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THE

LE Pl beet. TER A

OF THE

BRITISH PSEANDS
VOL. II.

THE

LEPIDOPTERA

OF THE

BRITISH ISLANDS

A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF THE FAMILIES, GENERA, AND
SPECIES INDIGENOUS TO GREAT BRITAIN AND
IRELAND, THEIR PREPARATORY STATES,

HABITS, AND LOCALITIES

eas

CHARLES G. BARRETT, F.ES.

ONE OF THE EDITORS OF THE ‘‘ENTOMOLOGIST’S MONTHLY MAGAZINE

POL, ff.

HETEROCERA,
S PHINGES, BOMBYCES

;
; 8

LONDON

kL. REE V EA MD € 0,

Publishers to the Home, Colonial and Lnvtan Covernments
6 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.

1895

348434

‘en 9 ~ 1952
LiBRARL A

PEF

ee PG Ts, BA,

Diviston II.—HETEROCERA.

Antenne terminated with a point, never with a d istinct club ;
in other respects of very various structures.

Group 1. SPHINGINA.

Antenne distinctly thickened beyond the middle, slender
at the base, attenuated at the apex.

In other respects divided into three widely divergent
families.

Family 1. SPHINGIDZA,

Imago with antennz robust, strongly thickened beyond
the middle, frequently with a recurved bristle or jointed
spike at the apex. Fore wings stout and strong, elongated,
pointed, with the hind margin waved, indented, or gracefully
curved. Hind wings thinner in texture, rather short and
broad.

Larve naked, solid, smooth, or shagreened with minute
raised dots, generally with either bright coloured stripes or
ocellated spots on the sides, and in most cases with a horn
on the twelfth segment.

Pupee rounded, usually smooth and without angles or
external limbs, but in some cases with a projecting sheath
in which the long tongue or sucking trunk is developed.

The larvae in this group are so handsome, so striking in
appearance, and in most cases so much more readily met
VOL. II. A

— a

—s

2

LEPIDOPTERA.

with than the moths, that a table of their characteristics, as
used by Mr. Stainton, will be useful :

A.

5.

BB.

i;

HH.
HHH,
K.
KK.
KKK.

. With no horn.
. With a very short horn.
. With a longer horn, slender and straight.

Larva with the anterior segments attenuated and
retractile.

With eye-like spots on the fourth segment.
CL. nerw.

With eye-like spots on the fifth and sixth seg-
ments.

C. Porcellus.
C. Elpenor.
c.

celerio.

. Larvee with the anterior segments not especially

attenuated nor retractile.

. Head pointed above, sides dotted with white or

yellow.

. A scutcheon on the anal segment behind the horn.

S. tilie.

. No such scutcheon.
. Horn sky-blue.
. Horn yellowish above, reddish beneath.
. Head rounded above, sides not dotted.

S. ocellatus.
S. popult.

Horn curved back and then upwards.
Horn with a simple curve backwards.

A. Atropos.

. Horn smooth.

. Spiracles black. No distinct lateral stripes. S.
convolvult.

Spiracles orange. Distinct lateral stripes. S.

ligustrt,
Horn rough and black. S. pinastri.
Horn rough and red.
Dorsal line pale grey. D. galit.
Dorsal line red. D. euphorbie.
Dorsal line black. D. Livornica.

The male moths of this family have, in addition to the
thickening in the outer portion of the antennee, a double row

SPHINGIDA. 3

of teeth or pectinations (pecten, a comb) on those organs.
These pectinations, which look like solid teeth, are really
composed of tufts of short bristles arranged in the form of a
horseshoe, and incurved at the tips, so that the bristles
touch at the point of the tooth and give the appearance of
solidity.

Genus 1. SMERINTHUS.

Antenne thickening gradually from the base to considerably
beyond the middle, then tapering to the apex, but without a
recurved bristle; in the male regularly pectinated on the
lower side with a double row of tufts of bristles. Fore wings
with the hind margin broad, scalloped, or bl untly angulated.
Thorax and abdomen stout. Proboscis or sucking trunk very
short, or even absent.

Larv& green, roughened with minute raised dots, head
triangular, sides with oblique stripes, twelfth segment with a
prominent horn.

Pups thick, blunt, rounded. Subterranean, but usually
close to the surface.

1. S. ocellatus, Z.—Expanse 3 to 31 inches. Rosy
brown clouded with darker brown; hind wings pink, with a
blue and black ocellus.

Shaft of the antennz whitish, pectinations yellowish or
reddish, prominent in the male; thorax very stout, pale
brown, upper or dorsal portion occupied by a sharply defined
blotch of rich dark brown ; abdomen stout, pale brown ; legs
blackish brown. Fore wings thick and strong, with the
costal margin nearly straight for three-fourths of its length,
thence strongly rounded to the apex, which is pointed ; hind
margin rounded, except below the apex and above the anal
angle, where in each case it is rather hollowed ; dorsal margin

4 LEPIDOPTERA.

deeply concave before the anal angle. Hind wings short,
rounded, except that the hind margin is hollowed before the
anal angle.

Fore wings pale grey brown, with a rosy or purplish
bloom; near the base is a rather indistinct, angulated,
indented, greyish-brown transverse line, shaded outwards ;
beyond it an oblique brown stripe arises on the costal margin,
passes below the middle of the wing, and turns towards the
anal angle, spreading into a broad central brownish cloud,
from which undulating parallel olive-brown lines are thrown
back towards the costal margin so as to enclose a large
triangular space, in which, at the end of the discal cell, is a
rather lunate whitish spot, edged with brown; on the middle
of the dorsal margin is a large semicircular brown blotch
which reaches almost to the central cloud; beyond the un-
dulating olive-brown lines is a rather obscure, complete,
transverse, brown double line, parallel with the hind margin,
touching in the middle a dark-brown triangular spot or
blotch ; hind margin mainly occupied by a broad brown
cloud, which is sharply terminated above by a pale line from
the apex of the wing. Hind wings bright rosy red, shading
into paler towards the hind margin, and having a broad
straight stripe of greyish brown, waved with paler brown,
along the costal margin; near the anal angle is a large pale
blue spot or ocellus, centred with a blackish cloud, and
surrounded by a broad black ring which throws off a black
cloud to the anal angle. Cilia of all the wings very short,
darker brown.

Female similar, larger and stouter, often more richly
coloured, and having, in place of the pectinations of the male,
a pair of bristles on each joint of the antenne.

Underside of the fore wings brilliant rose-red from the base
to beyond the middle, thence pale purplish-grey or brownish-
grey, with the costa pale brown, the hind margin clouded
with dark brown, a chestnut patch towards the anal angle,
and three or fonr waved transverse brown lines outside the

SPHINGID&, 5

rosy portion; hind wings pale brownish or purplish grey
with a whitish central lunate spot towards the costa, and a
succession of dark-brown or reddish-brown lines throughout.

Slightly variable in the darkness of the brown shades and
lines of the fore wings, and in the presence or absence of
rosy or purplish bloom, but otherwise very constant. Speci-
mens however occur, rarely, in which the hind wings are
almost or entirely destitute of rosy colour, being of a dull
yellowish instead. Mr. Sydney Webb has specimens with
the fore wings of a putty colour, with the usual markings,
and Mr. Charles Briggs one in which the shades and marbling
of the fore wings are nearly absent, but the lost colour seems
concentrated in the triangular spot which lies against the
outer line. Another curious aberration is recorded, in which
the ocellus of the hind wings is replaced by a triangular dark
spot.

Double brooded, appearing in May and June, and again
in August, or even September, though the second emergence
is probably but partial, and rarely occurs in the more
northern portion of its range, while the individuals of the
first emergence sometimes remain in pupa more than a
month beyond their usual date.

Larva stout, rather tapering in front, head triangular,
pointed above, face flattened; skin of the body rough with
minute raised dots, wrinkled transversely ; having on the
twelfth segment a long, slightly curved, sharply pointed
horn inclined backwards. Bright apple green, whitish green,
or bluish green, with the raised dots white; on each side of
each segment, from the fifth to the eleventh, is an oblique
white stripe edged above with dark green, each extending
beyond its segment both in front and behind,and the seventh
passing across the eleventh and twelfth segments and reaching
thehorn upon the latter; another similar stripe, less oblique, lies
along the side of the second to the fourth segments ; spiracles
yellowish-white or pale pink, surrounded with pinkish-brown

6 LEPIDOPTERA.

or violet ; head green; its lobes edged with yellow; legs pinkish-
brown ; pro-legs green, edged below with pink; horn blue.
Mr. Buckler has figured a beautiful variety of the larva,
having a subdorsal row of red spots on each side. When
very young the head is rounder, the horn pink, and there
are faint traces of dorsal and subdorsal lines, while the
oblique stripes are scarcely visible, and the body has numer-
ous rather long slender hairs or bristles. When young it
eats away the leaf of its food plant on both sides of the mid-
rib, using the latter as a resting-place. At all ages, when at
rest, the fore part of the body with the head is raised and
rather drawn back in a curve. When well grown it rests on
the stem or on a leaf of the food plant, but clears off every
leaf from the tip of the spray which it has chosen.

On willow, sallow, apple, crab, white Ontario poplar, and
even wild plum and many Rosaceous plants, but probably the
various species of Sa/iz and the apple are the most favoured.
June, July, August, September.

Pura stout, smooth, glossy, dark purple-brown, with slight
projections at the anal extremity. Subterranean, but only
just beneath the surface, in a large cocoon of earth, very
slightly held together with silk.

The moth flies rather slowly and heavily at dusk, and
again, and more swiftly, later in the night, and is not uncom-
monly attracted by a strong light. In the daytime it sits
among bushes or on the side of a hedge with its fore wings
falling back and hind wings forward, so as to show a broad
edge in front, and bears a striking resemblance to a spray of
two or three dead leaves hanging down.

Moderately common in the south and east of England, and
westward as far as Devon, though scarcer in Cornwall ; locally
common in other parts of England as far as Cheshire, Lan-
cashire and Yorkshire, and found more rarely northward to
the districts of the Tweed and Solway in the scuth of Scotland.

SPHINGID 4. 7

In Ireland generally very scarce but widely distributed, and
said to have been found as far north as Belfast.

Common throughout Europe, and often much more richly
coloured than with us; also widely distributed through
Northern Asia, and, under the name of S. planus, in China
and Japan; also in some parts of North America, a slight
variety, found in California, being called S. pallidulus.

2. S. populi. Z.—Expanse 3 to 3} inches.

Pale brown or grey, fore wings with scalloped hind margin ;
hind wings with a brick-red blotch.

Antenne of the male pectinated with strong tufts of
yellowish bristles, with the shaft white; of the female pale
brown or whitish, with a double row of minute bristles.
Thorax, abdomen, and legs pale-brown or greyish-brown, the ~
former very stout. Fore wings strong and thick; in the
male with the costa nearly straight to beyond the middle,
then much rounded to the apex, which is pointed; in the
female more regularly rounded throughout: hind margin
waved, and regularly scalloped in holiows between the ner-
vures; anal angle rendered prominent by a deep concavity in
the dorsal margin. Hind wings short, costal margin much
rounded, hind margin scalloped.

Fore wings of the male pale grey or pale brown-grey ;
near the base is an indistinct, oblique, curved, darker grey
transverse line; the whole central portion of the wing is
occupied by a broad band of darker grey or grey-brown, the
inner edge of which is oblique and slightly concave, the outer
edge much more oblique and scalloped throughout in regular
crescents between the nervures; beyond and parallel with
this is a complete dark-grey transverse line similarly scal-
loped, beyond which the hind marginal space, except near
the apex, is clouded with brown. Within the central band
and at the end of the discal cell is an ovate, or lunate, white
spot. Nervures rather sharply pale. Hind wings of the
colour of the fore wings, with three or four rippled trans-

8 LEPIDOPTERA.

verse darker brown lines or shades, and near the anal angle
a large, ill-defined, roundish brick-red blotch.

Female pale brownish-grey, yellowish-grey, yellowish-
brown, or even pale buff, in many individuals having a rosy
or purplish flush; with markings as in the male, but far
paler and less distinct, except in the case of the red patch
on the hind wings, which is large and bright.

Underside extremely plain, greyish, yellowish-grey or
yellowish-brown, with the nervures paler, and faint indica-
tions of the transverse markings of the upper side. In the
hind wings these sometimes become more distinct than
above, but there is no indication of the brick-red blotch.

Variation in this species is usually in the lines already indi-
cated—to darker grey markings in the male, and to paler
* general colour, or excess of rosy bloom, in the female—but
in Mr. Sydney Webb’s collection is a male having three large
pink blotches on the fore wings, one at the base, one near the
apex, and the third at the anal angle; while Mr. C. A. Briggs
has a male of the extremely pale buff colour sometimes seen
in the female, but with faint indications of grey transverse
lines and shadings. At Armagh, in the north of Ireland, the
Rey. W. F. Johnson has reared the male having the pink
suffusion, and females of an extraordinarily pale yellowish.
There is, in addition, a record of the rearing of a specimen
wholly of a chocolate colour, and one has been found in
Derbyshire devoid of the red blotch of the hind wings.

Regularly double brooded, appearing in May and June,
and again at the end of July and in August.

LakvVA stout, firm, rather tapering towards the head, rough
with minute raised dots; head large, green dotted with
yellow, triangular, the point upwards, face flattened ; horn on
the twelfth segment rough, curved back, yellow, sometimes
tipped with pink ; body yellow-green, raised dots yellow, ex-
tremely abundant; on the sides commencing with the fifth
segment is a series of seven oblique lemon-yellow stripes, the

SPHINGIDE. 9

last of which extends from the eleventh segment on to the
twelfth as far as the dorsal horn; the second to the fourth
segments have yellow subdorsal and spiracular lines, and the
anal pro-legs and flap are edged with a yellow line; spiracles
whitish, edged with pink or crimson. Sometimes a crimson
spot lies before or on each side of the spiracles, and even the
subdorsal region is enlivened by a row of larger crimson
spots. This variety is frequent in the north. Mr. Adam
Elhott has repeatedly noticed it in Roxburghshire.

When very young the larva has an extremely long caudal
horn, which however does not grow in the same proportion ;
the larva is then of a delicate green, but the lateral stripes
and raised points soon begin to appear, though both are
whitish rather than yellow, and the brighter colour does not
show itself until it is somewhat advanced in growth.

In June and July, and again in September, on all kinds
of poplar, including aspen, also on willow, and, in the fen-
districts, commonly on the broad-leaved sallow (Salix caprea).
It has also been found on birch, laurustinus, and rose. Rests
on the under-side of leaves on the tree.

Pupa dull and coarse-looking, with a rough surface, stout,
blunt at the tail with a short spike, colour dark purplish-
brown. At the roots of trees, just below the surface, some-
times hardly underground, and in the slightest possible
earthen cocoon. Readily dug up from loose earth at the
foot of a poplar tree in the autumn or winter.

The moth flies at dusk, and again late at night. Its flight
is heavy and rather clumsy, and in its attempt to alight on
the smooth, slender-stalked leaves of a poplar tree it some-
times achieves a very undignified tumble, fluttering and
slipping from leaf to leaf. Late at night it is attracted by
any strong light, and may often be seen hanging to the
lower part of a gas-lamp. In the daytime it commonly sits
on the lower part of the trunk of a poplar tree, or on a
hedgebank, or even on the knocker of a front door, or any

10 LEPIDOPTERA.

other convenient projection, where, its fore wings hanging back
with the front margin of the hind wings thrust forward, it
has much the appearance of a pair of withered poplar leaves.

It appears to occur in all parts of the United Kingdom
except in the extreme north of Scotland, but is scarce in the
extreme west of England and of Wales. In Ireland it seems
to be more frequent, occurring wherever poplar is common.
Formerly it was very abundant in the south of England, and
even in London, occurring commonly in the squares and
gardens; in the Surrey Zoological Gardens, for instance,
when they existed, it was plentiful. Now however it is
rarely seen in the suburbs of London, and seems to be
generally iess common throughout the country.

Abroad it is abundant throughout the greater part of
Europe and large portions of Asia.

This species and the preceding, being of about the same
size and emerging from the pupa at the same period, have
long been recognised as suitable subjects for experiments in
hybridization. ‘These experiments have to some extent been
successful, the offspring of such ill-assorted pairs having
repeatedly been reared, though with difficulty, from the
delicacy of constitution of the larve. Such specimens
however have not proved to be capable of reproduction, and
indeed are said to be, very often, gynandrous. In markings
and colour they vary greatly, but are usually inferior in
brightness of colour and distinctness of markings to both
parent species ; the antennze are usually smaller than those
of either parent, and in those which show male characters
the pectinations are shorter. In the majority, if not in all
the successful cases, the male parent seems to have been
ocellatus, the female populi. The earliest recorded case of
rearing such hybrids which I can find, took place in 1857,
when twelve specimens of one brood were reared, all of which
are stated to have been much alike, almost exactly inter-
mediate in appearance between, the species, as well as inter-
mediate in sex. Another batch was much more variable ;

SPHINGIDE. II

some had one fore wing ocellatus, the other populi ; others
having ocellatus bodies with popult wings, and the converse.
Mr. Porritt states that of several broods which have come
under his notice, reared in Yorkshire, every specimen has male
antenne, yet specimens with female antenne are certainly
occasionally reared. The admixture of markings is most
strikingly shown in the coloured spot near the anal angle of
the hind wings, which sometimes exhibits the ocellated
blotch of ocellatus surrounded by the red of populi, but
usually consists of the large red blotch inclosing a blue, or
black, ill-defined cloud.

The Larv&, though like those of populi when young, appear
also to become intermediate, or even to resemble those of
ocellatus when full grown; and the pup are described as
differing from both parent forms.

S. tilize, Z.—Hxpanse 24 to 3 inches. Pale olive-green,
or reddish-brown, with hind margin deeply scalloped, and a
dark olive-green, usually broken, central band.

Antenne rather short and slender, whitish, with short
brownish pectinations in the male. Thorax moderately stout,
pale grey or pale brown, with a greenish tinge; the collar,
a broad stripe down each shoulder, and a narrow line on the
back, deep olive-green; abdomen pale brown, sometimes
tinged with smoky or greenish. Fore wings with the costa
tolerably straight to near the apex, then rounded; apex
squared; hind margin deeply concave in the middle, and
again near the anal angle, having a projecting point between ;
dorsal margin gracefully curved, and hollowed out before the
projecting anal angle. Hind wings very short with rounded
apex, and the hind margin sinuous but hollowed towards the
anal angle.

Fore wings whitish-grey, tinged with olive-green or with
pale reddish-brown, and having the base faintly, and the
hind margin deeply, and broadly, clouded with dark olive-
green; there is also a faint waved, olive-green, transverse

12 LEPIDOPTERA.

line near the base, and another, more oblique, beyond the
middle ; between these is usually a broad, sharply defined,
deep olive-green central band, sometimes entire, more
frequently broken into two blotches, the upper or costal
blotch large, square, or pear-shaped, or shaped like a broad
ivy leaf with the point outwards; the lower, or dorsal blotch,
rhomboidal or obliquely conical. When entire, this band is
always sharply constricted below a central projection, but
this constriction commonly becomes the division, and then
the variations in shape of the separated halves or blotches
are remarkable, both becoming contracted, narrowed, de-
tached from the margins of the wing, the smaller occasionally
reduced to a mere streak or faint brown cloud, or even
disappearing altogether, and the larger taking almost every
possible form from a square to a wedge, though usually
preserving the curious resemblance to an ivy leaf. Towards
the apex the dark olive clouding of the hind margin is
sharply cut off by a straight horizontal white line from the tip,
which bounds an indented whitish blotch. Cilia short,
reddish. Hind wings brownish, pale grey, or grey tinged
with reddish, often with a brown or dark grey cloud near the
base ; the excavated portion of the wing near the anal angle
dark green, merging into a dark grey cloud which extends
transversely across the wing, and outside which the marginal
space is greenish, reddish, or smoky blackish.

Underside delicate pale olive-green tinged with reddish,
with the costa whitish, straight whitish bands across the
middle of the fore and hind wings, and a whitish patch at
the apex.

Besides the extreme irregularity in shape of the central
band, or divided band, already described, there is great
variation in colour, especially in the female, from olive-green
or greyish-green to paler, or deeper, red-brown. In many
specimens this is merely an effect of fading or alteration of
colour, the greenish colour of the pale portion of the fore wings
from the base to the clouded line beyond the middle changing

SPHINGIDA 13

gradually to reddish, and this colour becoming slowly in-
tensified from year to year, until in old specimens the influence
sometimes, though rarely, attacks the central band and changes
it also to dull red. Along with the paler portion of the fore
Wings a similar gradual change takes place to some extent in
the lighter portions of the hind wings. But this change of
colour—chemical or otherwise—is not solely the effect of
fading in the dead insect ; it occurs also in the living moth,
and even in some cases is the original colour in which the
Specimen emerges from the pupa. Mr. Frohawk has even
reared a specimen having the central band dull red. Very
rarely a specimen occurs which is totally devoid of any trace
of the central fascia or spots, and in other instances, hardly
so rare, one fore wing is destitute, while the other has a
small spot or cloudy indications. From these forms every
possible grade of variation, to the complete band, exists.

- On the wing at the end of May and through June. No
second brood.

Larva elongate, rounded, narrower in front; head large,
triangular, with the apex upwards; skin not polished;
twelfth segment with a long horn, curved backwards; anal
flap with several raised points or incrustations. Back
brilliant apple green; sides and belly paler green; whole
surface covered with raised yellow dots ; seven oblique lateral
yellow stripes, sometimes edged above with violet or purplish,
the first commencing on the fourth segment, and the last,
and most conspicuous, ending at the base of the dorsal horn,
which is blue above, purplish or violet beneath, with the tip
yellowish. The incrustation or scutcheon on the anal flap
is orange, edged externally with yellow, and encloses a dark
purplish blotch. Spiracles yellowish edged with carmine ;
legs tipped with pink ; face edged with a yellow line.

Or with the back dull dusky purple dotted with pale
emerald green ; sides and belly dull pale purplish flesh colour,
with seven pale green lateral lines, the first entirely on the

14 LEPIDOPTERA.

Jifth segment; horn rough, blue above, paler or yellowish
beneath, tip pale greenish; spiracles yellow edged with
red ; head purple, the face edged witha yellow line; anal flap
with the encrustation orange.

Or with the back dull olive green tinged with purple and
profusely dotted with greenish-yellow or pale emerald-green ;
the dots disposed in tranverse rows or bands; the seven
oblique lateral stripes very pale lilac, edged above with dull
purple; horn bright blue above, lilac beneath, tip yellow ;
anal scutcheon light orange-yellow, enclosing a ferruginous
patch ; spiracles deep red, centred with yellow ; head olive-
green, with the usual yellow line round the face; belly and
sides below the spiracles very pale dull greenish ; legs tipped
with pink. (Fenn.)

When very young the larva is yellowish-green, very
slender, with the horn black, bristly, and bifid at the tip,
but very soon the horn becomes single and yellowish and the
lateral stripes begin to appear. At the second moult the
yellow raised points are developed, and after the third, the
scutcheon upon the anal flap. The adult colours are gradually
assumed as it grows, and sometimes a larva changes from
green to purple before pupation. This is a graceful and very
handsome larva.

July and August. On elm and lime, and, very rarely, on
birch.

Pura not very stout, rather rough, tail blunt with a stout
spike. Dull dark purplish-brown. Subterranean, usually
at the foot of a tree, in a large cocoon of earth and silk.
May often be dug up in the autumn and winter at the foot
of an elm or lime tree.

This beautiful moth may sometimes be seen at rest on the
lower part of the trunk of a lime tree in the London suburbs,
with fore wings hanging back and hind wings projecting a
little forward; in shape and colour resembling in a most curious

SPAHINGIDA. 15

manner a pair of green leaves pointing obliquely downwards,
such as the lime trees throw out, here and there, upon their
trunks; the resemblance being sufficiently close to deceive
the careless eye, so that the moth, attractive as it would be
to children, sometimes sits all day unnoticed within reach of
their hands. Its flight is rather iate in the dusk, so that it
is seldom seen on the wing, and it is very little attracted by
light.

Perhaps more common in the outer suburbs of London
than in any part of the country—having a special hking for
the limes—but moderately common throughout the south
and south-east of England from Suffolk to Devonshire ;
scarcer in Norfolk and the Midlands, and in many parts quite
absent. The most northern record upon which reliance can
be placed appears to be of a single specimen in Yorkshire.
A statement that one has been taken in Scotland is believed
to have originated in a mistake, and I know of no record in
Wales or Ireland.

It is common in the more central portions of Europe, is
said to be found in some parts of Siberia, and has even been
brought from Sierra Leone, but its range appears to be far
more curtailed than that of its congeners. No very closely
allied species seems to be known.

Genus 2. ACHERONTIA.

Antenne rather short, straight, thick, terminated by a
distinctly recurved bristle-like point; fore wings bluntly
pointed, with the hind margin slightly rounded, densely
clothed with scales ; thorax and abdomen very massive.

Larva very large, smooth, with rounded head, and broad
oblique lateral stripes; horn of twelfth segment rough, bent
down backward, and recurved at the tip.

Pura very large, delicate, thin skinned, shining, rounded.
Subterranean.

16 LEPIDOPTERA.

1. A. Atropos, /.—Expanse, 44 to 5 inches. Ex-
tremely stout, fore wings blackish-grey mottled with yellow
and red; hind wings yellow, barred with black; a death’s-
head on the back of the thorax.

Antenne rather short, straight, stout, and hardly tapering,
but having a bent hairy jointed bristle at the apex; colour
black, except that the upper side is white towards the tip ;
pectinated with short broad tufts of bristles in the male.
Thorax and abdomen very broad and thick; head large,
rounded in front, with large, thick, heavily scaled palpi,
between which is coiled the short, thick proboscis or tongue.
Head and the front and sides of the thorax blackish-grey,
with a bluish gloss; upper portion of the thorax blackish-
brown, with a large well-defined yellowish blotch, containing
two round black spots and some dark grey clouds, so arranged
as to produce a striking resemblance to the face of a human
skull. Abdomen not tapering, densely scaled, deep yellow,
with a cross-bar of black along the edge of each segment,
and a broad bluish-black stripe down the middle, broadest at
the anal segment. Tore wings very thick and strong, with
the costal and hind margins gently and regularly rounded ;
apex pointed, but not acutely so; dorsal margin straight.
Hind wings rather broad, with the apex sharply rounded or
almost angulated ; hind margin in part rounded, but hollowed
before the anal angle, which is broad, with the dorsal margin
much rounded towards the abdomen. Fore wings deep dark
bluish-grey, mottled with reddish-brown and yellow; at a
short distance from the base is an indented, double, trans-
verse yellowish-white stripe, edged, within and without, with
black ; beyond this is a black indented transverse line before
the middle of the wing, a second much more curved and in-
dented beyond the middle, and a third, scalloped and indented,
lying much nearer to the hind margin ; in the middle of the
wing at the end of the discal cell is a white spot ringed with
black; and between this and the following transverse line

SPHINGID 2. 17

the space of the costal half of the wing is occupied by red-
dish and yellowish clouds, broken up by irregular indented
blackish stripes; towards the hind margin are usually
indications of several dusky-whitish, double, curved lines or
even circles; and on the hind margin the terminations of
the nervures are marked by rusty dashes. Hind wings rich
yellow with a narrow black transverse band in the middle,
and near the hind margin another, much broader, which
throws off black streaks along the nervures inwards, towards
the first band, and outwards, more broadly, to ‘the hind
margin. Sexes similar.

Under side deep rich ochreous yellow, having on both fore
and hind wings a rather narrow central black transverse
stripe, and towards the hind margin another of a more
dusky black, throwing off broad dusky rays towards the hind
margin, or even clouding the large space of the outer half
of the fore wings with smoky-black. Legs brownish-black
with the large tufts of scales yellow; under parts of body
also yellow.

Usually not variable except in a small degree in the
amount of pale mottling or clouding in the fore wings, but
when striking aberrations take place, they seem to be in con-
nection with the hind wings. Mr. 8. J. Capper has a male
in which the hind wings are of a straw colour, and another
specimen in which the outer black band is obliterated, but
the inner is so suffused as to spread in a cloudy manner over
its space and towards the hind margin. Oue in Mr. Sydney
Webb’s collection is devoid of the inner black band, and
another has it almost obsolete, while in a third the inter-
mediate space between the bands is filled up with smoky
colour, and the black of the outer band is suffused to the
hind margin. There is also considerable variation in the
width of the black bands.

Rather unreliable in times of appearance, usually either
emerging in September or October, and, probably, hyber-
nating; or else lying in pupa through the winter and

VOL. II. B

18 LEPIDOPTERA.

emerging in May or June, but occasionally appearing in July,
August, or November, and, indoors, in December. Only one
generation in the year. It is a curious circumstance that
those females which appear in the autumn are usually
without developed eggs, but it is not clearly established
whether these are actually barren, or whether the eggs are
eradually developed during hybernation.

Larva very large and handsome, about five inches in length,
solid and thick, when at rest fond of raising its anterior
segments and drawing them back into the curious sphinx-
like posture so frequent in the group. When in this position
it is a very striking object. Usually of a soft green, bright
green, dull yellow, greenish-yellow, or pale orange yellow,
profusely sprinkled with minute black or purplish dots which
are rather larger in the dorsal region ; segments five to twelve
with oblique lateral stripes, seven in number, of a dull blue
or violet colour edged beneath with yellow or whitish,
extending also to the back and meeting so as to form a
dorsal series of V marks; spiracles purple or black, margined
with white; horn on the twelfth segment of the colour of
the body, very rough with points, curiously curved down and
then recurved at the tip; head dull orange.

But specimens are occasionally found of a dark brown,
dull purplish-brown, or even blackish-brown, with the stripes
much less distinct, purplish-brown, or in other cases white;
while some of these have the first four segments white clouded
with grey ; or brown with broad white stripes and patches,
and instead of the usual lateral stripes a broad chain of
diamond-shaped, purple-brown cross-bars. Altogether a most
singularly coloured and variable larva.

In July and August, usually in potato fields, devouring the
leaves of the potato, and completely stripping one portion of
the plant. Feeding usually at night and remaining concealed
low down on the stem in the daytime, so that it is not so
readily found as would seem probable from its large size.
When the potatoes are destroyed by disease it will attack

SPHINGIDA. 19

other plants, and has been known to take so kindly to nettle
as to refuse to leave it for potato, when supplied. Also found
feeding, naturally, on Lyciwm barbarum (tee-tree), jasmine,
Solanum duleamara (woody nightshade), and even on snow-
berry, dogwood, spindle, and various other plants.

Pupa of large size, smooth, thin skinned, dark purple
brown, rounded and without excrescences, but with the
spiracles very distinct ; anal segment terminated by a spike.
Subterranean, preferring to bury itself to a considerable
depth (eight or ten inches), forming a large chamber of the
soil and a gummy secretion, and smoothing it very carefully
inside. Frequently found in the potato fields when the
tubers are dug up in the autumn, but from its delicacy of
skin, very frequently injured, and, after such disturbance,
rather difficult to rear. This difficulty is so great in the case
of those which do not produce the moth in the autumn, that
it is usual to force them out in the winter, by keeping them
in a warm room, or even near a fire, always covered with
moss or other porous material which is kept constantly wet.
Without these precautions dug-up pup almost invariably die.

This moth is in several respects a most remarkable species—
from its large size and bulk of body, and from the singular
figure of a human skull which it bears on the back of its
thorax, but still more from the fact that it has a voice, a
curious shrill squeak resembling the cry of a mouse, which
sound is readily produced by some individuals whenever
touched or disturbed, though others cannot be induced to
make it at all. The origin of this sound does not seem to
have ever been satisfactorily ascertained. It has been
attributed to friction of the thorax against the first segment
of the abdomen, in the manner of the longicorn beetles; and
to the forcing of air, by constriction of the abdominal seg-
ments, through the the thorax and head, and through minute
apertures in the tongue or trunk; and it is said that bubbles
have been seen upon the tongue when the moth had been

20 LEPIDOPTERA.

induced to produce the sound under water. But it has been
satisfactorily proved that the pupa has the power of producing
the same sound, and it is difficult to understand how either
of the suggested methods could operate in the case of the
pupa. Strange to say, the larva has also a power of pro-
ducing sound, which however is of a totally different quality,
being a curious grating or crackling noise, which appears to
result from a lateral action of the maxille or jaws over one
another, whereby one jaw passes over some minute pro-
minences on the other, as though the larva might be grating
its tecth.

The moth is said to be seen, very rarely, hovering at flowers,
but I know of no case in which it has been captured while so
occupied, and as its sucking tongue is short, I am doubtful
of this habit. It is strongly attracted by honey, but prefers
to take it in larger quantities than flowers supply, and
is well known to enter beehives for this purpose. It has
even been caught while hovering about the hives, and
instances are well known in which it has been securely
fastened down inside the hive, and completely covered with
wax by the indignant bees. ‘This, however, is a rare circum-
stance, and possibly only occurs when the moth has happened
to die within the hive; indeed this could not well occur to a
living moth, unless it were completely stupefied by greedy
feeding on the honey; and as the stridulous voice of the
moth has been observed to arrest and control bees in a
manner similar to that produced by the voice of their queen,
the former conjecture seems the more probable. It is not
surprising that an insect with so many startling peculiarities,
should be an object of alarm to the ignorant and superstitious,
and it is on record that in eastern Europe, where it is
extremely plentiful—so much so, indeed, as in some years to
fly into houses and extinguish the lights—it is regarded
with the greatest terror, and looked upon as the harbinger of
disease and death. As a moth, it is excessively sluggish,
and can hardly be induced in the daytime, even by squeezing

SPHINGIDA. 21

and throwing it into the air, to flutter even the smallest
distance, but when aroused at night it has probably immense
power and endurance, and has very often been found upon
ships at sea, which it must have flown hundreds of miles to
gain. A note has just reached me from Mr. J. Ross,
Anstruther, Fifeshire: “I have now brought me a very
good female specimen, by one of our fishermen. It was
found at rest on one of the blocks of his boat, in the North
Sea, about 100 miles east of May Island.” When it happens
to fly at night, in, at an open window, to a bedroom, there is
no more sleep for the occupants until the noisy powerful
creature is caught and in some way silenced.

Irregular in its times of appearance; in some years, as in
1865, 1869, and 1877 very common, especially in the larva
state; but usually scarce. Appears to have been taken in
every part of the United Kingdom, including the Orkney
and Shetland Islands. In the south of Ireland sufficiently
common to be known under the local name of the “bee-
robber.” Everywhere uncertain, and in many parts occurring
only casually and at long intervals, but found almost every
year in the warmer portions of the southern and eastern
counties of England.

One or two observers have noticed that the moth when
squeezed is able to exude a peculiar odour, which has been
compared to that of musk, and of jasmine.

Abroad it is found over the whole of Europe and large
portions of Africa and Western Asia, and has even been
brought from Sumatra, though, in the last case, the capture
seems to have been made at sea.

Genus 3. SPHINX.

Antennz long and moderately stout, terminated by a thin,
sharp, slightly curved bristle ; tongue of great length ; fore
wings long, pointed, stout and strong, with the hind margin
slightly rounded; hind wings short and broad, rounded and

22 LEPIDOPTERA.

sometimes delicately scalloped at the hind margin; thorax
stout and very powerful; abdomen rather long, stout, but
tapering rapidly, and smoothly, to a rather blunt point.

Larva naked, smooth, very handsome ; horn on the twelfth
segment smooth and sharp, raised and curved back.

Pur& usually with a prominent case in front, containing
the tongue, otherwise smooth and rounded.

1. S. Convolvuli, Z.—Expanse, 44 to 5 inches. Large
and stout; fore wings grey mottled with darker grey, hind
wings paler with blackish bars; abdomen with interrupted
bands of black and red.

Antenne long, whitish-grey, in the male pectinated with
broad blunt tufts of incurved bristles ; in the female shorter
and almost simple; tipped with a sharp point which usually
bends back. Head grey, large and prominent, furnished with
a sucking-trunk or tongue of great length—fully three inches
—which coils up like a watch-spring between two robust palpi.
Thorax very stout and powerful, grey dusted with whitish,
whiter at the sides so as to form a pale stripe above the
insertion of the wings, and having, in the male, an ill-defined
blackish stripe on each side, just above; at the back and
infringing on the first abdominal seement is a deep black
forked streak on each side, enclosing a bluish spot. Abdomen
long and stout, but tapering to a blunt point, barred on each
segment with deep pink and black with a narrow white
edging, each bar interrupted by a broad stripe of hoary grey
down the middle of the back.

Fore wings very long, stout, pointed, with the costal
margin regularly curved in a long sweep; hind margin
oblique, slightly rounded and faintly undulating; dorsal
margin most gracefully curved inwards to form a hollow
before the anal angle. Hind wings short, rounded at the

SPHINGIDE. 23

apex, hind margin flatly, but regularly, curved, and edged
by faint scallopings; anal angle rounded.

Fore wings hoary grey; in the male having the central
portion much clouded with blackish, this blackish portion
edged on the side next the base by an indistinctly blackish
line, which, arising on the costa at about one-third the length
of the wing, makes a considerable bend, and then returns so
as to reach the dorsal margin at the base of the wing. Out-
wardly this dark central clouding is ill-defined, and often it
is divided by the ground colour; but in it are two or more
long black streaks lying upon nervures, and often it is spread
beyond the middle of the wing in irregular rippled dark grey
clouds, while a blackish cloud lies along the apical portion of
the wing, and another near the hind margin, both containing
deep black streaks. The female has none, or very little, of
the blackish clouding, but has the long black streaks on the
nervures and near the apex and hind margin stronger and
more distinct. Hind wings, in both sexes, very pale grey,
paler at the base, near which lies transversely a large, ill-
defined black stripe; a dark grey transverse band, often
divided in the middle portion, crosses the centre of the wing,
and beyond it is another near the hind margin. Cilia grey
spotted with white.

Underside dull grey; fore wings with a faintly indicated,
darker, transverse fascia, pale-margined on each side, lying
beyond the middle; hind wings banded with dark and pale
grey as above, but more faintly ; legs and body grey.

Apparently not variable.

On the wing in August and September, but on one or two
occasions has been taken in June. Such specimens are
believed to result from late larva, of which the pupz have
remained unchanged through the winter.

Larva four inches long and stout in proportion, rather
tapering in front; each segment of the body «divided into
rings by parallel wrinkles ; skin smooth, but not glossy ; horn

24 LEPIDOPTERA.

of the twelfth segment smooth, curved back over the anal
segment. Colour of the body blackish brown; head yellow,
edged with black, second to fourth segments with a bright
ochreous subdorsal stripe, continued in a more indistinct and
interrupted manner to the twelfth segment; dorsal stripe
double, with a blackish central line and composed of similar
iaterrupted ochreous streaks, with which moreover the whole
dorsal region is profusely sprinkled ; from head to tail, along
the sides, just below the spiracles, is a broad pale grey or
whitish stripe, often shaded off upwards or spreading so as to
form large triangular patches on the segments, or else indica-
tions of oblique stripes, but very obscure and much dotted
with grey; spiracles large, black; horn black, or sometimes
ferruginous, or fawn colour above, black beneath; legs shin-
ing black ; pro-legs brown, ringed with orange red or yellow.
Very variable in shade of brown, and in the degree of yellow
dorsal colouring and white clouding at the sides. Strangely
enough this larva does not appear to assume the sphinx-like
posture common to so many of its allies.

In June and July, and sometimes August, on Convolvulus
arvensis in fields. Occasionally also on C. sepium
(common bindweed) and there is a record of the finding of
half a dozen larvee in Wales upon the wild balsam (Jmpa-
tiens noli-me-tangere) but there seems to be no record
that they were reared, and from the extreme rarity of the
larva in this country it seems possible that a mistake was
made. From the same cause very little is known of the
habits of the larva here; it has been supposed to hide under
ground in the daytime, but this seems to be mere conjecture,
and is not confirmed by the result of Mr. Buckler’s experi-
ments with one of his larve. He found that it showed no
desire to enter the earth, or even to remain upon it in bright
sunshine, but crawled back to the Convolvulus plant. He
also says that its whole demeanour was so sluggish that it
would remain day and night in the same position on the
same trailing stem, and merely move a little to the right or

SPHINGIDZA:. 25

left in order to devour the next leaf; so that it moved about
three or four inches in a day. On the Continent it is said to
feed, in addition, on Convolvulus tricolor and Ipomea cocevnen
(called by gardeners Convolvulus major).

Pura very large, 2} inches long, smooth, with leg- and wing-
cases rather prominent, and a very large projecting loop in
front, which contains the tongue ; abdominal segments rather
distinctly divided; rich mahogany brown, with the head,
thorax, proboscis and tail darker; the tail having a short
blunt spike.

Subterranean, occasionally dug up in potato fields where
Convolvulus arvensis is common.

This noble moth appears to be constructed especially for
bold, rapid, and sustained flight. From the great size and
muscular strength of its thorax, and the firmness of its long
and sharply cut fore wings, to the fish-like shape of its taper
body, all is arranged for the greatest power of movement with
the smallest resistance to the air. When flying, as it loves
to do, about tubular flowers in a garden, in the twilight, it
exhibits a perfection of motion lovely to behold. Backwards
and forwards from one flower-bed to another, or hovering an
instant in front of a blossom, then moving to another like a
shadow ; but, if a sudden movement is made by the spectator,
gone, lost to view, not seen to go; it has simply vanished.
One of my sons, whose quick eyes on one occasion enabled
him to see it dart away, testifies to the flash-like rapidity with
which a specimen disappeared at a great height in the air!
But, if no sudden movement is made to alarm it, the creature
seems by no means timid, and even at times familiar and
inquisitive. I have repeatedly seen it when nearly approached
hover up and seem to look in my face, so that its gleaming
lustrous eyes were distinctly visible looking into my own,
then flash past over my shoulder, and return to the flowers.
It has even been seen to approach and inspect a brilliant

26 LEPIDOPTERA.

scarlet striped jacket on one of the lads and apparently touch
the bright colour with its tongue, as though desirous of
ascertaining what new kind of brilliant flower had entered
the garden. While flying in this manner the humming
sound produced by the rapid motion of the wings is distinctly
audible, indeed it is so loud that persons of quick hearing
know that a specimen has entered the garden even before
they see it. Although its favourite time of flight is the twi-
light, it by no means restricts itself to that period. Specimens
may be seen, when the insect is common, at intervals for hours,
and certainly up to midnight; at such a time a lantern is
necessary, and it evidently excites their curiosity greatly.
Altogether I look upon this species as the highest, in the
scale of intelligence, of the Lepidoptera of these islands.

It frequents tubular flowers for the sake of their honey,
which it readily extracts, by means of its long tongue, while
hovering in front of them. Not, apparently, the blossoms of
Convolvulus, but Petunia, Verbena, Marvel of Peru, Scarlet
Geranium, Pentstemon, even the long tubed Datura ; but far
beyond all others it prefers the richly scented, evening
flowering Nicotiana affinis (white tobacco).

In the daytime it loves to sit on posts or among garden
plants close to the ground with wings pressed down to the
sides forming a steep roof, when it looks like a bit of wood;
and has also a curious trick of reposing itself upon linen hung
out all night to dry, to the no small disturbance, and even
alarm, of the women when taking it in next day. The male
has been noticed by several observers to exhale a scent of
musk when disturbed.

Usually scarce in this country, and, unless in a favoured
southern locality, many years may pass without seeing it, but
occasionally it is abundant, and then it occurs in all parts of
the United Kingdom, even to Orkney and Shetland. Such
apparently was the case in 1846, and to some extent in 1858-9,
1868, 1875, 1885, and especially in 1887. Yet in none of

SPHINGIDE. 2

these years was the larva found in any numbers, indeed it is
doubtful whether there are records of the finding of twenty
larvee, in all, in these islands ; so that, although'no doubt exists
that a few undergo their transformations here, there can be
no question that the vast majority arrive here from abroad, a
conclusion which is greatly supported by the fact that the
appearance of the species, in numbers, in this country, is
immediately preceded—as in 1887—by that of multitudes in
the neighbouring countries of the continent of Europe. To
give localities seems therefore useless, especially as it appears
to have occurred in all parts of England, Wales, Scotland
and Ireland. It is widely distributed and plentiful through-
out Europe, Asia, and Africa, except in the extreme north,
though in South Africa it attains to but about two-thirds of
its size with us, while in Tahiti Lieutenant J. J. Walker found
it of only three inches in expanse of wings. As far as its
powers are concerned there is no reason why it should not be
found in any part of the habitable globe.

2. §. Pinastri. Z.—Expanse 3 to 3} inches. Pale

brownish grey, with three black streaks on the middle of the
fore wings ; hind wings, and body, grey.

Antenne rather slender, white above, brownish beneath ;
in the male with short brownish pectinations. Head and
thorax grey or brownish grey, with the tips of the abundant
scales hoary, giving a powdered appearance, except in a broad
stripe from the head along each side of the upper part of
the thorax, which is blackish brown. Abdomen grey or
brownish grey, with a black line down the middle of the
back, and bars of dark brown and whitish on the sides.
Fore wings with the costa hardly curved except near the
pointed apex, hind margin rounded and very oblique; dorsal
margin very gently curved. Hind wings short, rounded,
except a slight hollow in the hind margin before the anal
angle. Fore wings grey or grey brown, much dusted with

28 LEPIDOPTERA.

ashy or whitish; a dark brown irregular stripe runs from the
base of the dorsal margin, parallel with the costa, one-third
the length of the wing, when it turns with a short curve to
the costa; a second brown stripe, broader and less defined,
arising on the costa at nearly two-thirds of its length, half
crosses the wing, then makes a bend inward, and turns to
the dorsal margin; the space enclosed between these stripes
forms a central band, more or less clouded, from the margins,
with brown, but especially so on the dorsal margin. In it at
the end of the discal cell is a small white spot, below which
are three thick, longitudinal, straight black streaks, the
middle one extending far beyond the other two; another
black, or brown, streak runs from the tip of the wing to the
second line, marking off an ovoid apical space of a slightly
paler grey. Cilia white, broadly spotted with dark brown.
Hind wings dark grey or dark brown-grey faintly dusted
with ashy scales ; cilia white with narrow brown dashes.

Underside greyish brown, with a darker brown transverse
band beyond the middle, indistinct in the fore wings, dis-
tinct, and followed by a pale band in the hind wings; cilia
white, spotted regularly with black brown. Thorax whitish-
brown beneath with a black stripe from the head passing below
each wing ; abdomen whitish.

Not very variable, but English specimens are frequently
plain in appearance, portions only of the transverse lines
being indicated by ill-defined brown shades, and their general
colour is exceptionally brown; the straight black streaks are
very constant.

On the wing in June, July, and August.

Larva three inches long, not stout, smooth; head, dorsal
plate, anal flap, horn, legs, and pro-legs, all glossy as though
highly varnished, and sprinkled with raised black dots; seg-
ments transversely wrinkled. Dark green with a dark red
dorsal stripe edged with yellow ; sub-dorsal stripe yellow or
whitish, no oblique stripes; spiracular stripe yellow, inter-
rupted at every segment; spiracles dark purple, ringed with

SPHINGIDE, 29

black, with an interrupted line of yellowish flat crescents
below them. Head reddish brown, horn on the twelfth seg-
ment black. When young, however, green with slender lon-
gitudinal yellow stripes, head dark green, spiracles dark red,
head and legs bright red. ‘This description is condensed
from that of Buckler, and represents the produce of eggs
received from Saxony. Larvee found in Suffolk by the Hon.
Mrs. Carpenter, sister to Lord Walsingham, and figured by her,
are much less bright in colour, the dorsal region broadly
light brown, with darker brown clouds on each segment, and
the sides mixed brown and greenish or yellowish, with head,
spiracles, and horn as already described, and two striking
black spots on the second segment ; indeed the larva appears
. to be subject to considerable variation.

September and October, on Pinus sylvestris (Scotch fir).

Pura dark red, with a short thick brown projecting sheath
for the tongue ; tail with three short points. Subterranean.

This species was recorded as British by Donovan and Ha-
worth, and Stephens gave as localities Esher, Colney Hatch
Wood, and Rivelston Wood near Edinburgh. A specimen
still exists in the Norwich Museum Collection, formerly in
that of Mr. Sparshall, which was evidently believed by him to
be British ; besides which, in 1841, Mr. Thomas Marshall, of
London, stated that in 1827 or 1828 he saw a living specimen
in Cumberland. “It was hanging in the position peculiar to
the family when recently escaped from the pupa state, to a
portion of the root of a fir-tree which protruded through the
projecting edge overhanging a perpendicular bank of ten or
twelve feet high at the side of a fir plantation on Lattrigg, a
low mountain near the foot of Skiddaw.” After this date
the insect was lost sight of for many years, so that doubt was
thrown on the early records, and the species expunged from
the British list. But in 1860 a specimen was taken near
Romsey, Hants, and exhibited at a meeting of the Entomo-
logical Society of London, In 1863 another was met with, by
a lady, at Hinton St. George, Somerset. In 1876 one was

30 LEPIDOPTERA.

taken at Waldingfield, near Ipswich, and in the following year
another, when also a specimen occurred in the garden at
Tuddenham St. Martin Vicarage, in the same district; and
at about the same time a larva seems to have been found at
Wimbledon and a pupa at Wickham Market, both of which
were safely reared. In 1878-9 and 1880 larvae were found
near Leiston, Suffolk, by the Hon. Mrs. Carpenter,
as already mentioned. At the same time the late Dr.
Hele, of Aldeburgh, began to find the insect in his
own neighbourhood. He says, ‘‘The first specimen cap-
tured was in 1879 in the vicinity of Saxmundham. In
1881 a few were taken in some pine woods in this
locality (Aldeburgh). In the following year in July and
August we captured about forty specimens in this neigh-
bourhood. We found them at rest on the trunks of the
common Scotch firs from about four to fourteen feet above the
ground, in every aspect, apparently without any regard to
wind or weather. In one case we discovered a deformed
female in the act of laying eggs on the trunk of the tree.
Some of these eggs we gathered ; nine larve were hatched on
August 9, and took to Scotch pine freely; six fed up and
buried themselves in October; from May to July 1883 they
emerged.” In 1885, and doubtless in subsequent years, more
were taken in this locality, and in the meantime others had
been found near Ipswich, and one in Herefordshire. In 1892
Lord Rendlesham and his sons captured eleven specimens in
the neighbourhood of Woodbridge, Suffolk, and also obtained
eggs from which larva were fed up. Several of these have
been preserved and placed in the cabinet which has been
established in the National Collection at South Kensington, by
Lord Walsingham. From others the perfect insects have
been reared this year, and I now hear that two more moths
were found, one of them just emerged, in the fir woods at
Woodbridge, by Lord Rendlesham on the sixth of the present
month—June 1893. The only other records with which I am
acquainted are of two larve in the Island of Mull in

SPHINGID. 31

1860-1. These appear to have been of the browner colour of
the Leiston larvee, and not green.

It thus appears that the insect is mainly confined to
Suffolk so far as this country is concerned, but that it still
exists elsewhere both in England and Scotland, thoughin great
rarity. It is common throughout the greater part of Europe
and apparently in India and the United States of America.

3. S. Ligustri, Z.—Expanse 3} to 44 inches. Fore
wings dark brown, shaded with darker; hind wings pink,
with black bands ; abdomen purplish pink, barred with black.

Antenne rather long, whitish above, pectinations, in the
male, brownish. Palpi and lower part of the head blackish,
upper part greyish-white, often with a rosy tinge; a broad
whitish or pinkish-white stripe passes from the head along
each side of the thorax, covering the insertion of the wings ;
above this the front and each side of the thorax are broadly
deep black, shaded off above into the central space, which is
grey mottled with brown and black, while nearer the
abdomen on the upper surface are two blue-grey spots
surrounded with black. Abdomen bright purplish pink,
broadly barred, on each segment, with black, except down
the middle of the back, where is a broad pinkish-grey longi-
tudinal stripe divided by a black central line. Fore wings
long, pointed, costal margin very slightly curved in the
male, more arched in the female, hind margin very oblique,
slightly rounded, dorsal margin gently curved and hollowed
before the anal angle. Hind wings not very short, bluntly
pointed at the apex, with the hind margin slightly rounded.
Fore wings very pale greyish-brown or pinkish-brown, shaded
with darker brown; costa brown; a_ broad, ill-defined,
blackish-brown longitudinal stripe extends along the dorsal
margin for two-thirds of its length, occupying half the
breadth of the wing, thence gradually narrowing off through
the remainder of the wing to the apex. Outwardly this
is in part bounded by a darker black-brown double line,

32 LEPIDOPTERA.

which arising on the dorsal margin proceeds in a series of
slight curves and indentations to the apex of the wing, where
it is merged in a sharp, elbowed, black blotch, above which
the tip is often hoary. Between, and outside, these blackish
lines are parallel whitish shades or stripes, and beyond them
the hind margin is brown with the cilia much darker. At
the apex of the discal cell is a black spot, through which,
longitudinally, and sometimes transversely, run long black
lines. Other, thicker, black lines lie along the nervures
beyond the middle of the wing, and at the base is a tuft of
long scales, some of which are rosy. Hind wings pale pink,
brightest at the base, and having three transverse black bars,
one short, near the base, the other two long, one completely
crossing the middle of the wing, the other near the hind
margin ; outside the latter the margin is tinged with brownish ;
cilia reddish-brown. Female similar, but with broader fore
wings.

Underside pale grey-brown, with a rosy tinge, much
dusted with white scales. At the apex of the fore wings these
are dense enough to form a silvery white blotch which is
edged below with a black line; the latter being continued as
a dark brown indented stripe:to the dorsal margin, and there
uniting with a blackish shade which crosses the wing near
the middle; these two join and are continued, as a broader
blackish stripe, across the hind wings. Outside these stripes,
on all the wings, are broad ill-defined whitish parallel bands.
Body greyish-white beneath, tinged with pink and brownish ;
legs black.

Variation in this species is mainly in the degree of dark
colour on the one hand, or of rosy shading on the other, in the
fore wings; in the hind there is a tendency in the first and
second black bands to coalesce near the dorsal margin. Mr.
Sydney Webb possesses beautiful specimens in which the
pale portions of the fore wings are rosy red. In another
they are very nearly of a fawn colour. A female reared by
Mr. C. A. Briggs, a year or two since, isa magnificent variety,

SPHINGID&. 33

the usually darker portion of the fore wings deeply and
broadly black ; the black transverse bands of the hind wings
double their usual width and intensely black; the narrow
marginal band also clouded with blackish ; the back of the
thorax unusually dark, and a broad black stripe down the
middle of the abdomen, tapering towards the tail. Two
specimens reared by Mr. W. Holland at Reading have the
hind wings yellowish white.
On the wing in June and July.

Larva three inches in length; stout, smooth, segments
with slight transverse wrinkles; incisions of segments
compressed ; head rough, with minute depressions; twelfth
segment with a large curved horn pointing backwards. Body
bright apple-green, segments five to eleven each with a broad
oblique white stripe, edged above with lilac, and continued
below in the form of white dots upon each preceding seg-
ment; spiracles dull yellow; head dull emerald green, each
lobe internally margined with a broad brown line; mouth
and tips of legs and prolegs brown ; horn yellowish beneath,
tip and upper surface black; anal flap edged with yellowish.
(Fenn.)

When extremely young the larva is green, with minute
bristles and yellowish dots, the horn at first bristly and
slightly forked, afterwards merely covered with small
tubercles. The yellow dots and hairs disappear as it grows,
the stripes first appear pale greenish, later yellowish, and
the lilac and white colour is not shown until the larva is well
advanced in growth.

Mr. Buckler has figured a magnificent variety of the larva,
found at Colchester, in which the body is purplish-red, the
stripes white edged with black and shading off to faintly
greenish on the back; head and second segment green above,
edged with black.

July and August on privet (Ligustrwm vulgare), feeding in
the evening and at night, eating off the leaves in regular

VOL. II. Cc

34 LEPIDOPTERA.

order from the topmost shoots, which it strips; hiding in the
thicker parts of the bushin theday. Also found occasionally
on lilac, holly, laurustinus, dog-wood, ash, Gueldre-rose—
wild and cultivated varieties—mealy-Gueldre-rose, hop,
snowberry, mountain ash, evergreen oak, Phyllyrea, and even
once on teazle.

When at rest it raises the front segments high, in the
sphinx-position, with head and legs drawn close in, and is a
very striking as well as handsome object, and in this country
the most familiarly known and noticed of the group.

Pupa very large and stout, elongated, with deep segmental
divisions, and a blunt, rounded, closely-joined tongue-case in
front of the thorax ; reddish or purplish-brown. Subterranean,
enclosed in an earthen chamber.

The moth flies at late dusk, but is seldom seen on the
wing. It comes occasionally to tubular flowers—jasmine,
rhododendron and honeysuckle, but rarely while there is
light enough to see it. In all probability its principal time of
activity is after midnight and in the morning twilight, indeed
there is a record of a dozen specimens being secured at three
o'clock in the morning, drawn together by the presence of a
reared female. It is also seen sometimes in the night at
lighthouses far at sea, when, possibly, migrating. In the
daytime it sits on posts, palings, or walls near the ground,
and, with its wings closely shut obliquely to its sides, looks
as much like a discoloured chip of wood as a moth.

Common in the southern half of England, but becoming
rare in the northern Midlands, recorded only once in Lanca-
shire, and very rare in Yorkshire. It has been taken in
Scotland, but only in the southern portion. In Ireland
larvee are said to have been formerly taken by Mr. Haliday,
and there appears no reason whatever why it should not
occur there, but I know of no other record. It is common
through the greater part of Europe, in North Africa, and

SPHINGID£. 35

Northern and Western Asia. In North America a form is
found having little or no trace of the rosy colour on the hind
wings, which has been named S. drupiferarum, but it seems
to be no more than a local variety of this species.

[S. quinquemaculatus, Haw. ; Carolina, Z.—Of this
species, Haworth stated that he possessed a specimen taken
at Chelsea by his friend D. Drury. This specimen still
exists in the collection of Dr. P. B. Mason, at Burton-on-
Trent, and shows the ancient label “Taken near Chelsea.”
The late Mr. J. C. Dale wrote: “I saw a specimen actually
bred at Leeds, another taken at Hull, one at Chelsea, and
have heard of two or three others,” and Stephens mentions
seven or eight specimens which he believed to have been
taken in this country, also mentioning the name of the
gentleman by whom a specimen was reared at Leeds, but he
adds, with great truth, “Its true locality is North America.
I have no doubt all were imported,” and goes on to protest
against the inclusion of accidentally imported species, such
as this, in the British fauna. “If this be admitted, as
well might the ‘noble monarch of the forest’ because a
captive lioness, which had escaped from her prison, was
re-taken upon Salisbury Plain.” This opinion has met
with general acceptance, and the moth, a noble-looking
species, has long ceased to vex the souls of entomologists by
its visits. |

[S. Drurzei, Don. ; Cingulata, /ab.—Another North
American species, of which the late Mr, E. Newman wrote: “I
possessed for many years a specimen which bore a first-rate
pedigree as a true Briton, and have seen others,” and
Stephens mentions the capture of a specimen about 1778,
near London, which was carried alive to the late Mr. Drury ;
also another taken in September 1826 in a nursery ground
near the Kent Road, and a third in his own cabinet, taken
near London, but as with the last species, is satisfied that all

36 LEPIDOPTERA.

were imported. Some change in the conditions of trade
between this country and America—possibly in the timber
trade—seems long ago to have put an end to these perplexing
arrivals. |

Genus 4. DEITLEPHILA.

Antenne straight, of moderate length, and with a slightly
recurved point; fore wings moderately elongated, pointed,
with oblique hind margin and slightly hollowed dorsal margin.
Hind wings short, brightly coloured, with a slight projection
at the anal angle. Thorax stout and rounded, abdomen also
stout and round, tapering off gracefully and smoothly to a
point.

Larv elongated, smooth, with a prominent horn on the
twelfth segment and large conspicuous sharply defined pale
spots along the sides.

Pup# thin-skinned and very delicate, without protuberances.
Subterranean, or among refuse on the surface of the ground.
A little group of our most beautiful as well as rarest species
of Hawk-moths, remarkable for the graceful shape of their
smooth, clean-cut bodies and wings, and for their splendid
larvee.
A table may be useful—two species being very similar.
A. Nervures of fore wings whitish. D. Livornica.
AA. Nervures of fore wings not whitish.
B. Central pale stripe of fore wings broad, rosy-grey.
D. euphorbie.
BB. Central pale stripe of fore wings narrow, whitish.
D. Galit.

1. D. Euphorbie, Z. Expanse 2} to 3 inches.

Fore wings broadly pale rosy-grey, with olive-brown stripe
and spots; hind wings pink with black base and submarginal
stripe.

SPHINGIDZ. 37

Antenne rather long, moderately stout throughout, white,
with the lower side, and pectinations in the male, faintly
brownisk ; head bluntly pointed, olive-brown, with a white
stripe over each eye; thorax very broad, olive-brown, with a
broad white stripe continued from that over the eyes along
each side of the thorax, above the insertions of the wings, to
the abdomen, where it turns up a little towards the back at
the tip of the shoulder lappets, thence shading off to light
reddish brown at the back of the thorax. Abdomen round,
stout, tapering from the middle to a point at the tail; olive-
brown with a broad black bar on each side of the first segment,
‘a large black spot on each side of the second, a white bar
between them, and a large white spot on the third, beyond
which are white lines at the edges of the remaining segments
except the last. Legs all white. Fore wings rather short
and broad, but pointed, with the costal margin hardly curved
except towards the tip; hind margin oblique, nearly straight ;
dorsal margin waved. Hind wings rather broad with the
apex nearly rectangular, hind margin slightly curved and
with a hollow before the anal angle, which is broad and
rounded off. Fore wings very pale rosy-grey, or rosy-white,
faintly sprinkled with grey atoms, having at the base a large
blotch of olive-brown, the edge of which, arising on the costa
a short distance from the base and curving broadly, attains
the base of the dorsal margin. At this spot the olive-brown
blotch shades into black, and. touching it is a large tuft of
long white scales covering the base of the wing. Dorsal
margin narrowly white. Beyond the discal cell is a pear-
shaped olive-brown blotch usually united with a cloud of the
same colour along the costa, which in some cases forms also
a second, smaller, blotch beyond. Upon the dorsal margin
from the middle to near the anal angle, as from a wide base,
arises a broad olive-brown stripe which, narrowing rapidly as
it crosses the wing, attains the apex asa mere point. Outside
this oblique stripe the hind margin is pale rosy-grey, a little
darker than the ground colour. Hind wings rosy pink, with

38 LEPIDOPTERA.

the basal portion broadly deep black, a slender black trans-
verse band parallel with the hind margin, a large white space
above the anal angle, and the hind margin beyond the black
band, yellowish or pinkish; cilia white. Female similar,
slightly larger and stouter. Underside dull rosy with the
pear-shaped blotch of the fore wings blackish and the
remaining markings indicated by brownish clouds; thorax
rosy ; abdomen faintly rosy with white bars.

Hardly variable except in the presence or absence of olive-
brown clouding along the costal margin and of the second
blotch ; but in warm climates the ground colour is deeper
rosy-grey, or the dark atoms are larger, and the dark mark-
ings of a deeper olive.

On the wing in June and July, and has been taken in
September.

Larva, when full grown, 3 to 34 inches long. Plump,
cylindrical, but tapering considerably from the fourth sezment
to the head, which is rather small, and rounded. Each
segment, from the fifth to the twelfth, is so deeply cut by
transverse wrinkles as to appear divided into seven rings,
that in front being much the broadest. On the twelfth
segment is a rough, blunt-tipped horn, curving a little back-
wards. Skin smooth and shining; anal prolegs larger than
the ventral and rather squared. Head crimson, with the
mouth yellow edged with black. General colour of the body
bronzy-green or blackish-bronze, varying in tone with every
individual, but consisting of rows of minute bronze dots with
the interstices paler. Dorsal stripe crimson, widening on
the second segment, thence narrow throughout to the anal
flap which is also brilliant crimson; dorsal horn glistening,
red, with the tip black; subspiracular stripe variable, bright
crimson, purplish-red, or yellowish,—broad, sometimes inter-
rupted, at others spreading down over the whole subspiracular
surface to the sides of the prolegs; between the dorsal stripe
and this broad subspiracular stripe is, on the front sub-

SPHINGIDA. 39

division of each segment, a black, or green-black bar con-
taining two large white, greenish, or pale yellow spots, the
upper spot round or oval, the lower ovate, squared or elongated,
these pale spots with their black surrounding bars being the
most striking markings upon the larva. Behind these, upon
each segment, is usually a broadly wedge-shaped reddish or
yellowish bar. Feet red.

But in some cases all the usual crimson markings are green,
except that the broad subspiracular stripe is pale yellow; or
the head, horn, dorsal line, and feet, only, are crimson, the
side markings yellow and the spots white. The variations in
colour are great, but the markings appear to be sufficiently
constant and reliable, and to be assumed very early in the
larval life. (Mainly from Buckler—description and figures.)

July, August, and September on Euphorbia paralias,
E. Portlandica, and E. cyparissias ; extremely fond of the
acrid juice which flows from the wounded plant, also devour-
ing the whole plant—flowers, seed-vessels, leaves, and even
stalks where sufficiently tender, biting them off to the level
of the sand. Mr. Stainton says, on the authority of Mr.
Melhuish, that when a larva has finished a plant it rambles
about until it finds another to its taste, then commences at
the lower leaves, although old and covered with sand, devours
them all before proceeding to climb the stem, and so clears
all before it. He also says that the seed-vessels are taken
between its front legs and held close to its mouth, “like a
monkey with an apple,” until devoured.

Pupa thin-skinned, stout, rounded, but with the head
bluntly angulated in front, and the thoracic portion depressed
in that part. Colour brown, segments and wing-cases faintly
striped with darker brown.

In a cocoon of silk and sand beneath the surface of the
sandy places at the sea-side, in which its usual food-plant grows.
In pupa through the winter, and sometimes remaining in that
condition through a second winter, while in other rare cases

40 LEPIDOPTERA.

the moth emerges in September. In confinement most
difficult to rear at the proper season, as pupx kept through
the winter almost invariably die, and the plan found most
successful is that of forcing them out, in the late autumn or
early winter, by moist heat.

This species is hardly to be considered more than a casual
and fitful inhabitant of these islands. The first reliable
record seems to be that by Mr. W. Raddon, who obtained
larvee in the year 1806 on the coast opposite Instow, North
Devon. In this district, lying along the right-hand coast of
the arm of the sea which receives the Taw and the Torridge,
is an extensive range of sandhills extending from near
Barnstaple to within a few miles of Ilfracombe. Upon these
sandhills, known as Braunton Burrows, the larvee were found
in abundance, upon Luphorbia paralias, by Mr. Raddon, the
greatest plenty being reached in the year 1814. The vast
majority appear to have died in the larva or pupa state, and
comparatively few were reared. These few form the majority
of the British specimens now in collections. From some
unascertained cause the species seems to have disappeared
from North Devon after 1814. This cannot have arisen from
over-collecting, since Mr. Raddon distinctly stated that the
larvee were so plentiful that he took only those which were
full grown, except in one instance, when gathering an armful
of the plant, at dusk, for food for his larvae, he found after-
wards that he had inadvertently also taken more than a hundred
young larvee !

The Rey. E. N. Bloomfield has seen a specimen, and the
skin of its pupa, which was reared, many years ago, from a
larva found on Luphorbia at Landguard, Suffolk. The plant
was known to grow on that coast formerly, though it has
now become extinct.

In September 1889 thirteen larvae were found by a young
collector upon Luphorbia on the north coast of Cornwall. Of
these, four died in the larva or pupa state, eight were reared in
1890, emerging from May 9th to July 24th, and the remaining

SPHINGIDE., 41

specimen made its appearance on June 21st, 1891. These
are vouched for by the Rev. J. Seymour St. John, in whose
cabinet are three of the moths.

Mr. J. H. A. Jenner, of Lewes, has furnished the following
information, obtained from Mr. J. Cosmo Melville: “ I obtained
the two specimens exhibited from a working man, not a
scientific entomologist, and one who knew nothing of im-
portations. I found them in his collection among a great
variety of common Lepidoptera, set English fashion; one
perfect, the other without antenne. He said that he found
the larvze at Ecclesbourn in 1871, and bred them; and I
believed him.”

