkim ; our figure of the male is from Felder’s type, and the female from a Khasia Hill specimen ; it is in the B. M. also from Bhutan. ARHOPALA ARESTE, Plate 689, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Amblypodia areste, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 10, pl. 5, figs. 43, 44, 9 (1862). Nilasera (?) areste, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 97. Satadra areste, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 41. Arhopala areste, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 271 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 119. Satadra patuna, Moore, l.c. p. 40. Imaco.—Male. Upperside similar in all respects to A. chinensis. Underside. Forewing coloured and marked also as in chinensis. Hindwing darker, the basal fourth dark chocolate-brown, its inner margin a little diffuse but very even; a medial band of five conjoined spots, of the ground colour, indicated by their darker brown edgings, the first two are both inwardly curved, the third, which is divided by vein 4, crosses the end of the cell and is slightly outwardly oblique, the fourth, divided by vein 2, is a 206 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. little inwards, the fifth continues the curve to the abdominal margin ; the upper two are really the commencement of the usual discal band, which is here represented by a curved series of four conjoined spots of the ground colour with brown edges in the middle of the disc and well separated from the others, and are almost obliterated by a very broad and diffuse brown fascia which is darkest and broadest at the apex of the wing ; marginal and sub-marginal somewhat lunular brown lines, the latter becoming more separated from the margin as it approaches the anal angle, indications of a fine grey line between them, no anal spots or metallic scales. Female. Upperside similar to the female of chinensis. Underside as in its own male. Expanse of wings, 3 1355 to 14%; inches. Gen1TALIA.—Bethune-Baker says the genitalia are very close to the previous species, but the clasps are more pointed and differently placed ; but the very different marking on the underside of the hindwings differentiates it clearly. Hasirat.—Nepal, Sikkim, Assam. DisTRIBUTION.—Said to be a rare species in Sikkim, but seems to be fairly common in the Khasia Hills, from whence we have received many examples of both sexes; it is in the B. M. also from Bhutan. ARHOPALA ANNIELLA. Plate 689, figs. 3, $, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Amblypodia anniella, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 10, pl. 8, figs. 83, 84, ¢ (1862). Narathura anniella, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 269, pl. 21, fig. 20 (1885). Arhopala anniella, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 592. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soe. 1903, p. 114. Arrhopala anniella, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 468. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark rich violet-blue, very dark and very rich in colour. Forewing with very fine black costal and outer marginal line. Hindwing with the costal space black, outer marginal black line as fine as in the forewing, no tail. Underside. orewing with the upper portion very dark chocolate-brown, with a slight purplish tint gradually paling hindwards, the usual three spots in the cell, merged into the costal band, speckled and decorated with white and throwing three large rounded ends across the cell, and a fourth band from the costa closely adjoining, extending to the third interspace, outwardly curved and narrowing hindwards, the usual two spots below the outer part of the cell, the first outwardly oblique touching the other in the next lower interspace, the apex of the wing rather prominently smeared with white marks, indications of a marginal band, obsolete hindwards. //indwing very dark chocolate- brown, the markings indicated by their pale blue linings, and very difficult to determine, there appear to be four sub-basal spots, close together, followed closely by- AMBLYPODIINA. 207 three larger spots, a bar at the end of the cell with an attached spot above it and another below it, and a discal, outwardly curved rather narrow band of conjoined lunules arising from some dark brown suffusion in the upper disc ; indications of sub- terminal marks, an indistinct black anal spot, another in the second interspace with a few metallic blue-green scales in them, and a whitish suffusion across the wing above the anal angle. Female.--Upperside paler violet-blue, both wings with broad marginal borders. Underside like the male, but paler, the bands more distinct, the discal band of the hindwing traceable to the upper end, where there are two round separated spots. Expanse of wings, $ ? 13 to 2 inches. Hasirat.— Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo. DistrisutTion.—The types came from Singapore, our descriptions are from them. Distant records it from Province Wellesley, Perak and Sungei Ujong; Druce from Borneo, Bethune-Baker from Java, Sumatra, and Tenasserim (Donat Range). ARHOPALA EPIMUTA. Plate 690, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Amblypodia epimuta, Moore, Cat, Lep. Mus. E.I.C. p. 42 (1857). Arhopala epimuta, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 593. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 88, pl. 2, fig. 9, g, pl. 5, figs. 6, 6a (genitalia). Arhopala antimuta, de Nicéville (nec Felder), Butt. of India, iii. p. 277 (footnote) (1890). Arrhopala antimuta, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 469. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violaceous-blue. orewing with the costa and outer margin with a very fine black line, a patch of differently arranged scales in the centre of the wing. Hindwing with the costal space blackish, the outer marginal black line very fine, abdominal fold blackish-grey. Cilia brownish-grey. Underside brown, markings not darker than the ground colour, indicated by their pale ochreous-grey edges. Forewing with a sub-basal spot in the cell, a larger oval spot in the middle, and a still larger bar-shaped spot at the end; an outwardly oblique spot below the middle of the last two cell spots, and another spot in the next lower interspace below the centre cell spot, their two upper ends meeting together and forming an angle; a discal series of seven conjoined spots, the first inwards on the costa, very small and indistinct, the fifth shifted half way outwards, a smal] mark below the seventh. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots at equal distances apart, the fourth inwards, but separated from the abdominal margin, followed by three larger spots in a line, the third largest and irregularly shaped, a somewhat straight bar at the end of the cell, a discal series of eight conjoined spots, the second not immediately below the first as is usual, but a little outwards, its lower ends touching the upper outer end of the cell bar 208 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. and the upper inner end of the third spot, the fourth spot well outwards, the others in an even curve ;. both wings with brown terminal line, a sub-terminal series of lunules, and between them another series of smaller lunular marks, two black spots at the anal angle, rather heavily capped with metallic blue scales, outer margin quite smooth. Female. Upperside paler than the male. /orewing with very broad costal and outer marginal black borders. J/indwing with the costal space blackish, the band narrowing gradually round the apex and down the outer margin. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ 2 14% to 13’ inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. DisrrRiBuTION.—The type locality is simply India, Bethune-Baker records it from Mergui and Tenasserim, it is in Doncaster’s collection from Labuan and Singapore, and in coll. Druce from Kina Balu and Sandakan ; it resembles A. atosta, Hewitson, in its sex mark, colour and markings, but it has no tail, and its genitalia is somewhat different. ARHOPALA ANTIMUTA. Plate 690, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 2, 2b, g. Arhopala antimuta, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 233 (1865). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 98. Arhopala davisonii, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 280, frontispiece, fig. 135, g (1890). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 419. Arrhopala davisoni, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p, 469. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-blue, costal and outer marginal line finely black. Cilia black, with pale tips, abdominal fold pale brown. Underside dark brown, with a purplish tint, markings very slightly darker than the ground colour, very indistinct. Forewing with the hinder area pale, the usual three spots in the cell, with a sub-costal spot above each of the two outer ones, a discal series of six spots, the second and fourth well outwards, a sub-marginal double series of still more indistinct spots. Zindwing with four sub-basal spots, the fourth well inwards, followed by three spots in a line, a curved bar at the end of the cell, a discal series of eight spots, in a nearly even, outward curve, the first two disconnected, the rest touching each other, the fifth well inwards, being the only irregularly placed spot of the series, the seventh angular as usual just touching the sixth and joimed to the eighth which is near the abdominal margin, a double series of sub-marginal marks, the outer one very obscure, a black anal spot, and a black spot in each of the two following interspaces, all capped with metallic blue scales ; marginal line brown, with a pale inner line, no tails. Female. Upperside paler purple-blue, with a violet tint. orewing with broad blackish costa and outer margin. J/indwing nearly all blackish, the blue colour in the AMBLYPODIIN 2. 209 middle of the wing very limited, but varies somewhat in extent in different example’ Underside as in the male, but the ground colour slightly paler and the markings consequently more distinct; all the spots in both sexes are small and do not vary much in size. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 13 inches. GENITALIA.— With scimitar-shaped hooks on the tegumen, the clasps are very narrow, with the extremity bluntly pointed ; the penis is very small. Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. Distripution.—Felder’s type, which is now before us, came from Malacca, de Nicéville’s types from Singapore, Druce records it from Borneo, Doherty from Myitta and Mergui, we have it also from Perak, and from Kuching in Borneo. ARHOPALA MOOLATANA. Plate 690, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 2. Narathura moolaiana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 835. Arhopala moolaiana, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 274 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 89, pl. 2, fig. 6, g. Amblypodia epimuta, Hewitson (nec Moore), Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 11, pl. 6, figs. 59, 60, 9 (1862). Arhopala pastorella, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 418, pl. 23, fig. 12. de Nicéville, Le. p- 274, Imaco.—Male. Upperside, dark morpho-blue, shading towards the costa and outer margin of both wings into purplish-blue. orewing with the costal and outer marginal line black. J/indwing with the costal space narrowly blackish, outer marginal line black, no tails. Underside ochreous-brown, spots darker brown, with pale edging. J vrewing with a small sub-basal spot in the cell, a larger one in the middle and a still larger sub-quadrate spot at the end ; a spot below between the latter two, and a spot in the uext lower interspace beneath the centre cell spot, these two spots well separated ; a discal row of six separated spots almost in a straight line, the upper one small, the others of even size and nearly round, the fourth spot very slightly outwards, a sub-marginal series of spots, and between this series and the discal series are indications of another series, terminal line brown, and a series of marginal lunular marks. Hindwing with four small sub-basal spots, the second and fourth slightly inwards, followed by three larger spots in a line, the middle one slightly inwards, a curved spot at the end of the cell, with a small spot below it, a discal band of eight rather distinct spots, the second well outwards, just touching the outer edge of the first, the third still further outwards, touching the fourth below it, the fifth inwards, the sixth outwards, the seventh angular and well inwards not disconnected, touching the irregular-shaped eighth spot, sub-marginal and marginal series more or less distinct, a black spot at the anal angle, with a sub-terminal spot in each of the two following VOL. VIII. 25 210 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. interspaces, all three capped with metallic blue-green scales. Cilia of both wings black. Female. Upperside paler blue. orewing with broad black costal margin increasing in width to the apex, and narrowing gradually on the outer margin. TTindwing with the costal space broadly blackish and a narrow outer marginal blackish band. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 15%5 to 14%) inches. Hasirat.— Burma, Penang. DiIsTRIBUTION.—The types came from Taoo and Moolai, 3,000 to 6000 feet, both in Upper Tenasserim, Doherty’s type from Myitta in Lower Tenasserim, Bethune-Baker records examples in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Bheeling, Mergui and Penang, and we have it from the Yé Valley; it is in the B. M. also from Lankawi, Salween Valley, Ataran Valley and the Amherst Road. ARHOPALA DUESSE. Plate 691, figs. 1, g, la, g. Arhopala duessa, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 419, pl. 23, fig. 6. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 271 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 143. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. orewing bright blue, with costal and outer marginal black bands, narrow on the costa, broadening outwards, very broad at the apex, narrowing gradually hindwards on the outer margin, veins black. Mindwing uniformly dark brown, with a purple tint; marginal line dark brown. Cilia dark brown, no tails. Underside grey, glazed, markings chocolate-brown, with whitish edges. /vrewing with all but the hinder marginal space suffused with brown, two small spots in the cell, an outwardly curved bar at the end, a small spot below its inner side, a discal very broad band of conjoined spots, slightly outwardly curved above its middle, and increasing in size hindwards, some brown suffusion below it. Mindwing with the spots large, four sub-basal, the fourth a little inwards, followed by three in a line, slightly larger, an outwardly curved bar at the end of the cell, an indistinct spot between it and the third of the second series, touching both, a discal well curved series of eight spots, the two first from the costa large, conjoined, and of equal size, the lower inner end of the second touching the outer upper end of the discoidal bar, the others in three pairs of much smaller spots, commencing from close to the lower outer end of the second, the fifth and outer portion of the curved seventh somewhat inwards, marginal line of both wings brown, a sub-marginal band of lunules, and between them some indistinct lunular marks, the entire hindwing more or less variegated with pale and dark shadings, the upper part being darkest, Expanse of wings, ¢ 14 inches. Haszirar.—Burma. AMBLYPODIINL. 211 DIsTRIBUTION.—The type came from Myitta, Tenasserim, the description is from an example from the Donat Range, in the B. M. ARHOPALA ARTEGAL. Plate 691, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 6. Flos artegal, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 423, pl. 23, fig. 9 (¢ ex errore). Arhopala artegal, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 255 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 631. Bethune-Baker, Trans, Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 115. Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark lilac-blue. Forewing with fine costal and outer marginal black line. Hindwing with the costal space black, the outer margin with a fine black line. Cilia black, no tails, but there are short productions at the ends of all the veins, abdominal fold grey. Underside chocolate-brown, variegated in parts with pale brownish-grey. /rewing with the lower half very pale, a square bar in the middle of the cell, suffused into the dark basal patch which is triangular, a very large dark square spot at the end of the cell, with two conjoined angular spots attached to its lower side, a highly curved discal dark band, thickest in its middle, fining hind- wards almost to a point, a white smear at the apex partially covering a dark apical space, which extends a little down the outer margin. //indwing darker than the fore- wing, a pale shade across the lower middle, basal area very dark, with a still darker, squarish, large patch from the costa before the middle, with a spot on its inner side and some spots below it, a bar closing the cell, with two conjoined spots in continuation inwards to the abdominal margin, a discal sinuous blackish line, lost upwards in a very large dark patch below the costa near the apex, and ending near the abdominal margin in a prominent dark linear mark, a black anal spot, another in the next interspace, both capped with metallic blue-green scales, with a suffused dark band crossing the wing above them, terminal line of both wings brown. Female. Upperside pale lilac-blue, shining. Forewing with a very broad black apical band, extending along the costa to the end of the cell, where it suddenly narrows, does not enter the cell, but runs narrowly along the costa to the base, the outer marginal black band is very wide, and becomes still wider at the hinder angle. Hindwing with the costal and outer marginal black bands very broad and even, abdominal fold blackish, paling a little upwards. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, 1449, 2 14°5 inches. Hasirat.—Burma. DistrrBuTion.——Doherty’s type came from Mergui, he has certainly figured and described the female, not the male; there are a pair in B. M. from Tavoy Valley, taken by Bingham in April, 1893, which are undoubtedly artegal. The female corresponds with Doherty’s description and figure, and the male on the underside is 252 212 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. identical with the underside of the female; it is not unlike a small fulgida without tails, there is a male in Tytler’s collection from the Shan States. ARHOPALA HYPOMUTA. Plate 691, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Amblypodia hypomuta, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 11, pl. 6, figs. 63, 64, g (1862); id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 12, pl. 2, fig. 13, g (1863). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 354. Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 549. Arhopala hypomuta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 276 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 99, pl. 2, fig. 15, g. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, bright purple-blue. Forewing with the costal and outer marginal line thickly black. Hindwing, costal space broadly black, outer margin with a thick black line. Cilia black, no tails. Underside brown marking con- colorous, formed by their ochreous-grey pale edgings. orewing with three bars in the cell, increasing in size outwards, a well separated small spot near the costa above the last, an outwardly oblique spot below its inner side, a well separated spot im the next lower interspace below the middle cell spot, a discal series of six conjoined spots, the first small, near the costa, inwards, the fourth pushed outwards, a sub-marginal double row of rather square spots separated by the veins. Hindwing, with four sub-basal spots, the fourth well inwards, followed by three larger spots, a bar at the end of the cell, slightly constricted at its middle, a small spot adjoining its upper inner end, another between its lower inner end, and the third spot of the second series touching both, a discal series of eight spots in an almost even, outward curve, the first separate, the next five touching each other, the fifth shifted inwards, the sixth outwards, the seventh and eighth in a sinuous curve to the abdominal margin, a donble series of sub- marginal marks, the inner ones lunular, three black spots at the anal angle, partly covered by a sinuous band of metallic blue-green scales, generally fractured between the second and third spot, marginal line of both wings brown, with a pale inner thread. Female. Upperside rather pale violet-blue. /orewing with a narrow costal black band for half its length, which then suddenly expands to the apex, the outer marginal band broad, gradually narrowing hindwards. Hindwing with the costal space broadly black, the outer marginal band narrow. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ?, 1435 to 13° inches. Haprrat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. DisrriBuTion.—Hewitson’s type is marked ‘ India,” it is in the B. M. from Burma, we have it from Tenasserim. AMBLYPODIIN 4. 213 ARHOPALA METAMUTA. Plate 691, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢g. Amblypodia metamuta, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn, Lep. Lye. p. 13, pl. ii. figs. 14, 15, g (1863). Butler» Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 548. Narathura metamuta, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 267, pl. 23, fig. 19, $5; (mec fig. 18, ¢, var. ) (1885). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 44. Arhopala metamuta, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 419. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 275 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 100, pl. 5, figs. 12, 12a (genitalia). Arrhopala metamuta, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 469. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dark violet-purple, with a narrow costal black band and a broader outer marginal band. Hindwing morpho-blue, shining in certain lights, costal space broadly black, an outer marginal black band about as broad as in the other wing, abdominal fold grey, no tails. Underside ochreous-brown, markings indistinct, being very slightly darker than the ground colour, with pale edges. Forewing with the hinder marginal space pale, the usual three cell spots, a discal series of six spots, the first two conjoined, the others separate, the first four in an outwardly oblique row, the fifth inwards, the sixth below it. ITindwing with four sub-basal spots, the fourth only slightly inwards, followed by three spots in a line, the lowest the largest, a bar at the end of the cell with marks above and below it, and what looks like a double discal series of spots, and a sub-marginal series covering the whole outer surface of the wing; marginal line brown, two small black anal spots capped and almost obliterated by metallic blue scales. Female. Upperside, both wings morpho-blue, the blue colour gradually merging into black at the borders. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1,45 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. Distripution.—The type came from Sumatra, Moore records it from the Mergui Archipelago, Doherty from Myitta and Mergui, Butler from Malacca, de Nicéville from Tenasserim, and Bethune-Baker from Penang; it is in the B. M. also from Yé Valley and the Amherst Road. ARHOPALA PARAMUTA. Plate 692, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, ¢. Panchala (?) paramuta, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 81, pl. 9, figs. 7, ¢, 7a, Q. Arhopala paramuta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 268 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 632. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 301. Dudgeon, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. x. 1895, p. 144. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 135, pl. 4, figs. 22, 22a (genitalia). Darasana paramuta, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 34. Darasana newarra, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 42. Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 165, figs. 4, 4a, g (1886). 214 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Imaco.—Male. Upperside rick glossy purple. Forewing with broad costal and outer marginal black bands, broadest at the apex. Hindwing with the costal space broadly black, the outer marginal band also broadly black, the purple central area very limited, very slight productions at the ends of all the veins; no tail, abdominal fold grey. Underside brown, in fresh specimens with a slight purple tint, markings slightly darker than the ground colour, double edged, the inner edging being darker brown, the outer dull whitish, all very obscure. vrewing with three oval spots in the cell, increasing in size outwards, two small spots on the costa above the discoidal spot, a discal band of six conjoined spots in a gentle outward curve, all more or less lunular, a seventh small disconnected spot below the last ; the uppermost spot quite small, the others of fairly equal size. Hindwing with four small sub-basal spots, the third a little outwards, the fourth inwards, followed by four larger spots in a line, the two upper ones elongate, the third sub-quadrate, the fourth round and a little inwards, a bar at the end of the cell with a small spot attached to its inner lower end, connecting it with the lowest of the second row of three spots; a discal, well curved series of eight spots, the upper two conjoined, the lower inner end of the second, touching the upper outer end of the discoidal bar, the third spot some space outwards, connected with the next five spots, the fifth and seventh being shifted somewhat outside the others ; a sub-marginal line of angulated lunules; both wings with brown terminal line, a pale inner line and a series of indistinct lunular marks attached. Female, like the male above and below, the purple area on the upperside being rather more restricted. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14% to 1+% inches. Larva.—Two lyczenid larvae were found on the Fagoo Tea Estate in the Western Duars at 2,500 feet elevation above the sea. Length about ¢ of an inch. Onisciform, flattened, covered with downy bristles, semi-transparent, dull whitish, becoming more opaque and white dorsally ; an olive-brown medial dorsal line throughout ; two short white protrusible brush-like tentacles on the twelfth segment, a medial small orifice on the eleventh segment, probably exuding a fluid, as it is vigorously attended by a small black ant, the latter apparently tickling the larva with its antenne to make it do so, The larva is very similar to that of Arhopala abseus, Hewitson, which I discovered on Sal trees attended by a large red ant in 1890. Before pupating the larva becomes pinkish with a tinge of purple. It feeds on the leaves of Castaneopsis sp. Pupa.—Pale brown, with a darker dorsal streak and irrorated shghtly on the back with dark brown. Abdomen rather flattened. Emerged on 19th May, 1895, both females. (G. C. Dudgeon.) Hasirat.—Nepal, Sikkim, Assam. DistRIBUTION.—We have received many examples from Sikkim and from the Khasia Hills, where it seems to be a common species; the type came from Sikkim, AMBLYPODIIN A. 215 Moore’s type from Nepal, Doherty records it from Margherita in Upper Assam, Elwes from the Karen Hills, Dudgeon from the Western Duars, and it is in the B. M. also from Bhutan. ARHOPALA ROONA. Plate 692, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, ¢. Narathura roona, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 42. Arhopala roona, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p, 268 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc, 1903, p. 136. Imaco.—Male and Female. Upperside dark violet-blue. Forewing with fine black line on costa and outer margin. Hindwing with the costal space blackish, outer marginal line also narrowly black, abdominal fold blackish. Cilia greyish-brown. Underside dark brown, with an ochreous tint, markings slightly darker than the ground colour, edged with pale ochreous. Forewing with a sub-basal spot in the cell, nearer the base than usual, a larger spot beyond the middle, and a still larger one at the end, closer together than usual, a smaller round spot below the end spot, a discal series of six conjoined spots, of nearly equal size, the first four from the costa outwardly oblique and slightly outwardly curved, the fifth a little inwards; the sub-marginal markings very indistinct, but there seem to be indications of three narrow bands, filling up the outer space between the discal series and the marginal line which is dark brown. /Tindwing with four sub-basal spots followed by three larger ones, a bar at the end of the cell, with a small spot outside its upper end, very indistinct ; a discal series of eight spots in an almost even curve, the first two separated from each other and from the others, the fifth small and slightly inwards, a sub-terminal double band divided .by the veins, three small black spots near the anal angle almost entirely smothered by metallic blue-green scales, no tails, the outer margin smoothly rounded. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1 to 14%; inches. Hasirat.—Andamans. ARHOPALA ZETA. Plate 692, figs. 3, 2, 3a, 9. Amblypodia zeta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 590, pl. 58, fig. 6, 9. Satadra zeta, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 41. Arhopala zeta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii, p. 268 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 135. Imaco.—Female. Upperside glistening blue-green with broad costal and outer marginal black bands, abdominal fold blackish. Underside brown tinged with lilac, markings darker brown with pale edges. orewing with sub-basal and medial small spots in the cell, a broad square spot at the end, a discal band of six conjvined almost 216 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. square spots, the first three inclining outwards, the other three straight down, a small dot below the lower end of the band, a sub-marginal pale brown, rather broad band broadening hindwards. Hindwing with four small sub-basal spots, the fourth inwards followed by three larger spots in a line, a curved bar at the end of the cell, a discal series of eight spots in four pairs, the first two from the costa outside the cell bar, the next two well outwards, the next two inwards, the last two curved inwards as usual, a series of sub-marginal conjoined lunules, a marginal brown line with small lunular marks attached, margin of wing slightly scalloped. Male unknown. Expanse of wings, ? 1715 inches. Hasprrat.—Andamans. The type specimen is in the B. M. and is unique. ARHOPALA PERIMUTA. Plate 692, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, @. Amblypodia perimuta, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 42 (1857). Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p- 12, pl. 6, figs. 65, 66, g (1862) ; id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 21, pl. 7, Suppl. fig. 61, g (1878). Darasana perimuta, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 42; id. Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 44. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 423, and 1891, p. 34. Arhoyala perin.uta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 270 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p- 632. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 300. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 139. Imaco.—Male. Upperside glossy purple-blue, costal and outer marginal line black. Cilia black, no tails. Underside chocolate-brown with a purplish tint. ore- wing with the hinder marginal space broadly pale, markings slightly darker than the ground colour, with pale edges, three oval spots in the cell, increasing in size outwards ; indications of the two usual spots beneath the two outer cell spots; a discal rather broad band of six conjoined spots, the first small, in a row with the next three, inclining outwards, the fifth straight down, the sixth very slightly outwards, the whole forming an almost even, outward curve; a double series of sub-marginal conjoined rather square spots. //indwing with a very broad, dull pale ochreous fascia across the wing, broadest in its middle, occupying nearly half the wing surface, four small sub-basal spots, the fourth inwards, followed by three larger spots in a line, the two upper ones oval-shaped, a curved bar at the end of the cell of the pale ochreous colour of the fascia, indicated by its brown edges, some dark spots below it, an irregular outwardly curved line of lunular marks, its lower portion obscured in the dark ground colour of the outer portion of the wing, which is often somewhat nebulous on its inner side and darkens towards the margin, marginal line brown. AMBLYPODIINEA. 