MBI ET 930 BIOLOGY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www. archive.org/details/lepidopteraindicO9moor J (42 Soe t0d Fan LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. BY Porm ¢2 ow EN ELOE, M.A... .8., 2 .2Z.8.,. F.E,S., MEMBER OF THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE, AND OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. VOL, IX. RHOPALOCERA. FAMILY LYCAINIDA (continued). SUB-FAMILIES HORAGINA, DEUDORIXIN®, HYPOLYCHENINAE, ZESIUSINH, APHNEINA, BIDUANDINA, CHERITRINZ, LOXURINA. FAMILY HESPERIIDA. SUB-FAMILIES ISMENEINA®, ACHALARINA. LONDON: LOVELL REEVE & CO., LIMITED, PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS, 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1911—1912. - 7 , ae " ' 2001 ASE he SORE! We a roa a concer tent te Fete TRO Leen yates ANY wh LOWEN co Ser ayer ‘on oe is; IOVS _ AXBOOIAIOHE ; (\puiretiiewa) AAUZROITE TIUAAT * bh Pe) COora aon ene Cet eR ae ae _ ATO A eS, fi ae: MAE AES belo 3 Pata Pitre. @ weet as LEIA 41 OR COrmend , - a tv O08 Dy VG VO oe Kivu A) (0 0 GE nr One HU TOD a ae Bb eo a DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. PAGE PAGE Prate 706. Puate 711. Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g, le, larva and Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Lehera Eryx. 30 pipe: Catapecilma Elegans 3 2 Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. Lehera Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Catapecilma Skinneri . A 31 Delicatum 3 Fig. 3, g, 3a, ?, Shy 6, 3¢, larva and Fig. 3, g, 3a, . Catapcecilma Subochrea 4 pupa. Deudorix Epijarbas . 33 Fig. 4, g, 4a, , 4b, g, 4c, d, larva and pupa. ee ‘Amor e 5 Pras 712. Fig. 5, 6, 5a 9, 5b, g. Horaga Onyx . 6 Fig. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, ¢. Deudorix Diara 5 c , 34 Prate 707. Fig.2, §, 2a, 2, 2b, 6,20, 9, Deudorix Hig 1 ¢, la 9, 16, ¢. Horaga Geetulia - = EB) Cingalensis A i p zB 8 Fig. 3, g, 3a, g. Denton Hypar gyria 36 Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Horaga Fig. 4, 3, 4a, 9, 4b, 6. Rapala Mpilineine : ‘ 8 Melampus ; : ; wed Fig. 3, g, 3a, 6. Horaga Albimacula 3} 9 Fig 4, 6, 4a, 9, 4b, 3. Horaga Prats 713. Rana. 11 Fig. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, g, lc, larva and BioarDNe tds. OAs 2s "5b, 3. Horaga pupa. Rapala J arbas : 39 Viola : : el Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Rapala Suffusa 41 Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, 6. Rapala Testa. 42 Puate 708. : Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Sinthusa Prater 714. asaka : : . - 414 Fig. 1, g, la, ?, 1b, g. Rapala Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Sinthusa Intermedia ‘ 42 Chandrana : : : - 215 Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g, Qe, lates and Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Sinthusa pupa. Rapala Xenophon : 43 Amba. : = LG Fig. 3, 8, 3a, 2, 3b, $ (Wet-season Brood), Fig. 4, }> 4a, 2, 4b, 3, 4e, 9. Sinthusa ge, go; od, Q (Dry-season ha irgo. : . ae le * Rapala Petosiris 45 Puate 709. Puate 715. Fig. 1 g, 1a, 9, 1b, g. HysudraSelira 19 Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢ (Wet-season Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 6. Hysudra Brood), le, 6, 1d, 9, (Dry-season Hades. 2 2 20) Brood). Rapala Nissa : 46 Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, 6. Araotes Lapithis 22 Bigs 2h Gs 20, Gy 20, adie Rapala Fig. 4, 6, 4a, 9, 4b, 6. Bindahara Rogersi, nov... 47 Phocides . % = ‘ . 24 Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Rapala Sphinx 48 Puate 710. Puate 716. Fig. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Bindahara Fig. 1, 6, la, 9, 1b, g. Rapala Moorei_ , 25 Nicévillei, nov. . : 2) 49 Fig. a g, 2a, g. Perdana Arsen 2 7.26 Fig. 2, 6, Qa, ?, 2b, 3. Rapala Fig. 3, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Bindahara Scintilla =) 50 eee nov.. : : etl Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 38, 3. Rapala Mara. — oll Fig. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, rah Bindahara Fig. 4, g, 4a, g. Rapala Francesca, ‘Kamorta F ‘ He nov. 5 ; 52 DESCRIPTION OF PLATES vi Prats 717. Fig. 1, g, la, g. Rapala Rosacea 5 ite, 2 G5 Bi © 2a Boe lel Lankana F : : 5 Big. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 6. Rapala Rectivitta q : : : Fig. 4, 6, 4a, 9, 4b, 6. Rapala Ranta : a 9 : Priate 718. Fig. 1, g, 1a, 9,1b, g. Rapala Varuna Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 26, g. Rapala Schistacea, : 5 F 0 Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Rapala Refulgens ; Fig. 4, g, 4a, ee Rapala Deliochus Prats 719. Fig. 1, ¢, la, g. Rapala Subguttata Fig. 2, g, 2a, 6. Rapala Abnormis Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Virachola Isocrates . : : A : Fig. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, $, 4c, d, larva and pupa. Virachola Perse . Prats 720. Fig. 1, 6, la, 9, 1b, g. Virachola Similis Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, “2b, S. Zinaspa Todara Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Drina Donina Prate 721. Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, $, le, larva and ’ pupa. Chliaria Othona Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢, 2c, larva and pupa. Catan Kina 5 Fig: 33e¥6i 82s 62, 200, oS: Chliaria Cachara . Fig. 4, g, 4a, g. Chliaria Merguia Fig. 5, $, 5a, g. Chliaria W aeons nov. Prats 722. Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g, le, larva and Bie Zeltus Etolus 3 Big. 2 idisnt2s ae 20s de Britomartis Cleoboides ; : é Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, g. Bullis Buto 5 Fig. 4, 9, 4a, 2,4b, g. Bullis Valentia Prats 723. Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, 6. Hypolycena ‘Erylus Big. 25) 65 2an “Qe ‘Ob, $. Chiiaria Thecloides : : ‘ i tos ici oF 3b, 6. Chiiaria Nilgirica . : . : : Fig. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, g. Suasa Lisides F : PAGE 53 54 54 56 56 58 60 61 62 62 64 69 PLATE Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. ] ig. 2, , 2a, 9, 26, b> 4 ig. 3, $30, 9,30, f. Hepes cel, eo 5 E 5 6, da, 9,50, g. Tajuria Jangala liGirlas 724, 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Creusa Culta. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Charana Mandarinus 2 C - ‘ 3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, 6. Charana Cepheis 4, g, 4a, 2, 4b. 6, 4c, larva and pupa. Tajuria Indra. : . 725. ig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. iohuse Tarpina 2c, larva and pupa. Tajuria Cippus ig. 3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Tajuria Mantra ig. 4, 9, 4a, 9. ‘Tajuria Tyro 5, 3, da, 2, 5b, g. Tajuria Albiplaga c : 726. Wp Gy oe Wh. Gis deri Nela : By G9 a Ge Tajuria Donatana . 3, 6, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Tajuria Jehana ig. As 6, 4a, 2, a é6- Tajuria Thyia . 0, Tajuria Thyia, var. Pallescens . 6, §, 6a, 9, 6b, g. Tajuria Dieus he 1, 6, la, 9,1b, g. Tajuria Thria 2, 6, 24, 9, 2b, 6. Tajuria Istroidea ; : : > Tajuria Megistia Tajuria Yajna 728. 9, 1b, g (Wet-season Brood), le, 6, ld, 2 (Dry-season Brood). Tajuria Maculata . - 2, 8, 2a, 2, 2b, g. Tajuria Illurgis 3, ¢, 3a, Illurgioides ?, 3b, &. Tajuria . 4, 6, 4a, é- Tajuria D Drucei, nov. : la, 1b, 6. Manto Martina 2a, aa 2b, g. Ops Ogyges 3a, 6. Ops Ata : , 4a, 9, 4b, g. Ops Melastigma 730. - 1, g, la, 2, 1b, g, le, larva and pupa. Creon Cleobis . 5 : ae 6; 2a, 9, 2b, g. Pratapa Giana 3, 6, 3a, 9 3b, g. Pratapa Argentea . 4, $. da, 9, 4b, é; 4e, larva and pupa. Pratapa Deva DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Prats 731. Fig. 1, g,1 , 1b, g. Pratapa Icetas Fig. Cr ie oa. g. Pratapa Icetoides . Fig. 3, $, 3a, 2, 3b, §. Pratapa Ister Fig. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, g. Pratapa Cotys Pate 732. Fig. 1, $, la, . 1b, g (Wet-season ’ Brood), le, g, ld, 9 (Dry-season Be: echenatiac Penicilligera Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, 6. Dacslana Burmana . Fig. 3, g, 3a, g. Maneca Bhotea : Fig. re g; 4a, 9, 4b, g, 4c, larva and pupa. Zesius Chrysomallus Prats 733. Fig. Fig. 2 Fig. ae, day"9, 18, 3, upa. Aphneus Vulcanus . 3 2, $,2a, 9, 2b, 9. Aphneus Fusca 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, 9. Aphneus Schistacea .4, g,4a, 9,46 g. Aphneus 6 Gabriel, nov. : le, larva and oul 3, la, 9,1b, g. Aphnzus Acamas : 2, 3, 2a, 9, 2b, 2 (Wet-season Brood), 2c, 8, 2d, 9, 2e, 9 (Dry- season Brood), 2f, larva, 29, pupa, 2h, pillar projections, all magnified. Apbnezus Hypargyrus Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Aphneus Syama Puate 735. Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g¢. Aphneus Peguanus . : : : c Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Aphneus Orissanus : ‘ e : Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Aphneus Lilacinus . 3 5 ; Fig: 4, g, 4a, 9, 46, 9. Aphneus ‘Abnorinis. : : 4 Pirate 736. Fig. 1, ¢, la, g. Aphneus Greeni Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Aphnzus Nipalicus Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Aphneus Sani Fig. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, g6. Aphneus Rukmini . : : : - Puate 737. Fig. 1, g, la, 9,16, 9. Aphneus Maximus . F ‘ ‘ Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g (Wet-season Brood), 2c, 8, 2d, 9, 2e, § (Dry- season Brood) = elima, Moore. Aphneus Ictis . : - : Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, 6. Aphneus Lunulifera a é A 5 PAGE 176 177 178 Pate 738. Fig. « 23° $3) 20; 1, 6, 1a, 2, 1b, g, le, larva and pupa. Aphnezus Lohita . 9, 26, 6. Aphneus ‘Concanus . 3, 6, oa, 2, 3b, $, 3c, larva (much enlarged, with ants on it), 3d, pupa (in ants’ nest, with part of the cover- ing torn away). Aphneus Zoilus . 4, 6,4a, 6. Aphneus Minima Puate 739. Fig. 4, 9, 4a, Q. ig. 5, g, 5a, g. LS Gs. la fabric 9, 1b, g. Biduanda . 2) 6» 24; $. Biduanda Scudderii . 3, 6, 3a, "Melisa ?,. 3b, g. Biduanda Biduanda Cyara : Biduanda Nicévillei Puate 740. Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Marmessus ‘Lisias ig. 2, g, 2a, @, 2b, é. ) Marmessus Moorei ig. 3, g, 3a, Gy Bb, i: Eooxylides "Tharis : . 4, 6, 4a, 9, 4b, 3, 4e, %. Thamala Miniata Puate 741. Fig. Fig. 2 Fig. ie g, la, 9, 1b, g. 3, 2a, 2, 2b, "Truncipennis : Ds Genoa, Pon ou, D. _ Neomyrina Hiemalis . Mota Massyla ¢. Cheritrella Pate 742. Fig. Fig. Fig. Puate 743. Fig. PLATE Fig. Fig. 1, g: la,?,1b, 2 (Wet-season Brood), les Gi. kde gy ery Brood), Ticherra Aa 5 2, 6; 2a, 9, 2b, g. Cheritra Freja 3, dé, 3a, 9, 3b, 9. Cheritra Pseudojafra . : : le, green larva Cheritra 1, d, la, ?, 1b, é> and pupa, 1d, ee larva. Jaftra : 2, d, 2a, 9, 2b, Ayo "Neocheritra Amrita . . 8, 6, 3a, 2, 3b, ns? " Neocheritra “Wapranin - 744. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, g, le, larva and pupa. ‘Loxura Atyumus 2, 6. 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, larva and pupa. Loxura Surya .3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Loxura Prabha (Dry-season . viii Prare 745. i ald ie Q, 1b, 9, Ae ’Ar cuata é 2b, 8 ( Wet-season Brood), i ?, 2e, 2 (Dry-season Yasoda Tripunctata Fig. PuiatE 746, Fig. Fig. Fig. PLATE Fig. Fig. 2 Fig. Puiate 748. Fig. Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Pruate 749. Fig. Fig. Fig. PLATE Fig. a 0g , 1b, g, le, d, larva, soe Pola ‘Ataphus 2, 3,2 2a, g. Pola Tuckeri é 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Pola Amara . , le, d, larva and wecedioh Fer guSsOnI . 2, Ce Qa, 2, 2b, a ~ Gecana Jaina a 6, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. Burara Dard eG Oe 3b, g, 3c, d, larva and Burara Gomata Burara Harisa b Burara Etelka , 3b, g, 3c, larva and Rhopalocampta Benjamini a, 9,1b, g. Rhopalocampta 2b, $, 2c, a larva and, DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Prate 751. Fig. Fig. 2 Fig. Puate 752. Fig. Priate 753. Fig. Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Puate 754. Fig. Fig. 2 Fig. 3, Puate 755. Fig. Fig. Fig. Puate 756. Fig. 0Q 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. gf 5° yi . Hig. 3, é. 3a, 2, 30, 2 1, g la, 9, 1b, $, le, d, larva and Hasora Badra 2a, 9,2b, 9. Hasora Coulteri Hasora , la, @, 1b, g. Parata Sim- Parats 3, b, 3a, 9, 3b, 3, 3¢, 4, larea Fei Parata Alexis Parata Butleri Parata Chuza 3, 3a, 2, 3b, go, 3c, 2, 3d, ef, larva and pupa, Badamia Exclama- 1, o> la, 2, 1b, g. Orthophetus ‘ Orthopheetus Lidderdali a, 2; 3b, 3, 3c, #3 Calliana ls ays las ©; Be e Capila Jayadeva Pisola Zennara a 3b, é- Crossiura Achalarus © Achalaens Hantanus PAGE LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Sub-Family HORAGINZ. Eyes naked in the genera Rathinda and Horaga, hairy in Catapecilma, which forms a link between the sub-families Ruraline and Horagine, having the hairy eyes of the former, and the neuration and three filamentous tails of the latter ; all are purely oriental, colour above brown, purple and black with blue markings, all have three slender tails at the ends of veins 2, 3 and 4, the middle tail the longest, the outer one the shortest, the inner tail generally twice as long, the middle tail twice as long again. Catapecilma and Rathinda have no secondary sexual characters, but in all the known Indian species of Horaga (except H. viola and H. albomacula) there is on the underside of the forewing of the male an oval glandular patch of closely packed scales, on or near the middle of the sub-median nervure, the hinder margin of the wing bein bowed outwards opposite this patch ; all have but two sub-costal nervules, Genus CATAPCECILMA. Catapecilma, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 547. | Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 97 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 234 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iti. p. 420 (1890). Eyes hairy. Forewing with vein 2 emitted a little beyond the middle, 3 from about one-fifth before lower end of cell, 10 from about one-fourth before upper end of cell, 11 from the middle of the cell, 8 and 9 absent, 12 terminates on the costa opposite the end of the cell, wing sub-triangular, costal margin slightly convex, apex obtuse, outer margin somewhat convex and scalloped, hinder margin slightly concave and sinuous. //indwing, veins 2 and 3 emitted close together near the lower end of the cell, 7 bifureate, from about one-third before upper end, 8 extends to the apex of the wing, costal margin convex at base, then nearly straight to the apex, which is rounded, posterior margin very slightly scalloped, with three slender tails. Type, Hypochrysops elegans, Druce. VOL. IX. B 2 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. CATAPGCILMA ELEGANS. Plate 706, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, @, lc, larva and pupa. Hypochrysops elegans, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 350, pl. 32, fig. 12, 2. Catapecilma elegans, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 548. Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 98, pl. 39, figs. 3, 3a, g (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 235, pl. 22, fig. 17, ¢ (1884), Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 282, pl. 96, 9 (nec ¢), (1888). Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 368, pl. 15, fig.6, ¢. Hampson, id. 1888, p. 358. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 421, pl. 29, fig. 228, 9 (1890); id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 386: Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 641. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, 305. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 612. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p- 389, pl. 5, figs. 8, 8a, larva and pupa. Watson, id. 1897, p. 667. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p.388. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 49. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-blue. Forewing with a black costal line and narrow black costal band, with a series of black lunular spots on the outer margin, anal spot black, the black spots in the next two interspaces prominent, the anal spot and the next one edged on both sides with glistening silvery scales, the other with pale bluish-white. Cilia of both wings white with black spots at all the vein ends. Underside pale greyish-chocolate, markings darker, chocolate-brown, ornamented with brilliant metallic scales, which are blue-green in some lights, silvery-white in others. Forewing with several sub-basal spots, a medial transverse band, commencing in a curved double form of irregular spots more or less conjoined, which end on the median vein outside the cell with a thick streak below the middle of their ends, the streak narrowing hindwards to a point in the pale hinder marginal space. A sub-marginal broken band, commencing singly from the costa in a similar form, with a thick streak below it, like the middle streak and parallel with it ; a series of sub-marginal ringed spots. Hind- wing with the inner portion suffused with dark chocolate-brown, a number of larger sub-basal spots, two-bars closing the cell, followed closely by three lines of lunular marks and two below the cell bars, a series of small sub-marginal spots, a black anal spot and another in the first interspace. All these markings very difficult to describe. Antenne black, ringed with white, the club with an orange tip ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, Female. Upperside pale violet. Forewing with broad costal and outer marginal black borders, narrowing somewhat on the costa towards the base. Hinduwing with the costal space broadly blackish, veins blackish, outer margin with blackish spots, a white anteciliary line, terminal line black. Cilia of both wings violet, with white tips. Expanse of wings, f 2 13; to 144 inches. Larva, feeds on “ kindal” (Terminalia paniculata), is onisciform, flattened, head and tail segments looking very similar; head completely concealed ; it is roughish in HORAGIN ZS. 3 texture, but not pubose ; colour dirty green, with a patch of dark green in the centre of the back ; it is also a good deal mottled everywhere. Pura, fastened by the tail along a leaf, narrow, without projections of any kind ; of a greenish-brown, minutely dotted with darker brown. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasirat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra. DistRisution.—The type came from Borneo, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville record it from Cachar, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, 3,000 feet elevation, Moore from Ceylon, Distant from the Malay Peninsula, Elwes from the Karen Hills, Watson from the Chin Hills, Aitken and Comber from Bassein and Thanna, near Bombay, Hampson from the Nilgiris, de Nicéville from Chin Lushai, Orissa, Cannanore, South India, the Shevroy Hills, Mergui and Myitta in Tenasserim ; we have it from Sikkim, and have received many examples from the Khasia Hills; our description and figures are from a Khasia Hill pair ; it is in the B. M. also from Sumatra. CATAPHCILMA DELICATUM. Plate 706, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Catapecilma delicatum, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 455; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 422 (1890). Catapecilma bubases, de Nicéville (nec Hewitson), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 118, pl. 2, fel Le Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings smoky purplish-black, obscurely shot with purple in some lights. Morewing with the lower discal and basal areas powdered with dull blue scales, which are obsolete in some specimens. Hindwing with two very fine silvery lines on the margin of the anal angle. Tail black, tipped with white. Cilia blackish, marked with white towards the anal angle of the forewing, and throughout the hindwing. Underside, both wings chrome-yellow, densely and evenly striated with black, and with scattered greenish-silvery metallic spots and streaks, some of which form a marginal series. Female. Upperside. Forewing pale blue, with the costa, apex widely, and the outer margin blackish. Hindwiny with all but the outer margin, which is blackish, pale blue; towards the anal angle there is first a fine blue line, then a yellow one defined on both sides with a black one, and then another pale blue line. Underside, both wings as in the male. (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14%, inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim. 4 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA CATAP@CILMA SUBOCHREA. Plate 706, figs. 3, $, 3a, 9. Catapecilma subochrea, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 640, pl. 44, fig. 10, g. ImMaco.—Male. Two males of this lovely species were taken by Doherty at Thandaung, in the Karen Hills, at about 4,500 feet elevation, in April, 1890. They appear to be quite distinct from C’ elegans, which was found in the same locality and may be distinguished best by the colour and arrangement of the beautiful markings of the underside, which are easier to figure than to describe. On the upper side the colour is a little brighter than in C. elegans, the black border of the forewings not broader at the apex; from C. bubases, Hew., it is distinguished by the absence of a costal border on the forewing, it is smaller in size and the different markings below. (Elwes. ) Expanse of wings, ¢ 143; inches. Hasirat.—Karen Hills. There is a male in the B. M. from the Shan States. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED GENERA AND SPECIES. Catapecilma? bubases, Hypochrysop bubases, Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag. xii. p. 38 (1875), Catapecilma bubases, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 459, pl. 44, fig. 26 (1886). Habitat, Malacca. Catapecilma niasana, Catapeecilma elegans niasana, Friihstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1899, p. 157. Habitat, Nias. Semanga superba, Ierda? superba, Druce, P.Z.S. 1873, p. 350, pl. 32, fig. 11. Semanga superba, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 239, pl. 21, fig. 13, 9 (1884). Habitat, Malacca, Borneo. Genus RATHINDA. Rathinda, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 99 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 413 (1890). Eyes naked. orewing, veins 12,11 and 10 well separated ; 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell, 11 emitted at the middle of the cell, is slightly bowed upwards towards 12, from which, however, it is well separated, 10 from one-third, 8 and 9 absent, 6 from upper end of cell, discocellulars nearly erect, of equal length; vein 3 from a little before lower end of cell; wing short, triangular, costa arched, outer margin slightly convex. Hindwing, vein 7 emitted some distance before upper end of cell; discocellulars of equal length, outwardly oblique, the upper sinuous, the lower straight, vein 3 emitted just before lower end of cell, sub-median nervure straight, internal nervure with its base straight, lying close to the base of the HORAGINA. 5 sub-median nervure, then suddenly bowed outwards, rather short ; palpi of the female much longer than those of the male. Type, Papilio amor, Fabricius. RATHINDA AMOR. Plate 706, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, g, 4c, d, larva and pupa. Papilio amor, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 518 (1775) ; id. Sp. Ins. ii. p. 113 (1781) ; id. Mant. Ins. ii, p. 65 (1787). Herbst, Pap. xi. p. 43, pl. 302, figs. 9, 10 (1804). Hesperia amor, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 260 (1793). Polyommatus amor, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 620 (1823). Zephyrus amor, Guérin-Ménevile, Icon. Reg. An. Ins. p. 490, pl. 81, fig. 6 (1844). Myrina amor, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 184 (1869). Rathinda amor, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 99, pl. 42, figs. 1, la, pl. 34, fig. 1b, larva and pupa of Spalgis epius, ex errore (1881). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 359. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 414, pl. 29, fig. 227, 9 (1890). Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 389, pl. 5, figs. 7, 7a, larva and pupa. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 49. Sithon amor, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 277, pl. 95, 9 (1888). Papilio triopus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 320, figs. G, H (1780). Myrina triopus, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 49, pl. 12, figs. 7, larva, 7a, pupa (1857). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 776. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brownish-black with a violet-tint. Forewing with a white spot (sometimes slightly ochreous) beyond the end of the cell, with two smaller spots in an outwardly oblique row from it. Hindwing with two black lunular spots between the tails and indications of a third black spot in the next upper interspace, all three capped with orange, with a fine blue thread on their outer sides ; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia blackish, with white tips. Underside white, sometimes tinged with yellow ; the markings pale chocolate. Forewing with the apical third chocolate, its inner edge in an even curve from the middle of the costa to the hinder margin near the angle, containing a sub-marginal series of small black lunules inwardly edged with white ; the middle portion of the white space with some chocolate suffusion, a thin lear mark near the hinder angle, two short streaks from the base followed by three or four small spots. Hindwing with a lunulated, outwardly curved discal line, the inner wing space covered with spots and small lunular marks, a sub-marginal orange-yellow band, lined on its inner side with dark chocolate, on its outer side by metallic blue- green small spots, some pale chocolate suffusion near the apex, a black spot between the two upper tails, ringed with pale dull blue, white spots on each side of it, some white on the outside of the yellow band near the costa; both wings with a terminal, narrow, chocolate band ochreous tinted. Antenne black, ringed with white; the club with an orange tip; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. 6 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female, above and below like the male, but the white spots on the forewing above are larger. ; Expanse of wings, $ $ 1 to 14%5 inches. Larva, pale green, the segments armed with elongated divergent processes. Feeds on LEuphorbiace (Moore). Feeds on the flowers or young shoots of “Pitkuli” (Eugenia zeylanica), but also on Hopea and other things (we reared one on a common garden croton) ; is of a pale green, with a line of long, pink protuberances along the back, the last curved outwards and upwards, two protuberances curved outwards on the sides of the last segment, and on the fourth segment a straight, sharp-pointed one, low down laterally ; the line of dorsal protuberances branches near the head into two. Pura, green, becoming browner as it nears the imago state, marked on the wing- covers and on the back of the abdomen with pink, perfectly smooth, fastened along a stalk by the tail only. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasirat.—Central and Southern India, Ceylon. DistripuTion.—We have it from Kandy and Trincomali, in Ceylon, also from Trevandrum. We took it in Bombay and Poona; Hampson records it from the Nilgiris, 2,000 to 4,000 feet elevation; Moore records it from Calcutta and Kanara; de Nicéville says there is a single example in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Sibsaghar, in Upper Assam, and that W. C. Taylor took it in Orissa, Minchin in Ganjam and Bangalore, and Wade at Kandy and Galle. Genus HORAGA. Horaga, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 98 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 459 (1886). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 414 (1890). Eyes naked, in neuration very near to Rathinda. Veins 12,11, and 10 lie closer together than they do in Rathinda, 12 ends on costa opposite the end of the cell, 11 emitted from the middle of the cell, and is only slightly bowed upwards towards 12, 10 at more than one-third before end; middle discocellular much shorter than the lower, more in a straight line than in Rathinda, vein 3 emitted some little distance before the lower end of the cell; wing short, triangular, costa gently arched, apex acute, outer margin even, slightly oblique. Antenne less than half the length of the costa of forewing, gradually thickening to a pointed club. Type, Thecla onyx, Moore. HORAGA ONYX. Plate 706, figs. 5, ¢, 5a, 9,5, b, @. Thecla onyx, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 30 (1857). Horaga onyx, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 247. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 416 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 640. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 305. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 387, pl. V, figs. 18a, 18b, larva. HORAGINAL. 7 ImMaco.—Male. Upperside cyaneous-blue. Forewing with a patch of white outside the end of the cell, divided into 4 by veins 2, 3 and 4, the upper piece the smallest, the spot below vein 4 small; the costa with a black band, narrow at the base, in- creasing in width outwards, occupying the whole apical space beyond the white patch, and broadly down the outer margin. Hindwing with the costal area broadly blackish, a narrow macular, outer marginal black band, terminal black line, anteciliary bluish- white thread ; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black, tipped with white on the hindwing and at the hinder angle of the forewing. Underside pale ferruginous-brown, with a pinkish-tint. orewing with the hinder marginal space below the sub-median vein white, a broad white band with dark brown edges crossing the wing, from the white hinder space to near the costa, its inner edge passing just outside the end of the cell, fairly erect, somewhat sinuous, its outer margin inwardly oblique from vein 4, narrowing the upper end of the band to a point below the costa, terminal line dark brown. Hindwing with a narrower band in continuation, edged inwardly with dark brown, somewhat diffuse on its outer side, the band somewhat constricted in its middle, extending from the costa (where it is broadest) down to the first interspace, where it is angled and runs inwards in a straight black line, with some metallic blue-green spots on it ; two similar spots below the angle, and three or four on the abdominal margin above the anal angle, a black anal spot, a black spot in inter- spaces 1 and 2, each with a metallic blue-green spot attached to it ; marginal line dark brown, a white thread inside it. Cilia of both wings white, containing a medial brown line. Antennze black, ringed with white; head and body above and pelore concolorous with the wings, abdomen whitish beneath and at the sides. Female. Upperside paler and duller blue, the discal white patch on the forewing larger, more complete and usually oval-shaped. Underside as in the male but paler, and the white bands broader. Expanse of wings, $ $ 142; to 144 inches. Larva, feeds on the leaves of Coriaria nepalensis, is shaped exactly like that of viola, Moore, and is furnished with the same number of processes, but the colour is different, some parts being green, and others brown. Pura, attached by the tail only, with no medial girth, is short and very thick for its length, anteriorly light green, the wing cases dark brown, the abdominal segments also brown, on the back of the sides and the body green. (Mackinnon and de Nicéville.) Hasirat.—Northern India. DisrrisuTion.—The type is labelled ‘ Himalayas.” Elwes records it from the Karen Hills and Shan Hills; Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri; we have it from Sikkim and from the Khasia Hills ; de Nicéville records it from Kulu, Deyra Doon, Kumaon, 3,200 feet elevation, the Pilebhit Terai, Jorehat Assam and Orissa, 8 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. HORAGA CINGALENSIS. Plate 707, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, ¢. Horaga cingalensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 525. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 417 (1890). Manders, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1904, p. 78. Horaga ciniata, Moore (nec Hewitson), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 99, pl. 39, figs. 2, 2a, g (1881). Horaga onyx, Davidson, Bell and Aitken (nec Moore), Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 389. Imaco.—Male. Upperside of a brighter and clearer blue than in HZ. onyz, the outer margin more convex, the white patch usually smaller, not usually extending below vein 2, the black outer marginal border narrowing hindwards. Hindiwing with the upper tail (at the end of vein 3), in all the specimens we have seen, very short, not half as long as it is in onyx. Underside, ground colour similar. orewing with the margins of the white band more even, making the band somewhat bottle-shaped. Hindwing with the band narrower, straighter, not constricted at its middle, the anal markings somewhat similar, but the space between the anal black spot and the black spot in the first interspace is white, speckled with black atoms, there is an extra sub- terminal small black spot in the third interspace and each spot and mark in each inter- space is capped with metallic blue-green scales. Antenne, head and body as in onyz. Female. Upperside dull bluish-grey. Forewing, with some blue scales on the basal portion; the white patch as in HZ. onyx. Hindwing with some white on the middle of the costa and a small suffused whitish space in the middle of the wing, the ground colour of the wing paler than it is on the forewing. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2? 1 to 14; inches. Hasrrat.—South India, Ceylon. DIsTRIBUTION.—The type came from Ceylon ; we have both sexes from Kandy and from Kanara; it is closely allied to HZ. onyx, but can always be recognized by the shortness of the tail at the end of vein 3. HORAGA MOULMEINA. Plate 707, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 2, 2b, g. Horaga moulmeina, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p.525. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 418 (1890). Horaga sikkima, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 525. de Nicéyille, Butt. of India, iii. p. 418 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1898, p. 305. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 667. Horaga species, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 235. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with a white patch in the upper disc as in HT. onyx, but not divided by the veins, its lower portion extending broadly below vein 2, the costal portion including the whole of the cell, all the space beyond the HORAGIN&. 9 white patch, and the outer margin (broadly) black, the small remaining portion of the wing cyaneous, a little darker than in ony, the costa is longer, making the apex more produced. Hindwing with the costal space above the sub-costal vein, and a little below that vein outside the cell, black; the rest of the wing cyaneous with some darker irrorations towards the base, outer margin marked as in onya'; tail at the end of vein 3 as short as it is in that species. Underside paler than in onyx and of a clear ochreous-brown colour. Forewing with the white band extending upwards only a little beyond the sub-costal vein, not narrowing to a point near the costa as it does in ony. Hindwing with the band similarly shaped, but narrower and without the metallic blue- green spots; a small black anal spot, a large black spot in the first interspace, with a metallic blue-green dot on it, the space between irrorated with black and a few white atoms, capped with pale blue-grey and then black thin lunules, the metallic blue-green markings of ony not present. Female. Upperside. J orewing with the white patch somewhat larger, the whole wing space black, except for the basal two-thirds below the median vein, which is dull dark cyaneous. Hindwing paler in colour, the upper part of the wing above the sub- costal vein and the basal half of the cell blackish, the rest of the wing dull dark cyaneous, all the veins from vein 4 hindwards black, the outer marginal markings much asin ony, all the tails as long as they are in that species, and in both sexes are as usual black, tipped with white. Underside as in the male, but there are usually a few metallic blue-green small spots near the anal angle. Expanse of wings, 3 ? 143, to 14%; inches. Haspitrat.—Assam, Sikkim, Bhutan, Burma. DisrrisuTion.—Watson records it from the Chin Hills, de Nicéville from Bhutan, we have received several examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills, the type came from Maulmein, the type of sikkima from Sikkim. HORAGA ALBIMACULA. Plate 702, figs. 3, g, 3a, ¢. Sithon albimacula, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 249. Horaga albimacula, de Nicéville, l.c. 1888, p. 284, pl. 14, fig. 9, ¢ ; id. Butt. of India, ii. p. 420, pl. 25, fig. 148, ¢ (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing brown-black, of a vinous tint, with a large conspicuous oval white discal spot equal in length to half the breadth of the part of the organ on which it lies, equally distant from the opposite margins, and so placed that its major axis and more pointed anterior end are directed towards the middle of the costa. LHindwing dark violet-blue, bordered increasingly from the base of the anterior margin to the apical angle and thence decreasingly to the anal angle with fuscous VOL. IX, C 10 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. black, and from the sub-median nervure to the abdominal margin with greyish-black, with a fine black anteciliary line, and immediately internal to this a very faint and fine silvery-grey line decreasing from the anal angle and dwindling to nothing before reaching the apical angle, with the cilia dark brown, evenly tipped with silvery- white, and with the tails black-brown, the unequal sub-median and second median shorter ones edged internally with silvery-white cilia, and the longer intermediate first median one white-tufted at its imner extremity. Underside, both wings much lighter. orewing with a broad and prominent white band bordered both sides with fuscous of a darker shade than the rest of the ground colour, passing off from the greyish-white basal portion of the inner margin across the organ to within a short distance of the costa, increasing in its course to a little beyond the first median nervule, and thence decreasing to its anterior extremity (which is washed with fuscous), so that its outline, while almost straight internally, is bluntly obtuse- angled externally, and with the outer margin at the inner angle obsoletely trilineated with white as in the hindwing. Hindwing with a narrower and less conspicuous discal whitish band of uniform width throughout, not sharply defined, but on the contrary diffused externally, and bordered internally with a line of fuscous which is darker than the ground, sharply bent inwards at right angles to itself to the abdominal margin and externally margined with brassy at the posterior end, with the deep black spot of the small anal lobe, a large grey patch of grey scales between the ends of the sub-median nervure and the first median nervule, an intense black spot next to and about half the size of this between the ends of the first and second median nervules, and a very short and transversely elongated or narrow similar but incon- spicuous black spot between the ends of the first and second median nervules, all internally margined with a discontinuous line of brassy scales which extends from the point where the dark discal striga with its brassy edging reaches the abdominal margin all along the outer margin of the organs, following the inner contours of the above described spots, up to the second sub-costal nervule, and with the external margin finely lineated with three regularly concentric silvery-white lines separated from one another by the black anteciliary line and the brown bases of the cilia. (Wood-Mason and de Nicéville.) Female unknown. Expanse of wings, 3 1 to 14%; inches. Hasrrat.—Andamans. We have not seen this species; it is said to have no secondary sexual character ; we give copies of de Nicéville’s figure ; it appears to be only separable from //. rana, de Nicéville, in having no sex mark. HORAGINA. 11 HORAGA RANA. Plate 707, figs. 4, $, 4a, 9, 4b, 6. Horaga rana, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 283, pl. 14, fig. 10, g ; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 417, pl. 25, fig. 149, ¢ (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside brownish-black. J orewing with some cerulean-blue scales on the basal half of the wing below the median nervure, faintly indicated in some examples, absent in others; an oval discal white patch outside the cell, from vein 5 to vein 2, in some examples extending a little into the next lower interspace, the patch divided into three pieces by the veins. Hindwing somewhat paler than the forewing, a patch of cerulean-blue scales in the disc, varying in size in different examples ; tails black, tipped with white, the upper tail at the end of vein 3 rather short, abdominal fold pale. Underside, chocolate-brown. Forewing with a white transverse medial band right across the wing, edged on both sides with dark brown, its inner margin nearly straight, passing just outside the cell, its outer margin nearly erect to vein 4, then curving inwards, the band thus gradually narrowing to the costa which it does not quite touch ; a dark brown suffused space outside the upper part of the band. Hindwing with a narrow, transverse, white band in continuation of the band. on the forewing, its inner margin edged with dark brown, slightly sinuous down to the sub-median vein, then curving inwards in a black line to the abdominal margin above the anal angle, with some metallic blue-green scales on the line, the outer margin of the white band diffuse. : Female. Upperside similarly brownish-black. Forewing with the white patch much larger, extending hindwards to near the hinder margin, with some blue scales on the basal half of the wing below the median vein. //indwing without any markings, sometimes with some scattered blue scales in the disc. Underside a little paler in colour, the bands broader, the upper part of the band on the forewing slightly hooked. Antennz black, ringed with white ; head and body black above, grey beneath. Expanse of wings, $ 1 to 1535, 2 14%5 to 1455 inches. Hasirat.— Andaman Islands. We have it in our collection from Port Blair. HORAGA VIOLA. Plate 707, figs. 5, g, 5a, 9, 5b, g. Horaga viola, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 248. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii, p. 419 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 388. Horaga onyx, Hampson (nec Moore), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 358. © 2 12 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Imaco.—Male. Upperside blackish-brown with a slight violet tint. orewing with a somewhat oval white patch outside the cell, varying im size in different examples. Hindwing without markings, tails black, tipped with white, outer marginal line of both wings finely black. Undersider paler with a stronger violet tint. orewing with the white patch continued to the hinder margin somewhat constricted at the sub-median vein. /indwing with a black anal spot, another usually (but not always) in the first interspace and some obscure blackish spots in the others. Antennz black, ringed with white ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings; no sex mark in the male. Female. Upperside dull greyish-blue. Forewing with the white patch larger than it isin the male, costal black band rather broad, widening gradually from the base to the apex, fillimg up the whole apical space outside the white patch and broad down the outer margin to the hinder angle. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, with a small white patch on the middle of the costa, the outer margin with a narrow, more or less macular black band, marginal line finely deep black, with an inner white thread. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, f $ 1 inch. Larva.—A single specimen from a larva found feeding in Mussuri on the leaves of Coriaria nepalensis. It is a most curious-looking creature, about half an inch long, of a reddish-brown colour, of the usual lyczenid shape, but furnished with eleven tentacular processes, two on the third segment, one each on the fourth, seventh, eighth, and ninth segments, all dorsal, the fifth has three, two lateral and one dorsal, the eleventh has two lateral ones. (Mackinnon and de Nicéville.) Hasrrat.—India. Disrripution.—The type came from Dharmsala, N.W. Himalayas; Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri and Sikkim; we have it from the Nilginis, 3,500 feet elevation ; it is a rare species, though widely distributed. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Horaga lefevret, Sithon lefevrei, Felder, Wien Ent. Mon. vi. p. 291 (1862). Habitat, Philippines. Horaga ciniata, Sithon ciniata, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 35, pl. 14, figs. 30, 31 (1863). Habitat, Celebes. Horaga mznala, Sithon mexnala, Hewitson, l.c, p. 7, pl. 3, figs. 85, 86 (1869). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 612. Habitat, Borneo. Horaga halba, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 460, pl. 44, fig. 23 (1886). Habitat, Malay Peninsula Horaga onychina, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 113. Habitat, Java. Horaga decolor, Staudinger, l.c. p. 112. Habitat, Philippines. Horaga affinis, Staudinger, l.c. p. 113 (1889). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 611, pl. 34, fig. 9, g. Friihstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1898, p. 180. Habitat, Borneo, Nias. HORAGINA. 13 Horager anytus, Staudinger, l.c. p. 113. Habitat, Java. Horaga anara, Frihstorfer, l.c. p. 180. Habitat, Java. Horaga camiguina, Semper, Rhop. Philipp. V. p. 216 (1890). Habitat, Mindanao, Philippines. Horaga holothura, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1894, p. 430. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 611. Habitat, Java ; Kina Balu, Borneo. Sub-Family DEUDORIXIN~. Forewing triangular, costa arched, apex more or less acute, outer margin convex, oblique, hinder angle sub-acute, hinder margin straight; with three sub-costal nervules. Hindwing short produced hindwards, the wing slightly produced in a short angle at the end of vein 3, a single filamentous tail at the end of vein 2, and a well-developed anal lobe ; in four genera with secondary sexual characters in the male, in six genera without them. The antenne fairly Jong and slender, with a gradually formed club ; the eyes are hairy in all the genera but two; in four genera in the forewing vein 11 is strongly bowed towards 12 and nearly anastomoses with it; in six genera vein 11 is free from 12. The coloration on the upperside is generally dark brown tinged more or less with blue, in a few it is orange, or scarlet red; on the underside the colour is in various shades from brown to yellow. The different genera may be tabulated in the following order :— Sinthusa, Moore. ; H 2 . Hysudra, Moore. 1. Forewing, vein 11 bowed towards 12, sexual characters, eyes hairy j Ue adie de N- Bindahara, de N. Lehera, Moore. Deudoriz, Hew. Rapala, Moore. Virachola, Moore. Zinaspa, de N. Drina, de N. la. Forewing, 11 free from 12, no sexual characters, eyes hairy 1b. Forewing, 11 free from 12, with sexual characters, eyes hairy Ic. Forewing, 11 free from 12, no sexual characters, eyes naked —~S—S-._ —,_ Genus SINTHUSA. Sinthusa, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 33. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 461 (1886); de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 483 (1890). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 394 (1893). Eyes very hairy. Forewing, vein 12 terminates on the costa beyond the upper end of the cell, 11 emitted at two-thirds from the base, and is bowed upwards towards 12, which it almost touches for some distance ; 10 from about one-fifth before the end, 9 short, from 7 beyond its middle, discocellulars nearly straight, upright, the 14 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. lower the longer, vein 6 emitted from near the upper end, 5 from a little above the middle, 4 from lower end of cell, somewhat bowed, 3 from a little before the lower end, 2 from about the middle, wing short, costa arched at base, apex rather acute, outer margin convex, hinder margin bulged out just before the middle in the male, and has a tuft of hairs attached to the margin and turned upwards. Hindwing with vein 7 arched, emitted from the middle of cell, which is broad, triangular and half the breadth of the wing; discocellulars oblique, of equal length, vein 6 from upper end of the cell, 5 from the middle of discocellulars, 3 from very near the lower end, 2 from the middle, a small anal lobe and a short filamentous tail at the end of vein 2, the male with an oval glandular patch below the costa extending hindwards into the cell. Type, Thecla nasaka, Horsfield. SINTHUSA NASAKA. Plate 708, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Thecla nasaka, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 91 (1829). Deudorix nasaka, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 24, pl. 5, figs. 45, 46, g (1863). Hypolyceena nasaka, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 249. de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 77, pl. 9, fig. 2, 9. Sinthusa nasaka, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 34. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 484 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 644. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 389. Imaco.—Male. Upperside blue-black. orewing with the outer margin very broadly black, the blue merging into the black, but in certain lights a broad even black outer marginal band occupying a third of the wing is visible. Hindwing with the basal and abdominal areas pale, in certain lights there is a black streak below the basal area and another on the outer side of the abdominal area, and on the veins; tail black, tipped with white ; terminal line black. Cilia black, except between the tail and the anal lobe, where it is white, tipped with black. Underside grey, markings a little darker than the ground colour, edged with white. Forewing with a line closing the cell, a discal, slightly outwardly curved line of lunules from near the costa to below the sub-median vein. Hindwing with a thin bar across the end of the cell, a discal hand of thicker lunules passing close outside the cell bar, the third lunule outside the others, the lower portion of the series indented and curving inwards to the abdominal margin ; a double sub-marginal series of small lunular marks, all capped with bluish- white, a black anal spot, a larger one in the first interspace, both capped with pale orange, a pale orange line between them; terminal line on both wings black, with a white inner thread on the lower half of the hindwing. Antenne black, rmged with white ; head and body above concolorous with the wings, white below. DEUDORIXINE. 15 Female. Upperside somewhat glossy brown. Forewing somewhat paler internally. Hindwing with the abdominal fold pale, some black sub-marginal lunular spots capped with white, the spot in the first interspace larger and more conspicuous than the others, the white caps in some examples are large, in one example from Java the lower fourth of the wing is bluish-white. Underside as in the male, the ground colour paler and the markings more prominent. Expanse of wings, 3 $ 1 to 14% inches. Hasirat.— Himalayas, Sikkim, Assam, Java. Distripution.—A widely distributed species from the Himalayas to Java, but never common, varying somewhat in colour and markings on the upperside, especially in the females; the type came from Java, we have it from Preanga, and both sexes from Shillong; Elwes records it from Margharita in Upper Assam, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, de Nicéville from Sikkim, Kangra and Kulu; it is in the B. M. also from Ranikhet and the Khasia Hills. SINTHUSA CHANDRANA. Plate 708, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Hypolycena chandrana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 249, pl. 11, figs. 2, 2a, g. de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p 78, pl. 9, fig. 1, 9. Chliaria chandrana, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 33. Sinthusa chandrana, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 486 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 645. Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 395 (1893). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 389. Hypolyczna grotet, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 527, pl. 49, fig. 5, g. Sinthusa grotei, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 34. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p- 307. Thecla pratti, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 110, pl. 7, fig. 4, ¢ ; id. Entom. xxiii. p. 44 (1890) ; id. Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 354, pl. 30, fig. 10, ¢ (1893). Imaco.—Male. Upperside, dark violet-brown, shading darker towards the outer margin. S/indwing with the costal area dark, the rest of the wing showing more violet colour in certain lights ; anal lobe black, with a pale blue mark on it, terminal line black, abdominal area pale. Underside grey, markings darker grey with prominent white edgings. orewing with a broad bar at the end of the cell, a discal band of six broad, square, conjoined spots, the first two from the costa, slightly outwardly oblique. the next four in a slightly outwardly curved band decreasing in size hindwards to the sub-median vein, its upper ends touching the lower ends of the first two spots and of the discoidal bar. Hindwing with a sub-basal black spot below the costa, and two spots below it, one above the other, both inside the cell, the upper one small; a thick bar, constricted in its middle, a discal band of similar sized spots in four pieces, the 16 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. first composed of two conjoined spots from the costa, the lower inner end touching the upper outer end of the discoidal bar, the next piece of two conjoined spots outwardly curved, the upper inner end touching the lower outer end of the spots above; the third piece composed of two conjoined spots, the upper ends touching the lower ends of the spots above them and of the discoidal bar, the last piece in a very acute angle to the abdominal margin, with a spot on the margin above it; both wings with a sub-marginal series of angular lunules, with a series of minute lunular marks between it and the margin on the hindwing, a small anal black spot, a large one in the first interspace, capped with orange, with a white edge on its outer side and a very small dark spot ringed with white in the interspace between the two black spots. Female. Upperside blackish-brown. Forewing with the central part pale. Hindwing with a black outer marginal line and an inner white thread ; anal lobe with an orange spot in it. Underside paler than the male, markings similar. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings ; eyes ringed with white. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1 to 1,8; inches. Hasrrat.—Himalayas, Burma, Sikkim, Assam, China. DisTrIBUTION.—-Recorded by de Nicéville from Dehra Dhun, Sikkim and Tsenbo, Upper Burma, by Elwes from the Karen Hills, by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri ; we have both sexes from the Khasia Hills; it is in the B. M. also from Kangra; the type of pratt: is in the B. M. from Foochow, and also examples from Kiukiang in China. SINTHUSA AMBA. - Plate 708, figs. 3, $, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Hypolyceena amba, Kirby, in Hewitson’s Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 32, pl. 5b, figs. 44, 46, ¢ ; 45, 9 (1878). Sinthusa amba, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 461, pl. 44, figs. 12, g, 19, @ (1886). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 427. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, tii. p. 485 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 644, Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-brown. Jorewing flushed with purple in the middle. HHindwing of a brighter purple, the costal space and abdominal fold pale hrown, the purple of the wing is edged with black towards the costa, and hindwards it extends in a narrow detached streak just outside the anal spot, edged on both sides with black ; anal lobe black, with some blue scales on it, and a small orange spot on its inner side. Cilia and tails black, the latter tipped with white. Underside grey with a bluish tint, shading darker towards the margins; markings ochreous-grey. Forewing with a double line at the end of the’cell, a post-medial, almost straight band of oval marks, with orange centres. Hindwing with a double line at the end of the DEUDORIXINZ. 17 cell; an outwardly curved irregular band of short, double, linear marks, which curves in on to the abdominal margin above the anal angle ; a black anal spot, a larger black spot in the first median interspace, some blue scales in the interspace between them, all capped with a continuous band of orange and outwardly lined with white, some indistinct sub-marginal double markings above them. Antenne black, ringed with white ; club with an orange tip ; frons white, collar finely white ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside brown, with a rufous tint. orewing with the colour shading darker towards the outer margin. Hindwing with the lower half bluish-white, anal spot black, a small black spot in each of the next three interspaces, terminal line black. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 ;% to 1 inch. Hasirat.—Mereui, Burma, Malay Peninsula. Distripution.—The types came from the Myitta, Tenasserim and Mergui; Elwes records it from Eastern Pegu, Distant from the Malay Peninsula ; our descriptions and figures are from Burmese examples in the B. M. SINTHUSA VIRGO. Plate 708, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢, 4c, 2. Hypolycena virgo, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 446. 3 Hypolyceena (? Sinthusa) virgo, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 396, pl. 8, fig. 7, 9. Sinthusa virgo, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 488, frontispiece, fig. 134, g (1890): Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 645. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings shining light blue. Cilia white, but becoming dusky towards the apex of the forewing, tipped with black on the anal lobe. Forewing with the costa as far as the costal nervure, the outer margin broadly, the apex still more broadly, black. Hindwing with the costa very broadly black, the abdominal margin whitish, an anteciliary fine black line, the veins outwardly more or less broadly bordered with black; tail black, tipped with white. Underside, both wings bluish-white, an indistinct sub-marginal dusky band, a discal macular broken ochreous band outwardly defined finely with black, a short similar band on the discocellular nervules. Lorewing with the discal band composed of three distinct portions, the upper composed of three spots, the middle of two, which are shifted a little inwards, the lower portion of one spot also shifted inwards, placed in the sub-median interspace. Hindwing with the discal band composed of three pairs of spots from the costa, then three or four single spots recurved to the abdominal margin ; the inner portion of the sub-marginal band bearing a bright yellow line from the second median nervule to the abdominal margin, the anal lobe black, a small round VOL. IX. D 18 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. black spot on the margin in the first median interspace surrounded with brilliant metallic blue scales, a few of these scales in the sub-median interspace. Body black above, bluish-white below. (de Nicéville.) Female. Upperside. orewing black, with a large discal patch of French-grey extending to the hinder margin inwardly. Hindwing grey, powdered with black, and becoming dull black on the costal margin, with a single narrow black tail, tipped with white, and a small fuscous lobe at the anal angle. Cilia white, narrow towards the apex of the forewing. Underside, both wings bright French-grey. orewing with a distinct transverse sinuous yellowish band, narrowly edged with black on both sides about two-thirds of the length, not extending quite to the hinder margin ; a short double- lined bar at the end of the cell, and an indistinct outer band near the edge. Lindwing with similar bands, of which the first extends in the usual broken W to the imner margin, and in addition a short band of three blackish spots within the discal bar; at the anal angle two blue spots, of which the outer is half black. Antenne ringed with black and white, with a fuscous tip to the club; body above black, with grey hairs, pale grey beneath. (Elwes.) Expanse of wings, ¢ 14%5, 2? 1;’g to 1,°5 inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim. DistripuTion.—The types came from Sikkim, Elwes records it also from the Naga Hills ; we have not seen the species, and therefore give copies of de Nicéville’s and Elwes’ figures, INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Sinthusa malika, Thecla malika, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 90 (1829). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 37, pl. la, fig. 5 (1857). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 43, pl. 5, figs. 18, ¢, 6, 9. Habitat, Java, Sumatra, Nias. Sinthusa amata, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 461, pl. 44, fig. 20, 2 (1886). Habitat, Penang, Borneo, Sinthusa peregrinus, Staudinger, Lep. Pal. p. 111, pl. i. fig. 11, ¢ (1889). Habitat, Philippines. Sinthusa verriculata, Deudorix verriculata, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. xxxiv. p. 257, pl. 15, fig. 3 (1892). Habitat, Celebes. Sinthusa aspra, Doherty, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 180. de Nicéville, id. 1894, p. 44, pl. 5, fig. 17, 6. Habitat, Mt. Arjuno, Hast Java. Sinthusa verena, Grose-Smith, Noy. Zool. ii. p. 514 (1895), Habitat, Celebes, Genus HYSUDRA. Hysudra, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1882, p. 250, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 453 (1890). Eyes very hairy. Jorewing, ven 12 ends on costa opposite upper end of cell, 11 emitted from upper two-thirds of the cell, is bowed upwards, almost touching 12 in DEUDORIXINA, 19 the male, well separated in the female, 10 from three-fourths, 9 from 7 at one half, discocellulars nearly upright, very slightly outwardly oblique, both slightly concave, the lower the longer; vein 6 from upper end of cell, 5 from near lower end of upper discocellular, 4 from lower end of cell, bowed; 3 from before the end, 2 from one- fourth before the end; costa nearly straight, slightly curving inwards beyond the middle, outer margin convex, hinder margin straight, without the usual long tuft of hairs turned upwards from near the base in the male as in so many allied genera. Hindwing, vein 8 very short, not nearly reaching the apex of the wing, discocellulars of nearly equal length, straight and outwardly oblique, vein 3 emitted just before lower end of cell ; a semicircular glandular patch of scales in the male, above and touching the sub-costal nervure, its outer edge not reaching the origin of the first sub-costal nervule ; costa arched at base, apex rounded, outer margin slightly convex, a moderate- sized anal lobe, and slender tail at the end of vein 2, of moderate length. Antenne slender, with a well-formed club. Type, Deudoria selira, Moore. HYSUDRA SELIRA. Plate 709, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Deudorix selira, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 272. Hysudra selira, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 250. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 126. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 454, pl. 29, fig. 240, g (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc, 1898, p. 388. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 675. Deudorix nissa, Hewitson (part, nec Kollar), Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 23, pl. 10, fig. 44, g (nec figs. 42, 43), (1863). Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown, with a slight bluish tint. orewing with a large sub-quadrate orange patch in the upper disc, generally limited hindward by the sub-median vein, its upper part narrower and more or less rounded, its side margins somewhat irregular. Hindwing with a rather broad outer marginal orange band, narrowing upwards, its inner margin irregular, with the brown veins running through it; tail brown, tipped with white; anal lobe orange; outer marginal line blackish- brown. Cilia orange-grey. Underside orange-grey. Forewing with the orange patch showing through the wing; a thin pale brown discal band or thick line, slightly outwardly curved and outwardly edged with pale whitish. Hindwing with a similar discal band which is sinuous and curves inwards with two blunt angles on to the abdominal margin; anal lobe black, capped with orange-white; a black spot in the first interspace, capped with orange ; a pale brown marginal line with a white thread inside it, and indications of a double sub-marginal band. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings ; abdomen below white ; eyes ringed with white. DR 2 20 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female, only differs from the male in having the orange patch on the forewing above, and the black anal spots on the hindwing below, larger. . Expanse of wings, f ¢ 1475 to 1y'o inches. Haprrat.—Western Himalayas, Kashmir. DisrripuTion.—Recorded by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, by Leslie and Evans from Chitral, by Doherty from Kumaon, 4,600 feet elevation; we have both sexes from Kulu and Kashmir; it is in the B. M. also from Thundiani, Kangra, Dana, Goorais Valley, Narkundah and Dharmsala. HYSUDRA HADES. Plate 709, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Hysudra (2) hades, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 318, pl. P, fig. 46, ¢; id. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1897, p. 560, pl. 4, fig. 29, 2. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings shining: fuscous. Forewing with a large dull coppery-red area occupying the middle of the wing crossed by the black veins and bearing a black streak outwardly on the sub-median fold ; this red area just enters the outer end of the discoidal cell and occupies the basal portion of the lower discoidal, median, and sub-median interspaces. Zindwing streaked between the veins more or less by the same dull coppery-red. Underside, both wings pale fawn-colour, the dis- cocellular nervules marked by a rather broad and prominent paler line. orewing with a macular outwardly curved discal] fuscous band, commencing at the costa, ending close to the sub-median nervure ; an obsolete marginal dark fascia. Hindwing with a discal fuscous band as on the forewing, but more prominent, outwardly defined with white, posteriorly somewhat ferruginous, and recurved to the abdominal margin in a W-shaped figure ; a marginal series of four dark lunules from the first sub-costal to the second median nervule, a marginal oval black spot faintly crowned with orange in the first median interspace, a clump of black and white scales in the sub-median interspace ; the anal lobe black, faintly crowned with orange, with a narrow orange fascia running along the abdominal margin from above the anal lobe to the termination of the discal band; tail black, tipped with white. Antenne with the shaft black, annulated with white; the club black, the tip ferruginous ; body black above and fawn-coloured below. I place this species in the genus Hysudra with considerable doubt, but do so because the coloration of the upperside is very similar to that of JZ. selira, Moore, from the Western Himalayas, and the markings of the underside are almost identical. The tail, however, is twice as long as in JZ. selira; as far as I can see, however, by the application of benzine to my unique specimen, it does not possess the characteristic male “scale mark” of the genus /7ysudra, but instead has that portion of the sub- costal nervure between the point where the first sub-costal nervule arises and the apex DEUDORIXIN A. 21 of the discoidal cell distinctly swollen and free of, or covered with, colourless scales in the sub-costal interspace immediately anterior to the point where the first sub-costal nervule arises. Without bleaching the wing of a specimen it is difficult to define these characters accurately. The species may be a Deudoriz, it is certainly not a Rapala, as it does not possess a tuft of hairs on the inner margin of the forewing, or a scale-mark on the costa of the hindwing, which are characteristic features of that genus. Described from a single specimen in my collection. (de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 318.) Female. Upperside, both wings hair-brown with a distinct gloss in some lights. Cilia cinereous. Forewing somewhat paler on the disc. //indwing with the costal and abdominal margins somewhat paler than the rest of the surface, the anal lobe bearing a small obscure black and dull ochreous spot. Underside, both wings grey, of a paler shade than in the male, but all the markings precisely the same. Described from two examples in my collection. (de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1897, p. 560.) Expanse of wings, $ 13°5, 2? 14%5 to 14% inches. Hasirat.—Burma. DisrrisuTion.—Daunat Range, Tenasserim. We have not seen this species, it is not represented in the B. M., we therefore ; give copies of de Nicéville’s figures. CHINESE AND JAPANESE ALLIED SPECIES. Hysudra micans, Thecla micans, Bremer and Grey, Schmett. N. China’s, p. 9 (1853). Rapala micans, Leech, Butt. of China, etc. p. 414. Habitat, China. Hysudra cerulea, Thecla coerulea, Bremer and Grey, l.c. p. 8. Meénétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. part i. pl. 4, fig. 4 (1855). Habitat, China. Hysudra arata, Thecla arata, Bremer, Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 25, pl. 3, fig. 6 (1864). Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 10 (1887). Rapala arata, Leech, l.c. p. 416 (1893). Synonym, Thecla ichno- graphia, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1866, p. 57. Habitat, China, Japan, Corea. Hysudra tyrianthina, Thecla tyrianthina, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1881, p. 34, pl. 4, fig. 5. Habitat, Japan. Hysudra betuloides, Thecla betuloides, Butler, l.c. fig. 2. Leech, l.c. p. 415, pl. 27, fig. 15, g. Habitat, Kiukiang. Genus ARAOTES. Araotes, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 413. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 445 (1890). Eyes hairy. forewing, vein 12 sinuous, ends on costa opposite the upper end of the cell, 11 emitted at two-thirds the length of the cell, is bent towards 12, almost touching it for a short distance, 10 from three-fourths, 9 from 7 from its middle, 22 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. running very close to 7 ; discocellulars upright, slightly concave, vein 3 from a little before the lower end of cell, costa slightly curved, apex rounded, outer margin some- what convex, hinder margin straight. Hindwing, discocellulars very straight, of equal length, outwardly strongly oblique; vein 3 emitted some little distance before lower end of the cell ; costa evenly curved, outer margin straight to the end of vein 3, where there is a small angle, a long narrow filiform tail at the end of vein 2, in the male shorter than in the female, in which sex it is ciliated or fluffy, a well-developed, narrow anal lobe. Male without secondary sexual characters. Type, Myrina lapithis, Moore. ARAOTES LAPITHIS. Plate 709, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Myrina lapithis, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 48 (1857). Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 36, pl. 15, figs. 35, 36, ¢, 37, 38, @ (1863). Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 549. Sithon lapithis, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 351. Biduanda lapithis, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, ‘p. 238, pl. 20, fig. 29, 9 (1884). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 42. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 260. Araotes lapithis, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 446, pl. 29, fig. 237, g (1890). Elwes, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 642. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing black, the hinder basal two-thirds of the wing below the median vein dark blue, brilliant in certain lights. inducing with the whole of the wing brilliant dark blue, the abdominal fold blackish ; the long anal lobe black ; tail black, tipped with white, with a few metallic blue-green scales at its root. Cilia black. Underside. orewing ochreous-red, a black, outwardly oblique band from the outer end of the cell to the sub-median vein and from thence suffusedly to the hinder margin ; another similar band, its upper end from the median vein close to the upper end of the other band, inwardly oblique forming a A-shape, the space inside them pure white; a discal thin band or thick, somewhat irregular line, broken at vein 4, then recommencing a little outwardly ; terminal line black. Zindwing white, a broad ochreous-red marginal band from the costa, terminating abruptly a little below vein 4, the white space covered with large black spots and marks, a bar across the middle of the cell, another a little before its end with a spot above it; a discal well curved series of spots, composed of a spot outside the upper end of the cell, a curved bar a little outwards, opposite the end of the cell, two attached spots, slightly outwardly oblique, and three detached spots in a line on to the abdominal margin above its middle, a large V-shaped mark below them in an outwardly oblique form, the upper end of its yutside portion touching the outer of the three spots in a line; anal lobe black with some pale blue scales above it, a black sub-terminal spot in the first interspace, capped with pale metallic blue, which is a part of a lunular band of metallic blue scales all DEUDORIXINE. 23 eapped with black, which runs from the abdominal margin a little above the anal angle to near the apex, narrowing upwards, marginal line black. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body above concolorous with the wings, white beneath. Female. Upperside brown. orewing with the inner area suffused with red. Hindwing darker brown, a patch of white above the anal angle, with some light blue scales near the margin in the first three interspaces; anal lobe black; an anteciliary fine black thread. Underside. orewing with the ochreous-red colour paler. L/ind- wing with the outer margin narrowly marked with some ochreous-red suffusion, spots and markings as in the male, but usually smaller. Expanse of wings, f ? 1 to 14%; inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Burma, Mergui, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Nias. Distripution.—We have it from Nias, Elwes records it from the Karen Hills, de Nicéville from Sikkim, Rangoon, and Yimiki, King Island, Mergui Archipelago, Distant from the Malay Peninsula, Druce from Borneo, Doherty from Myitta, Burma and Barakhal in the Chittagong Hill Tracts; he says the egg is small, green, with tetragonal reticulations and short truncate spines, and also that the male prehensores are remarkable in having the short clasps soldered to the long intromittent organ ; though widely distributed, the species is always scarce. The type came from Maulmein, it is in the B. M, also from Pegu; our description and figures are from examples from the Karen Hills, INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. : Araotes perrhaebis, Semper, Rhop. Philipp. p. 220, pl. 33, fig. 21, ¢ (1890). Habitat, Philippines. Genus BINDAHARA. Bindahara, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i, p, 111 (1884). Distant, Rhop, Malayana, p, 247 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 471 (1890), Eyes hairy. orewing, vein 12 ends on the costa opposite the end of the cell, 11 emitted from about the middle of the cell, is bent upwards and almost touches 12 for a short distance, 10 from two-thirds, 9 from the middle of 7 ; discocellulars upright, slightly concave, the lower the longer, 6 from a little below the end, 5 from the middle of discocellulars, cell broad, 4 from the lower end, 3 from some little distance before the end, 2 from the middle ; wing short, triangular, costa much arched at the base, outer margin oblique, hinder margin convex in its middle and furnished with a tuft of hair in the male; in the female the inner margin is straight. MHindwing, vein 7 emitted from the middle of the cell, discocellulars oblique, cell broad, vein 3 from a little before the lower end, 2 from the middle ; wing short, attenuated hindwards and produced into a very long tail from the end of vein 2, highly ciliated and broad at its 24 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. hase, anal angle lobed, outer margin sinuous towards the tail; a large, well defined glandular patch in the male, almost quadrate, but with its two upper ends a little rounded, placed anterior to the discoidal cell and covers the base of vein 2. The female has the wings broader and shorter than the male, the apex of the forewing less acute, the outer margin convex, not straight, the hindwing much less produced hindwards, the tail shorter. Type, Hesperia phocides, Fabricius. BINDAHARA PHOCIDES. Plate 709, figs. 4, 6, 4a, 9, 4b, 6. Hesperia phocides, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 282, 9 (1793). Papilio phocides, Donovan, Nat. Hist. Rep. ii. pl. 44, fig. 1, 9 (1834). Myrina phocides, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 183 (1869). Bindahara phocides, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 247, pl. 20, fig. 25, 9 (1884). de Nicéyille, Butt. of India, ni. p. 473 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 307. Rapala phocides, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 644. Sithon sugriva var. areca, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville (nec Felder), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p- 232, and 1881, p. 249. Sithon sugriva, Manders (nec Horsfield), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 530. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark fuliginous-brown. Forewing without markings. Iindwing with the tail, anal lobe, and a small anal patch dull ochreous; a small indistinct spot on the anal lobe. Underside pale ochreous-brown. Forewing, a black spot at the base of the cell, a dark brown, broad, outwardly curved band with irregular ochreous edges, from the costal nervure to a little below the median vein, crossing the cell somewhat beyond its middle, with pale indications of its continuation hindwards, a pale brown line, edged on both sides with ochreous at the end of the cell; a dark brown, broad discal band, from the costa to a little below the sub-median vein, composed of conjoined squarish spots, the first four outwardly oblique, the others commencing a little inwards nearly straight down the wing, narrowing gradually hindwards ; indications of a pale brown, sub-marginal, double series of lunular marks. Hindwing with a basal blackish-brown spot, a larger one immediately below the costal vein, two smaller ones in a line below it, two conjoined spots closing the cell, a discal very irregular band, commencing from the costal vein where there is a large square blackish-brown spot attached to it below, half outwards is a similar spot, with a smaller blackish-brown spot attached to its lower side half outwards ; these are followed by a curiously formed series of five small paler spots, the first well outside, a parallel pair below it and another similar pair below and inwards; then there is an indistinct pair below these joined on the inner side to a heart-shaped pale spot with brown edges, with a curving sinuous brown line attached, which bends inwards and upwards near DEUDORIXINEL. 25 the abdominal margin at its middle and runs up it to the base in a series of indistinct spots, all edged with ochreous ; a sub-terminal series of lunules enclosing two blackish spots with scattered metallic greenish scales and a prominent black spot on the anal lobe, all of which vary much in different examples, and are sometimes obscure. Antennze black, paler on the underside, with white dots; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside brown, with a bronzy gloss in certain lights, a pure white patch divided by the brown veins, on the lower end of the hindwing, margined out- wardly with a blackish anteciliary line, containing a large black round spot at the base of the tail on the outer side and another smaller and less distinct spot on the inner side, a black spot on the anal lobe. Underside white, bands and spots paler than in the male, but similarly disposed. Expanse of wings, # ? 153, to 145 inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Bhutan, Sylhet, Burma, Andamans, Malay Peninsula, Nias. DistriputTion.—The type, a female, is in the Banksian Cabinet in the B. M., labelled Africa, evidently in error ; Butler suggests Maulmein, Burma, which is probably correct ; we have received both sexes from the Khasia Hills; Wood-Mason and de Nicéville record it from the South Andaman Islands, where it is said to be common ; de Nicéville records it from Sikkim, Sylhet, Buxar, Perak and Rangoon; Elwes from Eastern Pegu and the Naga Hills. BINDAHARA MOOREI. Plate 710, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Bindahara phocides moorei, Friihstorfer, Iris, 1904, p. 151. Bindahara phocides, Moore (nec Fabricius), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 112, pl. 42, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, @ (1881). Bindahara sugriva, Hampson (nee Horsfield), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 360. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 475 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1890, p. 35. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1896, p. 392. Imaco.—Male and female, similar to B. phocides above and below in both sexes, except that on the upperside of the hindwing there is a narrow, terminal blue-green band from near the apex to vein 2. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 143; to 145 inches. Larva, much resembles that of Virachola isocrates, Fabricius, blackish-brown, the constrictions between the segments well marked, the head comparatively large, fuscous, covered with rugosities or short semicircular tubercles, the segments rapidly increasing in size to the fourth, then gradually tapering to the thirteenth, which latter is about as wide as the second segment; second segment anteriorly flesh-coloured, the third VOL. IX. E 26 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. segment entirely flesh-coloured, the seventh and eighth creamy-white, with a small dorsal and lateral patch of dark purplish-brown, the three anal segments scutate, all the segments widely pitted and covered with short but coarse black bristles, which are more numerous at the sides and whitish. Pupa, of the usual lyceenid shape, brown, marked with a dorsal and lateral black line, the whole surface rough, covered with tiny pits, furnished with a few short coarse bristles, which are most numerous round the sharp anterior ridge which encloses the head ; wing cases pale ochreous ; head rounded, anal segment blunt. Hasirat.—Ceylon, South India. DistRIBUTION.—Watson records it from Mysore, Hampson from the Nilgiris, 2,000 to 4,000 feet elevation; it is in the B. M. from Trincomali and Karwar; we have received a fair number of both sexes from Ceylon, a pair of which we figure, and except for the narrow blue-green marginal band on the hindwing in the male, they are identical with B. phocides, and as some Indian examples of phocides show signs of this green band, having a few blue-green scales where the band should be, we cannot but come to the conclusion that it is at best but a local form of that species, differing constantly but very slightly, and certainly nearer to phocides than it is to sugriva, the Javan form, with its broad green border and dark and well-pronounced underside markings. BINDAHARA ARECA. Plate 710, figs. 2, g, 2a, g. Myrina areca, Felder, Verh. Zool-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 481, ¢ (1862). Bindahara areca, de Niceville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 474, pl. 29, fig. 242, ¢ (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings purpurascent-blackish. Forewing with the outermost part paler. Hindwing with the anal region, an annexed litura, marked with a blue dot near the sub-anal tooth, and the tail pale ochreous. Underside, both wings fulvous-ochreous, each with a broad discal fascia, palely obsolete, with fuscous catenular strigee, outwardly circled with white ; forewing with the external margin, hindwing with the margin of the apex concolorous, but shining, the latter with more obsolete spots on the disc, an anteciliary line and a posterior undulate streak blackish, beyond this four black spots, the first two obsolete, the remainder much larger, each one inwardly circled with a metallic greenish ring, and a black spot in the anal lobe. Only one fine male was collected of this species, so distinct owing to the dark colour on its upper side. It is most nearly related to JZ. isabella, Felder, from Amboina, and without doubt it is a representative form, but it has the size of the Jayan species, Mf. suyriva, Horsfield. The want of the cyaneous-blue spots on the DEUDORIXINE. 27 outer margin of the hindwing, apart from the totally different underside, allows one easily to distinguish it. Female. Upperside, both wings brownish-fuscous. [Zindwing with the anal border and tail whitish, a large spot at the base of which and the anal lobe blackish. Underside, both wings whitish. Forewing with a single ochreous-fulvous fascia beyond the disc catenulately sinuous. Hindwing with a slender interrupted flexuous striga beyond the disc, with two spots at the base of the tail powdered with blue, and the anal appendage deepest black. This stands very close to M. joleus, Felder, from Amboina, but a careful comparison sufficiently establishes the difference of the two forms. The fact that the only known specimens of J. isabella and areca are all males, while those of If jolcus and kamorta are females, confirms me in the supposition that here merely the sexes of two species may lie before us. The construction of the palpi in M. sugriva, isabella and areca on the one hand, and in jolcus and kamorta on the other hand, differs much, such as we see also in both sexes of other allied species. The last joint of the palpi of the female is more than twice as long as in the male. That M. areca and kamorta, both of them, differ from M. isabella and jolcus in the want of the first fascia on the underside of the forewing, and the spots on the basal half of the same side of the hindwing, may speak in favour of the foregoing supposition. (Felder. ) Expanse of wings, ¢ 14% inches. Hasirat.—Nikobar Islands. Disrrisution—A common species in the Nikobars, occurring in Kamorta, Nankowri, Kar Nikobar, Little Nikobar, and Great Nikobar; this species is quite distinct from B. kamorta, Felder, of which there are both sexes in the B. M.; we figure Felder’s type male, which is in fine condition ; we have not been able to obtain a female. BINDAHARA INES, nov. Plate 710, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside black. orewing unmarked. Hindwing with some greyish-ochreous at the anal angle; tail greyish-ochreous ; anal lobe white, with an indistinct grey spot in it, much as in areca, but the ochreous space is more limited and darker in colour, and the short black anteciliary line in that species is wanting. Underside chocolate-brown, markings darker brown, with very fine pale edgings. Forewing with a short narrow basal streak, a broad outwardly curved band from near the costa to the sub-median vein, a broad discal band with irregular margins, from the costa to the same vein, narrowing hindwards from its middle almost to a point; a sub-marginal series of spots and indications of a pale series close to the margin. Hindwing with three sub-costal spots in a line, two small spots near each other, sub- EZ 28 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. basal near the abdominal margin, two spots one above the other at the end of the cell, a discal outwardly curved double series of spots ending in curves and short lunular marks before reaching the abdominal margin, a black anal spot, outwardly frmged with white, a small black spot on each of the next two interspaces with metallic blue scales on them both, and a brown waved line above them, anteciliary line also brown. Female. Upperside brown. forewing without markings. Hindwing with a largish white patch at the anal angle, a black spot on the anal lobe, another in the first interspace, with a little brownish suffusion between them, an anteciliary black line, with an inner white thread outside the spots. Underside pure white, markings dark chocolate-brown, disposed as in the male, but the spots on the hindwing are smaller, and the anal spots are on dark greyish ground. Expanse of wings, $ 14, 2 144 inches. Haprrar.—Andamans ; types in the B. M. Marked areca, Felder, but very different from that Nikobar species, especially on the underside, the colour is quite different, and areca on the underside has hardly any visible markings, the only prominent mark being a very thin white straight line from the costa of the forewing, near the apex, which runs down the wing for a short distance ; the bands are of a very different shape and colour, and are so obscure as to be only visible in certain lichts. BINDAHARA KAMORTA. Plate 710, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, S$. Myrina kamorta, Felder, Verh, Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 485 (1862). Myrina camorta, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 36 (1863). Bindahara areca, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 474. Imaco.—Male. Upperside black. orewing somewhat paler towards the apex, but with no markings. Hindwing with the abdominal area pale, a small ochreous- white patch at the anal angle, a small black spot in the white anal lobe, another in the first interspace ; tail ochreous-white. Cilia of both wings black, except at the anal patch, where it is ochreous-white. Underside pale chocolate-brown, slightly tinted with ochreous, markings darker brown, with ochreous-white edges. orewing with a short broad medial band, crossing the end of the cell, from near the costa to the median vein, a discal band with irregular margins from the costa to the sub-median vein, narrowing hindwards almost to a point, and indications of a sub-marginal band. [indwing with a small sub-costal spot near the base and a twin spot below it, well separated from it; another twin spot just outside the latter, a discal outwardly well- curved series of spots inwardly edged with ochreous-white, outwardly with dark brown and oehreoas-white ; anal lobe black, and a black spot in each of the next two DEUDORIXINA. 29 interspaces, both capped with metallic blue scales; indications of spots up the margin all bounded by a black sub-marginal line, which for a short distance runs up the abdominal margin. Female. Upperside brown. forewing without markings. Zindwing with a white sub-anal band ; anal lobe with a small black spot and a very large one in the first interspace and some bluish-grey suffusion between them ; tail white, with a black middle line. Underside white. Forewing with an ochreous discal band from the costa to the sub-median vein, narrowing hindwards, an ochreous even band on the outer margin, with a line of ochreous lunules on its inner side. Hindwing with an outwardly, well-curved, discal series of thin, ochreous, lunular marks and a sub-marginal series with a thin brown line on its inner side, which is continued up the abdominal margin for a short distance ; a large black spot on the anal lobe, and a large similar spot in each of the next two interspaces, both capped with metallic blue scales. Expanse of wings, # ? 144; inches. Hasirat.—Nikobar Islands. Described from a pair in the B. M. from Nankowry, and from Felder’s type female from Kamorta, which we figure ; the male is described and figured for the first time. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Bindahara sugriva, Amblypodia sugriva, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 105 (1829). Thecla sugriva, Horsfield, id. pl. 1, figs. 10, 10a, ¢ (1829). Myrina sugriva, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 51, pl. la, fig. 12, ¢ (1857). Habitat, Java. . Bindahara fumata, Bindahara phocides fumata, Rober, Iris, 1887, p. 196. Habitat, Bangkai. Bindahara phocas, Bindahara phocides phocas, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 114. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 625. Habitat, Philippines, Borneo, Celebes. Genus LEHERA. Lehera, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 528. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 443. Artipe, Boisduyal, Lep. Guat. p. 14 (1870) (nom. preoc.). Eyes hairy. orewing, vein 12 ends on the costa opposite the end of the cell, 11 emitted from about the middle of the cell, quite free from 12, 10 at three-fourths, 9 from the middle of 7,6 from the upper end of discocellulars, 5 from the middle, discocellulars upright, slightly concave, the lower the longer, vein 3 from a little before the lower end of the cell, 2 from one-third before the end; wing large, broad, triangular, in the male the outer margin is very straight and oblique, in the female broader than it is in the male, the outer margin regularly conyex. Hindwing with vein 8 much arched and extends to the apex of the wing, 7 emitted from the cell at two-thirds from the base, discocellulars concave, of equal length, and together form a very obtuse angle, 30 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. vein 3 emitted just before the lower end of the cell, 2 from the middle, internal nervure strongly recurved, wing broader than in the male; the tail in the male filiform, in the female much longer and heavily ciliated on both sides; anal lobe large ; body robust. Antenne with a long, thickened club; the male without secondary sexual characters. Type, Papilio eryx, Linneeus. LEHERA ERYX. Plate 711, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, lb, ¢. Papilio eryx, Linneeus, Mant. Plant. p. 537 (1771). Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 522 (1775). Deudorix eryx, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 180 (1869). Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 279, pl. 96, 2 (1888). Lehera eryx, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 529, de Nicéyille, Butt. of India, iii. p. 444, pl. 29, fig. 236, ¢ (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 530. Swinhoe, id. 1893, p. 305. Dudgeon, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. x. 1896, p. 335. Watson, id. 1897, p. 667. Papilio amyntor, Herbst. Pap. xi. p. 27, pl. 300, figs. 5, 6, 9 (1804). Deudorix amyntor, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 17, pl. 8, figs. 19, 20, g (1863). Imaco.—Male. Upperside glistening dark purplish-blue gradually merging into the broad black borders. Horewing with the costa above the cell to its end black, the apical third black, its inner edge straight across (but not sharply defined) to below vein 2, and from thence, for the short space, evenly and narrowly to the hinder angle. Hindwing with the costal space broadly black, the band narrowing gradually and diffusedly hindwards to near the anal angle, then broadly up the abdominal space, thickly clothed with long fur-like modified scales, increasing in width upwards, leaving but a narrow discal space purplish-blue, abdominal fold very pale; anal lobe blue- green, this colour extending narrowly up the abdominal margin for a short distance ; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia brown. Underside bright green. Forewing with the hinder marginal space pale greenish-grey, a line of disconnected, small and indistinct greenish-white lunular marks, its upper portion curving round inwards to the costa. Hindwing with a similar but more prominent discal series which has a short outward curve below the second lunule ; a black spot on the anal lobe, with a small white spot on each side of it, and some anteziliary small white marks, which im some specimens run into each other, forming a white thread above the anal angle. Antenne black, without white rings; the clubs with dull orange tips; palpi ochreous, last joints black; frons and head green, eyes ringed with white; body black above, ochreous beneath. Female. Upperside blackish-brown. Forewing without markings. Hindwing with the anal third, from the abdominal margin decreasingly to the discoidal interspace pure white, its inner edge uneven; in some examples the brown colour runs in and forms long spots on the outer part; anal lobe with a large green spot in it; the white DEUDORIXINA. 31 patch with three large sub-terminal lunular brown spots; tail long, pure white. Cilia of forewing blackish-brown with white tips, of hindwing pure white. Underside as in the male, but the white discal bands consist of larger and more prominent lunular marks. Hindwing with a rather broad macular white band between the discal band and the outer margin, decreasing in width upwards and consisting of minute white spots on the upper half of the wing; anal lobe black, ringed with white ; a marginal series of green spots ringed with white, the two next to the lobe with black spots in them ; tail white, the lower half of the cilia white, an anteciliary green line. Expanse of wings, $ 14 to 145, $ 14% to 2445 inches. Larva, curiously similar to that of Virachola perse, with which I found it; its habits are also identical; the differences were as follows: whereas in V. perse the medial segments were a deep red-brown and the three anterior segments ochreous, the medial ones were more purplish in tint inclining to indigo when undergoing the pupal change, and the anterior segments more orange than ochreous. The last pair of breathing aperturesin V. perse were pale buff (the others being black), but those of LZ. erya were the same colour as the other lateral ones, viz. black with shiny black rims. Both larvee had a quadrate buff patch occupying the central dorsal portion of the two medial seoments, but in L. eryx the patch was rather smaller and paler than that of V. perse. On 20th June, 1895, at Fagoo, 2,500 feet, British Bhutan, I found eleven pupe of Lehera eryx, Linnzeus, in the interior of the fruit of the wild pomegranate. They were enclosed in precisely the same manner as those of Virachola perse, Hewitson, which feeds on the fruit of the same plant. Out of these pup only one had the opening in the side of the fruit closed with a web, the rest being quite open, and, as the fruit was in all cases in a rotten condition, it was also occupied by small dipterous (fly) larvee, and Coleoptera (beetles), in two or three cases with a very small ant which did not attack the pupz, but I cannot see what use they could be to this insect as they are to other lyceenids. The pupa is robust, reddish-brown mottled with fuscous, especially on the back and sides. In some specimens the first two abdominal segments were dorsally yellowish. The butterflies commenced to emerge within a week after I found the pupee. (Dudgeon.) Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Burma, China. DistripuTion.— Watson records it from the Chin Hills, Manders from the Shan States, de Nicéville from Sikkim and Sibsaghar in Upper Assam; we have both sexes from Rangoon and the Khasia Hills. LEHERA SKINNERI. Plate 711, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. Lehera skinneri, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 369, pl. 15, fig. 3, ?. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 445 (1890). 32 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Imaco.—Male. Upperside much as in eryx, but the insect is not so black, and the inside purple-blue colour is duller, and much more limited in extent on the hind- wing ; the anal lobe is blackish-brown with a pale dull blue spot in it, not blue as in erye ; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia greyish-brown. Underside dull ochreous, the discal bands as in ery, but only faintly indicated on both wings, the hinder marginal space on the forewing is concolorous with the rest of the wing; the anal lobe is black with an ochreous outer margin, and there is a small black spot above the tail. Antenne black, without white rings, tip of club dull orange, frons and palpi ochreous, the latter with the last joints black, eyes ringed with white, head ochreous, body blackish-brown above, ochreous beneath. Female. Upperside like the upperside of eryx, but duller in colour, the anal lobe of the hindwing ochreous with a dull brown spot init. Underside ochreous as in the male, markings as in the female of eryz, but the white bands are not nearly so prominent. Expanse of wings, ¢ 14, ¢ 1,8; inches. Hasirat.—Cachar, Assam. Distripution.—The type, a female from Cachar, is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; we have received both sexes from the Khasia Hills. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Lehera anna, H. H. Druce, Ent. Mo. Mag. ser. 2, vii. p. 78 (1894); id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 680, pl. 31, fig. 8, 9. Frithstorfer, Iris, 1904, p. 148, ¢. Habitat, Borneo. Genus DEUDORIX. Deudorix, Hewitson (part), Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lyc. p. 16 (1863), Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 102 (1881), Distant (part), Rhop. Malayana, p. 277 (1885). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 448 (1890). Hyes hairy. Forewing, vein 12 ends on the costa opposite the end of the cell, 11 emitted from the cell at about two-thirds from the base, 10 at three-fourths, 9 from the middle of 7, 6 from the upper end of the discocellulars, 5 from the middle, discocellulars upright, concave, the lowest the longer; vein 3 emitted some little distance before the lower end of the cell; wing triangular, apex acute, outer margin oblique and almost even, anal angle acute, hinder margin straight. Hindwing, vein 8 strongly arched at the base, 7 emitted some little distance before upper end of the cell, discocellulars outwardly oblique, in a straight line, the lower slightly the longer, vein 3 emitted just hefore the lower end of the cell, wing short, produced hindwards, outer margin uneven, a slender tail from end of vein 2, short and filamentous in both sexes, anal lobe large ; body robust, palpi porrect, projecting one-third beyond the head, attenuated at their DEUDORIXINE. 