Captures of the insect in the perfect state appear to be
of extraordinary rarity in this country, of the few recorded
the majority being really D. galii. One, however, was taken
in 1871, at rest, in a garden near Southampton, by the
late Mr. W. Weston. The only other such capture of which
I am aware was of a male specimen, by myself, on
September 7th, 1887, in my garden at King’s Lynn, Norfolk.
It was flying very quietly and gently, at early dusk, about
a large bed of Verbena, leisurely sipping as it hovered at
blossom after blossom, and was captured with the greatest
ease. A suggestion was afterwards hazarded that the speci-
men might have been accidentally conveyed by one of the
steamers which carry iron ore from the Bilbao River in the
north of Spain to the north of England, and might have
escaped while off the Norfolk coast. This explanation seems
by no means unreasonable, especially when the time of year,
and the absence of Huphorbia paralias from that part of the
Norfolk coast is taken into account; but it remains no more
than a suggestion. In all probability every case in which
the larvee have been found has resulted from some accidental
introduction or partial immigration of the perfect insects,
and, on the other hand, their disappearance, from the
inability of the species to withstand the variations of our
climate.

42 LEPIDOPTERA.

Abroad it is widely distributed, and often abundant in
Central and Southern Europe, Armenia, Asia Minor, and
North America.

2. D. galii, W.V.—Expanse 2# to 31 inches.

Fore wings olive-brown, with a toothed whitish longitudinal
stripe ; hind wings pink and whitish, with black base and a
black stripe.

Antenne olive-brown, whitish towards the tip. Head and
thorax olive-brown, with a bright white stripe commencing
on the palpi, passing over the eyes and over the base of the
wings, to the hinder part of the thorax on each side—the
thoracic portion being broad and edged above with black.
Abdomen olive-brown, with a faint line of whitish dashes
down the middle of the back, and, at the sides of the basal
segments, two broad black and two white bars on each side ;
hinder abdominal segments also barred at the sides, narrowly,
with white. Fore wings with the costal margin nearly
straight till near the apex, to which it is gently curved, apex
pointed, hind margin slightly curved and very oblique, dorsal
margin curved so as to form a hollow before the anal angle.
Hind wings rather short, with the apex rounded; hind margin
gently rounded but hollowed before the anal angle; dorsal
margin dilated. Fore wings broadly olive brown along the
costal margin, with sharp indentations of the pale central
colour, and having also an olive-brown longitudinal stripe, in
the form of a very long triangle, based upon the whole
central portion of the dorsal margin and tapering thence
through the middle of the wing to a sharp point at its apex.
Between these olive-brown stripes is a broad longitudinal
yellowish-white or pinkish-white stripe extending from near
the base of the dorsal margin to the apex of the wing, where
it also tapers to a sharp point, on its way giving off two
tooth-shaped branches pointing back obliquely towards the
costa. Along the hind margin is a rather broad bluish grey
stripe edged internally by a darker sinuous line. At the

SPHINGIDE. 43

base of the wings is a rather dense tuft of long white, deep
black, and pale blue scales; and the base of the whitish
longitudinal stripe is tinged with glossy blue.

Hind wings yellowish white or pinkish white, with the
basal portion broadly deep black, and a narrow black trans-
verse band just within the hind margin. In the intermediate
pale space is a large cloud of bright pink, shaded off so as to
tinge a great part of this space, except towards the dorsal
margin, where it remains white; hind margin tinged with
brownish grey ; cilia whitish.

Underside of the fore wings broadly olive-brown along the
costal and dorsal margins, pale bluish grey along the hind
margin, and having the long middle space yellowish white,
tinged with olive. At the end of the discal cell is an elon-
gated black spot, not visible above. Hind wings with the
basal half pale olive followed by a broad band of pinkish
white; hind margin broadly bluish grey, and having a brown
blotch near the white anal angle. Body beneath pale olive-
brown with white transverse lines; legs olive-brown and
white. Sexes very similar in all respects.

A very constant species in colour and markings, but the
pink colouring on the hind wings is occasionally much
reduced in area, and, more rarely, specimens occur insuffi-
ciently covered with scales, and having the dark markings
obscure and the pale spaces smoky.

On the wing in May, June, July, and August, and occa-
sionally in October.

Larva nearly three inches long. Moderately plump and
cylindrical, except that the thoracic segments taper con-
siderably to the rather small head; caudal horn rough with
minute bristly points, curved back over the anal flap.
Hinder portions of the segments divided by wrinkles ; pro-
legs fringed by a few bristles. Head pinkish or purplish
pink, with a black band over the mouth. Colour of the back
and sides olive-green, sometimes varying towards olive-brown,

44 LEPIDOPTERA.

with an indistinctly paler dorsal line, sometimes broad and
cloudy, at others narrow and partially interrupted. Body,
below the spiracles, dull pinkish tinged with smoky. On the
front portion of each segment of the body is a large, round,
pale yellow, subdorsal spot, ringed with black which shades
off outwardly. Sometimes these spots are ovate, and that at
the base of the horn is always elongated. Horn pinkish red,
spiracles ringed with blackish; legs black ; prolegs dark red.
In markings this larva is rather constant, but there is much
diversity in the ground colour, One striking and not very
rare variety has the colour of a black-olive, even the spots
being small and dull in colour; and of this form a modifica-
tion takes place, where the blackish ground colour is broken
by close lines of minute yellowish or olive-green dots, or
where the general colour is bluish black. In these the round
spots, the head, and the legs are often dark or suffused with
darker shades.

The young larva is quite different, being of a bright full
green, with dorsal, subdorsal, and subspiracular lines pale
ochreous yellow. As it grows spots begin to appear on the
subdorsal line, and at the last moult—which occurs when the
larva is still not half of its ultimate size—the subdorsal line
disappears, and the spots become bright and conspicuous.

August and September, on Galiwm verum and G. mollugo,
Said also to have been found on Fuchsia and on Epilobiwm
angustifolium, and will eat Galium aparine, though not always
with satisfactory results. Usually met with, however, upon
Galium verwm (ladies’ yellow bedstraw), on seaside sandhills
or hillsides on the chalk. Extremely sensitive to cold,
retiring to the roots of the plant, or even burying itself in
the sand, when the temperature falls, and should the fall be
considerable the effect seems usually to be fatal. But in
warm weather it loves to sun itself on the sand or on its food-
plants, feeding in the evening and at night when warm.

Pura thin-skinned and delicate, regularly rounded, except

SPHINGIDA. 45

that the wing-cases are rather full and prominent ; anal spike
slightly curved. Colour greyish brown or reddish brown,
dusted with blackish ; antenna sheaths outlined with pinkish.

In a large cocoon or silk-lined cavity in the sand beneath
the surface; sometimes buried at some depth. Passing the
winter—usually—in this stage. More easily reared than the
previous species, yet delicate, and most successfully perfected
in moist heat.

Of this species the moths reared in this country are always,
or nearly always, found to be smaller in expanse of wing
than those from the Continent; and Mr. W. H. Tugwell has
furnished very curious tabulated accounts of specimens
captured in the perfect state on our own coasts or inland, as
compared with our reared examples—fortified by his own
experience in rearing upwards of one hundred—by which he
shows that, while captured specimens in the great majority
of cases range from three inches to very nearly three and a
half in expanse, those reared in this country range from two
and a half to about three inches—the captured specimens
agreeing in size with those brought from the Continent.

Although far more frequently found with us in both the
winged and the larva state than the other species of the genus,
it is very far from common, and in some years is not recorded
at all, though it is difficult to believe that it is not present
every year on some portions of our southern coast. Occa-
sionally, though at long intervals, it becomes locally common,
and when this occurs it, singularly enough, always visits
certain localities which are by no means all in the south.
Such a favoured spot is the range of sandhills at Wallasey,
on the coast of Cheshire, and here larvae were taken in 1859,
when the insect was widely distributed in England ; in plenty
in 1870, when it was found in all parts of England and the
southern half of Scotland; and again in 1888, when the
abundance of its larvee and the extent of its range were greater
than on any previously recorded occasion. This locality, so

46 LEPIDOPTERA.

favourable for obtaining the larva, is by no means distin-
guished for captures of the imago, and there is great cause
to fear that the migrating moths may have deposited eggs
too far from a suitable climate to allow many of the larvee—if
left out of doors—to attain to maturity. The moth flies in the
evening and morning twilight, and is strongly attracted by
flowers such as Verbena, Petunea, Honeysuckle, Scarlet
geranium, Centranthus ruber, and even Red carnation ; and
occasionally, when on the wing later into the night, has
been found attracted by a strong light. In hot weather it
is probably long upon the wing, and has even been found
sipping honey from flowers at midday.

No fixed localities can be given; probably the most prolific
spot for this species is the sandy coast about Deal and St.
Margaret's Bay, Kent, and, so far as is known, the Cheshire
locality already mentioned stands next, but captures of moths
or larvae, or both, are on record in Kent, Sussex, Devonshire,
Cornwall, Somerset, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire,
Hunts, Middlesex, Bucks, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire,
Derbyshire, Notts, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Cumberland, and
Northumberland. Stephens even mentions the capture of
two specimens, from seventy to eighty years ago, in North
London. In Scotland the records are few, but these include
Perth (with Moncrieff Hill), Dundee, Selkirk, and Aberdeen ;
while in Ireland the only one appears to be that of a moth
captured at Howth, in 1888, by Mr. G. V. Hart.

Abroad its range extends over great part of the central,
northern and eastern portions of Europe; Siberia, with the
Amur; portions of Asia Minor; and even North America—
where (with a slightly different shade of colour) it appears to
be known under the name of D. Chamenerit.

3. D. livornica, Hsp. Expanse 3} inches.

Fore wings olive-brown with yellowish-white longitudinal
stripe and white nervures; hind wings pale pink, with black
base and stripe.

SPHINGIDE. 47

Antennze rather slender, olive brown with the apex
whitish, but the recurved bristle light brown. Head and
thorax olive brown, with a white stripe commencing over the
eyes and passing above the insertion of the wings the full
length of the thorax on each side, joining there another pair
of white stripes which, arising at one point in the front of the
thorax, separate obliquely so as to seem to divide it into three
tolerably equal portions. Abdomen, pale olive brown, the
hinder part of each segment barred with a stripe of alternate
black and white spots, extending into black bars at the
sides of the first two segments, and into white stripes on the
remainder.

Fore wings long, pointed; costa very straight, except near
the apex; hind margin oblique and slightly rounded; dorsal
margin nearly straight. Hind wings short, rounded at the
apex, hind margin slightly rounded, but with a faint hollow
before the anal angle, beyond which the dorsal portion is much
dilated. Fore wings dark olive brown. From the base of the
dorsal margin, through the middle of the wing to the apex, is
a long, nearly straight, yellowish-white stripe of even width,
except near the apex, where it narrows to a mere line.
Below the discal cells the nervures are all marked by slender
white lines, which, crossing the pale central stripe, reach to
near the hind margin, along which is a broad stripe of paler
olive brown or greyish brown. At the base of the wing, and
for a short distance along the dorsal margin, are tufts of
long loose white scales. Hind wings bright pink with the
base black, and a black stripe round the apex and along the
hind margin, where it forms a rather broad sinuous band;
outside this the margin is softly shaded with pale brown;
a round patch above the anal angle is white, as also are the
cilia.

Underside, dingy dull brown, with a brownish-white
longitudinal stripe, broadened and scalloped, passing ob-
liquely through the fore wings ; and another occupying that
portion of the hind wings which is pink on the upper side.

48 LEPIDOPTERA.

Thorax and legs, beneath, whitish ; abdomen, golden-brown.
Sexes similar.

On the wing in August and September, and also in April
and May. It is stated that those appearing in the spring
are from pupe which have remained unchanged through the
winter; but most probably some of the imagines also hyber-
nate.

Larva about 3} inches in length. Body cylindrical, but
tapering regularly from the fifth segment to the head, which
is small, Segments not deeply divided, and the whole
body smooth and solid looking. Horn long, blunt at the
tip, rather upright, and but slightly curved back. Anal pro-
legs broad and square. Head black, with a yellow streak
across the mouth. Dorsal-plate black, conspicuous. Back,
and sides of the body down to the spiracles, deep dark green ;
dorsal line rather narrow, pinkish yellow, very distinct, and
sharply edged by the ground colour. In the anterior portion
of each segment on each side, from the fourth to the eleventh,
is a large, roundish, yellow subdorsal spot, tinged with pink
in the upper portion, and enclosed in a deep black ring, to
which, on its upper edge, are attached two black spots. On
the twelfth segment is a similar large yellow spot, but pear-
shaped, and on the second segment a smaller paler spot. The
broad area of each segment behind these large spots is pro-
fusely covered with yellowish green dots arranged in lines.
Below the spiracles, which are yellowish, the skin is puckered,
and along this portion runs a broad white or yellowish-white
subspiracular line, broken by roundish spots of pale pink
which shade off into the pinkish under-surface. Legs black ;
prolegs pale pink with a black spot in front, except that the
broad anal prolegs are black. Horn reddish, tipped with
black.

The dark colour is sometimes still more dotted with yellow,
and the head, dorsal line, and lower parts of the body seem
to vary between pink and yellow. In other cases the dorsal

SPHINGID£:. 49

line is blackened, or the black rings are extended into a
black bar, the spots cramped, and the head and second seg-
ment black, while in another form these last are entirely
pink. (Compiled, Buckler and others.)

June and July, on various plants,—Vine, Fuschia, Galiwm,
ftumex—said to be polyphagous.

Popa rather long, regularly rounded, pale brown in colour,
and having a sharp anal spike. In a slight cocoon of bits of
vegetable refuse and earth held together by silk. July, but
probably in some cases lying unchanged through the winter.

A swift and active species, erratic in its mode of flight, and
producing a humming noise. Exceedingly fond of the nectar of
flowers, particularly those of the Lilac, Scarlet geranium,
Marvel of Peru, Petunia, Rhododendron, and even visiting those
of Lychnis, Centranthus, Narcissus, and Pedicularis, Flying in
the early twilight, and even at times by daylight. Not very rare
in this country in the imago state—though the larva is very
seldom observed—indeed, it is probable that a large proportion
of our specimens are immigrants, since the species passes freely
over wide extents of sea, and is often taken on shipboard.
One, now in the possession of Mr. R. McLachlan, was actually
seen to fly in from the sea to the shore near Folkestone, and
to drop fatigued upon the sand, where it was promptly
secured. By our earlier writers this species was looked upon
as a great rarity, but in the year 1860 about twenty were
taken in various parts of the country in the month of May;
in 1862 others occurred; in 1868 about twenty, very widely
distributed, and mostly in the month of August ; in 1870, fifty
at least must have been secured, and their range included the
three kingdoms; others occurred in 1891 and 1892, and
there is little reason to think that it is now at any time totally
absent. It seems to have no especially favoured localities.
Cornwall was its ancient home, and there it is still occasionally
found as well as in Devon, and from these counties larvee have
been obtained. But records of the moth exist for almost

VOL. I. D

50 LEPIDOPTERA.

every county in the south of England to Bucks, Cambridgeshire,
and Gloucestershire, also for Norfolk, Derbyshire, Cheshire,
Lancashire, and Yorkshire. The Isle of Man appears to be
rather a favoured spot, and several have been found in Wales
—in Carmarthenshire. In Scotland, Perthshire seems to be |
the limit northward, and there larvae also have been found.
Other records of the imago exist for Fifeshire and other parts
of the south of Scotland. In Ireland, two were taken near
Killarney in 1864, and two others are recorded without date
at Youghal. One was obtained at Derriquin Castle, Ken-
mare, in 1867, one at Kildare in 1868, one at Kilkenny in
1870, and more recently two specimens, which I have seen,
were taken by Mr. C. W. Watts in Belfast Park.

Abroad its range is very wide, through the greater part of
Europe, the whole of Africa to the Cape Colony, where it is
very common, India and a large portion of Asia. Through
this wide extent of territory it scarcely varies at all except in
size, but in North America it presents a pretty modification
in markings, the white lines on the thorax being duplicated.
This variety is known under the name of lineata and is found
in California and many other parts of the United States, in
Jamaica and other of the West India Islands, Canada, and
Nova Scotia.

(D. Daucus, Cramer—This species was recorded by
Stephens, with the statement that one was understood to have
been taken near Lynn in Norfolk; and also that he had seen
about eight specimens in various English collections, but
believed them to have been introduced in lieu of D. lineata.
He furnished the true habitat of the species—North America.
A specimen, formerly in Haworth’s collection, is now in that
of Dr. P. B. Mason, of Burton-on-Trent; but there is no
reason to believe the species to be truly native.)

The occurrence of unexpected species in old collections is
unfortunately no satisfactory proof of their British origin,
Dr. Mason possesses, also from Haworth’s collection, a speci-

SPHINGIDA. 51

men of D. dahlii, Hub., an inhabitant of Sardinia and Corsica ;
and from that of the late Mr. FE. Brown, a specimen of
D. hippophaes, Esp., a local species in Southern and Eastern
Europe, labelled “ Devonshire.” There is no reason to sup-
pose that either species has voluntarily made its appearance
in these islands.

Genus 5. CHASROCAMPA.

Antenne straight, of moderate length and rather slender,
terminal bristle slightly recurved ; in the male furnished with
short pectinations. Fore wings long and pointed, sharply
cut, with the hind margin rather rounded and often slightly
concave below the apex, and the dorsal margin hollowed
before the analangle. Hind wings short and having a projec-
tion at the anal angle. Thorax stout and rounded ; abdomen
stout, smooth, either short and tapering suddenly to a point,
or long and regularly tapering.

Larv& smooth, with strongly retractile anterior segments,
which are narrowed rapidly towards the head ; conspicuous
ocellated spots on the fourth, or fifth and sixth, segments ;
horn of the twelfth segment usually present, but sometimes
short or even absent.

Pup& thin-skinned and delicate, not stout. Hither sub-
terranean or in a loose cocoon, among rubbish, on the surface
of the ground.

1. C. celerio, Z. Expanse 3 to 3} inches.

Fore wings light brown with a longitudinal silvery stripe
and silvery dashes ; hind wings pink with black nervures and
a black stripe ; abdomen slenderly white-striped.

Antennz whitish above, light brown beneath. Head and
thorax olive-brown, with a dusky white stripe above the eyes,
continued along each side of the thorax, where it broadens,
but at the base of the fore wings becomes narrow and silvery-
white to the base of the abdomen ; above it on the thorax is
a slender pale-golden stripe on each side; and in the middle

52 LEPIDOPTERA.

of the back of the thorax is a narrow grey stripe. Abdomen
very long, tapering regularly from the base to the point, and
having down the centre of its back a slender, interrupted,
and partially divided, white line faintly edged on each side
with a blackish or dark brown stripe; down the sides is
a series of silvery-white streaks or dashes. Fore wings
long and narrow, sharply pointed ; costa unusually straight ;
hind margin oblique and rather sinuous; dorsal margin
waved and so deeply hollowed before the anal angle as
to cause the latter to form a conspicuous elbow. Hind wings
rather long, bluntly pointed, with hind margin hollowed
before the anal angle, which forms a distinct projection ;
dorsal margin dilated. Fore wings pale olive-brown, varied
along the central area with dashes of dark brown and short
black lines, and having a longitudinal silvery stripe, which,
arising on the dorsal margin at some distance from the base,
passes below the middle of the wing, then curves gently
upwards, and proceeds to the tip; this stripe is compound,
consisting of a clear slender silvery-white line, edged with
black above, and below by a broader creamy white line,
shading along its lower edge into olive-green, but much
tinged with silvery, especially in its basal portion. Outside
this, and near the hind margin, is a slender silvery-white
line, edged externally with brown, from the apex to the
anal angle; the margin outside this being faintly clouded
with whitish, olive, and grey. At the middle of the base of
the wing is a broad silvery longitudinal dash ; and slender
silvery lines indicate several of the nervures. The extreme
edge of the dorsal margin is also sharply silvery-white, and
there is a round black dot, sometimes set in a pale space, at
the apex of the discal cell. Cilia light brown.

Hind wings bright rosy-red at the base, and broadly so
to the anal angle. A broad black band lies across the
middle of the wing, and extends round the apex, returning
as a narrow black stripe near the hind margin to the anal
angle, The enclosed space is of a very pale rosy colour,

.SPHINGID &. 53

divided by a black line down every nervure. Hind margin pale
greyish brown, dusted with darker atoms; cilia silvery-white.
Sexes alike, but female slightly the larger and stouter.

Underside of the fore wings dingy pale brown to the
middle, beyond which is a broad oblique band of dull orange
dusted with black atoms, extending to the apex; hind
marginal space broadly tinged with a bluish bloom and
margined inwardly with brown; central spot whitish.
Hind wings dusky dull orange or reddish, dusted with black
or brown atoms, with the margins broadly brown, and across
the middle, three parallel, indented and curved, grey trans-
verse lines. Body and legs, beneath, whitish brown.

Apparently not at all variable except in size.

On the wing in September and October, and, very rarely,
in the spring, probably after hybernation in the imago state.

Larva, three inches in length, moderately stout and cylin-
drical from the fourth segment to the tail, but tapering very
much to the head, which with the next two segments is
drawn in during repose. The head is small, roundish in
outline, but flattened in front, dark brown, lobes edged with
blackish. Twelfth segment with a short, thick, pointed,
dark brown horn on the back, pointing obliquely backwards
but slightly curved up. Body of a pale umbreous brown
closely covered with dark brown dots arranged in lines,
except in the cases of the first three body-segments, which
are paler and the lines of dots few. Anal flap light yellowish-
brown. On each side of the fifth and sixth segments is a
conspicuous black ring-spot, with the centre white, and out-
side it a ring of yellow. The white centre is not always
round or quite central, and is sometimes somewhat divided.
Beyond these spots a yellowish subdorsal line extends to the
twelfth segment, and on the thirteenth spreads into a broad
yellowish-brown blotch which attains the anal flap. Spiracles
bluish, ringed with black, and having above each an orange
spot. Legs and pro-legs dark brown.

54 LEPIDOPTERA.

August and September, on Vine, and Virginia-creeper
(Ampelopsis hederacea); and also occasionally on Galiwm,
Epilobium, and Fuchsia.

Pura red-brown with wing-cases and head-sheath dark
grey. Usually but avery short time in this state—perhaps a
fortnight—in September or October, but it seems possible
that some remain in this stage during the winter, the
moths emerging in the spring.

An active species, of extremely swift and powerful flight.
Occasionally attracted by flowers such as those of the Verbena
in gardens, and has even been found at Ivy-bloom, but much
more strongly attracted by light and must therefore have the
habit of flying late at night. Rarely seen on the wing, the
large majority of the specimens obtained in this country
having been found in the daytime sitting on windows or
other places to which they appear to have been tempted by a
strong light. Prebably not so rare as is usually supposed, since
the capture of a large number of specimens is on record ;
and almost certainly existing with us every year. Haworth
considered it very rare, but recorded a specimen at Bunhill
Fields, which he called near London—the term would hardly
be appropriate now—and he also knew of a larva found at
Wisbech. Larve have also been found at Ely, at New-
market, at Epping, and in Sussex. Of imagines several
were recorded in 1861, in each year from 1866 to 1870, in
1879, 1881, and a considerable number in 1885, while in
most of the intermediate and subsequent years one or more
were met with. As with the last species there appears to be
no specially favoured locality. Possibly Devon may lay some
claim to such a title, but the records seem to embrace every
district, and probably every county, in the south, east, and
west of England; there have been several captures in the
Midlands, rather a large proportion in Yorkshire, several in
Lancashire, and three in Cumberland. In Scotland, besides
Roxburghshire and other places in the south, there. are

SPHINGIDE. 55

records from Aberdeen, Peterhead, Fyvie and Banff. In
Treland I know of but a single instance, at Mullaghmore, Co.
Sligo, in September 1881. Abroad, though not always
plentiful, it is one of the most cosmopolitan of insects.
Scarce in Central Europe, common in Spain and other parts
of the South, abundant in South Africa, where it almost
equals Muacroglossa Hylas in numbers about the flowering
shrubs in the gardens. Common also in the Canaries,
Northern Africa, Abyssinia, Northern India, Australia, Java,
Borneo, Labuan and the Fiji Isles. The freedom with which
it passes from continent to continent, island to island, is
illustrated by the frequency with which it is found at rest
upon ships in mid-ocean.

2. C. porcellus, Z. Expanse 2 to 24 inches.

Fore wings pale brown with rosy costal and hind margins ;
hind wings yellowish with the base black.

Antennz white, with the underside and pectinations (in
the male) light brown. Thorax broad and robust; abdomen
thick in the basal half, but tapering off rather suddenly to a
long point. Head and thorax rosy-red, sometimes with a
patch of olive-brown upon each shoulder; base of the wings
covered by a whitish tuft. Abdomen rosy-red with a broad
bar of rosy-brown on the back of each segment. Fore
wings with the costa straight to near the apex, which is
sharply pointed; hind margin sinuous, slightly hollowed
below the apex, then rounded, and very faintly scalloped
between the nervures; dorsal margin hollowed before the
anal angle, which is rather strongly elbowed. Hind wings
short, blunt at the apex, with the hind margin sinuous,
faintly scalloped and hollowed before the anal angle. Fore
wings dull ochreous brown with a faint clouding of olive-
brown ; along the costal margin, commencing near the base,
is an irregular longitudinal stripe of rosy pink, broken
twice by the ground colour and narrowing off to a point at
the apex of the wing; hind margin also rosy pink, broadly

56 LEPIDOPTERA.

so in the middle, edged on the inner side by an irregular
indented brownish line extending from the apex to the anal
angle. Across the middle of the wing are, sometimes visible,
two oblique, parallel, faintly brownish shades indicating
an oblique central transverse band. Cilia pink shaded with
brown at the nervures. The base of the dorsal margin is
tufted with long white scales. Hind wings black at the
base shading off to dull yellow in the middle of the wing, and
sometimes to blackish brown at the apex. Along the hind
margin is a broad purplish-pink stripe tapering off to a
point at the anal angle. Cilia white, interrupted with
purplish-red at the nervures. Sexes similar.

Underside more brilliantly coloured than the upper. Fore
wings purplish-red along the costal and hind margins, blackish
from the base to the middle, the remainder light ochreous.
Hind wings ochreous, with the base and margins purple-red
and the cilia white. Under surface of head, thorax, abdomen,
and leg tufts, bright rosy red ; legs white.

Variable in the tone of yellowish brown in the middle area
of the fore wings, and also in the depth of the rosy and
purplish-red of the margins. One taken in Perthshire by
the late Sir Thomas Moncrieffe has the rosy and purplish
colouring replaced by yellow and yellowish-grey, and the
body and thorax grey. One reared in London by Mr. W. H.
Tugwell has the fore wings olive-green, with the costal margin
rosy, and a faint shade of grey on the dorsal margin; hind
wings greenish, with faint grey-brown shades along the
dorsal margin.

On the wing in May and June, extending into July in its
more northern and north-western range.

Larva over two inches in length; smooth and plump,
rounded but thickest in the fifth and sixth segments,
tapering rapidly to the head, which is very small. When
this with the following segments is retracted it gives the
front part of the body a curious puffed appearance. The

SPHINGIDE. 57

twelfth segment is devoid of a horn, the place usually
so occupied is indicated by a minute double tubercle.
Head pale grey, second to fourth segments pale buff, with
brown dorsal line, remainder of the body ashy brown
freckled with black, the front of each segment paler and
bearing larger freckles, which seem to form a transverse
band. On each side of the fifth and sixth segments is a
round eye-like spot of a lilac colour, centred with brown, the
second having also a yellow dot; both spots bordered with
black and very conspicuous. Under parts pale bluish-grey
tinged with pink, spiracles white ringed with black; legs
and pro-legs of the colour of the body. Varying in colour,
sometimes green, abundantly dusted with black-brown, and
the ocellated spots pink and vivid; or very dark umbreous,
with the upper part of the anterior segments pale brown,
creamy, or yellow-brown. Below the tubercle on the twelfth
segment is often a pale brownish or yellowish stripe ; some-
times there is a subdorsal row of yellowish dots, or the
spiracular region is dotted with white.

Buckler, from whose description and figures much of the
above is adapted, says that the larva, when very young, is
pale greyish green, with blackish bristles, yellowish head
and under surface, but no caudal horn at any stage,
only the indistinct double wart. As it becomes older the
green surface is abundantly dotted in transverse lines with
white. At the third moult the ocellated spot on the fifth
segment appears, lilac and white, edged below with brown,
and a white dot on the sixth segment; the ground colour in
some cases changed to brown; and at the fourth moult the
adult colouring is assumed.

In August and September, in dry places, on Galiwm verum,
G. mollugo, G. palustre, G. saxatile, and occasionally even on
G. aparine, hiding by day close to the ground, and feeding at
night. Has also been found to feed on Epilohiwm augusti-
folium, E. hirsutum, and Lythrum salicaria.

58 LEPIDOPTERA.

Pupa cylindrical, but rather thickest in the middle; eye-
cases prominent; tongue-case keeled; anal spike rough,
triangular, flattened. Colour dusky ochreous, freckled with
black ; dorsal line and wing-cases smoky black ; abdominal
segments ringed with black. In an open network cocoon on
the surface of the ground, with bits of moss worked in
(Buckler). In the pupa stage through the winter. A larva
in the possession of Mr. R. Adkin, and fed up by him in a
gauze bag, spun up in the gauze, forming a cocoon like a
film of gelatine, apparently a curious modification of the silk
lining usually employed to bind together the rougher materials.
The moth in this case was duly reared.

An active and lively species at early dusk, frequenting
flowers of Honeysuckle, Rhododendron, Liliwm martagon,
Centranthus, Silene inflata, Sage, Pink, and other flowers.
I have even obtained it by cutting bunches of honeysuckle
blossoms and placing them in the open fields where Galiwm
was abundant. It is also occasionally taken at the “sugar”
used to attract Voctuw. In the daytime it sits among the
low herbage close to the ground, or on an open bank, or
hangs to a thistle. After its evening flight it may sometimes
be again found sitting on a bank or hedge. Its eggs are said
to be laid while hovering over its food plant.

Widely distributed in chalk and limestone districts, and,
in the south, rather common—even plentiful in Devonshire
and Gloucestershire—fairly common in Norfolk and Suffolk,
and in all suitable localities south of these counties. At
Oxford and in Cambridgeshire it is scarce, and rare in the
Midlands. Rather common in Herefordshire, Worcestershire,
Lancashire, and Cheshire, and found in several localities in
Yorkshire ; at Witherslack, Cumberland; and at Tynemouth.
In Scotland it is common in Perthshire, more especially at
Moncrieff Hill, and is found in Roxburghshire and along the
east coast to Aberdeenshire. In Ireland very widely distri-
buted, and in the western districts is said to be the commonest
species of the whole group. Abroad it is found over the

SPHINGID&. 59

greater portion of Europe, as well as in Siberia, Armenia, and
Asia Minor.

3. C. Elpenor, Z. Expanse 2} to 2? inches.

Fore wings olive-brown striped with pink; hind wings
pink with the base black.

Antennze with the shaft pink shading into white towards
the tip; pectinations, in the male, light brown. Head olive-
brown with a pink stripe on each side from the base of the
antenne down the palpi. Thorax broad and robust, olive-
brown, with a white stripe passing above the bases of the
wings, a pink stripe above it over each shoulder, and the
central portion of the back having a broad divided stripe,
gradually widening to the hinder edge of the thorax, where
the two halves coalesce, so as to form a broad pink triangle
with its base towards the abdomen. Abdomen stout, tapering
very smoothly, and then suddenly more rounded towards the
apex ; olive-brown, with the sides, the terminal segment, and
a stripe down the middle of the back, pink.

Fore wings moderately long, pointed ; costa rather straight
except towards the apex, where it is gently rounded ; hind
margin sharply defined, straight below the apex but rounded
below the middle; dorsal margin nearly straight; anal
angle not protuberant. Hind wings short, very bluntly
pointed; hind margin faintly undulating, with a slightly
projecting anal angle. Fore wings rich bright olive-brown,
with a purple-pink oblique stripe from near the base of the
dorsal margin, tapering off to a point beyond the middle of
the wing; a second stripe, rather more purple, running
parallel from the middle of the dorsal margin straight to
the apex; and a broader purple-pink stripe occupying
the whole of the hind margin. Dorsal margin white, with
a large tuft of long white scales near the base, at which is
a black spot; cilia deep pink. Hind wings with the basal
half black, and the remainder purplish-pink ; cilia white.
Sexes alike.

Underside of all the wings olive-green towards the costa,

60 LEPIDOPTERA.

broadly pink towards the hind margins, and with a broad
red stripe in the middle; dorsal margin of the fore wings
clouded with blackish. Under surface of thorax and abdomen
rosy pink; legs pinkish white.

Usually not variable, but in the collection of the late
Mr. F. Bond is a bred specimen having the middle portion
of the fore wings devoid of scales and diaphanous, while
the margins—more especially the hind margin—are clouded
with smoky black.

On the wing in June, and, very rarely, as a second
emergence, in August.

Larva three inches in length. Rather stout, especially in
the fifth and sixth segments, which, when the anterior are
retracted, become extremely puffy and thick; anterior seg-
ments tapering rapidly to the small head; beyond the sixth
segment rather cylindrical and less thick. Horn short, rough,
thick at the base, and curved slightly back. Head dark grey
or dark brown. Body dull umbreous or greyish brown, from
the fourth segment much dotted with black, especially on the
back ; second to sixth segments with a yellowish spiracular
line which sometimes spreads into a broad lateral blotch
extending almost to the feet. Just above this the fifth and
sixth segments have on each side a large and conspicuous
round eye-like spot, the lower portion of which is deep black,
the upper edged with black and enclosing a lunate or kidney-
shaped spot of a lilac or yellowish colour which has a black
centre. From the hinder of these ocellated spots proceeds a
broad, lateral, cloudy yellow or yellow-brown stripe, extending
to the anal segment. Horn and legs of the dark colour of
the body ; spiracles yellowish or brownish ringed with darker.
Sometimes the upper portion of the segments just behind the
head is blackish.

Another and much handsomer variety has the head and
body entirely dull green mottled with irregular ragged black

SPHINGIDA. oI

patches on the back and sides, and the ocellated spots reddish
orange.

This larva is at all times of an extremely striking appear-
ance when stretched out, from its long tapering anterior
segments, like the snout of a hog (whence its name), and the
great eye-like spots; but when the anterior segments are
drawn in, the segments receiving them puffed out, swollen
and wrinkled, and the great eye-spots upon them even more
glaring and conspicuous, it becomes a truly formidable object,
and a cause of terror to the rustic mind. Few creatures can
look so truculent while so utterly harmless.

July and August on Epilobium hirsutum, also occasionally
on Galium verum, G. saxatile, G. palustre, G. uliginosum,
Circwa lutetiana, Menyanthes trifoliata, Impatiens noli-
me-tangere, and, in gardens, on Fuchsia. It seems to feed
mainly at night, concealing itself low down among the food
plant in the day, but is said to crawl up for the purpose of
sunning itself at about four o’clock P.M.

Pupa regularly and smoothly rounded, but with the abdo-
minal segments rather deeply divided, and tapering to a
point, which is somewhat broadly spiked. Colour pale
brown, rather tinged with buff and with smoky clouding;
anal tip black. On the back of some of the abdominal
segments is a row of sharp points. In a large open cocoon
of dirt and rubbish, held together with rather strong silk, on
or under the surface of the ground. Passing the winter in
this condition.

The moth flies swiftly and actively at dusk, and is very
partial to the blossoms of the Common Yellow flag (Jris
pseud-acorus), against the brilliant yellow petals of which its
bright pink colouring shows in a charming manner. Also
said to frequent the flowers of Honeysuckle and Monkshood
(Aconitum), and well known for its fondness for the “ sugar ”
spread on trees to attract noctuw. Up and down this it will

62 LEPIDOPTERA.

hover for a considerable time, taking a sip here and there,
and little disturbed even by the collector’s lantern.

Common through the southern portion of England, to
Cambridgeshire, and in Wales, though scarce in the midland
districts ; fairly common in Herefordshire, Cheshire, and
Lancashire, and occurring, though more sparingly, in various
parts of Yorkshire. In Scotland it is found in the Clyde
district and on the east coast further north towards Aberdeen.
In Ireland it has been found commonly in the County Wick-
low, and is plentiful in Galway and Kerry; has been taken
at Cavan, and appears to be pretty generally distributed.
In Enrope it is very widely spread, though apparently not
in the extreme north or south ; and is found in Armenia,
Siberia, and other parts of northern and western Asia. Also
apparently in India, though the names of macromera and
fraterna have been given to the hardly differing specimens
brought from that country ; and in Japan, though the larva
of the form, named Lewisii, found there, is said to be some-
what different.

4, C, nerii, Z. Expanse 44 inches.

Fore wings richly blotched and shaded with velvety green,
with a broad pink band and a whitish triangle ; hind wings
grey-brown with a whitish line; body marbled with green.

Antennz pale brown, the pectinations, in the male, con-
sisting of tufts of very short bristles. Head green, with
extremely large brown eyes. Thorax very robust, rich
green, with a whitish bar across the front, and a whitish
stripe down each side, meeting a slender oblique whitish
line from the middle of the back of the thorax, thus dividing
its area into three triangles. Abdomen very stout at the
base, gently rounded to past the middle, then tapering
rapidly off to a blunt point; greyish green, with a black bar
edged with white at the base of the dorsal surface, and a
white line edging several of the segments, on the sides of
which are also oblique whitish stripes, and, on the two last,

SPHINGIDA. 63

three large dark green spots placed in a triangular form.
Fore wings stout and strong, elongated and pointed ; costa
slightly but regularly curved throughout ; hind margin
slightly rounded ; dorsal margin gracefully rounded and
then hollowed so as to render the anal angle extremely
prominent. Hind wings short, bluntly pointed, with the
hind margin nearly straight, except towards the anal angle
which projects in a broad point. Fore wings richly marbled
with deeper and paler green, pink, white, and grey. At the
extreme base is a round dark green spot, broadly ringed with
whitish, then a large blotch of dark velvety green edged with
whitish and followed by a broad ill-defined oblique band of
pink or pinkish white slightly striped with green; beyond
this the colour is again velvety green, and in the middle of
the dorsal margin arises a slender pinkish white line, which,
after making a long indentation, curves indistinctly outward
through the centre of the wing towards the hind margin,
near which it makes a wide bend upwards and proceeds to
the costal margin, becoming, in this portion, broader and
more distinct. Between the longitudinal portion of this line
and the dorsal margin is a broad black and fuscous glistening
blotch of a sort of curved triangular shape, the basal portion
approaching the hind margin of the wing. From the broad
bend upward of the pinkish white line another line or stripe,
of the same colour but broader, runs back obliquely to the
costa, inclosing a somewhat triangular space, shaded with
pale green and pinkish white. A white line runs inward
from the apex, and under it is a semicircular dark green
patch edged with a whitish shading. The nervures beyond
the middle of the wing are lined with pinkish white. Cilia
green tinged with pink or brown. Hind wings dark smoky
grey tinged with brown, with an undulating transverse white
line from the costal margin to the anal angle, outside which
is a broad stripe of faintly greenish-brown or yellowish-brown,
almost yellow at the anal angle, and faintly edged outwardly
with black. Marginal area broadly tinged or clouded with

64 LEPIDOPTERA.

glistening green; cilia white. A large patch of whitish
scales lies in the dark grey area near the dorsal margin.
Sexes similar.

Underside of all the wings dull greenish-grey, greener
towards the hind margins, with a white line from the apex
of the fore wings obliquely to the dorsal margin, and con-
tinued on the hind wings to near the anal angle. At the
apex of the fore wings is an orange cloud; near it, but in-
side the white line, are two more, large and elongated ; at the
anal angle two more, all dusted and clouded with brown.
Hind wings clouded with orange near the base, and having
in this orange cloud a white, black-edged dot. Between this
and the white stripe is a curved indistinct double stripe,
whitish and brownish; and outside the white transverse line
there is an indistinct interrupted brownish-orange band,
most distinct towards the anal angle. Under part of thorax
green ; of abdomen greenish, tinged and blotched with faint
orange, and with a white central longitudinal line. Legs pale
ereenish-grey.

On the wing in August, September, and October.

Larva four inches long, very stout and of nearly equal thick-
ness from the fifth segment. Anterior segments tapering
rapidly ; head small; horn short and rough, pointing back-
ward and depressed at the tip. Head green or brown ; three
next segments yellow tinged or shaded with either green or
brown ; body, from the fourth segment, with the dorsal sur-
face broadly deep green or olive green, or more rarely ochreous
or brownish, yellow, dotted with black or white. This dark
dorsal portion is edged by a broad lateral whitish or yellowish
white stripe which extends to the twelfth segment, there
bending up to the base of the horn and cutting off the dark
colouring from the thirteenth segment, which in the green
larva is reddish-ochreous or yellow-green, in the brown larvee
yellow. Body below the lateral stripe of a paler hue than
the dorsal portion. On each side of the fourth segment is a

SPHINGIDE. 65

large blue spot, surrounded by an irregular black ring, and
containing two white spots. Kirby says that it feeds from
July to September, gregariously, upon the Oleander, pre-
ferring the flowers, but in this country it is understood that
the only larvee found have fed upon the common small Peri-
winkle (Vinca minor).

Pupa, as figured by Kirby and Hoffmann, very large and
elongated, thickest in the middle and rather tapering to the
head; abdominal segments deeply divided; apex with a
strong spike. Light bright brown, with the wing cases
paler, or tinged with pale grey, spiracles indicated by large
brown spots. The moth usually emerges in the same autumn,
but it is stated that pupz sometimes continue through the
winter, producing the perfect insects in June.

Quite the most rare of our hawk moths, only about a score
of captures in these islands being upon record. Indeed, it
is doubtless only a casual immigrant, and, although the larva
has been observed here, there is no reason to suppose that it
passes through its transformations successfully in this country.
Its extraordinary strength and power of flight render its
passage across wide extents of land and sea a matter of no
difficulty. It is in some degree attracted by flowers, and has
been captured at those of the honeysuckle and passion-
flower ; also in several instances attracted to lights in houses.
The records are so very few that they may be given in detail.
The first appears to be of a larva in a garden at Teignmouth
in 1832, followed by the capture of a moth at Dover in 1833 ;
and one was seen about the same date by Mrs. Raddonu in
Devonshire. In the year 1847 one appears to have been
taken at Prestwich; in 1852, one at Brighton, and another
in 1857; in 1859 two larve, which subsequently died, were
recorded as taken at Hastbourne: a moth at St. Leonards
in 1862; one at Sheffield in 1867; again at St. Leonards in
1868, which specimen is now in the British Museum ; one in
a garden at Birmingham in 1869; one at Southtown, Great

VOL. I. E

66 LEPIDOPTERA.

Yarmouth, in 1872; two in 1873, one of them at Ascot, Berks,
the other at Crieff, Scotland; one at Lewes, Sussex, in a
garden, in 1874; one at Hemel-Hempstead in 1876 (now in
the collection of Mr. G. T. Porritt, and obligingly lent for the
purposes of this work); one each at Eastbourne, Sussex,
Blandford, Dorset, and Tottenham, Middlesex, in 1884; one
at Hartlepool in 1885; another at Brighton in 1886; one
settled upon a railway at Poplar, London, in 1888 ; and one,
which had been seen for several successive evenings, was
captured flying about honeysuckle at Dartmouth, Devon, in
1890.

Stated by Kirby to be a rare species in Central Europe,
and only a casual visitor north of the Alps. More common
in Southern Europe, and throughout Africa, with Mauritius
and the Canary Isles; also in India and other parts of
Southern Asia.

Genus 6. MACROGLOSSA.

Antenne long; straight, robust, and very stout beyond
the middle; apex with a distinctly recurved point; pectina-
tions in the male very indistinct or confined to two widely
separated rows of extremely short bristles. Fore wings
broad and short, with oblique rounded hind margin; hind
wings short, with a slight projection at the anal angle.
Thorax and abdomen very broad and stout, the latter with
broad apical and lateral tufts of scales,

Larv& smooth, with lateral stripes and a distinct horn.
Pup# usually subterranean.

1. M. stellatarum, Z. LExpanse, 2 inches.

Fore wings dark grey, with black lines ; hind wings tawny ;
abdomen with black and white lateral tufts.

Antenne, dark grey, very thick towards the apex, narrow-
ing off rapidly, and provided with a short recurved point.
Head large and prominent, with densely tufted palpi, dark

SPHINGIDE. 67

grey. Tongue extremely long and flexible, black and shining.
Thorax remarkably broad and robust, dark grey. Abdomen
broad, short and rounded, grey above, shading into blackish
behind, blotched at the sides with black and pale yellow, and
haying on the sides of the last four segments large spreading
tufts of black scales edged with white, those upon the final
segment extremely broad, squared, and massed together.

Fore wings stout and strong, rather short, bluntly pointed,
having the costa straight to near the apex; hind margin
slightly rounded and very oblique; dorsal margin short,
slightly hollowed. Hind wings short, with the apex and
hind margin rounded, and the slightest possible hollowing
out before the anal angle. Fore wings dark grey, with a
distinct, black, slender, sinuous, transverse stripe before the
middle, and a less distinct, rather elbowed, similar stripe
beyond the middle, each having on the inner side a faint
parallel duplicate line; another, very slender, faintly dark
line crosses the wing at some distance outside the second
black stripe; and immediately following, with its margin
exactly parallel, is a darker grey shade which occupies the
entire hind margin. At the end of the discal cell is a round
black dot; cilia dark grey. Hind wings pale tawny, darker
towards the hind margin, which is edged and shaded with
blackish brown; base blackish, shading into the tawny
colour ; cilia pale brown.

Under side of fore wings golden brown ; of hind wings, pale
golden brown, shading into yellow at the anal angle. Face,
legs, and thorax beneath, whitish ; abdomen yellowish-white
mixed with blackish, and having the lateral tufts of long
scales black and white.

Very little subject to variation, but occasionally the hind
wings have the tawny colour replaced by dark brown, faintly
streaked with golden brown, especially towards the anal
angle.

On the wing from August to November, but most com-
monly in September ; and, after hybernation, less commonly

68 LEPIDOPTERA.

from April to June, or even July. The imago state in this
species seems sometimes to last for nine or ten months.

Larva, two inches in length. Cylindrical, except that the
anterior segments taper slightly to the head, which is rather
small and rounded ; segments smooth, not swollen, puckered,
nor retractile. On the twelfth segment is a rather short
straight rough horn, pointing obliquely backward and
tapering to a sharp point. The skin of the segments is
faintly divided, as in other species, by slight parallel trans-
verse wrinkles. Colour either greyish green or dull brown,
usually the former, darkest along the middle of the back,
and profusely set with minute white dots. Sub-dorsal line
whitish, dark-edged above; spiracular line yellowish; spiracles
black; horn bluish at the base, yellow at the tip.

July, August, and sometimes September, on Galiwm verwm
and GC, mollugo, occasionally also upon Rubia peregrina, and
in confinement has been known to eat Galiwm aparine
(Common goose-grass).

Pura rounded, rather slender, but thickest in the middle,
with a blunt, flattened, slightly projecting tongue case; last
segment with a short sharp anal spike. Skin thin and .
delicate, dull yellowish-grey or drab, with dark brown
spiracles, and the wing cases and lower surface veined with
the same colour. In an open loose silken cocoon among
rubbish, or amidst the stems and roots of the food-plant, near
the surface of the ground. In this stage only a few weeks.

The moth flies in the daytime, usually in the sunshine, and
especially late on a bright afternoon. Its swiftness and
power of flight are extraordinary. It appears, suddenly,
poised in front of a flower, and glides round from flower to
flower, extracting honey with its long flexible tongue, but is
never known to settle upon a blossom. If disturbed it is
instantly gone, high into the air, and passing over the trees
with a speed which the eye can scarcely follow. Irom these
peculiarities it is known as the Humming-bird moth, and has

SPHINGIDZ. 69

actually been at times mistaken for a genuine humming-bird,
by persons accustomed to those exquisite creatures in their
native lands, and but little acquainted with natural history,
It is much attracted by the blossoms of Larkspur, Scarlet
Geranium, Jasmine, Red Valerian (Centranthus), Verbena,
Marvel of Peru, Sweet William, and Honeysuckle, and does
not entirely restrict its attentions to them to the sunshine,
but will continue on the wing quite into the dusk on warm
evenings, and has even been taken at flowers by moonlight-
Its habits in other respects are erratic and curious ; it is fond
of flying along stone walls at the sides of fields, and the walls of
houses, examining the holes and interstices as though search-
ing for a place to hide in, and will even settle and run into
such places. Coal seems to have a peculiar attraction for it,
and it has often been seen examining the large heaps, or
resting for a short time on the lumps. The fronts of per-
pendicular cliffs are equally frequented ; and the reason does
not seem to be clearly ascertained—indeed, the moth has been
known to carefully examine, and settle upon, a glaring
advertisement poster. The most obvious suggestion is that
itis seeking a suitable place for hybernation, but if so, the
habit outlives the necessity, since the moth is quite as fond
of investigating walls in the spring as in the autumn.
Possibly its habit may be to take its ordinary repose in such
places of shelter, and this may account for the fact that we
rarely, if ever, find it at rest. For hybernation it enters
houses, outhouses, barns, and other buildings. Mr. Stainton
saw it after hybernation, in the early spring, at Rome, in
such numbers and under such circumstances that two or
three were buzzing in nearly every window of the Villa
Borghese.

It is said by some writers to be double-brooded, but all the
evidence seems to point the other way. The eggs are laid
after hybernation (the moth hovering over the plant while
she deposits them), and there is strong reason to believe that
this does not take place very early in the season; while, on

70 LEPIDOPTERA.

the other hand, no record seems to be obtainable of their
being laid at any time before hybernation.

A generally distributed and rather common species, and in
certain seasons—as in 1865—everywhere abundant ; while in
other years it is comparatively scarce. In England most
plentiful in the southern counties, and along the eastern and
western coasts. Much less common in the Midlands and
scarce in hill districts. In Scotland less common, but found
occasionally from the southern border to the Orkneys and
Shetlands. Common and widely distributed in Ireland. It is
also found occasionally at midnight at lighthouses, possibly
passing from one country to another. It is found all over
Europe, Northern Asia, Northern Africa with the Canaries,
and in India, China, Japan, and the Corea.

2. M. fuciformis, Z.; bombyliformis, Ochs., Staud.
Cat.—Expanse, 1} to 2 inches. Wings transparent, with a
rather broad reddish hind-marginal band; back of the
abdomen yellow with a red bar.

Antenne long, very stout beyond the middle; tipped with
a bent-back bristle formed of several tapering joints ; black ,
in the male with hardly perceptible pectinations, but larger
and thicker than in the female. Head large and thorax very
broad and robust, both blackish, but densely covered with dull
golden-yellow or greenish-yellow hairs. Abdomen broad,
short and rounded, dull olive-yellow, brighter at the sides,
crossed by a broad central transverse band of dark red,
beyond which the hinder segments are dull yellow, with pale
yellow lateral tufts, and a broad yellow and black anal
uft.

Fore wings short, blunt at the tip, with the costa nearly
straight, the hind margin rounded and very oblique, and the
dorsal margin slightly hollowed. Hind wings very short with
rounded apex and hind margin, but the anal angle produced
into a projecting point. Fore wings with the whole middle
area transparent and devoid of scales, except upon the

SPHINGIDE. 71

nervures, which are reddish-black and distinct ; hind margin
broadly banded with dark red-brown, or glistening dark red
scales on a blackish ground, the band broadest at the apex of
the wing and tapering very slightly, yet extending past the
anal angle ; costal margin blackish brown, dusted with yellow
towards the base: touching it is an oblique elongated reddish-
black spot at the end of the discal cell; base of the wings
reddish-black densely covered with long yellowish scales ;
from this arapidly tapering stripe of the same runs along the
dorsal margin. Hind wings transparent, with reddish-black
nervures, a dark red-brown stripe along the hind margin ;
base and dorsal margin broadly reddish-black, densely covered
with long, dull yellow scales. Cilia all very short, dark red.
But when freshly emerged from the pupa, and before flight,
every specimen has the whole surface of the wings covered
with large loose dark red scales, which in the broad central
portions of the wings are so loosely attached that they are
shaken off at the first flutter. These scales give the speci-
mens which have been killed before flight a dusky, semi-
transparent appearance.

Under side of all the wings broadly yellow at the base and
along the costa, with the hind margin broadly banded with
dark red, and the transparent surface brilliantly shot with
iridescent red. Face, legs, and underpart of the thorax pale
yellow; of the abdomen reddish, mixed with yellow and
black towards the tail.

Sexes similar and apparently not variable.

On the wing in May and June.

LaRvA one inch and two-thirds in length. Cylindrical,
except that the anterior segments taper a little to the head,
which is small; body smooth, though the usual wrinkles on
the segments are visible ; horn on the twelfth segment rather
rough, but sharply pointed and curved back. Head dark
green ; body a beautiful clear green, rather whiter on the
back, with darker green dorsal line, which is only visible at

72 LEPIDOPTERA.

the incisions of the segments; spiracular lines broadly yellow,
enclosing the spiracles, which are rust-red and have a white
spot above and below them; horn lilac at the base, shading
through reddish to brown at the tip. Before changing to
pupa the larva often becomes of a reddish-brown dusted with
whitish, and the broad spiracular line light brown. When
young it is not so smooth, but shagreened with minute rough
points. Occasionally the larva, although green, has the legs
and under-surface dull red. (Adapted from Buckler.)

July and August, on Honeysuckle, and in confinement will
eat Snowberry (Symphoricarpus racemosus).

Pupa rather slender, rounded, tapering towards the head, and
sharply so at the tail. Rich brown, shaded with purplish or
blackish on each segment and on the wing and antenna cases.
In aloose open network cocoon, among moss or grass roots at
the surface of the ground. In pupa through the winter.

A swift and lively species, flying in the sunshine, and, so
far as is known, never at night. It is usually found in open
places in and near woods, hovering at the blossoms of Lychnis
flos-cucult (Ragged robin), Rhinanthus crista-galli (Yellow
rattle), Rhododendron, Betonica officinalis, and especially
Ajuga reptans (Common bugle), sucking nectar as it hovers,
and never alighting upon the flowers; in this respect differing
from the large humble bees which it so closely resembles in
appearance. Its eggs are deposited while hovering over
honeysuckle sprays, upon the leaves, and are easily found.

Generally distributed in woods in the south of England,
and common in Surrey, Sussex, Kent, and Hants. Rather
common also in Devon, but apparently less so in Somerset,
Dorset, and Gloucestershire. Not scarce in Berks, rare in
Suffolk and Norfolk, though widely distributed in the latter
county. In Northamptonshire locally common, once recorded
in Cambridgeshire, and found in some parts of Lincolnshire
and Yorkshire. In Scotland it is said to have been taken in
the Solway and Clyde districts, but there may be confusion

SPHINGIDE. 73

with the following species; if not, it is certainly rare.
Abroad it ranges through Europe except the extreme north
and part of the extreme south ; also over portions of Northern
and Western Asia and Northern Africa. .

It may be well to point out that the present species is
known as the Broad-bordered Bee-hawkmoth; but that
German authors (following Ochsenheimer) transpose the
names of this and the following species, which is known, with
us, as the Narrow-bordered Bee-hawkmoth.

3. M. bombyliformis, Hsp. fuciformis, Ochs., Steph.,
Staud. Cat.—Expanse 1? inch. Wings transparent, with a
narrow brown marginal band; abdomen yellow, with two
slender black bars.

Antenne long, thick beyond the middle, black, without
pectinations ; having a recurved point or bristle at the tip.
Head rather prominent; thorax very broad and robust ; both
black, but completely covered with long dull yellow hairs,
palest above the insertion of the wings. Abdomen
broad, short, rounded, densely covered with long yellow
scales, except upon two central narrow black transverse
bands, which are sometimes partially united or suffused ;
hinder segments with whitish-yellow lateral tufts and a broad
anal tuft, or brush, of dull yellow and black. Fore wings very
slightly broader and shorter than in the preceding species,
hind wings also a little shorter, and rounder. Fore and hind
wings transparent, with the nervures slender and distinctly
reddish-black. Costa of the fore wings narrowly purplish-
black; hind margin having a purplish-brown stripe, which is
broad at the apex of the wing, but narrows rapidly, becomes
very slender below the middle, and terminates in a point at
the anal angle; dorsal margin blackish, broadly so at the
base, thinly covered with yellowish-brown scales. At the end
of the discal cell is an oblique line, hardly thicker than the
other nervures. Hind wings with an extremely narrow brown
stripe along the hind margin, broader at the anal angle and

74 LEPIDOPTERA.

on the dorsal margin, where it is clothed with long yellowish
scales. When freshly emerged from the pupa the wings are
thinly covered with silvery-grey scales, having a purplish
iridescence. These are shaken off at the first movement.
Under side of all the wings brilliantly iridescent, with
purple reflections; basal portion—of the hind wings espe-
cially—bright yellow ; nervures yellow ; margins dull reddish-
grey. Face and under-part of the thorax whitish-yellow, of
the abdomen yellowish mixed with black.

Sexes similar, and not variable.

On the wing in the latter part of May and in June.

Larva 12 inch in length. Cylindrical, but tapering a little
to the head, which is small and rounded; horn on the twelfth
segment slender, and sharply pointed, bent obliquely back,
Head green. Body rather full green ; each segment with a
few whitish dots; subdorsal line pale green, and having
immediately above it, from the fifth to the twelfth segments,
a row of elongated claret-red spots or short lines; a similar,
but larger, row of spots or streaks of claret colour lies
along the spiracular region of the same segment and is con-
tinued to the thirteenth. Horn green at the base, dark red
to the apex; legs, pro-legs, and sometimes the under surface,
claret-red.

July and August on Seabiosa succisa, and probably
S. arvensis ; biting holes in the leaves, and resting on their
undersides.

Pura dark brown, in a slight loose cocoon, among rubbish
in some sheltered nook on or just under the surface of the
ground. In the pupa state through the winter.

This, the Narrow-bordered Bee-hawkmoth, is like the
preceding, a day-flying species, extremely swift and sudden
in its motions, appearing, in a moment, poised on quivering
wings (something like a great bee) at a flower, and trying
blossom after blossom, but if disturbed disappearing like a
flash, It loves to extract the honey from blossoms of Lotus

SPHINGIDA. 75

corniculatus, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Pedicularis sylvatica and
P. palustris, Menyanthes trifoliata, and other marsh and _hill-
side plants. It is found in open meadows near woods and
in the woodland glades, also in marshy spots in the hollows
of hills and of woody heaths, and about the adjoining gullies
and hill-slopes; but is shy and difficult of approach in the
hot sunshine.

Its range is more northern than that of the last species.
In Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, and Northamptonshire it used to
be abundant, and is still to be found in certain localities. In
the Cambridgeshire fen-lands, where Mr. Doubleday found it
abundantly in 1841, it appears to have become very scarce,
and this seems to be the case also in Norfolk. In Devon it
has been taken at Bickleigh Vale and near Barnstaple, but is
very rare; more common in Herefordshire, Gloucestershire,
and Berkshire ; scarce in Surrey, Sussex, Hants, and Suffolk ;
but is apparently spreading southward, and most likely may
be found in some secluded marshy meadow in every southern
county. It is also recorded from Lancashire, Carlisle,
and the Lake District; but records from the Midland and
mid-western districts seem to be wanting. In Wales it has
been found plentifully near Swansea, more rarely near
Penarth, and very uncommonly in Pembrokeshire. Much
more generally distributed in Scotland, where it has been
taken in Roxburghshire, near Glasgow, at Dunoon, and various
parts of Argyleshire, commonly near Oban ; also at Kerrera in
Sutherlandshire, Perthshire, and at Inverurie, Aberdeenshire,
In Ireland also widely distributed, having been found near
Cork, at Athenry, Killarney, Glandore, New Glendalough
in the county Wicklow, Connemara, Galway, Sligo, Down,
and Antrim. Abroad it ranges through Eastern, Central,
and Western Europe, Asia Minor, Persia, and parts of
Siberia.

76 LEPIDOPTERA.

Family 2. SESIIDZ.

ANTENN& thickened in the middle, gracefully curved,
tapering to a long point. Tore wings long and very narrow,
broadest towards the apex, and with a very short rounded
hind margin. Hind wings long and narrow, rounded behind.
Abdomen long, usually banded with bright colours.

Larv& smooth, soft, maggot-like, and without bright colours
or definite markings. Burrowing in the bark of trees, in twigs
or shoots of trees or bushes, or in root-stocks of herbaceous
plants.

Pur& long and slender, with numerous short strong spines
on the abdominal segments. In a cocoon in the burrow made
by the larva.

The structure of the fore wings in this group is somewhat
peculiar ; the costal nervure is strong and doubled and the
sub-costal lies closely parallel to it, forming together a very
firmly ribbed margin which is usually covered by a costal
stripe of coloured scales. The median nervure is relatively
distant from the sub-costal, lying rather near to the dorsal
margin ; it is continued unbroken two-thirds the length of
the wing, where it is united by a cross-bar with the sub-
costal; from this cross-bar the usual smaller nervures, or
nervules as they are sometimes called, are thrown off to the
hind margin. The usual sub-dorsal nervure becomes dorsal—
that is to say, it runs along the dorsal margin instead of
within it.

The structure, appearance, and habits of the perfect insects
and of the larvee of this group bear little or no resemblance
to those of the preceding, so far as the species found in this
country are concerned, but the connection by means of
numerous and various intermediate forms, in exotic groups,
is very close, and seems fully to justify the present position
of this family. It also appears to be closely allied to a group

SESIIDA. “7

of small and very beautiful exotic species—Hretmocera, &c.,
which have hitherto been placed among the Tineina, In
another direction the present family is more distantly con-
nected by means of the brilliant genera Huchromia and
Syntomis, and many other lovely and wonderfui forms, with
the Zygeenide.

The resemblance of the species of the present group to
various species of Hymenoptera and Diptera and particularly
to the Ichneumon-flies, is most extraordinary ; and has, in
many instances, suggested the specific names.

Genus 1. SESIA.

Antenne very gracefully curved, thickened in the middle,
tapering to a long point; furnished in the male with short
tufts of bristles in pairs on the under side of the shaft ;
these tufts, though in some species extremely short, being
thick and regular ; apex of the antennz with a tuft of longer
bristles. Fore and hind wings very narrow; abdomen long
and slender, with a broad anal tuft.

Larv& soft and fleshy, with short pro-legs. In the bark,
shoots, or twigs of trees and shrubs, and the roots of low
plants.

Pur# very slender and active, moving by means of
abdominal and anal spines.

A table of the species may be useful.
A. Fore wings with only a slender streak trans-
parent.
B. Fore wings brown. Asi/iformis.
BB. Fore wings bright red. Chrysidiformas.
AA, Fore wings bronzy-brown with two small trans-
parent spaces. Philanthiformas.
AAA. Fore wings mainly transparent.
C. Abdominal belts yellow or whitish.

78 LEPIDOPTERA.

D. Abdomen with six or seven belts; anal tuft
slender. Jchnewmonformis.

DD. Abdomen with four or five bright yellow belts;
anal tuft large, black in the male, yellow in
the female. Cynipiformis.

DDD. Abdomen with three or four slender belts, anal
tuft black. TZipuliformis.
DDDD. Abdomen with two belts; anal tuft reddish-
yellow. <Andreniformis.
DDDDD. Abdomen with two belts; anal tuft chesnut.
Scoliafornus.
DDDDDD. Abdomen with one belt; anal tuft black.
Spheeiformis.
. Abdominal belts red or orange.
. Tip of fore wings reddish-bronze. Formici-
forms.
EE. Base of fore wings red. Culiciformis.
EEE. Fore wings without red colour. Myopaformis.

HS

1. S. asiliformis, Schif:; vespiformis, Westw.,
Sin.; tabaniforme; Staud. Cat.—Hxpanse 1} to 14
inch. Fore wings bronzy-brown, opaque; hind wings
transparent; abdomen black with yellow belts; palpi
bright yellow.

Antenne of moderate length, black, strongly pectinated in
the male, simple and rather short in the female. Palpi black
above, bright yellow in front. Head black; collar yellow;
thorax black; abdomen blue-black, with three equidistant
yellow belts, the first and second narrow, the third broad and
placed close to the anal tuft. This belt in the male is very
broad or even divided into two. Anal tuft black, narrow in
the female. Legs yellow, blotched with black, the tibize being
of a bright orange-yellow. [ore wings very narrow but
broadest near the apex, opaque, of a dark purplish-brown,
devoid of markings except that in the male two slender
transparent streaks lie between nervures, from the base one-

SESHD. 79

third the length of the wing; in the female these are very
slightly indicated. Hind wings transparent with brown
nervures and the margins narrowly purple-brown. Cilia all
purple-brown.

Under side of the fore wings pale purple-brown, suffused,
especially upon the margins and nervures, with glossy golden
scales; hind wings iridescent blue with the margins, nervures,
and cilia, golden purple. Thorax black beneath, with a
yellow streak on each side; abdomen also black, with a
broad central yellow belt. Antenne towards the base,
beneath, yellowish.

On the wing in June and the beginning of July.

Larva whitish yellow with a darker dorsal line and with
scattered solitary bristles; head and dorsal plate black-brown.
Lives in the trunks of poplars—Populus nigra and P. trenvula—
making a gallery under the bark, in which it passes the
winter, becoming full fed at the end of May; changing to
the pupa state within the burrow, but having previously
enawed the bark so thin that the pupa is able to break
through it. (Hoffmann.)

Pura yellow brown. In a cocoon in the larva-burrow, in
the bark of the poplar.

Always a very rare species in this country. Haworth
(1803) says “very rare near London.” Samouelle (1832)
furnishes an accurate figure and description, giving the
same locality, and mentioning willow, as well as poplar, as
its food. Mr. H. Doubleday (1858) mentions that he has
taken three specimens in his own garden at Epping, Hssex,
all of them near a trunk of aspen, which had been brought
in from the woods, and used as a support; he also mentions
the capture of others in the neighbourhood, and of the dis-
covery of empty pupa skins protruding from an aspen trunk
in a wood. Stephens records it from Birch Wood and
Bexley, Kent, and from Colney Hatch Wood, Middlesex.
Besides these a few specimens have been obtained at

80. LEPIDOPTERA.

Ashford, Kent, and Mr. 8. Webb has seen two believed to
have been taken near Chiswick. I know of no recent
capture.

It is found not uncommonly in France and other portions
of Central and Southern Europe, and occurs also in Scandi-
navia and Finland.

2. S. scolizeformis, Hiib.—LExpanse, 1} inch. Wings
transparent with the cross-bar and tip black. Abdominal
belts yellowish ; anal tuft chestnut.

Antenne, in the male, black and distinctly pectinated ; in
the female simple, black also, but with a large space from
the middle to just below the apex silvery yellowish-white.
Head black ; collar reddish at the sides ; thorax black, with
a long slender yellow stripe on each shoulder ; abdomen black
with two clear yellow rings or slender belts; anal tuft large,
chestnut or yellowish-red, mixed with black at the base, and
with chestnut side-sections; legs yellowish, clouded with
black, tarsi brownish. Wings transparent, with the nervures
black ; costal margin of the fore wings broadly deep black ;
dorsal margin very narrowly black; hind margin dull black
and haying its area, more especially towards the costa, filled
with a large smoky-black blotch, in which the deep black
nervures are visible; transverse spot deep black, ovate, and
not reaching the dorsal margin. Hind wings margined with
black ; all the cilia smoky-brown.

Under side of the wings like the upper, except that the
costal margins of both fore and hind wings are yellow; the
transparent surface shining, but not iridescent. Palpi and
front of the thorax orange-yellow ; remainder of the under
surface of the thorax black; of the abdomen black, with a
broad yellow belt, and the anal tuft orange-red, with the
centre yellow ; legs yellow with blackish spots.

On the wing in June or in late seasons in July.

Larva slightly flattened, of tolerably even thickness, with
segments deeply divided; furnished with short, scattered,

SESIIDA. 81

fine hairs. Head pale brown, dorsal plate whitish with two
brown spots; body pinkish white tinged with yellowish
behind, with a slender dark brown dorsal line, and with
faint transverse brownish lines or wrinkles on each segment.
Legs black; prolegs very short, whitish; spiracles black ;
anal segment bristly.

August to May in a burrow under the bark of large, old,
rough-barked birch trees, feeding on the inner bark.