217 Female. Upperside paler than the male and more blue, the black margins of both wings very broad. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 15%; to 144; inches. GENITALIA with the tegumen short and of a heavy scimitar shape; the clasps are bilobed, and the penis is a straight tube. Hasrrat.—Sikkim, Sylhet, Assam, Burma. DistRIBUTION.—The type came from Sylhet, Elwes records it from the Naga Hills, de Nicéville from Rungamutti in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Doherty from Margherita in Upper Assam, Mergui and Myitta ; we have received a good many examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills; it is in the B. M. also from Darjiling, the Yé Valley and Rangoon. ARHOPALA ANDAMANICA. Plate 693, figs. 1, g, la, 9, lb, ¢. Amblypodia (? Narathura), fulla, var, andamanica, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Proce, As. Soc. Bengal, August, 1881, p. 143. Narathura fulla, var. andamanica, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p- 251. Arhopala andamanica, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 267, pl. 27, fig. 199, ¢ (1890). Bethune Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 151, pl. 4, figs. 25, 25a (genitalia). Narathura subfasciata, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Sept. 1881, p. 312. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-blue, darker than in A. fudla, and more blue. /vrewing with the marginal black bands broader, especially at the apex. [Hind- wing with the costal space very broadly black, gradually narrowing round the apex and down the outer margin. Cilia black, with dark grey tips, not white tips as in /w/la. Underside more ochreous than in fulla, the lower half of the forewing pale, indications of two pale brown thin bands, discal and sub-marginal rather close together, an obscure rather broad brownish band across the wing a little beyond the middle, the space beyond it to the outer margin slightly paler, with indications of a pale brown sub- marginal thin band. Female, bright violet-blue, of a much more beautiful blue than the male and very different in colour to the female of A. fulla, marginal black bands broader than in the male and very clearly black and well pronounced. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14 inches. Hasirar.—Andamans. Bethune-Baker says this species is quite distinct from fulla; the genitalia have the tegumen hooks stoutish and the clasps are heavy and broad, terminating in short upturned points, VOL, VIII. 2 218 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ARHOPALA FULLA. Plate 693, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Amblypodia fulla, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 10, pl. 6, figs. 67, 68, g (1862) ; id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 11 (1865). Arhopala fulla, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 150. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-blue, shining. Forewing with narrow, costal and outer marginal black borders. Hindwing with the costal area broadly black, outer marginal black band narrow, abdominal fold greyish, very slight productions at the ends of all the veins. Cilia black, tipped with white. Underside pale ochreous greyish-brown. J orewing without markings in the internal area, an obscure and rather narrow pale brown discal band from the costa to below vein 2, nearly straight, a similar but broader sub-marginal band which extends to the hinder margin. Hindwing with an obscure pale brown spot in the cell and a still more obscure lunular line closing the end, discal and sub-marginal bands as on the forewing, but broader, more complete and further apart from each other; both wings with the space between the bands pale, sometimes somewhat whitish-grey, clearest on the hindwing, marginal line brown, with a whitish inner thread, with greyish-white lunular marks attached, more prominent on the hindwing. Female. Upperside somewhat paler than the male, with the black marginal bands broader. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, S ? 1555 inches. Hapirat.—Andamans, Amboina, Bouru. Disrrisution.—The type from Bouru is in the B. M.; Bethune-Baker records it from Amboina and the Andamans. ARHOPALA ARVINA. Plate 693, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Amblypodia arvina, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 12, pl. 2, figs. 16, 17, ¢ (1865). Arhopala arvina, Bethune-Baker, Trahs. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 147. Arhopala aboé, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 281, pl. O, fig. 26, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark ultramarine-blue. orewing with very fine costal and outer marginal black line. Hindwing with tbe costal space broadly black, outer marginal line black, abdominal fold blackish-grey. Cilia black, no tails, outer margin smoothly rounded. Underside purple-brown, somewhat glossy, markings darker red- brown, with blue-grey edges. orewing with three spots in the cell, increasing in size outwards, the first round, the centre one oval, the end spot like an irregular outwardly curved bar, the usual two spots below the two outer cell spots, well separated from each AMBLYPODIIN. 219 other, the hinder marginal space from these spots to the hinder angle very pale, almost whitish ; a discal series of six conjoined squarish spots forming an almost even, out- wardly curved band, the fifth spot being a little inwards. Hindwing with the four sub-basal spots and the usual three in a line of the second series, apparently present, but very indistinct, a bar at the end of the cell, a square spot between it and the third spot of the second series touching both ; a discal band of eight spots, the second larger than the others, its lower edges touching both the cell bar and the upper inner edge of the third spot, all the spots more or less square, the fourth and the sixth shifted rather outwards, marginal line of both wings dark red-brown, a sub-marginal band, lunular on the hindwing and between them a series of small lunular marks. Female. Upperside, both wings pale sub-lustrous azure-blue. Forewing with a broad brown costa, very broad outer margin and yet broader apical area. Hindwing with very broad margins all round, broadest at the costa. Underside like the male, but much paler and not so rich in colour, pattern just the same, but inclined to be rather obscure. Expanse of wings, f ? 13%) inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Assam, Java. DistrIBUTION.—-The type came from Java, de Nicéville’s type from Tenasserim ; it is in the Berlin Museum from Assam, and we have several examples from the Khasia Hills. ARHOPALA AGELASTUS. Plate 694, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Amblypodia agelastus, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 12, pl. 6, figs. 61, 62, 9 (1862). Narathura agelastus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 44. Arhopala agelastus, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 278 (1890). Arhopala agelastus, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 136. Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright purplish-blue. Forewing with the costal band narrowly black, the apex broadly black, narrowing gradually to little more than a thick line before it reaches the hinder angle. Hindwing with the costal space broadly black, the outer marginal black band narrow and fairly uniform, abdominal fold blackish. Cilia black, no tails. Underside pale ochreous-brown, markings slightly darker than the ground colour, edged with greyish-ochreous. Forewing with three small cell spots, the one at the end of the cell the largest, a small outwardly oblique spot below it, another well separated small spot below the centre cell spot, a discal band of six con- joined even-sized spots, the first smaller than the rest, the band very nearly straight down, very slightly outwardly curved above its middle. Hindwing with four sub- basal spots, the fourth a little inwards, followed by three larger spots in a line, the third largest and somewhat triangular, a curved bar at the end of the cell, a spot between it 2F 2 220 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. and the triangular spot touching both, a discal series of eight spots, the second the largest, its lower inner edge touching the upper outer edge of the cell bar, the remaining spots conjoined in an almost even curve, the upper one well separated from the first two, the fifth spot a little inwards; both wings with brown marginal line, sub-marginal band, and between them a series of indistinct lunular marks, three black anal spots, smothered with metallic blue-green scales. Female. Upperside purplish-blue, rather paler than in the male, the margins broadly black. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 1355 to 148 inches. Hasrrat.—Burma. Distripution.—The type is labelled India (probably from Maulmein), it is in the Druce collection from Malawoon, Burma; de Nicéville records it as having been taken by Watson at Beeling and by Anderson at Yimiki, King Island, Mergui. Archi- pelago ; the description of the male is from the type in the B. M.; our figure is from an example from the Druce collection, our description and figure of the female from an example in our own collection from the Ataran Valley. ARHOPALA PERISSA. Plate 694, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, S. Arhopala perissa, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 419, pl. 23, fig. 11. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 278 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 633. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soe. 1903, p. 137, pl. 3, fig. 11, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich purple-blue, varying in some examples to brilliant pale lustrous blue. /orewing with the costal border narrowly black to the middle, then suddenly expanding to the apex, where the border is very broad, and gradually narrows hindwards to the hinder angle. Hindwing with the costal black band moderately broad, continued round the apex and narrowing gradually to the anal angle. Cilia black; very slight productions at the ends of all the veins; no tails. Underside chocolate-brown, with a slight ochreous tint; markings slightly darker than the ground colour, pale edged. orewing with the hinder marginal area broadly pale, a small oval sub-basal spot in the cell, a larger one in the middle, a still larger spot at the end, with a small spot attached to its upper inner side, an outwardly oblique spot -below it, with a larger sub-quadrate spot in the next lower interspace, its upper outer end attached to the lower inner side of the oblique spot; a discal fairly broad band of six conjoined spots, almost straight down, the first small, the others of uniform size, its lower end rather close to the sub-marginal series, terminal line brown, with a series of pale brown lunular marks on it. Hindwing with four small sub-basal spots, the fourth well inwards, followed by three larger spots in a line, a curved bar at the end of the cell, with two spots in continuation, the first curved, the other running in on to the abdominal AMBLYPODIINA. 231 margin, a discal series of eight spots, the first two well separated from the others, the lower inner end of the second spot touching the upper outer end of the discoidal bar, the others in an almost even outward curve, the fifth spot only out of place, being shifted slightly inwards, the seventh as usual is curved, and the eighth inwards on to the abdominal margin ; a sub-marginal series of conjoined angular lunules, terminal line brown, with a pale inner line, most apparent towards the anal angle, with a series of pale brown small lunular marks attached, a black spot at the anal angle and another in the next interspace, both almost obliterated by a short curved band of metallic pale blue scales. Female. Upperside like the male, but somewhat paler and duller in colour, the black borders broader. Underside like the male. Expanse of wings, S ? 148, to 14%; inches. Hasirat.—Burma. DistTRiBUTION.—The type came from Myitta ; it is in coll. Bethune-Baker from the Donat Range, who has kindly lent us an example for figuring; Elwes records it from Eastern Pegu. ARHOPALA ADALA. Plate 694, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Arhopala adala, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 282, pl. O, fig. 27, ¢. Bethune- Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 148. Arhopala adulans, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 284, pl. O, figs. 28, g, 29, 9. Imaco.—-Male. Upperside, both wings rich shining deep blue, distinctly turning to purple in some lights. orewing with the costa up to the costal nervure, the apex widely, the outer margin somewhat widely and decreasingly black, the inner edge of this black area is irregular as it is penetrated by the blue ground-colour beyond the end of the discoidal cell and again towards the apex of the wing. Hindwing with the costa, outer and abdominal margins broadly black. Underside, both wings glossy reddish-lilac-brown, all the spots darker, dull reddish-brown, out- wardly defined by a fine pale violet line. orewing with the inner margin broadly up to the sub-median fold and the first median nervule whitish ; a small oval spot towards the base, a larger one at the middle, and a still larger quadrate one closing the discoidal cell ; a costal spot; a rather large spot in the sub-median interspace placed at the point where the first median nervule arises; another oblique spot at the base of the first median interspace; a discal outwardly curved continuous unbroken chain of seven spots, the spots slightly and gradually increasing im size from the anterlormost one on the costa to the fourth, the fifth and sixth the same size as the fourth, the seventh a mere dot ; a prominent sub-marginal fascia divided from a marginal series of oval spots by a pale broken line. Hindwing with four small round spots acruss the base ; a sub- 222 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. costal spot ; a spot posterior to the last in the middle of the cell ; a large spot posterior again to the latter ; an elongated spot at the end of the cell; a small spot posterior to this; the discal band much dislocated, the two anteriormost spots well separated and shifted inwardly from the six spots which follow, touching the elongated spot at the end of the cell; the second portion of the discal band consists of six spots, which are all conjoined, but are placed in pairs somewhat, the posteriormost of these just touches the last spot of the discal series, which is placed on the abdominal margin ; a rather prominent lunulated sub-marginal band; a marginal series of oval dark spots; the anal angle produced, but hardly forming an anal lobe. Female. Upperside, both wings with the blue areas smaller than in the male. Forewing with the costal black border reaching to the sub-costal nervure, and closing the cell with a wedge-shaped projection; the outer margin of the blue area quite regular; the outer margin of the wing nearly twice as broadly black as in the male. Hindwing has the blue colour confined to a much smaller area on the middle of the disc ; the discocellular nervules marked with a black line. Underside, both wings as in the male, except that the ground-colour is a trifle paler. This species is a little like A. asotria, Hewitson, from Maulmein, which is still unknown to me except from Hewitson’s description and figure, but the blue coloration of the male on the forewing is less extensive and has anteriorly an irregular edge; the shape of the hindwing is also different in A. asotria, the anal angle is quite round in A. adela; it is produced to a point so that the abdominal and outer margins together form an exact right angle. The markings and coloration of the underside are very close indeed to A. arvina, Hewitson, and A. aboé, de Nicéville. (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 135 inches. Hasirat.—Burma. We have not seen this species; de Nicéville sent his whole collection of Arhopalas to Bethune-Baker when the latter was writing his Monograph of the Amblypodiinz. After de Nicéville’s death his collection was purchased by the authorities of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and as the rules and regulations under which they lend specimens for scientific purposes are absolutely prohibitive, we have not been able to examine any of the rarer species. After describing A. aduluns, de Nicéville makes the following remarks :—‘ On the upperside both sexes of this species agree almost precisely with A. adalu, de Nicéville, described above. On the underside, how- ever, the ground-colour of A. adulans is distinctly darker and less reddish; the pale inuer marginal area of the forewing is more extensive, reaching to the median nervure instead of to the sub-median fold ; and A. adala possesses in the forewing a small costal spot placed midway between the end of the cell and the discal band, which is wanting in A. adulans. The female of A. adala (which I have not thought it necessary to figure) has the blue coloration of the upperside considerably less extensive than in the AMBLYPODIIN.E. 223 same sex of A. adulans, so that in the forewing the black area broadly covers the disco- cellular nervules, and in the hindwing occupies about half the surface, in A. adulans the black colour occupies the outer third of the wing only. * Described from three males and one female in my collection.” Bethune-Baker says that after examining de Nicéville’s specimens, he could not but consider them as one and the same species. Our figures are copies of de Nicéville’s figures of adala $ and adulans $. ARHOPALA TOUNGUVA. Plate 695, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Amblypodia tounguva, Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 268. Arhopala tounguva, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 269, pl. 27, fig. 198, ¢ (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 49. Grose-Smith, Rhop. Exot. Lyc. pt. 44, pl. 15, figs. 4, 5 (1898). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 138, pl. 3, fig. 12, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-blue. Forewing with the black costal band broad, the outer margin with its black band not quite so broad. Hindwing with the costal space broadly black, the black outer marginal band somewhat narrower than it is in the forewing; in shape and outline it is similar to A. perissa. Underside ochreous-brown, markings much as in A. perissa, but the bands are somewhat broader. Forewing with the discal bands decidedly broader. Hindwing with the discal band much broader, the upper inner end of the third spot touches the lower outer end of the second, whereas in perissa it is well separated from it, but otherwise all the markings are similarly disposed. Female. Upperside paler blue, all the marginal black bands broader. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, f 14%, 2 14% inches. Hapirat.—Burma, Andamans. DistriputTion.—The type came from Toungu; we have it from Ataran Valley ; de Nicéville records it from Rangoon and the Andamans, and Watson from Chin Lushai. . ARHOPALA ASOPIA. Plate 695, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. Amblypodia asopia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 14f, pl. 3c, figs. 50, 51 (1869). Arhopala asopia, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 270 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 138, pl. 3, fig. 13, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, lilac-blue, sub-lustrous. Forewing with the costal and outer marginal bands moderately broad and dark brown, broadest at the apex. 224. LEPIDOPTERA’ INDICA. Hindwing with the costal space broadly brown, narrowing rapidly round the apex and down the outer margin. Underside ochreous-brown, markings darker brown with pale edgings. Fvrewing with two small round spots in the cell, sub-basal and medial, a bar at the end; a discal, rather broad, nearly straight band of six conjoined spots, the first small, the fifth a little inwards, an outwardly oblique spot or dash below the outer cell spot, the four lower spaces outside this mark pale, almost whitish; a some- what broad sub-marginal band of conjoimed lunular marks, the margin pale with small, indistinct lunules. Hindwing with the usual four sub-basal spots and the three following spots all unusually small, a curved bar at the end of the cell, a discal series of eight spots in pairs, the lower ends of the second touching the upper ends of the discoidal and of the third spot, the upper outer end of the fifth touching the lower inner end of the fourth, the seventh curved, running into the eighth, which runs into the abdominal margin, a sub-marginal rather broad band of angular conjoined lunular marks, terminal line pale, with sub-terminal small lunules. Female. Upperside purple-blue, much brighter blue than the male, bands some- what broader. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ? ? 145 to 155 ches. Hasirat.—Barma. DistripuTion.—The type came from Maulmein; it is in the B. M. from Tilin Yaw and Tenasserim ; in Bethune-Baker’s collection from Bhamo, and in ours from Ataran. ARHOPALA HETA. "Plate 695, fies. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b. Arhopala xeta, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1893, vol. vii. p. 333, pl. H, fig. 17, 9. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 139. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull bluish-purple. / crewing with a black spot at the end of the cell running into the broad black costal band which commences obscurely at the base, becomes well marked at the middle and expands on to the apex where it is very broad, runs broadly down the outer margin and expands somewhat at the hinder angle. Hindwing with the costal space broadly black, the outer margin with a black line, with very slight productions at the ends of all the veins, abdominal fold grey. Cilia black. Underside rather pale chocolate-grey, markings brown. Forewing with a very small sub-basal spot in the cell, a larger oval spot in the middle, a rather large, somewhat square spot at the end with a small spot attached to its upper inner end, and a large spot attached to it below, which is somewhat obscured by a broad brown smear which runs from it for more than half the length of the cell below the median vein; a discal, rather broad band of six conjoined spots, outwardly curved below the costa, then running straight down to vein 2, a AMBLYPODIINAL. 225 sub-marginal less broad but rather prominent band which becomes diffuse hindwards and narrows upwards, a brown marginal line and between them a series of small lunular marks, the hinder marginal space below these bands paler than the rest of the wing. /7indwing rather darker than the forewing, four sub-basal spots nearly in a line, followed by three larger spots in a line, the third somewhat triangular, a curved bar with a pale centre at the end of the cell, a spot between its lower end and the triangular spot, a very irregular discal series of eight spots, the first pair from the costa conjoined, the lower inner end of the second spot touching the upper outer end of the discoidal bar, the next two conjoined and well outwards, the fifth and sixth together in echelon to the third and fourth, the upper outer end of the fifth touching the lower inner end of the fourth, the seventh curved, its outer part inside the lower end of the sixth and just touching it, the eighth annular and well separated from the seventh, and placed well inward and upward close to the abdominal margin, marginal line brown, a sub-marginal band of conjoined lunules, and between them a series of small lunular marks. . Female. Like the male above and below, but darker, the spots below more prominent. Expanse of wings, $ ?, 14% inches. Hasirat.— Burma. Distripution.—The type, a female, now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, was taken by Bingham in the Thoungyin Valley; there are both sexes in the B. M. from Bingham’s collection, taken by him later in the Haundraw Valley, from which our descriptions and figures are taken ; the underside of de Nicéville’s figure is very incorrect and does not correspond with his description. ARHOPALA OBERTHURI. Plate 696, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, 6. Amblypodia oberthiiri, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 132, pl. 2, fig. 4. Arhopala oberthiivi, Bethune-Baker, Trans, Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 101, pl. 2, fig. 16, @. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant blue. Forewing with broad black costal border, which joins the black discoidal bar and from thence is broader to the apex, where it is broadest, the band being continued broadly and almost evenly down the outer margin. /indwing with costal and outer marginal border, broadly and evenly black ; abdominal fold grey. Cilia black, anal lobe very slightly represented ; no tail, but there is a short production of the wing at the end of vein 2. Underside with the ground colour chocolate-grey, markings dark chocolate-brown. Forewing with- some chocolate-brown suffusion above and below the cell, three cell spots with pale centres, increasing in size outwards, the two usual spots below the middle of the two outer cell VOL, VILL. | one 226 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. spots formed of two bars in an angle with their upper ends joined together, brown marks across the cell between the cell spots, a similar short mark from the costa, outside the outer cell spot, the whole lower space of the wing from the median vein some- what suffused with brown, a discal series of six conjoined spots, in almost a straight band, the uppermost one small, the others gradually decreasing in size hindwards, a sub-marginal series of dark and separate lunular marks, stopping at vein 2, and a series of pale brown marks between the bands. /Hindwing with a brown costal spot at the base, a sub-basal series of four spots, the fourth well inwards, followed by three spots in a line, a narrow, curved bar, constricted at its middle at the end of the cell, a discal series of eight spots, the first two from the costa large, the lower ends of the second touching the discoidal bar, and the upper inner end of the third spot, the fourth immediately below the third, the fifth small and inwards, the sixth and seventh curved, the eighth inwards and upwards on the abdominal margin, all these spots with pale centres and all the series with small dark chocolate-brown marks between them, so that the whole surface of the wing is mottled with dark chocolate marks of various kinds, very difficult to describe; a sub-marginal series of acutely angled conjoined lunules, two at the middle filled in with very dark, nearly black-brown ; both wings with brown terminal line and sub-terminal, dark blackish-brown lunules, small in the forewing, large in the lower part of the hindwing, decreasing in size upwards. Female. Upperside paler than the male. Forewing with the costal and outer marginal black bands similarly shaped, but broader, and there is a large black spot on a small whitish ground at the end of the cell which runs into the broad costal band. Hindwing with the costal space and outer marginal band very broadly blackish, and also like the male there is a short projection at the end of vein 2. Underside with the markings exactly as in the male, but the general coloration is much paler. Expanse of wings, ¢ 13%, $ 14%) inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Philippines. DistRiputIon.—The type came from the Philippines. Bethune-Baker, who has kindly lent us an example for figuring, records it from Tounghas, Central Burma, and from the Donat Range; it very closely resembles A. alesia, Felder, but has no tail. The female is described and figured (for the first time) from an example in the B. M. from the Shan States taken by Watson in January, 1897. ARHOPALA GANESA. Plate 696, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. Amblypodia ganesa, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 44, pl. la, fig. 9 (1857). Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 13, pl. 7, fig. 72, g (1862). Panchala ganesa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 252. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 126. AMBLYPODIINZ. 22°77 Arhopala ganesa, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 281, pl. 96, g (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 273 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 663, pl. A, fig. 6, ¢. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 383. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. Bethune- Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 146, pl. 4, figs. 24, 24a (genitalia). Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1910, p. 366. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, greyish-violet-blue. Forewing with the costa grey along the basal half, from thence it is black, expanding rapidly to-the apex where the black band is very broad, and then broadly down the outer margin, but narrowing slightly hindwards, a small white patch on the inner side of the apical band, being in and beyond the end of the cell, and divided into two by a large black spot at the end of the cell which is attached to the costal band. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the outer margin with a narrow blackish-grey band, sometimes macular, the spots running a little way inwards on the veins. Cilia white, with a little black at the base ; no tails, the outer margin evenly rounded, the costa sinuous, its apex acute and anteriorly produced. Underside. Forewing cream colour, markings dark chocolate-brown, edged with darker brown, a pale sub-basal spot in the cell, a narrow dark bar across the middle and a larger one at the end, joined to two spots beneath it, divided by the vein, filling the bases of the two interspaces, the lower the larger, another spot beneath the central cell bar, a discal series of six conjoined squarish spots of fairly equal size, the upper one separated from the costa, where there are two minute pale spots, the third and sixth spot shifted half outwards; the sixth spot is a little suffused and is inwards and somewhat larger than the others; a sub-marginal row of dark lunules. Sindwing grey, darker than the forewing, the markings slightly darker than the ground colour, edged with chocolate-brown, two costal spots at the base, one above the other, four sub-basal spots, the fourth slightly inwards, followed by three larger ones in a line, a bottle-shaped spot at the end of the cell, and a curved series of eight spots in four pairs, the fifth and seventh being a little inwards; a sub-marginal lunular line and a series of small lunular marks close to the margin, all these markings on this wing often very indistinct and difficult to make out. Female. Upperside with the blue colour generally darker and brighter than in the male, the black marginal bands broader, the white patches in the upper disc of the forewing larger. Underside as in the male, but the markings are usually more distinct. Expanse of wings, f ? 1,2, to 143; inches. Hasirat.— Western Himalayas. Distripution.—It has a wide range from Kashmir on the west to Kumaon on the east, 5,500 to 6,500 feet elevation, always in oak forests; the type is marked N. India. Hannyngton and Lang took it in plenty at Kumaon, Leslie and Evans in Chitral, Mackinnon and de Nicéville at Mussuri, and Watson in the Chin Hills; we 262 228 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. have it also from Simla and Kulu. It is the type of Moore’s genus Panchala and is certainly more worthy of differentiation than any other of the so-called separate genera. It is in the B. M. also from Sultanpore and Ranikhet. SECTION IV. With tails = Acesina, Moore. ARHOPALA ABERRANS. Plate 696, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, 9. Acesina aberrans, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 279, pl. 14, figs. 3, ¢, 4, 9; id. Butt of India, iii. p. 281, pl. 25, figs. 142, ¢, 143, @ (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 532. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 49. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 634. Amblypodia aberrans, Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 49. Arhopala aberrans, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 144. Imaco.