33 ends, clothed with adpressed compact scales, third joint very slender, conspicuously longer and thicker in the female than in the male. Antenne rather long, more than half as long as the costa of the forewing, club evenly formed, no secondary sexual characters ; the larvee feed on different fruits. Type, Dipsas epijarbas, Moore. DEUDORIX EPIJARBAS. Plate 711, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g, 3c, larva and pupa. Dipsas epijarbas (recte epiarbas), Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 32 (1857). Deudorix epijarbus, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 20, pl. 7, figs. 16, 18, g, 17, 9 (1863). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 589 ; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 103, pl. 39, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9 (1881). Wood- Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 368. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 464, pl. 41, fig. 5, g (1886). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 370. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 278, pl. 96, g (1888). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 359. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 449, pl. 29, fig. 238, g (1890). de Rhé-Philipe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1902, p. 469. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 642. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 305. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 390, pl. 5, fig. 9, 9a, larva and pupa. Watson, id. 1897, p. 637. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 388. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 475. Aitken and Comber, id. 1903, vol. xv. p. 49. Deudorix epiarbas, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 126. Imaco.—Male. Upperside scarlet-red. Forewing with broad black costal and outer marginal borders, the costal band has its inner margin somewhat curved, being limited by the median vein, consequently it is broadest at the apex, its inner edge on the outer margin is uneven, and at the hinder angle the black band is continued for a short distance along the hinder margin; the rest of the hinder margin is narrowly suffused with black, and so is the sub-median vein. HHindwing with the costa, base and abdominal area suffused with blackish, the abdominal fold brown, outer marginal line finely black, anal lobe black with a small red mark in it ; tail black, tipped with white, the veins often more or less finely black. Antenne black, ringed with white, club. with a red tip and with a white streak on the underside below it. Underside ereyish-brown, markings indicated by their white edges. Forewing with a thick bar, with a pale white line splitting it, at the end of the cell; a discal almost straight rather broad band narrowing gradually hindwards, a sub-marginal series of thick lunular marks, edged outwardly with white, its lower end close to the lower end of the discal band. Hindwing with a thick bar with a pale white line running through it, at the end of the cell; a discal series of seven conjoined spots, the upper six squarish, the seventh angled, the series irregular, the second spot a little outwards, the fifth a little inwards, touching the lower end of the spot of the discoidal band, decreasing in size hindwards, the angular spot running in on to the abdominal margin one-third above VOL, IX. E 34 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the anal angle, a submarginal series of similar spots, increasing in size hindwards, anal lobe black, a linear white mark, and a curved streak of metallic blue scales above it, a black spot in the first interspace, ringed with orange. Female. Upperside fulvous-brown. J orewing with some fulvous suffusion below the median vein, varying in extent in different examples. Hindwing with the abdominal fold pale, in some examples without any markings, in some the entire wing 1s tinted with fulvous, and sometimes there are indications of a series of fulvous sub- marginal spots. Underside as in the male, the ground colour often much paler. Expanse of wings, ¢ 144; to 1485, 2 14% to 2 inches. Larva, when full fed and extended in walking, 0°9 of an inch in length; ground colour dull ochreous, blotched with leaden-black, the surface of all the segments smooth and shining, the constrictions between the segments well-marked, each segment with a shallow dorsal pit, a sub-dorsal pit on each side, and a lateral pit which bears the deep black spiracles ; the entire lateral edge of the larva furnished with rather long, bristly hairs; the larva is of the usual lyceenid shape, the head small and entirely retractile into the second segment, dull ochreous, marked with leaden-black as are the segments ; the body increasing in width to the fourth segment, then gradually decreasing to the anal segment, the larva is rather depressed, broader than high, the three anal segments are scutate, the shield being used to block up the entrance to the fruit on which the larva feeds; the second and third segments are brighter ochreous than the rest, the blackish markings more sparse, wholly absent on the anterior portion of the second segment. I can find no trace whatever of the special organs found on many Lyceenide larve which are affected by ants. Feeds on the fruit of the pomegranate. Pura 0°55 of an inch in length, light reddish-brown speckled with black in no decided pattern, the surface rather rough above and covered sparsely with short stout white bristles, below quite smooth, of a lighter colour, and without the black speckles and bristles; shape everywhere rounded except anteriorly, where the head is anteriorly bounded by a sharp ridge, the thorax very slightly humped, the anal seoment depressed, pointed. Described from specimens sent to me by Mr. P. W. Mackinnon, and obtained by him at 4,000 feet elevation below Masuri. (de Nicéville.) Hasirat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Andamans, Nikobars, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Celebes, Nias. A common species, with a very rapid flight. The larva and the pupa are figured from Davidson’s original drawings. DEUDORIX DIARA. Plate 712, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Deudorix diara, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1896, p. 357. H. H. Druce, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 681, pl. 31, fig. 14, 2. DEUDORIXINA. 35 Imaco.—Male. Upperside similar in coloration and markings to D, epiyarbus. Underside with the bands and spots similarly disposed, the cell bars have, however, no central white line, the ground colour of the outer two-thirds of the forewing and the upper and outer area of the hindwing greyish-white, with a pinkish tint, the bands and spots consequently very dark and prominent. Female. Upperside dark blackish-brown with a pinkish tint. Forewing with the middle portion pale, showing a large black spot at the end of the cell, a black outer marginal line. Hindwing with the abdominal fold pale grey, a black outer marginal line, a black spot on the anal lobe, ringed with red; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings grey. Underside exactly as in its own male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 145, to 144 inches. Hasirat.—Assam, Borneo. Distripution.—Recorded by H. H. Druce from Kina Balu; the types are from the Khasia Hills; the female is here described for the first time, it differs in severai respects (irrespective of its peculiar underside colouring) from the females of ep7jarbas ; at first we considered it to be sport of that species, but it has established itself on the Khasia Hills, because we have received several males and two females from our native collector there. DEUDORIX GATULIA. Plate 712, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, 9. Deudorix getulia, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1893, p. 338, pl. H, fig. 12, ¢. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 306. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xii. 1898, p. 148, pl. AA, fig. 27, 9. de Nicéville, id. 1899, p. 334. Imaco.—Male. Upperside orange-red, paler than the colour of epijarbas, without the scarlet tint. Lorewing with the marginal black bands broader, the costal band more uniform in width, but there is a small space outside the cell above vein 3 into which the orange-red colour is extended, the outer marginal band is a good deal broader, its inner edge more irregular, the black colour running in a little on veins 2 and 3 which are finely black, the band runs in broadly on the hinder margin for about one-third of its length, then narrowly to the base, not gradually, but abruptly. Hindwing, the costal and basal portions broadly black, the abdominal area broadly suffused with blackish, the outer margin with a narrow black band, all the veins black, anal lobe orange-red, ringed with black; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia black, with grey tips. Underside grey, more or less glazed. Forewing with a very indistinct _ discal straight series of grey lunules, pale edged, a very indistinct grey line closing the cell. [indwing with a grey line with pale edges closing the cell, a discal band of small vrey spots with whitish edges, rather close together, the lower part in an angular curve to the abdominal margin a little above the anal angle, a sub-terminal series of pale F 2 a 36 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. lunules, a black spot on the anal lobe, ringed with white, another im the first interspace, ringed with orange, terminal line brown, with a whitish inner thread. Cilia of both wings grey, tipped with black. Antennze black, ringed with white ; club with a dull red tip, and a white streak at its base on the underside ; head and body blackish above, the hinder segments of the abdomen orange-red, whitish beneath ; frons whitish, eyes ringed with white. Female. Upperside, both wings glossy pale hair-brown, becoming darker towards the margins. Forewing unmarked. Hindwing with a large anal white patch divided by the dark vems from the median nervule to the sub-median nervure, the portion in the second median interspace small, the one im the first median interspace the largest, the one in the sub-median interspace also large; a prominent anteciliary black lne, which becomes lost in the ground colour of the wing after it has passed the anal white patch ; anal lobe black in the middle, outwardly defined by white ; tail twice as long as in the male, white with a narrow black centre. Cilia of kindwing white, very long on the abdominal margin, becoming hair-brown towards the apex of the wing, of the forewing entirely hair-brown. Underside, both wings dull silvery-grey. Porewing with the costa narrowly, the apex somewhat broadly, the outer margin decreasingly cupreous. 1indwing with an outer discal series of black spots outwardly defined with white, the three anterior ones small, round, slightly increasing in size, the one in the sub-median interspace crescentic, with a minute dot placed against it in the internal interspace, with another dot anterior to it on the abdominal margin, an oval black spot uear the margin in the first median interspace, the sub-median interspace near the maregim sprinkled with black scales, the anal lobe black, a prominent anteciliary black thread from the anal lobe to the discoidal nervule, also extending along the abdominal margin for a short distance anterior to the anal lobe. The specimen described is in the collection of Major F. B. Longe, R.E., who captured it on the 8th of January, 1887, at Negokgale near Hsipaw, North Shan States, Upper Burma. (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, f 14%, 2 14%; inches. Hasirar.—Assam, Burma. DisrRiBution.—We have received a number of males from the Khasia Hills, from whence the type male, now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, came ; our description and figures of the male are from a Khasia example ; the female we have not been able to get, we therefore give de Nicéville’s description and copies of his figures, DEUDORIX HYPARGYRIA. Plate 712, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, g. Rapala hypargyria, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 643, pl. 43, fig. 7, ¢. Imaco.—Male, Upperside. vrewing black, with a fulvous-red streak from the DEUDORIXINA. 37 base, which widens outwards to the disc, is limited above by the median vein and the basal third of vein 3, and hindwards by the sub-median vein, immediately above which are a few black scales, its colour is much as in Rapala xenophon, Fabricius, but somewhat paler ; vein 2, where it runs across the upper outer end of the streak, is black. Hindwing also black, but somewhat paler, a large fulvous-red patch in the lower dise, broadest towards the abdominal margin and narrowing gradually outwards, making the black of the outer margin gradually narrowing to the anal angle where it is somewhat diffuse, and from whence a broad paler brown shade runs up the wing, close to and parallel with the abdominal fold, which is pale brown and becomes very pale upwards ; anal lobe black with a white spot in it, and another sub-terminal white spot in the black border in the next interspace ; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia brown, becoming white-tipped on the hindwing towards the anal angle, and pure white on the abdominal margin. Underside silvery greyish-white. orewing tinged with pale brownish-ochreous, narrowly on the costa and outer margin, broadly at the apex. Hindwing with a paler brownish-ochreous tint at. the apex, an inner curved series of blackish spots above the anal angle, which commences from close to the abdominal margin in a curiously shaped W-curve and is continued from the upper outer end of the curve in an outwardly curved series of spots, which curve in upwards close to the margin and become obsolete before reaching the apex. The anal space outside this series is almost pure white, there is a black spot on the anal lobe, another in the first median interspace, a small blackish mark in the interspace between them, and still smaller spots in the interspaces above; terminal line black. Antenne black, with white spots on the joints beneath, and a dull orange tip, and a white streak below, beneath the club; frons white; head and body brown above, white beneath, Expanse of wings, S$ 14 inches. Hasirat.—Karen Hills, Perak. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Deudorix strephanus, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 681, pl. 31, fig. 15, ¢. Habitat, Kina Balu, Borneo. Genus RAPALA. Rapala, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 105 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 276 (1885). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 454 (1890). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 413 (1893). Nadisepa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 249. Baspa, Moore, l.c. p. 250. ; Bidaspa, Moore, 1.c. Vadebra, Moore, l.c. 1883, p. 528. Hyes finely hairy. Forewing, vein 12 ends on the costa about opposite the 38 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. end of the cell, 11 emitted from the cell, about two-thirds from the base, 10 from three-fourths, 9 from the middle of 7, discocellulars nearly upright, very slightly outwardly oblique, the lower a little the longer, vein 3 emitted a short distance before the lower end of the cell, wing short, outer margin slightly convex, a broad tuft of hair on the middle of the hinder margin in the male, and in some species a patch of differently formed scales from those on the rest of the wing, on the upperside at and beyond the end of the discoidal cell. /Zindwing somewhat produced hindwards, anal angle lobed, a filamentous tail of moderate length at the end of vein 2 in both sexes, a glandular patch of scales placed above and against the sub-costal nervure in the male, extending a little distance along the base of the first sub-costal nervule, usually semicircular, variable both in shape and size, but not extending into the discoidal cell, discocellulars outwardly oblique, straight and of equal length, vein 3 emitted just before the lower end of the cell; the genus appears to be strictly confined to the Indo-Malayan region. Type, Thecla varuna, Horsfield. RAPALA MELAMPUS. Plate 712, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 2, 4b, ¢. Papilio melampus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 142, pl. 362, figs. G, H, ¢ (1781). Baspa melampus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 250. de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 48. Doherty, id. 1886, p. 126. Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 135, and 1886, p. 429. Deudorix melampus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 147. Rapala (Baspa) melampus, Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 359. Rapala melampus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 467 (1890); id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 386. Betham, id. 1891, p. 183. Watson, id. p. 50. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 389. Nurse, id. 1899, p. 512. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 49. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1905, p. 720. Thecla sorya, Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 414, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2, g (1848). Imaco.—Male. Upperside scarlet. orewing with the costal and outer marginal bands black, of moderate width, gradually increasing from the base to the apex, then gradually narrowing on the outer margin to the hinder angle, veins finely black. Hindwing with the costal space pale dusky, outer marginal line finely black, anal lobe black, with some ochreous scales above on the inner side and a few scattered metallic greenish scales on the outer side; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia black with yreyish white tips. Underside pale purplish-brown, markings a little darker than the ground colour with whitish edges. Jorewing with the hinder marginal space pale, a double dark line at the end of the cell, one on each side of the discocellulars, a narrow nearly straight discal line of conjoined lunular marks from near the costa to the sub- median vein, the third from the costa a very little outwards, indications of a series of DEUDORIXINA. 39 sub-marginal marks. indwing with a dark double line at the end of the cell, a discal band of conjoined lunular marks as in the forewing, the latter straight from the costa to vein 2, then curving inwards in two angles to the abdominal margin one-third above the anal angle, a sub-terminal series of indistinct lunular marks, anal lobe black, with some pale whitish-grey scales above it and between it and a black spot in the first interspace ; terminal line of both wings dark brown, with a white thread on its inner side in the hindwing. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a dull red tip, and a white streak beneath; frons grey, with a brown median stripe ; eyes ringed with white ; head and body brown above, with red hairs, pale purplish-brown beneath, the abdomen ochreous-grey. Female. Upperside duller in colour than the male, often more or less brick-red. Forewing with the marginal bands dark brown or blackish-brown. Hindwiny still duller in colour, generally suffused with pale brown. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ $ 143, to 1,5 inches. Larva, feeds on the Aowers of Ougeinea dalbergeoides and Zyziphus rugosus. It is exactly similar to that of R. schistacea, Moore, but the colour is pure white, changing to rose before turning into a pupa. Pupa, similar to that of PR. schistacea. Hasirat.—India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Nias, Sumatra. DistRIBuTION.—The type came from the Coromandel coast ; we took a good many specimens at Mhow, Bombay and Poona; Hampson records it from the Nilgiris, Betham from the Central Provinces, Watson from Chin Lushai, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, Nurse from Kutch, Aitken and Comber from Matheran, de Rhé-Philipe from Lucknow, de Nicéville from Sikkim, Nias and Sumatra. RAPALA JARBAS. Plate 713, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g, lc, larva and pupa. Papilio iarbas, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii p. 68 (1787). Hesperia jarbas, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 276 (1793). Papilio jarbas, Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 40, fig. 3, g (1800). Polyommatus jarbas, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 646 (1823). Thecla jarbas, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 93, pl. 4, fig. 2, larva ; 2a, pupa, 2b-e, structure of imago (1829). Nadisepa jarbas, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 249 ; id. Journ. Linn, Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 43. Deudorix jarbar, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 278, pl. 24, fig. 15, g ; pl. 20, fig. 26, 9 (1885). Rapala jarbas, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 468 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p- 531. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 50, and 1897, p. 668. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 643. 10 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Dipsas melampus, Horsfield and Moore (nec Cramer), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.L.C. i. p. 32, pl. i. figs. 2, larva, 2a, pupa (1857). é Deudorix melampus, Butler (nec Cramer), Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 181 (1869). Imaco.—Male. Upperside scarlet-red, of a somewhat duller colour than melampus. Forewing with costal and outer marginal black borders, more even on the costa than in melampus, the apex more broadly black, the band rapidly decreasing in width hindwards on the outer margin, median vein and its branches prominently black. Hindwing with the costal and abdominal areas brownish, outer marginal line black ; anal lobe scarlet-red, lined outwardly with black ; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black with pale tips, cilia of the anal lobe and the space to the tail white, tipped with black. Underside paler than in melampus, more grey, varying somewhat in tint in different examples, the two lines at the ends of the cells in both wings and the discal bands much as in melampus, but the discal band of the forewing is more even, and both are broader and more linear, the white edgings clearer and more prominent, the black anal spots are larger, there is a diffuse blackish spot in the interspace between the two prominent anal spots, there is usually some white suffusion on the abdominal margin above the black spot on the anal lobe, and the white anteciliary thread at the anal angle is more prominent. Antenne black, ringed with white; club with a red tip; frons pure white; head and body brown above, with red hairs, purplish-grey beneath. Female. Upperside ochreous-brown, with a slight purplish tint. Forewing with the costa broadly, the outer margin narrowly obscure brown. Hindwing with the costal space broadly brownish, a blackish-brown outer marginal line ; anal lobe black with a large scarlet-red spot in it, and a white spot above it on the abdominal margin. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14%; to 145 inches. Larva, ochreous, considerably marked with black, ornamented with a sub-dorsal and a lateral series of tubercles bearing thick brushes of short black bristly hairs; the hairs conspicuous, all the segments of nearly equal width, the larva flattened, the constrictions between the seements not very prominent. Pura, brownish-ochreous, sprinkled with black dots, smooth, naked, of the usual lycenid shape, the head rounded, the thorax slightly humped in the middle, the abdomen ending in a sharp point. These descriptions are drawn up from Dr. Horsfield’s figures of the transformations of this species as exhibited in Java, and given in the Cat. Lep. Mus. E.LC. (de Nicéville.) Hasirar.—Siam, India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java. Distripution.—The type in the Banksian Cabinet in the B. M. came from Siam ; we have received examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills, and have it also from Rangoon ; Moore records it from Mergui, Elwes from Bernardmyo, Watson from Chin DEUDORIXINA. 4} Lushai and the Chin Hills, Manders from the Shan States, de Nicéville from Sikkim and Bhutan, and Horsfield and Moore from Java, Distant from the Malay Peninsula. This species much resembles A. melampus, but can easily be recognised by its scarlet-red anal lobe, the anal lobe of melampus being black. RAPALA SUFFUSA. Plate 713, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢g. Deudorix suffusa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 834, pl. 52, fig. 8, g. Vadebra suffusa, Moore, l.c. 1883, p. 528. Rapala suffusa, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 466 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 643. H.H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 682. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull coppery-red. Forewing with broad costal and outer marginal black borders of almost even width, the black colour filling the basal two-thirds of the cell, the inner margin of the outer marginal band uneven, the median vein and its branches black, a little blackish suffusion on the hinder margin. /Zindwing with the costa pale, the basal and abdominal areas suffused with blackish, the abdominal fold pale, outer marginal line black; tail black, tipped with white; anal lobe with a black spot ringed with pale bluish-white, a pale yellowish spot on its inner side. Cilia grey. Underside dull chrome-yellow. Forewing with a pale double line at the end of the cell, one on each side of the discocellulars, often obsolete, a discal narrow grey lunular line, with outer pale edge, and slightly outwardly curved, very indistinct. Hindwing with a similar discal line, its lower end curving in two angles on to the abdominal margin one-fourth from the anal angle, where its white edging is more conspicuous and somewhat silvery; anal lobe black, ringed with white, with a short silvery line running from above it on to the abdominal margin, parallel with the silvery edging of the discal line ; a smaller black spot in the first interspace, a few black and white scales in the interspace between them ; both wings with a fine brown marginal line, which becomes black, with a white inner thread towards the anal angle. Antenne black, ringed with white ; club with a red tip; frons chrome-yellow; eyes ringed with white; head and thorax brown above with greenish hairs; abdomen reddish-brown above, chrome-yellow beneath. Female. Upperside purple-brown, shading into blackish on the borders, outer marginal line on both wings black; tail black, tipped with white; anal lobe with a black spot, ringed with bluish-grey, with a small yellow spot on it. Cilia bluish-grey, with black tips from the tail to the lobe. Underside as in the male, the ground colour usually paler, consequently the markings more distinct. Expanse of wings, $ 14, 2? 145, to 14% inches. Hasrrat.—Burma, Sylhet, Assam. VOL. IX. G 42 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. DisTRiBuTION.—The type came from Taoo, Upper Tenasserim, de Nicéville records it from Palone, Rangoon and Sylhet, Elwes from East Pegu; we have received several examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills. RAPALA TESTA. Plate 713, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Rapala testa, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 410. Imago,—Male. Upperside. Forewing black, a small middle space below the median vein, down to the sub-median, dull brownish-red or coppery-red extending narrowly and decreasingly above veins 2 and 3 which are black. Hindwing with the costal and abdominal areas broadly suffused with black, the abdominal fold pale, the outer marginal line and all the veins finely black, the remaining small space in the lower dise of the same dull red colour as in the forewing ; tail black, tipped with white ; anal lobe black with a yellowish spot in it. Cilia black with grey tips. Underside dull pale ochreous-grey, bands as m A. suffusa; anal lobe black, a black spot im the first interspace, some black suffusion between them which extends a little up the abdominal margin; outer marginal line finely brown, with a white inner thread. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; frons ochreous-white; eyes ringed with white; head and body blackish above, with ochreous hairs, ochreous-grey beneath. Female. Upperside brown. vrewing with the inner area pale brown, darkening towards the borders. Hindwing with the disc paler than the rest of the wing, the abdominal fold pale, anal lobe with a black spot with a yellow spot on it, both ringed with bluish-grey, and a white spot above it; both wings with black terminal line with a pale inner thread at the anal angle of the hindwing. Underside as in the male, the black spot near the anal angle faintly capped with orange. Expanse of wings, $ 1535, ? 14’ inches. Hasirat.—Jaintia Hills, Assam. Described from two pairs received from our native collector. RAPALA INTERMEDIA. Plate 714, figs. 1, g, la, 9, Ib, g. Deudorix enipeus var, intermedius, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 279 (1888). Rapala xenophon, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 470 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing black, a narrow fulvous-red streak below the median vein from the base to the outer two-thirds of the wing, gradually increasing DEUDORIXINA. 43 in width and with its end rounded. Hindwing with nearly the whole wing black, the fulvous-red area being confined to a band composed of red streaks divided thickly by the veins which fill up the first and second interspaces and the ends of the third, fourth and fifth ; the abdominal fold pale as usual, the anal lobe black, crowned with red, with white cilia tipped with black, which is continued to the tail, which is black, tipped with white, and there is a white spot on the abdominal margin just above the lobe, marginal line black. Cilia grey. Underside dark purplish-grey. Lorewing with a pale brown line at the end of the cell, with mner white edging, often obsolete, a discal, slightly outwardly curved, pale brown thin line outwardly white-edged. Hindwing with similar discoidal and discal lines, the latter sinuous hindwards, curving in the usual double angle to the abdominal margin, its outer white edging on the lower part rather prominent ; anal lobe black; a black spot in the first interspace, the space between them black with some bluish-white scales ; both wings with brown terminal line which becomes deep black on the lower half of the hindwing, with a prominent white inner thread. Female. Upperside brown, with a faint pinkish-purplish tint, darkening towards the margins. Forewing without markings. Hindwing with the costal space and abdominal fold pale; tail black, tipped with white; anal lobe with a black spot, crowned with pale orange; both wings with terminal line black. Cilia grey, white tipped with black on the anal lobe and to the tail. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ 1455, ? 14% inches. Hasirat.—Andaman and Nikobar Islands. Distrisution.—Distributed apparently throughout the islands; our description is from two males and a female in our collection from Port Blair: de Nicéville puts this form as a synonym to 2. zenophon, Fabricius, but it appears to us to be a very distinct species. RAPALA XENOPHON. Plate 714, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, larva and pupa. Hesperia xenophon, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 272 (1793). Polyommatus xenophon, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 640 (1823). Thecla xenophon, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. i. p. 94 (1829). Dipsas xenophon, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. p. 31, pl. 1, figs. 3, larva, 3a, pupa (1857). Deudorix xenophon, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 21, 9 (1869). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 465, pl. 44, figs. 1, g, 2, 2 (1886). Nadisepa xenophon, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1885, p. 43. Rapala xenophon, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 470 (1890); id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 297. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 623. Deudorix dieneces, Hewitson (g only), Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 31; pl. Suppl. 5a, figs. 65, 67, male, nec 66, female (1878). de Nicéville, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 48. G 2 44 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Myrina megistia (?), Butler (nec Hewitson), Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 549, Rapala damona, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1890, p. 450. Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous-red. vrewing with broad black marginal borders, the black band on the costa fills up the basal two-thirds of the cell, its inner margin is uneven all round, the band is narrowest on the outer margin and is as broad on the hinder margin as it is on the costa, broadest at the hinder angle and at the apex, the fulvous-red spaces inside the wing, however, vary somewhat in extent in different examples. Zindwing with the costal space, the entire cell space, the abdominal area and abdominal fold black, the rest of the wing fulvous-red, the veins finely black, anal lobe black with an ochreous spot in it, and a white fringe, tipped with black ; outer marginal line black; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings orange-grey. Underside dark ochreous-grey, in some examples varying to pale ochreous-brown, a pale ochreous-white line, edged on both sides with brown at the end of the cell, a discal, slightly outwardly curved, fine brown line, with pale outer edges, an indistinct sub-marginal pale brown line, well separated from the margin. ITindwing with cell streak and discal line as in the forewing, the latter somewhat sinuous and curving inwards at its lower end in two angles to the abdominal margin, with the white outside edging rather prominent in the curve; anal lobe black, with a white spot on it, and a black line from it running up the abdominal margin for a short distance, a black spot in the first interspace, a blackish spot between them, both capped with orange; both wings with terminal brown line, black towards the anal angle, with an inner white thread. Antenne black, ringed with white, club tipped with red; frons ochreous-white; head and body blackish above, ochreous-grey beneath. Female. Upperside brown, with a slight pinkish-purple tint, the ground colour darkening towards the margins; anal lobe black, with a white spot above it on the abdominal margin. Cilia of both wings greyish-brown, white with black tips on the lower part of the hindwing. Underside of a purer ochreous-grey colour, far more ochreous than in the male, markings similar. Expanse of wings, 1745, 2? 14%5 to 14% inches. Larva, varies at different periods in colour from yellow with a greenish cast to dark ferruginous-brown, and at one period the lateral bands are very obscure ; feeds on Schimedelia racemosa ; head rather large, segments increasing in size from the second to the fifth, thence to anal segment of equal size, with a sub-dorsal and lateral row of short tubercles bearing clumps of short closely-set bristly hairs; the body just above the legs fringed with hairs ; there is a narrow black dorsal line, the segments blotched with black, a sub-dorsal reddish band. Pupa very rounded, the head and anal segments bluntly pointed, brown, sprinkled with darker brown and reddish marks. Description drawn up from the figures in Cat. DEUDORIXINA. 45 Lep. Mus. E.I.C., from drawings made by Dr. Horsfield in Java. The larva and pupa of R. wenophon are very similar to those of &. jarbas. (de Nicéville.) Hasirat.—-India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Nias, Andamans. DistripuTion. —Widely distributed, but not common anywhere in the Indian region ; de Nicéville records it from Sylhet, Cachar, Calcutta, Burma and Chin Lushai ; we have received a few examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills. RAPALA PETOSIRIS. Plate 714, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g¢ (Wet-season Brood), 3c, ¢, 3d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Deudorizx petosiris, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 22, pl. 9, figs. 30, 31, g (1863). Vadebra petosiris, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 528. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 369. Rapala petosiris, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 465 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 1891, p. 50, and 1897, p. 668. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 643. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 307. Wet-season Brood (Figs. 3, 3, 3a, $, 3b, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull red, veins finely black. Forewing with moderately broad black costal band, narrow at the base, gradually broadening to the apex, then narrowly down the outer margin to a point at the hinder angle. Hindwing with a fine blackish outer marginal line, costal area and abdominal fold brown, anal lobe ochreous- red, outlined with black, the cilia white with black tips from the lobe to the tail, which is black tipped with white. Cilia of both wings orange-grey. Underside pale rufous- brown, tinged with ochreous, markings dark brown. Forewing with a dark round spot in the middle of the cell, a bar with a pale centre at the end, a thin discal, almost straight band, outwardly pale-edged from the costa to near the hinder margin. Hind- wing with a round dark spot on the glandular patch below the costa, discocellular as in the forewing and a similar thin discal band, somewhat irregular in its formation, slightly outwardly curved in its middle, its lower portion bending inwards in two blunt angles to the abdominal margin one-third from the anal angle, where it is edged with white on both sides ; anal lobe black, a small black spot in the first interspace with a few scattered silvery scales between them ; both wings sometimes with indications of a sub-marginal fascia, terminal line brown, with an inner white thread on the hinder part of the hind- wing. Antenne black, ringed with white, the club with a red tip; frons red, with an ochreous stripe on each side; head and body reddish-brown above, brownish-ochreous beneath. Female. Upperside glossy steel-bluish-brown, the shade of colour darkening towards the margins, anal lobe with a black spot, with a bluish-white cilia with black 46 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. tips up to the tail, which is black, tipped with white, the rest of the cilia is brown, with pale tips. Underside as in the male, the ground colour generally duller, the sub-basal dark spot below the costa of the hindwing absent. Expanse of wings, S $ 1335 to 138 inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 3c, 3, 3d, 2). Male. Upperside smoky-red, very dark and dull in colour, the red colour merging into the black borders which are about the same as in the wet-season brood. Under- side paler and dusky in colour, the spot in the middle of the cell of the forewing very small, the spot on the glandular patch in the hindwing obsolete. Female. Upperside like the male of the other form, Underside like its own male, of the same pale dusky ochreous-brown colour. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1,5; to 1-3; inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Sylhet, Cachar, Orissa, Burma. DistripuTion.—The type is labelled East India, Elwes records it from the Kunde Hills, Watson from Chin Lushai and the Chin Hills, we have received many examples from Sylhet, Sikkim and the Khasia Hills, de Nicéville records it also from Cachar, Orissa and Burma. RAPALA NISSA. Plate 715, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢ (Wet-season Brood), le, g, 1d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Thecla nissa, Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 412, pl. 4, figs. 3, 4 (1848). Amblypodia nissa, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C, i. p. 46 (1857). Deudorix nissa, var. (part), Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 23, pl. 10, figs. 42, 43, ¢ (nec 44), (1863). Bidaspa nissa, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 250, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc, Bengal, 1886, p. 126. Rapala nissa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 370. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 463 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 531. Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 413, pl. 29, figs. 12, $, 15, ? (1893). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 643. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 8307. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 389. Baspa nissa, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 126. Rapala subpurpurea, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 42 (1890). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, 3, la, 2, 1b, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining purplish-brown, with a steel gloss in certain lights. /orewing with the costal and outer marginal borders purplish-black, with the same steel gloss on them, the inner colour merging into the outer; a small orange patch beyond the cell. Hindwing with the costal margin pale, the abdominal fold fuscous, anal lobe black, with an orange spot in it; tail black, tipped with white ; terminal line black. Cilia black, with pale tips. Underside ochreous-brown, varying DEUDORIXINA. 47 somewhat in shade of colour in different examples ; markings darker brown. orewing with a bar at the end of the cell with a pale centre, a discal thin band outwardly pale- edged, divided by the veins, slightly outwardly curved, from near the costa to the sub- median vein. Hindwing with a similar discal band, straight from the costa to vein 2, then bent inwards in two angles to the abdominal margin one-third from the anal angle, where it is white-edged on both sides; anal lobe black, with a white spot above it; a black spot, capped with dull orange in the first interspace, the space between them with black and white scales; both wings with an indistinct sub-marginal fascia and black marginal line, the spot in the first interspace with a white line outside it; tail black, tipped with white. Antenne black, ringed with white, the club with a red tip; frons ochreous, with a grey medial stripe; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside paler than the male, paler purplish, the costal and outer marginal black bands of the forewing more prominent, the orange patch outside the cell large, varying somewhat in size in different examples. Underside similar. Expanse of wings, $ 15°; to 155, inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. le, 2, 1d, $). Male and Female. Upperside much paler than in the wet-season form, the ground colour more inclined to pale lilac-purple, merging into the blackish margins; without the orange patch on the forewing in either sex. Underside also duller and paler, some- what of a purplish-grey colour ; markings similar, but more indistinct. Expanse of wings, $ ? 15%; to 14%; inches. Hasirat.—Himalayas, Assam, Sikkim, Shan States. DisTRIBUTION.—We have it from Kulu, Sikkim and the Khasia Hills, Elwes records it from the Naga Hills, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, Manders from the Shan States, Doherty from Kumaon, de Nicéville also from Naini Tal, 4,000 to 6,500 feet elevation. Itisa very variable species ; we describe and figure the extreme seasonal forms. RAPALA ROGERSI, nov. Plate 715, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Rapala rogersi, Bingham, MS. Imaco.— Male. Upperside. forewing black, with a greenish tint ; the basal half of the median interspace and the hinder marginal space below the sub-median vein glistening blue-green in certain lights. [indwing of the same colour, the costal space and abdominal fold pale blackish-brown ; the veins and streaks below them and the median interspaces shot with blue-green in certain lights; anal lobe with a black spot on its outer side with a metallic blue-green dot on it, and an orange spot on its inner 48 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. side, with a bluish-white cilia, tipped with black, which is continued to vein 3, the rest of the cilia dark grey ; tail black, tipped with white. Underside chocolate-brown with a slight purple tint; markings darker brown. orewing with two lines across the end of the cell, a narrow band outwardly edged with whitish, slightly outwardly curved, from near the costa to near the hinder margin. Hindwing with a bar at the end of the cell, prominently edged with white on each side and witha pale line through it ; a discal band of seven conjoined squarish spots, edged with white on both sides, passing close to the discoidal bar, the third and fourth outwards, the fifth inwards, the seventh angular, running in on to the abdominal margin one-third above the anal angle, a marginal series of white spots decreasing in size upwards and becoming obsolete above the middle of the wing ; anal lobe black, with a small white smear above it containing a short black line, with blue scaling above it and white scaling below it; a large black spot in the first interspace, almost obliterating the white marginal spot, capped with orange, a small brown spot in each of the white marginal spots in the next two upper interspaces, a black smear, containing some pale blue scales almost obliterating the white spot in the interspace between the large black spot and the anal lobe. Antennz black, ringed with white; frons ochreous, with a brown medial stripe; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, abdomen ochreous beneath. Female. Upperside brown, shading darker towards the margins. Hindwing with the costal space and abdominal fold pale, anal lobe and tail as in the male. Underside with the ground colour paler and of a greyish tint, markings similarly disposed, but the bands are broader and the sub-terminal black spot in the first interspace on the hindwing is ringed with orange. Expanse of wines, $ 14, 2 153; inches. Hasirat.—Nikobar Islands. Our description and figures are from a pair from Kamorta given to us by the late Colonel Bingham. RAPALA SPHINX. Plate 715, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Papilio sphinx, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 520 (1775). Deudorix sphinx, Butler, Cat, Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 180 (1869). Rapala sphinx, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 621. Rapala rhecus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 319, pl. P, fig. 47, ¢, and 1896, p- 182, pl. T, fig. 40, @. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark bright blue, with a beautiful brilliant sheen in certain lights. orewing with the costa and outer marginal bands black, of moderate width. Hindwing with the costal and outer marginal bands also black, but usually a little narrower; abdominal fold blackish ; anal lobe black with some ochreous scales and with a white cilia, tipped with black which extends to the tail, which is DEUDORIXIN.A. 49 black tipped with white, the rest of the cilia black on both wings. Underside purple- brown, of somewhat various shades of colour in different examples, markings darker. Forewing with two lines closing the cell, a discal, transverse narrow band, outwardly curved, reaching neither the costa nor the hinder margin. Hindwing with similar bands, the discal band curving hindwards, as usual, to the abdominal margin, where it is edged on both sides with white ; anal lobe black, with a white line above it, which is continued half way up the outer margin, both wings with a sub-marginal paler coloured macular series of marks. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings; abdomen ochreous beneath. Female. Upperside like the male, the blue sheen almost as bright in some examples, the black bands somewhat broader. Underside exactly as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ ¢ 134; to 14%5 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Java, Sumatra. DistripuTion.—The Fabrician type in the Banksian Cabinet in the B. M. is said to have come from the “ East Indies,” which probably means Java; we have it from Java; de Nicéville’s types of rhacus, which undoubtedly represent this species, came from N.E. Sumatra; there are several examples of both sexes in the National collection from Java, Burma, Sikkim and Sylhet, a pair of which we figure. H. H. Druce records it from Kina Balu. RAPALA NICEVILLEI, nov. _ Plate 716, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Rapala sphinx, de Nicéville (nec Fabricius), Butt. of India, iii. p. 458 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 306. Deudorix varuna, Hewitson (nec Horsfield), Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lyc. p. 22, pl. 9, figs. 32, 33, $, pl. 10, figs. 36, 37, 9 (1863). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark indigo-blue, with a shining gloss in certain lights. Forewing with the costal and outer marginal line black. Hindwing with the costal space, outer marginal line and abdominal fold black, the last paling somewhat towards the base; anal lobe black with an orange spot in it, on its inner side, and edged outwardly with a white cilia, tipped with black, which extends to the tail, which is black, tipped with white; the rest of the cilia on both wings black. Underside purple-brown, the colour shading darker and paler in parts in some examples, fairly uniform in others, markings blackish-brown. Forewing with a double line at the end of the cell, a discal, outwardly curved band of moderate width from near the costa to near the hinder margin, where it has a slight inward curve. Hindwing with similar discoidal mark and discal band, both somewhat indistinct, the latter with some white VOL. IX. H 50 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. edging on both sides where it curves in on to the abdominal margin a little above the anal angle, some white scaling between it and the black anal lobe, which has a whitish line above it, which is continued as an anteciliary thread up the wing indistinctly and becomes obsolete about vein 4; both wings with indications of a sub-marginal macular series. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; frons black; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, abdomen ochreous beneath. Female. Upperside paler than the male and without the blue gloss. Forewing with broad blackish costal border, narrower outer marginal border. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the abdominal fold blackish-brown, the blue colour on both wings merging into the borders, so that they can only be distinguished in certain lights. Underside with the ground colour paler than in the male, sometimes somewhat ochreous-brown, in some examples with a slight ochreous tint, markings similarly disposed, but more prominent. Expanse of wings, $ 13°; to 14%, $ 14% to 145 imches. Hasirat.—Sylhet, Assam, Burma. Disrrisution.—Recorded by de Nicéville from Rangoon and Sylhet; we have it from Rangoon and have received many examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills, where it appears to be quite a common species; de Nicéville misidentified this species. Rapala sphinz on the underside is very similar to our species, but on the upperside it is abundantly distinct, the beautiful blue colour and distinct black borders of FR. sphinz making it far and away the most beautiful Rapala we have ever seen. RAPALA SCINTILLA. Plate 716, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Rapala scintilla, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 461 (1890) ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 210, pl. E, fig. 5, 6. H.H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 622. Imaco.—Upperside dark indigo-blue, both wings with the outer marginal line black. Cilia with the base black, outer half grey. Zindwing with a patch of iridescent blue on the dise (only to be seen in certain lights) beyond the end of the cell, not quite reaching the outer margin and hindwards down to vein 2, upwards to vein 6; abdominal fold brown, anal lobe black, with a small orange spot on the middle of its outer side, a pale mark on its upper side, a white cilia tipped with black which is continued to the tail, which is black, tipped with white. Underside dark greenish- grey, markings slightly darker than the ground colour. Forewing with a double line at the end of the cell, edged on each side with white, a thin discal band or thick line, outwardly edged with white, nearly straight down from the costa to the sub-median nervure. /7indwing with similar discoidal and discal lines, the latter somewhat DEUDORIXIN 4. 51 lunular, one of the lunules at its middle, shifted slightly outwards, the series curving at its lower end gradually in a sinuous form to the abdominal margin, where it is edged on both sides with white; anal lobe black with a short white line above it, a black spot in the first interspace, the space between with some black and white scales, an anteciliary white thread from the anal lobe to the tail. Female. Upperside paler than in the male and duller in colour, the ground colour on the forewing darkening on the costa and outer margin into diffuse blackish bands, both wings with a black outer marginal line. Underside paler than in the male, of a somewhat greenish-ochreous colour, markings similar. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 144, to 14'5 inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Borneo. DistRipuTion.—The type male from Sikkim is in coll. Knyvett. We have both sexes from Sikkim and from the Khasia Hills; H. H. Druce records it from Kina Balu. RAPALA TARA. Plate 716, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Rapala tara, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 284, pl. 14, fig. 11, ¢; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 457, pl. 25, fig. 150, ¢, and pl. 29, fig. 241, ¢ (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 306. Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-blue, duller in colour than in RF. nicévillet. Forewing with a black cilia with pale tips, a velvety-black sexual patch in the disc extending slightly into the cell and crossed by the two lower nervules. Hindwing with the abdominal fold brown, anal lobe with an ochreous spot, outwardly edged with a short curved black line, a pale whitish cilia, with black tips, which is continued fora short distance beyond the tail, which is black, tipped with white, the rest of the cilia black with pale tips. Underside dull brownish-ochreous, with a greenish tint, markings ochreous-brown. Forewing with indistinct double line at the end of the cell, a discal thin band, or thick line, slightly outwardly curved, from near the costa to the sub- median nervure, very slightly bent outwards above its middle. Hindwing with similar discoidal mark, but more distinct, a discal outwardly curved thick line outwardly edged with white, with a short inward curve in its middle, followed by a similarly short outward curve, then angled and bent inwards to the abdominal margin, one-third from the anal angle, with a few white marks between it and the anal lobe, which is black, a small black spot in the first interspace, a few black and white scales between them, an anteciliary white thread on the lower half of the wing. Antenne black, ringed with white ; club with a red tip; frons black; eyes finely ringed with white ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside dull purple-brown, and much paler and duller in colour. Forewing with the colour darkening the costa and the outer margin into diffuse H 2 FY versity 0 unl LIBRARY. LLNOLS 52 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. blackish borders on the forewing. Underside with the ground colour paler, more ochreous, markings similar, but more prominent, with indications of a pale brown sub- marginal band on both wings. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1345 to 13°) inches. Hasirat.—Naini Tal, Sylhet, Assam. DisrriBuTion.—Recorded by de Nicéville from Naini Tal, taken by Colonel Lang 5,000 feet elevation, and from Nalaina, near Naini Tal, 4,200 feet. The types came from Sylhet, taken by the Rev. W. A. Hamilton, and are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; we have received many examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills from the Rev. W. A. Hamilton and from our native collector; our description and figures are from Khasia Hill specimens. RAPALA FRANCESCA, nov. Plate 716, figs. 4, g, 4a, g. Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark purplish-black with a slight gloss. Worewing with the colour shading into pure black broadly towards the costa and outer margin; a prominent velvety sexual patch of four dull ochreous-grey streaks, a short one filling up the base of the second median interspace, a longer streak in the first median inter- space, a narrow one, nearly as long, immediately below vein 2, and the fourth just inside the cell, only divided from the others by the outer end of the median vein, the last usually not so prominent as the others; all forming a somewhat oval patch. Hindwing with the costal space and abdominal fold blackish, anal lobe black ; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black, with a white band in its middle on the anal lobe and from thence to vein 3. Underside dark chocolate-brown, with a slight ochreous tint, markings rufous-brown. orewing with the hinder marginal area pale, a round polished patch in its middle, two lines at the end of the cell, with a whitish thread between them, a thin discal band, with whitish outer edge, slightly outwardly curved, from near the costa to near the sub-median vein, faint indications of a series of sub-marginal lunular marks. Hindwing with similar discoidal and discal lines ; the latter composed of more or less disconnected, short linear marks, prominently outwardly edged with white, slightly outwardly curved from the costa to vein 2, where it curves inwards in a bluntly angular form to the abdominal margin, one-fourth above the anal angle where it has a parallel short white streak above it, and another below it, the second and fifth spots of the series shifted slightly inwards; anal lobe black, a large black spot in the first interspace, the space between irrorated with pale blue and black irrorations ; a white anteciliary line from the anal lobe to vein 4. Cilia of both wings black, with a white middle band from the anal lobe to vein 3. Antenne black, ringed with white, the club tipped with red; frons black, with a white middle line ; DEUDORIXINE. 53 eyes ringed with white ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, abdomen below ochreous. Expanse of wings, $ 1} inches. Haprrat.—Assam. Described from three fresh examples received from our native collector from the Khasia Hills ; the sex marks on the forewing are as in &. tara, de Nicéville. RAPALA ROSACEA. Plate 717, figs. 1, g, la, ¢. Rapala rosacea, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 285, pl. 14, fig. 12, ¢; id, Butt. of India, iii. p. 463, pl. 25, fig. 151, ¢ (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 307. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. forewing steel-blue, glistening in certain lights, merging into the black marginal borders, broad on the costa, very broad at the apex, narrowing down the outer margin from the end of the cell or a little outside it, to the hinder angle where it is quite narrow. Hindwing with the costal space and abdominal fold blackish, outer marginal line black, the inner space of the same kind of steel-blue as on the forewing ; anal lobe black with a dull red spot in it, its cilia white, tipped with black extending to vein 2, the rest of the cilia black, with pale tips; tail black, tipped with white. Underside bright vinous-red, markings dark reddish-brown. Forewing with a double line with a pale line between them, at the end of thescell ; a discal line, very nearly straight, from near the costa to near the sub-median vein where it inclines slightly outwards, and is outwardly edged with white, the hinder marginal area paler than the rest of the wing and somewhat greyish. Hindwing with similar discoidal and discal lines, the latter is nearly straight from the costa to vein 2, then bends inwards in two blunt angles to the abdominal margin one-fourth above the anal angle ; the anal lobe red with a black fringe; a narrow red line up the abdominal margin for a short distance; a red mark above the end of the bend of the discal line close to the abdominal margin, edged on its upper side with a black and a white line, a dull red spot in the first interspace (sometimes obsolete), with some grey scaling between it and the anal lobe, terminal line finely brown with an inner white thread. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; frons ochreous-white with an ochreous-red middle stripe ; palpi ochreous-red, last joint black ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female, like the male above and below, but somewhat paler. Expanse of wings, S ? 1,45 to 14% inches. Hapirat,—Sikkim, Assam. Disrrisution.—The types from Sikkim are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; we 54 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. also have it from Sikkim, and have received several examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills. RAPALA LANKANA. Plate 717, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Deudorix lankana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 141 ; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 103, pl. 39, fig. 5, ? (1881). Vadebra lankana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 528. Rapala (Vadebra ?) lankana, Hampson, Journ. As. Soe. Bengal, 1888, p. 359. Rapala lankana, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 460 (1890). Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 391. Manders, id. 1904, p. 78. Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-brown, glossed with deep purple in certain lights. Forewing without markings. Hindwing with the costal area and abdominal fold paler brown, anal lobe blackish with a white fringe, tipped with black ; tail black, tipped with white. Underside rather pale ferruginous-brown, markings brown. Forewing with a discal, thin, even band, from the costa, straight to vem 2, then inclining outwards slightly to the sub-median vein. Hindwing with a similar discal band almost straight from the costa to vein 3, where it bends inwards in very nearly a straight line to the abdominal margin, one-third from the anal angle; anal lobe blackish, a blackish-brown spot in the first interspace with some indistinct whitish scales between them, the discal band edged with whitish above the anal lobe. Antennze black, ringed with white ; frons blackish, eyes ringed with white; head and body blackish above and below ; palpi white beneath ; legs black, streaked with white. Female. Upperside paler than the male, tinged with violet; marginal line on both wings finely black. Cilia blackish-brown. Underside varying much in the eround colour in different examples from pale ferruginous-brown to greyish-yellow, the discal bands broader, but otherwise as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1,5, to 14% inches. Hasirat.—Ceylon, South India. Distripution.—We have both sexes from Ceylon and from Karwar; the type came from Ceylon; Hampson records it from the Nilghiris; it seems to be a rare species. RAPALA RECTIVITTA. Plate 717, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Deudorix rectivitta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 141. Rapala rectivitta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 464 (1890). Rapala buxaria, de Nicéyille, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 285, pl. 14, fig. 13, ¢; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 459, pl. 25, fig. 152, ¢ (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 306. Watson Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 667. DEUDORIXINA. 55 Imaco.—Male. Upperside brownish-black, overlaid with deep steel-blue gloss. Forewing with this colour merging into the blackish marginal borders which can only be distinguished in certain lights; on the costa the blackish border is fairly broad, widening from the base to the apex, then narrowing down the outer margin. Hindwing with the costal space paler blackish, the outer marginal line black, the abdominal space blackish, the abdominal fold paler, becoming quite pale near the base ; anal lobe black, with a blue tinge above it, and a red spot in it, on its inner side, but this spot is not constant, in some examples it is only faintly indicated, in others it is entirely absent, in one example it is on one wing but not on the other; the cilia on the anal lobe and its continuation up to the end of vein 2 is white, tipped with black, the rest of the cilia on both wings blackish-brown; tail black, tipped with white. Underside pale, varying in shade of colour in different examples from ochreous-brown to vinous-brown, markings darker brown. orewing with a double pale line across the end of the cell, a discal line from the costa to the sub-median interspace, usually very nearly straight, sometimes very slightly outwardly curved, sometimes very slightly sinuous ; the inner side of the line paler than the outer side; a very indistinct sub- marginal fascia. Mindwing with similiar discoidal and discal lines, but the latter has a whitish outer edge, and runs from the costa to vein 2, sometimes nearly straight, sometimes it bends inwards a little at its upper part, then it curves round in two angles to the abdominal margin one-third above the anal angle, where the white edging is more prominent ; a sub-marginal fascia, usually much more distinct than it is on the forewing ; anal lobe black, with a small white spot on its upper side and crowned with orange in some examples, the orange very faintly indicated in others, and often absent ; the cilia on the anal lobe and its extension up to vein 2 white, tipped with black. Antenne black, ringed with white ; club tipped with red; frons ochreous ; pectus with ochreous hairs ; eyes ringed with white ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside paler and duller in colour than the male, the black marginal bands of the forewing more apparent. Underside also paler, markings similar. Expanse of wings, $ 134; to 14%; ? 14% to 145 inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Bhutan, Chin Hills, Cachar. DistripuTion.—The type of buxaria, a male from Bhutan, is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; de Nicéville records it also from Tongloo, Sikkim, 10,000 feet elevation, Watson from the Chin Hills; we have received many examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills, including a male identified by de Nicéville as his bucxaria, which is undoubtedly identical with Moore’s type of rectivitta from Cachar, now in the B. M. 56 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. RAPALA RANTA. Plate 717, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 2, 4b, ¢. Rapala ranta, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 409. Imaco.—Male. Upperside as in &. rectivitta, Moore, the blue sheen on the forewing runs below the median vein nearly to the margin, and on the hindwing from vein 2 to vein 6, but is not of so deep a purple-blue as it is in rectivitta, the tail, anal lobe and cilia are similar, the anal lobe has a slight orange mark above the black spot almost hidden by the grey hairs above it, the wings are broader than in rectivitta, and the glandular patch of scales on the hindwing on the upperside is ochreous-grey and — very prominent. Underside coloration paler than in rectivitta, with an ochreous tint, the discal lines are well curved outwardly and are outwardly edged with white, and the double lines at the anal angle above the lobe are more widely separated and are black, with prominent white edgings, the tail-spot is small and the anal lobe spot large, both pure black. Female. Upperside paler than the male, with a lilac tint showing rather broad costal and outer marginal blackish borders on the forewing. Underside paler and more ochreous, markings similar. Expanse of wings, $ ¢ 14 inches. Hasirat.—ZJaintia Hills. Described from two males and a female received from our native collector. RAPALA VARUNA. Plate 718, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Thecla varuna, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 91 (1829). Rapala varuna, Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 389. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 306. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 392. Deudoriz orseis, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 23 (1863). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1877, p. 589. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 234. Rapala orseis, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 48. Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 43. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii, p. 461 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 50. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 642. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 307. H.H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 622. de Rhé-Philipe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 1902, p. 490. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xy. 1903, p. 50. Deudorix grisea, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 140. Rapala grisea, Moore, l.c. 1882, p. 251. Doherty, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 127. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 462 (1890). Deudoria lazulina, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 140. DEUDORIXIN. 57 Rapala lazulina, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 105, pl. 40, figs. 3, 3a, ¢ (1881). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 359. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 462 (1890). Manders, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1904, p. 78. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark indigo-blue, glossed, and in certain lights with a greenish tint. orewing with the blue colour merging into the broad black costal and outer marginal borders. Hindwing with the costal space and abdominal fold blackish, outer margin with a very narrow black band; the abdominal space outside the fold darker black than the colour of the fold; anal lobe black, with an orange spot, and a few greyish-white scales along its upper side; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black with pale tips, with a white medial line through it from the anal lobe to vein 8. Underside rufous-brown, varying in shade of colour somewhat in different examples, markings darker brown. vrewing with a bar at the end of the cell, a moderately broad discal band from near the costa to the sub-median vein, slightly outwardly curved above its middle, in some examples with a patch of black suffusion, joining it to the discal bar; a sub-marginal narrower band. dindwing with similar discoidal and discal bands, the latter outwardly edged with white, composed of conjoined squarish spots, passing close to the lower end of the discoidal bar, slightly outwardly curved from the costa to vein 2, where it curves inwards in a large angle to the abdominal margin a little below its middle, and is there prominently edged with white on both sides and has a short white line close below it; anal lobe black crowned with dull orange, a white anteciliary thread on the lower half of the outer margin. Antenne black, ringed with white; club tipped with red; frons black; eyes: ringed with white; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, abdomen below ochreous. Female. Upperside paler, pale brown glossed with purple; consequently the costal and outer marginal black borders more distinct. Underside paler than the male, markings similar. Expanse of wings, f $ 14/5 to 14% inches. | Larva, in shape and protuberances, is exactly similar to that of [. schistacea, but the colour is green, with a curved, diagonal line, almost pure white, to each seoment ; the fifth segment is very dark green, in some cases almost black, forming a band. The larva feeds on the flowers of Zizyphus xylopyrus. Pura is identical with that of R. schistacea. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasirat.—India, Burma, Andamans, Ceylon, Java, Borneo. DisTRIBUTION.—The type came from Java; de Nicéville records it from Calcutta, Elwes from the Karen Hills, Watson from Chin Lushai and the Chin Hills, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, de Rhé-Philipe from Lucknow, Aitken and Comber from Matheran, near Bombay, Davidson, Bell and Aitken from Karwar ; we have many examples of both sexes from Java, Port Blair, the Khasia Hills, and other localities, VOL, IX, I 58 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. and, after having compared them all, one with the other, and with the types in the B. M., have been forced to the conclusion that all the above names represent one and the same species. RAPALA SCHISTACEA. Plate 718, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Deudorix schistacea, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 140. Rapala schistacea, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 48. Doherty, id. 1886, p. 126. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, id. p. 369. Hampson, id. 1888, p. 359. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 459 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 50. Betham, id. p. 183. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1893, p. 307. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 622. Mrs. Robson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ix. 1895, p. 337, life history. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1896, p. 391. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 388. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 489. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 49. Deudorix varuna, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville (nec Horsfield), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 234. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark slaty-blue, the lower discal area of the forewing and the disc of the hindwing shot with brilliant blue im certain lights. Hindwing with the abdominal fold pale brown. Anal lobe with a black spot, an orange spot on its inner side and some white hairs above it; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of the lobe to the tail black, with a white middle line, rest of the cilia on both wings black, with pale tips. Underside, both wings buff-grey, markings a little darker than the vround colour, very fine and usually faint. Forewing with a double line, with a pale line between at the end of the cell, a slightly sinuous discal line, outwardly edged with white, slightly outwardly curved, from near the costa to near the sub-median vein, a sub-marginal line of disconnected lunules, outwardly edged with white, the hinder marginal space pale. Zindwing with similar discoidal and discal lines, the former edged on both sides with white, the latter well separated from it, slightly outwardly curved from the costa to vein 2, then curved inwards in a long loop to the abdominal margin, a little above the anal angle, where it is white-edged on both sides ; a sub- marginal indistinct band ; anal angle black, lined with white above and below it; a smaller black spot in the first interspace, capped with orange, a terminal black fine line, which becomes obsolete upwards, and a fine anteciliary thread from the lobe to vein 2. Antenne black, ringed with white ; club with a red tip ; frons ochreous with a brownish middle stripe; eyes ringed with white; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, abdomen below ochreous. Female. Upperside paler than the male, with a purplish gloss; the colour darkening with blackish-brown rather broad bands on the margins of the forewing, broadest at the apex. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ? ? 13); to 154; inches. DEUDORIXINE. 59 Larva, when full grown, quite three-quarters of an inch in length; the anterior segment contractile; rather stout; of the usual onisciform shape, but much stouter than the larve of Arhopala rama, Kollar, A. dodonzea, Moore, and A. ganesa, Moore, or of Zephyrus birupa, Moore, for example, being roughly cylindrical instead of flattened. Head globular, very small, retractile, and, when protruded, singularly like that of a tortoise. Outline from above, a hexagonal cylinder (one visible side of which is dorsal, two sub-dorsal), very slightly narrowing towards the head; segmental folds deeply marked ; the spiracular and sub-dorsal ridges very deeply serrated. The humps are sharply pyramidal. Of these there are two unbroken series on each side, one sub-dorsal and one spiracylar. The sub-dorsal series consists of eight humps, continuous from the third to the tenth segment. The spiracular series consists of eleven humps, continuous from the third to the thirteenth segment. Each hump bears two, three, or four short brown hairs. ‘The texture of the skin is soft, smooth, and velvety. Ground-colour purple-brown; head dark brown, with a narrow white band across the face immediately over the mouth ; on each side of this band is a small white spot. The brown colour of the head shades off into a dall yellow towards the neck. The sub-dorsal and spiracular humps are of a dull crimson, and are bordered laterally with white lines, which give them the shape of the teeth of a saw. The white spiracular line is continuous. Posterior to the white spiracular line there is a lunulated band of the ground-colour shading into pink above the claspers. Legs, claspers, and abdomen of a pale blue-grey. Larva feeds at Mussoorie in the Western Himalayas on Spirea sortifolia, Linneeus. June 30th, 1894.—Larva pupated during the night. Pura half an inch in length, stout, of a very dark brown colour. July 20th.—Imago emerged to-day. « Livelands,” Mussoorie, Mrs. 8. Ropson. 20th July, 1894. de Nicéville says he has bred the larva in Caleutta from Antidesma gesembilla, Mull, a deciduous bush growing in the Botanical Gardens. The larva and pupa agree exactly with the figures of an undetermined species given in Horsfield and Moore’s Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C., pl. 12, figs. 4, 4a, and which is probably Rapala varuna, Horsfield ; the larvee are attended at all stages by a black ant, Cremastogaster sp. The larvee feed on the just opening leaves, buds and flowers of the bush, and resemble them so closely as to be very difficult to find, though they are easily obtained by beating. Hazirat.—India, Ceylon, Burma, Andamans, Borneo. DistrisuTion.—A common species; we have many examples of both sexes from Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, Ranchi in Bengal, Calcutta, Karwar in North Kanara, Rangoon, Ceylon and the Andaman Islands; Betham records it from the Central 12 60 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Provinces, Watson from Chin Lushai, Mrs. Robson from Massuri, de Rhé-Philipe from Lucknow, Aitken and Comber from Matheran and Bombay, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville from Cachar, Hampson from the Nilghiris, and Davidson, Bell and Aitken from Karwar; they say: “ We have reared the larva on the flowers of the common garden creeper (Quisqualis, and also on those of Acacia cesia; it is shaped like the larva of Zinaspa, but has a sub-dorsal fleshy tooth on each side of segments 3 to 10, as also a marginal tooth to each of these segments; on the second segment there are two pro- tuberances pointing forward ; the 11th and 12th segments have each a lateral broad tooth, and the last is produced into a double tooth ; the colour is of an almost uniform dark rose. The pupa is of the usual form, stout and pink in colour, with black blotchings.” RAPALA REFULGENS. Plate 718, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, @. Rapala refulgens, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 376, pl. F, fig. 18, g. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 307. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings black, but more or less overlaid with a rich purple gloss of almost exactly the same shade as is found in the male of Lehera erya, Linneus. Forewing with the purple gloss confined to the basal half of the wing, leaving the costa, apex, and outer margin all broadly black. Hindwing with the outer margin narrowly black, the costa and abdominal margin broadly pale fuscous; anal lobe black, bearing outwardly a few turquoise-coloured scales, inwardly orange, anterior to which again is a small white patch on the extreme margin. Cilia of the forewing black, of the hindwing also black, but narrowly tipped with white. Tail black, with a white tip. Underside, both wings uniform pale buff. orewing with two short dark lines (the outer one outwardly defined with whitish) at the end of the discoidal cell; a particularly even slightly recurved prominent darker discal band, not quite reaching the costa, ending posteriorly on the sub-median nervure, made up of an inner darker portion outwardly sharply defined on both sides by a fine white line; an inconspicuous darker marginal fascia. Hindwing with the discoidal markings as in the forewing, but larger and more prominent; asimilar discal band, but strongly dislocated in the middle, broken up in three portions, the posterior portion curved upwards to the abdominal margin ; a marginal series of whitish lunules; the anal lobe large, jet-black ; above it a short line of orange defined on both sides by turquoise-coloured scales; a large round sub-anal jet-black spot in the first median interspace, broadly surrounded with orange ; the space between it and the anal lobe sprinkled with turquoise-coloured and white scales; a fine white marginal line, outwardly defined by an anteciliary black thread. DEUDORIXIN. 61 I do not know any species to which A. refulgens is closely allied, or with which it ean be compared. The purple gloss of the upperside is visible in all lights, which is quite an unusual feature in the males of a species of this genus. I am still unable to identify “ Deudorix” rectivitta, Moore, from North Cachar, but my species obviously differs from it by the character of the anal and sub-anal spots of the hindwing on the underside. Described from a single example kindly given to me by the Rev. Walter A. Hamilton, by whose native collectors it was obtained in the Khasia Hills. (de Nicéville.) Female. Upperside paler than the male, the colour shading darker towards the costa and outer margin on the forewing, forming diffuse marginal borders. Underside with the coloration and markings similar to those of the male, but the discal bands are a little broader, and in the forewing there are indications of a sub-marginal series of whitish lunular marks similar to those of the hindwing in both sexes. Antenne black, ringed with white; club with a dull red tip; frons white; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, $ $ 1445 to 13°5 inches. Hasirat.—Assam. We have received several examples of both sexes from the Khasia and Jaintia Hills; the type male came from the Khasia Hills, and is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; de Nicéville’s description is so good, there can be no mistake about the identification ; we describe the female from an example received with some males from our native collector ; our figures are from a male from the Jaintia Hills and female from the Khasia Hills. RAPALA DELIOCHUS. Plate 718, figs. 4, g, 4a, ¢. Deudorix deliochus, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 352; id. Ill, Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 31, pl. 5a, figs. 68, 69, ¢ (1878). Rapala deliochus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 457 (1890) ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 1890, p. 210, pl. E, fig. 6, 9. H.H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 621. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dark brown; the inner margin (which is slightly curved outwards where ornamented by a tuft of hair) from its base to its middle, and bounded above by the median nervule, lilac-blue; the lobe, which is very prominent, orange and black. Underside, both wings ferruginous, crossed by four distinct linear bands of white, the fourth band (in the forewing) near the apex, short ; both crossed by two sub-marginal bands of lunular white spots. Hindwing with a black caudal spot, bordered with orange, and an anal black spot, irrorated with silver- blue. (Hewitson.) 62 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Upperside with the blue coloration of a duller shade than in the male, and of greater extent. Forewing has the discocellular nervules marked with a black line. Hindwing, the blue colour does not nearly reach the outer margin as it does in the male, and all the veins are black. Underside, both wings marked as in the male. Described from two female specimens obtained in June and August by Mr. B. Noble, Curator of the Phayre Museum, Rangoon, who sent them to me for identifica- tion. (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, ¢ 145, 2 14%5 inches. Haxitrat.—Burma, Borneo. DistripuTion.—Hewitson’s male type in the B. M. is marked “East Indies,” which probably means Maulmein; de Nicéville’s types from Rangoon are in the Phayre Museum, Rangoon; our figure of the male is from Hewitson’s type, of the female from de Nicéville’s figure. H.H. Druce records it from Labuan in Borneo. RAPALA SUBGUTTATA. Plate 719, figs. 1, ¢, la, g. Rapala subguttata, Elwes, Proc. Zool]. Soc. 1892, p. 644, pl. 44, fig. 1, ¢. Above, both wings dull purple, darkening towards apex and outer margin, which are nearly black. Below dull vinous-brown, with a short double bar at end of cell in both wings ; a single basal spot and cluster of three other spots beyond the bar on hindwing ; a double streak from near these towards inner margin. On one side there is an additional spot beyond the bar on forewing, on the other a similar one near the costa of hindwing ; frons and underside of body and abdomen whitish, above black. Described from a single male taken in the Karen Hills at 4,000-5,000 feet. The peculiar spotting of the underside makes this very distinct from any species in the genus known to me. Hasirar.—Karen Hills. We have not seen this species, and therefore give Elwes’ description and copies of his figure. RAPALA ABNORMIS. Plate 719, figs. 2, g, 2a, ¢. Rapala abnormis, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 642, pl. 44, fig. 2, ¢. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 682. Three males were sent from the Karen Hills, one of which was marked by Doherty “ Rapala sp., possibly an abnormal schistacea.” As, however, all three agree perfectly DEUDORIXINA. 63 in the peculiar markings of the underside, and there were no examples of F. schistacea in the collection, I think this must be a new species, of which I am, however, unfortunately only able to describe the male as follows :— 3g. Above, same size and colour and blue gloss as R. schistacea,:but darker. Below chalky-white with yellow tinge, with a large lead-coloured patch in the centre of fore and hind wings ; a broad transverse sub-marginal band of similar colour on both wings from costa to inner margin ; a narrower and paler marginal band. A tinge of fulvous at anal angle; the lobe black, with indistinct pale fringe extending above the tail, which is black with white tips. Expanse of wings, $ 14%; inches. Hasitat.—Karen Hills, Borneo. We have not seen this species, and therefore give Elwes’ description and copies of his figure. INDO-MALAYAN, CHINESE AND JAPANESE ALLIED SPECIES. Rapala kessuma, Thecla kessuma, Horsfield, Cat, Lep. E.I.C. p. 39 (1829). Habitat, Java. Rapala pheretima, Deudorix pheretima, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 21, pl. 9, figs. 28, 29, ¢, 27, 9 (1863). Rapala pheretima, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 623. Habitat, Singapur, Sumatra, Borneo. Rapala domitia, Deudorix domitia, Hewitson, 1.c. p. 19, pl. 6,7, ¢ (1863). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353. Habitat, Malacca, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo. Rapala dictas, Deudorix dictas, Hewitson, l.c. p. 21, pl. 7, figs. 13, 15 (1863). Habitat, Celebes. Rapala elcia, Deudorix elcia, Hewitson, l.c. p. 23, pl. 10, figs. 38, 39 (1863). Habitat, Philippines. Rapala manea, Deudorix manea, Hewitson, l.c. figs. 40, 41 (1863). Habitat, Celebes. Rapala chozeba, Deudorix chozeba, Hewitson, l.c. p. 24, pl. 5, figs. 47, 48 (1863). Rapala chozeba, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 623. Habitat, Sumatra, Borneo. Rapala phranga, Deudorix phranga, Hewitson, l.c. p. 22, pl. 9, figs. 34, 35 (1863). Semper, Rhop. Philipp. p. 223 (1890). Habitat, Batchian, Philippines. Rapala diopites, Deudorix diopites, Hewitson, l.c. Suppl. p. 11, pl. 5, figs. 52, 54 (1869). Habitat, Philippines. Rapala indrasari, Deudorix indrasari, Snellen, Tijd voor Ent. xxi. p. 26, pl. 1, fig. 7 (1878). Habitat, Celebes. Rapala calderon, Deudorix calderon, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 33, pl. 4, fig. 25, g (1884). Habitat, Nias. Rapala utimutis, Deudorix utimutis, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 279, pl. 23, fig. 25, ¢ (1885). Habitat, Malay Peninsula. Rapala sequeira, Deudorix sequeira, Distant, l.c. p. 278, pl. 23, fig. 21, 9 (1885). Deudorix utimutis. Distant, id. p. 279, pl. 23, fig. 22, g only. Habitat, Penang, Malacca. Rapala barthema, Deudorix barthema, Distant, l.c. p. 280 (1885). Rapala barthema, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 623, pl. 34, fig. 11, ¢. Habitat, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. Rapala enipeus, Deudorix enipeus, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 279 (1888). Habitat, Celebes. Rapala cwrulescens, Deudorix intermedius var ccrulescens, Staudinger, Lep. Pal. p. 116 (1889). H. H, Druce, l.c. Habitat, Philippines, Borneo, 64 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Rapala anabasis, Deudorix anabasis, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 117 (1889). Habitat, Palawan. Rapala alcetas, Deudorix alcetas, Staudinger, Lep. Pal. p. 119 (1889). Semper, Rhop. Philipp. V. p- 225, pl. 33, fig. 23, g, 24, 9 (1890). Habitat, Philippines. Rapala alcetina, Deudorix alcetina, Semper, l.c. p. 225. Habitat, Philippines. Rapala nemana, Deudorix nemana, Semper, l.c. p. 223. Habitat, Philippines. Rapala repercussa, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 42 (1890); id. Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 414, pl. 29, figs. 10, 6, 13, 9 (1893). Habitat, Western and Central China. Rapala olivia, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 622, pl. 34, fig. 16, §. Habitat, Celebes. Rapala lamia, H. H. Druce, lc. p. 624, pl. 34, fig. 12, ¢. Habitat, Sandakan, Kina Balu, Borneo. Rapala drasmos, H. H. Druce, l.c. fig. 13, 9. Habitat, Labuan. Rapala rhodopis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 183, pl. T, fig. 41, ¢, 42, 9. Habitat, N.E. Sumatra. Rapala rhoda, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 184, pl. T, figs. 43, ¢, 44, 9. Habitat, N.E. Sumatra. Rapala albapex, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1897, p. 560, pl. 3, fig. 23. Habitat, Borneo. Genus VIRACHOLA. Virachola, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 104 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 476 (1890). Hyes hairy. Forewing, vein 12 ends on the costa some little distance beyond the end of the cell, 11 emitted from the cell at two-thirds from the base, 10 in the male from the upper end, in the female from some distance before the end, 9 long. from before the middle of 7, 6 from the upper end, discocellulars upright, both are concave, vein 3 from some little distance before the lower end of the cell, sub-median nervure very sinuous in the male, straight in the female; wing somewhat triangular, outer margin oblique, hinder margin very sinuous in the male, convexly produced towards the base and furnished beneath with a broad tuft of long hairs, the roots of the hairs being on the margin. Hindwing with the discocellulars outwardly oblique, of equal length and nearly in a straight line, vein 3 emitted just before the lower end of the cell, a large, pear-shaped, roughened, glandular patch, its lower end directed towards the base of the wing, extends slightly into the discoidal cell, and covers the bases of the sub-costal nervules, reaching exactly to the point where the middle discocellular arises ; the palpi is much shorter and more slender in the male than in the female ; the tail is short and filamentous in both sexes ; the larvee feed on different fruits, they are internal feeders, eating the seeds. Type, Hesperia isocrates, Fabricius. VIRACHOLA ISOCRATES. Plate 719, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, ¢. Hesperia isocrates, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 266 (1793). Polyommatus isocrates, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 633 (1823). DEUDORIXINA. 65 Theela isocrates, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1837, p. 1, pl. i. ¢, 9, structure of imago, and pupa. Dipsas isocrates, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 33 (1857). Deudorizx isocrates, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 181 (1869). Virachola isocrates, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 104 (1881). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 48. Doherty, id. 1886, p. 126. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 477 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 35. Davidson and Aitken, id. p. 356. Betham, id. 1891, p- 183. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 389. Nurse, id. 1899, p. 512 (note). de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 490. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 50. Hesperia pann, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 276 (1793). Papilio pann, Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 38, fig. 1, 9 (1800). Hair Streak Genus Thecla, Downes, on the habits of ; Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 408 (1842). Imaco.—Male. Upperside violet-brown. Forewing with the colour darkening on the margins in certain lights showing a bright violet gloss on the inner area; an indistinct orange-ochreous patch, varying in size in different examples, beyond the cell, only visible in certain lights. Hindwing with the costal area and abdominal fold blackish-brown, anal lobe whitish with a black spot in it, varying in size in different examples, with some pale bluish-white scaling on its upper side, in some examples the black spot nearly fills the whole of the anal lobe; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings with the basal part black, the outer half white, becoming bluish- erey below the tail and round the anal lobe. Underside vinous-grey, or slaty-grey, markings darker than the ground colour, edged on both sides with white. Forewing with a bar at the end of the cell, a discal band of conjoined spots, decreasing in size hindwards, nearly straight down, from near the costa to below vein 2, where the spot is very small. Hindwing with similar discoidal bar and discal band, the latter somewhat irregular, the third, fourth and sixth spots a little outside the others, then the band with a sudden curve reaches the abdominal margin a little below its middle; anal lobe black with a white spot on its upper inner side, a smaller black spot ringed with orange in the first interspace, with some blue, grey and white scaling between them ; both wings with indications of a narrow sub-marginal band and very fine marginal grey line. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip, with a white streak below at its base; frons greyish-white; eyes ringed with white; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, abdomen below white. Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with the colour darkening towards the margins, the orange-ochreous patch larger and more distinct and varying much in extent, in some examples extending broadly to the base below the median vein. Underside as in the male, but the bands are broader and more outwardly curved, the black anal spots larger. Expanse of wings, $ 14%; to 1485, ? 14’5 to 2 inches. Larva, 0°8 of an inch in length when full grown; ground colour blackish-brown, the constrictions between the segments well marked, the head comparatively large, VOL. IX. K 66 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. fuscous, covered with rugosities or short semicircular tubercles, the segments rapidly increasing in size to the fourth, then gradually tapering to the thirteenth, which latter is about as wide as the second segment ; second segment anteriorly flesh-coloured, the third entirely flesh-coloured, the seventh and eighth bearing a large dorsal flesh-coloured patch, the three anal segments scutate, all the segments widely pitted and covered with short but coarse black bristles, which are more numerous at the sides and whitish. This larva is very ugly, to be accounted for perhaps by its passing its life out of sight in the interior of a fruit. In Calcutta I have reared the larva on the fruit of the Randia dumetorum, Lamk., which belongs to the Madar family (Rubiace). I once found the larva in the fruit of the loquat, Eriobotria japonica, Lindl., of which it ate the hard central seed or stone only. It emerged on April 4th. Messrs. F. E. Pargiter and E. C. Cotes have bred it from the fruit of the guava, Psidium guava, Raddi. Its usual food appears, however, to be the fruit of the pomegranate, Punica granatum, Linnzeus. Pupa, of the usual lycznid shape, brown, marked with a dorsal and lateral black line, the whole surface very rough, covered with tiny pits, furnished with a few short, coarse bristles, which are most numerous round the sharp anterior ridge which encloses the head; the wing cases pale ochreous; head rounded, anal segment blunt. (de Nicéville.) This butterfly resides in the larva state in the interior of the pomegranate; the caterpillars feed upon the seeds and imner part of the fruit, which is thus rendered weak, and unable to support its own weight, and consequently liable to have its stem broken, and to fall to the ground with the first wind. This, however, would be destruction to the enclosed insects, in all probability, they would find it impossible to make their escape were the fruit to be suffered to lie rotting upon the ground. To obviate this evil, the caterpillars, when full fed, have the instinct to eat a hole (this is always a hole for the larva to cast forth its dejections), about a quarter of an inch diameter, through the hard shell of the fruit, whilst it remains upon the tree ; through this hole they then creep to the stem of the fruit, and spin a white web, which they attach to the basal part of the fruit as well as to the stem, for about the distance of an inch along the latter. This web is sufficiently strong to support the pomegranate from falling after the wind has broken the stem near the fruit. From the circumstance of this specimen of the fruit exhibited having as many holes in it as there were caterpillars inhabiting it, it is most probable that the web thus spun is a joint production of the whole. It is curious as evidencing the instinctive impulses under which each of the enclosed larvee must have acted, that, instead of availing themselves of the first aperture made in the fruit, each caterpillar should have been at the trouble of making a hole for itself, a circumstance which renders it the more probable that all joined in spinning the web. DEUDORIXINE. 67 But it will be at once asked, what necessity could there be for the caterpillars to secure the fruit from falling after each has bored a hole, and thus made its escape ? This question is answered by the curious circumstance that, after so securing the fruit, the caterpillars return again into the pomegranate, in the hollow interior of which they undergo their transformations to the chrysalis state. Here, too, we may notice another interesting fact, namely, that the insect has the precautionary instinct, which acts as a second inducement, to make the aperture in the fruit in that stage of its existence in which it is furnished with organs best adapted for the purpose ; for, had the larva omitted taking this step, the consequences would have been that the insect, when come to its butterfly state, would have been a prisoner totally unable to escape, being unprovided with any instrument sufficiently powerful to make a hole in the shell. The chrysalides are attached horizontally upon the inner walls of the pomegranate by means, first, of a patch of silk laid upon its surface, to the centre of which the tail of the chrysalis is attached, and second, of a slender silken thread passing from side to side over the base of the abdominal segments. Another curious instance of instinct yet remains to be noticed. The butterfly, as soon as ever it has escaped from the puparium, must make its escape out of the hole formed by the larva. Delay would be death, as the wings would soon acquire their full expansion of nearly a couple of inches, in which state it would, of course, be unable to creep out. In the chrysalis state the belly of the insect is placed in contact with the inner surface of the fruit ; consequently as the slit by which the butterfly escapes out of the puparium extends along the back, the under surface of the latter remains entire, the anterior lateral portions on each side of the slit (extending as far as the whole covering of the wings) curling up and lying close upon those parts which have covered the breast and limbs, leaving the abdominal portion in the same form as when it enclosed the insect. (Westwood.) At the time the pomegranate is in flower, and at a very early period, the Hair Streak may be seen very busily occupied about the flowers, and I have little doubt that the eggs are deposited at the bottom of the calyx, from the position in which I have seen the abdomen of the butterfly placed ; as the fruit enlarges, the eggs are enclosed, and in this situation matured. Recollecting the history of this insect, I determined to enjoy the pleasure of seeing it go through its various stages (the pomegranate tree being close to my door). In order that I might obtain a perfect insect, I surrounded several of the fruit with fine gauze, but in such a manner as not in the least to interfere with the caterpillar in its labour of connecting the fruit and stalk by means of the web, but, to my astonish- ment and disappointment, this never took place ; the caterpillars issued from the fruit, and, finding their escape impeded, underwent their change on the external part, and so K 2 68 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. soon as this was effected, I removed the fruit from the tree for the purpose of placing it in a mosquito gauze house in my room. Subsequently I examined several of the fruit, but I never found any chrysalides, or the remains of any inside the fruit. I was very careful in my observations, and I came to the conclusion that the caterpillars in this instance deserted the fruit when ready to undergo their change. (Downes.) Professor Westwood is quite correct. There is no doubt that in nature this butterfly usually pupates within the fruit; on opening these, | have found at different times dozens of pupz or pup skins, but never more than one in each fruit. Mr. Downes is also partially right, as, if the fruit is cut off the tree and placed ina box, the larvee when full fed will leave the fruit and pupate anywhere on the sides of the box or on the fruit. Mr. W. C. Taylor, of Khorda, Orissa, writes -—‘‘ Larvee attended by the ant, Formica nigra, wno clear away the droppings and act as sweepers, as well as guard the pup.” His daughter, Mrs. Waylly, also writes :—‘ The larva of Virachola isocrates though louse-like in shape, differs considerably from those of Catochrysops enejus, Fabricius, Azanus ubaldus, Cramer, and Tarucus theophrastus, Fabricius. The latter are inert and slow; the former is very brisk in its movements, and with the protrusible long neck, small head and strong jaws of a beetle grub, is no doubt well adapted for the work required in making its home. The length of the larva when full fed is rather more than an inch, and in colour and shape much resembles a ripe mulberry. It had a glossy, shining skin, very knobby and indented all over, of a blue and purple colour, and its three posterior segments covered with a squarish shield with a raised dingy yellow rim to it. The larva bores for itself, when quite young, a little clean-cut round hole from the outer rind of the fruit of Punica granatum to the heart. In the hole it spends its days with its head inside, cutting away at the green or ripening pips, and enlarging the hole as it increases itself in size. Sometimes three or four larve may be found buried in one pomegranate. When at rest and not eating, it plugs up the outer hole deftly with the shield on its tail. It is a curious fact that the ants in the case of this species act as sweepers to the larva, hovering in attendance round the mouth of each hole and performing all the cleaning-out operations with great regularity. The larva never leaves the fruit till full grown”—|This is doubtful. I think it often seeks a fresh fruit, as I have frequently found a small fruit with the whole interior eaten and quite clean, and no pupa or pupa skin, so in all probability the larva which inhabited that fruit had left it and sought another}|—“ and then it descends the bark and seeks some erevice, crack, or knot in the stem of the tree, and there undergoes its transformations. The ants, as far as I could see, did not convey the larvee to their nest at the foot of the tree, but.as there were many larvz on the tree and few pupx, some may have been removed to their nest.’