Pura elongated, of rather even thickness, with prominent
antenna and wing-cases, and a horizontal ridge just in front
of the eye-cases. Abdominal segments with rows of short
spines. General colour dark shining brown, with the ridge
and eye-cases darker, the wing-cases edged with chestnut,
and the abdomen banded with paler brown. In a thick
ovate reddish cocoon of silk and raspings of wood, placed at
the end of the burrow, and immediately under the surface of
the thick bark, the skin of which is gnawed to a mere pellicle,
through which the pupa forces the front: part of its body when
ready to produce the moth. There is scarcely a trace ex-
ternally of the presence of the pupa, and when discovered it
is hard work to cut it out safely from the old rough bark,
The cocoon is usually about four or five feet from the ground,
always in the trunk of the tree.

The moth is said to emerge in the early morning sunshine.
It is timid, and on being disturbed throws itself off back-
wards and falls to the ground, hiding among the herbage
or undergrowth. First found about the year 1854 at Llan-
gollen, North Wales, where there appears to have been a
considerable colony in some very large old birch trees. Here
in the course of three seasons at least fifty specimens seem
to have been secured. At the death of the captor, Mr.
Ashworth, the locality was lost, but was re-discovered by the
late Messrs. E. Birchall and N. Cooke in 1862, and other speci-
mens taken ; then the trees were cut down and the insect was
again lost, though from the capture of a single specimen

VOL, Il, F

82 LEPIDOPTERA.

sitting on a stone in the same wood in 1864 it became
evident that the species was not exterminated; and it was
again taken in 1881, though only singly. On July 15th, 1867,
a specimen was taken by Mr. N. Cooke in the Black Wood
at Rannoch, and there the larva has since been found com-
monly, but with little result, nearly all being infested with
ichneumons. Of the very few reared, some are considerably
smaller than Welsh examples. One such was reared by
Mr. R. Adkin in 1892. But Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher possesses
a Rannoch specimen of fully the ordinary size, and several,
obtained from Sutherlandshire, which are larger than any of
those from North Wales. The species is also said to have
been found in Argyleshire, and appears to be confined to
northern and hilly districts with us. In the present year
(1895) a good many have been reared from pupz obtained in
these Scottish localities, and I have myself, through Mr.
Fletcher’s kindness, reared full-sized examples. In 1857 the
capture of a specimen near Ramsbury, Wilts, was recorded
by the late Mr, E. C. Rye. If.correct, this is the only known
instance in the south of England; but Dr. Chapman states
that it has been taken near Hereford. Mr. H. Birchall was
of opinion that he found traces of the larva and pupa in
birch trunks at Killarney, Ireland, but this observation does
not seem to have been confirmed.

Abroad it is found in Northern and Central Europe,
Piedmont, and Southern Russia.

3. S. spheciformis, Schiff Expanse, 1} to 14 inch.
Wings transparent; bar and tip black; antenne black and
white; abdominal belt yellow; anal tuft black.

Antenne rather strongly pectinated in the male, simple in
the female, strongly curved outward at the tips; black,
except that the shaft from beyond the middle to near the
apex is pale yellow. Head and thorax deep black, the latter
with a slender yellow stripe on each side and a small yellow
spot at the back. Abdomen blue-black with a single narrow

SESMDA. 83

pale yellow belt near the base and two or three yellow spots
on each side; anal tuft black; legs blackish, tarsi shaded
with yellow.

Wings transparent with the nervures purplish black; fore
wings with the costal margin broadly, and the dorsal margin
narrowly, purplish black; apex and hind margin black, and
containing a large, rather crescent shaped, apical blotch,
which extends along the hind margin, purple black tinged
with bronzy ; transverse spot large, but not quite reaching
the dorsal margin, purple black. Hind wings with the
margins and a central spot near the costa purplish biack.
All the cilia smoky brown.

Under side of all the wings iridescent. Fore wings with
the costal and dorsal margins bright yellow; apical blotch
and transverse spot purple, but tinged in the male with
orange; hind wings with bronzy margin and nervures; cilia
all of a lovely bronzy purple. Palpi yellow. Under part of
thorax black with a yellow spot on each side, of abdomen
black with a yellowish spot on each side at the base, an
imperfect yellow belt, and a faint yellow spot under the black
anal tuft. Legs blackish beneath, with the spines and tarsi
pale yellow. On the wing in June and the beginning of
July.

Larva one inch in length. Head flattened, purplish red-
brown ; second segment larger than the rest, having on the
back a shining plate, outlined with brown ; body pale yellowish
flesh colour with the dorsal vessel indistinctly seen through
the semi-transparent skin ; spiracles brown, indistinct ; anal
plate shining ochreous ; a few short fine hairs on the body.
Burrowing in the stem of an alder tree. (Buckler.)

Mr. W. H. Tugwell says: “ Eggs are laid in June, hatched
in July, and the young larvee commence to feed under the
bark of alder (Alnus glutinosa). Through the next year and
the following they tunnel in the solid wood; but, when full-
grown in May of the third year, each larva eats its way to the

84 LEPIDOPTERA.

surface, and there spins up, covered only by the thin skin of
the bark. It inhabits branches and stems of all sizes from
one-third of an inch to the thickness of a man’s leg, but keeps
generally near the ground. It forms no cocoon, the upper
end of the feeding tunnel for three or four inches is merely
made large enough to change in and also to allow the pupa
to work up and down by means of the spines on its abdomen,
which it does with the utmost facility, the bottom of this
portion of the tunnel being closed by a plug of wood raspings.
It will even force out the head portion of the pupa through
the bark when ready to emerge, and then if the weather is
dull, withdraw again, perhaps even for a day or two. It is
found in trees and isolated bushes outside woods.”

Pupa rather slender with the back of the thorax and head
smoothly rounded off to the front, where is a sharp projection,
like a beak, pointing a little forwards, and apparently used
for piercing the bark when ready to emerge. Antenna and
wing cases prominent. Hach segment of the abdomen
furnished at its front edge with a row of broad, closely set
points, those on the hinder segments much the most prominent,
while the anal segment has a series of large strong raised
points, and is bent forward so as most effectively to use them
in moving up and down its tunnel. Colour shining dark
pitchy brown with the edges of the limb cases and incisions
of the segments reddish brown. (The living pupa was
furnished by Mr. A. F. Griffiths.)

The moth emerges in the early morning sunshine, sits on
the leaves of the alder trees and neighbouring plants, and flies
about them in bright warm sunshine, but is very rarely seen.
Many have been captured by Messrs. Tugwell and Robinson
by taking freshly reared females to their haunts and thereby
attracting the males. These are described as coming up
with a straight booming flight that is unmistakable, but if
alarmed dashing off with such rapidity that the eye cannot
follow their motions. Found most frequently in Tilgate

SESIIDA. 85

Forest, Sussex, but has been taken in Burnt Wood, Bishops
Wood, and other places in North Staffordshire, in Hereford-
shire, at Chat Moss, Lancashire, and in Yorkshire, Essex,
and possibly in Norfolk; also formerly in the Isle of Wight,
and near London. In the present year it has been taken
near Basingstoke, Hants, by Mr. Hamm, and Sir John
Llewellyn’s gardener has found it at Neath, South Wales.
It does not seem to have been met with in the other portions
of the United Kingdom, but abroad is widely distributed
in Northern and Central Europe, with Northern Italy,
Southern Russia and Siberia.

4. §. andreeniformis, Laspeyres; allantiformis,
Newman.—Expanse 1 inch. Wings transparent, nervures
black, thickened, apex broadly black, antennee black, abdomen
with two yellow belts and an orange tuft.

Antenne rather slender, thickening very gradually from the
base to near the apex, then suddenly tapering to the point,
black. Head and thorax deep black; abdomen blue-black
with two slender yellow rings or belts, the second slightly the
broader ; between and beyond these the edges of the segments
are slightly tinged with yellow; anal tuft blue-black at the base,
then reddish-yellow ; legs with the tarsi shining blue-black,
tibize yellow and black, spurs yellow. Wings transparent.

Costal margin of the fore wings black, most broadly so at
the base and beyond the middle ; dorsal margin black, broadly
so at the base; apical and hind marginal space filled by a
broad purple-black blotch, from the perpendicular inner edge
of which the nervures are distinctly thickened with black
scales; transverse bar broad, black, touching the black
margin on each side; transparent portion of the wings rather
narrow. Hind wings with nervures black, and a purple
black border to the hind margin, broadest at the apex. Cilia
all black.

Under side of the wings brilliant with a purplish golden
gloss; nervures black; margins black, thinly covered with

86 LEPIDOPTERA.

golden-yellow scales; transverse bar purplish black; apical
blotch black, with the nervures in it covered with glistening
golden scales. Palpi bright yellow ; thorax blue-black, with a
yellow patch on each side ; abdomen blue-black, with a broad
yellow belt, and the anal tuft as on the upper side.

When alive the insect spreads out its anal tuft, like a fan,
and it then appears black at each side, pale yellow at the
base, and the larger middle portion fulvous.

On the wing at the end of June and in July.

The Larva appears to be unknown, though suspected of
feeding in the stems of Cornus sanguinea (Dogwood).

Excessively rare in thiscountry. The first specimen seems
to have been taken at Darenth Wood, Kent, in the year 1829 ;
and several more are recorded from the same wood, and
from Greenhithe, though at long intervals. One of these was
beaten out of dogwood (Cornus sanguinea). The Rev. A. W.
Wratislaw took one flying about a hedge of the same plant
between Folkstone and Dover about 1858, and Mr. R. C. L.
Perkins another in the same manner at Wotton-under-Edge,
Gloucestershire, in 1886. One was taken basking in the
sunshine, upon a laurel leaf, in a garden near Tring, Hertford-
shire, in 1876; Mr.C. A. Briggs has one taken at Gravesend,
and Mr. 8. Webb one from near Dover, where three were
seen and two captured in 1889. There is also a record of
a single specimen taken near Bristol. Abroad it is found
in Austria, Hungary, and Southern Russia, but does not
appear to be found commonly anywhere.

5. S. tipuliformis, Z.—Expanse, § to ? inch. Wings
transparent, tip bronzy, cross bar black; abdominal belts
slender, yellow ; anal tuft spreading, black.

Antenne slender, black; head and thorax black, the latter
with a slender yellow stripe on each side ; abdomen. slender,
deep black, with three very narrow, equidistant, yellow rings
or belts; anal tuft large and spreading, blue black; legs

SESTIDA. 87

purple black with orange dashes, Wings transparent with
black nervures. Fore wings with the costal margin blackish ;
dorsal margin narrowly black; apical and hind marginal
- space filled with a blotch consisting of narrow lines of reddish
orange separated by broad black lines on the nervures;
transverse bar broad, black. Hind wings with the hind
margin bronzy black. Cilia all dark bronzy grey.

Under side of fore wings iridescent light blue; costal and
dorsal margins yellow; apical blotch orange divided by black
nervures ; cross-bar dark purple; of hind wings iridescent
purple with the margin bronzy orange; cilia all dark grey
with a golden gloss, Palpi bright yellow; thorax black ;
abdomen black with yellow lateral spots indicating the belts
of the upper side; legs yellow with blackish dashes.

June, and, in its northern range, in July.

Larva slender, smooth, shining, with a few scattered
bristles ; usual spots slightly raised; divisions of segmenis
rather deep. Head reddish brown, with the mouth darker,
and the lobes outlined with whitish ; second segment with a
pale yellowish-brown horny plate; body whitish-ochreous,
unicolorous, with very faint indications of a darker dorsal
line. In the pith of the stems of currant trees (Aibes rubrum
and &. nigrum) feeding downwards, (C. Fenn.)

August to May, but possibly feeding two years.

Pupa red brown; placed head upwards, within the stem,
at the junction of two or more branches, close to a small
aperture prepared by the larva. (C. Fenn.)

A common species in gardens about the currant bushes,
sunning itself upon the leaves, and hovering about around
them, but so little timid that it may be touched with the hand,
and has been known to be attracted by the blossoms of
aromatic plants such as thyme and marjoram.

Very common in most parts of England; abundant in the
south; found in Yorkshire and South-west Lancashire, but

88 LEPIDOPTERA.

apparently very scarce, or absent, farther north, and in Scot-
land has only been noticed, rarely, in the south. Scarce or
absent in some parts of Wales. In Ireland it was found
commonly near Dublin by Mr. E. Birchall, and has recently
been reared by Mr. J. N. Milne at Londonderry.

Abroad it is widely distributed in Northern and Central
Europe, Piedmont, Southern Russia, Bulgaria, Dalmatia, and
Armenia. It has been imported into North America with
currant bushes, and has there effected a settlement, and is
supposed to have arrived by the same means in New Zealand,
where it has been found by Mr. R. W. Fereday.

6. S. cynipiformis, /sp.; asiliformis, Staud. Cat.—
Expanse ? to 1 inch. Wings transparent, cross-bar red, tip
purplish ; abdominal belts yellow; anal tuft yellow or black.

Antenne blue-black ; head black; collar yellow; thorax
black, with a yellow stripe on each side above the insertion of
the wings; abdomen slender in the male, stouter in the
female, black, with two yellow spots at the base, and three
brilliantly yellow belts placed at regular intervals, the last of
which, placed immediately before the anal tuft, is double in
the male, with the tuft black ; single in the female, with the
tuft golden yellow. Legs bright yellow, with a black bar, and
the tarsi orange.

Wings transparent, with the nervures purplish black. Fore
wings with allthe margins purplish black, and having a dusky
purplish or bronzy-purple apical blotch which is divided by
the black nervures; transverse spot rich orange-red, edged
inwardly with black. Hind wings edged with purplish black,
Cilia all dusky purplish grey.

Under side of the transparent portions of the wings iridescent
blue ; fore wings with the base and costal margin glistening
yellow, dorsal margin narrowly reddish, apex yellow with the
nervures dark, transverse spot orange red, cilia bronzy grey ;
margin of hind wings bronzy purple. Palpi and front of the
thorax yellow; remainder of the under side of the thorax

— =

SESHIDZ. 89

black ; of abdomen black with two yellow belts; anal tuft of
the male beneath black and yellow, of the female light yellow.

There is occasional variation in the markings of the abdomen
on the upper side, the belts in the female being at times
broader, and the two yellow basal spots larger or united into
a crescent, while in other specimens in both sexes faint
yellow lines appear between, and parallel with the belts. Mr.
R. Adkin has, this year, reared a specimen having the right
fore wing normal, but in the left the transverse spot yellow,
and yellow scales replacing the purple at the apex and inside
the costal stripe.

July and the beginning of August.

Larva nearly an inch long. Head small and flattened ;
body cylindrical, but tapering a little at the tail, plump, with
segments rather deeply divided. Head dark purplish brown,
mouth blackish, above it a flesh-coloured spot; plate on the
second segment shining brown; body of a rather opaque
yellowish flesh-colour, with the dorsal vessel faintly indicated
in the last segments; plate on the anal segment pale yel-
lowish brown; body set with the usual tubercular spots, each
with a short brown bristle ; spiracles minute, flesh-coloured,
edged with dark brown. (Buckler.)

Full fed in May or June, in the trunks of oak trees, feed-
ing on the inner bark. Dr. T. A. Chapman says that the
insect also takes advantage of felled oak trees, the larva feed-
ing within the open edge of the stump where it was cut
across. He believes that the larval stage continues through
nearly two years.

Pura half an inch long, slender, tapering behind, with
deeply divided segments, tips of the antenna and wing-
cases long, and projecting a little from the body and sides ;
abdominal segments with two rows each, or in the last three
segments one row each, of small, sharp hooks pointing back-
ward; anal segment with a circlet of hooks. Colour shining
brown, hooks blackish. (Buckler.) In asmall, rough chamber

go LEPIDOPTERA.

in the oak bark, through the thin covering of which it partly
forces itself before the emergence of the moth.

The moth emerges in the morning, and is fond of sunning
itself upon oak trunks. It is said to fly mostly from 10 A.M.
to noon, and has been found on flowers of the nettle. It
has long been known as a denizen of Hyde Park, London,
and in some years, as in 1856 and 1867, has been very com-
mon there; indeed the vast majority of the specimens in
British collections have been obtained from this favoured and
readily accessible spot. Hlsewhere it appears to frequent
woods, or the scattered trees in open parks, and has been
found in Kent, Sussex, Devonshire (near both Plymouth and
Exeter), Herefordshire, Staffordshire, Leicestershire, Oxford-
shire, Essex, and more rarely in Suffolk, Gloucestershire,
Somerset, and near Doncaster, Yorks. But it is, like its
congeners, readily overlooked, and doubtless may be found,
where oak is plentiful, in some part of most of the more
southern English counties.

Abroad it ranges through Central and Southern Europe
and Asia Minor.

7. S. myopeformis, Pork. Expanse, }? to 1 inch.
Wings transparent, tips purplish black, belt of abdomen red.

Antenne rather long, serrated, black; head, thorax, and
legs blue-black; abdomen long and slender in the male,
stouter in the female, black, with a broad central vermilion
belt; anal tuft long and dense, blue-black. Wings trans-
parent, with black nervures ; fore wings with a black stripe
along the costal margin, a narrow black line along the dorsal
margin, hind margin broadly black with a faint coppery or
purplish tinge, and the cross-bar, or transverse spot, black.
Hind wings with the hind margin rather broadly black
with a coppery tinge, and having, near the costa, an oblique
black central streak. Cilia all smoky-black.

Under side of the wings having all the transparent mem-
branes of a brilliant iridescent blue, the margins brilliant

SESHDA. gI

orange-yellow, nervures blackish, cross-bar and apical blotch
orange-yellow, but with the nervures visibly black and divid-
ing them, in the female broadly so; cilia coppery-black.
Palpi silvery, thorax black beneath, tinged in front with
silvery, and with a brilliant orange blotch on each side;
abdomen beneath blackish, with a jong yellow patch in the
male, but with no indication of the red belt of the upper
side ; in the female blue-black, and showing the red belt ;
anal tuft, beneath, yellowish in the male, blue-black in the
female; legs black, except the tarsi, which are yellowish-
white, clouded with black.

This species is liable to considerable variation in the colour
of the abdominal belt, from vermilion to orange-red, orange,
and even yellow.

On the wing in June, July, and August.

Larva three-fourths of an inch long, of even thickness,
rather flattened; head rounded; second segment slightly
broad ; skin wrinkled, with the horny spots slightly raised,
and each bearing a bristle ; segments rather inclined to over-
lap. Head red-brown, dorsal plate large, partly covering the
third segment, tinged with bright brown ; body dirty white,
with pinkish pulsating dorsal vessel, and the fifth to eighth
segments tinged with purplish-pink; pro-legs hardly visible.
(Hellins.)

August to June, in trunks and branches of apple trees,
feeding on the inner bark ; but it may feed during two years.

Pupa long, slender, cylindrical, but tapering at the tail,
which is blunt, and has a circlet of small spines. Abdominal
segments with two rows, or, in case of the hinder, with one
row of dorsal points. Glossy light brown, with darker brown
wing-cases; head and rows of points still darker brown. In
a chamber in the rough bark of apple trees, forcing its way
partly through the skin of the bark when ready to produce
the perfect insect,

92 LEPIDOPTERA.

The moth sits on the apple trees, either on the trunk or on
leaves ; also upon shrubs and low plants growing beneath,
and occasionally comes to flowers in the gardens. It is
common in the gardens of the London suburbs wherever old
apple trees exist, and has been found in gardens in Norwich.
Elsewhere it mainly frequents orchards, and is sometimes
abundant in Surrey, Kent, and various parts of Cambridge-
shire. Scarce in Sussex, Devon, Somerset, Gloucestershire,
and Herefordshire; found in several localities in Suffolk,
Essex, and Middlesex. It has also been found near Sheffield,
and a single specimen, “sitting on a road close to some old
apple trees,” at Grange, Lancashire. But it is most easily
overlooked, and probably will be found in suitable places in
almost every county south of Yorkshire and Lancashire.

In Ireland it was recorded by Mr. E. Birchall from Dublin
and Cork, but does not appear to have been noticed recently.
Abroad it is found in Silesia, and many other parts of Central
Europe, Livonia, Dalmatia, Greece, and Southern and Eastern
Russia.

8. S. culiciformis, Z. Expanse 1 to 1} inch. Wings
transparent ; fore wings reddish or orange at the base, purplish
black at the tip ; abdominal belt red.

Antenne in the male with short, dense pectinations, in the
female simple, but long, stout, and gracefully curved, blue-
black. Head and thorax black; abdomen black, with a
broad central orange-red belt; anal tuft large, black; legs
black, with yellow dashes, except the tarsi, which are yellow-
ish. Wings transparent, with black nervures; fore wings
with the base of the costal margin and of the nervures,
tinged with bright orange-red ; costal stripe rather broad,
bluish black ; apex and hind margin broadly bronzy black ;
dorsal margin narrowly black; transverse spot rather oblique,
deep black. Hind wings with the costal margin orange ;
hind margin narrowly blue black, central streak black. Cilia
of all the wings dark purplish grey.

‘SESIIDE. 93

Under side of the transparent portions of the wings bril-
liantly iridescent, blue and purple. In the male all the
dark portions of the fore wings, except the transverse spot,
are thickly dusted with golden yellow, but in the female the
costal and dorsal margins only are golden yellow, the apical
blotch being dark purple ; transverse spot in both sexes black.
Hind wings with all the margins dark purple-grey, as also
are all the cilia beneath. Palpi brilliant orange-red, thorax
and abdomen black, except that the latter is embellished
with a belt of orange-red of the same breadth as above.

The abdominal belt is liable, on the upper side, to great
variation in colour, from orange-red to deeper red, also to
orange, and yellow, and even occasionally, though rarely, to
white. This white variety is very remarkable, and seems
with us to be confined to the district round Dover. It is
very conspicuous when flying, and the usual red or orange
colouring at the base of the wings is, init, changed to creamy
white.

On the wing at the end of May and in June.

Larva of tolerably even width, but a little broader in the
middle, hardly tapering until very near the extremities,
Head of rather a bright, light brown, dorsal plate whitish,
with the middle portion light brown; body of a smooth clear
white, faintly tinged with grey; anal segment with a light
brown plate. In the bark of birch, feeding on the alburnum
or inner layer. In the trunks of trees, and the larger stems
of birch bushes, but especially preferring the stump or stub
whence the birch stem or trunk has been cut. Here it feeds
sometimes in numbers, and may readily be dug out.

Full fed in May, but probably feeding for the greater part
of two years.

Pura moderately slender, with prominent antenna and
wing-cases, the latter slightly projecting at the points, a pro-
jecting ridge in front of the head, and the plate at the back

94 LEPIDOPTERA

of the thorax rather elevated at its hinder edge. Pale reddish
brown, with the eyes black, limbs outlined with dark brown,
and the abdomen ringed with pale yellowish brown, the
usual rows of raised points being dark brown. In a cavity
under the bark of the birch trunk, or, when in a stump, the
cocoon is formed just within the upper surface under the
bark where cut through.

The moth emerges about 10 a.m. and flies in a lively manner
about birch trees and bushes early in the afternoon, but is
hardly distinguishable upon the wing except by its belt of
bright colour. Even then its resemblance to a large ichneu-
mon fly is extracrdinary, so that there is constant likelihood of
its being overlooked. It may occasionally be seen upon blossoms
of Huphorbia amygdaloides (Wood-spurge) but does not
seem to frequent other flowers, and when seen is usually at rest
on a leaf of a birch bush or some adjacent shrub. It is common
in Tilgate Forest and in other birch woods in Sussex and
Kent, found also in Surrey, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Somerset,
Glamorganshire and other parts of Wales, Staffordshire,
Herefordshire, Yorkshire, and very rarely in Lancashire ;
doubtless in other districts, but overlooked or not recorded.
In Scotland it is found in the Clyde district ; also in Perth-
shire, at Breemar ; and in the Aberdeen district. I have a
memorandum of its capture many years ago at Killarney,
Ireland, by the late Mr. E. Birchall, of the correctness of which
I have no doubt, but it does not appear in the list which he
published in 1868. Abroad it is widely distributed through-
out Northern and Central Europe, Piedmont, Hungary, Dal-
matia, Southern Russia, Siberia, and Armenia.

9. S. formiceeformis, Hsp. Expanse } to 1 inch. Wings
transparent; tip of fore wings red; abdominal belt red.

Antenne blue-black, head and thorax black, abdomen black,
bronzy towards the base, with a broad central belt of rich
vermilion; anal tuft broad, black, edged with white at the
sides ; legs blue-black, with white tufts at the joints; wings

SESHDA. 95

transparent with blackish nervures; costal margin of the
fore wings of a brilliant red shading into glistening mixed
blue and red; dorsal margin similar; hind marginal space
filled by a large blotch of rich deep vermilion divided by the
black nervures, and with the extreme margin black ; transverse
spot black with glistening blue suffusion ; hind wings narrowly
edged with black. Cilia all coppery grey.

Under side with the transparent portions of the wings
iridescent purple-blue; costal margin of the fore wings
broadly glistening golden yellow; crossbar black, edged with
yellow ; tip vermilion divided by black nervures and edged
outwardly with black ; other margins of both wings, with the
cilia, bronzy-purplish black. Palpi brilliant red ; under surface
of thorax and abdomen black, except a large vermilion
blotch covering three segments of the latter ; legs black, tarsi
shining yellow. Sexes similar.

Variation in this species seems to be rare, but Mr. Sydney
Webb has a specimen in which the red belt extends over
three segments on the upper side of the abdomen; and one
reared by Mr. F. W. Frohawk has the belt and the apex of
the fore wings of a bronzy gold colour without any trace of
red.

June, July, and August.

Larva rather plump and of equal thickness; head rounded
with the lobes rather prominent, brown edged with blackish ;
dorsal plate large and broad, light brown, with two oblique
lines; body white faintly tinged with yellow; dorsal line
faintly grey; anal segment with an indistinct pale brownish
plate.

In stumps of Osier (Salix viminalis) burrowing in the solid
wood and pith. September to June.

Pupa slender, reddish brown.

Usually in a chamber at the top of the stump of osier, where
it has been cut.

A very local species, and seldom noticed. It sits upon

96 LEPIDOPTERA.

leaves of willow and osier in the sunshine, but is remarkably
like a small ichneumon fly, and may for this reason be over-
looked. Probably it also is timid and darts down among the
thick herbage which always grows about the osier stumps.
It was at one time common close to London, at Hammersmith,
and in the Hackney Marshes, as well as at Wormwood Scrubs,
but seems to have disappeared or to have been exterminated
by building operations. Also foundin Kent; in the Forest of
Bere, Hants; in various parts of Cambridgeshire; at Epping
Forest, Essex ; in Somerset rarely ; in Herefordshire ; and in
Suffolk, where it is said to have been found commonly at
Stoke-by-Nayland. A specimen was taken by Mr. J. B.
Bridgman upon the blossom of one of the smaller thistles,
when he was collecting Hymenoptera in a marsh near Norwich,
close to some willows on the banks of the Yare. It is also
recorded from Gloucestershire, Derbyshire and near York, and
probably exists in suitable places in many of the southern and
midland counties. Abroad it is extremely local, and not very
plentiful, but found in many parts of Northern and Central
Europe, Piedmont, Dalmatia, Greece, and Southern Russia.

10. S. ichneumoniformis, Schiff. Hxpanse 2 to Z inch.
Fore wings semi-transparent, yellowish; hind wings trans-
parent ; abdomen with several slender yellow belts.

Antenne black, rather slender; head blackish with tufts
of pale hairs; thorax blackish with a yellow stripe on each
side, passing over the insertion of the wings; abdomen
blackish with six narrow yellow belts; anal tuft yellow in the
middle, blackish on each side; legs orange-yellow clouded
with blackish. Fore wings partially transparent, with the
nervures broadly dark brown, the costal margin dark brown
edged with yellow ; dorsal margin narrowly orange-red, hind
marginal space filled in with a dark orange blotch, divided
and obscured by dusky nervures; and the transverse spot
black-brown with a bright orange-red spot on its outer edge,
Hind wings transparent, with the margins dark brown and

SESHDE. 97

an oblique tooth-like black spot in the middle of the costal
margin; cilia of all the wings long, bronzy brown. Female
considerably larger and stouter than the male, otherwise
similar.

Under side of the wings iridescent blue; fore wings with
the margins and nervures glistening yellow, apical blotch
orange-red, divided by the nervures, which here are black ;
transverse spot rich red; hind wings with margins and
nervures yellow, and central spot red; cilia all brown with a
yellowish gloss. Face yellow, palpi yellow above, black
below; under part of thorax blackish with yellow tufts of
scales in front; of abdomen dark brown barred with yellow ;
anal tuft yellow, mixed with black; legs yellow, spotted with
orange and black.

On the wing in July and the beginning of August.

Larva half an inch long, rather thick, plump and rounded ;
head slightly flattened, third and fourth segments rather the
thickest, looking puffed and swollen; tapering towards the
tail; the middle sezments seeming rather to overlap. Head
pale brownish-pink, with three broad brown stripes down each
lobe, and a triangular brown patch between them; mouth
blackish brown; dorsal plate polished, semi-transparent,
pink ; body rather opaque, pale yellowish-pink ; dorsal vessel
faintly darker; hairs few, delicate, pale brown; spiracles
ringed with brown; legs pale brown, prolegs pink. Burrowing
down the side of a strong thick root of Lotus corniculatus or
Anthyllis vulneraria, eating the solid root and covering its
burrow with silk and frass; by the time that it is full
fed it commonly eats out the whole substance of the root
and kills the plant.

September to June. It is not known whether it feeds
through more than one season.

Pupa rounded on the back, rather flattened in front; head
with a beak-like projection; wing and antenna-cases re-
markably long, extending nearly to the end of the abdomen ;

VOL, Il. G

98 LEPIDOPTERA.

abdominal segments edged with’ minute hooks; tail blunt.
Shining bronzy brown; eye cases black.
Tn a cocoon in the middle of the root-stock of the food plant.

This species, unlike some of its congeners, usually emerges
from the pupa in the afternoon or evening. ‘The moth
may be swept up from among its food plant from 6 to after
8 o'clock p.m, and has been taken flying at 7.30 p.m. It
appears to be mainly confined to dry flowery slopes on the
coast, and to chalk hills in the South of England. It is
found along the whole sweep of the south coast, Kent,
Sussex, Hants with the Isle of Wight, Dorset, Devon, and
Cornwall. In the latter two counties it is found also on the
north coast, and in some of these localities is plentiful.
On the east coast it has been found in the Isle of Sheppey
and at Southend, Essex; inland at Whittlesford, Fulborne,
and elsewhere on chalk hills in Cambridgeshire; Wolver-
ton, Bucks; on hills in Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, and
Somersetshire ; rarely at Lewes, Sussex ; formerly plentifully
at Charlton, Kent. Has been taken, very rarely, near
Brandon, Suffolk ; and one of the earliest notices of the species
in this country was of a specimen taken at South Creake,
near Fakenham, Norfolk. North of this the only records
are from Flamborough Head and near Scarborough on the
coast of Yorkshire. In Wales it is abundant in Pembroke-
shire, and doubtless occurs in suitable places on the remainder
of the South Wales coast. Very widely distributed over
Europe, the north of Africa, Asia Minor, and Siberia.

11. S. philanthiformis. Laspeyres; musciformis,
Staud. Cat.—Expanse, 8 to inch. Fore wings with very
narrow transparent spaces; margins and apex dark brown ;
abdominal belts slender, yellowish-white.

Antenne blackish-brown in the male, in the female with
a long whitish central blotch on the upper side ; head blackish ;
collar pale yellow ; thorax black-brown, with a white or pale
yellow stripe on each side; abdomen bronzy black-brown,

SESHIDE. 99

with two or three very slender pale yellow or whitish belts,
and a slender faint yellow line down the middle of the back ;
anal tuft in the male black-brown, in the female with two
yellow stripes. Fore wings blackish-brown at the base, and
with the costal and dorsal margins and median nervure
broadly dark bronzy-brown ; hind margin narrowly the same ;
apical space yellowish or whitish, edged internally with
bronzy-brown, and divided by the dark nervures ; transverse
bar broad and complete, bronzy-black, faintly edged. outside
with reddish ; before it is a narrow triangular semi-transparent
longitudinal space, and between it and the apical blotch
another semi-transparent space, rather rounded and divided
by dark nervures, both these semi-transparent spaces being
slightly obscured by yellowish-white scales; extreme mar-
gin of the costa beyond the middle whitish. Hind wings
transparent with purple iridescence; nervures blackish ;
central spot black; margins bronzy-brown. Cilia of all the
wings bronzy-brown, whitish at the tips. Under side of the
fore wings like the upper, except that the costal margin is
whitish ; hind wings iridescent purple, with dark margins;
palpi and front of the thorax white ; remainder of the under
parts silvery-brown or bronzy-brown.
On the wing in June and July.

Larva plump but rather flattened, tapering from the
fourth segment to the tail; rounded behind. Head rather
small, pale brown ; dorsal plate horn-colour ; body yellowish-
white, with the dorsal line faintly darker from the greyish
dorsal vessel showing through; legs whitish; prolegs ex-
tremely minute, yellowish; spiracles black; anal segment
furnished with a few bristles. In the root-stocks of Statice
armeria (otherwiss Armeria maritima) (Thrift), more espe-
cially in the small plants which grow on coast rocks close to
high-tide mark, feeding down into the long root-stem which
penetrates a deep chink of the rock.

August to June.

100 LEPIDOPTERA.

Pupa half an inch long, slender, tapermg to the tail;
thorax arched ; antenna- and leg-cases long, the latter pro-
jecting ; abdominal segments with ridges of hooks. Light
reddish-brown ; thorax, eye-cases, and parts of the wing-cases
dark brown ; hooks black. In the upper part of the hollowed
root-stock, and readily found by examining the small dead
plants of thrift on the rocks, though sometimes placed too
deeply down in the rock-fissure to be readily extricated.
Beginning of June. Mr. Buckler found that in some in-
stances the larva fed up through the tuft of thrift, and made
a tube of silk and stony particles, which projected upwards
above the plant. I can only suppose that in these instances
the root-stock was too short to shelter it, as I have never
observed any such projecting tube in the numerous plants
found containing larve and pupz collected on the coast
of South Wales.

The moth is not often seen in its very restricted localities,
or if seen for a moment, at rest on the bare rock, is so like a
small slender fly that it becomes practically invisible the
moment it moves, the eye quite failing to follow its swift
flight. On one occasion, however, Mr. E. A. Atmore saw it
in abundance on the Cornish coast, frequenting a high bank
covered with thyme, about and upon the flowers of which this
little clearwing was flying and settling freely.

The first record of the species in this country was of a
specimen taken near Torquay, more than sixty years ago, but
it was not again met with until 1860, when specimens were
taken at the same place, settling, it was stated, upon wild
thyme. It has since been found on many rocky portions of
the Devon and Cornwall coasts, and on those of Carmarthen-
shire, Pembrokeshire, Cardiganshire, and the Isle of Man.
In Scotland it has been found on the coast of the Solway
Firth on the west, and also at Aberdeen and Muchalls on
the east; and there is little doubt that it occurs in suitable
places all round the Scottish coast, as well as on that of

SESTIDZ. 10!

North Wales and the North-west of England. The same
may be suggested with regard to Ireland, though hitherto
the insect appears only to have been met with in the Saltee
Islands, Co. Wexford, and once at Howth, near Dublin.
Found in various parts of the continent of Europe, but its
exact range is doubtful, some of the recorded localities possibly
belonging to closely allied species in this obscure group.

12. S. chrysidiformis, /sp.—Expanse, } to % inch.
Fore wings bright red, hind wings transparent ; abdominal
belts yellow; anal tuft red.

Antenne blue-black ; face white; palpi yellowish ; top of
the head reddish-brown; thorax blue-black ; abdomen bril-
liant greenish-black, with a narrow yellow belt in the middle,
and another, still more slender, before the anal segment ;
anal tuft of a brilliant orange-red; legs orange-red, tarsi
greyer, spines white. Fore wings deep rich orange-red, with
the base and costal margin broadly black; hind margin
narrowly smoky-black, with the nervures blacker ; beyond the
middle a broad kidney-shaped black spot takes the place of the
usual transverse bar, but does not reach the margins ; before
it is a long, wedge-shaped, glistening yellow, transparent
space, and sometimes a narrow line of the same between the
dorsal and median nervures; beyond it, in the orange-red
area, are three or four short transparent streaks between
nervures. Hind wings transparent, with black nervures and
purple-black margin, and having, close to the middle of the
costal margin, a black spot edged outside with orange-red.
Cilia of all the wings long, dense, shining, smoky-grey
with a purple gloss, Female rather larger and much stouter
than the male. Underside of all the wings similar to the
upper, except that the costal margin of the fore wings is
glistening yellowish, and the red colour is paler toward the
base of the wings ; transparent portion of the hind wings of
a brilliantly iridescent purple and red. Under parts of the
head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen blue-black, the central

102 LEPIDOPTERA.

yellow belt being faintly visible, but broken ; antenne faintly
yellowish beneath.

A variety has been found, though rarely, in which the
yellow belts are absent. On the wing in June and the
beginning of July.

Larva five-eighths to three-quarters of aninch long. Head
broad, slightly flattened ; body pellucid, plump, smooth, and
shining, tapering a little to the tail. Head and narrow
dorsal plate reddish-brown ; body dirty brownish-white, with
the dark grey internal vessel showing, as a dorsal line, to the
tenth segment ; anal plate yellow; some minute black dots
above the spiracles (Buckler). Burrowing in the thickest
part of the root-stock of sorrel and dock (Rumex acetosa,
Ri. acetosella, R. crispus, R. obtusifolius). Full fed in May,
but probably feeds during two years.

Pupa long, and rather even in thickness, antenna-cases
prominent and but slightly attached, glossy chestnut, with
the hinder segments rather darker. In the upper part of
the burrow of the larva, in the root, in a cocoon of silk and
gnawed material, the top of which is sometimes raised above

the top of the root, forming a sort of dome on the surface of
the ground.

The moth emerges from the pupa in the forenoon, and
flies in the midday sunshine, when, from its brilliant colour,
it is far more conspicuous than most of its allies. It also
frequents the flowers of Umbelliferw occasionally, and has
been taken over those of Hehiwm vulgare, and about plants
of sorrel and dock.

It appears to have been noticed in this country as early as
1802, but the records are not very clear, and that of the cap-
ture of a specimen “in a thick grove” seems too glaringly
contrary to the known habits of the moth to be at all pro-
bable. The capture of a specimen near Haslar Hospital was
recorded in 1851, and in 1856 one was taken between Dover

SESTIDE. 103

and Folkestone, on the Undercliff, by a Coleopterist, and was
handed by him to Mr. J. W. Douglas, by whom it was recog-
nised. Guided by this fortunate capture, the haunts of the
insect on this part of the coast of Kent soon became well
known, and specimens have been taken there nearly every
season since. It may probably extend some few miles
along the coast, and indeed is said to have been taken near
Eastbourne ; but the only reliable locality in this country is
on the slopes of the open banks and hill sides of the Warren
between Folkestone and Dover. Abroad it is rather widely
distributed in Southern France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and
Central and South-Hastern Germany.

Genus 2. SPH ZXCIA.

Antenne rather short, thickened in the middle; apex
curved back, and having a tuft of bristles ; pectinations in the
male short, blunt, solid, and appearing as though caused by a
series of cuts half through the antenne. From these solid
tubercles arise minute bristles. Wings long and narrow,
transparent, or nearly so, with dark nervures. Thorax
robust ; abdomen thick, rounded, banded with bright colours,
and devoid of a distinct anal tuft.

The moths of this group bear an extraordinary resem-
blance to hornets or wasps.

Larv# soft, with horny head and jaws, feeding in the solid
wood and bark of the trunks of trees and large bushes.

Pup elongated, with the abdominal segments thickly set
with short spines.
The two species are readily separated :
A. Collar yellow (S. bembeciformis).
A. A. Collar black, shoulders yellow (S. apiformis).

1. S. bembeciformis, Hil. ; crabroniforme, Haw.,
Staud. Cat.—Expanse, 12 to 13 inch. Wings transparent,

104 LEPIDOPTERA.

slenderly margined with pale brown; thorax black; collar
yellow ; abdomen yellow, belted with purple and black.

Antenne rather short and stout, pectinated (or rather
laminated), in the male, black. Head dark brown with a bar of
paler brown across the forehead ; collar bright yellow ; thorax
blackish brown, with some long yellow scales at the back;
first two segments of the abdomen black-brown, the third
bright yellow edged with black, the fourth dark purple, or
else yellow edged with purple-black, or even partially shaded
with purplish; the remaining segments bright yellow
edged with black, except the last, which is tipped with
orange and purplish, and ends in a blunt point. Legs
brilliant orange-red shaded with yellow. Wings transparent,
with the nervures orange-brown, but when freshly emerged
covered with loose, yellowish-brown, scattered scales ; costal
margin of the fore wings narrowly orange-brown, slightly
broadened towards the apex; dorsal and hind margins also
narrowly orange-brown; discal streak sinuous, reddish orange;
margins of hind wings, and all the cilia, orange-brown.
Sexes similar except that the female is larger and con-
siderably stouter than the male. Underside of the wings
similar to the upper, but yellower; palpi bright yellow ;
face and under part of thorax purplish-brown ; abdomen
purplish-brown banded with yellow, especially towards the
anal segment.

End of June to August.

LakVA one inch in length. Head rounded, dark-brown ;
body tapering considerably behind, yellowish-white ; dorsal
plate pale yellowish, edged with blackish behind; legs
brown, prolegs extremely small and inconspicuous. In the
bark and solid wood of sallows (Salix caprea), osiers
(S. viminalis), weeping willow (S. Babylonica), and black
poplar (Populus nigra); feeding about two years. Full fed
in May or June. In the woods of the southern portions of
England the sallows only are commonly attacked, a large

SESIIDE. 105

burrow thicker than a goose-quill being visible in many of
the larger sallow-poles when cut down. In these the larve
or pupze may often be found, but are not easily reared. In
its more northern and western localities the poplar seems to
be selected, and the larva, after feeding at first in the bark,
eats deeply into the solid wood, leaving a hole in the surface
through which the excrement is cast, so that it lies like little
heaps of sawdust on the lower projections. In the north of
Treland larvae have been found, by the Rev. J. Bristowe, in
colonies, in the trunks of willow trees (Salix viminalis),
feeding in all respects as in the poplars, and by Mr. J. N.
Milne in the usual manner in sallow-poles.

Pupa long and of tolerably even width, with a small
projecting point in front, the wing-cases short, the antenna
and leg-cases rather long and free at their extremities, and
the abdominal segments with double or single rows of
minute hooks. Colour bright chestnut with the rows of
hooks blackish. In a strong cocoon of white silk and
gnawings of wood, in a cavity formed at the extremity of the
burrow and just inside the bark, which is gnawed very thin.
By means of its strong abdominal hooks the pupa thrusts
itself through this covering and projects far out of the hole
when ready for the emergence of the moth. This takes
place on sunny mornings between seven and ten o'clock: if
the weather is dull, sometimes later.

The moth sits on the trunk of the tree or on the leaves of
the sallow bush, and sometimes on plants growing below, and
looks most deceptively like a hornet. It also flies in the sun-
shine, but is rather sluggish.

Common in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants ; scarce, though
widely distributed, in Devonshire; common in Essex,
Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, Leicestershire, Derby-
shire, Herefordshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, and Yorkshire ;
also in Pembrokeshire, and most likely to be found, where its
food grows plentifully, in almost every English and Welsh

106 LEPIDOPTERA.

county. In Scotland it is found in Perthshire and Rox-
burghshire, and apparently throughout the southern districts,
as well as in Aberdeenshire. Widely distributed in Ireland ;
common in the Dublin, Belfast, and Londonderry districts,
and throughout the south and west. Abroad its range
appears to be restricted, but it is recorded from Holland
and Central Germany.

2. S. apiformis, /.—Expanse 14 to 1# inches. Wings
transparent, with yellow-brown margins and _ nervures ;
thorax brown, with a large yellow patch on each shoulder ;
abdomen thick, yellow, belted with purple and black.

Antenne short, stout, and strongly laminated in the male ;
blackish brown, with the laminez or teeth purple-brown ;
head bright yellow; collar dark-brown; thorax dark-brown,
with four large yellow blotches, two in front on the shoulders,
and one at the back on each side, though these last vary
considerably, being sometimes quite narrow, while in other
instances they coalesce and form a band across the back ;
abdomen bright yellow, each segment edged with black, the
basal segment purplish-black, and three other segments
shaded with purple and black; legs deep yellow, the third
pair very long, robust, and thickly clothed with orange scales.

Fore wings narrow, transparent, though, when the moth
has just emerged, having a thin covering of coarse, loose,
yellow-brown scales; costal margin with a broad yellow-
brown stripe increasing in breadth towards the apex ;
nervures and the dorsal and hind margins narrowly yellow-
brown ; no apical blotch nor transverse spot, but at the end
of the discal cell a broad reddish perpendicular streak from
which the small nervures arise. Hind wings transparent or,
when just emerged, clothed very thinly with fine yellow
scales; margins and nervures narrowly yellowish-brown.
All the cilia very dense, brown mixed with dull yellow.

Under side of all the wings similar to the upper, except
that the margins and neryures are much more yellow, and the

SESUDE. 107

transparent portion brilliant irridescent blue; palpi yellow ;
thorax brown ; abdomen blackish brown beneath, with three
broad yellow belts, and the apex yellow.

On the wing in the latter part of May and in June.

Larva nearly one and a half inches long. Rather broad
and slightly flattened in front, broadest at the third segment
and tapering slightly to the tail, skin much wrinkled. Head
flattened, hard, and horny, smaller than the second segment,
into which it is retractile ; shield of the second segment strong,
wide in front, narrowed behind; prolegs extremely small and
ill-developed, with small disks of points in place of the usual
hooks. Head rich chestnut-brown, with the mouth paler, but
outlined with black; second segment more yellow than the
remainder; body soft, glossy yellowish white; spiracles ringed
with red-brown ; hairs few and scattered, short, brown. Much
like a large soft maggot, yet from the strength of its jaws
well fitted for eating through solid wood. Lives in the basal
portions of the trunks, and the upper parts of the large
spreading roots, of poplar, especially Populus nigra and P.
tremula; sometimes following the root to some distance from
the trunk, but feeding principally in the bark. (Hellins.)
Lewin reared larvee feeding under bark of lime trees (7%lia
Huropea).

Full fed in April, after feeding, probably, nearly two years.

Pupa elongate, cylindrical, rounded at the back, flatter in
front, having in the front of the head a keeled projection ;
eye-covers prominent; tongue and wing-cases very distinct
and slightly detached at their ends; leg- and antenna-cases
also prominent, but closely attached ; abdominal segments with
double or single rows of sharp strong points; tail rounded
off’ Glossy rich brown. (Hellins.) In a cocoon of wood gnaw-
ings and silk, in the burrow, and immediately beneath the
bark. The projection in front of the head has been observed
to be used for scratching and partially cutting the cocoon from
the inside, so that it bursts open at the marks produced.

108 LEPIDOPTERA.

For this purpose the strong rows of spines or points on the
abdomen are useful in enabling the pupa to exert sufficient
pressure.

The moth emerges from the pupa in the early morning
sunshine, and sits upon the trunks of the poplars, bearing,
from its colour, transparent wings, shape and appearance, an
extraordinary resemblance to a hornet; and, strange to say,
it also has a trick of raising its abdomen in a distinctly
threatening mauner when approached, as though ready to
sting on the smallest provocation. It is hardly necessary to
say that this habit is merely part of the protective mimicry
natural to the species. It is perfectly harmless, and rather
sluggish, when disturbed dropping or jumping off the tree to
the ground, and shuffling away among grass or dead leaves.
The male flies at midday about the trees, and the female
either later in the afternoon or in the early morning.

Very common in Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire,
Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex, and Northamptonshire; less so in
North Staffordshire, Leicestershire, Buckinghamshire, Here-
fordshire, and Shropshire; scarce in Kent, Sussex, Devon,
Gloucestershire, and near Scarborough in Yorkshire. In
Scotland it is only recorded near Glasgow and in the Tweed
and Solway districts. In Ireland it was stated by Mr. E.
Birchall to occur near Cork and Waterford, and specimens
have, more recently, been reared from larvae found in young
poplars near the latter city. Abroad it is widely distributed
in Kurope and North-western Asia.

Family 3. ZYGA2NID ZZ.

Antenne stout and solid in the middle, tapering to the
base and very often to the apex, which then is usually grace-
fully curved. Fore wings long and narrow, rounded at the
apex and anal angle, usually of rich and lustrous colours.
Hind wings rather narrow, short and rounded.

ZYGHANIDE. 109

Larv# short, thick, soft and sluggish, usually slightly
hairy ; bearing no resemblance to those of the two preceeding
families.

Pur# elongated, usually with the leg-cases and wing-
sheaths more or less free at the tips; in a tough silken cocoon
on the stems of plants or close to the ground, or even upon
rocks or stones.

Genus 1. PROCRIS.

Antenne rather short and stout; in the male with short
pectinations, partially so, or slightly toothed, in the female ;
wings elongated and rounded, without markings; thorax and
abdomen of moderate thickness, smooth and glossy.

Larv& short, plump, almost ovate, slightly downy ; mining
in the leaves of plants.

Pup& ina thin semi-transparent cocoon, concealed close
to the ground.

We have three very similar species, but their distinctions
hardly admit of tabulation.

1. P. globulariz, Hiib.—Expanse 11 to 1} inch; fore
wings rather broad, bright golden green; antennze somewhat
pointed.

Antenne of the male rather slender, pectinated regularly to
the tips, all the pectinations oblique and pointing forward ;
of the female much stouter, pectinated equally to, or beyond
the middle, then becoming solid, round and thick, with
crowded joints; shaft shining blue-green, pectinations
blackish. Head and thorax bronzy green; abdomen similar,
but with a bright golden gloss. Fore wings rather narrow
at the base, broader toward the hind margin, with the costal
and dorsal margins nearly straight, apex blunt, and hind
margin very little rounded ; thinly scaled; unicolorous, glis-
tening bronzy-green or golden-green, with the principal
nervures thickened and raised, and longitudinal hollows

110 LEPIDOPTERA.

between them ; costa narrowly darker ; cilia mixed green and
grey. Hind wings short, with the costal margin long, the
apex much rounded, and the hind margin moderately so;
smoky-grey, nervures and cilia slightly darker.

Underside pale smoky-grey,- tinged with bronzy-green
towards the costa of both fore and hind wings. Thorax,
abdomen, and legs of a brilliant green.

Very little liable to variation, but in preserved specimens
the abdomen frequently becomes of a glossy red—probably
from some chemical action or from slight damp—indeed the
entire insect becomes dark-red if placed in a relaxing vessel,
usually recovering its green colour as it dries. In Mr. C, A.
Briggs’ collection is a specimen having extraordinarily short
antenne, in which nevertheless the pectinations are well
shown. It was taken at Folkestone.

On the wing from the middle of June to the middle of July.

Larva hardly more than half an inch long; very broad,
almost ovate. Head small and flattened, retractile ; segments
of the body plump and deeply divided, the second with a
smooth, glossy dorsal plate; raised spots very broad and
ovate, occupying much of the surface; under-surface rather
flat ; legs small, placed well underneath. Head and dorsal
plate black, the latter tapering in front; body green with
the raised spots or plates light bluish-green ; an indistinct
creamy-white or yellowish-white subdorsal line, below which
is a broad dark-green stripe ; legs and spiracles black ; prolegs
ereen; the surface of the body dotted minutely with black,
and furnished with short fine blackish bristles.

When very young it is similarly short and thick, with a
retractile black head and a brownish dorsal plate; body
tinted with greenish drab and covered with a short whitish
pubescence. As it grows it becomes more green in colour,
especially after each moult, fading, before the next, to flesh
colour or ochreous-green. After hybernation it is, at first,
extremely dark, but after feeding soon becomes of a greener

ZYGA NIDA. II!

colour; the bristles then appear, and the adult colouring
is gradually assumed. Its habits are most curious. The
young larva, as soon as hatched, mines into the substance
of a leaf and eats the parenchyma. When ready to cast
a skin it leaves the mine and places itself quietly upon the
surface of the leaf until the moult is accomplished—which
is not for nine or ten days—then, after a further rest, it
enters another leaf, eating out the parenchyma as before,
and leaving a blister-like space. This continues, with several
rests for change of skin, until October, when a silken mat is
made on the midrib of a leaf. for hybernation. Here it
remains, although the leaves die down, until February or
March, when the same habit of feeding is recommenced and
continued to full growth, except that, occasionally, a full
grown larva may be seen to eat through the entire leaf
including the surface skins. (Buckler.)
July to June on Centaurea nigra, C. scabiosa and C. jacea.

Pupa half an inch long; rounded, with the thorax pro-
minent, the tips of the wing-cases free from the body, and
the long leg- and antenna-sheaths all free; abdominal segments
deeply divided, and having dorsal rows of hooks, pointing
back, by means of which it ultimately works out of its cocoon.
Head, thorax, and wing-cases dark shining olive-green ; body
and leg-cases lighter shining green; hooklets black. Just
below the surface of the ground, in an oval cocoon of earth
and silk, and an inner cocoon of soft opaque greenish-white
silk. (Buckler.) But Zeller found that his larvae made their
brownish-grey cocoons on the surface of the earth, deeply
concealed, close to the roots of the plant. Probably both
mean the same, as Buckler says that the cocoons were visible
as slight elevations of the surface. His account of this
species is long and most interesting, and could only be
condensed here.

An exceedingly local species, of quiet habits, yet fairly
active in the sunshine, and is said not to sham death when

112 LEPIDOPTERA.

alarmed. It was discovered in this country about the year
1845 by Mr. J. Jenner Weir, who found it in numbers upon
the South Downs near Lewes, Sussex, but keeping itself to
extremely restricted spots, and Mr. Weir says always about
Poterium sanguisorba, probably attracted by the flowers. It
is still to be found in Hollingbury Vale, the Coombe, and
other suitable spots near Lewes and Brighton; on the hills
at the back of Shorncliffe Camp and of Folkestone, on the
sunny slopes; and near Abbotts Wood, Sussex; but does
not appear to have been taken, in these islands, outside the
counties of Sussex and Kent.

Abroad it seems to be found in France, Belgium, Central
and Southern Germany, Switzerland, Northern Italy, Southern
Russia, Armenia, and large portions of Western Asia.

2. P. statices, Z.—Expanse 1 to 1} inch.
Fore wings rather narrow ; bronzy blue-green. Antennz
moderately long, solid at the tip.

Antenne of moderate length, in the male strongly pecti-
nated for three-fourths of their extent, the pectinations
consisting of flat laminze pointing forward; the remaining
fourth solid, quite equally thick, with numerous tumid joints ;
in the female solid throughout, the joints towards the apex
tumid; shaft burnished green ; lower side and pectinations
blackish, Head, thorax, and abdomen bronzy green, generally
brightly burnished. Fore-wings rather long and not so broad
behind as in the last species; margins moderately straight ;
apex blunt; hind margin rather oblique; thinly scaled, and
having the larger nervures rather raised into longitudinal
ridges from the base; dark bronzy green, without markings ;
costal margin and cilia rather darker. Hind wings rather
sharply rounded at the apex, with rounded hind margin,
smoky grey, with nervures and cilia darker. Female less in
expanse than the male, with the hind wings broader at the
apex; otherwise similar.

ZYGENIDE. 113

Underside of all the wings smoky, with the costal margins
bronzy green; body and legs brilliantly green. As in the
preceding species the abdomen frequently, and the whole
insect occasionally—or under the influence of moisture—turns
dark red after death. Professor Zeller states that this also
occurs during life, the moth being quite red when taken off
the dewy grass in the early morning, but changing to green
even as it dries upon the hand. Otherwise it varies but
little, except occasionally to a blue-green.

On the wing in June, and, in its more northern range, in

July.

Larva three-fourths of an inch long, very broad and almost
ovate. Head small, retractile, shining black ; second segment
much broader, having a dorsal plate rounded off behind;
body pale green, pale yellow, pinkish, or even dirty white ;
dorsal line pink, brownish, or composed of short brown
dashes ; there is also a broad pink, or greenish, lateral stripe,
usually contrasting in colour with the upper part of the
body ; the raised spots are very broad, forming flat plates,
six on each segment, each with a thin radiating fascicle of
short stiff bristle-like hairs tipped with brown, among which
are a few longer, more silky, whitish hairs; the raised spots
themselves being pink, pinkish-brown, or pale brown ; legs
shining black, prolegs and under-surface dingy yellowish
white. When very young it is thick and stumpy, with the
spots large and diamond shaped, and the colour yellowish ;
later the colour becomes more brown and the bristles appear ;
then after further growth the dorsal line becomes orange-
coloured and the lateral stripe yellow, the hairs increase in
number, the colour becomes again browner, and the mature
appearance is gradually assumed.

July to the end of April or even May. On Rumex acetosa
(common sorrel) burrowing into the leaf and eating out the
parenchyma; hybernating when very small at the roots of
plants; feeding more rapidly in the spring, and often con-

VOL. I. H

114 LEPIDOPTERA.

suming one surface of the leaf, as well as the substance,
leaving the transparent skin of the other surface; or, in the
case of very young leaves, eating them through.

Pura stout, blunt behind, rather pointed in front, having
long, well defined wing-cases, and the leg-cases so long as to
extend rather beyond the hinder extremity; colour brown.
In a thin, white, tough but filmy cocoon, attached to stems
of plants, close to the ground.

An exceedingly local species, frequenting meadows, and
often to be found in hundreds in one corner of a pasture
while hardly a specimen can be found in other parts of the
field or in those adjoining. Generally sluggish, though the
males fly freely enough, a few yards at a time, in the bright
sunshine ; but usually found sitting on flowers and grass-
blades.

Common in suitable places in the southern and south-mid-
land counties to Gloucestershire, Cambridgeshire, and North-
amptonshire; scarce in Norfolk and Suffolk, though found
in some years commonly in one spot near Kine’s Lynn; un-
common in Devon and Somerset; also to be found in Here-
fordshire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Cheshire, and Lancashire ;
and in Hast Yorkshire rather commonly. Probably there are
few English counties in which it has not a secluded home, but
there is a singular absence of records in Wales. It is found in
Dumfries-shire and some other parts of the south of Scotland ;
in the neighbourhood of Oban, and in several other localities
in Moray and Argyleshire, the latter district producing
specimens of large size and singularly blue-green colour.
In Ireland it was found in abundance some years ago in the
county Wicklow by the Rev..J. Bristowe, and has also been
met with in Clare and Westmeath.

Abroad it is common in the South of France, Northern
Italy, generally in Central and Northern Europe, Spain, South
Russia, and Armenia.

ZYGANIDE. 115

3. P. Geryon, Hiib.—Expanse { to 1 inch. Antenne
short and thick; fore wings short, rather dark bronzy-green.

Antenne rather short, in the male pectinated for two-
thirds of their length with distinct flat lamine lying
obliquely forward, then thickened and solid to the apex;
in the female with a few pectinations near the base, thence
solid and thicker than in the male; in both sexes very blunt ;
shaft glossy green, pectinations and lower side blackish.
Head, thorax, and abdomen bronzy green, very glossy. Fore
wings shorter and more blunt than in P. statices, with fairly
straight margins; apex rounded; hind margin oblique; dark
bronzy green, golden green, or bluish-green, rather thinly
scaled and with nervures slightly ridged at the base; cilia
green mixed with grey. Hind wings dark smoky grey with
darker nervures and cilia. Sexes very similar,

Underside of the wings smoky grey, with a few longi-
tudinal streaks of bronzy green ; legs and body of a brilliant
green.

Not, apparently, very variable, but like its allies, apt to
turn dark red under the influence of damp, and the abdomen
very liable to remain of a rich bright purple-red.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva nearly half an inch long; plump, rounded,
somewhat fusiform. Head very small, glossy black, re-
tractile ; dorsal plate blackish edged with yellowish in front;
back and tubercles dingy white or pale yellow, the latter
large and those of the back elongated, all set with short fine
bristles; skin between them studded with minute star-like
dots; dorsal line purplish brown, divided down the middle
with whitish ; subdorsal lines waved and claret colour ; below
is a broad lateral band of reddish brown extending to the
spiracles, which are ringed with black, and below which are
longitudinal stripes of flesh colour and pale brown; legs
ringed with black; prolegs yellowish. The very young larva
is yellow, but its tubercles with hairs soon appear; then the

116 LEPIDOPTERA.

back becomes whitish, the dorsal line claret, the subdorsal
deep purple, with following whitish and claret lines and
brownish spiracles. After hybernation the adult colour is
soon assumed.

July to May on Helianthemuwm vulgare (Rock-rose or
Common Sun-cistus); when very young making a hole into
the substance of a leaf and eating out the parenchyma, but it
seems never to completely enter the leaf which it is mining.
When older it eats away the lower surface, leaving patches
of clear skin-like blisters. When full grown it eats the
whole substance of the leaves and the tender shoots, feeding
usually in the sunshine. (Hellins.)

Pupa fusiform, with small head-covering and plump
abdomen ; wing-cases long and free at their edges; tongue-
case and leg-cases long, free at the tips and extending
beyond the wing-cases ; abdominal segments with a trans-
verse row of small points; anal segment rounded. Head
and wing-cases deep shining olive-brown, abdomen more
bronzy. In a small, tough, slightly fusiform, silken cocoon
low down among the stems of the food plant. (Hellins.)

Very similar to P. statices, but smaller and darker, with
shorter wings, and the sexes are much more equal in size.
Far more sluggish than either of its allies, and has the
habit of feigning death when alarmed. The males fly
rather briskly sometimes, for very short distances, in hot
sunshine, but they keep pretty near to the patch of Helian-
themum, from which the more sluggish females hardly stir.
Mr. J. J. Weir says that all the three species of this
genus may be found within the space of a mile upon the
Cliff Hill at Lewes, occupying their respective and re-
stricted spots in abundance, but scarcely straying away.
As a rule, they only move in the sunshine, but there is a
record of the capture of the present species at a lamp at
midnight. It is confined almost entirely to hills of chalk or
limestone, and is by no means to be found wherever its food

ZYGA NIDA. 117

plant is plentiful. It appears to have been first noticed on
limestone hills in Worcestershire, about 1857 or 1858, and
in 1859 was recorded, as British, under the name of Jno
tenuicornis. In addition to the Lewes locality already
mentioned, it has since been found in plenty in other places
on the slopes of the chalk downs of Sussex and Kent, near
Brighton, Canterbury, Shorncliffe, Abbotts Wood, &e.; in
Oxfordshire in glades of beech-woods on the hills sides ;
on the slopes of the Cotswolds in Gloucestershire as well
as Worcestershire ; near Barmouth, North Wales; on the
Malvern Hills; at Grange and Silverdale in Lancashire ; near
Beverley in Yorkshire; at Bakewell, Derbyshire; and near
Hartlepool, as well as at various places along the Durham
coast. Abroad it is abundant in the Pyrenees and other
parts of Spain; in Switzerland; in various localities in
Germany; Vienna and other parts of Austria, including
Carinthia ; and in Asia Minor.

Genus 2. ZYGAAN A.

Antenne much thickened beyond the middle, distinctly
jointed but not pectinated; forewings elongated, much
rounded at the apex; usually with red spots or blotches;
hind wings short; abdomen rather long.

Larv# very plump, cylindrical, usually black-spotted, and
rather downy.

Pur& with the wing- and leg-cases partially free, in a
tough, spindle-shaped, silken cocoon.

1. Z. Minos, Schiff.; piloselle, Staud. Cat.; nubi-
gena, Lederer—HExpanse 1} to 1} inch.

Fore wings semi-transparent, grey, with long red blotches ;
hind wings red ; body hairy, black.

Antenne black, thickened towards the apex, with a

118 LEPIDOPTERA.

slightly recurved blunt point. Head, thorax, and abdomen
velvety black, shaggy with long dense soft hairs. Fore-
wings elongated, rather narrow at the base; costal and
dorsal margins nearly straight, apex rounded, hind margin
slightly rounded and oblique. Thinly scaled and somewhat
diaphanous;. pale shining slate-grey, with the nervures
slightly darker, and with three narrow longitudinal streaks
or blotches of pale scarlet, one along the basal third of the
costa, another from the base to beyond the middle but
nearer to the dorsal margin, and the third arising between
them like a wedge, but, extending considerably towards the
apex, throws off a broad extension toward the anal angle.
These three blotches are separated by the dark nervures.
Cilia shining, pale gray. Hind wings rather short with
rounded apex and hind margin; very pale scarlet with an
extremely narrow dark grey stripe round the hind margin ;
cilia pale grey. Female similar, except that the fore wings
are paler and more transparent, the antenne rather more
slender, and the body less hairy. Underside similar to the
upper, except that the nervures are not dark, and the
elongate markings on the fore wings appear as one large
irregular blotch ; body and legs black.

Usually not variable, but Dr. Mason possesses a specimen
in which the red elongated blotches are lighter in colour than
usual, but the entire fore wings, except the nervures, are
suffused with the same colour, and the hind wings have a
rather broad marginal grey stripe. Occasionally the dark
colour of the dividing nervures is so spread out that the red
blotches are separated in a sensible degree, the sharp wedge-
point of the middle one being shortened, so that the latter
seems to lie further from the base than usual. his variation
was at one time introduced to our lists as a distinct species,
under the name of Achillew, but was very soon ascertained to
be rather the typical form of the present species in Switzerland.
Tt was also found that our more frequent type had received the
name of nubigena. Minos and nubigena were then placed as

ZYGA NIDA. 119

distinct species in lists and collections, and as an additional
distinction it was stated that in the form called Minos the
scales or hairs of the body were shorter and smoother than
in Nubigena and of a greenish tint. This, however, was soon
shown to be fallacious, the smoother appearance being only
caused by the lying down of the hairs, and it was readily
demonstrated that one form varied perfectly into the other,
leaving no distinctive characters, and that all were to be
found living together, without indication of anything but
the most absolute identity of habit and species. Neverthe-
less the name nubigena is still in not uncommon use in this
country.

The semi-transparent appearance of the wings of this and
the allied species is caused by the fact that the scales do not
overlap as in other species, but lie separate. Under a strong
lens they appear, in the present species, like great shoals of
the fry of fish in the act of swimming.

Larva three-fourths of an inch long. Soft, plump, cylin-
drical; head black, retractile; collar whitish; body rich
dark olive-green, with the dorsal line dirty white, expanding
at the front of each segment; on each side of it a row of
eleven round, velvety, black spots, placed on the third to
the thirteenth segments; below these a row of eight yellow
spots on the fourth to eleventh segments, placed nearly
alternately; each segment with a transverse row of eight
fascicles of stiff white hairs; spiracles black; legs and
prolegs grey.

When very young brownish, hybernating when quite small,
at which time it is of the size and shape of a dry leaf of
thyme, so that when stationary upon the plant, it is
perfectly concealed. In March, after moulting, blackish-
green with the black and yellow spots visible, but becoming
paler with growth, yet again darker at each moult.

July to April or May, on Thymus serpyllum, eating the
leaves ; feeding most freely in the sunshine. (Buckler.)

120 LEPIDOPTERA.

Other and very various food plants—Polygala vulgaris,
Pimpinella saxifraga, Veronica officinalis, Genista tinctoria,
Trifolium, and even grasses—are recorded by various
authors, but as the larvee described by them are not always
found to agree very closely, it is probable that, in some cases,
there have been errors.

Pura rather short and thick, with head, wing-sheaths, leg-
sheaths, and back black-brown; abdominal segments
yellowish. In a short truncate cocoon, of a glistening
brownish-yellow or dirty-white colour; attached to a rock,
stone, or some other object on the ground.

The moth flies actively, with a direct buzzing motion, in
the sunshine, through the earlier part of the day, frequenting
flowers, but from four o’clock P.M. it becomes quiet, and may
readily be found asleep on flowers and plants. It frequents
rocky limestone pastures and hill-sides, and where it occurs
is usually abundant.

It appears to have been first taken in these Islands in
1853, when it was found in plenty in limestone pastures in
the county Galway, in the West of Ireland, principally near
the coast. From the neighbourhood of Ardrahan, Kilcolgan,
Oranmore, and other places in that county, multitudes were
procured then and since, and no diminution seems to occur in
its abundance. More recently it has been found commonly on
the Burren Mountains in Clare, and on the coast of that
county in thousands. In Scotland, it has been taken com-
monly in the neighbourhood of Loch Etive, Argyleshire, as
well as on the coast of Forfarshire ; and in Wales near
Abersoch, on the shores of Cardigan Bay, where it was
abundant in 1887 and 1889. No locality is known for it in
England. Abroad it is plentiful in Switzerland, Germany,
France, Sweden, Livonia, Siberia, Armenia, and Asia
Minor, and in mountainous districts varies in a perplexing
manner.