— Male. Upperside violet-blue. Forewing with black costal and outer marginal line. /7indwing with the costal area narrowly blackish, a black outer marginal line, abdominal fold pale, tail black, tipped with white, a suffused, narrow pale blackish sub-terminal streak on each side of the tail edged outwardly by a white thread close to the black margin, an indistinct blackish anal spot ringed with whitish. Cilia black, with its lower part on both wings tipped with white. Underside white, with some pale chocolate suffused marks on the upper and outer portions of the forewing and over the whole of the hindwings ; markings chocolate-brown, with white edges. orewing with the spots and bands rather large, three bar-like spots across the cell, increasing in size outwards, with paler bands between them, some irregular spots above the two outer cell spots, from thence to the base the costa is suffused with pale chocolate colour, an outwardly oblique spot below the middle of the two outer cell spots, a larger spot joined to it, in the next lower interspace, below the middle cell spot, a discal band of seven spots in two pieces, the uppermost small, joined to three larger spots in an outwardly oblique line, two large and one smaller spot joined together in echelon with the upper series, its upper end well separated from it, its lower end touching the lower end of the sub-marginal band which is diffuse near the hinder angle and runs up in a fine line to the costa, Mindwing with a rather large costal spot at the immediate base, four sub-basal spots close together, the upper one well separated from the costa, the fourth inwards near the base of the abdominal margin, followed by four larger spots, three in a line touching each other, the fourth well separated and uear the middle of the abdominal margin, a curved bar at the end of the cell, a spot between its lower end and the third spot of the second series, touching both, a discal AMBLYPODIINA. 229 series of eight spots, the first two from the costa, the second large, its lower inner end touching the outer upper end of the discoidal bar, the third and fourth outwards, the fifth inwards, the sixth outwards, the seventh in a curve, the eighth well inwards and very small, a sub-marginal line of thick lunules joined together, both wings with brown terminal line, with small pale lunular marks against it, a small black anal spot, a small black lunular mark in each of the three following interspaces, capped with pale blue. Female. Upperside pale blue. Mvrewing with broad black costa and outer margins, a black spot at the end of the cell, touching the broad costal band, a white patch at the end of the cell, one beyond it in the lower discal interspace and two smaller ones below divided by the second medial nervule; in some examples all these white spots are more or less fused together. /indwing with the costal space very broadly blackish, the outer marginal black band narrow, the black colour running up on some of the veins, a black sub-terminal lunular mark in each of the three anal interspaces with a fine white line on their outer side. Underside as in the male, the metallic blue scales at the anal angle sometimes absent, sometimes slightly indicated. Expanse of wings, $ 2 14 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Sikkim. Disrrisution.—The male type came from the Meplay Valley and the female from the Donat Range, Watson records it from the Chin Hills, Elwes from the Karen Hills, Manders from the Shan States, there is a male in coll. Druce from Maymyo and a female from Sikkim ; it is in the B. M. also from Tilin Yaw, Ataran Valley, Haundraw Valley, Amherst Rvuad, and Dudwatong in Upper Burma. ARHOPALA BIRMANA. Plate 696, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, g. Panchala birmana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 531. Arhopala birmana, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 274 (1890). Grose-Smith, Rhop. Exot. Lye. pt. 44, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2, 3 (1898). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 144. Acesina arisba, de Nicéville, MS. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 49. de Nicéville, id, p. 369, pl. F, fig. 19, g. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark blue. orewing with costal and outer marginal pands narrowly black. Hindwing with the costal space broadly, the outer marginal band narrowly black ; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia black, outwardly edged with white; a black spot at the anal angle, another in the first interspace, and a small one between them, not very prominent. Underside chocolate-brown, markings a little darker than the ground colour, with white edges. /orewing with a somewhat narrow sub-basal bar in the cell, a larger one in the middle, and a still larger one at the end, a spot on the costa touching the inner end of the last, and three other costal spots 230 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. touching each other between it and the upper spot of the discal series, a short outwardly oblique spot touching the lower end of the discoidal spot, another but longer outwardly oblique spot below its inner end, and a spot in the next lower interspace all touching each other, the space outside all these spots up to the discal series and the entire space below them whitish. //indwing with a rather large costal spot at the base, four sub-basal spots, the upper one well separated from the costa, all four rather close together, the fourth well inwards near the abdominal margin, followed by three larger spots also rather close together, the upper one nearly touching the costa and limiting and half obliterated by a large square whitish patch, which on its other side is limited by and half obliterates the upper spot of the discal series, a curved bar, slightly constricted at its middle, at the end of the cell, with a spot between its lower inner end and the third spot of the second series, touching both ; a discal, well curved series of eight spots, the first two from the costa, the lower inner end of the second touching the upper outer end of the discoidal bar, the next two below well separated from the two upper ones, placed well outwards, and nearer the outer margin than is usual, the upper outer end of the fifth touching the lower inner end of the fourth, joined to the sixth, which is long with a thin end curving below the seventh, which is curved as usual, and joins the eighth, which runs inwards and upwards to the abdominal margin below its middle, both wings with a sub-marginal lunular series, terminal brown line, with a whitish inner line, with small lunular marks attached, a black spot at the anal angle, a smaller black spot in each of the following interspaces, all capped with a few metallic blue scales. . Female. Upperside pale blue. Forewing, with the costal and outer margins broadly black, a black spot at the end of the cell touching the black costal band, a white patch within the end of the cell, and another beyond the black discoidal spot. Hindwing with the costal space broadly black, the outer marginal black band narrow. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1535 to 14% inches. Hasirat.—Burma. DisTRIBUTION.—The types came from Tilin Yaw, de Nicéville also records it from Maulmein, and Bethune-Baker from Tenasserim. ARHOPALA AMMONIDES. Plate 697, figs. 1, g, la, @. Acesina ammonides, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1890, p. 34. Arhopala ammonides, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 630, pl. 44, fig. 7. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 143, pl. 3, fig. 31, ¢. Arhopala ammon, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 243 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant blue, or dark morpho-blue; the borders very AMBLYPODIINA. 231 deep black. Forewing with costal margin for one-third narrowly black, then expanding rapidly to the apex and narrowing a little on the outer margin to the hinder angle, its inner margin in a fairly well rounded curve. Hindwing with the costa and outer margin broadly and evenly black, a moderately long, narrow, black tail, tipped with white. Cilia black, with some white at the tips on the upper part of the hindwing only. Underside very dark rich chocolate colour, markings indicated by their pure white edgings ; three large bars of increasing size outwards, in the cell, the second and third white edgings run up above the sub-costal vein, and have a dark patch between them, a white oblique short line above the vein between the fourth and fifth edgings and three above the sixth; a discal series of six conjoined spots, the first the smallest, a little inwards on the costa, the fourth a little outwards, a small patch of white with a short white line above it, connecting the lower part of the band with the lower end of the discoidal bar, a double series of sub-marginal, much angulated white conjomed lunules, nearly obliterated at the apex by a large white smear. Hindwing with a large round white spot on the middle of the costa, four sub-basal spots in a line, the upper three conjoined, followed by three slightly larger spots in a line attached to each other, a bar at the end of the cell, constricted in its middle, a discal series of eight spots, the fifth and seventh a little inwards, the seventh curved with a small spot attached to it, sub- marginal double series of white lunules as in the forewing more or less obliterated at the apex by a large white smear. Female. Upperside paler and duller blue, marginal black bands a little broader. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 14%; to 15% inches. Hasirat.—Burma. ARHOPALA PARAGANESA. Plate 697, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. Amblypodia paraganesa, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 63. Panchala paraganesa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 530. Acesina paraganesa, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 42. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p- 281 (1890). Arhopala paraganesa, Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 663. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 144, pl. 4, figs. 23, 23a (genitalia). Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1910, p. 366. Imaco.—Male. Upperside violet-blue. Forewing with very broad costal and outer marginal black bands, occupyiug all but the middle, basal, and lower portions of the wing, the costal band narrows a little towards the base, and the outer marginal band runs in narrowly on the hinder margin for a short distance, a black spot at the upper end of the cell, joined to the costal band, and some small white marks in the blue space outside the cell. Hindwing nearly all blackish, the blue space, which is powdered 232 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. with blackish atoms, being confined to the cell and for a little distance beyond and below it ; avery small black anal spot, and a black sub-terminal lunule in each of the next three interspaces, a white anteciliary thread, tail black, tipped with white. Cilia on both wings black, with white outer edge. Underside white, markings chocolate-brown, with white edges. orewing with base and costa up to the discal band suffused and spotted with chocolate-brown, this marking running down between the cell spots, which are oval and increase in size outwards, a discal band of seven conjoined spots, the first very small, with another similar one on the costa close to its inner side, the others in a gentle even curve, with the exception of the fourth spot, which is pushed a little outwards ; the seventh is small and has a small dark smear below it, and is near the outer marginal double series of lunular marks. Hindwing with a basal spot on the costa, with the base of the wing below it suffused with chocolate-brown, four sub-basal spots as in A. aberrans, a smeared spot above the upper one, a spot in the middle of the cell, a broken thin band running across the wing inside it, a bar at the end of the cell with three spots between its lower end and the abdominal margin, a discal series of seven spots, the first two from the costa, the second the largest, the next three joined together, outside and well separated from the upper two, the sixth curved, the seventh small, nearly all the spots with white centres, a sub-marginal series of white angular marks with small black lunules inside them, all the bands with pale chocolate-brown marks between them, on the lower half of the wing. Both wings with the terminal line brown. Cilia white, brown on the upper two-thirds of the forewing. Female, like the male above and below, but on the upperside it is duller in colour, and the white marks in the upper disc of the forewing are a little more extensive. Expanse of wings, 3 2 142; to 144; inches. Hasirat.—Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Sylhet. Distripution.—The type came from Nepal, Watson records it from the Chin Hills, de Nicéville says it is rare in Sikkim, and that he has seen one example taken in Sylhet, we have it from Sikkim and the Khasia Hills, Hannyngton records it from Kumaon. ARHOPALA ZEPHYRETTA. Plate 697, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 9. Acesina zephyretta, Doherty, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 33. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p- 634, pl. 44, fig. 8, ¢@. Arhopala zephyretta, Bethune-Baker, Trans, Zool, Soc. 1903, p. 145. Imaco,—Male. Upperside blackish-brown. Forewing with a very small space in the middle of the wing obscure blue. Hindwing without any blue, but with a blue tint towards the base; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings with white tips. Underside with all the markings as in A. paraganesa, but almost the entire AMBLYPODIIN 2. 238 surface of both wings is suffused with chocolate-brown, the lower dise of the forewing and the upper disc of the hindwing being palest. Female. Upperside. Forewing with the cell and a small portion outside and below it purple-blue. //indwing blackish, with a small space near the base with some purple-blue colour visible. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ ? 142; to 14% inches. Hapirat.—Assam. Disrripurion.—The types came from Margharita, Upper Assam; it is in our collection from the Khasia Hills. ARHOPALA ARIEL. Plate 697, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 2, 4b, g. Acesina ariel, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 33. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 634, pl. 44, fig. 9, g. Arhopala ariel, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 145. Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-blue. orewing with a broad outer marginal black border, which runs narrowing down the costal margin beyond its middle and is continued in a fine line to the base. Hindwing with the margins broadly blackish, the blue colour limited to a small space in the middle of the wing; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black, with white tips on the hindwing and lower portion of the forewing. Underside chocolate-brown ; except for a white space on the lower dise of the forewing and a very large white spot attached to the middle of the costa of the hindwing all the markings are similar to those in A. paraganesa and are very little darker than the ground colour, which has suffused chocolate-brown marks between the bands on both wings, making the entire surface of both wings (except the white patches) very dark and densely packed. Female similar to the male above and below, except that the black outer marginal bands are broader. Expanse of wings, f ¢ 15°; to 1445 inches. Hasirat.—Assam. DistrisutTion.—The types came from Margharita, it is in our collection from the Khasia Hills. INDO-MALAYAN, CHINESE AND JAPANESE ALLIED SPECIES. Arhopala meander, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Ent. p. 76 (1832). Synonyms, Arhopala adherbal, Grose-Smith, Rhop. Exot. iii. p. 10, pl. 25, fig. 3 (1902). Arhopala appianus, Grose-Smith, id. p. 11, pl. 25, fig. 4. Habitat, South-east Borneo, New Guinea, and the Islands to Queensland. Arhopala pseudo-centaurus, Amblypodia pseudo-centaurus, Doubleday, List. Lep. B. M. u. p. 24 (1847). Habitat, Java. VOL. VIII. 2H LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Arhopala eridanus, Amblypodia eridanus, Felder, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xl. p. 453 (1860), Arhopala eridanus, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 229, pl. 29, figs. 16, 17 (1865). Bethune- Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 49, pl. 1, fig. 14, g, and pl. 4, figs. 13, 13a (genitalia). Synonyms, Amblypodia polita, Rober, Iris, 1887, p. 199, pl. 9, fig. 14. Amblypodia eridanus, var. dilutior, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 123. Habitat, Palawan, Cagayan Isl. N. Borneo, and Balabak. Arhopala annulata, Amblypodia annulata, Felder, Lep. Amboin. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xl. p. 452 (1860). Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 5, pl. 3, fig. 21 (1865). Synonyms, Amblypodia tristis, Rober, Iris, 1887, p. 200, pl. 60, fig. 9. Amblypodia erebina, Staudinger, id. 1889, p- 123, pl. i. fig. 14. Habitat, Banka Island, Philippines, Amboina. Arhopala lycenaria, Amblypodia lycenaria, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. iv. p. 396 (1860) ; id. Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 232, pl. 29, fig. 13, ¢ (1865). Synonym, Amblypodia olinda, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 354, pl. 33, fig. 5, 9. Habitat, Malacca, Penang, Borneo, Sumatra. Arhopala amphimuta, Amblypodia amphimuta, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. iv. p. 396 (1860). Arhopala amphimuta, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 232, pl. 29, fig. 8 (1865). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soe. 1903, p. 90, pl. 2, fig. 7, 6. Habitat, Malacca. Arhopala inornata, Amblypodia inornata, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. iv. p. 396 (1860). Arhopala innorata, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 234, pl. 29, fig. 12, § (1865). Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 91, pl. 2, fig. 8, ¢. Habitat, Malacca, Philippine Islands. Arhopala hercules, Amblypodia hercules, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 3, pl. 8, figs. 92, 93, g (1862). Habitat, Celebes, Java, N. Guinea, Halmaheira, Waigece. Arhopala acetes, Amblypodia acetes, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 5, pl. 3, figs. 14, 15, y (1862). Arhopala acetes, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 45, pl. 3, fig. 18, g. Habitat, Celebes. Arhopala aliteus, Amblypodia aliteeus, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 7, pl. 5, figs. 45, 46, g (1862). Synonym, Amblypodia viviana, Rober, Iris, 1887, p. 200, pl. 9, figs. 13, 14. Habitat, 8. Celebes, Banka Island, Mindoro. Arhopala adatha, Amblypodia adatha, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. pl. 4, figs. 29, 30, 31, g (1862). Habitat, Malacca, Celebes, Philippines, Amboina. Arhopala achelous, Amblypodia achelous, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 7, pl. 5, figs. 7, 8, g (1862). Habitat, Singapore, Borneo. Arhopala agesias, Amblypodia agesias, Hewitson, Cat. Lep. B. M. p. 2, pl. 6, figs. 55, 56 (1862). Habitat, Borneo, Sumatra, Pulo Laut, Malacca. Arhopala muta, Amblypodia muta, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 11, pl. 6, figs. 57, 58, ¢ (1862). Habitat, Java. Arhopala adonias, Amblypodia adonias, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 8, pl. 4, figs. 32, 33 (1862). Synonym, Amblypodia grynea, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 20, pl. (suppl.) 7, figs. 59, 60 (1878). Habitat, Java, Philippines. Arhopala ammon, Amblypodia ammon, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 9, pl. 5, fig. 49, 50, 2 (1862). Habitat, Malacca, Sumatra. Arhopala aurea, Amblypodia aurea, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 8, pl. 8, figs. 87, 88 (1862). Habitat, Borneo. Arhopala araxes, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. iii. p. 224, pl. 29, figs. 3,4, §; 5, 2 (1865). Habitat, Celebes, Banka Island, Sula Island. Arhopala aglais, Felder, l.c. p. 223, pl. 29, fig. 11, g (1865). Habitat, Philippines. Arhopala asinarus, Felder, l.c. p. 235. Synonym, Lycena japonica, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 167 AMBLYPODIINE. 235 (1874). Arhopala japonica, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 134, pl. 3, fig. 10, g, and pl. 4, figs. 21, 21a (genitalia). Habitat, Cochin, Japan. Arhopala elfeta, Amblypodia elfeta, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 14b, pl. 3a, fig. 40, 9 (1865). Habitat, Celebes. Arhopala tephlis, Amblypodia tephlis, Hewitson, l.c. p. 14c, pl. 3a, figs. 57, 58, 3 (1865). Synonym, Amblypodia bicolora, Rober, Iris, 1886, p. 71, pl. 5, fig. 7. Habitat, Celebes, Gilolo, Halmaheira. Arhopala theba, Amblypodia theba, Hewitson, lc. p. 6, pl. 5, figs. 29, 30 (1865). Habitat, Philippines. Arhopala aronya, Amblypodia aronya, Hewitson, l.c. p. l4e, pl. 3b, figs. 45, 46 (1865). Habitat, Mindanao. Arhopala arsenius, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 236, pl. 29, fig. 18 (1865). Habitat, Luzon. Batchian. Arhopala phzenops, Felder, l.c. p. 227 (1865). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p- 68, pl. i. fig. 27, g. Habitat, Philippines. Arhopala auxesia, Amblypodia auxesia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 5, pl. i. figs. 1, 9; 2, 3, g (1865). Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 80, pl. 3, fig. 23. Habitat, Sumatra, New Guinea. Arhopala hesba, Amblypodia hesba, Hewitson, l.c. p. 142, pl. 3b, fig. 47 (1865). Bethune-Baker, l.c. p- 95, pl. 3, fig. 28, §. Habitat, Philippines. Arhopala alaconia, Amblypodia alaconia, Hewitson, 1.c. p- 14, pl. 3, figs. 52, 53 (1865). Habitat, Borneo. Arhopala ocrida, Amblypodia ocrida, Hewitson, loc. p- 146, pl. 3a, figs. 38, 39 (1865). Habitat, Philippines. Arhopala amphea, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 234, pl. 29, fig. 19 (1865). Habitat, Philippines. Arhopala corinda, Amblypodia corinda, Hewitson, Le. p. 14c, pl. 3a, figs. 34, 35, 3, 33, 2 (1865). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 121, pl. 3, fig. 2, g. Synonym, Arhopala acestes, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1892, p. 330, pl. H, fig. 14, g. Habitat, Philippines, Penang, Perak. Arhopala cnotria, Amblypodia cnotria, Hewitson, l.c. p. 14a, pl. 3c, fig. 56 (1865). Habitat, Philippines, Nias, Borneo. Arhopala myrzala, Amblypodia myrzala, Hewitson, l.c. p. 14c, pl. 3b, figs. 41, 42, g¢ (1865). Habitat, Philippines. Arhopala czca, Amblypodia cxca, Hewitson, l.c. p. 14, pl. 4, fig. 28, g (1865). Habitat, Borneo. Arhopala canulia, Amblypodia canulia, Hewitson, l.c. p. 14f, pl. 3c, fig. 54, g (1869). Arhopala anunda, Amblypodia anunda, Hewitson, l.c. p. 14a, pl. 3a, fig. 32 (1869). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. p. 76, pl. 3, figs. 19, 20, 21, and pl. 5, figs. 2, 2a (genitalia), Synonym, Amblypodia anthelus, var. saturatior, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p- 122. Habitat, Philippines, Sumatra, Java. Arhopala trogon, Panchala trogon, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1884, p- 201; id. Rhop. Malayana, p. 275, woodcut, 87, g (1885), and p. 464 (1886). Arhopala trogon, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 467. Habitat, Perak, Sumatra. Arhopala morphina, Panchala morphina, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1884, p- 201; id. Rhop. Malayana, p. 274, woodcut 86, g (1885). Arhopala morphina, de Nicéville and Martin, 1.c. p. 468. H.H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 666. Habitat, Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, Silam. 2H 2 bo for} LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Arhopala kurzi, Narathura kurzi, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 682, pl. 21, fig. 1, g (1885). Habitat, Malacca, Penang. Arhopala quercoides, Amblypodia quercoides, Rober, Iris, 1886, p. 72, pl. 5, fig. 9. Arhopala quercoides, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 68, pl. i. fig. 26, g. Habitat, Celebes. Arhopala loomisi, Amblypodia loomisi, Pryer, Rhop. Niphon. p. 11, pl. ii. fig. 15 (1886). Arhopala ganesa, var. loomisi, Leech, Butt. China, &e. ii. p. 343, pl. 30, fig. 11 (1893). Synonym, Arhopala ganesa, var. seminigra, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 44 (1890). Habitat, China, Japan. Arhopala kuhni, Amblypodia kuhni, Rober, Iris, 1887, p. 200, pl. 9, figs. 5, 8. Arhopala kuhni, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 113, pl. ii. figs. 28, ¢, 29, 9. Habitat, Banka Island. Arhopala argentea, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 281, pl. 96 (1888). Synonym, Arhopala clarissa, Grose-Smith, Nov. Zool. iv. p. 366 (1897); id. Rhop. Exot. Lye. pl. 14, figs. 4, 5 (1898). Habitat, Celebes. Arhopala davaona, Semper, Schmett. Philipp. Ins. v. p. 204 (1888). Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 96, pl. ii. fig. 12, ¢. Habitat, Philippines. ’ Arhopala staudingeri, Semper, l.c. p. 195. Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 109, pl. ii. fig. 25, ¢. Habitat, Philippines. Arhopala anamuta, Semper, l.c. p. 203. Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 128, pl. 3, fig. 6, g. Habitat, Philippines. Arhopala viola, Semper (non viola, Rober), l.c. p. 196. Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 51, pl. i. fig. 7, g, pl. 3, figs. 29, 30, 9. Habitat, Philippines. Arhopala myrtha, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 127. Bethune-Baker, lc. p. 61, pl. i. fig. 23, ¢. Habitat, Philippines. Arhopala myrtale, Staudinger, l.c. p. 126, pl. i. fig. 17 (mon 16). Bethune-Baker, l.c. p- 63, pl. i. fig. 25, 6. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 592. Habitat, Borneo, Philippines. Arhopala pseudomuta, Amblypodia pseudomuta, Staudinger, l.c. p. 125. Arhopala pseudomuta, Bethune-Baker, lc. p. 87, pl. i. fig. 30, ¢. Habitat, Malacca, Borneo. Arhopala agesilaus, Amblypodia agesilaus, Staudinger, l.c. p. 127, pl. i. fig. 16 (non 17). Bethune- Baker, l.c. p. 93, pl. ii. fig. 10, g, pl. 5, figs. 7, 7a (genitalia). Habitat, Perak, Malacca, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines. Arhopala detrita, Staudinger, l.c. p. 129. Habitat, Philippines. Arhopala allata, Staudinger, l.c. p. 125, pl. 2, fig. 1. Bethune-Baker, lc. p. 128, pl. 3, fig. 7, g. Habitat, Philippines, Borneo. Arhopala epimete, Amblypodia epimete, Staudinger, l.c. p. 128, pl. 1. fig. 2, g. Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 141, pl. iii. fig. 16. Habitat, Philippines. Arhopala horsfieldi, Arablypodia lorsfieldi, Pagenstecher, Jahrb. des Nass. Ber. fiir Naturk. xliii. pp- 96 and 106 (1890). Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 107 pl. ii. fig. 26, g. Habitat, Java. Arhopala asia, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1892, p. 333, pl. H, fig. 16, g. Habitat, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra. Arhopala area, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 331, pl. H, fig. 15, 9. Habitat, Celebes. Arhopala ace, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 329, pl. H, fig. 13. Habitat, Perak, Sumatra. Arhopala elopwra, H. H. Druce, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1894, p. 9; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 590, and 1896, p. 670, pl. 29, fig. 6. Habitat, Borneo. Arhopala azata, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 466 ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 1896, p. 172, pl. T, figs. 32 ¢,33 9. Habitat, Perak, Sumatra. AMBLYPODIIN 4. 237 Arhopala similis, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 592. Synonym, Arhopala anila, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 469. Habitat, Borneo, Sumatra, Salangor. Arhopala anella, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 289, pl. P, fig. 32. Habitat, Perak. Arhopala azinis, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 3, pl. T, fig. 31. Synonym, Avhopala kounga, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 662, pl. 30, fig. 4, 2 (nee fig. 3, g). Habitat, Sumatra, Borneo. Arhopala labuana, Bethune-Baker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 667, pl. 30, figs. 12, g, 13, 9. Habitat, Borneo, Philippines. Arhopala sandakana, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, lec. p. 671, pl. 31, fig. 2, g. Habitat, Borneo, Java, Silam, Pulo Bai. Arhopala drucet, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 661, pl. 30, figs. 1, g, 2, 9. Habitat, Kina Balu, Borneo. Arhopala havilandi, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 665, pl. 30, figs. 8, g, 9, 9. Habitat, Kina Balu. Arhopala auzea, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 169, pl. S, figs. 29, g, 30, ?. Habitat, Java. Arhopala avatha, de Nicéville, lc. p. 174, pl. T, fig. 34, ¢. Habitat, Sumatra. Arhopala moorei, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 669, pl. 31, fig. 1, ¢. Habitat, Malacca, Borneo, Sumatra. Arhopala waterstradti, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, lc. p. 668, pl. 30, figs. 10, g, 11, 9. Habitat, Borneo. Arhopala deva, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, le. p. 669, pl. 31, fig. 3. Habitat, North Borneo. Arhopala borneensis, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 666, pl. 30, fig. 5, ¢. Habitat, Borneo, Malacca. Arhopala bella, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 664, pl. 30, figs. 6, g, 7, 9. Habitat, Kina Balu. Arhopala tameanga, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 568, pl. 29, figs. 7, g, 8, 9. Habitat, S.E. Borneo, Arhopala semperi, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 659, pl. 29, figs. 9, g, 10, 9. Habitat, Borneo. Arhopala dajagaka, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 660, pl. 29, figs. 11, g,12, 9. Habitat, Borneo. ; Arhopala sangira, Bethune-Baker, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1897, p. 202; id. Trans. Zvol. Soc. 1903, p. 57, pl. i. fig. 20, g. Habitat, Sangir. Arhopala ijauensis, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 203 (1897). Arhopala ijauensis, id. lc. p. 80, pl. 1. fig. 28, g (1903). Habitat, Perak. Arhopala fruhstorferi, Rober, Ent. Nachr. xxiii. p. 6 (1897). Habitat, Java. Arhopala gunongensis, Bethune-Baker, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1897, p. 205; id. Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 97, pl. ii. fig. 13, g. Habitat, Perak. Arhopala brahma, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 203 (1897) ; id. l.c. p. 99, pl. ii. fig. 14, g (1903). Habitat, Perak. Arhopala dohertyi, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 64, pl. i. fig. 8, g. Habitat, Celebes. Arhopala malayica, Bethune-Baker, 1.c. p. 71, pl. ii. fig. 2, g. Habitat, Philippines, Java. 238 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Arhopala brookei, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 84, pl. i. fig. 29, ¢. Habitat, Borneo, Pulo Laut. Arhopala sceva, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 85. Habitat, Sumatra. Arhopala catori, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 93, pl. 2, fig. ll, ¢. Habitat, Philippines, Borneo, Bilit. Arhopala irregularis, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 111, pl. u1. fig. 18, 9. Habitat, Celebes. Arhopala barami, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 126, pl. ui. fig. 5, ¢. Habitat, Borneo, Perak. Arhopala buddha, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 148, pl. iii. fig. 25, g. Habitat, Java. Sub-Family CURETINZA. Containing but one genus, Curetis, which is quite aberrant and stands alone ; eyes hairy ; in venation it is aberrant, the sub-costal nervure of forewing terminating on the outer margin below the apex of the wing, in both sexes; with three sub-costal nervules, the arrangement of the medial nervules being, however, much as in the genus Arhopala; both wings vary much in outline, the forewing is sometimes very acute, sometimes ordinary, the hindwing in some forms angulate, in others rounded and entire ; no tail, body robust, legs stout, wings short and broad, indicating rapid powers of flight; colour on the upperside in the males coppery-red or orange-red of various shades, with black margins of varying width, the females have this colour replaced by ochreous or by white; the underside of the wings in both sexes is shining silvery- white with somewhat indistinct pale greyish fascize, which vary in their position in the different forms, the genus is strictly confined to the Indo-Malayan region and to China and Japan. Larva anteriorly somewhat humped, the twelfth segment furnished with two long upright hollow cylindrical processes or “ pillars,” from which, at the will of the animal, can be thrust forth long tentacles; when the larva is touched or frightened these are instantly protruded; each has a brush of long parti-coloured hairs as long as itself; these hairs open out into a rosette. and the tentacle is whirled round with immense rapidity, producing a most curious effect, probably so used to frighten away their enemies, the worst of which are ichneumon flies; the larvee are not attended by ants, not having the organ on the eleventh segment, consisting of an oval opening with lips like a mouth which exude some drops of sweet liquid as in many other forms of the Lyczenide. Pura is as aberrant as its larva, almost half a hemisphere im shape, with a short projection at one end, and looks very like a lump of jelly. (Extracts from de Nicéville.) CURETINZ. 