—[{These missing pup are probably inside the fruit.|—‘ I was unable to find any eggs on the fruit or DEUDORIXIN. 69 flowers, nor have I ever observed the ants ‘milking’ any of the larve, nor any appearance of tentacles being present. The larva spins a slight but strong web from its mouth, with which it binds the fruit to the stalk, to prevent its being blown off by the wind, and later uses the silk to fasten itself to by the tail when ready to change toa pupa. The pupa is also attached by two threads flatly to the trunk, and is of a pinkish-brown colour like the bark of the pomegranate tree, with various specks and marks of a darker brown, and a dark dorsal line dividing it down its centre. The head of the pupa is covered with a kind of plate, rounded in front, straight at the neck.” For my own part I have never seen ants attending the larve, nor have I been able to find the special organs affected by them, and without these I fail to see why the ants should take any trouble for the larve. (de Nicéville.) Aitken says :—‘‘I have taken a pomegranate infested with these larve (several usually inhabit each fruit) and made it stand in an egg cup. In the morning it was so securely fastened that in taking up the fruit I lifted the cup.” Hasirat.—India, Burma, Ceylon. To be found throughout the plains of India, Burma and Ceylon, except the desert tracts. Common in Calcutta, de Nicéville says; we found it fairly common in the Bombay and Poona districts. VIRACHOLA PERSE. Plate 719, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, 6, 4c, d, larva and pupa. Deudorix perse, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 18, pl. 8, figs. 24, 25, ¢, 26, 9 (1863). Virachola perse, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 104, pl. 40, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9 (1881) ; id. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1882, p. 250. Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1886, p. 216. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 481 (1890). Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 357. Dudgeon, id. 1895, in miscellaneous notes, p. 333. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 389. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 50. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. oremwing with the costa above the median vein up to the base of vein 2 deep black, the apex broadly black, the black colour occupying the whole apical space and outer margin, leaving the inner and lower portion of the wing blue; sometimes with an ochreous-red patch varying in size outside the cell. Hindwing with the costa broadly black, the band narrowing suddenly round the apex and continued narrowly down the outer margin to the anal angle; abdominal space also rather broadly black, the fold grey, the remaining inner space blue ; the anal lobe black, with a dull ochreous spot in it ; tail black, tipped with white ; cilia of both wings black. Underside vinous-grey, sometimes with a red tinge; markings darker grey, pale edged. Forewing with an irregular rather large spot at the end of the cell with dark edges ; a discal band of conjoined spots from the costa to near the sub-median vein, the lowest small, the first four outwardly oblique, the others straight down, 70 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. commencing a little inwards. //indwing with a black sub-basal spot below the costa, twin spots at the end of the cell, a discal band of conjoined spots, the third and fourth a little outside the others, its lower part curving suddenly in towards the abdominal margin below its middle; anal lobe black, a small round black spot in the first interspace ringed with ochreous. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an ochreous-red tip; frons grey ; eyes ringed with white; head and body black above, erey beneath. Female. Upperside paler blue, without gloss. Yorewing with broad costal and outer marginal black borders, a white patch, sometimes tinged with ochreous beyond the cell. Hindwing with the costal and outer marginal black borders broader than in the male, abdominal space clear of blackish suffusion, the fold blackish-grey, a white anteciliary line from the anal lobe to vein 2. Underside paler than the male, markings sunilarly disposed, but more defined. Expanse of wings, ¢ 1445 to 14%, ? 148 to 243, inches. Larva.—When full grown and fully extended is about *9 of an inch in length, sometimes even 1'1 inches long ; its general ground colour is rather deep flesh-colour or pinky, more or less irregularly blotched with darker reddish-brown; the whole surface is smooth and shiny, thickly set with minute black hairs or bristles. The divisions between the segments are fairly well marked, as each segment slopes gradually upwards from before backwards, all the segments are very much wrinkled and pitted, and each bears below the spiracles a small wart-like tubercle covered with longish white bristles ; there is also a similar but smaller subdorsal series of tubercles and bristles. The larva is of the usual lycznid shape, the head smooth, pale, and completely retractile into the second segment, the third segment the largest, whence the remaining segments gradually decrease in width to the last. The two anal seoments are abruptly cut off or flattened from above (scutate), this round depressed portion being largely used by the larva when at rest inside the fruit on which it feeds to close the orifice in the fruit through which its evacuations are ejected. In some specimens on the seventh and eighth segments in the middle of the back are two large square yellowish-white marks, one on each segment, divided on the dorsal line by a line of the ground colour. Popa, also of the usual lyczenid shape, coloured very similarly to the larva, being pinkish-brown blotched with darker brown or black, with a few short bristles at the sides. The larva changes into pupa inside the fruit, and to protect itself spins a most perfect trap-door furnished with an hinge on one side on the inside of the fruit, and turns to a pupa with its head placed exactly opposite the trap-door. The trap-door opens inwards, and I presume the imago on emerging draws the door towards itself with its front legs, and thus makes an opening by which to emerge. I can find no trace of the erectile tubercles on the twelfth or of the mouth-like opening on the DEUDORIXINAS. 71 eleventh segment that are often present in lycenid larve, and I presume such would be useless, as ants do not attend these larve as far as I have seen. The larve feed on the fruit of Randia dumetorum, Lamk. The above description has been taken from larvee obtained in Sikkim at about 2,500 feet ; in January on the 20th of the month the fruit contained larvee full grown, or nearly so and pupe. (de Nicéville.) The larva has the same curious instinct as V. isocrates, Fabricius, and needs it more, for the Ghela fruit withers at once where attached, and would inevitably fall before its tenant had reached the pupa state if not artificially supported. I have found only one larva in each fruit, and have sometimes noticed ants going in and out of the hole made by it, for what purpose I cannot say. The stony hardness of the fruit turns the edge of one’s penknife, and of one’s curiosity too. This butterfly has the habit. of taking its station, during the hottest hours of the day, on a particular leaf, from which it darts out in pursuit of every other butterfly that passes by. (Aitken.) Having lately reared several larvee of Virachola perse, Hewitson, for the purpose of investigating the action of the ants attendant upon them, I now give an account of my observations, which, although very incomplete, may serve as a stepping-stone to further researches, if not as an explanation of the several rather conflicting accounts upon the subject. In the first batch of larve I obtained on the Fagoo Tea Estate, British Bhutan, at 2,500 feet elevation, in June, 1895, the larve were about half- grown, and feeding on the interior of the fruit of wild pomegranates. In every case one larva occupied a fruit to itself, with one exception only, in which the fruit was inhabited by a half-grown larva, and was bored near the apex by a very small larva. The small larva, however, soon left the larger in full possession, and sought a fruit for itself. Some of these half-grown larve were attended by a black ant of slow movements with extremely flattened head and abdomen. As the hole made by the larva in the fruit was the same size as its anal scutate segment, and that segment only was exposed, only two ants at most were found attendant upon the larva. The excrement of the larva, which would otherwise have filled up the hole, was presumably removed by the ants in order to allow themselves entrance. Although I never happened to observe this operation, still it is probable that it was so, as I occasionally found the hole filled with excrement, the attendant ants being on the outside of the fruit, and soon after found the passage cleared and the ants busied on the exposed segment of the larva. Of course, it is quite possible that the larva itself removed the stoppage by backing, as it must have done where no attendant ants were found. In the earlier stages the larvee seem in a particularly unsettled state, residing in the interior of one fruit for a few days only, and then beginning on another. They are occasionally found on the outside of the fruit for a few hours, but I am of opinion that they do not remain outside for any great length of time, except in any case of injury, when they prefer to come outside to die. After this first batch of larvee had been in captivity for 72 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. two or three days, the black ants disappeared, and their places were taken by a far ereater number of smaller species of red ant, found commonly about every building and living in the crevices of window and door frames. | now removed a larva from its habitation in order to watch the operations of the ants more closely. On the example taken there were five ants, three of which seemed to wander about the anterior seoments, and two paid close attention to the scutate anal segment. I noticed that those on the anterior segments did not seem to be doing anything in particular, only occasionally touching the back of the larva with their antennz, and sometimes combing the same through their mandibles. These may have been taking up some of the fermented juice of the fruit from the larva’s back and eating it, but there could be no certainty on the point, and the antennz of those observed were only cleansed in this way at long intervals. The other two ants seemed in a far more excited state, and often ran to the upper part of the scutate segment, and continued for some time to keep up a sharp vibration of their antennee, the tip of each of which alternately struck the larva. I noticed at that time that there was a depression in the segment between the points where the antenne of the ant struck the skin, but I did not observe any moisture exuding from it, nor did the ant, on any occasion of my observation, place its mouth in contact with the depression. These two ants seemed to be constantly attracted to the same place, and went through the same performance many times. I also noticed that on each side of the scutate segment there was an obliquely placed oval orifice which seemed to be of the same formation as the breathing apertures on the other segments, but that, instead of being dark coloured with a shiny dark margin, it was pale buff with a margin of the same colour. I am nearly certain that these are merely breathing apertures or spiracles, and have no relation to those tentacle-bearing apertures which are found on the penultimate segments of other lycenide. My chief reason for holding this view is because, when the larva has buried itself wholly in the fruit, its breathing powers by the lateral spiracles would be extremely hampered, if not altogether stopped, but the presence of these two spiracles on the scutate exposed segment enables it to breathe with facility. There are no other similar apertures in the segment. It is possible that these may be the apertures mistaken by Mr. F. E. Pargiter in the case of the very closely allied Virachola isocrates, Fabricius (vide Butt. of India, ii. p. 481) for tentacle-bearing ones. This larva was then allowed access to the broken fruit from which it had been taken, but it preferred to begin on a fresh fruit. (Dudgeon.) Hasirat.—India. Disrrisution.—Taken by Graham-Young at Mandi in the Western Himalayas, by Hocking in the Kangra Valley, by Mackinnon in Mussuri and the Dhera Dhun, de Nicéville records it from Sikkim and Orissa, Davidson and Aitken from Karwar, we have taken it in many localities in and about Bombay, and have received it from the Khasia Hills. DEUDORIXINA, 73 We give figures of the larva and pupa in the fruit of Randia dumetorum, fron drawings kindly supplied by Mr. Davidson. VIRACHOLA SIMILIS. Plate 720, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Deudorix similis, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 18, pl. 8, figs. 22, 28, 9 (1863). Virachola similis, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 482, frontispiece, fig. 127, 9 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside black. orewing with the whole of the wing deep black except a small patch below the basal half of the median vein, which is blue, narrowly margined with black on the hinder margin. Hindwing with the costal space and abdominal fold blackish-grey, all the rest of the wing black except for a small patch of blue in the middle of the wing, divided by the veins 2, 3 and 4; anal lobe black, with a dull orange-red spot on its upper inner side and some whitish scales above it. Cilia of both wings black. Underside pale chocolate-grey, markings rufous banded with black on each side. Forewing with an oval black spot in the cell, a squarish spot at the end; a discal series of six spots, the upper three conjoined and outwardly oblique from the costa, the next three slightly separated from each other, not quite so oblique, the upper one about half way between the lowest of the upper three and the discoidal spot; a sub-marginal series of disconnected small paler spots. Mindwiny with a square sub-basal spot, lined with black on each side, below the costal vein, a discal band of spots placed much as in V. perse, the upper two separated from each other, the hinder curve of the band, which is outwardly edged with white, ending in a black spot on the middle of the abdominal margin ; a sub-marginal series of pale spots ; anal lobe black, with a white linear mark on it, and a pale blue streak outwardly lined with black above it; a black spot in the first interspace, a black spot, with dark blue seales on it, between them, a white anteciliary line which becomes obsolete upwards. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an orange-red tip ; frons greyish-white, with a brown medial stripe ; head and body black above, grey beneath, abdomen with a whitish spot below, near its base. Female. Upperside paler blue. vrewing with the costa broadly, the outer margin more broadly black. MHindwing with the costa and outer margin less broadly black, the abdominal fold pale brown, anal lobe black, with a dull ochreous line, outwardly edged with a line of metallic blue-green scales. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, f 1,5, 2 2 inches. Hasirat.—Assam, Andamans. Disrr1BuTIoN.—The type, a female in the B. M., is labelled East Indies ; we have received two males from our native collector from the Jaintia Hills; recorded by de Nicéville from the Andamans. VOL, IX. L 74 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Genus ZINASPA. Zinaspa, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 451 (1890). Eyes naked. Forewing, vein 12 well separated from the costa, bends upwards at two-thirds its length and ends on costa before the end of the cell, 11 emitted from about centre of cell, the base of 10 equidistant between the base of 11 and the end of the cell, 9 very short out of 7 near its end, 6 from close to upper end of cell, discocellulars slight, upright, 5 from upper end of lower discocellular, 3 from close to the lower end of cell, 2 from one-third before the end, wing broad, costa highly arched at base, then slightly arched to apex, apex sub-acute, angular, outer margin convex, hinder angle angular, hinder margin slightly sinuous. indwing with veins 6 and 3 from the upper and lower ends of the cell, 5 slight from the centre of discocellulars, discocellulars very slight, hardly visible, both appear to be outwardly oblique. Costa highly arched at base, apex and outer margin evenly rounded, a thin tail at the end of vein 2, a fairly well formed anal lobe, a large thick patch of long hairs covering the abdominal area of the wing; palpi long, nearly naked, somewhat upturned. Antennze stout, club long, very gradually thicker than the rest of the antennz ; body stout, legs short. Type, Surendra todara, Moore. ZINASPA TODARA. Plate 720, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, @. Surendra todara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 530. Zinaspa todara, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 452 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 306. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 667. Rapala distorta, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 461, pl. 40, fig. 6, 9. Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 359. Zinaspa distorta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 452, pl. 29, fig. 239, g (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 530. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 50, and 1897, p. 667. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc 1892, p. 642. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing black, deep shining purple on the inner portions, including the cell, and the basal two-thirds of the inner area above the internal vein. Hindwing with the purple area more extended, the costa and apex broadly and the outer margin narrowly black, the abdominal marginal space paler. Cilia black inwardly, white outwardly ; tail black, tipped with white. Underside brown with a slight pinkish tint. Jorewing with a fine discal brown line, outwardly edged with white, formed of more or less connected lunules, the first three from the costa in a gentle outward curve, the next two, one below the other, then the line is dislocated, the last portion being well inwards, a submarginal series of somewhat square brown spots edged on both sides with white. MHindwing with an indistinct sub-basal distorted line DEUDORIXINAL. 75 inwardly edged with white, and two more prominent discal lines, the inner one outwardly edged, the outer one (more regular and much dentated) inwardly edged with white ; faint indications of a sub-marginal series, containing a rather large black spot capped with orange in interspace 2; from this to the anal lobe are scattered some white scales, and in the lobe is a large black spot, with some thicker white scaling capping it. Female. Upperside. Forewing like the male, but the purple colour on its inner portions is usually much paler and duller. Hindwing varying much in different examples, sometimes it is nearly all blackish, sometimes the dull purplish colour is confined to the upper basal portions, and sometimes it runs into the lower half of the cell. Underside similar to the male, but generally somewhat paler, the markings more prominent. Antenne black ; palpi black above, white beneath ; head and body black above, brown beneath. Expanse of wings, $ 1435, 2 14% inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Nilgiris, Ceylon. Distripution.—Watson records it from the Chin Hills and Chin Lushai, Elwes from Pegu, Manders from Ceylon, Hampson from the Nilgiris, de Nicéville from Rangoon ; we have it from the Khasia Hills, from Sikkim and from the Nilgiris ; it is never common ; it is impossible to separate distorta from todara. CHINESE ALLIED SPECIES. Zinaspa zana, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, vol. xii. p. 149, pl. A, A, fig. 28, 9. Habitat, W. China. Genus DRINA. Drina, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 442 (1890). Eyes naked. Forewing, vein 12 ends on the costa some distance beyond the end of the cell, the base of 10 equidistant between the base of 11 and the end of the cell, 9 from the middle of 7, 6 from immediately before the upper end of the cell, discocellulars upright, slightly concave, the lower a little the longer, vein 3 from before the lower end of the cell, sub-median nervure straight; costa evenly arched, apex acute, outer margin somewhat concave, hinder margin slightly sinuous. Hindwing with vein 8 evenly curved, 7 emitted some distance before upper end of cell, upper discocellular straight, outwardly oblique, lower concave, upright, a little longer than the upper, vein 3 emitted a little before the lower end of cell, sub-median nervure straight, internal nervure long, recurved; costa arched, apex rounded, outer margin nearly straight to vein 2, then at right angles to the anal angle, abdominal margin recurved, anal lobe very small, tail at the end of vein 2 rather broad, not filamentous. L 2 76 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Antenne short, less than half the length of the costa of the forewing, with a gradually formed, rather long club; palpi porrect, clothed with adpressed close scales ; body moderately robust. Type, Myrina donina, Hewitson. DRINA DONINA. Plate 720, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Myrina donina, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 39, pl. 17, figs. 61, 62, 9 (June 1865). Myrina (Purlisa) donina, Doherty, Journ. As. Soe. Bengal, 1886, p. 260. Drina donina, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 422, pl. 29, fig. 235, 9 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 642. Myrina usira, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 238, pl. 30, figs. 5, 6, ¢ (October 1865). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brown, with a somewhat purple tint. Lorewing with the costa narrowly, apex and outer margin somewhat broadly darker brown. Hlindwing with the costal margin narrowly whitish; the outer margin broadly blackish, containing a complete transverse row of seven white spots well separated from the margin, and a submarginal row of rather smaller white spots, which decrease in size upwards and become obsolete before reaching the apex of the wing; in the inner row, the third and fourth spots from the costa are placed a little outwards, the fifth and seventh inwards ; abdominal fold whitish towards the base; tail brown, fringed with white. Cilia of both wings white. Underside silky-white. Forewing with an evenly outwardly curved narrow grey band from the costa to vein 2; its lower end rather near the sub-marginal band which is a little broader and is grey and macular. Hindwing with a somewhat irregular, similar band, nearly straight down to vein 2, somewhat squarely bulged out at its middle, curving hindwards in an angular form to the abdominal margin and a sub-marginal band rather broader than it is in the forewing, a small sub-anal black spot, a still smaller black spot in the first . interspace, Female, like the male above and below, but the white spots on the hindwing above are usually a little larger. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip; frons white; eyes ringed with white; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, $ 158 to 14%, 2 15%; to 232; inches. Hasrrar.—Burma, Mergui Archipelago, Malacca. Disrripution.—We have both sexes from the Ataran Valley, Tenasserim ; the type came from Burma, Felder’s type from Malacca ; it is recorded by Elwes from E. Pegu; Doherty records it from the Chittagong Hill Tracts, and de Nicéville from the Donat Range. DEUDORIXINE. 77 INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Drina discophora, Myrina discophora, Felder, Wien Ent. Mon. vi. p. 290 (1862); id. Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 237, pl. 30, figs. 1, 2 (1865). Habitat, Philippines. Drina maneia, Myrina maneia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 29, pl. 12, figs. 14, 15, ¢ (1863). Habitat, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. Drina mavortia, Myrina mavortia, Hewitson, l.c. Suppl. p. 2, pl. 2, figs. 72-74 (1869). Habitat, Philippines. Drina ninoda, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895; p. 619, and 1896, p. 680, pl. 31, fig. 7, 9. Habitat, Labuan, Sapagaya, Borneo. Sub-Family HYPOLYCANINZ. With two tails to the hindwing; two sub-costal nervules in the forewing in Chliaria, Zeltus, Britomartis and Bullis, all the others have three, except in Dacalana and Maneca, these having a short fourth nervule emitted from near the end of the sub-costal nervure (vein 7) not far from the apex of the wing. Six genera, Chliaria, Zeltus, Bullis, Suasa, Tajuria and Charana, are without secondary sexual characters, all the others possess them; in Chliaria, Zeltus, Britomartis, Bullis, Hypolycena and Creusa vein 11 of the forewing is highly bowed upwards and nearly anastomoses with 12 for some distance; in the others vein 11 is free from 12; in Chliaria, Zeltus and Hypolyceena the eyes are hairy, in all the others they are naked ; the males of all the genera are on the upperside of various shades of blue; we divide this sub-family into three sections. Chliaria, Moore. Zeltus, de Nicéville. Britomartis, de Nicéville. Bullis, de Nicéville. Hypolyczna, Felder. Section I. Forewing with 2 sub-costal nervules . : : : Creusa, de Nicéville. Suasa, de Nicéville. Charana, de Nicéville, Section II. Forewing with 3 sub-costal nervules Pe we 5 A ; : Manto, de Nicéville. Ops, de Nicéville. Creon, de Nicéville. Pratapa, Moore. Arrhenothrix, de Nicéville. Dacalana, Moore. Maneca, de Nicéville. Se Secrion III. Forewing with 4 sub-costal nervules 78 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. SECTION I. Forewing with two sub-costal nervules. Genus CHLIARIA. Chliaria, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 32. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 393 (1890). Byes finely hairy. Forewing with vein 12 sinuous, terminates on the costa above the upper end of the cell, 11 emitted at one-third before the end of cell, is at once bowed upwards close to 12; 10 emitted at one-fourth before the end; 8 and 9 absent, 7 runs to the apex of the wing, 6 from the upper end of discocellulars, 5 from near the middle ; discocellulars slender, almost straight, upright, the lower rather the longer, vein 3 from a little before lower end of cell, 2 from one-third; wing triangular, costa slightly arched, apex sub-acute, outer margin slightly convex, hinder margin nearly straight. Hindwing with vein 8 arched at its base, then straight to the apex of the wing, 7 from near the upper end of cell, discocellulars slender, of equal length, the upper outwardly oblique, straight, the lower upright, concave, vein 3 emitted a little before the lower end of cell, apex of wing rounded, outer margin more or less oblique, costa arched from near its base, 2 tails at the ends of veins 1 and 2, filiform, of somewhat variable leneth ; the male without secondary sexual characters. Type, Hypolyczena othona, Hewitson. Nore.—In his description of this genus, Moore says there are four sub-costal nervules in the forewing, but, as pointed out by de Nicéville, Moore counted the terminal portion of the sub-costal vein (vein 7), and the upper discoidal nervule which in this genus is emitted at the upper end of the discocellulars (vein 6) as sub-costal nervules, stating that there was only one discoidal nervule. CHLIARIA OTHONA. Plate 721, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, lb, ¢@, lc, larva and pupa. Hypolyceena othona, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 50, pl. 22, figs. 17, 18, g (1865). Chliaria othona, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 33. Doherty, id. 1886, p. 129. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 395. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 50. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 639. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 304. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 388; pl. 5, figs. 5, 5a, larva and pupa. Watson, id. 1897, p- 666. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 387. Hypolyczena eltola, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 14, pl. 5, figs. 37, 38, 9 (1869). Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 589. Chliaria eltola, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 33. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark blue. J orewing with the apical half black, its inner margin crossing the end of the cell to vein 2 near the outer margin of the wing, HYPOLYCENIN. 79 from thence to the hinder angle in a moderately broad band, the costal band from the upper end of the cell to the base somewhat narrower. Cilia brown. J/indwing with the costa and apex with a moderately broad black band, the rest of the wing blue, outer marginal line finely black, with an inner white line, abdominal fold whitish ; tails black, with white tips, outer margin nearly evenly rounded. Cilia white, with grey tips. Underside whitish-grey, markings chocolate-brown. Forewing with a black sub-costal spot one-fourth from the base, a double line crossing the end of the cell, a rather broad short band from near the costa to vein 4, composed of two conjoined squarish spots, the lower the larger, the band continued .hindward in a narrow straight streak ending in a point on the sub-median vein, a sub-marginal lunular line, a dark band close to the margin. Hindwing with a sub-basal spot below the costa, two pale lines close together, as in the forewing closing the cell, an irregular discal band, commencing on the costa with two conjoined, inwardly oblique dark spots, and two more somewhat similar spots, their upper inner end touching the lower outer end of the others, then two more conjoined but smaller spots, inwardly placed, their upper outer end well separated from the lower inner end of the two above them, a sub-marginal lunular line, its lower portion well separated from the outer margin of the wing, a sub-terminal series of small, pale brown lunular spots, a small, black anal spot, a large one in the first interspace, the former capped with orange, and with a short pale orange streak running up the abdominal margin, the latter with its upper portion rather broadly ringed with orange, both wings with terminal black line. Cilia white, with brown spots opposite the vein ends. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish-brown above, grey beneath. Female. Upperside dark brownish-grey. Forewing with the marginal bands as in the male, but not so dark. Hindwing with the ground colour darker at the base, gradually paling towards the outer margin ; in some examples the lower third of the wing is quite pale, almost grey ; terminal line black, with an inner white thread. Cilia grey. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ $ 1 to 145 inches. Larva, of the usual onisciform shape, but with all the segments well defined, and with the anal segment extended into two distinct short protuberances ; head concealed, whole surface clothed with minute bristles; colour green, with a rosy-red dorsal band and three wavy lines of the same colour on each side; the anal protuberances are also of the same colour ; feeds on orchid flowers in May and June. Pupa, fastened along the stem of the orchid, is smooth, of the common lycenid type, greenish-grey, slightly marked with white, and with generally a distinct wavy mark on the wing covers. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasirat.— India, Burma, Andamans. DistriputTion.—Elwes records it from Margharita in Upper Assam, and from 80 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Eastern Pegu, Watson from the Chin Hills and Chin Lushai, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, de Rhé-Philipe from Salsette, near Bombay ; de Nicéville records it from the Andamans and from North Kanara; we have received a good many examples from the Khasia Hills, and have it also from Sikkim ; it is in the B. M. also from Tilin Yaw, in Burma. CHLIARIA KINA. Plate 721, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, larva and pupa. Hypolycena kina, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 13, pl. 5, figs. 32, g, 33, 34, 9 (1869). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 530. Cliaria kina, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 33. de Nicéville, id. 1885, p. 3. Doherty, id. 1886, p. 128. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 396, pl. 28, fig. 211, g (1890). Hlwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 639. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 304. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 666. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 387, pl. V. figs. 17a, 17b, larva and pupa. Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale purplish-greyish-blue. Lorewing with a broad costal and outer marginal black band broadest in the apical area running in for a short distance on the hinder margin; a black spot at the upper end of the cell attached to the costal band, some dark grey-blue basal irrorations. Hindwing with the costal area above the subcostal vein broadly black, the basal area broadly and thickly irrorated with black, abdominal fold whitish ; terminal line black, a small black anal spot and a pale blackish indistinct spot in each of the next two interspaces ; tails black, tipped with white; outer margin of the wing evenly convex. Cilia of both wings black, tipped with white ; underside greyish-white, sometimes nearly pure white, markings erey, with dark grey edges. Forewing with a bar at the end of the cell, a discal band from the costa to vein 4, formed of four conjoined spots, the lower two a very little outwards, followed in continuation from its lower inner end by a thinner band of three conjoined linear spots, the line stopping at the sub-median vein, a sub-marginal thin band from the costa to the sub-median vein, divided by the veins; a series of pale indistinct linear marks close to the margin, Hindwing with a black sub-basal spot below the costa, a bar at the end of the cell; a discal band broken into three pieces ; the first from the costa, then two conjoined spots, the lower a little inwards, the second a bar-shaped mark well outwards, and the third a thinner bar well inwards, with a W-shaped line in continuation to the abdominal margin; a sub-marginal lunular band, a series of darker spots nearer the margin, a small black anal spot, a larger black spot in interspace 1, with some pale orange on it, and a grey spot in the interspace between them ; both wings with grey terminal line and grey cilia. Female, upperside black, the borders very broad, leaving but a small middle space blue, darker and duller in colour than in the male, the blue space limited by the sub-costal vein, not extending HYPOLYCZNINA. 81 much below the submedian vein, narrow near the base, broadening in an almost oval form outwards. Hindwing with the upper third of the wing black; some black thick basal irrorations, the rest of the wing dull purplish-greyish-blue, abdominal area pale, marginal line black. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ $ 17/5 to 144 inches. Larva in Dehra Dun feeds on the flowers of an orchid Rhynchostiglis retusa, Blume. Head pale yellowish-brown, body pale bright green, covered with scattered pink hairs, a dorsal reddish-pink stripe, wider at both ends than in the middle, two stripes of the same colour on either side between the dorsal and abdominal stripe ; these stripes all converge to either extremity, giving the impression that the larva is entirely pink at either end, but under a magnifying glass the lines are seen to be separate, a small black spiracular dot on each segment along the abdominal line, while the latter is of the same colour as the other stripes. As the flowers of the orchid are also pink, the larva is not easy to see. Pura, green. (Mackinnon and de Nicéyille.) Hasirat.—Sikkim, Nepal, Sylhet, Assam, Shan States. DistriBuTion.—Elwes records it from the Naga Hills, Watson from the Chin Hills, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, Manders from the Shan States; we have a female from Nepal, and both sexes from the Khasia and Jaintia Hills; de Nicéville records it from Naini Tal (6,500 feet elevation), and from Saria Tal, Kumaon (5,600 feet) and Sylhet, and it is in the B.M. also from Darjiling, Cachar, and Bhutan. CHLIARIA CACHARA, Plate 721, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Hypolyceena cachara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1883, p. 527, pl. 49, fig. 6, ¢. Chliaria cachara, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 33. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 397 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 304. Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale greyish-blue, much paler and clearer in colour than in kina, the forewing is longer, the hindwing has the outer margin much less convex, its anal portion being somewhat produced. Forewing with a black spot at. the upper end of the cell touching the costal band, which gradually widens towards the apex, and runs down the outer margin, the width of the band is very little less than in kina, but the wing being longer, the blue inner space is more extensive, the base of the wing irrorated with dark blue-grey scales; the outer marginal band in some examples becomes more or less obsolete at the hinder angle. Hindwing with the costal black band paler and narrower than it is in kina, the rest of the wing of the same pale blue colour as on the forewing; abdominal fold pale, a small black anal spot; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings pure white. Underside greyish-white, VOL. IX. M 82 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. with clear blue pale irrorations at the base of both wings and the abdominal area of the hindwing ; markings much as in kina, but the upper three spots of the discal band are more in a line, the second spot not being inwards. Female. Upperside dull pale bluish-grey, the black bands paler and somewhat diffuse inwards. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2, 14%; inches. Hapirat.—Cachar, Assam, Sikkim. Disrripution.—The type came from the North Cachar Hills; we have a female from that locality received from Moore, and a male from Sikkim, which we describe and figure. CHLIARIA MERGUIA. Plate 721, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, ¢. Chliaria merguia, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 427, pl. 23, fig. 2, ¢. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 397 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 639. Imaco.—Male. Above, dull indigo-blue over half the forewing from the costal vein almost to the lower angle, and over the hindwing from the upper subcostal to the submedian vein. Cilia dark, lobe with a marginal white line; tails edged and tipped with white. Below, pearl grey, the apex of the forewing widely, and the costa slenderly light fulvous brown, both wings with a double reddish streak across the end of the cell, and a slender, straight, brighter fulvous, transverse discal fascia, very slenderly bordered with blackish and whitish lines. On the forewing this is nearly straight, unbroken ; on the hindwing it is dislocated inwardly below the upper median, and again below the lower median. brewing with an obscure darker submarginal line. Cilia dark. /Zindwing mostly grey, the apex slightly tinged with rufous, the lower and anal part whitish, with two submarginal lunular bands, a large black spot, edged anally with orange, but without metallic scales, between the lower medians ; lobe black, edged with white, a slender black edge-line. Cilia basally whitish, outwardly dark ; tails much as in othona, the anal one longest. A single male, Mergui. The species somewhat resembles Zeltus xtolus, though easily distinguished by the short tails and the absence of the blue reflections above. It has still more resemblance to Sinthusa amba. On account of the closely appressed costal and first subcostal veins, 1 place it in Chliaria, though its long narrow wings give it quite a different aspect. (Doherty.) Expanse of wings, ¢ 1°05 inches. * Hasrrat.—Mergui. ; We have not seen this species; where the type is we have not been able to ascertain; we therefore give Doherty’s description and copies of his figure. HYPOLYCENIN. 83 De Nicéville, to whom the type specimen was submitted for examination, says :— “The species resembles almost exactly on both surfaces the common [ypolycena erylus, Godart, the coloration and markings are almost identical, but it is smaller than the smallest H. erylus that I have seen, though that species varies extraordinarily in size.” CHLIARIA WATSONI, nov. Plate 721, figs. 5, ¢, 5a, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-black. orewing without markings. Hindwing with the abdominal fold pale, the cilia on the abdominal margin pure white; anal lobe black, ringed with white, an anteciliary deep black line with a white inner thread which becomes obscure upwards; tails white, with black middle stripe. Underside. Forewing with the outer part pale brownish-ochreous, paling inwardly to greyish- white ; a straight discal red-brown line from near the costa to the sub-median vein and a pale red-brown sub-marginal line. Hindwing greyish-white, with a little red-brown suffusion at the apex, a red-brown line at the end of the cell, a discal red-brown line from the costa to yein 3, where it is dislocated and turns round in short curved lines to the abdominal margin, some blue-grey suffusion on the abdominal area, a black anal lobe spot, a larger black spot in the first interspace ringed with orange, a double row of brown submarginal spots, terminal line black, with a broader white line on its inner side. Expanse of wings, ? 14%; inches. Hasitat.—Karen Hills, collected by Watson, type in B. M. On the underside it somewhat resembles merguia as figured and described by Doherty, but the upperside is entirely different. CHLIARIA THECLOIDES. Plate 723, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Myrina thecloides, Felder, Wien Ent. Mon. iv. p. 395 (1860). Hypolyceena thecloides, Hewitson, Il]. Diurn. Lep. p. 49, pl. 22, figs. 9, 10, g (1869). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 351. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1882, pa lic Moore, id. 1884, p. 31. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 257, woodcut, No. 78, g (1885), and p. 462 (1886). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 392 (1890). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 27. H.H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 603. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown. orewing without markings. Hindwing with the abdominal fold pale, with white cilia, a black anal spot ringed with white, a similar spot in each of the next two interspaces, and a lunular spot in each of the next two, all M 2 84 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. four very broadly capped with a continuous orange band, indications of a continuation of small lunular black marks up the margin, marginal line black, with an inner white thread; tails black, tipped and ciliated with white. Cilia of forewing brown at its base, dull orange at the tips; of the hindwing white, with an orange-grey band in it. Underside white, with a pale bluish tint, markings orange-ochreous. orewing with a double bar at the end of the cell, a discal band of conjoined lunules from near the costa to the submedian vein, very slightly outwardly curved, a post-discal very similar but narrower and paler band, the costa of the wing narrowly and the outer marginal portion broadly suffused with orange-ochreous. Hindwing with a somewhat similar discal band, somewhat dislocated at vein 6 and again at 4, where the band is pushed a little outwards, and curves at its lower end in a W-shaped form to the abdominal margin a third above the anal angle, a post-discal band somewhat nearer the margin than it is in the forewing, which becomes lost hindwards in a large sub-marginal orange patch above the anal angle, and in this patch is a large sub-termimal black spot in interspace 2, a black anal spot ringed with white, a faint thm band upwards close to the margin, a black terminal line and white inner thread. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip; palpi white, with a brown stripe above, last joints brown; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female, like the male above and beneath. Expanse of wings, 3 ¢ 1y'y to 1;°5 inches. Hasrrat.—Burma, Nikobar Islands, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. DistripuTion.—The type, a female, came from Singapore ; Distant records it from the Malay Peninsula, de Nicéville from Nankowri, Katschall, the Great Nikobars and the Mergui Archipelago; our description and figures are from Felder’s type, female, and from a male example in the B. M. CHLIARIA NILGIRICA. Plate 723, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Hypolyczena nilgirica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 527, pl. 49, fig. 8, g ; id. Lep. Ceylon, iii. p. 531, pl. 210, figs. 3, 3b, $5; 3a, 2 (1887). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 360. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 392, frontispiece, figs. 123, ¢, 124, (1890). Manders, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1904, p. 78. Chliaria nilgirica, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 33. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown. Forewing without markings, but shading darker at the costa and outer margin. JZindwing with the abdominal fold grey, with a white cilia, a small black spot on the inner side of the anal lobe, and a still smaller and indistinet black spot in each of the next two interspaces, the two latter capped with dull orange, and all three outwardly edged with white; tails black, tipped and HYPOLYCZANINZ. 85 ciliated with white. Cilia brown, with white tips. Underside creamy-white, markings dull orange. Forewing with a thin line at the end of the cell; a discal band, commencing at the costa, with four thin annular marks, the first three spots outwardly oblique, the fourth straight below the third, the band continued in very thin lunules almost straight down to the sub-median vein, a sub-marginal lunular thin line. Tindwing with a black, rather prominent sub-basal spot below the costa, another, somewhat larger, outside, also below the costa, with the discal series running down from it in one disconnected thin line, then two annular thin marks in the middle, followed by a thin sinuous line which curves in the form of the letter W on to the abdominal margin one-fourth above the anal angle, a small black anal spot, another in the first median interspace, both faintly crowned with dull orange, and a sub-marginal lunular line as in the forewing. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a dull orange tip; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside blackish-brown. vrewing without markings. indwing with a small black anal spot, a Jarger black, sub-terminal spot in each of the next two interspaces, and a small spot in each of the next two, the last four prominently capped with white lunules; terminal line black, with an inner white thread. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, S ? 1415 to 1,3, inches. Hasirat.— Nilgiris, Ceylon. DistRiBuTION.—The type came from Coonoor in the Nilgiris, 1,000 feet elevation ; taken by Fairlie at Jaffna, and by Machwood at Dolosbagee, both in Ceylon; our description and figures are from a pair in the B. M. from Ceylon. Nors.—The figures of this species and of Chliaria thecloides, Felder, are out of place ; they should have appeared with the other Ciliarias in Plates 721 or 722. We were misled by de Nicéville, who put them in the genus [Hypolycena, but they have only two subcostal nervules in the forewing, not three as in J/ypolyceena, have no secondary sexual characters, and are true Chliarias. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Chiiaria sipylus, Myrina sipylus, Felder, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Math. Nat. Cl. XL. p. 451 (1860). Hypolycaena sipylus, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 242, pl. 30, figs. 15, 16 (1865). Habitat, Celebes, Amboina. Chliaria tharrytas, Hypolycena tharrytas, Felder, Wien Ent. Mon. vi. p. 294 (1862). Hypolycena sipylus, Hewitson (part), Ill. Diurn. Lep. pl. 22, figs. 11, 12 (1865). Habitat, Luzon, Philippines. Chliaria ithna, Hypolycena ithna, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 14, pl. 5, figs. 35, 36 (1869). Habitat, Philippines. Chliarta tora, Hypolycena tora, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 31, pl. 5, fig. 40, ¢ (1884). Chliaria tora, 86 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 311, pl. P, fig. 54, 9. Habitat, Nias, Sumatra, Borneo, Perak. ; Chliaria sapphirinus, Rober, Iris, 1887, p. 196, pl. 7, figs. 4, 5 (1887). Habitat, Bangkei. Chliaria philippina, Hypolycena thecloides var. philippina, Staudinger, Rhop. Pal. p. 103 (1890). Habitat, Philippines. Chliaria amabilis, Martin, MS. de Nicéville, lc. p. 309, pl. P, fig. 42, ¢. Habitat, W. Java, N.E. Sumatra. Chliaria minima, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 676, pl. 34, fig. 1. Habitat, Borneo, Sumatra, Chliaria zema, Grose-Smith, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 512 (1895). Habitat, S. Celebes. Chliaria skapane, Hypolycena skapane, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 604, pl. 33, fig. 16, g, 17, 9. Chliaria skapane, H. H. Druce, id. 1896, p. 675. Habitat, Kina Balu. Chliaria phemis, Hypolycena phemis, H. H. Druce, lc. 1895, p. 604, pl. 33, fig. 18, ¢. Chliaria phemis, H. H. Druce, id. 1896, p. 675. Habitat, Kina Balu. Chliavia vanavasa, Frihstorfer, Ent. Zeit. 23, p. 116 (1908). Habitat, Formosa. Genus ZELTUS. Zeltus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 399 (1890). Eyes hairy. forewing, vein 12 ends on the costa opposite the end of the cell, 11 is emitted from the middle of the cell, is bowed upwards and nearly anastomoses with 12, 10 emitted somewhat nearer the origin of 11 than the end of the cell, 6 from — close to upper end of cell, 5 from the middle of discocellulars, cell short, less than half the length of the wing; discocellulars nearly straight, the lower slightly the longer ; vein 3 emitted a very little before the lower end of the cell, 2 from one-third before the end; wing rather short and broad; costa arched, outer margin convex, apex somewhat blunt, as also is the hinder angle, hinder margin somewhat convex. Ilindwing with the costal nervure (vein 8) short, not reaching the apex of the wing, vein 7 from the middle of the cell, curved upwards and reaches the apex of the wing, discocellulars straight, of equal length, vein 3 emitted a little before the end of the cell; wing long, narrow, costa somewhat rounded, apex pronounced, outer margin curved outwards at the end of vein 3, then sinuous to the anal angle ; tails broad, weak, highly ciliated, the inner one at the termination of the sub-median nervure twice as long as the other. Type, Papilio etolus, Fabricius. ZELTUS ETOLUS. Plate 722, figs. 1, g, la, 2, lb, ¢, lc, larva and pupa. Papilio etolus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 66 (1787). Hesperia etolus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 264 (1793). HYPOLYCANINZ. 87 Polyommatus etolus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 639 (1823). Amblypodia etolus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. H.1.C. p. 115 (1829). Thecla etolus, Horsfield, 1.c. pl. i. fig. 9, g (1829). Myrina etolus, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 49, pl. 12, fig. 6, larva; 6a, pupa (1857). Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 183 (1869). Hypolyceena etolus, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. pl. 22, figs. 19, 20, ¢ (1865). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 351. Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 549. de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soe. Bengal, 1881, p. 59. Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 31 (1884). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 256, pl. 20, fig. 23, g (1885). Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 283, pl. 96, g (1888). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 360. Cheritra etolus, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 43. Elwes and de Nicéville, Journ. As, Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 429. Zeltus etolus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 400, pl. 28, fig. 221, g (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 50. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 639. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 304. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 605. Hypolycena amasa, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 51 (1865). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. vrewing with a small basal space, consisting of the basal half of the cell, and the lower basal portion of the wing greyish-blue, the rest of the wing black. S/indwing with a large black patch at the apex, the rest of the wing ereyish-blue, paling hindwards and becoming more or less pure white at the anal angle and on the abdominal fold ; tails white, with a pale blue line down their centres, a pale blackish spot at the anal angle and another in the first interspace. Cilla white. Underside. vrewing, pale rufous-brown, four-fifths of the hinder marginal area from the base below vein 2 bluish-white, markings slightly darker than the ground colour ; a bar at the end of the cell, edged on both sides with white, a slightly outwardly curved, even discal narrow band of the same width as the cell bar, edged on both sides with white, extending from near the costa to below vein 2, an indistinct similar sub-marginal band without the white edgings. Hindwing with the upper portion of a paler rufous-brown, paling hindwards, and becoming pale bluish-grey on the lower two-thirds of the wing ; a black sub-basal spot below the costa, a pale bar at the end of the cell, edged on both sides with white, a discal broken band of the same narrow width as on the forewing, edged on both sides with white, in a straight line from the costa to vein 4, a linear mark in the next lower interspace well inwards, and below it a line twice acutely angled, then bending inwards straight on to the abdominal margin above the anal angle, a sub-marginal doubie series of somewhat lunular marks, the outer series ending in a large black spot in the first interspace just above the upper tail, and another at the anal angle; a terminal fine black line with an inner white line. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish above, with blue pubescence, whitish below. Female. Upperside brown. forewing with tine outer portion shading a little darker. Hindwing with the costa narrowly pale, the rest of the wing brown, paling 88 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. hindwards and becoming white towards the anal angle, a large black sub-terminal spot above the upper tail, a small one at the anal angle, a suffused brownish spot or mark between them, a short double series of brownish lunular marks on the white ground above them. Underside paler than in the male, markings similar. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1,3; to 145; inches. Larva, green, hairy, depressed ; head black, second and third segments increasing in size, marked with short red and black lines, the following segments of equal size, the three anal ones dorsally flattened and marked above with crimson. Pupa, of the usual lyczenid shape, yellowish-green ; head and thorax emerald-green. Described from Horsfield and Moore’s figures. (de Nicéville.) Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Naga Hills, South India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Nias. DistripuTion.—Common in Sikkim and Assam; we have received many examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills; Elwes records it from the Karen Hills, Watson from Chin Lushai, Hampson from the Nilgiris ; a widely spread and common species. Genus BRITOMARTIS. Britomartis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 304. Eyes naked. Male. orewing, short, broad ; costa regularly and evenly some- what strongly arched ; apex rounded; outer margin regularly convex; inner angle rounded ; inner margin almost straight, longer than the outer margin; costal nervure ending opposite the apex of the discoidal cell ; first sub-costal nervule emitted nearer the apex of the cell than the base of the wing, bowed upwards near its origin and almost touching the costal nervure ; second sub-costal arising twice as far from the first sub-costal as it does from the upper discocellular nervule; discoidal cell somewhat broad, reaching to the middle of the wing; upper discocellular nervule stout, long, strongly outwardly oblique; middle discocellular long, upright, concave; lower discocellular longer than the middle one, slightly inwardly oblique, concave ; second median nervule arising well before the lower end of the cell; first median arising twice as far from the second as the second does from the third ; sub-median nervure straight; a large patch of androconia on the upperside of the wing occupies the outer three-fourths of the cell, and extends into the discoidal and median interspaces. Hindwing broad; costa arched at base, thence to apex slightly curved only ; outer margin interiorly straight, somewhat produced like the teeth of a saw at the terminations of the second and first median nervules ; tails two, short, the outer arising at the termination of the first median nervule, rather longer than the inner at the termination of the sub-median nervure; anal lobe small; abdominal margin excavated above the anal lobe, then HYPOLYCENINE. 89 convex ; costal nervure strongly curved at the base, then slightly curved, ending at the apex of the wing; first sub-costal nervure arising well before the apex of the cell, curved at the base, then straight; upper discocellular nervule outwardly oblique, slightly concave ; lower discocellular nearly upright (only slightly outwardly oblique), slightly concave, a little longer than the upper discocellular ; second median nervule arising quite close to the lower end of the cell; first median arising somewhat nearer to the lower end of the cell than to the base of the wing ; sub-median nervure straight ; internal nervure straight at the base, lying close to the sub-median nervure, then curved towards the abdominal margin. Antenne short, about half the length of the costa of the forewing, with an elongated, rather slender club; palpi porrect, naked, third joint long. Eyes naked. Type, ‘* Camena” cleoboides, Elwes. Of the genera with two sub-costal nervules only to the forewing, Britomartis seems to be nearest allied to Hypolyceena, Felder, of which HZ. tmolus, Felder, from the Philippines, is the type. Herr George Semper considers [7 tmolus to be a “ variety ” only, or more properly a “local race” of H. erylus, Godart. From the latter species B. cleoboides differs in the forewing being shorter; the “male mark” somewhat differently placed, occupying a much larger area in the cell; the second sub-costal nervule arises twice as far from the base of the first sub-costal as from the origin of the upper discocellular nervule,* in //. erylus the exact opposite obtains ; the second median nervule arising further from the lower end of the cell; and the eyes being apparently naked instead of hairy. From the genus Chliaria, Moore, of which Hlypolyceena othuna, Hewitson, is the type, it may be known by the naked eyes, and by the second sub-costal nervule of the forewing being far removed from, instead of close to, the first sub-costal at its origin ; the hindwing also is longer and narrower. Britomartis has male secondary sexual characters, which Chliaria entirely lacks. (de Nicéville.) BRITOMARTIS CLEOBOIDES. Plate 722, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Camena cleoboides, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 637, pl. 44, figs. 4, 9,5, 9. Britomartis cleoboides, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist, Soc. 1895, p. 306. Tolaus iseus, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lyc. Suppl. p. 10, Suppl. pl. 4, figs. 35, 36, ¢ (nec idem, id. le. p. 44, pl. 19, figs. 13, 14, 9 (1869). Most like Camena cleodis, Godart, but differs in having in the male a large round * Actually there is no upper discocellular nervule in this genus, what I have described above as that veinlet being the basal portion of the upper discoidal veinlet, the middle discocellular veinlet arising from the upper discoidal some distance from the base of the latter. VOL, IX. N 90 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. velvet patch free from blue scales in the cell of the forewing, and with raised androconia. It is smaller in size and has the transverse band on the underside nearer the base and directed more inwards from the hind margin. The band is pale yellow, and there is more yellow at the anal angle than in C. cleolis. The shining patch at the base of hind margin of forewings below, seen in C. cleobis, is wanting, and there is no trace of the tuft of black hairs in the same place. Female, similar, but a duller, paler blue as in C. cleobis, and without the velvety patch on the forewing. Described from four males and two females taken in the Karen Hills. This species is allied to Zolaus ise@us, Hew., from Sarawak, of which Tajuria relata, Dist., is the female. I have this latter from Nias Island in both sexes, and a single worn male from Perak. The venation of C. cleoboides differs from that of C. cleobis and C. relata in having only two branches to the sub-costal, and it may perhaps on this account, and owing to the well-marked patch on the male, form a new sub-genus. (Elwes.) Expanse of wings, f 2 134, to 14% inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Java, Sumatra, Borneo. DistripuTion.—The types from the Karen Hills are in coll. Elwes; Hewitson records it from Borneo, de Nicéville from Mergui, Tenasserim, N.E. Sumatra, and E. Java; our figures are copies of Elwes’ figures. Genus BULLIS. Bullis, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1897, p. 558. Very close to Britomartis, mihi, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ix. p. 304 (1895), from which it differs only in the absence in the male of a large patch of androconia on the upperside of the forewing occupying the outer three-fourths of the discoidal cell, and extending into the discoidal and median interspaces ; the apex of the forewing is more produced, and the outer margin consequently straighter; the second sub-costal nervule arises nearer to the first than to the apex of the discoidal cell, in Britomartis it arises nearer to the end of the discoidal cell than to the first sub-costal nervule, no third sub-costal nervule, the eyes are naked. Type, Britomartis buto, de Nicéville, male, nec female. (de Nicéville). BULLIS BUTO. Plate 722, figs. 3, g, 3a, g. Britomartis buto, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 308, pl. P, fig. 41, ¢ (female ea errore). Bullis buto, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1897, p. 559. Imaco.—Male. Upperside iridescent cerulean-blue. J orewing with very broad HYPOLYCHNINZA 91 apical black band, occupying nearly half the wing space, continued narrowly along the costal margin, extending into the outer half of the cell, and the base of the first median interspace in a somewhat square patch, and then narrowing gradually down the outer margin to the hinder angle, vein 2 black, the blue space limited to the basal half of the cell, the middle portion of the sub-median interspace and the remaining lower portion of the wing. Hindwing with a narrow costal band extending down the outer margin in a black line; the veins more or less finely black, abdominal fold greyish- white, anal lobe with a black spot, just touched with dark ochreous outwardly, and a white anteciliary mark in it ; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia black, tipped with white. Underside French-erey. Forewing with an ochreous-red somewhat sinuous discal line, outwardly edged with white, from near the costa to the sub-median vein, with a minute but rather acute angle in it just before its termination ; hinder margin narrowly whitish. Hindwing with a similar discal line, which becomes angular below its middle, and curves round to the abdominal margin a little above the anal angle; a black spot on the anal lobe, containing metallic blue-green scales, with the space between it and the end of the discal series filled up with orange, a black spot in the first inter- space, heavily capped with orange, the interspace between them white, thickly irrorated with black and metallic blue-green scales ; terminal line dark brown, with an inner white thread. Antennze black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip ; frons white ; eyes ringed with white ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, legs white, prominently banded with black. Female, unknown. Expanse of wings, $ 14/5 to 144 inches. Hasirat.— Burma, Assam, Sumatra. Distrisution.—We have three males of this species from the Khasia Hills, they correspond in all particulars with de Nicéville’s description and figure ; there can be no doubt he described a male as a female by mistake, he suggests this himself in his last reference ; it is closely allied to B. vadentia, Swinhoe, especially on the underside, but the black bands on the upperside of the forewing are of a different shape, and the pure white frons of Juto is very distinctive; de Nicéville’s types are unfortunately in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, his description, he states, was made from two examples, one from the Ataran Valley, Tenasserim, and the other from N.E. Sumatra ; like valentia, it has only two sub-costal nervules in the forewing. BULLIS VALENTIA. Plate 722, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 2, 4b, ¢. Tajuria valentia, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1896, p. 358. Bullis valentia, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1897, p. 559, pl. 3, figs. 18, $,17, ?. Imaco.—Male. Upperside iridescent cerulean-blue. Forewing nearly all black, N 2 92 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the blue being confined to the basal two-thirds of the cell, and the basal two-thirds of the space below the median nervure and its first nervule; the median and sub-median nervures black. Hindwing with the costal band rather more broadly black than in B. buto, otherwise the colour and markings are very similar. Underside very much darker than in bute. orewing with a discal series of reddish-brown linear marks, outwardly edged with white, the mark beneath vein 3 a little inwards, the one below vein 2 a little more inwards, the last one a little outwards and curved. Hindwing with a similar discal band, the second linear mark from the costa a little inwards, so also is the fifth, the lower part of the series curving in a W-shaped line to the abdominal margin a little above the anal angle; a sub-marginal indistinct pale series of lunular marks ; a large black sub-terminal spot in the first interspace, heavily capped with orange, the two anal interspaces whitish, irrorated with black and some metallie pale blue scales ; terminal line dark brown, with an inner white thread; in some examples there is a blackish spot in the anal lobe, and some dull orange between it and the end of the discal line. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip; frons erey, with a black medial stripe ; eyes rimged with white; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings ; legs white, with black bands. Female. Upperside, both wings dull fuscous. Cilia cinereous. /orewing has the discoidal cell, the base of the wing, and the disc as far as the inner margin dull blue. ITindwing has the costa only, broadly plumbeous or dull fuscous ; the abdominal margin whitish, the rest of the surface dull blue ; a small obscure round marginal black spot in the first median interspace, a marginal black thread inwardly defined by a still narrower white thread extending from the anal angle as far as the blue area reaches ; the anal lobe small and black, bearing outwardly a few dull blue scales. Underside, both wings as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ 143; to 144, 2 14 inches. Hasirat,—Assam. We have received several males from the Khasia Hills; the type female from the same locality is unique, we have not seen it, as it is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, we therefore give de Nicéville’s description and copy of his figure. HYPOLYCZNINE. 93 SECTION IL. Forewing with three sub-costal nervules. Genus HYPOLYCANA. Hypolyceena, Felder, Wien Ent, Mon. vi. p. 293 (1862). Hewitson (part), Il. Diurn, Lep. p. 48 (1865). Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 29. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 255 (1885). Trimen, South Afr. Butt. p. 114 (1887). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 389 (1890). Myrina, Westwood (part), Gen. Diurn. Lep, ii. p. 475 (1832). Eyes hairy. Forewing, vein 12 ends on the costa opposite the end of the cell, 11 emitted from the cell at two-fifths from its end, is bowed upwards towards 12, 10 from one-fourth, 9 from the middle of 7; 6 from close to upper end of discocellulars, 5 from the middle, the bases of 3 and 2 rather close together from a little before the lower end of the cell, discocellulars straight, slender, the lower slightly the longer, costa slightly arched at its base, thence straight to the apex, which is acute, the outer margin at first convex, then straight, hinder angle rather acute, hinder margin straight. Hindwing, vein 8 much arched at its base, 7 emitted at one-third before the end of the cell, cell broad, discocellulars in a straight line, of equal length, outwardly oblique, vein 3 emitted just before the lower end of the cell, internal nervure rather long, recurved ; costa much arched at the base, thence straight to the apex, which is rounded ; outer margin straight, angled below the end of vein 3, abdominal margin convex, rather deeply excavated below the end of the internal nervure, two filamentous tails of about equal length, a moderate-sized anal lobe. Type, Hypolyceena tmolus, Felder. HYPOLYCANA ERYLUS. Plate 723, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Polyommatus erylus, Godart, Enc, Méth. ix. p. 633 (1823). Amblypodia erylus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 111 (1829). Myrina erylus, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 50 (1857). Hypolyceena erylus, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn, Lep. p. 49, pl. 21, figs. 1, ¢; 2, 4, 9 (1866). Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. xxi. p. 23 (1878). Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 232. Moore, id. 1884, p. 30. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 255, pl. 20, figs. 5, ¢, 6, Q (1885). Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 368. Elwes and de Nicéville, id. p.429. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 282, pl. 96, g (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 390 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 530. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 386. Watson, id. 1891, p. 50, and 1897, p. 666. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p- 639. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 304. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 603. Hypolyceena andamana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 589 ; id. Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 31. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brownish-purple. Forewing with a glandular patch 94 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. of black scales extending across the end of the cell ; the outer marginal line finely black. ITindwing with outer marginal line finely black, a white thread on its inner side from vein 3 to the anal angle ; anal lobe white with a large dull orange spot in it ; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings white. Underside grey, somewhat silvery, markings darker grey. forewing with two lines together at the end of the cell, a discal almost straight transverse line, edged on both sides with white. /indwing with two similar lines at the end of the cell, a discal, irregular line or thin band of the same width as on the forewing, and also similarly edged with white on both sides, shifted half out on vein 6, and then shifted half in on vein 4, shifted inwards again at vein 2 in a V-shape where it eurves inwards to the abdominal margin; a large black anal spot, another in the first interspace, the latter half ringed with orange, some bluish-grey scales between them; both wings with marginal dark grey line, and a sub- marginal lunular pale band, well separated from the margin, ending in a line near the anal angle which bends inwards, parallel to the final line of the discal series, and rather close to it. Female. Upperside dull brown, varying in shade in different examples, a darker obscure mark at the end of the cell of the forewing, and an indistinct narrow band crosses both wings a little beyond the middle, outwardly curved on the forewing, less curved on the hindwing, where it contains some whitish spots on the lower portion of its outer side, and a sub-terminal series of dark lunular spots, capped with white, commencing on the anal lobe, decreasing in size upwards and becoming obsolete beyond the middle of the margin, but these white marks vary much in extent in different examples. Underside as in the male, but generally paler. Antenne black, ringed with white ; eyes ringed with white ; head and body purplish-brown above, whitish beneath. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 142; to 14% inches. Hasrrat.—India, Burma, Andamans, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Waigiou, Morty, Nias. A common species, varying much in size, very doubtfully distinct from the type species, [7. imolus, Felder, from the Philippines. : INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Hypolyceena tmolus, Felder, Wien Ent. Mon. vi. p. 293 (1862). Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 49, pl. 21, figs. 3, 6 (1866). Habitat, Philippines. Hypolycena astyla, Felder, Wien Ent. Mon. vi. p. 294 (1862); id. Reise Noy. Lep. ii. p. 243, pl. 30, figs. 17, 18 (1865). Habitat, Philippines. Genus CREUSA. Creusa, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 177. Imaco.—Male. forewing, triangular, costa regularly but slightly arched, apex HYPOLYCZNINA. 95 acute ; outer margin nearly straight ; inner angle rounded, inner margin nearly straight, slightly emarginate in the middle, costal nervure ending opposite to the apex of the discoidal cell ; first sub-costal nervule arising a little nearer to the apex of the cell than to the base of the wing, close to its base anteriorly bowed forward, and almost touching the costal nervure for some little distance ; second sub-costal arising about as far from the first sub-costal as from the origin of the upper discocellular nervule ; third sub-costal short, arising much nearer the apex of the wing than to the apex of the cell ; sub-costal nervure ending at the apex of the wing; upper discocellular nervule (this is actually the base of the upper discoidal nervule) stout, rather long, strongly outwardly oblique, middle discocellular straight, upright, lower discocellular also straight and upright, slightly longer than the middle discocellular; second median nervule arising well before the lower end of the cell; first median arising nearer the lower end of the cell than to the base of the wing, arising about twice as far from the second as the second does from the third; sub-median nervure slightly sinuous, secondary sexual character consists of a large patch of modified deep black scales occupying nearly the outer half of the cell and extending slightly beyond it into the discoidal interspaces. Hindwing, costa greatly arched at base, thence straight to apex, apex well rounded ; outer margin very nearly straight to the anal lobe; tails two, short, the anterior one from the termination of the first median nervule rather longer than the posterior one from the termination of the sub-median nervure; anal lobe small ; abdominal margin sinuous, excavated anterior to the anal lobe ; costal nervure greatly arched at the base, thence straight to the apex of the wing; first sub-costal nervule arched throughout its length, arising well before the apex of the cell, discocellular nervules of equal length, nearly straight, strongly outwardly oblique, second median nervule arising just before the lower end of the cell, first median arising nearer the lower end of the cell than to the base of the wing, sub-median nervure straight, internal nervure highly sinuous. Antenne about half the length of the costa of the forewing, with a lengthened, rather slender club. Eyes naked; palpi naked, porrected forwards, the third joint not rising above the level of the top of the head ; thorax small ; abdomen not nearly reaching to the anal angle of the hindwing. Female. Wings somewhat broader than in the male. orewing with no patch of androconia on the upperside. /indwing has the outer margin more rounded than in the male. Type, C. eulta, de Nicéville. Nearest to the genus Ops, de Nicéville, with which it agrees very closely in outline and neuration, but differs from the three species included therein by its smaller size and the character of the “male mark,” which in bleached specimens remains unaffected by the bleaching fluid, while in O. ogyges, de Nicéville, the type of the genus Ops, it entirely disappears when bleached ; it also occupies a different position, 96 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. as it does not extend anteriorly or posteriorly beyond the cell, being strictly bounded in those directions by the sub-costal and median neryures. (de Nicéville.) CRHUSA CULTA. Plate 724, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, Ib, ¢. Creusa culta, de Nicéville, Journ, Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 177, pl. T, figs. 36, ¢; 37, ?. Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich deep blue, shining. Forewing with the costal band black, limited by the sub-costal nervure, the apex broadly black, the inner margin of the black colour extending across the outer end of the cell to the hinder margin close to the hinder angle, a large oval jet black patch of androconia at the end of the cell, outwardly extending a little beyond it. Mindwing with a narrow brownish-black costal band, which curls round the apex decreasingly to the middle of the outer margin, and from thence to the anal angle itis continued in a fine black terminal line ; abdominal fold grey, anal lobe a little darker, somewhat fuscous, with faint traces of a few ochreous and blue scales in its middle ; tails black, tipped with white. Underside pale slate colour tinted with faint pinkish, markings slightly darker than the ground colour. Forewing with a discal line of conjoined lunules, outwardly edged with whitish from the costa, where it has a short bend, almost straight down to the sub-median nervure. FTindwing with a similar discal line, which is slightly outwardly curved to vein 2, then turns in a blunt angular line to the abdominal margin a little above the anal angle, a small lunular black spot on the anal lobe, another in the first median interspace, both capped with orange, a terminal black line with an inner white thread, both wings with indications of a sub-marginal series of marks. Female. Upperside, both wings much paler blue, with less gloss than in the male. Forewing with the base of the costa whitish, no androconal black patch, the apex less black than in the male; otherwise as in the male. On the upperside the male at once reminds one of Hewitson’s figure of the male of Jolaws iseus, Hewitson, which I identify with Britomartis cleoboides, Elwes, but the blue coloration in that species is of a far paler and duller shade, and the apex of the hindwing is not broadly black. Mr. Hampson, however, informs me that the biue colour shown in Hewitson’s figure is incorrect, it should be darker, as in Tajuria longinus, Fabricius. It cannot, however, represent C. cu/ta, as that species has three sub-costal nervules to the forewing, while I, iswus has only two. On the upperside the female at once reminds one of Hewitson’s figure of Jolaus is@us, Hewitson, which name now stands for the species, hut the underside differs considerably, as it has a very large ochreous area at the anal angle of the hindwing, which area in C. culta is reduced to two small spots. I am indebted to the Rev. Walter A. Hamilton for the gift of five males and one female of this interesting little species. (de Nicéville.) HYPOLYCENINZ. 97 Expanse of wings, $ 142; to 174, 2 1435 inches. Hasitat.—Assam. The types, which are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, came from the Khasia Hills ; we have a male from the same locality from which our description is taken and which we figure, the female we have not been able to procure, our figure therefore is a copy of de Nicéville’s figure. Genus SUASA. Suasa, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 386 (1890). Eyes naked. Forewing with the sub-median nervure straight, vein 3 from a short distance before the lower end of cell, middle discocellular straight, slightly outwardly oblique, lower rather longer, straight, upright ; vein 12 ends on the costa a little before the end of cell, sinuous; 11 from close to its base, slightly bowed upwards towards 12, 10 straight, its base about halfway between the bases of 11 and upper discoidal nervule, 9 very short, out of 7 near the apex; wing short, broad. Hindwing with vein 8 arched at base, then straight to apex, 7 from some distance before upper end of cell, upper discocellular slightly concave, outwardly oblique, lower almost upright, nearly straight, vein 3 from before the lower end of cell, sub-median nervure straight, internal nervure very long, rather sinuous ; wing broad, somewhat lengthened, with two tails, a long one at the end of the sub-median nervure, and one about half as long at the end of vein 2 ; a very small anal lobe ; male without secondary sexual characters. Type, Myrina lisides, Hewitson. SUASA LISIDES. Plate 723, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢. Myrina lisides, Hewitson, Ill, Diurn. Lep. p. 33, pl. 14, figs. 28, 29, ¢ (1863). Chliaria lisides, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 43. Suasa lisides, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 386, pl. 28, fig. 220, g¢ (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 638. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 304. Imaco.—Male. Upperside blackish-brown. J orewing with a large somewhat dull red, almost square patch a little beyond the middle of the wing divided by the brown veins and ending upwards in a small spot outside the cell end; the base of the wing irrorated with blue scales. Hindwing with the costal area broadly blackish- brown, its inner edge coming a little below the sub-costal vein to its end ; the rest of the wing blue, a small black spot on the anal lobe, another in the first interspace, a minute spot in the interspace between them, all three with white marks on each side ; tails brown, tipped with white. Underside white. Forewing with a large quadrate brown patch attached to the costa beyond the middle, a sub marginal brown line, the VOL. IX. ) 98 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. space between it and the margin suffused with brown at the apex, the suffusion narrowing hindwards, and running down the margin to the hinder angle in the form of a narrow band. Hindwing with a prominent black spot below the costa, its lower side touching the upper end of the cell, a small one near the apex, a sub-marginal series of brown lunules, and a small black sub-terminal spot in each of the three anal interspaces, terminal line of both wings finely brown. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; frons bluish-grey ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside. orewing brown, a broad outwardly curved and somewhat sinuous dull red discal band which runs outside the end of the cell to the middle of the dise, and then curves downwards ; this band varies somewhat in shape and in extent in different examples, the colour of the wing outside the band is darker than the rest of the wing and inclines to blackish-brown, and there are no basal blue irrorations. Hindwing entirely blackish-brown, the abdominal fold pale brown ; a sub-marginal band of four large white, spear-shaped spots in the anal interspaces, their acute points inwards, their outer sides with rather large black spots attached to them (one being in the anal lobe), only separated from the margin by a white thread which is inside the marginal blackish line. Underside as in the male, but the black sub-costal spot in the hindwing is absent, the black spot near the apex is larger than it is in the male, and the black sub-terminal spot in the first interspace and the anal lobe spot are much larger and more prominent, being deep black. Expanse of wings, #1 to 14%, 2 1445 to 144 inches. Hasirat.—Sylhet, Assam, Burma, Mergui, Malay Peninsula. Disrripution.—Recorded by de Nicéville from the Mergui Archipelago, Myitta in Tenasserim, and the Malay Peninsula; we have received several examples of both sexes from the Jaintia and Khasia Hills; the type came from Sylhet. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Suasa liris, Sithon liris, Staudinger, Iris, ii. p. 110, pl. i. fig. 10, ¢ (1889). Suasa liris, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 603. Habitat, Philippines, Borneo. Suasa suessa, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1893, p. 337, pl. H, figs. 8, ¢, 9, 9. Habitat Perak, Selangor. Genus CHARANA. Charana, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 401 (1890). Nearest to Tajuria, Moore, with which it agrees in neuration, and in the absence of secondary sexual characters in the male. Differs from it in having the inner tail to the hindwing from the termination of the sub-median nervure about twice as long in HYPOLYCZHNING. 99 the male, more than twice as long in the female, as the outer tail at the termination of the first median nervule. Eyes smooth. (de Nicéville.) Type, Myrina mandarinus, Hewitson. CHARANA MANDARINUS. Plate 724, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Myrina mandarinus, Hewitson, Ill, Diurn. Lep. p. 28, pl. 11, figs. 6, 7, 2 (1863). Sithon mandarinus, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 3. Charana mandarinus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 401, pl. 28, fig. 222, g (1890) ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1899, p. 334. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 305. Imaco.—Male. Upperside cerulean-blue. J orewing with a very broad black costal border, narrow along the costa above the sub-costal vein to near the end of the cell, the inner margin of the costal border then running somewhat irregularly across the upper end of the cell to near the outer margin below vein 2, the band then expanding on the hinder margin, leaving the better part of the cell and the remaining lower portion of the wing blue. Hindwing with the costal space black, the black colour not entering the cell, but coming a little below vein 5; the abdominal fold brown, anal lobe black, with a whitish space on the fold immediately above it, a black sub-terminal spot in each of the next two interspaces, terminal line black ; tails black, fringed with white on each side. Cilia of forewing black, tipped with white, of hindwing white with black spots at the vein ends. Underside chrome-yellow. Forewing with a dark chocolate-brown discal broad band straight down from the costa, gradually narrowing hindwards to below vein 2, its outer edge marked with darker brown lunules which are continued below the band in an outwardly curved linear mark to the sub-median vein, the curve edged outwardly with yellow, the whole space outside the band suffused with dark chocolate-brown a little lighter in shade than the band itself, a sub-marginal dark line of lunules in it. Mindwing with a similar but narrower discal band from the costa near the apex straight down, and rather near the outer margin, the space between it and the margin suffused with pale chocolate-brown, a narrow band outside the broad band, another similar band close down the margin, both joining and continued in a broader form to the anal angle, a line of black angulated lunules from the inner lower end of the broad band curving to the abdominal margin close above the marginal band, with a pure white space between them, a large black spot in the anal lobe, another in the first interspace, both capped with indistinct dull orange-red, a black terminal line with an inner white line. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; frons white, with a black middle stripe, eyes ringed with white; head and body black above with blue pubescence, yellow beneath. Female.—Upperside dark rufous-brown, orewing without markings. Hindwing 0 2 100 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. with a broad marginal white band from the anal angle narrowing gradually upwards to vein 5, and containing a row of five sub-marginal black spots, the two upper ones small, the third nearly round, the fourth angular, the anal spot small with some grey at its upperside containing a few glistening blue scales. Underside as in the male, but the sub-marginal series on the hindwing consists of small pale marks above the upper black sub-terminal spot, and the ground colour of the outer margin is white. Expanse of wings, $ 14% to 14%, 2? 14 to 14° inches. Hapirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Bhutan, Burma, Cachar. Distripution.—Recorded by de Nicéville from Tenasserim, Sikkim, Buxa, Bhutan ; we have it from the Khasia Hills and from Cachar. CHARANA CEPHEIS. Plate 724, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Charana cepheis, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 40, pl. 5, fig. 10, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings glossy purplish-black. vrewing with the basal two-thirds of the internomedian area ending outwardly in a point and the basal half of the sutural area rich deep blue of about the same shade as in the male of Cumena icetas, Hewitson. Hindwing with the outer half from the second sub-costal nervule to the sub-median nervure, crossed by the black veins, rich deep blue; a diffused and indistinct sub-marginal black spot in the first median interspace ; the outer margin narrowly black; and the anal lobe orange-ochreous, bearing a few white and blue scales; the tails black, fringed and tipped with white. Underside, both wings with the basal two-thirds pale chrome-yellow, the outer third purplish-brown. /orewing with the purplish-brown area bearing two macular deeper brown bands, which are farthest apart in the middle but meet at each end, thus enclosing an oval space of the ground- colour ; a sub-marginal whitish thread reaching from the anal angle to the middle of the wing. Hindwing, the outer purplish-brown area bears two macular deeper brown bands, the inner one posteriorly highly zigzag and recurved to the abdominal margin, the outer one reaching only to the second median nervule; the first median interspace bears a round black spot with an outer rust-red ring; the anal lobe is jet-black, anteriorly bearing a few turquoise-blue scales, and bearing anteriorly to these again a rust-red line, which is continued to the abdominal margin along the edge of the incised portion of the wing anterior to the anal lobe, this red line defined on both sides with a very narrow black line. Cilia of the hindwing narrowly tipped with white, those of the forewing black. This species is very near to C. mandarinus, Hewitson, from Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, and Burma, from which it differs in the following particulars :—The blue coloration of HYPOLYCHNINZA. ~ 101 the upperside is quite different, being of a much darker and richer hue, in C. man- darinus it is distinctly “ dull cerulean-blue,” the blue colour also does not extend into the discoidal cell of the forewing as it does in that species ; on the underside the outer area of both wings is purplish-brown instead of rufous, in the forewing the macular bands touch at both ends instead of being parallel throughout; and in the hindwing of C. mandarinus beyond the inner zigzag black line from the second median nervule to the abdominal margin there is a considerable white band, this being obsolete in C. cepheis, the purplish-brown area being continued uninterruptedly and of equal width throughout from the apex of the wing to the anal angle. Described from two male specimens exactly alike captured by Lieut. C. H. Ward, on Nemotha, a peak in Cachar, 3,634 feet high, on October 15th, 1892, one of which he has generously presented to me. Lieut. Ward captured C. mandarinus at the same time and place. (de Nicéville.) Female. Upperside dark purple-brown, anal lobe black, capped with orange and sprinkled with metallic-blue scales; a white spot on the abdominal margin immediately above the anal lobe, a fine anteciliary black line, with a white inner line- on the lower half of the hindwing ; tails black, fringed and tipped with white. Cilia white. Underside pure white, markings much as in the male, but the discal bands are broader. Differs from the female of mandarinus in the want of the white band above the anal angle and in the coloration of the underside. Expanse of wings, ¢ 148;, 2? 1455 inches. Hasirat.—Assam. DistrizutTion.—de Nicéville’s type male, now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, came from Cachar, we have not been able to see it, we therefore give his description and copies of his figure; the female we describe and figure is from the Khasia Hills from our own collection. Genus TAJURIA. Tajuria, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 108 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p, 244 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 370 (1890). Cophanta, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 35. Remelana, Moore, l.c. p. 37. Eyes naked. orewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell, 11 emitted from the middle of the cell, 10 at three-fourths, 9 from the middle of 7, discocellulars sub-erect, the lower much the longer, slightly concave, vein 3 emitted a little before the lower end of the cell, wing sub-triangular, costa slightly curved, apex sub-acute, outer margin slightly convex, hinder margin slightly sinuous. Hindwing, vein 8 extends to the apex of the wing, 7 from about the middle of the cell, 3 from a little before 102 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the lower end, 2 from a little before the middle, sub-median nervure nearly straight, internal nervure recurved, wing sub-ovate, costa obliquely convex to the apex, which is rounded, outer margin rounded, prolonged in a more or less distinct angle at the end of vein 8, with two slender tails of about equal length at the ends of vein 2 and of the sub-median nervure ; all the species are more or less blue or purple on the upperside of the male and usually in the females also; body robust, palpi porrect, structure very much as in the genus Pratapa, but the very important secondary sexual characters present in that genus are altogether wanting in Tauria. Type, Hesperia cippus, Fabricius (longinus, Moore, ex errore). TAJURIA INDRA. Plate 724, figs. 4, $, 4a, 9, 4b, g, 4c, larva and pupa. Sithon indra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 527. de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, pp. 3 and 49. Hampson, id. 1888, p. 358. Tajuria indra, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 373 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1891, p. 50. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1896, p. 386, pl. 5, figs. 4, 4a, larva and pupa. Polyommatus nedymond, Godart (nec Cramer), Enc. Méth. ix. p. 634 (1823). Imaco.—Male. Upperside violet-blue. Forewing, in certain lights the wing looks violet-brown, with beautiful glistening, broad blue streaks on the veins, in the cell and in all the interspaces, and in other lights there appears to be a very large square patch outside the end of the cell of a duller blue colour than the rest of the wing, costal line brown, an outer marginal, moderately broad and nearly even brown band. findwing with a broad brown costal band, the immediate costal space narrowly pale ; an outer marginal brown band, narrower than it is on the forewing, and narrowest in its middle, abdominal space brown, the fold pale, the rest of the wing blue, in certain lights with all the veins and broad streaks in the interspaces brilliant glistening blue ; anal lobe black, with a few metallic-blue scales, and a touch of dull red on its upper side, a bluish-white line on its outer side, and black cilia with white tips, and a small white space on the abdominal margin immediately above the lobe; tails black, fringed with white ; terminal line black, with an inner broken white line, from the anal lobe to vein 3. Cilia white. Underside greyish-white, markings chocolate-brown. Forewing with a broad discal dark band, narrowing hindwards from the costa to near the hinder margin where it ends in a somewhat diffuse point, the band slightly outwardly oblique, its inner margin even, its outer margin sinuous ; the ground colour of the wing outside this band rather darker than the rest of the wing, containing a pale brown sub- marginal band. Hindwing with a narrower, dark discal band, which narrows slightly hindwards, and is nearly straight down from the costa to vein 3, and has a dark line HYPOLYCHNIN. 103 in continuation which is angled and ends in a mark like the letter W, its end close to the abdominal margin one-fourth from the anal angle, the space outside this band darker than the rest of the wing, with a double series of thick, paler brown, sub- marginal somewhat lunular marks; anal lobe with a large black spot, another in the first interspace, crowned with orange, the space between them with two marks as if in continuation of the double sub-marginal series, terminal line dark brown; tails white. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip ; frons greyish-white, with a black middle stripe, eyes ringed with white ; head and body blackish-brown above, greyish-white beneath. Female. Upperside brown, with a violet tint, the colour shading darker towards the margins. Forewing with a moderately broad outer marginal blackish-brown band. Hindwing with the costal space and abdominal fold slightly paler than the rest of the wing, a blackish-brown even band on the outer margin, about as broad as it is on the forewing, a sub-marginal series of white spots, edged outwardly with black, in the interspaces, commencing between the tails, decreasing in size upwards and becoming obsolete above the middle, these spots vary much in size in different examples, and are sometimes only very slightly indicated ; anal lobe, tails and terminal markings as in the male. Underside with the space inside the discal bands usually pure white, the outer colour and markings as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ ? 14 to 14%; inches. Larva, feeds on Loranthus elasticus, preferring the flowers, is in form like that of 7. longinus (Pratapa cippus), Fabricius, but all the segments are well defined and slightly elevated in the middle. The third and fourth segments are slightly larger than the others, but not nearly to the same extent as in 7’. longinus. Colour a uniform dark brown, often suffused with grey, with the exception of the third and fourth segments, which are sometimes light brown on the back. Pura, fastened by the anal extremity along a leaf, is like that of T. longinus, but smooth on the thorax, with four abdominal ridges; head square, colour chiefly brown, but the wing-covers are greenish, and the abdomen has a greenish ground, marked with pinkish-brown, while the thorax has some white markings. When looked at from above, it has the appearance of a human head, like the pupe of the genus Spalgis. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasirat.—India. Distripution.—Recorded by Hampson from the Nilgiris, by Watson from Chin Lushai, by Davidson, Bell and Aitken from Karwar, by de Nicéville from Sikkim, Orissa, and Travancore; we have received a fair number of examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills, a pair of which we figure. 104 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. TAJURIA TARPINA. Plate 725, figs. 1, $, la, 9, 1b, g. Myrina tarpina, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. Suppl. p. 23, pl. Suppl. iii. a, figs. 93, 94, 9 (1878). Sithon tarpina, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 233. Tajuria tarpina, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 373 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside, dark violet-blue, somewhat metallic in certain lights. Forewing with a narrow costal black band, which widens somewhat at the apex and runs down the outer margin, narrowing hindwards, but is broader here than it is on the costa. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, an outer marginal black band, attenuated in the middle portion of the margin; abdominal fold greyish ; tails black, tipped with white ; anal lobe black, with an orange spot in it, with a short white thread on its outer side and a white spot on its upper side, against the abdominal margin. Cilia black, on the hindwing it is tipped with white. Underside white, with a faint blue flush on the basal portions, bands rich, dark chocolate-brown. Forewing with a very broad outer marginal band, occupying more than the outer third of the wing, very slightly narrowing hindwards, its inner edge almost even, a line of conjoined white lunules running down its middle. Hindwing with a similar but narrower outer marginal band of even width, without the middle line of white lunules, a black anal spot, with a white spot above it on the abdominal edge, another black spot in the first median interspace, both very heavily capped with orange, a short brown line above the orange that caps the anal spot, the interspace between the spots tinted with orange, a sub-marginal white line which is broad and diffuse in parts and contains a brown lunular mark in each of the middle interspaces. Antenne black, with an orange tip, its joints marked with white on the underside only ; frons brown, with a white stripe on each side; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside blackish-brown, with a lilac gloss, shading darker towards the margins on both wings, markings similar and the underside exactly as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14% to 1,8; inches. Hasirat.—South Andaman Islands. Appears to be confined to the South Andamans, and even there is rather rare ; our description and figures are from examples in the B. M. . TAJURIA CIPPUS. Plate 725, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, larva and pupa. Hesperia cippus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. v. p. 429 (1798). Polyommatus cippus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 634 (1823). Tajuria cippus, Aurivillius, Ent. Tidsk. 1897, p. 146. HYPOLYCZENINA. 105 Hesperia longinus, Fabricius, l.c. p. 430 (1798). Polyommatus longinus, Godart, l.c. Lucas, Lep. Exot. pl. 44, fig. 3, g (1835). Amblypodia longinus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. H.I.C. p. 110 (1829). Thecla longinus, Horsfield, l.c. pl. i. fig. 7, imago; pl. 4, fig. 5, larva; 5a, pupa; figs. 5b to e, structure of imago. Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.J.C. i. p. 45 (1857). Bithys longinus, Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Schmett. figs. 933, 934 (1837). Lolaus longinus, Butler, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 35. Hewitson, Tl. Diurn. Lep. p. 45 (1869). Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 549. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 275, pl. 95, ¢ (1888). Tajuria longinus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 109, pl. 42, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, larva and pupa (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 244, pl. 23, fig. 20, 9 (1884). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 49. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, id. 1886, p. 369. Doherty, id. p. 127. Hampson, id. 1888, p. 860. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 376 (1890). Betham, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 182. Leech, Butt. of China, etc. il. p. 244 (1893). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 599. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 387. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 387. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 489. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 49. Tolaus cippus race longinus, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 186 (1869). Amblypodia pseudolonginus, Doubleday, List, Lep. B. M. ii. p. 23 (1847). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 45, pl. i. fig. 6, larva ; 6a, pupa (1857). Tolaus pseudo-longinus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, pp. 35, 36, woodcut, no. 3, 9. ImMaco.—Male. Upperside dark cyaneous-blue, shining blue-green in certain lights. Ferewiny with nearly the apical half black, a narrow black band on the costa to the end of the cell, the inner margin of the apical band then almost straight across to a little above the hinder angle, where it narrows down; the rest of the wing, including the cell, and a narrow basal streak above the sub-costal vein, blue; the median vein and the base of its branch black. imdwing with the costal band broadly black, outer marginal line finely black, sub-costal vein black, abdominal fold blackish- brown ; a black spot at the anal angle with some pale bluish-white scales on it; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black, with pale tips. Underside grey. Forewing occasionally with a discal series of faintly indicated black thin lunules, but in most examples these are obsolete, and the wing has no visible markings whatever. Hindwing with a regular discal series of similar marks rather closer to the margin than is usual, the upper marks forming the series more or less linear and well separated from each other, the last two are curved and turn in on to the abdominal margin a little above the anal angle, a sub-marginal pale grey band, another still paler and narrower band close to the margin ; a black anal spot, with a small white spot on each side of its upper part, another and larger black spot in the first interspace, capped with orange, the space between them pale bluish-white with a few dark blue scales in it ; terminal line of both wings dark brown. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; frons white, with a black middle stripe ; eyes ringed with white; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. VOL. IX. P 106 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Upperside pale greyish-blue. Forewing darker towards the base, with a few brighter blue scales ; the marginal bands blackish-brown, broader on the costa, but narrower at the apex than it is in the male. Hindwiny generally darker than the forewing, the bands paler, the costal band broader than it is in the male, its lower part darker than its upper, outer marginal band broader and macular, a rather prominent discal band of somewhat lunular marks, evenly curved, but the marks placed in echelon with each other. Underside as in the male, but the discal series on both wings nearly always present. Expanse of wings, $ $ 143; to 14% inches. Larva, considerably distended anteriorly, excavated at the sides, contracted behind, and transversely swelled at the segments. Feeds on a species of Loranthus,- which grows parasitically in great abundance on the mango and other fruit trees surrounding the villages of the natives. (Horsfield.) Pupa, purple-brown, short, thick, head truncate, excavated behind the thorax, dorsal segments produced. (Moore.) de Nicéville remarks :—“ As figured in the two Catalogues of the Lepidoptera ef the East Indian Company from Dr. Horsfield’s drawings, the larva is a singular object ; the head is small but prominent, the segments rapidly increasing in breadth from the second to about the fifth, apparently bearing small blunt conical processes on these segments, coloured rich brown from about the sixth to the anal segment, which gradually decreases in width, the dorsal region pale ochreous, the lateral region greyish, the sides of the middle segments excavated, forming a broad triangular figure, of a rich brown colour, anteriorly bounded by a white line.” Davidson, Bell and Aitken’s description is, however, somewhat different, they are very painstaking observers and made the life history of butterflies a careful study, they say :—‘ The larva, which feeds on both the common species of Loranthus (L. elasticus and LZ. wallichianus), has the head flattened, and the next segments enlarged; the seoments then decrease in size to the anal segment which is broad and rectangular at its extremity. Looked at from above, the caterpillar is broad at the anal segment, narrow at the next four segments, and very broad at the thoracic segments. In colour it is green, but has triangular marks of mottled white on each side, and a rounded similar mark above on each segment. The pupa resembles that of TZ. idra, but the abdominal segments are much more angular than in that species.” Hasirat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo ; a beautiful and very common species, distributed throughout India except in the desert tracts ; the type is in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen; Aurivillius has examined it, and states that undoubtedly the insect we have heretofore called Jonginus is the Fabrician cippus, and that the type described by Fabricius as longinus is merely a variety of cippus. We give Aurivillius’ note én extenso, when describing the species heretofore HYPOLYCZNIN. 107 known as Camena = Pratapa cippus, re-named by Aurivillius Pratapa argenteus ; there is but one example, a male in the Banksian Cabinet in the B. M., but it has no label. TAJURIA DRUCEI, nov. Plate 728, figs. 4, g, 4a, g. Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale dull grey-blue. Forewing with a costal black band, limited by the sub-costal nervure, a broad apical black band, occupying more than the apical third of the wing, its inner edge curved and irregular just entering the upper end of the cell, curving round the middle of vein 3, the band then gradually narrowing to a point on the hinder angle. Hindwing with the costal space and abdominal fold grey, a very fine outer marginal black line, a small black spot on the anal lobe; tails black, tipped with white. Underside pale, greyish-white, with a pinkish tint, and somewhat shining; both wings with the lines almost invisible, indications of a very fine line at the end of each cell, and of a post-discal lunular line, much nearer the margin than usual, and close to a very indistinct sub-marginal similar line, the wing space between these lines being slightly paler than the ground colour of the wing; a small black spot in the ana! lobe and another at the termination of the first median interspace, the former capped, the latter ringed with pale orange. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip; palpi white, with a black stripe above the last joint, black; frons pure white; head and body above and below concolorous with the wing. Expanse of wings, f 14 inches. Hasirat.—Shan States. Described and figured from a unique example in coll. Druce, which was collected by Bingham ; in shape it is somewhat as in 7. cippus, Fabricius, but the forewings are more acute. TAJURIA MANTRA. Plate 725, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Pseudolyceena mantra, Felder, Wien Ent. Mon. iv. p. 396 (1860). Myrina mantra, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 238, pl. 30, fig. 14, g (1865). Tolaus mantra (var. ?), Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 46, pl. 20, fig. 24, 9 (1865). Lolaus mantra, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 351. Tajuria mantra, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 245, pl. 21, fig. 11, 9 (1884). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 44. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 380 (1890). Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 245, pl. 21, fig. 11, 9 (1893). H.H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 599. Imaco.—Male. Upperside cyaneous-blue, paler than c/ppus and somewhat metallic in coloration. J orewing with the apical half black, the costal band narrow, limited by P 2 108 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the sub-costal vein to the end of the cell, the inner margin of the apical band runs from thence almost straight across to a little above the sub-median vein near the outer margin, the band then continued narrowly for the short remaining distance to the hinder angle. Hindwing with the costa narrowly black, the outer marginal band still narrower, its inner margin diffuse, abdominal fold grey; anal lobe greyish-white, suffused with black, with a dark black spot on its inner side, and with some blue scales ; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black, white tipped with black from the anal lobe to the upper tail. Underside dark brown, with a chocolate tinge ; both wings with a darker brown linear discal band, very evenly and slightly outwardly curved on the forewing, regularly and evenly curved on the hindwing, becoming angulated hindwards as it turns round to the abdominal margin one-fourth from the anal angle, where it has a broad whitish suffusion on its outer side; the band much closer to the margin on both wings than is usual, a sub-marginal similar band, and another paler band close to the margin; a large black spot on the anal lobe, another in the first interspace, both very broadly capped with orange, the space between them dark grey with some metallic blue scales, a brown terminal line, which becomes black hindwards and has a white inner line from the anal lobe, which becomes obsolete before reaching the apex of the hindwing. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip; frons white, with a black middle stripe ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside, both wings violescent-cerulean blue. Forewing with the apical border a little narrower than in the male. Hindwing with the fuscous border paler, connected with the anal marginal smoky-fuscous spots powdery diffused, with a whitish antemarginal line evanescent towards the apex. Underside both wings paler than in the male. Hindwing with spots somewhat fuscous within the whitish marginal line. (Felder.) Expanse of wings, $ 13/5 to 1345, $ 1435 to 14 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Malacca, Nias, Celebes. Disrripution.—Recorded by de Nicéville from the Mergui Archipelago ; we figure Felder’s type male, from which our description is taken, the female we have not been able to procure, therefore give Felder’s description and copies of Distant’s figure ; it is not in the B, M. TAJURIA TYRO. Plate 725, figs. 4, 9, 4a, 9. Tajuria tyro, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 302, pl. P, fig. 40, 9. Imaco.—Female. Upperside, both wings pale cerulean-blue. Forewing with the costa as far as the sub-costal nervure, the apex widely, and the outer margin HYPOLYCHNINE. 109 decreasingly black. Hindwing with the costa and abdominal margin whitish ; a narrow anteciliary black line which widens out at the apex and is continued some distance along the costa, anal lobe entirely black ; tails black, tipped and edged with white. Underside, both wings pale French-grey, a very indistinct sub-marginal darker fascia. Forewing with a discal, somewhat irregular, slightly outwardly curved, dark French- grey band or line, outwardly defined with white, commencing at the second sub-costal uervule, ending on the sub-median nervure. Hindwing with a similar discal line but much more irregular throughout its length than on the forewing, posteriorly highly zigzagged and recurved to the abdominal margin ; a large round biack spot on the margin in the first median interspace, prominently anteriorly crowned with yellow ; the sub-median interspace on the margin white sprinkled with black scales; the anal lobe bearing a small deep black spot, which bears outwardly some metallic-green scales ; anterior to this spot is a short yellow fascia reaching the abdominal margin, well separated from the yellow patch in the first median interspace ; a fine black anteciliary thread, inwardly defined by an equally fine white thread; face white in front ; palpi with the first and second joints white, the third black; eyes surrounded by a white line. Antenne black, the shaft finely annulated with white; body above blue, beneath whitish ; legs white, prominently ringed with black. In general appearance this species very closely resembles Britomartis cleoboides, Elwes, and B. buto, de Nicéville, differing structurally, however, in possessing three instead of two sub-costal nervules to the forewing. From the female of 2B. cleoboides it differs on the upperside of the forewing in having the blue area of greater extent, thereby reducing the black apical area by about one-half; the anal lobe: of the hindwing is entirely black, in B. cleoboides it is crowned with ochreous, and bears some metallic-blue scales. On the underside of both wings the discal line in B. ekoboides is distinctly deep ochreous, almost ferruginous (Elwes calls it “pale yellow,” but viewed under a strong magnifying glass it is really dark yellow) instead of dark French-grey, it is also outwardly curved, in B. cleoboides it is very straight in all my twenty specimens (seventeen males and three females), on the hindwing also the discal line is very much more irregular; the two yellow anal areas do not meet as they do in B. cleoboides ; and the space between them on the margin does not bear metallic-blue scales. From B. buto it differs on the upperside in the different shade of the ground- colour being a paler blue and not iridescent green in any light; the blue colour also is far more extensive in the forewing; and the same differences hold good on the underside as regards the discal band as obtain between it and B. eleoboides, but it agrees with B. buto in the complete separation of the yellow patches on the hindwing. From Jolaus ister, Hewitson, of which I possess a female from Maulmein, Burma, and another from Borneo, it differs in the greater extent of the blue coloration of the forewing on the upperside, and in the outline of the hindwing, in 7. tyro the outer 110 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. margin is well rounded, making the wing broader, in Jolaus ister the outer margin is straight, thereby making the wing much narrower. Colonel Swinhoe* suggests that Jolaus ister is the female and Camena carmentalist the male of one and the same species. I made the same remark when describing the latter, but now that I possess specimens of Jolaus ister, I think it is improbable that this is so, as the coloration of my species is of a distinctly purple shade, while Jolaus ister is pale ‘ cerulean-blue,” as Hewitson quite correctly describes it. Tajuria relata, Distant. is another allied but quite distinct species, which is said by Mr. H. J. Elwes to be the same as 7. iswus, Hewitson. It is very unfortunate that the female sex of so many allied species should alone be known. Described from two examples from Tenasserim and three from N.-E. Sumatra in my collection. Expanse of wings, ? 13%; inches. Hasprrat.—Burma, Sumatra. We have not seen this species, it is described from examples from the Ataran Valley, Tenasserim, Burma, and from N.E. Sumatra; we give copies of de Nicéville’s figure. This species apparently only differs from the female of Tajuria dominus, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 600, pl. 33, fig. 12 3, which we have from Borneo, in having the yellow caps above the anal spot on the hindwing below, connected with the yellow cap above the sub-terminal spot in the first median interspace. TAJURIA ALBIPLAGA. Plate 725, figs. 5, g, 5a, 2, 5b, ¢. Tajuria albiplaga, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 459, pl. 39, figs. 1, ¢; 2, 2 ; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 378 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings cerulean-blue with hardly any gloss. Cilia grey throughout. brewing with the costa bounded posteriorly by the sub-costal nervure, the apex broadly (including the anterior portion of the cell), and the outer margin decreasingly to the anal angle, black. Hindwing with the costal margin and apex light fuscous, the two fine tails black, tipped with white, a fine anteciliary black line. Underside, both wings grey, of the same shade as in 7. jehana, Moore, a * Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 302, n. 289. + Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soe. vol. vii. p. 335, n. 112, pl. H, fig. 10, ¢. t “Rhopalocera Malayana,” pp. 246 and 460, n. 3, pl. xxi. fig. 12, 9 (1884-86), from Province Wellesley, and Malacca (Distant), Perak (coll. de Nicéville). HYPOLYCZNINE. 111 prominent, narrow, straight, dark line on the discocellular nervules. Forewing with a similar discal line not reaching the costa anteriorly, touching the sub-median nervure posteriorly ; beyond the line is a somewhat similar but indistinct line. Hindwiny with a discal line much as in the forewing, but reaching the costa and recurved to the abdominal margin, the upper portion straight as far as the third median nervule, below this, the line is formed of outwardly curved lunules, beyond the discal line is an obsolete sub-marginal line as in the forewing ; a small deep black round spot in the first median interspace close to the margin, and another on the small anal lobe, both outwardly margined with pale yellow, no secondary sexual characters. Female, larger, both wings broader, the apex of the forewing less acute. Upper- side, both wings of a slightly darker shade of blue than in the male. Cilia throughout white. orewing with a large quadrate diffused white patch on the disc, its imner margin well-defined by the discocellular nervules, and that portion of the median nervure between the bases of the first and second median nervules. Underside, both wings marked exactly as in the male. Near to 7. dizus, Hewitson, from Sikkim, but the blue coloration of the upperside is much lighter, the discal line on the underside of the forewing in 7. dizus is much straighter, its edges more even, and it increases in width to the costa, which it quite reaches; the colour of all the lines being rufous also in that species. In the female of 7. dizus, which sex I have not seen, there is a sub- marginal band of brown spots on the upperside of the hindwing. J. albiplaga is also allied to 7. jehana, Moore, but the sexes of the former differ considerably, while in the latter they are described as nearly alike. The three black spots from the anal lobe on the upperside of the hindwing are also absent in 7. albiplaga, in both sexes. Mr. Otto Méller possesses two males and three females of this species. The female may be known from that of Camena deva, Moore, by the white patch on the upperside of the forewing, and also the lines closing the discoidal cells on the underside (a character which will distinguish it from 7. dizus also) being more prominent, and the discal line.of the forewing straighter and more continuous. (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, $ 14%5, ? 14% inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim. We have not seen this species, we have not been able to ascertain where the types now are, we therefore give de Nicéville’s description and copies of his figures. TAJURIA NELA. Plate 726, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Tajuria nela, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1896, p. 359. Imaco.—Male. Upperside clear pale blue. orewing with the upper half above the median vein deep black, a small piece of the biue above the middle of the first median 112 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. nervule, below the end of that nervule the outer marginal black band is very narrow, not much more than a black line, and in some examples it runs diffusely for a short distance on the hinder margin. L/indwing with the costal band broadly black, limited hy the median vein and its second nervule, sometimes a little of the blue colour going a little above the middle of the nervule ; outer marginal line finely black, a sub-terminal black spot in the anal lobe and in each of the next two interspaces, the immediate costa and the abdominal fold greyish-white ; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of forewing black, of the hindwing grey at the base, white on the outer side with a black spot at each of the vein ends. Underside very pale grey, markings finely brown. Forewing with a line closing the cell, a discal transverse lunular line from near the costa, slightly sinuous, to the sub-median vein where it ends in an outwardly bowed lunule. Mindwing with a small sub-basal blackish dot below the costa, a line closing the cell, a somewhat sinuous line from the costa, straight down to vein 3, then in an inward bend to vein 2 and continued to the abdominal margin, a little above the anal angle like the letter W, with a parallel short line below its end and a black spot above it on the middle of that margin ; both wings with pale, double, sub-marginal lunular lies, a black spot on the anal lobe, another in the first interspace, both capped with orange, with some grey marks in the interspace between them. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip; frons black, with a white stripe on each side; palpi with the first two joints white, the third black ; head and body blackish-brown above, with blue pubescence, pale grey beneath. Female. Upperside paler than the male. orewing with the upper disc quite pale, inclined to whitish, the black costal band not quite so broad, its inner margin heing above the median vein. J/indwing with the costal space and the abdominal fold whitish, the latter nearly pure white, the terminal line black, with an inner white thread from the anal angle to vein 3. Underside exactly as in the male. Expanse of wings, f $ 13 inches. Hapirar.—Assam. Described from four males and one female, from the Khasia Hills. TAJURIA DONATANA. Plate 726, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, ¢. Tujuria donatana, de Nicéville, Journ. As Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 287, pl. 14, fig. 15, ¢; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 382, pl. 25, fig. 154, g (1890). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 602. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings deep purplish-black. rewing with the basal and lower discal areas rich deep iridescent blue, the colour extending slightly into the discoidal cell from the base of the first medial nervule to the base of the wing. HYPOLYCENINA. 113 Hindwing with an elongated discal patch of rich iridescent blue of a lighter and brighter shade than in the forewing; the abdominal margin anteriorly pale fuscous and fringed with white ; anal lobe white, marked by a round black spot, bearing a few metallic silvery scales. Cilia from the anal angle to the second median nervule white, thence to the apex of the forewing black. Underside. vrewing rich chrome-yellow, unmarked, the inner margin broadly pale fuscous. Hindwing rich chrome-yellow ; the anal area sprinkled with black and white scales; the anal lobe intensely black, with an intensely black sma]] round spot on the margin in the first median interspace; the black and white anal area bounded anteriorly by an irregular iridescent greenish silvery line, above which is an irregular W-shaped white figure finely defined with black ; a fine black anteciliary line from the anal angle to the discoidal nervule ; tails black, tipped with white, the outer rather the shorter. A smaller species than the Myrina orsolina of Hewitson from Celebes and Macassar ; differing in the shape of the blue patch on the upperside of the forewing, which in that species is deeply indented at the base of the first median nervule ; also by the absence on the underside of both wings of the very pale broken linear brown band described, but not shown in the figure, as occurring in M. orsolina, and in other details. I have described 7. donatana from a single example taken by Major C. T. Bingham in the Donat Range, Upper Tenasserim, in libs (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, f 14%; inches. Hasitat.—Burma, Borneo. We have not seen this species, the type being in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, we therefore give copies of de Nicéville’s figure. TAJURIA JEHANA. Plate 726, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Tajuria jehana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 529, pl. 49, fig. 7. Swinhoe, id. 1885, p. 135, and 1886, p. 429. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 377 (1890). Betham, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 182. Mackinnon and de Niceville, id. 1898, p. 387. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p- 489. Imaco.—Male. Upperside slaty-blue. Forewing with moderately broad costal and outer marginal blackish bands, gradually broadening on the costa from the base to the apex and narrowing down the outer margin to the hinder angle. Hindwing with a broad costal blackish band, the immediate costal space narrowly pale, a narrow blackish, macular outer marginal band, ending in a black spot in each of the last two interspaces and another on the anal lobe, with some small pale bluish-white marks above them, a discal line of black lunules, rather close to the margin, a terminal black VOL. IX. Q 114 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. line with bluish-white inner thread from the anal lobe, becoming obsolete before reaching the apex of the wing; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of forewing white, with a blackish base, of the hindwing white, with black spots at the vein ends. Underside creamy-greyish-white. Forewing with a very fine discal lunular brown line, reaching neither the costa nor the hinder margin, rather close to the outer margin, generally very indistinct. Hindwing with a similar discal line, but somewhat more distinct, sinuous hindwards where it curves to the abdominal margin a little above the anal angle; both wings with a double sub-marginal series of pale lunular marks, indistinct on the hindwing, very faintly indicated on the forewing, a rather large black anal spot, another in the first interspace, both capped with dull orange-red, the space between them containing some black and blue scales. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; frons white, with a black middle stripe ; eyes ringed with white, a white collar ; body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside duller in colour than the male and somewhat paler, the marginal bands broader, the discal band on the hindwing more pronounced, and on the forewing theré is often a small whitish space outside the end of the cell. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 144 to 14% inches, Hasirar.—India, Ceylon. Distr1Bution.— We have taken both sexes in Mhow, Poona and Bombay; we figure a pair from Jabalpur in our collection; Betham records it from the Central Provinces, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, de Rhé-Philipe from Lucknow, de Nicéville from Bolahat, Malda, Barrackpore, Orissa, Rutnagherry, the Shevaroy Hills and Jatfna in Ceylon, it seems to be widely spread, but is never common; both sexes much resemble the female of 7. argenteus, but it is undoubtedly a good and distinct species. TAJURIA THYIA. Plate 726, figs. 4, $, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢; fig. 5, var. pallescens, Tajuria thyia, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1893, p. 336, pl. H, fig. 11, ¢. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 304. Tajuria thyia, var. palescens, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii. p. 117, Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-blue. Forewing with very broad, black, costal and outer marginal borders, very broad at the apex, filling the cell, and the whole space above the first median nervule, except for a small spot of the blue colour, immediately above its middle, its inner margin rounded, and the black colour some- times running narrowly along the hinder margin. JZindwing with the costal space black, with the centre of the space pale, outer marginal line black, veins black, abdominal fold pale blackish; a black spot in the anal lobe, edged outwardly with HYPOLYCANINZ. 115 white ; tails black, tipped with white. Underside French grey. Forewing with a very fine, brown line closing the cell, a fine brown, lunular discal line, very slightly outwardly curved from near the costa to near the hinder margin. LHindwing with a similar discal line, angulated below its middle, curving at its lower end, to the abdominal margin a little above the anal angle ; a black spoton the anal lobe capped with orange, another in the first interspace ringed with orange, a pale brown spot in the interspace between them, ringed with pale bluish-white ; both wings with a double sub-marginal series of pale brownish lunular marks, more or less obsolete on the forewing ; terminal line finely brown, with an inner white thread which becomes obsolete before reaching the apex of the wing. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; frons black, with a thin white line on each side; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside paler than the male, with some brighter blue basal irrorations. Forewing with the black bands narrower than in the male, the blue inner colour paling outwards, becoming broadly nearly whitish, and fillmg more than half of the median interspaces. indwing much as in the male, but duller and darker in colour. Under- side with the ground colour paler than in the male, the markings similar, the discal lines darker and more pronounced. Expanse of wings, $ 153, to 1435, 2 14% inches, Hasirat.—Assam. Described from several males and one female in our collection from the Khasia Hills, from whence the type male, now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, came ; the female is here described and figured for the first time. ( TAJURIA DIAUS. Plate 726, figs. 6, ¢, 6a, 9, 6b, ¢. Dolaus dizus, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 45, pl. 20, figs. 27, 28, g, 26, 9 (1865). Tajuria dizus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 378 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p- 303. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 387. Camena cleobis, Mrs. S. Robson (nec Godart), Journ. Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ix. 1895, p. 339 (life history). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark cerulean-blue. Forewing with a broad black apical band, its inner margin across the upper outer part of the cell, gradually curving to the hinder margin one-eighth from the hinder angle. Hindwing with the costal space (limited by the sub-costal vein) black,outer marginal line black, the abdominal space with its lower part black, becoming paler towards the base ; anal lobe bright orange, containing a black spot with some metallic blue scales on it, a pale bluish-white line below it; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia on both wings black basally, white Q2 116 . LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. externally. Underside slaty-grey. Jorewing with a thin brown, nearly straight band, slightly outwardly oblique from near the costa to vein 2. Hindwing with a similar band, nearly straight from the costa to vein 2, where it curves in a W-shape to the abdominal margin just above the anal angle, touching the end of the sub-marginal series ; both wings with a double sub-marginal series of grey lunular marks outwardly edged with whitish, indistinct on the forewing ; anal lobe black, with a small orange mark on its upperside ; a black spot in the first interspace capped with orange, a bluish- grey mark with a white line above and another below it, marginal line brown, becoming black between the upper tail and the anal lobe, with a white inner thread which becomes obsolete before reaching the apex. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip ; frons white, head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside paler than inthe male. Forewing with a whitish patch in the upper disc, the marginal black bands similar. Hindwing with the costal space blackish, outer marginal line with an inner white thread and a series of small blackish marks. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1,45 to 14%5 inches. Larva and Pura, June 24th.—Found several eggs of Camena cleobis,* Godart, on Loranthus bicolor, Linn. (vernacular name Banda), at Mussoorie, in the Western Himalayas. The eggs were laid either on the stems or on the underside of the leaves. In shape they are spherical, and covered with honeycomb-like indentations. The larva emerges either from the side or the top of the egg, and eats a small round hole in the shell to get out. It does not eat the shell after it emerges. At the same time was found a larva of a lycenid butterfly on the underside of a leaf, and it bore a striking protective resemblance to the pink and yellow shades of the edge of the leaf, on which it rested quite flat, with no legs or claspers visible. The larva was of the usual onisciform shape, except that it was a little stouter than usual posteriorly, and much stouter anteriorly, so that the outline was roughly that of a club. The whole larva was yellowish-green, except a faint pink patch on the anterior segments, beneath which the head is usually withdrawn. This larva changed its skin on the 26th, and died on the 29th. July 7th—On a quantity of Banda brought into the house, two lycenid eggs were found, and placed in a very small bottle. July 13th.—A very minute larva emerged from one of the eggs. Length one-sixteenth of an inch. It fed on one of the leaves, and was most difficult to distinguish from its food-plant, and would not have been discovered had I not seen the hole in the egg. July 19th.— The larva has changed its skin and is now a quarter of an inch long. Colour green. The larva is very depressed, with a pink spot on the “hood,” by which is * Wrongly identified (teste de Nicéville), should be Tajuria dizus, Hewitson. HYPOLYCENIN. 117 meant the anterior segments beneath which the head ishidden. The larva eats a small hole half-way through the leaf, and then moves to a fresh place. July 30th.—Larva now three-eighths of an inch long, somewhat fish-shaped. The “hood” is dented anteriorly, and when seen laterally reminds one of the mouth ofa fish. On this day the head was first seen, it is light brown and shaped like that of a tortoise. A spiracular white line is now visible on each side of the larva. On the twelfth segment are two sub-dorsal white marks which slope from the dorsal line downwards and back- wards. August 2nd.—Larva changed its skin. Its shape is now more accentuated, the anterior portion of the body is stouter and more club-like, the tenth and eleventh segments being also more constricted, the thirteenth segment more depressed and broader. On the tenth and eleventh segments are two small sub-dorsal dots. It is difficult to verify the segments, as the sides of the larva appear to adhere to the leaf. August 6th.—The larva is now three-quarters of an inch in length, and seen either from the front or the side the “ hump” or “ hood” forms a most perfect fish’s head with the mouth open, and two small black dots have appeared on the side of the hump about midway from its summit, which have the appearance of eyes and complete the resemblance. Laterally a black band has appeared in shape like a bow, extending from about the fifth segment, arching upwards just posterior to the sub-dorsal dots already mentioned on the narrow part of the back and descending again at the beginning of the flap-shaped thirteenth segment. On the ninth segment there is another pair of sub-dorsal dots, which dots at this date have turned dark brown. There is also a narrow dark green dorsal band, which darkens and widens out on the twelfth segment, and fades away to nothing on the thirteenth segment. The larva, which up to the present fed very daintily, now eats greedily, and appears to have almost doubled in bulk in the last few days. August 8th.—The eye-dots are now larger and quite black, and in addition there are two minute brown dots, one in front and one behind the eye-dot, forming a horizontal line of three spots. The arched line already described is now quite black and much broader. The sub-dorsal dots have merged into one dark patch. The larva when fully extended is now three-quarters of an inch in length. August 9th.— The larva has left its food-plant and looks like a bit of a shrivelled leaf. The ground- colour has changed a very dirty brown, and the dorsal patch is a dark brown colour. August 11th.—The larva still lying on the petiole end of the leaf head downwards. The “hump” is of a yellowish-brown colour, and the area on which were the dark marks is of a very pretty emerald-green colour with two dorsal white crescents, with a minute white spot in the space between the two points of each crescent. All the other markings have disappeared. The flattened anal segment is of a light yellowish- brown colour. August 12th.—The larva pupated, attached by the tail. The pupa is half an inch long, and resembles a small piece of dark brown dead stick. It is most diffeult to find the larvee when they first emerge from the egg. Out 118 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, of thirteen eggs only three larvee were found. The food-plant rotted and had to be thrown away, as it turned quite black ; one dead larva was found on the rotten plant. The old food-plant was put into a bottle with fresh leaves, but no larvee appeared. The best plan is to put one egg only in a very small bottle, when each larva emerges it can then be found without fail. (Mrs. 8. Robson.) Nore py Mr. pe Nictvi.e. Mrs. 8. Robson has very kindly sent me a live pupa of Camena cleobis, Godart, which I describe as follows :—Pupa attached to the underside of a leaf from which it hangs free, with no silk band across the middle as is usual in the Lycenide. It is fixed to the leaf by the anal segment, being attached to a small pad of pure white silk. The anal segment where it tonches the leaf is slightly widened out, thus forming a broad circular attaching base. The two following segments slightly decrease in width, beyond these the pupa is of the usual lyceenid shape. The dorsal view of the pupa presents almost a right-angle, the apex of the angle being slightly rounded. The abdominal view presents an angle of about 45°, the short portion of this view consisting of the three basal segments, beyond which is the long portion which is composed of the wing-cases and the head. The head ends in two short conical blunt processes ; behind these there is on each side a slight depression which bears a pure white dot, and probably answers to the eyes of the imago. On each side running down to the apices of the cone-like processes is a pure white line. The dorsum is smooth and humped in the middle. The first abdominal segment is the widest, and is produced into a broad blunt process anteriorly, which slightly overhangs the dorsum. The abdominal segments somewhat rapidly decrease in width, but again, as said before, widen out slightly where the anal one joins the leaf. The coloration throughout is dark umber- brown, with a broad lighter brown band on each side of the abdominal segments above, Mrs. Robson informs me that in another pupa in her possession the top of the head- case 18 green with a green bar on each side; the two conical head-processes are also green; also that the whole pupa can move to the extent of one-eighth of an inch, the “hinge” being at the point where the abdominal seements meet the wing-cases in the dorsal line. The pupa, on pressure being applied to the anterior thicker portion, touches the leaf to which it is attached at the anterior or head end, but it thee hack to the normal position when the pressure is removed. The fortunate discovery of the transformations of the species adds one more to the interesting list of the lyceenid pupe which are abnormal in their mode of attachment, lacking a silken girdle entirely. Ina note from de Nicéville, in Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, vol. ix., opposite p. 339, he states:—“In Mr. P. W. Mackinnon’s collection is a male specimen of HYPOLYCENING. 119 T. dizus, Hew., bred on 20th November 1894, from a pupa given by Mrs. Robson to Mr. Mackinnon, as a pupa of Camena cleobis, Godart. It appears therefore that Mrs. Robson incorrectly identified her specimens, and that the note viii. on p. 339, Life history of Camena cleobis, Godart, a lycxnid butterfly, should read, Life history of Tajuria dizus, Hewitson.” Hasirat.—N.W. Himalayas, Sikkim, Assam. Disrrrpution.—The type is labelled N. India; Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri and de Nicéville from Sikkim ; we have two males from the Khasia Hills, our description’ and figure are from them, and of the female from an example in the B. M. TAJURIA THRIA. Plate 727, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Tajuria thria, de Nicéville, Journ, Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 181, pl. T, figs. 38, $; 39, 9. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing black, with a slight gloss in some lights. Hindwing with the costa as far as the costal nervure whitish, the apex and outer margin narrowly and decreasingly black, towards the anal angle this black margin is reduced to an anteciliary thread, posteriorly inwardly defined by an equally fine thread; the abdominal margin as far as the sub-median nervure broadly whitish, outwardly becoming blackish, the rest of the wing glittering azure ; anal lobe black, bearing anteriorly a few blue scales ; tails black, with white tips, the outer, from the termination of the first median nervule the longer, the inner one from the termination of the sub-median nervure inwardly ciliated with white. Underside, both wings dull chrome-yellow, with a discal narrow darker line outwardly defined with whitish. Forewing has the discoidal cell closed by a pair of darker lines, the discal line is outwardly bowed, it commences at the costa and ends on the sub-median nervure ; there is a very obscure sub-marginal fascia ; the inner margin broadly pale. Hindwing has the discal band from the costa to the second median nervure straight, then zigzagged to the abdominal margin; the outer margin as far as the discal line, and from the anal angle to the third median nervule, anterior to which, but not quite reaching the apex of the wing, it is continued in a narrow sub-marginal fascia, white sprinkled with black scales, inwardly bearing a narrow lunular black line ; the anal lobe bears a large round deep black spot, anteriorly with a few metallic pale green scales, a large oval deep black spot in the first median interspace near the margin, a fine black anteciliary thread defined on both sides with an equally fine white thread. Cilia cinereous throughout. Female. Upperside. Forewing black, with a broad pale blue area from the inner margin to the median nervule, extending slightly into the first median interspace, 120 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. but not nearly reaching the outer margin. Hindwing with the costa and apex broadly black, the outer margin rapidly decreasingly black, the rest of the wing pale blue, otherwise as in the male. This interesting little butterfly belongs to a small but distinct group which hitherto has comprised three Northern Indian species, its geographical range extending from Masuri in the Western Himalayas to Assam, viz., JZ. megistia, Hewitson, T. yagna, Doherty, and T. istroidea, de Nicéville; from all these 7. thria may be known in the male in the hindwing being almost entirely cerulean-blue, the others having this colour confined to a more or less wide anterior patch ; in the same way the female may be known by the blue area in the hindwing on the upperside being of much ereater extent and almost reaching the outer margin, which is not the case in the three above-named species, the coloration of the underside of 7. thria agrees with that of T. megistia, being orange or dull chrome-yellow. Described from several males in the collection of Hofrath Dr. L. Martin and my own, taken in March and May, and a solitary female in Dr. Martin’s collection taken in July 1894, all from the Battack Mountains and from five males from the Dounat Range, Middle Tenasserim, Burma, in my own collection ; the type-specimens are from Sumatra. (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, 3 14%; to 14%, ? 1,35 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Sumatra. We have not seen this species; the figures are copies of de Nicéville’s figures. TAJURIA ISTROIDEA. Plate 727, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Tajuria istroidea, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 458, pl. 40, fig. 3, 9; id. Journ. As. Soe. Bengal, 1888, p. 286, pl. 14, g; id. Butt. of India, ii. p. 384, pl. 25, fig. 153, ¢ (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéyville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 387. Tajuria teza, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1899, p. 106. Imaco.—Male. Upperside black. J orewing without markings, uniformly black. ITindwing also uniformly black, except for a glittering elongated patch of azure-blue which extends from the base along the upper part of the wing, widening outwards to near the apex where it is rounded, occupying the outer half of the cell, and extending upwards close to the costal margin ; abdominal fold black, paling inwards and upwards ; anal lobe black, with some white scaling on it; the white continued up the outer margin in a fine anteciliary line which becomes obsolete before reaching the apex ; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black, with white tips from vein 3 to the anal lobe. Underside rufous-brown with an ochreous tint; very uniform in colour throughout. J orewing with a discal band of brown short lunules, outwardly HYPOLYCHANINA, 121 edged with white, very little beyond the middle of the wing, extending from near the costa to near the hinder margin, very slightly outwardly curved, the lowest lunule longer than the rest. Mindwing with a similar discal band a little nearer the margin, with an inward curve from the costal vein to vein 3, then downwards and inwards in a bluntly angular form to the abdominal margin above the anal lobe, touching the end of the sub-marginal series ; both wings with a sub-marginal series of lunular marks, outwardly edged with white, somewhat linear on the forewing, short and angular on the hindwing; a large black spot on the anal lobe, with a white mark above it, containing a brown line through the mark, the lower half of the outer margin broadly suffused with bluish-white, thickly irrorated with bluish-grey atoms, a black spot crowned with orange in the first interspace ; terminal line finely brown, becoming black hindwards where it has an inner white thread. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; frons black ; eyes ringed with white; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside. Forewing with the outer two-thirds black, the inner blue colour paler and duller in colour than the blue patch of the male, the blue very narrowly enters the cell, it fills the basal half of the median interspace, and the basal three-fourths of the space below. Hindwing nearly all pale blackish, the disc and base blue, outwardly and posteriorly for three-fourths of the space sprinkled with blue scales between the veins, the anal markings as in the male. Underside similar. Expanse of wings, ¢ 1545, 2 1 to 143; inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, N.W. Himalayas. DisrriputTion.—The types came from Sikkim and are in the Indian Museum, Caleutta; Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Masuri; we have both sexes from the Khasia Hills. The type of teza (of which we have two female examples) came from the Jaintia Hills; after a very careful examination of our specimens, we have come to the conclusion that the latter are but diminutive females of istroidea. TAJURIA MEGISTIA. Plate 727, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, ¢. Myrina megistia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 5, pl. Suppl. 3, figs 77, 78, ¢ (1869). Tajuria megistia, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 383 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 303. Imaco.—Male. Upperside black. orewing without markings, being uniformly black. Hindwing very nearly resembling the hindwing of T. istroidea, but the blue patch is somewhat narrower, on its lower side only just reaching to within the upper outer angle of the cell. Underside paler and much more ochreous, the discal bands more linear and outwardly well curved on the forewing; on the hindwing the discal band VOL. IX. R 122 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. comes down from the costa with a very slight inward curve to vein 2 (nearly straight), then in a series of sharp angles touching and running along the inner side of the anal series, curves to the abdominal margin; both wings with an indistinct sub-marginal line; a broad space from the anal lobe to vein 4 bluish-grey, containing darker grey spots, capped with white, the white caps inwardly edged by a fine black lunular line, a large black spot on the anal lobe, another in the first interspace. Cilia black on the forewing, grey on the hindwing, becoming white hindwards with black spots at the vein ends, a black terminal line with a white inner thread from the anal lobe upwards which becomes obsolete before reaching the apex. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip; frons white, with a black middle stripe; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside of a uniform black colour. Forewing with a blue stripe above the hinder margin, running from the base to one-fourth before the outer margin, pointed at both ends, limited by the median vein and its first branch, and by the sub- median vein, some of the blue scaling coming below the latter. Mindwing uniformly black, anal markings as in the male. Underside exactly similar. Expanse of wings, $ $ 14'5 to 14% inches. Hasirat.—Assam. We have received a good many examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills, a pair of which we figure; the female is here described for the first time ; though the male, especially on the upperside, is very like the male of T. istroidea, the female is very different. Hewitson’s type has no locality. TAJURIA YAJNA. Plate 727, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, ¢. Remelana yajna, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 128, and 1889, p. 134, pl. 10, fig. 7, g. Tajuria yajna, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 383 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Allied to Myrina megistia of Hewitson. Upperside, both wings black. Hindwing with upper part glistening azure from the first sub-costal to the discoidal nervule, extending beyond the cell (slightly) and almost to the costal nervure and the third median nervule, but not approaching the apex of the costa; anal lobe grey, touched with fulvous and bluish, a slender marginal bluish line on the lower part of the wing. Cilia black. Underside, both wings rufous-brown, darker at the apex of the forewing; a broken sub-marginal darker line obscurely visible. [indzwing crossed by a slender transverse line of fulvous, almost straight to the first median nervule, bordered outwardly with slender lines of black and white, continued by similar lines at right angles with it from the first median nervule to the abdominal margin. On the Forewing the line is chiefly white (the fulvous and black being obsolescent), HYPOLYCZANIN . 123 slender and sinuous, extending from the sub-median nervure almost to the costa. Hindwing, lower part with a large area of grey extending to the third median nervule, bordered outwardly with white and black lines, part of abdominal margin white ; anal black spot partly bordered with fulvous and silvery-lilac; a sub-marginal black- centred fulvous spot between the first and second median nervules; tails black, tipped with white, the outer more slender than the inner, and somewhat shorter. Antenne black, annulated with white, club black. Female unknown. Differs from 2. megistia, Hewitson, habitat unknown, in the ground colour of the underside which is dull rufous-brown, that of Hewitson’s species being orange (in his description) or orange-yellow (in his plate). (Doherty.) Expanse of wings, $ 1,3, inches. Hasirat.—Kumaon. Taken at Garjiaghat and Baghrihat, on the Kali, 2,500 to 3,000 feet elevation. We have not seen this species, and have not been able to ascertain where Doherty’s type now is ; our figures are copies of his. TAJURIA JANGALA. Plate 727, figs. 5, ¢, 5a, 9, 5b, ¢. Amblypodia jangala, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 113, 9 (1829). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 46, pl. la, fig. 11, ¢ (1857). Myrina jangala, Hewitson, Tl. Diurn. Lep. p. 37 (1865). Remelana jangala, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 37. Tajuria jangala, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 330 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 638. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 303. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 50, and 1897, p. 666. Myrina ravata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 776, pl. 12, fig. 11, 9. Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 5 (1869). Sithon westermannii, var. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 253. Sithon westermannti, var. andamanica, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, l.c. 1881, p. 249. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brownish-black. Forewing with the cell and the basal two-thirds below the median vein and its first branzh indigo-blue, somewhat shining and chiefly distinguishable in certain lights. Hindwing with the middle area of a similar shade of indigo-blue limited more or less to the cell and basal three-fourths of the median interspaces ; abdominal fold pale towards the base; anal lobe dull red with grey scales on each side, and a black cilia with a white mark in it; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black, with white tips. Underside ferruginous- brown, varying in shade of colour in different examples, sometimes more or less R 2 124 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ochreous-tinted ; markings slightly darker than the ground colour. Forewing with a slightly outwardly curved, rather thick, lunular discal line from vein 7 to vein 2, and a very indistinct sub-marginal fascia ; hinder margin of the wing broadly pale ; a very indistinct double line closing the cell. Mindwing with similar discocellular and discal markings, the latter slightly outwardly curved from the costa to vein 2, the last lunule outwardly edged with white, the first well inwards, the second only a little inwards, the others in an even curve, the series curving inwards to the abdominal margin in a V-shape and a short line of metallic blue scales, a metallic line of blue scaling continuing from the V-mark outwards for a short distance to near the outer margin, and a short line of similar scaling near the abdominal margin between the end of the discal series and the anal lobe; a dark terminal line with an inner white thread from the anal angle which becomes obsolete before reaching the apex of the wing. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a dull red tip; frons dark grey ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female very similar to the male above and below ; the wings are rather broader, the anal lobe on the underside is darker ferruginous than the rest of the wing, and there is a spot in the first interspace of the same colour, and a pale bluish-grey space between them, but all these are more or less only indicated in some male examples. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 154, to 145 inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Andamans, Java. DisTriButTion.—The types came from Java ; we have both sexes from Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, and from Ataran, Burma; Elwes records it from the Karen Hills, Watson from Chin Lushai and the Chin Hills. — TAJURIA MACULATA. Plate 728, figs. 1, ¢, 1a, 9, 1b, ¢ (Wet-season Brood), 1c, ¢, 1d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Tolaus maculatus, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 47, pl. 21, figs. 29, 30, 9 (1865). Cophanta maculata, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 36. Tajuria maculata, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 374, pl. 28, fig. 219, g (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 303. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 599. de Nicéville, Journ Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1899, p. 334. Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, ¢, la, ?, 1b, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with the costal space above the median vein and its second branch black, with sometimes one or two very small white marks above the latter ; the first median interspace for three-fourths its length white, with a little bluish-grey at its base, the first median nervule black, all the space below bluish- grey for three-fourths its length from the base, except for a little whitish below that HYPOLYCANINA. 125 nervule, the black marginal border expanding at the hinder angle of the wing and running decreasingly along the hinder margin to the middle. Hindwing with the costa narrowly white, the rest of the costal space down to the sub-costal vein to its end black, the outer marginal line also black, the abdominal fold greyish-white, the space alongside it rather broadly suffused with pale blackish, the remainder of the wing bluish-grey, or greyish-blue, variegated a little with pale whitish in parts ; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings pure white. Underside white ; with a number of large deep black spots. orewing with a spot in the middle of the cell, its upper end extending a little outside the cell, another at the end, a spot below the lower end just touching it, two smaller (twin spots) above, on the costa, a discal series of three spots, one just outside the lower outer end of the costal twin spot, another a little outwards touching vein 4, and the third (a twin spot) below it on the sub- median vein, a spot close to the apex, a sub-marginal spot on vein 5 and a linear sub-marginal spot alongside and close to the lower twin spot, a series of small linear marks between the sub-marginal spots. Hindwing with a sub-basal spot above the cell, its lower end just touching it, a linear spot at the end of the cell, a spot on the median vein, at the base of the first median nervule, a spot touching the sub-median vein and a smaller one close to the abdominal margin, the four spots from the discocellular spot to this one placed in a slightly inward curve ; a discal series of nine spots, the first near the costa above the discocellular spot, the next close to it below, but a little outwards, then two smaller spots in a line with the upper two, but well separated from them, the lower one close to the outer margin, the fifth placed a little below it but well inwards, these five more or less annular, and are followed inwards by three linear marks and an angulated mark reaching the abdominal margin a little above the anal angle, where there is a black line below it; a sub-marginal spot below the apex, with a small lunular spot above it and a series of small lunular spots in continuation to the anal angle. Antennz black, ringed with white, club with a dull red tip; frons white, with a black middle stripe; head and body black above, with bluish-grey pubescence, white beneath. Female. Upperside black, the inner area from the base to near the outer margin white, narrow at the base and increasing in width outwards, the white space limited above by the median vein and extending upwards outside the cell above vein 4 and extending hindwards nearly to the sub-median vein, varying in extent a little in different examples. The basal portion of the white space with some dark bluish-grey scales. Hindwing with the costa narrowly white, the costal space above the sub-costal vein black, the base of the wing suffused with blackish, with some bluish-grey scales, the outer margin with bluish-grey suffusion, broadening rapidly from the apex hindwards, the suffusion extending rather broadly up the abdominal space, inside the abdominal fold, which is pale and becomes white basally ; a series of pale black sub-marginal spots, LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. ‘kening in colour to the anal lobe, where the black spot is darkest, marginal line black, hh an inner white line from the anal lobe to the end of vein 3. Underside as in - male. Expanse of wings, $ ? 14% to 1485 inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 1c, 3, 1d, ?). Male. Upperside with the three interspaces outside the cell, and the whole of interior of the median interspace, with the exception of a small part where black outer marginal band runs round the hinder angle, almost pure white, re being only a few bluish-grey scales basally. Hindwing with the entire space ow the costal band pale bluish-grey, the upper dise whitish, the abdominal fold ite, the entire wing very pale and inclined to whitish, a very fine outer marginal ek line and some of the black spots of the underside visible through the wing. derside very pure white, spots disposed as in the other form, but much smaller. Female like its own male above and below, but on the upperside the white parts more extensive, and the ground colour of the wings paler and whiter. Expanse of wings, $ 1435 to 14% inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Borneo. Disrripution.—de Nicéville records it from Tenasserim, Sikkim and Sibsaghor in per Assam; it is a very common species in the Khasia Hills, from whence we have sived a great many examples of both sexes, of both forms. TAJURIA ILLURGIS. Plate 728, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢g. Tolaus illurgis, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 10, pl. 4, figs. 37, 38, g (1869). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529. Cophanta illurgis, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 36. Tajuria illurgis, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 375 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 304. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 666. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 387. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Lvrewing brownish-black, very similar to the upper- e of the wet-season form of 7. maculata, the black colour being perhaps a shade er, the central greyish-blue and white space more constricted ; the basal half of - first median interspace is white, a short narrow white streak above the second dian nervule, the basal half of the interno-median interspace white, outwardly fused with dark greyish-blue scales basally. /indwing with the costal space, ited by the sub-costal vein to its end, entirely brownish-black, the abdominal area Nin ate | belo Due HYPOLYCANINA. 127 suffused with pale blackish-brown, the abdominal fold a little paler, becoming nearly white basally, the rest of the wing dark greyish-blue, much darker than in 7. maculata ; anal lobe with a dull, small orange spot, ringed with black, an indistinct black, sub- terminal spot in each of the next two interspaces, a black marginal line with a whitish . inner line from the anal lobe, which becomes obsolete before reaching the apex of the wing ; tails black, tipped with white, the upper disc of the wing pale, somewhat whitish, the base somewhat darkly suffused. Underside white, with a bluish tint. Forewing with a thick blackish line closing the cell, an outwardly well curved, discal lunular line, from near the costa to near the sub-median vein, the middle lunules longer than the others and more outwardly curved, a sub-marginal pale thin band, and a still paler similar band near the margin. /indwing with a rather prominent deep black, short thick line or thin bar at the end of the cell, a discal outwardly well-curved lunular line, like that on the forewing, a pale sub-marginal, somewhat lunular band, a series of grey macular marks close to the margin, a small black spot in the first interspace, close to the margin capped with pale dull orange, an indistinct small blackish spot at the anal angle, with a small dull orange mark against it, terminal line black. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a dull red tip; frons white, with a black middle stripe ; head and body blackish above, whitish beneath. Female. Upperside. orewing with the middle space whiter and broader hind- wards, the bluish-grey basal suffusion duller in colour. Hindwing with the costal band paler than it is in the male, the rest of the wing more or less suffused with dark grey, with a pale whitish space in the upper disc divided by the veins, a sub-marginal row of black more or less lunular spots, black terminal line with an inner white thread. Underside as in the male, but on the forewing the discal line ends near the sub-median vein in a small diffuse black mark, and in the hindwing there is a small black sub-costal spot near the base. Expanse of wings, $ 1755, 2 14% to 14%; inches. Hasirat.—N.W, Himalayas, Sikkim, Assam, Burma. DistriBuTION.—Recorded by Watson from the Chin Hills, by Manders from the Shan States, by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Masuri; our descriptions and ficures are from a pair in the B. M. TAJURIA ILLURGIOIDES. Plate 728, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, 9. Tajuria illurgioides, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 375, pl. 28, fig. 218, 9. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. forewing brownish-black, a broad whitish space below the median nervure divided by veins 2 and 3, its basal portion suffused with blue. Hindwing with the costal space broadly brownish-black, the abdominal fold 128 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. grey, the rest of the wing dull greyish-blue, with some whitish in the upper disc, veins black, marginal line black, a black sub-terminal spot in each of the first two anal interspaces ; tails black, tipped with white. Underside greyish-white, markings much _ asin 7. dlurgis, but much more slender, the bar closing the cell in both wings linear and very slender, instead of thick and somewhat reniform as in 7. illurgis, and on the hindwing there is an additional small round black spot near the costal base of the wing placed below but touching the costal nervure, the orange caps also on the black sub-terminal anal spots are very obscure and sometimes wanting. Female like the male above and below, but the white middle space on the forewing above is generally much larger and more purely white. Expanse of wings, 3 15%;, 2 148 inches. Hasirat.—Naini Tal, Sikkim, Assam. We have both sexes from the Khasia Hills, from which our description and figures are taken. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Tajuria jalindra, Amblypodia jalindra, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 109 (1829). Myrina jalindra, Horstield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 50 (1857). Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p- 24, pl. 3a, Suppl. figs. 96, ¢, 97, 98, 9 (1878). Synonym, Sithon thymbrzeus, Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Schmett. figs. 671, 672, g (1832). Habitat, Java, Sumatra, Nias, Borneo. Tajuria jalajala, Myrina jalajala, Felder, Wien Ent. Mon. vi. p. 292 (1862); id. Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 238, pl. 30, figs. 7, 8 (1865). Habitat, Philippines. Tajuria travana, Sithon travana, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 38, pl. 17, figs. 59, 60, g (1865). Tajuria travana, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 246, pl. 22, fig. 4, 9 (1884). Habitat, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. Tajuria orsolina, Myrina orsolina, Hewitson, l.c. pl. 17, figs. 58, 59, ¢, 57, 9 (1865). Habitat, Celebes. Tajuria iapyx, Tolaus iapyx, Hewitson, l.c. p. 45, pl. 18, figs. 1, 2 (1865). Habitat, Celebes. Tajuria cyrillus, Iolaus cyrillus, Hewitson, l.c. pl. 20, figs. 21, 23 (1865). Habitat, Celebes. Tajuria iszus, Iolaus iseus, Hewitson, |.c. pl. 19, figs. 13, 14 (1865), and Suppl. p. 10, pl. 4, figs. 35, 36 (1869). Habitat, Sumatra, Borneo. Tajuria westermannii, Dipsas westermannii, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 241, pl. 20, figs. 21, 22 (1865). Habitat, Philippines. Tajuria burbona, Myrina burbona, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 24, pl. 3a, fig. 95 (1878). Habitat, Sumatra. Tajuria luculentus, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 38 (1890); id. Butt. of China, ete. i. p. 412 (1893). Habitat, Chang Yang, Central China. Tajuria vergara, Semper, Rhop. Philipp. v. p. 210 (1890). Habitat, Philippines. Tajuria blanka, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 39, pl. 4, fig. 4, 9. Habitat, N.E. Sumatra. Tajuria dominus, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 600, pl. 33, fig. 12, ¢. Habitat, Kina Balu, Borneo. Tajuria cyrus, H. H. Druce, lc. figs. 10, 6,11, 9. Habitat, Kina Balu. HYPOLYCANINA. 129 Tajuria cato, H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 601, pl. 33, figs. 13, g, 14, 9. Habitat, Kina Balu. Tajuria tussis, H. H. Druce, lc. figs. 8, ¢,9, 9, Habitat, Labuan, Borneo. Tajuria tura, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 301, pl. P, fig. 39, g. Habitat, W. Java, N.E. Sumatra. Tajuria berenis, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 674, pl. 31, fig. 6, ¢. Habitat, Kina Balu. Tajuria lucullus, H. H. Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1904, p. 141. Habitat, Kina Balu. Tajuria stigmata, H. H. Druce, lc. Habitat, Kina Balu. Genus MANTO. Manto, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 312. Pseudomyrina, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 606. Male. Forewing, costa regularly but slightly arched; apex rather rounded ; outer margin nearly straight; inner angle rounded; inner margin greatly bowed outwardly in the middle; costal nervure ending opposite to the apex of the discoidal cell; first sub-costal nervure arising nearer the apex of the cell than the base of the wing, slightly bowed forward near its base, but well separated from the costal nervure ; second sub-costal arising much nearer to the first than to the upper discocellular ; third sub-costal arising nearer to the apex of the wing than to the apex of the cell; sub- costal nervure terminating at the apex of the wing; upper discocellular nervule * stout, rather long, strongly outwardly oblique ; middle discocellular straight, upright ; lower discocellular also straight, upright, not quite twice as long as the middle discocellular ; second median nervule arising well before the lower end of the cell (the distance between the origins of the third and second median nervules about equals or is a little less than the length of the middle discocellular nervule) ; first median arises about twice as far from the second as the second does from the third; sub-median nervure sinuous, strongly bowed posteriorly at its middle. indwing, costa greatly arched throughout its length ; apex well rounded ; outer margin at first straight and even in the type species, very convex in J. martina, Hewitson, angled at the termination of the second and first median nervules; tails, two—a short one from the terminations of the first median nervule (3°15 of an inch or 3°5 mm. in length); a long one at the termination of the sub-median nervure (0°4 of an inch or 9 mm. in length in the type species, a good deal longer in M. martina, Hewitson) ; anal lobe small, abdominal margin excavated above the anal lobe, then straight to near the base, when it is inwardly curved ; costal nervure curved throughout its length, greatly so towards the base ; first sub-costal nervure arising well before the apex of the cell, slightly curved ; upper discocellular straight, outwardly oblique ; lower discocellular also straight, out- wardly oblique, but not so much so as the upper discocellular, a little longer than that * There is actually no upper discocellular nervule, what passes as such being the true basal portion of the upper discoidal nervule. VOL. IX. s 130 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. veinlet ; third and second median nervules arising together at the lower end of the cell ; first median arising at a distance from the second equal to the length of the lower discocellular nervule ; sub-median nervure straight ; internal nervure at first straight, its basal portion lying close to the basal portion of the sub-median nervure, then greatly bowed outwardly ; male secondary sexual characters consist of a large oval patch of black androconia placed in the costal interspace extending beyond the origin of the first sub-costal nervule, but not extending into the cell in the type species, across which lies a thick tuft of black hairs turned forwards across the androconal glandular patch, the roots of the hairs being just within the cell. Antenne exactly half the length of the costa of the forewing, with a thin elongated club; palpi rather long, porrect, scaly, the third joint long; thorax rather robust; abdomen not nearly reaching to the anal angle of the hindwing. Female. orewing has the inner margin straight, not outwardly bowed as in the male, the sub-median nervure consequently straight also. Hindwing with no androconal patch. Otherwise as in the male. Type, Myrina hypoleuca, Hewitson. (de Nicéville.) MANTO MARTINA. Plate 729, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, 6. Myrina martina, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 3, pl. 2, figs. 70, 71 (1869). Manto martina, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 314, pl. P, fig. 44, 9. Pseudomirina martina, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 606. Imaco.—Male. Upperside cerulean-blue. orewing with very broad black apical border, which is continued narrowly along the costa above the sub-costal vein from the end of the cell to the base, the inner margin of the black apical band extends irregularly from the end of the cell to the first median nervule a short distance from the outer margin, the band then runs down the margin to the hinder angle and along the hinder margin fora short distance, the rest of the wing is blue. Hindwing with the costal space pale, nearly white ; a large oval black patch below it extending from the base to beyond the end of the cell, and filling the cell, the abdominal space suffused with blackish, the fold pale blackish, the lower half of the abdominal margin white, limited hindward by the sub-median vein ; the rest of the wing blue, but of a paler shade than the blue colour of the forewing; a narrow black outer marginal band which narrows hindwards to a mere marginal line. Cilia of forewing black, with pale edges, of hindwing with white edges; tails white, with a black middle lme. Underside chrome- * Tn M. martina, Hewitson, the androconal patch is larger than in the type, and extends into the discoidal cell, the roots of the hairs being in the cell. HYPOLYCZENINA. 131 yellow. Forewing with the hinder marginal area broadly pale. Hindwing with a black spot in the anal lobe, with a little whitish suffusion on each side of it, and a short, thin, black transverse line above it, a larger black sub-terminal spot in the first interspace ; terminal line finely black, with some whitish on its inner side. Antenne black, white beneath ; frons white, with a black middle stripe ; eyes ringed with white ; head and body black above, yellow beneath. Female. Upperside brown. J orewing without markings. Hindwing with the anal third white, its inner edge irregular, a dull brown mark on the abdominal margin a third from the anal angle, a small black spot on this margin below it, a large black spot in the next interspace a little inwards, another large black spot in the following interspace a little outwards, followed by a small black sub-marginal spot in each of the next two interspaces ; terminal line black. Cilia as in the male, brown on the forewing, white on the hindwing ; tails white, with a brown middle stripe. Underside. Forewing chrome-yellow, paler than in the male, and paling towards the base. Hindwing greyish- white, slightly tinted with chrome-yellow at the costa and apex; the anal spots and white space as on the upperside, the spots, however, are larger and more prominent, and the white space is limited by a black sinuous line which runs right across its inner edge. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1355 to 1485 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo. Distripution.—The type male in the B. M. came from Borneo, we have it from Java, de Nicéville records it from the Malay Peninsula and from the Ataran Valley, Tenasserim ; our description and figures are from a male in our collection and from a female in the B. M. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Manto hypoleuca, Myrina hypoleuca, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 38, pl. 17, figs. 54, 55, g (1865). Habitat, Java. : Manto inopinata, Myrina inopinata, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1883, p. 159. Habitat, Nias. : Genus OPS. Ops, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 298. Male. Forewing, ample; costa regularly arched throughout its length; apex rather acute; outer margin convex; inner angle rounded; inner margin nearly straight, slightly concave in the middle ; costal nervure terminating on the costa about opposite the apex of the discoidal cell ; first sub-costal nervule arising nearer to the apex of the cell than to the base of the wing, near its origin slightly bent towards the costal nervure ; second sub-costal arising nearer to the origin of the first sub-costal than to the upper discocellular nervule ; third sub-costal arising nearer to the apex of the 8 2 132 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. wing than to the apex of the cell; upper discocellular nervule minute, outwardly oblique ; middle and lower discocellulars upright, in one straight line, the middle shorter than the lower ; second median nervule arising well before the lower end of the cell ; first median arising rather less than twice as far from the second as the second does from the third ; sub-median nervure slightly sinuous ; a large round patch of androconia on the upperside of the wing occupying the outer end of the cell, anteriorly bounded by the second sub-costal, posteriorly by the first median nervule. indwing, with costa greatly arched at the base, regularly arched to the apex; apex well rounded ; outer margin straight as far as the second median nervule when it is suddenly angled, from this tooth-like projection the outer margin is sinuated as far as the anal lobe; anterior to the anal lobe is an excavation; abdominal margin convex; tails two, of nearly equal length, the inner rather the longer perhaps, arismg from the terminations of the sub-median nervure and first median nervule; costal nervure much arched at the base, regularly arched to the apex of the wing ; first sub-costal nervule also arched at the base, arising well before the apex of the cell; discocellular nervules straight, strongly outwardly oblique, the upper a little sharper than the lower ; second median nervule arising close to the lower end of the cell; first median arising much nearer the end of the cell than the base of the wing; sub-median and internal nervures nearly straight. Female differs from the male in both wings being broader, and in the absence of the ‘‘male mark” in the forewing. Type, Ops ogyges, de Nicéville. This genus is certainly allied to those which are clustered around Camena, Hewitson, and Tajuria, Moore. It is, however, unique as far as Indian genera go, at any rate in the group which has two short tails to the hindwing in both sexes arising from the sub-median nervure and first median nervule, and three sub-costal nervules to the forewing, in the secondarily sexual characters of the male. The genera Arrheno- thria, de Nicéville, and Camena have tufts of hair on the inner margin of the forewing towards the base of the wing turned under and forwards, which is entirely wanting in the genus Ops; nor does it possess the glandular patch of scales on the hindwing towards the base of the costa found in those two genera and also in Maneca, de Nicéville : but, instead, it possesses a large round patch of androconia on the upperside of the forewing near its middle. As regards “male marks” it is nearest to Maneca, but that genus has it on the hindwing instead of on the forewing. From Maneca it differs considerably in the outline of the wings, the forewing has the costa much more convex, in Maneca it is nearly straight, and the hindwing is produced outwardly tooth- like at the termination of the second median nervule, which is not the case in Waneea. In neuration and outline it agrees very closely with Tajuria, especially with Tajuria jalindra, Horsfield, and its local races, T. indra, Moore, T. tarpina, Hewitson, but the HYPOLYCANINEA. 133 presence of the “male mark” separates the species of Ops from all those of Tajuria. (de Nicéville.) OPS OGYGES. Plate 729, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Ops ogyges, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo, Nat, Hist. Soc, 1895, p. 298, pl. P, figs. 36, g, 37, 9. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wirigs iridescent pale cerulean-blue in some lights, iridescent emerald-green in other lights. Forewing with the base of the costa pale ochreous ; the outer half of the discoidal cell, the apex very broadly, and the outer margin decreasingly black ; in certain lights the large circular patch of shining fuscous androconia is very prominent. indwing with the costa broadly black, the abdominal margin broadly whitish, the outer margin with an anteciliary black thread ; the anal lobe black, powdered over with white scales and bearing inwardly a small ferruginous patch; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black. Underside, both wings dull brownish-fuscous, of almost the same shade as in Camena cleobis, Godart ; an outer discal or sub-marginal prominent narrow dark fuscous line ; a very indistinct marginal fascia. Morewing with a discal line nearly straight, only slightly outwardly curved commencing on the sub-costal nervure beyond the point where the third sub-costal nervure arises, ending on the sub-median nervule. Hindwing has the discal line quite straight from the costa to the third median nervule, afterwards to the abdominal margin it is regularly zigzagged; a small round black spot in the first median interspace well removed from the outer margin; inwardly crowned narrowly with orange, outwardly bearing some metallic turquoise-blue scales; the next interspace bears on the margin a few turquoise-blue scales touching the sub-median nervure; the anal lobe bears a moderate-sized round black spot, narrowly anteriorly crowned with orange, outwardly with some metallic turquoise-blue scales ; a narrow black anteciliary line. Cilia of both wings of the colour of the ground of the wings. Body above throughout very hairy, pale blue, the abdomen beneath ochreous. Female. Upperside, both wings pale dull blue without any metallic lustre whatever. orewing with blue coloration of much greater extent than in the male, owing to the absence of “‘ male mark,” and occupying the whole of the discoidal cell. Hindwing with the traces of a sub-marginal black band ; an indistinct round black spot in the first median interspace ; otherwise as in the male. The female of this species appears to be nearest to the same sex of Tajuria mantra, Felder, of which there is a single example in the collection of the Indian Museum, Caleutta, from Mergui, taken in March by Dr. J. Anderson. It differs from this specimen, as also from Felder’s description and figure, in the small extent of the yellow coloration at the anal angle of the hindwing on the underside. In this respect it agrees 134 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. with Hewitson’s figure of Jolaus mantra in Ill. Diurn. Lep., Lycenide, pl. xx. fig. 24, female (1865), which figure appears to have been taken from what Hewitson, on page 46, n. 20, calls a “ var.” from Macassar in Celebes, which is said to have the hindwing on the upperside “all brown,” in O. ogyges it is nearly all blue. Distant has evidently figured a female of the true 7. mantra in Rhop. Malayana, p. 245, n. 2, pl. xxi. fig. 11 (1884). Tajuria relata, Distant, lc. p. 246, n. 3, pl. xxi. fig. 12, female (1884), is perhaps still more nearly allied to O. ogyges than is 7’. mantra, but that species differs from the same sex of QO. ogyges in its smaller size, and the greatly curved form of the discal line on the underside of the forewing ; in O. ogyges it is almost straight. Described from five males and a female in my collection. (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, $ 14% to 1455, 2 14% inches. Hasirat.—Maulmein, Tenasserim, Burma. We have not seen this species, the types are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, we therefore give copies of de Nicéville’s figures. OPS ATA. Plate 729, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 6. Ops xta, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 299, pl. P, fig. 38, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings pale shining (but not iridescent) cerulean-blue. orewings with the base of the costa pale ochreous, the rest of the costa, the apex very broadly and the outer margin decreasingly black; the large round discal patch of black androconia is not very distinct, but can be seen in some lights as a darker shade. Hindwing with the costa very broadly black, extending as far as the second sub-costal nervule; the outer margin decreasingly black, reduced to a fine anteciliary thread at the third median nervule ; anal lobe black, anteriorly obscurely crowned with ferruginous, sprinkled throughout thickly with white scales ; tails black, edged and tipped with white.- Cilia of both wings fuscous. Underside, both wings pale reddish-brown, outwardly becoming whitish; the discocellular nervules marked with a dark brown line, a dark brown discal line, and an obscure sub-marginal fascia. Jorewing has the discal line gently outwardly curved, formed of outwardly curved lunules, each lunule crowning an interspace, the base commences on the sub-costal nervule just within the point where the third sub-costal nervule originates, and ends on the sub-median nervule; the inner margin up to the sub- median fold white. Hindwing with the discal line throughout its length highly irregular, posteriorly it is zigzagged and recurved to the abdominal margin ; a minute black spot surrounded by a narrow ferruginous ring in the first median interspace, between this spot and the outer margin, and the next two interspaces towards the anal angle, black thickly sprinkled over with white scales; the anal lobe bears a HYPOLYCHNIN. 135 small round deep black spot, crowned with ferruginous; body above very pilose, pale blue, beneath ochreous. O. zxta is near to O. ogyges, de Nicéville, but differs in many important particulars. The coloration of the upperside is different, it is not iridescent, and is never emerald- green in any light; in the forewing there is less blue on the inner margin, the black area on the outer margin being broader, and there is more blue in the discoidal cell ; the “male mark” is less prominent. On the hindwing the outer margin is more broadly black, in O. ogyges it bears a black anteciliary thread only. On the underside the ground colour of both wings is redder, the discocellular nervules are marked with a dark line, the discal line is more irregular, and in the forewing is further removed from the outer margin. It appears to be allied to Myrina deudorix, Hewitson,* from Mindanao in the Philippines (Hewitson and Semper), but that species has the discal line on the under- side of both wings “ white bordered inwardly with brown.” On the upperside the two species hardly differ. Described from two male examples in my collection. (de Nicéville.) Expanse of wings, S 1%; inches. Hasirat.— Burma. Described from specimens taken at Maulmein and Tenasserim ; we have not seen this species, the types being in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, we therefore figure copies of de Nicéville’s figures. OPS MELASTIGMA. Plate 729, figs. 4, g, 4a, 2, 4b, g. Tajuria melastigma, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 460, pl. 40, fig. 1, g. Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 360. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 379 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 303. Ops melastigma, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 801. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1896, p. 387. Imaco.—Male. Upperside cerulean-blue, of a very bright and beautiful shade cf colour. Forewing with a large quadrate shining sexual mark at the end of the cell, limited hindwards by vein 2, and upwards by vein 6, a black costal band, its lower edge running slightly into the cell, and heavily round the cell end, then upwards over the sexual mark and round it down to vein 2, then in a much narrower form to the hinder angle, the sexual patch in some lights has a coppery tint. /Zindwing with the costal space and abdominal fold grey, a narrow black band on the outer margin which slightly thickens round the apex of the wing ; anal lobe and inner tail greyish- * Til. Diurn. Lep. Lycznidex, p. Supplement 2, n. 43, pl. Supplement ii. figs. 64, 65, male (1869). 136 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. red, outer tail black, both tipped with white. Underside dull, pale, pinkish-grey, markings darker, fine and somewhat indistinct. orewing with a nearly straight discal line of disconnected, linear marks, one in each interspace, from above vein 6 to the sub-median nervure, the series rather closer to the outer margin than is usual. [Hindwing with a similar but somewhat irregular outwardly curved series, very sinuous below its middle and bent inwards in a W-shape to the abdominal margin, both wings with indications of a sub-marginal series; anal lobe with a dull red spot, crowned with pale orange, a smaller very indistinct spot in the first median interspace, with some white scales in the interspace between them, a terminal dark line. Cilia of both wings blackish-brown. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; frons red; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside of a duller shade of blue than in the male. Forewing with the black borders broader, and, in consequence of the absence of the sex mark, more even. 7indwing with the costal and outer marginal bands rather broad and of a dull blackish-brown. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 13°5 to 13%; inches. Larva.—In September, on the Godhali Hill close to Karwar, we obtained five small larve feeding on the velvety Loranthus tomentosus, which we hoped would turn out to be Camena cippus, Fabricius, as they closely resembled the larve of C. deva, Moore. Three of these died, but the others, to our surprise, turned into this species. They were very similar to those of C. deva, but the end of the anal segment was prolonged into two short points. The colour also was redder, and they had two lateral red lines. Just before they became pupz, the central segments became contracted, and a triangular green mark, meeting on the back, appeared on each side. Pura, suspended along a leaf or stem, and was very similar in shape to that of Camena cleobis, Godart; it had, however, two extra points on the second segment, a tubercle on the shoulder, and a conical lateral tubercle on segments 6, 7, and 8, as also a roughened dorsal rising on the same segments. In colour it was a dark apple-green, whitened on the wing cases; the last five segments yellow-brown, marked dorsally with black and white ; head points pure white ; a white mark along the sides of the thorax suffused with brown. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, South India, Burma. DistRIBUTION.—The male type from Sikkim and the female type from the Nilgiris are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; de Nicéville says there is a female from Rangoon in the Phayre Museum, Rangoon, and a male from the Khasia Hills in coll. Hamilton ; Davidson, Bell and Aitken record it from Karwar ; we have a male from the Khasia Hills, and there are both sexes in the B. M. from which our description and figures are taken. HYPOLYCENINZ 137 INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Ops deudoriz, Myrina deudorix, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 2, pl. Suppl. 2, figs. 64, 65 (1869). Habitat, Philippines. Genus CREON. Creon, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 179. Imaco.—Male. Forewing, triangular, broad ; costa arched at base, straight in the middle, deflected posteriorly at the apex ; apex acute; outer margin strongly convex ; inner angle rather acute; inner margin much bowed posteriorly in the middle, to the edge of this bowed portion are attached two pencils of hairs, the interior one is narrow, long, deep black, directed obliquely outwardly, under and forwards, and extends a little beyond the sub-median fold, the exterior one is broad, short, and pale ochraceous ; costal nervule ending opposite to the apex of the discoidal cell ; first sub-costal nervule arising nearer to the apex of the cell than to the base of the wing, well separated from the costal nervule ; second sub-costal arising twice as far from the upper discocellular as from the first sub-costal nervule ; third sub-costal short, arising much nearer to the apex of the wing than to the apex of the cell ; sub-costal nervure ending at the apex of the wing, upper discocellular nervule (this is actually the base of the upper discoidal nervule) stout, rather long, strongly outwardly oblique; middle discocellular very slightly concave, upright ; lower discocellular straight, in the same straight line with and rather longer than the middie discocellular; second median nervule arising well before the lower end of the cell; first median arising nearer the lower end of the cell than to the base of the wing, arising about twice as far from the second as the second does from the third; sub-median nervule slightly sinuous. Hinduwing, costa greatly arched at base, then to apex, forming a very obtuse angle, the two sides forming this angle of very nearly equal length, each side almost straight; apex well rounded, outer margin at first slightly concave, produced from the apex of the second median nervule to the anal lobe; tails two, short, the anterior one from the termination of the first median nervule rather longer than the posterior one from the termination of the sub-median nervule; anal lobe rather small; abdominal margin excavated anterior to the anal lobe, then greatly convex to the base of the wing; costal nervule short, much arched at base, arched again in the middle ; a small round deep black patch of androconia on the upper side in the middle of the sub-costal interspace well separated from the veins on either side of it, placed in a line with the base of the upper discocellular nervule ; first sub-costal nervule arched throughout its length, ending at the apex of the wing, arising well before the apex of the cell; upper discocellular nervule nearly straight, strongly outwardly oblique, lower discocellular also straight, not so strongly outwardly oblique as the upper discocellular, of the same length; VOL. IX. T 138 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. third median nervule much arched throughout its length; second median arising immediately before the lower end of the cell ; first median arising nearer the lower end of the cell than the base of the wing, arising about twice as far from the second as the second does from the third; sub-median nervule straight; internal nervure short, bowed outwardly close to its base. Antennze about half the length of the costa of the forewing, with a lengthened rather slender club; eyes naked; palpi naked, porrected forwards, the third joint not rising above the level of the top of the head ; thorax small ; abdomen not nearly reaching to the anal angle of the hindwing. Female. Wings broader than in the male. orewings, inner margin, instead of being bowed out as in the male, is emarginate in the middle, and has no tufts of hair attached to its edge and turned under and forwards as in the male. Hindwing, costa regularly and evenly arched throughout its length; costal nervule long, ending at the apex of the wing, in the male it is short, and the first sub-costal nervule ends at the apex ; no androconal patch of modified scales in the sub-costal interspace. Otherwise as in the male. Type, C. ecleobis, Godart. This genus is allied to Camena, Hewitson (= Pratapa, Moore), but differs in its male secondary sexual characters. In the forewing it has two (instead of one) tufts of hair attached to the inner margin, which is a unique feature in the Lyceenide as far as I am aware; and the androconal patch on the hindwing is very much smaller, being confined to the middle of one interspace, instead of extending into several interspaces as in C\ ctesia, Hewitson (the type of Camena), and C. deva, Moore (the type of Pratapa, Moore). The hindwing is also more bowed forwards in the middle, forming there an obtuse angle, and is more produced in the anal region from the lobe to the second median nervule than in those species. (de Nicéyille.) CREON CLEOBIS. Plate 730, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢, le, larva and pupa. Polyommatus cleobis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 634 (1823). Tolaus cleobis, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 43, pl. 18, figs. 8, 9, ¢; 10, Q (1865). Pratapa cleobis, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 49. Camena (Pratapa) cleobis, Hampson, Journ As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 360. Camena cleobis, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 343 (1890), Watson, Journ. Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 49. Swinhoe, Trans, Ent. Soc, 1893, p. 302. Creon cleobis, de Nicéyille, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 181. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id, 1896, p. 385, pl. 5, fig. 1, la, larva and pupa. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 386. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant blue, sometimes dark sky-blue, but varying somewhat in shade of colour. orewing with more than the apical third and the outer third of the cell black, the remaining short basal portion of the costa narrowly black, HYPOLYCENIN. 139 the outer margin from vein 2 to the hinder angle with little more than a thick black line. Hindwing with the glandular patch below the costa grey; abdominal fold pale grey, outer marginal line black ; anal lobe with a black and an orange spot on its inner side, the rest of the lobe with black and blue scales; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black, with white tips on the lower part of the hindwing. Underside creamy-brown, a fine red-brown, somewhat sinuous discal line across both wings, slightly outwardly curved on both wings, becomes angular on the lower part of the hindwing, and turns inwards in a regular curve to the abdominal margin a little above the anal angle; a black spot on the anal lobe, another in the first interspace, both capped with orange, with some blue and grey scales outside and in the interspace between them ; marginal line dark brown, with an inner white thread which becomes obsolete upwards. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; frons white ; eyes ringed with white; head and body brown above, head and thorax with blue pubescence, grey beneath. Female. Upperside pale blue. Forewing with blackish-brown costal band, which broadens at the apex, but not nearly so broad as it is in the male, narrowing on the outer margin, the inner margin of the blackish-brown band nearly evenly curved. Hindwing with the costal space blackish-brown, a series of blackish spots on the outer margin, abdominal fold grey. Underside paler than in the male, markings similar. Expanse of wings, $ $ 14% to 14 inches. Larva, feeds on Loranthus elasticus, Desr., apparently only on the flowers. It is very similar in shape to Jajuria longinus, Fabricius (=cippus, p. 104), only it is more swollen on the 11th and 12th segments, producing constriction in the middle of the abdomen ; it is semicircular in front, humped at segment 4, and slightly thickened laterally, being broadest at the 6th segment, segments 7 to 10 are toothed dorsally ; the anal end is nearly square ; the surface is rough and shiny, the head well concealed and glossy. In colour the larva is greenish-yellow, with’a dorsal brownish band, segments 8 and 9 being, however, deep red-brown, with a white dorsal patch, and segment 10 dark green, with a sub-dorsal whitish line. Popa like that of C. deva, Moore, but has a small conical point in front of each éye ; the anal column is long, and consists of segments 10 to 14; the colour is green, suffused with white on the thorax, the abdomen being yellow-green, with a pinkish dorsal band. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasirat. —India, Burma. DistriBuTION.—Recorded by Hampson from the Nilgiris, by Watson from the Chin Hills, by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Masuri, by de Nicéville from Bolahat in the Malda district, Dinapore, Calcutta and Upper Burma. The type came from Bengal ; we have both sexes from Sikkim and the Khasia Hills. Nore.—In Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, there is a very interesting and mee 140 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. intelligent account of the life history of Camena cleobis, by Mrs, Robson, with a note by de Nicéville ; but amongst Moore’s notes we have found one from de Nicéville, in his own handwriting, intimating that the species was wrongly identified, and that the life history belongs to Tajuria dizus, Hewitson, where we have placed it. (p. 115.) Genus PRATAPA. Pratapa, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 108 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 338 (footnote), (1896). Camena, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 47 (1865), (pre-occupied in Coleoptera). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 529. de Nicéville, lc. p. 338 (1890). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 350 (1893). Eyes naked. Forewing long; the middle discocellular very short, less than half the length of the lower, slightly outwardly oblique, the lower discocellular upright, slightly concave, vein 2 from one-third before lower end of cell, 3 from a little before the end, 12 ends on the costa opposite end of cell, 11 emitted from the middle of the cell, 10 from one-third, 9 from middle of 7 ; wing triangular; costa more or less arched at the base, apex pointed, outer margin convex below the apex, hinder margin convex in the middle, and with a tuft of hair beneath, long and thick. FTindiwing with the upper discocellular outwardly oblique, the lower of equal length, straight, outwardly oblique, but less so than the upper; vein 7 emitted at one-half before upper end of cell, 3 at one-fifth and 2 at about one-half before lower end; submedian nervure straight, internal nervure much recurved ; wing broadly conical, with a large circular glandular patch of scales at the base of the sub-costal nervure ; costa much arched, outer margin sinuous, abdominal margin long, with two tails; the anal angle lobed. Antennze stout, body robust. Type, P. deva, Moore. PRATAPA CTESIA. Plate 730, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Camena ctesia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 48, pl. 20, figs. 1, 2, g¢ (1865). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1883, p. 530. Elwes, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 394, pl. 8, fig. 6, Q. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p- 275, pl. 95, g (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 340, pl. 28, fig. 215, g (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 302. Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 351 (1893). Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant blue. orewing with broad black marginal bands, narrow on the costa to the end of the cell, where it is joined toa large black nearly round patch outside the cell end; the band broad at the apex, narrowing slightly down the outer margin and extending in a bulged form to the middle of the hinder margin and from thence to the base in a paler suffused form ; the veins between the black HYPOLYCANINA. 141 patch and the sub-marginal band black. Hindwing with a moderately broad costal and apical black band, the latter gradually narrowing down the outer margin to a fine point at vein 2, and then in a thin black line to the anal angle, the outer portions of all the veins streaked with black ; abdominal fold blackish-brown, some blackish basal suffusion ; anal lobe grey, tinged with pale blue with a minute black dot in it; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black, with pale edges. Underside shining glossy grey ; markings blackish-brown. orewing with a narrow bar closing the cell, a discal outwardly and evenly curved series of small disconnected spots, from the costa to near the sub-median vein. /indwing with a sub-costal spot near the base, a ringed bar at the end of the cell, constricted in its middle, a discal outwardly curved series of nine disconnected spots, its lower portion curving in to the abdominal margin, the third well separated from the second and somewhat outwards ; a black anal spot, another in the first interspace, both capped with orange ; a black terminal line, some white inside it between the two spots and continued as a white anteciliary line up the wing, an indistinct sub-marginal pale narrow fascia. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip; frons black, with a white middle stripe; head and body black above, grey beneath. Female. Upperside without the large black patch on the forewing, otherwise it is similar to the male above and below. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14°; to 13%; inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, W. China. DistRIBUTION.—Common in Sikkim and the Khasia Hills, from whence we have received many examples; the female is rare; Elwes records it from the Jaintia Hills, from which we have also received it. PRATAPA ARGENTEA. Plate 730, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Pratapa argentea, Aurivillius, Ent. Tidskr. 1897, p. 146. Tolaus cippus, Butler (part), Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 186 (1869). Hewitson (nec Fabricius), Tl. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 11, Suppl. iv. figs. 30, 40, g¢ (1869). Camena cippus, Moore (nec Fabricius), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 530. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 340 (1860). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 530. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p- 636. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 302. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 384. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant turquoise-blue, veins finely black. Lorewing with a black costal band which just enters the cell to its end, becomes very broad at the apex and fairly broad down the outer margin, narrowing a little to the hinder angle, the inner margin of the band rounded. HWindwing with the costal margin 142 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. broadly black, narrowing rapidly round the apex and becoming narrow on the hinder third of the wing, abdominal fold also black; the small anal lobe black, with a blue spot in it on its outer side ; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black, with white tips. Underside silvery-white highly glossed, with a discal, very finely brown sinuous line across both wings, often obsolete on the forewing, its lower part on the hindwing curving round to the abdominal margin; a black anal spot, another in the first interspace, both capped with orange ; both wings with a brown marginal line with an inner whitish thread. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; frons black, with a fine middle white line; eyes ringed with white ; head and body blackish above with blue pubescence, grey beneath. Female. Upperside paler than the male, but also glistening. Morewing with the black marginal bands broader, especially on the outer margin. Hindwing with the costal and marginal bands as in the male. Underside with the ground colour very unlike that of the male, being grey with a faint coppery tint, not glistening silvery white as im the male, the markings are however very similar, Expanse of wings, ¢ 175 to 145, $ 14% inches. Larva, feeds on a leafless hanging parasite, Viscum angulatum; it is not like other Camenas, being green and furry. Pura, of the usual type, but flattened, a good deal like that of Curetis, with more of a waist. It is a splendid representation of a monkey’s face, when looked at from above. (Davidson, from Bell’s notes, after rearing the insect.) Nors.—A similar curious resemblance to a monkey’s face is represented in the pupa of Spalgis epius, Westwood, in our vol. vii. p. 234, pl. 628, figs. 3c, 3d, 3e, Hasirat.—Nepal, Simla, Assam, Bhutan, Burma, Karwar. DIsSTRIBUTION.—Manders records it from the Shan States, Elwes from the Garo Hills, Hewitson from Simla, Moore from Nepal, de Nicéville from Sibsaghar in Upper Assam, Jorehat, Buxa, Bhutan ; Davidson, Bell and Aitken from Karwar; we have received numerous males from the Khasia Hills. Our description and figures of the male are from a Khasia Hill example, and of the female from a specimen kindly lent to us by Mr. Davidson. Nors.—Aurivillius, in his remarks as to the Fabrician types in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, states *:—‘‘ Hesperia cippus, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 429 (1798). Two males which belong to the genus Yajuria (Moore), de Nicéville, and exactly correspond on the upperside with Moore’s figure (Lep. Ceylon, pl. 42, fig. 2) of T. longinus ; on the underside the forewings, as Fabricius rightly says, are entirely of one colour, without a trace of any markings, besides the underside agrees almost exactly with the drawing of 7’. longinus, de Nicéville. By comparing the Fabrician type with an example of 7’. longinus, Auct., from Java, I find the yellow on the inner border of * Ent. Tidskr, 1897, p. 146. HYPOLYCHNINA. 143 the black eye-spots of the underside of the hindwings of the type much smaller and narrower than in the specimen from Java, and that the space between them is decorated with blue atoms. The form described as TJ. lonyinus, Auct., can therefore perhaps be reckoned as a variety of 7. cippus, Fabr. “For Pratapa (Camena) cippus, de Nicéville (Butt. of India, iii. p. 340), which, as such, Fabricius never knew, I give the name of P. argentea. “ Hesperia longinus,* Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 430. “The type is missing. The description agrees fully with the description of H. cippus, with the exception that longinus should have only one small tail to the hindwing. No such Indian Lycenid is known to me, and if there is no such a specimen, longinus has, without doubt, been described from a defective specimen of cippus.” PRATAPA DEVA. Plate 750, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢, 4c, larva and pupa. Amblypodia deva, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 46 (1857). Tolaus deva, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 42, pl. 18, figs. 4, 5, ¢; 3, 9 (1865). Pratapa deva, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 108 (1881), and vol. iii. p. 531, pl. 210, fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 9 (1887). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 128. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 1897, p. 665, Camena deva, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 341 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p- 530. Swinhoe, id. 1893, p. 302. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 384, pl. 5, £. 2, 2a, Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 385, pl. 5, fig. 16a, 16b, larva ; 16c, 16d, pupa. Pratapa lila, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 529, pl. 49, fig. 9, g. Camena lila, de Nicéville, Butt, of India, iii. p. 342 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside blue, with a mauve tint. Forewing with. the median, the basal part of vein 3 and the sub-medians black, the apical black band very broad, occupying more than a third of the wing, its inner margin rounded, narrowing - gradually on the outer margin, the band near the hinder angle being fairly broad, on the costa it rapidly narrows, the basal third quite narrow. /indwing with the costa broadly black, bulging hindwards below the glandular patch of scales; a narrow outer marginal black band ; some blackish suffusion along the abdominal area, the fold grey ; the marginal band ending in black spots in the three anal interspaces ; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia black, with pale tips. Underside cream colour; a series of very thin discal, disconnected, brown linear marks across both wings, generally obsolescent on the forewing, curving round to the abdominal margin a little above the anal angle on the hindwing, the tuft of hairs attached to that portion of the inner margin of the forewing which is strongly bowed outwardly, is black, and very long and thick. Hindwing with * Referred to on p. 105, 144 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. a black anal spot, another in the first interspace, both capped with very pale orange ; a sub-marginal series of pale grey lunules, and indications of another series close to the margin. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; frons white, with two brown lines in it; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside paler and duller in colour than the male, the marginal black bands similar, without the bulge on the costal band of the hindwing, there being of course no sex mark, the outer portion of the blue area on the forewing often very much paler than the rest of the wing, all the veins on both wings fairly black. Underside as in the male, the discal and sub-marginal bands more prominent. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 133, to 1355 inches. Larva, feeds on the small velvety Loranthus tomentosus; it resembles in an extraordinary way the leaf of the food-plant, so much so that we have had to examine the plant again and again before the caterpillars had all been found when changing their food. It is of a woodlouse form, but with a distinct sharp ridge on the back, making a section almost triangular. When it is extended or bent, the segments are widely divided from one another. The texture is velvety, like the leaf on which it is found ; in colour it is dull greenish, with a pinkish-yellow tinge on the sides and the ridges of the back. Pupa, fastened by the tail only, along a leaf or stalk, is smooth, blunt at the head, with a hoof-shaped anal segment; the thorax is humped and convex; the abdomen is broad and high at segment 7, the fifth segment being suddenly higher than the fourth, making the dorsal constriction behind the thorax very pronounced ; after segment 9 the abdomen becomes quickly narrower. The colour is white, with a broad lateral abdominal band meeting across segment 5 dorsally ; wings white, with green-brown longitudinal streak ; belly white ; whole surface of pupa oily-looking. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasirat.—India, Ceylon, Burma. DisTRIBUTION.—The types came from Kanara ; we have both sexes from the same locality (Karwar), which we figure ; Doherty records it from Kapkot, Kumaon, 4,000 feet elevation, Watson from the Chin Hills, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Masuri, Manders from the Shan States, Moore from Ceylon, de Nicéville from Dehra Dun, Malda, and Burma; we have it also from Sikkim, and have received many examples from the Khasia Hills. PRATAPA ICETAS. Plate 731, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Tolaus icetas, Hewitson, Tll. Diurn. Lep. p. 44, pl. 18, figs. 6, 7, ¢ (1865). Pratapa icetas, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 251. Camena icetas, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 342 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 636. HYPOLYCENINE. 145 Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 350 (1893). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 385. Tolaus contractus, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 39 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant ultramarine-blue. Forewing nearly all brownish-black, the marginal bands being very broad, the blue colour, limited by the median vein and the basal half of its first branch, and hindwards by the sub-median vein, the outer margin of the blue area rounded, and a little of the blue runs into the base of the cell. Hindwing also nearly all brownish-black, the costa, base, and abdominal area being very broadly blackish, the outer marginal black band narrow, thus leaving only a small space in the middle dise blue ; with black sub-terminal spots on the blue in interspaces 1 to 4; anal lobe ochreous; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black, with some small white dots at the root of the tails and above them. Underside grey, with a little gloss; both wings with fine brown, rather sinuous transverse discal line, hardly curved on either wing, its lower portion on the hindwing curving abruptly inwards to the abdominal margin ; indications of a sub-marginal fascia and another close to the margin, more or less obsolete on the forewing ; the sexual tuft of thick hairs on the hinder margin of the forewing black; a black anal spot on the hindwing, another in the first interspace, both capped with orange, an anteciliary white thread on the lower half. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; frons white, with a black spot in its middle; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside black. Forewing with the basal and discal area pale blue with some blackish irrorations at its base. indwing with the disc more or less pale blue, sparsely suffused with blackish with some black sub-marginal spots; anal lobe bright ochreous. Underside as in the male, the ground colour whiter, the markings, especially on the forewing, more prominent. Expanse of wings, $ 1445 to 145, $ 14% to 1;°5 inches. Hasirat.—Himalayas, Burma, Assam, China. DistRIBUTION.—We have both sexes from Simla, and males from the Khasia Hills, the type male is labelled “‘ India.” Moore records it from the Kangra Valley, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Masuri, Elwes from Eastern Pegu. de Nicéville says Ellis took it at Chumba, Graham Young at Kulu, Lang at Naini Tal, 6,000 feet elevation, and Knyvett at Darjiling. PRATAPA ICETOIDES. Plate 731, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, g. Camena icetoides, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 636, pl. 44, fig. 3, g. Male. Like C. icetas, Hew., but wants the short transverse bars at end of cell in VOL. IX. U 146 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. both wings below, and has the blue extending further towards the apex of forewing above. On the hindwing there is a well defined dull patch at the base quite free from blue scales, and the tuft of hairs at the base of the hind margin below, which is present in all the other Camenas I know except C. cotys, is absent or very much reduced. The venation agrees with that of C. icetas. Described from a single male taken on the Karen Hills at 4,000—5,000 feet. Expanse of wings, ¢ 13 inches. Hasirat.—Karen Hills. We have not seen this species, and therefore give Elwes’ description and copies of his figure. PRATAPA ISTER. Plate 731, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Tolaus ister, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 43, pl. 19, figs. 15, 16, 9 (1865). Camena ister, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 344 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 302. Camena carmentalis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1893, p. 335, pl. H, fig. 10. ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark bright violet-blue. Jorewing with a narrow ostal black band to the end of the cell, the band very broad at the apex, its imner margin curved, and the band narrows down the outer margin to the hinder angle. Hindwing nearly all black, the blue area restricted, much as in the hindwing of P. icetas, the marginal black band a little broader ending in large sub-terminal black spots in the four anal interspaces ; anal lobe black, capped with orange, with a spot of metallic blue scales on its outer part; tails black, tipped with white. Underside grey with a slight pinkish tint without any gloss. Forewing with a discal, somewhat lunular and slightly outwardly curved fine brown line, outwardly edged with white, from near the costa to the sub-median vein; the sexual tuft of hairs on the hinder margin bright yellow. Zindwing with a discal line which runs nearly straight from the costa to vein 4, then is continued in three angles increasing in size hindwards and curls in to the abdominal margin a little above the anal angle; a black spot on the anal lobe, another in the first interspace, both heavily capped with orange ; a white anteciliary line ; both wings with indistinct sub-marginal fascia, more or less obsolescent on the forewing. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an orange-red tip; frons black, with a white line on each side of it; eyes ringed with white; head and body black above, with blue pubescence, grey beneath. Female. Upperside paler than the male, but still of a bright blue. Forewing with the costa to the end of the cell, the apical third, and the outer margin broadly black. Zindwing with the costa broadly blackish, the colour extending down to and HYPOLYCHNINA. 147 right along the sub-costal vein to its end, the abdominal space and fold also blackish, the rest of the wing blue. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, 3 175, 2? 1,55 inches. Hasirat.—Assam. Distripution.—Hewitson’s type female is labelled “ India,” de Nicéville’s type of carmentalis, a male in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, came from the Khasia Hills; we have received a good many examples of both sexes from the same locality ; the females correspond with Hewitson’s type, and the males with de Nicéville’s figure and description ; we therefore conclude there can be no doubt that de Niceville’s carmentalis is the male of Hewitson’s ister. PRATAPA COTYS. Plate 731, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢. Tolaus cotys, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 43, pl. 19, figs. 19, 20, ¢ (1865). Dacalana cotys, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 36. Camena cotys, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 342 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 636, Swinhoe, Trans: Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 302. Imaco.—Male. Upperside cerulean-blue. Forewing with a black costal band, commencing narrowly at the base, broadening gradually to the apex, and narrowing gradually hindwards to the hinder angle. Hindwing with the costa and apex with a narrow blackish band, continued in a line from vein 5 to the anal angle; abdominal fold grey ; anal lobe black, covered with blue scaling in fresh specimens ; tails black, tipped with white; the glandular patch below the costa brown, surrounded by pale bluish-white, both wings with the veins very finely black. Cilia blackish-grey, with pale tips. Underside rufous-greyish-brown ; a broad white straight band from the middle of the costa of forewing to a little above the anal angle of the hindwing, even on the forewing, its lower part merged in a large white patch on the hinder margin which often extends to the hinder angle; on the hindwing the band narrows gradually hindwards to a point, its lower part curving slightly inwards ; a black discal line of thin lunules across both wings, more or less disconnected on the forewing, very slightly outwardly curved, its lower portion with an outward bend ; on the hindwing it curves outwards, then inwards, then in two angles which are broadly outwardly margined with white, it bends round close to the anal lobe, to the abdominal margin a little above it; a sub-marginal indistinct series of pale brown lunules half way between the discal line and the margin ; on the hindwing there are indications of a double series marked with pale whitish, a black spot on the anal lobe, another in the first interspace, both capped with orange, the latter with some pale blue, and black and white scales below it and similar scaling in the interspace between the two spots ; terminal line black, a fine white thread inside it which becomes obsolete upwards. Antenne black, ringed with white, club U 2 148 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. with a red tip; frons black, with a white stripe on each side; eyes ringed with white ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside paler than the male and duller in colour. Forewing with the costal and outer marginal bands broader, a round pure white spot at the end of the cell, its upper end touching the black costal band. Hindwing with the costal space more broadly blackish. Underside exactly as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 175 to 14% inches. Hasirat.—Nepal, Sikkim, Sylhet, Assam, Burma. DistRipuTIoN.—Elwes records it from Eastern Pegu; we have both sexes from Sikkim and from the Khasia Hills, where it seems to be fairly common ; it has also been recorded from Nepal and Sylhet. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Pratapa anysis, Iclaus anysis, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 42, pl. 19, figs. 17, 18 (1865). Habitat, Celebes. Pratapa mamertina, Myrina mamertina, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 2, pl. 2, figs. 66, 67 (1869). Habitat, Mindanao, Pratapa mariaba, Myrina mariaba, Hewitson, l.c. p. 2, pl. 2, figs. 68, 69 (1869). Habitat, Mindanao. Pratapa ribbei, Deudorix ribbei, Rober, Iris, 1886, p. 68, pl. 5, figs. 10, 11. Habitat, Celebes. Pratapa affinis, Deudorix affinis, Rober, |.c. p. 69, pl. 5, figs. 8, 18. Habitat, Celebes. Pratapa plateni, Semper, Rhop. Philipp. p. 206 (1890). Habitat, Philippines. Pratapa manata, Semper, l.c. p. 208. Habitat, Philippines. Pratapa cremera, Camena cremera, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 37, pl. 5, fig. 16, g- Habitat, Java. Pratapa cretheus, Camena cretheus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 294, pl. P, fig. 35, g¢, and 1896, p. 175, pl. T, fig. 35. @. Habitat, W. Java, N.E. Sumatra. Pratapa sannio, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 596, pl. 33, fig. 15, ¢. Habitat, Borneo, Philippines. Pratapa lucidus, H. H. Druce, l.c. £. 3. Iolaus cippus, Druce (nec Fabricius), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p- 351. Habitat, Labuan, Borneo. Pratapa devana, H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 597, pl. 33, figs. 4, 6,5, 9. Habitat, Borneo. Pratapa calculus, H. H. Druce, lc. p. 598, pl. 33, figs. 6, g, 7, 2. Habitat, Kina Balu. Pratapa cameria, Camena cameria, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, vol. xii. p. 148, pl. Z, fig. 26, ¢. Habitat, 8, Celebes. Pratapa cakravarti, Camena cakravarti, Friihstorfer, Ent. Zs. 23, p. 40 (1908). Habitat, Formosa. Genus ARRHENOTHRI&. Arrhenothrix, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 336 (1890). Hyes naked. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite end of the cell, three sub- eostal nervules; 11 emitted from about the middle of the cell, 10 from one-fourth from HYPOLYCANIN A. 149 its upper end, 9 from beyond the middle of 7, 6 from upper end of cell, 5 from a little above the middle of discocellulars ; lower discocellular upright, twice as long as the upper, both in a straight line; vein 4 from lower end of cell, 3 from a little before the end, 2 from near the origin of 3; sub-median nervure straight ; costa arched, apex sub-acute, outer margin slightly outwardly oblique from apex to vein 5, then straight to the hinder angle ; hinder margin sinuous, produced into a bluntly rounded lobe near the middle, a tuft of long white hairs on its outer edge, turned upwards and lying flat against the underside of the wing ; another tuft of long white hairs from about the middle of the sub-median interspace on the upperside of the wing which is turned down- wards, and lies across a patch of dark scales, differently formed to the other scales of the wing. Hindwing with vein 8 arched, not reaching to the apex, 7 from one-fourth before upper end of cell, arched and ending at the apex; 6 from upper end, 5 from the middle of discocellulars which are straight and slightly outwardly oblique, the lower a little the longer; vein 4 from lower end of cell, 3 from immediately before the lower end, 2 from one-fourth before the end, sub-median nervure straight, internal nervure recurved. Costa much arched, apex rounded, outer margin slightly convex, with slight productions at the ends of veins 2 and 3; a filamentous tail at the end of vein 1 and another at the end of vein 2, rather long and of equal length; a well formed anal lobe, just above which the abdominal margin is shortly excavated, then slightly convex to the base; a large rounded patch of dark differently formed scales on the upperside of the wing in the costal interspace, covering the base of the sub-costal interspace and also extends somewhat into the discoidal cell. Type, A. penicilligera, de Nicéville. ARRHENOTHRIX PENICILLIGERA. Plate 732, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢ (Wet-season Brood), le, g, 1d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Arrhenothriz penicilligera, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 337, pl. 28, fig. 214, g (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 636. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 301. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii. p. 117 (note). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, 3, la, 2, 1b, 3). Imaco.—Male. Upperside azure-blue. orewing with black costal and outer marginal band, narrow at the base, gradually widening along the costa, broad at the apex and narrowing down the outer margin to a point at the hinder angle. FTindwing with the costal space and abdominal fold whitish, the outer margin with a fine black line ; anal lobe blackish ; tails black, tipped with white. Underside pale brown with a pink tint ; a narrow even white band, from the middle of the costa of the forewing straight down to vein 2 of the hindwing. orewing with the hinder marginal space 150 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. greyish, glazed ; a discal, outwardly curved series of more or less disconnected dark brown, thin lunular marks. Hindwing with an outwardly curved similar series, rather closer to the margin than is usual (each lunule marked inwardly with white suffusion), turning round to the abdominal margin in a V-shape across the end of the middle white band, and outwardly lined with white; a sub-marginal series of pale brown lunules marked with white; a black sub-terminal spot in the first interspace, capped with orange, a black anal spot ringed with white, the space between them with slaty-blue scales ; terminal line black, with a white inner thread which becomes obsolete upwards. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a red tip; frons white, with a grey middle stripe; eyes ringed with white; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside blue, without the azure colour of the male, veins finely black. Forewing with broad costal and outer marginal black bands commencing very narrowly at the base, broadening rapidly at the apex, and narrowing gradually down the outer margin to the hinder angle, where it is as broad as it is on the middle of the costa; a round pure white spot just outside the end of the cell, its upper side touching the black costal band. lindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the band narrowing below the apex and running narrowly and somewhat diffusedly down the outer margin ; abdominal fold greyish-white. Underside exactly as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ 145 to 14%, 2 14% to 14% inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 1c, 3, 1d, $). Male and Female. Upperside paler than the other form, the black marginal bands narrower ; in the male the band is much narrower, rapidly narrowing hindward on the outer margin, continued from the middle to the hinder angle in a fine black line. Underside similar to the underside of the Wet-season form. Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 15% to 15%; inches. Hasirat.—Assam. A common form in the Khasia Hills; we have received many males and several females, the female above and below much resembles the female of Pratapa cotys, Hewitson, but the white medial band on the underside in that species is much broader. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Arrhenothrix lowii, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 596, pl. 33, fig. 2, g. Habitat, Labuan, Borneo. HYPOLYCANINZ. 151 SECTION IIL. Forewing with four sub-costal nervules. Genus DACALANA. Dacalana, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 36. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 240 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 335 (1890). Eyes naked. orewing with vein 12 terminating on the costa opposite the end of the cell; four sub-costal nervules ; middle discocellular nervule arising from the upper discoidal a little beyond its origin, lower discocellular upright, in a straight line with the upper, and about twice as long, vein 3 from just before lower end of cell, 2 arising near to it; wing somewhat triangular, outer margin oblique; a tuft of hairs covering a small glandular spot in the sub-median interspace, and on the underside there is also a tuft of hairs on the middle of the hinder margin. Hindwing, vein 7 slightly arched, reaching the apex, upper discocellular straight, slightly outwardly oblique, lower also straight, outwardly oblique, even less so than the upper, but a little longer ; vein 3 arising immediately before lower end of cell; sub-median nervure straight, internal nervure recurved, with two filamentous tails from the ends of veins 1 and 2, and a glandular sub-costal spot. Antenne half as long as costa of forewing, with a long gradually formed slender club ; palpi rather long, porrect. Type, Amblypodia vidura, Horsfield. DACALANA BURMANA. Plate 732, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Dacalana burmana, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 36. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 335 (1890). Dacalana vidura, Elwes (nec Horsfield), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 635. Imaco.—Male and Female. Upperside azure-blue, paler than the colour of Arrhenothriz penicilligera, otherwise the general appearance of both wings and the sexual marks of the male are exactly the same, as is the case also with the type species vidura, Horsfield ; on the underside the only difference we can perceive is, as stated by Moore when describing this form, that the transverse white band is somewhat broader in both sexes, and the transverse discal series, which is rather closer to the margin than is usual, is composed of short well curved lines in the interspaces (in vidura and penicilligera they are much more linear) and the outward curve of this discal series in the hindwing is much greater, coming much closer to the outer margin 152 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. above its middle than it does in either of the other two species in all the examples we have examined. Expanse of wings, $ ? 14% to 14% imches. Hasirat.—Burma. ; DistRIBuTION.—The type male came from Maulmein ; there are both sexes from Tavoy in the B. M., a pair of which we figure. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Dacalana vidura, Amblypodia vidura, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 113 (1829). Thecla vidura, Horsfield, id. pl. i. figs. 6, 6a, g¢. Iolaus vidura, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 31 (1884). Dacalana vidura, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 36. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 241, pl. 21, fig. 27, 6 (1884). Habitat, Java, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Nias. Genus MAWECA. Maneca, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 344 (1890). Eyes naked. Differs from Camena (= Pratapa) in having the inner margin of the forewing in the male straight, not outwardly bowed, and lacking the tuft of hairs attached to the margin present in the males of that genus, but agrees with Tajuria in this respect ; differing from the latter, however, but agreeing with Camena in possessing, in the male, a glandular patch of scales on the upperside of the hindwing at the base of the sub-costal nervules extending anteriorly into the costal interspace, posteriorly into the discoidal cell; outer tail one-third shorter than the inner one. (de Nicéville.) Type, Pratapa bhotea, Moore. MANECA BHOTEA. Plate 732, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, ¢. Pratapa bhotea, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 37. Maneca bhotea, de Niceville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 344, pl. 28, fig. 216, g (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside slaty-blue. Forewing with broad costal and outer marginal black borders, very broad at the apex, the base thickly ivrorated with black atoms, the median branches and sub-median vein finely black. Hindwing with an even, moderately broad black outer marginal band, somewhat diffuse on its inner side, all the veins more or less finely black, some black suffusion on the abdominal space, the fold pale, and thick black irrorations on the basal area; anal lobe ochreous- orange ; tails black, ciliated with white, the glandular patch of scales black. Cilia of both wings white. Underside milky-greyish-white, with a distinct blue tint; both wings HYPOLYCHNINE. 153 with a transverse discal series of thin lunules, disconnected on the forewing, its upper part curving inwards; the first four lunules of the series on the hindwing also separated from each other and the series outwardly curved, the lower part with the lunules conjoined, well curved, and the series bent round to the abdominal margin a little above the anal lobe which is black ; both wings with a double series of indistinct pale grey lunular marks which become more or less black on the lower part of the hindwing, a grey marginal line, which becomes black from vein 3 of the hindwing to the anal angle and an inner white line. Antenne black, ringed with white, the club with a red tip; frons black; eyes ringed with white ; head and body blackish, with dark blue pubescence, bluish-grey beneath ; abdomen rufous-grey beneath. Female. Upperside, both wings purpurescent greyish-blue. Forewing with the anterior margin from the costal nervure, the apex broadly, and the exterior margin violet-brown. Cilia grey. Hindwing with a marginal row of narrow violet-black spots, ending in a red anal lobe-spot, a slender black marginal line ; the two tails black, with white cilia. Cilia greyish-white. Underside, both wings glossy purpurescent ereyish-white. orewing with an indistinct darker bluish-grey streak at the end of the cell, and two slender lunular fasciz along the exterior margin ; a transverse discal, slender, prominent black broken sinuous line. Hindzwing with a similar cell streak and outer marginal fasciz, latter darkest at the anal end; a jet black anal lobe spot, on which are a few scarlet scales and some turquoise-blue scales along its inner border, a transverse discal zigzag slender black broken line, ending upwards above the anal lobe. (Moore.) Expanse of wings, $ 145, to 14%, 2 145 to 14% inches. Hapsirat, Sikkim, Assam. Distrisution.—The types came from Sikkim, de Nicéville records it from the Observatory Hill, Darjiling, 7,500 feet elevation ; we have a male example, which we describe and figure, from the Khasia Hills; the female type, which appears to be unique, is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, it has not been figured. Sub-Family ZESIUSINZ. Forewing with four sub-costal nervules in the male, only three in the female. Hindwing with two tails at the ends of the sub-median vein and vein 2 in the male, and with three tails in the female, there being an extra tail at the extremity of vein 3 ; vein 11 of the forewing free from 12, no secondary sexual characters ; eyes naked, the contour of the wings is much as in Deudoriaing and Hypolyceenine, but the dissimilarity in the coloration of the sexes is remarkable, the male being brilliant coppery, the female dull blue with black borders. The only known genus, Zesius, Hiibner, appears to have no near allies. VOL. IX, : x 154 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Genus ZESIUS. Zesius, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 77 (1816). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 100 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 333 (1890). Talmenus, Hewitson (part), Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 53 (1865). Eyes naked. orewing, cell short, broad, vein 3 emitted a little before the lower end of the cell, 4 from the end, 6 from the upper end, 5 from 6 close to its base (in the male) ; in the female they have a common origin; 12 terminates opposite the end of the cell, 11 emitted at one-half and 10 at one-third before the end, 9 out of 7, about midway between the apex of the cell and of the wing, 8 (present in the male only) given off from 7, near the apex of the wing, is very short, shorter than the terminal portion of 7 which ends on the outer margin below the apex, wing triangular. /Zind- wing, cell broad, discocellular nervules about equal length, the upper recurved, outwardly oblique, the lower slightly concave, nearly upright; vein 3 emitted a little before lower end of cell, sub-median nervure straight, wing short, broad, broadly produced hindwards, costa rounded, with slender tails from veins 2 and 3 in the male, and a third tail from the sub-median nervule in the female ; body stout, palpi long, slender, porrect, squamose, second joint projecting half beyond the head, third very slender, one-fourth the length of the second, pointed. Antenne with a lengthened club eradually thickening to the tip. Type, Z. chrysomallus, Hiibner. ZESIUS CHRYSOMALLUS. Plate 732, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, g, 4c, larva and pupa. Zesius chrysomallus, Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Schmett. figs. 301, 302, g (1823). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p- 100, pl. 40, fig. 4, g, 4a, 2, 4b, larva and pupa (1881). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 359. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 334, pl. 28, figs. 208, g, 209, 2 (1890). Davidson and Aitken, Journ, Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 355. Betham, id. 1891, p. 181. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1896, p. 383, pl. 4, fig. 10, 10a, larva and pupa. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 49. Chrysophanus (?) chrysomallus, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 499 (1852). Dipsas chrysomallus, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 33 (1857). Talmenus chrysomallus, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 55, pl. 24, figs. 4, 5, @ (1865). Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale cupreous-red, veins finely blackish-brown. ore- wing with the costa and outer margin with a narrow brown band of fairly even width throughout. JZindwing with the costal space and abdominal fold pale brown; outer margin more narrowly brown, narrowing hindwards, the abdominal space outside the fold suffused narrowly with brown; a sub-terminal brown spot in each of the three anal interspaces, margined by a slender greyish-blue line, often obsolescent ;_ tails ZESTUSINA. 155 brown, tipped with white. Underside pale grey, markings pale reddish-brown, edged with dark brown and white lines. Forewing with three somewhat linear spots in the cell, increasing in size outwards, sub-basal, medial and terminal; a similar spot below the medial spot ; a discal band of six conjoined spots, with a seventh disconnected, the series slightly outwardly curved and somewhat irregular, the fourth and sixth from the costa being a little outwards, some dark suffusion in the middle of the hinder marginal space. /Zindwing with a sub-basal small round spot in the cell, one on the costa above it and another below it, a larger spot in the middle, with a still larger spot on the costa above it and a smaller one below it, a bar at the end of the cell, composed of two conjoined spots, the lower shifted half outwards ; a discal outwardly curved series of nine spots, the first six from the costa conjoined, the second the largest, its outer lower end touching the inner upper end of the third; the fifth inwards, the sixth and seventh outwardly oblique, the latter somewhat linear and detached, the ninth represented by a short line running in on the abdominal margin and well separated from the seventh, with the eighth, a minute spot between them, a small black spot at the anal angle, another in the first interspace, both capped with orange, some blue and white scaling in the interspace between them, a white anteciliary thread from the anal angle to vein 2; cilia brown, with a white line in its middle ; both wings with a sub-marginal series of small lunular marks, only faintly indicated im the forewing. Antenne black, whitish beneath, club with an orange-red tip; frons black; head and body blackish-brown above, grey beneath. Female. Upperside. vrewing pale blue, the outer borders blackish-brown with a violet tint, narrow on the costa to the end of the cell, and also narrow on the hinder margin, the apex broadly blackish-brown, the band running down the outer margin about twice as broadly as it is on the costa ; the width of all these blackish marginal bands varies somewhat in different examples. Hindwing with the blue ground colour of the wing suffused more or less over its whole extent with blackish-brown, the suffusion being darkest on the costal part; a very small anal black spot, sometimes absent, a large sub-terminal black spot in each of the next two interspaces and some smaller sub-terminal spots becoming obsolete upwards, the spot in the first interspace crowned with orange, the other with whitish ; a white line inside the black terminal line ; tails blackish, tipped with white ; the extra tail at the end of vein 3 about half the length of the others. Underside as in the male, the ground colour paler. Expanse of wings, 3 143; to 14%, $ 14% to 14% inches. Larva, found on Terminalia paniculata, one of the commonest jungle trees in Kanara, attended by a body-guard of red ants; the larva is somewhat elongated, the second segment not depressed, but encases the head and projects beyond it, is anteriorly cleft into four points, like the teeth of a saw; the last two segments are depressed. There is a honey gland, but apparently no erectile organs, a sub-dorsal xX 2 156 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. and a lateral row of single short bristles, one to each segment, and below these, at the bases of the legs, tufts of strong bristles, those on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments springing from warty processes. The colour is green, with more or less of a reddish tinge on the back at the 3rd and 4th segments; but young larvee show more brown than green, and there is doubtless a good deal of variation. Pura, stout and broad, with the thorax humped, and the undersurface somewhat flat, the last segment is peculiarly prolonged and expanded, by this alone the pupa is firmly attached to a strong web of silk in a loose half-open leaf-cell. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasrrat.—South India, Ceylon. Distripution.—Recorded by Moore from Ceylon, by Davidson and Aitken from Karwar, by Hampson from the Nilgiris; we have taken it at several places in and about Bombay, and have it also from Bolahat in the Malda District. Sub-Family APHNAZINZ. Structure very ordinary. orewing with three sub-costal nervules, upper discoidal and middle discocellulars have a common origin (a rather unusual character). Zindwing with two tails, the inner the longer; no secondary sexual characters. The sub-family contains two genera, Aphnzus, Hiibner, and Aphnemorpha, de Nicéville,* the latter differing from Aphnzus in having four sub-costal nervules to the forewing, and being purely African ; the many species of the genus Aphneus are very widely distributed, occurring plentifully in Africa, Asia Minor, Persia, throughout India, even in some of the desert tracts, Ceylon, the Andaman Islands, Burma, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago ; one pattern runs with variations throughout all the species; the upper- side is mostly brown, the males generally glossed with iridescent blue, many have an orange upper disc in the forewing with brown bands across it, the underside varies from white to pale yellow, in some species with a shade of ochreous-brown, and all have transverse brown or black bands, often marked with silver, which are more or less visible on the upperside. Moore takes Papilio urcas, Drury, an African insect with four sub-costal neryules to the forewing, as the type of the genus, but he correctly described the real type which has but three ; the genus, however, is Hiibner’s, who placed but two species in it, Papilio vuleanus, Fabricius, and Papilio orcas, Drury ; the first mentioned, in accordance with the rules of priority, must be taken as the type ; as we have stated before, no one but * Butt. of India, iii, p. 347 (1890). APHNAINE. 157 the author of a genus can fix the type of his genus; if no species is named by the author, then we must take the first species described by him, following the description of the genus, if it corresponds. Wallengren’s type and only species of Spindasis is misalikasi, and is congeneric with vulcanus, and therefore his genus must sink to Aphnzus, Hiibner. Genus APHNZUS. Aphnzus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 81 (1816). Hewitson (part), Ill, Diurn. Lep. p. 60 (1865). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 105 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 346 (1890). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 409 (1893). Cigaritis, Lucus (part), Explor. Alg. Zool. iii. p. 362 (1849). Trimen, South Afr. Butt. ii. p. 146 (1887). Spindasis, Wallengren, Lep. Rhop. Caffr. in Kong. Sv. vet-Akad. Hand. ii. p. 45 (1857). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 242 (1884). Amblypodia, Westwood (part), Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 477 (1852). Trimen, Rhop. Afr, Austr, ii. p. 226 (1866). Eyes naked. Forewing, vein 12 terminates on the costa opposite the upper end of the cell, 11 emitted from the middle of the cell, is slightly arched towards 12 but does not touch it; 10 from one-third before the upper end of the cell, 9 from 7 from a short distance beyond the cell end, 7 terminates at the apex of the wing; middle discocellular much shorter than the lower, both obliquely recurved, no upper discocellular ; vein 6 emitted from close to the upper end of the cell, 5 from the middle, 3 from close to the lower end of the cell, 2 from the middle; wing triangular, costa slightly arched, apex sub-acute, outer margin convex, more so in the female than in the male, hinder margin nearly straight. Hindwing, vein 8 arched at base, 7 emitted one-fourth before upper end of cell, discocellulars recurved, vein 5 from their middle, 3 from close to lower end of the cell, 2 from the middle ; sub-median nervure straight, internal nervure recurved; wing conical, costa slightly arched, apex and outer margin rounded to the end of vein 3, somewhat excavated from thence to the outer tail; abdominal margin long, anal angle lobed ; two tails, at the ends of sub-median vein and vein 2, the inner tail the longer ; body short, somewhat robust, palpi porrect, squamose, second joint long, third short. Antenne with the club long, stout. Flight very rapid, but short, settling with closed wings, fond of damp places, and may sometimes be seen in large numbers sucking up the moisture ; colour on the upperside brown of various shades, on the underside pale yellow of different shades, sometimes tinted with red, with transverse bars of chocolate-red of various shades, sometimes of black. Type, Papilio vulcanus, Fabricius. 158 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. APHNAUS VULCANUS. Plate 733, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, g, le, larva and pupa. Papilio vuleanus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 519 (1775) ; id. Sp. Ins. p. 114 (1781); id. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 66 (1787). Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 38, fig. 3, 2 (1800). Herbst. Pap. pl. 301, figs. 5, 6, 2 (1804). Hesperia vulcanus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 264 (1793). Polyommatus vulcanus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 644 (1823). Aphnzus vulcanus, Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. (1816-41). Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 182 (1869). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 349 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 1890, p. 35. Betham, id. 1891, p. 182. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1896, p. 389. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 386. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 489. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 49. Spindasis vulcanus, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 49. Doherty, id. 1886, p. 127. Aphnzeus (Spindasis) vulcanus, Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 359. Amblypodia vulcanus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 106 (1829). Papilio etolus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 208, figs. E, F, (1779). Aphnxus etolus, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 61, pl. 25, figs. 38, 4, g (1865). Aphnzus bracteatus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 147, pl. 24, figs. 10, 9; 11, g. Swinhoe, id. 1886, p. 428. Aphnzus tigrinus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 25. Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 134. Waterhouse, Aid, ii. pl. 163, figs. 2, 2a, 9 (1885). Spindasis tigrina, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 49. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brown, with a more or less violet tinge. orewing usually with three short orange-red transverse bands in the upper part of the wing, these bands are of various lengths in different specimens, and all descend from near the costa downwards, the sub-apical band the shortest, the discal band the longest, in some examples there is an orange-red sub-basal mark, and another on the costa at its middle, and there is also an indication of a sub-marginal band. Hindwing with an anal orange-red patch, which in most examples narrows upwards for a short distance sub-marginally, a small black spot in the anal lobe, another on the margin between the two tails, both with some silvery-blue scales attached to them ; tails black, with minute white tips, the orange-red colour of the anal patch running half way up both of them ; both wings with black outer marginal line and whitish cilia with a black base. Underside pale whitish-sulphury-yellow, bands red-brown edged with dark brown, with inner silvery macular lining. Forewing with a thin sub-costal basal streak, a short, club-shaped medial basal streak, a broad band from the costal fourth to vein 2 with a dark brown mark below it which extends inwards to the base, a medial band forked upwards above its middle, is outwardly oblique and touches the sub-marginal band, a little above the sub-median vein, a short sub-apical band composed of two conjoined oval spots, from the costa to the middle of the interspace below vein 4, where it touches the sub-marginal band; all these bands have irregular edges; the sub-marginal band, APHNAING. 159 which is narrower than the others, is nearly straight and ends in a diffuse brownish space at the hinder angle, a slightly narrower marginal band, without the inner silvery ling. Hindwing with five transverse bands from the costa all ending in the diffuse greyish anal patch ; the first basal, commencing in al macular form, and then curved outwards close to the abdominal margin, the next three straight down from the costa, sub-basal, medial and discal, the sub-basal band ending in a slightly outwardly curved point which nearly touches the middle band, the discal band joins the curved fifth band at vein 2, this band runs from the apex of the wing in a somewhat recurved form and nearly joins the termination of the middle band; in some examples the anal patch is somewhat rufous, in others it is rufous-grey ; the anal lobe has a large black spot and there is a somewhat smaller spot on the margin between the two tails, and there is a sub-marginal row of four black lunules from the outer tail upwards, and a short streak with silvery specks in it, above the anal lobe along and near to the abdominal margin. Antenne black, with white segmental dots, club with a red tip; frons white, with a black middle stripe; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside of a duller and paler brown colour. orewing with all the orange-red bands broader and more extended hindwards, with an additional orange-red macular band close to the outer margin which varies in extent and distinctness in different examples. /7Zindwing with bands of the underside often more or less visible through the wing, the anal orange-red patch extended on each side forming a band attenuated upwards close to the outer margin and usually ends a little above the middle. Underside as in the male, but the bands are broader and usually more red. Expanse of wings, f ¢ 1 to 1;%5 inches. Larva, when full grown, appears to be rather large, considering the size of the butterfly, and is 44 of an inch in length; colour, pale green, the body of nearly equal width throughout, the fourth segment rather the widest, the constrictions between the segments hardly visible, the head large (much larger than in any lycnid larva known to me), black and shining, hardly hidden beneath the second segment, being quite visible from in front ; the second segment marked with a large shining blackish patch which is divided in the dorsal line by a whitish line, with two similar but broader lines on each side; the third segment is anteriorly similarly marked ; there is a double fine dorsal and sub-dorsal dark green line, and a lateral single line; the three posterior segments are marked above much as are the second and third; the twelfth segment bears two prominent blackish pillars, from the upper edge of which spring several strong bristles. When frightened, the larva protrudes a somewhat long pale green tubercle from each pillar, which bears at its apex a few fine hairs. The pillars and tubercles are larger in this species than in any other known to me except Curetis 160 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. thetys, Drury. The mouth-like opening in the dorsal line on the posterior edge of the eleventh segment is very conspicuous under a magnifying glass. The whole body is finely shagreened, and the lateral edge and anal segment bear a fringe of numerous somewhat stout colourless hairs. The larva in Calcutta feeds on Clerodendron siphonanthus, R. Br. Pura, always found in a spun-up leaf or leaves, is either green or dark brown, of the usual lyczenid shape, smooth and shining, the head rounded, the thorax anteriorly slightly humped and angled at the sides, the abdomen gradually tapering posteriorly. There is much of interest in the habits of the larve of A. vulcanus. They are most carefully tended by two somewhat small species of black ants, which Dr. A. Forel, of Geneva, has identified for me as Pheidole quadripinosa, Jerdon, and Cremastogaster n. sp. (nicéville:, Forel, MS.). A full dozen of these ants may be seen all at once on the body of a full-grown larva, and many others round about, so covering the larva that little else but ants is visible; the larvee do not seem to mind the ants at all. The larvee pass most of their time in rolled-up leaves (only issuing forth when hungry to eat the surrounding leaves, always returning to their shelters when the meal is over), several in each shelter, four being the greatest number I have seen in any one shelter. Larve of very different ages are to be found in the same shelter. Some of these nests are formed of two separate leaves spun together with silk, but usually the outer edges of a single leaf are spun together. When about to pupate, the full-grown larva spins a cocoon between two leaves. It is very slight, and both ends are left open ; it is made of white silk, the entire structure being exactly like the nests certain green spiders spin between leaves in which they lie in wait for their prey. The ants which attend these larvee make a nest in the stem of the plant on which the larve feed, often in a single branch of the plant. There is only one hole to the nest, far too small for a full-grown Aphneeus larva to enter, but the ants take the small larve inside. (de Nicéville.) Hasirat.—Throughout India, except the desert tracts, Ceylon, Java. A common species ; we have a fine series from many parts of India, including many examples of bracteatus and tigrina. They cannot be separated from vulcanus. Grote bred this species in Calcutta on Jaora longifolia; our figures of the larva and pupa are from his drawings, the full-grown larva being in its early stage. APHNAUS FUSCA, Plate 733, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. Aphnzeus fusca, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 106, pl. 41, figs. 2, 2b, g; 2a, @ (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 351 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brown. Forewing with a slight violet tint; a short discal transverse orange-red streak, a shorter streak about the middle, a small APHNAINZA, 161 spot between it and the base and a small sub-apical streak; these orange streaks vary somewhat in size, clearness and extent in different examples, but are usually more or less small and sometimes obscure. Hindwing with the violet tint more intense, no markings except for the anal orange patch, which is about the same size as in the male of vulcanus, but its outer end is rounded, and on the inner side the orange runs a little way up the abdominal margin; a black spot in the anal lobe, a smaller one on the margin between the two tails; tails black, tipped with white, the orange colour running up them for a short distance. Cilia of both wings white, with a blackish base. Underside yellowish-white, bands dark red, somewhat chocolate- red, each one edged with fine black line, and with a fine inner silvery macular line. Forewing with a short sub-costal streak from the base, an irregular-shaped spot near the middle of the base, four transverse bands, ante-medial and medial, both outwardly oblique, the medial band bifurcating upwards, the ante-medial band ends on vein 2 against a rather large club-shaped black mark which extends from a little outside it to the base, the medial band runs into a grey suffused space near the hinder angle, the third band is sub-apical, short, and not nearly so outwardly oblique as the other two are, and ends below vein 4, where it touches the sub-marginal band, which is nearly straight down and also ends in the suffused grey space near the hinder angle ; all these bands come from the costa; a lunular black line close to the outer margin, with the space between it and the black marginal line pale orange-ochreous. Hindwing with four bands situated very much as in A. vulcanus, but the third and fourth bands are more separated from each other, the anal patch is bright crimson-red in some examples, a little duller in others, the black anal spots are similar; there is a red thin streak from the upper inner edge of the patch to the abdominal margin, and there are some silvery specks on the patch. Antenne black, with white segmental dots, club with a red tip ; frons black, with a white stripe on each side; tarsi without black stripes ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside paler than the male, both the wings much tinted with violet, in one example the inner and lower portions of the forewing look as if smeared with violet ; the bands of the underside distinctly visible through the wings, markedly so on the outer half of the forewing, the anal orange patch and spots are about the same size. Underside similar to the male, but the bands are somewhat broader. Expanse of wings, ¢ 1 to 13%5, ¢ 14% to 14 inches. Hasirat.—Ceylon. Described and figured from examples in our collection from Kandy. VOL. IX. Y 162 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. APHNAUS SCHISTACHA. Plate 733, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, 9. Aphnzxus schistacea, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 106, pl. 41, figs. 3, 6; 3a, 3b, 2 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 352 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 665. Aphnzeus schistaceus, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 134. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown, paler in colour than A. fusca. Forewing very variable in markings, sometimes the orange-red transverse streaks are very few and ill- defined, sometimes towards the upper outer part of the wing they are so broad as to form an orange-red ground colour traversed by brown bands. Hindwing highly tinted with blue (not lilac as in fusca), the disc in certain lights being bright blue in fresh specimens, anal orange-red patch and tails as in fusca. Underside with the ground colour and bands as in fusca, but all the bands are at more even distances apart from each other and are consequently closer together. Female. Upperside brown like the male, but with no blue tint or gloss; markings above and below similar, but the bands on the underside a good deal broader than they are in the male. Expanse of wings, 3 $ 14%; to 1445 inches. any Cele. South. India, Chin Hills. DistripuTion.—The types are from Ceylon ; our description and figures are from specimens from Trincomali; Watson records it from the Chin Hills; we took it at Satara near Poona, and have received a pair from the Nilgiris. APHNAUS GABRIEL, nov. Plate 733, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 2, 4b, g. Iwaco.—Male. Upperside brown, beautifully glossed on both wings with blue in certain lights. Jorewing with an orange patch in the upper disc, crossed by blackish- brown bands from the costa, across the middle of the cell, and across its end, both outwardly oblique, an erect band of two conjoined spots from the costa to the middle of the interspace above vein 3, a smaller spot from the costa, between these last two bands an indistinct sub-marginal band. Zindwing with the bands of the underside faintly visible, an orange anal patch, containing two small black spots; tails black, tipped with white; marginal line of both wings blackish-brown. Cilia pure white. Underside milk-white, bands bright orange-red, with silvery scales down their centres and black linear edgings. Forewing with a sub-costal streak from the base to the first band, a brown, wedge-shaped streak from the base to the lower end of the same band, a spot inside the cell, a band from the costa across its end, an outwardly oblique band APHNEINZ, . 163 from the middle of the costa, ending in a point above the sub-median vein, a sub- marginal band from the costa, its lower end on vein 2 with a black short streak below it, close to the end of the middle band, two small conjoined spots on-the costa near the middle band, two larger conjoined spots beyond terminating above vein 3, a black sub-terminal line. Hin:/wing with a dislocated basal band, commencing at the costal base and running down close to the abdominal margin near to the pinkish-orange anal patch ; ante-medial, medial and post-medial bands, the first composed of three conjoined spots, ending at two-thirds, the second extending to. the anal patch, the third terminating above vein 2, a sub-marginal band, running into the anal patch, a sub-terminal series of black, disconnected linear marks, a fairly large black anal spot, and a small one close to it: marginal line of both wings black. Female. Upperside paler than in the male, both wings of a more greyish- blue colour, the orange patch of the forewing not present, sometimes very faintly indicated, the bands as on the underside, but blackish-brown. Underside exactly similar to the male. Antenne black, its sides with prominent white segmental marks ; frons white, with a dark medial band; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, the white segmental stripes on the abdomen unusually distinct. Expanse of wings, $ $ 145 inches. Hasirat.— Upper Burma. Six males and seven females in the B. M. from Pokoko, taken by H. Wood. APHNEUS ACAMAS. Plate 734, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, ¢. Lycena acamas, Klug, Symb. Phys. pl. 40, figs. 7-9 (1834). Cigaritis acamas, Lederer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. v. p. 188, pl. i. fig. 2 (1855). Polyommatus epargyros, Eversmann, Bull. Mose. ii. p. 178, pl. i. figs. 1, 2 (1854). Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright salmon colour, with an orange tint, markings above and below very much as in A. Aypargyrus, Butler, of the dry-season form, but the bands above and below are more macular and those on the upperside are narrower ; the sub-marginal band on the upperside of the hindwing consisting of disconnected spots, and the discal band curved inwards and outwards, instead of outwards and inwards as in hypargyrus. Female, usually somewhat paler than the male, but otherwise similar on both sides. Expanse of wings, $ 17/5 to 143, 2 145 to 14 inches. Hasirat.—Syria, Persia, Turkestan, Amur, Arabia, Chitral, Chaman, Afghanistan. Described and figured from a pair from Chitral in the B. M. ; there is a fine series of examples in the B. M. from all the above localities; Klug’s type came from Arabia. Yes 164 , LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. APHNAUS HYPARGYRUS. Plate 734, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 2 (Wet-season brood), 2c, g, 2d, 9, 2e, Dry-season brood), Ss af 2f, larva, 2g, pupa, 2h, pillar projections, all magnified. Spindasis hypargyrus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 369, pl. 35, fig. 3; id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 151. Aphnzus hypargyrus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 352 (1890). Nurse, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1899, p. 512. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 675. Fraser, id. 1910, p. 528, pl. F°F, figs. 1 to 6 (life history). Aphnzus acamas, Butler (nec Klug), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 208. Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1884, p. 507; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 342. Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, 3, 2a, 2, 2b, 2). Imaco.—Male. Upperside with the ground colour fulvous, the lower half of the forewing and nearly the whole of the hindwing suffused with brown powdered with grey. orewing with the costal margin narrowly brown, the outer margin with a broad brown band which narrows upwards to the apex of the wing and contains an indistinct fulvous sub-marginal line ; an ante-medial outwardly oblique band of two large squarish brown spots, a medial band of three conjoimed similar spots in an irregular line from the middle of the costal band to the lower portion of the marginal band above the hinder angle, a smaller similar sub-apical spot, joined to the costal band, its inner lower end touching a larger square brown spot which occupies the next two lower interspaces. Hindwing with an indistinct band from the middle of the costa, nearly straight down to the inner side of the anal lobe, another similar but more distinct band from the costa near the apex to vein 4, the brown suffusion in the dise is less than on the other portions of the wing, the fulvous colour more clear; a sub- marginal band and a marginal band slightly darker than the other bands with the fulvous ground colour clear and distinct between them; anal lobe black, with a little greyish-white above it ; tails black, tipped with white, rather broad, very short, about one-third the usual length. Cilia of both wings white, very narrowly brown at the base. Underside chalky-white, bands red-brown, lined with black, with some silvery scales inside them. Forewing with a sub-costal streak from the base, a bar across the middle of the cell, another across the end, with a suffused grey space below them, a band of three conjoined spots from near the costa at its middle to vein 2, the upper one small, the third spot outwardly oblique, ending close to the end of the sub-marginal band, with a smaller disconnected spot below its lower end, three sub-apical spots in triangular form, the upper two round, the lower the larger, squarish, its upper outer end touching the lower inner end of the outer round spot; a sub-marginal band from the costa to vein 2, nearly straight, its outer black lining lunular, the band narrow on APHNAIN. 165 the costa, thickening hindwards, and ending in a round blunt form with a small brown spot below it. Hindwing with five transverse bands, at nearly equal distances apart, the first narrow, commencing with three basal spots, and a streak down and near the abdominal margin, its lower end curved outwards and joining the lower end of the middle band, the second band made up of two spots touching each other and a lower disconnected long spot outwardly oblique, a middle band of four conjoined spots, the lowest curved inwards to meet the basal band, a post-medial short band from the costa to vein 4, and a sub-marginal recurved band, which is acutely bent inwards at its lower end and runs in a narrow form to the abdominal margin a third above the anal angle ; both wings with a row of sub-marginal black lunules, a black marginal line, the space between them pale pink. Antenne black, with white segmental dots, club with a red tip; frons white, with a black middle stripe; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female, like the male above and below, except that the fulvous ground colour on the upperside is clearer and brighter on the upper part of the forewing and the disc of the hindwing and the bands on the underside are somewhat broader. Expanse of wings, ¢ 1345, 2 14% inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2c, 3, 2d, 2, 2e, 2). Male. Upperside orange-red, bands greyish-brown, the base of both wings suffused with brownish-grey. /orewing with a narrow costal band which is attenuated towards the apex, a transverse indistinct ante-medial band, nearly straight, touches the costal band, but does not reach the hinder margin, a band of three spots more or less touching each other in different examples from the costal band a little beyond its middle, to near the hinder margin below the lower end of the sub- marginal band which is uniform and reaches vein 2, a pale yellowish space near the apex of the wing in which there is a sub-apical spot attached to the costal band and two conjoined spots in the next two lower interspaces between it and the middle band. Hindwing with the basal suffusion extended broadly along the upper portion of the wing, two somewhat indistinct straight bands from the costa to vein 4, medial and discal, a sub-marginal band attenuated and macular hindwards ending at vein 2, anal lobe brown on a whitish ground ; tails brown, short as in the other form and tipped with white; both wings with brown, narrow marginal band, macular on the lower half of the hindwing, marginal line finely blackish. Cilia white. Underside as in the other form. Female like the male above and below, generally much larger, and the bands broader. Expanse of wings, ¢ 15}, to 144, 2 143; to 158; inches. Ova.—The size of the head of a No. 10 entomological pin and are not unlike the 166 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. spineless shell of Echinus esculentus, dome-shaped, flattened on the resting surface and present a pit at the apex of the dome; upper surface mamillated and finely pitted between the mamillar processes. In colour they are dead-white and are exceedingly beautiful objects under a low-power microscope. They are deposited usually on a dead twig, in juxtaposition to the food plant, or they may be laid on the bract at the base of a leaf-stalk. Larva.—On the fifth day the larvee hatch out and appear first as tiny, hairy, mahogany-red creatures. The head from first to last moult is a shining jet-black. The hair of the first skin is coarse and white with the exception of eight black hairs which project horizontally back from the rear of the thirteenth segment. The full- grown larva is a prettier object than the generality of its class. Fawn is the prevailing colour, but the mahogany-red tint persists on the first three segments and on the dorsum of the 11th, 12th and 13th, there is however a small patch of fawn on the sides of the first two segments. ‘There are fine double lines of mahogany-red along the back and sides, and a row of dots of the same colour extending from the 4th to the 10th segment. On the dorsum of the 2nd segment is a shiny black, chitinous plate beneath which the head of the larva is retracted when alarmed. The head is usually quite visible, especially when the larva feeds, thus differing from most lyceenid larve. On the back of the 12th segment the larva bears two fleshy pillars surmounted by three stiff bristles arranged in an equilateral triangle. These pillars are hollow, and from them project fine hairs. When the larva is irritated, a fleshy tongue is flickered m and out of these with great rapidity, very much in the manner of a snake’s tongue. When the larva is at rest, it will project the tongue-like processes in and out, about every ten seconds, and will continue doing so for long periods. I was not able to determime whether this action was protective in nature or for the purpose of signalling up ants. I noticed it was carried on for a long time before spinning the cocoon. Like most lyceenid larvee, they are nearly always attended by ants, and this fact is of great use in searching for them, as it is easier to notice the ants than to see the larve. Their food plant is a species of Cassia, and they show a partiality to the young buds. When moulting they spin two or three leaves together, in which they lie until the change is effected. Often two or three will go into partnership to build this temporary cocoon, but as soon as the cocoon is finished the partnership is dissolved, and they wander off in different directions. The partnership is almost invariably brought about by the agency of ants, who pilot the larve to a suitable spot. The final cocoon is but a little more compact than the temporary ones, and usually consists of two leaves, loosely woven together and open at both ends. Pura, firmly fixed by the tail to one portion of the cocoon, and is dark brown or blackish in colour. The head is rounded and stands out in relief from the body by reason of the very prominent shoulders. The abdomen tapers gradually. The APHNEINEA. 167 larvee viewed under the microscope show a remarkable arrangement of star-like, fleshy processes which cover the entire skin so closely as to form a complete net-like coat. The pupz hatch out, in from ten days to several weeks, this depending on the season. (F. C. Fraser.) Hasirat.—sind, Kutch, Beluchistan, Afghanistan, N.W. Himalayas. DistriputTion.—The types in the B. M. came from Chaman in Afghanistan, taken by us; Nurse records it from Kutch ; we took it also at Karain, Ghunduk, Quetta, the Hubb river, Hydrabad, Sind, and Karachi; it is in our collection also from Campbellpur, taken by Yerbury, and Leslie and Evans record it from Chitral. APHNEUS SYAMA. Plate 734, figs. 3, $, 3a, 2, 3b, ¢. Amblypodia syama, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 107 (1829). Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurn. Lep. p. 479 (1852). Aphnzus syama, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 61, pl. 25, fig. 7, ¢ (1865). Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p- 274, pl. 95, g (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 355 (1890); id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 386. Watson, id. 1891, p. 49. Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529. Swinhoe, id. 1893, p. 303. Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 410 (1893). H.H. Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 598. Spindasis syama, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 243, pl. 23, figs. 8,9, 9 (1884). Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 369. : Aphnzus orissanus, Swinhoe (nec Moore), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 303. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark blackish-brown, with a violet-purplish gloss in certain lights, with the bands of the underside faintly visible through the wings. Forewing with the colour darkening towards the outer margin, otherwise it is without any markings. //indwing a little darker than the forewing, more uniform in colour, an orange patch at the anal angle, containing a large black spot in the anal lobe, and two small black spots on the margin in the interspace between the tails, joined together, sometimes, but not always, with some silvery specks upon them ; tails black, tipped with white, the orange colour running for a very short distance up the inner tail. Underside pale sulphur-yellow, bands dark chocolate-brown, all but the sub-marginal bands, inwardly streaked with silvery-white. orewing with a short club-shaped streak from the middle of the base, a broad band from the costa across the middle of the cell to the sub-median vein on which it expands inwards, filling up the basal portion of the interspace, a similarly broad band from the middle of the costa, across the end of the cell, thickening hindwards to the sub-median vein, where it touches the lower end of a thinner even band which runs down from the costa to meet it ; in the space inside 168 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. these bands are two short bands from the costa, each composed of two oval spots running into each other, both bands well separated from each other and from the other bands, the first much the shortest, stopping a little below vein 5, the other somewhat thicker and longer, extending into the middle of the interspace above vein 3. Hindwing with five bands, the first close to the base, commencing with two well separated spots, and continued by a long thick irregular-shaped streak which runs down close to the abdominal margin, curves outwards at its lower end and stops at the sub-median nervure below the lower end of the second band which is composed of three more or less conjoined spots and a fourth well separated spot, all in a straight line from the costa, a medial nearly straight band from the costa to the orange anal patch, a nearly straight discal band from the costa to the middle of the second median interspace, the fifth band from the orange anal patch, where it nearly touches the lower end of the third band, much attenuated upwards, running close to the sub-marginal band; the anal crange patch larger than it is on the upperside, with some silvery specks in its middle, the spots as above, with silvery inner edging; both wings with a fine and even sub-marginal band and black marginal line. Antennz black, ringed with white; frons with a white line on each side; palpi brown, white beneath ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, abdomen with whitish lateral segmental stripes, tarsi with black bands. Female. Upperside violet-brown, much paler than the male, the bands of the underside much more visible through the wings, the anal orange patch more extensive. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, f ? 143; to 1,3; inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Philippines, China. DistriputTion.—The type is from Java, Leech records it from China, H. H. Druce from Labuan in Borneo, Distant from the Malay Peninsula, Watson from Chin Lushai, Manders from the Shan States; we have it from Thyetmyo and Sikkim, and have received many examples from the Khasia Tills. Norr.— de Nicéville says the two forms next following, A. peguanus, Moore, and A. orissanus, Moore, are merely varietal forms of A. syama, and that all these forms with many intergrades are common in the Khasia Hills; we have not found this to be the case, out of the numerous examples of Aphneeus we have received during the past ten years from that locality from the Rev. Walter Hamilton and from our native collector, we have received many typical syama, but no really typical orissanus nor peguanus ; syama no doubt does vary somewhat, but so do nearly all species ; but typical orissanus and peguanus are so very different to syama, and the frons of each are so different, we feel that, notwithstanding de Nicéville’s remarks, we are obliged to keep them as distinct forms. APHNAIN Zs. 169 APHNAUS PEGUANUS. Plate 735, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Aphnzus peguanus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, pv. 26. Aphnzus syama, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 355 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside blackish-brown, with a blue gloss in certain lights, wings more opaque than in A. syama. Forewing with the costa and outer margin more distinctly black-bordered. indwing more blue, the anal orange patch duller in colour, with a short black marginal line to the anal lobe and between the tails, the anal large black spot absent, represented by a darker shading of the orange colour; tails black, tipped with white, the orange colour running up the inner tail to a greater extent. Underside pale ochreous-red, bands of a somewhat darker ochreous-red, with silvery inner lining, their disposition much as in A. syama. Forewing with a large space above the middle of the hinder margin pale sulphur-yellow; the band running across the middle of the cell black at its lower end, with the black colour expanding inwards filling the base of the interspace, the medial and outer band meet hindwards on the sub-median vein, do not stop there, but are continued into the next lower interspace, nearly to the hinder margin. Hindwing with the anal orange patch very little brighter and more orange than the ground colour of the wing, the anal lobe outwardly edged with black, a small black marginal spot between the tails, with a minute silvery dot on its upper side. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip, with a white streak beneath ; frons rufous, not brown as in syama; top of head rufous, body above and below concolorous with the wings, tarsi without black bands, in syama the black bands on the tarsi are distinct and prominent. Female, slightly paler on the upperside and duller in colour, the bands of the underside distinctly visible through the wings, otherwise it is similar to the male above and below. Expanse of wings, $ 1+%5, 2 145 inches. Hasirat.—Burma. DistripuTion.—The type, a male from Pegu, is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta our description and figures are from a male in our collection from Magaki, near Pegu and from a female in the B. M., from the same locality. APHNAUS ORISSANUS. ~ Plate 735, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Aphnzus orissanus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 27. Aphneus syama, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 355. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brown, with some blue gloss in certain lights, VOL, IX. Z 170 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. the bands of the underside showing faintly through the wings. Forewing without markings. /Zindwing with an anal dull orange patch, about as large as in A. syama, but very much duller in colour ; a large black spot on the anal lobe, which is outwardly lined with black, a white streak on the upper inner side of the spot, two small black spots close together on the margin between the two tails, some silvery specks on all three spots; tails black, tipped with white, the dull orange colour running a short distance up them. Underside pale ochreous-white, bands orange-red, disposed much as in peguanus, but the middle band of the forewing does not extend below the sub-median vein, the outer band passes it, is well separated from the lower end of the middle band, and in a diffuse form nearly reaches the hinder margin. Hindwing with the anal patch not orange, but concolorous with the rest of the wing, a large black spot in the anal lobe with some silvery-white on its upper side, a smaller black spot on the margin between the tails with some silvery specks on it. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a dull red tip, with a white streak on its underside ; frons white, with a black middle stripe, top of head whitish ; body above and below concolorous with the wings, tarsi without black bands. Female, like the male above and below. Expanse of wings, 3 13'5 to 14%, 2 1q’o to 1g inches. Hasirat.— Orissa, Burma. The type, a male, is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; we have a co-type from the same locality in our collection, given to us by Dr. Moore and sent by us to de Nicéville, to compare with the type, and marked by him as identical, and several examples of both sexes from Ataran, Burma. APHNAUS LILACINUS. Plate 735, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Aplnxus lilacinus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 28. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p- 354 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 35. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 49. Aphnzus zstivus, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 428, pl. 40, fig. 1, 2. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown. Forewing with the basal and discal areas blue, somewhat iridescent blue in certain lights. /7indwing with the basal and inner space similarly blue, an orange-ochreous anal patch, a small black spot in the anal lobe, sometimes another on the margin in the next interspace ; tails black, tipped with white, the orange-ochreous colour running half way up them; both wings with the outer marginal line blackish-brown. Cilia white. Underside pale brownish-ochreous, bands slightly darker than the ground colour, finely edged with black, with silvery scales down their middle. orewing with a small sub-basal round ringed spot in the cell, an oval larger spot in the middle and another at the end, the last joined on its lower side APHNZEIN. 171 to a curiously shaped larger spot, of a jagged spear-shape with a small nodule attached to its lower end, then four round ringed spots near the costa in an irregular triangular form, the outer two the larger, a sub-marginal chain-like macular band from near the costa, broadening gradually hindwards to vein 2, with a black suffused continuation to near the hinder margin, a line of black lunules close to the margin which has a blackish line. Hindwing with three sub-basal ringed spots in a line, well separated from each other, a medial nearly straight band of four conjoined longish and ‘squarish spots, and a discal band of three similar spots, the sub-marginal band and marginal markings as in the forewing, but narrower and not so well pronounced. Female. Upperside dull brown, larger than the male, the wings broader, the outer margin more convex, otherwise both above and below it is similar. Expanse of wings, 3 1415 to 1345, $ 14% to 14% inches. Hasirat.—Malda, Mhow. DisrripuTion.—The type male in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, is without locality ; the type of estivus, of which only the lower half remains in the B. M., was taken by us at Mhow; we possess another example from the same locality; there is also a fragment of a male example in coll. Druce ; there isa female from Rajbangha in coll. Druce; de Nicéville states that he received a fine series from Irvine from Bolahat in the Malda district. Our descriptions and figures are from a pair from Malda in the B. M. APHNAUS ABNORMIS. Plate 735, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, 9. Aphnzus abnormis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 526, pl. 49, fig. 4, ¢. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 355 (1890). Aphnxus (Spindasis) abnormis, Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 359. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull greyish-violet, with some violet gloss in certain lights. 2orewing with the costa above the sub-costal vein and the apical space broadly, blackish-brown, this colour continued down the outer margin and ending narrowly at the hinder angle. Hindwing with the abdominal space pale grey, almost whitish, the base and outer parts of the wing smeared with dark grey, anal patch dull greyish-orange, no spots visible; tails short, dull orange, tipped with white and edged with black. Cilia black, with white tips. Underside greyish- ochreous, bands very narrow, indicated by their ochreous-brown linear edgings, their centres with silvery scales. Forewing with a dot in the cell, a bar across the end, extending to the costa, a band from the middle of the costa to the middle of the interno-median interspace, almost touching the lower end of a very indistinct sub-marginal lunular series, a sub-apical band from the costa of two pairs of Z2 172. LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. very indistinct small spots. Hindwing with a medial straight band which abruptly bends inwards above the anal lobe and runs to the abdominal margin, and has another similar short line above it, a discal very thin band which is irregularly outwardly curved. Marginal line of both wings grey. Antennz black, with white segmental dots at its sides; frons orange-grey, top of head rufous-orange ; body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside paler than in the male and more violet in colour, some blackish suffusion on the costa, apical and outer marginal band narrow and inwardly diffuse, a blackish bar at the end of the cell. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, 3.1355, ? 14% imches. Hasirar.—Nileiri Hills. The description and figures are from the unique type male and Hampson’s female, both in the B. M. APHNAUS GREENI. Plate 736, figs. 1, g, la, ¢. Spindasis greent, Heron, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1896, p. 190. Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale lilac-grey. Forewing with the basal half, limited by the sub-costal vein, pale blue; a grey thin bar at the end of the cell. Hindwing with the costal and abdominal portions paler than the rest of the wing, no markings, tails broken. Cilia of both wings white, with its base brown. Underside pale grey with a pinkish-ochreous tint, markings indicated by their fine greyish-brown edgings. forewing with a bar in the cell and another at the end; a discal band composed of a spot close to the costa, a bar pushed a little outwards and another a little still more outwards, terminating on vein 2, two small spots, the lower inwards, below the costa, a fifth from the apex. Hindwing with a bar in the cell, another at its end, one above it, another below it, and two small ones near the apex, all very indistinct. Antenne rufous, with white segmental specks at the sides; palpi above rufous, white beneath ; frons and top of head pale grey ; body above and below concolorous with the wings, legs grey, without markings. Expanse of wings, 3 153; inches. Hasirat.—Pundoloya, Ceylon. Described and figured from the unique type in the B. M. APHNAUS NIPALICUS. Plate 736, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 2, 2b, ¢. Aphneus nipalicus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 27. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p- 366 (1890). APHNAINA. 173 Aphneus rukmini, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 281, pl. 14, fig. 6, ¢; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 365, pl. 25, fig. 145, g (1890). Aphneus zaffra, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 366, pl. 28, fig. 217, 2 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 386. Imaco.—Male. Upperside black. Forewing with all but the costa and outer margin suffused with blue, rich iridescent sapphire-blue in certain lights, the costa and outer margin left somewhat narrowly black, the blue colour merging into the black, sometimes a small elongated orange spot beyond the cell, sometimes without it. Aind- wing almost entirely suffused with blue, iridescent in certain lights as in the forewing, an anal ochreous patch of moderate size, a small black spot in the anal lobe, a very small one between the two tails, with one or two silvery scales on them ; tails black, tipped with white, the orange colour running up them a little, marginal line of both wings black. Cilia white, tipped with black on the anal lobe. Underside sordid white, tinged with yellow, bands not darker than the ground colour, but plainly indicated by their blackish-brown linings, and with more or less obsolete silvery markings inside them. Jorewing with an oval spot inside the cell, a bar at the end, produced a little upwards in an irregular form ; an outwardly oblique band of four conjoined pieces from the costa to the centre of the interno-median interspace, the first and last piece small, the band somewhat irregular in form, followed by two conjoined small spots between the costa and two well separated larger spots beyond; a submarginal band, its inner lining lunular, some black marks close to the margin. Hindwing with two basal spots, a curved band near the abdominal margin, three well separated spots in a line and a nearly straight band from the middle of the costa to a little above the orange anal patch, where it abruptly turns round and joins the curved band which runs near the abdominal margin ; a discal band from the costa to a little below vein 4, slightly dislocated at its upper end, a sub-marginal band, commencing in a disjointed and natrow form near the costa, broadening hindwards, then in a curved line above the anal orange patch and running a little upwards to near the abdominal margin; the anal patch is orange on its upper part and white hindwards, a rather large black spot on the anal lobe, a smaller one between the two tails, a series of pale blackish lunules close to the outer margin, marginal line of both wings black. Antennze black, with white dots on the sides, club tipped with orange; frons black, with a white band on each side; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, legs with black marks on them. Female. Upperside. Forewing black, the interno-median interspace from the base to near the outer margin and the base of the interspace above rich iridescent blue, of a paler and brighter blue than in the male, the orange patch beyond the cell large, with two black spots in it. Hindwing with the base and disc also suffused with iridescent blue of a darker shade than it is in the forewing, anal markings and underside as in the male. 174 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Expanse of wings, f 14, 2 14%5 inches. Hasirat.— Western Himalayas. Disrripution.—Described and figured from a pair from the Masoki Valley, 6,000 feet elevation, that have been compared with de Nicéville’s types of A. zafra from the Kulu Valley, and which are identical with Moore’s types in the B. M. of A. nipalicus, from Nepal and Sikkim ; there is also a male example of A. rukmini in the B. M. from Sikkim, which has been compared with de Nicéville’s type from Sikkim, which is also identical with Moore’s type (male) of nzpalicus ; de Nicéville records zagra also from Masuri, Bhowali, 5,600 feet, Kumaon, Naina Tal, 5,500 feet, Saria Tal, 5,600 feet, and Sal Tal, 4,500 feet, both near Naini Tal. There are also two pairs from the same locality in the B. M. APHNAUS SANI. Plate 736, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Aphnzus sani, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 282, pl. 14, fig. 7, 9; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 367, pl. 25, fig. 146, 9 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 638, pl. 43, fig. 6, 9. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. forewing mostly black, the base and lower discal area iridescent deep blue, a ferruginous spot beyond the discoidal cell, varying in size and distinctness. £Hindawing, costal space broadly black, the outer margin with a narrow black band, both bands merging into the iridescent deep blue colour of the rest of the wing, abdominal fold blackish, anal angle ferruginous, a small black spot in the anal lobe ringed with pale indistinct bluish-grey, and a similar spot on the margin between the tails, with some metallic silvery scales on them both; tails black, tipped with white, with the ferruginous colour running a short distance up them. Underside pale cmnamon, tinted with red. Forewing with the space below the median vein slaty- white ; bands red, with dark margins, an oval mark inside the cell, a bar at the end, an outwardly oblique band of three conjoined pieces from the costa, a little beyond its middle to vein 2, with a blackish narrow short black streak in continuation, the band somewhat irregular in its formation, two long spots one above the other from the costa near the apex to vein 4, and two small spots touching each other from the costa half way between the two bands. Hindwing with two blackish spots at the base with a curved band in continuation down the wing near the abdominal margin, three longish spots close to it, in a line, and well separated from each other; an outwardly curved band from the middle of the costa, narrowing at its lower part and sharply curving inwards below the end of the basal band, to the abdominal margin, the curve and the lower part of the basal band containing silvery scales; a discal band from the costa, slightly narrowing hindwards to a little below vein 4, a red anal patch, a large black spot in the anal lobe and a smaller one between the two tails, with one or two silvery APHNAINA. 175 scales on them; both wings with submarginal band on the forewing ending on vein 2, with some blackish in continuation ; on the hindwing this band is slightly curved, ends hindwards in the red anal patch, and upwards it narrows to the costa, and in each wing there is a series of black lunules close to the outer margin. Antenne black, with white segmental dots, club with a red tip; frons black, with a white stripe, with some red on it, on each side ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, abdomen with white segmental stripes in the sides, legs striped with black, tarsi with black bands. Female. Upperside. vrewing nearly all black, a ferruginous patch, varying in size, but much brighter than in the male, beyond the end of the cell, the basal and outer two-thirds of the lower area plumbeous-silvery. Hindwing plumbeous, somewhat dull in colour, an outer marginal narrow black band, anal patch and black spots, and the colour and markings of the underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, 145, 2 14 inches. Hasrrat.—sikkim. Described and figured from a pair from Sikkim in coll. Druce, which have been compared with de Nicéville’s types in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; there are also four males and one female from Sikkim in the B. M. The bands on the underside are disposed much as in A. nipalicus, but the ground colour and the colour of the bands are quite different. APHNAUS RUKMINI. Plate 736, figs. 4, $, 4a, 9, 4b, g. Aphneus rukmini, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 282, pl. 14, fig. 8, g; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 370, pl. 25, fig. 147, ¢ (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside greyish-blue. Forewing with the costa and outer margin very broadly blackish-brown, the two colours merging more or less into each other. Hindwing with the costal and abdominal space pale, the blue colour covering the rest of the wing, anal patch orange with two black spots, the anal spot the largest, both touched with metallic blue scales; tails black, tipped with white, their basal portions orange. Underside whitish-ochreous, tinted very slightly with pinkish, bands thin, slightly darker than the ground colour, with silvery scales and linear black edgings. Forewing with a spot in the cell, a dislocated bar at the end which extends to the costa; a band, commencing with a spot on the middle of the costa, continued a little inwards, and running towards the hinder angle, ending a little above the submedian vein, two small spots from the costa, close beyond, a small, but longer spot near the costa before the apex with another some little distance below it, a submarginal line, and a series of indistinct lunular marks close to the margin. Hindwing with two sub-basal small spots, a medial band, which bends abruptly inwards above the anal 176 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. patch and runs to the middle of the abdominal margin with a dot above its end; a discal band ending on vein 4, and a submarginal series as in the forewing, its lower portion abruptly bent inwards like the central band; anal patch orange-red, with the two black spots as above. Female. Upperside coloured like the male, but duller. Forewing with an orange patch in the upper disc with two or three blackish-brown spots in it. Underside marked like the male, but the ground colour much darker. Expanse of wings, ¢ ¢ 14 inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim. Our descriptions and figures are from two males and a female from Sikkim in the B. M. collected by Dudgeon. APHNEUS MAXIMUS. Plate 737, figs. 1, $, la, 9, 1b, 9. Aphnzus vulcanus, var. maximus, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 637, pl. 43, fig. 5, 2. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown, with a pale blue gloss in certain lights. Forewing with a large dull orange patch in the upper disc, often extending into the cell, a brown bar at the cell end, an outwardly oblique, brown bar across the patch and a short one from the costa, half way between the oblique bar and the apex of the wing. Hindwing with the abdominal space pale, a dull orange anal patch with two small obscure blackish spots, with a few metallic blue scales on them ; tails black, tipped with white, their bases dull orange. Cilia of both wings blackish-brown, with white tips. Underside ochreous-grey, bands indicated by their brown linear edges, their centres with silvery scales. Forewing with a spot inside the cell, an irregular, outwardly oblique band from the middle of the costa to near the sub-median vein close to the lower end of the narrow sub-marginal lunular band, a short sub-apical band from the costa, composed of three irregular conjoined spots. Hindwing with a sub-basal spot above the cell, a medial band, bent somewhat inwards in its middle, acutely elbowed hindwards and running in towards the abdominal margin a third from the anal angle, a series of small sub-marginal lunules ; anal lobe with two small black spots. Antenne black, with white segmental dots on its sides; frons white, with a grey medial band ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female, without the pale blue gloss, otherwise similar to the male above and below. Expanse of wings, ¢ 14, ? 2 inches. Hapirat.—Karen Hills. There are three males and one female from the Karen Hills in the B. M.; cur description and figures are from them. APHNZAINZ. 17 -I APHNAUS ICTIS. Plate 737, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g (Wet-season Brood), 2c, ¢, 2d, 9, 2e, g (Dry-season Brood) = elima, Moore. Aphnzus ictis, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 61, pl. 25, figs. 8, 9, Q (1865). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 272; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 107 (1881). Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1885, p. 134, and 1886, p. 428. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 361 (1890). Mackinnon and de Niceville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 386. Nurse, id. 1899, p. 512. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 489. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 675. Spindasis ictis, var. Ceylanica, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xviii. p. 281 (1868). Aphnzus elima, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 51; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 251. Butler, id. 1883, p. 147. Swinhoe, id. 1885, p. 134, and 1886, p. 428. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 364 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 35. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 386. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 489, and 1905, p. 720. Aphnzus (Spindasis) elima, Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 359. Aphnzus trifureata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 251. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 362 (1890). Betham, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 182. . Spindasis trifurcata, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 48. Aphnzus (Spindasis) trifurcata, Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 359. Aphnzus uniformis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 251. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 364 (1890). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, 3, 2a, $, 2b, 3). Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown, with a purplish reflection in certain lights. Forewing with a somewhat triangular-shaped orange patch in the upper disc, variable in size in different examples, with two short blackish bars in it, the inner the shorter, where the orange space runs sufficiently inwards there is another bar outwardly oblique right across its inner side. indwing with the abdominal space broadly rufous-grey, the anal patch dull greyish-orange, with two somewhat obscure blackish small spots ; tails black, tipped with white, their bases orange, Marginal line of both wings blackish- brown. Cilia white. Underside pale, dull ochreous-grey, bands pale ochreous-brown, all with some silvery scales down their centres, some of the bands of the forewings with dark linear edgings. orewing with a small spot in the cell, a bar across the end extending to the costa, a band from the middle of the costa, outwardly oblique to the sub-median vein to near the hinder angle where it is somewhat close to the narrow sub-marginal band, two short bands from the costa between them, the inner one the shorter. Hindwing with an obscure basal band which runs close down the abdominal margin, ante-medial, medial, and post-medial bands from the costa, the two outer ones abruptly curved inwards above the anal patch to the abdominal margin, the post- medial band extending only to vein 4, and a sub-marginal band, all these bands somewhat obscure ; anal patch slightly paler than the rest of the wing. VOL. IX. 2A 178 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Above and below very similar to the male, but the anal patch on both sides is bright orange-red, and the anal spots larger. Antenne black, with white segmental dots at the sides; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, $ ¢ 1445 inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2c, 3, 2d, 9, 2e, ¢). Male. Upperside similar to the upperside of the Wet-season form, red-brown, the hinder marginal space of the forewing grey. Underside, the bands on both wings indicated by their darker edgings, disposed exactly as in the other form. Female, with the orange patch on the forewing very large, with three brown spots in it, in a triangular form, the anal orange patch is dull in colour. Underside as in its own male. Expanse of wings, $ $ 1445 to 14% inches. Hasirat.—India, Ceylon. DistrisuTion.—Throughout India and Ceylon a very common species. We have many examples from different localities; we took many examples of both forms in Mhow and Poona, and it has been recorded as far north as Chitral. Hewitson’s type in the B. M. is marked Northern India, and is a female, and not a male as stated by him. APHNAUS LUNULIFERA. Plate 737, figs, 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Aphneus lunulifera, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 140. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 363 (1890). Aphneeus khurdanus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 26. de Nicéville, l.c, p. 362 (1890). Spindasis khurdana, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 48. Aphneeus nubilus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, iii. p. 530, pl. 210, figs. 1, 1b, ¢, la, 9 (1887). de Nicéyville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 363 (1890). Imago.—Male. Upperside dark blackish-brown, with purplish reflections in certain lights. orewing with a faintly indicated orange spot in the upper dise. Hindwing with a dark orange-red anal patch with two large black spots flecked with a few metallic blue scales; tails black, tipped with white, their bases orange-red. Underside dark, sordid rufous-grey, bands broad and distinct, a little darker than the ground colour, containing some silvery scales and with distinct black linear edgings, disposed exactly as in A. ictis, but on the forewing there is a distinct sub-marginal band, more or less macular in some examples, and a series of dark lunules close to the margin, neither being even indicated in any examples of ictis. APHNZAINA. 179 Female. Upperside paler than in the male. vrewing with an orange patch, varying in size, in the upper disc, with three rather large brown spots in it, in a triangular form. Hindwing with the anal patch and black spots as in the male. Underside paler than in the male, markings similar. Expanse of wings, $ $ 14%; to 1435 inches. Hasitat.—India, Ceylon. Disrrisution.—The type is from Darjiling, the type of khurdanus from Calcutta, and the type of nubilus from Ceylon. We cannot separate these three forms ; we have examples from Sikkim, and we took examples at Poona and at Whangi near Bombay ; they all correspond with the types of all three forms; de Nicéville suggests that they are varietal forms of ictis. APHNAUS LOHITA. Plate 738, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, g, le, larva and pupa. Amblypodia lohita, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 106 (1829). Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurn. Lep. p. 479 (1852). Aphnzus lohita, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 61, pl. 25, figs. 10, 11 (1865). Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 549. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 357 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 49, and 1897, p. 665. Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 410 (1893). Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1896, p. 386, pl. 5, figs. 3, 3a (larva and pupa). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 386. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 49. Spindasis lohita, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 127. Moore, Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 42. Spindasis lohita, var. negrita, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 487 (1862). Amblypodia pindarus, Horstield and Moore (nec Fabricius), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 37 (1857). Aphnzus lazularia, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 107, pl. 41, figs. 1, lb, g; la, 9; lc, larva and pupa (1881). ; Aphnzus (Spindasis) lazularia, Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 359. Aphnzus himalayanus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 26. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p- 303. Aphnezus himalayana, Waterhouse, Aid, ii. pl. 163, figs. 4, 4a, g (1885). Spindasis himalayanus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 369. Imaco.—Male. Upperside blackish-brown tinted with violet-blue. Forewing sometimes with some of the bands of the underside visible through the wing, the violet-blue with some gloss in certain lights merging into the black costal and outer marginal borders. Hindwing with the blue colour more distinct and somewhat more glossy, covering the whole surface of the wing except the costal space and the abdominal fold which are broadly pale blackish-brown, outer marginal line black, a fairly large anal orange patch, a black spot in the anal lobe, a small one between the tails, each with some silvery scales; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings grey. Underside yellowish-white, bands very dark red, with more or less disconnected 2A 2 180 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. silvery lines inside them. /orewing with a sub-basal bar from the costa connected with a short streak from the base, another from the costa across the middle of the cell, both with some suffused blackish below them, an outwardly oblique bar from the costa across the end of the cell to the sub-median vein, with a small blackish narrow and inwardly bent short bar in continuation, two short bars from the costa meeting hindwards, and a sub-marginal even band which ends close to the end of the oblique band in a similar manner, a marginal even band, these two bands so close together as to leave but a thin line of the ground colour between them, marginal line black, with an inner fine pale thread. Hindwing with the marginal bands and lines as in the forewing, and four bands at fairly equal distances apart, all rather broad, leaving but narrow spaces of the ground colour between them; the first is basal, continued hindwards in the form of a curved streak close along the abdominal margin, the other three are ante-medial, medial, and post-medial, all arising from the costa, the two inner ones touching the end of the basal streak and the ends of each other on the upperside of the anal orange spot, the post-medial band narrows gradually hindwards and touches the medial band at vein 2; the anal orange patch is about the size it is on the upperside, and contains two similar black spots and silvery scales. Antennz black, with white dots at the sides, club with a red tip; frons black, with a white stripe on each side ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, legs greyish- white, without markings. Female, like the male above and below, the violet-blue tint on the upperside somewhat paler and duller, the colour of the wings in some examples more brown. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 153; to 1555 inches. Larva, feeds on Dioscorea and Xylia, and also on “ kindal” and on the guava, is shaped like that of Arhopala, but more rounded, very soft and velvety, and with longish hairs on the sides; the head is large and square, and the anal segment protected by a hard, flat, glossy plate, and there are two short processes on the 12th seoment as in A. vuleanus, Fabricius. In colour the head and anal cover are glossy brown, the rest of the body being dark green with a broken white band on each side, or dark brown mottled with lighter shades. Pura of the Arhopala type, but much narrowed; the back is ridged, but not sharply so, and the head blunt. In colour it is dark glossy brown. It is fastened by the extremity only, along a leaf. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasirat.—India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula, China, Java, Philippines. DistriBuTion.—The type came from Java; it is a common species throughout India and Ceylon ; frequents low thorny bushes; when disturbed, flies round and darts about very fast, but does not go far, soon returning to settle. APHNAINA. 181 APHNAUS CONCANUS. Plate 738, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Aphnzus concanus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 27. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p- 358. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 386. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1908, p. 886. Aphnzus (Spindasis) concanus, Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 359. Imaco.—Male. Upperside like the male of A. lohita. Underside pale reddish- ochreous, bands dark purple-red. J orewing with the bands disposed as in lohita. Hindwing with the bands closer together, the ante-medial band free from the basal band, the post-medial band at its lower end touching both the medial and sub-marginal bands, the latter narrower than it is in lohita, leaving a broader space of the ground colour between it and the marginal band ; anal patch and spots similar. Female. Upperside paler and more brown than the female of lohita. Underside as in its own male, the sub-marginal and marginal bands more separated. Expanse of wings, $ 2 15%; to 13 inches. Hasirat.—South India. Disrrisution.—Recorded by de Rhé-Philipe from Khandalla, near Bombay, by Hampson from the Nilgiris, by de Nicéville from the Shevaroy Hills and Orissa. We have both sexes from Karwar, from whence Davidson, Bell and Aitken also record it ; they are of opinion that it is the cold-weather form of lohita. APHNAUS ZOILUS. Plate 738, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, ¢, 3c, larva (much enlarged, with ants on it), 3d, pupa (in ants’ nest, with part of the covering torn away). Aphnzus zoilus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 588. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 359 (1890). Aphneus lohita, var. zoilus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 232. Spindasis zoilus, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 43, Aphnzus zebrinus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 28. de Nicéville, l.c. (1890). Spindasis lohita, Kershaw (nec Horsfield), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1907, p. 245, pl. 22 (life history). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark blue, much brighter and purer blue than in A, lohita, the black bands more distinctly defined. Forewing with the costal band somewhat broadly, the apex very broadly and the outer marginal band decreasingly hindward, black; the sub-median nervure and the median nervules also black. Hindwing with the costal space broadly black, the abdominal fold blackish-brown, the outer marginal line finely black, anal orange patch brighter and larger than in lohita ; a black spot in the lobe, a minute black spot between the tails, with one or two 182 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. silvery scales attached; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings grey. Underside yellowish-white, more tinted with yellow than in lohita, bands somewhat similarly disposed, but quite black, with almost complete silvery lines running down their centres, the bands on both wings free from each other and wider apart, the lower part of the discal band of the hindwing quite free and not touching either the medial or sub-marginal band, the anal patch large and dark orange-red, a silvery line running through it in continuation of the sub-marginal band. Female. Upperside pale brown, the band of the underside showing rather conspicuously through both wings; anal patch and underside exactly as in the male. Antenne black, with white dots on its sides, tip of club red ; frons black, with a white stripe on each side; head and body above and beneath concolorous with the wings, abdomen with red segmental bands on its sides, tarsi with black spots. Expanse of wings, $ $ 14%5 to 14% inches. Ecce, hemispherical or domed, flattened on the underside, strongly reticulated or honeycombed on the upper surface. It is laid singly, during the day, into the joints of bracts, stems or leaves of the food plants of the larva, or even on adjacent parts of the host plants. Larva feeds on Henslowia frutescens, Champ., in Kwangtung, also on Loranthus chinensis, DC., and Viscum orientale, Willd. ; when full grown, its general colour on the upperside in the wet-season is yellowish, with a double interrupted dorsal line of dark brown, most of the third segment is dark brown ; an indistinct transverse dorsal reddish bar on each segment, each side surrounded with dark brown, below these markings uniform greenish-yellow, the whole body irrorated with light and dark specks, the whitish ones chiefly due to extremely short hairs or stubble ; the second segment is covered with a dark brown shiny chitinous shield, as is the last segment ; on the twelfth segment are two dark brown chitinous tubulures on each side, with a few hairs on the edges of the openings; from these tubulures the larva when irritated extrudes a white gland or stout filament which it vibrates rapidly and quickly withdraws again. The body is fringed laterally just above the legs with stiff white hairs ; legs, prolegs, and underside glaucous-green, head nearly black. During the dry season the larvee are very dark in general colouring, chiefly various shades of brown ; the wet-season markings very obscure. During the day the larve either remain in their leaf shelters or more frequently in the ants’ nests ; some of these ants’ nests are a fair size, but most of them very small, made of one leaf turned over and roofed over with felted material, or two or three leaves are employed, each little nest containing some aphides and ants and occasionally a larva or two of Spindasis. The larvee issue forth from their shelters at night to feed, and are constantly attended by some of the ants, who often stand on the back of a larva, apparently caressing it with their antennee and seeming to extract some juice from between the joints of the chitinous APHNAINA. 183 shields and the soft parts of the body, but chiefly they excite or irritate the larva by touching the tubulures with antenne and forelegs, till the larva puts forth the filaments from the tubes, and the ants then seem to lick up some moisture left by the filaments on the edges of the openings; the larve pupate in a deserted leaf-nest of the ants ; the nests used for pupation always seem quite new. Pura dark shiny brown and yellow-brown, the tip of the abdomen blunt and rounded, and on the underside is a roughened sub-circular patch, furnished with microscopic bristles, which aid the adhesion of the silk by which the pupa is affixed to one of the walls of the leaf nest; there is no girdle round the middle, the tubulures of the larva are represented by two slight scars in the pupa. The above are extracts from Kershaw’s very interesting description of the life history of this species; fortunately he figured the butterfly on the same plate with the larva and pupa, thus enabling us to ascertain the species he was referring to. The description of this species by one who has so carefully studied its life history establishes the fact that it is a form differing in many respects from A. lohita, with which it has been confused by so many authors; his description of the larva and pupa, though in general agreement with the description of the larva and pupa of A. lohita by Davidson, Bell and Aitken, differs materially in many respects, and establishes its distinction from that form. Hasirat.—Andamans, Ceylon, 8. China. Described and figured from a pair in our collection from Port Blair; the figures of the larva and pupa are copies of Kershaw’s figures. APHNAUS MINIMA. Plate 738, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, ¢. Spindasis minima, Butler, Ann, Mag, Nat. Hist. 1901, p. 239. Imaco.—Male. Upperside greyish-blue, with some of the bands on the underside slightly visible through the wings, marginal line brown, cilia white; a yellow anal patch on the hindwing with two rather large black spots, slightly touched with metallic blue scales ; tails black, tipped with white. Underside with the ground colour pinkish- whitish-grey ; bands indicated by their brown linear edgings, with brown spots inside them, and a few silvery scales. Horewing with the hinder marginal space grey, limited by the median vein and the middle of the interno-median interspace ; a spot inside the cell, followed by five bands close together, all commencing on the costa and terminating on the upper edge of the grey space, except the third which ends below vein 5, and the fourth which ends above vein 3, a sub-marginal line of disconnected linear marks. Hindwing with a narrow basal band, ante-medial, medial and post-medial bands, the 184 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. first two abruptly angled inwards on to the abdominal margin, the third continued in a linear form in a similar manner, a sub-marginal series of grey spots, a series of short thin linear marks close to the margin; anal patch pale yellow, with two black spots, with a few silvery scales on them. Antenne broken ; frons white, with a central brown hand ; eyes ringed with white, body above and below concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, ¢ 3%5 inch. Hapirat.—Ceylon. Described and figured from the unique example in the B. M. INDO-MALAYAN AND CHINESE ALLIED SPECIES. Aphnezus frigidus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 350, pl. 32, fig. 10. Habitat, Borneo, Aphnzus vivinga, Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag. xii. p. 39 (1875). Habitat, Borneo. Aphnzus formosana, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 51. Habitat, Formosa. Aphnzus hiendlmayrii, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 38, pl. 5, fig. 5, 9. Habitat, N.E. Sumatra. Aphnzus leechi, nov. Male. Upperside of a bright slaty-blue colour. Forewing with the costa narrowly, the outer margin more broadly black, the latter abruptly narrowing towards the hinder angle. Hindwing with the costal and abdominal spaces broadly black, anal patch bright orange, a large black anal spot with metallic blue scales on it and a small one between the tails, which are black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black, tipped with white. Underside bright pale primrose colour, bands disposed as in A. lohita, Horsfield, but of a dark brown-pink colour, nearly black, with middle lines of beautiful silvery scales. Female. Upperside brown, without any blue sheen, otherwise similar to the male above and below. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14%; inches. Hasrrat.—Moupin and Ichang, W. China. Types in B.M. Sub-Family BIDUANDINZ. Contain three genera from the Indian region, Biduanda, Distant, Marmessus, Hiibner, and Eoowylides, de Nicéville, all with secondary sexual characters in the males, consisting of peculiarly formed scales only, and all with three tails to the hindwing, at the ends of veins 3, 2 and the sub-median vein, the middle tail the longest, all three tails strongly ciliated ; the eyes are naked. Marmessus and Eooaylides have two sub-costal nervules in the forewing, and Biduanda has three, and all are inhabitants of Burma and the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. BIDUANDINA. 185 Genus BIDUANDA. Biduanda, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 237 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 424 (1890). Eyes naked. Forewing with vein 12 very short, ending on the costa some distance before the upper end of the cell, 11 emitted from the middle of the cell, the base of 10 slightly nearer the base of 11 than it is to the end of the cell, 9 very short, from 7 close before its end, discocellulars upright, the lower slightly the longer, vein 6 from near upper end of cell, 5 from near the middle of discocellulars, 3 from a short distance before the lower end of the cell, sub-median vein slightly sinuous ; costa evenly arched, apex rather rounded, outer margin slightly convex, hinder angle rounded, hinder margin strongly bowed outwardly at its middle in the male, nearly straight in the female. Hindwing, vein 8 ends on costa a little before the apex, discocellulars almost in a straight line, slightly outwardly oblique, vein 3 emitted a little before the lower end of the cell, internal vein long and recurved. Costa strongly arched in the male, much less arched in the female, apex much rounded in the male, less rounded in the female, the outer margin strongly angled at the end of vein 3, abdominal margin somewhat deeply incised above the anal lobe, a distinct anal lobe and three tails, the middle one the longest, the inner tail about half as long, the outer tail very short ; a glandular patch of differently formed scales on the upperside of the wing, placed around the base of vein 7, the larger portion of the patch lying between that nervule and vein 8; the bowed portion of the hinder margin of the forewing covering the patch. Type, Myrina thesmia, Hewitson. BIDUANDA FABRICII. Plate 739, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, g. Drupadia fabricii, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1884, p. 32. Biduanda fabricii, Moore, 1.c. 1886, p. 42, pl. 4, figs. 2, g, 3, 9. Biduanda thesmia, Doherty (nec Hewitson), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 425. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 426, pl. 29, fig. 229, g (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brown, with a purple tint. Forewing with a small space outside the lower end of the cell duli red. Hindwing with the costal space pale, a black marginal line well developed hindwards, with a distinct but narrow white band on its inner side from the anal angle to the end of vein 3; tails black, tipped with white and with white cilia. Cilia of both wings black to the middle of the hindwing, from thence to the anal angle and for a short distance up the abdominal VOL. IX. : 2B 186 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. margin it is white. Underside. orewing with the ground colour dull pale greyish- orange, the apex and lower basal portions of the wing darkly and the outer middle portion of the wing lightly suffused with smoky-brown ; a sub-basal brown bar in the cell, another at its middle, the lower portion of each attached to the dark basal suffusion, a brown bar at the end, a discal even band, with sinuous edges, from the costa, passing close outside the cell-end bar, dark in the apical suffusion, pale hindwards and ending diffusedly before reaching the hinder margin, a sub-marginal line of brown lunules, well separated from the margin. Hindwing milky white, a brown basal spot, another some way beneath it, close to the abdominal margin, followed by three larger brown spots in an oblique line, the middle one the smallest, the outer marks all white, indicated by their brown edges, consisting of a bar at the end of the cell, and a discal, irregular band which curves inwards at its lower end in a blunt W-shaped form: to the abdominal margin, a series of thin brown, sub-marginal, lunular marks, a small black anal spot, a larger one in the first median interspace, both capped with blue scales, and a few blue scales between them, terminal line black. Antenne black, with white dots beneath, club with a red tip; frons blackish-brown, with a white line on each side ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside rufous-brown. orewing with a very large orange-red band in the disc, which occupies nearly a third of the surface of the wing, this band varies in extent somewhat in different examples, and in all that we have seen from Mergui extends from near the costa to near the hinder margin. Hindwing paler than in the male, and so is the underside of both wings, but otherwise they do not differ from the male. Expanse of wings, $ ? 13%; to 14 inches. Hasrrat.—Meregui, Burma. Disrripution.— Both sexes are in our collection from Mergui and the Donat Range, Tenasserim ; it may be merely a local form of L. thesmia, Fabricius, of which we have many examples of both sexes from’ the Malay Archipelago, but the females of thesmua are very differently coloured on the upperside, and the ground colour of both sexes and the bands and spots on the underside, though similarly disposed, are always very much darker in ¢hesmia, and therefore we feel obliged to keep fabricit as a distinct local form. BIDUANDA SCUDDERII. Plate 739, figs. 2, g, 2a, ¢. Biduanda seudderti, Doherty, Journ. As, Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 426, pl. 23, fig. 14, ¢. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 427 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Allied to thesmia and somewhat resembling the female of that BIDUANDINE. 187 species. Male, above, dark fuscous, an orange area occupying about a sixth of the forewing, including the lower angle of the cell, and the disc from the base of the lower radial to below the lower median vein ; a somewhat large, obscure violet-blue sub-apical area (not refulgent in any light), not reaching the costa or the outer margin ; the hind margin is also tinged with violet. Hindwing dull fuscous, a large dull violet area from the cell to the outer margin, between the lower sub-costal and the lower median vein, from the cell to the marginal black line, its inner part densely irrorated with bluish-white scales, beyond which lies a transverse darker discal fascia ; sub-anal area nearly black. Cilia whitish sub-anally; tails chiefly black, except at the tips. Underside much as in ¢hesmia, expanse as in melisa. One male, Mereui. I name the species after Mr. 8. H. Scudder, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, the first numbers of whose magnificent work on the New England butterflies I have just had the good fortune to meet with. (Doherty.) Expanse of wings, $ 1 inch. Hasirat.—Mergui. . We have not seen this species, and have been unable to ascertain where the type now is, we therefore give a copy of Doherty’s figure. BIDUANDA MELISA. Plate 739, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Myrina melisa, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 6, pl. 3, figs. 82, 83, ?- (1869). Biduanda melisa, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 425. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 427 (1890). Twaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing black, tinged with purple. Hindwing with the costal space rufous-ochreous, abdominal fold brown, the anterior half of the wing purple-black, the lower portion bright shining blue, a narrow black band down the outer margin, fining hindwards to the outer tail, and continued in a fine line to the inner tail, a black sub-terminal lunule in the first median interspace, and another in the next inner interspace, each with a white line between it and the terminal black line ; tails black, tipped with white and with white cilia. Cilia of forewing and apical portion of hindwing black, the rest of the cilia of the hindwing white. Underside milky-white, markings dark chocolate-brown. vrewing with the apex broadly suffused with chocolate-brown, the lower half of the outer margin with a pale orange-red band limited by a dentate sub-marginal line, a sub-basal spot in the cell, with a smaller one below it, a larger spot in the middle of the cell, with a smaller spot below it, a line at the end of the cell, with a large squarish patch that runs up to the costa, close outside it, the entire costa from the base to this patch with small spots, a lunular discal line 2B 2 188 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. running outside the patch, the hinder part of the line disconnected with a spot on its inner side. 7indwing with several small basal spots and marks continued half-way down the abdominal margin, followed by two linear rows of three spots each, a bar at the end of the cell, a discal, outwardly curved series of curious marks, very difficult to describe, which commences with a large brown spot near the costa, a sub-marginal lunular line, and some pale brown marks close to the margin; outside the lunular line the three basal mterspaces are packed with metallic blue scales, with a small anal black spot and a larger one in the first median interspace; terminal line black, with a white inner thread. Antennz black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside. Jorewing blackish-brown, with a small white patch in the middle of the disc. Hindwing paler, the lower third blue-grey, a black spot above the outer tail, and another between the two outer tails; tails blue-grey, tipped with white. Underside more or less suffused with ochreous-grey, the markings as in the male, but very much paler and the spots smaller, and somewhat confluent. Expanse of wings, ? 1 to 145 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Bhutan. Distripution.—The type is marked N. India, it is in the B. M. from the Ye Valley, Tenasserim, and from Bhutan. BIDUANDA CYARA. Plate 739, figs. 4, 9, 4a, 9. Myrina cyara, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 26, pl. 3b, figs. 109, 110 (1878). Biduanda cyara, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 427 (1890). Imaco.—Female. Upperside brown. /orewing with an orange-red patch in the disc, filling the inner half of the two median interspaces, and extending upwards in a small patch at the end of the cell. Mindwing with the abdominal space pale, a rather large black anal spot, capped heavily with pale blue scales, indistinct small spots in the next two or three interspaces, outer marginal line black, with an inner white thread ; tails black, with white cilia, and tipped with white ; cilia of the forewing and at the apex of the hindwing brown, hindwards white. Underside pale grey, markings brown. /ore- wing with a round ante-medial spot in the cell, an irregular large spot constricted at its middle in the centre of the cell, a thin line at the end, with a small spot immediately below it, another below the centre spot, and several costal spots above the cell, more or less indistinct ; a very large brown patch with irregular sides, attached to the costa outside the cell line, its outer edge limited by the sinuous discal line which consists of a number of curves, and a similar sub-marginal series, the upper and lower thirds of BIDUANDINAG. 189 the wing surface suffused with dark grey. Hindwing with a large basal ring spot with a dot in it and a small spot below it, an outwardly curved ante-medial series of ring spots, one at the end of the cell, touching the series and also the discal series, which is more or less of a similar nature, very difficult to describe ; a sub-marginal series as in the forewing, a black anal spot, another in the first median interspace, capped with silvery scales, and some silvery scales in the interspace between them ; both wings with brown macular marks close to the margin, and brown marginal line which becomes black on the lower portion of the hindwing, with a white thread inside it. Antenne black, with white side dots, club with a red tip; frons white, with a grey middle stripe ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, ? 1+; inches. The type, a female, which is unique, is labelled Darjiling, but we cannot help thinking the locality is wrong; nothing of the sort appears ever to have been received from that locality since Hewitson described the species, though very many have collected there ever since; it probably came from somewhere in the Malay Archipelago, but we keep it here on account of its Indian label. BIDUANDA NICEVILLEI. Plate 739, figs. 5, g, 5a, ¢. Biduanda nicévillei, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 426, pl. 23, fig. 16. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 428 (1890). Imaco.— Male, above, violet (much richer and bluer than in B. thesmia), slightly paler in the middle of the forewing, a narrow, even black border. //indwing with two sub-anal black spots bordered inwardly by an area irrorated with whitish scales; a marginal black and white line sub-anally, the cilia partly white, as well as most of the tails. Below, much like B. melisa, the markings more rufous, less fuscous, the basal spots simple, not annular, the transverse discal band and the outer margin of the forewing rufous-brown and ferruginous of various shades, the apical part of the outer margin of the hindwing light ferruginous, the metallic green area large, extending unbroken from the upper median to the internal veins, the sub-marginal line straighter, and less undulated on both wings. Expanse an inch and a half, the species being larger than either melisa or scudderti. Two males, Myitta. I name the species after Mr. Lionel de Nicéville, whose great work on Indian butterflies, equally important for the information which it contains and for the impetus which it is certainly destined to give to the study of insects in the Hast, is now in progress. 190 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Expanse of wings, ¢ 13 inches. Hasrrat.—Burma. Described by Doherty from two examples taken at Myitta, in the Upper Tenasserim Valley ; we have not been able to ascertain where the type now is; we give copies of Doherty’s figures. INDO-MALAYAN, CHINESE AND JAPANESE ALLIED GENERA AND SPECIES. Biduanda theda, Myrina theda, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. vi. p. 291 (1862). Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. pl. 16, figs. 46, 47 (1863). Habitat, Philippines. Biduanda cinesia, Myrina cinesia, Hewitson, I.c. p. 29, pl. 13, figs. 18, 19 (1863). Habitat, Borneo. Biduanda sczva, Myrina sceva, Hewitson, l.c. p. 30, pl. 15, figs. 39, 40, ¢ (1863). Biduanda sceva, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 210, pl. E, fig. 7, 9. Habitat, Singapore. Biduanda thesmia, Myrina thesmia, Hewitson, l.c. p. 32, pl. 14, figs. 25, 27, g, 26, ? (1863). Biduanda thesmia, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 238, figs. 76, 6, 77, 9 (1884). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 613. Habitat, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java, Sumatra. Biduanda estella, Sithon estella, Hewitson, lc. p. 31, pl. 16, figs, 50, 51 (1863). Biduanda estella, H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 614. Habitat, Sumatra, Borneo. Biduanda nenia, Myrina nenia, Hewitson, l.c. p. 33, pl. 13, figs. 21, 22 (1863). Habitat, Celebes. Biduanda namusa, Myrina namusa, Hewitson, l.c. figs. 23, 24 (1863). Habitat, Celebes. Biduanda thaliarchus, Sithon thaliarchus, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. xiv. p. 277, pl. 95 (1888). Habitat, Minahassa, Celebes. Biduanda cineas, Sithon cineas, Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 318. Habitat, Borneo. Biduanda unicolor, Sithon thesmia, var. unicolor, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 111. Biduanda unicolor, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 613. Habitat, Borneo. Biduanda demialba, Sithon thesmia, var. demialba, Staudinger, l.c. Habitat, Nias. Biduanda cinesoides, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1889, p. 166, pl. A, fig. 7, $, and 1890, p- 211, pl. E, fig. 8, 9. Habitat, Selangore, Malay Peninsula. Biduanda themia, H. H. Druce, lec. p. 614, pl. 34, fig. 2, 9. Habitat, Sandakan, Borneo. Biduanda hewitsoni, H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 615, and 1896, p. 679, pl. 31, fig. 9. Myrina cinesia, Hewitson (part), Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 29, pl. 12, fig. 20 (only) (1863). Habitat, Borneo. Biduanda staudingeri, H. H. Druce, l.c. pl. 34, figs. 5, ¢, 6, 9. Habitat, Borneo. Biduanda similis, H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 616. Habitat, Borneo. Biduanda imitata, H. H. Druce, lc. p. 617. Habitat, Borneo. Biduanda esla, nov. Upperside. Forewing blackish-brown, with a large oval, orange-red patch in the middle of the wing, curving from a point in the outer end of the cell to near the outer margin above the hinder angle. Cilia blackish. Hindwing bright blue, costal space whitish, abdominal fold grey ; tails white, with a black middle stripe, the middle tail very long, longer than in B. thesmia, Hewitson ; marginal line black, with an inner white thread. Cilia white. Underside. Forewing dull orange, the base smeared with white, hinder marginal space whitish, a broad dark brown smear above it and the upper and apical portions of the wing broadly suffused with brown. Hindwing white, all the bands and spots as in Marmessus ravindra, Horsfield. Expanse of wings, g 1} inches. Habitat, Sumatra. Type, male, in the B. M. BIDUANDINA. 191 Amblopala avidiena, Amblypodia avidiena, Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag. xiv. p. 108 (1877); id. Il. Diurn. Lep. Lye. Suppl. p. 23, pl. 8, figs. 72, 73 (1878). Amblopala avidiena, Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 341 (1893). Habitat, Chang Yang, Ningpo, Japan. Genus MARMESSUS. Marmessus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 81 (1816). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 429 (fvot- note) (1890). Drupadia, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 31. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 236 (1884). de Nicéville, l.c. Eyes naked. Jvrewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite the upper end of the cell, 11 emitted from the middle of the cell, 10 from a short distance further on, its base being rather nearer the base of 11 than the end of the cell ; discocellulars both concave, slightly inwardly oblique, vein 3 emitted some little distance before the lower end of the cell, the contour of the wing much as in Biduanda, a glandular patch of scales on either side of the sub-median vein near the base on the underside of the wing in the male, the hinder margin being strongly bowed outwards below it, in the female the hinder margin is straight, the sexual character being of course absent. Hindwing with the costal margin abnormally produced in the male and arched to cover the glandular patch on the hinder margin of the forewing, in the female the costal margin is but slightly arched and vein 8 is much longer than it is in the male, extending to nearly the apex of the wing, in the male it ends on the costa at about two-thirds of its length, and there is a round glandular patch of scales near the costa, the abdominal margin is very strongly excavated above the anal angle ; three tails much as in Biduanda. Type, Papitio lisias, Fabricius, from Pulicandor. MARMESSUS LISIAS. Plate 740, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, ¢. Papilio lisias, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 65 (1787). Donovan, Ins. Ind. p. 60, pl. 40, fig. 1, ? (1800). Hesperia lisias, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i.), p. 261 (1793). Marmessus lisias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 81 (1816). Myrina lisias, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 593 (1823). Boisduval, Sp. Gen. ii. pl. 22, fig. 2 (1836). Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 184 (1869). Hypolyczna lisias, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 833. Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 530. Drupadia lisias, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 32. Waterhouse, Aid, ii. pl. 165, figs. 2, 3a, g; 3, @ (1886). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 480 (1890). 192 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Drupadia boisduvalii, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 31. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p- 430, pl. 29, fig. 230, ¢ (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 530. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 50. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 641. Biduanda boisduvalii, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 42. Iwaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing black, a very large orange-red patch in the middle, somewhat oval-shaped, outwardly oblique, occupying quite a third of the wing from near the costa to near the sub-median vein ; the costa narrowly. the apical space outside the patch, the outer margin narrowly, deep black, the basal and hinder marginal areas paler black. Zindwing with the costal space broadly black, a thin black band or thick line on the outer margin, abdominal fold brown, the rest of the wing blue, some small black terminal spots between the tails, where the terminal line is black, with an inner white thread; tails black, tipped with white, with white cilia. Cilia of forewing black, of hindwing white. Underside. orewing orange-ochreous, bands darker ochreous, hinder marginal space grey, a basal streak, a bar across the middle of the cell, and another at the end, a discal somewhat outwardly curved band, all very narrow ; a sub-marginal series of very fine black lunules, well separated from the margin. Hindwing white, the costal space and apical portions of the wing suffused with orange-ochreous, spots varying in colour from ochreous, some of the inner ones brown, all edged with black, a short basal streak, with a spot below it, followed by three brown spots in a line, a bar at the end of the cell, an irregular discal series of five bars and curved marks, the upper ones ochreous, the lower ones white, the series curving round to the middle of the abdominal margin, a sub-marginal somewhat lunular, fine black line, a black anal spot and another in the first median interspace, both crowned with metallic blue scales. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip; frons white; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside brown. Jorewing. Upperside usually with the patch about the same size as in the male, but sometimes a little more extensive, always paler and more ochreous in colour. Hindwing sometimes with indications of some dull orange- ochreous in its middle, the anal spots generally larger. Underside as in the male, but the colour and markings paler. Expanse of wings, ¢ , 1445 to 15% inches. Hasrrat.—Burma, Mergui, the Chittagong Hill Tracts. DIsTRIBUTION.—The type is said to have come from Pulicondor, but we have not been able to make out the locality. We have it from Mergui and Rangoon, Manders records it from the Shan States, Moore from Moolai (3,000 to 6,000 feet elevation) in Upper Tenasserim; de Nicéville also from Maulmein and the Chittagong Hill tracts, BIDUANDINL. 193 MARMESSUS MOOREI. Plate 740, figs. 2; $, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Sithon moorei, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 246. Drupadia moorei, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 236, pi. 20, figs. 21, ¢, 20, 30, 9 (1884), and p. 460, pl. 44, fig. 11, 9, variety (1886). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 425. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 431 (footnote) (1890). Marmessus moorei, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 617. Sithon ravindra, Druce (nec Horsfield), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 351. Imaco.—Male. Upperside black, with a purple tint. Forewing without markings. Cilia black. 7indwing bright blue, costal space broadly whitish, black at the base and at the apex, abdominal fold blackish, a small black anal spot, another in the next interspace, and sometimes indications of blackish spots up the margin, marginal line black, with a white inner thread between the tails; tails white, with a black middle line, the middle tail very long. Underside. Forewing reddish-orange, markings black ; hinder marginal space narrowly whitish, with some blackish suffusion above its middle, a short basal streak, a red bar in the middle of the cell, with a black spot at its lower end, attaching it to the blackish suffusion, a red bar at the end, both with faint white edges, two discal lines of fine black, the inner one linear, the outer lunular on the upper half, marginal line black. Cilia paler black. Zindwing white, the costal space narrowly reddish-orange, markings deep black and prominent, composed of thick bars ; a sub-basal bar from the base to the orange space, an elongated spot beyond it, below the costa, beneath it a bar from the middle of the cell to near the abdominal margin, a bar across the end of the cell, with a bar above it, its lower end a little outside the upper outer end of the cell bar, a short bar below the cell bar placed inwards, a discal series of bars, all disconnected, the third from the costa double, the sixth in a deep curve, then running in a band to the abdominal margin one-third above the anal angle ; a sub-marginal line from vein 4 to the abdominal margin limiting the space of metallic blue scales which cap the anal spots, a large one at the anal angle, another in the first median interspace, and a small one between them; a series of sub-marginal lunules from the outer spot upwards, terminal line black, with an inner white line, which is broad between the tails. Cilia white. Antenne black, with white dots on the sides, club with an orange tip ; frons white ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside brown. orewing generally with indications of some red suffusion in the upper disc, but the discal patch is very variable, sometimes fairly large and oblique. Cilia brown. Hindwing suffused with pale blue, the suffusion strongest VOL. IX. 26 194 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. hindwards, anal spots as in the male, terminal line black, with an inner white thread. Underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ 13, $ 14%; to 1445 inches. Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes. DistripuTion.—We have it from Perak, Singapore, Lawas in Borneo, and from Sumatra. Doherty records it from Tenasserim ; it is in the B. M. also from Celebes. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Marmessus ravindra, Myrina rayindra, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. H.I.C. p. 117 (1829). Thecla ravindra, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. pl. 5, figs. 11, lla (1859). Habitat, Java, Sumatra, Borneo. Marmessus niasica, Sithon niasica, Rober, Iris, 1886, pl. 68, pl. 5, fig. 20. Habitat, Nias. Marmessus czsaria, Drupadia cesaria, Weymer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlviii. p. 9, pl. 2, fig. 4 (1887). Synonym, Sithon niasica, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 109. Habitat, Nias, Philippines. Marmessus ravindrina, Sithon ravindrina, Staudinger, l.c. p. 108 (1889). Habitat, Philippines. Marmessus onychina, Sithon onyx, var. onychina, Staudinger, l.c. p. 113. Habitat, Java. Marmessus albula, Marmessus surindra, var. albula, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 617. Habitat, Borneo. Marmessus surindra, H. H. Druce, l.c. pl. 34, fig. 7. Habitat, Borneo. Marmessus atra, Marmessus boisduvali, var. atra, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 679. Habitat, Borneo. Marmessus comla, nov. Male. Upperside. Forewing, the base up to near the orange patch greyish- blue, the orange-red patch oblique, nearly oval, very large, its upper end starting from inside the end of the cell, the rest of the wing black, the black colour running down the costa narrowly to the base. Cilia black. Hindwing blue-grey, costal area whitish, the lower part of the wing palest, terminal line black, with an inner white thread, some indistinct blackish sub-terminal lunular marks, vein 7 black ; tails black, tipped with white, the middle tail not more than half the usual length. Underside. Forewing brown, almost blackish-brown, suffused with orange- red in parts, hinder marginal space narrowly white, base of the wing narrowly whitish, the space above the white hinder margin broadly smeared with black, a black basal streak, a bar in the middle of the cell, and another at the end, a post-medial, narrow, blackish band, another post-discal. Cilia black. Hindwing pure white, spots and bands much as in WM. ravindra, but the blue metallic scales above the anal spots are replaced with a little blackish suffusion and all the markings are large, very black and prominent. Female. Upperside. Forewing blackish- brown, base faintly suffused with blue-grey, a narrow orange-red patch like an oblique streak in the middle of the disc. Hindwing with the basal and costal spaces blackish, the rest of the wing pale blue-grey, somewhat whitish, with a blue-grey tint ; tails and marks as in the male. Underside. Forewing bright orange, or orange-red, the hinder marginal space whitish. Hindwing white, markings on both wings as in the male, the discal bands of the forewing more outwardly curved. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1,4; to 1} inches. Habitat, Sumatra. Types in B. M., one male and three females. Only superficially distinguishable from Biduanda esla, Swinhoe, by its short middle tail, but is a true Marmessus, with only two sub-costal nervules in the forewing. BIDUANDINA. 195 Genus EOOXYLIDES. Eooxylides, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 432 (1890). Eyes naked. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite the upper end of the cell, 11 well separated from 12, emitted from about the middle of the cell, 10 from nearer the end of the cell than from the base of 11, discocellulars straight, upright, the lower the longer, vein 6 emitted a little below the upper end of the cell, 5 from about the middle, 3 from some little distance before the lower end; sub-median vein sinuous. Costa much arched, slightly indented at its base, apex somewhat acute in the male, rounded in the female, outer margin nearly straight in the male, convex in the female, hinder margin straight ; in the male there is a glandular patch of modified scales in the middle of the disc, occupying the bases of the median interspaces, and extending slightly into the cell, with a conspicuous round patch of densely packed scales in the first median interspace. Hindwing, vein 8 arched at its base, then straight to the apex, 7 gently arched at its base, discocellulars in an almost straight line, slightly outwardly oblique, the lower a little the longer, vein 3 emitted from the lower end of the cell, sub-median vein straight, internal vein rather long and sinuous, three tails all highly ciliated, the two outer ones very short, the middle tail about half an inch in length, the veins running up all the tails for about half their length. Costa much arched at base, then straight to apex, outer margin increasingly sinuous, abdominal margin deeply excavated above the anal lobe. Antenne short, gradually clavate ; body short, rather robust ; the first joint of the tarsi greatly enlarged, the others tapering. Type, Oaylides tharis, Hiibner. EOOXYLIDES THARIS. Plate 740, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Oxylides tharis, Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Schmett. figs. 883, 884 (1837). Myrina tharis, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 47 (1857). Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 31 (1863). Sithon tharis, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 32 (1884). Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. xxxiii. p. 299 (1890). Hypolycena tharis, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 257, pl. 20, fig. 19, 9 (1885). Evoaylides tharis, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 438, pl. 29, fig. 231, g (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 641. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 618. Myrina pharis, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 476, pl. 74, fig. 3, @ (1852). Imaco.—Male. Upperside brownish-black, nearly pure black. Forewing with the sexual mark, a glandular patch of modified black scales in the middle of the wing, very conspicuous ; on the middle of the hinder margin there are in most examples a number of metallic green scales. Cilia black. Hindwing with the anal third white crossed by 2c 2 196 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. a black band of irregular large spots generally connected with each other, a small one at the anal angle connected along the margin with a very large spot or patch in the first median interspace, and a smaller one in the next interspace, a spot above its lower outer end connected with the inner upper end of the large spot, and this also is joined to a spot on the abdominal margin, marginal line black. Cilia white ; tails white, with a middle black line. Underside dark reddish-orange. /orewing without markings. Hind- wing with the lower third white, limited by a black irregular line, a black anal spot attached to a black band which crosses the next interspace and a black lunule on the margin below it, a still larger black spot on the margin in the first median interspace, a smaller one in the next interspace, followed by two or three very small marginal spots somewhat lunular in shape, marginal line black, divided by the white tails. Antenne black, ringed with white, all white beneath except the club, the club with a dull red tip; frons black, with a white line on each side; head and body black above, thorax white beneath, abdomen ochreous, legs black, with white at the sides, tarsi with broad white bands. Female, like the male above and below, but the colour above is less black. Expanse of wings, $ ? 1,3, to 14% inches. Hasirat.—India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java. Distripution.—de Nicéville records it from the Chittagong Hill tracts in Arakan, and in the Bassein district ; we have both sexes from Java and Borneo. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Hoouylides meduana, Myrina meduana, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 4, pl. 3, figs. 75, 76 (1869). Habitat, Philippines. Hoouylides etias, Hypolycena etias, Distant and Pryer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 268. Eooxylides etias, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 618, and 1896, p. 680, pl. 31, fig. 12, ¢. Habitat, Borneo. Eooxylides estella, Sithon estella, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. xxxiii. p. 299 (1890). Habitat, Celebes. Hooxylides enganicus, Eooxylides tharis enganicus, Friihstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1894, p. 20t. Habitat, Engano, Philippines. Hooxylides latipictus, Kooxylides tharis latipictus, Friihstorfer, Iris, 1903, p. 311. Habitat, Nias. Hooxylides tharisides, Hooxylides tharis tharisides, Friihstorfer. “Habitat, N. Borneo. Hoowylides javanicus, Eooxylides tharis javanicus, Friihstorfer, l.c. Habitat, W. Java. CHERITRIN2. 197 Sub-Family CHERITRINZ. In this sub-family we put seven genera: T’hamala, Moore ; Mota, de Nicéville ; Cheritrella, de Nicéville ; Neomyrina, Distant ; Ticherra, de Nicéville ; Cheritra, Moore ; and Neocheritra, Distant. The eyes in all are naked, the costal and sub-costal veins of the forewing are well separated from each other ; in all the genera the hindwing is more or less produced hindwards, the anal portion more or less truncated, all have two tails from the ends of the sub-median vein and vein 2 (except Mota), the outer tail the longer, except in the genus Neocheritra, where the length of the tails is reversed, the outer tail being fairly long, the inner tail more than twice as long ; in the aberrant genus Mota the tails are at the ends of veins 2 and 3; all have anal lobes with the abdominal margin more or less excavated above it ; the palpi are long, generally longer in the female than in the male. Thamala has two sub-costal nervules in the forewing, all the others have three, except Neocheritra, which has four in the male and three in the female. Thamala, Cheritra and Neocheritra possess secondary sexual characters in the males, the others do not; Thamala has a small streak of modified scales along the sub-median vein of the forewing towards the base on the underside; in Cheritra there is a small brush of hairs on the hindwing on the upperside lying anteriorly across the sub-costal inter- space and a small glandular oval patch of scales beneath the area covered by the hairs; Neocheritra has a tuft of hairs on the forewing, with a corresponding depression on the hindwing. Genus THAMALA. Thamala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 834. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 387 (1890). Eyes naked. Forewing, vein 12 ends on the costa, opposite the end of the cell, 11 emitted from the middle of the cell, 10 from one-third before the end, cell long, more than half the breadth of the wing, upper discocellular convex, slightly outwardly oblique, the lower the longer, upright, nearly in a straight line with the upper, vein 6 from near upper end of cell, 5 from upper end of lower discocellular, 3 from close to the lower end of cell, 2 from one-fourth before the end; costa convex at base, apex sub- acute, outer margin slightly oblique and somewhat recurved, hinder angle acute, hinder margin nearly straight ; a narrow glandular streak of modified scales along each side of the sub-median vein towards the base, on the underside, below which the hinder margin is slightly outwardly bowed. Hindwing, vein 8 much curved at the base, slightly so thence to the apex of the wing, 7 emitted at one-third before the end of the cell, well-arched, discocellulars of equal length, outwardly oblique, the upper slightiy 198 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. sinuous and rather more oblique than the lower, vein 3 emitted from near the lower end of the cell, sub-median vein straight, not extending to the apex of the inner tail, internal vein very long, slightly curved ; costa well arched, and formed to cover the elandular streak on the forewing. Antennze long, more than half as long as the costa of the forewing ; palpi much longer in the female than in the male. Type, Zhamala miniata, Moore. THAMALA MINIATA. Plate 740, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, 3d, 4c, 2. Thamala miniata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 834, pl. 53, fig. 6, ¢; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 42, pl. 4, fig. 1, @. Elwes and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 429. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 388, pl. 28, figs. 212, g; 213, 9 (1890). Elwes, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 638. Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep scarlet-vermilion. Forewing with a black costal band limited by the sub-costal vein, expanding at the apex, continued down the outer margin and sometimes running very narrowly along the hinder margin, the inner margin of the band curving roundly from the upper end of the cell to the hinder margin of the wing, the discocellulars and median vein heavily black, a little black thickening at the base of the first median interspace, veins 2, 3 and 4 finely black, as also is the outer portion of the sub-median vein. Hindwing with the abdominal fold blackish-brown ; tails red, tipped with white, and margined with black. Cilia of both wings black. Underside pale ochreous-red. Forewing with a pale grey line closing the cell, the hinder marginal space paler than the rest of the wing, an outwardly curved, faint grey lunular discal line from the costa to the pale hinder marginal space. /indwing with a discal similar line from the costa outwardly, deeply curved, then curving a little inwards and again outwards and round to the abdominal margin where there is a small white patch attached to it, lined on both sides with black, some black and white scales against the margin in the first two interspaces, these white markings more or less obsolete in Some examples. Antennz black, with minute white dots, tip of club dull red ; frons black, with a white band on each side, legs white, with brown bands. Female. Upperside dull orange-red. Forewing with blackish-brown borders, broader than in the male, and running in along the hinder margin diffusedly to the base of the wing, the base also suffused with brown, the medial streak brown, broad, in some examples very broad. /Zindwing with the anal space suffused with dull blue- grey, the lower half of the wing suffused with brownish, the upper half dull orange-red, a diffuse brownish streak from the base to the middle, broadening outwardly. Under- side as in the male, but paler. CHERITRINA. 199 Expanse of wings, # ? 13°5 to 13% inches. Hasirat.—Burma. Distrizution.—The types came from Taoo, 3,500 feet, in Upper Tenasserim, and are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; it is in coll. Druce from the Ataran Valley, de Nicéville records it also from Beeling and Maulmein, and it is in the B. M. The males are almost indistinguishable from 7. marciana, Hewitson, but the females are different, the ground colour above in marciana is much brighter, and more nearly resembles the bright colour of the male, the anal space in the hindwing is much brighter and paler blue-grey and the tails are white, in miniata they are ochreous, and there are anal black marks on the underside of the hindwing in marciana, on a dark erey ground, lined above and below with white and a short white band above it against the abdominal margin, all wanting in mniata. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Thamala marciana, Myrina marciana, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 34, pl. 16, fig. 44, ¢, pl. 12, figs. 12, 138, 9 (1863). Habitat, Malacca, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. Thamala natuna, Thamala marciana natuna, Friihstorfer, Iris, 1904, p. 148. Habitat, Natuna Island. Genus MOTA. Mota, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 345 (1890). Eyes naked. J orewing with vein 3 emitted a short distance before lower end of cell, discocellulars almost upright, concave, the middle discocellular very slightly longer than the lower; vein 9 out of 7 beyond its middle, 10 from one-fourth before end of cell, 11 from the middle, 12 ends on the costa opposite the end of the cell ; wing short, broad, costa arched, apex acute, outer margin convex, hinder margin slightly convex. [indwing with vein 3 from close to lower end of cell, 2 from the middle, the sub-median nervure very straight, internal nervure short, strongly recurved ; upper discocellular very slightly concave and outwardly oblique, lower straight, upright, equal in length to the upper; vein 7 much arched, emitted close to the upper end of the cell, 8 arched at base, then straight to the apex of the wing; costa of wing arched at base, then straight to apex, outer margin to base of upper tail at almost a right angle to the costa, waved from base of upper tail to anal angle, almost at a right angle again; anal lobe large, abdominal margin excavated somewhat deeply above the anal lobe, then convex ; tails two, from the ends of veins 2 and 3, short, the upper one a little shorter than the lower. Antenne less than half the length of costa of forewing; palpi long, porrect, covered with very closely-set adpressed scales, longer in the female; body moderately robust. Type, Myrina massyla, Hewitson. 200 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. MOTA MASSYLA. Plate 741, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, g. Myrina massyla, Hewitson, Ul. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 7; Suppl. pl. 3, figs. 87, 88, ¢ (1869). Mota massyla, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 345, pl. 28, fig. 210, (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 637. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 303. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1899, p. 334. Imaco.—Male. Upperside violet-blue. orewing with the veins black, costa with a narrow black band which expands at the end of the cell where there is a black spot attached, the apex thus becomes broadly black and the outer margin less broadly but evenly black. Hindwing with the costal space and abdominal fold pale brownish, the outer margin with a blackish band, the rest of the wing violet-blue ; anal lobe with an indistinct black spot, marginal line black, with an inner white thread ; tails black, with ochreous-grey cilia. Cilia of both wings ochreous-grey, with brown points at the vein ends. Underside pale purplish-brown, tinged with yellow. orewing with the colour shading darker towards the costa and outer margin, a blackish-brown mark at the end of the post-discal series of five blackish-brown lunules in an even outward curve, except the lowest, which is placed well inwards, followed by a similar series of six paler brown lunules, the lowest also placed inwards, both series on a dark ground ; a row of sub-marginal, somewhat diffuse, whitish lunules, making the outer part of the wing pale, marginal line finely brown, somewhat thickened at the vein ends, an inner whitish thread. Cilia ochreous-grey, tipped with brown, and with blackish-brown points at the vein ends. Hindwing with the middle portion streaked and clouded with dark chocolate-brown right across the wing; a dark broad bar, edged with black from near the costa, very straight across the inner end of the cell to vein 2, connected with some very dark basal spots by spear-shaped streaks along the sub-costal and median veins, a discal outwardly curved series of pale lunules, outwardly edged with black, followed by another indistinct similar series, the space between them dark, outer marginal line brown, with an ochreous-white inner thread. Cilia ochreous-grey, tipped with brown. Antenne black, club with a red tip and a white stripe beneath, the rest of the antenne beneath more or less whitish pricked with black; frons dark red, with a white line on each side; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside only differs from the male in beg somewhat paler, on the underside it is exactly similar. Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 13% to 14 inches. Hasirat.—Assam, Bhutan, Sylhet, Burma. DistRiBuTion.— We have it from Cherra Punji, from which locality the type came ; Elwes records it from Margharita in Upper Assam, de Nicéville from Bhutan and Tenasserim. CHERITRIN 4. 201 Genus CHERITRELLA. Cheritrella, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 456; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 403 (1890). Byes naked. Forewing, vein 12 short, terminating on the costal margin before the end of the cell, 11 emitted from middle of the cell, 10 from one-fourth before the end, 9 from beyond the middle of 7 ; discocellulars upright and concave, the latter slightly the longer, vein 6 emitted close to upper end of cell, 5 from above the middle of discocellulars, 3 from a little before lower end, 2 from one-fourth before the end ; sub-median vein straight; costal margin slightly arched, outer margin somewhat excavated below the apex to vein 4, where it is somewhat produced, nearly straight and oblique from thence to the hinder angle, hinder margin straight. Hindwing with vein 7 emitted some little distance before the upper end of the cell, nearly straight, discocellulars of nearly equal length, concave, outwardly oblique, vein 3 emitted a little before the lower end of the cell, 2 from beyond the middle, and running up the long tail for more than half its length, sub-median vein nearly straight, internal vein very short, highly sinuous, terminating on the abdominal margin above the deep excavation ; costa strongly arched at the base, then nearly straight to the apex, which is rounded, the outer margin slightly waved to the tail, continued nearly at a right angle to the anal lobe, abdominal margin curving outwards at its base, with a deep excavation above the anal lobe, a short tail at the end of the sub-median vein. Antenne short, less than half the lenoth of the costa of the forewing, slightly thickening upwards to form the club; palpi long, porrect, almost naked, much longer in the female than in the male. Type, Cheritrella truncipennis, de Nicéville. CHERITRELLA TRUNCIPENNIS. Plate 741, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 2, 2b, ¢. Cheritrella truncipennis, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 456, pl. 39, figs. 4, ¢; 3, 9; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 404, pl. 28, fig. 228, g (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 639. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 305. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1899, p. 334. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. orewing deep dull purple, the colour merging into the black costal and outer marginal borders which are fairly broad, broader on the outer margin than on the costa, and only to be distinguished in certain lights. Hindwing black, with a large iridescent bright steel-blue patch on the upper part of the wing from the base to near the outer margin, broadening outwards, its outer end rounded ; anal lobe and the short tail ferruginous, the long tail blackish-brown, with a white tip, an obscure round black spot on the margin between the tails, abdominal fold pale. Cilia of both wings black. Underside pale pinkish-brown, markings dark brown. VOL. Ix. 2D 202 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Iorewing with a double thin line, across the middle of the cell, sometimes obsolete, and a pair at the end, a discal irregular fascia, from the costa to vein 2, broadening hindwards, a sub-marginal series of fine indistinct lunular marks. Hindwing somewhat suffused with fuscous in parts, two black sub-basal spots with one close outside them, followed by two larger spots and another near the costa, all more or less suffused in a dark shade across the wing, a short band of several annular spots joined together from the abdominal margin above its middle, parallel with the upper shaded band, a discal irregular whorl of sinuous lunular marks in several disjointed pieces and a double sub-marginal series of marks all very difficult to describe. Female. Upperside pale purple-blue. orewing with a white spot at the end of the cell, and another beyond its lower end, the costal and apical areas beyond these spots black, the black band narrowing hindwards to the hinder angle. /Hindwing with the costal space and abdominal fold pale blackish, the blackish costal band running decreasingly down the outer margin. Underside as in the male, but paler. Expanse of wings, $ $ 153, to 14% inches. Haspitat.—sikkim, Assam. DistrisuTion.—The types came from Sikkim ; de Nicéville records it from the Khasia Hills. We have both sexes from that locality in our collection, and our descriptions and figures are from them. Genus NEOMYRINA. Neomyrina, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 248 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 405 (1890). Eyes naked. Forewing, vein 12 short, ending on costa considerably before the end of the cell, 11 also short, emitted from the middle of the cell and ends on the costal margin just beyond the end of the cell, 10 from one-fourth before the end of the cell, 9 from the middle of 7; upper discocellular short, the lower slightly inwardly oblique and concave, veins 6 and 5 closer together than is usual, 5 from the middle of discocellulars, the base of 6 halfway between the base of 5 and upper end of cell, vein 3 from one-eighth before lower end of cell, 2 from one-third before the end ; costa well arched, outer margin nearly straight, hinder angle rounded, hinder margin slightly smuate. //indwing, vein 8 highly arched, 7 emitted from before the middle of the cell, 5 from above the middle of the discocellulars, upper discocellular short, outwardly oblique, lower almost upright, slightly outwardly oblique, vein 3 emitted just before lower end of cell; costal margin somewhat rounded, apex obtusely acute, the wing produced hindward, with two tails, a very long one at the end of vein 2, broad at its base, and traversed by the vein throughout its length, the outer margin angled above it at the end of vein 3, the second tail short and slender at the end of the sub-median vein ; anal lobe small, placed some distance. up the abdominal margin, its CHERITRIN ZG. 203 usual position being occupied by the short tail, abdominal margin slightly excavated above the lobe, no secondary sexual characters ; body short, moderately robust ; palpi long, porrect, longer in the female than in the male. Doherty says it is a tree butterfly, alights on the underside of leaves, with closed wings, disappearing in the act as if by magic. Type, Myrina hiemalis, Godman and Salvin. . NEOMYRINA HIEMALIS. Plate 741, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 9. Myrina hiemalis, Godman and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 640, pl. 40, figs. 5, 6, ¢ (nec ?). Neomyrina hiemalis, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 240, pl. 22, fig. 13, 9 (1885). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 44. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 406, pl. 28, fig. 224, 9 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 640. Sithon hiemalis, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 276, pl. 95, ¢ (1888) (S. nivea on plate). Imaco.—Male. Upperside pearly-white, with the bands of the underside visible. Forewing with a broad black apical band which runs narrowly a short distance on the costa and narrows gradually hindwards on the outer margin; it has a black round spot-like projection opposite the apical middle and another a little inwards, and the band, except on its margins, is glossed with blue in certain lights. Hindwing with a sub-marginal series of fine black lunules in the interspaces, a black spot touched with blue at the end of the first median interspace. Underside milk-white, bands grey with fine black edgings. /orewing with an elongated spot in the middle of the cell, with a dot above it, and a black dot below it, another at the end of the cell, diffusedly continued to the costa, with a small black spot below it, followed by two bands at equal distances apart, composed of conjoined lunular bars, both ending’ on vein 2; a sub-marginal narrow band, edged with a black Junular line, on its outer side only, a nearly even narrow band without black edgings, close to the margin. Hindwing with six bands similar to those in the forewing at fairly equal distances apart, the first basal, composed of three disconnected spots, the second of four, the third of four larger and longer spots, the fourth of four, with an angular continuous bend which is deeply angled and runs to the abdominal margin, the fifth of conjoined spots also bent in at its lower end to the abdominal margin, the sixth sub-marginal, a black spot at the anal angle, another in the first median interspace, both with metallic blue scales on them, marginal line finely black. Antenne black, with white dots beneath ; head and body above with blue and white hairs, white beneath. There are also a few blue scales at the base of both wings on the upperside. Female. Similar to the male above and below. Expanse of wings, $ ? 14 to 24/5 inches. 2D 2 204 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula. Disrrisution.——The type, a male in the B. M., came from Meetan. We have a male from Renong, Siam, and there is a female in the Druce collection from Samburi, West Siam; de Nicéville records it from Thapo, Yimiki, King Island and Sulivan Island, all in the Mergui Archipelago. Distant records a female from Perak, but his figure shows a much broader and blacker outer marginal hand than in any specimen we have yet seen. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Neomyrina nivea, Myrina nivea, Godman and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 640, pl. 40, figs. 3,4, 2. Habitat, Billeton Island, between Java and Sumatra. Genus TICHERRA. Ticherra, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 457 ; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 407 (1890). Eyes naked. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell, 11 emitted from the middle of the cell, 10 from one-fourth before the end, 9 short, from near the end of 7; 6 from near the upper end, 5 from the middle of discocellulars, upper discocellular slightly concave, shorter than the lower which is straight, both are upright ; vein 3 emitted from near the lower end of cell, 2 from one-third before the end. Costa arched, outer margin slightly convex, more so in the female than in the male, apex sub-acute, hinder angle somewhat rounded, but the wing is of a triangular shape, with the hinder margin nearly straight. Hindwing, vein 7 emitted from near upper end of cell, cell a little longer than in the genus Cheritra, Moore, to which this genus is closely allied, the discocellulars much more outwardly oblique, vein 5 from their middle, vein 3 from close to lower end of cell, 2 from the middle, sub-median vein nearly straight, internal vein recurved ; wing narrow, produced hindwards, truncate at the anal end, with a long tail from vein 2, and a short one from the sub-median vein, costa arched at the base, then oblique to the apex, which is rounded, outer margin nearly straight to vein 2, where it projects in an angular form; no sexual characters ; body moderate; palpi porrect, longer in the female than in the male, second joint long, squamose, third joint one half its length. Antenne half the length of the costa of forewing, gradually thickened to the end, tip pointed. Type, Myrina acte, Moore. TICHERRA ACTE. Plate 742, figs. 1, g, la, 9, lb, 9 (Wet-season Brood), le, g, 1d, 9, le, 2 (Dry-season Brood). Myrina acte, Moore, Cat, Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 47, 9 (1857). Hewitson, Ill, Diurn. Lep. p. 30, pl. 12, figs. 8, 9, g, Wet-season form (1863). CHERITRING. 205 Cheritra acte, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 127. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, id. p. 369. Ticherra acte, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 457, pl. 40, fig. 5, ¢, Dry-season form ; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 407, pl. 28, fig. 225, ¢, Wet-season form (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 50. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 640. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 305. Sithon acte, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 277, pl. 95, Wet-season form (1888). Myrina symira, Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag. xiii. p. 152 (1876); id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 26, pl. 3b, figs. 107, 108 (1878) ; id. Descr. new Ind. Lep. Ins. coll. Atkinson, p. 3 (1879). Ticherra symira, de Nicéville, }.c. p. 408. Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, f, la, 2, 1b, $). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple. Forewing with an outer marginal narrow black band. Hindwing with the apical and outer margins and the anal space broadly black, the black colour on both wings merging into the dark purple of the wings and only distinguishable in certain lights, abdominal fold pale blackish, a small pale space at the anal angle distinguishing a black anal lobe, two white spots above it ; a black marginal band from the anal angle to the end of vein 3, with an inner white line ; tails ochreous-grey, with the black colour running up them for a short distance. Cilia of both wings black, white from the anal angle to the end of vein 3. Underside reddish-chrome-yellow. orewing with an indistinct grey line crossing the end of the cell, often obsolete, and a similarly indistinct lunular discal line. Mindwing with two indistinct post-discal grey lunular lines which curve inwards to the abdominal margin, being more distinct at the curve than they are anteriorly, a band of blackish suffusion on the margin from vein 3 to the anal angle and continued narrowly above the excavation on the abdominal margin, with blue-green metallic scales on it, a rather large black anal spot, and another on the first median interspace; marginal line black, with an inner white line from vein 3 to the anal angle. Antenne black, with white dots beneath ; frons black, eyes ringed with white. Female. Upperside a little paler than the male, blackish-brown, without any purple, usually there are three white spots in the anal area and sometimes indications of faint white spots running up the wing sub-marginally. Underside like the male, but the curve of the two discal lunular lines is filled up with pale yellowish-white, more or less indistinct lunular marks. Expanse of wings, S $ 143; to 1,85 inches, Dry-season Brood (Figs. le, 3, 1d, ?, le, $). Male and Female. Upperside like the male, but the white spots in the anal space are larger, in the female sometimes very much larger and square in shape, and the black anal space is often broken near the margin into square black spots. Underside 206 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. very pale cinnamon-brown, often very pale in the females, with the grey discal lines very distinct; the anal black spots and metallic blue-green scales are absent in both sexes. Expanse of wings similar. Hasitrat.—N. India, Burma. DistRiBuTIoN.—The type is marked North India; de Nicéville records it from Kumaon, Bhutan, Upper Burma; Elwes from the Naga Hills; Watson from Chin Lushai; we have many examples of both sexes from Sikkim and from the Khasia Hills. Genus CHERITRA. Cheritra, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 109 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 250 (1885). de Nicévile, Butt. of India, iii. p. 409 (1890). Eyes smooth, closely allied to Ticherra, de Nicéville, differs in the forewing in vein 9 arising from the middle of 7, in Ticherra it is short, arising nearer the apex of the wing; in the hindwing it has the discoidal cell shorter and the discocellular nervules are much less outwardly oblique; in Ticherra there are no secondary sexual characters, in Cheritra the hindwing of the male has a brush of dark hairs springing from the base of the sub-costal vein and lying anteriorly across the sub-costal inter- space, and there is a small glandular, oval, white patch of scales beneath the area covered by the hairs. Type, Hesperia freja, Fabricius. CHERITRA FREJA. Plate 742, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Hesperia freja, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 263 (1793). Myrina freja, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, pp. 34, 36, figs. 1, la, 9 ; id. Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p- 183 (1869). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 834. Sithon freja, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 351. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 277, pl. 95, g (1888). Cheritra frega, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 251, pl. 20, fig. 10, 9 (1885). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 43. Elwes and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 429. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 409 (1890) ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 386. Watson, id. 1891, p. 50, and 1897, p. 667. Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 550. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p- 640. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 305. Myrina jafra, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 593 (1823). Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 118, pl. 2, figs. 5, 5a, Q, 5b-e, structure of imago (1829). Lucas, Lep. Exot. p. 85, pl. 43, fig. 4, 9 (1836). Guérin-Meéneville, Icon. Reg. An. Ins. p. 489, pl. 81, fig. 3, 2, 3a-e, structure of imago (1844). CHERITRIN 4. 207 Myrina jaffra, Marshall and de Nicéville (nec Butler), Butt. of India, i. pl. 1, structure of imago (1882). : Cheritra jafra, Doherty, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 135. Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-brown, lighter in colour than Ticherra acte and with a lilac tint in certain lights. Forewing without markings. Hindwing with the tails white, marginal line black, an inner white line from the long outer tail to the end of vein 4, a rather broad white band above the black marginal line from the outer tail to the anal angle, with a black band above it, composed of two conjoined square spots, which at their lower outer end are joined to a large square black spot immediately above the marginal white line outside the outer tail, with three or four diffuse white spots above them capped with indistinct blackish lunules, abdominal fold grey. Cilia of the forewing black, of the hindwing white, becoming towards the apex pale ochreous-grey. Underside greyish-white. Forewing slightly darker towards the costa and outer margin, tinged with ochreous, markings grey, indistinct, a very delicate line across the end of cell, often obsolete, an indistinct post-discal line of lunules in the interspaces. J/indwiny with two sub-marginal lunular lines which are somewhat dentated and angular as they curve round to the abdominal margin, gradually getting wider apart from each other in the curve, then nearing each other somewhat before reaching the abdominal margin, the ground colour of the wing paler hindwards, becoming nearly pure white on the anal portion, a black anal spot, another in the first median interspace, both somewhat diffuse, with some diffuse grey suffusion between them, and metallic blue-green scales on them. Antenne black, with white dots beneath; frons black, eyes ringed with white ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, legs with brown patches, tarsi with brown bands. Female, like the male above and beneath, but without the blue gloss, the white marginal band at the anal angle is broader, and the white spots above the black band are conjoined and very much larger, and on the underside the anal spots are larger and more distinct. Expanse of wings, $ $ 14 to 2 inches. Hasirat.—N. India, Bhutan, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo. DisTRIBUTION.—The type is said to have come from Tranquebar, a very doubtful locality ; there is no record of it being found in Southern India since ; Moore records it from Ahsown, near Maulmein; Elwes from the Karen Hills, the. Naga Hills, and from Margharita in Upper Assam; Watson from the Chin Lushai ; Manders from the Shan States; de Nicéville from Kumaon ; Distant from the Malay Peninsula; Horsfield from Java; Druce from Borneo; we have it in our collection from Buxar, Rangoon, Bhamo, Mandalay, and have received many examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills. 208 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. CHERITRA PSEUDOJAFRA. Plate 742, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, @. Cheritra pseudojafra, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 110 (1881). Imaco.—Male and Female. Upperside like C. jagfra, but the white spots above the anal angle of the hindwing reduced to small lunules, sometimes almost obsolete ; these white marks in the female larger, but not nearly so large as in that sex of jaffra. Underside with the ground colour pure white, the markings similarly disposed, but blacker and much more prominent, and the transverse discal band on both wings more deeply lunulate ; the anal black spots encircled with bright metallic blue scales. Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 14%) inches. Haxsirat.—Ceylon. The type-specimen we have not been able to find, but there are both sexes from Ceylon in the B. M., and our description and figures are taken from them, it is a very good local form, quite distinct from yaffra. CHERITRA JAFFRA. Plate 743, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, lb, ¢, le, green larva and pupa, 1d, pink larva. Myrina jaffra, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 36, figs. 2, 2a, 2. Cheritra jafra, Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 360. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p- 410, pl. 29, fig. 226, g (1890). Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 388, pl. 5, figs. 6, 6a, larva and pupa. Imaco.—Male. Upperside similar to the upperside of C. freja, Fabricius, but the white anal band runs half way up the abdominal margin, which it does not do in the Fabrician species. Underside pale grey, markings darker grey. vrewing with the apex and outer margin somewhat darker, being suffused with very pale brownish-grey, a fine line at the end of the cell, a post-discal series of fine lunular lines, with an outward bend above its middle, a sub-marginal fine lunular line, both curving some- what close together above the hinder margin. Hindwing with two sub-marginal similar lines, somewhat as in C. freja, but not so far apart from each other anteriorly, and closer together and less angular in their curve posteriorly than in that species ; the anal spots larger and more distinct, with an additional small black spot in the interspace between them, and another in the next interspace above, all with a few metallic blue-green scales on them. Female, like the male above and beneath, the white anal band and spots above larger. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 13 to 148; inches. CHERITRINZ. 209 Larva feeds on “Jamba” (Xylia dolabriformis), and is of the woodlouse form with a raised ridge along the back, furnished with six sharp, oblique, pointed protuberances ; the anal segment is flattened, and the sides slope down to it, forming nearly rectangular corners; colour either green or pink, the protuberances being generally tipped with brown, which occasionally extends and forms a saddle, as shown in the illustration. Pura fastened along the stalk by the tail only, smooth, except in the centre of the abdomen above, where there are rough, sharpish protuberances ; its colour is green, becoming browner as it nears the imago state, marked on the wing-covers and on the back of the abdomen with pink. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasirat.—Southern India. Disrripution.—de Nicéville records it from Travancore, Hampson from the Nilgiris ; we have several examples of both sexes from Karwar, where Davidson, Bell and Aitken bred it; our descriptions and figures are from Karwar specimens, and we give two forms of the larva from Davidson’s original drawings. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Cheritra pallida, Sithon pallida, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 352, pl. 33, fig. 3. Habitat, Borneo. Cheritra ochracea, Cheritra freja, var. ochracea, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 610. Habitat, Borneo. Genus NEOCHERITRA. Neocheritra, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 252 (1885). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 402 (foot- note) (1890). Eyes naked. Forewing with four sub-costal nervules in the male,:three in the female ; vein 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell, 11 emitted from the middle of the cell, 10 from one-fifth before the end, 9 (in the male only) out of 7 near the apex of the wing, discocellulars upright, the lower the longer, vein 6 emitted from close to upper end of cell, 5 from upper end of lower discocellular, vein 3 from uear lower end of cell, 2: from one-fourth before the end. Costa rounded, apex sub-acute in the male, blunt in the female, outer margin somewhat convex, hinder angle rounded, hinder margin convex in the male (with a tuft of hairs from near the base, covering a corresponding depression on the hindwing), nearly straight in the female. //indwing, vein 7 emitted from the middle of the cell, upper discocellular outwardly very oblique, the lower the longer, slightly oblique, vein 5 from the upper end of the lower disco- cellular, the bases of veins 3 and 2 rather close together, 3 from one-fourth before the lower end of the cell, 2 from one-third. Costa arched at the base, then very oblique to the apex, which is rounded, the wing produced hindwards but not truncate, slightly VOL. IX. 25 210 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, angled at the end of vein 2, a very long tail (244; inches in length) at the end of the sub-median vein which runs through it to its end, a shorter tail, nearly an inch long, at the end of vein 2; tails usually of about equal length in both sexes. Type, Myrina anrita, Felder. NEOCHERITRA AMRITA. Plate 743, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Myrina amrita, Felder, Wien Ent. Mon. iv. p. 395 (1860). Hewitson, Til. Diurn. Lep. p. 27, pl. 11, figs. 1, 2, 2, 3, g (1863). Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 550. Sithon amrita, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 32 (1884). Neocheritra amrita, Distant (part), Rhop. Malayana, p. 252, pl. 23, fig. 12, g (1885). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 402 (footnote) (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 640. : Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violaceous-blue. Forewing with the blue colour somewhat suffused with black, especially at the base and up to the middle above the hinder margin, the costa with an increasing black band, and more than the outer half of the wing black, the blue colour merging into the black. Hindwing paler, the blue colour clearer, the costal space very broadly pale, the abdominal fold brown, some black suffusion below the pale costal space, the outer margin with a black band, moderately broad at the apex, narrowing hindwards to the end of vein 3, from thence to the end of vein 2 there is a marginal white band with a black line on its upper side, a black spot at the end of vein 2, another at the anal angle, with a thin black band on the margin between them, a white band above it, and a black spot above that, and indications of some white and another black spot again above; tails white, with the blue colour running up them for half their length, with a white thread running up the middle of the blue. Cilia of both wings black, pure white on the lower half of the hindwing. Underside. Forewing bright ochreous, the lower portion of the wing below the median vein white. Hindwing white, the apex and costa suffused with ochreous, the lower fourth of the wing crossed by a black band of thick lunules, the two outer ones disconnected; a black anal spot, another a little out of line in the next interspace, followed by a black elongated spot or bar in the following interspace, a black triangular small spot at the base of the outer tail, the same at the inner tail, the black running up it for one-third of its length, marginal line black. Female. Upperside blackish-brown. Forewing without markings. Hindwing with three rather large white spots, in a transverse row (sometimes joined together), above the anal angle, a black anal spot, a black square spot in each of the next two inter- spaces, a white lunule on the margin in each of these interspaces ; tails white, with a black band up the middle of the inner one. Cilia as in the male. Underside like the CHERITRINZ. 211 underside of the male, but the ochreous ground colour is generally darker, and on the hindwing more extensive, and the black bands above the anal angle deeper. Antenne mostly pure white, the segments hindwards marked with black, the tip of the club black ; frons white, with a brown middle stripe, eyes ringed with white ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, S 1455 to 14%, 2? 148; to 2 inches. Hasirat.—Karen Hills, Perak, Malay Peninsula, Nias. DistrrButTion.—Elwes records it from Thandaung in the Karen Iills; we have it from Sandakan in Borneo; Butler records it from Assam and Nepal, but almost certainly in error; it is in the B. M. from Perak, Malay Peninsula and Nias. NEOCHERITRA FABRONIA. Plate 743, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. Myrina fabronia, Hewitson, Tl. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 28, pl. 3a, figs. 89-91 (1878). Imaco.—Male. Upperside blue-grey. Forewing with broad outer black band, running narrowly from the base along the costa, occupying the costal third of the wing, and fairly broadly down the outer margin, its inner edge being in a curve from across the end of the cell to the abdominal margin. Cilia brown. //indwing with a large blackish apical patch, some slight blackish suffusion on the upper half, the colour of the wing paling hindwards, whitish at the anal angle and between the tails, a black spot above the inner tail, another in the next upper interspace; marginal line black, - whitish narrowly inside it, the white narrowing upwards and becoming obsolete above the middle ; tails white, with grey middle line. Underside white. Morewing with a broad glazed hinder marginal space, the outer third of the wing above the glazed space pale ochreous-rufous, with two white thin transverse bands running through it. Hindwing with a much narrower outer band, with two broad white lines intersecting it, ending at vein 3, a black acutely angled line running from thence to the abdominal margin ; a black anal spot, with metallic blue scales on it, another in the first median inter- space, with two small spots in the interspace between them. Antenne black, ringed with white; frons white, eyes ringed with white; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside brown. Jorewing without markings. //indwing with the white anal space more extensive, the black spots larger. Underside as in the male, but the anal marks more conspicuous. Expanse of wings, f ? 15% to 1°; inches. Hasrrat.—Sikkim, Burma ; one pair from Sikkim and a female from Burma in the B. M., besides Hewitson’s types. 2E 2 bo lo LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED GENERA AND SPECIES. Neoeheritra theodora, Druce, Ent. Mo. Mag. xxii. p. 155 (1885). Habitat, Elopura, Labuan. Neocheritra clella, Hypolycena clella, Weymer, Stett. ent. Zeit. xlviii. p. 10, pl. 2, fig. 5, 2 (1887). Habitat, Nias. Neocheritra palwana, Sithon palwana, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 107, pl. 1, fig. 9, 9. Habitat, Philippines. Neocheritra teunga, Sithon teunga, Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 317. Habitat, Borneo, Sumatra. Neocheritra nemoa, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 41, pl. 5, fig. 9. Habitat, Battack Mountains, 8.E. Sumatra. Neocheritra nisibis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, vol. ix. p. 316, pl. P, fig. 45, 9. Habitat, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula. Ritra aurea, Sithon aurea, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 352, pl. 33, fig. 1, ¢. de Nicéville, le. 1889, p. 185, pl. T, fig. 45, 9. Habitat, Borneo, Sumatra, Perak. Ritra orpheus, Myrina orpheus, Felder, Wien Ent. Mon. vi. p. 292 (1862). Hewitson, II. Diurn. Lep. p. 30, pl. 16, fig. 45, 9. Synonym, Myrina massiva, Hewitson, id. pl. 12, figs. 10, 11, ¢. Habitat, Luzon, Philippines. Thrix gama, Neocheritra gama, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 462, fig. 128 (1886). Thrix gama, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 35. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 678, pl. 31, fig. 18, ¢. Habitat, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. Virgarina scopula, Sithon scopula, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353, pl. 33, fig. 2. Virgarina scopula, H. H. Druce, id. 1895, p. 607. Habitat, Borneo. Mantoides licinius, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 677, pl. 31, figs. 10, g, 11, 2. Habitat, Kina Balu, Borneo. Jacoona anasuga, Myrina anasuga, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 237, pl. 30, figs. 3, 4 (1865). Neocheritra amrita, Distant (part), Rhop. Malayana, pl. 20, fig. 15, 9 (1885). Habitat, Borneo, Malay Peninsula. Jacoona jusana, H. H. Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 609, pl. 34, fig. 3. Habitat, Sandakan, Borneo. Jacoona metasuga, H. H. Druce, l.c. pl. 34, fig. 4, ¢. Habitat, Borneo. Jacoona irmina, Jacoona anasuga irmina, Frihstorfer, Iris, 1893, p. 310. Habitat, Nias. Sub-Family LOXURINZ. In this group there are but two proper Indian genera, Lorura, Horsfield, and Yusoda, de Nicéville, characterised by haying one very long tail to the hindwing, the wing being greatly elongated posteriorly and is lobate at the anal angle ; the two genera are strictly confined to the Indo-Malayan region, are coloured rich orange above, with outer black margins and yellow beneath; the palpi are long. In Lovxura there are three sub-costals in the forewing, in Yasoda but two. Loxcura has no secondary LOXURINAL. 213 sexual characters in the male, in Yasoda there is an elongated glandular patch of scales on the upperside of the hindwing on vein 2. We describe here also the genus Sithon, Hiibner, which is quite differently coloured, being dark purple-blue above in the male and brown in the female, has a long filamentous tail and a long tail-like anal lobe, has two sub-costal nervules to the forewing, and has a tuft of hairs on the underside of the hinder margin near the base of the forewing; it really does not belong to this sub-family, it is a highly aberrant genus, and has no place in any sub-family belonging to the Indian region. Genus LOXURA. Louura, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 119 (1829). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 110 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 280 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 434 (1890). Eyes naked. orewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell, 11 emitted a little before the middle of the cell, 10 at one-third before the end, 9 from middle of 7, discocellulars slightly inwardly oblique, concave, of nearly equal length, cell broad, vein 6 from near upper end of discocellulars, 5 from the middle, 3 from one-fifth before lower end of cell, 2 from one third before the end, the two lying somewhat close together, leaving a wide sub-median interspace, costa rounded, apex acute, outer margin nearly straight, hinder margin long, also nearly straight. indwing, vein 8 arched at its base, curved thence to the apex of the wing, 7 emitted at one-third before upper end of the cell, discocellulars outwardly oblique, slightly concave, of equal length, cell broad, vein 3 emitted a little before the lower end of the cell, 2 from the middle, costa arched, apex rounded, outer margin curving inwards, the wing produced hindwards into a broad lengthened tail, traversed for more than half its length by vein 2; anal lobe small, abdominal margin shallowly excavated above it; in the female the wings are broader than in the male, and the costa of the forewing is much more arched. Antenne short, less than half the length of the costa, thickened throughout its length, but with no formed club; the male has no secondary sexual characters. Type, Papilio atymnus, Cramer. LOXURA ATYMNUS. Plate 744, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g, le, larva and pupa. Papilio atymnus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 82, pl. 331, figs. D, E (1780). Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii, p. 70 (1787). Donovan, Ins. China, p. 70, pl. 39, fig. 1 (1798). Hesperia atymnus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. (1), p. 283 (1793). Marmessus atymnus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 81 (1816). Myrina atymnus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 594 (1823). Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. pl. 2, figs. 6, 6a, imago ; 6b-e, structure of imago (1829). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353. 214 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Loxura atymnus, Horsfield, 1.c. p. 121 (1829). Boisduval, Sp. Gen. pl. 7, fig. 3 (1836). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. p. 51 (1857). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p- 49. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 281, pl. 24, fig. 7, g (1885). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 27. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 370. Elwes and de Nicéville, id. p.429. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 278, pl. 95, g (1888). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 360. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 436, pl. 29, fig. 232, ¢@ (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 527. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 386. Betham, id. 1891, p. 182. Watson, id. p. 50, and 1897, p. 667. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 641. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 305. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 388. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 49. Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous. Jorewing with the apical margin from the middle of the costa increasingly black, and continued down the outer margin, gradually decreasing in width, the inner margin of the black band being im an almost continuous curve. /Zindwing with a very narrow, pale ochreous-brown band on the outer margin, some suffusion of this colour being at the base of both wings and continued down the hindwing (the abdominal fold being similarly coloured) and to the eud of the tail. Underside dark ochreous-yellow, markings pale blackish. vrewing with two conjoined ring-spots across the middle of the cell, and two similar spots across the end, both somewhat indistinct, the latter with, sometimes, an indistinct spot above it, near the costa, a discal, nearly straight band of conjoined ring-spots, the middle one double, the series ending in two black marks in the interno-median interspace, a very indistinct series of sub-marginal lunules. indwing with two sub-basal ring-spots, two in the cell and two at the end, all very indistinct ; a discal band, slightly inwardly curved, composed as in the forewing and an indistinct sub- marginal series of lunules, some small brown suffusion at the anal angle and the tail brown edged. Antennz black, with white dots beneath, club with an orange tip; head and body brown above, grey beneath. Female. Upperside somewhat paler than in the male, the marginal bands a little broader, the underside similar. Expanse of wings, f ¢ 14 to 1555 inches. Hasirat.—India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, and Archipelago. DisTRIBUTION.—Common throughout India and Burma, except the higher Himalayas and the desert tracts; is in the B. M. from Annam, but does not seem to extend into China or Ceylon. We give Grote’s coloured figures of the larva and pupa, found amongst Dr. Moore’s notes. LOXURA SURYA. Plate 744, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, larva and pupa. Loxura surya, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 52, pl. la, fig. 13, ¢ (1857). Hampson, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 360. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 436 (1890). LOXURINZ, 215 Loxura atymnus = surya, Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 390, larva and pupa. Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous, the colour darker than in LZ. atymnus. Furewing with the basal third suffused with brown, the costal black band broad, limited by the sub-costal vein, the apical and outer marginal band broader than in atymnus. LHindwing with costal, basal and abdominal marginal spaces broadly suffused with brown, only the outer half of the wing bright fulvous and free from the suffusion, which extends hindwards to the anal lobe, but the tail is fulvous, with brown cilia and white tip, and the veins are finely black. Underside coloured brighter than in atymnus, the only markings traceable being the discal bands, which are similarly disposed but much narrower than they are in atymnus, the band on the forewing not ending in the two black marks of that species, and the tail is shorter ; the abdominal fold grey. Female. Upperside. Forewing paler than in the male, the marginal bands broader, the basal suffusion more extended, and continued rather broadly along the hinder margin, leaving but a small portion of the wing fulvous. Hindwing entirely covered with brown suffusion, with the ground fulvous colour showing through here and there. Underside duiler in colour than the male, markings similar. Expanse of wings, f ? 14% to 14% inches. Larva feeds on young shoots of Dioscorea, is of the woodlouse shape, the back being raised and rounded; the head is concealed, and there is a small flat plate over the segment next the head, and another on the analsegment. The colour is dull green, suffused with pink (the colour of the young leaves on which it feeds) on both sides. Pura, fastened along a leaf by tail and band, is blunt, lengthened, and devoid of excrescences ; it is of a pale-green colour, with the edge of the wing-cases clearly marked with pinkish-purple. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasirat.—Southern India. DistriputTion.—The type came from Kanara; we have it from Karwar in Kanara, Trevandrum and the Nilgiris; it seems to be confined, as de Nicéville says, to the heavy damp forests of Southern India. We give figures of Davidson’s original drawings of the larva and pupa which were not published in the Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Journal of 1896; de Nicéville records it also from Travancore. LOXURA PRABHA. Plate 744, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Myrina prabha, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 589, pl. 58, fig. 5, 9. Loxura prabha, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 437 (1890). Imaco.—Male. Upperside duller in colour than either atymnus or surya, the brown suffusion paler. vrewing with the basal suffusion less than in surya, costal 216 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. line finely black, outer black band shaped as in atymnus, but broader. Hindwing with the costal and abdominal spaces suffused with pale brown, but to a lesser extent than in surya, leaving more of the wing fulvous, outer marginal line suffusedly brown. Cilia fulvous ; tail fulvous, with short brown cilia and white tip. Underside much as in suryda, the markings on the forewing obsolete and on the hindwing indistinct, but the discal and sub-marginal bands are visible. Female. Upperside very different to either atymnus or surya, the base has about as much suffusion as in the male, the costal line is finely black, the outer black band is a little deeper than it is in the male, especially down the outer margin, and all the rest of the wing is fulvous as in its male. Hindwing entirely suffused with brown, except for a small space in its middle where the fulvous colour shows, all the veins and the tail fulvous, the latter edged and ciliated with brown. Underside very dull in colour, the fulvous ground colour being tinted with brown, markings as in its male. Expanse of wings, ? 2 144 to 155; inches. Hasirat.—South Andaman Islands. A common form in these islands; we haye many examples of both sexes. LOXURA ARCUATA. Plate 745, figs. 1, g, la, 9, lb, 9, le, larva and pupa. Loxura arcuata, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 111, pl. 42, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 2; 4b, larva and pupa (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 487 (1890). Manders, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1904, p. 78. Imaco.—Male. Upperside very much of the same fulvous colour as in L, prabha. Forewing with the basal suffusion and the outer black band similar. Hindwing without the suffused brown costal band, the base and abdominal area narrowly suffused, the abdominal suffusion becomes pale and fulvous towards the anal lobe, which is darker brown, the tail is also brown, the shade of the ground colour of both wings varies much in different examples. Underside with the ground colour more ochreous than in any of the other species, markings as in prabha, but much more distinct. Female. Upperside paler than in the male. rewing with the outer black bands slightly broader. Hindwing with the base, abdominal margin (broadly) and lower half of the wing suffused with brown, as are also the anal lobe and the tail. Underside like the male. Expanse of wings, $ 2 1,3; to 1,°5 inches. Larva slender, limaciform, anterior segments thickened; head small, green, with two dorsal white-striped marks. Feeds on Smilaz. Pupa, green ; thorax oblique in front, anal segments attenuated. (Thwaites.) Hasirat.—Ceylon. Occurs commonly throughout Ceylon; our figures of the larva and pupa are from Thwaites’ original drawings. LOXURINA. 21 ~T INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Loxura cassiopeia, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1884, p. 200; id. Rhop. Malayana, p. 282, figs. 88, ¢. 89, 2 (1885). Habitat, Perak. Genus YASODA. Yasoda, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1898, p. 410. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 438 (1890). Eyes naked. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite the end of the cell, 11 emitted from the middle of the cell, 10 from one-fourth before the end, all three far apart from each other; discocellulars slightly inwardly oblique, of about equal length, concave ; cell short, broad, less than half the breadth of the wing; vein 3 from a little before end of the cell, 2 from one-fifth before the end, sub-median interspace broad, sub-median vein straight, costa highly arched, slightly indented at its base, apex acuminate, outer margin slightly concave above its middle, then convex and inwardly oblique (straight in the female), hinder angle rounded, hinder margin straight. Hindwing, vein 8 slightly arched at its base, then straight to the apex of the wing, 7 emitted near the end of the cell, discocellulars outwardly oblique, of equal length, concave ; vein 3 emitted just before lower end of cell, sub-median and internal veins straight, costa arched at base, then straight to apex, which is rounded, outer margin straight to the base of the tail at the end of vein 2, which is long, curled and broad, the vein running half-way down the tail, the margin then runs straight to the anal angle, inclining a little upwards; a very small anal lobe, above which the abdominal margin is excavated ; in the male there is an elongated patch of differently formed scales in the middle two-thirds of vein 2; body small, short ; palpi very long, porrect, longest in the female. Antennz very short, about one-third the length of the costa of the forewing, with no distinct club. Type, Loxura pita, Horsfield. YASODA TRIPUNCTATA. Plate 745, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 2, 2b, ¢ (Wet-season Brood), 2c, g, 2d, 9, 2e, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Loxura tripunctata, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 26 (1863). Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 370. Yasoda tripunctata, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 439, pl. 29, figs. 233, 234, 9 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 641. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 305. Myrina pita, Doubleday and Hewitson (nec Horsfield), Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. pl. 74, fig. 2, g (1852). Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, 3, 2a, 2, 2b, 2). ImMaco.—Male. Upperside deep orange. Forewing with the base narrowly suffused with brown, marginal bands black, commencing narrowly at the costal base, VOL. IX. 29 218 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. gradually expanding from the middle of the costa to the apex, which is broadly black, then down the outer margin {to the hinder angle, where it broadens a little, the inner margin of the black band in a regular continuous curve, with little points on the veins, a line of three small black spots across the end of the cell, three larger spots in an oblique line in the interno-median and the two median interspaces. Hindwing with the basal and abdominal half suffused with dark brown, the abdominal fold also brown, a fairly broad and uniform black band on the costa and outer margin, a slightly broader black band from the apex towards the anal angle, where it is lost in the blackish-brown suffusion ; tail brown, the middle of the outer half suffused with white, tips white. Cilia of both wings brown, tipped with white towards the anal angle of the hindwing. Underside dull ochreous-yellow ; bands darker than the ground colour, edged with fine black lunular lines, those inside the discal band only indicated by their black edgings, all formed of more or less disconnected, large spots in somewhat irregular series, one series before the middle, another across the middle and a discal band in three parts, the upper two of two conjoined spots each, the lower portion of three conjoined spots shifted a little nearer the margin, both wings with a double sub-marginal series of pale lunules; all these bands on both wings very indistinct and more or less obsolete in this Wet-season form. Antennz black, with white dots beneath, club with an orange tip; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside like the male, but all the black bands and spots much broader, the basal brown suffusion more extended, and in place of three spots in an oblique line in the forewing there is a somewhat broad blackish-brown band which is continued hindwards until it is merged in the suffusion. Underside exactly as in the male, nearly all the bands obsolete. Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 14%5 to 1485 inches. Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2c, 2, 2d, 2, 2e, ?). Male and Female. Upperside much paler in colour and somewhat fulvous, the marginal black bands paler and much narrower, the spots quite minute. //indwing with the costal and outer marginal bands reduced to a little more than a thick line, very little, if any, basal brown suffusion on either wing. Underside as in the other form, but the ground colour is usually darker, and all the bands are visibly and often fairly prominent. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14%; to 14%; inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Sylhet, Assam, Cachar, Burma, Perak. DistriBuTIoN.—Elwes records it from the Naga Hills; de Nicéville from Cachar, Jorehat, Assam. We have it from Sylhet, Sikkim and the Khasia Hills. Hewitson’s type is a male of the Dry-season form. LOXURINZ. 219 INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Yasoda pita, Loxura pita, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 122 (1829). Habitat, Java. Yasoda pitane, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. viii. 1895, p. 450, pl. L, fig. 5, g. Habitat, Sumatra. Genus SITHON, Sithon, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 77 (1816). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 526. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 253 (1885). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 447 (footnote) (1890). Eyes very hairy. orewing, vein 12 recurved, ends on costa beyond the end of the cell, 11 emitted one-third before end of cell, and touches 12 a little before its curved end, 10 emitted at one-fifth before the end of the cell, 6 from upper end of discocellulars, 5 from the middle, discocellulars nearly upright, the lower the longer ; vein 3 emitted from near the lower end of the cell, 2 from one-third before the end ; costa arched at base, apex somewhat sub-acute, outer margin slightly convex in the male, more rounded in the female, hinder angle sub-acute in the male, rounded in the female, hinder margin somewhat convex, with a tuft of hair on the underside near the base. J/indwing, vein 7 emitted one-third before end of cell, discocellulars very oblique; cell short, almost triangular ; vein 3 from close to end of cell, 2 from the middle, sub-median vein straight, internal vein recurved; wing somewhat oval in shape, the costa slightly arched a little before its middle, almost into an angle, apex rounded, the wing much more produced hindward in the male than in the female; anal lobe very long and narrow, tail-like ; a rather long filamentous tail at the end of vein 2 in both sexes ; a very short extra tail at the end of vein 3 in the female, with the wing somewhat excavated immediately above it. Antenne longer than half the length of the costa of forewing. Type, Papilio nedymond, Cramer. SITHON NEDYMOND. Plate 745, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Sithon nedymond, Papilio nedymond, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 19, pl. 299, figs. E, F, ¢ (1782). Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 776 (1816). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 526. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 277, pl. 95, g (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 447, footnote (1890). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895. Friihstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1896, p. 304. Sithon nedymond, var. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 253, pl. 22, fig. 1, g (1888). Thecla nedymond, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 96 (1829). Thecla chitra, Horstfield, l.c. p. 97, pl. i. fig. 5, 9 (1829). Imaco.—Male. .Upperside black. Forewing with the basal two-thirds, with the exception of a narrow space along the costa, brilliant purple-blue in certain lights. ae ia 220 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hindwing with the outer marginal third glossed with a similar colour, the abdominal area very little paler than the rest of the wing; tail black, the long anal lobe with metallic blue-green scales on it and black cilia; tail filamentous, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black. Underside. Forewing, basal half milk-white, hinder marginal space broadly white, with sume chocolate-grey suffusion on it, outer half of the wing above the suffusion bright chocolate-brown, varying in extent in different examples, a discal blackish line edged outwardly with white lunules, nearly straight down, its lower end running into the suffusion in a slight inward bend, some dark suffused sub-marginal patches. Hindwing with the inner two-thirds milk-white, the outer third chocolate-brown, becoming orange-red hindwards, the inner half of the chocolate-brown part darker than the outer, forming a more or less distinct band, some black spots above the anal angle, with metallic blue-green scales, a black transverse bar above them (in the white part) close to the abdominal margin, some of the orange colour running narrowly and faintly up the wing near the outer margin, outer marginal line of both wings black, with an inner white line. Cilia of both wings white, tipped with black on the hindwing. Antenne black, prominently ringed with white, club with a red tip, with a white stripe beneath, at the base; frons pure white; eyes ringed with white ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with the interior portion pale and some- what ochreous-brown. Hindwing with a white patch above the tails, which are black tipped with white, the long anal lobe containing some metallic blue-green spots, a more or less diffuse black spot in each of the three anal interspaces, the extra tail at the end of vein 3 very short. Underside. Forewing with the basal half white, outer half clear, pale ochreous-orange. Hindwing with the basal two-thirds white, the outer third ochreous-orange, the markings as in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ 13, ? 14% to 14% inches. Hasirat.—Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Burma. DisTRIBUTION.—The type is said to have come from the Coromandel Coast, which is highly improbable. Distant records it from Sungei Ujong, Moore from Java and Sumatra, Horsfield from Java, de Nicéville from Selangore; we have both sexes from Malang in Java and from Deli, Sumatra, and there is a male in the B. M. from Meetan, a female from Bankasvon, labelled A. O. Hume, and a pair from Tenasserim Valley, taken by Bingham, from which our figures and description are made. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Sithon micea, Myrina micea, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. Suppl. p. 6, pl. 3, fig. 81, ¢ (1869). Synonym, Sithon valida, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, pl. 33, fig. 4, 9. Habitat, Borneo. Sithon penheebis, Semper, Reise, Philipp. ii. p. 20, pl. 32, fig. 21. Habitat, Philippines. bo bo — HESPERIDZ.. Family HESPERIIDZ. The Hesperiide form a connecting link between the Rhopalocera and Leterocera, they are mostly brown of various shades of colour, many are crepuscular, flying in the late afternoon and early morning. Professor Wood-Mason states that in Cachar a great many species used to come late every afternoon to visit a certain plant with blue flowers, and Doherty remarks * that it is a most interesting fact illustrating the close relationship between the Hesperiide and Sphingidze; we ourselves observed the same habit at Mhow in Central India, where for about a fortnight, on a jungle tree covered with white flowers, many Hesperids were found visiting the tree every late afternoon, the Zesperids were the first arrivals, and used to be annoyed and finally driven away by the crowd of Sphinges that arrived later, literally swarming the tree. Many species of Hesperids have the habit of resting in a moth-like manner on the underside of leaves with their wings wide open, and the Australian genus Euschemon is furnished with a substantial frenulum and retinaculum, a very distinctive character of the Heterocera, enabling the creature to rest with wide-open wings without the exercise of any muscular action. The life history of the Hesperiide, which to some extent has been studied by such eareful observers as Doherty, Davidson, Bell and Aitken, show the peculiar moth-like habits of many species in the larval and pupal stages, the larve forming cells by turning over the edges of leaves, binding them with silk, covering the insides of the cells with silk and pupating inside them. The caterpillars are generally easily recognised. Davidson, Bell and Aitken say,f “The head is large, the body: smooth, long and thick-set in the middle, and usually green in colour, and the habit of rolling up a leaf to form a cell is very general; they are more likely to be mistaken for the larve of moths than for those of any family of butterflies, but the observant collector will notice that while those moth larve which form cells generally foul them, the Hesperiide are cleanly in their habits; some larve hibernate; the larva when full grown stops eating and shuts itself up in a cell as if it were about to become a pupa, but it does not actually undergo that change for some weeks or months.” Doherty says [ the eggs are very large, very few (except in the genera Hesperia and Gomalia), only one or two matured at a time; opaque, dome-shaped, smooth, or with delicate, * Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 133. t Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 369. $~ Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 111. 222 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. depressed, serrate ribs, with distinct cross lines: a kind of hermaphroditism seems to occur sometimes ; from the body of (apparent) males of Suastus eltola and of Coladenia dan, both having perfect prehensores of the form characteristic of their respective species, he obtained one or two well-developed eggs, exactly similar to those taken from the females of the same species. The Hesperiide have six perfect legs in both sexes, the hind tibie with few exceptions have two pairs of spurs, the forewing has always four sub-costal branches, all emitted before the end of the cell, and in the hindwing the discoidal veins are usually slender and often incomplete. Scudder * describes them as of small or medium size, with rather small wings; head in a horizontal plane, the tongue being inserted opposite the middle of the eyes or even higher. Antenne widely separated at the base, the space between them more than equalling half the vertical diameter of the eye, the tip of the club more or less distinctly pointed and recurved. Eyes usually overhung at the outer base of the antenne by a curving pencil of bristly hairs, the cornea extending over almost the entire ocellar globe; the front tibize almost invariably have a foliate epiphysis on the inner side, and the hind tibize a middle pair of spurs, in addition to the terminal pair. Very truly Elwes and Edwards say,f ‘“ Although the Lesperiide as a group are very well marked and easy of recognition, their classification inter se is a matter of great difficulty, owing mainly to the paucity of index characters. Venation is probably of less assistance here than in any other group of Ahopalocera.” The classification of the family is undoubtedly very difficult, the venation gives us little help, the variations being very slight ; we only know the life history of comparatively few of the Indian species. Elwes’ memoir goes to prove that Doherty’s statement { is quite correct, that “the prehensores of the Hesperiidxe are by no means so constant as those of other butterflies, and are lacking in generic characters, nevertheless their study seems to be absolutely necessary to any clear understanding of the species.” Fabricius, in Iliger’s Magazine, divided the family, which he called Urbicolz, into three genera, Thymele, Helias, and Pamphila; leaving out Helias, the type of which is lost, and now not recognisable, the whole family was divided into two great divisions, including many genera from America and other parts of the world with which we are not concerned in this work. In 1807 Latreille adopted the name /esperiide for the whole family. Hiibner, in his ‘‘ Verzeichniss,” divided the ‘‘ stirps” into eight great families, and Scudder says that although the first three of these are founded mainly on the form of the wings, the * Scudder, i. p. 107 (1888). t Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 104. t Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 140, HESPERIID. 223 others simply on their markings, these divisions are almost wholly unnatural, although the sequence of the genera is far more reasonable than that of Herrick-Schiffer or Butler. In 1874 Scudder* suggested an arrangement which he afterwards worked out more completely in his ‘“‘ Butterflies of New England,” and Mabille amplified this arrangement on the Hesperiide of the Brussels Museum.t In 1879 Speyer published a paper on “The Genera of the esperiide of the European Fauna,” { in which he suggested that vein 5 of the forewing in relation with veins 6 and 4 would probably prove to be a character of value. In 1886 Doherty § published a tentative arrangement of the family based on a three years’ study of their egos: he says, in most cases a genus is well and easily defined by its venation, but that venation only very imperfectly expresses the relation- ship in which it stands to other genera. To define families and subfamilies one must study the ovation. He divides the family, in so far as his studies took him, into four groups, [Hesperiine, Suastine, Boarmine (Cyclopides group), and Boarmine (Boaris group), but in the three last groups he mixes up genera which structurally and by their known habits are so widely different from each other as to make the adoption of his classification quite impossible, but he notes that his work was still very imperfect, and promises a further publication which unfortunately he did not live to give us. In 1893 Watson|| undertook the classification of all the [esperiide of the National collection in the British Museum, a very valuable paper, the first paper of any real importance that has been published on the subject; to a great extent he has adopted Scudder’s arrangement, assisted by Speyer’s suggestion as to the value of the position of vein 5 of the forewing in determining the division of the sub-families. In 1895 Watson published his ‘‘ Key to the Asiatic Genera of the Hesperide,” J altering to a certain extent the arrangement of his previous paper, and arranging some of the genera in what he considered to be a more natural manner by slightly modifying the characters taken. In 1897, Elwes and Edwards produced their “ Revision of the Oriental Hesperidz,” ** examining and giving illustrations of the genitalia of many species, slightly altering the order of Watson’s last arrangement, but practically working on the same lines; their account and figures of the genitalia are very instructive. Finally we come to the very valuable papers of Davidson, Bell and Aitken on the life history of a large number * Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Science, i. p. 195 (1874). { Ann. Soc. Ent. Belge, xxi. p. 12 (1878). ft Stett. ent. Zeit. xl. p. 177 (1879). § Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 107. || Proc. Zool. Soe, 1893, p. 1. 4 Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 411. ** Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 101. 224 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. of species, and in their last paper* they put them into two divisions, (1) those whose larvee feed on dicotyledonous plants, and (2) those whose larvee feed on monocotyledonous plants, and separate the divisions into groups in accordance with the habits of the imagines, larvee and pup, and these on the whole run very naturally on Watson's lines, with a few important alterations. In this work we have adopted Watson’s arrangement, modified somewhat after a careful study of Davidson, Bell and Aitken’s most instructive papers on the life history of the species they bred, and of the habits of the perfect insects, and a careful examination of their structural characters. We put the Jsmeneine first, as Davidson, Bell and Aitken do, because they are more akin to the other Rhopalocera that have gone before than are any of the other sub-families of the Hesperiide, and Watson himself says, though he puts them last, they are a well- marked group of closely allied genera which show no close relationship with any other genera of the Hesperiide, and he suggests that they might, with advantage, be treated as a distinct sub-family. We cannot, however, follow Watson in ignoring to a great extent the importance of male secondary sexual characters in generic divisions; both in this family and in the last (the Lyceenidez) the sex marks we believe to be of very great importance in the division of genera ; in this we are in accord with many distinguished lepidopterists, such as Scudder, Moore and de Nicéville. We do not deny the inconstancy of the male character in certain genera, but even for the sake of convenience it is impossible to ignore the male-mark distinctions between Baoris and Chapra, and the want of them in Parnara and Caltoris ; to put all the species of such a very large group into the genus Baoris is very inconvenient, the arrangement of putting them into sections is very confusing, it is so confusing, no author ever adopts it; in referring (for instance) to Chapra mathias, no author ever puts it as Baoris (Section IIT.) mathias, it is invariably entered by every author who understands his subject as Baoris (Chapra) mathias, it is so much more easy to recognise the name than it is to recognise the signification of the sectional number. Both Moore and de Nicéville erected many genera on the male marks alone, and we are of opinion that they were right in doing so; in a family in which the sex marks are usually so very distinctive, and the venation so constant throughout and useless for generic generalisation, the secondary sexual characters must be of the greatest generic importance. Even with reference to such closely allied genera as Hasvra and Parata, de Nicéville says,} ‘For my own part, I think Parata might with advantage be used as a sub-genus, as its ‘male-mark’ is a very useful character by which to separate off certain species, such as chromus and alexis, from typical Hasoras, such as badra, coulteri, hadria, anura, and chabrona, which do not possess this ‘ male-mark.’” * Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi. 1897, p. 22. t Id. ix, 1895, p. 407. ISMENEINZ. bo bo or Sub-Family ISMENEIN. A well-marked group, confined to the Asiatic, African and Australian regions ; Rhopalocampta is a genus with a large number of species, mostly African, only two or three species being found within Asiatic limits; Badamia, Hasora and Parata are chiefly Malayan, extending into Australia ; the others are confined to the Asiatic region. All the members of this sub-family are heavy-bodied, of strong flight, and when at rest close their wings over their backs, their habits are crepuscular and generally they settle on the undersides of leaves. The antenne have a thick club tapering to a fine point, occasionally hooked, when the terminal] portion is always more than half the length of the club. The palpi are very distinct, and readily separate the Ismeneine from all the other groups of Indian Hesperiide ; the second joint is upturned, pressed closely against the face, the third joint long, slender, naked, porrect, projecting horizontally in front sdb of the face. Davidson, Bell and Aitken say the larva is stout, Oa brightly coloured, cylindrical in shape, thickest in the middle, with ae OR a more or less squarish head. The larva in its latter stages makes a cell by cutting a leaf from the edge to the midrib, at right angle to the midrib, on one side only, and turning over the piece on the top of the leaf, fixing the edges down by silken threads all round except at the opening, which is towards the main surface of the leaf; the cell is always made at the point end of the leaf; when the leaf is small, the whole leaf is doubled lengthways, its edges being joined to form the cell; the inside of the cell is generally covered with silk. The young larva is very quick in its movements and resembles a moth larva. The pupa is stout, circular in transverse section ; the head, shoulders and fore part of abdomen about the same breadth; a slight constriction; thorax somewhat humped, very little higher at apex than abdomen at segment 7; the head swollen between the eyes into a more or less accentuated round boss ; pupa attached in the cell by the tail and body-band. The genus Jsmene is monotypic, and is not represented within our limits; its venation in the male and its secondary sexual characters are distinctly different from all the Indian species heretofore put in that genus, and the costa of its hindwing has the extraordinary characteristic of being folded over. The Indian representatives of this group can well be divided into four genera, the venation and male characters being quite distinct from each other. The venation in the females does not materially differ, they have vein 3 in the forewing emitted from close to the lower end of the cell ; the hind tibiz, slightly fringed, with two pairs of spurs, as in the females of Jsmene VOL. IX. 2G 226 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. adipodea. Watson, in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, diagnoses the genus Jsmene correctly and divides the Indian species into sections; we prefer giving the sections generic names, the differences in venation and sexual characters being far greater than in many other genera of the [Hesperiidz and Lycenide ; the differences in the sex marks corresponding with the differences in the pouteone of veins 2 and 3 of the forewing. Genus POLA, nov. Forewing with the cell slightly more than half the length of the costa, its lower margin strongly curved upwards in the male in consequence of a rounded patch of androconia on the upperside of the wing; vein 12 ends on the costa, opposite the end of the cell, discocellulars erect, the upper very minute, the middle and lower of about equal length, vein 5 from a little below the middle, 6 from close to upper end, vein 3 in the male arises near the base of the wing and very close to the origin of vein 2; in the female it is emitted a little before the lower end of the cell; costa of wing arched, especially at its basal half, apex acute, outer margin convex, very oblique, and nearly as long as the hinder margin, which is more or less straight. Hindwing with the cell very short, about one-third across the wing, vein 7 emitted from beyond the middle of the cell, discocellulars faint, slightly outwardly oblique, vein 5 well developed, from a little above the middle, 6 from close to the upper end, 3 from just before the lower end of the cell ; outer margin of the wing somewhat sinuate; hind tibize with two pairs of spurs swollen in the male, with a long tuft of hairs affixed near the proximal end on the upperside, beneath which, along their outer edge, they are clothed with large rounded scales. Type, Jsmene ataphus, Watson. POLA ATAPHUS. Plate 746, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢, le, d, larva, le, f, pupa. Ismene ataphus, Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 126. Swinhoe, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 328. de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 166 (1894). J.J. Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1895, p. 473. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 437; id. x. 1896, p. 683. de Rhé-Philipe, id. xi. 1898, p. 599, pl. W, fig. 29, a to f (larva and pupa). Crowley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 510. Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. xx. 1910, p. 370. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 292. Frihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 60. Ismene edipodia, Moore (nec Swainson), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 158, pl. 64, figs. 2, a, b (1881) ; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 261. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 377. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 440. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 10 (1891). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 647. Ismene zgina, Plétz, unpublished plate No. 1150, $ 9. ISMENEIN 4. 227 Imaco.—Male. Upperside chocolate-brown. Forewing with the disc slightly paler than the rest of the wing, a bright ochreous-orange sub-costal streak from the base to beyond the middle of the wing, fining to a point, a very large black, nearly round patch of androconia, its upper edge nearly reaching the orange streak, its lower edge touching the hinder margin. Hindwing with the costal space pale, whitish. Cilia grey on the forewing, orange-ochreous on the hindwing. Underside paler brown, tinted with ochreous. orewing with the hinder marginal space broadly whitish, its centre portion extending almost to the middle of the first median interspace ; the cell obscurely streaked with orange, a curved short, somewhat obscure band from the costa outside the cell, composed of orange streaks, a small basal orange patch. Hindwing with the veins mostly orange-coloured, some orange streaks in the interspaces towards the abdominal margin, a pale orange-ochreous short fascia in the disc. Cilia orange, broadly so up the abdominal margin, a basal black spot ringed with dull ochreous. Antenne black, with an orange stripe on the underside below the club; palpi orange, with some blackish-brown hairs on its underside, pectus orange, legs brown, streaked with orange, tarsi orange ; top of head brown, with an orange streak on each side ; body brown above, with some dull green hairs on the thorax, abdomen below orange, with black lateral spots. Female. Upperside brown, generally a little darker than the male, the orange sub-costal streak of the forewing somewhat duller in colour. Underside darker and duller in colour than the male. J orewing without the broad whitish hinder marginal space, the orange-ochreous fascia on both wings more obscure. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 2 to 24% inches. Larva, occurs in February, August and October, commonly in the Dun ; the larva feeds on Hiptage madablota, Gertn. Natural order, Malpighiace, and is about 1*2 inches long, head-case black, the sides dull vermilion-red, the red colour produced into three rounded spots on each side, and joined to the red edging towards the middle of the face ; the body with a broad dorsal black stripe, which is divided equally into three portions by two very fine pale blue lines; each segment bears laterally a large oval black spot, and posterior to this are two fine narrow black lines, these three black markings are crowned with rich chrome-yellow ; the second, third and fourth segments, each bears just above the legs an additional small round black spot ; the underside of the larva is pale greenish-white, the anal segment above bears two dull vermilion-red spots. Pura, reddish-brown, spotted with black, covered with a white powder which powder in figures 29d and 29f has been rubbed off; there is a small round projecting knob in the middle line of the face. (de Rhé-Philipe.) Hazirat.—North India, Burma, Ceylon, Hong Kong. DistTRiBuTIon.—It is in the B. M. from Sylhet; Watson’s types are from Ceylon ; we have received many examples from the Khasia and Jaintia Hills, and have it also from Sylhet and from Rani Khet ; J. J. Walker records it from Hong Kong, Hannyngton 2G 2 228 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. from Kumaon, Watson from the Chin Hills, de Rhé-Philipe from Masuri, Elwes from the Karen Hills and Sikkim, Moore from Kangra, and Crowley from Hainan. POLA TUCKERI. Plate 746, figs. 2, g, 2a, g. Ismene tuckeri, Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 293, pl. 20, fig. 4, g, Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p- 60. Imaco.— Male. Not distinguishable on the upperside from the male of J. ataphus, Watson, but differs from that species in the following particulars :—Forewing below having the yellow tinge replaced by greenish. Hindwing, vein 8 evenly curved throughout, vein 6 straight. Underside pale greenish-brown, with pale green streaks very narrowly edged with purple, the latter placed as follows: two in cell 1b, one in each of cells 2 and 8, and one near the middle of the cell. (Elwes.) Expanse of wings, $ 23%; inches. Hasirat.—Tavoy, Burma. We have not seen this species, the unique type is in coll. Elwes; we therefore give copies of Elwes’ figure. POLA AMARA. Plate 746, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Tsmene amara, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 247 (1857) ; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 783. Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 126. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 329. de Nicéyville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 186 (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 437 ; and x. 1896, p. 683. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 295. Choaspes amara, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 440. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 1891, p. 54; id. Hesp. Ind. p. 8 (1891). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 646. Ismene amara pindapatra, Frihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 62. ImMaco.—Male. Upperside chocolate-brown, brighter in colour than in ataphus. Forewing with an ochreous-orange sub-costal stripe of about the same length, but broader at the base and blunt at its termination; the rounded patch of androconia inconspicuous. Hindwing without markings. Cilia of both wings whitish, brown at its base. Underside with the ground colour blackish-brown. Jorewing with the hinder marginal space broadly whitish, extending in its middle into the first median interspace, the rest of the wing with whitish veins, and greyish-blue thick lines running up the centres of all the interspaces. Hindwing with the entire wing with whitish veins and greyish-blue lines in all the interspaces, their ends joimed together on the outer margin on both wings forming a greyish-blue anteciliary line. Cilia black, with grey edges. Antenne black, whitish on the underside, a whitish stripe also on the underside of the club ; palpi orange, witha stripe of black hairs beneath, last joint black, face, pectus, legs and abdomen beneath orange, the abdomen with black lateral spots ; head and body chocolate-brown, head tinged with orange, so also is the tip of the abdomen. ISMENEINZ.. 229 Female. Like the male above and beneath, but the ochreous-orange sub-costal stripe is narrower and shorter. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 2,)5 to 243; inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Naga and Chin Hills. DisrriButTion.—The types are recorded as from N.E. Bengal, we have not been able to find them; we have many examples of both sexes from Sikkim and the Khasia and Jaintia Hills, Elwes records it from the Naga Hills and Watson from the Chin Hills. Nors.—After examining a long series in our collection and in the B. M., we cannot ascertain any sufficient differences to separate the Sikkim from the Assam examples as Friihstorfer has done. INDO-MALAYAN AND CHINESE ALLIED GENERA AND SPECIES. Ismene cedipodea, Swainson, Zool. Ill. i. p. 116, p. xvi. (1820). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1908, p. 32. Synonym : Ismene consobrina, Plotz. Stett. ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 55 (1884), unpublished plate No. 1187.* Habitat, Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Philippines. Ismene excellens, Hopfter, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 39. Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1878, p. 40. Platz, unpublished plate No. 1151. Habitat, Celebes. Ismene phul. Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1876, p. 219. Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 60. Synonym: Ismene tolo, Plitz. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1884, p. 66. Habitat, Philippines. Ismene cedipus, Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 292. Habitat, Sula Island and Borneo. Ismene lusca,f Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1907, p. 434, 9; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1908, p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 4, 2 (plate numbered II. by mistake). Habitat, Maros, S. Celebes. Genus Sartora, nov. Male. Forewing, vein 3 emitted one-fourth before lower end of cell, 2 at one- fifth from the base, the lower margin of the cell curved upwards; an inwardly oblique, thick streak of adpressed scales in the disk, extending from below vein 3 to the sub-median vein. Hindwing, vein 3 from one-fourth before lower end of cell; hind tibie much swollen, with the usual tuft of hairs and two pairs of spurs. Type, Ismene ionis, de Nicéville. Sartora ionis, Ismene ionis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 403, pl. Q, fig. 61, ¢. Habitat, Java, Sambawa. Sartora nestor, Ismene nestor, Méschler, Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien. xlviii. p. 208 (1878). Swinhoe (part), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1908, p. 32. Synonym, Ismene firdusi, Plétz, unpublished plate, No. 1153. Habitat, Java. Genus Zehala, nov. Male. Forewing, vein 3 from a little beyond the lower middle of cell, 2 from one- fourth from base ; five streaks of androconia on the lower middle of the wing, one on the sub-median vein, one on its second branch, a pair on the first branch, and a pair on the sub-median vein ; hind tibie very slightly swollen, covered with hairs, two pairs of spurs, and with the usual tuft of hairs. Type, Ismene striata, Hewitson. Zehala striata, {smene striata, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iv. Ismene, pl. i. figs. 6, 7 (1867). Synonym, Ismene septentrionis, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. iii. p. 525, pl. 73, fig. 3 (1867). Habitat, Shanghai, Siao-low, China. * Coloured copies by Mr. Horace Knight of all Plétz’s figures of Indo-Malayan Hesperide are in our possession. { Put into the Genus Ismene provisionally, until a male is discovered. 230 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Genus GECANA, nov. Differs from the genus Pola in the male, in having vein 8 of the forewing emitted from the middle of the cell, 2 from one-fourth from the base, the lower margin of the cell straight, a small round inconspicuous patch of androconia on the upperside, near the middle of the wing, between veins 2 and 3, very slightly overlapping these veins. Type, Zsmene fergussoni, de Nicéville. GECANA FERGUSSONI. Plate 747, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, lb, g, lc, d, larva and pupa. Ismene fergussoni, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. 1893, p. 345, pl. J, fig. 6,¢. Watson, id. ix. 1895, p. 437. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1897, p. 24, pl. 7, fig. 2 (larva and pupa). - Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 293. Ismene jaina, Fergusson (nec Moore), Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 446. Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright chocolate-brown, with a distinct orange-ochreous tint in fresh examples. orewing with the disc slightly paler, a bright orange-red, or orange-vermilion sub-costal streak, somewhat narrow and fining to a point a little beyond the middle of the wing, a rounded clump of deep black scales a little before the middle of the first median interspace, touching vein 3 and slightly overlapping vein 2. Hindwing without markings. Cilia of forewing grey, of hindwing bright ochreous-vermilion, narrow at the apex, gradually widening to the anal angle, and extending narrowly up the abdominal margin for a short distance. Underside paler than above. orewing with the hinder marginal space pale ochreous, with obscure pale ochreous spaces in the middle of the three interspaces above the hinder margin, decreasing in size upwards, the base of the wing with the usual black spot on a small ochreous-vermilion mark. //indwing with a small patch of similar colour at the base containing the usual black basal spot, all the veins ochreous-vermilion, a few short streaks of that colour in the interspaces in the disc, with longer streaks towards the abdominal margin. - Cilia of both wings as above. Antenne black, ochreous beneath ; palpi ochreous, with vermilion sides, last joint black ; head and body above concolorous with the wings, thorax with long iridescent greenish hairs, abdomen with vermilion tip, on the underside the body and legs are ochreous-vermilion, abdomen with blackish segmental bands at the sides. Female like the male above and below, the sub-costal streak is very narrow, and of course there is no male mark. 2 Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 242; to 24 inches, ISMENEIN 44. 231 Larva.—Head large, rounded, slightly higher than broad, vermilion-red, with a broad black band, dilated on vertex into a circle, two black circles on middle of face, one on each cheek, connected by a narrow stem with the central band, and a black band just above the eyes on each side; jaws black. Body high in the middle and rounded at the extremity of last seement; colour black, witha double, thin, blue dorsal line, a lateral broader yellow line, from which, and at right angles to it, proceed short yellow and blue lines which do not quite reach a broad white double line along the body above the base of the legs; colour of abdomen bluish-white ; on segment 13 are two vermilion sub-dorsal spots, one on each side of the dorsal line. Length, 51 mm. Pupa, very stout and compact; colour light flesh-pink, powdered with a white powder excreted by the pupa ; five black spots on front margin of thorax, one spot in centre of segment 2, one on the eye, and an indistinct mark above each spiracle, all black ; spiracles surrounded by a black line; cremaster tipped with black; a dorsal black spot on the last two segments. Length, 26 mm. Hasits.—The egg is laid on the underside of a leaf near the point; the young larva makes a cell by turning over a small portion on one side of the midrib at the point on the top of the part on the other side of midrib, eating through the greater part of the midrib, so that the cell part withers and dries; it coats the inside densely with silk; this form of cell is adhered to throughout its life. The larva pupates as a general rule in the cell. This, the largest but one of our skippers, is found all over the district, preferring the damp evergreens and cool valleys of nailas, where the food plant of its larva is plentiful about the rocks of waterfalls and by the sides of streams. It flies much like the Sphingide moths, making a distinctly audible fluttering with its wings. The butterfly is not commonly met with anywhere, but may be caught on the tops of the hills round Karwar on misty afternoons during the rains, and about evergreens towards the evenings. Nearly all our specimens, and they are many, have been bred from larvee found on a large creeper, Combretum eaxtensum, Roxb. The insect is a dusk flyer. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasirat.—South India. DistripuTion.—Appears to be confined to Southern India, has only been recorded from Travancore, the Nilgiri Hills and the Kanara district, from which we have received many examples of both sexes. GECANA JAINA. Plate 747, figs. 2, g¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 440. Manders, id. 1890, p. 537. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 10 232 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. (1891). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 647. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 329. de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 186 (1894). Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 126 ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 437. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 293. de Rhé-Philipe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi. 1898, p. 602. Hannyngton, id. xx. 1910, p. 370. Ismene jaina vasundhara, Frihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 59. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark chocolate-brown, with a vinaceous tint, darker than in fergussoni and not nearly so bright in colour. Fvrewing witha rather dull orange-red, narrow, sub-costal streak which fines to a point about the middle of the wing; a rounded clump of deep black scales as in fergussoni, but larger, its lower edge almost reaching the sub-median vein. Cilia grey. Hindwing without markings. Cilia bright orange-red, broadening hindwards and running up the abdominal margin for a short distance. Underside paler than above, but darker and browner than in fergussoni, the markings on both wings very similar, but the hinder marginal area of the forewing is whiter, there is a rather prominent white squarish spot on the median vein, just inside the end of the cell, and a short outwardly curved band of pale marks beyond it: on the hindwing the orange streaks in the interspaces are narrower. Antenne black, ochreous beneath; palpi grey, with orange sides and black edges, last joint black ; head and body above concolorous with the wings, thorax with greenish hairs, abdomen with orange tip, on the underside the body and legs are orange-red, abdomen with short blackish segmental lateral bands, tibize with blackish stripe along the upperside. Female. Upperside darker than the male, the basal area of both wings with dull green hairs, the thorax covered with similar but longer hairs. Underside as in the male, but the whitish hinder marginal space on the forewing is more restricted, and its upper part is more or less connected with the sub-apical curved band of pale marks, which are whiter and more conspicuous than they are in the male. Expanse of wings, ¢ 24%; to 24%, 2 24% to 24%; inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Sylhet, Assam, N.W. Himalayas, Shan States, Karen Hills. Disrripution.—The types came from Darjiling ; we have received many examples of both sexes from Sikkim, Sylhet, and the Khasia and Jaintia Hills ; Hannyngton records it from Kumaon, de Rhe-Philipe from Masuri, Elwes from the Karen Hills, Manders from the Shan States, and Wood-Mason and de Nicéville from Cachar. CHINESE AND SIAMESE ALLIED SPECIES. Gecana formosana, Ismene jaina formosana, Frihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 59. Habitat, Formosa. Gecana margana, Ismene jaina margana, Frihstorfer, l.c. p. 60. Habitat, Siam. ISMENEIN.. 233 Genus TOTHRIX, nov. In the male, vein 3 of the forewing arises close to the lower end of the cell, vein 2 from close to the base, the lower margin of the cell straight, the sex marks on the upperside of the wing consist of four or five short streaks of androconia, along the middle of the median branches and in the interno-median interspace, in an inwardly oblique square patch, sometimes more or less joined together; the hind tibia much swollen. Type, Zsmene mahintha, Moore. TOTHRIX MAHINTHA. Plate 747, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Ismene mahintha, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 575, pl. 67, fig. 4, ¢. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 378. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 11 (1891); id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 1891, p.54. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 647. Watson, id. 1893, p. 126 ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 437; and x. 1896, p. 683. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 295. Imaco.—Male. Upperside olive-brown. forewing with a sub-costal, dull orange-ochreous streak, the lower middle area from near the base for three-fourths its leneth covered with dull orange-ochreous hairs, some of them extending into the lower part of the discoidal cell, within this dull ochreous area the sexual brand is placed, consisting of four (sometimes five) thick black straight bands of androconia, running parallel with each other from the sub-median vein into the first median interspace, a little beyond the middle, the bars close together, some of them sometimes joined together, forming a nearly square patch. Cilia nearly white. Hindwing with all the inner area covered with dull orange-ochreous hairs, leaving the costa broadly, and the outer margin decreasingly dark olive-brown, somewhat darker than the ground colour of the forewing. Cilia whitish at the apex, becoming orange-ochreous hindwards, dark, rather bright orange-ochreous towards the anal angle. Underside a little paler than the upperside, uniform in colour, there being but a slightly darker discal shade across the wings, a somewhat obscure pale ochreous spot near the base of the second median interspace, and a smaller similar spot inwards, in the first median interspace. Antenne black, grey beneath ; palpi bright orange-ochreous, last joint black ; head and body above concolorous with the wings, smeared with dull orange-ochreous on the head, and with long hairs of that colour on the thorax ; the tip of the abdomen with some short ochreous hairs ; body below concolorous with the wings, legs ochreous, the hairs on the hind tibize coloured like the body. VOL. IX. 24H 234 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Female. Upperside. Forewing dark olive-brown, darker than in the male, two prominent, somewhat oval-shaped semi-hyaline, pale ochreous-white spots in the disc, the upper one near the base of the second median interspace, the other inwards in the next lower interspace, indications of the sub-costal streak, some ochreous-red colour within the cell, and nearly the whole hinder marginal space below the spots from the base for three-fourths of the leneth of the wing with dark ochreous-red hairs. 7ind- wing with all the inner part of the wing covered with dark ochreous-red hairs, leaving the costa broadly and the outer margin decreasingly dark blackish-brown : in this sex the inner area in both wings is much brighter and very different in colour to that of the male, being distinctly ochreous-red, not orange-ochreous. Cilia of both wings as in the male. Underside coloured like the male, the discal spots of the forewing as large as on the upperside. Expanse of wings, $ ? 2 te 27/5 inches. Hasrrat. —Burma, Cachar. DistriputTion.—Recorded by Wood-Mason and de Nicéville from Sileuri in Cachar ; it is in our collection from Burma, from whence the types came; our description and figures are from a male from Thoungyen and a female from Tilin Yaw in the B. M.; the female has not previously been described and figured. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Tothriz iluska, Ismene iluska, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iv. Ismene, pl. 2, fig. 10 (1867). Habitat, Celebes. Genus BURARA. Burara, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 329. Vein 3 of the forewing, in the male, emitted from close to the lower end of the cell; no patch or streaks of androconia. Type, /smene vasutana, Moore. BURARA VASUTANA. Plate 748, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, ¢. Ismene vasutana, Moore, MS. Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 247 (1857) ; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 782. Hewitson, Ex. Butt. p. 62, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9 (1867). Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 126. de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 186 (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 437. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 294. Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. xx. 1910, p. 370. Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 62. Choaspes vasutana, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 440. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 8 (1891). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 646. Burara vasutana, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 329. Ismene vasutana rahita, Friihstorfer, l.c. ISMENEIN ZS. 235 Imago. Male. Upperside dark chocolate-brown. vrewing with a narrow sub- costal orange-ochreous streak, fining to a point at a little beyond the middle of the wing. Cilia grey. //indwing with the inner portion somewhat paler. Cilia orange- ochreous, narrowing and becoming pale upwards. Underside greyish-green. orewing with the lower area below the median vein brown, its middle portion pale, all the space above with black veins and each interspace in the green area with two black lines. Hindwing with the entire surface packed with green and black lines, all the veins being black, and each interspace traversed with two black lines, marginal line black. Cilia as above. Female. Upperside in fresh specimens dark black, almost blue-black. brewing with the basal third covered with greyish-blue hairs, two small semi-hyaline spots in the disc, the upper one near the base of the second median interspace, the other inwards, in the next lower interspace ; no sub-costal streak. Hindwing with nearly the basal half covered with greyish-blue hairs. Cilia of both wings as in the male. Underside like the male, the discal spots on the forewing a little larger, the first and second median interspaces, from the base to the spots blackish, all the black lines on both wings finer. Antenne black, grey beneath ; palpi dull orange-ochreous, last joint black; head and body above concolorous with the wings, head and thorax with ochreous hairs ; body below and legs ochreous, abdomen beneath with black and white short lateral bands. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 242; to 2,3; inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Naga Hills. DisrrieuTron.—The types came from Darjiling; we have received many examples of both sexes from the Khasia and Jaintia Hills; Elwes records it from the Naga Hills, Elwes and de Nicéville from Sikkim, and Hannyngton from Kumaon. Norr.—After carefully examining a long series from Sikkim and Assam, we are unable to agree with Friihstorfer that there is any real specific difference between the examples from those localities. BURARA ANADI. Plate 748, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. Choaspes anadi, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 83, pl. 10, fig. 6, g. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 439. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 7 (1891). Ismene anadi, Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p.126. de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 186 (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 437. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 294. de Rhé-Philipe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi. 1898, p. 602. Imaco.—Male. Wings narrower than in the other species. Upperside, both wings dark chocolate-brown. J orewing a little paler in the middle, an orange sub-costal streak from the base to the middle of the wing. Cilia grey. Hindwing with the ° 2H 2 236 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. costal space pale, nearly white, the abdominal fold paler than the rest of the wing. Cilia bright orange. Underside pale brown. orewing slightly tinged with ochreous, hinder marginal space pale, whitish, a pale discal shade, the outer margin paler than the rest of the wing, a small orange mark at the base containing a black spot. FHind- wing strongly tinted with orange, with orange streaks in the interspaces. Cilia bright orange, including the cilia of the whole of the abdominal margin, the latter only slightly apparent on the upperside. Antenne blackish-brown, pale ochreous beneath, the club orange beneath; palpi orange, third joint black; head and body above concolorous with the wings, an orange streak on each side of the head; below, the pectus, legs and abdomen orange, the last with lateral black spots; thorax above with bluish hairs, and there is some blue sheen on the base of the wings. Female. Upperside. Forewing dark brown, fairly uniform in colour, broader than in the male. Hindwing without the pale costal space. Underside like the male, but on the forewing the pale discal shade is much paler and forms an obscure band across the wing; on the hindwing there is an obscure ochreous space in the dise, and the orange-ochreous streaks are more pronounced. Expanse of wings, 2;'5, 2 2445 inches. Hapirat.—Sikkim, N.W. Himalayas. Disrripution.—In our collection from Sikkim, from whence the type came ; there is a female in the B. M. from Dhera Dun ; and de Rhé-Philipe records it from Masuri ; it is a rare species. BURARA GOMATA. Plate 748, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g, 3c, d, larva and pupa. Tsmene gomata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 783, ¢. Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 126, de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 186 (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. ix. 1895, p. 437. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1897, p. 23, pl. 7, fig. 1 (larva and pupa). Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 295. Frihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 61. Hesperia gomata, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1870, p. 58. Choaspes gomata, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 83, pl. 10, fig. 7,2. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 439. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 7 (1891). Burara gomata, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 329. ImaGco.—Male. Upperside with the ground colour grey. Jerewing with the nervures brown, the nervules thickly streaked with brown, a thin line of that colour inside the cell, the interspaces irrorated with brownish-grey, the costa, apex and outer margin darkening to brown. /indwing with the costal space whitish, the veins with thick brown streaks, broadening outwards, leaving very narrow streaks of grey in the interspaces, the outer margin broadly brown. Cilia of both wings whitish. Underside. Forewing with the ground colour bluish-white, the veins greyish-blue, or greyish-green, streaked on each side with black, the streaks broadening outwards, the three lowest ISMENEIN ZS. 237 veins streaked only on their outer ends, thus leaving the whole space below the median vein without markings. Hindwing with the ground colour purer white; all the veins greyish-blue, the black bands more uniform in width, covering the whole surface of the wing with black and white lines except the cell, which is almost without markings. Antenne black ; palpi greyish-ochreous, with a black line on the outer sides, last joint black ; head with a black spot at the base of each antenna; body brown, thorax with dull greyish-green and ochreous hairs ; body beneath and legs ochreous, abdomen with lateral bands of ochreous and black, which are continued all round the upper side in a dull and obscure form. Female. Upperside black, tinged with purple, except on the outer margin, which is darker than the rest of the wing, purple streaks in the interspaces, giving the wing a purple sheen in certain lights, two obscure pale spots in the middle of the disc of the forewing in an oblique line, the upper one near the base of the second median inter- space, the other in the middle of the next lower interspace. Cilia and underside as in the male, but the black lines are darker and thicker and somewhat purple-black, the ground colour has a bluer tint, and the pale hinder marginal space in the forewing is more limited. Expanse of wings, $ 2 24), to 243, inches. Larva, head squarish, same breadth as height, light brown-yellow in colour; six black spots transversely across the middle of the face; a semicircle of four black spots round the top of the face. Anal segment depressed, rounded at the extremity, with two black, shiny, sub-dorsal patches at the hinder margin. Colour of body French- grey, suffused dorsally on segments 5 to 12 with light yellow; a black band covers the front half of segments 6, 8 and 10; segments 4 and 12 havea large black patch above the lateral margin; the rest is spotted and lined symmetrically with black. Pupa, light yellowish-green in colour; a semicircle of orange on the front of the head, round which is a circle of black spots; from the centre of the spots arises a conical, sharp, short tubercle ; along the front margin of the thorax is a dorsal streak flanked by a sub-dorsal one and a lateral black spot; shoulders tipped with black; a lateral row of large abdominal black spots, one spot to each segment; cremaster triangulir, black. Hasits.—Eggs laid in batches of from five to twenty, in lines, on underside of leaf ; larva gregarious while young ; after second moult makes a cell and eats the cuticle of leaf in a quarter of acircle from midrib upwards to the edge of the leaf, feeding inside the area thus marked off, only while in that stage. When grown, wanders to feed, returning to its cell. This insect was never caught or seen in the district until a few years ago, when a pupa was found by chance upon the ghats, rolled up in a leaf of strobilanthes ; the cells of a skipper were found just overhead on a large creeper with thick, 5-digitate leaves, 238 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. called Heptapleurum venulosum, a kind of ivy. We have since bred the insect in quantities at all seasons of the year both above and below the ghats ; it is probably to be had throughout the districts; it has only once been seen outside our cages, on a cow-dropping in a dark place, in evergreen jungle ; it is probably a dusk-flier, if not an absolute night-flier. The flight is heavy and fluttering in the daytime. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hapirat.—Sikkim, Assam, South India. DisTRIBUTION.—The type male is marked N.E. Bengal; we have it from Sikkim, the Khasia Hills and from Kanara. BURARA HARISA. Plate 749, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Ismene harisa, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 247 (1857); id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 782. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 55; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893,p. 126. de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 186 (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 437 ; id. idem, x. 1896, p. 683. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 293. Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 61. Choaspes harisa, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 84, pl. 10, fig. 8, g. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1888, p. 26. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 439 ; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 646. Imaco.—Male. Upperside vinaceous-brown. J orewing with.a short, dull, orange- ochreous sub-costal streak, obscure in many examples, a pale space inside the cell, the basal two-thirds of the first median interspace pale, a pale streak in the imterno-median interspace, all these pale portions whitish-grey and some obscure streaks in the inter- spaces beyond the cell-end paler than the ground colour of the wing, all the veins rather prominently brown, and a brown outer marginal line. Cilia grey. Hindwing with the costal space above the sub-costal vein and the basal two-thirds of the inter- space below it greyish-white, the rest of the wing vinaceous-brown, with (in some examples) a few obscure streaks in the disc, slightly paler than the ground colour. Cilia orange. Underside. orewing with nearly the whole space below the median vein and its second branch greyish-white, the rest of the wing pale vinaceous-brown, tinged with ochreous, some obscure ochreous streaks within the cell, an outwardly curved short band of obscure ochreous streaks outside the cell and the outer margin paler and tinged with ochreous. Hindwing streaked with ochreous, all the veins being of that colour, and an indistinct short discal band composed of ochreous streaks as in the forewing, a black basal spot. Antenne black, ochreous-grey beneath. Palpi, pectus and legs ochreous; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, abdomen beneath ochreous, with black lateral spots. Female. Much resembling the female of vasuwtana in the colour of the upperside, ISMENEIN 44. 239 not quite so dark, no spots on the forewing; the basal half of the forewing and the basal two-thirds of the hindwing with -blue suffusion, glistening in certain lights, the cilia and the underside as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ 15% to 2, 2 2 to 24%, inches. Hasitrat.—Sikkim, Assam, Burma. DistRipution.—The types came from Sikkim ; we have both sexes from Sikkim, the Khasia Hills and Rangoon ; Watson records it from the Chin Hills, and Elwes from the Naga Hills. BURARA ETELKA. Plate 749, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, @. Tsmene etelka, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iv. Ismene, tigs. 14, 15 (1867). Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p- 126; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 437. de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 552. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 293. Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 60. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown, with a slight purplish gloss. Forewing with the interno-median and lower part of the first median interspaces paler than the rest of the wing, a dull orange-red, thin, sub-costal streak. Cilia grey. Hindwing with costal space pale, some brown hairs at the base which in certain lights have a dull purplish tint; abdominal fold paler than the rest of the wing. Cilia orange-red. Underside. Forewing brown, with a purple tint, a dull orange-red streak in the cell from the base and two above it, and similar streaks in all the interspaces outside the cell, the lower part of the wing to the middle of the first median interspace pale, nearly white, outer marginal line dark brown. Hindwing with rather more than the upper half coloured like the forewing, containing a black basal spot on an orange-red small patch, some inconspicuous streaks of that colour in the interspaces, two short streaks outside the cell, two more below them, a little outwards, and the abdominal third of the wing with the streaks so thick as to make that portion of the wing nearly all orange-red, marginal line dark brown. Cilia of both wings as above. Antenne black, orange-red beneath ; palpi orange, last joint black, head with orange-red hairs, thorax and abdomen concolorous with the wings, the former with dull blue hairs, the latter with inconspicuous brown and grey bands ; body below and legs orange-red, abdomen with black lateral spots. Female like the male above and below. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2455, 2 34% inches. Hasirat.—Singapore, Borneo, Burma. DistripuTion.—The type is said to have come from Salwatty ; we have it from Sandakan in Borneo; Elwes records it also from Singapore, and de Nicéville from Burma. 240 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. INDO-MALAYAN, CHINESE AND JAPANESE ALLIED SPECIES. Burara aquilinea, Ismene aquilinea, Speyer, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1879, p. 346. Synonyms, Ismene jankowskii, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 23, pl. i. fig. 2 (1880). Proteides chryseglia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 856. Habitat, Amur, Japan. : Burara radiosa, Ismene radiosa, Plétz, Berl. ent. Zeit. xxix. p. 232 (1885); id. Stett. ent. Zeit. xlvii. p. 114 (1886), unpublished plate No. 1588. de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 553. Burara radiosa, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1908, p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 5, ¢, 6, 2 (plate numbered II. by mistake). Habitat, Celebes, Sumatra. Burara lara, Ismene gomata, var. lara. Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 634, pl. 39, fig. 12 (1894). Habitat, W. China. Burara lorquint, Ismene lorquini, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1876, p. x.; id. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1876, p. 266. Choaspes lorquinii, Semper, Rhop. Philipp. p. 289. Habitat, Philippines. Burara moncada, Ismene harisa moncada, Friithstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 61. Choaspes harisa, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 373, pl. 34, fig. 22, g (1886). Habitat, Malayana. Burara niasana, nov. Upperside greyish-brown, much paler than in B. harisa. Forewing with a subcostal orange-ochreous streak in the cell, the interspaces outside the cell and all the lower half of the wing greyish. Hindwing with the costal space and outer halves of all the other interspaces grey. Cilia as in harisa. Underside. Forewing much as in harisa, but there is a discal band of brown streaks in the interspaces from the costa to the whitish lower pale space. Hindwing much paler than in harisa, the discal band much larger, and all the markings more or less obscure, the entire wing tinted with orange-ochreous. Antenne black, ochreous- orange beneath. Female. Upperside as in harisa. Underside somewhat paler and tinted with orange-ochreous, the discal band broader, the lower part of the forewing of a dull pale greyish colour, in extent nearly as much as it is in its own male, whereas in harisa this pale space is very limited. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2,2;, 9 2.2, to 2,4, inches. Described from eight males and three females in our collection from Stoli, Nias. Burara asambha, Ismene harisa asambha, Friihstorfer, Ivis, 1911, p. 61. Habitat, Tonkin. Burara crinatha, Ismene harisa crinatha, Friihstorfer, l.c. Habitat, Java, W. Sumatra. Burara lulita, Ismene gomata lalita, Friihstorfer, l.c. Habitat, W. Sumatra. Burara vajra, Ismene gomata vajra, Friihstorfer, l.c. Habitat, W. Java. Burara mindorana, Ismene gomata mindorana, Friihstorfer, l.c. p. 62. Habitat, Mindora, Philippines. Genus RHOPALOCAMPTA. Rhopalocampta, Wallengren, Rhop. Caffr. p. 4 (1857). Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 129. Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 640 (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 436. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 306. Choaspes, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 158 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 373. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 5. Forewing, vein 12 ends on the costa before the end of the cell, 6 from close to upper end of discocellulars, 5 from above the middle; upper discocellular minute, middle and lower in néarly a straight line, somewhat inwardly oblique, the lower the longer, cell a little more than two-thirds the length of the costa, vein 3 emitted at ISMENEIN 4. 241 fourth before lower end of the cell. Costa evenly and gently arched, apex sub-acute, outer margin convex, oblique, a little shorter than the hinder margin, which is slightly sinuous. Zindwing, vein 7 emitted at one-third before end of cell; discocellulars in one straight, erect line, very faint, vein 5 absent, indicated by a fold that runs through the cell to the base, vein 3 emitted immediately before the lower end of cell, 2 from before the middle, lower portion of the wing produced into a lobe; hind tibize with two pairs of spurs, and in the male with a long tuft of hairs attached, close to the proximal end. Antenne with the club moderately slender, as long as the shaft and crescent-shaped; no secondary sexual characters in the wings. Type, Papilio forestan, Cramer, from Africa. RHOPALOCAMPTA. BENJAMINI. Plate 749, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢, 3c, larva and pupa. Thymele benjamini, Guérin, Delessert’s Souv. Voy. Ind. ii. p. 79, pl. 22, figs. 2, 2a (1843). Ismene benjamini, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurn. Lep. p. 515. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 841. Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 537. Hesperia benjamini, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1870, p. 58. Choaspes benjamini, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 159, pl. 64, figs. la, b (1881) ; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p- 261. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 137. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, id. p. 378. Elwes and de Nicéville, id. p. 438. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1888, p. 439. Watson, Hesp. Ind, _p. 5 (1891). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 646. Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. xx. 1910, p. 370. Rhopalocampta benjamini, Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 129. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1893, p- 330. de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 187 (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. ix. 1895, p. 437. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1897, p. 307. de Rhé-Philipe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi. 1898, p. 602, pl. W, figs. 30, 30b, larva, 30c, pupa. Evans, id. xx. 1910, p. 390. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 307. Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 78. Hesperia xanthropogon, Kollar, Hugel’s Kasch. iv. (ii.), p. 453, pl. 18, figs. 1, 2 (1844). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark blackish-brown, with purplish-grey hairs on the basal portions of both wings. Cilia of both wings brown, with grey tips, orange- ochreous on the hindwing from vein 3, increasing in width hindwards, very broad at the anal angle, the colour continued still more broadly for nearly one half up the abdominal margin, which is covered with orange-ochreous hairs. Underside greyish- green, somewhat glossed, the veins black. Forewing with the entire space below the first median branch brown, without any gloss. Hindwing with a large anal orange patch, limited on its upper end by a black band, with a broad bar hindwards from its middle, its lower end running outwards, parallel to the outer part of the bar above it, the extreme outer edge of the orange patch has three black spots on it. Antenne black ; VOL. IX. 21 242 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. palpi orange, with a black stripe on the outer sides, last jot black; head and body above concolorous with the wings; head and thorax covered with dull greenish hairs; below, the pectus and lower part of the abdomen are orange, the rest of the body and legs greenish-black. Female. Upperside olive-brown, altogether of a paler and different colour to the male, the basal third of the forewing and the basal half of the hindwing covered with ereyish-blue hairs, the orange portion at the anal angle of the hindwing more limited, and both wings are narrower than they are in the male. Underside colour and markings as in the male, but the hinder marginal pale space on the forewing is usually much paler. Expanse of wings ¢ 2,2, to 2745, $ 2y'p to 24% inches. Larva common at Masuri and in the Dun from March to September; feeds on Meliosma pungens, Wall., and Sabia campanulata, Wall., both natural order Sabiace. Two types of larva have been bred and are here figured. Further observations are necessary to determine conclusively whether these very differently marked (the colours in both are the same) larvz really produce the same species of butterfly ; and, if they do, if the colour is sexual. (de Rhé-Philipe.) Hasirat.—India, Burma, Ceylon. DISTRIBUTION.—We have both sexes from the Khasia Hills, Simla and Sikkin ; Watson says it is common in the Nilgiris, Evans records it from the Palni Hills, Elwes from the Naga Hills, Hannyngton from Kumaon, de Rhé-Philipe from Masuri, Moore from Tenasserim and Kangra, Manders from the Shan States, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville from Cachar, Elwes and de Nicéville from Tavoy ; it does not appear to have been recorded from anywhere in the Bombay Presidency. RHOPALOCAMPTA CRAWFURDI. Plate 750, figs. 1, g, la, 2, lb, ¢. Choaspes craufurdi, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 372 (1886). Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 9 (1891). Rhopalocampta crawfurdi, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 554. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat, Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 487. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 307. Rhopalocampta subcaudata crawfordi, Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 79. Ismene benjamini, Druce (nec Guérin), Proc. Zool. Soe. 1873, p. 358. Iuaco.—Male. Upperside darker and blacker than in benjamini, the greyish-blue hairs on the thorax and at the base of both wings brighter in colour, the orange- ochreous anal space larger, the anal orange cilia longer, making the anal angle more produced, the coloration and markings on the underside very similar to that in benjamini, but the anal patch is paler and more yellow. Female very different to that sex of benjamini. Upperside with the wings much ISMENEINZL. 243 darker. Forewing with the wing suffused with rather bright greyish-blue, the suffusion eradually lessening towards the outer margin. Tindwing with the basal portions covered with still brighter greyish-blue hairs, leaving the costa and outer margins broadly black, the anal patch paler than in benjamini, the yellow hairs covering the entire costal fold. Underside as in its own male; head and thorax above covered with erey-blue hairs of the same shade as those at the base of the wings. Expanse of wings, $ 2445, $ 2385 inches. Larva has the typical shape of the larvee of the Hesperiide and is like that of Evionota thraz ; it lives in a rolled-up leaf, is dark velvety-blue, with white transverse lines ; head and legs yellow, head with three black spots arranged in a triangle. (de Nicéville and Martin.) Hasrrat.—Malay Peninsula, Penang, Borneo, Nias, Burma. DistrIBuTION.—The types came from the Malay Peninsula, it is in the B. M. also from Borneo; we have it from Nias; Watson records it from Myitta in Tavoy, Burma. INDO-MALAYAN AND JAPANESE ALLIED SPECIES. Rhopalocampta subcaudata, Ismene subcaudata, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. iii. p. 526, pl. 72, figs. 20, 21 (1867). Habitat, Java, Philippines, Bali, Celebes. Rhopalocampta japonica, Ismene benjamini, var. japonica, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xii. p. 4 (1875). Ismene benjamini, Pryor, Rhop. Niphon, p. 33, pl. 10, fig. 4 (1884). Habitat, Japan. Rhopalocampta plateni, Ismene plateni, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. 1888, p. 293. Rhopalocampta plateni, Fribstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 79. Synonym, Ismene renidens, Mabille, Compte Rendus, Soc. Ent. Belg. 1891, p. Ixxviii. Habitat, Celebes. Rhopalocampta formosana, Rhopalocampta benjamini formosana, Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 78. Habitat, Formosa. Rhopalocampta adhara, Rhopalocampta plateni adhara, Frithstorfer, lc. Habitat, Philippines. Genus BIBASIS. Bibasis, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 160 (1881). Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 15 (1891) ; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 128; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 436. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 304. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite the upper end of the cell; upper dis- cocellular very minute, middle and lower sub-equal, almost in a straight line, slightly outwardly oblique ; vein 6 emitted close to upper end of cell, 5 from a little above the middle, 3 from about one-third before the lower end of the cell, 2 from the basal fourth ; cell a little longer than half the length of the costa; costa nearly straight, very slightly arched near its base, apex sub-acute and somewhat produced, outer margin oblique, slightly convex, longer than the hinder margin, which is nearly straight. Hindwing, vein 7 emitted at about one-third before the upper end of the cell, 5 well 212 244 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. developed from above the middle of discocellulars, which are faint, and slightly out- wardly oblique, the lower the longer, vein 3 emitted a little before the lower end of the cell, 2 from beyond the middle ; the lower part of the wing slightly produced into a lobe ; no secondary sexual characters. Antennze with the club short, thickening abruptly, hooked to a fine point; hind tibie thickly scaled above with two pairs of spurs. Type, Goniloba sena, Moore. BIBASIS SENA. Plate 750, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, d, larva and pupa. Goniloba sena, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 245 (1857) ; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 778. Hesperia sena, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1870, p. 58. Ismene sena, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 359. Bibasis sena, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 160, pl. 65, figs. 3, 3a (1881). Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 379. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 441. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 373, pl. F, figs. 2, 2a, larva and pupa. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 15 (1891). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 648. Betham, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. vii. 1893, p. 425. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 330, de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 187 (1894). Betham, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. viii. 1894, p. 423. Watson, id. ix. 1895, p. 437. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1897, p. 25. de Rhé-Philipe, id. xi. 1898, p. 602. Aitken and Comber, id. xv. 1903, p. 53. Hannyngton, id. xx. 1910, p. 370. Friihstorfer, Tris, 1911, p. 77. Imaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-olive-brown, the basal portion of both wings slightly paler than the costa and outer margins. Cilia grey. Underside vinous-brown. Forewing with a large white patch a little beyond the middle of the hinder margin, attached to a large obscure purplish-grey suffused patch from the costa which narrows as it touches the white patch. Hindwing with a broad white discal band from the costa to near the hinder angle, its inner edge even, and slightly outwardly curved below the costa, its outer edge somewhat suffused, the cilia round the anal angle ochreous and a small patch of that colour on the inner anal edge. Antenne black, ochreous beneath ; palpi dull ochreous with some grey hairs in front; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, legs brown, dull ochreous beneath, tarsi and abdomen beneath dull ochreous, the latter with obscure brown and ochreous lateral bands ; tip of abdomen ochreous. Female like the male above and below, the wings a little broader. Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 2 inches. Larva, head very large and rounded, and of a bright red colour, chequered with black. The centre of the back is blue, with three black, longitudinal lines ; the sides are yellow, with transverse blue and black markings. Pura is regular and moderately stout, of a bluish-white colour, with four rows of small black spots on the abdominal segments, and a black diamond on the middle of the back. (Davidson and Aitken.) ISMENEIN 44. 