<< sc ctr Or

ZVGANIDE. [21

2. Z. exulans, Hochenwarth.—Expanse | to 1} inch.
Fore wings semi-transparent, grey, with five faint red
spots; hind wings faintly reddish ; body hairy, black.

Antenne black, curved forward, very thick toward the
apex, where they are curved gently back; apex blunt. Head,
thorax, and abdomen black, densely and roughly clothed with
long, black, soft hair-scales. Fore wings rather narrow at
the base; costal and dorsal margins nearly straight; apex
and hind margin much rounded; semi-transparent, smoky
bluish-grey or greenish-grey, with five pale crimson spots ;
the first three elongated, the longest being that from the
base along the costa, the other two shorter and placed in
the angles of the nervures ; the remaining two larger, more
or less round, one in the middle of the wing, the other beyond
and nearer the costa; nervures distinctly darker, separating
the basal spots and faintly dividing the fifth; cilia short,
yellowish-brown. Hind wings rather short, bluntly pointed,
rounded behind, pale reddish, dull crimson, reddish ochreous,
or even pale grey shaded with pink or ochreous; sometimes
nearly transparent, with the hind margin narrowly or broadly
shaded with bluish-grey; cilia yellowish brown, incon-
spicuous.

Female similar, but paler and more transparent; having
the portion of the collar in front of each shoulder white or
yellowish ; the nervures of the fore wings very pale; the
spots and hind wings sometimes whitish-red, and the cilia
whitish. Legs yellowish-white.

Underside shining and almost destitute of scales, showing
a faint repetition of the colours and markings of the upper
side.

Variable in intensity of colour of the fore wings, as blue,
grey, or greenish predominate, and in the colour of the spots,
which often are crimson only in the centre, otherwise dull
ochreous, whitish or pale pink; also in the colour of the
hind wings, from crimson to pale pinkish-grey or ochreous-

122 LEPIDOPTERA.

grey, the darker grey border shading inwards in these paler
specimens. Rarely the spots and hind wings are almost
white, with a floury appearance, arising from a dusting of
whitish ochreous scales.

The scales lying separately upon the surface of the fore
wings, bear the queerest possible resemblance, under a good
magnifier, to immense shoals of tadpoles.

On the wing in July.

Larva two-thirds of an inch in length; broad and fat;
head very small, glossy black, retractile; body enlarging
rapidly, with segments rather deeply divided; upper part
of second segment naked, green, somewhat retractile; body
very dark green ; subdorsal stripes velvety black, interrupted
by bright yellow transverse spots; each segment with a
series of ovate tubercles thickly studded with short black
bristles, and each having one long black hair; spiracles
black; under surface smooth, paler green; legs shining,
green and black; prolegs light green. When very young
pale green, and continuing so until hybernation. In the
spring, when approaching full growth, intensely black with
bright yellow lateral spots. (Buckler.)

August to June on Azalea procumbens, Cherleria sedoides,
Silene acaulis, Trifolium alpinum, T. repens, 7. pratense, Lotus
corniculatus, Geum montanum, Sibbaldia procumbens, Alche-
milla alpina, feeding in the sunshine. Dr. White says Hrica
and Vacciniwm, and that he reared larvae upon Polygonum
aviculare and Tritiewm repens—plants which do not grow in
their native localities.

Pura half an inch long, tapering behind, the backs of the
abdominal segments with rows of minute hooks ; leg and
antenna-sheaths free at the ends; wing-cases with the
margins prominent: black, with the abdomen greenish-black,
not glossy. In a rather fusiform cocoon attached to a stone,
rock, or other object ; colour pearly-grey with a silvery lustre.
(Buckler.) Mr. W. H. Tugwell found a cocoon attached to

ZYGANIDE. 123

a trailing stem of the Crowberry (Zmpetrum nigrum), and
another was subsequently found attached to the same plant,
but there is no evidence that the larvee had fed on this plant.
Dr. Buchanan White found cocoons attached to stems of
Lriea and to grasses.

A mountain species, excessively local here. Originally
taken by Dr. F. Buchanan White and Professor Traill on
the mountains at Braemar, Aberdeenshire, in 1871, on an
elevated spot from 2000 to 3000 feet above the sea level.
Dr. White says: ‘‘The locality is an ancient shore of the
glacial sea, and the same agencies which deposited there
various boulders and arctic plants, probably, at the same
time, brought the Zygwna. The insect is extremely local
in its habits, for not a specimen was to be found except in
one grassy and rushy place about 200 yards long and 50
broad ; in this spot the moths were not uncommon, flying
about in the sunshine, sitting on flowers of Gnaphaliwm
dioicum, or hanging on the stems of grasses.” Mr. W. H.
Tugwell has found it on ground which is not grassy, but
upon “crisp heath and dwarf Azalea, a few inches high
and grey with lichen.” He says that it utilises every gleam
of sunshine, flying as soon as the sun comes out, even after
a cold hard rain, though there may be only a gleam for a
few minutes. Its colour fades rapidly during life. The
insect is still taken at Braemar year by year by those who
have access to this remote district, but no other locality has
yet been recorded in these islands. The varietal names
Vanadis and subochracea have been applied to it, but the
forms pass quite insensibly one into the other, the females
showing the yellower variations. A slight deterioration seems
to have taken place in our examples, in that the fore wings
are rather narrower than in continental specimens. Abroad
it is a plentiful mountain species, found in the higher Alps,
the Pyrenees, the mountains of Sweden and Norway, and in

Lapland.

124 LEPIDOPTERA.

3. Z. meliloti, Hsp.—Expanse 1 to 1} inch.
Fore wings rather opaque; dull dark grey, with five red
spots; hind wings red with grey margin ; body blue-black.

Antenne blue-black, slender at the base, curved forward and
recurved in the thicker portion beyond the middle; apex rather
blunt. Head, thorax, and abdomen deep black, or greenish
black, with smooth surface, except that in the male there is
a row of tufts of slightly longer black scales down each side
of the abdomen. Fore wings narrow throughout, more than
usually rounded off at the apex and anal angle, which last, in
fact, disappears. Thinly scaled, hardly opaque, smoky blackish-
grey, or glistening purplish blue, according to the direction
in which the light falls; but usually appearing of a dull
smoky grey, with five light, bright, scarlet spots, two at the
base rather equally elongated, two, rounder in shape, in the
middle, of which the upper is small, lying in the angle of two
nervures, and a fifth, also nearly round, beyond the middle.
Hind wings rather short and narrow, rounded at the apex,
and having the hind margin nearly straight; bright crimson-
scarlet, with the marginal band rather narrow, blackish grey
shot with intense blue. Cilia of all the wings dark grey,
shot with purple and golden. Sexes alike, except that the
fore wings of the female are slightly the broader.

Underside thinly scaled, similar to the upper, but with the
dark portions fainter in colour.

Very constant in colour and markings; but in Mr. B. G.
Rye’s collection is a specimen in which the spots are united
into elongated blotches separated by the nervures (as in
Z. Minos). Mr. J. J. ¥. X. King has one with all united into a
single long red blotch, and Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher another.
He has also this year (1893) reared a specimen having indis-
tinct sixth spots.

On the wing in July.

LARVA nearly one inch long, plump; head very small and
retractile, black spotted with white ; dorsal plate small, green

ZYGENIDE. 125

with two black dots ; body of even thickness, except that it
tapers suddenly to the very small head, and the hinder part
of each body segment is slightly raised into a ridge. Colour
dull pale green with abundant minute black points; dorsal
line broadly whitish green, shaded off on each side; subdorsal
line whitish, interrupted on each segment by a distinct
yellow spot, immediately above and behind which is a distinct
round black dot at the incision of each segment; spiracular
line very indistinct, whitish green; ordinary raised spots
green, bearing tufts of short downy white hairs; spiracles
black with white rings; legs and prolegs greenish with a
blackish ring. Before full growth the colour is rather darker,
and the subdorsal lines are interrupted by a very bright
yellow spot on each segment. Fairly active in its movements
when hungry, but usually so sluggish that another may walk
over without disturbing it.

August to May or June, hybernating when small and
growing very slowly. On Lotus corniculatus and other low-
growing leguminous plants.

Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher finds that the larva of this species
is not, in all cases, satisfied with hybernating only once, but
that some individuals, after waking up in the spring, cast a
skin, eat a little, and then settle down again to wait for
another winter. This, moreover, is not caused by low tempera-
ture, since several larvee settled down again in this manner
and remained torpid during the unusual heat of the early
part of the present summer (1893). Even when feeding up
its growth is slow as compared with that of the larvee of the
allied species.

Pura with the head, and sheaths of the wings, legs, and
antenne, glossy black; the whole of the abdomen and the
back clear spotless pale yellow, the skin of the latter portion
so thin that after the moth has emerged there remains only a
filmy transparent white pellicle. (The contrast shown in
this species between the two colours is most remarkable and

126 LEPIDOPTERA.

unusual in the case of a pupa). In a fusiform, pale yellow
or whitish, silken cocoon; attached to a grass stalk, or any
other convenient object, near the ground.

Only recognised as an inhabitant of this country in 1872,
when it was found that what had been looked upon as small
specimens of Z. trifolii, occurring with that species in its
normal forms in the New Forest, truly belonged to the
present species. A belief that it is only a stunted variety of
Z. trifolvi has been freely maintained, and strong confirmation
appeared to be furnished by the rearing of ten unmistakable
Z. trifolii from, it was believed, eggs of the present species,
by a most careful observer. This extraordinary result remains
unexplained, except upon the hypothesis of an accidental
substitution of larvee or eggs; but the production of genuine
Z. meliloti, without fail, from the eggs of that species, has
been abundantly demonstrated by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher,
and, through his kindness, by myself, and the distinctive
characters in the imago, larva, and pupa appear to be
striking, and far more constant and reliable than in the two
following species. These characters are, moreover, those of
the insect as described by Esper, and as found on the
Continent ; and a comparison of long series of British with
Continental specimens fully confirms their identity. Further
evidence has been furnished by Mr. F. N. Pierce, in the
discovery that the structure of the organs at the apex of the
abdomen is quite different from that observable in Z. trifolii
and its allies.

It inhabits marshy spots in the New Forest, Hants, and
is said to have been taken, many years ago, in Tilgate Forest,
Sussex ; I know of no other British locality.

Abroad it is a common and well known species, found in
France, Switzerland, Germany, Northern Italy, Sweden,
Hungary, Dalmatia, Bulgaria, Southern Russia, Siberia,
Armenia, and parts of Asia Minor,

ZYGANIDA:. 127

4, Z. trifolii, #sp—Expanse 1 to 12 inch.

Fore wings opaque, glossy, dark blue-green with five red
spots; hind wings red, with rather broad blue margin;
antennee short and stout.

Antenne black, rather thick from the base, very so
beyond the middle, rather short, strongly curved forward,
and then recurved in the thick portion, so that the rather
blunt apex bends back. Head and thorax black; abdomen
. deep blue-black. Fore wings rather long, narrow at the
base, broader towards the hind margin, which, with the apex,
is much rounded, but having a slight anal angle; costal and
dorsal margins slightly arched at the base, then straight;
opaque, very glossy, dark blue-green or blue-grey with
greenish reflections; with five rich crimson-scarlet spots;
two, close together and rather elongated, at the base, two,
rounded, in the middle of the wing, of which the lower is
usually double the size of the upper, and one beyond, rounded
or slightly ovate; cilia blackish-blue. Hind wings moderately
long, broader than in the preceding species, bluntly pointed,
with the hind margin straight or even a little hollowed before
the anal angle; crimson-scarlet or pale scarlet, with a some-
what broad irregular rich purple-blue stripe along the hind
margin ; cilia of the same colour. Sexes alike, except that
the female is stouter with rather broader fore wings; there
is also a tendency to blue in the colour of the fore wings of
the male, to green in that of the female. Underside like the
upper, except that the blue-grey is more smoky,

Variable in the size of the spots of the fore wings, and
also in their liability to coalesce, so that very often there are
only three rather large spots in a line, the first two pairs
each completely uniting; less commonly the united middle
pair is joined to the outer spot by a slender line, or more
completely into a long constricted blotch, and in the latter
case there is frequently an approach to or union between the
basal and middle united pairs in different degrees until all

128 LEPIDOPTERA.

become one broad irregular longitudinal stripe. Another and
quite independent phase of variation is in the breadth and
shape of the marginal blue stripe of the hind wings. This,
in some cases, especially in small dark specimens, is extremely
broad round the apex and along the hind margin, sometimes
extending into the wing in a broad indentation in the middle
or near to the anal angle. A third direction of variation is in
colour; occasionally, though rarely, a specimen is taken in
which the spots and hind wings are of a reddish-yellow—one
such is before me, taken by Mr. W. Holland near Reading— -
or the hind wings are shaded with orange. In other cases,
also hitherto very rare, the spots and hind wings are clear
yellow. A startling instance of this has occurred in the
present summer, an isolated colony having been found by
Mr. W. M. Christy in West Sussex, of which very many
specimens were of a clear pale yellow, some having also the
spots united in pairs, and one in which all were joined into a
blotch running three-fourths the length of the fore wings.
With these were found some red specimens with the spots
abnormally small; and others in which the wings were
incomplete, as though irregularly cut back, so that some
had but half wings, and a few were nearly apterous. Mr.
S. Stevens has two specimens in which the fore wings are
entirely suffused with red except along the dorsal and hind
margins. Dr. Mason has beautiful yellow specimens with and
without confluent spots similar to those just mentioned. A
much more perplexing variation occurs now and then in a
specimen showing a more or less distinct sixth spot. I have
taken one such in Pembrokeshire in a secluded locality in
which the present species abounded, but in which I never saw
any allied species.

On the wing in June, and, in its more northern range, in

July.

LarVA one inch long, very plump, with segments deeply
divided. Head small, black; body rich yellow-green or

ZYGAZNIDE. 129

bluish-green ; subdorsal line represented by a row of black
markings of an X shape, or else divided into pairs of
elongated blotches ; spiracular line irregular and undulating,
being composed also of black streak-like spots set obliquely
and meeting each other; incisions of segments broadly
yellowish ; the usual raised spots or tubercles abundantly set
with short fine hairs; legs black; prolegs greenish. Very
similar when young, but before hybernation the body becomes
paler and more transparent and the black spots browner, so
that it is far less conspicuous. It hybernates in little com-
panies on the stems of the food plant.

On Lotus corniculatus and L. major, Trifoliwm pratense, and
probably other soft leguminous plants; from the end of July
to September, then hybernating and feeding again from
March to the end of May. Mr. T. H. Briggs has ascertained
that some individuals scarcely feed at all in the spring, but
settle down again and pass a second winter as small larve.
This has since been confirmed by other observers.

Pupa with the cases of the wings, antenne, and legs, and
also the head, black-brown ; abdominal segments dark-green
ringed with darker. In a yellow, or whitish, fusiform silken
cocoon attached to the stems of grasses or rushes, usually
close to the ground or in the thickest tufts, but sometimes,
and especially in a very wet season, may be found con-
spicuously on the higher portions of the plants. In pupa
about a fortnight.

A lively and fairly active species in the sunshine, frequenting
thistle blossoms and other flowers; but usually confining
itself to the limits of some favourite marshy place, or hill-
side where herbage is tolerably dense, and particularly
attached to damp meadows. Always local and gregarious,
even though in a drier locality. Very plentiful in suitable
places throughout the South of England and of Wales;
apparently absent from many parts of the Midland Counties ;
not at all common in Norfolk and Suffolk nor in Yorkshire,

VOL. I. I

130 LEPIDOPTERA.

but found in Herefordshire, Cheshire and Lancashire. In
Scotland very local in Ayrshire, Forfarshire, Kincardineshire
and Ross-shire, usually near the coast. In Ireland the Rev.
W. F. Jobnson has found it plentifully in some marshy
meadows near Armagh, and it is recorded from Galway, and
from Blackrock near Dublin. It is plentiful throughout the
greater part of the Continent of Europe, and in Northern
Africa, Siberia, and portions of Asia Minor.

5. Z. loniceree, Hsy.—Expanse | to 1}inch. Forewings
opaque, lustrous, dark blue-grey or green-grey with five light
red spots; hind wings red, with a narrow blue margin ; an-
tenne long and rather slender.

Antennee blue-black, long, rather slender, curved forwards,
and, where thickened beyond the middle, curved gracefully
back in a long slender point. Head and thorax deep velvety
black; abdomen blue-black. forewings shaped very nearly
us in the last species, but with the rounded apex a little
longer, and the hind margin slightly more oblique ; opaque,
brilliantly glossy: deep rich blue-grey or green-grey, with
five rich scarlet spots placed as in the last species, but
usually more widely separated, the lower middle spot being
often but little larger than the upper; cilia blue-black or
green-black. Hind wings also shaped as in Z. trifolit ; rich
scarlet, with a slender deep blue irregular stripe along the
hind margin; cilia deep purple, or greenish purple. Female
similar, but with broader forewings, and often much larger
than the male, which varies greatly in size. Underside a
faint copy of the upper, being thinly scaled so that the dark
portions are poorly represented.

Decidedly less variable than the preceding species, but
liable occasionally to coalition of the pairs of spots, and also
rarely to the union of the whole into a long blotch, more or
less constricted or indented. Occasionally also, though very
rarely, specimens are found with the spots and hind wings
yellow, the spots separate or confluent ; others occur in which

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ZYGENIDE. 131

the fore-wings are pale, or semi-transparent, or of a golden hue
as though the blue colouring had been discharged—especially
towards the margins; and from near York a local strain was
obtained some years ago, more thinly scaled and greyer than
usual with the lower central spot unusually large. Mr. G. T.
Porritt has one which has the dark portion of the forewings
of a rich blue shot with purple, and Dr. Mason a specimen in
which the same portions are wholly bronzy without a trace
of blue, the blue colour at the margins of the hind wings also
being absent. In Mr. C. A. Briggs’ collection is one, taken
at Croydon, having the hind wings and the spots pink.
On the wing at the end of June and in July.

Larva nearly an inch long; head small and retractile,
black and shining; mouth yellow; body plump with rather
deeply divided segments, green, with subdorsal and spiracular
rows of velvety black blotches, divided by transverse pale
yellow bars, by which each black blotch is separated into two,
one oval, the other reniform ; the usual tubercular spots green
with short whitish bristles (Buckler).

From August to October and after hybernation to June on
Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus corniculatus and clover; but not
unfrequently refusing to feed in the spring and remaining
quiescent through the summer and a second winter. This
has been noticed by more than one observer.

Pura with the coverings of the head, antenne, legs and
wings blackish brown, the back and abdominal portion dark
green or blackish green. In a fusiform, yellow or whitish,
silken cocoon, attached to culms of grass or the stems of plants,
often quite conspicuously visible. In pupa two or three weeks.

Like the preceding in its habits. Abounding in its favourite
localities, which are rather various, comprising high limestone
pastures, damp woods, and even fens. Mr. H. Doubleday
records that he received from time to time hundreds of larvae
from Holme Fen, where they fed on Lathyrus pratensis, and

132 LEPIDOPTERA.

that they all emerged typical. On the other hand, I have
seen the moths—also all typical—in hundreds on the top of
a ridge of limestone hills in Shropshire, crowding upon the
patches of blooming thyme. ‘The blossoms of thistle, knap-
weed and various other plants are also frequented, and it
flies about among them in a sufficiently lively manner during
the sunshine. Widely distributed though always local, and
known to occur in Kent, Sussex, Dorset, Hants, Bedfordshire,
Devon, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, Herefordshire,
Derbyshire and Shropshire, also rarely in Cheshire, Norfolk
and Suffolk, and rather plentifully on the eastern side of
Yorkshire. In Scotland the only record seems to be from
near Oban, Argyleshire. In Ireland the Rev. W. F. Johnson
has found it commonly near Armagh in company with
Z. trifolii, a companionship which seems hardly to have
been noticed elsewhere; and Lieut. J. J. Walker found it in
Galway.

Abroad it is common over the greater part of Europe, and
in Siberia, Armenia, and Asia Minor.

I have described these last two species—Z. lonicerw and
Z. trifolii as distinct, in deference to the universal admission
of them as separate species, both at home and abroad, but
they are exceedingly difficult to separate in the perfect state,
since all their distinguishing characters, even to the form of
the antenne, and of the marginal stripe on the hind wings,
vary so as almost to merge one into the other. The larve also
are alike, so that no reliably distinctive character seems to exist,
and their pup and cocoons are similar—though a difference
of habit seems apparent in the situation of the latter. But
the difficulty has recently been very seriously enhanced by
the discovery by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, that they not only
pair together with perfect freedom, but produce fertile eggs
from which emerge healthy larvae producing in due course
moths haying intermediate characters, or the characters in
part of both parent races. And further, these (so-called)

ZYGANIDE. 133

hybrids pair freely together, or with either parent race, with
similar results. From the year 1889 until the present time
(1893) Mr. Fletcher has continued the race—or rather
several races—from generation to generation; and even by
selection of parents, has brought out a very blue variety with
most of the characters of Z. lonicerw, and another, somewhat
different, form with most of the characters of Z. trifolit.
These experiments render it difficult to believe that what we
call by those two names are more than local races of the
same species, very rarely found intermingled.

It may be well here to notice that a similar experiment
between Z. lonicere and Z. filipendule resulted in the pro-
duction of about a dozen of the largest Burnet-moths that
Mr. Fletcher has ever bred, having characters intermediate
between those of the two parent species ; but that no fertile
eggs were obtained from these hybrids, since of those de-
posited after two pairings, none hatched. Myr. Fletcher does
not yet consider, however, that the experiment is conclusive,
and will doubtless try again. He is better satisfied with
respect to Z. Meliloti, from which it appears to be impossible
to obtain fertile hybridised eggs by crossing with either of
the other three.

6. Z. filipendulee, Z.—Expanse 1 to 12 inch.
Forewings opaque, brilliant dark blue-green or grey-green,
with six red spots; hind wings red.

Antenne black, rather stout, long, and very gracefully
curved and recurved, tapering to a sharp point. Head and
thorax greenish black; abdomen blue-black or green-black,
densely clothed with scales. Forewings rather long and
narrow, but broader towards the hind margin, with nearly
straight costa, rounded apex, and oblique rounded hind
margin ; opaque, brilliantly glossy, rich blue-green or grey-
green with six bright vermilion spots, five placed as in the
previous species, the sixth rounded and placed beyond and

134 LEPIDOPTERA.

lower down than the fifth, and much nearer to the hind
margin. The four vownded spots—the second and third
pairs—have usually the centres of a brighter vermilion than
their margins, the scales appearing there to be crowded and
slightly raised; and the third and sixth are commonly
divided by dark nervures. Hind wings shaped as in the
previous species, or slightly more pointed at the apex, bright
vermilion with a narrow, somewhat irregular, dark blue edging
or stripe along the hind margin. Cilia of the colour of the
wing-margins. Female similar, but with broader and often
greener forewings, and of slightly larger size.

Underside of the forewings paler bluish-grey, with the
spots bright red, usually of larger size than on the upper side,
or confluent, and very often suffused into a pale red cloud
which then occupies a considerable portion of the wing; hind
wings as above, body black. Variable in the size of the red
spots which in the male often become small, and in the
female large ; occasicnally the second pair is confluent, more
frequently the third, indeed the latter pair sometimes forms
one large spot while those of the former are separated.
More often, however, both are joined, and more rarely the
confluent pairs extend towards each other, or unite, forming
a longitudinal blotch. Sometimes the sixth spot is obscured,
diminished, or almost absent, but it seems to be always
present on the underside. In a curious aberration which I
took on the bank of the Thames the lower spot of the middle
pair is absent, both above and below. In colour the variation
is very great and is also somewhat local. In Essex many
specimens have been taken by Mr. W. H. Harwood of which
the spots and hind wings are of some paler shade of red or
orange-red, or else of a more dull brick-red; in chalk pits,
and on chalk hills in Cambridgeshire a form having these
portions yellow is not very rare, and it has also been found
near Winchester, Maidstone, Colchester and in other localities
in the South of England. A far more rare and extraordinary
variety (which bas heen named chrysanthem?) has the fore-

ZYGANIDE. 135

wings entirely deep dark steel-blue, with the spots only
visible by their more dull reflection of light; and hind wings
purplish black. Of this aberration there is a specimen in a
collection made forty years ago, by Mr. Robertson, and still
preserved at Liverpool by his family; another was taken,
just emerged from the pupa, in the New Forest by Mr.
Herbert Goss, a third has been secured by Mr. B. G. Rye in
Sussex, and Dr. Mason has a fourth. Mr. C. A. Briggs has
one in which the usually dark portions of the forewings are
very pale and nearly transparent and the hind wings pinkish
white. This was taken near Folkestone. Others in Mr.
Webb's collection are light blue with hind wings white
except the base which is pink; and the gradations, and inter-
mediate variations, of most of these forms, in some of our
larger collections, almost defy enumeration. There are
even local races in form of the wings, one with narrow wings
is said to be common in the Isle of Man; and from the north
of Ireland specimens are obtained with fore and hind wings
short and more rounded than usual. One such, with very
short broad round wings, has no trace of the lower middle
spot on the right forewing; all the spots are small, and the
outermost strongly divided by the nervure. It is sent from
Londonderry by Mr. D.C. Campbell. The most extraordinary
specimen known however, and perhaps the most remarkable
malformation or aberration extant of any recorded Lepido-
pterous insect, is a specimen which was reared a few years
ago by Mr. N. M. Richardson from a pupa collected in
Cambridgeshire. This specimen has five wings, the fifth
being substituted for the left hind leg, which is absent, and is
attached to the underpart of the thorax at the spot at which
the first joint of the leg would have arisen had it been
present. ‘This fifth is a hind wing in structure though paler
in colour, and has the usual dark border. It is fully half
the size of a normal hind wing.

On the wing in July and August—in some seasons in
June.

136 LEPIDOPTERA.

LakVA one inch in length; very soft, plump, and thick ;
with deeply divided segments and a small retractile head,
which is black with the front portion yellow or white ; body
dull greenish ; dorsal line yellowish green with a yellow spot
at the hinder edge of each segment; a subdorsal row of black
spots each shaped somewhat like a dumb-bell, two on each
segment, and below them a row of nine yellow spots placed
on the hinder edge of segments three to eleven. Hach
segment has a transverse row of oval tubercles bearing
numerous bristles, the lower ones half-edged with black ;
spiracles black. In the intervals of the spots and tubercles
the skin is studded with minute raised black points. Legs
black ; prolegs greenish, with triangular black tubercles on
their sides (Hellins). A variable larva, the black spots
becoming sometimes much larger and almost coalescing, and
the whole surface of the body blackened.

August to October, then hybernating small and feeding
again from March to June on Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium
pratense, Onobrychis sativa, Anthyllis vulneraria, and other
Leguminous plants.

On one occasion the Rey. J. Hellins found larve in July
in a warm spot on the Devon coast and reared the moths in
August; these he suspected to be of an exceptional second
generation.

Pupa with the head-case prominent; antenna- leg- and
wing-cases free at the tips; abdomen tapering off suddenly
at the last three segments; dorsal portions of abdominal
segments having rows of points. Glossy black with the
abdominal segments dull black; greenish in the incisions.
In a yellow fusiform cocoon of close tough silk fixed con-
spicuously to a stalk of grass, or stem of a plant, some inches
from the ground. In pupa about a fortnight or three weeks,
sometimes longer. Mr. 8. Webb tells me that it occasionally
lies over in that state until the following year.

The most abundant species of the group, tolerably active

ZYGANIDE. 137

in the sunshine, flying witha straight heavy booming motion
like a red bee, and much attracted by flowers of thyme, clover,
knapweed, and other low-growing plants. Most abundant on
the coast, where it may be found in thousands on cliffs and
sandhills; but also plentiful in chalky districts inland, on
the hillsides and in the valleys and pastures; otherwise
rather local, and in some districts absent. Sometimes it is
found associating with the other species of the group—as
in the west of Ireland, where it occurs along with 7. minos,
though far less abundantly—in other cases in the damp
meadows frequented by Z. ¢rifolii. In such a situation
Mr. J. J. Weir has found it paired with the last-named
species, and has also captured specimens which he believes
to be hybrids between the two. There is, however, an
element of doubt upon that point, since it is certain that
the variety of this species in which the sixth spot is nearly
obsolete, is found in places in which Z trifolii is not known
to occur. Most plentiful through the southern half of
England to Cambridgeshire; scarce or excessively local in
Norfolk ; local also in Pembrokeshire; common in Hereford-
shire and on the Lancashire and Cheshire coasts; also in
some parts of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, though in others
it appears to have died out; and probably to be found some-
where in most of the counties of England and Wales.. In
Scotland still more local; found in Fife and Aberdeenshire
and other parts of the east coast; also in Argyleshire and
West Ross. In Ireland widely distributed on the coast, even
extending northward as far as the County Derry, but very
local inland. Abroad it is plentiful nearly all over the
Continent of Europe, except in the coldest portions, as well
as in Armenia and Asia Minor.

(Syntomis Phegea, Z.—-A beautiful species, in structure
somewhat similar to the Zygwnw, but blue-black, with six
transparent spots on each forewing, two on the hind, and two
yellow belts across the abdomen. A specimen was taken on

138 LEPIDOPTERA.

24th June 1872, near Dover, flying in the sunshine, and is
now in the collection of Mr. W. H. Tugwell. Besides this,
a worn specimen is said to have once been taken in Yorkshire.
These appear to be the only cases in which this species has
been found at large in this country, and they furnish but a
very slight claim to naturalisation. There appears, however,
nothing in its habits to forbid its occurrence here, since it is
found in Central and Southern France, Holland, Belgium,
North and South Germany, as well as in Northern and West-
ern Asia and North and South Africa. Probably it requires
more and hotter sunshine than these Islands usually afford.)

(Naclia ancilla, Z.—A neat, rather plain species with
narrow forewings, brown with a row of three white spots
beyond the middle, hind wings yellow with brown base and
border. A specimen, said to have been captured near
Worthing, Sussex, was exhibited at the Entomological Society
in 1867 by the late Mr. E. Newman. No other British
specimen is known. This species is said to be found, locally,
in dry flowery woods in France, Germany, Belgium, Italy
and in other parts of Southern, and also Eastern Europe.)

The two last mentioned (casual) species are allied to the
Zygenide, though in the case of Naclia the thickening of the
antenne is extremely slight, and it appears to lead towards
the Lithoside, one of the families of the Bombyces. Another
family of very large extent—the Agaristide—with sphingi-
form antennz, shows a wonderfui series of relationships with
Zygenide, Lithoside, and Arctiidw, and the habits of its
species are mainly diurnal; while another—Castnia—seems
to imitate some of the broader winged Noctuw. Indeed the
relationships—if any—in these groups appear often to run in
parallel rather than in direct lines, and there is very small
apparent affinity, except in the narrowness of the wings,
between the species just described and those next to be dealt
with.

ZEUZERIDA. 139

Group 2. BOMBYCINA.

A very convenient, yet not very homogeneous group,
used indeed to include families which, but for their paucity
of species, might themselves well lay claim to form separate
groups. By no means largely represented with us, in
consequence of which the passage from one family to another
is, apparently, even more abrupt than where some of the gaps
are filled in by the multitude of exotic forms. Yet with
these additions, the isolation of certain families is extra-
ordinary, while others. extend and diverge until they almost
interlock with families in what are usually considered to be
the most distant groups.

Distinctive and reliable characters can hardly be furnished,
but the forewings are usually blunt and hardly triangular, the
bodies are also generally blunt at the end. The antenne in
certain families reach the utmost development of pectination,
in others they are simple and threadlike. The forewings are
usually broad, but in one large family quite narrow, yet still
with the apex obtuse. In many families the hind wings are
ample and densely clothed with scales, and as_ brightly
coloured as the forewings; in others they are thinly scaled
and without ornamentation.

Family 1. ZEUZERIDSA.

Antenne rather short; forewings elongated, hind wings
shorter, rather distant at the base; abdomen much elongated
or very stout.

Larv& naked, with strong jaws, and a horny plate on the
second segment; feeding in the wood or pith of trees or
plants.

Pur# elongated, with segments deeply divided, and having
rows of stiff spines.

140 LEPIDOPTERA.

Genus 1. MACROGASTER. -

Antenne short, pectinated to the middle in the male;
wings narrow ; abdomen very long.

1. M. arundinis, Hiib.; castanese, Staud. Cat.—
Expanse 1} to 2 inches. Forewings drab-brown with a darker
longitudinal shade; hind wings paler; abdomen drab, long,
very so in the female.

Antennze rather short, in the male with long pectinations
at the base, rounding off regularly shorter to just beyond the
middle, from which point they disappear, and the remainder
is almost threadlike; in the female slightly dentated.
Thorax narrow, brownish drab ; abdomen of nearly the same
thickness, long in the male, extremely so in the female,
whitey-brown ; anal segment tipped with along tuft of scales.
Forewings long and narrow, with rounded apex and blunt
hind margin; colour pale ashy or greyish white, regularly
dusted with dark grey in lines of obscure cloudy dots;
nervures light brown; costal margin broadly, and dorsal
margin still more broadly pale brown with a yellowish gloss ;
cilia pale brown dotted with dark grey. Hind wings
narrow, shorter than the forewings ; white, faintly dusted with
brownish ; cilia whitish brown. Female similar but larger.

Underside of the forewings smoky, with the margins and
nervures pale brown, hind wings whitish, with pale brown
nervures ; body and legs whitey-brown.

Apparently not variable, except in size.

On the wing in June and July and in some seasons even in
August.

Larva 14 to 2 inches long, rather slender, slightly flattened,
of nearly uniform thickness but with the thirteenth segment
long and tapering. Head horny, rounded, flattened ; yellowish
brown; dorsal shield pale brown, broad and deep, rounded
behind and there furnished with rows of projections; body

ZEUZERIDZA. 141

wrinkled but shining, dirty creamy white; raised spots
similar in colour, each furnished with a bristle; subdorsal
stripe broad, pale purplish; spiracles small, indistinctly pale
brown, except in segments two three and four, where each is
protected by a large oval, or round, plate; anal plate horny,
translucent; prolegs undeveloped, having mere transverse
rows of small points; anal prolegs aborted. When young
tapering from near the head to the tail; yellower, and with
the subdorsal stripes more purple. As it reaches full growth
these stripes partially disappear. (Hellins).

Full fed in April and May, probably feeding two years ;
the eggs hatching about August, and the larve becoming
full fed in the second following spring. In the underground
—or under-water—stems of the Common Reed (Arwndo
phragmites), burrowing in and feeding upon the pith.

Pupa very slender, cylindrical, of even bulk throughout ;
front of the headpiece with a small projection like a beak ;
wing-cases short ; back of the abdominal segments furnished
with rows of short points, and anal segment with strong
spines. Colour brown, paler on the wing-cases, darker on
the abdomen (Hellins). In the hollow upright stem of the
reed, in a space cut off by a diaphragm at the top and lined by
the larva with silk ; a place for emergence being prepared by
gnawing the substance at one side almost through. In this
cut-off portion of the reed stem the pupa moves freely and
rapidly up and down. June or July.

Always an exceedingly local and obscure species, clinging
to the reed-stems in the daytime, and from its colour and
slenderness, closely resembling the dead sheaths and leaves,
so as to be scarcely perceptible. Flying only at night and
usually captured by means of a powerful light. Dr. F. D.
Wheeler says, “It is so strong on the wing that it can fly in
a hurricane. I have taken it at light on a bitterly cold night,
when a high north-west wind was blowing.” He also says

142 LEPIDOPTERA.

that it flies straight at the lamp, banging itself against the
glass, and dropping down to struggle about among the
herbage. The female rarely comes to the lamps, but may
occasionally be caught flying within the verge of the ring of
light, conspicuous by her long drooping abdomen. The
earliest capture in this country seems to have been by the
late Mr. H. Doubleday, at Holme Fen, Cambs., of a male
floating in a drain about the year 1841. He obtained two
more in 1848, and in 1850 found it in profusion at Whittle-
sea Mere, also discovering its larva and pupa. But it seems
to have been totally exterminated from these two localities by
the draining and destruction of the fens. In 1869 Lord
Walsingham took a specimen at Wicken Fen, Cambridge-
shire, and it has been obtained there in almost every year
since that date. Within the last few years it has also been
found in some numbers in Chippenham Fen in the same
county. Those taken in the more recent years are not by
any means so large as the earlier Whittlesea specimens.
This Dr. Wheeler attributes to the stunted size of the reeds
arising from the gradual drying of the Cambridgeshire fens.
In the year 1873 he sent eggs, obtained from a female
captured at Wicken, to me at Norwich. These I inserted
into the sheaths of reeds at Ranworth Fen, Norfolk, where
the species had never been known to occur. Five years
later—August 1878—two male specimens were captured
within a hundred yards of the spot where the eggs were
planted, by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher. It is therefore possible
that the species may maintain itself in the far more extensive,
and more secure, fens which border the Norfolk rivers, even if
the Cambridge fens should become dried up or cultivated.
I know of no locality outside these counties. Abroad, it is
found in Holland, Germany, Northern France, Corsica,
Hungary, and Central and Southern Russia, in fens and
marshes, but is always very local. It has also (apparently)
been obtained from India, Ceylon, Japan, I’ormosa, a small
variety from China, a very small one from Northern India,

NN SOE

ZEUZERIDE. 143

a large form from Central Africa, and others from the Niger
district and from Madagascar.

Genus 2. ZEUZERA.

Antenne pectinated to the middle in the male, woolly at
the base in the female; forewings long, spotted; abdomen
elongated.

1. Z. esculi, Z.; pyrina, Staud. Cat.—Expanse, male
2 inches, female 2}. Thorax and wings white, with numerous
blue-black spots.

Antenne black, in the male with long pectinations at the
base and to the middle, thence decreasing in length rapidly
so as to round off beyond the middle, from which point the
remainder is threadlike and curled up. Face black; top of
the head white, downy ; thorax densely covered with white
downy scales, and having on its dorsal surface six large oblong
black spots arranged in pairs; abdomen elongated, rather
narrow, dark grey, with thick, soft, whitish scales. Fore-
wings long and rather narrow, having the nervures stout and
prominent, margins nearly straight, or very gently rounded,
apex and hind margin much rounded; semi-transparent,
white with the extreme costal and dorsal margins faintly
tinged with brown, the whole surface between the nervures
irregularly covered with small indistinct blue-black spots, a
larger, and more distinct, similar spot at the termination of
each nervure along the hind margin, and a row of the same
along the costal and dorsal margins. A small patch only,
near the costa and beyond the middle of the wings, is devoid
of spots. Cilia white, so short as to be scarcely perceptible.
Hind wings rather short, semi-transparent, white with faintly
brownish nervures, black spots along the hind margin at the
tips of the nervures, and the surface between them sprinkled
with small faintly blackish spots. Female much larger, often
more than double the size of the male, and with the wings

144 LEPIDOPTERA.

far broader, the spots on the forewings similarly placed, but
distinctly blue-black, larger, more elongated, and more strik-
ing; and the nervures very thick and conspicuous. Hind
wings also a little more distinctly spotted between the
nervures. Antenne slender and threadlike, but with a large
tuft of downy white scales at the base, and clothed with the
same to the middle; abdomen stout and tapering to a long
point, where is a conspicuous ovipositor, blackish, thinly
scattered with whitish scales. Underside of all the wings in
both sexes similar to the upper; body grey with whitish
scales ; legs black ; slightly variable in the size and intensity
of the blue-black spots, and, in the female, in the size of the
immaculate space near the costa—which is sometimes supple-
mented with a similar space before it—also, occasionally, in
the female, by the spots in the middle area of the forewings
coalescing and running into long blotches. In a specimen in
the collection of the late Mr. F. Bond is a beautiful instance
of this in which the spots have united into long blue-black
stripes.

On the wing from the end of June to the beginning of
August.

Larva 2 inches long, rather stout and slightly flattened,
with segments deeply divided; head prominent, rounded,
rather small, blackish brown; second segment with a broad
rectangular dorsal plate of the same colour; anal segment
with a similar, but smaller, lunate plate; body tapering
slightly to the tail, brownish white or yellowish white, whiter
upon the back ; with the usual raised spots large, conspicuous,
black, each bearing a thin bristle. When younger the dorsal
plate is more bell-shaped, and toothed at the back, the anal
segment blackish, and the general colour pale yellow ; spots
always conspicuously black. In the trunks, branches, and
even shoots and twigs of trees and shrubs—Poplar, Aspen,
Horse-chestnut, Ash, Elm, Sycamore, Birch, Willow, Sallow,
Hawthorn, Lilac, Privet, Holly, Alder, Pear, Apple, Quince,

:
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|

ZEUZERIDE. 145

probably on all the ‘“ sweet-wood ” trees, feeding in the solid
wood. Commencing to feed in August or September, re-
maining very small till after the winter, and feeding up in
two, or possibly three years. Full fed in May.

Pupa flattened beneath, having in front of the head a beak-
like projection, back rounded and rather curved, the segments
of the abdomen with rows of strong spines. Reddish-brown,
with the antenna and wing-cases edged with paler, and the
sides of the body shaded with pale brown. In the burrow
formed by the larva, but close to the bark, which has been
gnawed so thin that the pupa easily forces itself through, and
partly out, before the emergence of the moth.

An exceedingly sluggish species in the day-time, so much
so that the females are frequently picked to pieces on the
trees, by sparrows, and make no effort to escape. Flying
late at night with considerable swiftness; and the male
(probably just out of the pupa) has been observed to fly up into
a tree in the sunshine. [It has also been taken flying round
gas-lamps. The female is far more frequently found than the
male, but this doubtless arises from the habit of the latter of
frequenting the higher branches of trees. specially a
metropolitan insect; it seems to be met with, from time to
time, in every planted square and park in London, and probably
every garden in the suburbs, and occasionally, as in 1871,
becomes abundant. At Blackheath the destruction of good-
sized elm-trees has been attributed to the abundance of its
larvee, and it is said that in some of the suburban nurseries
many young trees are pulled up and burned on account of
its ravages. Yet from its sluggishness and fondness for the
branches of trees the moth is rarely seen in any numbers,
and it may take years to secure a series even in London.
In the country it is almost everywhere scarce. Some light
was thrown upon the cause of this a few years ago, by an
observation of Dr. C. B. Plowright. A specimen of the
larger spotted woodpecker (Picus major) was shot in the

VOL. II, K

146 LEPIDOPTERA.

neighbourhood of King’s Lynn, and was handed to him. On
examining its stomach he found two fresh and undigested
larvee of good size, which proved to be those of the present
species. Doubtless the commoner green woodpecker knows
how to find such a succulent morsel, and this may help to
account for the comparative scarcity of the insect in the
country districts.

It seems to be found occasionally in all the southern counties,
though recorded as rare in Devon and Somerset and even in
Sussex. Also found in Norfolk and Suffolk, Staffordshire,
Leicestershire and Herefordshire ; more commonly in Cam-
bridgeshire; uncommon in Gloucestershire, scarce in Yorkshire
and recorded but once in Cheshire. I have no record in
Wales or Scotland, but in Ireland a single specimen which
seems to have been correctly determined, was seen some
years ago by Mr. D. C. Campbell in a local collection made
in the northern provinces. The owner is now dead, and the
specimen cannot be traced, but the insect is one which might
readily be transplanted with trees from a nursery, and it is
difficult to understand why it should not be far more widely
distributed, with us, than seems to be the case.

It is found throughout Central and Southern Europe, in
Northern Africa, and the Western parts of Asia Minor.
Specimens which appear to be identical have been brought
even from Australia,

Genus 3. COSSUS.

Antenne of the male pectinated throughout, of the female
more shortly toothed. ore wings elongated and uniformly
broad ; thorax and abdomen very stout.

1. C. ligniperda, Fab., cossus, Staud. Cat.—Expanse 23
to 34 inches. Very stout; fore wings ample, grey-brown
mottled with white and rippled with black; hind wings and
body dark grey.

Antenne pectinated throughout in both sexes, the pectina-

ZEUZERIDE. 147

tions being solid distinct teeth—not tufts of hairs—not long
in either sex, quite short in the female, blackish-brown, the
shaft being whitish. Head reddish-brown, whitey-brown at
the back, collar broad, double, the front portion brown or
grey-brown, the hinder forming an edging of whitey-brown ;
thorax rusty brown to the middle, then having upon the
back a broad ashy-grey blotch, followed by a transverse
blackish bar, edged behind with rusty brown; abdomen very
stout, dark grey, with the segments edged with long loose
ashy-white scales, forming pale slender transverse bars.
Fore wings oblong, broad and ample, with the costal margin
nearly straight in the male, gently curved in the female ;
apex rounded; hind margin regularly rounded, not very
oblique; ashy-grey clouded with whitish and shaded with
brownish, especially near the base and dorsal margin, and
through the middle; and having over the whole surface
multitudes of delicate, irregular wavy brown or blackish lines,
mainly lying in short lengths in a transverse direction, but
also forming a delicate network all over the fore wings.
Costa barred with numerous short black streaks ; a long and
distinct black line arises upon the costa at two-thirds of its
length and crosses to the anal angle, beyond it,is another of
half the length, and sometimes another, more broken, shows
itself much nearer the base. Hind wings ample, dark smoky
grey, paler towards the hind margin, much reticulated with
very delicate brown and blackish cross lines. Cilia of all the
wings whitish-grey, faintly dashed with brown. Sexes simi-
lar, but the female the larger, stouter, and often darker in
colour. Underside of the fore wings very smoky, but with
the black costal bars and the black lines beyond the middle
broader arid more clouded; of the hind wings ashy-grey,
abundantly reticulated with irregular dark grey lines, except
towards the dorsal margin, which is smoky-brown; under-
surface of the body ashy-grey mixed with smoky-brown ; legs
blackish spotted with brown.
June and July.

148 LEPIDOPTERA.

Larva 3 to 34 inches in length, naked, rather flattened,
smooth, shining, transversely wrinkled, and puckered at the
sides; incisions of segments deep. Body with a few scattered
slender hairs. Head small, shining black, slightly retractile,
mandibles very large and strong; second segment with a
large horny plate, having upon it a broad triangular black
mark divided by a yellowish line ; dorsal region broadly dark
red, incisions lighter red; sides and ventral region reddish
ochreous or yellowish flesh colour ; spiracles and tips of legs
and pro-legs brownish. (Fenn.) Very similar in appearance
when young and throughout its long life. Feeding under
the bark and in the solid wood of Willow, Ash, Elm, Oak,
Birch, Alder, Apple, Pear, Chestnut, and other trees, feeding
between three and four years and hybernating three winters ;
when young in companies of various sizes under bark ; when
full grown in a large cocoon of silk mixed with plenty of
wood raspings or earth. It is a peculiarly livid and objec-
tionable looking larva, and having a habit, when full grown
in the autumn, of wandering away from the tree in which it
has fed, is then frequently observed, sometimes to the great
alarm of timid people. But in any case, from the strength
of its jaws, as well as from an unpleasant odour which
attends it (on account of which the moth produced from
it is called the Goat-moth) it is far from being a pleasant
object or desirable inmate. There is even a record—perfectly
reliable, I believe—of a larva, found wandering, shut up in
a wooden cigar box, and placed inadvertently upon a piano-
forte, that it gnawed its way through the bottom of the box,
and through the polished wood of the instrument, in its
determination to escape. But if placed in an earthen pot
without holes, or even in a large tin, and supplied with
plenty of fresh sweet sawdust—not pine nor deal sawdust—it
may readily be reared. Where plentiful it is most destructive
to trees, eating the solid wood until the trunk can no longer
support the weight of the branches. Mr. Newman attributes
the destruction of thousands of willows in the Thames Valley

F
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q
j
‘
‘

ZEUZERIDEA. 149

to the agency of this species; and in many places there is
plentiful evidence, in the open visible holes large enough
to put the tip of a finger in, or in the bleeding bark, to show
the mischief that is in progress. It was formerly believed
that this larva was eaten as a delicacy by the Romans—hence
the name Cossus—but the claims of certain large Coleopterous
larvee to this distinction have been strongly urged, and it is
difficult to believe that the present species, with its rank lig-
neous odour, can have been so estimated.

Pura very stout, flattened beneath, and with the dorsal
region rounded and much curved; head with a sharp pro-
jecting beak; wing-cases rather prominent; abdominal
segments strongly divided and furnished with rows of stiff
short points, anal segment blunt. Colour dark red-brown,
abdominal segments lighter brown with incisions paler ;
spiracles dark-brown. In a tough oval cocoon of silk and
raspings of wood or earthy particles, being usually the
hybernaculum within which the full-grown larva has passed
the winter and which it does not voluntarily leave, though
the pupa state is not assumed until June or even July, and
lasts but a week or two. When ready to produce the moth
the pupa thrusts itself through the bark of the tree, or out
of the cocoon at the surface of the earth, whichever position
has been chosen, and its skin remains sticking two-thirds out
of the hole.

In comparison to the abundance of the larva the moth is
rarely seen. It may occasionally be found on the trunk of a
tree, or on a paling, placed on a projection and holding itself
stiffly erect, with wings closely wrapped round its body and
fore legs stiff and straight, so that the whole moth seems to
be a half-detached chip of wood or bark with a splinter or
two in front. It flies soon after dark, but is rarely, or never,
seen on the wing, except that it has a strange fondness for
the “sugar” which is spread, hy collectors, upon the trunks
of trees to attract Noctua. The extraordinary circumstance

150 LEPIDOPTERA.

is that the sucking trunk in this, as in very many of the
Lombycina, is almost, or totally, absent, and there is no
reason to believe that it has any power of partaking of the
attractive mixture. Yet of this attraction there is no sort of
doubt. It has been recorded in numerous instances ; in some
the moth was hovering up and down the patch of sugar,
in others, settled upon it; and this I have myself witnessed.
The probable explanation is that the moth mistakes the
sugar for flowing sap, and that this is accepted by it as
an indication of a suitable tree for deposition of eggs. Yet
this explanation is not fully borne out by the facts, since the
male moth is attracted in the same manner.

Tolerably common throughout the South of England,
abundant in the Eastern counties, including Cambridge-
shire ; less common through the rest of England and Wales,
and scarce in the north ; commoner in some parts of Scotland,
even abundant and destructive in Morayshire. In Ireland it
was recorded by Mr. E. Birchall in the County Wicklow, and
the larva is said to have been found in plenty at Leixlip.
Abroad it is found nearly all over the continent of Hurope,
Western Asia, and Northern Africa.

In a paper read before the Entomological Society of London
in the present year (1893), Dr. T. A. Chapman points out
that in the structure of the pupa this species agrees most
closely with the Tortricina, so that in an arrangement based
upon pupal characters, it would necessarily be placed in that
group of otherwise small species. He further points out the
remarkable circumstances that the neuration of the wings of
the moth is almost identical with that of Carpocapsa pomonana
(the Codlin moth), that the palpi and spurs on the legs are
similar to those of many 'ortrices, and that in markings it
closely resembles those of the genus Retinia. This is certainly
the case ; and clearly we have here another of the perplexing
instances of the inter-locking of, in many respects, distinct
groups.

HEPIALIDE. ISI

Family 2. HEPIALIDZ.

Antenne extremely short, minutely pectinated ; fore and
hind wings long and narrow, set widely apart at the base ;
abdomen long, of even thickness, blunt, thinly covered with
scales.

Larva smooth and naked; second segment protected by
a horny plate; feeding under ground on roots of plants.

Purx elongated, with deeply divided abdominal segments
and furnished with rows of stiff spines.

The character of extreme shortness ef the antenne of the
moth is modified in a few exotic species, they being pro-
vided with pectinated antennz of more conspicuous length,
though still short. This family is but distantly connected
with the preceding, and apparently not more closely with any
other of our native Bombycina. Dr. Chapman considers it,
from the characters of the pupz, to be allied to the Adelidw
among the Zineina.

Genus 1. HEPIALUS.

This being the only genus, the characters already given
apply, but a table of the species may be useful.
. Fore wings with oblique parallel bands.
B. The bands silvery, H. hectus, male.
BB. The bands pale purplish-brown. H. hectus, female.
AA. Fore wings with oblique divergent pale stripes.
C. Pale stripes straight, meeting on the dorsal

margin. HT. sylvinus.
CC. Pale stripes sinuous, meeting near the dorsal
margin, cilia plain. HZ. lwpulinus.

OCC. Pale stripes irregular, meeting in a curve, cilia

spotted. H. velleda.

152 LEPIDOPTERA.

AAA. Fore wings yellow, with long irregular dull red
stripes. Hf, humuli, female.
AAAA, Fore and hind wings silvery white.
H. humuli, male.
These characters indicate the typical forms; some of the
species vary greatly.

1. H. hectus, Ochs. ; hecta, Staud. Cat.—Expanse 1} inch.

Male, fore wings orange-brown striped with silvery ;
female, pale brown striped with purplish-brown ; hind wings,
in both, purplish brown.

Antenne of the male very short and inconspicuons, slightly
serrated ; head and thorax covered with long reddish-brown
or yellowish-brown hair-scales. Abdomen rather long and
of even. thickness, thinly sprinkled with light brown scales.
Fore wings with costal and dorsal margins slightly rounded,
apex and hind margin in one complete curve, colour bright
orange-brown, faintly marbled with darker brown; costa
with two or three cloudy orange spots; a rather broad,
slightly curved, silvery-white, or yellowish-silvery stripe, from
the dorsal margin near the base, extends obliquely two-thirds
across the wing; a second stripe of similar colour arises
broadly on the middle of the dorsal margin, but rapidly
narrows, and proceeds obliquely to nearly the apex of the
wing, being very commonly more or less broken on the way ;
outside this are usually some similar spots or dashes at the
apex, and along the hind margin; cilia pale purplish-brown
dusted with darker brown. Hind wings dull purplish-brown
with large tufts of reddish-brown hairs at the base; cilia
purplish.

Female similar in size and shape; antennee equally short,
thread-like ; head and thorax light brown ; abdomen purplish-
brown. Fore wings pale reddish-brown with oblique trans
verse stripes of very pale purplish-brown in the positions of
the silvery stripes in the male, but far broader and unbroken;

HEPTIALIDZE. 153

and several large faintly pale brown spots on the costa, the
intervals being reddish-brown; cilia pale yellowish-brown
with darker dashes. Hind wings purplish-brown with the
cilia paler.

Underside of the male, forewings dull pale brown with
the markings of the upper side very faintly visible ; hind
wings smoky-brown; body reddish-yellow; legs short and
slender, reddish-yellow ; the third pair aborted, terminating
at the ends of the tarsi, which are swollen and clubbed. In
the female the legs are all complete, the underside of the
body yellowish, and of all the wings purplish-brown.

Variation in the male is mainly in the silvery stripes, which
often are broken up into spots, or in other cases are
broadened, or of a more golden colour, and, in rare instances,
supplemented by rows of golden dashes in the apical area of
the hind wings. This last variation has been obtained by
Mr. 8. Webb near Dover, but is usually a more northern
form having been obtained in Derbyshire and the North of
England and West of Scotland. The late Mr. Sang found a
female having ill-defined silvery fascize, in Leicestershire, and
one somewhat similar has been met with in the West of
Scotland. Mr. F. J. Hanbury has a male taken at Black-
down Hill, Somerset, with broad squared silvery blotches in
succession from the base to the apex of the fore wings,
obliterating the usual lines of markings; and in Dr. Mason’s
collection are specimens having the central portions of the
fore wings occupied by a large irregular silvery blotch formed
by the junction of the first stripe with portions of the second;
others in which the fore wings are richly marbled with brown
lines, and some haying a regular row of silvery streaks along
the hind margin. On the wing in June.

Larva 1% inch long; slender, cylindrical, tapering a little
towards the head, and also very shortly at the tail; head
broad in front, rather flattened, with the sides rounded ; body
so regularly divided by incised wrinkles that the divisions of

154 LEPIDOPTERA.

the segments are obscured, each segment being divided into
four rings, of which the second is the broadest. Head lustrous
dark brown; body opaque, drab or pale brown; the second,
third, and fourth segments more transparent and shining,
and furnished with brilliantly polished dorsal plates, the two
latter also with side plates placed just above the legs, all dark
brown or blackish; the usual raised dots minute, black, each
furnished with a fine hair; spiracles small, black. Very
similar throughout its growth. Excessively averse to light,
making violent efforts to hide itself. Its hairs are extra-
ordinarily sensitive, if touched causing it to twist and wriggle
with the utmost violence, and to run backwards and forwards
with equal, and wonderful, agility.

In the rhizomes of Pteris aquilina (common Brake-fern)
from July to May or June of the second year; at first
burrowing in the root, growing very slowly, hybernating
when small, feeding again in April and becoming of full size
before the next winter, leaving the root and hybernating for
the second time in the earth ; the following spring biting
out oval excavations from the young shoots of the fern and
apparently drinking the fast-flowing sap. (Buckler.)

Pura slender, uniform in thickness ; head and back of the
thorax a little prominent; abdomen long and _ hardly
tapering, blunt and curved back, the segments with rows of
minute curved points; wing-cases very short; colour dark
brown ; but very soon the silvery blotches begin to appear
golden, through the skin. In an oblong silken cocoon,
lightly covered with earth, on the surface of the ground,
among dead leaves or moss. Only a few days in the pupa
state. When ready for emergence the pupa thrusts itself out
of the cocoon. (Buckler.)

The moth flies in woody places at early dusk, the male
oscillating backwards and forwards over a space of a few
inches in length, usually close to the fronds of ferns or the
twigs of bushes; and so plentifully that often two or three

ry a

HEPIALIDZA. 155

may be seen swinging in a space of a foot or two square.
The female flies in a tolerably swift and direct manner, and
has been repeatedly observed to fly against, and past, a male,
which, so challenged, instantly follows, and both settle on a
leaf or twig close by. The male is provided with a moder-
ately strong perfume, something like that of pine-apple, and
not disagreeable; when several fresh specimens are shut up
in a box this scent is very perceptible, and it appears to be
associated with the peculiar sexual habits of the species.
The eggs are dropped by the female loosely on the ground as
she flies swiftly a few inches above the surface.

A very abundant species in woods, and on woody heaths,
especially among scattered undergrowth, in almost all parts of
England where suitable localities exist; yet said not to be
common in Devon nor in the fen and moss districts of
Cambridgeshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire. Common in
Wales, and in woods in the west of Scotland; in Aberdeen-
shire ; and in Perthshire, on the wooded hill-sides, as high as
500 feet above the sea-level. In Ireland it is abundant
in the wooded portions of the Counties of Wicklow, Cork,
Kerry, Down, and Londonderry. Found throughout Central
and Northern Europe, except the high northern districts ;
also in Hastern Asia.

2. H. lupulinus, Z.—Expanse, 1 to 1} inch.
Fore wings dull brown, with a long irregular angulated
white stripe; hind wings brown.

Antenne very short, reddish-brown with minute but regular
pectinations. Head and front of the thorax, in the male,
light brown ; hinder portion of the thorax and the abdomen
yellowish-brown; legs rather short, but all complete.

Fore wings narrow, dull pale-brown, or brownish-ochreous,
shaded and mottled with darker brown, and with the nervures
slightly darker; an irregular white stripe edged with dark
brown arises at the middle of the base, proceeds somewhat

156 LEPIDOPTERA.

parallel with the dorsal margin to near the anal angle,
towards which it throws off a point, thence turns with a broad
bend and passes obliquely across the wing to near the apex,
being broken in the latter portion by the brown nervures,
and also shading into yellowish. Before the middle of the
wings is an elongated white spot, or streak, parallel with the
costal margin; and several triangular white dots lie along
the anal angle and adjacent portion of the hind margin.
Cilia pale-brown faintly dappled with darker. Hind wings
dull purplish-brown, edged with pale-brownish, and with
light brown cilia.

Female rather larger than the male, and with similar
antenne ; thorax dull pale brown; abdomen rather elongated,
darker brown. Fore wings dull pale brown, shaded with
darker brown or with whitish, having the nervures darker
brown, and the longitudinal white stripe, when present, placed
as in the male, but formed of broader, and more indistinct,
whitish clouds; often however it is absent, the wings being
then merely shaded with paler brown. Hind wings purplisk-
brown. Cilia of all the wings pale brown, sometimes faintly
dappled with whitish.

Underside of the wings, in the male, purplish-brown, with
pale brown margins and cilia; body and legs light brown.
Underside of the female very dull brown, similar to the upper
but without markings.

There is considerable variation in the colour of the male
from dark-brown to yellow-brown or whitish-brown, and the
markings are often broken, incomplete, or partially or totally
absent, while in other cases the white colour of the stripe is
spread broadly over the whole middle of the fore wings, giving
them a peculiarly chalky aspect. In the female, variation is,
as already stated, towards obliteration of the markings.
In the late Mr. F'. Bond’s collection is a male with fore wings
entirely white, and in that of the late Mr. H. Doubleday, a
male entirely of a buff colour, without markings,

On the wing in June, or even at the end of May. In rare

SS = th Tt—~S

HEPIALIDE. 157

instances, casual specimens, apparently of a second gene-
ration, have been found in September.

Larva four-fifths of an inch long; plump, with the skin
white and shining; head and dorsal plate bright brown; the
raised dots pale yellowish-brown, each with a short stiff black
hair; spiracles black. (Hellins.) Feeding under ground on the
roots of plants, probably grasses, and certainly on those of
ordinary meadow plants, burrowing from one to another.
July or August to April.

Pupa cylindrical, of even thickness; head-case sloping to
the mouth, with a small wedge-shaped projection above;
antenna-cases short, prominent ; wing-cases short ; abdominal
segments deeply cleft, very movable, five of them having
transverse dorsal ridges of sharp projections, and four of them
similar ventral teeth. Glossy pale reddish-brown, or brownish-
ochreous, darkest on the head and wing-cases ; spiracles and
toothed ridges dark brown. In a long narrow cocoon or
tunnel, placed vertically or obliquely in the earth, up and
down which it travels freely, and rapidly when alarmed.
(Hellins.) Before emergence the pupa pushes itself out of
the cocoon, or tunnel, and projects above the surface of the
ground, and Mr. Fenn records that he has seen the pupz
sticking out, in hundreds, from turf, when cut and piled up.

An exceedingly swift and active species, flying at early
dusk, or very often before dusk, in meadows. The appearance
of the males is sometimes bewildering, as they thread their
way between the tallest grasses and plants at headlong speed.
Their time of flight, however, is very short, often not more
than a quarter of an hour. The female is much less active,
remaining, at first, hanging to a grass stem, afterwards flying
steadily over the grass and dropping her eggs—which are
like tiny globular seeds—as she flies. Both sexes when
captured, or frightened, immediately drop down and feign
death.

158 LEPIDOPTERA.

Extraordinarily abundant in many parts of the South of
England, and so plentiful in the outskirts of London that it
is, in some years, quite usual to see specimens sitting about
in the day-time on tree trunks, or in the corners of walls, in
the thickly populated streets, where they have quite evidently
lost their way. Plentiful in suitable places throughout
England as far north as Yorkshire and Lancashire, but less
common further north, and scarce, or very local, in Scotland,
where, however, it is known to occur in the Glasgow district ;
in Perthshire, not commonly ; in Aberdeenshire ; and has even
been taken in the Orkneys. There seems to be a scarcity of
records in Ireland. Mr. E. Birchall stated that it was
common everywhere there, but this was evidently a mistake,
as it seems to be unknown in the north of Ireland. I have
myself taken it in the County Galway, and have no doubt that
it is existent, if not plentiful, in many more southern districts.
Abroad it is found in the Alps and in various other parts of
Central Europe, in Southern Sweden, and Dalmatia.

3. H. sylvinus, /.—Expanse, male 1 to 1} inch, female
11 to 2 inches. Fore wings orange-brown or dark chestnut,
with two whitish transverse stripes meeting on the dorsal
margin; hind wings brown, edged with orange-red.

Antenne very short, yet with distinct pectinations; head
and thorax of some shade of orange-brown in accordance with
the colour of the fore wings; abdomen pale brown. Fore
wings slightly broader than in the preceding species, with
the hind margin rather more oblique, and the anal angle
even more rounded off. Colour, in the male, orange-brown,
or orange-ochreous, marbled with pale fulvous; a slightly
paler basal space is edged by an oblique, partially transverse,
silvery-white stripe, edged with purplish-grey, which proceeds
from the median nervure, near the base, to the middle of the
dorsal margin, where it almost meets another white stripe,
also edged with purplish-grey, which crosses the wing

HEPIALIDE. . 159

obliquely, in the opposite direction, toward the apex, before
reaching which it divides into two. (These two opposite
oblique stripes are straighter and more even than in either
of the allied species). Outside the second is a straight row
of faintly greyish spots, and others, still more faint, lie upon
the costal margin. Beneath the sub-costal nervure in the
middle of the wing is a broadly triangular grey spot, edged
beneath with white. Cilia ochreous or reddish preceded by
a series of faint grey marginal crescents. Hind wings grey,
tinged with reddish toward the apex, with a reddish marginal
line and pale reddish cilia. Female with antenne short, as
in the male, but more slender, and with extremely short
pectinations. Fore wings orange-red, orange-brown, chest-
nut-brown, or even pale umbreous, with the oblique white
stripes broader and whiter than in the male, but the marbling
and cloudy spots indistinct or absent.

Undersides of the wings in both sexes dull orange-brown,
redder at the tips; without markings, but varying in shade in
accordance with the colour of the upper side. Legs rather
short, but all perfect, coloured in accordance with the shade
of colour of the fore wings.

Extremely variable in size, especially in the female, of
which some individuals are nearly double of others in expanse
of wings. Varying also, as already indicated, in intensity of
colour, all the shades mentioned being united by imperceptible
gradations; also variable in the marbling, which sometimes is
distinct ; in other cases, where the colour is intensified, it is
obliterated. In the collection of Mr. A. J. Hodges is a male
of the precise shade of brownish of H. lupulinus, and only
distinguishable from it by the straighter oblique stripes.

On the wing in the latter half of July and through
August.

Larva 1} inch long; whitish and shining like ivory, with
deeply divided segments and deep wrinkles. Head orange-
brown with the mouth black; dorsal plate on the second

160 . LEPIDOPTERA.

segment, brownish-orange ; similar plates on the third and
fourth segments, and on the legs; spiracles dark brown ; body
otherwise spotless ; hairs very fine, few and scattered. When
young whitish-flesh-colour, with the thoracic segments tinged
with brown and a dark brown dorsal vessel. (Buckler.)

Feeding underground, usually in the rhizomes of Pteris
aquilina (Brake-fern), but also in fleshy-rooted plants, such
as dock. Mr. W. Purdey of Folkestone, records that on one
occasion, finding a sickly-looking plant of Echiwm vulgare, he
pulled it up and observed a small hole in the soil close to the
partially devoured root; digging, and following the hole for
nearly a foot, he found the larva. Following up this clue he
found similar holes close to roots, and so obtained other larvze
of this species, some of which he reared. Mr. Buckler says
that each larve excavated a mine or trench from the outside
of the root and in a spiral direction, closing it with gnawings
spun together with silk. September to July, but it is not yet
ascertained whether full growth is attained in that period or
whether the larva lives through two winters.

Pura shaped as in the preceding species and with similar ab-
dominal hooks; bright chestnut brown or darker brown. Ina
cocoon in a tunnel similar to the larval habitation. Before
producing the moth it forces itself out of the cocoon, and
projects above the surface of the ground.

The moth flies swiftly at early dusk, especially among the
common Brake-fern (Pteris aquilina), on open commons
and rough places, but also along road sides and in waste
places generally. Its flight is short, and at other times, like
its congeners, it is extremely sluggish—indeed, it is scarcely
possible to induce any member of this genus to use its wings
except at its own favoured time. At night, after the flight
is over, it may sometimes be found, more especially when
paired, hanging to a frond of fern, or to a leaf or twig. In
the daytime it is effectually concealed among the herbage.