239 Genus CURETIS. Curetis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 102 (1816). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 73 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 201 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 284 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 435 (1907). Phzdra, Horstield, Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 123 (1829). Anops, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. i. pl. 23, fig. 1 (1836). Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 473 (1852). Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell, 11 emitted at one-third before end, 10 at one-fourth before the end, 9 out of 7 from its middle, 7 ends on outer margin below the apex of the wing, 8 absent, 6 from upper end of cell, 4 from lower end, 5 from the middle of discocellulars, 3 from before lower end. Hindwing with the cell about half the length of the wing; middle and lower discocellulars obsolescent, oblique, vein 8 strongly curved at base and ends at the apex of the wing, 3 and 4 emitted close together from the lower end of the cell. Antenne short, less than half the length of the costa of forewings, without a distinct club, very gradually incrassate, bluntly rounded at apex, palpi porrect, densely clothed in front with short scales, third joint thick and short in the male, longer in the female. Type, #sopus, Fabricius = thetys, Cramer. SECTION I. With rounded hindwings. CURETIS THETYS. Plate 698, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, g¢, le, larva and pupa, natural size, 1d, larva and pupa enlarged, with brush on twelfth segment extended. Papilio thetys, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. p. 16, pl. 9, figs. 3, 4, 9 (1773). Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. p- 77, pl. 238, fig. D, 9 (1779). Anops thetys, Horstield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 52, pl. 12, fig. 5, larva, 5a, pupa (1857). Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 15 (1863). Curetis thetys, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 74, pl. 34, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9 (1881). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 127. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1888, p. 165, pl. 26, larva, pupa, and tentaculum. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 279, pl. 96, g, 2 (1888). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 356. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 287 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 531. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 33. Betham, id. 1891, p. 181. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1893, p. 48. Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 437, woodeut, figs. 93, a, b (1890). Papilio cinyra, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. p. 76, pl. 238, fig. C, g (1779). Anops cinyra, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 53 (1857). Papilio xsopus, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. ii. p. 125 (1781). Mant. Ins. ii. p. 79 (1787). Herbst, Pap. pl. 325, figs. 3, 4, 2 (1804). Hesperia xsopus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 307 (1793). Curetis xsopus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 102 (1816). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 202, pl. 24, fig. 12, g (1884), and p. 451, pl. 44, tig. 14, 9 (1886). 240 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Anops xsopus, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 160 (1869). Papilio phedrus, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. ii. p. 125 (1781); id. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 79 (1787). Hesperia phzdrus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 307 (1793). Candalides phzdrus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 73 (1816) ; id. Zutrage, Ex. Schmett. figs. 263, 264, g (1823). Polyommatus phedrus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 675 (1823). Anops pheedrus, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. i. pl. 23, fig. 1, ¢ (1836). Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 160 (1869). Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 135. j Curetis Phedrus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 605. Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 33 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 286, pl. 27, fig. 201, g (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 439 (1907). Phedra terricola, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 124 (1829). Anops santana, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 54 (1857). Curetis arcwata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 523, pl. 48, fig. 3, ¢. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii, p. 289 (1890). Curetis thetys, var. arcuata, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 439 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside coppery-red. Forewing with a narrow black costal band, very narrow at the base and very gradually increasing in width to the apex, and then narrowing gradually to the hinder margin to a thick line; the inner margin of the costal band is generally more or less irregular, and the outer marginal band has usually a few very short black lines running in on the veins. Hindwing with a very narrow black costal band, and outer marginal black line, with some short black lines running up the veins, abdominal fold greyish, some greenish-grey basal irrorations on both wings. Underside, pure white, somewhat shining, both wings with two transverse, indistinct greyish, somewhat sinuous bands, post-discal and sub-marginal. Antenne black, tipped with red; palpi black above, white beneath ; head and body brown above with some greenish-ochreous hairs, white beneath, outer margin of the hindwing evenly rounded. Female. Upperside blackish-brown, nearly black. orewing with the central space white, including the outer half of the cell (a black spot at the upper end running into the black costal border) and the outer and lower dise. Hindwing with a white curved broad band in the upper dise, from the costa near the apex to the middle of the wing, the base of both wings and the abdominal portion of the hindwing paler than the rest of the wing. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ 2 145 to 148, inches. The black borders on the upperside vary a little in the males (but not much), the grey indistinct bands on the underside seem to be quite constant in their dispositions in each form, and enable one to separate one form from another. Eee.—China white; an oblate sphere, flatter below than above, or turbinate, being shaped like many Echini, covered with very coarse hexagonal reticulations, the apex of the egg having a deep central depression. CURETINZ. 241 Larva, on emergence, eats a hole through the top of the egg about equalling one-third of its upper surface, and crawls out. The empty shell has a close superficial resemblance to an echinous shell. The larva is pale ochreous in colour, and is furnished with long stout hairs, of which a sub-dorsal series is on each side, with one long hair springing from the apex of each tubercle; there are besides other lateral series, and numerous hairs projecting forwards in front of the head and backwards over the anal segment. The full-grown larva is the most beautiful known to me among the Lycenide. It is about +4 of an inch in length, of the exact shade of the green of the leaves on which it feeds, the head pale ochreous and more completely hidden than in any larva I have ever seen, and even when the animal eats it is not visible from above, the second segment entirely enclosing it. The second segment is half as wide as the following, the third, fourth and fifth rapidly and progressively enlarging, the next three segments as rapidly decreasing in size, the remainder sub-equal. The second segment is quite unmarked, the third to the thirteenth have a sub-dorsal series of short oblique pale yellowish-green lines, between which the ground colour is paler than the rest of the body; there is a dark green dorsal line; on each side of the ninth segment there is a prominent pure dead white somewhat diamond-shaped mark. The twelfth segment bears two most extraordinary structures, which consist of two diverging cylindrical rigid pillars arising from the sub-dorsal region and of a pale green colour. When the insect is touched or alarmed, from each pillar is everted a deep maroon tentacle as long as the rigid pillar, bearing at its end two long parti-coloured hairs, the basal third of each hair being black, the upper two-thirds white. I made the following notes when breeding this species :—‘ June 24th, eggs laid. June 27th, larvee hatched ; placed on young leaves of Derris scandens, Benth. (they also eat Heynea tryuga, Roxb.,in Calcutta). June 28th, larvae grown enormously. June 29th, changed skins ; when first hatched they are pale ochreous and hairy, just before changing their skins they turn green, and are without any protuberances ; after their first moult they are quite naked, green, with two black horns on the twelfth segment. Before changing they fasten themselves with silk to a leaf on the underside near the midrib. July Ist, changed skins again, appearance much as before, only that they have a kind of white saddle-mark on the ninth segment, horns the same colour as the rest of the body. They devour their old skins. July 3rd, changed their skins again, their colour now chocolate-brown marked with green and white. July 5th, probably changed their skins again to-day, colour green. July 7th, changed to pupe. Before changing they lose all their bright colouring and markings, becoming a dull uniform green of the same shade as the leaves of their food plant. Butterflies emerged in three or four days.” Pupa almost as curious an object as the larva, reminding one of a lump of green jelly. Its colour is pale transparent light green, the wing cases being bluish-green and VOL. VIII. a i 242 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. quite smooth, the rest of the pupa covered with tiny pits, giving it a rough appearance under a magnifying glass. It is entirely without angulations or processes, its widest portion is the very broad and flat base on which it rests; its length is about 7% of an inch, breadth about 33,, height 2;, the anal end produced into an obtuse point. There is a conspicuous, heart-shaped, pale ochreous mark on the top of the thorax, the pits upon it above mentioned being filled in with reddish pigment, there are also three regular rows of tiny ochreous dots on the abdominal segments on each side, the divisions between the segments hardly visible. Hasirat.—Central and Southern India, Ceylon, Java. Distrrpution.—Never very common, but fairly well distributed, all over the plains and lower hills of Central and Southern India where there are plenty of trees. We have taken it in Bombay and at Khandala, Poona and Mhow, Watson records it from Mysore, Hampson from the Nilgiris, and de Nicéville from Kandy, Trincomali and from many parts of Central and Southern India. CURETIS STIGMATA. Plate 698, figs. 2, g, 2a, 2, 2b, ¢. Anops stigmata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 138. Curetis stigmata, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 34. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iti. p. 295 (1890). Curetis bulis, var. stigmata, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 466 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark blackish brown. orewing with a broad orange- red patch in the middle of the wing, occupying the outer lower half of the cell, and rather more than the basal half of the two medial interspaces, with a little of the red colour extending hindwards into the next lower interspace. Hindwing with a curved orange-red patch in the upper disc, very much of the same shape as the white patch on the hindwing of the female of C. thetys; abdominal fold pale. Underside white. Forewing with a pale grey thin and straight band of somewhat lunular marks from near the costa near the apex to the hinder margin beyond the middle, edged outwardly by thin brown Junular marks, which bend inwards at the upper end and then turn abruptly towards the costa, a sub-marginal indistinct thin grey band. Hindwing with an indistinct thin grey discal band in continuation of the inner band of the forewing, which runs straight for a short distance, then curves well outwards and inwards to the abdominal margin, and a sub-marginal band as on the forewing. Antenne black, with red tips; palpi, head and body black above, white beneath. Female. Upperside dark blackish-brown. crewing with a rather small white patch in the middle of the wing, which is broadest in its middle, and is angled on its outer side. Hindwing with a small nearly round white spot in the upper disk below CURETINZ. 243 the apex of the wing, with a smaller and somewhat diffuse white spot on its lower inner side, abdominal fold a little paler than the rest of the wing. Underside as in the male, but in most examples both wings have a series of black sub-terminal dots. The interior patches on the upperside in both sexes vary a little in extent (but not much) in different examples; the contour of the wings in both sexes is similar to that of C. thetys. Expanse of wings, S $ 14% to 1485 inches. Hapritrat.—Bhutan, Burma. DisTRIBUTION.—The type came from Burma, it has been recorded from Maulmein, we have it from Akyab and from Buxar in Bhutan. CURETIS GLORIOSA. Plate 698, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Curetis gloriosa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 522, pl. 48, fig. 1, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 289 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 301. Curetis thetys, var. gloriosa, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 440 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark coppery-red, darker and brighter than in C. thetys, contour of the wings similar, but the insect in both sexes is altogether larger and the apex of forewing more acute; the base of both wings and the abdominal third of hindwing more heavily irrorated with greyish-greenish-brown scales. orewing with a broader and more even black costal and outer marginal band, broadest at the apex, the inner margin of the band rounded below the apex, and somewhat sinuous throughout, gradually narrows on the outer margin hindwards and runs in very shortly on the hinder margin. Hindwing with an almost even costal and outer marginal black band, narrower than in the forewing, with its inner margin somewhat irregular throwing out black lines for a short distance up the veins. Underside white, with the two transverse pale grey bands as in thetys. Female. Upperside blackish-brown. J orewing with the central space smaller than in thetys, the white replaced by ochreous-orange. Hindwing with an ochreous- orange curved space in the upper disc much narrower than the white patch in thetys. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 2 to 24/5 inches. Hasitat.—Sylhet, Assam. DistRIBUTION.—The types came from Sylhet, we have both sexes from that locality in our collection, and have also received it from the Khasia Hills. 212 244 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. CURETIS SARONIS. Plate 699, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Curetis saronis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 587. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 364. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 289 (1890). Curetis thetys, var. saronis, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 440, woodcut, fig. 94, a, b, $, 2 (1907). Curetis felderi, Moore (nec Distant), Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 39. Curetis nicobarica, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1890, p. 451. Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright, dark bronzy red, brighter and darker than gloriosa. Forewing with the apex less acute than in gloriosa or thetys, basal area irrorated with greenish-brown atoms, costal and outer marginal black bands much as in gloriosa, but their inner margins more even. Hindwing with the basal and abdominal areas broadly irrorated with greenish-brown atoms, costal and outer marginal black bands narrow, with black lines running shortly in on the veins, outer margin rounded, anal angle sub-acute. Underside white, with the transverse fascize as in gloriosa. Female. Upperside blackish-brown. orewing with the central space varying in extent in different examples, also varying much in colour from golden yellow to dull ereyish-orange-red. Hindwing with the curved patch in the upper disc usually narrow and also varying much in colour, usually almost whitish. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ $ 14 to 1,8; inches. Haprrat.—Andaman and Nicobar Islands. DIsTRIBUTION.—The type came from the Andamans, the type of nicobarica from the Nicobars, we have both sexes from both localities, it appears to occur in all the islands of both groups. SECTION IL. With angulated hindwings. CURETIS BULIS. Plate 699, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, $ (bulis form), 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, g (discalis form). Anops bulis, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 473, pl. 75, fig. 5, g (1852). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 53 (1857). Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 15, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, male variety (1863). Curetis bulis, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 127. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 279, pl. 96, g (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 293 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 33. de Nicéville, id. pp. 279 and 386. Betham, id. 1891, p.181. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 383. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 301. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 441, woodcut, fig. 95, g (1907). Curetis discalis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 138. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 295 (1890). Curetis bulis, var. discalis, Bingham, l.c. p. 446. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brownish-black. orewing with a dark orange- red centre varying much in extent in different examples ; in some examples it is large CURETINZ. 245 and occupies the whole of the central space, leaving the wing with very broad brownish- black margins, and some blackish-brown irrorations on the basal portions, in typical discalis the red portion is confined to a small space in the middle of the wing, but in a large series one finds a general gradation from one to the other, the contour of the wing is somewhat different to that of the thetys group, the wing being shorter, the apex more blunt and the hinder angle more acute. Hindwing with the orange-red curved patch in the upper dise also varying much in extent in different examples ; the outer margin slightly angled in its middle, the anal angle sub-acute. Underside white. Forewing with a narrow pale grey band, outwardly edged with thin black lunules from the costa near the apex, in an almost straight line to the hinder margin a little beyond the middle, a sub-marginal series of pale grey lunular marks. Hindwing with a short band from the middle of the costa in continuation of the inner band of the forewing, a post-discal almost straight band of somewhat disconnected pale greyish lunular marks, and a sub-marginal pale band. Female. Upperside dark brownish-black. Forewing with a pure white space in its middle which varies in extent in different examples, in some examples it runs broadly to the lower part of the base of the wing, where it is covered with blue-grey irrorations, and has a black spot at the end of the cell joined to the costal border, in others it is of an oblong oval shape in the middle of the wing. Hindwing with a narrow curved white patch in the upper disc, its upper part joining a narrow white costal border. Underside as in the male, but there are usually some black sub- marginal dots on both wings. Expanse of wings, $ $ 14% to 1385 inches. Hasirat.—Northern India. DistripuTiIon.—Common in Sikkim and Assam, we have received many examples of both sexes from Sikkim and from the Khasia Hills, Doherty records it from Kumaon, Moore from Darjiling, Sylhet and Bhutan, de Nicéville from the Chin Ilills, and Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri. CURETIS DENTATA. Plate 700, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, g. Curetis dentata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 137, and 1882, p. 244. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii, p. 293 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 49. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 383. de Rhé-Philipe, id. p. 886. Curetis bulis, var. dentata, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 443, woodcut, fig. 96, g (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside orange-red with a slight bronzy gloss. Forewing with broad black margins, broadest at the apex and at the hinder angle; the inner border of the black margin almost evenly rounded, the black marginal band 246 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. running inwards also on the hinder margin, narrowing rapidly basally and terminating about the middle ; a black spot at the end of the cell running into the costal black band ; some greenish-brown irrorations at the base of the wing; apex very acute, the outer margin being somewhat concave below it, hinder angle triangular, hinder margin nearly as long as the costa, the outer margin consequently erect, though slightly sinuous. /Zindwing with greenish-brown irrorations at the base and brvadly on the abdominal area ; a black streak along the upperside of the sub-costal nervure from the base to the middle of the wing where it thickens ; costal space narrowly, nearly white, an outer marginal black band, which commences narrowly on the costa before the apex, widens very gradually round the apex, widens suddenly at the middle and then becomes diffuse hindwards ; apex and outer margin evenly rounded to the middle, then with a series of slight scallops obliquely straight to the anal angle which is much produced and acute; abdominal fold nearly white. Underside white, bands grey, more distinct, more complete and broader than in the other Indian forms. orewing with the inner band commencing on the costa near the apex, straight down to the hinder margin beyond the middle, the other band sub-marginal. Hindwing with a grey bar across the end of the cell, a short band from the costa in continuation of the inner band of the forewing, stopping short of the discoidal bar, a post-discal straight band from the apex to near the abdominal margin above the anal angle; a sub- marginal band, and indications of a short inner band from the costa parallel to the first mentioned band; both wings sparsely irrorated with minute black atoms in fresh specimens. Cilia orange, with some white at the tips on the upper part of the hindwing. Female. Upperside white. Forewing with the bands as in the male, the basal irrorations blackish-brown. Hindwing with the streak from the base paler and broader, with some blackish-brown suffusions and irrorations hindwards, joining the blackish- brown irrorations of the abdominal area, the outer marginal band broader than in the male, paler and more diffuse, broadening greatly downwards until it is lost in the irrorations of the abdominal area. Underside as in the male. Antenne black with pale red tips; head and body brown above, with greenish-brown hairs, white beneath. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1585 to 14% inches. Hapirat.—India, Burma. DisTRipuTION.—Always rare, but apparently distributed all over India, except the desert tracts; we have it from Sikkim, the Khasia Hills and from Pachmari, a small hill-station near Poona; it is recorded from Chin Lushai by Watson, from Mussuri by Mackinnon and de Nicéville, frem Khandalla by de Rhé-Philipe, the type came from Dehra Doon in the N.W. Himalayas, and de Nicéville records it also from the Central Provinees, Orissa, the Wynaad and Burma. lo re ~I CURETINA. CURETIS ANGULATA. Plate 700, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Curetis angulata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 522, pl. 48, fig. 2, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 292 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 383. Curetis bulis, var. angulata, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 443, woodcut, figs. 97, a, b, $ 2 (1907). Imaco.—Male. Upperside, brownish-black, a largish orange-red space in the middle, duller in colour than in C. dentata, the orange-red colour fills the cell and a little above it at the base, the space outside the end of the cell is however black, the red space is outwardly evenly rounded, and extends to the base above the sub-median vein, with some brown irrorations at the base; the hinder margin is thus very broadly and almost evenly black. Hindwing with a rather broad curved short orange band in the upper disc, its inner edge being filled in with the termination of a broad black streak which runs out from the base, the orange-red being continued round it on to the costa ; abdominal space pale, apex of forewing sub-acute, outer margin concave in its middle, hinder angle blunt but triangular, the hinder margin being long, the outer margin of the hindwing is evenly rounded from the costa to its middle where it is slightly angulated, and is somewhat concave from thence to the anal angle which is produced, but blunt. Underside white, with the bands much as in C. dentata. Female. Upperside brownish-black, the hindwing much paler than the forewing, markings exactly as in the male, the orange-red being replaced by white; the apex of the forewing is more produced and much sharper, so also is the hinder angle; on the hindwing the outer margin is highly angled in its middle, and the anal angle is more produced and sharper. Underside as in the male. Cilia brown with white tips. Antenne black with pale reddish tips; head and body brown above and white beneath. Expanse of wings, $ $ 17% to 14%5 inches. Hasirat.—Upper India, Upper Burma. DistRIBUTION seems to be confined to the upper parts of India and Burma, Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri, we have it from Sikkim, and have received many examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills; the type is marked N.W. Himalayas ; it was taken by Adamson at Bhamo in Upper Burma, and Betham is said to have taken it in the Central Provinces. CURETIS MALAYICA. Plate 700, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Anops malayica, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 221, pl. 28, fig. 18, g (1865). Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 546. 248 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Curetis malayica, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 202, pl. 22, fig. 28, ¢ (1884). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 39. Elwes and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 428. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p- 294 (1890). Frihstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1896, p. 304. Curetis bulis, form malayica, Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 644. Curetis bulis, var. malayica, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 444, woodcuts, figs 98, ¢, OO mON CLIO): Imaco.—Male. Upperside orange-red with a slight bronzy gloss. Forewing with black costal and outer marginal borders, commencing narrowly at the costal base, broadening gradually to the end of the cell, where there is a black tooth-like mark attached, then rapidly expanding towards the apex, where the band is very deep, moderately broad at the middle of the outer margin, then expanding again broadly at the hinder angle, where it runs inwards on the hinder margin, narrowing rapidly to the middle, where in some specimens it ends, in others it is carried on narrowly and diffusely to the base, the outer margin of the orange portion being somewhat rounded, but more or less irregular. Hindwing with a narrow black outer marginal band, commencing narrowly at the apex, widening hindwards, varying somewhat in width in different examples, somewhat diffuse towards the anal angle, where it becomes absorbed in the abdominal suffusion, which is broadly brown; abdominal fold pale, a thin black streak above the sub-costal vein from the base to a little beyond the end of the cell, the wing slightly angular in the middle of outer margin, anal angle somewhat produced. Cilia black; head and body brown above, with ochreous-green pubescence, white beneath. Underside white. Forewing with a thin grey band from the costa near the apex to the hinder margin beyond the middle, a sub-marginal similar band. MHindwing with a short band from the costa beyond the middle in continuation of the discal band of the forewing, a post-discal band from vein 6, becoming obsolete hindwards and a sub- marginal band; the inner bands on both wings edged outwardly by fine black lunular lines, and both wings with minute black sub-marginal dots, the hindwing with very minute black dots sparsely spread all over it, almost invisible to the naked eye, but quite distinct under a magnifying glass. Female. Upperside white. orewing with the outer black bands as in the male, but broader. //indwing with the width of the outer black bands varying much in different examples, but paler in colour than in the male, usually somewhat diffused blackish-brown, but the extent of the white is usually much more than in the females of any other species of Curetis except dentata, the basal and abdominal areas thickly irrorated with blackish-brown atoms. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ 2 1,8; to 2+); inches. Larva about 16 m.m. long, colour velvety green; head dark brown, 3rd and 4th segments with narrow obliquely placed lateral stripe of crimson, edged posteriorly CURETIN. 249 with yellow, 6th to 11th segments with a slender, longitudinal dorsal stripe of the same colour; the spiracles on each side surmounted by a slender lunulated pale yellow line ; on the 9th segment a conspicuous quadrate patch of white between the spiracular yellow lunule and the crimson dorsal line; 12th and remaining segments dark green ; on the 12th two greenish-yellow, erect, rigid processes slightly divergent at their apices, the tentacles protruded from their processes seem to be pinkish-brown in colour, with a tuft of black and white hair at their apices; but it is not easy to note the colour of the hairs, as they are protruded, whirled round, and withdrawn with great rapidity. There is no opening or honey gland on the 11th or other segment as in many Lycznid larve. In shape also these do not resemble the larvee of the Lycenide, which as a rule are onisciform ; in these the head is small and almost completely hidden under the 2nd segment; the 3rd, 4th and 5th segments slope upwards posteriorly, from each a well-shaped transverse ridge. Pura.—A rounded, slightly convex disc with a protrusion posteriorly, colour translucent dark green. Seen under a magnifying glass, they seem to be studded with tiny pits, except in the lateral areas, on the anterior portion there is an oval yellowish- white mark. (Bingham.) Hasirat.—Burma, Malacca, Java. DistriBuTIoN.—Moore records it from the Mergui Archipelago, de Nicéville from Tavoy, the type came from Malacca interior, our figure of the male is from Felder’s type, our female figure is a copy of Bingham’s ; Friihstorfer records it from Java. INDO-MALAYAN, CHINESE AND JAPANESE ALLIED SPECIES. Curetis zsopus, Papilio zsopus, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. ii. p. 125 (1781). Curetis zsopus, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 202, pl. 24, fig. 12, ¢ (1884), and p. 451, pl. 44, fig. 14, 9 (1886). Habitat, Malay Peninsula, Java. Curetis insularis, Phedra insularis, Horstield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 125 (1829). Anops insularis, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 53, pl. la, fig. 14, ¢ (1857). Curetis insularis, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 451, pl. 41, fig. 6, g, 7, 9 (1886). Habitat, Malay Peninsula, Java. Curetis tagalica, Phedra tagalica, Felder, Wien, ent. Mon. vi. p. 289 (1862). Anops tagalica, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 221, pl. 28, figs. 19, 20 (1865). Habitat, Luzon. Curetis nesophila, Phaedra nesophila, Felder, Wien, ent. Mon. vi. p. 289 (1862). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 594. Habitat, Borneo, Philippines. Curetis obsoleta, Phzedra obsoleta, Felder, l.c. Habitat, Mindanao. Curetis celebensis, Anops celebensis, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 222, pl. 28, figs. 14, 15 (1865). Habitat, Celebes. Curetis sperthis, Anops sperthis, Felder, lc. p. 222 (1865). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 203, pl. 22, fig. 27, 9 (1884). Habitat, Malacca. Curetis acuta, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 50. Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 11, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2 (1887). Habitat, Shanghai, Japan. Curetis truncata, Moore, l.c. p. 51. Habitat, Shanghai. VOL. VIII. Dik 250 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Curetis felderi, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 203, pl. 24, fig. 3, g, and pl. 22, fig. 26, 9 (1884). Habitat, Malay Peninsula. Curetis minima, Distant and Pryer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 265. Habitat, North Borneo. Curetis paracuta, de Nicéviile, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, vol. xii. p. 248. Habitat, Japan. Sub-Family LIPHYRINZ. Containing a single very extraordinary genus, and far and away the largest butterfly of the Indian Lycenidx, the wings expanding over three inches, its structure is very interesting, its eyes are naked, it has four sub-costal nervules in the forewing ; its great size, extremely short and stout abdomen, minute palpi, thick, short legs, stout antenn, the coarseness of the wing scales and very moth-like appearance make it quite the most unique example of the family Lyceenide. Genus LIPHYRA. Liphyra, Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1864, p. 31. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 204 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 489 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 451 (1907). Sterosis, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 219 (1865). Forewing, vein 12 ends on the costa beyond the upper end of cell, 11 emitted from a little beyond the middle of the cell, 10 from a fourth before the end, 9 from one-eighth before the end, 8 from 7 beyond its middle, 7 ends on the outer margin below the apex of the wing; 6 from 7 a very little beyond the cell end; cell very narrow ; discocellulars nearly erect, the lower one suddenly bears outwards at its lower end, rather longer than the middle discocellular ; 5 from the middle of the discocellulars, 4 and 3 from the lower end, 2 from the middle, costa slightly arched, outer margin from the apex to vein 4 nearly straight, in the male it is then slightly concave to vein 2, then straight to the hinder angle, which is well pronounced; in the female it is slightly convex from vein 4 hindwards, the hinder margin slightly curved outwards near its base. Hindwing with the cell very broad, divided into two by a strong fold which joins the upper discocellular a little before its middle, the upper portion of the cell narrower than the lower ; upper discocellular very concave, much shorter than the lower, which is strongly outwardly oblique; vein 3 emitted a little before the lower end of the cell ; costa strongly angled a third from its base, then straight to the. apex which is acute, the outer margin evenly rounded, abdominal margin excavated above the anal angle. Type, L. brassolis, Westwood. LIPHYRINZ. Lo OU — LIPHYRA BRASSOLIS. Plate 701, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, 3. Liphyra brassolis, Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1864, p. 31; id. Trans, Ent. Soc. 1888, p.470. Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 546. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 204, pl. 22, fig. 18, ? (1884). Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 269, pl. 94, ¢ (nec female) (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 491, pl. 29, fig. 243, 9 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 452, woodcut (1907). Sterosis robusta, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 219, pl. 27, figs. 10, 11, 9 (1865). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing, black, the basal half of interspace 1, an oblique spot beyond the apex of cell, the costal margin somewhat broadly along the basal half, strongly narrowed towards the apex, and the cilia ochraceous-yellow. The yellow in the basal half of interspace 1 narrows outwardly, anteriorly spreads slightly into the cell and base of interspace 2, and posteriorly to the dorsal margin near the base of wing. Hindwing, ochraceous-yellow with the following black markings: a broad streak from the base of wing in the cell widened outwardly, that leaves an anterior small portion below the base of sub-costal vein and a posterior small portion along apical half of median vein of the ground colour; terminal margin very broadly black, that colour, however, not extended to the apex or tornus; between this marginal band and the cellular streak is an irregular patch connecting them. Cilia ochraceous, abdominal fold paler ochraceous. Underside, dull earthy ochraceous, paler along the dorsal area and at apex of forewing and on the termen near apex of hindwing. Vorewing, a medial large irregular brownish-black patch that occupies apical half of the discoidal cell and the basal thirds of the interspaces 3 and 4. Hindwing, costal margin with transverse mottlings of reddish-brown. In some specimens the ground colour on the underside is pale dull purplish with shadings of darker purple; on the forewing the medial is black and ochraceous-yellow. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous ; beneath, in some specimens slightly paler. Female. Upperside. Fore and hind wings, rich ochraceous, marking on the latter wing as in the male, but the black streak in cell and the large spot or patch connecting to the broad area of black along the termen much smaller, often divided into two detached spots ; on the forewing the black is reduced to a large median patch that occupies the apical half of the cell, beyond and below it, the bases of interspaces 5, 6, 10 and 11, the basal third (sometimes more) of interspaces 3 and 4, and a very broad, inwardly irregularly concave band that is produced inwardly along the terminal half of the dorsal margin and shortly along veins 2,3 and 4. Underside as in the male, but generally the ground colour pale. In some specimens the whole hindwing is with mottlings of brown such as are present in all specimens of both sexes along the costal margin of that wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male. 2K 2 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. to or bo Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 3 to 34%5 inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Malayan Sub-region to Australia. A very variable form. The description given above is taken from Sikkim and Assam specimens. Specimens from Malacca and south and east through the sub- region have a decreasing amount of black colouring on the upperside. Australian specimens have the least of all. In Australian specimens, too, the antenne, the head, thorax and wings on the upperside are covered often with a curious irregular irroration of white fugitive scales, and the abdomen on both sides and beneath towards the apex, by a dense mass of brown hair, each of which terminates in a flattened broad plume-like scale. (Bingham.) Bingham’s description is so good, we give it in extenso. Our male figure is from a Sikkim example, our female from Felder’s type. Eee.—Very unlike that of other Lycezenide, but shows an unexpected resemblance to that of Logania, Distant, and Taraka, Doherty, MS. It is of great size, green, overlaid with white, shaped something like a section of a “drum” of a Dorie column, but somewhat widest at the base, the height, breadth at apex, and breadth at base being to each other as 9, 13, and 153. The top is marked with hexagonal reticulations, the lines turbinate in the middle, the margin deeply channelled, and then strongly carinate, the carina projecting both upwards and outwards, white, its contour even. Base also obscurely carinate. Sides crusted with white and minutely indented, with about forty-five vertical ribs, slightly irregular and even (very rarely) anastomosing, extending all over the outer part of the base, the inner part being green and minutely reticulated with hexagons. Liphyra brassolis flies slowly, with a distinct humming sound, and an uncertain circling flight, hesitating a long time before alighting. Whether it is, as it seems, a protected species, or whether, as I believe, it flies chiefly at twilight and so escapes capture, I do not know. No one would ever take it for a butterfly ; few moths are more typically moth-like in flight. It is probably the oldest type of lycenid existing, and unconnected with the rest, except through such primitive dwarf forms as Taraka and the smaller Gerydinz. It is the only Asiatic representative of the sub-family Liphyrine, and its nearest allies are apparently African. (Doherty, MS. de Nicéville.) Sub-Family RURALINZ. Eyes hairy. vrewing with veins 5 and 6 not approximate at base, 7 ends on the costal margin at or before the apex of the wing, 8 absent. Callophrys, Neolyczena and Strymon have 2 sub-costal nervules, the others three. Hindwing with a filamentous tail at the end of vein 2 absent in Callophrys and Neolyceena, no secondary sexual RURALING. 253 characters except in the genera Callophrys and Strymon, in which there is an elongated narrow shining patch of differently formed scales from those of the rest of the wing, at the end of the cell of the forewing above, extending slightly into the cell, and beyond its end, a small anal lobe, somewhat produced in Callophrys. The genitalia of Ruralis, Strymon and Callophrys, Bethune-Baker informs us, are similar; clasps, tegumen and eedeeagus entirely after the same pattern. Much diversity in the coloration of the wings on the upperside, purple, purplish-brown, dull green, brilliant metallic green, blue and some brown, with ochreous markings, all are purely paleearctic. The genus Listera is altogether aberrant, it has three sub-costal nervules and a sexual tuft of hairs on the forewing; its venation is akin to those of this group, but its shape is entirely different ; the only known species is represented by an example in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, which we have not been able to examine; we put it into this group because de Nicéville, the author of the genus, has done so, Genus STRYMON. Strymon, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 74 (1816). Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 190 (1869). Tutt, Brit. Lep. viii. p. 314. Thecla, Kirby (nec Fabricius), Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond, 1870, p. 499. Scudder, Historical Sketch of the Generic Names proposed for Butterflies, p. 279 (1875). Godman and Salvin, Biol. Cent. Am. Rhop. ii. p. 9 (1887). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 297 (1890). Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 356 (1893). Eyes hairy. orewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell, 11 emitted a little beyond the middle of the cell, 10 at one-third before the end in the male, at about one-fifth in the female, 7 ends at the apex of the wing, 5 from above the middle of the discocellulars in the male, exactly from the middle in the female ; discocellulars straight, equal in length, vein 3 emitted some little distance before the lower end of the cell, sub-median nervure straight; male with a long, narrow, shining patch of differently formed scales on the upperside, at the upper end of the cell, extending slightly into the cell and beyond its end. Hindwing with all the margins even, the wing produced and somewhat angled at the end of vein 6, a somewhat long, narrow tail at the end of vein 2, a small anal lobe; vein 8 much arched at its base, 7 emitted at some distance before the upper end of the cell, internal nervure very sinuous. Antenne long, club elongate, gradually formed, palpi short, obliquely porrect, second joint bristly beneath, third naked, legs short, scaly. Larva, as described by Westwood (Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 482), short, onisciform, thick or linear-oblong, and depressed and attenuated at each end, generally clothed with very fine, short hairs. Pura, short and smooth, head rounded, attached by the pointed tail, and girt across the middle. LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. i) ot rs de Nicéville notes that the difference in the neuration of the forewing in the opposite sexes of species of this genus is considerable, and appears to be entirely due to the presence of the secondary sexual characters of the male. The sex-mark has been figured and described by Aurivillius with the corresponding part of the wing of the female as it exists in Thecla w-album, Knoch, a European species. (Kong. Svens. Vet- Akad. Handl. v. p. 21, pl. 2, figs. 18, 14 (1880). Type, Papilio pruni, Linneeus, from Europe. STRYMON SASSANIDES. Plate 701, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Thecla sassanides, Kollar, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Nat. Cl. i. p. 51 (1850). Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 486 (1852). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 298, pl. 27, fig. 202, ¢ (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 383. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. Thecla deria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 507, pl. 31, fig. 11, and 1874, p. 272. Thecla mirabilis, Erschoff, Lep. Turk. p. 7, pl. i. fig. 4, 9 (1874). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 342. Strymon mirabila (?), Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 208. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown, with a slight purplish gloss in certain lights, and under a magnifying glass can be seen some golden very minute irrorations sparsely sprinkled all over both wings ; both wings with fine black outer marginal line. Cilia with the basal half brown, outer half white, marked and tipped with brown and black on the lower part of the hindwing, a rather long filamentous black tail, tipped with white at the end of vein 2, and sometimes a small orange spot on the anal lobe. Underside greyish-brown with a purplish or lilac tint, very uniform in colour on both wings. Forewing with a thin white discal band, edged inwardly by thin black lunules, very slightly outwardly curved, somewhat dislocated at vein 4 and sometimes also at vein 2,a black outer marginal line inwardly edged by a pure white line, two rather large and prominent black sub-marginal spots in interspaces 2 and 3, sometimes smaller hlack spots above and below them. Hindwing with a discal band like that on the fore- wing, but not dislocated, somewhat sinuous, its lower extremity elbowed inwards on to the abdominal margin one-third above the anal angle ; marginal line as in the forewing, a large black sub-marginal spot in interspace 2, a black spot on the anal lobe, some ereyish-white scales between them, an inner series of small black lunules, decreasing in size upwards and becoming obsolete before the apex, an orange cap between the large sub-marginal black spot and the inner black lunule opposite it, an indication of orange on the outer side of the next upper lunule, all the inner lunules sometimes edged RURALINA. 255 with white. Antenne black, conspicuously ringed with white, a white streak on the club ; frons black, edged with white, palpi with white hairs, the tip of second joint and the entire last joint black, eyes ringed with white, a white collar, body brown above, white beneath, legs black with white stripes, tarsi ringed with white. Female, like the male above and below. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 133; to 14 inches. GeniTaLia.—The clasps of Thecla sassanides are quite diminutive, and probably of but little use for the function they are supposed to perform; they are roughly isosceles triangular in shape, with the base slightly bowed outwards. The tegumen is very considerably developed laterally, and is tunnel-shaped, excavated considerably at the top behind (i.e. towards the head of the insect), and slightly in the front, the sides are full, so that it might be described as being saddle-shaped ; it is sup- et eds ported on, or more correctly arises in, two slender horizontally- an (3 ‘inclined arms, and the clasp reaches but a little further than to Tegumen. where these suddenly expand into the ample sides of this part of the organ. At the front of the base of the tegumen two large hooks (¢) have their origin, which are bent backwards, and then make a bold curve to the front ; they must be, I believe, freely movable, and have probably been evolved to their present extent to compensate for the lack of power in Gian the clasps. The penis in this group of Thecla is extraordinarily long; it is, of course, tubular, becoming larger for the first third, from whence it rapidly tapers to its extremity, where it suddenly ) >= expands into a trumpet-shaped orifice. (Bethune-Baker, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 28, pl. IL. figs 2, 2a, 2b.) Hasirat.—North-Western Himalayas, Beluchistan, Turkestan, South Persia. Disrrisurion.—We have it from Chaman in Beluchistan, from Simla and the Kashmir Valley ; Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri, Leslie and Evans from Chitral, Moore from Kunawar (the type of deria); Kollar’s type came from South Persia, and Erschoff’s type from Sarafschan Valley, Turkestan ; it is also in the B. M. from Pangi and Kashmir. Penis. ALLIED CHINESE AND JAPANESE SPECIES. Strymon pruni, Papilio pruni, Linneus, Faun. Suec. p. 283 (1767). Esper. Schmett. i. 1, pl. 19, fig. 3, pl. 39, fig. la. Thecla pruni, Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 15 (1887). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 361 (1893). Habitat, Sutsekan, Japan, Vladivostock, Lower Ussuri, Europe. Strymon spini, Papilio spini, Schiff, Wien, Verz. p. 186 (1776). Thecla spini, Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 357 (1893). Habitat, Corea, Amurland, North and Eastern Asia, Europe. to LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Strymon w-album, Papilio w-album, Knoch, Beitr. Ins. ii. p. 85, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2 (1782). Thecla w-album, Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 14 (1886). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 358 (1893). Habitat, Japan, China, Amurland, Siberia, Central and South Europe. Strymon grandis, Thecla grandis, Felder, Wien, ent. Mon. vi. p. 24 (1862). Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 360 (1893). Synonym, Thecla eretria, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 114, pl. 42, fig. 153 (1869). Habitat, N. China, Ningpo. Strymon fentoni, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 854. Waterhouse, Aid, ii. pl. 115, fig. 2. Habitat, Yesso, Japan. Strymon mera, Thecla mera, Jansen, Cist. Ent. ii. p. 156 (1877). Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 15, pl. 4, tig. 16 (1887). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 358, pl. 29, fig. 14, 9? (1893). Habitat, Japan. . Strymon v-album, Thecla v-album, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. xi. p. 20, pl. 4, fig. 23 (1886). Leech, Butt. cf China, ete. ii. p. 365 (1893). Habitat, Western China. Strymon latior, Thecla spini var. latior, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 271 (1887). Habitat, Corea. Strymon herzi, Thecla herzi, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 279, pl. 13, fig. 4 (1887). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 367 (1893). Synonym, Thecla phyllodendri, Staudinger, MS. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 886. Habitat, Corea, Amurland. Strymon eximia, Thecla v-album, var. eximia, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 271, pl. 13, fig. 2 (1887). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 359 (1893). Synonym, Thecla affinis, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. vi. p. 148 (1892). Habitat, Corea, West China. Strymon prunoides, Thecla prunoides, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 129, pl. 6, figs. la, b (1887). Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 362 (1893). Habitat, Japan, Amurland, Altai. Strymon inflammata, Thecla inflammata, Alpheraky, Rom. sur Lep. v. p. 102, pl. 5, fig. 3, 9 (1889). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 365 (1893). Habitat, Kan-sow, China. Strymon rubicundula, Thecla rubicundula, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 40 (1890) ; id. Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 363, pl. 29, fig. 8, 9 (1893). Habitat, Central China. Strymon ornata, Thecla ornata, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 40 (1890); id. Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 364, pl. 29, fig. 7, g (1893). Habitat, Chang-yang, China. Strymon patrius, Thecla patrius, Leech, Entom. xxiv. Suppl. p. 58 (June, 1891); id. Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 359, pl. 29, fig. 11, ¢ (1893). Habitat, Pu-tsu-fong, China. Strymon lais, Thecla lais, Leech, l.c. p. 363, pl. 29, fig. 4, 9 (1895). Habitat, Wa-ssu-kow, China. Strymon percomis, Thecla percomis, Leech, l.c. p. 366, pl. 29, fig. 5, ¢ (1893). Habitat, Omei-shan, W. China. Strymon enone, Thecla cenone, Leech, l.c. p. 366, pl. 29, fig. 6, , 9, 9 (1893). Habitat, Ta-chien-lu, China. Strymon thalia, Thecla thalia, Leech, l.c. p. 367, pl. 30, fig. 15, g (1893). Habitat, Chang-yang, China. Genus CALLOPHRYS. Callophrys, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 80 (1820). Satsuma, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 168 (1874). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 352 (1893). Venation and secondary sexual characters much as in the genus Sérymon, wings shorter and consequently broader. Hindwiny with the outer margin more or less rounded, the lower part of it scalloped, forming a well-developed anal lobe ; very short RURALINA. 257 productions at the ends of veins 4, 3 and 2; no tails. Murray’s genus Safswma, the type of which is Lycena ferrea, Butler, from Japan, with which Thecla leechi, de Nicéville, is absolutely congeneric, differs so very little from the type of Callophrys in structure and character, that we do not think it advisable to separate them. Type, Papilio rubi, Linneus. CALLOPHRYS RUBI. Plate 701, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, @. Papilio rubi, Linneus, Faun. Suec. p. 284 (1761) ; id. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 791 (1767). Esper, Schmett. i. 1, pl. 21, fig. 2 (1777). Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 364, 365 (1798-1804), fig. 786 (1818- 1827). Polyommatus rubi, Godart. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 673 (1823). Thecla rubi, Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 674. Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-brown, with a slight lilac tinge, shining, veins brown, marginal line on both wings finely black, indications of a little orange colour on the anal lobe of the hindwing. Cilia white with a black base. Underside green. Forewing with the lower third below the median vein brown, costal and marginal line finely brown. Hindwing uniformly green, a transverse discal series of white dots, marginal line, and the short productions at the ends of the veins brown. Cilia whitish. Female with the wings somewhat longer than in the male, coloration and markings above and below similar. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a dull orange tip; head and body brown above, dark grey beneath. Expanse of wings, $ ¢ 17/5 to 14%) inches. Hapitat.—Chitral, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa. DisrripuTion.—The European green hair streak taken by Leslie and Evans at Chitral, and recorded from the Indian Region for the first time in 1903. There are also some examples from the same locality in the Hannyngton collection, a pair have been kindly lent to us for examination and figuring. CALLOPHRYS LEECHI. Plate 701, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢. Thecla leechi, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1893, p. 335, pl. F, fig. 17. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 304. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull greyish-blue. forewing with the blue colour shading into the blackish-brown marginal borders, which are narrow on the costa and very broad on the outer margin, occupying nearly a third of the wing space ; veins VOL. VIII. pas 258 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. black, sex mark whitish, prominent. JHindwing with the greyish-blue colour much more extensive; the costal and apical portions broadly suffused with blackish-brown, narrowing rapidly down the outer margin to the middle, the terminal line darker blackish, a black and whitish mark at the anal angle, veins black. Cilia whitish, with blackish spots opposite the vein ends on the hindwing. Underside dark pinkish-grey. Forewing with some darker grey basal irrorations, a faintly indicated transverse discal brown line outwardly edged with pale whitish, somewhat sinuous to vein 4, where it juts outwards in a square-shaped bend, and then hindwards, being absorbed in the pale part on the lower portion of the wing. Hindwing with the base and abdominal space irrorated with dark grey atoms, indications of a discal outwardly curved irregular line. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a dull orange tip; head and body above concolorous with the wings, below dark grey, abdomen whitish. Described from a male example in our collection from the Khasia Hills. Female. Upperside, both wings pale blue. Forewing with the costa broadly black, that colour reaching to the sub-costal nervure, the apex very broadly and the outer margin also broadly but decreasingly black. Hindwing with the costa and apex rather broadly, the outer margin narrowly pale fuscous, a fine black anteciliary thread ; the cilia cinereous. Underside, both wings ferruginous, rather darker on the hindwing. Forewing with an irregular discal darker line, commencing on the costa and ending on the first median nervule, outwardly defined with whitish; the inner margin broadly pale fuscous. Hindwing with very indistinct discal and sub-marginal line; the abdominal margin and anal lobe heavily sprinkled with black scales; the upperside of this species agrees with the description of S. chalybea, but the underside is ferruginous, not grey, and the forewing has no discoidal spot; the markings and ground colour of the underside are almost exactly as in Japanese males of S. frivaldszkyi in my collection, but the latter is considerably paler and the markings are far less distinct; whether these are specific or sexual differences I am unable to say. Lederer’s figure appears to portray a very small female specimen, though he describes it as a male, the figure is very rough and barely recognisable. (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, ? 153; inches. Hapirat.—Khasia Hills, Assam. The type, a female from the Khasia Hills, is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, we therefore give de Nicéville’s description of that sex ; the description and figures of the male are from a perfect specimen received from our native collector from the same locality, and the figure of the female from an example in the B. M., also from the Khasia Hills. RURALINA. 259 ALLIED CHINESE AND JAPANESE SPECIES. Callophrys ferrea, Lyczna ferrea, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1868, p. 57. Satsuma ferrea, Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 353 (1893). Thecla frivaldszkyi, Pryer (nec Lederer), Rhop. Niphon, p. 16, pl. 4, fig. 20 (1886). Habitat, Japan. Callophrys chalybeia, Satsuma chalybeia, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 43 (1890) ; id. Butt. of China, ete. ii, p- 355, pl. 30, fig. 7, 9, 8 var. g (1893). Habitat, Central and Western China. Callophrys circe, Satsuma circe, Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 354, pl. 30, fig. 12, ¢ (1893). Habitat, W. China. Callophrys nicévillei, Satsuma nicévillei, Leech, l.c. p. 355, pl. 30, fig. 9, ¢ (1893). Habitat, Chang- yang, Central China. Genus NEOLYCAENA. Neolyczna, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 64 (1890). Forewing, costa nearly straight, a little arched at base, apex rather acute, outer margin evenly convex, inner margin slightly sinuous, costal nervure ending opposite the apex of the discoidal cell, first sub-costal nervule (vein 11) originating a little beyond half the length of the cell from the base, well separated from the costal nervure, second sub-costal originating twice as far from the base of the first sub-costal as from the base of the upper discoidal ; middle discocellular nervule originating from upper discoidal just beyond its origin, inwardly oblique, lower discocellular in the same straight line and the same length as the middle discocellular, both slightly concave, second medial nervule originating some distance before the lower end of the discoidal cell. Hindwing very broad, almost as broad as the forewing, costa nearly straight, arched at base, apex truncated, outer margin slightly convex, almost straight, abdominal margin straight, costal nervure rather short, first sub-costal nervule originating some little distance before the apex of the cell, arched ; upper discocellular nervule outwardly oblique, concave ; lower discocellular a little shorter than the upper, straight, upright, second medial nervule originating just before the lower end of the cell, internal nervure recurved ; palpi rather long, porrect, clothed with closely appressed scales. Antenne exactly half the length of the costa of the forewing, distinctly annulated with white, with a gradually formed, moderate, rather long club. Type, Lycena sinensis, Alphéraky. (de Nicéville.) NEOLYCHNA SINENSIS. Plate 702, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Lycena sinensis, Alphéraky, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 383, pl. 14, fig. 7 (1881). Neolyczena sinensis, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 65, pl. 26, fig. 166 (1890). Imaco.—Male and Female. Upperside, both wings blackish-brown. Cilia of the same colour, but spotted with white at the end of the veins; but this is very narrowly Zee, 260 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. so on the forewing and more broadly on the hindwing; the cilia is similar on the underside. Underside, both wings of a greyish-brown tint, very much lighter. An extremely fine bordering line runs along the exterior margin of both wings, sometimes very indistinct in the forewing. orewing traversed at nearly three millimetres from the outer margin by an interrupted series of white, irregular small streaks, with one whitish lunule placed above the first nervure and placed more towards the interior of the wing. This last disappears entirely in some specimens. A small streak, or rather a small whitish dot, is found generally in the discoidal cell. indwing faintly dusted with white scales near its first half. The disc is sprinkled with more or less large lunules, concave towards the base, and generally shaded with blackish interiorly, and also with some white streaks not far from the base, but the whole is so irregular and so different in each individual specimen that a figure alone could give a sufficiently exact idea of it. All along the exterior margin of both wings there is a sul-marginal series of small black dots, which are round and bordered with white on their interior side. These dots are very distinct on the hindwing, but on the forewing they are more or less obliterated, and sometimes they completely disappear. The species seems to be thoroughly isolated in the genus Lycezena, and must take its place in the small group formed by some very heterogeneous species, L. riymnus, Eversmann, L. tengstram, Erschoff, and LZ. anthracias, Christoph. It was on the 13th of May that I took some very old and worn specimens at an altitude of about 3,500 feet on one of the out-jutting spurs of the Tian-Chian. The species was flying about a bush which looked like a Carpinus, but which was certainly different from that genus. It is very probable that my description would be more detailed and more exact if I had some fresher specimens. Out of the twelve specimens which I brought away with me, I could make use of only three for the purpose of description, and even these were not good. (Alphéraky.) My knowledge of this species is confined to a single specimen taken by Lieutenant E. Y. Watson on the 21st of June, 1885, at Gunduk, which is situated in the Sarakola Pass, to the N.E. of Quetta, Biluchistan. Half of this specimen has been bleached and mounted for examination of the neuration. The figure shows both sides of this specimen, which is in my collection. (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, # 2 14%; inches. Hasrrat.