245 The larva feeds on Combretum extensum; this butterfly flies generally in the morning, between 8 and 11 o'clock; its habit is to fly backwards and forwards, with a quick, darting flight, in certam open places in the forest; it is nearly impossible to catch it on the wing, but it settles at intervals low down near the ground, when it may be captured. The larva is similar to Jsmene. fergussoni in every way ; it feeds on the young pink leaves of the same plant, whereas J. feryussoni feeds exclusively on the tough leaves. It can be distinguished from the larva of the last by the yellow lines at right angles to the lateral yellow line being continued down to the marginal double white line, giving the body the appearance of having a lateral row of large black spots. Length, 40 mm. The pupa is similar in every way to, though smaller than, that of I. fergussoni ; it can be distinguished at once, however, by having a large transparent- looking dirty patch in the middle of the thorax, which the former does not possess. Length, 22 mm. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasirat.—India, Ceylon. DistRIBUTION.—The type male is marked Bengal; type female, Ceylon; we have it from Sikkim, Khasia Hills, Raniket, Ceylon and Kanara; Betham records it from Matheran, Hannyngton from Kumaon, de Rhé-Philipe from Masuri, Elwes from the Karen Hills, Aitken and Comber from the Konkan, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville from Cachar. INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. Bibasis palawana, Ismene sena, var. palawana, Staudinger, Iris, ii. p. 139 (1889). Semper, Rhop. Philipp. p. 292 (1892). Habitat, Philippines. Bibasis uniformis, Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 305, pl. 27, fig. 95 (genitalia). Bibasis sena uniformis, Frithstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 78. Habitat, Java, Sumatra, Lombok. Bibasis vicravana, Bibasis sena vicravana, Frihstorfer, ].c. Habitat, Luzon, Philippines. Genus HASORA. Hasora, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 159 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 374 (1886). Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 11 (1891); id. (part) Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 127. Leech (part), Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 638 (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 486. Elwes (part), Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 296. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite upper end of cell, 6 from close to upper end of discocellulars, 5 from a little above the middle ; upper discocellular very minute, middle and lower in an inwardly oblique straight line; cell more than half the length of the costa, vein 3 emitted from the middle of the cell, 2 from about the basal fourth ; in the female vein 3 is emitted at about one-fourth from the end, and consequently the bases of 3 and 2 are farther apart from each other; vein 1 distorted downwards near the base in both sexes; costa evenly arched, apex sub-acute, outer margin convex below the apex, then nearly straight, about as long as the hinder margin, 246 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. which is nearly straight. Hindwing, vein 7 emitted from about the middle of the cell; discocellulars faint, outwardly oblique, 5 from above the middle of GE discocellulars and well developed, 3 from a little before GE the lower end of the cell, 2 from the middle; the lower G- part of the wing produced into a lobe, larger in the male than it is in the female; the margin slightly excavated above the outer side of the lobe, forming a short tail-like production. Antenne with the club rather abruptly thickening, gradually tapering to a point bent over and often well curved into a hook, H. badra, ¢. more extended than it is in the genus bibasis; hind 4. badra, ¢. tibiee slightly fringed, with two pairs of spurs, no secondary sexual characters. Type, Goniloba badra, Moore. HASORA ANURA. Plate 750, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, 2. Hasora anura, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. iv. 1889, p. 170, pl. B, figs. 5, ¢, 1, 9. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 12 (1891). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 329. de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 187 (1894). Leech, Butt of China, ete. ii. p. 639, pl. 39, fig. 10, 2 (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 437. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 298. Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 66. Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep brown, with a bronzy tint, much darker in colour than in //. badra, Moore, the wings broader. /orewing with the base thickly clothed with long ochreous-brown hairs, one, two or three minute, sub-apical, yellow, trans- parent dots; the number of these dots are very variable, in de Nicéville’s types there is only a single dot; in an example from the Khasia Hills in our collection there are two dots on the right wing and three on the left. Hindwing with the base and disc with long ochreous-brown hairs, the anal margin very slightly produced, the margin being almost rounded, the usual anal lobe being very slight. Underside. Forewing with the ground colour pale purple-brown, obscured by a very broad dark fascia, in the middle of the wing, from the base to the disc, where it extends upwards to the costa, the hinder marginal area paler than the rest of the wing, the sub-apical dots as on the upperside. LHindwing darker than the forewing, a rather broad paler discal space with a somewhat prominent small ochreous spot at its lower end, and two or three minute dots at end of cell, an ochreous anteciliary line from the anal angle to the end of vein 2. Antennz black, somewhat ochreous beneath ; palpi with short ochreous hairs. Female. Upperside like the male. Forewing with the subapical dots rather larger, a somewhat square spot at the end of the cell, another below it, obliquely outwards, and a smaller more or less elongated spot, obliquely outward, above it near the base of the second median interspace, the spots more or less in a triangle. Hind- ISMENEIN 4. 247 wing asin the male. Underside as in the male. Forewing with the spots as above, the pale space above the hinder margin larger and paler. 7indwing with the cell dots larger and the spot at the end of the pale discal fascia in the form of a short, rather prominent streak. Expanse of wings, $ $ 2 to 24%; inches, Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, China. DisTrIBUTION.—The types in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, are from Sikkim ; de Nicéville records it also from the Khasia Hills and from Cachar. We have received several examples of both sexes from the Khasia and Jaintia Hills, from which our figures and descriptions are taken. HASORA BADRA. Plate 751, figs. 1, $, la, 2, lb, ¢, le, d, larva and pupa. Goniloba badra, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.L.C. i. p. 245, pl. 7, figs. 3, 3a, larva and pupa (1857) ; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 778. Hesperia badra, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1870, p. 58. Hasora badra, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 159, pl. 65, figs. 4, 4a (1881). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 32. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, id. 1886, p. 378. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 441. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1888, p. 26; id. Hesp. Ind. p. 12 (1891). Fergusson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 446. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p-. 329. Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 127. de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 187 (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 437, and x. 1896, p. 683. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. xi. 1897, p. 29. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 298. Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 65. Hasora badra madatia, Friihstorfer, 1.c. Imaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-brown, base of both wings darker brown. Forewing with three minute conjugated spots near the costa one-fourth from the apex, sometimes entirely absent. Hindwing without markings. Cilia of both*wings grey. Underside paler ochreous-brown, with a slight purplish tint. Morewing with a dark patch before the middle, a dark broad fascia from the costa, the outer margin narrowly brown, leaving a pale submarginal shade, the hinder marginal space pale ochreous- grey, with this colour running up a short distance in the middle. Hindwing somewhat darker than the forewing, a broad discal fascia slightly paler than the ground colour, with an ochreous-white short streak at its lower end and a suffused blackish patch covering the anal lobe, a round ochreous white spot at the end of the cell. Female. Upperside darker than the male. orewing with the basal third covered with ochreous-brown hairs, three subapical ochreous, semi-hyaline spots, and three large quadrate spots as in 7. anura, the outer one as quadrate as the others and smaller, all three with irregular sides. Hindwing. Upperside with the basal and abdominal third covered with ochreous-brown hairs, otherwise without markings. Underside much darker coloured than in the male. Jvrewing with the dark fascize as in the male, the 248 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. spots as they are on the upperside, the lowest of the quadrate spots touching the ereyish-white hinder marginal space. indwing as in the male. Expanse of wings, $ $ 2 to 24 inches. Larva, feeds upon a leguminous plant bearing the native name of ‘“ Tunkul.” (Horsfield. ) . Haxirat.—Java, Borneo, Sumatra, India, Burma, Ceylon. Disrripution.—Horsfield and Moore record it from Java. Moore’s description in P. Z. 8. 1865, is from Bengal examples. We have both sexes from Java, Borneo, the Runjit Valley, Burma, Sikkim and the Khasia Hills; we cannot distinguish any specific differences between the Java, Bornean and Indian examples. Fergusson records it also from Travancore, Watson from the Chin Hills, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville from Cachar, and Davidson, Bell and Aitken from Kanara. Our figures of the larva and pupa are copies of Horsfield and Moore’s figures. HASORA COULTERI. Plate 751, figs. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. Hasora coulteri, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 378, pl. 18, figs. 8, 6, Sa, 8b, 9. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 14 (1891) ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 437. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 300. Hasora metissima coulteri, Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 69. Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown, with an ochreous-chocolate tint. Furewing with a subapical pale ochreous twin spot, the upper one a mere dot, the lower one near the base of the fifth interspace, the smaller one obliquely inwards in the next upper interspace, both very close together, another small spot or dot immediately below the lower end of the cell ; all these spots are sometimes very faintly indicated and sometimes entirely absent, the base of the wing paler than the rest, being covered with olivaceous-brown sete. Hindwing without markings, the base and abdominal area also with olivaceous-brown sete. Underside paler brown. Forewing glossed with purple at the apex, a broad dark shade through the middle of the wing, from the base to near the outer margin, where it extends somewhat upwards, the dots absent. Hindwing crossed by a white band from the costa to the sub-median nervure, its inner edge even, slightly concave, its outer edge diffuse, its lower end with a short inward curve where it is broken, and is continued by a white spot on the abdominal margin close to the anal angle, the wing suffused with purple beyond the band, the lobe black, a white anteciliary line from the end of the submedian vein to vein 3. Cilia of both wings pale brown, with white tips. Antenne black, the club dull dark ochreous beneath ; palpi grey, white at the sides; body beneath and legs ochreous-grey. Female. Upperside darker than the male and with a purplish gloss. Loreiing with an ochreous sub-apical small spot, with a small dot a little below, sometimes ISMENEIN 44. 249 absent, in one example there are two of these lower dots on the right wing and none on the left; a sub-quadrate, outwardly oblique spot at the lower end of the cell, and a similar spot below it, a little inwards in the next lower interspace. [Hindwing as in the male. Underside like the underside of the male, the spots on the forewing as they are on the upperside, but more ochreous in colour, the lowest spot with an ochreous- whitish splash below it. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 2 to 24/5 inches. Hasirat.—Assam. Distripution.—The types from Cachar are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. We have received several examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills. HASORA CHABRONA. Plate 751, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 6. Tsmene chabrona, Plotz, Stett. ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 56 (1884), (unpublished plate, No. 1590). Hasora chabrona, de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 187 (1894); id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. ix. 1895, p. 406. de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 553. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. x. 1896, p. 683. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. xi, 1897, p. 27 (larva and pupa). Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 300. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1908, p. 34, pl. 3, fig. 2 (plate numbered II. by mistake). Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1910, p. 388. Hasora (Parata) chabrona, Aitken and Comber, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. xv. 1903, p. 52. Hasora metissima chabrona, Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 69. Ismene chromus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville (nec Cramer), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 254. Hasora vitta, Distant (nec Butler), Rhop. Malayana, p. 375, pl. 35, fig. 4, g (1886). Semper, Rhop. Philipp. p. 291 (1892). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 329. J. J. Walker, id. 1895, p. 473. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, dark olive-brown. Forewing with some brown hairs at the base, a small ochreous-white semi-hyaline sub-apical dot or small spot, a similar spot in the second median interspace, a little before its middle, and sometimes another similar spot inwards in the next lower interspace ; in one or two examples one wing has both spots and the other only one. /Hindwiny without markings, the base and abdominal area with some brown hairs in fresh specimens. Cilia of both wings greyish-white, with brown base. Underside pale brown. Forewing with the hinder marginal space near the hinder angle somewhat paler than the rest of the wing, a dark shade through the middle of the wing, from the base to the disc, extending upwards to the costa, the small spots as above all within the shade. Hindwing with a purplish tint, a narrow white band across it, in an even inward curve, its inner edge even, its outer edge slightly suffused, extending to. the anal angle, broken just before its end by the upper side of the large anal black patch ; the base of the wing and an VOL. IX. 2K 250 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. indistinct, broad, discal fascia rather darker than the ground colour of the wing. Antenne black, the shaft below the club dull ochreous beneath ; palpi greyish-white, with a brown line on each side ; the wings narrower than in /Z. coulteri. Female, like the male above and below, but somewhat paler, the semi-hyaline spots in the forewing always larger, and very much as in #7. coulteri ; on the underside the hinder marginal pale space is larger and paler, its upper end touching the lowest spot; and in the hindwing the base and outer portions are somewhat more purple- tinted. Expanse of wings, $$ 2 inches. Larva, very similar to that of H. chromus, Cramer, except that the head is broader than high and of a dark brown colour, light towards the vertex. Segment 2 is smaller than the head; somewhat swollen, glabrous and shiny. Last segment broadly rounded, flattish, thick, dorsally dark and shiny. The surface of the body is covered fairly densely with longish, white, erect hairs; it is much hairier than FT, chromus. Colour mauve-green (never as dark as H. chromus), densely spotted with small yellow spots; a double dorsal yellow line; a sub-dorsal, lateral and marginal yellow line ; a lateral black spot on segments 3 and 6. Length, 34 mm. Pura, very similar in shape to that of B. sena, Moore, but without the dorsal patch on the thorax. Colour pink on abdomen, dirty green-white on the wings, thorax and head; a long black dorsal streak on front slope of thorax reaching to front margin; a short dorsal black streak on hinder margin of same; a dorsal black mark on segment 13; two black marks on the inner margin of the eye; head-point and eremaster black. Length, 25 mm. The imago is generally found in dry situations on the slopes of hills in rather open jungle, where the food-plant is found. Extremely common throughout the northern, above-ghat portions of the district from December to June. The females may be seen in the afternoons, laying their very small pink eggs on the young shoots of Millettia racemosa, Ben., a large woody creeper. It isa butterfly of very rapid flight. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasrrat.—Malacca, Java, Borneo, Sumatra, India, Burma, Ceylon, Andamans, Tonkin, Hong Kong, Philippines. DisTRIBUTION.—The type came from Malacca ; it is a common species fairly well distributed all over India and Burma. We possess many examples from various localities, INDO-MALAYAN AND CHINESE ALLIED SPECIES. Hasora discolor, Goniloba discolor, Felder, Wien Ent. Mon. iii. p. 405 (1859). Ismene discolor, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. iii. pl. 72, fig. 17 (1867). Habitat, Java. Hasora myra, Ismene myra, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iv. Ismene, pl. i. fig. 3, ¢ (1867). Hasora myra. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 303. Habitat, Java, Sumatra. ISMENEIN 2. 251 Hasora vitta, Ismene vitta, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 498; id. Lep. Exot. pl. 69, fig. 9 (1871). Habitat, Borneo. Hasora meetissima, Ismene meetissima, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1876, p. xxv. Hasora meetissima Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 70. Habitat, Celebes. : Hasora splendida, Ismene splendida, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1876, p. 264. Habitat, Philippines. Hasora mixta, Ismene mixta, Mabille, l.c. p. 267. Hasora mixta, Friihstorfer, lc. p. 68. Synonym, Ismene philetas, Plétz, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1884, p. 55, unpublished plate, No. 1159. Habitat, Philippines. Hasora gnzus, Ismene gneus, Plitz, l.c. p. 58, unpublished plate, No. 1171. Hasora gneeus, Semper, Rhop. Philipp. p. 290 (1892). Habitat, Philippines. Hazora lizetta, Ismene lizetta, Plétz, l.c. p. 59, unpublished plate, No. 1157. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1908, p. 35, pl. 3, fig. 12 (plate marked II. by mistake). Habitat, Java. Hasora certhia, Ismene certhia, Plétz, l.c. unpublished plate, No. 1172. Swinhoe, l.c. p. 33, pl. 3, figs. 7, 8. Habitat, Philippines. Hasora proximata, Ismene proximata, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 137. Hasora proximata, Semper, l.c. p. 291, pl. 49, fig. 6, 9 (1892). Habitat, Philippines. Hasora celebica, Ismene badra, var. celebica, Staudinger, l.c. p. 138. Habitat, Celebes. Hasora hadria, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1889, p. 172. Habitat, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra. Hasora inermis, Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 301, pl. 20, fig. 16, ¢, and 27, figs. 94, 94a (genitalia). Habitat, Liu Kiu Islands. Hasora proxissima, Elwes, l.c. p. 302, pl. 21, fig. 10, g. Habitat, Mindoro, Philippines. Hasora borneensis, Elwes, l.c. pl. 20, figs. 8, g, 11, 9. Habitat, Kina Balu, Borneo. Hasora mus, Elwes, l.c. p. 304, pl. 20, figs. 2, ¢,5, 9. Habitat, Kina Balu. Hasora palinda, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1905, p. 618. Habitat, Soekaboeni, Java. Hasora minsona, Swinhoe, l.c. 1907, p. 435. Hasora mimosa (misprint). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1908, p. 34, pl. 3, fig. 2 (plate numbered II. by mistake). Habitat, Borneo. Hasora wortha, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1907, p. 435; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1908, p. 2, fig. 5 (plate marked I. by mistake). Habitat, Java. Hasora almea, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1909, p. 90. Habitat, Brunnei, N. Borneo. Hasora godana, Hasora badra godana, Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 65. Habitat, Formosa. Hasora tantra, Hasora anura tantra, Friihstorfer, l.c. p. 66. Habitat, Nias. Hasora prabha, Harosa mixta prabha, Frithstorfer, l.c. Habitat, Palawan, Philippines. Hasora yanuna,Hasora mixta yanuna, Friihstorfer, l.c. Habitat, Nias. Hasora lioneli, Hasora mixta lioneli, Friihstorfer, l.c. Habitat, Sumatra. Hasora tyrius, Hasora mixta tyrius, Friihstorfer, l.c. Habitat, W. Java. Hasora pathana, Hasora meetissima pathana, Friihstorfer, l.c. p. 70. Habitat, Philippines. Genus PARATA. Parata, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 160 (1881). Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 16 (1891) ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 436. Hasora, Watson (part), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 127. Leech (part), Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 638 (1894). Elwes (part), Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 296. 2. K2 bo or bo LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Venation similar to that of Hasora. Forewing narrower, outer margin shorter than the hinder margin, not of equal length as in Hasora; the male with an inwardly oblique glandular streak of laxly raised scales below the cell; the base of the wing with long hairs often entirely hiding the streak. Hindwing less produced hindwards, lobe shorter and somewhat angular. Antenne more slender. Type, Papilio chromus, Cramer = Papilio alexis, Fabricius. PARATA SIMPLICISSIMA. Plate 752, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Tsmene simplicissima, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1876, p. xxv.; id. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1876, p. 265. Parata simplicissima, Semper, Rhop. Philipp. p. 292 (1892). Hasora (Parata) simplicissima, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 405, mf Q, tig. 62, ¢, 63, 9. de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 553. Hasora simplicissima, Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1597, p. 299. Swinhoe (part), id. 1908, p. 34. Frihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 67. Ismene celenus, Pagenstecker (nee Cramer), in Kiikenthal, Zool. Erg. 1897, p. 423. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, hair-brown, with a chocolate tint, without markings. Underside paler brown, with an ochreous-chocolate tint. orewing with a discal shade of darker colour from the costa to vein 2, the outer margin also narrowly dark. FTindwing with a similar broad discal shade and outer margin ; anal lobe black, a dull obscure ochreous spot above it, indications of a pale spot at the end of the cell. Cilia of both wings grey, with brown base. Antenne with the shaft grey beneath ; palpi dark ochreous, with some short blackish hairs and blackish bands on the sides. Female. Upperside duller brown. orewing with the basal third and hinder marginal space covered with dull ochreous hairs, two small ochreous sub-apical dots, a quadrate ochreous spot, constricted at its middle, at the end of the cell, a smaller similar spot outside, in the next lower interspace, and a larger similar spot below them, the three in a triangular form and rather close together. Mindwing with more than the basal two-thirds covered with dull ochreous hairs, leaving the apex broadly and the costa and outer margin decreasingly dark brown. Underside much paler than it is in the male, both wings with similar fascie. Forewing with the hinder marginal area broadly pale, whitish, the ochreous spots as above. //indwing as in the male. Expanse of wings, f ? 1,48, to 2 inches. Hasirat.—Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Philippines, Burma, Tonkin. DistrrBuTion.—A common form in the Islands; we have it from Java and from Tonkin ; de Nicéville records it from the Yanzalin Valley, Tenasserim. Lo ot ow ISMENEINZ. PARATA MALAYANA. Plate 752, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 2. Ismene malayana, Felder, Wien Ent. Mon. iv. p. 401 (1860) ; id. Reise, Nov. Lep. iii. pl. 72, fig. 15 (1866). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 593. Hesperia malayana, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1870, p. 58. Choaspes (?) malayana, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 373, pl. 35, fig. 2 (1886). Parata malayana, Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 18 (1891). Hasora malayana, Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 128; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist Soe. ix. 1895, p- 437. Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 72. Hasora (Parata) malayana, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 554. Hasora chromus, Elwes (part), Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 301. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brown, the basal hairs slightly paler than the ground colour of the wings; no markings. Cilia brown, with grey tips. Underside not much paler than the upperside. Forewing with a dark, obscure, rather broad discal band from the costa to the submedian vein, the outer and Jower half of the wing tinted with chocolate ; the whole costal space above the median vein from the base to the band dark chalybeous, and some pale chalybeous suffusion on the upper outer half of the band, the abdominal space evenly greyish-white. Hindwing with a nearly straight, pure white, discal band, with somewhat uneven edges, broken at its lower end by the upper side of the black anal patch, the entire wing, with the exception of a narrow outer marginal space, dark chalybeous, an anteciliary white thread from the anal patch to the apex of the wing; the wings proportionately broader than in most of the other species of the genus; palpi with brown and ochreous short hairs, white at the sides. Female. Upperside duller in colour than the male. Morewing with a semi- hyaline yellowish discal dot in the first median interspace, a little before its middle, on the underside there is usually an additional dot inwards in the next lower inter- space, otherwise above and below it is similar to the male ; in some examples there is another dot below the sub-costal vein just outside the cell, but none of these spots appear to be constant; in some examples one or the other is absent, sometimes there are no spots visible. Expanse of wings, $ ? 148; to 27/5 inches. Hasirat.—Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines, Sumbawa, Sumba, Timor, Siam, Andamans and Nikobars. DistriBuTion.—A common species in the Islands, we have it from various localities, including the Andamans. PARATA ALEXIS. Plate 752, figs. 3, §, 3a, 2, 3b, g, 3c, d, larva and pupa. Papilio aleais, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 533 (1775); id. Spec. Ins. p. 134 (1781); id. Mant. Ins. p: 87 (1787). 254 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hesperia alexis, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 336 (1794). Aurivillius, Ent. Tidsk. 1897, p. 150 Parata alexis, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 330. Hasora alexis, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 441. Friihstorfer, Ivis, 1911, p. 70. Papilio chromus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 284, fig. E, g (1782). Goniloba chromus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 777. TIsmene chromus, Moore, l.c. 1877, p. 593. Swinhoe, id. 1884, p. 512. Ismene (Parata) chromus, de Rhé-Philipe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 602. Parata chromus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 161, pl. 65, figs. la, b (1881). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 52. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 372. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 16 (1891) ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 54. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p, 330. de Rhé-Philipe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. xiv. 1902, p. 493. Nurse, id. p. 513. Hannyngton, id. xx. 1910, p. 370. Hasora chromus, Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1888, p. 26. Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p- 537. Fergusson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 447. Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p- 128. Betham, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1893, p. 426; id. idem, viii. 1894, p. 423. Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 638, pl. 39, fig. 7 var. (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. x. 1896, p. 683. Davidson, Belland Aitken, id. xi. 1897, p. 26, pl. 7, fig. 2 (larva and pupa). Evans, id. xx. 1910, p. 389.. Elwes (part), Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 301, pl. 27, figs. 93, 93a (genitalia). Hasora (Parata) chromus, Aitken and Comber, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. xv. 1903, p. 52. de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 187 (1894). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olive-brown, with a vinaceous tint, the base of forewing and the basal and abdominal third of hindwing covered with ochreous-brown hairs. orewing with the outer margin paler than the rest of the wing. Iindwing with the apex broadly dark brown, as dark as the interior portion of the forewing ; abdominal fold pale, no markings on either wing. Cilia brown, with pale tips. Underside pale purplish-brown. orewing with a very broad dark shade in the middle, from the base to the disc, expanding outwards, its upper outer end extended to the costa, hinder marginal area narrowly pale. Hindwing with the abdominal fold pale, a narrow, nearly straight, discal, bluish-white band, with irregular edges, from the costa to the end of the abdominal margin, broken by the upperside of the large anal black patch, a rather prominent white anteciliary line from the outer side of the anal patch which becomes indistinct upwards before reaching the apex, the ground colour of both wings dull; palpi dull ochreous, with a few short black hairs and a black thin band on each side, abdomen dull ochreous below. Female. Upperside more evenly coloured than the male and browner, the base of the forewing and basal and abdominal third of the hindwing with the hairs a little more ochreous. /orewing with a very minute ochreous-white sub-apical dot, and two larger discal spots, one at the lower end of the cell and the other inwards in the next lower interspace. /7indwing without markings, the abdominal fold usually paler than it isin the male, Underside as in the male, but the semi-hyaline spots of the forewing as on the upperside, and the hinder marginal space whiter. bo ot oo ISMENEINZ. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 2 inches. Larva.—Head large for the size of the insect, nearly quite square, covered with longish white hairs, yellow or red-brown in colour, when yellow it has a black spot around the eyes (at the base of each lobe) ; a broad collar on segment 2, reaching from spiracle to spiracle; anal segment slightly sloping, rounded at the extremity, with a shiny black dorsal patch on it; body sparsely covered with longish, erect, white hairs ; colour more or less dark mauve, variable, suffused dorsally with light yellow; a dorsal dark mauve line, an obsolescent similar lateral line, and a broad marginal yellowish band bordered above and below with white; abdomen greenish-yellow ; there may be a black spot on segments 5 to 9, that on segment 5 rarely being wanting. Surface oily looking. Length, 31 mm. Popa, stout, very similar to the foregoing (Bibasis sena), light green in colour, without markings, covered with a white powder. Hasirs.— Larva makes a lax cell by folding a leaf longitudinally, which it does not line with silk; is very moth-like in its younger stages, and pupates in the cell, attached by tail and a body band. This is one of the commonest butterflies with us, occurring everywhere. Its flight is very quick; it is fond of the vicinity of water, where it may be captured, laying its eggs on the young shoots and leaves of Pongamia glabra, Vent. It is difficult to distinguish on the wing from either of the two following (Parata butler, Aurivillius, and Hasora chabrona, Plétz). (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) Hasirat.—Java, Borneo, Pulo Laut, China, Ceylon, India, Burma, Andamans. DistriBuTion.—Common in the Islands and all over India, Ceylon and Burma. it has been recorded from many localities. Nors.—Aurivillius, who examined the Fabrician type, states: * “The type which is drawn with the description given above and with the words ‘ZH. alexis, ex Museum Tottianum,’ corresponds almost with Cramer’s and Moore's figures of Hasora chromus, and moreover is not the species which was named /. alexis by Butler. Jones’s figures of the species in foreign museums are of no consequence. 7. alexis, Butler (nec Fabricius) I name HH. butleri.” PARATA BUTLERI. Plate 753, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, @. Hesperia buileri, Aurivillius, Ent, Tidsk. 1897, p. 150. Hasora butleri, Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 70. Hesperia alexis, Butler (nec Fabricius), Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 269, pl. 3, fig. 1, g (1869) ; id. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1870, p. 58. Parata alexis, Moore (nec Fabricius), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 161, pl. 65, figs. 2a, b (1881). Swinhoe, Proc. * Ent. Tidsk. 1897, p. 150. 256 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 148; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1887, p. 280. Aitken, id. p. 42. Fergusson, id. 1891, p. 447. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 17 (1891). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p- 648. Betham, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1893, p. 426. Ismene alexis, Swinhoe (nec Fabricius), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 512, and 1886, p. 434. Hasora alexis, Watson (nec Fabricius), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 128; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. x. 1896, p. 683. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1897, p. 26. Evans, id. xx. 1910, p. 389. Hasora malayana bavara, Frihstorfer, l.c. p. 72. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olive-brown, the base of forewing and the basal and abdominal portions of the hindwing with ochreous-brown hairs, otherwise the colour is uniform all over both wings, and the wings are shorter and therefore com- paratively broader than in P. alexis. Cilia brown basally, white externally; no markings on either wing. Underside much darker than the underside of P. alezis. Forewing with the hinder marginal area narrowly pale, a dark broad shade in the middle of the wing expanding from the base to the disc, its upper outer end running up towards the costa ; the costal space above the median vein up to the band dark chalybeous, a discal very obscure paler shade. 7indwing with a pure white somewhat sinuous band from the costa to the abdominal margin, broken by the upper side of the large anal black patch, the band broader, very prominent, and further in than in P. alexis, the area inside the band dark chalybeous, a short anteciliary white thread from the outer side of the anal lobe; palpi, body below and legs dull ochreous. Female. Upperside somewhat paler than the male, the apex of the forewing blunter, a single small ochreous-white spot in the second median interspace, a little before its middle, sometimes another similar spot inwards in the next lower interspace. Underside paler than the male. /orewing with the hinder marginal space whiter, both the discal spots always present, the markings on both wings as in the male, but the chalybeous parts duller in colour. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1} to 1% inches. Hasrrat.—South India, Ceylon, 8. Burma. Distripution.— We have it from Mhow and the Khasia Hills, in the sub-species described by Friihstorfer as bavara, the chalybeous areas on the underside are brighter than in the examples taken further south, but they are duéleri, not malayana. We have it also from Kandy in Ceylon, from which our descriptions and figures are taken. We took it at Poona, Karachi, and in several places about Bombay. Betham records it from the Central Provinces, Fergusson from Travancore, Evans from the Palni Hills, Watson from the Chin Hills, Elwes from the Karen Hills. Norre.—Davyidson, in a note received, says, “ This is totally distinct from chromus (= alevis). Beil has recently bred several families and they are constant.” Unfortu- uately we have not been able to get any figures or description. ISMENEIN 44. 257 PARATA CHUZA, Plate 753, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Ismene chuza, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iv. Ismene, pl. 1, fig. 4 (1867). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p- 358. Choaspes chuza, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 373, pl. 34, fig. 27 (1886). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 646. Hasora chuza, Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat, Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 437. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 304. Hasora (Parata) chuza, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 554. Hasora schinherr chuza, Frhstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 75. Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dark brown, the basal third with greenish- ochreous hairs, a short sub-costal ochreous streak, broadest at its middle, its basal part covered with the hairs, its outer end fining to a point, a very large semi-hyaline ochreous patch in the disc, composed of three semi-quadrate spots, from the sub-costal vein to the second median branch, the upper and lower spot constricted in the middle, the middle spot with an outward elongated protrusion; four conjoined sub-apical nearly white spots, the upper one close to the costa. Hindwing dark brown, a broad dark ochreous band, commencing a little above vein 6 (its inner side within the cell) and extending to the inner side of the anal lobe, the band is slightly outwardly curved and narrows somewhat hindwards, the area inside of the band covered with ochreous hairs, the area outside dark brown. Cilia of forewing grey, of hindwing ochreous and rather long. Underside with the ochreous bands on both wings complete from the costa of forewing to the anal angle of the hindwing. Forewing with the sub-apical spots as above, the usual dark shade in the middle of the wing, the hinder marginal space pale, the remainder of the wing dull pale brown with an ochreous tint. Hindwing with the ground colour on both sides of the ochreous band very slightly darker’ than it is on the forewing, a very large black anal patch. © Antenne ochreous-white beneath ; palpi ochreous, with black side bands, body beneath and legs ochreous. Female. Wings broader. Upperside. Forewing with the sub-costal ochreous streak from the base indicated, but very obscurely, the basal ochreous suffusion formed more or less of obscure streaks, a rather prominent dark ochreous streak on the sub- median vein a little before its middle, the discal and sub-apical spots somewhat larger. Hindwiig with no band, but all the inner portion ochreous, with a little basal grey suffusion, leaving dark blackish-brown apical and outer marginal broad borders; the thorax above concolorous with the wings, the abdomen dark ochreous. Underside as in the male, but the ochreous bands broader. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2, ? 2,5 inches. Hasirat.—Borneo, Java,.Sumatra, Pulo Laut, Malay Peninsula, Burma. VOL. IX. 21 258 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. DistripuTion.—The type came from Sarawak. Within our limits it has been recorded by Elwes from the Ruby Mines and the Naga Hills. INDO-MALAYAN AND CHINESE ALLIED SPECIES. Parata celenus, Papilio celenus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 393, figs. A, B (1782). Hasora (Parata) celeenus, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 554. Synonym, Ismene salango, Plétz, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1885, p. 232 (unpublished plate, No. 1592). Habitat, Malacca, Sumatra, Aru, Amboina. Parata schénherr, Hesperia, Schénherr, Latreille, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 742 (1823). Habitat, Java. Parata gentiana, Ismene gentiana, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. iii. p. 527, pl. 72, figs. 18, 19 (1867). Parata gentiana, Semper, Rhop. Philipp. p. 293 (1892). Habitat, Philippines. Parata saida, Ismene saida, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iv. Ismene, pl. i. fig. 5, 9 (1867). Hasora schénherr saida, Friihstorfer, Iris, 1911, p. 75. Habitat, Philippines. Parata biirgeri, Hasora birgeri, Ribbe, Iris, 1889, p. 73. Friihstorfer, l.c. Habitat, Celebes. Parata attenuata, Ismene attenuata, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 137. Synonym, Hasora meala, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1907, p. 437; id.-Trans. Ent. Soc. 1908, p. 35, pl. 2, fig. 6 (numbered I. by mistake). Habitat, Celebes. Parata leucospila, Ismene leucospila, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1891, p. 79. Hasora leucospila, Frihstorfer, l.c. Habitat, Minahassa, Celebes. Parata umbrina, Ismene umbrina, Mabille, lc. Synonym, Hasora habroa, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1907, p. 436 ; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1908, p. 37, pl. 2, fig. 4, ¢. Habitat, Celebes. Parata viracana, Hasora alexis viracana, Frihstorfer, l.c. p. 70. Habitat, Formosa. Parata padma, Hasora malayana padma, Friihstorfer, l.c. p. 73. Habitat, Palawan, Philippines. Parata cridatta, Hasora schénherr cridatta, Friihstorfer, l.c. p. 75. Habitat, Nias. Parata parnia, Hasora leucospila parnia, Friihstorfer, l.c. Habitat, Kina Balu Borneo. Parata fenestrata, Hasora fenestrata, Friihstorfer, l.c. p. 77. Habitat, Minahassa, Celebes. Genus BADAMIA. Badumia, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 156 (1881). Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 3 (1891); id. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1893, p. 128; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 436. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 306. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa, before the upper end of cell, 6 from close to upper end of discocellulars, 5 from the middle ; upper discocellular minute, middle and lower sub-equal, and in an outwardly oblique straight line; cell about half the length of the costa; vein 3 emitted from about one-third before the lower end, 2 from one- third from the base, both somewhat curved ; wing narrow, elongated, costa arched at base, apex sub-acute, outer margin very oblique, and somewhat convex below the apex, hinder angle obtuse, barely pronounced, hinder margin nearly straight, about as long as the outer margin. Hindwing, vein 7 emitted one-fourth before upper end of cell, 5 from the middle of discocellulars, well developed, curved at its base, middle disco- cellular outwardly oblique, the lower slightly inwardly oblique; vein 3 emitted at ISMENEINZ. 259 about one-third before the lower end of the cell, 2 at about one-third from the base ; outer margin of the wing excavated at vein 2, and produced into a prominent lobe. Antenne short, less than half the length of the costa, club gradual, of moderate thick- ness, fining to a point and bent more or less like a hook ; hind tibize fringed and with two pairs of spurs ; no secondary sexual characters. Type, Papilio exclamationis, Fabricius. BADAMIA EXCLAMATIONIS. Plate 753, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g, 3c, 9, 3d, e, f, larva and pupa. Papilio exclamationis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 530 (1775). Hesperia exclamationis, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1870, p. 58. Badamia exclamationis, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 157, pl. 66, figs. 2a, b (1881). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 261. Swinhoe, id. 1885, p. 148. de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 4; id. idem, p. 52. Doherty, id. 1886, p. 137. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, id. p. 377. Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 432. Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 52. Swinhoe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1887, p. 42. Watson, id. 1888, p. 26. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 438. Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 537. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 296. Davidson and Aitken, id. 373, pl. F, figs. 2, 2a (larva and pupa). Watson, id. 1891, p.54. Fergusson, id. p. 446. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 3 (1891). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 645. de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 187 (1894). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1893, p. 330. Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 129. Betham, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. vii. 1893, p. 425; id. idem, viii. 1894, p. 423. Watson, id. x. 1896, p, 683. Dudgeon, id. (Miscellaneous Notes, p. 1). Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1897, p. 28 (larva and pupa). Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 306. de Rhé-Philipe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi. 1898, p. 602; id. idem, xiv. 1902, p. 493. Nurse, id. p. 513. Leslie and Evans, id. xiv. 1903, p. 677. Aitken and Comber, id. xv. 1903, p. 53. Hannyngton, id. xx. 1910, p. 370. Evans, id. p. 390. ’ Hesperia ericus, Fabricius, l.c. p. 532, ¢ (1775). Aurivillius, Ent. Tidsk. 1897, p. 150. . Papilio ladon, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. p. 284, fig. G, 9 (1782). Hesperia ladon, Latreille, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 749 (1823). Ismene ladon, Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurn. Lep. p. 515. Calpodes forulus, Hiibner, Verg. bek. Schmett. p. 107 (1816). Ismene thymbron, Felder, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Math-nat. cl. xl. p. 461, sep. p. 14 (1860). Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brown, with a very slight purple tint. Forewing with ochreous-grey hairs at the base, three semi-hyaline, slender, elongated spots in the dise, in nearly a straight line, the first at the lower end of the cell, the next just below the median vein, and the third, usually the smallest, in the next upper interspace, but these spots are very inconstant, sometimes there are one or two dots outside in con- tinuation of the line, and sometimes there are no spots at all. Hindwing without markings, the abdominal space pale, the basal and abdominal areas with ochreous-grey 2 EZ 260 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. hairs, these hairs make the basal portions of both wings look much paler than the outer portions. Cilia grey, with a brown base. Underside pale greyish-brown. Forewing with the hinder marginal space pale, the spots as above. Hindwing with a large blackish anal patch and a dull whitish spot above it. Palpi ochreous-grey, with a black line down the sides, thorax grey beneath, legs ochreous, abdomen above and beneath pale ochreous-yellow, with black segmental bands, on the upper side its basal third is covered with brown hairs. Female, like the male above and below, the basal ochreous-grey hairs on the upperside are more ochreous than in the male, and the semi-hyaline elongated spots larger, the middle one oblique and the hinder marginal space on the underside is whiter. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1,8; to 244; inches. Larva.—A hesperid larva was found on the Fagoo Tea Estate in the Western Duars at 1,500 ft. elevation above the sea. It had formed the usual case or shelter by webbing the edges of a leaf together. Superficially it was somewhat like the figure of the larva of [Hasora bhadra, Moore. given in Horsfield and Moore’s Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, but was without the long hairs. Length rather more than an inch. Colour velvety-black, with transverse patches of yellow striations on the middle of each segment divided dorsally by a black line. The segmental interspaces are yellowish, and the front of each segment is black, with a lateral row of yellow spots, one on each segment, those black portions are broadest on the second, third, fifth, seventh, nimth and eleventh segments. Head yellow-ochre with two transverse rows of rectangular black spots, five in each row, those of the lower row being somewhat rounded and more separated; the two first of the upper row being conjoined. There is also a lower black spot out of line on each side. The larva feeds on a species of Ficus, called by the Nipalese ‘“ Barrha.” Pura, formed in the same manner as that of Rhopalocampta benjamini, Guérin, that is to say, within a rolled-up leaf, across the inner portion of which, some thick white webs or strands of silk are stretched ; round the abdomen the web is fastened in a way I did not notice before. As I was fortunate enough to observe the change, I saw that, although the anal prolegs of the larva were attached to a tuft or pad of silk in the usual way and remained so until nearly the whole skin had been shuftled off, yet when the last segment had to be - taken out the pupa drew it entirely away from the skin and lifted it over the empty skin, and by a series of contortions similar to those made by an insect in depositing an egg, it soon reattached its anal segment or tail to the web, throwing away the cast-off skin by wriggling its body about. When it had first changed, most of the black mark- ings of the larva were still present, although reduced to spots, the ground colour being dark yellowish. The head has a distinct knob. After a few hours, the pupa having ISMENEIN 2. 261 become hardened, it is covered with a chalky-white substance, leaving the first two abdominal segments only without the covering. (Dudgeon.) Davidson, Bell and Aitken say the colour of the larva is bright yellow, more or less thickly banded with black ; the head is yellow with two parallel lines of black spots, often coalescing into lines across the face ; it is broader than long and somewhat depressed in the centre of the vertex ; length 34mm. Itis sometimes found feeding on Combretum extensum, its regular food-plant at Karwar being Terminalia beleriea, Roxb., one of the largest as well as one of the commonest trees in the Karwar jungles. The larva was in such quantities that, after eating all the available food on one tree, it would wander down the stem in such numbers as to hide the bark from view; each leaf of every surrounding tree later on contained a pupa. The pupa is coloured brown, with dorsal abdominal black spots, the wing cases nearly white ; surface slimy and covered with a white powder. Egg laid on young shoots, The young larva makes a cylindrical tight cell at the edge of the leaf. Hasrrat.—Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon; a very common insect. Our figures of the larva and pupa are from Ward’s original drawings, bred in Karwar. Sub-Family ACHALARIN/A. A forest group; about its life history we know nothing, except for the short notice on Culliana pieridoides, by Doherty, he says,* “ It flies in the darkest parts of the forest towards the end of the afternoon, alighting with outspread wings; in the morning they lie concealed, adhering closely to the underside of leaves; then float lazily up and down the bed of a stream.” Into this sub-family we put Orthophetus, Watson, Calliana, Moore, Capila, Moore, Pisola, Moore, Crossiura, de Nicéville, Achalarus, Scudder, and Hantana, Moore, with an internal vein within the cell of the forewing, vein 5 emitted from about the centre of the discocellulars, and (except in Orthophetus and Achalarus) there is no costal fold; in the hindwing vein 7 is emitted shortly before the upper end of the cell (in Hantana its base is a little further away), 3 from a little before the lower end, 2 from about one-fourth before the end. The hind tibie have two pairs of spurs, the antennz are slender, the club gradual, only slightly thicker than the shaft, then fining to a point and more or less bent, sometimes into a hook; in Hantana it is shorter and more robust. * Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p.. 133. 262 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Genus ORTHOPHCTUS. Orthophetus, Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 419. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 104. Pteroxys, Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 29 (nom. przocc.). Forewing, vein 12 ends on the costa a little before the upper end of cell, 6 from near upper end of discocellulars, but well below it, 5 well developed, upper disco- cellular short, but distinct, middle and lower somewhat oblique, the lower a little the longer ; cell long, three-fifths the length of the costa, vein 3 emitted a little before the lower end, 2 at about one-third from the base, the wing with a costal fold in the male, outer and hinder margins sub-equal. Hindwing with vein 7 emitted one-fourth before upper end of cell, discocellulars erect, the lower much the longer, outwardly concave, 5 from their angle, well developed, 3 from lower end of cell, 2 from the middle; outer margin of the wing even, lobe inconspicuous. Antenne with the club tapering to a fine point, bent at about a right anele at its thickest part; palpi with the second joint densely scaled, third joint almost entirely concealed ; hind tibiz with two pairs of spurs. Type, Erionota (?) lalita, Doherty (phanzeus, Hewitson, ex errore). Norre.—Watson misidentified this species, he never could have seen phanzeus, which has no costal fold to the forewing, and therefore, strictly speaking, does not belong to this genus. ORTHOPHGTUS LALITA. Plate 754, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. Erionota (?) lalita, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 263. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soe. 1897, p. 105. Casyapa phanzus, Watson (nec Hewitson), Hesp. Ind. p. 109 (1891). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p- 657. Orthopheetus phanzeus, Watson (nec Hewitson), Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 422, Adamson, Trans. N. H. Soc. Northumberland, etc. 1908, p. 137. Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright ferruginous. J vrewing with an ochreous-red streak within the costal fold; three semi-hyaline ochreous-white spots in the disc, edged with brown, one being at the end of the cell, its upper half narrow, a more or less round spot near the base of the second median interspace, an oval larger spot below the first, in the first median interspace. Hindwing with a black spot across the end of the cell, more or less divided into three pieces, and a discal series of small black spots, somewhat obscure, and varying in number in different examples. Cilia of both wings ferruginous, slightly tipped with whitish. Underside dull ferruginous-brown, darker than the upperside, markings similar. ACHALARINA. 263 Female. Upperside paler and brighter ferruginous. J %orewing with the three discal spots large, and consequently closer together, the two lower ones sub-quadrate, two small spots obliquely below them in the interno-median interspace and a sub-apical series of five spots, the upper three large and usually conjoined. //indwing with three conjoined semi-hyaline, ochreous-white spots across the end of the cell, and a complete discal series of small spots, all brown-edged, the two upper ones the largest, one in each interspace. Underside similar. Antenne fulvous, the thick half of the club black ; palpi, head and body above and below and the legs concolorous with the wings. Expanse of wings, $ 9, 244 to 24%, inches. Hapitrat.—Lushai, Burma. DistripuTion.—The type was taken by Doherty in the Sirtai Mountain, 2,000 ft. elevation, in the Lushai Country (his description is that of a female, not male). Elwes records it from Eastern Pegu, Adamson from Maulmein, Rangoon and Bharma. ORTHOPHETUS LIDDERDALI. Plate 754, figs. 2, 6, 2a, g. Cheetocneme (?) lidderdali, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 459. Casyapa lidderdali, Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 109 (1891). Orthophetus lidderdali, Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. ix. 1895, p. 422. de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt, p. 176 (1895). Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 105, pl. 20, fig. 18, ¢. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark ochreous-brown. Forewing with the basal and hinder marginal areas suffused with ochreous, five sub-apical semi-hyaline, rather large spots in a recurved series, the three upper ones rather elongated, a large square spot at the end of the cell, a sub-quadrate slightly smaller spot near the base of the second median interspace, a similar spot below it, in the middle of the first median interspace, all ochreous-white ; three ochreous linear streaks from the base, along the costal, sub-costal, and median veins, three short yellow streaks between the upper end of the cell and the costa, two short yellow streaks from the base of the first median interspace, one being a little below the median vein and the other above vein 2, both extending as far as the lower sub-quadrate spot. Hindwing with all but the outer margin covered with ochreous hairs; a prominent discal band of large oval black spots, each spot ringed with ochreous. Cilia of forewing brown, of hindwing ochreous. Under- side duller and paler, spots and streaks as above, the latter only faintly indicated, an additional black, narrow, oval spot, ringed with ochreous at the end of the cell. Antenne with an ochreous-grey stripe beneath, below the club, the shaft dotted with ochreous and striated, with the same colour towards its base; palpi ochreous, with black sides ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings; top of head edged with ochreous-white, abdomen with thin, yellow, segmental bands. 264 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Expanse of wings, ¢ 234; inches, Hasrrat.—Sikkim. Described and figured from the unique type in the B. M., which is labelled Darjiling. Genus CALLIANA. Calliana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 686. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 91 (1891); id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 31. Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 557 (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 419. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 106. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite upper end of cell, which is two-thirds the length of the costa and contains a veinlet which runs in from just before vein 4 ; upper angle of cell rounded, upper discocellular short, outwardly oblique, middle and lower nearly erect, the latter the longer; vein 6 emitted from the junction of upper and middle discocellular, 5 from the junction of the middle and lower, 3 from one- fourth before the lower end of cell, 2 from one-third from the base; costa of wing arched, outer margin convex, moderately oblique, much shorter than the hinder margin which is somewhat sinuous; no costal fold. Hindwing, vein 7 emitted a little before upper end of cell, discocellular slightly outwardly oblique, the lower half as long again as the middle; vein 5 from above the middle, well developed, 3 from just before the lower end of cell, 2 from about one-third before the end; wing evenly rounded, the cell reaching to, or just beyond the middle of the wing. Antenne with the club moderate, but distinctly developed, rather short, fine to a point and somewhat curved ; palpi almost erect, second joint thickly scaled, third minute ; hind tibiee with two pairs of spurs, and a tuft of hairs longer than the tibia, attached to it, near its proximal end. Type, Calliana pieridoides, Moore. CALLIANA PIERIDOIDES. Plate 754, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, g, 3c, 2. Calliana pieridoides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 687, pl. 45, fig. 2, ¢. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 133. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 1891, p. 377, pl. G, fig. 25, 9 . Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 91 (1891). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 646. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1893, p. 315. Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 31. de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butterflies, p. 176 (1894). Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 577, pl. 39, fig. 8, g (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, pl. 422. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p- 106. ‘Imaco.—Male. Upperside creamy-white. Forewing with an apical black patch, with an irregular inner margin and two or three black marginal spots below it, the discoidal streak and outer spot of the underside visible through the wing. Hindwing ACHALARINA. 265 with a discal, well-rounded series of six well-separated black spots, decreasing in size hindwards, one in each interspace, and a series of small black marginal spots, the black inner spots of the underside visible through the wing. Underside white, all the markings black. Forewing with the apical band as above, the two or three outer marginal spots larger, the inner two-thirds of the cell and the space above is black, and a black irregular patch outside the cell. Hindwing with the discal series of spots larger, an additional large patch in the interno-median interspace, the marginal series of spots much larger than they are on the upperside, and consequently much closer together, a basal spot, with another below it, a large sub-basal spot on the costa and another at the end of the cell. Antenne black ; palpi, frons, head and collar chestnut- ochreous, third joint of palpi black ; body white, legs ochreous. Female. Upperside dark brown. Forewing with the outer third of the cell and the space above it white; two large white spots in an oblique line, below it, the lower the larger. Hindwing with the discal series of spots of the male more or less distinguishable. Underside brown, somewhat paler, with the spots as in the male, but more or less obsolescent. i Expanse of wings, $ ?, 23 inches. Hasirat.—Assam, China. DistriBution.—The type is doubtfully marked N.E. Bengal. We have received many males and one female from the Khasia Hills. Elwes and Doherty record it trom Margharita in Upper Assam, and Leech from China. Doherty says: * “No one who sees it floating lazily with level wings up and down the bed of a stream, its pure white surface singularly conspicuous in the gloom of the jungle, can doubt that the species is protected. The entire body and wings ot this butterfly are saturated with a powerful and delicious odour of mingled vanilla and heliotrope. This is often perceptible as it flies past. After pinching the insect, the scent is sometimes obvious for hours afterwards on one’s fingers. After lying two weeks in its paper, a dried specimen still gave out perfume. None of the sweet- smelling lepidoptera known to me, not even the Lethes, Euplaas, or Callidulas, have a more powerful odour. Yet it seems to have no specialised scent-organs (such as these genera haye) unless the tufts on the hind tibiz, present in many other hesperians, be so considered.” Genus CAPILA. Capila, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 785. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 25 (1891) ; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 30. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. 1893, p. 347. Watson, id. ix. 1895, p. 419. Elwes (part), Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 106. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite the upper end of cell, 11 emitted * Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 133. VOL. IX. 2M 266 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. one-third before the end, 10 from one-sixth, upper end of cell truncate; upper discocellular minute, middle and lower almost erect and im a straight line, the lower the longer, veinlet within the cell beyond vein 4; vein 3 emitted one-third before the lower end of the cell, 2 at one-third from the base; cell three-fourths the length of the costa; costa nearly straight, a little curved before the apex, which is sub-acute, outer margin slightly curved, oblique, longer than the hinder margin, making the wing narrow and produced apically in the male ; broader and not produced in the female, hinder angle obtuse, hinder margin nearly straight, no costal fold. Hindwing, vein 7 emitted shortly before the upper end of cell, the cell reaching nearly to the middle of the wing ; middle discocellular almost erect, the lower angled, its upper part inwardly oblique. its lower part outwardly oblique ; vein 5 well developed; vein 3 from a little before lower end of cell, the base of 2 rather close to the base of vein 3; wing evenly rounded. Antenne with the club slightly thicker than the shaft, very gradually thickening and as gradually tapering to a fine point and evenly curved. Palpi porrect, projecting beyond the head, densely pilose, third joint conical, half the length of the second; hind tibize with two pairs of spurs, and with a tuft of hairs longer than the tibia attached to it near its proximal end. Type, [smene gayadeva, Moore. CAPILA JAYADEVA. Plate 755, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, g. Ismene jayadeva, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 248 (1857). Capila jayadeva, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 785, pl. 42, fig. 3,g. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1888, p. 442. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 132. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 25 (1891). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 648. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. 1893, p. 349. Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 30. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 315. de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 176 (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 422. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 107. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-brown, nearly black, both wings with semi-hyaline greyish-white even streaks running through all the imterspaces, two streaks in the discoidal cell, with a longitudinal semi-hyaline small spot between the streaks at the cell end ; both wings with the basal fourth covered with long orange-red hairs. Underside a little paler than above, dull black, markings similar ; palpi, head and thorax above covered with orange-red hairs, abdomen above and beneath of the colour of the wings, with white segmental bands, thorax beneath and legs blackish. Female. Upperside dark blackish-brown. Forewing with a broad semi-hyaline ochreous-white band, with uneven edges, from a very little beyond the middle of the costa to a little above the hinder angle, the band does not quite touch the costa. ITindwing with the outer half thickly packed with pale streaks, two in each interspace, ACHALARIN. 267 formed by greyish-white hairs. Underside coloured as above. Forewing with the band as above, the hinder marginal space narrowly pale. Hindwing with the linear marks of the upperside faintly indicated; palpi ochreous; body above and beneath concolorous with the wings, abdomen with pale lateral spots. Expanse of wings, S 23'5, 2 3 inches. Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Burma. DistripuTion.—The type male came from Darjiling. Moore’s type female is a male of Pisola zennara, Moore. We have it from Sikkim, and have received many examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills. Elwes records it from Margharita in Upper Assam and from the Naga Hills. CHINESE ALLIED SPECIES. Capila hainana, Crowley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 510. Habitat, Hainan. Genus PISOLA. Pisola, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 785. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 26 (1891) ; id. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1893, p. 31. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. 1893, p. 347. Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 559 (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 419. Capila, Elwes (part), Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 106. Venation similar to that of the genus Capila, but the discoidal cell in the forewing is somewhat shorter, and in the hindwing it is somewhat longer than in that genus, and the origin of vein 3 in the forewing is nearer the cell end; the structure of the legs is also similar; the contour of the wings is, however, very different, and is very similar in both sexes; the costa of the forewing is highly arched, in Capila it is nearly straight, the hinder margin is much longer, only about one-fifth shorter than the costa, and much longer than the outer margin, which is much more convex, making the wing very much broader, and in the hindwing the apex and also the outer margin below vein 3 are somewhat produced, in Capila the outer margin is evenly rounded. Type, Pisola zennara, Moore. Nore.—de Nicéville says:* “The neuration of the genus Pisola is apparently very erratic, in one out of five Sikkim specimens in my collection the fourth sub-costal nervule in the forewing is emitted after the apex of the cell, a quite abnormal feature in the Hesperidz, and in one of three Sikkim females the neuration is so abnormal, I have given a sketch of it in pl. J, fig. 3.” * Journ. Bo.. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1893, p. 347. 2M 2 268 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. PISOLA ZENNARA. Plate 755, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢g. Pisola zennara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 786, pl. 42, fig. 4, g¢ (Capila jayadeva 9 ex errore). Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 26 (1891). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p.648. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. vii. 1893, p. 349. Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 31; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 422. Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 559 (1894). de Nicéville, Gazetteer of Sikkim, Butt. p. 176 (1894). Pizzola (sic) zennara, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p, 442. Capila zennara, Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 107. Friihstorfer, Iris, 1910, p. 60. Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings similar in colour and in the disposition of the semi-hyaline streaks to the male of Capila jayadeva, but the thorax and base of the wings are covered with hairs concolorous with the wings, not orange-red, as in jayadeva; on the hindwing these hairs cover quite the basal third of the wing. Underside, both wings as above, the ground colour somewhat duller and paler ; palpi covered with orange-red hairs; head, body above and below and legs concolorous with the wings, abdomen with white segmental bands. Female. Upperside dark brown. Forewing with the broad, semi-hyaline band much as in the female of Capila jayadeva, but usually the band expands a little at its costal end, whereas in jayadeva that is its narrowest portion. /indwing dark brown, without any markings. Underside similar to the upperside, the ground colour of the wings duller and paler. Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 33% inches, Hasrrat.—Sikkim. Described from a pair in our collection from Sikkim; there has been much confusion about this species, because Moore mixed them up when describing this and Capila jayadeva, describing the male of zennara as the female of jayadeva; de Nicéville put the matter right in 1893. Elwes records zennara from the Naga and Karen Hills, Friihstorfer from Tenasserim, and Leech from W. China, but we doubt their identification. Genus CROSSIURA. Crossiura, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. 1893, p. 350. Watson, id. ix. 1895, p. 419. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 107. Forewing, vein 12 terminates on the costa beyond the end of the cell, 11 emitted less than one-third before the upper end, 8 a little before the end and continued to the apex of the wing, 10 and 9 between them, all their bases being at about equal distances apart, upper discocellular strongly outwardly oblique, middle discocellular upright, short, in a straight line with the lower, which is twice as long, 6 from upper end of middle discocellular, 5 from the upper end of the lower, 3 from one-fifth ACHALARINA. 269 -before the lower end of cell, 2 from near the base; sub-median nervure straight, internal nervure short. Costa arched before its middle, then gently curved to the apex, which is somewhat rounded, outer margin slightly convex ; hinder angle rounded, but well pronounced, hinder margin straight. Hindwing, vein 8 evenly curved, 7 emitted about one-sixth before upper end of cell, upper discocellular short, strongly concave, outwardly oblique, the lower three times as long as the upper, in the same line, slightly concave, vein 5 well developed, from the junction of the two disco- cellulars, 3 from a very little before lower end of cell, 2 from about one-fourth before the end; sub-median and internal veins sinuous, wing somewhat elongated, longer than broad. Costa arched, apex rounded, outer margin straight from the apex to the end of vein 4, then well rounded hindwards; anal angle dilated, folded over beneath the cilia, being there developed into two or three strong and thick tufts of hair, abdominal margin nearly straight. Antenne half the length of the costa, with a well-formed, curved club ; palpi with the third joint minute, pointed, first and second densely pilose, thorax rather robust; hind legs with a dense bunch of hairs from the base of the tibia and lying along that joint; abdomen short, robust. The female broader than the male, otherwise similar. Type, Crossiura penicillatum, de Nicéville. CROSSIURA PENICILLATUM. Plate 755, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Crossiura penicillatum, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. 1893, p. 351, pl. J, figs. 1, ¢, 2,9. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 316. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 422. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 108. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark blackish-brown. forewing with five sub-apical ochreous-white dots in an outwardly curved series, a silvery lustrous band from near the middle of the costa to near the hinder angle, commencing in almost a point above the sub-costal vein rapidly broadening and then gradually narrowing hind- wards, its margins irregular, with a detached dot below its lower end. Hindwing without: markings. Underside with the ground colour a little paler and duller, the spots and bands as above ; but the band is white, not lustrous; palpi dark ochreous, with blackish-brown sides, and a white patch beneath below each eye; head and body above and below and the legs concolorous with the wings. Female, like the male on both sides, but in the forewing the band is broader and extends a little further anteriorly and posteriorly, and the sub-apical spots are somewhat larger, and the hindwing has a discal series of five rather elongated spots, a little darker than the ground colour, one in each interspace from vein 8 to vein 2. Expanse of wings, $ 2 24 to 24'5 inches. Lo bd | o LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hasirat.—Assam. Described and figured from examples in our collection from the Khasia Hills ; the types now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, came from the same locality. Genus ACHALARUS. Achalarus, Scudder, Syst. Rev. Am. Butt. p. 50 (1872) ; id. Butt. East. U. States, ii. p. 1412 (1889). Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 33. Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 559 (1894). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. (1895), p. 419. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 108. Lobocla, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 51. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 157 (1891). Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa before the upper end of cell ; cell long, more than two-thirds the length of the costa; upper discocellular minute, middle and lower in an inwardly oblique straight line, the lower the longer; inner veinlet at vein 4; vein 3 emitted at one-third before lower end of cell, 2 from one-third from the base ; costa slightly arched before the apex, which is sub-acute, the wing somewhat triangular in shape, the outer margin slightly convex, a little longer than the hinder margin, which is nearly straight ; a costal fold, which extends from the base to the end of vein 12. Hindwing, vein 7 arises one-fourth before upper end of cell, 3 from close to lower end, 2 from beyond the middle ; discocellulars faint, almost erect ; vein 5 present but very faint; wing evenly rounded to the anal lobe, which is slight. Antenne with the club moderate, and bent into a hook; palpi porrect, second joint densely scaled, third short; hind tibiee with two pairs of spurs; described from Plestoneura liliana, Atkinson, the type of Moore’s genus Loboela. Type, Papilio lycidas, Smith Abbott, from America. ACHALARUS LILIANA. Plate 756, figs. 1, g, la, 2, lb, g. Plesioneura liliana, Atkinson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 216, pl. 12, fig. 2. Lobocla liliana, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 52. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 157 (1891). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 664. Achalarus liliana, Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 34. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 317. Watson, Journ, Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 422. Elwes (part), Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 109. Achalarus lilianus, Frithstorfer, Iris, 1910, p. 60. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark fuliginous-brown. orewing with the costal fold ochreous, a series of five sub-apical semi-hyaline ochreous-white small spots, the upper four in a curve, strongly outwardly oblique, the fifth a little inwards below the fourth; a broad discal, semi-hyaline, ochreous-white band, from very close to the costa a little beyond its middle to the sub-median vein, near the hinder angle, the band ACHALARING. 271 crossed by the veins, the sides irregular, the spot formed by the veins at the base of the second median interspace protruding somewhat outwards, the band from thence narrowing hindwards, the lowest spot quite small. Hindwing without markings. Cilia of forewing brown, white near the anal angle, of hindwing white, with dark brown patches at the vein ends. Underside darker than the upperside. Forewing with the hinder marginal space grey, the spots and bands as on the upperside. Hind- wing with a large sub-basal spot, a short upper medial band from the costa, composed of four conjoined large spots, a discal outwardly curved band from the costa composed of five large spots, the uppermost one disconnected, the others conjoined, edged outwardly with whitish, and a broad marginal band, all a little darker than the ground colour and somewhat obscure and with some whitish scaling between the bands ; palpi beneath with grey and black hairs, outwardly edged with white; head, body above and below and the legs concolorous with the wings, thorax above with white and grey hairs. Female, like the male above and below, the sub-apical spots a little larger and the discal band somewhat broader. Expanse of wings, S 24%, 2 27%, to 2745 inches. Hasirat.—N.W. Himalayas, Assam, Karen Hills, Burma. DisTRIBUTION.—The type came from Yunnan. Elwes records it from the Karen Hills ; it is a common species in the Khasia Hills, from which we have received many examples ; we have it also from the Ataran Valley, Burma. ACHALARUS CASYAPA. Plate 756, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Lobocla casyapa, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 52. Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 158 (1891). Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. xx. 1910, p. 372. Achalarus casyapa, Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 34; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 422. de Rhé-Philipe, id. xi. 1898, p. 596. Achalarus liliana, Elwes (part), Trans. Zool. Soc, 1897, p. 109. Imaco.—Male and Female. Upperside olive-brown. orewing with four, five or six sub-apical ochreous-white semi-hyaline dots, the upper four in an outwardly oblique curve from near the costa, the lower two minute, the fifth spot well inside below the fourth; the discal band as in Jliliana, but very much narrower, and more uniform in breadth, the spots more divided by the veins. Andwing without markings, the costal fold in the male ochreous. Underside. Forewing as on the upperside, the hinder marginal space broadley grey. Hindwing with the markings as in Jiliana, the whitish outer edging of the discal band more prominent. Expanse of wings, S $ 14% to 2 inches. 272 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. Hapirat.—N. W. Himalayas, Kashmir. Distripution.—The type, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, came from Masuri. We have a female from the same locality ; Moore also records it from Kashmir, and Hannyngton from Kumaon ; our description and figures are from a male from Kulu, in the B. M., and from Moore’s co-type female in our collection from Masuri. CHINESE AND COREAN ALLIED SPECIES. Achalarus bifasciatus, Eudamus bifasciatus, Bremer and Gray, Schmett. N. China’s, p. 10, pl. 3, fig. 1 (1853). Achalarus bifasciatus, Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 560, pl. 38, fig. 9, var. (1894). Habitat, Gensan, Corea, W. China. Achalarus germanus, Eudamus germanus, Oberthiir, Etud. d@’Ent. xi. p- 26, pl. 6, fig. 48 (1886). Habitat, W. China. Achalarus nepos, Eudamus nepos, Oberthiir, l.c. fig. 49 (1886). Habitat, W. China. Achalarus frater, Eudamus frater, Oberthiir, l.c. xv. p. 18, pl. i. fig. 3 (1891). Habitat, Yunnan. Achalarus simplex, Hudamus simplex, Leech, Entom. xxiv. Suppl. p. 58 (June, 1891). Achalarus simplex, Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 561, pl. 38, fig. 12, ¢ (1894). Synonym, Eudamus gener, Oberthiir, lc. fig. 2 (July, 1891). Habitat, W. China, Yunnan. Achalarus proximus, Eudamus proximus, Leech, Entom. xxiv. Suppl. p. 59 (1891). Achalarus proximus, Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 560, pl. 38, fig. 7, (1894). Habitat, West and Central China, Korea, Amurland. Achalarus contractus, Achalarus bifasciatus, var. contractus, Leech, l.c. fig. 9, g (1894). Habitat, W. China. Genus HANTANA. Hantana, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 179 (1881). Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 144 (1891) ; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 37; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 419. Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 110. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa well before the end of the cell; upper discocellular very minute, middle and lower inwardly oblique, the lower the longer, the upper branch of the veinlet within the cell from the junction of the middle and lower discocellular, the lower branch from a very little before the lower end of the cell; cell more than two-thirds the length of the costa; vein 3 arises a little before the lower end of the cell, 2 from about one-third from the base; costa very slightly arched, apex somewhat acute, outer margin convex, shorter than the hinder margin, hinder angle obtuse; no costal fold. Hindwing, vein 7 emitted well before upper end of cell; discocellular distinct, erect ; vein 5 barely visible, 3 from just before lower end of cell, 2 from about one-third before the end; wing somewhat oval in shape, outer margin rounded. Antenne slender, with the club short, somewhat robust, and bent at about a right angle; palpi sub-erect, pressed closely against the face, third ACHALARINZ. 273 joint minute ; hind tibize with two pairs of spurs, and in the male with a long tuft of hairs near the proximal end. Type, Eudamus infernus, Felder. HANTANUS INFERNUS. Plate 756, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, 9. Eudamus infernus, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1868, p. 283. Hantana infernus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 179, pl. 68, fig. 6 (1881). Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 145 (1891) ; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 37; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 1895, p. 422, Elwes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 110. Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purplish-brown, nearly purplish-black. Forewing with three outwardly oblique (sometimes only two), dull golden-yellow sub-apical dots, an indistinct dot at the upper end of the cell, sometimes wanting. HHindwing without markings. Cilia of both wings blackish-brown. Underside nearly as dark as the upperside, but duller in colour. Forewing with the spots as above, the hinder marginal space pale. Hindwing with a very indistinct golden dot within the cell and another at its end and a few across the disc, all very indistinct and often entirely wanting. Antenne with the upper half of the club pale; palpi blackish-brown, with a grey band on the sides and a short grey streak under the eyes; head paler than the body, with a few minute whitish scales; body above and below and the legs concolorous with the wings, abdomen pale on the underside. Female, like the male above and below, but in some examples there is a small golden extra dot in the forewing on the costa above the end of the cell. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2? 14% to 14%; inches. Hasirat.—Ceylon. In our collection from Ceylon. ERRATA. 4. Plate 706, fig. 3a; for 2 read @. 9. Plate 702, should be 707. 12. Erase Horaga onychina, Staudinger, it is a Marmessus, entered on p. 194. 50. Rapala scintilla ; after Imago insert Male. 89. Line 2; first subcostal nervure, should be first subcostal nervule. . Aphnzus rukmini, should be Aphnzus rukma. 174, line 6; rukmini, should be rukma. 201. Cheritrella, line 3 ; the latter slightly the longer, should be the lower slightly the longer. 219. Sithon nedymond, Papilio nedymond ; erase the words Sithon nedymond. 226. Genus Pola, line 14, insert a comma after the word spurs. 262. Erionota lalita, Elwes, should be Orthopheetus lalita, Elwes. PUPP PP PP PTD _ ~~] oo <4 S P = ‘a bo Z »% A - ; @ a 7 a sant ali é ; ! AUT ay MATHAN 1 ee Oo ab ae on Avnet : t> = P re , : , ee ee r ) “ bun 0 ie tt (Meth Ce el I Aa et Si oy J ow : oe yp vy 5 ; A ty st hint r «al eeott apeisve wm a 2 tl 2 Br Lalit Seats 4 efell sgt = ‘se Bod ° 7 t .f é al om = af, ' <3 is 4 a j 30 tats § i4 ih « | 4000 ‘Ag ‘lsat it ner _ =e > ij ttc ies fhe lke prcueit, Giaa toh & pa ® r P ,“ ds i ‘* f A+ | i Fle @ a0 uy Fut ’ ou oad “ ; z » ral eden HARE OA. Sellen etal. Te ae ' , ; off 1G, here iw ya Atti dyem : - } ; - . var 3 ow fue eutin ans tM. boll +5 tal fite ay dtcie aaa mobut nhi 6 afar a ee lw Pee : | wolad-pemn orotle abue nd: ot ae e a e } } l ids ii tan | a ' & 4 - , a 4 ae r 4) Mth e a ' ' f eu Ha s oo . * A \ a ltasasat avail anlatahadl ee : 1, dmniet] cegpgeoatg s Areas cvcnine fo 9 Naw ne ; tint he rth iv odidit ad® vind 4 : uw udl Pre & INDEX OF abnormis (Aphneus), 171. abnormis (Rapala), 62. acamas (Aphnezeus), 163. ACHALARIN#, 261. Achalarus, 270. acte (Ticherra), 204. adhara (Rhopalocampta), 243. zgina (Ismene), 226. zstivus (Aphnzus), 170. zta (Ops), 134. affinis (Horaga), 12. affinis (Pratapa), 148. albapex (Rapala), 64. albimacula (Horaga), 9. albiplaga (Tajuria), 110. albula (Marmessus), 194. alcetas (Rapala), 64. alcetina (Rapala), 64. alexis (Hesperia), 255. alexis (Parata), 253. almea (Hasora), 251. amabilis (Chliaria), 86. amara (Pola), 228. amasa (Hypolycena), 87. amata (Sinthusa), 18. amba (Sinthusa), 16. amor (Rathinda), 5. amrita (Neocheritra), 210. amyntor (Papilio), 30. anabasis (Rapala), 64. anandi (Burara), 235. anara (Horaga), 13. anasuga (Jacoona), 212. andamana (Hypolycena), 93. andamanica (Sithon), 123. anna (Lehera), 32. anura (Hasora), 246. anysis (Pratapa), 148. anytus (Horaga), 13. APHNEZIN®E, 156. Aphneus, 157. aquilinea (Burara), 240. Araotes, 21. arata (Hysudra), 21. arcuata (Loxura), 216. areca (Bindahara), 26. areca (Bindahara), 28. to i oO GENERA AND SPECIES. VO. 4X. argentea (Pratapa), 141. Arrhenothrix, 148. Artipe, 29. asambha (Burara), 240. aspra (Sinthusa), 18. astyla (Hypolycena), 94. ataphus (Pola), 226. atra (Marmessus), 194. attenuata (Parata), 258. atymnus (Loxura), 213. aurea (Ritra), 212. avidiena (Amblopala), 191. Badamia, 258. badra (Hasora), 247. barthema (Rapala), 63. Baspa, 37. bavara (Hasora), 256. benjamini (Rhopalocampta), 241. berenis (Tajuria), 129. betuloides (Hysudra), 21. bhotea (Maneca), 152. ‘Bibasis, 243. Bidaspa, 37. Biduanda, 185 Brpuanpin#&, 184. bifasciatus (Achalarus), 272. Bindahara, 23. blanka (Tajuria), 128. boisduvalii (Drupadia), 192. borneensis (Hasora), 251. bracteatus (Aphneus), 158. Britomartis, 88. bubases (Catapcecilma), 4. Bullis, 90. Burara, 234. burbona (Tajuria), 128. biirgeri (Parata), 258. burmana (Dacalana), 151. butleri (Parata), 255. buto (Bullis), 90. buaaria (Rapala), 54. cachara (Chliaria), 81. cesaria (Marmessus), 194. cakravarti (Pratapa), 148. calculus (Pratapa), 148. calderon (Rapala), 63. Calliana, 264. Camena, 140. cameria (Pratapa), 148. camiguina (Horaga), 13. camorta (Myrina), 28. Capila, 265. carmentalis (Camena), 146. cassiopeia (Loxura), 217. casyapa (Achalarus), 271. Catapecilma, 1. cato (Tajuria), 129. celenus (Parata), 258. celebica (Hasora), 251. cepheis (Charana), 100. certhia (Hasora), 251. chabrona (Hasora), 249. chandrana, (Sinthusa), 15. Charana, 98. Cheritra, 206. Cheritrella, 201. CHERITRIN», 197. chitra (Thecla), 219. Chliaria, 78. Choaspes, 240. chozeba (Rapala), 63. chromus (Papilio), 254. chryszglia (Proteides), 240. chrysomallus (Zesius), 154. chuza (Parata), 257. Cigaritis, 157. cineas (Biduanda), 190. cinesia (Biduanda), 190. cinesoides (Biduanda), 190. cingalensis (Horaga), 8. ciniata (Horaga), 12. cippus (Iolaus), 141. cippus (Tajuria), 104. cleobis (Camena), 115. cleobis (Creon), 138. cleoboides (Britomartis), 89. clella (Neocheritra), 212. coerulea (Hysudra), 21. cerulescens (Rapala), 63. comla (nov.) (Marmessus), 194. concanus (Aphnzeus), 181. consobrina (Ismene), 229. contractus (Achalarus), 272. contractus (lolaus), 145. 2N 2 276 Cophanta, 101. - cotys (Pratapa), 147. coulteri (Hasora), 248. crawfurdi (Rhopalocampta), 242. cremera (Pratapa), 148. Creon, 137. cretheus (Pratapa), 148. Creusa, 94. cridatta (Parata), 258. crinatha (Burara), 240. Crossiura, 268. ctesia (Pratapa), 140. culta (Creusa), 96. cyara (Biduanda), 188. cyrillus (Tajuria), 128. cyrus (Tajuria), 128. Dacalana, 151. damona (Rapala), 44. decolor (Horaga), 12. deticatum (Catapeecilma), 3. deliochus (Rapala), 61. demialba (Biduanda), 190. Deudorix, 32. deudorix (Ops), 137. Deruporixin#&, 13. deva (Pratapa), 143. devana (Pratapa), 148. dizeus (Tajuria), 115. diara (Deudorix), 34. dieneces (Deudorix), 43. dicetas (Rapala), 63. diopites (Rapala), 63. discolor (Hasora), 250. discophora (Drina), 77. distorta (Rapala), 74. dominus (Tajuria), 128. domitia (Rapala), 63. donatana (Tajuria), 112. donina (Drina), 76. drasmos (Rapala), 64. Drina, 75. drucei (nov.) (Tajuria), 107. Drupadia, 191. elcia (Rapala), 63. elegans (Catapeecilma), 2. elima (Aphneus), 177. eltola (Hypolycena), 78. enganicus (Eooxylides), 196. enipeus (Rapala), 63. Kooxylides, 195. epargyros (Polyommatus), 163. epijarbas (Deudorix), 33. ericus (Hesperia), 259. erylus (Hypolycena), 93. eryx (Lehera), 30. esla (nov.) (Biduanda), 190. estella (Biduanda), 190. estella (Eooxylides), 196. etelka (Burara), 239. etias (Eooxylides), 196. INDEX, etolus (Papilio), 158. etolus (Zeltus), 86. excellens (Ismene), 229. exclamationis (Badamia), 259. fabricii (Biduanda), 185. fabronia (Neocheritra), 211. fenestrata (Parata), 258. fergussoni (Gecana), 230. formosana (Aphnzeus), 184. formosana (Gecana), 232. formosana (Rhopalocampta), 243. forulus (Calpodes), 259. francesca (nov.) (Rapala), 52. frater (Achalarus), 272. freja (Cheritra), 206. frigidus (Aphneus), 184. fumata (Bindahara), 29. fusca (Aphneeus), 160. gabriel (nov.) (Aphnzus), 162. getulia (Deudorix), 35. gama (Thrix), 212. Gecana (nov.), 230. gener (Kudamus), 272. gentiana (Parata), 258. germanus (Achalarus), 272. gnzus (Hasora), 251. godana (Hasora), 251. gomata (Burara), 236. greeni (Aphneus), 172. grisea (Rapala), 56. grotet (Hypolyczna), 15. habroa (Hasora), 258. hades (Hysudra), 20. hadria (Hasora), 251. hainana (Capila), 267. halba (Horaga), 12. Hantana, 272. harisa (Burara), 238. Hasora, 245. Hesprrupa, 221. hewitsoni (Biduanda), 190. hiemalis (Neomyrina), 203. hiendlmayrii (Aphneeus), 184. himalayanus (Aphneeus), 179. holothura (Horaga), 13. Horaga, 6. Horaaina, 1. hypargyria (Deudorix), 36. hypargyrus (Aphneeus), 164. hypoleuca (Manto), 131. Hypolycena, 93. Hypo.yca&nina, 77. Hysudra, 18. Talmenus, 154. iapyx (Tajuria), 128. icetas (Pratapa), 144. icetoides (Pratapa), 145. ichnographia (Thecla), 21. ictis (Aphneeus), 177. illurgioides (Tajuria), 127. illurgis (Tajuria), 126. iluska (Tothrix), 234. imitata (Biduanda), 190. indra (Tajuria), 102. indrasari (Rapala), 63. inermis (Hasora), 251. inés (noy.) (Bindahara), 27. infernus (Hantanus), 273. inopinata (Manto), 131. intermedia (Rapala), 42. ionis (Sartora), 229. irmina (Jacoona), 212. iseeus (Tajuria), 128. IsMENEIN#, 225. isocrates (Virachola), 64. iseeus (Iolaus), 89. ister (Pratapa), 146. istroidea (Tajuria), 120. ithna (Chliaria), 85. jaffra (Cheritra), 208. jafra (Myrina), 206. jaina (Gecana), 231. jalajala (Tajuria), 128. jalindra (Tajuria), 128. jangala (Tajuria), 123. jankowskit (Ismene), 240. japonica (Rhopalocampta), 243. jarbas (Rapala), 39. javanicus (Eooxylides), 196. jayadeva (Capila), 266. jehana (Tajuria), 113. jusana (Jacoona), 212. kamorta (Bindahara), 28. kessuma (Rapala), 63. khurdanus (Aphneus), 178. kina (Chliaria), 80. ladon (Papilio), 259. lalita (Burara), 240. lalita (Orthophcetus), 262. lamia (Rapala), 64. lankana (Rapala), 54. lapithis (Araotes), 22. lara (Burara). 240. latipictus (Eooxylides), 196. lazularia (Aphnzeus), 179. lazulina (Deudorix), 56. lefevrei (Horaga), 12. Lehera, 29. leucospila (Parata), 258. licinius (Mantoides), 212. lidderdali (Orthopheetus), 263. lila (Pratapa), 143. lilacinus (Aphnzus), 170. liliana (Achalarus), 270. lioneli (Hasora), 251. liris (Suasa), 98. lisias (Marmessus), 191. lisides (Suasa), 97. lizetta (Hazora), 251. Loboela, 270. lohita (Aphneus), 179. longinus (Hesperia), 105. lorquini (Burara), 240. lowii (Arrhenothrix), 150. Loxura, 213. Loxurina, 212. lucidus (Pratapa), 148. luculentus (Tajuria), 128. lucullus (Tajuria), 129. lunulifera (Aphneus), 178. lusca (Ismene), 229. maculata (Tajuria), 124. madatta (Hasora), 247. menala (Horaga), 12. mahintha (Tothrix), 233. malayana (Parata), 253. malika (Sinthusa), 18. mamertina (Pratapa), 148. manata (Pratapa), 148. mandarinus (Charana), 99. manea (Rapala), 63. Maneca, 152. maneia (Drina), 77. Manto, 129. mantra (Tajuria), 107. marciana (Thamala), 199. margana (Gecana), 232. mariaba (Pratapa), 148. Marmessus, 191. martina (Manto), 130. massyla (Mota), 200. mavortia (Drina), 77. maximus (Aphneus), 176. meala (Hasora), 258. meduana (Eooxylides), 196. megistia (Tajuria), 121. melampus (Rapala), 38. melastigma (Ops), 135. melisa (Biduanda), 187. merguia (Chliaria), 82. metasuga (Jacoona), 212. micans (Hysudra), 21. micea (Sithon), 220. mindorana (Burara), 240. miniata (Thamala), 198. minima (Aphneeus), 183. minima (Chliaria), 86. minsona (Hasora), 251. mixta (Hasora), 251. meetissima (Ismene), 251. moncada (Burara), 240. moorei (Bindahara), 25. moorei (Marmessus), 193. Mota, 199. moulmeina (Horaga), 8. mus (Hasora), 251. myra (Hasora), 250. Nadisepa, 37. nenia (Biduanda), 190. namusa (Biduanda), 190. INDEX. nasaka (Sinthusa), 14. natuna (Thamala), 199. nedymond (Polyommatus), 102. nedymond (Sithon), 219. nela (Tajuria), 111. nemana (Rapala), 64. nemoa (Neocheritra), 212. Neocheritra, 209. Neomyrina, 202. nepos (Achalarus), 272. nestor (Sartora), 229. niasana (nov.) (Burara), 240. niasana (Catapeecilma), 4. niasica (Marmessus), 194. nicévillei (Biduanda), 189. nicévillei (nov.) (Rapala), 49. nilgirica (Chliaria), 84. ninoda (Drina), 77. nipalicus (Aphneus), 172. nisibis (Neocheritra), 212. nissa (Rapala), 46. nivea (Neomyrina), 204. nubilus (Aphneus), 178. ochracea (Cheritra), 209. cedipodea (Ismene), 229. edipodia (Ismene), 226. cedipus (Ismene), 229. ogyges (Ops), 133. olivia (Rapala), 64. onychina (Horaga), 12. onychina (Marmessus), 194, 273. onyx (Horaga), 6. Ops, 131. orissanus (Aphneus), 169. orpheus (Ritra), 212. orseis (Rapala), 56. orsolina (Tajuria), 128. Orthopheetus, 262. othona (Chliaria), 78. padma (Parata), 258. ; palawana (Bibasis), 245. palescens (Tajuria), 114. palinda (Hasora), 251. pallida (Cheritra), 209. palwana (Neocheritra), 212. pann (Hesperia), 65. Parata, 251. parnia (Parata), 258. pathana (Hasora), 251. peguanus (Aphnzeus), 169. penicilligera (Arrhenothrix), 149. penhebis (Sithon), 220. penicillatum (Crossiura), 269. peregrinus (Sinthusa), 18. perrhebis (Araotes), 23. perse (Virachola), 69. petosiris (Rapala), 45. phanzus (Casyapa), 262. pharis (Myrina), 195. phemis (Chliaria), 86. bo I “I pheretima (Rapala), 63. philetas (Ismene), 251. philippina (Chliaria), 86. phocas (Bindahara), 29. phocides (Bindahara), 24. phranga (Rapala), 63. phul (Ismene), 229. pieridoides (Calliana), 264. pindapatra (Ismene), 228. pindarus (Amblypodia), 179. Pisola, 267. pita (Yasoda), 219. pitane (Yasoda), 219. plateni (Pratapa), 148. plateni (Rhopalocampta), 243. Pola (nov.), 226. prabha (Hasora), 251. prabha (Loxura), 215. Pratapa, 140. prattt (Thecla), 15. proximata (Hasora), 251. proximus (Achalarus), 272. proxissima (Hasora), 251. pseudojafra (Cheritra), 208. pseudolonginus (Amblypodia), 105. Pseudomyrina, 129. Pteroxys, 262. radiosa (Burara), 240. rahita (Ismene), 234. rana (Horaga), 11. ranta (Rapala), 56. Rapala, 37. Rathinda, 4. ravata (Myrina),. 123. ravindra (Marmessus), 194. ravindrina (Marmessus), 194. rectivitta (Rapala), 54. refulgens (Rapala), 60. Remelana, 101. renidens (Ismene), 243. repercussa (Rapala), 64. rhoda (Rapala), 64. rhodopis (Rapala), 64. rhecus (Rapala), 48. Rhopalocampta, 240. ribbei (Pratapa), 148. rogersi (noy.) (Rapala), 47. rosacea (Rapala), 53. rukma (Aphneus), 173, 273. rukmini (Aphnzus), 175. saida (Parata), 258. salango (Ismene), 258. sani (Aphneeus), 174. sannio (Pratapa), 148. sapphirinus (Chliaria), 86. Sartora (nov.), 229. sceva (Biduanda), 190. schistacea (Aphnzeus), 162. schistacea (Rapala), 58. schénherr (Parata), 258. 278 scintilla (Rapala), 50. scopula (Virgarina), 212. scudderii (Biduanda), 186. selira (Hysudra), 19. sena (Bibasis), 244. sequeira (Rapala), 63. sikkima (Horaga), 8. similis (Biduanda), 190. similis (Virachola), 73. simplex (Achalarus), 272. simplicissima (Parata), 252. Sinthusa, 13. sipylus (Chliaria), 85. Sithon, 219. skapane (Chliaria), 86. skinneri (Lehera), 31. sorya (Thecla), 38. sphinx (Rapala), 48. Spindasis, 157. splendida (Hasora), 251. staudingeri (Biduanda), 190. stigmata (Tajuria), 129. strephanus (Deudorix), 37. striata (Zehala), 229. Suasa, 97. subcaudata (Rhopalocampta), 243. subguttata (Rapala), 62. subochrea (Catapeecilma), 4. subpurpurea (Rapala), 46. suessa (Suasa), 98. suffusa (Rapala), 41. sugriva (Bindahara), 29. superba (Semanga), 4. surindra (Marmessus), 194. surya (Loxura), 214. syama (Aphnzeus), 167. symira (Myrina), 205. Tajuria, 101. tantra (Hasora), 251. tara (Rapala), 51. tarpina (Tajuria), 104. INDEX. testa (Rapala), 42. teunga (Neocheritra), 212. teza (Tajuria), 120. themia (Biduanda), 190. thaliarchus (Biduanda), 190. Thamala, 197. tharis (Hooxylides), 195. tharisides (Eooxylides), 196. tharrytas (Chliaria), 85. thecloides (Chliaria), 83. theda (Biduanda), 190. theodora (Neocheritra), 212. thesmia (Biduanda), 190. thria (Tajuria), 119. thyia (Tajuria), 114. thymbrzeus (Sithon), 128. thymbron (Ismene), 259. Ticherra, 204. tigrinus (Aphnzus), 158. tmolus (Hypolyczna), 94. todara (Zinaspa), 74. tolo (Ismene), 229. tora (Chliaria), 85. Tothrix (nov.), 233. travana (Tajuria), 128. trifurcata (Aphneus), 177. triopus (Papilio), 5. tripunctata (Yasoda), 217. truncipennis (Cheritrella), 201. tuckeri (Pola), 228. tura (Tajuria), 129. tussis (Tajuria), 129. tyrianthina (Hysudra), 21. tyrius (Hasora), 251. tyro (Tajuria), 108. umbrina (Parata), 258. unicolor (Biduanda), 190. uniformis (Aphnezeus), 177. uniformis (Bibasis), 245. ustra (Myrina), 76, utimutis (Rapala), 63. Vadebra, 37. vajra (Burara), 240. valentia (Bullis), 91. vanavasa (Chliaria), 86. varuna (Deudorix), 49. varuna (Rapala), 56. vasundhara (Ismene), 232. vasutana (Burara), 234. verena (Sinthusa), 18. vergara (Tajuria), 128. verriculata (Sinthusa), 18. vicravana (Bibasis), 245. vidura (Dacalana), 152. viola (Horaga), 11. viracana (Parata), 258. Virachola, 64. virgo (Sinthusa), 17. vitta (Ismene), 251. vixinga (Aphnzus), 184. vulcanus (Aphnzus), 158. watsoni (nov.) (Chliaria), 83. westermannii (Tajuria), 128. wortha (Hasora), 251. xanthropogon (Hesperia), 241. xenophon (Rapala), 43. yajna (Tajuria), 122. yanuna (Hasora), 251. Yasoda, 217. zaffra (Aphneus), 173. zana (Zinaspa), 75. zebrinus (Aphnzus), 181. Zehala (nov.), 229. Zeltus, 86. zema (Chliaria), 86. zennara (Pisola), 268. Zesius, 154. ZESIUSINe, 153. Zinaspa, 74. zoilus (Aphnzus), 181. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED. Pl 706. J.N Fitch del.et lith. Vincent Brooks,Day& Son Ldap. L.Reeve &C°? London PL 707 J.N.Fitch del.et lith, Vincent Brocks,Day &Son Lt? imp L.Reeve & C2 London PL 708. J.N-Fitch del ethth. Vincent Brooks,Day &SonIttaimp L.Reeve & C? London. PL709. JUN Fitch del et bth Vincent Brooks Day &Son Lt*imp L.Reeve & C9? London PUL710 ( \ E.C Knight del.et lith Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Lttiunp L.Reeve & C° Landon PEA. E.aK E,.0.Knight del etlth Vincent Broo Day & Son Lt?imp L. Reeve &C? 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