Very widely distributed, and, in the South and East of

HEPIALIDZ. 161

England, often common in suitable places; in the south-
west less common, and scarce in Devonshire; scarce in the
hill districts of the Midlands; but common in South Wales,
and, locally, so as far north as Yorkshire and Lancashire.
In Scotland it is found occasionally round Glasgow, and in
Ayrshire, Perthshire, Argyleshire, Aberdeenshire, Moray, and
West Ross. In Ireland Mr. E. Birchall recorded it as having
been taken in the county Wicklow by Mr. Bristowe, but of
this I can obtain no confirmation. Abroad it is common in
the temperate parts of Northern Europe, in Central Europe,
Dalmatia, Southern Russia, and the North-east of Asia Minor.

4, H. velleda, Hsp.—Expanse, 1} to 2} inches. Fore
wings pale brown, much marbled with dark brown and white ;
hind wings brownish ; cilia all spotted.

Antenne short, reddish, rather thick, serrated in both
sexes. Head and front portion of thorax reddish-brown or
chocolate ; hinder part of thorax yellowish-brown ; abdomen
thinly scaled, pale brown. Fore wings with the apex much
rounded, pale greyish-brown, orange-brown, or chocolate-
brown, marbled with darker brown, chocolate, and white.
A broad whitish or white stripe, margined with dark brown,
arises in the middle of the base, and runs parallel with the
dorsal margin to the middle of the wing, thence often throw-
ing off a broad squared blotch to the dorsal margin; this
blotch is sometimes connected by a slender line with a
broader pale reddish-brown, or whitish-brown, stripe, which
proceeds from near the dorsal margin, in an undulating
manner, to the apex of the wing, being twice toothed and
then branched on the inner side, and margined on the outer
with dark brown. ‘Touching it on the inner side is a white
spot or dot; near the base another, which is elongated, or
shaped like an arrow-head, or even a straight line, and some-
times these two are almost connected by an intermediate
white spot or streak. Outside the second stripe, and parallel
with it, is a row of white dots near the hind margin, but these

VOL. II. L

162 LEPIDOPTERA.

are sometimes fused together into a slender indented white
stripe. Costal margin orange-red, varied with square choco-
late spots; cilia white, spotted with brown. Hind wings
grey-brown, with a straight whitish-grey stripe in the discal
cell; the apical portion redder brown, sometimes with in-
distinct chocolate or pale grey shades, or faint markings
somewhat imitating the pattern of the fore wings; cilia
reddish-brown or yellowish-brown, spotted with whitish.
Female similar, sometimes larger, and with the pale mark-
ings more suffused.

Under side entirely smoky brown, except the cilia, which
are paler and spotted with dark brown, but sometimes the
pale markings of the upper side show faintly through. Body
brown, legs moderately short, but all complete, brown.

Extremely variable in colour—from pale grey, pale brown,
whitish and pale reddish, to the various shades of redder and
darker brown; also in the markings, which have a marbled
appearance, and are dark brown, chocolate, grey-brown, red-
dish, blackish, or have the white colour spread and suffused,
or the white dots, spots and stripes altered or confluent,

increased or decreased in size. There is also a somewhat -

permanent and constantly recurrent phase of variation in
which the fore wings are of a uniform yellowish-brown or
reddish-brown, with the markings totally suppressed, except
that the.central white dot, or spot, is usually visible and sur-
rounded by darker brown, and sometimes a faint marbling
indicates the other markings. In the female of this variety
a further divergence occasionally takes place, the fore wings
becoming unicolorous dull brown without a trace of central
spot or other markings. But always the cilia remain spotted.
This phase of variation has here usually been calied by the
varietal name of carnus, but this name is now used to indicate
a scarce alpine (possibly distinct) species, and the form under
consideration has received the varietal name of Gallicus.
_ Connecting forms between it and the type are rare. A
specimen taken at Sheffield by Mr. A. E. Hall has the

HEPIALIDE. 163

marblings rich chestnut, without white stripes or spots. In
the north of Ireland specimens have been taken by Mr.
C. W. Watts having longitudinal patches of silvery-white on
the hind wings.

On the wing in June and July, and I once found
a specimen in a wood near Sheffield in the middle of
September.

Larva 1} to 1} inches long, rather thick, cylindrical, but
the segmental divisions and the wrinkles deeply cut; the jaws
large and prominent. Head, in the male reddish-brown, in
the female purplish-red; body creamy-white or pale-green
with the dorsal plate pale brownish-orange; similar plates,
divided into three parts, and shielding the sides, on the third
and fourth segments; and on the tail an undivided plate of the
same colour. Dorsal vessel visible as a blackish, pulsating,
tortuous line; tubercular spots on the back raised and of an
orange colour, on the sides small and dusky, each with a very
sensitive brown hair; spiracles large and black. When young
of a drab colour with reddish-brown head, plates and spots ;
when half grown the body is yellowish, greenish, or greyish-
white, with three blackish, translucent, transverse lines on
each segment, and the dorsal vessel visible.

In the stems and rhizomes of Pteris aquilina (common brake-
fern) beneath the surface of the ground ; at first gnawing the
skin, later penetrating the substance of the rhizome, which is
excavated and channelled out for a space of about ten inches
in length, in some instances nothing but the outer rind being
left. Two years in the larva state, the eggs hatching in July
or August, larvee hybernating in the earth when small, feeding
through the following season, hybernating a second time at
some depth in the earth, but in April or May coming to the
surface, and then spinning a slight cocoon among light
vegetable refuse. (Buckler.)

Pura rather slender throughout, with the head slightly
beaked, abdominal segments deeply divided, and having upon

164 LEPIDOPTERA.

them rows of sharp hooks pointing backward, that on the
twelfth segment on a raised prominent ridge; anal segment
blunt with a few short spikes. Colour reddish brown.
(Buckler.)

In a cocoon among rubbish, as already described, or under a
stone, or piece of timber in a wood path. Bursting the
cocoon and working partly out by means of its abdominal
hooks before the moth emerges.

An exceedingly swift and active species—more so even than
the two previous—flying, like them, at early twilight, about
woods, heaths, roads, hill sides and wild spots generally ; but
having a more northern range, and being decidedly scarce in the
South of England. There are records of captures, generally
of single specimens, in various parts of Kent, Surrey, Sussex,
Suffolk, and South Devon; but in the Exmoor district of
Devon, and on the Quantocks in Somerset, it is abundant. It
is also common in one spot near Maidenhead, and is found
occasionally in the beech woods of Bucks, Berks and Oxford-
shire. I have found it, though rarely, in Pembrokeshire and
Carmarthenshire, but have little doubt that it is common in the
hill districts throughout Wales, as it certainly is in those of
the English Midlands, being plentiful in Staffordshire and
Derbyshire, as well as in Herefordshire, Lancashire, and
Cheshire. In Leicestershire rather local, but producing
curious pale grey forms. In Yorkshire it is most abundant,
and thence throughout the North of England and all Scot-
land, very large and strongly marked specimens being
obtained in Arran and the Shetland Isles. In Ireland it also
seems to be generally distributed and often common, having
been recorded from Dublin, Galway, Kerry, Down, Donegal,
Antrim, and Londonderry. From the Belfast district come very
pretty red varieties ; others somewhat similar have been taken
by Mr. Morton in Lanarkshire in the South of Scotland ; and,
curiously enough, Mr. 8. Webb reports a similar form at
Dover. Wherever the species occurs the variety Gallicus

HEPIALIDE. 165

seems to be found, and Sir John Llewellyn reports the latter
to be the only form which he has met with near Neath,
Glamorganshire. This also was my experience in Surrey.

It inhabits the greater portion of Northern, and much of
Central Europe, the Pyrenees, and the Piedmontese Alps.

0. H. humuli, Z.—Expanse, 14 to 2? inches. Wings of
the male bright silvery-white; fore wings of the female
yellow, with dull red markings; hind wings grey.

Antenne very small and slender in both sexes. Face of
the male red, top of the head yellowish ; thorax clothed with
very long scales varying in colour, pale drab, whitish,
yellowish, or reddish, in front, shading off usually to greyish-
white at the back ; abdomen yellowish-brown, or brown, with
scattered whitish scales. Fore wings more pointed than in
the previous species, with the costa rather arched near the
base, and gracefully curved, inside which the subcostal
nervure is strongly ridged; hind wings somewhat bluntly
pointed and rather broad ; fore and hind wings of a brilliant,
glistening, silvery-white, without markings, but with the
extreme edge of the margins, and the cilia, yellowish-brown
or pale reddish. Antennze and face of the female red ; head
and thorax yellow; abdomen long, shining brown with
scattered yellow, scales. Fore wings shaped as in the male,
but broader ; yellow, with dull pale red markings, consisting
of a narrow stripe along the subcostal nervure from the base
to the top of the wing, joined at the base to another of vari-
able breadth which proceeds two-thirds of the distance to the
anal angle, then bends and passes almost straight to the
apex, thus forming the sides of a long triangle of varying
width ; through the middle, lengthwise, of this triangle, lies
a series of three or four irregular angulated spots or blotches
of the same colour, often connected with each other or with the
sides of the triangle by slight lines; hind margin edged with
reddish, often with similar dashes on the tips of the nervures ;

166 ; LEPIDOPTERA.

cilia yellow. Hind wings pale grey, shading into pale
reddish at the apex and the costal and dorsal margins ;
cilia light red.

Under side of the male with all the wings dark smoky,
their margins red; cilia paler or whitish ; body smoky brown ;
legs red, the third pair being rather short, though complete,
but with the tibie thickened and bearing great tufts or
fascicles of long yellow hair-like scales which spread out like
a hollow fan. Under side of the female similar, except that
the legs are devoid of any extraneous ornament; the thorax
is yellow, and the abdomen testaceous, and hardly furnished
with any scales.

Usually the male is very constant in colour, except in the
front of the thorax, which varies as already stated, and
occasionally becomes dark brown or red, while in rare instances
the whole of the back of the thorax is reddish. There is
also a tendency in very fresh specimens to redness of the cilia
and edges, and in one which I took in Pembrokeshire, almost
one-third of the fore wings from the apex was tinged with
delicate pink, but this rapidly faded and soon disappeared,
as also does the pink of the cilia in time. The female, while
always preserving the general pattern of markings as described,
varies, in almost every individual, in their extent of develop-
ment or of suppression. Sometimes they almost totally
disappear, and, very rarely, the dull red is exchanged for
brown. :

From the Shetland Isles, however, are obtained aberrant
forms of a character hitherto observed nowhere else. Along
with perfectly normal specimens are others—of the male
sex—ain which the female colouring of the fore wings and, to
some extent, the female markings are assumed ; or the white
male colouring is retained, with the addition of some of these
markings in grey, reddish-grey, or reddish-brown ; or colour
and markings are partially obscured by an extensive clouding
of dull smoky. Almost every possible intermediate gradation
in the form and extent of the markings and in shades of

HEPIALIDE. 167

colour is there found, the most constant characteristics being,
apparently, that where the ground colour of the fore wings is
of the usual silvery-white the hind wings have more or less
of the same whiteness, especially toward the costal margin,
the remainder being dark grey ; but in those which have the
fore wings of any shade of yellow, the hind wings are wholly
dark grey. No correspondingly remarkable aberrations of
the female are met with.

On the wing in June and July, and occasionally in
August.

Larva 1} inches long, plump, with wrinkled and deeply
divided segments. Head oval, reddish-brown ; dorsai plate
also reddish-brown ; body dirty whitish or pinkish white, with
the spiracles black ; pairs of black dots down the dorsal region,
and a transverse row of round black dots on the twelfth
segment; legs whitish. When younger a brown internal
dorsal vessel is visible, and the raised spots are distinctly
brownish.

Feeding underground on the roots of various plants—dock,
dandelion, dead-nettle, burdock, asparagus, Jerusalem arti-
choke, and probably almost any succulent root, root-stock, or
tuber which grows in meadows, or even in gardens when
neglected. Feeding from July or August to the following
May, at least. Mr. Hellins was of opinion that the whole
growth was attained in one year.

Pupa elongated and of rather equal thickness throughout ;
a projecting ridge in front of the head ; wing-cases short and
small; leg-cases small and inconspicuous; anal segment
extremely blunt, rather retracted, and furnished with several
thick black points; abdominal segments distinctly ridged
with rows of small blackish brown points on the back, and
more distinctly ridged with pairs of broad black teeth on the
ventral surface, the ridge on the eleventh segment being very
conspicuous, with abundant black teeth. General colour dark

168 LEPIDOPTERA.

chestnut, darker in front of the head. In a slight cocoon
just beneath the surface of the ground.

The moth flies, like its congeners, at early dusk and till
nearly dark, but not swiftly. The male has a habit very
similar to that of H. hectus, of swaying like a pendulum over
a space of about a yard of ground, backwards and forwards ;
and not unfrequently two or three males swing to and fro
over the same spot, now and then two, or even three, coming
into contact and swinging off again, just like the flies when
at play in a room. They are extremely conspicuous from
their white appearance, and sometimes dozens may be seen
at a time swinging, either singly or in littie companies, over
different parts of a field. The female never flies in this
manner, but takes a tolerably straight course with rather
heavy flight, and, evidently with intention, strikes, in her
course, against one of the swaying males, which instantly
leaves its station and follows her to where she alights at a short
distance off. This has been repeatedly observed, and is open
to no doubt. The male has a slight scent somewhat resem-
bling that of the larva of the Goat-moth, but very much more
faint and not disagreeable ; it is only noticeable in the freshest
specimens. The female, after pairing, flies-rapidly over the
grass, shooting her eggs down among it, loosely, with a dis-
tinct projecting action. The eggs are small, perfectly
round, greenish at first, but quickly turn black ; they are not
in the least adhesive, but resemble tiny globular seeds. It is
a very abundant species, found apparently throughout the
United Kingdom, in meadows, marshy valleys, on hill sides,
and in rough places wherever there is a luxuriant growth of
wild plants; very frequently in graveyards, whence, and
from the peculiar flight and whiteness of the male, the
popular name of Ghost-moth undoubtedly arises. Abroad it
is found throughout Central and Northern Europe and in
Armenia, but its range appears to be less extensive than that
of our other species in the genus.

COCHLIOPODIDE. 169

Family 3. COCHLIOPODIDZ.

,
Antennz simple or slightly toothed or ridged, rather short ;
wings short and broad, with rather long cilia; abdomen
short, blunt.

Larva smooth, onisciform, without perceptible legs, or
without prolegs.

This family does not seem to be in any way allied to the
preceding, and is one of the isolated groups already alluded
to, of which the connecting links are apparently wanting.
In some respects it leans towards the Tortricina. Its larvee
are especially anomalous, perhaps more resembling those of
the Lycwnide than any other group, but are deprived of the
ordinary means of locomotion. There are many exotic species,
but only two European.

Genus 1. LIMACODES.

Fore wings broad and rather squared ; thorax and abdomen
moderately stout.

1. L. testudo, Schiff. ; Heterogenea limacodes, Staud.
Cat.—Expanse, 1 to 1} inch. Fore wings yellowish brown,
with two darker cross lines, the outer curving to the hind
margin ; hind wings darker.

Antenne in the male slightly annulated, with raised ridges ;
simple in the female; light brown. Head ochreous or brown.
Thorax rather robust ; abdomen short and blunt ; both ochre-
ous or brown. Legs rather short, similar in colour. Tore
wings broad and somewhat obtuse, with straight costa, rather
squared apex, and hind margin but slightly oblique; in the
male ochreous brown shaded with darker brown from the
base, and with a dark-brown transverse line from near the
base of the dorsal margin to the middle of the costa; beyond

170 LEPIDOPTERA.

this on the costa commences another dark-brown line which
proceeds obliquely to the hind margin near the anal angle,
cutting off a large paler apical space; another shorter brown
line from the dorsal margin runs parallel with the first for a
short distance, then turns to the hind margin and cuts off a
pale space at the anal angle; the central portion between
these three lines forms a broad hatchet-shaped central band,
usually of a darker brown than the rest of the wing; cilia
dark brown, dashed with paler. Hind wings dark purplish-
brown or blackish-brown, with the dorsal margin ochreous,
and the cilia dark brown faintly dashed with paler. Female
similar in size, shape, and markings, but pale brownish ochre-
ous, with the lines brownish and without the brown clouding
and central band; margins rather browner ; cilia brown, tipped
with whitish. °

Under side yellowish ochreous, with a golden tinge, the
middle portion of the fore wings in the male occupied by a
large ill-defined dark-brown cloud.

Not very variable, but the male is sometimes almost entirely
suffused with rich dark brown. Decidedly smaller here than
is usual in specimens from the Continent.

On the wing in the last week of June and to the middle of
July.

Larva with six legs only; prolegs replaced by a formation
of the under surface which allows it to cling closely to a leaf,
on which it leaves a shining track like that of a snail. Oval,
onisciform, sides deeply indented and hollowed below the
subdorsal and dorsal region, which forms a broad raised belt in
the middle of the back; head small, shining, retractile, con-
cealed under the second segment, which is also retractile.
Bright emerald-green or pea-green; subdorsal lines waved,
conspicuous, primrose-yellow, edged above with a deep violet
spot at each incision ; a row of small diamond-shaped yellowish
dorsal spots placed at the incisions, and almost united; between
them and the subdorsal line is a row of yellow spots, not at

COCHLIOPODIDZ. 171

the incisions ; the sides, where most deeply hollowed out, have
a series of yellowish spots with rather shining darker centres ;
a yellow lateral line passes completely round the larva and is
extended across the third segment, which is ornamented in
front with a red spot followed by two shining greenish dots;
projecting under surface of the third segment edged with red.
Head, pale greenish ; mouth, and a spot on each side of it,
dark brown; under surface glistening, whitish, like that of a
slug or snail; legs whitish. (C. Fenn.)
August to October, on Oak, feeding on the leaves.

Pupa short, thick, and stumpy: broadest about the middle
of the abdomen; thorax large, rounded, extended in front
above the head; wing-cases long, well marked, with the
neuration plainly traceable; leg-cases almost free, those of
the third pair extending beyond the wing-cases to the anal
extremity ; creamy-white, with head and thorax tinged with
brown ; eyes visibly blackish; on the dorsal surface of each
segment from the sixth to the twelfth is a broad transverse
yellowish band; the whole surface roughened with minute
spines pointing backward, these spines being yellow at the
base, dark brown at the tip. In a broad, ovate-cylindrical
cocoon, which becomes flattened on each side when attached
to others on a leaf, and when upon an oak leaf fits so
closely to it as to take the impression of the smallest veins ;
texture firm and rather hard, formed of reddish-brown silk
lined inside with glistening white silk, and surrounded on the
outside with a quantity of loose web. In this cocoon the larva
remains unchanged through the winter and until the middle
of June, the pupal stage lasting little more than a fortnight.
(W. H. B. Fletcher.)

The eggs of this species are curiously broad and flat, almost
scale-like as in the Tortrices. The larva is exceedingly
_ difficult to rear in confinement. The moth frequents oak-
woods, and doubtless flies at night. In the daytime it is
rather sluggish, sitting in oak trees—young ones especially—

172 LEPIDOPTERA.

among the leaves, and readily disturbed by jarring the tree,
when it usually darts to the ground, and there shams death,
but if touched becomes excessively restless. Like very many
other Bombyces it must not be imprisoned in a pill-box, as it
will flutter and beat its wings to pieces. The female some-
times flies in the afternoon sunshine for short distances about
the oak trees. It appears to be nowhere very common with
us, but is found in the New Forest, Woolmer Forest, and
other woods in Hants, also in most parts of Sussex; Kent,
Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Essex, and Suffolk, wherever there is
any extent of oak woods. Abroad it is found in the South of
Sweden, widely distributed and rather common in Central
and Southern Europe, Livonia, and Bithynia, also in other
parts of Asia Minor.

Genus 2. HETEROGENEA.

Fore wings broad, rather triangular, unicolorous; thorax
and abdomen slender.

1. H. asella, Schiff—Expanse § to 7 of an inch. Fore
wings triangular, shining, unicolorous, yellow-brown or dark
brown ; hind wings darker.

Antenne short, simple in both sexes, thorax small;
abdomen short and rather thick in proportion; fore wings
somewhat triangular, with the costal margin much arched,
the apex pointed, the hind margin oblique and rather rounded,
and the dorsal margin short and straight. Antenne, head,
thorax, abdomen, and fore wings, in the male, glossy dark
purple-brown or dark liver-brown, without markings but
with the tips of the cilia slightly paler; hind wings still
darker brown, with pale brown cilia. In the female the
head, body, and forewings are of a rather light ochreous-brown
without markings; the hind wings darker brown, with
ochreous-brown cilia. Legs short, brown.

Under side, in the male, extremely glossy, dark brown,

COCHLIOPODIDE:. 173

with the margins and cilia ochreous ; in the female yellow-
brown, the fore wings clouded with darker brown.
On the wing at the end of June and in July.

Larva half an inch long by one quarter broad. Onisciform,
slightly tapering behind; head smooth, shining, pale
yellowish-green, head and second segment retractile; dorsal
surface raised into a ridge; sides slightly indented; under
surface much flattened; no apparent legs. Colour yellowish-
green on the sides ; the whole of the back occupied by a large
diamond-shaped red marking the lateral angles of which
reach to the spiracles; this large diamond-shaped mark is
prolonged in front as a broad red-brown band towards the
head. These dorsal markings combined form a spear-head
mark with the apex or point behind, the edges darker red.
Under surface whitish, much tinged with greenish at the
sides and towards the head. (C. Fenn.) Mr. W. Buckler says
that on the margin of the under surface is a soft projecting
ridge of flexible skin, which appears to serve the purpose of
legs, and propels it forward with an undulating motion.

August to October, on Beech and Oak, feeding on the
leaves.

Pupa short, thick, soft but polished, rather lively, squared
in front, the head not extending beyond the thorax, but with
a short broad projecting ridge between the eyes, in a good
position for cutting off the cap-like end of the cocoon ; cases
of the antennee, legs and wings stout, free from the abdominal
segments, those of the wings falcate and reaching the twelfth
segment; those of the third pair of legs extending to the
anal segment, which is bent under, slightly forked and with-
out spines. Colour dark brown, with the hinder edges of the
abdominal segments transparent-whitish ; spiracles pale,
round, and projecting, all but the last two pairs covered by the
detached wing-cases, under which they can be seen when the
abdomen moves. In an oval cocoon, sometimes placed in
the fold of a dried beech leaf, but more frequently spun very

174 LEPIDOPTERA.

tightly into the forks of beech twigs. The cocoon is firm, of
a dull dark brown, often mottled with dirty white upon the
outside, accurately matching the beech bark. Inside it is
lined with pale yellow silk. In this cocoon the larva remains
unchanged from October till late in May, or even into June,
the pupa state lasting only a short time, perhaps a fortnight
or three weeks. (W. H. B. Fletcher.)

The moth flies in the afternoon sunshine, looking much
like a TYortriz, for which it may readily be mistaken.
Doubtless it flies also at night. Hxceedingly local in this
country, and confined to the south. Rather common in the
beech woods of Buckinghamshire, where, at Marlow, numbers
have been reared by the Rey. Bernard Smith; also not
uncommon in the New Forest, Hants. Found more
sparingly in Woolmer Forest, Hants; at Wakehurst and
Abbotts Wood, Sussex; and in Epping Forest, Essex.
Abroad it is found locally in Central Europe, Sweden, Livonia,
Corsica, and Piedmont; also in Eastern Tartary.

Family 4. CHLOEPHORIDZ.

Antenne thread-like, palpi short, thorax broadly oval,
abdomen short and rather blunt ; fore-wings broad, somewhat
bell-shaped, with costa much arched at the base ; hind-wings
short.

Larv& cylindrical, smooth, with sixteen legs.
Pup in a tough, boat-shaped cocoon.

A family not closely connected with the previous, nor at all
with the following ; but of singular structure and uncertain
location. It was formerly placed with the Tortrices, with
which group the form of the fore wings closely associates it,
but in almost all other respects it disagrees with that group.
It was placed by Mr. Stainton, as a separate family, immedi-
ately before the Tortrices ; by some other authors among the

CHLOEPHORIDA. 175

Noctwe ; and more recently is usually included in the present
group. There are only seven or eight Huropean species in
the family, the majority of which, including our own, are of a
bright green colour. Exotic species are more numerous, and
include many pink and green, pink, and crimson species, but
the family so extended remains very isolated and of doubtful
position.

Genus 1. HALIAS.

Antenne simple; fore wings broad and bell-shaped but
somewhat pointed ; thorax and abdomen stout.

1. H. prasinana, /.—-Expanse 1i to 1} inch. Fore wings
rather bell-shaped, bright green with three oblique silvery
cross-lines ; hind wings yellowish or white.

Antenne rather thick, cylindrical, thread-like, rather
downy, bright red ; palpi and legs bright red; head green,
whitish at the back; thorax broad, pea-green, with a silvery
white longitudinal stripe down each shoulder, and one down
the centre; abdomen of the male yellowish green, of the
female greenish white. Fore wings with the costa arched at
the base, thence straight ; dorsal margin similarly formed,
apex pointed, hind margin straight to near the anal angle
where it is rounded off; bright pea-green, with three oblique,
parallel, silvery-white transverse stripes edged with deeper
green, the third of which runs into the apex ; between the
first and second of these is usually a broad whitish shade;
costal and dorsal margins narrowly white, edged, in the case
of the male, with crimson; cilia silvery-white edged with
crimson, most broadly and brightly so in the male; hind
wings short’ and rather small, rounded, in the male pale
yellowish with a greenish tinge and the cilia reddish-yellow, in
the female clear shining white.

Under side of the fore wings in the male pale green, with
the dorsal margin broadly white and the cilia red ; hind wings
pale-greenish or yellowish; of the female, fore wings very

176 LEPIDOPTERA.

pale greenish, with longitudinal whitish stripes, and the
oblique silvery lines visible ; hind wings white.

Not very variable, but in some specimens the first oblique
silvery stripe bends back close to the costa, forming an angle ;
in other cases these stripes are broader or narrower. In Dr.
Mason’s collection is a specimen in which the crimson edging
of the fore wings is brilliantly suffused along the costal
margin towards the apex and along the hind margin, also
broadly along the dorsal margin, invading the silvery
stripes.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva stout, tapering posteriorly, and with anal prolegs
extended behind ; head large, rounded. prolegs flattened out,
or clubbed. Pale pea-green dotted with yellow; head dull
green ; subdorsal lines and front edge of second segment
pale lemon yellow; upper surface of anal prolegs with a red
line; belly whitish. (C. Fenn.)

August and September, on Oak, Beech, Hazel, Birch ;
feeding on the leaves during both the day and the night.

Pura dull, elongate, incisions much compressed, tail very
blunt and rounded. Very lively. Bright purple or plum
colour on the back, shading into reddish-orange beneath ;
wing and leg-cases much tinged with pale grass-green; tail
reddish-brown. Ina compact, brown, wrinkled, shell-like,
boat-shaped cocoon, placed keel upwards, and with a ridge
at the top; lined inside with silk, and placed either in a
slightly drawn-together leaf, in an angle of bark, or among
moss. It has the habit of making a rustling noise in the
cocoon. (C. Fenn.)

In pupa through the winter.

The moth sits in the daytime on the leaves of trees and large
bushes, and is readily beaten out into an umbrella, into which
it falls, feigning death. Most plentiful in woods, but com-
mon among the trees in hedges in a well wooded district. It

CHLOEPHORIDA. 177

flies just before dusk rather wildly about the trees, and has,
while so engaged, the extraordinary habit of making a sharp,
shrill, squeaking noise. This has been repeatedly observed and
fully established, but some doubt exists as to whether it is
made by both sexes, or only by the male. Mr. A. H. Swinton
says: “On the skirts of a newly-leaved oak shaw 1 was
suddenly arrested by a novel and loud succession of twitters
in the dusk air, and on looking up saw a male and female
silver-lines moth which came fluttering down from the foliage
and were toying just in front of me.”. Dr. Buchanan-White
states: ‘On the evening of the 28th May, when mothing in
the oak wood surrounding my house, I noticed what I
thought was a beetle flying round a small oak, and giving
vent, all the time, to a sharp, quick sound very similar to
that produced by the longicorn beetle Astinomus, when held
between the fingers. Though I failed to catch this individual,
I was more successful with another which was behaving in
just the same manner. When in the net the sound ceased, and
1 saw to my astonishment that the insect was a male silver-
lines. I found that a good imitation of the sound may be made
by rubbing the point of a knitting-needle on the closed blade
of a clasp-knife.” The words of the late Rev. F. O. Morris
are: ‘‘I was out hunting one evening very early, before dusk,
on arising ground near Stoke Court, when I saw many of
these moths flying up and down, very fast, near or above the
top of an old-fashioned high hedge on the side of a wide
grassy lane. JI could not help being struck by the stridulous
noise they made as they flew.” Another observer writes : “I
was rather startled at dusk by the sudden appearance of a
couple of insects whirling frantically around each other, just
above my head, and both uttering a shrill and peculiar sound at
quick intervals. By a fortunate stroke of the net I secured
one of them, when it continued to utter its peculiar note
until I boxed it. It proved to bea male of Halias prasinana.”
Again a very old collector says: “I had just pinned my first

insects taken at sugar when I heard a strange sound behind me,
VOL. I. M

178 LEPIDOPTERA.

and on looking round, observed what I thought was a beetle
flying round a sallow bush ; when in my net it again repeated
the sound, but what was my surprise at finding that it was a
lepidopterous insect. I got it between my finger and thumb,
when it again produced the sound, and with the aid of my
lantern I found it was the common Halias prasinana, The
sound was as if you passed a pin sharply along three or four
teeth of acomb. I suppose it was a love-song to charm his
lady.” No satisfactory explanation of this singular habit, or
rather power, seems as yet to have been furnished. Mr.
Swinton attributes it to friction between the sub-costal
nervure of the hind wing, and a finely-striated callosity upon
the thorax. A young collector at Carlisle tells me that when
beaten out of a bush it opens the wings on one side only,
and as it falls spins rapidly round like a falling leaf. By
noticing this curious trick he took a number of specimens in
rapid succession. :

This species is common in suitable places almost throughout
the South and East of England, though less so in Devonshire
and the Western portions of Wales; also fairly common in
Herefordshire, Leicestershire, Staffordshire and Derbyshire,
and found, more locally, in Yorkshire and Cumberland, In
Scotland it is not uncommon in the Western districts ; also
in Perthshire and Ross-shire, Aberdeenshire, Kincardineshire,
and elsewhere as far north as Moray. In Ireland it was _re-
corded in the county Wicklow by Mr. E. Birchall, and has been
taken near Lough Gilly in the county Armagh. Abroad it is
widely distributed, being found in France and Italy ; most
parts of Central Europe, and all the temperate portions of
Northern Europe; in Southern Russia, Siberia, and appa-
rently in Eastern Asia; indeed specimens from Japan,
although named Sylpha, agree accurately in both sexes with
our own.

The green colour, in this group, is extremely liable to
fade towards yellowish under the influence of damp, and
in the present species to be changed to a bright yellow by
the fumes of ammonia.

CHLOEPHORIDZ. 179

2. H. quereana, Schiff:; bicolorana, Staud. Cat.—
Expanse, 1} to 1? inch. Fore wings very broad, bell-shaped ;
bright pea-green, with two oblique slender transverse white
lines ; hind wings white.

Antenne simple, cylindrical, but stouter at the base, downy,
pink at the base, shading off to whitish at the apex; palpi
short, bright pink ; head pale reddish, with the upper portion
green; thorax broad, bright pea-green, with a slender yellow
stripe across the front extending to the costa of the fore wings ;
abdomen tapering, thinly covered with closely appressed
white scales. Fore wings very broad, with the costa arched
throughout ; the dorsal margin broadly arched at the base,
thence straight ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin not
very oblique, slightly rounded, with a faint bend or elbow in
the middle; bright pea-green, with two slender, oblique
parallel white transverse lines, the first from the dorsal
margin near the base to the middle of the costa, the second
from the middle of the dorsal margin to the costa a little
before the apex; costal margin edged with yellowish, tinged
faintly with red at the base, almost white towards the tip ;
cilia silvery-white. Hind wings short and rather small,
rounded behind; pure silky-white, with the cilia white.
Sexes alike, except that there is, in the female, a faint tinge
of yellowish-grey upon the hind wings, especially towards the
hind margin. Under side of the fore wings greenish-white ;
of the hind wings pure white in the male, greenish-white in
the female; body white ; legs red. Apparently not variable.

On the wing in July.

Larva smooth, soft, the third segment raised into a pro-
minent hump, from which the body tapers to the tail ; the
anal prolegs sprawl backwards, the remaining prolegs are
clubbed; head retractile. Pale green or yellowish-green, the
dorsal line pulsating, slightly darker, especially towards the
tail, and edged on each side with whitish or yellowish. Sub-
dorsal lines only visible on the anterior segments, being super-
seded behind these by a series of oblique yellowish lateral

180 LEPIDOPTERA.

lines. Spiracular line pale yellow or whitish, raised, and
very prominent on the second and third segments. Head
and legs dull whitish. Dorsal projection on the third segment
tipped with orange. (fenn.)

September to May or June, on Oak.

The young larvee, from September to November, are green,
they then hybernate, and when they reappear in the early
spring are quite brown, and seem to gnaw the bark of the
young twigs. When the foliage appears they again become
green, and so continue to full growth.

Pura apparently undescribed ; in a boat-shaped cocoon on
oak.

Mr. A. H. Swinton, in the Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine, states that the pupa makes a rustling noise in its
cocoon, and also that the moth, after emergence, ‘“‘ makes a
membranous sound: first, when it expands its wings;
secondly, when it flirts its partially-expanded wings ; and,
thirdly, on a still, sultry afternoon, a continuous rustling is
produced during flight. The spot whence proceeds the first
noise I am certain about . . . . When expanding the wings
I found that the inner margin of the fore wing caught a little
horny thoracic plate and left it with a jerk, which most
obviously produced the click.”

This species appears to be almost confined to oak woods
and oak trees near to woods. It flies at dusk, probably about
the trees, since it is seldom observed in flight ; but itis as fond
of “sugar” as a Noctua, and is most frequently captured
by this means. Although certainly very local it is found in
oak woods in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Hants, Berks, Hunts,
Herts, Middlesex; more commonly in Norfolk and Suffolk,
especially in the singular district of ancient sea-sand border-
ing those counties and Cambridgeshire; also not scarce
in Essex. Very uncommon in Devon, Somerset and
Gloucestershire ; rare in Herefordshire and Worcestershire,
and apparently not recorded further north. In Ireland it

CHLOEPHORID. 181

has been taken in Galway and the Queen’s county, but
is rare. Abroad it is found throughout Central, and parts
of Southern Europe, in Southern Sweden, and also in
Asia Minor.

Genus 2. EARIAS.

Antenne simple, downy; fore wings tortriciform, blunt ;
thorax narrow; abdomen slender, but short and blunt.

1. E. chlorana, Hiid.—Expanse, 7 inch. Fore wings
short and broad, pale green; costa arched, whitish ; hind
wings white.

Antennz slender, round, not toothed nor bristly, reddish ;
head and front of thorax white; remainder of thorax pale
green; abdomen short and blunt, brownish, thinly covered
with white scales ; legs whitish, tinged with reddish in front.
Fore wings short and broad, with the costa regularly arched ;
dorsal margin rounded at the base, thence straight; hind
margin rather straight, or almost retuse before the pointed
apex; deep pea-green, with the costa broadly white, especially
so at the base; dorsal margin narrowly white at the base,
and sometimes there are whitish shades on the basal portion
of the disk; cilia white. Hind wings broad, rounded behind,
pure white, or sometimes with a faint tinge of green at the
apex; cilia pure white. Under side entirely silvery-white,
except a tinge of greenish on the fore wings, especially at the
hind margin. Not very variable.

On the wing at the end of May and through June. In
rare instances a partial second generation has occurred in
August.

Larva stout, rather flattened beneath, tapering to each
extremity ; seventh and succeeding segments swollen on the
back, in a diminishing ratio towards the tail ; on the seventh
and twelfth segments are pairs of dorsal tubercles. Green or
greenish at the sides, whitish-green on the back, edged later-

182 LEPIDOPTERA.

ally with brown, especially between the second and seventh
and the eleventh and twelfth segments inclusive, the dark
edging being vandyked. Head black and white; dorsal line
greenish-grey ; spots whitish, emitting very short pale hairs;
tubercles brown. (Fenn.)

On sallow, willow, and osier, feeding, generally exposed, on
the tips of twigs of which the leaves are a little drawn
together, in July and August.

Pura thick and rather short, with rather long wing- and
antenna-cases, dull dark brown, tinged on the back with
purplish ; under surface and wing-cases light brown. Ina
short broad boat-shaped or keeled cocoon, very hard and
tough, pale brown, with the keel darker brown, and covered
with minute roughnesses, which cause a close resemblance to
the bark or other substance on which it is placed. In pupa
through the winter.

The moth ordinarily sits upon the terminal shoots of the
willow tree or sallow bush, or among its higher leaves, in the
day-time, and is very partial to osier beds and to sallow
bushes in marshes. Sometimes it may be seen very con-
spicuously sitting upon the trunk of a willow just below the
branches, but it greatly prefers the leaves, with which its
light green colour, shaded with white, beautifully harmonises.
It flies quietly at dusk, and occasionally comes to sugar.

It was formerly common at Hammersmith, Fulham, and
other places in the outskirts of London, and probably is still
existent where the willows are undisturbed. Also found
occasionally in woods, marshy places, and especially osier
beds, in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Dorset, Berks, Hssex, Suffolk,
and probably throughout the southern and eastern counties,
though easily overlooked. Common in the fens of Norfolk
and Cambridgeshire, and at Cambridge, Wisbech, Chatteris,
and Monkswood, Hants. Beyond this somewhat limited
range it does not seem to be recorded in these islands ; but
it is found throughout Central Europe and the temperate
portions of Northern Europe ; also in Siberia.

NOLIDE. 183

Family 5. NOLIDZ.

ANTENN# in the male with rows of bristles, or sometimes
shortly pectinated ; palpi long, drooping, pointed forward ;
fore wings ovate, usually with tufts of raised scales on the
disk ; thorax narrow, abdomen slender, short, rather blunt.

Larv& with fourteen legs (the usual pair on the seventh seg-
ment absent) ; short, thick, densely covered with long hairs.

Pup rather slender, with long wing-cases ; in a spindle-
shaped or boat-shaped cocoon.

Another group of doubtful position and relationship. For-
merly placed among the Pyralites, but certainly connected by
intermediate species with the genus Nudaria in the next
family. ‘The species are all small.

Genus 1. NOLA.
This being the only genus, the characters already given
apply.
1. N. cucullatella, /.—Expanse, } inch. Fore wings

pale grey, with two transverse lines and the base blackish ;
hind wings pale grey.

Antenne thickened at the base, and furnished with a tuft
of long grey scales; otherwise slender, but provided (in the
male) with rows of tufts of bristles, some of them longer than
the rest, furcate and branched, whitish ; head greyish ; palpi
whitish, long, rather drooping, and projecting forwards;
thorax grey ; abdomen whitish-grey ; fore wings rather ovate,
all the margins gently rounded; apex blunt, pale grey or
whitish, with a broad dark grey or greyish-black basal blotch
extending to the first transverse line, which is deep black,
slightly oblique and rather curved. Outside this is, usually,
a broad band of the white or whitish ground colour. The
second transverse line is much less distinct than the first :

184 LEPIDOPTERA.

slender, sinuous, much indented, edged with white, but
arising from a black costal blotch. Outside it the whole
hind-marginal area is clouded with grey, through which
passes an irregular and indented, indistinct, whitish sub-mar-
ginal line. In the middle of the costa, and between the first
and second transverse lines, a cloudy grey costal blotch
encloses a black central spot. At the base of the dorsal
margin is a whitish shade, and above it a prominent tuft of
raised dark grey and whitish scales, standing erect ; besides
this, shorter raised tufts he transversely on the central spot
and transverse lines ; cilia pale grey, intersected and dashed
with darker grey. Hind wings rounded, pale grey, paler at
the base ; cilia grey, with a white line at their base. Female
similar, with simple antenne. Under side of fore wings dark
erey ; the costa beyond the middle freckled with paler ; hind
wings whitish, with large grey flecks; body and legs grey.
Variable in the colour of the fore wings, and especially of
the basal blotch, which is sometimes very pale grey, at others
almost black. Individuals also occur in which the central
whitish band is obliterated by a suffusion of smoky black.
On the wing in June and July.

Larv# short, stout, rounded, hairy, tapering to each end,
and compressed at the incisions; dull purplish, with the
dorsal line and a series of dorsal spots whitish and very con-
spicuous; the latter placed on alternate segments, and
formed by horse-shoe shaped dorsal markings, bisected by
the dorsal stripe; head black ; body covered with short grey
hairs. Varies considerably in the number and disposition of
the dorsal markings, but the dorsal stripe is always whitish.
(Fenn.)

On hawthorn, blackthorn, pear, and apple, in April and
May; but also feeds—very small—in the autumn, and
hybernates. Mr. Fletcher says that the eggs hatch in the
beginning of August; in the middle of September the
young larve draw a few threads across some depression in

NOLIDE. 185

which it lies, and that some remained without moving till
the middle of May. So far as has been noticed it feeds
always exposed on the leaves both by day and night.

Pura very blunt at each extremity, not swollen in the
middle ; tail without hook, spine, or bristle; dull brown ;
head slightly darker. Very tightly enclosed in a shell-like
triangular cocoon of a whitish colour, thickly dusted with
purple and with a projecting beak at the top. ‘This cocoon
is closely glued down to the bark of a stem on one side, and
on the other fastened down with fine bands of whitish silk.
(Fenn.) Its surface is closely covered with morsels of the
bark. In pupa two or three weeks.

The moth sits, head downwards, in the daytime, on a trunk
or branch, or among the leaves of hawthorn or sloe, or on
palings near, or walls among pear trees, with head uplifted
and fore wings closed so as to completely cover the hind,
showing, from its blackish basal colouring and raised scales,
a curious tippit or cloak-like appearance. It is easily dis-
turbed in the daytime, and flies freely at early dusk. A
tendency to suicide appears to be among its more noticeable
characteristics, as it is constantly found in water tanks and
rain-water butts, near wall fruit trees.

Very common in hedges and orchards in the South and
East of England, and not scarce in the southern and western
Midlands as far as Leicestershire, Derbyshire, Staffordshire,
and Herefordshire ; but not extending far into the west, as I
find no record in Devon; and although it is recorded com-
monly in Glamorganshire, I never saw it in Pembrokeshire.
Records in the North of England appear to be few, though
it is widely distributed in Yorkshire. In Scotland it is found
rarely in Perthshire, and even in the districts of Tay and
Moray, but confined to woods. In Ireland it was recorded as
common by the late Mr. E. Birchall, but no other records
appear to exist ; and it is probably absent from that country.
Abroad it is found throughout Central and the temperate

186 LEPIDOPTERA.

parts of Northern Europe, as well as in Spain, Southern
France, Italy, and Dalmatia.

2. N. strigula, Schiffi—Expanse, ¢ inch. Fore wings
ovate, greyish white, with numerous slender wavy black
lines; hind wings grey.

oO

Antenne rather slender; in the male with short, distinct,
ciliated pectinations ; in the female simple; brown, with a
white basal tuft ; head white, with the projecting palpi grey ;
thorax grey; abdomen brownish, barred with white. Fore
wings broadly ovate, with strongly rounded costa and apex,
but the other margins less rounded; greyish white. At the
base of the costa is an elongated dull grey blotch, terminating
in a tuft of raised grey and white scales; first line black,
curved, indented, and enclosing a faint row of dark grey
spots. Beyond the middle of the costa is an irregular
blackish blotch or group of blackish streaks, from which
arises the second line, curved greatly outwards, and then
crossing the wing, very much indented, and having each
indentation pointed into a black streak. Between the two
lines is another elongated dark grey spot on the costa, and
below it two more tufts of raised scales in a line with the
first, and of a whitish colour, below which the central space
is clouded with faintly grey lines and dashes. Hind-marginal
space clouded with grey, intersected by a subterminal line,
which is irregular, indented, and edged within with connected
black streaks and smoky clouds, as also is the hind margin ;
cilia whitish, barred with dark grey. Hind wings rounded,
pale grey, rather darker along the hind margin; cilia paler.
Under side of fore wings pale grey, streaked with darker; of
hind wings whitish, dusted with grey, and having the apex.
grey; cilia whitish. Not very variable; but Mr. F. J.
Hanbury has a specimen, taken in Essex, in which the space
between the first and second lines is devoid of markings, and
forms a pale central band.

On the wing in July.

NOLIDE. 187

Larva stout; thickest at the third and fourth segments,
tapering behind, flattened beneath. Head round, grey-black ;
body pale buff or pinkish-buff; dorsal stripe yellowish or
pinkish-white, broad, and edged with brownish-grey ; sub-
dorsal lines brownish-grey, interrupted between the segments ;
the usual spots all edged with brownish-grey, and bearing
tufts of radiating hairs. On the seventh segment is a con-
spicuous blackish-grey blotch across the back, dividing the
dorsal line; sides pinkish-red, densely covered with hairs ;
under surface pinkish, hairs in front mixed, pale brown and
dark grey, but after the fourth segment yellowish, and on
each side of the last segment are a few very long hairs,
pointing and curving back so as to resemble a forked tail.
(Condensed from Buckler.)

April to June—and probably also feeding (very small) in
the autumn, and hybernating—feeding on oak, principally
upon the under surface of the leaves, which are not bitten
through.

Pupa not stout, but with rather long wing-cases ; dull dark
brown, with wing-cases reddish-brown. In a small, silken,
boat-shaped cocoon, about one-third of an inch long, and
assimilating perfectly in colour with the surface of the bark
upon which it is constructed. (Buckler.)

The moth sits in the daytime upon the trunks and branches
of oaks, with its head downwards and its wings in a close
triangle, and from its grey colour is extremely inconspicuous.
It flies in the evening and at night, and comes occasionally
to sugar when spread on the oak trunks. Usually scarce,
though in the year 1871 it was very plentiful in the New
Forest, and rather common in 1877; in 1881 it was common
in Abbotts Wood, Sussex; but these cases are exceptional.
Always extremely local, confined to oak woods, and has
been found in Surrey, Sussex, Kent, Hants, Berks, Glouces-
tershire, Somerset, Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk. In Ireland
it was recorded at Killarney by Mr. E. Birchall, but this has

188 LEPIDOPTERA.

not been confirmed. Abroad it has a wide range through
Central Europe, Sweden, Italy, Livonia, Dalmatia, Northern
Turkey, and parts of Asia Minor.

3. N.confusalis, //iib.; cristulalis, Stainton.—Expanse,
g inch. Fore wings clear white, with slender, angulated cross
lines, and raised black and white tufts between them; hind
wings greyish-white.

Antenne, in the male, furnished with pairs of tufts of
bristles, of which the central is the largest; in the female
simple; in both whitish above. brownish beneath, and much
thickened at the base with white scales; head, palpi and
thorax white, with a brownish bar across the collar; abdomen
brownish, with whitish rings. Fore wings narrowly ovate, with
all the margins and the apex rather rounded; white, slightly
dusted with grey, with a tuft of conspicuous raised white
scales near the base ; first line arising in a blackish spot on
the costa, black, curved, and outwardly uniting with a larger
black spot and tuft of raised whitish scales, in the discal cell ;
second transverse line also arising from a black costal spot,
which extends itself so as to touch a third tuft of raised scales,
—dark grey and white—thence bent outward, and then broadly |
back, making an inward curve before reaching the dorsal
margin, being also dotted with black on every nervure, and
edged on its inner side, through a part of its extent, with a
series of black and grey dashes. Outside this second line the
space is much clouded with grey, in which is a whitish trans-
verse line, preceded and followed by series of black dashes on
the nervures, and grey arches between them; cilia pale grey,
dotted and dashed with dark grey. Hind wings rounded,
white, with greyish nervures and a dark grey streak across
the end of the discal cell; cilia white, intersected with pale
grey.

Under side of fore wings pale grey, with whitish clouds on
the costa, and the cilia whitish ; of hind wings whitish, dusted
with grey, and with two grey lines at the base of the whitish

NOLIDZ. 189

cilia; body and legs white. Very constant in colour and
markings.
On the wing in May and June.

Larva rather flattened, not stout; head rather small, anal
prolegs extended ; usual tubercular spots slightly raised and
furnished with tufts of short divergent bristles, and in each a
central long hair; those of the anal segment with several long
hairs. Head red-brown with three longitudinal streaks ;
dorsal region broadly yellowish tinged with red, and with
numerous black streaks placed longitudinally—two on the
second segment, three each on the third and fourth, four each
on the followimg three; upon the succeeding three segments
three red streaks each, three black streaks on the twelfth, and
a larger streak—long and forked—on the thirteenth. The
yellow surface is edged by irregular subdorsal blackish lines,
and the lateral surface below this is dull reddish; hairs
yellowish brown, mixed with blackish.

In July and August on oak, beech, blackthorn, and
probably other trees. By some authors said to feed on tree-
lichens.

Pura nearly cylindrical, slightly thickest at the shoulders,
blunt behind, rounded in front, with the head depressed ;
pale brown, darker on the back; limbs well marked ; wing-
cases pointed ; last five segments fringed at the side with
delicate hairs (Fletcher). In a curious rounded cocoon
raised like a small projecting knob, thicker at one end than
the other, and exactly resembling the corner of bark or piece
of park-paling to which it is attached.

In pupa through the winter.

The moth sits in the daytime, head downwards, on the
trunks of trees, and usually on the edge of a projection of
bark, and would, from its white colour, be most conspicuous,
but that it so nearly resembles a small triangular blotch of
' bird’s-dung on the bark. It doubtless flies at night, but is
rarely captured on the wing.

190 LEPIDOPTERA.

By far the most widely distributed species in the genus, but
hardly ever plentiful except in very large woods in the south
of England—such as the New Forest. Not uncommon in
woods, and in the better wooded districts, throughout the
South of England from Kent to Devon; also in the Eastern,
Midland and Western Counties to Lincolnshire, Derbyshire,
Herefordshire, and Pembrokeshire; and in several localities in
Yorkshire. In Scotland it has been found in Ayrshire, and,
rather commonly, at Moncrieff Hill, Perth. In Ireland widely
distributed; at Howth, near Dublin, in Wicklow, Mayo,
Galway, Down, and near Lough Swilly, Londonderry. Abroad
its distribution appears to be rather local—in France, Belgium
and Western Germany, but there is a probability that it has
been in some districts confused, as with us, with closely allied
species.

4. N. centonalis, //iib—Expanse } inch. Fore wings
short, white, with slender brown transverse lines or light
brown bands, and a row of raised brown tufts of scales; hind
wings whitish.

Antenne rather short, slender, but abundantly furnished
with bristles, in two rows, in the male; simple in the female ;
whitish, with a broad, flattened tuft of white scales at the
base ; head white, with a dense mass of flattened white scales
between the antenne; palpi long, brownish-white; thorax
and abdomen whitish. Fore wings short and broad, with
margins very slightly curved, apex rounded, hind margin
rather oblique, white; the costa clouded at the base, and
spotted beyond it, with fawn-colour, the spots in the middle
portion being minute, and those towards the apex rather
large ; in the discal cell is a row of three tufts of raised light
brown scales; first line curved but very indistinct, existing
mainly as a series of three brown dots, one of which is the first
tuft of raised scales, but it is generally edged with fawn-
coloured clouds; second line dark brown, straighter but:
sinuous, and in some degree parallel with the hind margin, it

NOLIDE. IQ!

also is strengthened with dots, one of which is the third raised
tuft, and clouded, on the inner side, with fawn-colour which
shades off into the central space ; inside this second line is a
faint, indented, additional brownish line, outside it a broad
white stripe; hind margin softly clouded with fawn colour,
through which runs a white-margined brown sub-terminal
line; cilia whitish, intersected and dashed with brown. Hind
wings rather broad, rounded, whitish; hind margin brown ;
cilia whitish. Sexes alike. Under side of fore wings brownish-
erey with the nervures darker; of hind wings white, much
flecked and dusted with grey ; margin brown.

Veryvariable. In some specimens the shading of fawn-colour
disappears, leaving the transverse lines very distinct and deli-
cate ; in others these also become more or less obsolete, until
some specimens are clear, pure white. In the other direction
the fawn shades become intensified into broad bands, one
occupying the whole middle area of the wing, another the hind
marginal space, while the lines and raised spots are darkened ;
and all possible intermediate shades occur. Both extreme
forms have been reared by Mr. W. H. Tugwell and Mr. Robert
Adkin. Abroad our darker varieties seem to be the more
constant and typical forms.

Middle of July to middle of August.

Larva half an inch long, stout, tapering to the head, which
is small, the usual raised spots each with a tuft of radiating
hairs, the lowest at the sides having longer hairs, and those of
the anal segment much longer tufts, pointing backwards.
Head blackish brown with a pink transverse streak; body
pink or purplish-pink; dorsal line ochreous-yellow, passing
between series of velvety-black wedge-shaped spots in the
front of each segment; subdorsal lines very slender, undu-
lating, blackish ; spiracular lines pale yellowish, interrupted,
and indistinct; spiracles black; hairs greyish-brown; legs
and prolegs pinkish. (Buckler.) Mr. W. H. Tugwell’s
description differs a little from this. He says that the general

192 LEPIDOPTERA.

colour is semi-translucent brown-pink, with a narrow, but
well defined, yellow dorsal line, and on each segment six small
fleshy tubercles, arranged in rows—three on each side of the
dorsal line—and from which spring tufts of short brown hairs;
spiracular lines not very distinct ; belly and claspers naked, of
a semi-transparent brown-pink. Also that the young larve
are pale brownish-yellow, hairy and sluggish, a character
which they retain through life.

August and September, then hybernating and feeding up
in the spring. By keeping them in a warm room, however,
Mr. Tugwell induced his larvee to feed up in November and
produce moths in December. On Trifoliwm pratense, T.
procumbens, T. minus, T. repens, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago
lupulina, and even Potentilla anserina. It is curious to note
that while those larvee which fed up under favourable cir-
cumstances in the autumn cast their skins only five times,
Mr. Buckler counted nine moults in those which hybernated
and fed up in the spring.

Pupa very cylindrical, blunt behind; chestnut-brown ; in
a short, rounded, rather boat-shaped cocoon, thickest at one
end, placed on a dry stick or stem, and formed of silk and
the ragpings of the stem. Mr. Tugwell says: ““When the
larva is about to spin its cocoon it selects a grass culm or
other stem, and having spun a little pad of silk upon it,
commences to nibble off portions of adjacent stems, and with
them builds out two side pieces like an open boat, the stem
forming, as it were, the keel. It is most curious to watch
this construction going on; the larva stretches itself out as
far as it can reach without leaving its hold of its work, in
order to gather this building material, which it collects, and
with it, builds up, so to speak, plank by plank, its house. As
soon as these side pieces are finished, which occupies some
thirty-six hours’ labour, it commences at the lower end to
draw over the two sides so that their edges just meet, and
spins them thus firmly together, working steadily upwards

NOLIDE, 193

until nearly closed in; the larva then enters the cocoon, draws
over the top or headpiece, and lines the interior with silk.”
The operation, so carefully described, is of peculiar interest
from the unusual method adopted of preparing the cocoon
before entering, and then closing it up.

The moth is very sluggish, and hides in the day time
among herbage close to the ground. At dusk it runs up the
grasses and sits about upon the short herbage, but flies later
at night, and has been taken by means of a strong light. It
was first discovered in this country in 1858, when a specimen
was taken at Bembridge in the Isle of Wight. In 1879 it
was found in avery restricted locality on the sandhills at Deal
on the coast of Kent, and from females then taken eggs were
obtained. From these, and from the results of further cap-
tures in the same place, the large majority of the specimens
in our collections were supplied; but a few more examples
have been secured in the Isle of Wight, at Folkestone, Kent,
and on the cliffs on the coast of Sussex, near Hastings. I
know of no localities, with us, outside these three counties.
Abroad it is a very widely distributed and sometimes abundant
species, found in Central and Southern Italy, Corsica, Livonia,
Finland, Austria, Hungary, Saxony, and rarely in Eastern
France; also in Armenia, Tartary, Siberia and elsewhere in
the North and East of Asia.

5. N. albulalis, Hid. ; albula, Staud. Cat.—Expanse,
inch. Fore wings broad with raised tufts of light brown scale
and a broad central pale brown band; hind wings pale grey.

30.
8
8,

Antenne rather slender, but with distinct, solid, regularly
ciliated pectinations of a brown colour, in the male; in the
female simple; shaft, in both sexes, white, base clothed with
snow-white scales; palpi long, pure white; head and thorax
white; the top of the head with a flattened mass of white
scales between the antennz ; abdomen brownish-white. Fore
wings broad, with margins gently curved, apex squared, hind
margin not very oblique, white, clouded with pale brown,

VOL, I. N

194 LEPIDOPTERA.

with three conspicuous tufts of raised brown and white scales
along the discal cell; first line curved, slender, very pale
brown; second line slightly sinuous but nearly parallel with
the hind margin; space between these lines light brown,
forming a broad central band, darkest towards the second line,
but dotted with white along the costa; outside the second line
is a faint transverse series of brownish clouds, and a light
brown stripe, dashed with darker on the nervures, lies along
the hind margin; cilia long, whitish, faintly intersected with
brown. Hind wings ample, rounded, whitish-grey, shaded
with extremely pale brown, rather darker towards the hind
margin; cilia similar. Sexes alike. Underside of the fore
wings dull grey-brown with whitish spots on the costa; of
hind wings white, the costal half profusely dusted with brown,
and with a brown central lunule; body and legs white.
Variable in the degree of light brown shading in the central
band and hind marginal space; and in the general colour of
the markings, which tend in some degree to disappear. In
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher’s collection is a specimen of a pure
white except a very slender brownish transverse stripe, and I
have one wholly white.

On the wing from the end of June to the end of July, and
sometimes till the middle of August.

Larva of even thickness, but with the head small, shining,
pinkish, sometimes with brown markings; body pinkish-
orange, pale pink, or even ivory-white; tubercular spots
yellow, distinctly raised, and bearing tufts of hairs, of which
those in the centre are much longer than the rest, and those
on each side of the anal segment of double length; rather
long tufts are also on each side of the head. Dorsal line
double, light grey; subdorsal line indicated by oblong or
angular black markings on the middle segment, and on the
seventh and eleventh increased in size, so as in some cases to
meet across the back; legs brown; prolegs pinkish or
yellowish, tipped with brown; the shorter hairs white, the
longer dark brown,

NOLIDEA. 195

September to June, hybernating while small, and in the
spring feeding on the young shoots of the food plants just
as they spring from the ground. On Dewberry (Rubus cesius),
Raspberry (2. ideus), Strawberry (Fragaria vesca), Potentilla
reptans, and even Hupatorium cannabinuwm.

Pupa half an inch long, cylindrical, and of nearly uniform
width throughout, tapering a little at the anal extremity.
The head is bluntly rounded, and the eye- and antenna-
cases prominent. Colour of the dorsal surface deep reddish-
brown, becoming gradually darker towards the head, which
is nearly black; abdominal divisions rather paler than the
eround colour. Ventral surface paler brown; eye-cases black,
and the antenna-cases margined all round with black. (G.T.
Porritt.) In a spindle-shaped cocoon fastened to a stem or
culm of grass, formed of silk mixed with bits of the surface
and the longer hairs of the larva, and looking exactly like a
brown knot of the grass or thickened piece of stem. Mr.
Tugwell says: ‘‘ They nibble off pieces of the substance they
attach themselves to, so as to imitate its appearance, and at
first make up an open-sided affair just like a boat, and when
all is completed to their liking pull together the two sides
and join them into a spindle-shaped cocoon. They may be
even seen to get out of their working in order to obtain the
nibbled bark to finish with if they cannot reach far enough
by merely stretching themselves out.”

The moth hides in the day time among low herbage, and
by close scrutiny may occasionally be seen sitting, head down-
wards, on a stem of dewberry near the ground; it may also,
in warm weather, occasionally be disturbed and induced to fly
in the afternoon. On warm evenings it flies at early dusk,
but when the weather is chilly somewhat later, darting about
with a sharp, lively action. It was first taken in this country
in 1859 at Chattenden Roughs, a large wood near Rochester
in Kent. For years the locality was kept a secret, but about

196 LEPIDOPTERA.

1874 it became more generally known, and as the moth was
then very common in portions of the wood which were com-
paratively open, with scattered clumps of bushes and a thick
undergrowth of rank grass, dewberry, and other herbage, large
numbers were secured. Constant persecution has, however,
rendered it very much scarcer, and there is serious danger of
its extermination in this, its only known reliable locality in
these Islands. A single specimen has been secured by Mr.
W. H.B. Fletcher in the Isle of Wight. Abroad it is widely
distributed, though not very common, in Hastern France,
Holland, Germany, Hungary, Dalmatia, Piedmont, Sardinia
and in Bithynia and other parts of Asia Minor.

Family 6. LITHOSIDZ&.

Antenne slender, threadlike, in the male with rows of
bristles ; collar conspicuous, thorax narrow and weak; abdo-
men rather slender but blunt; fore wings long and narrow, of
delicate texture ; hind wings ample, very thin.

Larv& with sixteen legs, hairy.

Pup short, smooth, in a close cocoon.

Genus 1. NUDARIA.

Fore wings short and rather broad, rounded behind, very
thin and weak, semi-transparent ; hind wings very broad and
filmy. Thorax slender and very weak.

Larv& bristly, short and sluggish.

1. N. senex, Hiib.—Expanse, ? inch. Fore wings short,
broad, semi-transparent, brownish, with a dark brown dot ;
hind wings rather large and similar.

Antenne rather short and threadlike, fringed in the male
with short bristles, pale brown; head, thorax, and abdomen
narrow and weak ; pale brown. Fore wings short, broad, rather

| LITHOSIDA. 197

squared, and so thin as to be much wrinkled ; costal and dorsal
margins very slightly curved, apex blunt, hind margin rounded,
hardly oblique ; dull pale brownish or drab, with a dark brown
spot at the end of the discal cell, a brown dot at the base,
faint indications of a first line shown by short brown dashes
on the nervures before the middle; second line also a long
curved row of brown dots and dashes on the nervures beyond
the middle; cilia drab, with a brown dot at the end of each
nervure. Hind wings long and broad, rounded behind, semi-
transparent, extremely thin and delicate ; whitish-drab, faintly
brown at the hind margin, with an indistinct pale brown
central lunule, and beyond it a straight transverse row of
faint brown dashes; cilia whitish brown. Female similar,
except that the fore wings are slightly narrower and more
transparent. Underside yellowish-drab, with the nervures
brown, darker toward the hind margin ; costa of fore wings
yellower ; central spot visible; and before the apex a dark
brown or blackish triangular cloud, or group of spots; body
and legs pale brown.

Hardly variable except towards the obliteration of the few
existing markings, specimens taken in the North of England
being extremely pale in colour and having only faint brown
dashes on a few of the nervures.

July and August.

Larva 2 inch long. Very stout, densely covered with
tufts of hair. Head shining black ; body waxy looking, deep
reddish grey, the hairs of two descriptions, the more numerous
stiff, pale brown with black points, slightly feathered, the
rest longer and black, densely feathered with soft pale brown
plumage. Legs glossy, tipped with black ; prolegs pale grey,
translucent.

August to May, hybernating. On Lichen caninus and on
mosses such as Hypnum sericeoum and Weissia serrata. Prob-
ably on various lichens and mosses which grow upon the
ground in wet places. (Buckler.)

198 LEPIDOPTERA.

Pupa glossy, of a deep rich brown. In an oval cocoon
of closely-spun silk, with the hairs of the larva woven in.
Probably among dead leaves on the ground.

Entirely confined to wet fen-land and marshes. Hiding
among the grass and low herbage during the day, and so
sluggish that it cannot be disturbed ; crawling up, on mild or
warm evenings, to fly at dusk for a few minutes, after which
it sits about on the low herbage and grass blades, hanging
down exactly like a little bit of dead leaf. About midnight
it rouses itself and flies about near the ground, and may then
easily be attracted to a strong light; but even then will
hang on to grass blades around, and simply bask in the rays
of the lamp. Altogether an extremely sluggish and secret
species, and easily overlooked, yet widely distributed in
marshes, and sometimes making its appearance, on an especially
favourable evening, in most unexpected places. I have found
it even in a little bit of marshy ground enclosed by sea sand-
hills. Like many other fen insects it will fly after rain and also
during fogs. Abundant in the fens of Norfolk and Cambridge-
shire and has been seen in multitudes at lamps in Wicken and
Ranworth Fens. Fairly common in Suffolk, and found less
commonly in boggy spots in Sussex, Berks, Hants, Dorset,
Devon, Somerset and Glamorganshire. Also tolerably com-
mon in marshes near York and Scarborough, and therefore
most probably in suitable places in the intermediate counties.
In the year 1825 it was abundant at Whittlesea Mere, and was
found in Battersea Fields, close to London ; in the neighbour-
ing Hammersmith marshes it maintained itself till 1860 or
later, but these last localities have long been built over. I
hear from Dr. F. Buchanan White that he has seen a speci-

men said to have been taken at Crieff, Scotland; anda single -

specimen was captured last year (1893) by Colonel Partridge,
near Enniskillen, Ireland. Abroad it is common in the Alps,
and widely distributed in the Northern half of Europe ; also
in the Ural range.

j

et ly le a i ty

LITHOSIDA. 199

2. N. mundana, Z.—Expanse, 3 inch. Semi-transparent,
brownish white ; fore wings with faint brown transverse lines.

Antenne short and threadlike, frimged in the male with
delicate bristles; pale brown, rather thickened toward the
base in both sexes, the basal joint having a large tuft of
scales ; head tufted with yellowish scales; thorax very weak,
pale brown; abdomen similar. Fore wings ovate ; costal and
hind margins and apex much rounded ; dorsal margin nearly
straight; semi-transparent, very thinly scaled, smooth and
shining ; of the faintest shade of brown; the usual first and
second lines light brown, curved and much indented, but not
very distinct ; between them is a brown dot in the discal cell ;
edge of the costa, and the cilia, light brown. Hind wings
rounded, nearly transparent, shining and almost iridescent,
faintly tinged with brown, especially in the cilia. Female
with the body stouter, often with the wings rather smaller,
very nearly transparent, and with the brown colour and mark-
ings much more faint or hardly perceptible. Underside of
the wings iridescent, faintly brownish, nervures slightly
browner ; body and legs pale brown.

Hardly variable, except that specimens occur, in both sexes,
but more especially in the female, having the wings colourless
and quite transparent, except at the extreme margins. This
form was described by Haworth as a distinct species under
the name of Hemerobia.

July and August.

Larva less than half an inch long; stout and bristly, of
uniform thickness, with the usual spots raised, and emitting
slender hairs. Head small, dark brown or blackish ; body
above bright yellow, with a greyish-brown dorsal stripe, a
blackish dorsal spot on the eighth segment, pairs of sulphur
coloured spots on six other segments, and a blackish-brown
subdorsal line; tubercles and hairs dark greyish-brown ; legs
paler; undersurface pale greyish-brown.

200 LEPIDOPTERA.

From September to May, hybernating; feeding upon
lichens, especially those which grow upon stone walls. Mr.
E. Birchall found it in plenty in the West of Ireland on
the orange coloured lichens with which the stone walls are
there profusely decked. In Wales it is equally common on
the similar lichens upon tiled roofs. Also on the green
lichens and confervoid growths on old gates and palings in
damp situations, and upon the trunks of trees. Sometimes
to be found feeding in the sunshine, at others hiding
under stones or other cover in the day, and feeding at
night.

Pura short and stumpy, pale green or yellowish. Ina very
slight gauzy network cocoon, through which the pupais plainly
visible ; in any sheltered place among stones or on walls. In
one case in which the larvee had fed on the lichens upon the
roof, I found numerous cocoons containing pup or un-
changed larvee on the wall on the inside of the building, they
having crawled in through an open window. Neither larvee
nor pupee were discommoded by the careful removal of the
cocoons, and all emerged as moths.

The moth is inconspicuous and is rarely seen in the day
time. It flies gently at dusk, and more generally towards mid-
night, when it also comes readily to light. The female, however,
is seldom seen at large. Common and generally distributed in
the South of England in woods and lanes, though not plenti-
ful ; formerly quite common at Sydenham on the south side of
London. Scarcer in the Eastern and Midland Counties, and
rather rare in fen districts; local but pretty common in Wales
to Pembrokeshire; and not uncommon in Yorkshire, Lan-
cashire, Cheshire, and Herefordshire. In Scotland found in
Roxburghshire, at Garelochhead, Dunoon, Ardrossan, Renfrew
and other Western localities; in the Hast at Craigie and
Annateburn. In Ireland commonly in the rocky limestone
district of Galway, and in Donegal and Londonderry, Abroad

LITHOSIDA. 201

generally distributed in Central, and the temperate portions

of Northern Europe, Northern Italy, Dalmatia and part of
Asia Minor.