—Kouldja, Biluchistan. Our figures are from Kouldja examples. ALLIED CHINESE AND JAPANESE SPECIES, Neolyceena tengstremi, Lycena tengstremi, Erschoff, Lep. Turk. p. 11, pl. i. fig. 8 (1874). Thecla tengstreemi, Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 368 (1893). Habitat, Tura, China. RURALINE. 261 Neolycena davidi, Lycena tengstreemi var. davidi, Oberthiir, Btud. d’Ent. vi. p. 13, pl. 8, fig. 1 (1881). Habitat, China. Genus RURALIS. Rurales, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. pp. 458, 482-484 (1758). Ruralis, Barbut, Gen. Ins. Linn. p. 173 (1781). Zephyrus, Dalman, Kong. Vet-Akad. Hand. xxxvii. pp. 62, 90 (1816). Wallengren, Lep. Scand. Rhop. p. 178 (1853). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 299 (1890), Leech, Butt. of China, ete. li. p. 369 (1893). Zephyrius, Dalman, Kong. Vet-Akad. Hand. xxxvii. p. 48, et seq. (1816) ; id. in Billburg’s Enum. Ins. p. 80 (1820). Aurotis, Dalman, Kong. Vet-Akad. Hand. xxxvii. pp. 63, 90 (1816). Thecla, Fabricius, Ill. Mag. vi. p. 286 (1807). Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 129 (1815). Swainson, Zool. Illus. Ixii. p. 69(1821). Boisduval and Leconte, Lep. Am. Sept. p. 81 (1833). Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 481 (1852). Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 69 (1865). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 356 (1893). Eyes hairy. orewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell, 11 emitted at one-third before the end, 10 a little before the end, 9 from 7 beyond its middle, 6 also from 7 some distance beyond the end of cell, middle discocellular slightly concave, upright, the lower longer than the middle, concave, slightly outwardly oblique, vein 3 emitted before end of cell, sub-median nervure straight ; wing large, sub-triangular, costa arched, apex nearly acute, outer margin nearly straight, inner margin straight. Hindwing large, broadly ovate, a fine tail at the end of vein 2, variable in length, sometimes absent, the anal angle with a lobe varying in size, vein 7 emitted a little before upper end of cell, discocellulars straight, outwardly oblique, the upper the shorter, vein 3 from just before the lower end of cell. Antenne clavate, club gradual ; palpi long, obliquely porrect, third joint horizontal, the second very bristly beneath, third naked ; no secondary sexual characters. Type, Papilio betule, Linnzeus, the type of all the above-mentioned genera. RURALIS DOHERTYI. Plate 702, figs. 2, g, 2a, 2, 2b, ¢. Zephyrus dohertyi, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 278, pl. 14, figs. 1, ¢, 2, @ ; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 307, pl. 25, figs. 140, ¢, 141, 9 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 348. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. orewing dark iridescent green, varying to iridescent purple in certain lights, the colour merging into the black borders, narrow on the costa and broad on the outer margin, increasing in width to the hinder angle and 262 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. running narrowly along the hinder margin. /Tindwing blac’ash, with some streaks of the blue-green colour between the veins in the disc, anal lobe and tail reddish, the latter tipped with white. Underside reddish-brown, often with an ochreous tint. Forewing with a straight darker band, edged on both sides with black, closing the cell, a narrow, dark reddish-brown discal band from the costa, outwardly edged with black and white, slightly inwardly curved to vein 3, then somewhat inwardly oblique to vem 2, the apical and sometimes the outer marginal portion of the wing with some reddish suffusion, a sub-marginal series of thick reddish-brown lunules. Hindwing with the cell closed as in the forewing, a discal reddish-brown, rather broader band, outwardly edged with black and white, from the costa, almost straight down to vein 3, then bending round to the abdominal margin in three sharply pointed angles, the middle one the largest, a sub-marginal series of thick, red lunular marks, edged on both sides with black, most prominent towards the anal angle, where it is bent upwards and runs some distance up the abdominal margin, some red marginal lunules, tail red. Cilia cinereous. Female. Upperside brownish-black. Furewing with the cell and a patch in the middle of the sub-median interspace purple, sometimes without it, an orange spot at the end of the cell, with a smaller, similarly coloured spot beyond it a little lower down ; sometimes extending somewhat diffusely hindwards. Hindwing without markings. Underside as in the male, the orange spots above vary much in size in different examples, in some the resemblance to the upperside of £. atarus female is very near. Expanse of wings, # ? 14% to 14% inches. Haxirat.—Western Himalayas. DisTRIBUTION.—The types came from Tehri Gurhwal, near Masuri, 8,000 feet elevation, where Mackinnon took numerous specimens; we have it in our collection from Masuri, taken by Baine-Reed ; de Nicéville records it also from the Jalawri Pass, on the Kulu side, 9000 feet elevation. RURALIS ICANA. Plate 702, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Dipsas icana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 575, pl. 67, fig. 3, ¢. Thecla icana, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 149. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. Zephyrus icana, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 306 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 384. Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 380, pl. 27, fig. 4, g (1893). Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown. Jvrewing with a slight purplish tint, costa with a narrow blackish band, the outer margin with an even band twice as broad, in some examples the interior portion is more or less glistening in certain lights. L/ind- wing with the costal and outer marginal border broader, narrowing a little hindwards on RURALIN A. 263 the outer margin, all these border bands only indistinctly indicated. Cilia white with erey tips, and its base brown ; tail black tipped with white, abdominal fold pale ; outer margin somewhat scalloped. Underside pale chocolate-brown, sometimes with a slight ochreous tint, markings dark brown. Forewing with a bar at the end of the cell, edged with white, a discal outwardly curved band of moderate width, from the costa to a little lower than vein 2, outwardly edged with white, a sub-marginal band of thick lunules, with a white lunular line immediately beyond it, a sub-terminal series of pale lunular marks, a pale terminal line and an anteciliary dark line. Hindwing with a broader discal band with a slightly sinuous outer edge, from the costa straight down to the median vein (attached to the bar closing the cell, which is inwardly edged with white), pushed a little forward on the median vein, runs down to vein 2, then inwards in an acutely angled form, and then runs on to the middle of the abdominal margin in a straight line, and is outwardly edged with white throughout, a slightly narrower sub- marginal band, well separated from the margin and in continuation of the discal band of the forewing, inwardly edged with black lunules, and ending in a sub-terminal black spot in the first interspace, a small black spot at the anal angle, another close to it, all three capped with orange, a series of pale marks close to the margin, a marginal white line and anteciliary brown line. Antennze black, ringed with white, the club with an orange tip; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside generally darker than the male, without any gloss. oerewing with an ochreous-orange spot outside the end of the cell, and another beyond it in the next lower interspace. Zindwing as in the male, and so also is the underside of both wings. Expanse of wings, ¢ 1435 to 14%, 2 14% to 14% inches. Hasirat.—North-Western Himalayas, China. Disrrisution.—We have it from Simla, and a typical male from Omei-shan in Central China; Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri, Doherty from Kumaon, 9,000 to 11,000 feet elevation ; de Nicéville says he took it in the Jalawri Pass, between Kulu and Simla; Grahame Young took it in Kulu at 7,000 feet, 8,000 feet to 9,000 feet elevation, and that it does not appear to be a common species ; it is in the B. M. also from Bhagi and Huttoo, and several parts of Western China. RURALIS MANDARA. Thecla mandara, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. Zephyrus mandara, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 308 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Allied to Z. teana, Moore, but whereas that species is (on the upperside) metallic over the disc of the hindwing and most of the forewing, interrupted by black veins, and appears green in some lights and violet in others, this species is only touched with obscure violet close to the base of the forewing; the disc has a faint 264 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. lustre, as if greasy. Underside more rufous than Z. icana, the transverse discal line (of the forewing) extends to the first medial nervule, slightly bent inwards at its lower end; the discal band of the hindwing is straight, the sub-marginal band rounded, both are tinged with reddish ; a blurred, obsolescent ocellus of black and reddish anally and sub-anally ; outer margin of the forewing strongly convex, sinuous; outer margin of the hindwing not scalloped, abdominal margin not excavated, but straight or slightly convex. The prehensores, though generally resembling those of Z. icana, are quite distinct. Both are distinguished from Z. sila, Kollar, Z. birupa, Moore, by the uncus seen from the side being divided horizontally ; in Z. cana the upper lobe is slender, bent downwards, and projects beyond the lower, in Z. mandara the upper lobe is straight, and shorter than the long and massive lower lobe, the clasp (which in both species tapers obliquely forwards) here ends in a blunt, almost vertical point, while in Z. icana it ends in a sharp, horizontal beak; the uncus in Z. birupa and Z. sila is very different, broad and entire, when viewed from the side. (Doherty.) Expanse of wings not given. Hasirat.—Kumaon. We have not seen this species, and have not been able to ascertain where the type now is; probably in the United States in some private collection; it was not figured. RURALIS KHASIA. Plate 702, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, g. Zephyrus khasia, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 301 (1890) ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 210, pl. H, fig. 4, ¢. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 301. Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich metallic green; the veins finely black. Forewing with the costal line black, an even fairly broad outer marginal black band; very slightly broader at the apex. Hindwing with the outer marginal black band about as broad as it is on the forewing, the costal black band a little broader and also even ; the outer margin scalloped as usual, the production at the end of vein 2 a little longer than at the ends of the other veins, but there is no tail; abdominal fold pale blackish. Cilia white with black base. Underside greyish-white, somewhat silvery, markings dark grey. Forewing with a thin straight bar closing the cell, a discal outwardly curved thin band from the costa to vein 2, outwardly edged with white. A sub- marginal rather thicker macular band from the costa to the sub-median vein, a little darkish suffusion between the upper part of the bands, and a little pale blue suffusion outside the sub-marginal band at the apex. Hindwing with a very thin pale straight line closing the cell, a discal outwardly curved band of small, short lunules edged outwardly with white, separated from each other, the second from the costa a little RURALINA. 265 inwards ; a sub-marginal series of similar lunular marks, the lower portion of the series rather near the lower portion of the discal series; both wings with dark grey terminal line with indications of a sub-terminal series of pale grey lunular marks. Antenne black, ringed with white, the club with an orange tip; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, ¢ 13 inches. Female unknown. Hasirat.—Khasia Hills. DisTRIBUTION.—The type from the Khasia Hills is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; we have, however, a perfectly fresh example from the same locality, which we describe and figure. RURALIS ATAXUS. Plate 703, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Dipsas ataxus, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 480, pl. 74, fig. 7, g (1852). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 31 (1857). Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 65, pl. 26, fig. 6, ¢ (1863). Thecla ataxus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 247. Zephyrus atazus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 303 (1890). Fixsen, Rom. Sur Lep. iii. p. 269 (1887). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 374, pl. 27, fig. 5, §, 6, 2 (1893). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 384. Dipsas katwra, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 65, pl. 26, figs. 1, 2, 9 (1865). Fixsen, Rom. Sur Lep. iii. p. 268 (1887). Zephyrus katura, de Nicéville, l.c. Imaco.—Male. Upperside metallic green. orewing with a broad black apical band which runs down the outer margin less broadly but evenly. Hindwing with the costal space and abdominal fold pale brown, the outer margin with a broad black band containing a fine white line towards the anal angle; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings white, dusky towards the anal angle of the hindwing, the hinder margin of the forewing with long fuscous cilia. Underside silvery white, irrorated in parts with ochreous-grey scales. Forewing with a brown line closing the cell, a discal brown line from the costa to vein 4, bent outwards at its middle, some- times obsolete, an irrorated sub-marginal fuscous spot in each of the interspaces 1 and 2, in continuation of a sub-marginal fuscous line, the lower spot sometimes obsolete. Hindwing with a broad fuscous line closing the cell, sometimes continued upwards to the costa, and also sometimes continued a little hindwards, a line parallel to it nearer the base of the wing, connected at its lower end to the outer line, a spot below it, with another spot again below the last, and a small round spot on the abdominal margin ; the inner line and spots often obliterated by the irrorations towards the base of the wing; a double sub-marginal series of lunular marks, a sub-marginal black spot in the first interspace, ringed with orange, a black spot in the anal lobe capped VOL. VII. 2M 266 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. with orange, the orange colour continued narrowly up the abdominal margin for a short distance, a very fine terminal black line on both wings, prominent towards the anal angle of the hindwing. Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with the cell and lower portion of the wing, from the base, for two-thirds its length, pale blue, glistening in certain lights, the blue colour divided by the median nervure and the base of the first median nervule, an orange spot at the end of the cell and another beyond it in the next lower inter- space, an orange smear on the hinder margin near the angle. indwing paler brown without markings, tail black, tipped with white, outer margin scalloped and slightly produced at the end of vein 3, both wings with black marginal line and white cilia. Underside pale slaty-brown. orewing with a dark thin bar at the end of the cell, pale edged, a discal narrow dark band, from the costa to vein 4, where it is pushed a little inwards and runs down to a dark square patch at the hinder angle, above which is a large irregular whitish patch with a dark spot at its upper inner end close to the discal band, the band from this spot to the costa edged outwardly with white. Hindwing with the basal third dark brown, with a very irregular outer margin of white, the white line running down from the middle of the costa, is angled inwards at the upper end of the cell, curves round inwards on the median vein, is angled inwards in the middle of the curve, then runs straight upwards to the costa, and below the eurve is continued round in two curves to the abdominal margin at the middle, the middle portion of the wing is more or less whitish, followed by a broad diffuse brown shade across the wing with a series of small white lunules, and this is followed by a whitish marginal space, a large black anal spot, capped with orange, the orange colour running in a thin line for a short distance up the abdominal margin, a black sub-terminal spot, ringed with orange in interspace 1, a sub-terminal series of small brown lunular marks, a terminal white line and black anteciliary line. Antenne black, ringed with white, the club with an orange tip; head and body concolorous with the wings above and below. Expanse of wings, f ? 13%5 to 135; inches. Hasirat.—N.W. Himalayas, China. Disrripution.—The type came from Simla, the type of katura is marked N. India, Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri; it is in the B. M. from Kangra, Kulu, and Moupin, Central China. RURALIS DUMA. Plate 703, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Dipsas duma, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn, Lep. p. 15, pl. 6, Suppl. fig. 15, g¢ (1869). Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 273, pl. 95, ¢ (1888). Zephyrus duma, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 304 (1890), Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 634. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant metallic green. orewing with a narrow RURALINZ. 267 black costal hand, and a broader outer marginal band, broadest at the apex. Hindwing with the costal space broadly black, outer marginal black band even, and slightly broader than on the forewing ; abdominal fold pale blackish ; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia white, with black base, the white tipped with black from vein 3 to the anal angle. Underside dark glossy grey, markings brown. orewing with a bar at the end of the ¢ell, edged on both sides with white, a discal almost straight, moderately broad band from the costa to vein 2 narrowing hindwards and outwardly edged with white, a sub-marginal band, from the costa to the sub-median vein, thickening hindwards, inwardly edged with white ; a marginal band with a white line between it and the sub-marginal band. Hindwing with a short transverse bar, edged on both sides with white, from below the costa one-third from the base, a long bar at the end of the cell, inwardly edged with white, attached to the discal band which runs in a straight line from the middle of the costa to vein 2, commences rather broadly, is attenuated hindwards, then bends in two sharp-pointed angles, and a short straight line to the abdominal margin beyond the middle, and is outwardly edged with white throughout; a sub-marginal band also somewhat attenuated hindwards, inwardly edged with white and well separated from the margin, a black anal spot capped with orange, a sub-terminal black spot in the first interspace ringed with orange, a very narrow band close to the margin ; both wings with terminal white line, most apparent on the hindwing an anteciliary blackish line. Antenne black, ringed with white, the club with an orange tip; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside dark brown. orewing with a large orange spot at the end of the cell, and another outside it in the next lower interspace, both spots varying much in size in different examples and often joined together. Hindwing without markings, tail brown, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings brown. Underside brown, not grey as in the male, markings similar. Expanse of wings, ¢ 145 to 2, ? 1,% to 1,8; inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Sylhet. DistTRIBuTION.—Elwes records it from the Naga Hills, the type is marked North India ; we have it from Sylhet, and have received many examples from Sikkim, where it appears to be common ; in the B. M. it is also from Sinchal, 8,000 feet elevation. RURALIS SYLA. Plate 703, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Thecla syla, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 414, pl. 4, figs. 7, 8, g (1848). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. Dipsas syla, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 30 (1857). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1865, pp. 508 and 774. 2M 2 268 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Diysas sila, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 64, pl. 26, fig. 3, @ (1865). Zephyrus syla, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 305 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 384. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. Zephyrus trilocha, Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1910, p, 367, 9. Imaco.—Male. Upperside metallic green, with a somewhat bronzy gloss, of a different hue to that of R. duma, Forewing with costal black line, and a moderately broad and even outer marginal black band. Hindwing with costal space broadly black, outer marginal band evenly black, a little broader than it is on the forewing ; abdominal fold dark grey, tail black, tipped with white. Cilia white with black base. Underside silvery-greyish-white, markings ochreous-brown. forewing with a bar at the end of the cell, edged with white, a moderately broad discal band, slightly outwardly curved, with its lower end turned somewhat inwards, slightly decreasing in width hindwards, from the costa to vein 2, outwardly edged with white; a sub- marginal band from the costa to the sub-median vein, where it is broadest, narrowing upwards and sometimes becoming almost obsolete before reaching the costa. Zindwing with a short transverse line from near the costa one-fourth from the base ; a line closing the cell; adiscal thin band, somewhat lunular, broadly edged with white on its outer side, a black anal spot, capped with orange, a sub-terminal black spot im the first interspace, ringed with orange, both wings with a grey band on the margin, a sub-terminal white thread, most prominent on the hindwing, and a black anteciliary line. Antenne black, ringed with white, club tipped with orange ; head and body above and _ below concolorous with the wings, abdomen below white. Female. vrewing with the cell, asmall space outside in the next lower interspace, and the whole of the interno-median area from the base to the outer marginal band pale purplish-blue, a white spot at the end of the cell, another outside in the next lower interspace, both varying somewhat in size in different examples, and sometimes with a small orange or white spot below the outer spot, the costal space above the cell, the apical space beyond the spots black and the outer margin with a fairly even and moderately wide black band, the veins black, the place below the sub-median vein suffused with black. Hindwing pale blackish, veins black, some bluish streaks on the outer portions between the veins, outer marginal band narrowly black. Cilia and tail as in the male. Underside also similar, bands usually narrower. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14% to 158; inches. Hasirat.—N.W. Himalayas, Sikkim, Bhutan. DisTRIBUTION.—The type is marked N.W. Himalayas ; Doherty records it from Dhankuri, N.W. Kumaon, 9,000 to 11,000 feet elevation, also from Chandans, N.E. Kumaon ; Lang took it at Narkunda, near Simla, 9,000 feet; de Nicéville at Jalauri, between Kulu and Simla; Grahame-Young at Kulu, 7,000, 8,000, 8,800 and 9,000 feet ; Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri, Leslie and Evans from Chitral; we RURALIN A. 269 have it also from Sikkim; it is in the B. M. also from Thundiani, Ramghat, Kanera, Bhagi, 9,000 feet, Rala, Jalaori and Bhutan. Zephyrus trilocha, Hannyngton, whose type he has kindly allowed us to examine, is undoubtedly only a dry form of the female of this species, the anal spots of the hindwing below are obsolete or very faintly indicated, and without the orange ring ; but we have examples in our collection that are very similar. RURALIS BIRUPA. Plate 704, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢, le, d, larva and pupa. Dipsas birupa, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 51. Thecla or Zephyrus birupa, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. Zephyrus birupa, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 306 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 384, pl. V, fig. 15a, 15b, larva, 15c, pupa. Imaco.—Male. Upperside metallic green. orewing with the costal black band narrow, outer marginal band moderately broad and even. //indwiny with the costal and outer marginal bands a little broader, broadest on the costa, and fairly even throughout, the immediate costal space pale; tail black, tipped with white, slight productions at the ends of veins 3 and 4, abdominal fold grey. Cilia of both wings white, with a black base. Underside dark grey, markings greyish-brown. J orewing with a thin bar closing the cell, with whitish edges; a discal narrow band, its upper part slightly outwardly curved, from the costa to vein 2, where its end inclines slightly outwards, edged outwardly with white, a sub-marginal band from the costa to the sub-median nervure, broadest at its lower end, narrowing upwards. Sindwing with a thin bar edged with whitish at the end of the cell; a linear mark below the costa one-fourth from the base, also with whitish edges; a thin discal band, slightly irregular at its upper end, from the costa to vein 1, where it turns inwards with two sharp angles and a straight line to the middle of the abdominal margin, edged outwardly with white throughout; a discal band of angulated lunules with white lunular marks on each side; a black spot at the anal angle capped with orange, another in the first interspace ringed with the same colour, some bluish-grey suffusion between them,a white terminal line and anteciliary brown line. Antenne black, ringed with white ; club with an orange tip ; head and body black above, grey beneath. Female, somewhat pale brownish-black, with a purplish tint. orewing with the colour merging narrowly into dark black on the costa, and broadly on the apex and outer margin, a white spot at the end of the cell, with another on its outer side in the next lower interspace. /7indwing with an indistinct, blackish outer marginal border narrower than it is in the forewing; abdominal fold grey; tail black, tipped with 270 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. white. Cilia of both wings white, with a black base, the white tipped with black from the tail to the anal angle. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, S 2 1445 to 155 inches. Hasrrat.—North-West Himalayas. Disrrisution.—Recorded by de Nicéville from Pyura and Ramgarh, 4,000 to 7,000 feet elevation, by Doherty from Kumaon, by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, where they say it was exceedingly common, double brooded, the first from May to July, the second in September. The earlier brood is found in shady, woody ravines only, the latter brood on the tops of hills. They say Mrs. Robson has bred it at Mussuri in May. The larva feeds on Rhododendron arbarum. We have it from Simla, the types are labelled Western Himalayas ; it is in the B. M. also from Ranikhet and Bhagi. The larva and pupa, though figured, have not been described. RURALIS LETHA. Plate 704, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, g. Zephyrus letha, Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 664, pl. A, fig. 7, g. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings rich metallic green, with a marginal black border. orewing has the black border narrow, of even width throughout, the apical half of the costal margin also very narrowly black. Hindwing with the costal margin broadly black, the black border to the outer margin of moderate width, twice as broad as in the forewing. Cilia black; tail black, tipped with white. Underside, both wings pale fawn colour, glossed with silvery. orewing with an outer discal slightly curved white band, attenuated posteriorly, extending from the costa to the first median nervule, inwardly bordered with fuscous; a broad sub-marginal fuscous band, anteriorly faint, terminating at the sub-median nervure, in two dark spots, narrowly margined throughout its length with white ; a marginal white line followed by a fine blackish anteciliary line; the discocellular nervule faintly marked with fuscous. Hindwing, a broad white discal band from the costa to the first median nervule passing beyond the discoidal cell, inwardly margined with fuscous, and continued to the abdominal margin in a broken V-shaped line; a double row of sub-marginal white spots, outwardly concave, the outer row conspicuously, the inner row obsoletely, followed by a black-centred spot at the extreme anal angle, inwardly marked with yellow, which is continued narrowly up the abdominal margin ; a marginal white line, followed by an anteciliary black line, the discocellular nervules faintly marked with fuscous. Abdomen dark, paler beneath; thorax densely clothed with greenish-white and pure white hairs above and below respectively. Mr. de Nicéville has kindly compared the type with its nearest allies and writes to meas follows :—Appears to be most allied to Z. syla, Kollar, and Z. birupa, Moore, from RURALINA. 271 both of which the outer black band to the forewing on the upperside being half as wide will distinguish Z. letha; the markings of the underside also are entirely different to any other species described from the Indian region except Z. ziha, Hewitson, with which they agree somewhat closely, but the coloration of the upperside is entirely different, being in both sexes of that species dull blue ; it is also closely allied to Z. scintillans, Leech, from Chang-Yang, in Central China, and has the apex of the forewing similarly acute, but differs in the less prominence of the orange markings on the underside of the hindwing. 7. diamentina, Oberthiir, from Amurland and the Island of Askold, is another very closely allied species, and principally differs in the greater development of the orange coloration at the anal angle of the hindwing on the underside ; that species is said by Leech to equal Z. smaragdina, Bremer. Described from a single male taken near Tiddim in the North Chin Hills in May ; Tiddim is situated on an off-shoot of the Letha range, at an elevation of about 5,000 feet. The type specimen is in de Nicéville’s collection. (Watson.) Expanse of wings, $ 1355 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Assam. We have not seen the type, it is now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; we have a male from the Khasia Hills which corresponds well with Watson’s description and figure ; the coloration of the underside is fawn colour, as stated by Watson, but it is somewhat darker than the underside of his figure, in every other respect it exactly corresponds to his figure and description; our figures are from our Khasia Hill example ; the female is unknown. RURALIS ZOA. Plate 704, figs. 3, g, 3a, g. Zephyrus zoa, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1889, p. 167, pl. A, fig. 3, 5; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 802 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings black. Forewing with all but the outer margin (which is somewhat broadly and evenly of the ground colour) and the veins (which are black) clouded with rich metallic iridescent dark green scales (exactly as in Ilerda viridipunctata niihi), this colour in some lights is quite invisible. Hindwing with a patch of similar green scales in the middle of the wing, the costa and outer margin being broadly of the ground colour, the abdominal margin a little paler fuscous. Underside, both wings dull fuliginous-black. orewing with a deeper black discocellular mark outwardly defined by a fine silvery white line; an indistinct, somewhat broad, straight, blackish discal band from the costa to the first median nervule outwardly defined by a fine silvery white line; an indistinct, blackish sub-marginal band which widens out on either side of the first median nervule, and is there rather prominent. 