Genus 2. CALLIGENTIA.

Fore wings ovate with costa rounded, and beyond the
middle, in the male, having its edge rolled back ; hind wings
ample.

We have one species only, and this not closely connected
with either the preceding or following, and having no near
allies in Kurope; the very few species closely related to it

being found in Japan, China, India, Mongolia, and the Anda-
man Islands.

1. C. miniata, Forster—Expanse, 1 to 1} inch. Fore
wings ovate, pale vermilion with blue-grey lines; hind wings
broad, paler.

Antennze short and rather slender, in the male with rows
of bristles, of which the central one is rather long and curved,
placed upon a pair of knobs on each joint; pale reddish-
Head and thorax pale vermilion or yellowish-red; abdomen
paler red, with black scales showing from beneath on each
side, so as to form side stripes; anal tuft rather conspicuous,
yellowish-red. Fore wings ovate, rather long, costa regularly
arched, but from the middle to near the apex distinctly rolled
back so as to give that portion a straight appearance ; apex
and hind margin much rounded; dorsal margin gracefully
curved; rich bright vermilion, paler, or tinged with yellow,
in the central area; edge of the costa from the base bluish-
black ; a round blue-black dot at the middle of the base;
first transverse line, when present, curved and repeatedly
angulated, faint blue-black, but usually incomplete or nearly
obsolete ; second line also blue-black, very distinct, complete,
and most singular in form, consisting of a regular series of
loops, or long scallops with very long points, the rounded

202 LEPIDOPTERA.

loops lying inward; close to one of these, or often merged
in it, is a blackish dot or streak at the end of the discal cell,
and very frequently a slender bluish line extends from this
dot to the middle of the costa. Outside the second line is a
row of blue-black dashes or dots before the hind margin and
placed on the nervures; cilia yellowish red. Hind wings
broad, rather angulated at the apex, rounded behind, thin
and delicate ; very pale vermilion, verging towards whitish at
the base ; cilia yellowish-red. Female similar, hardly stouter,
but the fore wings are without the costal fold, and the abdo-
men is devoid of the blackish scales. Underside similar in
colour to the upper, except that the base of the costa of the
fore wings is more broadly blackish ; the centre of the fore
wings is occupied by a large blackish cloud in which the loops
of the second line are extended and merged, and in the male
the undersurface of the abdomen is covered with a thick
mass of smoky-black scales; in the female it is pale reddish ;
legs reddish with the first pair of tarsi blue-black. In Mr.
Sydney Webb’s collection is a specimen entirely pale yellow,
which was taken in the New Forest; in that of the late Mr.
Bond another, and intermediate forms. Otherwise it varies
but little, except in the degree of distinctness of the first
transverse line.
On the wing in July.

Larva half an inch long, stout, uniform in thickness, skin
shining, densely covered with plumed hairs, except segments
two and thirteen which have only short simple hairs, while
in each other body-segment they are wonderfully plumose
and verticillate, with plain tufts along the sides and above
the feet. Head brown, the lobes outlined with black; body
dark drab, the hairs being of a blackish mouse-colour, or a
little paler behind the middle. (A very curious larva, seeming
to carry minute hearse-plumes.) When young very dingy,
foggy-looking, with a quantity of loose hairs on the back.
(Hellins.)

August to May. Feeding throughout the winter, except in

LITHOSIDE. 203

severe frost, ‘upon lichens on the trunks and branches of
trees, and apparently also upon withered leaves. When
young, Mr. Buckler found that they would eat withered
sallow and oak leaves and various lichens, and towards the
spring would even gnaw cut pieces of turnip, but finally
settled down to Lichen caninus, eating especially the red waxy
tips, and upon this arrived at full growth.

Pura short, reddish-brown; in a long-oval, dark brown
cocoon of slight but close texture, the plumed hairs being
interwoven with the silk so as to stand upright and protect it.
(Hellins.)

The moth is rather sedentary, not inclined to fly far from
the place where it has fed up, so that several may be found
about the same tree or large bush, though no others occur
near. It sits in trees or high hedges in the day time, and
when disturbed will fly a yard or two, or to the ground; but
becomes lively at dusk, flying round its favourite tree or
large bush—very often a holly. At dark it flies high, will
come to light at night, and is rather fond of the sugar spread
on tree trunks to attract Voctuw; yet is never seen to frequent
flowers. Widely distributed in woods, woody heaths, and
well timbered lanes and hedges in all the Southern Counties
from Kent to Devon, and Essex to Gloucestershire and
Somerset; also in Pembrokeshire, Herefordshire, Warwick-
shire, Suffolk, and Norfolk. Rare in Cambridgeshire ; appar-
ently hardly noticed in the Midland Counties, but found in
several localities in Yorkshire, which seems to be its northern
limit here. In Ireland it was recorded as found in Galway
by the late Mr. E. Birchall, but I know of no more recent
captures. Abroad its distribution is very wide—Northern
Europe, except the extreme Northern portions, Central
Europe, Dalmatia, Siberia, Tartary, and probably large por-
tions of Asia, since it is found in Japan with the first trans-
verse line complete and strongly marked, thongh variable.
This variety is named ©. rosaric.

204 LEPIDOPTERA.

Genus 3. SETINA.

Fore wings rather broad, spotted, rounded behind, thin in
texture and hardly opaque.

1. S. irrorella, Z.—Expanse of male 1 to 14 inch, of
female ~ inch. Fore wings semi-transparent, ochreous-
yellow with rows of black dots; hind wings paler.

Antenne slender, black, fringed, in the male, with delicate
bristies. Head small, black; collar yellow; thorax black
with yellow shoulders and a yellow blotch behind the middle ;
abdomen black with a light yellow anal tuft. Fore wings
rather long and somewhat triangular, being narrow at the
base, broad behind, with the costa nearly straight, apex and
hind margin rounded, and dorsal margin straight; semi-
transparent ochreous-yellow or whitish-ochreous, brighter in
colour at the margins, and with the extreme costal margin
deep yellow; first and second transverse lines oblique and
nearly parallel, but only indicated by series of black dots all
placed upon nervures; near the hind margin is another series
of black dots all placed between nervures, but varying in
number, commonly three at equal distances apart, but fre-
quently one or two more are placed near the apex, and some-
times the row is increased and rendered irregular by others
placed intermediately ; cilia yellow. Hind wings long and
ample, very thin and delicate and nearly transparent; pale
creamy ochreous, sometimes spotless, in other cases with one,
two, or three faintly blackish spots at the apex, and, more
rarely, an addition of a few more in a row near the hind
margin ; cilia yellow. Female much smaller in expanse, with
narrower fore wings and much shorter hind wings, but
similar in colour and markings; abdomen short, thick, and
cylindrical. Underside of the fore wings pale grey with the
margins broadly yellow, the black dots of the hind margin
distinct, those of the two transverse lines obscure; hind
wings very pale greyish-yellow; thorax, abdomen and legs
black ; anal tuft yellow.

LITHOSID &. 205

There is variation in the intensity of the black dots form-
ing the two transverse lines, especially in the middle area of
the fore wings, where, in rare instances, the black colour also
runs along the nervures between them, thus forming a black ~
V, or even by a similar union of the outer dots the figures
IVI in a prostrate direction. These forms, though rare,
have been repeatedly obtained, and in the collection of the
late Mr. F. Bond is one so marked on one side only; while
Mr. 8S. J. Capper has one with the markings thus VI, the
upper pair of dots not united. Another striking variety in
Mr. Bond’s collection has a broad smoky band along the hind
margins of all the wings, and three black streaks from the
base of the fore wings; another belonging to Mr. C. A. Briges
has the fore wings regularly suffused with smoky grey-brown
and the hind wings yellow-brown. In mountain districts in
France and Switzerland, especially at high elevations, varia-
‘tion is further extended and more pronounced; a form with
all the nervures of the fore wings smoky-black throughout,
and with cloudy hind wings, is known as variety Andereggii,
while another, even more broadly black veined, with blackish
hind wings, is called Riffalensis. The variety with the central
black V is known as signata, but these varietal names are
of little moment, the varieties being themselves unstable and
varying towards each other. (It is somewhat remarkable
that in several allied species (?) precisely similar aberrations
occur—S. roscida, in which both sexes are of the form and
size of the female wrorella, with similar spots, but of a deeper
general ochreous colour, having a variety, called melanomos,
in which the hind wings are clouded with smoky and the
fore wings smoky-black from the base; S. awrita, which is of
a rich ochreous, almost orange, with much larger subterminal
spots, but otherwise similar to 7rrorella, having a form known
as Ramosa, with black stripes down the nervures of the fore
wings ; while S. Kuhlweini, which is also of a deep ochreous
yellow, has the additional spots on the hind wings near the
margin as in strongly marked irvorella. These species are
not known with us.)

206 LEPIDOPTERA.
The present species is on the wing in June and July.

Larva 2 inch long, moderately stout, tapering a little at
each extremity ; usual spots slightly raised, and studded with
tufts of rather long hairs. Head small, black ; body blackish-
brown above, with the dorsal stripe composed of a series of
brilliant deep yellow acorn-shaped spots, one divided on each
segment; subdorsal stripe white, mixed with yellow, and
much interrupted; sides reddish-grey or purplish-grey ;
subspiracular stripe light-yellow, edged above with dark
brown; raised spots blackish, except along the subdorsal
region, where they are white; hairs blackish brown; legs
dark brown. (Buckler and Hellins.)

From August to May on the lichens which grow on the
edges and bare stony places on sea cliffs, and on large stones
on the coast a little above high-water mark; some of the
lichens being blackish-brown, others bright yellow. Feeding
exposed, and fond of bright sunshine, but wonderfully pro-
tected by its close resemblance to the lichens. Will also
feed upon lichens which grow upon the soil of the cliffs, and
may be reared upon a turf cut from such a situation, or upon
tree-lichens, if kept in the sunshine and frequently sprinkled
with water.

Pupa short and stout. In a loose flossy silken cocoon
among small stones, or under stones or oyster-shells, above
high-water mark ; or in interstices of the rocks.

The moth is rather sluggish, the female particularly so ;
but the male flies in the early morning sunshine and again
in the afternoon. When at rest, hanging from a blade of
grass or the leaf of some low plant, its semi-transparent,
limpid appearance has obtained for it the common name of
the dew moth. Doubtless the female flies at night—probably
both sexes. Extremely local in this country. Stephens states
that it formerly occurred on Dartford Heath, Kent, and that
in 1816 and 1817 it was abundant at Rochester. Now it

LITHOSIDA. 207

appears to be most strictly confined to the extreme edge of
the coast, though one specimen—which surely must have been
migrating—was taken by Mr. F. Norgate in Foxley Wood,
Norfolk. It is common at Dover, Kent, and in the Isle of
Wight, at the edge of the cliffs, and at Shoreham, Sussex, on
the beach. Also found at Folkestone, Hastings, and elsewhere
on the coast of Kent and Sussex, and rarely in Devonshire ;
in the Isle of Man; and on the Island of Ramsey, near St.
David’s, South Wales. Some years ago it was found in plenty
on the lighthouse beach near Aldeburgh, Suffolk, and larvze
were found there commonly, but from some unexplained cause
it seems to have disappeared. In Scotland it is recorded as
having occurred at Crieff, Clydesdale, and in Aberdeenshire.
Dr. F. B. White says: “Tweed, Tay, Clyde, and Argyle
districts.” In Ireland it is common in the rough limestone
district of Galway. Abroad it appears to be rather a moun-
tain, than a coast, species, and is found in Northern and
Central Europe, especially in the Alps (at high altitudes
producing local variations), as well as in Dalmatia, Siberia,
and Asia Minor.

2. S.mesomella, Z.—Expanse, male 1} inch, female 1
inch. Fore wings broad, rather squared, pearly-white or
yellowish, with two black dots; hind wings grey.

Antenne threadlike, with rows of minute bristles in the
male, whitish above, dark grey beneath; head and front of
the thorax yellow, back of the thorax silvery-white; abdomen
slender, pale grey, shading into yellow at the hinder ex-
tremity. Fore wings broad, costa regularly arched, apex
blunt and squared, hind margin rather straight and hardly
oblique ; dorsal margin almost straight from near the base ;
costa beyond the middle very slightly rolled back; opaque,
pearly-white, or silvery greyish-white, rather shining;
costal and hind margins yellow, shaded into the white sur-
face; on the costa near the middle is a black dot, and
opposite to it, near the dorsal margin, another; cilia yellow,

208 LEPIDOPTERA.

Hind wings broad and rather long, with blunt apex and
rather sinuous hind margin; dark grey, sometimes shaded
with whitish at the base, and with a whitish streak running
in from the hind margin below the middle; cilia long,
yellowish white or pale yellow. Female decidedly smaller,
with narrower fore wings, and shorter, rather stouter body ;
otherwise similar. Underside of the fore wings dark grey,
with costal and hind margins and apex bright yellow; dorsal
margin silvery-white; of hind wings yellowish-white or
greyish-white, with the cilia broadly pale yellow; thorax
dark grey ; abdomen yellowish, tinged with grey at the base ;
legs grey above, yellowish beneath.

A form of the male is not uncommon which has the fore
wings shining pale yellow, faintly tinged with greyish or
whitish in the middle, and with a yellowish tinge upon the
hind wings. Beyond this, variation in this species is ex-
tremely rare, but Mr. S. Stevens has a yellow specimen
devoid of the usual black dots.

On the wing in June.

Larva nearly one inch long, stout and cylindrical; head
smaller, shining black, and a velvety black patch on the back of
the second segment; body velvety, blackish grey; usual tuber-
cular spots raised, and thickly tufted with blackish densely-
feathered hairs, so as almost to conceal the body, which is
plain; legs shining black; prolegs grey. When younger,
velvety black, with the hairs singularly spatulate. (Buckler.)

August to May on lichens, a favourite kind being one of
immature form growing among moss on oak trunks; but
doubtless one of the lichens which grow on the ground
among heather is also chosen, and sallow leaves, either green
or decaying, are not refused. It has also been known to feed
on heather (Calluna vulgaris).

Pura short and stout, pale brown, in a large, thin, semi-
transparent cocoon of greyish silk, spun in any convenient
hollow under moss or lichen. (Hellins.)

LITHOSIDE. 209

Very widely distributed on heaths and especially in
open woods, hiding in the bushes during the day, but
easily beaten out and induced to fly a short distance. On
hot days it flies naturally soon after sunset and before dusk,
flitting round a favourite spot, with an undulating motion,
about a yard from the ground ; but in the evening it becomes
more active. Formerly abundant in the fens of Wicken,
Yaxley, and Burwellin Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire,
also at Swaffham Prior, but now said to be extinct in those
localities. Moderately common in the woods of all the
Southern Counties as far west as Devon; also found in some
parts of Gloucestershire and Herefordshire ; widely distributed
in Norfolk ; scarce in Suffolk and also in Pembrokeshire and
North Wales; found on the mosses of Lancashire and Cheshire,
and very locally in Yorkshire aud Cumberland; rather common
on Cannock Chase in Staffordshire, and probably not entirely
absent from suitable localities in many other counties. In
Scotland it bas been found in Aberdeenshire, in Clydesdale,
and other places in the Clyde, Solway, and Moray districts.
Abroad it is common in all the temperate portions of Northern
Europe as well as in Central, Southern and Eastern Europe ;
in Bithynia, Siberia, and many parts of Northern and
Western Asia.

Genus 4. LITHOSIA.

Antenne threadlike; thorax and abdomen moderately
slender ; fore wings very narrow and strap-like; hind wings
broad, repeatedly folded, and, with the fore wings, pressed
closely round the body. A small tuft of raised scales exists
under the base of the fore wings in most of the species.

Larv& very hairy, feeding mainly upon lichens.

A table of the species may be useful :

A. Fore wings narrow.
B. Fore wings grey, spotted. L. muscerda.
VOL, II, 1)

210 LEPIDOPTERA.

B2. Fore wings grey, unspotted, with yellow costal
stripe.
C. The yellow stripe extending to the apex.
LL. complant.
C2. The yellow stripe narrowed off before the apex.
L. complanula.
B’, Fore wings greyish-white, unspotted.

D. With slender yellow costal stripe. L. caniola.
D2. Without costal stripe. — L.. pygmeola.
B+. Fore wings rich shining-ochreous. L. aureola,
B®. Fore wings dull brownish-ochreous. L. helveola.
B®, All the wings smoky-black. L. rubricollis.
A2. Fore wings not very narrow.

Fore wings shining-grey, L. griseola.

E*. Fore wings shining-yellow.
L. griseola, var. stramineola.

The last is indicated here because of its very distinct
appearance, which long led to its being regarded as a separate
species.

1. L. muscerda, Hiib.—Expanse, 1} to 1} inch. Fore
wings narrow, purplish-grey with four or five black dots ;
hind wings yellowish-grey.

Antenne slender, delicately fringed with two rows of fine
oblique bristles; light brown; head, thorax, and abdomen
fuscous; fore wings long and narrow, with two or three
longitudinal creases or wrinkles lying between nervures, one
from below the base of the median nervure to the anal angle,
being the most deeply marked; costa and hind margin
slightly curved, apex angulated, dorsal margin nearly
straight ; rather shining fuscous or purplish-grey, with a
broad, slightly paler stripe along the costa; near the dorsal
margin, before the middle, are two small black dots placed
obliquely ; and near the costa, beyond the middle, three or
four rather larger black dots also placed obliquely, but in

.
|

LITHOSIDA. 211

the opposite direction, so as to point towards the anal angle ;
cilia pale fuscous. Hind wings broad with the apex bluntly
pointed, rounded behind; pale grey tinged with yellowish
at the base and along the dorsal region, shading into dark
fuscous at the apex; cilia yellowish grey. Female similar,
with fore wings rather longer, broader, and more pointed.
Underside of the fore wings dark fuscous; nervures promi-
nent ; of hind wings yellowish fuscous ; body and legs grey.
Slightly variable in the number and distinctness of the black
dots.

On the wing in the latter part of July and through August.

Larva # inch long; rather stout, cylindrical, tapering very
little at either end; the usual tubercular spots, on each
segment, raised and furnished with tufts of hairs, which are
short but abundant; head small, blackish; body velvety
blackish-brown, marbled with reddish-grey ; dorsal stripe and
subdorsal line deep black; raised spots and hairs brown;
on the back of the second segment is a pair of deep red
spots, and on the thirteenth a pair similar but smaller;
beneath the spiracles is a fine reddish-grey line; under-
surface pinkish-grey ; legs shining, dark reddish-grey; prolegs
similar. (Buckler. ) ;

August to May on lichens, and probably mosses, in the
wettest fens. In confinement it has fed upon Lichen caninus,
Hypnum sericeum, and Weissia serrata, also on decayed sallow
and bramble leaves. Only known as reared from the egg, its
home among the thick bushes and tall coarse herbage of the
fens offering almost insuperable obstacles to the discovery of
so obscure a larva.

Pura short, stout, very blunt behind, shining dark chest-
nut brown; in a thin, webby cocoon of greyish silk, outside
which is a finer and thinner cocoon of white silk; in a
curled-up bramble leaf. (Buckler.)

This is an excessively local species, found only in the

212 LEPIDOPTERA.

wettest portions of fens and marshy woods; most partial to
the small thickets of alder, sallow, and Rhamnus in such
places; never observed in the day time, when it probably
hides in the thick undergrowth, but readily obtained when
flying at dusk at the edges of these thickets or “ carrs,” when
its flight is of a tacking, swaying character, but tolerably
swift. This flight is soon over ; but towards midnight it flies
again about the trees and is much attracted by a strong light,
settling down at once on the lamp, or on any neighbouring
object upon which the light shines, and remaining quite inert.
Also occasionally attracted by sugar placed on the fen plants
for the benefit of Noctuw. Towards morning it takes a third
flight.

Curtis, in his “ British Entomology,” relates the finding of the
first specimens noticed in this country, in a ditch at Horning
Ferry, Norfolk, before 1830. A few years later it was found
by the Rev. J. Landy Brown, flying commonly in the evening
among alders near the same spot. ‘This locality—Horning—
with Ranworth Fen on the other side of the river Bure, has
continued to be the headquarters of the species, with us, to
the present time, and I found it quite plentifully in the
latter fen twenty years ago. Since then it has been less
common, especially so in certain years, but it may be found at
Irstead and other parts of the long stretch of narrow fens
on the River Bure, as well as at Brundall Fen, on the Yare,
below Norwich ; but, strange as it may appear, no single
specimen appears ever to have been taken in the fen districts
of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire. It has, however,
been taken at Lakenheath, on a little fen of the river Ouse,
which is connected at its outlet with both the Bure and the
Yare. A very few specimens have been taken in a marshy
portion of the New Forest, in Hants, by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher,
and at a marsh at Sandwich, Kent, by Mr. Charles Fenn.
I know of no other locality in the United Kingdom; but
abroad it isfound through Central Europe, Livonia, Dalmatia,
Tartary, and probably other parts of Asia, since a variety,

|

LITHOSIDE. 213

rather small and with indistinct spots, is found in Japan. It
is not closely allied to any European species, but some nearly
related species are received from India.

2. L. aureola, Hib. ; sororcula, Staud. Cat.—Expanse,
1 to 1} inch. Fore wings narrow at the base, spotless,
golden yellow; hind wings pale yellow.

Antenne threadlike, but with a double row of delicate
bristles, set rather far apart, black-brown; head and thorax
deep yellow; abdomen slender, blackish, dusted with yellow
scales, and with the anal tuft deep yellow. Fore wings narrow
at the base, broader behind, with the costa much rounded
beyond the middle, and its extreme margin sometimes slightly
rolled back; apex and hind margin rounded, dorsal margin
slightly curved ; shining rich yellow, with the costa more deeply
yellow ; without markings, but sometimes having them iddle
portion of the wings faintly shaded with hoary-grey ; ner-
vures rather depressed, and there is a deep crease, or wrinkle,
in the dorsal area; cilia yellow. Hind wings rather ample,
with the apex bluntly angulated and hind margin rounded ;
pale yellow; cilia deeper yellow. Female similar, with the
abdomen rather short. Underside of fore wings dark grey,
with the margins rich yellow, the hind margin broadly so;
hind wings whitish-yellow; body dark grey dashed with
yellow; anal tuft orange; legs black above, yellow beneath.
Hardly variable except a little in the general depth of yellow
colour, which also fades rapidly during life; but in Dr.
Mason’s collection is a specimen with the costa edged with
blackish, the cilia smoky, and the wings shaded with blackish.

On the wing in the middle of May and through June.

Larva 2 inch long; rather flattened and slender, tapering
a little at each end; covered with short bristles in spreading
tufts. Head blackish-brown; second segment brown, reddish
in front, the general colour of the back white, divided by

214 LEPIDOPTERA.

black dorsal, intermediate, and broader subdorsal stripes, but
this pattern interrupted on the fourth, eighth, and twelfth
segments by brownish-black patches covering the back; on
the ninth by the absence of the black stripes, leaving a con-
spicuous white space; while the fourth and twelfth segments
are further obscured by greater density of raised masses of
hairs. Sides, legs, and undersurface brownish-grey ; the folds
between the third and fourth segments white; a white spot
on the third above the legs, and a white line similarly placed
on the fourth; dorsal tubercles behind the third segment
orange-red, and along the sides two similar rows of
tubercles ; hairs brownish-grey. Very active in its habits.
(Hellins.)

July, August, and September, on lichens upon oak
trunks.

Pura short, rounded, rather thick, extremely smooth and
glossy ; dark brown, in a very slight cocoon in moss. ‘The
larva spins up in the autumn and passes the winter in the
pupa state.

Not a common species, but widely distributed in woods
in the South of England. Fond of sitting during the day in
thick overhanging branches of oak or beech, from which it is
readily beaten out, but falls to the ground without much
fluttering. Flies about the trees at late dusk and through
the night, and will come occasionally to sugar or to light.
It was formerly found as near to London as Hampstead.
Not scarce in oak woods in Kent, Surrey, Hants, Dorset,
Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, and in beech woods in Berkshire
and Buckinghamshire; said to be rare in Cambridgeshire and
in Sussex. There is a record that it was taken fifty years
ago near York, but this seems probably erroneous. In
Ireland it was found commonly at Killarney by the late
Mr. E. Birchall, and also reared from larve found there,
Abroad it is found in Central Europe, Denmark, Hungary,
Dalmatia, Northern and Eastern Turkey, Southern Russia,

LITHOSIDEA. 215

es
and Armenia ; and in the National Collection there is a speci-
men labelled ‘“‘ Northern India.”

2

3. L. helveola, Ochs.; helvola, Hiib.; deplana,
Staud. Cat.—Expanse, 1} to 12 inch. Fore wings narrow,
dull yellow-grey or brownish-yellow, spotless; hind wings
paler yellowish, often with a greyer border.

Antenne slender and threadlike, but in the male fringed
with tufts of bristles, rather long and curved, especially the
central one, arising from swellings or knots on the joints ;
brown. Head yellow; thorax ochreous in front, pale buff or
pale grey behind; abdomen yellowish-grey. Fore wings of
the male rather long, of somewhat even width, channelled
with longitudinal wrinkles and covered with raised scales
which give them a rough powdered appearance ; costa nearly
straight, but curved a little before the apex, which is some-
what squared; hind margin very slightly curved and hardly
oblique; dorsal margin gracefully curved, slightly hollowed
before the anal angle, which is blunt; dull greyish-yellow
or yellowish-buff with an indistinct ochreous stripe along the
extreme edge of the costa, but broader near the base ; apex
and hind margin tinged with ochreous ; cilia glossy yellow.
Hind wings very broad and ample, the apex extending beyond
the anal angle of the fore wings, but rounded off shorter
behind; very pale buff or brownish-yellow, shading into
brownish-grey at the margins; cilia yellowish. Female rather
stouter, with simple antennz; fore wings broader ; surface
smooth ; the costa decidedly more rounded, and the ochreous
costal stripe much more distinct; general colour more slate-
grey with a softening of yellowish; hind wings yellow-grey,
hardly greyer at the margins; cilia paler. Or wholly dark grey,
except a broad ochreous costal stripe to the fore wings. Under-
side of the fore wings yellow-grey, more yellow at the margins,
and with the costal margin broadly ochreous ; hind wings very
pale greyish-yellow ; body ochreous ; legs yellowish.

Not very variable, but the greyish border of the hind

216 LEPIDOPTERA.

wings sometimes assumes the character of a broad grey
marginal band. Specimens taken in the New Forest, Hants,
are rather large and handsome ; and those formerly obtained
near York were unusually yellow, especially the females, some
of which attained a rich ochreous-yellow. This sex, which at
first sight differs much from the male, was formerly described
as a distinct species under the name of JL. depressa.
On the wing in July.

Larva } inch long; cylindrical, tapering a little at each
end; head rather small, brown or whitish ; dorsal half of the
body pale grey, whitish-grey, or white, edged by a broad
subdorsal row of black elongated, or lunate, spots; the
enclosed dorsal surface crossed by a black bar on the fourth
segment, having a large triangular black spot on the eighth,
and another on the twelfth ; between these the dorsal line
is indicated by a pair of slender, interrupted black lines.
Sides below the subdorsal spots and undersurface grey,
brownish-grey, or greenish-grey ; hairs grey. (Hellins.)

August to June, on coarse lichens growing upon trees,
especially yew, beech, and oak.

PUPA in a cocoon under the bark of trees.

The moth hides in the daytime in large yew bushes or
trees, and in the branches of oaks and beeches, and may
readily be beaten out from these shelters, when it flutters or
tumbles towards the ground. At dusk and at night it flies
freely. Found most plentifully among yew trees and bushes
upon chalk hills in Surrey, such as Norbury Park and Box
Hill; also not uncommonly in the New Forest, Hants, but
exceedingly local. It is said to have been taken near Almonds-
bury, Gloucestershire, and once at Stowmarket, Suffolk. Four
specimens were secured, in the year 1876, at a lighthouse
on the coast of Norfolk, but these may have been migrating.
Formerly it certainly occurred in the neighbourhood of York,
and Mr. N. Young has a specimen taken by himself at
Rotherham. Abroad it is found in France, Switzerland,

_ LITHOSIDZ. 217

Germany, and other parts of Central urope ; in South
Sweden, North Italy, Livonia, Southern Russia, and some
parts of Asia. Specimens from Japan exist in the National
Collection under the varietal names pavescens and levis.

4. L. pygmeeola, Dbid.—Expanse § to 14 inch. Fore
wings very narrow, pointed, silvery yellowish-white; hind
wings yellowish, shaded with grey.

Antennz threadlike; very slightly fringed in the male
with minute bristles; yellowish-white. Head and thorax
bright yellow or yellowish-white ; abdomen dark brown,
thinly dusted with whitish scales; anal tuft pale yellow.
Fore wings very narrow, with a deep longitudinal crease or
wrinkle ; costa very slightly curved ; apex almost acute ; hind
margin slightly rounded and rather oblique; dorsal margin
curved from the base, then nearly straight ; shining yellowish-
white or greyish-white, but in the latter case having the
margins whiter. Hind wings broad and rather short, rounded,
but slightly emarginate before the apex; pale yellow or
yellowish-white, broadly clouded with dark grey along the
costal region and to near the middle of the wing, where it
gradually shades off; cilia all yellowish-white. Female
smaller and stouter, with the hind wings rather more clouded
with grey; otherwise similar. Underside of fore wings dark
grey, with the outer half of the costa, the apex, and the
hind margin sharply edged with bright pale yellow ;
hind wings dark grey in the costal half, shading gradually -
and regularly off to yellow in the middle ; remainder pale
yellow; cilia bright yellow ; body grey; legs grey, tinged
with pale yellow.

Very rarely variable in the shade of colour of the fore
wings, which occasionally become of a shining yellow. Mr. 8.
Stevens has one of a pure silvery-white; Mr. 8S. Webb one
entirely of a dark smoky-grey, approaching to slate colour ;
and, in Mr. F. Bond’s collection, one entirely grey. Staudinger
included this species as a variety of L. lutarella, a species

218 LEPIDOPTERA.

having its fore wings rich yellow, ochreous, or whitish-yellow,
and varying paler, with the hind wings dark grey and pale
yellow, pretty equally divided. But in this species the dark
grey colour of the hind wings on the wnder side appears
always to run to long jagged points along the nervures ; while
in all the Z. pygmaola which I have examined, including
yellow specimens in Dr. Mason’s collection, the grey colour is
softly and regularly shaded off into the pale yellowish or
whitish. In the male of Z. lutarella, moreover, the antennz
appear to be always more strongly ciliated with longer, dis-
tant bristles. In Professor Zeller’s collection (presented by
Lord Walsingham to the British Museum) are numerous
L. lutarella, including a pale variety, but all evidently dis-
tinct from LZ. pyymeola, which last is present in the collection
under the name Suecia, Boheman. Herrich-Schiiffer and
Guenée appear to agree as to the distinctness of the two.
July and August.

Larva short and rather thick, tapering a little behind;
brown on the back, with a thick black dorsal line; subdorsal
lines dark brown; sides rather paler brown, with a dirty
white line along the spiracles. The tubercles with short
brown hairs, and the head black. (Buckler.)

August to June. Supposed to feed on lichens growing on
the ground among moss, but the larvee in confinement were
not reared.

Pupa undescribed.

The moth is sluggish, sitting upon the ground among
lichens, moss, and coarse grasses upon sea-sandhills. At dusk
it flies for a short time, then sits about upon the marram
grass and other plants, looking much like a Crambus, and
flies again late at night. It was first discovered about the
year 1847 on the extensive sandhills near Deal, Kent, and
although constantly collected there has maintained itself up
to the present time. No other British locality is known.

LITHOSID#. 219

Abroad its range is doubtful from its confusion with
L. lutarella, but it appears to occur in Sweden ; and Guenée
says that he finds it, in France, in dry sandy woods near
Paris and Chateaudun. Staudinger adds Holland.

5. L. caniola, Hiib—Expanse, 1} to 1} inch. Fore wings
narrow, shining, greyish-white, with the costa yellow to the
apex; hind wings whitish.

Antenne slender, very regularly fringed, in the male, with
delicately curved bristles ; grey tinged with yellow and with
the base deep yellow ; head and front of thorax rich yellow ;
back of thorax pale grey; abdomen grey with the apical tuft
yellow. Fore wings long and narrow, slightly broader beyond
the middle, with the costal margin very gently curved to the
apex, which is blunt and almost angulated ; hind margin very
slightly rounded; dorsal margin nearly straight; very pale
shining grey, or whitish-grey ; costal margin narrowly edged
with yellow, which in some instances is faintly shaded into
the somewhat pale costal stripe; cilia whitish-grey. Hind
wings rather ample, the apex nearly as long as the fore wings;
- rounded behind, very thin and delicate ; white, usually with a
faint tinge of grey towards the costal margin ; cilia shining
white. Female similar, with simple antenne, and the fore
wings slightly shorter. Underside of fore wings dark grey,
with the apex and hind margin broadly whitish-yellow and
the nervures grey; hind wings pale grey, with the hinder
half and hind margin whitish; body pale grey; legs yellow,
with the front of the tarsi greyer. Hardly variable except in
the shade of greyish of the fore wings.

On the wing in July and August, or occasionally before the
end of June.

LARVA one inch long; rather slender, thickest in the
middle; head round, grey-brown or slate-grey ; body brown,
varying to slate-grey, with a slender, undulating blackish
dorsal line; subdorsal lines composed of rather wedge-

220 LEPIDOPTERA.

shaped orange spots, edged with wedge-like black streaks,
and interrupted by white dots; spiracular line dusky-orange ;
body covered with very short light-brown hairs in tufts on
the raised spots. (Buckler.)

September to May or June, sometimes on lichens, at
others on leguminous plants—Lotus corniculatus, Anthyllis
vulneraria, and Trifolium repens ; and when it has taken to
one class of food it seems reluctant to change to the other.
Guenée says: ‘Principally, perhaps exclusively, on the
lichens which grow on the walls, and especially on the
tiles of roofs.” On one occasion, at Bolt Head, Devon,
Mr. G. C. Bignell found twenty larve feeding upon
lichen on the rocks; these refused to eat anything else,
and were reared upon lichens. On another occasion he
found larve at Torcross, Devon, feeding on Anthyllis
vulneraria. At Howth the late Mr. E. Birchall found the
larvee lying upon stones in the sunshine on a bank among
Lotus corniculatus, and reared them upon the blossoms and
leaves of that plant; another time he obtained them from
orange-coloured lichen on the rocks.

Pupa rather stout and short, slightly thickest in the ~
middle, very blunt behind; eye-cases prominent, blackish ;
otherwise shining dark chestnut brown. In a slight cocoon
on the ground.

The moth hides itself during the day in thick masses of
herbage at the foot of the sea cliffs or in overhanging
plants in their crevices, and may occasionally be beaten
out, when it drops. At dusk it flies freely, and is fond
of blossoms of Galiwm verwm and Senecio jacobwa, and is
also readily attracted to ‘“‘sugar.” Later at night it flies
higher and more generally, and comes readily to a strong
light. In the morning dusk it takes a third flight.
Abroad it is said often to frequent cities, its larvee feeding
on lichens on the roofs of the larger public buildings; but
here it is only known as confined to the coast, and almost to

LITHOSIDZA. 221

the rocks or undercliffs within a few yards of high-water
mark. First found in these islands in 1864, when a worn
specimen was taken at Torquay, Devon; and several speci-
mens, by myself, at the lighthouse on the rocks of the Hill
of Howth, Dublin. In this last locality it proved to be
tolerably common, and was freely collected and reared by the
late Mr. E. Birchall, and continued to be found, in fair
numbers, until between 1870 and 1875, when so vigorous an
onslaught was made upon it by professional collectors that
it was not again seen there until 1890, when a specimen
was taken by Mr. G. V. Hart. The only other Irish
locality of which I am aware is Tramore, Waterford, where
specimens were obtained in 1866. Meantime, it has been
found, though not commonly, in various places on the
English coast—Torquay, Dartmouth, Torcross, Bolt Head, in
Devon; near Rye, Sussex; and at Romney Marsh, Kent ;
and I again found it, though rarely, in two places close to
the sea, at the foot of cliffs, in South Pembrokeshire ; whence
it seems probable that close search only is required to obtain
it in other similar places. Abroad it iscommon in Central and
Southern France, Spain, Italy, Austria, the Tyrol, Carniola,
and Dalmatia.

6. L. complana, /.—Expanse, 1} to 13 inch. Fore wings
shining slate-grey, spotless ; costa broadly yellow to the apex ;
hind wings yellow, sometimes shaded with pale grey.

Antenne threadlike, slightly fringed, in the male, with
delicate, rather distant, bristles; grey. Head and front of
thorax rich orange-yellow ; back of thorax slate-grey ; abdo-
men shining grey with the last three segments tinged with
yellow or else wholly yellow; anal tuft yellow. Fore wings
long, narrow, of fairly even width ; costal margin very slightly
curved, and having a sort of fold of scales beneath ; apex
blunt and squared ; hind margin nearly straight ; dorsal margin
almost straight from near the base; shining slate-grey with
a rather broad, sharply-defined, deep yellow stripe along the

222 LEPIDOPTERA.

costa continuing of equal width to the apex; cilia yellow.
Hind wings broad and ample, nearly equalling the length of
the fore wings, with rounded apex and hind margin; pale
yellow, slightly deeper yellow at the bind margin and apex,
and usually having the costal margin slightly clouded with
grey; cilia pale yellow. Female very similar, of equal size,
with simple antenne and without the tuft under’ the costa ;
the hind wings sometimes rather more tinged with grey.
Underside of the fore wings slate-grey with the costal margin
narrowly yellow, and hind margin broadly whitish-yellow ;
hind wings pale yellow, whitish or greyish in the middle ;
body grey ; legs rich yellow.

Variable in size and in the colouring of the hind wings, and
the variations generally climatal. Examples from the South of
England are large, with the hind wings yellow ; but in Suffolk,
with equal size, a tinge of grey occurs, and in the mosses of
Lancashire and Cheshire the individuals are nearly always
decidedly smaller, and the shade of grey has become deepened
in varying degrees, so that in some instances almost the entire
hind wings are of aleaden-grey. In these last the fore wings are
also of a darker grey. These variable Lancashire specimens
were at one time supposed to form a distinct species, described
under the names of ZL. molybdeola, Guenée, and L. sericea,
Gregson ; but no line of distinction appears to exist. Inter-
mediate specimens are found in the fens of Cambridgeshire,
and the size decreases as the insect goes further north.

On the wing in July and the beginning of August.

Larva one inch long; rather stout and even in thickness ;
head rather small, rounded, black ; body purple-grey, sparingly
covered with tufts of short bristles of the same colour,
arising from the raised spots, which are purple-brown ; dorsal
line slightly darker. The subdorsal-line consists of a row of
oblong yellow or orange-yellow spots, each having at its
anterior end a white dot, and broadly edged with black on the
under side ; this—the subdorsal—line is indistinct or obsolete

LITHOSID&. 223

on the first three segments of the body or only represented by
white spots; spiracular line pale yellow or faintly reddish,
slenderly edged with brown above and more broadly so
beneath ; legs dark brown ; prolegs brownish. Larvee of the
dark variety are also darker but similar, having the black
edging of the subdorsal spots more decided and more com-
plete. ‘These spots are found to vary greatly in form, from
triangular or wedge-shaped to reniform, oval, or even roundish,
and these variations take place among the offspring of typi-
cal specimens of the perfect insect. (Buckler and Hellins.)

August to June on lichens, moss, withered leaves, or even
fresh leaves of Polygonum aviculare and Trifoliwm arvense,
blossoms of Lotus corniculatus, or grass. Apparently not very
particular as to food, but probably feeding often on the lichens
which grow around the stems of heather, though it will freely
eat those growing on trunks of oak, ash, and willow. Guenée
says that the larvee may readily be found among dead leaves
on the ground, under oak trees, where they hide during the
day.

Pupa stout, reddish-brown. In a very slight cocoon of silk
under a stone or moss.

The moth is rarely seen in the day time, as it usually hides
among’ low plants, especially heather, and if disturbed falls
down, with its wings tightly rolled round it, as though dead.
At dusk it flies rather briskly, but when caught instantly
feigns death, and rolls like a morsel of stick to the bottom of
the net. On warm evenings may occasionally be found flying
in dozens around a young fir tree, or isolated bush, on a heath,
where probably a freshly emerged female is concealed. Very
fond of blossoms of thistle and of Scabiosa arvensis, upon which
it may be found quietly settled after dark, at which time it is
more inclined to escape by means of its rather long and strong
legs than by its wings. A local species, occurring sometimes
in woods, far more frequently on heaths ; abundant on the
heaths of the New Forest, Hants, and in Dorset, Surrey,

224 LEPIDOPTERA.

Berks, Suffolk and Norfolk; even found on sea-sandhills in
the latter county; widley distributed but less common in
Kent, Sussex, Essex, Devon, Gloucestershire and Hereford-
shire ; scarcer in Cambridgeshire, but probably to be found in
suitable spots in all the Southern, South Midland and Eastern
Counties ; apparently rare in South Wales. In Yorkshire it
has been found in several localities, and in some of the mosses
of Lancashire before they were drained and ploughed up it
was—including the darker variety—comparatively common.
After having, from this cause, disappeared from this district
for anumber of years, it was—still in the dark form—most
fortunately re-discovered in 1890 by Mr. J. Collins of War-
rington, and, though scarce, there is now hope that this
interesting variety will maintain itself, and that further
investigation may probably reveal it on other boggy heaths
further north. In Scotland there is a record of its capture
in the Southern district, which, however, has not been con-
firmed. In Ireland it was recorded by the late Mr. E.
Birchall as having occurred on the Hill of Howth Abroad
it is found over the greater portion of Europe, and in the
North-east of Asia Minor; but its range is probably much
wider, since specimens, named JL. antica, Walker, have been
brought from Ceylon.

7. L. complanula, Bdv.; lurideola, Staud. Cat.—
Expanse, 14 to 12 inch. Fore wings slate-grey, spotless ;
costa rounded, with a yellow stripe which tapers off before
the apex; hind wings yellow.

Antenne slender ; in the male ciliated with minute bristles,
especially beyond the middle; dark grey, yellowish at the
base. Head and front of thorax yellow; back of thorax, and
also abdomen, slate-grey ; anal tuft yellow. Fore wings rather
narrow at the base, and becoming gradually broader; costa
rounded, more especially towards the apex, which is bluntly
angulated ; hind margin curved and much rounded off at the
anal angle; dorsal margin gracefully curved towards the base ;

i a

LITHOSIDZ. 225

rather glistening slate-grey, with a broad yellow stripe along
the costal margin to near the apex, but narrowing to a point
on the curve before the tip is reached; cilia pale yellow.
Hind wings broad and ample, very thin in texture; apex
blunt, hind margin rounded but slightly hollowed below the
apex; very pale yellow, slightly deeper in colour at the
margins; cilia glossy yellow. Female with simple antenne,
otherwise similar ; very slightly smaller and sometimes a shade
darker. Underside of the fore wings dark grey with the
costal margin and apex broadly deep yellow; hind margin
very broadly pale yellow with grey nervures; hind wings pale
yellow with the costa deeper yellow, sometimes edged with a
greyish cloud; body dark grey; legs yellow with dark grey
tarsi. Not variable.
On the wing at the end of June and through July.

Larva one inch long, rather uniform in thickness; head
rounded, black ; second segment black at the back; body
dull purplish, thickly covered with short purplish or brownish
hairs; dorsal line black; subdorsal line slender, blackish, the
usual raised spots also blackish ; from the fifth to the twelfth
segment is a broad lateral stripe, of a rich orange colour,
enclosing the spiracles and extending to the prolegs, the
spots and hairs on this portion being also of an orange colour ;
legs and prolegs purplish. When young the colour is more
bluish-black, or slate colour, with black raised spots and hairs,
and the lateral stripe and hairs yellow. (Buckler.)

August to May or June. Said to feed on lichens on tree
trunks, but in confinement will eat leaves of oak, sallow, wild
apple, Rhamnus, Cornus, Clematis, and even low-growing
plants. Apparently the leaves of trees are its usual food.

Pupa rather short and stout, rounded, blunt behind,
chestnut-brown, in a thin silken cocoon.

The moth rests in the daytime amongst the leaves of trees,
whence it is easily beaten out, but usually falls to the ground
VOL. II. P

226 LEPIDOPTERA.

as though dead. It flies about trees and bushes in the even-
ing, and also late at night, when it comes freely to light, and
even at times to “sugar” on trees, and to flowers, especially
those of Clematis vitalba, and thistle. It is the most generally
common species of the group, and formerly was plentiful in
the outskirts of London, coming commonly to the gas lamps.
There it is now less frequent, but occurs generally, and often
abundantly, throughout the southern half of England as far
as Derbyshire, Cheshire, and South Lancashire. In North
Lancashire it is scarce, and local in Yorkshire. In Scotland
it is recorded in Clydesdale, and at Bridge of Allan; also in
Aberdeenshire, and as far north as Moray. In Ireland it has
been found in Galway and Kerry, and is said to be widely
distributed. Abroad it is common in Central and the greater
part of Southern Europe; in Livonia, Armenia and Asia Minor;
also evidently in some parts of Africa, since it has been
recelved—and named Vicavia—from the Congo.

8. L. Griseola, Hiib.—Expanse, 1} to 13 inch. Fore wings
broad, shining, spotless grey (or yellow); costa narrowly pale
yellow ; hind wings yellowish-grey or pale yellow.

Antenne slender, regularly fringed with delicate bristles in
the male; reddish-brown or dark grey, yellow at the base.
Head pale yellow; thorax grey, yellow in front; abdomen
rather broad, yellowish-grey, more yellow behind, with a very
short yellow anal tuft. Fore wings rather broad; narrow at
the base but rapidly widening; costa much arched; apex
bluntly angulated; hind margin much rounded; dorsal
margin rather straight, shining slate-grey; costal margin
broadly pale yellow at the base and to near the middle, where
it shades off, leaving only the extreme edge yellowish; cilia
erey; hind wings broad and ample; apex bluntly rounded, with
a slight hollow below it in the hind margin, which is otherwise
rounded; pale yellowish-grey with the base pale yellow, or
the yellower colour invades the middle of the wing, or some-
times occupies its whole surface; cilia yellowish. Female

LITHOSIDE. 227

similar, with simple antennz; very slightly larger. Under-
side of the fore wings slate-grey with the costal margin yellow,
and the hind margin often yellowish-grey, or pale yellow
with grey nervures; hind wings and body pale yellow; legs
grey.

There is a permanently recurrent variety, common in some
of its more fenny haunts, in which the grey colour of body, legs,
and wings entirely disappears and is replaced by yellow,
sometimes pale yellow, at others a richer colour, or with, in
some cases, a superficial shade of greyish. This variety is also
yellow on the underside, with the exception, sometimes, of a
grey cloud on the fore wings beneath. This yellow race was
longed looked upon as a distinct species under the name of
L. stramineola, Doubleday, and it was not until the ordinary
grey form had been reared, by the Rev. J. Hellins, from eggs
of the yellow race which I obtained for him, that the identity
of the two was thoroughly established. Intermediate varieties
—grey clouded with yellowish—are occasionally found, but
they nearly always fade after death into one of the two
established colours. A specimen, however, taken in Berkshire
by Mr. W. Holland, although of the grey form, has the
costal margin broadly and strikingly yellow throughout.
In the collection of the late Mr. F. Bond are two of a
peculiar dull dark yellow, almost brownish-yellow; whence
obtained is not known.

On the wing in July and August.

Larva one inch long; stout and uniform in thickness;
head small, brilliantly black. Body covered with stiff dark
brown hairs, which are short on the back, longer on the sides,
and still longer at the extremities ; colour rich velvety blackish
above, dingy blackish-brown below. Dorsal line deep black,
enclosed in a broad purple-black dorsal stripe, outside which,
on each side, is a narrow orange stripe containing a row of
black raised dots, and spreading into a broad orange blotch
on the second and third segments, and on the thirteenth into

228 LEPIDOPTERA.

two large squared marks. Spiracular stripe pinkish-grey,
much interrupted by the usual raised spots. Undersurface
and legs purplish-grey. Variable, sometimes the whole
dorsal surface being purplish-black or purplish-brown, or the
orange-yellow prevails and occupies most of the space, leaving
only the lines grey.

September to May on lichens, particularly Lichen caninus,
and other species growing on trees and bushes in swampy
places; but will eat mosses, withered leaves of sallow, and
also leaves of plantain and other low-growing plants.

Pura short, stout, reddish-brown ; its anal segments not
usually withdrawn from the old larva-skin. In a thin silken
cocoon, into which bits of moss and lichen are interwoven,
under a stone or other protecting surface. (Hellins.)

The moth loves moist, shady places, very damp woods,
marshes where there are plenty of alders or sallow bushes,
but most especially fens. It hides, among undergrowth
principally, in the daytime, but may occasionally be seen
sitting about on the leaves of bushes. At dusk it flies freely
in a swaying, tacking manner about bushes and trees or over
the undergrowth of the fens, and is not averse to “ sugar”
placed to attract Noctuw, nor to honey-dew on sallow leaves.
Late at night it flies again very generally, and is strongly
attracted by light. It appears to be more particularly lively
on damp, drizzling evenings. When flying at dusk the
yellow variety is by far the more conspicuous. Hxtremely
abundant in the larger fens of Norfolk and Cambridgeshire ;
in the former accompanied by the variety stramineola in very
considerable numbers, while in the fens of Cambridgeshire
the latter is comparatively rare. Found also in some plenty
in the New Forest; at Chertsey, Surrey; and near Reading,
Berks, in each case accompanied by stramincola ; otherwise
the latter is scarce, or even very rare, or absent; while the
typical grey form occurs probably in every marsh of sufficient
extent, and damp wood in the southern and eastern counties ;

LITHOSIDA. 229

also, though far less commonly, in Devon, Somerset, Pem-
brokeshire, Herefordshire, Cheshire, and even Yorkshire,
where it has been found commonly near Scarborough. Dr.
F. B. White records it in Scotland, in Moray, but I know of
no record in Ireland, though it is difficult to believe the species
to be totally absent. The variety stramincola appears to be
confined to England, but the typical grey form is widely
distributed through the temperate portions of Northern
Hurope, Central Europe, Northern Italy, and Finland ; also
in the Ural Mountains, Siberia, Tartary, and Japan.

9. L. rubricollis, Z.—Expanse, 1} inch. Sooty-black,
with a red collar, and the abdomen tipped with orange-
yellow.

Antenne threadlike, very slightly fringed with fine bristles
in the male; black; head smoky-black; collar scarlet or
orange red ; thorax smoky-black ; abdomen black on the back,
from the base more than half its length, then light orange-
yellow. Fore wings long, not very narrow, and rather even
in width; costa and hind margin gently rounded; apex
blunt; dorsal margin nearly straight; hind wings rather
broad, but not very ample ; apex blunt ; hind margin slightly
hollowed below it, then rounded. All the wings unicolorous
smoky-black; when freshly emerged almost velvety black,
but soon fading a little. Female with simple antenne ;
otherwise similar. Underside smoky-black, except that the
tongue, which is short, is pale yellow; and the abdomen is
bright ochreous,

Ihave seen but one variation—a male from the New Forest,
in the collection of Mr. F. N. Pierce, having hind wings of a
pale grey. Stephens records a specimen haying an elongated,
naked patch on the fore wings, but this would simply be from
failure of the scales. It is a conspicuous and striking-looking
insect, totally unlike the other species in the genus, and, so far
as I know, having no very near allies in any part. of the world.

On the wing from the end of May to the beginning of July.

230 LEPIDOPTERA.

LarVA one and a quarter inch long. Elongated, tapering
to each extremity; head rounded, blackish; body grey, freckled
with yellow, especially upon the back; dorsal line slender,
whitish ; subdorsal line irregular, undulating, and broken,
black; spiracular line similar; the usual spots crimson,
forming rows down the body, and emitting tufts of grey
or grey-brown hairs; legs and prolegs grey except the
anal prolegs, which are blackish. When young the spots
are of the colour of the body, and the lines broader black,
interrupted between the segments.

July to October or November, on lichens upon the
trunks and branches of trees, more especially fir, oak, and
beech, and on the lichens which grow on old park palings,
fences, and gates. Hiding in the daytime in chinks of
the bark of trees, as well as among the lichens, but some-
times moving about in the afternoon. The minute powdery
lichens are relished as much as those of larger size.

Pupa short and stout ; abdomen tapering but blunt behind ;
shining red-brown. In a flimsy, silken cocoon, very close-
fitting, under moss or fragments of rubbish, at the foot of a
tree or on the ground under leaves, in some cases several
spinning up close together. The larva remains in the
cocoon for nearly a month before assuming the pupa state,
which is continued through the winter.

The moth flies in a lively manner about the branches of
trees in the midday and afternoon sunshine, and in certain
years, when from unknown causes its numbers have enor-
mously increased, the more favoured trees in woods are
surrounded by flying, dancing multitudes almost as thick as
swarms of bees. This was the case in 1856, when the woods
in Kent and the New Forest appeared alive with them. The
same was noticed in 1872 and 1881, and last year (1893)
in the New Forest it was somewhat similar. In 1858,
as recorded by Mr. G. Balding, the woods near King’s Lynn
appeared as though in a black snow-storm. In other

LITHOSIDA. 231

years the numbers are far less, and in some it is hardly
seen. Before and after flight it sits about the trees and
on the ferns and bushes under them, confining itself mainly
to woods. There must also be a night flight, since the insect
has been found to come to sugar, but, from the blackness of the
moths, and their flight being around trees, this is little noticed.

Probably common, in its favourite years, in almost all the
woods in the South of England as far north as Hereford-
shire, Cambridgeshire, and Norfolk, but this happens rarely,
and as a rule it is not abundant except in a few very favoured
spots in the southern coast counties. In Cheshire, Yorkshire,
and Cumberland it is scarce and extremely local. Apparently
more widely distributed in Scotland. Twenty years ago Sir
Thomas Moncrieff took it not uncommonly at Moncrieff Hill,
Perth, but from that time it seems to have disappeared
there ; said to occur at Thornhill, Dumfriesshire ; at Invermay,
Balthayock, Fyvie, and elsewhere in the Solway, Argyle, and
Dee districts. In Ireland it was taken formerly in the
Dublin district by the Rev. J. Bristowe, and has been
found at St. Clerans, Galway, by the Hon. Miss Lawless ;
one specimen has been obtained at Castletown, Cork, but
the species does not appear to be very generally distributed
in Ireland. Abroad it is found throughout Central Europe
and the temperate portions of Northern Europe ; in Sicily,
Dalmatia, Siberia, Tartary, and Asia Minor. I know of no
species nearly allied to this in any part of the world.

Genus 5. CENISTIS.

Fore wings long and rather narrow, slightly contracted
beyond the middle ; hind wings ample; thorax and abdomen
of moderate breadth.

This genus, consisting of but one species in Europe, is
closely allied with the preceding and sometimes included in
it. The male has the button of scales on the underside of
the base of the fore wings.

232 LEPIDOPTERA.

1, GE. quadra, Z.—Expanse, 1} to 2 inches. Fore wings
of the male grey, spotless, with the base yellow, edged with
blue-black; of the female yellow, with two opposite black
spots ; hind wings of both pale yellow.

Antenne slender in the male, ciliated with short, slender
bristles, blackish ; palpi and face blue-black ; upper part of
the head orange; thorax rich ochreous or orange-yellow ;
abdomen brown, thinly covered with yellowish-white scales
toward the base, but yellower behind; anal tuft yellow,
mixed with smoky-grey. Fore wings long, narrow at the
base, rapidly widening, but from the middle almost of even
width, yet rather tending to become narrower towards the
hind margin; costal margin gently and regularly curved ;
apex very blunt ; hind margin oblique and slightly rounded ;
dorsal margin strongly rounded from the base, then nearly
straight ; shining slate-grey with a faint intermixture of
glistening yellow, usually having a broad ill-defined darker
grey shade near the hind margin ; base deep yellow, except
at the costa, which is sharply blue-black for about a quarter
of an inch; cilia grey. Hind wings very ample, with the
apex bluntly rounded, and below it the hind margin for some
distance almost straight, thence rounded ; pale yellow, shaded
with pale grey along the costal region; cilia yellowish.
Female larger, with simple antenne, and rather different in
the shape of the fore wings, the costa being slightly bent
beyond the middle, where the wings are broadest; bright
light golden-yellow, with a conspicuous blue-black or smoky-
black spot on the costa just beyond the middle, and another,
rather smaller, near the middle of the dorsal margin. Hind
wings pale yellow at the base, shading into golden-yellow at
the hind margin ; cilia bright yellow; head and thorax algo
yellow. Underside of all the wings in the male pale yellew ;
the costa of the fore wings broadly clouded from the base
with smoky-black, and the remainder of the fore wings and
costal region of the hind clouded with pale purplish-grey ;

LITHOSIDE. 233

thorax and sides of the abdomen yellow; legs long, blue-
black ; undersurface of abdomen smoky-black, with a bluish
gloss. Underside of the fore wings of the female dull yellow,
with the two black spots faintly visible ; hind wings whitish
yellow, deeper in colour at the margins; thorax and abdomen
deep rich yellow ; legs long, blue-black.

Rather variable in size in both sexes, the largest males being
larger than the smaller females, otherwise variation is rare ;
but in Dr. Mason’s collection are two females without the
black spots, and a male with the grey of the fore wings a
very deep slate colour ; in that of the late Mr. F. Bond is a
female having the costal spot large and extended along the
margin into a streak; while Mr. 8. Stevens has one in which
this takes place on one side only on the upper surface, on
both sides below, and Mr. S. J. Capper possesses a male
having the margins and apex purplish black.

On the wing in July.

Larva 13 inch long; moderately stout, tapering a little in
front and behind ; usual spots slightly exserted and bearing
radiating tufts of hairs curled a little at their tips; anal
prolegs protruded. Head rounded, shining black; dorsal
portion of the body bright primrose-yellow ; dorsal line pale
erey, double and chain-like, edged with black wedges on the
second segment, and interrupted on the third and fourth by
a large black cross, and on the eighth by a black bar ; sub-
dorsal line broad, velvety black, interrupted by a round
orange-coloured spot on each segment, except the last two,
on which the spots are black. Below the subdorsal region the
yellow colour is bounded by a stripe of reddish-grey, shading
downwards into yellowish-grey, and below the spiracles to
darker brownish-grey. Hairs grey or blackish; legs and
prolegs dark brown. (Buckler.)

September to June, hybernating when small. Feeding
upon Lichen caninus, but only on the dark surface thereof,
avoiding the paler inner substance; also on other lichens,

234 LEPIDOPTERA.

especially those which grow upon oak, and at times even
nibbling oak leaves. Very active and lively, running rapidly
over its food when disturbed, yet docile in confinement, and
easily reared. Nevertheless, it has a depraved habit of eating
its companions in confinement. Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher says
that its hairs have urticating properties when handled by a
person having a tender skin.

Pura rather cylindrical, rounded in front, very blunt
behind, glossy black. In a large, rather loose, roundish
silken web, in which the larval hairs are interwoven, and
having inside it a slighter case of finer silk. Under moss or
lichens on the trunks of oak trees or at the base thereof ; or
at times underneath leaves, under the trees.

The moth usually sits in the daytime upon oaks, either on
the trunk or branches among the lichens or among the leaves ;
and its wings being closely rolled round its body, the resem-
blance to a rolled-up leaf is sufficiently close to serve for con-
cealment. Sometimes it hides in fir trees. When disturbed it
darts toward the ground, hardly opening its wings, but will
catch by its long, strong legs at any twig or projection in its
way and hang there. At dusk it flies strongly, and also at
night ; and is very fond of the sugar daubed on the trees to
attract Noctuce. Also occasionally found attracted by flowers,
such as those of the lime tree, or even those of Umbelliferze.
Usually found in large woods, and in them much attached
to particular spots ; but apparently it has also a remarkable
taste for wandering long distances, since the notices of cap-
ture of isolated specimens in unexpected districts are rather
numerous. Its headquarters in this country is the New
Forest, Hants, and here in some seasons it is common or even
abundant. Formerly it was said to be common at Amesbury,
Wilts, and at Kimpton; also in Epping Forest, and in other
large woods near London, especially at Black Park. Even
close to London casual specimens have been taken at New
Cross, Highgate, and Putney. In Kent, Sussex, Hants,

ARCTIUD. 235

Dorset and Devon it is widely distributed, though usually
scarce ; and the same may be said with regard to Norfolk,
Suffolk and Essex; yet it has been found commonly at
Aldeburgh. Rare in Gloucestershire, Surrey, and Cam-
bridgeshire, though it has occurred at Chatteris, Ely, and
near Wicken, in the latter county. Also recorded from
Tresco, Scilly Isles; Redcar, Scarborough and elsewhere
in Yorkshire; Newby Cross, Cumberland, near Hartlepool,
Durham, South Shields, and Newcastle-on-Tyne; also, on
the Scottish border, in Berwickshire. In Ireland, a single
specimen appears to have been obtained in the county
Wicklow in 1877. Abroad it has a wide range—South
Sweden, throughout Central Europe, Livonia, Dalmatia,
Siberia, Armenia, Tartary, and Japan; specimens in both
sexes from the last-named country, though placed under the
name of Dives, being precisely identical.

Family 7. ARCTIIDZ.

Antennz in most cases shortly, but strongly, pectinated
with solid rays or teeth in the male; fore wings generally
broad, and rather squared; hind wings usually ample; in
most species with all the wings handsomely coloured, and in
many cases with striking markings of irregularly-placed
bands, stripes, and spots.

Larv& very hairy, usually not tufted.

Pura of ordinary rounded form, moderately blunt behind,
in a loose, silken cocoon.

This family includes many of the most brilliantly-coloured
species of the group, having the most eccentric markings,
and in some cases being among the most variable. The
hind wings are frequently as brilliantly-coloured as the fore
wings, in many cases more so. These brilliant species are
commonly known with us as “tiger-moths.” Why, it is
difficult to conjecture, since their stripes are by no means
regular nor parallel.

236 LEPIDOPTERA.

Genus 1. EULEPIA.

Antenne of the male with short, solid pectinations; fore
wings rather narrow, but broadening gradually from the
base; hind wings with a hollow in the margin below the
apex; thorax and abdomen not stout.

1. E. grammica, Z.; striata, Staud. Cat.—Expanse,
11 inch. Fore wings pale yellow with black longitudinal
lines; hind wings yellow with black margin.

Antenne rather slender, but in the male regularly pectin-
ated, the teeth being short, thick, and densely covered with
fine bristles; shaft pale yellow, pectinations black. Head
black ; palpi yellow, densely covered with scales. Thorax pale
ochreous haying a black spot on each half of the collar,
a black stripe down the middle of each shoulder-lappet,
and another down the middle of the back; abdomen deep
yellow with a dorsal row of black spots or cross-bars. Fore
wings rather narrow, elongated, especially so at the apex ;
costa very slightly curved; apex and hind margin rounded ;
dorsal margin straight; dull pale ochreous with black
longitudinal stripes edging the nervures, but each stripe
broken and slightly shifted or displaced before the hind
margin, the portions beyond the line of displacement being
thickened; costal and hind margins edged with a black
line; at the termination of the discal cell in the middle of
the wing is a transverse spot or short bar; cilia yellow.
Hind wings broad and ample, with the apex rounded, and
the margin beneath it hollowed and thence rounded behind ;
deep rich yellow with a broad black stripe along the dorsal
and hind margins, terminating before the anal angle; a
large black lunule in the middle of the wing touches the
costal black stripe; and there are dashes of blackish from
the base; cilia rich yellow. Female stouter and rather
broader in expanse; fore wings much paler yellow, and

ARCTHDA. 237

having only faint indications of the black longitudinal
stripes, which indeed are often obsolete; hind wings paler
yellow than in the male, with the markings of a dull black ;
antenne simple. Underside rich yellow, with the central
spot in each of the wings indicated by a pair of black dots ;
a row of black spots or streaks near the hind margins, those
of the fore wings often prolonged into black lines on the
nervures; base of the fore wings somewhat clouded with
long black dashes; abdomen deep yellow; legs blackish
above, yellow beneath. Occasionally a variety of the male
takes the paler colour of the female.
June and July.

Larva dark brown, with an orange streak on the back
and a white one on the sides, reddish-brown warts covered
with foxy-red hairs, and reddish-brown prolegs. (Kirby.)

Hoffman describes it as black-brown, with an orange-
yellow dorsal stripe ; on each side two rows of red-brown
spots with fox-red hairs; and above the feet, on each side, a
whitish longitudinal line ; head black-brown.

August to May, hybernating in a web-like nest on the
ground among low plants; feeding upon Festuca duriuscula,
Hiecracium pilosella, Artemesia, Plantago, Callwna, and other
plants.

Pupa red-brown ; in a greyish-white loose cocoon.

The moth is said to frequent warm, dry places, especially
heaths, but is so exceedingly rare in this country that little
is known of its habits. Stephens (1829) recorded that he
had seen two indigenous examples, both males, and taken in
1815 near Windsor ; and that one specimen had been taken
by Mr. Donovan in the Isle of Anglesea. One specimen,
labelled ‘‘ taken at Windsor,” is in Dr. Mason’s collection.

In the year 1859 the capture of one specimen in Essex,
and of another in North Wales, was announced and appar-
ently confirmed, one of the specimens being exhibited at a

238 LEPIDOPTERA.

meeting of the Entomological Society of London in February,
1862, by its captor, and particulars of capture given. Mr.
Hodgkinson records the capture of a specimen, about the
year 1832, in Wharfedale, Yorks, obtained by a local collector
by shaking branches of trees. It is now in Mr. Hodgkinson’s
collection. Finally Mrs. Fraser, a most acute and reliable
observer, furnishes the following information: “In June,
1859, near Bettws-y-Coed, North Wales, while walking one
evening along a road with heather-clad banks, I found a
beautiful Lulepia grammica, which looked as if just recently
emerged, at rest on a spray of heather. I had no box with
me, but a companion made a pocket by rolling up a letter,
and into this the insect allowed itself to be taken. We
hurried on to a friend’s house about a mile away to get a box,
but grammica was restless, and you may have a faint idea of
my feelings when I saw it suddenly emerge from the little
paper pocket and escape! Of course, I hunted up and down
the locality for days afterwards, but never saw another. I
know grammica very well; there is not the least doubt about
the specimen.” The localities of these captures appear to
point to a dying out, rather than to an immigrating species,
and it is noticeable that three of the records are in North
Wales, where much ground is still practically unworked.

Abroad the insect is found almost all over Europe, as well
as in Asia Minor, Syria, Armenia, and Siberia, the last-
named region producing also a dark variety, with the hind
wings suffused with black, and known as L. funerea.

2. BE. cribrum, /.—Expanse, 1} to 13 inch. Fore wings
elongate, whitish, with dark grey lines and cross-stripes ;
hind wings grey.

Antennze of the male with short, regular, distinct pectina-
tions, which are ciliated with fine bristles and of a dark grey
colour, the shaft being whitish. Head grey in front, whitish
above ; thorax greyish-white, with two round black spots on
the back of the collar, and one on each shoulder-lappet ;

ARCTIIDE. 239

abdomen whitish, with a dark grey bar on the back of each
segment; hinder segments tinged with yellow; anal tuft
yellow. Fore wings long and rather narrow, especially at
the base ; costal and dorsal margins nearly straight; apex
blunt ; hind margin curved and oblique ; silvery-white, with
three, or sometimes four, transverse oblique bands of cloudy
dark grey spots, through which pass longitudinal stripes of
dark grey lying beneath the nervures; hind margin dashed
with short, wedge-shaped dark grey streaks; costal margin
narrowly blackish-grey; cilia shining white. Hind wings
broad and ample, rounded, except that the hind margin is
hollowed beneath the apex; pale grey or whitish grey, with
the base and costal and hind margins darker grey; cilia
silvery-white. Female very similar, with simple antenne ;
abdomen short and rather stout, and the wing markings show-
ing a tendency in many cases to disappear from the base and
hinder area, leaving the central portion with dark stripes,
sometimes much clouded. Underside of fore wings uniform
dark grey, with white cilia; of hind wings dull pale grey,
sometimes whitish towards the dorsal margin, but with the
hind margin slightly dark ; cilia greyish ; body and legs grey.