272 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ITindwing with a short blackish bar near the base of the costal interspace inwardly defined by a fine silvery white line ; a narrow discocellular lme outwardly surrounded with white, the usual W-shaped discal prominent line, silvery white inwardly, slightly defined by a narrow blackish line; the outer margin sprinkled with white scales; a prominent marginal large oval deep black spot circled with orange in the first median interspace, an anal deep black spot crowned with orange, which latter colour extends on one side to the first median nervule, on the other side nm a narrow line for some short distance up the abdominal margin, where it is inwardly bounded by a faint black line and then bya line of turquoise-blue ; a fine anteciliary white line, obsolete towards the apex. Thorax above anteriorly clothed with ferruginous hairs in some lights, posteriorly with green hairs; abdomen black above, pale fuscous below. This species belongs to the group which contains Thecla (Zephyrus) tangkie, Oberthiir, and 7. desgodinsi, Oberthiir, from Thibet, but appears to be quite distinct from either ; it differs from the former in being larger ; it has no brilliant blue spots on the margin of the hindwing on the upperside on either side of the tail, and the colour of the underside is black, not brown. From the latter (of which the female only is known) it also differs in the ground colour of the underside, and in the discal white lines being straight, instead of outwardly convex as in 7. desgodinsi, and in the presence of the bar in the costal interspace on the hindwing. T. diamantina, Oberthiir, which is also of this group, appears to have the green colour on the upperside of the male less powdery, and extended much nearer to the outer margin. It was described from the Island of Askold. From the description alene, Z. zoa appears to come very near to “Dipsas” japonica, Murray, but that species seems to have no discocellular markings on the underside, and also has a third black spot with whitish scales in the middle between the two large ones on either side of it on the underside of the hindwing near the anal angle not found in my species. To judge of it also from the late Mr. H. Pryer’s figures in his ‘‘Rhopalocera Japonica,” the male has the green coloration of the upperside much more extensive than in Z. zoa. A single specimen has been obtained by Mr. A. V. Knyvett on Tiger’s Hill above Darjiling, at 8,000 feet elevation, on 26th June, 1888. (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 inches. Hasirat.—Ssikkim. We have not been able to examine this species, the unique type being in the: Indian Museum, Caleutta, we therefore give copies of de Nicéville’s figure. RURALIS ZIHA. Plate 704, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 2, 4b, ¢. Dipsas ziha, Hewitson, Il]. Diurn. Lep. p. 66, pl. 26, figs. 4, 5, @ (1865). RURALINGA. 273 Zephyrus ziha, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 308 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 384. Imaco.—Male and Female. Upperside mauve-coloured, the veins black. orewing with a white spot at the end of the cell, a rather long spot outside in the next lower interspace, the costal, apical and outer marginal space above and beyond these spots black, continued on the outer margin somewhat broadly and increasingly hindwards to the hinder angle. Hindwing with a little dark suffusion on the costal portion, a black outer marginal line with a white line inside it and a series of black lunular marks capped with white; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings white, with a black base except at the hinder angle and hinder margin of the forewing, where it is white throughout. Underside greyish-white, not shining, markings dark grey, nearly black on the forewings. orewing with a thin bar at the end of the cell, edged with white on both sides, a well curved thin band of conjoined lunules outwardly edged with white, from the costa to vein 2 where it nearly touches the sub-marginal band, which is broader, composed also of conjoined lunules from the costa to the sub-median vein, increasing in size and depth of colour hindwards and terminating in two somewhat suffused large black spots. £indwing with a very thin band edged with white closing the cell, a discal, thin band outwardly edged with white, slightly outwardly curved from the costa to vein 2, then bent round in two acute angles and a curved line to the middle of the abdominal margin, a sub-marginal acutely angled thin band outwardly white edged, continued to the end and curved inwards, rather near the lower end of the discal band, also in a line to the abdominal margin; a small anal black spot, capped with orange; a small black spot in the first interspace, ringed with orange ; both wings with dark grey terminal line with a white thread inside it, and a sub- terminal pale grey band, almost linear on the forewing, lunular on the hindwing. Antennz black, ringed with white ; club with an orange tip; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, $ ? 142, to 1445 inches. Hasirat.—North-West Himalayas. DisrrisuTion.—The type is without locality; we have it from Masuri, from whence Mackinnon and de Nicéville also record it, 7,000 feet elevation ; de Nicéville says that Grahame-Young took one in Kulu and one in Simla; it is a rare species. RURALIS PAVO. Plate 705, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Zephyrus pavo, de Nicéville, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 460, pl. 40, fig. 11, g ( ex errore); id. Butt. of India, ili. p. 309 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 635. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings black. Forewing with the costa somewhat widely, the apical third of the wing, and the outer margin to the anal angle black, the " VOL. VILL 2N 274 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. rest of the wing rich peacock-purple ; a quadrate spot beyond the end of the cell, and an elongated one beyond and below it in the second median interspace, orange. Cilia black. Hindwing unmarked, the tail black, tipped with white. Cilia white, tipped with black, except at the termination of the veins from the second median to the second sub-costal nervule, where the cilia are entirely white. Underside, both wings brownish-fuscous. vrewing, the discocellular nervules defined with a white line on each side ; an obscure darker broad discal fascia from the costa to the first medial nervule outwardly defined with a narrow white line, heyond which the wing is sprinkled with pale violet scales; another dark fascia from near the anal angle, decreasing in width from the inner margin to the third medial nervule, where it becomes obliterated, also outwardly defined with a whitish line. Hindwing sprinkled almost throughout with pale violet scales; a broad irregular wedge-shaped discal fascia, free of viclet sprinkling, broad on the costa, narrowing to a bluntly rounded point above the anal angle, its margins defined with a fine violet-white line ; another similar fascia beyond, inwardly defined with violet-white lunules ; two sub-basal ring spots, one of which is within the discoidal cell, and a pair of lines on the abdominal margin, all violet-white ; a sub-marginal oval black spot in the first median interspace, surrounded by a deep orange ring ; a deep orange patch at the anal angle extending a short distance up the abdominal margin ; a fine anteciliary dark line inwardly defined by a white line. Zephyrus pavo is nearly allied to the Z. katura of Hewitson, that species being probably the female of Z. atarus, Doubleday and Hewitson, but differs on the upper- side of the forewing in having the basal area of a richer shade of purple, of greater extent, and not divided by the black veins; on the underside the silvery bands in Z. katura are replaced in 4. parxo by violet irrorations ; the two species also differ in other minor particulars. The type specimen is unique, and is deposited in Mr. A. V. Knyvett’s collection, by whose native collectors it was obtained near Buxa in Bhutan. Mr. W. Doherty has recently taken a male specimen of this species near Margherita in Upper Assam, at 400 feet elevation only. It agrees closely with the type, but is a little larger. The specimen I described may also be a male; it is very singular, however, that the male of Z. pavo should put on the pattern of markings and coloration of females of several Indian species, though it is probably to be accounted for by the fact that they represent the primordial coloration of the group, and that the green colour of the upperside of the males of several species has been but lately acquired by that sex. (de Nicéville.) Female. Upperside brown with a faint blue gloss. J orewing with the apical and outer marginal borders rather broader than in the male. Hindwing without markings. Underside paler than in the male. /vrewing with the discal band much broader, RURALINA. 275 limited on its inner side by an outwardly oblique, whitish, elongated, oval-shaped patch ; on the inner and lower side of this patch the wing is suffused with pale brownish ; the outer marginal space is pale, and the sub-marginal band on the lower half of the wing is much broader than it is in the male, and there is a small pale or whitish space on the outer half of the hinder margin. Hindwing with traces of the markings as in the male, but very pale and indistinct, the anal markings as in the male, size similar. Expanse of wings, S ? 13°; inches. Hasirat.—Upper Assam, Naga Hills, Bhutan. DistripuTion.—The type male form from Buxa, Bhutan, is in the Carnegie Museum, Pitsburg, U.S.A.; we have not seen it, we therefore give de Nicéville’s description and copies of his figure. Elwes records it from Margherita in Upper Assam, a male taken by Doherty ; there is a female in the Hannyngton collection, taken at Kilari in the Naga Hills, which has been kindly lent to us, and from which our description and figures of that sex are taken. ALLIED CHINESE AND JAPANESE SPECIES. Ruralis hetule, Papilio betule, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. p. 482 (1758). Zephyrus betule, Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 383, pl. 28, figs. 8, 11, vars. (1893). Synonym, Thecla elwesi, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 39 (1890). Habitat, W. China, Northern Asia, Europe. Ruralis attilia, Thecla attilia, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Petr. iii. p. 469 (1861). Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 11 (1886). Zephyrus attilia, Leech, lc. p. 392 (1893). Habitat, Japan, Central China, Amurland. Ruralis taxila, Thecla taxila, Bremer, Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 26, pl. 3, fig. 7, p. 95, pl. 8, fig. 2 (1864). Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. Lye. Suppl. p. 10, pl. 6, figs. 16, 17, ¢ (1869). Leech, l.c. p. 370 (1893). Habitat, Isle of Askold. Ruralis smaragdina, Thecla smaragdina, Bremer, l.c. p. 25, pl. 3, fig. 5 (1864). Pryer, le. p. 13, pl. 4, figs. 6a, 6b (1886). Leech, le. p. 372 (1893). Synonym, Thecla diamanta, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 18, pl. i. fig. 1 (1880). Habitat, Japan, Central China. Ruralis szpestriata, Dipsas sepestriata, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 67, pl. 26, figs. 7, 8 (1865). Pryer, l.c. p. 13, pl. 4, fig. 5 (1886). Leech, lc. p. 384 (1893). Habitat, Japan. Ruralis lutea, Dipsas lutea, Hewitson, l.c. pl. 26, figs. 9, 10 (1865). Pryer, l.c. pl. 4, fig. 4 (1886). ‘Leech, l.c. p. 385 (1893). Habitat, Japan, Amurland. Ruralis absolon, Dipsas absolon, Hewitson, l.c. p. 65, pl. 30, figs. 11, 12, g (1865). (India ex errore.) Zephyrus absolon, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 304 (1890); id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 291, pl. P, figs. 33, ¢, 34, 9. Habitat, Java. Ruralis japonica, Dipsas japonica, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 169 (1875). Thecla japonica, Pryer, le. p. 14, pl. 4, figs. 7a, d (1886). Habitat, Japan. Ruralis orientalis, Dipsas orientalis, Murray, l.c. p. 169 (1875). Thecla orientalis, Pryer, l.c. p. 14, pl. 4, figs. 8a, 8b (1886). Zephyrus orientalis, Leech, l.c. p. 376, pl. 27, fig. 14 var. (1893) Habitat, Central China. Ruralis enthea, Thecla enthea, Jansen, Cist. Ent. ii. p. 157 (1877). Pryer, l.c. p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 12 2N 2 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. (1886). Zephyrus enthea, Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 391, pl. 30, fig. 18 var. (1893). Habitat, W. China. Ruralis jonasi, Thecla jonasi, Jansen, l.c. Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. vi. p. 13, pl. 8, fig. 2 (1881). Dipsas jonasi, Pryer, l.c. p. 13, pl. 4, fig. 5 (1880). Zephyrus jonasi, Leech, lc. p. 385 (1893). Habitat, Japan, Amurland. Ruralis fasciata, Thecla fasciata, Jansen, l.c. iii. p. 272, pl. 5, fig. 4 (1878). Habitat, Japan. Ruralis aurorina, Thecla taxila, var. aurorina, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 18 (1880). Habitat, China. Ruralis michzlis, Thecla micheelis, Oberthiir, l.c. p. 19, pl. 5, fig. 2 (1880). Zephyrus michzelis, Leech, Le. p. 388, pl. 28, fig. 7, var. (1893). Habitat, Omei-Shan, W. China. Ruralis raphelis, Thecla raphelis, Oberthiir, l.c. p. 20, pl. 5, fig. 1 (1880). Zephyrus raphzelis, Leech, le. p. 389, pl. 28, fig. 10, var. (1893). Synonym, Dipsas flamen, Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 410, pl. 36, fig. 2. Habitat, Corea, Isle of Askold, Amurland. Ruralis signata, Thecla signata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 854. Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 114, fig. 2 (1882). Pryer, le. p. 16, pl. 4, fig. 19 (1886). Zephyrus signata, Leech, lc. p. 381, pl. 27, fig. 12, ? (1893). Habitat, Yesso, Japan. Ruralis ibara, Thecla ibara, Butler, I.c. Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 113 (1882). Pryer, lc. p. 16, pl. 4, fig. 18 (1886). Zephyrus ibara, Leech, l.c. p. 390 (1893). Habitat, Japan. Ruralis stigiana, Thecla stygiana, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1881, p. 35, pl. 4, fig. 6. Zephyrus stygiana, Leech, l.c. p. 391 (1893). Habitat, Central Japan. Ruralis butleri, Thecla butleri, Fenton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 853. Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 115, fig. 1 (1882). Pryer, l.c. p. 16, pl. 4, fig. 13 (1886). Zephyrus butleri, Leech, l.c. p. 393 (1893). Synonym, Thecla oberthiiri, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 138, pl. 6, figs. 4a, b, 9 (1887). Habitat, Japan. Ruralis orsedice, Thecla orsedice, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 852. Pryer, Le. p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 17, g (1886). Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 107, 9 (1882). Zephyrus orsedice, Leech, lc. p. 393 (1893). Habitat, Japan, Isle of Yesso. Ruralis regina, Thecla regina, Butler, l.c. p. 853. Habitat, Japan. Ruralis tsangkie, Thecla tsangkie, Oberthiir, l.c. ix. p. 20, pl. 7, figs. 55, ¢, 56, 9 (1884). - Zephyrus tsangkie, Leech, l.c. p. 330 (1893). Habitat, Western China. Ruralis desgodinsi, Thecla desgodinsi, Oberthiir, lc. xi. p. 21, pl. 7, fig. 24 (1886). Zephyrus desgodinsi, Leech, l.c. p. 374 (1893). Habitat, W. China. Ruralis bieti, Thecla bieti, Oberthiir, l.c. p. 19, pl. 4, fig. 22, g (1886). Zephyrus bieti, Leech, lc. p- 381 (1893). Habitat, Moupin, China. Ruralis seraphim, Thecla seraphim, Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. xii. ; id. Ktud. d’Ent. xi. p. 19, pl. 5, fig. 37 (1886). Zephyrus seraphim, Leech, l.c. p. 378 (1893). Habitat, Japan, Corea, Amurland. Ruralis seraphina, Thecla seraphina, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 135, pl. 16, figs. 3, 4, 5 (1887). Pryer, le. p. 14, pl. 4, figs. 9a, 9b (1886). Zephyrus seraphina, Leech, lc. p. 386 (1893). Habitat, Western China. Ruralis ultramarina, Thecla taxila, var. ultramarina, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 278 (1887). Habitat, Japan. Ruralis quercivora, Thecla quercivora, Staudinger, l.c. p. 137, pl. 6, figs. 2a, b (1887). Zephyrus quercivora, Leech, l.c. p. 382, pl. 27, fig. 15, 9 (1893). Habitat, China, Amurland. Ruralis celestis, Thecla ccelestis, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 191 (1890). Zephyrus ceelestis, Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 383, pl. 27, fig. 9, g (1893). Habitat, Western China. RURALIN A. 277 Ruralis melpomene, Dipsas melpomene, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 41 (1890). Zephyrus melpomene, Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 386, pl. 28, fig. 14, ¢ (1893). Habitat, Chang-Yang, China. Ruralis minerva, Dipsas minerva, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 40 (1890). Zephyrus minerva, Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 387, pl. 28, fig. 12, 9 (1893). Habitat, Ichang, W. China. Ruralis comes, Dipsas comes, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 41 (1890). Zephyrus comes, Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 388, pl. 28, fig. 9, 9 (1893). Habitat, Central and Western China. Ruralis thespis, Dipsas thespis, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 42 (1890). Zephyrus thespis, Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 388, pl. 28, fig. 2, ¢ (1893). Habitat, Ichang, China. Ruralis coruscans, Zephyrus coruscans, Leech, l.c. p. ii. pl. 17, fig. 7, 9,8, ¢ (1893). Habitat, Moupin, China. Ruralis scintillans, Zephyrus scintillans, Leech, l.c. p. 376, pl. 27, fig. 10, 9, 11, ¢ (1893). Habitat, Chang-Yang, Central China. Ruralis pedius, Zephyrus pedius, Leech, l.c. p. 378, pl. 27, fig. 3, 9 (1893). Habitat, Wa-ssu-Kow, China. Ruralis hecale, Zephyrus hecale, Leech, l.c. p. 379, pl. 27, fig. 1, 9, 2, ¢ (1893). Habitat, Wa-ssu- Kow, Ta-chien-lu, China. Genus EUASPA. Euaspa, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 29. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 309 (1890). Hyes finely hairy. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite upper end of cell, 11 is emitted at one-third before end of cell, 10 at three-fourths, 9 short from 7 beyond its middle, 6-also from 7 some distance beyond end of cell, middle discocellular short, straight, upright, the lower about one-fourth longer than the middle, upright, concave, vein 3 emitted a little before lower end of cell, wing short, broad ; costa arched from the base, outer margin erect, convex, hinder margin long, straight. //indwing, vein 7 emitted close to upper end of the cell ; discocellulars outwardly oblique, concave, the upper a little shorter than the lower, vein 3 from lower end of cell; wing short, very broad, outer margin convex and slightly sinuous, a single filamentous tail from the end of vein 2; body short, palpi porrect, second joint long, pilose beneath, third slender, a little longer than the second, legs slender. Antenne thickened at the end, tip blunt ; no secondary sexual characters. Type, Myrina milionia, Hewitson. EUASPA MILIONIA. Plate 705, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Myrina milionia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 5, pl. 3, Suppl. figs. 70, 80, ¢ (1869). Hypolyceena milionia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1882, p. 429. Euaspa milionia, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 29. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 310, pl. 27, fig. 203, @ (1890). Imaco.—Male and Female. Upperside cerulean-blue. orewing with a large, almost square white patch beyond the end of the cell, its lower end limited by vein 2, 278 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. its upper end narrower and more or less rounded, extending above vein 5, the apical and outer marginal portions of the wing above and beyond the patch black, the basal third of the costa and the outer margin below vein 2 narrowly black. Hindzwing with a large white, very broad band, divided by the veins, from the middle of the costa to vein 2, all the veins black, the base inside the white band rather darker than the rest of the wing ; the costa outside the band blackish, the entire outer margin with a narrow blackish band, the abdominal fold pale, terminal line black with an inner white line, the vein ends dividing them both; tail black. Underside chocolate-brown ; a broad white transverse band across both wings, its inner edge running outside the end of the cell of each wing, narrowing on the costa of the forewing and towards the abdominal margin of the hindwing above the anal angle which it does not reach, its outer edge on the lower part of the forewing and throughout on the hindwing somewhat irregular; the outer marginal space on both wings pale, with greyish suffusion, broadest on the hindwing, a sub-marginal series of rather large chocolate-brown spots, a series of smaller similar spots on its inner side, represented on the forewing by two dark spots hindwards, the whole series often complete on the hindwing, a large, somewhat oblong black sub-terminal spot ringed with orange in the first interspace, a small black spot at the anal angle capped and split into two pieces by orange, a streak of this colour running shortly up the abdominal margin, and sometimes a dot or two of orange between the two black spots. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, abdomen below whitish. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1435 to 15°, inches. Hasirat.—North-West Himalayas. Distripution.—The type came from Simla, we have it from Kulu; de Nicéville records it from the Kangra Valley, 9,000 feet elevation, also from Masuri, and Kujiar near Dalhousie ; it is in the B. M. also from Sultanpore. Genus CH/ZTOPROCTA. Chztoprocta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 311 (1890). Eyes hairy. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell, 11 emitted at one-third before the end, 10 from near the end, 9 from 7 at one half beyond end, 6 from upper end of cell, 3 from before lower end, sub-median nervure straight ; wing triangular, costa evenly arched, outer margin slightly convex, apex somewhat acute, hinder margin straight. Hindwing, vein 7 emitted a little before upper end of cell, discocellulars in a straight line, the lower nearly twice as long as the upper ; vein 3 from a little before lower end of cell; wing oval, with a short tail at the end of vein 2; a very small anal lobe. Antennz short, with a well-formed long club, gradually thickened; palpi short porrect, second joint densely scaly, third naked, RURALINZ. 279 abdomen of female with a very dense and large tuft of closely packed hairs, with which the eggs are thickly covered after being laid on the branches of the walnut trees on which the larvee feed. Type, Dipsas odata, Hewitson. CHATOPROCTA ODATA. Plate 705, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢g. Dipsas odata, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 66, pl. 30, figs. 13, 14, § (1865). Moore, Proc. Zool, Soe. 1865, p. 507, and 1874, p. 272. Chetoprocta odata, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p, 312, pl. 27, fig. 204, 9 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 384. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p- 674. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull violet-blue. Fvrewing with the costal half narrowly black, from whence it expands rapidly outwards, the apex being very broadly black, the outer marginal band narrower, but also fairly broad, its inner edge being a little excavated in its middle, the dull blue colour overshadows the black margins, making them somewhat obscure. J/indwing with the outer marginal band nearly thrice as broad as it is on the forewing, paler black and still more obscure ; abdominal fold very little paler than the rest of the wing; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia white, black at the base. Underside pale grey. Forewing with a pale brownish-grey thin bar edged with white at the end of the cell, a discal rather broad, darker brown band, edged with white on both sides, outwardly oblique from the costa to vein 3, then straight down across the next interspace, where it is broken, and has a short straight band inside in continuation ; three macular and somewhat lunular, indistinct pale grey thin bands between the discal band and the margin, the hinder part of the middle series with the spots enlarged and darker than the rest. Hindwing with the bands paler, very slightly darker than the ground colour, indicated by their white edgings, a narrow bar at the end of the cell, a discal slightly outwardly curved band, about as broad as the discal band of the forewing, from the costa to vein 2, where it curves round in a couple of indistinct spots to the abdominal margin, three macular bands between it and the margin, the inner one the narrowest, a brown terminal line with a blue-grey line inside it, a narrow sub-terminal lunular black spot in each of the two anal interspaces, both capped with pale orange. Female, like the male above and below, but the black obscure bands above are broader. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1%, to 13% inches. Larva, when full grown about 0°6 of an inch in length; onisciform, nearly cylindrical ; coloration a pale rose-pink, vinous or pale yellowish-green ; second segment 280 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, anteriorly rounded, third, fourth and fifth slightly progressively wider, thence slightly tapering to the anal segment, which is about sub-equal in width to the third and rounded posteriorly ; the divisions between the segments fairly well marked ; the entire upper surface widely pitted throughout, covered with minute tubercles bearing very short, bristly hairs, the latter much longer on the lateral edge of the body; spiracles inconspicuous, concolorous ; head small, entirely retracted beneath the second segment, anteriorly and laterally black, smooth, shining, posteriorly ochreous, the ochreous colour extending on to the middle of the head in a square figure, the entire head sparsely covered with rather long, white hairs ; the body is practically unmarked, there being only a slightly darker dorsal line, the under surface is pale green. Mr. Mac- kinnon describes the larva as possessing “a yellow dorsal stripe, wide on the second segment, narrower to sixth, from thence to anal segment narrow.” Feeds on the walnut. Pupa, of the usual Lyceenid shape, nearly cylindrical, head rounded, thorax very slightly humped and constricted posteriorly, abdomen ending in a blunt point ; colora- tion dark reddish-brown, sparsely covered above with short hairs. The above description has been drawn up from numerous specimens sent me in spirit, and a few alive, and a single live pupa, by Mr. P. W. Mackinnon of Masuri. He informs me that the larve are not attended by ants, though he has watched them carefully for many days; and this is probably correct, as I can find no trace with a strong magnifying glass of the special organs affected by ants, nor can I, by pressure, make the live larvee extend those often found on the twelfth segment. (de Nicéville.) Eac.—de Nicéville gives the following note received from Wood-Mason on a cluster of eggs of this butterfly sent him by P. W. Mackinnon from Masuri for examination :— “The abdomen bears at its extremity a huge, smoothly convex seminal mass nearly as large as the thorax. This mass is made up of innumerable modified scales which are so arranged and so closely packed together that their united free ends form a smoothly dead, whitey-brown, solid-looking velvety surface. The scales are whitey-brown in their apical half, black in their setiform basal half. A number of them is attached by the black end fanwise nearly all round the oval pole of each egg, so as to conceal all except a small (less than a fourth) part of it. The eggs are attached to the surface of the walnut twigs in elongated masses, consisting of five longitudinal rows, which appear to be covered with quincuncially-arranged imbricated scales throughout, except at one end, where a portion of one egg is left exposed. A study of an egg mass shows that the first four or five eggs are laid in a line transverse to the long axis of the completed mass, and so that their fan sides are turned away from, and their exposed sides turned towards, the end of the insect’s body, then four or five more are added, so that their fans cover the exposed portions of the first row, and so on until the mass is finished, RURALING. 281 the last egg of which is necessarily left partially exposed, for the eggs as they pass out of the oviduct are coated with the secretion of the glue-glands, and passing in this sticky state through or rubbing against the hairy mass, simply agglutinate a lair of highly deciduous fluffy material composing it to those parts of their periphery only that come into relation therewith, the insect apparently not interfering in the matter even so far as to cover the last egg, the exposed condition of which may even act advantageously by concentrating the attack of ichneumons, etc., on the one weak spot of the egg armour.” de Nicéville also says the butterfly is best obtained by beating the lower branches, as it is rather a sluggish insect and does not appear to fly much ; the species is certainly single-brooded, the larvee eating the young leaves only of the walnut. They do-an immense amount of damage to the trees. Mackinnon and de Nicéville say that C. odata occurs in great numbers in Mussuri in May and June, and in the Ganges Valley in July, in fact wherever walnut trees grow (Juglans regia, Linneus), and is a perfect pest in places, as the larve literally strip the trees of their leaves. Although the larva spins a fluffy sort of web beneath which it hides, itis not of much protection, as the birds pick them out without much difficulty and with great rapidity. The butterfly is most active at sunset, and is single-brooded. The winter is passed in the egg state. Hazirat.— Western Himalayas. DistriputTion.—Recorded by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, by Leslie and Evans from Chitral, by de Nicéville from Upper Kunawar, 8,000 to 10,000 feet elevation ; we have it from Kulu. Genus LISTERIA. Listeria, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 35. Male. forewing rather long and narrow, costa almost straight, apex to termination of third median nervule truncate, outer margin below truncation emarginate, inner angle rather acute, inner margin lobed before the middle; costal nervule ending just beyond the upper end of the discoidal cell ; sub-costal nervure with three branches, excluding the terminal portion of the nervure, which is often counted as an additional sub-costal nervule, terminating on the costa just before the apex of the wing, first sub-costal nervule arising from the sub-costal nervure a little before the middle of the cell, ending on the costa beyond the end of the cell, second sub-costal arising nearer to the apex of the cell than to the origin of the first sub-costal ; third sub-costal arising midway between the end of the cell and the apex of the wing ; upper discocellular nervule wanting, middle discocellular arising at the point where the upper discoidal nervure is given off, concave; lower discocellular longer than the VOL. VIII. 20 282 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. middle discocellular, in the same straight line, concave ; second median nervule arising well before the lower end of the cell ; first median nervule arising twice as far from the base of the second as the second does from the end of the cell; sub-median nervure straight, a sexual tuft of hairs attached to the inner margin before its middle and turned under and upwards. Hindwing large, broad, costa nearly straight, outer margin broadly curved to the anal angle, slightly produced at the termination of the third median nervule ; anal lobe very large; abdominal margin excavated anterior to the anal lobe ; costal nervure ending at the apex of the wing, very much curved at the base, then straight to the apex; first sub-costal nervule arising well before the apex of the cell, ending at the apex of the wing; upper discocellular nervule straight, lower discocellular also straight, im the same straight line as the upper; second median nervule arising just before the lower end of the cell, sub-median nervure straight, internal nervure short, recurved ; a sexual glandular “scale” patch extending from the base of the first sub-costal nervule to the termination of the discoidal cell, not extending into the cell, but with as large, or rather larger area anterior to the first sub-costal nervule as there is posterior to that vein. Antenne about half as long as the costa of the forewing, with a large, well-formed club. Palpi rather long, porrect, eyes hairy, thorax rather robust, abdomen short, extending to two-thirds the length of the abdominal margin of the hindwing only. Cilia of the hindwing very long and coarse. Type, L. dudgeonii, de Nicéville. The secondary sexual characters of the genus are nearest as far as Indian genera go to those of Bindahara, Moore, the “ scale ” patch on the hindwing being placed in much the same position, though it is not quite so large and reaches quite up to the origin of the upper discocellular nervule, which it does not do in Bindahara, and it has a small tuft of long hairs on the forewing ; but it differs from the five Indian genera, Hysudra, Rapala, Bindahara, Virachola and Sin- thusa, all of Moore, which possess the “scale” mark and tuft of hairs, in being entirely devoid of a tail to the hindwing; the genus being so entirely aberrant that it is very difficult to know where to place it, though its affinities are perhaps more with Thecla, Fabricius, than with any other. (de Nicéville.) LISTERIA DUDGEONII. Plate 705, figs. 4, g, 4a, ¢. Listeria dudgeonii, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 36, pl. 4, fig. 3, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. vrewing black; the discoidal cell, a small area at the base of the second and a larger area at the base of the first median interspace and thence broadly to the inner margin of the wing, but nearly reaching the anal angle, bright blue. L/indwing with the costa broadly extending into the cell, the onter margin RURALINEA. 