Variation sometimes takes the direction of suffusion, the
longitudinal grey stripes becoming extended, and absorbing
the bands of spots. In other cases the fourth transverse
band of spots almost disappears, leaving the apical portion of
the fore wings whitish with a few grey streaks. Other
specimens are very white, with the spots small but regular ;
while in others the spots coalesce, stretch out into streaks, or
shade off into longitudinal clouds, when both fore and hind
wings become smoky-grey. In the collection of the late Mr.
F. Bond, now in Mr. Sydney Webb’s possession, are two very
large female specimens of a beautifully white-grey, with but
two transverse lines of small dots. A well known and very
beautiful variety, found in Southern Europe, and known as

var. Candida, is entirely silvery-white, without a trace of the
dark markings.

240 LEPIDOPTERA.

On the wing from the middle of June, through July, and
sometimes, in late seasons, to the middle of August; but in
only one generation.

Larva 1} inch long; plump, rather thickest in the middle ;
head small, brownish-black; body purple-brown or dark
brown, with the incisions of the segments paler brown ;
dorsal line broad, white; tubercular spots raised, white or
pale brown, tinged with black, and furnished with spreading
tufts of short dark brown hairs or bristles ; spiracular stripe
pale brown ; legs blackish-brown.

August to May on Erica cinerea and £. tetralixz (H. Goss) ;
but Freyer records that he reared larvee upon Lactuca sativa ;
and young larve have been known to eat grass, such as Aira
flecuosa. Other recorded food plants are Calluwna vulgaris,
Vaccinium myrtillus, leaves and flowers, especially the latter ;
Aira cepitosa. It is said to feed at night, and to be fond of
stretching itself out upon the wiry grasses which grow on
heaths.

Pupa short, thick, black-brown. In a light-coloured silken
cocoon.

The moth hides among heather in the daytime, but keeps
on the alert, and when disturbed, especially in the hot sun-
shine, rises and flies with great swiftness to a distance, when
it again settles on the heather, rising again when approached
for another short flight. At other times, when the weather
is dull or cool, it often will not fly, but drops to the ground
with wings closely folded, and slips away with great agility
among the heath stones, so that it can hardly be seen. When
captured flying, it will at once drop down in the net, feign-
ing death. A little before sunset it flies naturally over the
heather. Entirely confined, so far as this country is con-
cerned, to the extensive heaths of Dorset and Hants,
especially those on the borders of the two counties, near
Ringwood and Wimborne. Here in some seasons it is fairly

ARCTIIDA. 241

common, but from its swiftness, and trick of hiding close to
the ground when indisposed for flight, not very easy to
obtain in numbers. There isa record of the capture of a
single specimen on Wimbledon Common, near London, in
1872. Abroad it is widely distributed throughout Northern,
Central, and Southern Europe, and is found in the Ural
Mountains.

Genus 2. DEIOPEIA.

Antenne simple; fore wings triangular, narrow at the
base, very broad behind ; hind wings broad and ample.

1. D. pulchella, Z. Expanse 11 to 1? inch. [Fore
wings white, with abundant pink and black dots; hind wings
white, with blackish margin.

Antennee rather short and threadlike, but with the joints
notched, furnished with pairs of oblique bristles arising
from every joint; blackish. Head whitish, with the crown
ochreous, and the palpi yellow tipped with black ; thorax
yellow or yellowish white, with a round black spot on each
half of the collar, two on each shoulder-lappet, and three
down the middle of the back ; abdomen clear smooth white.
Fore wings nearly triangular, very narrow at the base,
gradually widening, and very broad behind; costal and
dorsal margins nearly straight; apex obtuse; hind margin
below it nearly straight, and not very oblique, rounded off at
the anal angle. White, ornamented with alternate rows of
black and crimson dots. Of the black dots two le at the
base, and are followed by a short curved row answering to
the basal line ; beyond are two more rows, answering to the
usual first and second transverse lines, both much curved,
and the second often partly duplicated ; beyond these in the
hinder area is a much straighter line of dots, and a final row
lies along the hind margin. Between these black rows are
placed the rows of crimson dots, but these are hardly so com-
plete, and are much more liable to coalesce and run into

Q

242 LEPIDOPTERA.

blotches or lines. At the apex are two short black streaks,
closing the last crimson row. Cilia white, invaded by the
final row of black dots. Hind wings long and very broad,
with rounded apex, and the hind margin very little curved,
except towards the anal angle; pure clear white, with a
distinct black central lunule near the costal margin, and an
irregular black band round the apex and hind margin, very
broad round the apex, then much attenuated, again spread-
ing into a broad blotch, and thence narrowing to the anal
angle ; cilia white. [Female rather larger and stouter ; other-
wise similar. Underside handsome and strikingly coloured,
the rows of black and red dots being replaced by stripes or
blotches or broad bands of black and more vivia crimson ;
the marginal markings of the hind wings are also blacker,
more sharply indicated, divided into blotches and dots, and
also extended along the costal margin, the ground colour
remaining pure white; abdomen white, with two rows of
black spots ; legs blackish, thickly dusted with white scales.

Rather variable, especially in the crimson spotting, which
is often pale and sometimes partially obliterated; while the
black spots vary much in size and distinctness. As a rule
specimens taken in this country have all the dots rather
small, more strikingly marked specimens being obtained in
more southern countries. One of these forms from Asia
Minor has the crimson spots very brilliant and partially
confluent, while the black are almost obliterated. In
Eastern Asia a form, otherwise normal, has the joints of the
antennee swollen into tiny processes from which the bristles
spring.

September and October, but has been observed in July
and August, and very rarely in May and June.

Larva 1} inch long, rather slender, with the usual
spots slightly raised and furnished with thin tufts of
barbed hairs, blackish on the back, whitish at the sides.
Head red-brown, body grey—dark or pale, spots large and

ARCTHDE. 243

black ; each segment crossed by an orange bar in which the
black raised spots are conspicuous; dorsal line whitish ;
spiracular stripe white, sometimes branching out on the
upper side; on the back of each segment, near the dorsal
line, are two white dots. Very variable in depth of the
general colour and in the distinctness of the markings.
When younger the bristles are fewer and the orange bars or
spots brighter.

On Myosotis palustris, M. versicolor, and probably other
species of Forget-me-not; also Borago officinalis, Mirabilis
julapa, Heliotropium Europeum, and Solanum tomentosum.
Feeding on the leaves, mainly in the sunshine—indeed so
dependent upon sunshine that in dull wet weather it refuses
to feed at all. From this cause I lost all but one of a
promising young family of larve (of French parentage, the
egos from which the previous brood had been reared having
been sent to Mr. Tugwell, from Mentone, by the late
Mr. Sidebotham). These were eagerly feeding upon
Myosotis in a sunny window, and one had become full grown
and had spun up, when a week of wet weather supervened,
and the remaining larvee refused to eat, or even to move, and
all died, the single spun-up individual alone reaching the imago
state. July—but doubtless in two broods, or more, wherever
it can permanently exist—the first brood, after (probably)
hybernating young, feeding up in May.

Pura short, abdomen rather thick and blunt behind;
glossy orange-brown, with the eye-cases and edges of the
wing-cases blackish, and dark-brown transverse lines on the
backs of the abdominal segments. In a very slight silken
cocoon ; probably on the ground among rubbish.

The moth is very rare in this country, and perhaps can
hardly be called a permanent resident in the sense of
regularly perpetuating its species. Its powers of flight are
extraordinary considering the delicacy of its structure, and
it has been known to fly on board ships hundreds of miles

244 LEPIDOPTERA.

from land. Mr. McLachlan furnishes the following parti-
culars in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for 1885:—
“My friend, R. H. Scott, Esq., F.R.S., Secretary to the
Council of the Meteorological Office, recently gave me a
good specimen of D. pulchella, which had been forwarded
by Captain Renaut of the sailing-vessel Pleione, one of those
who keep a log-book in connection with the office. <A
memorandum accompanying the moth stated that it was
captured on March 27th, 1885, in lat. 0° 47’ N., long.
32° 50’ W., the vessel at the time being homeward bound
from Wellington, New Zealand, and had not touched at
any other port. The position lies about 960 miles S.W.
of the southernmost of the Cape Verde Islands; about
440 miles N.E. of the nearest point on the South American
coast ; and about 260 miles W.S.W. of the barren islet
known as St. Paul. As the fact was interesting I obtained,
through the courtesy of Captain Renaut, some additional
information :—‘ There were a great many about the ship—
many hundreds I should say—as parts of the rigging,
spars, &c., were covered with them. ‘The wind for four
days previously had been very light from various quarters,
most N.W., N., and N.E., and many hours calm, with very
tittle rain. The N.E. trade wind does occasionally extend
to that position at that time of year, but we did not get it
till lat. 1° O’ N., long. 33° 0’ W. I may say that I have
frequently in that part of the ocean had moths and
butterflies come on board.’ The question now is, Whence
did these insects come? WD. pulchella has not, I think, been
noticed in South America. St. Paul’s Rock may also be left
out of consideration. I incline, therefore, to the Cape
Verdes. After this experience in Mid-Atlantic, is it
suprising that stragglers of this pretty moth occasionally
visit our islands ?”

Clearly it is not at all surprising, but exactly what might
be expected. As a rule, our specimens are found on the
south coast, sometimes within a few hundred yards of the

ARCTHDE, 245

sea, where doubtless they have obeyed a natural instinct in
settling down as soon as they descried suitable ground.
Among coarse herbage in the more sheltered spots on the
cliffs, stubble-fields—where JMyosotis arvensis grows in plenty
—turnip-fields, weedy banks, and similar, more or less
sheltered, spots seem to be most frequently chosen. When
disturbed, the moth flies but a short distance, settling again
in a similar place, and from folding or almost rolling its
wings tightly around it as it alights, looks much like one of
the grass-frequenting moths of the genus Crambus, but it is
shy and easily disturbed again. When captured it falls as
though dead to the bottom of the net. It has been seen to
be attracted by flowers in the sunshine, here more especially
by those of Heliotrope; but abroad by Rosemary, Myrtle, Cistus,
Trifolium and Cytisus, and while flying round them, from its
white colour, has a resemblance to the common white butter-
flies. Doubtless the females, on arrival, deposit eggs; and
there is equally little doubt that a few of the resulting larve
in favourable seasons arrive at maturity, since the moths are
occasionally taken in the most perfectly fresh condition ; but
the peculiarity of the larva, already noticed, of refusing to
feed except in sunshiny weather, combined with our some-
what inclement climate, appears to put a stop to the natural
increase, or even permanence of the species. It is necessary
to insist the more strongly upon this, because the insect is
clearly double-brooded at least, perhaps triple, wherever it is
able to maintain itself; and here, when reared, the larve
feed up quite rapidly—in a fortnight even—and remain but
a short time in pupa; while the moth is scarcely ever found
with us except in the autumn—a time when its rapid
increase abroad has evidently induced migration in a species
clearly predisposed to such a movement. If it were perma-
nent with us, however rare, the occurrences of specimens of
an earlier brood would surely be as frequent as those of the
later. It was noticed by our earliest writers, always as a
rarity, but has been taken in very many years, perhaps

246 LEPIDOPTERA.

almost every year. In 1871 there was either a considerable
immigration or an exceptional opportunity for larvee from
the eggs of the usual migrants to feed up, since forty or fifty
specimens were taken in different places throughout the
country. About a dozen are recorded in 1874, and a score each
in 1875 and 1876; also several in 1892. The localities are so
numerous as to defy record. The great majority of specimens
have been found along the south coast, at Dover, Foikestone,
Hastings, Brighton, Worthing, Eastbourne, Ventnor, Christ-
church, Bournemouth, Lulworth, Swanage, Torquay, Dart-
mouth, Plymouth, and elsewhere at the seaside, even down to
East Looe, in Cornwall. More rarely inland in all these coast
counties ; still more rarely, apparently, or singly, in all the
counties of the southern half of England. There are records
in Herefordshire, Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, and
Yorkshire ; and one, quite recently in the present season, in
Staffordshire, where the Rev. T. W. Daltry, to his great
astonishment, disturbed the moth in-a meadow. In South
Wales it has been taken at Neath and in Monmouthshire ;
once in the extreme South of Scotland ; and once at Ardmore,
in the county Waterford, Ireland.

Abroad its range is most extraordinary; Central and
Southern Europe, North Africa, Ashanti, South Africa
plentifully—perhaps all over Africa—Asia Minor, Armenia,
Northern and Southern India, Ceylon, the Philippines, Keel-
ing Island in the Indian Ocean; New Guinea, New South
Wates, Queensland, South Australia. No closely allied
species is known in EHurope, but several, and some of them
very striking in appearance, are found in Northern India,
Java, Sumatra, Mauritius, and North and South America.

Genus 3. EUCHELIA.

Antenne threadlike, but each having a pair of delicate
bristles. Fore wings narrow at the base, becoming rapidly

ARCTHDA. 247

broader ; hind wings ample, rather elongated ; thorax narrow ;
abdomen short.

1, E. jacobeeee, Z. Expanse, 11 to,2 inches. Fore wings
smoky black with a red stripe and two red spots; hind wings
red, without markings.

Antenne black, threadlike, with a few oblique, hardly
perceptible bristles ; head, thorax and abdomen velvety black ;
forewings rather triangular, narrow at the base, very broad
behind, with the costa slightly curved, apex and hind margin
rounded, and dorsal margin straight ; smoky blackish-grey
with a light crimson or rather cinnabar-coloured stripe from
the base near the costa to just before the apex, where it is
slightly expanded ; another stripe of similar colour from the
base runs along the dorsal margin tapering to a point beyond
the middle; and near the hind margin are two roundish
crimson apate one just below the apex, the other above the
anal angle; cilia smoky-grey. Hind wings rather long and
very ample, regularly rounded at the apex and hind margin ;
bright crimson, scarlet, or cinnabar, edged along the apex
and hind margin with smoky-grey; cilia smoky-grey. The
bright colour of the hind wings agrees with that of the stripe
on the dorsal margin of the fore wings and renders it very
inconspicuous. Female rather larger and stouter, otherwise
similar. Underside an exact copy of the upper; body and
legs deep velvety-black.

Usually very constant in colour and markings. One, in
Mr. Bond’s coliection, has the red colour replaced by bright
yellow. It is said to have been taken long ago in Horning-
sea Hen. One recorded in Devon had the hind wings blotched
with yellow; and another from Brighthampton is said to
have had the markings of the fore wings ochreous while the
hind wings were buff. In rare instances the dark colour of
the fore wings becomes light olive grey, or the hind wings
darkened with smoky grey. Such specimens are in Mr. §.
Webb’s collection ; and also one devoid of the dorsal crimson

248 LEPIDOPTERA.

stripe. Mr. C. A. Briggs has a specimen in which the crimson
costal stripe is joined to the apical spot; while in Mr. A.
Robinson’s collection js oae having the crimson stripe further
continued in a more Slender form along the hind margin to
the lower spot. Mr. J. J. F. X. King possesses one which
has a black streak running inward from the margin of the
hind wings near the anal angle.
On the wing at the end of May and in June.

Larva plump, cylindrical, tapering slightly at each
extremity, head rounded, black; body regularly ringed
throughout with bright yellow and purplish black; the an-
terior half of each segment being black streaked with purple,
and the posterior half yellow; the whole thinly sprinkled
with delicate hairs; legs, pro-legs, and tip of anal segment,
black.

July and August; on Senecio jacobea and 8. vulgaris
(ragwort and groundsel), often feeding gregariously in the day
time, devouring leaves, buds and flowers, and reducing the
plants to mere stumps. Occasionally on other species of
Senecio, and has been found feeding freely upon Twussilago
Jarfara (coltsfoot).

Pupa short, stout, blunt, and without hooks or spikes ;
uniformly dark reddish purple. Under moss or rubbish of
any kind close to or beneath the surface of the ground, or in
holes in a dry wall ; forming scarcely any cocoon ; passing the
winter in this state.

Rather a sluggish insect, sitting about on its food-plant
and other low plants, and especially in bushes, in the daytime,
but flying readily when disturbed, and, from its bright colour,
very conspicuous when on the wing. Flying of its own
accord in the evening and early part of the night, and
coming very eagerly to a strong light. When captured it
feigns death and may be rolled about in the hand, or picked
up by a wing, or a leg.

ARCTIIDEA. 249

Abundant in the South of England, and especially so in
the Eastern Counties, delighting in dry, sandy, and chalky
districts, and in some parts of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cam-
bridgeshire so plentiful that a large red cloud of moths may
sometimes be shaken out of a bush; scarce in the Midland
Counties and in many of them absent, but plentiful in
Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; in limestone districts in
Herefordshire and Shropshire; and on sandy coasts in
Cheshire, Lancashire, Cumberland and Yorkshire; otherwise
widely spread, but scarce in the Northern counties. In
Scotland, it is found in the Clyde and Moray districts, and
in the Isle of Bute. Sir Thomas Moncrieff found it formerly
about Moncrieff Hill, Perthshire, but he believed it to be,
there, an introduced species, and it ultimately died out.
Common in many parts of Ireland, even as far north as
Londonderry, and plentiful round Dublin, where it used to
be one of the most abundant species on the gas-lamps in the
suburbs.

Abroad it is common all over Europe, except the extreme
north, also in Siberia, Armenia, and various parts of Asia
Minor.

No species closely allied to this appears to be known
from any part of the world.

Genus 4. CALLIMORPHA.

Antenne threadlike, but with a pair of fine bristles to
each joint; fore wings long and moderately broad ; hind wings
rather long, somewhat ample, very gaily coloured ; thorax
rather narrow, but abdomen stout.

1, C. dominula, Z.—Expanse 1? to 2} inches. Fore
wings metallic green-black with large whitish spots; hind
wings crimson with black blotches.

Antenne black, thread-like, but finely serrated, and with
minute distant bristles ; head deep black ; thorax blue-black

250 LEPIDOPTERA.

with a longitudinal orange stripe on each side of the centre ;
abdomen pale scarlet with a blue-black band at the base, a
broad black dorsal stripe, and the anal segment, with its tuft,
black. Fore wings long, rather narrow at the base, moder-
ately broad beyond, with the costal margin gently curved,
apex rounded, hind margin rounded and very oblique, and
dorsal margin almost straight ; rich glossy metallic green-
black with pale orange and creamy-white spots; three of
these are placed in a triangle before the middle of the wing,
and are edged with deep black, the upper two being pale
orange, or yellow dashed with orange, the lower creamy-
white ; beyond these, three large creamy-white spots form a
sort of transverse band from the costa to the anal angle ;
towards the apex are three, four, or five more, all small and
creamy-white ; and near the base of the dorsal margin is
a single spot elongated and of a deep yeilow ; cilia extremely
short, green-black. Hind wings long and rather broad ;
almost bluntly angulated at the apex, and with the hind
margin, below it, straight, then rounded off; rich crimson,
crimson-scarlet, or pale scarlet, with a large elongated blue-
black spot in the middle of the costal margin, from which a
blue-black stripe passes round the apex, joins a large ir-
recular blue-black blotch lying across the apex, and touches
another irregular blue-black blotch on the hind margin;
another irregular and often divided deep black elongated
blotch arising on the anal angle nearly meets it, so that
except for a small central space the hind margin is bordered
with black and banded with black blotches ; cilia scarlet or
black, similar to. the adjacent margin. Female rather
stouter, otherwise similar. Underside of the wings an exact
copy of the upper except that the three middle spots of the
fore wings are all yellow; thorax blue-black with a red spot
under each shoulder, abdomen and legs deep black.

Some local variation takes place in the colour of the spots
on the fore wings, these being in Pembrokeshire wholly
creamy white, in Monmouthshire those near the middle of

ARCTIIDE. 251

the costa are partly white and partly yellow, while in Kent
the yellow deepens to orange and occupies these two spots
completely, sometimes extending to the third. Mr. A. E.
Hall has a specimen with all the spots of the fore wings
pale orange, and Dr. P. B. Mason one in which they are large
and reddish, while one in the collection of the late Mr. F.
Bond has them all of a lovely yellow. Others exist in
several cabinets in which these spots are all dull black, the
remainder of the fore wings being of the usual brilliant
ereen-black, or even bluish-black. Another phase of vari-
ation is in the colour of the hind wings, which occasionally,
though rarely, become pale yellow, bright yellow, dull
golden, or orange, or the black spots are bordered with yellow.
Mr. 8. Webb has one with the hind wings black, another in
which they are suffused with smoky-black, and a magnificent
specimen in which the spots of the fore wings are very large,
partly confluent and wholly white.

The form with yellow hind wings seems to have been
described, as a species, under the name Rossica, Kolenati; and
that with the pale spots tinged with reddish has been called
Bithynica. On the wing in June.

Larva rather elongated: head rounded, shining black:
body black, with a broad bright yellow dorsal stripe, much
intersected by the black ground colour, and enclosing two
white spots on each segment; similar lateral stripes, each
with one white spot on each segment; below these a row of
white spots; usual spots raised into shining black warts
emitting bunches of black bristles; legs black. (C. Fenn.)
When young the tubercular spots are white, and the yellow
interrupted stripes paler in colour.

July or August to May, hybernating, when small, close to
the ground among its food-plants, coming forth in April and
then rapidly feeding up. At this time it is extremely active,
and feeds eagerly in the sunshine. Polyphagous, and appar-
ently having local tastes as to food plants. In the chalk

4

252 LEPIDOPTERA.

and coast districts of the South of England, it is said to feed
on Cynoglossum officinale (Hound’s-tongue), and also on sting-
ing nettle; but in the fens of Cambridgeshire its favourite
food is Salix repens, though it greedily eats blackthorn,
bramble, other species of sallow, groundsel, meadowsweet
(Spirea ulmaria), and various other low growing plants.

Pupa stout; head blunt and rounded; tail having several
stout bristles placed side by side; dark red, shaded on the head
back and abdomen with blackish. Ina slight cocoon of white
silk among leaves and rubbish on the ground. (C. Fenn.)

The moth appears to fly only in bright sunshine, and I have
even seen it flying over trees at the edge of a wood on a very
hot day, but usually it seems to be sluggish and to sit about
among the herbage, making itself far less conspicuous than
appears probable in so gorgeous an insect. Formerly it must
have been far more abundant and widely distributed than at
present ; Stephens says that it was at one time plentiful near
Charlton and Blackheath, but then (1829) was getting scarce
near London. It was also most plentiful at Whittlesea Mere
and Burwell Fen, but was nearly exterminated in those
localities when they were drained. It still lingered in Wicken
Fen, and in 1873 had become abundant there, so that larve
were seen in thousands; but has since been less common in
that district. In 1858 it was most plentiful at Deal, and still
occurs, though seldom in profusion, in that neighbourhood.
It is found, here and there, in marshy places in Hants, Dorset,
and Devon, and very rarely in Sussex. In Gloucestershire
and Monmouthshire more widely distributed, and probably
through South Wales, since I have found it in wood-paths in
Pembrokeshire. In Berkshire it has been found in the
marshy meadows near the Kennet and formerly extended up
the Thames valley to near Oxford. In Wiltshire it has been
found plentifully near Salisbury. Rare in Hertfordshire,
Suffolk, and near Cambridge. In 1878 two specimens were
taken at Burgh near Aylsham, Norfolk, but these may

ARCTHDZA. 253

possibly have been descendants of larvee which were sent into
Norfolk from Wicken in 1873, by Mr. F. D. Wheeler, and
turned out in Ranworth Fen. No district would seem more
suitable to the species than these Norfolk fens, yet there is
no other record of its occurrence there.

Abroad it is found throughout the temperate portions of
Northern Europe, Central Europe, Italy, Central Spain,
Turkey, Greece, Dalmatia, Southern Russia, Armenia, and
Asia Minor.

2. C. Hera, Z.—Expanse 2 to 24 inches. Fore wings
very broad ; blackish, with straight white stripes; hind wings
crimson, with black spots.

Antenne black, slender and threadlike, but having, in the
male, two rows of minute, hardly distinguishable, slender
bristles ; tongue rather long, bright chestnut; top of the head
deep yellow; palpi black, and above them, on the face, is a
round black spot; collar black, edged with yellowish white ;
thorax creamy white, almost occupied by three long tapering
black stripes, one down each shoulder lappet, and one down
the back; abdomen dull pale scarlet, with a row of small
black spots down the middle of the back. Fore wings some-
what triangular, being narrow at the base and extremely
broad behind ; costa gentiy and regularly curved; apex very
bluntly angulated or almost rounded; hind margin straight
and hardly oblique, but rounded off towards the anal angle;
dorsal margin straight. Deep velvety black with a greenish
gloss. From the costa proceed six creamy-white stripes, the
first, arising at the base, is slender, short and very oblique ;
the second extremely short and slender; the third, from
before the middle of the costa, is broad and straight, proceeding
towards the anal angle, before reaching which it tapers to a
point; the fourth, from the middle of the costa, is oblique,
short, slender, often tinged with deep yellow; the fifth, broad,
extending from the costa beyond the middle to the anal
angle; the sixth, also broad, from the costa near the apex,

254 LEPIDOPTERA.

proceeds almost parallel with the hind margin to the anal
angle, forming there, with the fifth, a large creamy blotch
which throws off creamy streaks inward and outward, so as
to enclose two black spots and some marginal dots or small
spots. This large creamy blotch is often dashed or clouded
with deep yellow from the margin, and the sixth stripe is
tinged with the same at its costal extremity. The whole
dorsal margin is occupied by a straight creamy-white stripe
which also joins the blotch at the anal angle. Cilia on the
margin of the black portions blackish, but with one or two
yellow dashes ; on the creamy margin deep yellow.

Hind wings long and very ample, rounded behind; rich
crimson-scarlet with black spots; one in the middle of the
wing large, roundish or ovate ; another forming a large
irregular blotch in the apical space, and haying a smaller
one outside it; a large ovate spot near the middle of the
hind margin, and a very small one near the anal angle.

Underside extremely brilliant; costal region and stripes of
the fore wings orange-yellow, except that several white spots
lie toward the apex; central area broadly banded and blotched
with black; basal area dull scarlet; hind margin broadly
deep yellow; hind wings pale scarlet, or partially orange red,
the large central and apical black blotches of the upper side
hardly visible, but that in the middle of the hind margin deep
black; body and legs whitish, tinged with orange; tarsi
barred with black.

There is one constant, and frequently recurrent, variety
in which the scarlet of the hind wings and of the abdomen is
replaced by yellow, usually a deep rich yellow. This is known
as variety /utescens, but is connected with the typical form by
specimens having hind wings of every intermediate shade of
orange, orange-red, and dull red. A complete series of such
is in the cabinet of Mr. A. Robinson. There is also occasionally
variation in the number of black dots or small spots along the
margin of the large creamy blotch at the anal angle of the
fore wings, and in rare instances these are all absent.

ARCTIIDE. 255

On the wing at the end of July and through August.

Larva nearly cylindrical, but slightly tapering at each end ;
head rather small, rounded, notched above, black; general
colour pale brown, dark brown or blackish, with the raised
spots paler or sometimes yellow, and each bearing a spreading
tuft of stiff pale brown hairs or bristles; dorsal line paler
brown, yellow, or orange yellow, repeatedly constricted and
interrupted ; spiracular lines whitish, broken up into a series
of spots, many of them double, and delicately edged with black;
spiracles and legs black; pro-legs very pale brown or grey,
with darker markings.

September to July, hybernating, when very small, close to
the ground, and feeding up in the spring and summer. On
lettuce (Lactuca), dandelion (Leontodon taraxacum), Borago
officinalis, Lamiwm album, Plantago, nettle, groundsel and
low-growing plants generally, especially those growing in the
shelter of bushes or on banks.

Pupa of moderate thickness, rounded, rather blunt behind.
In a very slight cocoon of silk, with little or no admixture of
hairs. On the ground under loose moss or rubbish. The
hairs in this species seem to remain firmly attached to the
larva skin.

Rather a sluggish species. Said to fly in the daytime, and
sometimes very active in the hot sunshine, yet certainly
prefers to hide itself in hedges or bushes, whence it may, in
in its very restricted localities, be occasionally beaten out.
Even then it does not fly at once but drops down, and if
unnoticed, will rouse itself after a few seconds and fly wildly
over the road or hedge. Said to have a special fondness for
sitting in hedges close to field-gates ; and also to be found in
corn-fields. Abroad it is reported to frequent stony places
covered with flowers, especially in hilly districts. Mr. G. C.
Bignell says that in bright sunny weather it flies so strongly
and so freely that it may readily be mistaken for a wasted
Argynnis Paphia. A specimen flying thus and seen to alight,

256 LEPIDOPTERA.

was so on the alert that it flew away again before a net could
be placed over it. Nevertheless there appears to be no
doubt that it also flies at night, and its capture at light is
recorded.

There appears to be no doubt that this species is a com-
paratively modern immigrant to this country. No mention
is made of it by our earlier authors. The first record appears
to be of a single specimen at Newhaven, Sussex, in 1855.
Four years later the capture of several specimens, sitting on
bramble leaves, on a hill-side near Wrexham, North Wales,
was announced, and the specimens were exhibited at the
Entomological Society in 1862. In 1868 one was recorded
as taken at St. Leonards, and another at Patcham near
Brighton; and in 1877 one at Bonchurch, Isle of Wight.
In addition to these, one at least has been secured near
Dover. But all these appear to have been merely casual
Specimens—single immigrants, or specimens introduced in
some accidental manner—and the insect does not seem to
have effected a settlement in either of these localities.

In August 1871 Mr. D’Orville of Exeter found a specimen
sitting upon a blossom of Zanacetum vulgare at night; two
years later others were taken at Hazelwood near Loddeswell,
Devon. In 1881 it was found at Dawlish. In 1882 the
species must have become firmly established, since Mr. W.
Brooks states that the first specimen taken by himself at
Starcross, “excited no surprise as the inhabitants had seen
the species before.” From that time to the present it has
been found year by year, and apparently in increasing
numbers, over that portion of Devonshire extending from
Exeter to Teignmouth. Eggs have also been obtained and
specimens reared by Mr. A. Robinson, of which beautiful
examples have been furnished for the purpose of this work.

Although so recently settled in this country, it has long
been known to be common in the Channel Islands on the
coast of France. It ranges through Southern and Kastern
France, Holland, Belgium, Germany, and many parts of

ARCTIIDE. 257

Central Europe, throughout Southern Europe, Syria, Persia
and Eastern Asia.

Genus 5. EUTHEMONIA.

Male with pectinated antennz, the pectinations solid and
fringed with minute bristles; fore wings very broad behind,
with nearly straight margins; abdomen long and slender.
Female with simple antennz ; narrow fore wings; and stout

body.

1. E. russula, Z.—Expanse 1} to 1? inch. Male, fore
wings broad, yellow with red spot and margins; hind wings
whitish with blackish spot and border. Female, fore wings
narrow, orange-red with a red spot; hind wings reddish with
the base, margin, and spot black.

Antenne of the male regularly and densely pectinated, and
fringed with rather short bristles; shaft yellow, pectinations
grey. Head and thorax dull yellow, covered with long loose
scales ; abdomen long and slender, pale yellowish, with a central
dorsal row of smoky black spots or bars ; anal tuft pale yellow,
Fore wings nearly triangular; narrow at the base, very broad
behind, with the costal and dorsal margins nearly straight ;
apex bluntly angulated; hind margin rather rounded, not
very oblique; dull yellow, with the margins and cilia light
scarlet, and at the end of the discal cell a large kidney-shaped
spot of a reddish colour, containing in its lower portion four
small blackish spots. Hind wings long and of moderate
breadth, very regularly rounded, glossy whitish, often clouded
with grey from the base; having a more or less distinct broad
cloudy-grey band before the hind margin, which is often
divided by pale nervures, and in the middle of the wings a
large kidney-shaped grey or blackish spot; cilia broadly light
scarlet.

Female quite different, considerably smaller, with much
shorter and stouter abdomen, narrower fore wings and

smaller hind wings, antenne threadlike, rather short, red-
VOL, I. R

258 LEPIDOPTERA.

dish ; head and thorax orange-red or greyish-red ; abdomen
pale orange, strongly barred with a dorsal series of black
stripes. Fore wings orange-red with the nervures and reni-
form spot deeper red; hind wings reddish-yellow or orange,
with the central spot, the sub-marginal band, and the whole
basal area, broadly black ; hind margin and cilia orange-red.

Underside of the fore wings in the male much clouded with
smoky black, and with the central spot large and black, but
surrounded with yellowish; margins broadly light red, or
orange with the cilia red; hind wings yellow, with red
margins, the central spot small or absent; legs reddish with
tufts of bright red scales on the tibize; abdomen yellowish.
Underside of the wings of the female orange, more red at the
margins, with black shades from the base, and black central
and sub-marginal blotches, varying in intensity according to
the depth of colour of the upper side; legs dark red; abdomen
mingled red and blackish.

Variable in the markings of the hind wings on both sexes.
Tn the male these are sometimes suffused from the base with
paler or darker grey; the sub-marginal band also varies
greatly, being in some specimens broad and dark without
pale intersecting lines, in others broken up by pale nervures
into narrow bars, or in some cases being nearly or quite
obsolete. In the female the basal black blotch sometimes
embraces and conceals the central spot or even reaches the
sub-marginal band at its dorsal extremity; while in some few
cases the hind wings are almost totally black. These last are
usually from the north.

On the wing in June and the beginning of July. Occa-
sionally a portion of a brood of young larve will feed up
rapidly and produce the moths at the end of August or in
September. In this country this appears only to have
occurred in captivity, but on the Continent the species is
known to be regularly double-brooded.

Larva rather slender, each segment rounded and covered

ARCTHDE. 259

with rather short soft hair which is longest on the hinder
segments. Head dark grey; body purplish brown with a
broad, even, white dorsal stripe containing a yellow spot on
each segment; subdorsal and spiracular stripes dark brown;
spiracles ringed with black ; below each of them a white dot ;
legs brown; hairs brown. When younger the spots in the
dorsal stripe are crimson, and the spiracles are placed in
large black spots.

July to May, hybernating small (except in those instances
in which a few in confinement feed up in August). On
plantain, dandelion, scabious, hawkweed, chickweed and
other low-growing plants. A very active larva, coiling itself
when disturbed but suddenly uncoiling and running with
ereat swiftness.

Pura elongated, rather rugose and angulated in front;
segments ridged. Anterior portion dark brown with pale grey
stripes at the back of the head and wing-cases ; hinder seg-
ments chestnut brown. In a slight silken cocoon at the
roots of plants.

Almost confined to heaths, wild places among bracken, and
the open portions of heathy woods. The male is very active
when disturbed in the sunshine, flying up to a height of about
twenty feet in the air and then dashing off, but unless carried
further by the wind, settling again at a distance of twenty or
thirty yards, to rise with still wilder haste if followed. Yet
it does not fly freely of its own accord in the daytime. Late
in the afternoon the female may sometimes be seen flying
much more gently, and both sexes may be found sitting on
heather and heath-grasses at night. The natural flight
appears to be more particularly in the early morning before
daylight and at this time it will occasionally visit a strong
light. Common, though sometimes rather local, on heaths in
all the Southern and Eastern Counties of England and in
South Wales, but rather scarco in Devonshire. Formerly
plentiful in the fen district of Cambridgeshire and the

260 LEPIDOPTERA.

adjoining counties, but hardly to be found there now. Appa-
rently scarce or absent in the Midland Counties except
Stafford and Derbyshire. More frequent on the heaths and
moorlands of Cheshire and Lancashire, and, very locally, in
Yorkshire. In Scotland in many localities—Roxburghshire,
Troon, Cloben, Broxy, Methven, Banchory, Inverurie, Money-
musk, Kinnoull; very scarce and local in Aberdeenshire. In
Ireland widely distributed in the South and West—Bantry
Bay, Killarney, and elsewhere in Kerry, Galway, Sligo,
Donegal, and even in the North East near Belfast. Abroad it
is common nearly all over Europe, Siberia, Tartary and Asia
Minor.

It may be well to point out here that the kidney-shaped
spot in the fore wings of the male of #. russula is formed
exactly as the spot well known as the reniform stigma in the
fore wings of multitudes of species of Noctuwina and Pyralides,
_ and occupies precisely the same position in the fore wings ;
while the central spot in the hind wings of this species
corresponds in position with the lunule seen in the hind
wings of very many Noctuina.

Genus 6. NEMEOPHILA.

Antenne short, pectinated in the male with strong, solid,
ciliated teeth ; serrated in the female; thorax not very stout.
Fore wings moderately broad; hind wings rounded, rather
small; abdomen short, tapermg in the male, stout in the
female.

1. N. plantaginis, 7.—Expanse 14 inch. Fore wings
black, with irregular branched creamy stripes; hind wings
orange yellow, with black stripes and spots.

Antenne of the male shortly but densely pectinated,
blackish; head black; collar orange, divided by a large
circular black spot on the back; thorax black, with longi-
tudinal yellowish-white stripes edging the shoulder lappets,

ARRAN ll ce arcane

|
.

ARCTHDA. 261

and also on each side of the centre; abdomen orange-yellow,
with a very broad black stripe down the back, tapering off a
little to the anal segment. Fore wings rather triangular,
narrow at the base, not very broad behind, with the costal
and dorsal margins nearly straight, the apex very slightly
angulated, and the hind margin gently rounded and rather
oblique; black-brown with creamy white stripes and blotches,
of which a long straight stripe proceeds from the base,
parallel with the dorsal margin, nearly to the anal angle,
becoming forked at its extremity; a short wedge-shaped
blotch lies on the base of the costa ; beyond it is a larger and
more reniform spot touching the costa, or in some cases
detached and roundish-ovate or pear-shaped ; still beyond is a
stripe crossing from the costa to the anal angle rather
obliquely, and itself crossed by another stripe arising near
the apex of the wing, making a wide elbow before it crosses,
and very often proceeding to join the upper fork of the
straight dorsal stripe; cilia extremely short, creamy white.
Hind wings with the apex and hind margin regularly rounded;
light yellow with black stripes and spots—one black stripe
from the middle of the base makes a broad elbow in the
middle of the wing by uniting with a large irregular central
spot; another from the base near the dorsal margin attains
the anal angle; round the hind margin is a series of black
blotches forming a broken sub-marginal band, inside which
are two or three large black spots ; cilia yellow.

Female similar in size and shape of wings, and mainly so in
markings, but with much stouter abdomen; the pale stripe of
the fore wings more yellow, sometimes reddish in the costal
area; hind wings yellow, with the black stripes from the base
expanded and joined together, so that a great black blotch
occupies the basal half of the wings; the sides of the abdomen
sometimes bright red.

Underside similar to the upper, but with the dark markings
of the wings hardly so sharply defined, and the colour of the
paler portions more yellow or even tinged with reddish ;

262 LEPIDOPTERA.

body, in the male, mixed yellow and black; in the female
with a broad longitudinal deep black stripe ; legs black.
Rather variable in the extent and connections of the pale
stripes of the fore wings, and in rare instances these are much
reduced, or, on the other hand, extended over the wing
surface. Mr. Sydney Webb has an extraordinary series of
varieties, some with the ground colour of both fore and hind
wings clear white ; one with the fore wings yellow and the hind
white ; another with the stripes of the fore wings absent from
one portion, confluent in another ; and one in which almost the
entire fore wings are creamy white without markings ; also
specimens in which almost the entire hind wings are black, or
the central portion devoid of markings, or with only marginal
spots. A specimen in Mr. S. Stevens’s collection is entirely
black except some pale lines in the fore wings and a few
dots in the hind; and a female has the fore wings orange,
and the hind lurid red; while Mr. Capper has a specimen
of the same sex having fore and hind wings alike creamy
white, and Mr. J. Harrison several with a broad yellow stripe
along the costa from base to apex. Some specimens reared
by Mr. R. Adkin from Sussex larvae have the pale stripes of
the fore wings obscured with smoky black ; and a female, from
Marlborough, in Mr. A. Robinson’s collection has the outer
half of the fore wings mainly occupied by a broad band
of cream colour, with the markings reduced to a few small
spots. There is moreover a permanently recurrent variety
known as var. hospita, in which the cream colour or yellow
in the males is completely replaced by whitish, the hind
wings especially being clear white. Several specimens of
this form are said to have been taken in the Church
Stretton district, Salop, but it is known as a permanent
form only on the higher portions of hills and mountains
in Scotland. The females found with it do not take by
any means the same direction of variation, but have the
black markings of the hind wings much extended and
intensified, and the orange portions often tinged with dull

ARCTHIDA. 263

red. Dr. Mason has two males of this var. hospita in
which the hind wings have no trace of the usual central
black markings, and Mr. S. Stevens one in which they
are reduced to a few marginal spots.

On the wing in June, occasionally at the end of May,
or lasting into July, according to the season; and in rare
instances specimens of a partial second generation have
been known to occur in August and September.

Larva cylindrical with the segments slightly thickened.
Head round, deep black; body smoky black, with the
tubercular spots bluish-black, bearing spreading tufts of long
black hairs ; on segments five, six, and seven, however, the
spots are orange and the tufts of hairs orange-red or red-
brown, formiug a conspicuous broad reddish belt before the
middle. The hairs from the lowest row of spots are, more-
over, sometimes grey or orange-yellow, and those of the last
segment are longer than the rest. Legs and forelegs black
or grey. When very young it is of a dull pale green
with the hairs long.

July to May, hybernating when nearly half grown,
among the food-plant on the ground. But—more es-
pecially in confinement—it occasionally happens — that
some few larvee of a brood feed on rapidly, at once, and
produce perfect insects in August, September, or even
October. On plantain, especially Plantago lanceolata,
lettuce, groundsel, Helianthemum vulgare, Poteriwm sangui-
sorba, and doubtless other low-growing plants. Said to be
fond of sunning itself on plants; also very active in its
movements.

Pura shining, dark red brown. Ina loose cocoon among
its food-plants.

A very lively species, the males flying actively in the
sunshine and assembling freely around a freshly emerged
female. Attached to open woods, heaths, hill-sides, espe-

264 LEPIDOPTERA.

cially chalk and limestone hills, and in the north extending
high up the mountains ; said also to have the habit of sitting
very conspicuously upon the blackest patches of earth on
open heaths. It seems probable that the female flies most
at night. Very widely distributed in England ; occurring
in all the southern counties; becoming abundant in Berkshire
and Gloucestershire, especially on the slopes of chalk hills;
scarce and extremely local in the Eastern Counties; and
apparently absent from Devonshire and Cornwall. In
Wales it extends as far west as Glamorganshire. Formerly
abundant in Huntingdonshire, and, less so, in Cambridge-
shire, but has become scarce or disappeared from those
counties. Still found in Worcestershire, Herefordshire,
Derbyshire and Leicestershire, though locally ; and more
plentifully in Yorkshire, the heaths and moors of Lancashire,
and in the Isle of Man. In Scotland it is very widely
distributed—from Roxburghshire to Shetland and the
Hebrides, being common in the Island of Mull. The white
variety, hospita, is found in the Hebrides, also at Braemar,
Aboyne, the Forest of Birse, and generally on the mountains
of Perthshire, occurring, according to Sir Thomas Moncrieff,
at elevations from 600 to 2000 feet above the sea-level.
In Ireland this variety does not seem to occur; but in
its ordinary forms the species is found in Kerry, Connemara,
Galway, Sligo, West Meath, King’s County, Tyrone, Fer-
managh, Donegal, Londonderry, and Belfast, being plentiful
in Island Magee near the mouth of Belfast Lough, where it
especially frequents the edges of cliffs overhanging the sea.
Abroad its range is extremely wide—throughout Northern
and Central Europe, the mountains of Southern Europe,
in Siberia, Tartary, and Japan. In Siberia the form known
as /ospita is found, its female having the hind wings
varying towards red, and also the aberration having the
markings of the hind wings almost obliterated. In Japan
is a race of large specimens—named /ewcomera—the fore
wings having broad black markings, and another of a

ARCTIIDE. 265

yellower colour—called macromera—but evidently belonging
to the present species. From North America a smaller
variety is obtained, having the ground colour of all the
wings white.

Genus 7. ARCTIA.

Antenne of the male pectinated with solid teeth, which
are fringed with fine bristles, or sometimes with short tooth-
like branches. Thorax broad and heavily clothed with
scales; abdomen robust; fore wings ample, stout and
strong; hind wings very broad and rounded ; of gay colours.

1. A. caja, Z.—Expanse 2} to 3 inches. Fore wings
creamy white with large irregular dark brown blotches ;
hind wings brilliant crimson with blue-black spots.

Antennz of the male shortly pectinated, shaft stout,
usually white, occasionally dark brown, pectinations brown ;
of the female stout, slightly serrated, white. Head and
thorax covered with very long, loose, partially erect, dark
brown scales like a rich fur, except that the collar is edged
behind with dark crimson (close to this are two small valves
from which, when annoyed, a yellowish liquid is exuded).
Abdomen rich scarlet, with a row of broad blue-black bars
down the back. Fore wings stout and very ample, with
all the margins gently rounded, the apex hardly angulated,
and the anal angle rounded off; deep dark chocolate brown
irregularly broken up by creamy white stripes and blotches—
an oblique transverse band near the base, having branches
running from it into the base; two sharply defined tri-
angular, or streamer-like, blotches on the costal margin ;
a second broad transverse band from the costa beyond the
middle to the centre of the dorsal margin; and a third from
the costa near the apex, crossing, with wide angulations
to the anal angle and nearly. always uniting in the middle
with the second band, so that a roughly formed cross
composed of these two bands, in the hinder area, is the most

266 LEPIDOPTERA.

conspicuous marking on the fore wings. In most instances
the first and second transverse bands are united by a
horizontal stripe. Cilia very short, brown or white, agreeing
with the adjacent margin.

Hind wings very ample, with the hind margin regularly
rounded ; dark scarlet, with large rounded, ovate, or irregular
blue-black spots or blotches, which are faintly edged with
yellowish. These spots form—roughly —two series: one,
two, or three in a transverse row before the middle of the
wing, the central being the largest, the most permanent, and
nearest the base; and three others, all large, placed in a row
before the hind margin ; cilia yellow. Female similar, rather
larger and stouter.

Underside having the markings as on the upper, but the
creamy white portions of the fore wings suffused with pale
scarlet or orange-red over the basal portion, sometimes also
round the margins and tinging the central area; or the latter
portions are yellowish; hind wings of a paler scarlet than
above; body brownish or blackish with numerous tufts of
scarlet scales along the sides and at the edges of the segments ;
legs black-brown with scarlet tufts.

Perhaps the most variable in markings of all Lepidopterous
insects, hardly any two individuals being precisely alike.
The more ordinary phases of variation are in the increase, or
decrease, of the proportions of the white stripes to the brown
ground colour, in the fore wings; in one direction by the
brown predominating and narrowing or breaking the stripes
and blotches, or wholly or partly obliterating them in un-
certain and irregular degrees; in the other by the white
stripes increasing in width and extent, uniting together, and
reducing the brown colour to irregular isolated patches, or
even to mere spots. These two tendencies are in rare
instances carried so far that the fore wings become wholly
brown-black or creamy-white. In the hind wings the outer
row of blue-black spots is nearly always present though
varying greatly in size, and the anterior of them very

ARCTHDEA. 267

frequently extends into a blotch which reaches the costal
margin; but the inner row constantly varies in size and
number’ either by coalescence or disappearance; but all
sometimes unite and spread over the wing; or the three
outer unite and form a broad constricted band of intense
blue-black ; or all dwindle, or become faint, leaving the hind
wings almost entirely scarlet. Another regular form of
variation is where yellow is substituted for scarlet in the
colouring of the hind wings and body; this usually occurs
with the markings of quite normal character, and seems to be
an extension of the ordinary yellowish edging of the black
spots. Intermediate specimens of a pale scarlet are not
unfrequent. Perhaps the strongest tendency, however, is to
darker forms—extension of the brown or brown-black of the
fore wings and of the blue-black spots of the hind, so that
many specimens have been reared entirely of a smoky black,
but strangely enough, the large majority of these have been
cripples, of which the wings have never properly expanded.
Dr. Mason has a specimen of which the fore wings are
whitish-drab and the usually darker portions merely outlined
with brown, and another of darker brown colouring, similar
markings and the hind wings black-brown with black spots.
Also, reared by Mr. Geo. Baker, a wonderful specimen of which
the fore wings are red-brown with a dusting of suffused pale
spots, one wing darker than the other, and the hind wings
reddish, suffused unequally with blue-black, obscure black
spots and orange margins, but neither fore wings nor hind
wings are uniform; another has dark brown fore wings with
the pale stripes reduced to mere lines, the hind wings brilliant
blue-black except the base and dorsal margin, and the hind
margin deep black. The late Mr. E. Hopley had one with
the fore wings wholly cream-white, the hind wings rosy-
crimson, and the spots orange-yellow. In Mr. 8. J. Capper’s
collection is one with the fore wings white except the edge
of the apex and a dark central spot; another having the
hind wings smoky black with the usual spots blue-black ;

268 LEPIDOPTERA.

a third with grey-red hind wings; and two which have, in
each case, one fore wing uniformly black-brown, in one
case the right, in the other the left. Mr. C. A. Briggs
has a specimen with the fore wings of a pale yellowish-brown
without markings except a few brown spots in the central
area, and Mr. J. A. Clarke one having in the left hind
wing a stripe of the colour of the fore wings. Mr.
Sydney Webb possesses a specimen with the pale markings
of the fore wings tinged with rosy, another with a fore
wing on one side unicolorous brown, the opposite wing
being normal, but its hind wings are nearly uniformly deep
black ; another with all the markings of ordinary shape but
only faintly indicated in pale buff in the fore wings, in faint
blackish on the hind ; and in Mr. Bond’s collection one having
the fore wings buff without markings, and the hind wings with
only yellow indications of the usual black spots; others with
white fore wings, or wholly brown, or smoky black. It is
indeed hopeless to attempt to convey in words a definite idea
of the gorgeous array of variations, extreme and inter-
mediate, to be seen in some of these large collections. The
vast majority of these strange forms are obtained in Lanca~
shire, the West Riding of Yorkshire, and adjacent districts.
For some reason totally unknown to us these curious sports
of nature are there frequent, though in other districts
nothing extraordinary is obtainable.

On the wing in July and the beginning of August. In
confinement a partial second generation is sometimes
obtained in August, September or October.

LakVA stout, very hairy, anterior segments slightly taper-
ing; head black. From the fourth to the twelfth segments are
dorsal and subdorsal rows of white raised spots from which
arise long pale hairs, while the remaining numerous spots
produce bunches of red-brown hairs of similar length ; on the
front segments are black hairs with whitish tips upon the
back ; rather pale ones below, legs black; prolegs pinkish grey.

ARCTHDE. 269

When young, dusky pale brown with short hairs, the long
hairs not being assumed until the larva is half grown.

August to May, or even June, on almost every kind of
herbaceous plant, even including the common dog’s-mercury,
and on many shrubs: especially fond of nettles and garden
weeds. Usually hybernating when rather small, but occa-
sionally, if kept in a warm situation, in confinement, feeding
up rapidly in August, and there isa record that, by means of
heat, a third generation has been reared in October.

Pupa stout, not spiked nor hooked; dark purple-brown,
with a very slight bluish efflorescence. In a dull yellowish
silken cocoon among rubbish on the ground or under any
sheltering corner.

One of our most familiar species, known to everybody as
the “Common Tiger moth,” and its larva as the ‘‘ Woolly-
bear.” Not by any means an active species in the perfect state.
Although so brilliantly coloured, it can rarely be induced,
like so many of its allies, to fly in the daytime, but sits about on
banks, or the bottoms of hedges, or under low herbage, and
does not stir until dark, only becoming active after midnight.
At this time, it will sometimes come in abundance to a
strong light, making itself indeed a great nuisance, since
it bangs against the lamp-glass, knocking off everything else
with its strong wings and heavy body, and is so persistent
that even if caught and pinched hard it will, in a few minutes,
return as eagerly to the light as ever. Nothing but death
seems, then, to check its enthusiasm. Strange to say, out of
hundreds so seen, no variety of a noticeable character ever
occurs. All the strange forms appear to be reared. It seems,
indeed, that confinement of the larva has some occult influence
in certain districts, in producing variation in this species;
though artificial means have been tried with the most scanty
results. Feediny the larvee on bright coloured flowers was a
complete failure. Walnut leaves are said to have produced
better results, but this is very doubtful. Keeping the pupe

270 LEPIDOPTERA.

at a low temperature is said to have some effect in producing
darker colour in the moths. The late Mr. E. Hopley tried
experiments in the direction of keeping larva feeding under
glass of various colours; the only results noticeable were that
those under violet glass fed faster than those under red,
while yellow and black proved fatal to the larve. As it isa
sun-loving larva, these results were natural enough.

This species seems to be found in every part of the three
kingdoms, except perhaps in the Shetland Isles; inhabit-
ing the gardens in the outskirts of towns, in some places
even more commonly than the fields and hedgerows.
Formerly this was the case in all the suburbs of London,
the larva being everywhere visible, but for some years past,
there is a great change in this respect and it is now com-
paratively seldom seen; indeed the same may be said of
many districts in which it formerly abounded.

Abroad itis common all over Hurope except in the extreme
South; in Siberia, Tartary, Japan, the mountainous regions
of Asia, through the Himalayas to Assam, and over large
portions of North America, including Vancouver Island. In
Japan besides being of large size it shows a slight variation
in shape, its fore wings being rather more pointed. The
proportions of the transverse stripes are also somewhat
different. This form is known as phawosoma and its variety
with yellow hind wings as auripennis. In the Asiatic moun-
tain region the form with paler brown colour in the fore wings
seems to have become recurrent and is known as ovientalis,
while ordinary typical specimens from North America are
distinguished by the name Americana.

2. A. villica, Z.—Expanse 2 to 2} inches. Fore wings
glossy black-brown with large creamy spots; hind wings rich
yellow, with apex and spots deep black.

Antenne shortly and closely pectinated in the male, the
teeth very thick and solid; very slightly dentated in the
female, wholly black; head deep black; thorax covered with
long downy black-brown scales, but having a broad creamy

ARCTIIDE. 271

white stripe or blotch down each shoulder to the base of the
fore wing ; abdomen rather stout, dull yellow at the base,
shading into dull crimson behind and at the sides, and having
a row of small black dots down the middle of the back.
Fore wings ample, rather narrow at the base, but rapidly
broadening, with the margins and apex all rounded ; shining
velvety brown-black with creamy-white spots—one large and
wedge-shaped in the middle of the base; two, also large,
somewhat ovate, before the middle; two smaller, placed
more obliquely, just beyond the middle but rather near the
margins; beyond these two more, very large, almost forming
a straight band from the costa to the anal angle; and asingle
smaller ovate or rather angulated spot close to the middle of
the hind margin ; occasionally one or two whitish dots are
placed above this last towards the costa; cilia short, black-
brown. Hind wings rather long and broad with rounded apex
and hind margin ; bright yellow, or pale orange, with black
spots, of which two or three are placed in a straight line
transversely before the middle, and three or four across from
the middle of the costal margin to the anal angle, while the
whole apical space is occupied by a large black blotch more
or less broken up by one or more squared or irregularly
shaped orange spots at the margin; cilia yellow or black,
according to the colour of the adjacent portion. Female
similar, but much stouter and rather larger in expanse.

Underside of the fore wings dark smoky brown with the
spots as on the upper side, but having the costa, especially
toward the apex, ornamented with a stripe of brilliant scarlet;
hind wings deep orange with the black spots as on the upper
side; the apical black blotch more smoky, and a broad ill-
defined stripe of rich scarlet along the costal margin and
round the apex, sometimes continued along the hind margin;
thorax and abdomen black, scarlet at the sides; legs black
with a scarlet stripe down the front of the tibiee.

Variable in the size of the creamy spots of the fore wings,
especially in the case of those near the base, which occasion-
ally coalesce and produce a sort of triangular or Y-shaped

272 LEPIDOPTERA.

blotch from the base almost to the middle; not unfrequently
the dorsal spots of the second and third pairs unite, or the
large third pair unites into a constricted band. In the hind
wings the spots vary greatly in number, some of them,
especially toward the base, being: often suppressed. There
are many curious aberrations. Mr. 8. Webb has one with
the fore wings smoky black, except a few irregular pale spots,
and the hind wings rather smoky; another with a black stripe
across the base of the hind wings; and, in Mr. Bond’s collec-
tion, one with the fore and hind wings buff, having dark
markings only along the margin of the fore wings; another
with the hind wings beyond the base entirely black, and
another with large buff blotches on one fore wing. In the
cabinet of the late Mr. H. Doubleday in Bethnal Green
Museum is a specimen entirely of a deep smoky black; Mr.
S. Stevens has one with fore and hind wings wholly yellow
except the margin and a cross stripe on the fore wings; Mr.
C. A. Briggs one with the hind wings suffused with smoky
black; Mr. 8S. J. Capper one with the usually black portion
of the fore wings leaden-grey dappled with darker; Mr.
Crowley one with the hind wings pale cream colour and the
spots of the fore wings pure white; and Mr. H. Goss a speci-
men having one fore wing black with two small spots, and
the other-also black, but with six or seven small pale spots.

On the wing in May and June. There is a record of one
or two out of a large brood, reared in Devonshire, which fed
up rapidly in confinement, producing the moths in October,
but mo record of a second generation out of doors appears to
exist.

Larva rather stout, each segment being a little thickened ;
whole surface abundantly covered with soft hairs. Head
prominent, light red or crimson ; body black, with the edges
of each segment dark red; hairs dark red; spiracles white ;
legs black; prolegs red, the anal pair rather prolonged.
When young the head is lighter crimson; the body with the
hairs entirely smoky black; prolegs pink.

ARCTUDE. 273

July to May, hybernating when partially grown, coming
out to feed in the middle of March and thence feeding up
rapidly. On dock, teazle, chickweed, groundsel, millfoil,
nettle, lettuce, strawberry, and low plants generally, and has
no objection to feeding upon young shoots of the common
furze (Ulex Huropeus).

Pura blackish, in a slight silken cocoon «mong weeds and
rubbish.

This handsome moth loves to sit on hedge banks, rough
hill-sides and cliffs, starting up, if disturbed, and flying freely
in the sunshine. Its time of natural flight is, however, at
night, and it is readily attracted by a strong light. Most
common on the south coast of England, but not scarce through-
out the southern counties from Kent to Cornwall and
Gloucestershire. Formerly not at all scarce in the outskirts
of London, as at Dulwich, where larvee were regularly found
thirty years ago, and at Kensal Green. Scarce, though
widely distributed, in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire ;
but hardly observed further north nor in the Midland coun-
ties. There is a record of its capture at Bowdon and
Delamere in Cheshire, but the circumstances, if correct, were
very exceptional. I know of no instance of its occurrence in
Scotland or Ireland, though it was at one time reported to
exist in the latter country. Abroad it is common all over
Europe except the extreme north; also in Armenia and
Asia Minor. In some parts of Southern Europe the colour
of the spots of its fore wings is wholly yellow, and in some
cases they coalesce into yellow stripes. A dull yellow
variety obtained at Syracuse has received the name of
Konewkat.

Genus 8. PHRAGMATOBIA.

Antennz of the male with scarcely visible pectinations,
consisting of minute tufts of fine hairs; fore wings rather
narrow, hardly broader towards the hind margin; hind wings

VOL, LU. s

274 LEPIDOPTERA.

short and angulated at the apex; thorax and abdomen very
stout.

1. P. fuliginosa, Z.—Expanse 1} to 14 inch. Fore wings
dull brownish-red or smoky red, semi-transparent ; hind wings
pink, shaded or spotted with smoky black.

Antenne short and slender, very faintly pectinated in the
male; greyish-white. Head and thorax dull red, reddish-
brown, or orange-brown ; the latter stout and densely covered
with long loose scales; abdomen short and stout, bright
scarlet, with a black stripe, or row of triangular black spots,
down the middle of the back, and a row of black spots down
each side. Fore wings narrow and rather blunt, costal and
dorsal margins very slightly curved, hind margin almost
retuse below the blunt apex, rounded towards the anal angle ;
thinly scaled and almost diaphanous in the middle; dull red,
red-brown or red-grey, with the nervures darker, and, at the
end of the discal cell, one or two small black spots; cilia dark
crimson. Hind wings short, angulated at the apex, thence
rounded behind but slightly emarginate towards the anal
angle; semi-transparent, pale crimson, often paler or greyish
towards the base and costal margin, and with a broad ill-
defined smoky or blackish band along the apex and hind
margin ; principal nervures dark grey ; two small black spots
or streaks in the centre of the wings; cilia dark crimson.
Female with the fore wings slightly narrower and more ovate,
having the hind margin more regularly and obliquely rounded
off; antennz simple; body very stout; otherwise similar to
the male.

Underside of the fore wings brighter red, but shaded with
brown at the hind margin; spots indistinct; of the hind
wings light crimson-scarlet, having the blacker marginal
band and the two black dots as above; body dull red; legs
blackish with a red stripe down the tibiz.

Very liable to climatal or local variation. In the South
and South-East of England, the general colour is bright red,

ARCTHDA. 275

sometimes even a rich ruby red, the hind wings being very
rosy ; and the dark band near the margin of the hind wings
is broken up, in many specimens, into a series of separate
cloudy spots. In more inland and western districts the
band is unbroken though the bright colour is maintained,
but as one proceeds northwards a more smoky tint is gradu-
ally assumed until in Scotland, especially in mountain
districts, the fore wings are commonly darkened by an
admixture of brown or grey, and the hind so entirely suffused
with smoky grey that the sub-marginal band commonly
disappears, melting into the general smoky grey or blackish
colouring. Very often the only trace of the light crimson
colour left in the hind wings is in the cilia, or perhaps a
slight stripe down the dorsal margin ; the abdomen is also
blackened by extension of the dorsal stripe. These dark
specimens have received the varietal name borealis, but no
line of distinction exists; specimens are found of every
possible intermediate tint. In the North of Ireland, with
males of the ordinary brighter colour, are females with the
hind wings almost totally dark grey. A very curious variety
has been taken near Belfast by Mr. C. A. Watts, a male
with fore and hind wings whitish, very nearly transparent,
and altogether contrary to the general tendency of its varia-
tions. Dark specimens occur casually in the south—one
reared from a larva found at Folkestone has the hind wings
grey, even bluish-grey toward the hind margin; and a speci-
men reared by Mrs. Bazett, from a larva found in Hampshire,
has the hind wings divided in colour down the middle; the
outer half being grey, the inner bright red.

On the wing in May and June, and again, as a partial
second generation, at the end of July and in August. There
is even a record of the rearing of a third generation in Sep-
tember.

Larva stout, but tapering off a little in front. Head small,
smoky black, mouth yellow or reddish ; body purplish brown

276 LEPIDOPTERA,

or smoky brown, with the segmental divisions darker; a yel-
lowish interrupted dorsal line, and a row of faint spots of the
same colour indicating the spiracular line, hardly visible ;
whole body thickly clothed with light brown hairs, which
spring in tufts from the usual raised spots, but form an even
surface, being close and very abundant ; legs blackish. When
half grown, however, the general colour is bluish grey with
the hairs shorter, more bristly, and less noticeable, but with
dorsal and spiracular stripes yellow.

July to May, the full grown larve retiring to hybernate
at the roots of plants and remaining quiescent till February
or March, when the first bright days bring them out to sun
themselves before spinning up. But a proportion feed more
rapidly than the rest, becoming full grown in about a month
from the hatching of the eggs, and producing the perfect
insects late in the summer. Young larvee from the eggs of
this later brood hybernate in the same manner as the rest,
and, so far as is known, emerge almost as early in the following
season. On plantain, dock, yarrow, and almost all low
growing plants, even Listera ovata. This larva is extremely
active, running with great swiftness and travelling sometimes
long distances, especially when full fed and before hybernating.
But in the spring its activity on a sunny bank is very pretty
to see. It is moreover extremely hardy, and has been found
frozen, and completely enclosed in ice, without injury to its
vitality.

Pupa stout; black, with the hinder edge of each segment
rather paler, thorax much rounded. Ina rather dense cocoon
of brownish silk among low plants near the ground, often
attached to a leaf or stalk.

The moth is a restless creature, very active on its feet, and
will sometimes run over the grass almost as fast as its larva.
It also flies a little in the sunshine with rather a heavy
buzzing action, but is far more active at night, flying freely
at midnight, and coming readily to a strong light. It frequents

“ARCTHDZ. 277

the open parts of woods, hill-sides, marshy meadows, mountains,
and all sorts of wild uncultivated spots. Not often observed
in the moth state, though a rough wind will sometimes drive
it on a sunny day from its haunts to shelter in corners close
to houses. Very widely distributed, and probably to be found
in suitable places all over the United Kingdom, since it is
recorded from the south coast to the Orkneys, and in many
parts of Ireland. Abroad its range is extremely wide:
throughout Europe, Eastern, Northern, and Western Asia,
and, in North America, throughout the United States and
Canada to the Hudson’s Bay Territory, Specimens from the
last named district have been called rubricosa, but they present
no special varietal features. Another form, of slightly different
colour, has received the name of fervida. The dark variety
found in Scotland, and called borealis, occurs also in Lap-
land.

Genus 9. SPILOSOMA.

ANTENN& pectinated in the male, with solid, ciliated teeth,
dentate in the female. Thorax stout, abdomen moderately so;
fore wings rather broad, and usually somewhat pointed at the
apex; hind wings ample, rounded.

1. S. mendica, Z.—Expanse 1} to 14 inch. Male
entirely smoky brown, or blackish, with a few blacker dots
in the fore wings ; female semi-transparent, white, with black
dots on all the wings.

Antenne distinctly and closely pectinated in the male,
wholly black ; head covered with long erect scales of a greyish
buff; thorax robust, densely covered with soft erect scales,
smoky brown or blackish; abdomen rather short, tapering,
smoky brown, with a series of blackish bars down the back ;
fore wings rather short and broad, with costal and dorsal
margins slightly rounded; apex bluntly angulated; hind
margin almost perpendicular but faintly elbowed below the
middle and thence rounded off to the anal angle; thinly

278 LEPIDOPTERA.

scaled; smoky brown or smoky black, darkest towards the
costal margin, and with two or three black spots or dots on
the costa, two or three nearer together on the dorsal margin,
one, rather larger, a short distance from the base in the middle
of the wing, and one or more beyond the middle (these last
clearly indicating the usual second transverse line), cilia
smoky brown. Hind wings rounded, smoky brown or blackish,
semi-transparent, sometimes with two or three faintly indicated
black cloudy dots before the hind margin; cilia smoky
brown,

Female, antenne black, very finely dentate; head and
thorax covered with long, fluffy, white scales; abdomen
stout and rounded, white, with a row of black spots down the
back and another down each side. Fore wings thinly scaled
and semi-transparent, clear white, with black dots as in
the male but far more distinct and often more numerous ;
this is more emphatically the case on the hind wings,
where besides an increase in number and size of those near
the hind margin, a central spot is faintly indicated ; and
there is also an additional dot, or even two, below the apex
of the fore wings ; cilia white.

Underside of the fore wings of the male smoky_ brown,
rather paler than above, usually with slight indications of
the black dots, and in addition a central spot to the hind
wings; body grey tinged with yellow; legs black with
yellow tufts beneath: female, wings as on the upperside ;
abdomen white with two rows of distinct black spots; legs
black, the first pair with bright yellow tibiz.