283 hroadly but decreasingly to the anal angle, black; the abdominal margin broadly pale fuscous; the rest of the wing bright blue. Underside. vrewing pale fuscous inclining to pale ochreous broadly on the inner margin; a large reddish spot at the end of the cell; a discal macular reddish band from the costa to the first median nervule, a sub-marginal black-mixed-with-red band; the sexual tuft of hairs on the inner margin turned under and upwards, pale ochreous. Hindwing with the base rather broadly black, the rest of the wing reddish, becoming darker towards the outer margin, where it is umber-coloured ; beyond the black area is a broad area extending across the wing, consisting of a confused mass of ill-shaped ochreous spots, the outer margin bears a double lunulated fuscous line, each pair of lunules enclosing a small space of the ground colour. Cilia reddish throughout, broad and coarse, and very long on the hindwing, especially where they fringe the anal lobe. The butterfly is so entirely different from all others known to me in shape, markings and sexual characters that I can compare it with none. It remotely reminds one of Thecla frivaldszkyi, Lederer, and allies, in the markings of the underside ;_ but the coloration of the upperside, the truncated apex of the forewing and the “male marks” are wholly dissimilar. Described from a single example not in perfect order, captured 2,500 feet elevation above the sea by Mr. J. L. Lister, after whom I have much pleasure in naming the genus. As my friend Mr. G. C. Dudgeon “ discovered” the species in Mr. Lister’s collection, I have named it specifically after him. (de Nicéville.) Female unknown. Expanse of wings, $ 1525 inches. Hasirat.—Bhutan. We have not seen this species, the type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, we therefore give copies of de Nicéville’s figure. r thal” oti Velie Bi) ads aD ie pe ¥ Se i>. are ' ae ia {a.y io 2 “WAAR . thats At wth tran ia a i hang anh sgt Shane” olde. t : Us cert poutn taal ng Uherait ar oe awa ued Haihh sy “Salerien tee ‘ eae ‘ Ft Aled, sinewa ‘bua. Seba rit ee > sai titroncberd ° fle Batt Soi bat Sibel ict jie 8 : 7 hen totity godin i att in Oe tt ‘ th Sfaad fiprdiiw-baxi Pury a Rea AF ita ae os i Smelly tr fain iat, eae eehid 1 i fu bod duodguosdt! dathber ay, > plol Tate $03 yget wads aE a a tin tyrd 3 oe Tome fo euntuam adt folie Ban A jtWaI Ose oe cma Ne Aga oat, ahighoe. fing ‘wation Oh Cys Abani iy Bem Lay ba wile iil = en Aa es itt “ gaent wilt ‘2 oF ah BBY ( “spd Te Vi ole fi % n sodte = les flier: r ti Toile» T. — ooh eth : , Hii. a 2 a f at as “4 ee Pd re 4 + eet tac Seat ane rl ‘ wis a! 1: ie ae he > Mele faye * * “ _ 7 a Lia = e7O) i eat dit ct tatafinol alii Of09 tis (AGED ne 2 T inad Sieg ail Sea th : Genie rT i Ata tie aps tet aa itt- “Rank seth ? x: ‘4 a ty "yistaleiin % 7 op ; x a ne : Lauola ‘ba myAw “1 ei ion ; 3 losiiaa Ge" ot Yori ‘ vida fein oe niger. gas ny 40" id Babee ct e ¢ “Styne a haart . pest eG “ak be ‘elle Ay uy Avera, - bo Dm Ot ADDENDA. Mr. F. Davinson informs us that some of the larve and pupz described and figured in this vol. do not represent the larvee and pup reared at Kanara and described and figured by Messrs. Davidson, Bell and Aitken in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society in 1890 and 1896; we therefore think it advisable to give their descriptions and figures, as follows; the figures are for the’ most part from Davidson’s original coloured drawings, very kindly put at our disposal. IRAOTA TIMOLEON, Stoll. (p. 132). Plate 705, A, figs. 1, larva, la, pupa. Larva.—We got five or six of these in September, feeding on the bark of Ficus glomerata, and, when that failed, on each other, for they are horrible cannibals. They never ate a leaf. The larva is very stout, but is much constricted in the middle, so that the circumference is greatest about the 3rd or 4th and 9th or 10th segments, varying a little with position. It moves as freely backwards as forwards, the whole ventral surface adhering closely to the branch, so that head and legs are seldom visible. The colour is clear green, with or without a brown bar on each side of the 10th segment. Pupa.—Thick and short, humped on the thorax, and somewhat constricted behind ; - light brown mottled with darker. There were no ants with these larvae when they were brought to us, but after they became pupze they were discovered by a nest of common house ants, and were immediately put under a guard and carefully watched. At page 381 of the 1896 Journal they say that the larva feeds on young shoots of the various fig trees, SURENDRA QUERCETORUM, Moore (p. 127). Plate 705, A, figs. 2, larva, 2a, pupa. Larva.—Onisciform, anal segments flattened ; slightly ridged along the back ; head concealed by a plate, which is distinctly separated from the next segment, colour light green, with a broad pink band in the middle of the back, centred by a dark green line, a pink lateral band above the legs on each side, the sides banded obliquely with 286 ADDENDA. alternate bands of very light and dark green. It feeds on the young thorny shoots of Acacia pennata, Willd. Pupa.—Fastened only by the tail, short and stout, with the head slightly pointed and the thorax higher than the abdomen, it is of an almost uniform dark brown. AMBLYPODIA ANITA, Hewitson (p. 137). Plate 705, A, figs. 3, larva, 3a, pupa. Larva.—A very striking object, it is of the woodlouse form, and large for the size of the butterfly ; the segments are well defined, giving the back and sides a serrated outline ; the colour is an oily yellow with a broad, dorsal, electric-blue line (a colour it is impossible to paint), not extending to the last segment, a sub-dorsal line on each side of a similar colour, but narrower, and not extending to the last two segments, and a similar lateral narrower line ; head small and of a clear transparent brown devoid of markings. The second segment projects and is cloven in the middle, acting as a shield to the head ; the legs, feet, and lower parts are yellowish-green. It feeds on young shoots of Olar scandens, Rox. Pupa.—Thick, broad, and of a rough texture; it has no protuberances, and is fixed by the tail (which is short and broad) along a leaf, the thoracie band being very fine ; in colour it is whitish-brown, slightly tinged with purple. It has two faint, interrupted bands extending from the tail obliquely to the thorax; it is also mottled ‘with brown round the thorax. ARHOPALA CORUSCANS, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville (p. 149). Plate 705, A, figs. 4, larva, 4a, pupa. Arhopala centaurus, Davidson, Bell and Aitken. Larva.—Found from June to October on Yerminalia paniculata, one of the commonest jungle trees in Canara, has the usual woodlouse form, the head being concealed under the 2nd segment, and the sides extending beyond the legs, but it is proportionally longer and flatter than most of the family, and the last two segments are much depressed. There are a few strong, black bristles about each spiracle, and below these a fringe of similar bristles skirting the whole outline of the insect as seen from above. There is a honey gland on the 11th segment, but we saw no signs of erectile organs on the 12th. The colour varies a little, but is usually green below and on the sides, the whole back being of a fine, reddish-brown, very prettily marked with darker and lighter shades. Pupa.—Stout and broad, with the thorax humped, and the under-surface very fiat. The last segment is peculiarly prolonged and expanded : to describe it appropriately a Greek word is required signifying,—having-the-form-of-a-horse’s-hoof. By this alone the pupa is firmly attached to a strong web of silk in a loose, half-open, leaf-cell. ADDENDA. 287 We never found either larva or pupa of this butterfly without an attendant guard of the ferocious red, or yellow, tree ant, Gicophylla smaragdina, as we believe the fiend is called. Half-a-dozen of them, kept with the larva in a bottle, lived quite happily for a week, and seemed to require no food besides what they obtained from it and from the leaves with which it was supplied. The larva was in no degree dependent on them, as we proved by rearing some from a very small size without ants. From this it would appear that the advantage which the larva derives from the alliance is protection against enemies. The house swarmed with a small brown ant, very active in killing and carrying off sickly larve, or butterflies just emerging from the pupa. We introduced some of these to a centaurus, and immediately they took it into their care and showed that they thoroughly understood the management of it. First the larva was assiduously caressed all over, especially the head; then the ant went to the 11th segment, touched the gland gently with its antennz, and was rewarded with a drop of honey, which it licked up at ouce. This process was repeated many times. Now, supposing these ants to be nine years old, like some of Sir John Lubbock’s, it is not possible they ever could have seen a centaurus larva before, for the house in the walls of which they had their nest stood actually on the sand of the sea-beach, a mile from the nearest spot on which we ever saw this butterfly, or found its larva. How did they understand it so well? Perhaps they had had some practice with Lampides zlianus, the larve of which we sometimes found in the garden. ARHOPALA AMANTES, Hewitson (p. 150). Plate 705, A, fig. 5, larva. Larva.—Feeds on the same plants, is very similar, but differs in the hairs being longer. It is a much paler caterpillar, the 4th and 5th segments and the 10th having the back a clear chrome-yellow instead of brown. It is usually attended by masses of red ants. Pupa.—So similar, that differences can only be discovered by microscopic examination. ERRATA. p. 31. Plate 648, figs. lb, e; should be 1b, ¢, le, 9. p. 117. Simiskina. Forewing with three sub-costal nervules, not four. p. 133. Erase last two lines ; should be, ‘‘ We give Horsfield’s and Moore’s figures, and de Nicéville’s descriptions made out from those figures.” p- 194. dodonea should be dodonza. Plate 662, figs. 2, 2a, 2b. The artist has left out the tails; they should be similar to those of Chrysophanus susanus. ect a lepeisey drrh aod iice Ral aad eh de mug, Tata .. sidney DPR Sieoe ‘wolle Wap ; ia, skutea uiindsbetal ods ai ae str ‘ede =p ede eo igaz hott, on ae 4 page ba on ofzemeruLed? —boifyyueaew tr donee ; aie Bol Ay ocho Ian ter's ant wotge oni % vemithe 1+ ow sn ook- «nabeth dijiuba S¥5 ahitiebn, site to -Joc- awond Jinma’ gubtie Baars axpotl adit on deel i qpgin tere, tags Salibraeaad tp ae 78h. pian An ' ty wiutatbolgner baa AMT vey a a end}, to ais a 3, fendars agp Gis jena tult ~ tony carreras ee ita byoacaoramn abaih wi ; | 7h oS ine! dips qi irtey AE Lse aul es ote -n Tit) DLE ZR yn SU as Re ii iv fab. bi 3 ne ar rai bigs J, a3. 6 sore wd bie. Spee eat ms Osis ae 2 +7 le 4 14 [aC O7TAa nar Cot) &@ Iie even if TSG 7 i alin Aver iso vy Dies, cl, ca eifanion foods tenures Traseh ence Litkwell vial atc hanel 20 afhatiact pitt wae qoe ee oot we ho steps tne vale ma. isiw <4 A68Y) SAD Lael had edd ea ae £ fheser a, Wi fs Ad inh Aaa fe am ai nd daashw to weal Mh . — i cotttwalt SETHAMA AZATORSA ; ila Retone = eee ; hs it-gi srattif sod selina sere ¥ al aie. eonae dd. ni obactia “2 ‘oti Waal vif etinaitgée. bre’ Freeman aghtiegate better roe ile paral SLB shoe 3 ” : s] uwonl tu ya Soins. oti ill a is as ae se atau al vn As Fy si ao — pTALTE ea eee « -v ola® <1 Sol tere viel ena , aot teal! ala reed leben dow Sordiitie ures he ey + ako lt ieee Diet eks 2 oS a SH INDEX OF abdul (Jamides), 73. aberrans (Arhopala), 228. aberrans (Nacaduba), 86. aboé (Arhopala), 218. abseus (Arhopala), 191. absolon (Ruralis), 275. ace (Arhopala), 236. Acesina, 228. acestes (Arhopala), 235. acetes (Arhopala), 234. achelous (Arhopala), 234. acuta (Curetis), 249. adala (Arhopala), 221. adana (Jamides), 73. adatha (Arhopala), 234. aditya (Chrysophanus), 94. adonias (Arhopala), 234. adorea (Arhopala), 187. adriana (Arhopala), 202. adulans (Arhopala), 221. wdias (Arhopala) 189. zeta (Arhopala), 224. zgina (Lycena), 10. zlianus (Hesperia), 66. zesopus (Curetis), 249. zsopus (Curetis), 239. affinis (Thecla), 256. agaba (Arhopala), 164. agelastus (Arhopala), 219. agesias (Arhopala), 234. agesilaus (Arhopala), 236. aglais (Arhopala), 234. agnata (Cupido), 66. agnis (Arhopala), 152. agrata (Arhopala), 178. Agriades, 21. ahanus (Flos), 201. aida (Arhopala), 180. alaconia (Arhopala), 235. albida (Phengaris), 2. albopunctata (Arhopala), 184. Albulina, 16. Albulina, 12. alea (Arhopala), 179. alemon (Arhopala), 175, alesia (Arhopala), 185. alexis (Lycena), 66. VOL. VIII. 289 GHNERA AND SPECIES. VOt. Vv ITY. aliteeus (Arhopala), 234. allata (Arhopala), 236. allous (Papilio), 14. almora (Cupido), 86. aluta (Nacaduba), 88. amantes (Arhopala), 150. amatrix (Arhopala), 152. amaura (Nacaduba), 86. Amblypodia, 135. AMBLYPODIIN#, 126. ameria (Mahathala), 141. amisena (Surendra), 129. ammon (Arhopala), 234. ammonides (Arhopala), 230. amphea (Arhopala), 235. amphea (Arhopala), 192. amphimuta (Arhopala), 234. amphimuta (Narathura), 173. anamuta (Arhopala), 236. anarte (Arhopala), 157. ancyra (Nacaduba), 86. andamanica (Arhopala), 217. andersoni (Amblypodia), 137. andersoni (Logania), 109. androcles (Heliophorus), 107. anella (Arhopala), 237. angulata (Curetis), 247. angusta (Nacaduba), 88. anila (Arhopala), 237. anita (Amblypodia), 137, 286. anniella (Arhopala), 206. annulata (Arhopala), 234. annulata (Plebeius), 20. Anops, 239. anthelus (Arhopala), 155. antimuta (Arhopala), 208. antimuta (Arhopala), 207. antura (Arhopala), 168. anunda (Arhopala), 235. apella (Nilasera), 150. apha (Arhopala), 154. apidanus (Arhopala), 200. Apporasa, 139. arama (Arhopala), 162. aratus (Jamides), 73. araxes (Arhopala), 234. arca (Arhopala), 236. arcana (Euchrysops), 43. archias (Papilio), 45. arcuata (Curetis), 240. ardates (Nacaduba), 83. ardeola (Nacaduba), 88. ardeola (Lycena), 78. arene (Lycena), 26. areste (Arhopala), 205. argentea (Arhopala), 236. argus (Plebeius), 20. Arhopala, 144. arjana (Polyommatus), 26. Aricia, 14. Aricia, 12. aricia (Amblypodia), 188. ariel (Arhopala), 233. arisba (Acesina), 229. aroa (Arhopala), 170. aronya (Arhopala), 235. arracana (Amblypodia), 138. arsenius (Arhopala), 235, artegal (Arhopala), 211. arvina (Arhopala), 218. asia (Arhopala), 236. asialis (Azanus), 55. asiatica (Plebeius), 17. asinarus (Arhopala), 234. asoka (Arhopala), 199. asoka (Lyczna), 47. asopia (Arhopala), 223. astraptes (Jamides), 73. astrarche (Plebeius), 14. ataxus (Ruralis), 265. atkinsoni (Apporasa), 139. atosia (Arhopala), 188. atrata (Nacaduba), 80. atrax (Arhopala), 176. atrax (Arhopala), 177. atroguttata (Phengaris), 2. atromarginata (Nacaduba), 88. attilia (Ruralis), 275. auratus (Chrysophanus), 100. aurea (Arhopala), 234. aurorina (Ruralis), 270. Aurotis, 261. auxesia (Arhopala), 235. auzea (Arhopala), 237. 2 P 290 avatha (Arhopala), 237. Azanus, 32. azata (Arhopala), 236. azureus (Nacaduba), 88. azinis (Arhopala), 237. bagus (Lampides), 46. baralacha (Chrysophanus), 91. barami (Arhopala), 238. barine (Lycena), 10. basivirides (Arhopala), 181. baton (Papilio), 3. bazaloides (Arhopala), 174. bazalus (Arhopala), 166. bazalus (Satadra), 174. belenus (Heliophorus), 103. bella (Arhopala), 237. belpheebe (Arhopala), 203. bengalensis (Liyczenesthes), 55. bengalia (Catochrysops), 37. beroé (Nacaduba), 88. betulz (Ruralis), 275. bhutea (Nacaduba), 77. bicolora (Amblypodia), 235. bieti (Ruralis), 276. bilucha (Polyommatus), 28. biplagiata (Surendra), 127. birmana (Arhopala), 229. birupa (Ruralis), 269. bochides (Lampides), 62.” bochus (Jamides), 58. beeticus (Lampides), 44. borneensis (Arhopala), 237. boswelliana (Iraota), 134. bracteata (Plebeius), 21. bradamante (Zarona), 125. brahma (Arhopala), 237. brahma (Heliophorus), 102. brassolis (Liphyra), 251. brookei (Arhopala), 238. buddha (Arhopala), 238. bulis (Curetis), 244. bupola (Satadra), 158. butleri (Ruralis), 276. cadmus (Ilerda), 100. cca (Arhopala), 235. cwligena (Lycena), 10. cerulea (Jamides), 62. Callophrys, 256. camdeo (Arhopala), 156. eamilia (Arhopala), 235. canaraica (Arhopala), 171. capeta (Amblypodia), 197. cashmirensis (Scolitantides), 3. Catochrysops, 37, 39. Catochrysops, 46. catori (Arhopala), 238. celebensis (Curetis), 249. celeno (Jamides), 66. centaurus (Arhopala), 147. Cheetoprocta, 278. INDEX, chalybea (Callophrys), 259. chamanica (Lycena), 12. chinensis (Arhopala), 204. chinensis (Chrysophanus), 99. chinensis (Plebeius), 21. chitralensis (Polyommatus), 30. chola (Satadra), 199. CHRYSOPHANINA, 90, Chrysophanus, 90. cinyra (Papilio), 239. circe (Callophrys), 259. clarissa (Arhopala), 236. cleobis (Plebeius), 21. cleodus (Jamides), 63. cnejus (Euchrysops), 40. coalita (Jamides), 73. ccelestis (Nacaduba), 85. celestis (Ruralis), 276. coluthez (Papilio), 45. comes (Ruralis), 277. comica (Arhopala), 195. conferenda (Jamides), 65. constancee (Arhopala), 146. contracta (Euchrysops), 42. corinda (Arhopala), 235. coruscans (Arhopala), 149, 286. coruscans (Ilerda), 107. coruscans (Jamides), 60. coruscans (Ruralis), 277. crameri (Azanus), 34. cunilda (Jamides), 73. cupa (Nacaduba), 88. CuretTIn&, 238. Curetis, 239. Cyaniriodes, 109. Cyaniris, 20. Cyaniris, 12. ceymbia (Niphander), 52. dajagaka (Arhopala), 237. dama (Arhopala), 186. damoétes (Papilio), 45. dana (Nacaduba), 78. daones (Jamides), 74. daonides (Jamides), 74. darana (Amblypodia), 138. Darasana, 144. datarica (Nacaduba), 88. davaona (Arhopala), 236. davidi (Neolycena), 261. davisonti (Arhopala), 208. democritus (Hesperia), 59. dentata (Curetis), 245. deria (Thecla), 254. desgodinsi (Ruralis), 276. detrita (Arhopala), 236. deva (Arhopala), 237. devanica (Polyommatus), 25. diamanta (Thecla), 275, diardi (Arhopala), 196. didda (Lycena), 47. discalis (Surendra), 128. discalis (Curetis), 244. divina (Lyczna), 10. dodoncea (Arhopala), 194. dohertyi (Arhopala), 237. dohertyi (Ruralis), 261. dorimond (Papilio), 200. drasula (Polyommatus), 23. drucei (Arhopala), 237. drunela (Polyommatus), 27. dubiosa (Lycena), 83. dudgeonii (Listeria), 282. duesse (Arhopala), 210. duma (Ruralis), 266. Edales, 37. elfeta (Arhopala), 235. ella (Catochrysops), 42. ellisi (Plebeius), 19. elopura (Arhopala), 236. elpidion (Jamides), 73. elpis (Jamides), 69. elwesi (Thecla), 275. emolus (Lycznesthes), 55. empyrea (Lycena), 12. enthea (Ruralis), 276. epicles (Heliophorus), 103. epimete (Arhopala), 236. epimuta (Arhopala), 207. erebina (Amblypodia), 234. eretria (Thecla), 256. erichsonit (Amblypodia), 138. eridanus (Arhopala), 254. erycinoides (Poritia), 112. Euaspa, 277. Euchrysops, 39. eumolphus (Arhopala), 158. euphemia (Lyczna), 10. evanescens (Jamides), 73. evansi (Chrysophanus), 98. eximia (Strymon), 256. Farquhari (Narathura), 160. fasciata (Ruralis), 276. felderi (Curetis), 250. felderi (Curetis), 244. felicis (Lyczena), 6. fentoni (Strymon), 256. ferrea (Callophrys), 259. festivus (Jamides), 73. jflamen (Dipsas), 276. florimel (Surendra), 130. Flos, 144. Frivaldszkyi (Thecla), 259. friihstorferi (Arhopala), 257. fugitiva (Polyommatus), 29. Julgens (Simiskina), 122. fulgida (Arhopala), 198. fulla (Arhopala), 218. fusea (Niphanda), 54. galathea (Lyczna), 9. gamra (Azanus), 34. ganesa (Arhopala), 226, geta (Poritia), 114. glauca (Nacaduba), 88. gloriosa (Curetis), 243. grandis (Strymon), 256. griseus (Jamides), 73. grynea (Amblypodia), 234. gunongensis (Arhopala), 237. hainana (Amblypodia), 139. hainana (Mahathala), 142. hampsoni (Nacaduba), 79. hapalina (Catochrysops), 42. harterti (Massaga), 118. havilandi (Arhopala), 237. hecale (Ruralis), 277. Heliophorus, 100. hellenore (Arhopala), 161. helus (Polyommatus), 147. Heodes, 90. hercules (Arhopala), 234. hermus (Lyczna), 76. hermus (Nacaduba), 87. herzi (Stymon), 256. hesba (Arhopala), 235. hewitsoni (Arhopala), 177. hewitsoni (Poritia), 110. Hirsutina, 21. horsfieldi (Arhopala), 236. horsfieldi (Arhopala), 181. hylas (Lyczna), 3. hylastor (Papilio), 3. hypomuta (Arhopala), 212. ibara (Ruralis), 276. iburienses (Plebeius), 21. icana (Ruralis), 262. icarus (Lycena), 29, 31. ijauensis (Arhopala), 237. ila (Heliophorus), 108. Tlerda, 100. inflammata (Strymon), 256. inornata (Arhopala), 234. insularis (Curetis), 249. insularis (Jamides), 73. insularis (Lycena), 10. Tois, 144. Traota, 131. iris (Plebeius), 15. irregularis (Arhopala), 238. jaloka (Plebeius), 18. Jamides, 58. japonica (Ruralis), 275. japonica (Lycena), 234. jasoda (Zarona), 124. jermyni (Plebeius), 89. jesous (Azanus), 34. jonasi (Ruralis), 276. kandarpa (Lyczna), 47. kankena (Jamides), 72. kashgharensis (Polyommatus), 31. kasyapa (Chrysophanus), 95. INDEX. katuva (Dipsas), 265. kazamoto (Lycena), 10. kerriana (Nacaduba), 76. khamti (Arhopala), 190. khasia (Ruralis), 264. kiana (Heliophorus), 108. kinkurka (Jamides), 68. kondulana (Jamides), 71. kounga (Arhopala), 237. kuhni (Arhopala), 236. kurava (Lycena), 80. kurzi (Arhopala), 236. labuana (Arhopala), 237. lacteata (Jamides), 61. Langia, 49. langii (Ilerda), 107. lais (Strymon), 256. Lampides, 44. Lampides, 58. LaAMPIDIN®, 44. lanty (Scolitantides), 4. lasurea (Niphanda), 54. latimargo (Surendra), 127. latimargus (Jamides), 73. latior (Strymon), 256. Latiorina, 18. Latiorina, 12. lazarena (Iraota), 135. lazula (Satadra), 204. leechi (Callophrys), 257. leela (Liycena), 19. lehana (Plebeius), 16. letha (Ruralis), 270. li (Chrysophanus), 100. libna (Cyaniriodes), 109. limes (Jamides), 74. Liphyra, 250. Lippyrina, 250. livens (Poritia), 117. livescens (Poritia), 117. lividus (Jamides), 74. Listeria, 281. lithargyria (Catochrysops), 48. loewii (Plebeius), 12. loomisi (Arhopala), 236. lucida (Jamides), 73. lugine (Jamides), 74. lunata (Jamides), 74. lutea (Nacaduba), 88. lutea (Ruralis), 275. luzonicus (Euchrysops), 43. Lyczena, 4. Lyczna, 12. lycenaria (Arhopala), 234. Lycznesthes, 54. lycenina (Lycenesthes), 57. Lyc2&nina, 1. lycambes (Liyceenesthes), 57. lycormas (Lyczena), 10. macropthalma (Nacaduba), 74. 291 mzcenas (Iraota), 132, Mahathala, 140. malaccanus (Plebeius), 67. malayica (Arhopala), 237. malayica (Curetis), 247. mandara (Ruralis), 263. manderst (Chrysophanus), 98. mandschurica (Lyeena), 21. maniana (Nacaduba), 86. marcia (Niphanda), 53. margarita (Jamides), 74. marica (Heliophorus), 108. Massaga, 117. maxwelli (Arhopala), 160. meander (Arhopala), 233. medon (Lyczena), 14. melpomene (Ruralis), 277. mera (Strymon), 256. merguiana (Liycenesthes), 87. metallica (Lyczna), 7. metamuta (Arhopala), 213. michelis (Ruralis). 270. micrargus (Plebeius), 21. milionia (Euaspa), 277. mindanensis (Arhopala), 172. mindora (Jamides), 73. minerva (Ruralis), 277. minima (Curetis), 250. mirabella (Arhopala), 182. mirabilis (Thecla), 254. moelleri (Nilasera ?), 204. moolaiana (Arhopala), 209. moorei (Arhopala), 237. moorei (Heliophorus), 106. morphina (Arhopala), 235. multicaudata (Thaduca), 143. muta (Arhopala), 254. myrtale (Arhopala), 236. myrtha (Arhopala), 236. myrzala (Arhopala), 239. Nacaduba, 74. nakula (Amblypodia), 147. nanda (Nacaduba), 88. narada (Amblypodia), 136. naradoides (Amblypodia), 138. Narathura, 144. nazira (Polyommatus), 14. nelides (Nacaduba), 88. Neolycena, 259. nesophila (Curetis), 249. newarra (Darasana), 213. ni (Nacaduba), 88. niasana (Simiskina), 123. nicévillei (Arhopala), 163. nicévillei (Callophrys), 259. nicobarica (Curetis), 244. nicobaricus (Jamides), 60. nicobaricus (Lampides), 82. nicola (Catochrysops), 37. nila (Iraota), 135. 2 Pe 2 “= 292 nila Lycena), 59. nila (Thecla), 132. Nilasera, 144. Niphanda, 51. Nomiades, 12. nora (Nacaduba), 82. noreia (Nacaduba), 84. nycula (Lycena), 8. oberthiiri (Arhopala), 225. oberthiiri (Thecla), 276. obscurus (Jamides), 73. obsoleta (Curetis), 249. ocrida (Arhopala), 235. oda (Ilerda), 105. odata (Cheetoprocta), 279. cenea (Arhopala), 191. cenone (Strymon), 256. cenotria (Arhopala), 235. olinda (Amblypodia), 234. omphisa (Lyczena), 6. opalina (Arhopala), 179. optilete (Plebeius), 21. optimus (Jamides), 73. orestes (Jamides), 73. orientalis (Ruralis), 275. orion (Scolitantides), 4. orissica (Lycenesthes), 57. ornata (Strymon), 256. orsedice (Ruralis), 276. Orthomiella, 35. osias (Jamides), 73. ouang (Chrysophanus), 100. pactolus (Lampides), 75. pactolus (Nacaduba), 88. palawanus (Amblypodia), 201. palowna (Amblypodia), 129. pamela (Nacaduba), 88. panava (Theela), 93. Panchala, 144. pandava (Edales), 37. pandia (Lyecena), 40. pang (Chrysophanus), 100, paracuta (Curetis), 250. paraganesa (Arhopala), 231. paramuta (Arhopala), 213. pastorella (Arhopala), 209. patala (Lyezna), 40, 41. patrius (Strymon), 256. patuna (Satadra), 205. pavana (Chrysophanus), 93. pavana (Nacaduba), 76. pavo (Ruralis), 273. pavonica (Simiskina), 123. pediada (Simiskina), 117. pedius (Ruralis), 277. pellonia (Poritia), 116. percomis (Strymon), 256. perimuta (Arhopala), 216. perissa (Arhopala), 220. persica (Lyceena), 29. INDEX. Phzdra, 239. pheedrus (Curetis), 240. phenops (Arhopala), 235. phakos (Poritia), 117. phalena (Simiskina), 118. phalia (Simiskina), 120. phaluke (Poritia), 116. phama (Poritia), 116. phare (Poritia), 116. pharis (Plebeius), 17. pharyge (Simiskina), 123. pharygoides (Zarona), 125. Phengaris, 1. pheretes (Plebeius), 21. pheretia (Poritia), 116. philatus (Jamides), 73. philo (Lycenesthes), 58. philota (Poritia), 116. philura (Simiskina), 123. phleas (Chrysophanus), 91. phormedon (Poritia), 116. phraatica (Poritia), 115. phyllodendri (Thecla), 256. pirama (Nilacera), 149. pirithous (Arhopala), 149. pisorum (Papilio), 45. plateni (Poritia), 116. platissa (Liycena), 47. plato (Hesperia), 59. PLEBEINe, 10. Plebeius, 10. pleurata (Poritia), 116. pleurata (Poritia), 114. plinioides (Niphanda), 52. plinius (Syntarucus), 49. plinius (Tarucus), 50. plumbeomicans (Nacaduba), 82. pluto (yczena), 59. Polyommatus, 21. Polyommatus, 44. pontis (Orthomiella), 36. Poritia, 110. Poritin2#, 108. potina (Simiskina), 122. procotes (Simiskina), 123. prominens (Nacaduba), 80. promula (Poritia), 116. proxima (Simiskina), 123. pruni (Strymon), 255. prunoides (Strymon), 256. pryeri (Amblypodia), 170. pseudegon (Plebeius), 21. pseudelphis (Lampides), 61, 70. pseuderos (Polyommatus), 22. pseudo-centaurus (Arhopala), 233. pseudomuta (Arhopala), 236. pseudomuta (Arhopala), 173. pseustis (Nacaduba), 86. pura (Lampides) 63, 65. querceti (Amblypodia), 193. quercetorum Surendra), 127, 285. quercevira (Ruralis), 276. quercoides (Arhopala), 236. rafflesii (Arhopala), 173. rama (Arhopala), 193. rapheelis (Ruralis), 276. Raywardia, 49. regina (Ruralis), 276. reta (Niphanda), 54. robusta (Sterosis), 251. rochana (Iraota), 134. rogersi (Lampides), 72. roona (Arhopala), 215. rubi (Callophrys), 257. rubicundula (Strymon), 256. Rumicia, 90. RuRALIN«, 252. Ruralis, 261. sepestriata (Ruralis), 275. samoa (Lycena), 40. samudra (Plebeius), 13. sandakana (Arhopala), 237. sangira (Arhopala), 237. santana (Anops), 240. saphir (Heliophorus), 108. saronis (Curetis), 244. sarta (Lycena), 21. sartoides (Polyommatus), 21. sassanides (Strymon), 254. Satadra, 144. Satsuma, 256. saturata (Jamides), 73. saturatior (Amblypodia), 235. sceva (Arhopala), 238. scintillans (Ruralis), 277. Scolitantides, 3. selta (Arhopala), 169. seminigra (Arhopala), 236. semperi (Arhopala), 237. sena (Heliophorus), 100. seraphim (Ruralis), 276. seraphina (Ruralis), 276. sericina (Nacaduba), 88. signata (Ruralis), 276. silhetensis (Arhopala), 161. silva (Poritia), 116. similis (Arhopala), 237. Simiskina, 117. sinensis (Neolycena), 259. sinensis (Orthomiella), 37. singapura (Panchala), 198. singla (Arhopala), 167. siraha (Jamides), 73. smaragdina (Ruralis), 275. snelleni (Jamides), 73. solyma (Simiskina), 123. sperthis (Curetis), 249. spini (Strymon), 255. standfussi (Chrysophanus), 100. staudingeri (Arhopala), 236. sterosis, 250. stigiana (Ruralis), 276. stigmata (Curetis), 242. | stimula (Surendra), 130. stoliczkana (Polyommatus), 24. strabo (Catochrysops), 47. Strymon, 253. | stygianus (Chrysophanus), 93. subdita (Jamides), 64. subfasciata (Arhopala), 183. subfasciata (Narathura), 217. subfestivus (Nacaduba), 88. subperusa (Jamides), 73. suidas (Jamides), 73. sumatre (Poritia), 113. Surendra, 126. susanus (Chrysophanus), 97. sutleja (Lycena), 26. syla (Ruralis), 267. Syntarucus, 49. tagalica (Curetis), 249. talanjang (Jamides), 73. talinga (Jamides), 73. tameanga (Arhopala), 237. tamu (Heliophorus), 105. taoona (Amblypodia), 137. Tarucus, 49. tavoyana (Poritia), 110. taxila (Ruralis), 275. teesta (Satadra), 166. telicanus (Tarucus), 50, INDEX. tengstreemi (Neolycena), 260. tephlis (Arhopala), 235. terricola (Phzedra), 240. | tessellata (Niphanda), 54. tessellata (Niphanda), 52. Thaduea, 142. thalia (Strymon), 256. theba (Arhopala), 235. Thecla, 261. theseus (Catochrysops), 40. thespis (Ruralis), 277. thetys (Curetis), 239. timeus (Chrysophanus), 92. timoleon (Iraota), 132, 285. | tombugensis (Nacaduba), 88. tounguva (Arhopala), 223. transiens (Chrysophanus), 97. trifracta (Euchrysops), 43. trilocha (Zephyrus), 268. tristis (Amblypodia), 234. trogon (Arhopala), 235. truncata (Curetis), 249. tsangkie (Ruralis), 276. tseng (Chrysophanus), 98. turbata (Amblypodia), 166. ubaldus (Azanus), 33. ultramarina (Ruralis), 276. unicolor (Nacaduba), 88. uranus (Azanus), 34. Vaceiniina, 12. v-album (Strymon), 256. | 293 viardi (Amblypodia), 197. vicrama (Polyommatus), 3. vihara (Amblypodia), 148. viola (Arhopala), 236. viola (Nacaduba), 87. violacea (Amblypodia), 193. virgaurez (Papilio), 91. virgulatus (Jamides), 74. viridipunctata (Heliophorus), 104. viridissima (Arhopala), 161. vivarna (Surendra), 131. | vivarna (Amblypodia), 127. viviana (Amblypodia), 234. w-album (Strymon), 256. waterstradti (Arhopala), 237. wimberleyi (Nilasera), 185. yarkundensis (Polyommatus), 31. yendava (Amblypodia), 153. younghusbandi (Lycena), 5. zambra (Arhopala), 165. zanella (Zarona), 124. zariaspa (Chrysophanus), 95. Zarona, 123. zebra (Jamides), 74. zena (Lycena), 33. zephyretta (Arhopala), 232. Zephyrus, 261. zeta (Arhopala), 215. zethus (Lampides), 66. ziha (Ruralis), 272. zoa (Ruralis), 271. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED. oe ee Te a 5 =f =~ = a ¢ v * Ld 9 ‘ ‘ Dy = . +e: i ~ = 2. ' > ‘ [ ‘ eee a * ' aa is @! 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Vincent Brooks Day & Son Lttimp. L.Reeve & C2 London PL 682, ” beable Va JN Fitch del et hth Vincent Brooks Day &Sm1 L.Reeve & C° London. PL 690. J .N. Fitch del, et lth Vincent Brooks Day & Son. Lt?imp. L Reeve & C9 Londan. PL 691. J .N.Futch del et hth Vineent Brooks, Day & Son lth L.Reeve & C2 London. PU 692. JN Fitch del et Irth Vincent Brooks,Day &Son Lit imp L. Reeve &C° London PL 693 oP OP JNFitch del.et th. Vincent Brooks Day & Son Limp L. Reeve & C° London ae ae. Pl 644. JIN Fitch del.et ith Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Lttimp L. Reeve & C2London Pl 695 Vince ks, Day & Son Lt#i J_N. Fitch delet Lith. Vincent Brooks,Day & Son Lt? imp L. Reeve & C°London. PL 696 JN Fitch deLet ith Vincent Brooks,Day & Son Lt? 1mp L.Reeve & C°London ~ Ly . be , on he a od J PU 697. L Reeve & C2 London Vincent Brooks,Day & Son Lt®imp bens) are ¢ oe io ii a | io >= v7 Pat ~ Po aS a i, | Ga £11048 2 i i i ‘ee PU 698. B.C Kmght del et lith Vincent Brooks,Day & Son Lttimp. L.Reeve & C°London. PL 699. 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