Not generally very variable but liable to local race
variation of a very constant character. Of this nature is
a form known as var. rustica, in which the males are
dull white, creamy white, or very pale brown, instead of
blackish, the females being large and having but few black
dots. This variety, principally found in Ireland, is remark-
ably constant, generation after generation, reared in captivity
in England, producing similar results, the white males

ARCTIDE. 279

almost always having a tinge of colour from creamy to
faintly brownish or being softly clouded with brown or
greyish, but never approaching to the typical form.
Another race has been found in Yorkshire and more particu-
larly in the neighbourhood of Huddersfield, and has been
continued in repeated broods by Mr. G. T. Porritt, having
the males of a deep sooty black, with blacker blotches or
spots, and a row of small blotches on the hind wings; and
the females strongly ornamented with an increased number
of black dots, the ordinary spots also enlarged into cloudy
blotches and the whole showing a strong tendency, in both
sexes, to form themselves into the first and second transverse
lines, common to so many species, or into cloudy bands, while
some specimens are also strongly clouded with blackish
towards the hind margin. These, however, are extreme
variations; with them are many normal and intermediate
specimens. A form intermediate between the type and
the var. rustica has been reared by Mr. R. Adkin by
crossing. A pretty variety of the female is obtained in
Oxfordshire by Mr. A Sidgwick, in which the usual costal
dots have become perfectly round spots, larger in size, united
by a black line, and placed at accurately regular intervals.
Mr. S. Webb has a female specimen with numerous large
roundish marginal grey spots; others thickly scaled and
with smoky margins; and one which has but a single black
dot on each fore wing. Mr. C. A. Briggs has also a single-
dotted female, but its fore wings have the costa smoky black,
broadly so at the base; and a male, originally in Mr. B.
Cooke’s collection, of a white colour, but with the black dots
as sharply marked as in the female. From a larva found
near Durham Mr. J. Gardner has reared a greyish-white
male of quite a different tone of colour from the var.
rustica. Mr. J. E. Robson has a female from the same
district having the fore wings clouded with pale brown
and the black spots reduced in number to two upon the
median nervure; its fore wings are moreover very broad

280 LEPIDOPTERA.

and almost ovate. Of var. rustica the Rev. W. F. Johnson
has obtained, at Armagh, a male of a creamy white, but with
nearly the whole fore wings, and the hinder half of the
hind wings, softly clouded with grey between the nervures;
specimens almost as pale as this have been reared by
Mr. Charles Fenn from larve found at Eltham, Kent, and
others are reported from Epping Forest.
On the wing in May and June.

Larva short and rather stout. Head round, shining light
brown ; body dull greyish brown, with the tubercular spots
paler brown ringed with grey; hairs short and _ soft,
extremely dense, golden brown; spiracles pale, ringed with
black ; beneath them is a row of white dots; legs and
prolegs yellowish brown. Excessively active. When
alarmed it drops down and curls into a ring for a short
time, then uncurls and glides away with such smoothness
and rapidity as to seem to slide.

June to August upon low plants generally, but partial
to dock, chickweed, plantain and red nettle, and will at
times eat the leaves of birch.

Pupa short, thick, and swollen in the middle, very blunt
behind, but having a short straight spike; shining black-
brown. In a thin cocoon of silk mixed with the larval hairs,
fitting as closely as possible, so as almost to squeeze the
pupa. Among rubbish, on weedy banks, or under any slight
protection. In this state through the winter.

A sluggish species and, so far as the male is concerned,
very rarely captured in the imago state. The female is often
taken, having a habit, when part of her eggs are laid, of
flying lazily in the sunshine, when she is very conspicuous.
The male has also, though rarely, been found flying in the
daytime, but its time of flight is after dusk and through
the night, and it comes now and then to a strong light.

Very widely distributed, and often common, in all the

ARCTHDA. 281

Southern counties as far north as Cambridgeshire, Oxford-
shire, and Gloucestershire ; still widely distributed, though
much less common, in Norfolk, Suffolk, Herefordshire,
Leicestershire, Derbyshire, and Glamorganshire. Local but
sometimes common in Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, on
the coast of Durham, Northumberland, and Cumberland.
In Scotland common in Aberdeenshire, and found in the
Solway, Tweed, and Tay districts, and as far north as West
Ross. Scottish specimens appear to be of the normal type.
In Ireland very widely distributed in the counties of Cork,
Kerry, Waterford, Wicklow, Dublin, Limerick, Armagh, and
Antrim, but never common. Almost every specimen of the
male there met with has been of the pale variety rustica, but
there is a single record of the occurrence of a normal blackish
example. Common throughout Europe, except in the colder
portions of the north and the extreme south, also in
Siberia, Asia Minor, and other parts of Northern Asia. The
pale variety rustica is said to be common in Eastern Hungary.

2. S. lubricepeda, Z.—Expanse 1} to lj inch. Pale
buff; fore wings with an oblique stripe of black dashes
running across the wing to the tip; hind wings with two or
three black spots.

Antenne of the male very shortly pectinated, wholly black;
head and thorax densely covered with raised buff-coloured
scales; abdomen tapering, dull yellow, with a row of black
spots down the middle of the back, and another down each
side. Fore wings broad with all the margins very slightly
curved, apex bluntly angulated, hind margin oblique, anal
angle rounded but rather full; colour buff; an elongated
black spot lies on the costa near the base, and another beyond
the middle; opposite the first, at the base, are one or two
black dots placed perpendicularly, opposite the second is a
faint discal spot; from the middle of the dorsal margin arises
a row, or tapering stripe, of black spots, which regularly
diminishing in size, or distinctness, passes obliquely across

282 LEPIDOPTERA.

the wing towards the apex, and is frequently continued to
the apex by junction with another row of short black streaks,
but in other cases avoids this apical row of streaks and
curves inward to the second costal spot—thus forming a
(normal) second line; outside this, and close to the hind
margin, are a few minute black dots varying in number from
one or two to aslender row ; cilia yellow. Hind wings rather
broad, with the apex and hind margin rounded; whitish buff,
deepening in colour towards the dorsal margin; having a
blackish central spot, and, usually, one, two, or three similar
small spots near the anal angle; cilia yellow. Female slightly
larger, with simple black antennze; wings paler, almost
creamy white, markings similar.

Underside paler than the upper in both sexes; discal spots
of the fore wings distinct, and also an oblique row of black
spots corresponding with a portion of the oblique row on the
upper side, but shorter, and with the spots broader and
blacker; sometimes a second spot, beyond the discal, is
visible, but the remaining spots of the upper side are
not reproduced. In the hind wings the spots of the upper
side are strongly emphasised; abdomen pale buff or whitish
with two rows of small black dots; legs black with large
tufts of buff scales on the tibize.

Variable in colour, in the male from rich ochreous to
greyish-buff, in the female from pale greyish-buff to white ;
also in the number and intensity of the black spots, particu-
larly those of the oblique stripe, most of which are frequently
obsolete on the upper side, but show through from beneath ;
in other cases these are intensified and extended, the com-
pleted row curving to the costa and forming a normal “ second
line,” while another row makes its appearance near the base»
crossing the wing perpendicularly from the black costal spot
and forming a normal “ first line.” In a specimen found at
King’s Lynn, these lines are very strongly shown in short
black blotches, with a similar continuation to the apex of the
wings and a hind-marginal row of blotches. This form has

ARCTIIDE. 283

become recurrent in some parts of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire,
and in some cases very strongly marked indeed, the hind wings
also being furnished with additional spots, in some cases to
the extent of producing a long curved central line or stripe.
Occasionally, in the London suburbs, specimens occur with
the hind wings equally strongly spotted or blotched, the fore
wings being comparatively normal, but in these cases the
underside is very strongly marked. Between the strongly
marked and ordinary specimens every possible intermediate
gradation is found. Very different from these, and forming
a most remarkable aberrant race, is the variety known as
zatima, Cramer, radiata, Haworth, and great has been the
interest and even excitement aroused by it within the last two
or three years. In it the usual black dots or dashes and the
oblique fascia are obliterated, but from the hind margin, run
inward bars of smoky black occupying the spaces between
the nervures, so that radiating black bars occupy the whole
marginal area of fore and hind wings, except the nervures,
in a varying degree, sometimes to the middle of the wings,
and occasionally running almost to the base of the hind,
though the middle of the fore wings always remains buff.
The costal and dorsal margins are black, and with the extended
black colour, the sharply defined creamy white nervures, and
the yellowish cilia, this variety forms an object well worthy of
the admiration it has excited. The first specimen seems to
have been obtained early in the century by Mr. Haworth,
from Yorkshire ; this is now in the collection of Dr. Mason at
Burton-on-Trent. In 1837 the late Mr. J. C. Dale obtained
specimens from Saltfleet, Lincolnshire. These it was stated
had been reared, with more ordinary specimens, from larvee
fed on elder (Sambucus). More recently Mr. W. H. B.
Fletcher has obtained similar specimens from Mablethorpe,
Lincolnshire, and Mr. G. Dawson has reared one from a
Cumberland larva. Other examples are in the collection of
the late Mr. F. Bond. Several years ago (1891) a specimen
was reared from among a mixed lot of English pupee by Mr.

284 LEPIDOPTERA.

J. Harrison of Barnsley, and, as it was a female, he tried the
experiment of pairing it with a male of the strongly marked
Yorkshire form, with normal markings. The result was
satisfactory—a series varying from the extreme (radiata)
black and rayed variety, through the more strongly marked, to
ordinary and typical specimens. By selection in breeding
he, to a great extent, eliminated. the ordinary forms, and
obtained a breed of pure radiata. Eggs from these forwarded
to Mr. W. H. Tugwell furnished grand results, the variety
not only breeding freely, and purely, but increasing in size,
and also producing a full second generation in the year.
Very beautiful specimens have been provided, by both gentle-
men, for the purposes of this work. Outside these well-
ascertained forms variation is slight; Mr. S. J. Capper has a
white female from Cheshire, wholly devoid of markings; and
others with the fore wings immaculate. Specimens in many
collections in which black lines or stripes run along the costal
and dorsal margins, or with the markings elongated into
short streaks and bars, are merely advances towards the
extreme variety already noticed.

On the wing in June. Occasionally a second generation
is reared, in confinement, in the autumn.

Larva rather even in thickness; head round, brown ; mouth
black ; body greyish brown, densely covered with hairs, which
are reddish brown, rather even in length; dorsal line pale
reddish, very faintly indicated; a broad dirty yellow spira-
cular stripe occupies the lower portion of the sides down to
the legs; spiracles white ; legs yellowish brown. When very
young uniformly pale yellowish; as it grows it becomes
greyish, and gradually brownish, with the hairs pale, short and
bristly, and the spiracular line white. Always very smoothly
nimble and active in its movements—hence its name.

July to September, on low-growing plants. Especially
attached to gardens; feeding mainly on weeds but not dis-
daining any herbaceous plant, often most destructive to ferns

ARCTIIDA 285

in ferneries and greenhouses ; also eating the leaves of shrubs,
bushes, and even young trees, and a whole brood has been
found feeding upon the leaves of the fig-tree, which in this
country seems to be attacked by no other lepidopterous insect.

Pura stout, stumpy, with rounded abdomen, tail blunt, but
with several very short bristles ; shining dark red-brown. In
a closely-fitting cocoon of silk mixed with the larval hairs;
among rubbish or under any slight shelter. Remaining in
the pupa state through the winter.

A sluggish insect in the daytime, sitting about on walls
and among plants, flying soon after dusk and through the
night, readily attracted by any light.

Extremely plentiful in the south of England, including the
metropolis, and common throughout the country to the north-
west of Scotland, though scarce or absent in the north-east
of that country. Also common throughout reland. Abroad
it ranges over all the temperate portions of Northern Europe,
Central Europe, Southern Russia, Tartary, and Siberia,
Probably, taking new climatal variations, its range is still
wider. A form known as S. tigrina from Southern India igs
of the same shape, proportions, and colour, but its markings,
as is the case with the var. radiata, have taken a different
range, being altered into irregular spots, blotches and longitu-
dinal stripes on the fore wings, and with the hind wing's
much spotted and clouded, the markings being quite indefi-
nite. Another called Dalbergi, also from India, has the shape
and pattern of markings quite normal but colour heightened
by being tinged with reddish, the abdomen sometimes yellow,
sometimes crimson, and the tarsi crimson. This leads to
very similar forms, known as pwnctata, and seriatopunctata,
from Java, none of which seem to furnish satisfactory
points of distinction.

The variety zatima or radiata appears to be confined, besides
England, to Holland and the Island of Heligoland, in which
last locality it is said to be common.

286 LEPIDOPTERA.

3. S. menthastri, Schiffi—LExpanse 14 to 13 inch.
Fore wings white with numerous black dots; hind wings
white with a few small black spots.

Antenne shortly but strongly pectinated in the male,
blackish ; head and thorax densely covered with long fluffy
white scales; abdomen bright yellow with a row of rather
squared black spots down the middle of the back and a row
down each side. Fore wingsbroad, with blunt, almost squared
apex, and gently rounded margins; clear white or creamy
white with numerous black dots which appear to be scattered
promiscuously over the wings, but have really a certain
arrangement which becomes obvious in the more strongly
marked specimens, a curved transverse line of dots becoming
thus visible before the middle, a still. more curved and
elbowed transverse series beyond the middle (forming the
usual first and second lines), a row of short streaks in pairs
running in from the apex, and a row of pairs of short streaks
close to the hind margin; other dots cluster about the end of
the discal cell, or indicate a transverse line near the base of
the wing; cilia white. Hind wings broad and rounded, with
a conspicuous black central spot, and a varying number of
small, often divided, black spots within the hind margin, one
of which near the apex is the most permanent; cilia white.
Female slightly larger with stouter body, and the antennze
very shortly pectinated or dentate, withthe underside greyish ;
otherwise similar. Underside of all the wings white, with
the black dots of the upper side faintly indicated or partially
absent, especially so in the middle portion of the fore wings ;
but the apical row of short streaks is usually distinct, and
the central and sub-apical spots of the hind wings very
pronounced. Abdomen whitish with two rows of black
dots; legs black with dense tufts of white scales on the
tibiee.

Very variable in the size and number of the black dots on the
fore wings, ranging from an almost complete absence thereof
to their increase and aggregation into transverse rows, or

ARCTHDE. 287

elongation into streaks. Nor does there seem to be any fixed
rule as to the order of their suppression, in some individuals
all the dots being absent, except the rows of short streaks
near the apex and hind margin, in others all except those
about the discal cell and in the middle of the wings. One
specimen, captured in London, has the dots few and small
except round the hind margins of all the wings where they
are clustered together, and, with an added row in the cilia,
make a very pretty border. In the hind wings the central
spot and that near the apex seem to be nearly always present,
though the latter is sometimes reduced to a mere speck.
Another phase of variation appears to be local or climatal in
some degree. It is where the fore wings become yellowish
buff, creamy buff, or even of a brownish-ochreous. The
head quarters of this range of variation appears to be in
Lancashire and other parts of the north-west of England, and
in the north of Ireland including Belfast. Specimens from
these districts, varying in tone of colour, also take the usual
variations in number and disposition of the black dots ; and
some of the paler buff forms are rendered more beautiful
by having the nervures broadly white. Doubtless the same
tendency exists in the west of Scotland, for Mr. J. J. F. X.
King has the brownest specimen yet seen, obtained from
that district. Specimens from other parts of Scotland, the
east especially, show a tendency to alteration of the spots into
black streaks lying between the nervures. Mr. W. H. Tugwell
has one such from Forfarshire, and Mr. 8. J. Capper speci-
mens in successive stages, from spots to long black streaks,
brought from the East of Scotland. One specimen, taken in
Scotland seventy years ago by Sir Patrick Walker, and named
Walkeri by Curtis, shows an exaggeration of this tendency
in a remarkable degree, its fore wings being filled in between
the nervures with black in the manner of the var. radiata of
S. lubricepeda. This specimen is now in the collection of
Dr. Mason at Burton-on-Trent. It differs from the variety
just mentioned in having normal white hind wings. Mr.

288 LEPIDOPTERA.

S. Webb has one of which the fore wings are white, but the
hind clouded with black, and in the late Mr. Bond’s collection,
one wholly black, another with the costa and apex smoky
black, and one white with scarcely a single black dot.

On the wing in June, and, rarely, specimens of a second
generation in September. —

Larva moderately stout, tapering slightly in front; head
small, shining black ; body brown, densely covered with long
even hairs of a deep purplish brown; dorsal stripe broad,
orange-red or dull red; legs black; prolegs dark brown
tipped with reddish. When younger of a brighter light
brown with the dorsal stripe yellow or orange, a brown or
greyish sub-dorsal line, and a bluish sub-spiracular line;
spiracles white.

July and August, or when, in rare instances, the moths
emerge in autumn, larve may be found in October; but
they are not known to hybernate in this stage. On all sorts
of low-growing plants, but more especially on weeds in
gardens; where weeds are not tolerated it does not disdain
cultivated plants, but is less destructive than the last
species. Like this also its motions are very rapid.

Pupa stout, with the abdomen much rounded and its
segments drawn close; tail very blunt with short bristles ;
shining dark purplish-brown or blackish-brown. In a soft
but closely fitting cocoon of silk and the long larval hairs, in
sheltered corners and at the foot of walls. In this condition
through the winter.

A very quiet sluggish insect in the daytime, and a most
familiar object, sitting on any wall, fence, or hedge-bank. If
disturbed it draws in its legs and body and feigns death. It
flies strongly after dark and is much attracted by light,
settling on windows and gas-lamps. Hardly so plentiful as
the last species, yet common throughout the country to the
west and north of Scotland, though more scarce or even rare

ARCTIHDA. 289

in the east of that country. Also common in all parts of
Ireland. Found all over the continent of Europe except the
extreme North and South; also in Asia Minor, Armenia,
Siberia, Tartary, Japan, and Abyssinia. From Japan a form,
called punctarwm, Cramer, with redder coloured abdomen,
and the arrangement of spots quite unstable, appears to be no
more than a variety of this species, and very probably the
same may be said of S. virginica, which is of the same shape
and proportions, but has the fore wings pure white except a
single faint dot at the apex of the discal cell, and generally
three black spots on the hind wings; and is apparently the
representative of this species throughout North America.

4. S. urticee, Hsp., papyratia, Marsh.—Expanse 1 to
lginch. Fore wings rather narrow and pointed, white with a
few black dashes near the costa; hind wings white, spotless.

Antenne of the male very shortly pectinated, upper side of
the shaft white, under side and pectinations black. Head
and thorax covered with loose, fluffy, raised white scales.
‘Abdomen yellow with the tip whitish, a row of squared black
spots down the middle of the back, and another row down
each side. Fore wings rather narrow, costal and dorsal
margins very slightly curved, apex produced to a blunt point,
hind margin rounded but oblique; white with the faintest
possible tinge of creamy toward the costal margin, one black
dot near the middle of the costa, occasionally a few black dots
scattered over the middle area of the wing, and often a short
row of fine black streaks running in from the apex; cilia
white. Hind wings rounded, entirely white. Female similar,
with threadlike antennz very slightly dentated. Underside
of all the wings white, sometimes with the spots of the upper
side of the fore wings faintly indicated, that toward the
middle of the costa and two or three before the apex dis-
tinctly so; hind wings with a black central spot or lunule
which is not visible above; abdomen yellowish-white with

VOL. I. i

290 LEPIDOPTERA.

two rows of black spots; legs with the tibize covered with
long, fluffy, white scales, the tarsi black outside, white within.

Not very variable, though there is a tendency to suppression
of the few black dots of the fore wings, that close to the
middle of the costa being the most permanent, but it is
often reduced to a mere point. Mr. F. J. Hanbury has
Specimens of a pure spotless white, reared from larvae
obtained in Kent. In Mr. 8. Stevens’s collection is one with
several extra black spots at the base and near the costa, and
upon the hind wings a large distinct black spot as in
Menthastri, yet with the narrow wings of the present
species. Specimens are known having a collection of dots or
even a number of short black streaks along the wing not far
from the costa, but their nativity does not appear to have
been clearly established. In the collection of Mr. Auld is a
specimen in which the usual black spots down the back of
the abdomen are replaced by white, so far as I know a
unique aberration.

On the wing in June.

Larva cylindrical, rather elongated; head round, black;
mouth yellow; body dark purple-brown, tubercular spots
black, abundantly tufted with bunches of blackish-brown
hairs of equal length ; spiracles distinctly white ; legs brown,
prolegs yellow.

July and August on Lysimachia vulgaris, Mentha aquatica,
Rumexz hydrolapathum, Pedicularis, Iris, and many other fen
and marsh plants, preferring those which grow under the
shelter of sallow and other bushes.

Pupa similar to that of the last species, but very short and
stumpy ; deep dark chocolate-brown, the spiracles showing as
oval pale brown streaks on each segment. In a soft, rather
loose cocoon of brown silk and larval hairs, among rubbish
and dead leaves at the roots of plants. In pupa through
the winter.

ARCTIIDZA. 291

Almost confined to fens, marshes, ditch sides, and wet
meadows. Sluggish and rather secret in habits, and seldom
seen in the daytime; it flies at dusk and through the earlier
part of the night and comes rather early to a strong light.
Formerly it is said to have been found in marshy places near
London, especially about the Croydon Canal, the Isle of Dogs,
Plaistow and Hackney Marshes, and it was found at Lea
Bridge in 1859. It may still be met with in wet places at
Sheerness and elsewhere in Hast Kent; near Lewes and
Brighton, Sussex ; and at Kimmeridge, Dorset; but its home
certainly is in the fen districts. At Burwell Fen it used to
be pretty common until the fen was destroyed; at Wicken,
and elsewhere near Cambridge, it still occurs though not in
abundance. Very widely distributed all over the fens of
Norfolk and the borders of Suffolk, and in some places
tolerably common. In Leicestershire it has been found near
Burton-on-Trent ; and in South Wales—on a wet moor, with
numerous ditches, in South Pembrokeshire—larvee were found
in plenty in the year 1854 by Mr. W. H. Blandford. They
were, however, very unhealthy, many were to be seen dead on
the plants, and of those secured the majority died, so that
but few moths were reared. Possibly this western locality is
the extreme verge of its range in that direction. In Scotland
it is rare, but Dr. White testifies to having seen a specimen
from West Ross. It is also recorded from the Solway and
Clyde districts, one specimen even by the river Kelvin, near
Glasgow. I know of no instance in Ireland. Abroad it
is found throughout central and the temperate portions
of Northern Europe, including Western France, North Italy,
and Bulgaria, also in Southern Russia, Tartary, China and
Japan, though specimens from the latter countries pass
under the name of Sangaica (Walker).

292 LEPIDOPTERA.

Family 8. LIPARIDZE.

Antennze of the males rather short, curved downwards or
back, strongly pectinated ; of the females very short, slightly
pectinated or dentate; fore wings broad, often ovate; hind
wings much rounded.

Larv hairy, generally brightly coloured, usually with
prominent tufts of hairs, and frequently with two fleshy
protuberances on the twelfth segment.

Pur# usually with tufts of straight hairs, especially on the
dorsal region ; in a cocoon of silk and larval hairs.

Genus 1. PORTHESIA.

Antenne of the males much curved and strongly pectinated ;
of the females short and very inconspicuous; fore wings
rather short and broad, with long loose hair-like scales on the
dorsal margin; hind wings short and much rounded ; bodies
of males rather slender, of females very stout, in both with a
thick dense terminal tuft of scales.

Larva with dense tufts of bright coloured hairs.

Pup#& hairy; in a slight tough cocoon of silk, interwoven
with short brittle hairs.

1. P. Chrysorrhoea, /.—LExpanse 1} to 1} inch. Dull
white; abdomen and anal tuft dark brown.

Antenne of the male curved downward, and strongly
pectinated with long, slender, solid teeth, which are fringed
on each side with minute hairs, and towards the end bent
forward, emitting a long slender bristle; the rows of teeth
placed near together and each seeming to be united through
its whole length by the long bristles; shaft white, teeth pale
brown. Head and thorax covered with very loose fluffy

ILIPARIDE. 293

snow-white scales which overhang the base of the abdomen;
its remaining portion being dark brown, with a spreading
dark golden-brown anal tuft. Fore wings broad, somewhat
triangular, with the costal and dorsal margins nearly straight,
apex rounded, hind margin rounded and oblique; dull silky
white, with a thickly-scaled glistening appearance in a cross
light, and with a very faint tinge of brownish towards the
costal margin, which tinge, in preserved specimens, gradually
increases and extends to the nervures; usually spotless. A
fringe of long white scales on the dorsal margin stands up
over the back when the wings are closed; hind wings ample,
round, spotless, dull silky white; cilia all white. Female
similar, but having upon the short antenne distinct though
short pectinations ; abdomen stout and cylindrical with a stall
larger rounded anal tuft or bunch of dense golden-brown
scales. Underside of all the wings snowy white, in the
males with a smoky black stripe along the costa; body rather
silvery white except the brown apical tuft; legs whitish with
long tufts of pure white scales.

Variation very slight, but occasionally a small black dot is
visible at the apex of the discal cell of the fore wings, and
two or three short blackish streaks near the anal angle. In
the collections of the late Messrs. Doubleday and Bond are
specimens having three black dots placed triangularly at the
apex of the discal cell; Mr. 8S. Webb has some with the short
black streaks at the anal angle, and above them other very
small dots parallel with the hind margin, indicating a normal
second line, and Mr. C, A. Briggs has specimens having both
the discal dots and the dotted indications of the second line,
the dots placed singly or in pairs. Other specimens are
known having the base and margins rather brownish.

On the wing at the end of June and in July.

Larva one inch and a half long; nearly cylindrical but
slightly tapering at the extremities; head narrowed and
rather long, with the lobes pointed in front, grey, with a

204 LEPIDOPTERA.

darker spot in the upper part of each lobe; body dark brown
with an irregular blackish dorsal line interrupted by a raised
red tubercle on the third, fourth, tenth and eleventh
segments, each tubercle bearing a short tuft of hairs; sub-
dorsal and spiracular lines represented by rows of yellowish-
browz spots, and between these rows an interrupted line of
white spots or crescents; immediately above the feet is a
third row of round yellowish spots. The spots and the body
generally clothed with short reddish-brown hairs. Some-
times the body, from the fourth segment, is of a pale bluish-
grey, the anterior portion being light brown, but the mark-
ings remain unaffected.

August or September to June, constructing a nest when
very small, in which to hybernate. This is usually effected
gregariously, the nest being placed near the ground among
the stems of bushes. Other nests are made by the larve, as
they grow, for security while changing their skins, and they
remain in companies till well grown. On hawthorn and
blackthorn, and even bramble. But in those seasons in
which it abounds the larvee feed freely on rose, on all sorts
of fruit trees, and, upon the coast, on the sea-buckthorn
(Hippophae rhamnoides).

Pura blackish-brown, with some small tufts of hairs on the
back and sides. In a thin, tough, dirty-brown cocoon, among
the twigs of its food-plant. Sometimes five or six cocoons
are enclosed in a common web in a hawthorn bush, and when
the larva has been plentiful they are to be found in all parts
of the bush. With the silk composing the cocoon are inter-
woven the hairs of the larva, which become brittle, and, when
the bush or hedge is disturbed, are thrown out as a fine dust,
which, sticking to the skin of the hands, face, or neck of a
passer-by, causes an intense irritation, with inflammation
which closely resembles nettle-rash. It is on record that a
thick hawthorn hedge upon which larvee and cocoons have
been abundant, has retained, for months, the power of thus

LIPARIDZ. 295

afflicting any tender-skinned person rashly assaulting it with
the beating-stick. Mr. H. Moncreaff noticed a larva rubbing
its hairs across the scarlet tubercles on its back, and upon
examination found at the base of each tubercle a valve,
opening to a gland from which an oily substance exuded.
This oily substance he found, on being applied to the skin, to
produce at once inflammatory swellings and all the irritation
usually caused by contact with the hairs. This irritating
property appears therefore to be external to the hairs and to
retain its virulence, unimpaired, when dry, and for long
periods. The irritation is usually supposed to be mechanical,
arising from fragments of the hairs sticking into the skin,
but Mr. Moncreaff’s explanation, derived from actual ex-
periment, appears to be the true one.

The moth sits by day upon the bushes, and with its tufted
first pair of legs stretched forward, and long loose dorsal
scales, looks like a pure white entangled piece of down. It
flies at dusk and is readily attracted by a light. It is said to
possess in some small degree the urticating property of the
larva and cocoon, but by no means with equal virulence.
This stinging effect has been ascribed to the dense scales of
the anal tuft, but otherwise to the long hair-like scales of the
inner margin of the fore wings. Persons whose skin is not
tender do not appear to be affected by it.

Apparently almost confined to the southern and eastern
coast counties of England, though found occasionally at
Whittlesford and elsewhere on the low chalk hills of Cam-
bridgeshire. In 1857 it was said to be abundant at Chesham,
Bucks, and there is some reason to believe that its range was
formerly much wider than at present. Its most favoured
district is certainly the coast of Kent and Sussex, and in
some years it has abounded to such an extent in the Isle of
Sheppey, at Herne Bay, Folkestone, Deal, Hastings,
Chichester, and Gravesend, as to become a complete pest,
stripping the hedges of their leaves, and rendering them

296 LEPIDOPTERA.

obnoxious to the innocent pedestrian. It has been taken,
though not commonly, in Wiltshire, Gloucestershire, Somerset,
Devon, Suffolk, Norfolk, and rarely in Yorkshire and Durham.
There are even two records in Scotland, one of them by Sir
Thomas Moncrieff, who secured a male specimen which came
to light at his window. It seems improbable that these
were other than migrating individuals. In Ireland it was
recorded by the late Mr. E. Birchall, but apparently in error.
Abroad it is found in Sweden, throughout Central and
Southern Europe, in Northern Africa, and in Asia Minor.

2. P. auriflua, Fab., Schif.; similis, Staud. Cat.—

Expanse 1} to 13? inch. Glossy white; anal tuft bright
yellow.

Antenne of the male curved down at the apex; very
strongly pectinated, the teeth also bent at their tips and
strongly fringed with fine hairs; pale buff with the shaft
white. Head and thorax covered with long, loose, pure
white scales ; abdomen rather slender, white, with the anal
segment and a large anal tuft bright yellow. Fore wings
broad, with all the margins and the apex smoothly rounded ;
pure, clear, silky white, with the extreme edge of the costa at
the base tinged with smoky black, and a small patch con-
sisting of three spots of the same colour, at the anal angle.
Dorsal margin edged with long hair-like scales of a pure
white and most evanescent. Hind wings slightly elongated,
much rounded, silky white; all the cilia rather long, pure
white. Female larger, but with very short antenne, which
are shortly pectinated; fore wings usually entirely white ;
abdomen very stout, with a still thicker rounded anal tuft of
dense, straight, yellow scales; otherwise similar. Underside
of the fore wings of the male white, with a large smoky
black cloud lying along the costal region, but not reaching
its edge, shaded off across the wings so as to tinge the greater
portion of their area, but leaving the hind margin pure white ;
of hind wings snowy-white; in the female, fore and hind

LIPARIDE. 297

wings alike snowy-white ; body white, except the yellow anal
tuft ; legs thickly and broadly covered with fluffy snow-white
scales down to the claws, especially so in the first pair.

Hardly variable, but, rarely, a smoky black spot appears
near the base at a short distance from the dorsal margin,
and one or two more near the apex or hind margin, the latter
indicating, with the blotch at the anal angle, the position of
a normal second line. One specimen in Mr. 8. Webb’s
collection has such a line faintly indicated as a sort of sub-
marginal band.

On the wing at the end of June and through July. Occa-
sionally examples of a very partial second generation are found
in October.

Larva hairy, stout, cylindrical, compressed at incisions of
seoments, humped, the fifth and sixth segments being the
largest. Ground colour black; dorsal line bright scarlet,
interrupted on the fifth, sixth, and twelfth segments, on which
are slight eminences with white spots; spiracular line dull
red; head black with a yellow spot on the mouth; under-
surface spotted with orange and yellow. All the usual spots
emit tufts of long hairs. (C. Fenn.)

August to June on hawthorn and fruit trees ; but sometimes
on various other trees, more especially beech and oak. The
young larvze live in a common web or nest of their own con-
struction, made of the leaves of their food-plant, two or three
of which they draw together with silken threads, also fastening
them to the twigs in the same manner. They eat only one sur-
face of the leaves, returning to the nest when hunger is satisfied.
In October each young larva makes a small cocoon-like
hybernaculum within a similar nest, which is then formed
under bark, or in a curled leaf near the ground, or else on
the thick stems of the food plant, and in this pass the winter.
On awaking in the spring they gnaw the buds until the leaves
appear, continuing to live gregariously until the last moult,
near the end of May, after which they scatter, and feed openly

298 LEPIDOPTERA.

and conspicuously, returning no more to the nest. The hairs
of the larva have urticating properties, but not to the extent
of those of the preceding species; the most unpleasant effects
being, it is said, produced by the broken up hairs of the cast
skins. Mr. Moncreaff states that the irritation may be
allayed by rubbing the inflamed surfaces with bruised dock
leaves.

Pupa stout, slightly hairy, tapering rather rapidly towards
the tail, which is hooked; dark brown, incisions of segments
dull pale brown. In a thin, but tough, silken cocoon of a
brownish colour, placed among leaves or twigs or under any
convenient projection. The larval hairs are not worked into
the cocoon to any considerable extent, and it does not seem
to possess irritant qualities,

The moth sits, in the daytime, upon the bushes on which it
has fed as a larva, in the most conspicuous manner. Yet
with its long and strongly tufted legs stretched out in front,
and the long dorsal scales standing up over its back, bears a
most deceptive resemblance to a white downy feather caught
by athorn. It flies freely at dusk and is readily attracted
by a light. Its flight, however, is slow and rather weak.
Although it may usually be handled freely without incon-
venience, persons having very tender skins have suffered
much from urticating properties which appear to exist in the
dorsal scales, and also in those of the anal tuft, which are
used by the female for the purpose of covering her eggs.

A most abundant species in the South and East of England,
and to be found commonly in the Midlands, and as far north
and west as Lancashire, Cheshire, Herefordshire, Gloucester-
shire and Somerset. In Devon it is said not to be found
west of Torquay and Exeter. Its range in Wales is also
limited, since I never saw it in Pembrokeshire or Carmarthen-
shire. In Yorkshire it is abundant in the eastern district,
local in the western, and in some parts rare, as also it is
in Durham, In Scotland a single specimen was taken by

LIPARIDA. 299

Dr. F. B. White on the shore of the Solway Firth,in Kircud-
brightshire, and another in 1872 at Aberdeen by Professor
Traill. In Ireland it was recorded as common by Mr. K.
Birchall, but no recent record seems to exist. Abroad it is
plentiful, and often destructive, in Central, Southern, and
Eastern Europe, and is found in Armenia, Western Siberia,
Tartary, Northern India, Japan, and even Java.

Genus 2. LIPARIS.

Antenne of males rather curved, strongly pectinated ; of
females hair-like; fore wings very broad and shining, with
nervures swollen; hind wings rounded; abdomen in both
sexes moderately stout ; anal segment very slightly tufted.

1. L. salicis, Z.—Expanse 14 to 2 inches. Wings
shining satiny-white; thorax and abdomen white.

Antenne of the male gently curved, strongly pectinated
with rather straight teeth, which are dark grey or blackish,
the back of the shaft being white; head and thorax covered
with long loose snowy-white scales of a downy softness ;
abdomen rather robust, blackish, somewhat thinly clothed
with silky-white scales. Fore wings broad and ample, with
the costa very slightly rounded; apex blunt; hind margin
oblique, and, with the dorsal margin, gently and gracefully
rounded; pure shining satiny-white without markings;
nervures thickened, especially toward the base; hind wings
rather long and ample, well rounded; clear satiny-white,
with the nervures slightly visible; cilia all white. Female
larger, with slender antenne, which, however, are distinctly,
but obliquely, pectinated, and abdomen stout and rather
thinly covered with scales; otherwise similar.

Underside of body and wings entirely satiny-white ; tibiae
strongly tufted with long white scales; tarsi black, ringed
with white.

When perfectly fresh this species is of a lovely shining

300 LEPIDOPTERA.

white, and well deserves its common name of the Satin moth ;
but in preserved specimens a faintly brownish discoloration
appears in time along the subcostal nervure, and gradually
spreads to the other nervures of the fore wings. Otherwise
it is hardly variable, except that in occasional examples the
whole surface of the wings has a faint tinge of smoky-
blackish from an admixture of minute dark scales among the
white. Mr. 8S. J. Capper has a specimen in which the apex
and hind margin of the fore wings are distinctly shaded with
blackish.
On the wing in July and August.

Larva one and a half inch long; rather flattened above
and beneath; each segment having subdorsal and spiracular
raised spots, or. tentacles, from which arise tufts of short
spreading bristles. Head rounded but distinctly lobed;
dark grey, blacker on the upper portion, with two whitish
spots; lower portion protected by numerous hairs, longer
than those on the body ; second segment whitish or yellowish
in front, red behind; the remaining segments each with a
crimson dorsal spot, immediately followed upon each by a
clear bright white spot, small on the first three segments,
large, broad and conspicuous, sometimes even divided, on the
remainder, except the last, which is black behind the red
spots; each segment having also the raised subdorsal and
spiracular spots of a bright crimson; all the dorsal surface,
round and between the crimson and white spots, is black ;
on each side is a slender clear white longitudinal line, edged
above and below with black; below this is a broad blue
stripe extending to the legs and prolegs, which are also blue ;
this blue stripe encloses the lower row of crimson raised
spots; hairs reddish.

August to June or July upon poplar and willow, and on
the coast upon sallow. The larve hybernate when not
more than a quarter of an inch long; each in a tiny cocoon-
like web in some chink of the bark of the tree on which it

LIPARID A. 301

feeds. On coming out in April from hybernation, they are
so small as to appear as though but just hatched, and are
very dull and dingy in appearance. A fresh silken covering
is prepared for each change of skin up to the fourth. The
larvee feed mainly at night, hiding by day in chinks of bark,
more especially on the underside of branches, where, when
well grown, they are easily seen.

Pura glossy black, with abundant tufts of white hairs
arranged in six rows on the back and sides, four of the rows
commencing from the head. Jn a thin silken cocoon
between leaves, or in the angles of the bark of the trunk, or
branch, of the tree on which the larva has fed, or in any
suitable corner.

The moth sits by day on the trunks and branches of
poplar and willow trees, or on fences, and is quite con-
spicuous and extremely sluggish. At night it flies actively,
comes freely to light, and has even been seen upon the sugar
used to attract Noctuee.

It is extraordinarily and perplexingly irregular in numbers,
appearing in favourite places, such as the Isle of Sheppey, in
certain years, in such multitudes that the poplars are stripped
of their leaves, and the moths in the evening almost remind
an observer of a snow-storm. In other years but few are
seen. These fluctuations are the more difficult to explain
since the larvee are most distasteful to birds, and appear to be
almost exempt from the attack of insect parasites. On the
Continent it is more constant in its numbers, and so injurious
as greatly to check the growth of the poplar and willow
trees, and its destruction is an important part of the duty of
the foresters. Formerly it was plentiful throughout our
Southern counties, including the outskirts of London, where
its beautiful larvee were conspicuous on the undersides of the
branches of every poplar, while in 1857 the willow trees in
and around the suburbs were almost stripped of leaves.
More locally it was also common in the Eastern and Mid-

302 LEPIDOPTERA.

land counties. Now it appears never to be seen around
London, and to have become scarce or extinct in very many
of its old haunts, so that its actual present range is uncer-
tain ; but along the South Coast, and on that of Lancashire, it
is still common. In the fen districts of Cambridgeshire and
Norfolk it is now rarely found, though formerly plentiful.
In the west it extends, or has extended, to Herefordshire,
Gloucestershire, and Somerset, and even very rarely to Devon ;
specimens have also been taken at Barnsley and elsewhere in
Yorkshire, and in Durham. In Scotland it is recorded,
rarely, from Aberdeen, Pitcaple, Inverurie, Peterhead, and
from Ayrshire. In Ireland from Galway. Abroad it is
found throughout Central and Northern Europe—often as a
destructive pest—and in Spain, Northern Italy, Corsica,
Turkey, Southern Russia, Siberia, Tartary, China, and Japan.

(Leucoma V-nigra, /ab.—This species, which is satiny-
white with a black V in the middle of the fore wings, was
recorded as British by Haworth, but his description appears
to indicate that he had before him a pale specimen of the
female Hypogymna dispar. But Stephens correctly describes
it, mentioning several specimens believed to be British, one
of them taken at Bromley, in Kent. Westwood also records
it as taken near Darenth, Kent, and it is well figured as
British by Wood. Thirty years ago the late Mr. H. G.
Baldwin recorded the capture of specimens of the nativity of
which he felt satisfied, as follows:—“I have a specimen
which was given me by Mr. 8. Jessop, of Rawmarsh. ‘The
insect was taken twenty years ago in Tinsley Park, between
Rotherham and Sheffield, by a man named Siddell, who did
not know the value of the moth he had captured. Mr. Jessop
informs me that he met him early in the morning and asked
what he had in his box, which, being opened, revealed four
or five specimens of vau-nigrwm (at the time considered by
them to be only S. salicis), They were pinned with large
common pins and some were alive, not having been killed by

LIPARIDZ. 303

the pinch they had received under the thorax.” However
it may have been fifty years ago, there is no reason to
suppose that this species has at any more recent period
inhabited this country).

Genus 3. HYPOGYMNA.

Antennz short; fore wings of the male short and very
broad, of the female long and rather ovate; hind wings
rounded; thorax and abdomen of male slender, of female
very stout.

1. H. dispar, Z.—Expanse of male 1} to 1? inch; of
female 12 to 24 inches. Male, body slender, wings broad,
pale brown clouded with dark brown and having rippled
lines; female, body stout, wings long, whitish with rippled
lines and a central black V-mark.

Antennz of the male short, stiff, inclining forward,
curiously curved with the tip pointing downward or backward,
strongly pectinated with solid, long, curved teeth, each tooth
densely ciliated with fine hairs and tipped with longer
bristles, the two rows of teeth being placed more than
ordinarily close together; brown, the shaft sometimes rather
paler. Head, and slender thorax, dark brown covered with
rather long, loose, raised scales; abdomen slender and taper-
ing, dark brown with a rather long brown anal tuft. Fore
wings short and very broad with rounded costal and hind
margins, blunt apex, and nearly straight dorsal margin; pale
umbreous or whitish-brown, almost covered with a clouding
of dark brown and rippled dark-brown lines; nervures
usually darker brown; at the base is generally a brown or
black dot or two, followed immediately by a transverse row
of brown dots, beyond which is the usual first line, dark
brown or black, irregular and undulating ; the second line is
also dark brown, rippled, curved, and scalloped throughout,
and precisely imitated by another transverse line placed half-

304 LEPIDOPTERA.

way between it and the hind margin; the space beyond this
being clouded with dark brown. Between the first and
second lines is usually a broad ill-defined central brown cloud,
crossing the wing and partially obscuring a black dot in the
discal cell and a black crescent or V-mark at the extremity
of the cell. Cilia brown with regular, almost squared, black-
brown spots, which are sometimes very faint. Hind wings
rather long, much rounded, pale brown or umbreous, with
darker brown nervures, and sometimes a cloudy brown band
along the hind margin, most distinct upon the nervures; cilia
pale brown, sometimes dappled with darker.

Female extremely different (hence its name). Antenne
short, and shortly but distinctly pectinated, not curved down ;
black. Head and thorax downy in appearance from abund-
ance of soft, raised, yellowish-white, or brownish-white
scales; thorax robust; abdomen very stout and heavy,
brownish-white shading to browner towards the anal segment,
which is broadly and bluntly tufted with dense yellow-brown
scales. Fore wings longer and rather narrower than in the
male, very ovate, margins all rounded, apex hardly angulated ;
white, faintly tinged with brownish, especially towards the
costa; first and second transverse lines rippled and scalloped
throughout, the second deeply so; between them is a cloudy
transverse central stripe which crosses a distinct black V-
shaped mark at the extremity of the discal cell; between
this mark and the first line is a round brown spot in the cell,
and another lies at the base of the median nervure; outside
the scalloped second transverse line is another, similar, much
less distinct, often partially obliterated ; and on the costa are
three brown spots or blotches, from which arise, respectively,
the two transverse lines and the central shade ; cilia whitish,
chequered with broad, squared, dark brown spots. Hind
wings shorter than in the male, semi-transparent whitish ;
nervures faintly brownish; cilia whitish, with a row of dark
brown spots.

Underside of the male—all the wings pale brown, rather

| LIPARIDE. 305

darker towards the hind margins; fore wings with a large ill-
defined central lunule or V-mark, and beyond it faint cloudy
indications of the second transverse line; hind wings with an
angulated or lunate central spot; cilia all pale brown spotted
with darker; body and legs very pale brownish. Female
with the underside of all the wings dirty white, shaded with
brownish toward the costal margins, and in the fore wings
with faint indications of the markings of the upper side ;
cilia whitish spotted with brown.

Variation in the male is mainly in the intensity of the
brown ground colour, which sometimes is very pale or
even becomes whity-brown, the central shade and hind
marginal space remaining dark brown. More rarely the
whole of the fore wings is clouded with blackish-brown,
obliterating the markings, but the base usually remains
paler. In the female variation manifests itself mainly in the
greater or less distinctness of the transverse lines and shade,
which in some specimens are strikingly distinct, in others
hardly perceptible ; but however faint the other markings
may be, the black discal V is nearly always distinct. Great
numbers of reared specimens have been found to exhibit, in
the hind wings, a large notch or circular piece apparently cut
from the margin. ‘This has occurred in specimens believed
to be derived from a native source, but which had been
in-bred for so many generations that apparently the strain
had become exhausted, and there has probably now been for
some years no remnant of the British race. A gynandrous
specimen is in the collection of Mr. 8. Webb, its right side
being female, left male.

On the wing in August.

Larva moderately stout, cylindrical, lateral spots raised
into tubercles emitting bunches of very long black, and
shorter brown, hairs; dorsal spots with bunches of black
bristles. A tubercle on each side of the head emits a bunch
of very long hairs pointing forward; head extremely large,

VOL. Il. U

306 LEPIDOPTERA.

rounded, not shining. Body black or dark brown dusted with
whitish or pale yellow ; subdorsal spots enlarged and forming
a pair of tubercles on each segment, dark blue on the second
to the sixth, and deep claret-coloured on the seventh to the
twelfth ; dorsal and subdorsal lines whitish, ill-defined; head
yellow, much marbled with black or dark brown, and with a
conspicuous dark brown dash on each side of the face; legs
reddish brown; pro-legs tinged with pink or dull orange.
(C. Fenn.)

April to July on sweet gale, hawthorn, elm, oak, lime,
willow, sallow, blackthorn and other trees and bushes, but
especially on apple, plum and other fruit trees. The winter
is passed in the egg state; after hatching, at the beginning of
April, the young larvee commence at once to grow steadily
and pretty rapidly, feeding vigorously in fine weather, but in
cold or wet weather collecting together in sheltered portions
of the higher branches, where a slight common web is
constructed for temporary shelter. No larva is more
easy to rear in confinement. Abroad it is, in some seasons,
terribly destructive, stripping not only the fruit trees, but
the forest trees, of their leaves, and seriously retarding their
growth.

Pupa rather short and stumpy, cylindrical, then tapering
rapidly off to the tail. Dull brown, with a few slight tufts
of very short hairs on the back. In a thin tough silken
cocoon in the interstices of bark, or in the angles of twigs of
trees.

The male moth flies actively in the sunshine ; its wings are
hardly dry before it proceeds in eager search for the female.
The latter sits quietly close to the cocoon from which she has
just emerged, and very soon commences to lay her eggs, in a
mass, upon the bark or other substance upon which she may
be sitting, covering them carefully with the dense scales of
the abdominal tuft, which she detaches for the purpose. A
very large portion, if not the whole, are usually deposited

LIPARIDA:. 307

before night, when, if at all, she takes flight. It is extremely
doubtful whether this species is now an actual living
inhabitant of these islands. In the first half of the present
century it inhabited the fens of Norfolk, Cambridgeshire and
Huntingdonshire, and was sometimes to be found in great
abundance; but it is not clear that this was more than
a temporary extension of the species to this island. Curtis’s
remarks (about 1830) are as follows: “ At the time Donovan
wrote (1792) these moths were so rare that he could not
obtain British specimens to figure in his work ; it is not easy,
therefore, to conceive the joy I experienced, when a boy, on
finding the locality of the Gypsy Moth. After a long walk I
arrived at the extensive marshes of Horning in Norfolk,
having no other guide to the spot than the beds of Myrica
gale ; and on finding the beds of that shrub, which grows
freely there, the gaily-coloured caterpillars first caught my
sight. ‘They were in every stage of growth, some of them
being as large as a swan’s quill. I also soon discovered the
moths, which are so totally different in colour as to make
a tyro doubt their being legitimate partners ; the large loose
cocoons were likewise very visible, and on a diligent search I
found bundles of the eggs covered with the fine down from
the abdomen of the females, which is said to be scratched off
by the males, to protect them as soon as they are laid. With
eggs, caterpillars, chrysalides, and moths, I soon returned,
enjoying unmixed delight in my newly-gained acquisitions,
and looking forward with pleasure to the feeding and rearing
my stock the following year.”—“ British Entomology,” p. 767.
There is something so genuine and hearty about this account
that I reproduce it exactly, though it is hardly necessary to
explain that the male is not so well trained as to undertake
the office of covering the eggs with down—this is the work
of the female. The Rev. E. C. F. Jenkins, writing in 1859,
says: “Thirty years ago the fens about Whittlesea Mere were
most interesting... . the moth J. dispar was very plenti-
ful.” The late Mr. H. Doubleday recorded that it disappeared

308 LEPIDOPTERA.

there about 1836, and had not been seen since. Also that
when he was at Yaxley Fen in 1839, “ the larvae swarmed on
the gale and dwarf sallows. In 1846 it was still common
there. In 1845 Mr, F. Bond found it abundantly at the same
place and at Holme and Ramsey Fens, and about the same
time it was found by the Rev. L. Jenyns at Burwell Fen.
No later records of its appearance in any numbers in this
country seem to exist, and it must have disappeared almost
entirely from the fen districts about 1850. These fen
specimens seem to have been of large size, and of so vigorous
a race that their descendants are claimed to have been
continued, brood after brood, to quite a recent period. If so,
they soon fell off in size, but the numbers of eggs and
larvee obtained were so great that again and again batches
were turned out in various parts of the country, including
their old fen haunts, but apparently without any effect in re-
establishing the species. In 1872 Dr. F. D. Wheeler found
two larve on hawthorn at Monkswood, Hunts; another was
found near Cherry Hinton, Cambridge, by the Rey. G. H.
Raynor about 1875; a few more were found on hawthorn in
Warwickshire in 1885; and several other captures of larvee,
more or less dubious, are on record. In 1870 a female moth
was taken, sitting ona birch trunk in the New Forest, by Mr.
A. Ficklin, and Mr. W. Holland captured a male flying in a
wood near Odiham, Hants ; and in 1887 a female was obtained
sitting on an oak in the New Forest. Two female specimens
are recorded from Brampton Wood, Huntingdon, about 1870,
and other solitary captures appear to have been made,
at different times, at Wigmore Wood and Chattenden, Kent ;
but in all these cases there has been room for doubt whether
the specimens captured were genuinely wild, or the result of
larvee turned out in the hope of establishing a colony.
Abroad it is found, often most abundantly, almost all over
the Continent of Europe, Northern Africa and Northern and
Western Asia. From Japan a large form is obtained—and
called Japonia—and a small one, named wmbrosa—neither of

LIPARIDA. 309

which appears to be specifically distinct from that under
notice.

Genus 4. PSILURA.

Antenne short, curved back ; fore wings elongated, broad
and ample; hind wings hardly rounded; abdomen of the
male rather stout at the base, rapidly tapering; of the female
stout, with the apex very sharply pointed.

1. P. monacha, Z.—Expanse of male 14 to 1? inch, of
female 12 to 24 inches. Fore wings white, with thick black
transverse lines abundantly broken into arches ; hind wings
whitish with spotted margin; abdomen dull red.

Antenne of the males prominent, rather curved back,
strongly pectinated with long solid curved teeth, of which the
two rows lie parallel and almost touching each other ; the shaft
dark grey, becoming whitish towards the tip, the long pec-
tinations pale grey. Head thickly covered with loose creamy-
white scales; thorax white, with a black stripe across the
collar, three deep black spots placed triangularly on the back,
and a blackish stripe down each shoulder ; abdomen stout at
the base, but tapering rapidly, and slender in its hinder
portion; pale crimson, shading off to whitish at the base, and
with a row of black spots down the middle of the back,
which spread into black bars on the hinder segments. Fore
wings broad, elongated, with rounded costa, blunt apex, hind
margin rounded and very oblique, and dorsal margin nearly
straight; glossy white with abundant black arched markings
—a black blotch at the extreme base followed by three or
four small roundish black spots forming a sort of irregular
cross line; first transverse line broad on the costa, repeatedly
and strongly angulated, second transverse line placed con-
siderably beyond the middle, curving in a wide sweep, but
angulated and scalloped so regularly as to form nearly a dozen
arched and pointed curves in its course; outside it, toward
the hind margin, is a third line, undulating and similarly

310 LEPIDOPTERA.

composed of arches and sharp angles; in the middle of the
wing before the second line is a cloudy black transverse line
or stripe, similarly angulated, and touching, or sometimes in-
cluding, a large lunule at the end of the discal cell; a black
spot lies in this cell close to the first line ; cilia white, spotted
with black. Hind wings moderately broad, not long, rounded,
but with the margin straighter towards the anal angle ; very
pale grey dusted with whitish, and with a narrow, gracefully
curved, darker grey border much indented on its inner side,
and preceded by a whitish ill-defined band ; cilia white with
large black spots.

Antenne of the female black, with short solid pectinations ;
thorax stout ; abdomen also stout, but tapering behind to a
point, which is finished off by a long protruded ovipositor-
sheath. Fore wings decidedly longer than in the male, but not
broader in proportion ; ground colour often slightly creamy ;
black markings more loose and irregular; otherwise similar.

Underside very handsome, the fore wings having a black
stripe along the base of the costa, which is thence broadly
yellowish with two interrupting black spots or blotches;
middle portion dark grey, broken into bands by cross-
bars of yellowish grey, and shading off to whitish along
the dorsal margin ; hind wings whitish faintly tinged with
brown ; two blackish lines from the costal margin merge into
transverse curved stripes which nearly cross the wings, and a
third lies along the hind margin; cilia all white with large
black spots ; under part of thorax brownish white ; of abdomen
pinkish with a row of alternate black and crimson spots
down each side; legs black barred with white.

Variation in this species is confined mainly to the central
cloudy angulated stripe or line of the fore wings, which some-
times is nearly or quite suppressed, at others is thickened,
spread, and intensified in different degrees, forming a broad
black blotch on the dorsal margin, and a series of thick con-
nected blotches or bars extending across the wing, or in some
cases it spreads so as to fill much of the space between the

LIPARIDA.. 311

first and second lines ; in such specimens the other markings
are also thickened and often run into blotches. Another phase
of variation is that of the form well known on the Continent
under the name of eremita, in which the wings are wholly
suffused with smoky black, the markings usually showing
slightly through it. In this country several entomologists,
by assiduously rearing from the darkest forms of a selected
dark stock, have nearly, if not quite, succeeded in producing
this variety. Old specimens nearly approaching to it also exist
in several of the larger collections ; andasingle example was
taken at Brandon in 1875 by Dr. F. D. Wheeler. In the
course of the experiments just mentioned, carried on by
Messrs. Fletcher, Fenn, Hall, and others, for production of
black specimens, other very pretty forms have been evolved,
some of a silky yellowish grey, others with the whole central
area black, or wholly of a pale smoky or a sooty black, and
of these some, not so handsome, have casual irregular white
blotches. It is worthy of note that the black suffusion, when
present, extends equally to the hind wings. Mr. 8. Webb has
a very singular aberration, of normal colouring, but the black
markings are deprived of the usual elongated points, curves
taking their place throughout.
On the wing at the end of July and in August.

Larva stout, hairy, flattened, the lateral spots swollen into
tubercles emitting tufts of dark greyish-brown hairs; dorsal
spots with bunches of inconspicuous blackish bristles ; second
segment with a conspicuous tubercle on each side, projecting
forwards, and furnished with a tuft of long hairs; pro-legs
rather sprawling, the anal pair extended backwards. Whitish,
pale grey, or greenish grey dusted with blackish, with a
broad brown dorsal band extending between the sub-dorsal
lines, which are black and sinuous. This dorsal band is
conspicuously interrupted by a paler blotch of the ground
colour on the fourth, eighth, and ninth segments, and is
divided by the broad inconspicuous dorsal line. The pale

312 LEPIDOPTERA.

blotches are sometimes wanting in the darker varieties.
Third seement with a large, deep velvety-black dorsal patch ;
spiracular line black, appearing vandyked from its uniting
the raised lateral tubercles; above it is a faint greyish line.
Under-surface dull greenish. Head rounded, brown, delicately
reticulated with ochreous, or ochreous dotted with black.
Legs brown, a minute red dorsal tubercle on the tenth and
eleventh segments. A variety has the fourth segment suffused
with whitish and two waved grey lateral lines. (C. Fenn.) Oc-
casionally a black variety occurs, or of mixed brown and black.

April to July on oak, birch, elm, lime, willow, and aspen, also
apple and other fruit trees, and more particularly upon the
various species of pine and fir. Eggs laid in August in the
chinks of the bark of trees, remain in that condition through
the winter, and hatch in April. The young larve are said to
sun themselves upon the tree-trunks for a few days before pro-
ceeding to feed, after which their progress is rapid, but they
continue to resort to the tree-trunks by day Abroad this
Species is sometimes most destructive in fir forests, but is
said to feed only on the mature leaves (needles) and not to
injure the younger shoots.

Pura stout, highly polished; back and abdomen with
numerous tufts of pink hairs; head tufted with black hairs ;
shining bronze-brown. (Fenn.) Sometimes the general
colour is almost black, always brilliantly glossy, and the
tufts of hairs vary in colour from red-brown to yellow. Ina
thin, loose, semi-transparent cocoon of white silk in a chink
of the bark of the tree, frequently upon the trunk, and
distinctly visible.

The moth is almost exclusively attached to woods. It sits
quietly upon tree trunks or branches in the daytime and flies
only at night. When sitting upon a lichen-covered trunk
its black markings on a white ground harmonise wonderfully
with the lichens, so that it is by no means so conspicuous as
might from its appearance be expected. The male is strongly

LIPARIDA. 313

attracted by light, and the female also to a lessextent. Very
widely distributed in England, but not usually very common.
Perhaps most plentiful in the New Forest, Hants, and in
more moderate numbers throughout the southern counties to
Devonshire; less common in the eastern and midland coun-
ties, but found as far west as Swansea, Glamorganshire, and
northward to Lincolnshire and some parts of Yorkshire.
Further north I find no record, and Mr. Birchall’s statement
that it was not uncommon in Ireland appears not to be
confirmed, Abroad it is widely distributed and sometimes
abundant in Central Europe and all the temperate portions
of Northern Europe, in Northern Italy, Spain, and Greece.
It has probably also a very wide range in Asia; from Japan
it is received, quite typical in both sexes; from Northern
India much larger, with typical markings and very handsome,
some of the females expanding to 3} inches, but named
superans, and a slightly different variety, concolor. Another
large form, white, with the markings of the middle of the
fore wings partially obsolete, from Bhotan, is named cara;
it also is found in Sumatra and Borneo. Thus the variation
in Asia appears to be in the direction of whiteness and large
size, with suppression of the black markings, while in Europe
it is in the opposite direction.

Genus 5. LASLIA.

Antenne of the male of moderate length,very strongly pecti-
nated ; of the female short and slender ; fore wings of the male
very broad, of the female much narrower ; legs not tufted.

1. L. ceenosa, Hiib.—Expanse 1} to 1? inch. White;
fore wings of the male clouded with yellowish drab.

Antenne of the male large and prominent, slightly curved ;
very strongly pectinated, the rows of long, solid, ciliated teeth
inclining towards each other; grey with the shaft white;
palpi yellow; head and thorax creamy-white, tinged with
buff; abdomen slender, whitish. Fore wings very broad and

314 LEPIDOPTERA,

squared, with the costa hardly curved, the apex very bluntly
angulated, the hind margin almost straight and hardly
oblique, the dorsal margin rounded; very pale buff or brownish
white, faintly tinged with smoky-brown toward the costa;
nervures rather thickened and slightly tinged with brown ;
above the median nervure is an ill-defined longitudinal stripe
or space of the whiter ground colour, above and below which
are the portions of the wing most tinged with brownish ;
usually devoid of markings, but in some specimens an exceed-
ingly faint angulated row of minute dots indicates the position
of what should be the second transverse line; cilia creamy-
white. Hind wings broad and ample, nearly as long as the
fore wings; rounded ; creamy-white with a faintly brownish
line along the hind margin; cilia white; legs buff. Female
quite different; antenne short, with small distinct black
pectinations; the shaft white; head white, with bright yellow
palpi; thorax and abdomen stout, glossy white. Fore wings
comparatively narrow, with the margins gently rounded and
the apex scarcely angulated; creamy-white or pure white,
with the faintest possible tinge of brownish along the nervures ;
hind wings long and broad, rounded; clear white, with faintly
brownish nervures; cilia all white; legs bright yellow.

Underside of the fore wings in the male greyish-buff, with
the dorsal margin whitish, and the costa tinged with smoky
toward the apex; hind wings creamy-white; cilia white ;
body pale buff or whitish; legs yellowish. In the female
similar to the upper side; legs bright vellow.

Not variable except in the occasional presence of dots,
indicating a transverse line beyond the middle, in the male.
Mr. F. J. Hanbury has several showing this rather distinctly,
and in the collection of the late Mr. F. Bond is one in which
the line of dots is fairly complete, indicating the course of
the line to be from the costa, not far from the apex, to near
the middle of the dorsal margin, with a considerable bend
outward.

On the wing in July.

LIPARIDE. 315

Larva rather short, cylindrical, of tolerably uniform thick-
ness ; head broad, rounded, dull brown, with numerous hairs
pointing forward; second segment with two long tufts of
black hairs projecting forward over the head; on the fifth to
the eighth segments are dense round flat-topped tufts or
brushes of upright hairs, of a light reddish colour, tipped
with dark grey; the anal segment has a large and dense
spreading mass of blackish hairs pointing backward, and over
these is a long similar tuft arising on the twelfth segment ;
body dull olive-brown, with the dorsal stripe black, with
indistinct rows of subdorsal blackish rings, and a general
covering of reddish grey hairs; legs and pro-legs pale brown.

August to June on Cladiwm mariscus, Arundo phragmites,
and other fen grasses.

Pura undescribed ; ina long, slender, rather shuttle-shaped
cocoon, placed upon the stem of its food plant.

The moth sits on fen plants in the daytime, and flies
rather late at night, having a soft, gentle flight. The male
is readily attracted by a strong light; the female is said to
be very sluggish. It is reported to have been first found
in this country by the late Mr. J. C. Dale, in the year 1819,
at Whittlesea Mere, and he afterwards met with it at Yaxley
and Burwell Fens. While Whittlesea Mere continued in
existence the insect was so plentiful that no particular interest
seems to have attached to it and it is hardly recorded, but
doubtless it had existed in that district from an early period.
In Wicken Fen also it was so plentiful that the sedge-cutters
collected and supplied any number of larve at a shilling a
dozen, and in that Fen it was abundant so late as 1860, larvee,
pupee, and imagines all readily found in all parts of the Fen.
In 1865 it had become scarce, and the last larve found
appear to have been in 1871, when two were taken. In
1873 Dr. F. D. Wheeler introduced at Wicken the powerful
attracting lamps now so much in use there, and in that year
the light was visited by forty of the moths, all males. By

316 LEPIDOPTERA.

1874 it had become so rare that four only were taken in that
year, and casual specimens in the following years until about
1880, when there is every reason to fear that it became
extinct. For this the new method of collecting was in no
respect to blame, since the females were not attracted by it.
The cause of this rapid decadence must remain a mystery. It
can only be conjectured that from long isolation the constitution
of the whole local race broke down. So far as these islands
are concerned this species appears to have been absolutely
confined to the small district of Cambridgeshire and Hunt-
ingdonshire containing the fens already specified. In those
of Norfolk, although equally suitable, it does not appear that
it has ever been met with. Abroad it is found in Northern
France, Northern Germany, Hungary, Catalonia, and Bulgaria;
also widely distributed in Asia. Specimens from India and
Java, which are rather small, but which have the row of
black dots in the male complete, have received the names of
angulifera and suffusa; while those from China and Japan,
having a faintly increased tinge of brownish along the costa
in the female, are known as sangarica. A form from Australia,
in which the male is paler in colour and devoid of the dots,
and the female has a tinge of yellowish on the costa, is called
obsoleta ; in all probability it is not specifically distinct.

Genus 6. Dasychira.

Antennee of the male very short, decidedly arched, strongly
pectinated; of female still shorter, and slender; fore wings
elongated and ovate ; thorax and abdomen stout, tufted ; legs
with dense tufts of long scales.

Larv& with extremely dense brushes of dorsal hairs.

Pur# in a tough strong loose cocoon.

1, D. pudibunda, Z.—Expanse of male 14 to 1? inch, of
female 1# to 24 inches, Fore wings greyish white; of male

LIPARIDE. BEF

with avery broad cloudy-grey central band, of female with
two dark grey transverse lines; hind wings white with a
cloudy grey spot; fore legs long, tufted, sprawling.

Antenne of the male gracefully curved, with the tips
downward, strongly pectinated, the two rows of long closely
set teeth rather near together; shaft white, pectinations
bright brown. Head whitish or greyish-white; thorax pale
grey, densely covered with downy scales; collar very broad
and edged behind with dark grey ; at the back of the thorax
isa large smoky black spot ; abdomen whitish, with one, two,
or three black bars on the basal segments. Fore wings rather
broad with gently rounded margins and bluntly angulated
apex; whitish grey, much obscured by transverse dark grey
cloudy markings, a straight indented perpendicular line near
the base; the usual firgt and second transverse lines, which
are very dark grey or blackish, the first rather curved and
partially duplicated, the second more oblique, curved and
angulated in the middle; between these lines is a broad
shaded dark grey central band, enclosing a large reniform
grey spot, edged with black, at the end of the discal cell ;
half-way between the second line and the hind margin is a
more or less distinct rippled, or scalloped, dark grey shaded
line, much broken, and edged outwardly with whitish; cilia
whitish grey spotted with dark grey. Hind wings rounded,
greyish white, with a dark grey cloud from the anal angle
partially or completely crossing the wing, and a dark erey
central lunule; cilia white. Female larger, stouter, and quite
different ; antenne very short, but regularly pectinated with
short teeth; whitish; head, thorax, and abdomen very pale
grey or greyish white. Fore wings ovate with the costa more
rounded ; greyish white or pale grey, with a partial, straight,
transverse stripe from the costa near the base; the first line
thick and strongly marked, bent inward, dark grey or grey-
brown; second line also rather thick, but not so sharply
marked, of similar colour, partly duplicated; the rippled

318 LEPIDOPTERA.

clouds toward the hind margin indistinct; cilia white with
regular black spots. Hind wings white, with the cloudy
transverse band from the anal angle sometimes nearly com-
plete, and with an indistinct central lunule; cilia white,
sometimes spotted with grey or black. Underside glossy
greyish white, tinged with grey towards the base of the fore
wings; in the male all the wings have a distinct black central
lunate spot, that of the fore wings being large and elongated ;
beyond this is a dark grey, or blackish, stripe from the costa
half way across each wing; in the female the lunate spots
and the cross stripe are greyer and less distinct, but the first
and second transverse lines are visible; cilia white, spotted
toward the apex of the fore wings with black; body whitish ;
the legs, especially the first pair, very densely clothed with
long scales; grey above, whitish beneath.

Variation in the male is mainly in the breadth and intensity
of colour of the clouded central grey band; in the female in
the ground colour, from white to grey, and in the depth of
colour of the transverse lines. Some male specimens have the
markings exceedingly strong and dark, both transverse lines
blackish, double, with white interspace, and between these
lines a broad slate-coloured central band, the scalloped clouds
of grey towards the hind margin also very dark. In rare
instances the female is strongly but more evenly clouded with
brownish-grey.

On the wing in May and June. Occasionally, in confine-
ment, a partial second generation is produced in August or
September, or even as late as November.

Larva 14 to 2 inches long. Head round, surrounded with
hairs; body plump, rather thickest in the middle, covered
with moderately abundant hairs and having on the fifth to
eighth segments four large flat-topped bunches or tufts of
extremely dense hairs, and on the twelfth another tuft more
slender, of double the length and running to a point. Head
green; body green clouded with whitish, or yellow clouded

LIPARIDA. 319

with greenish; hairs green or yellow; dense round obtuse
brushes yellow; long anal tuft pink; dorsal spaces between
the tufts broadly deep black ; and a row of black spots on the
sides of the ninth and following segments; legs and pro-legs
green or yellow, like the body. In other cases larve are pale
brown, pale reddish brown, or umbrous, with the head of a
similar brown, the dorsal tufts light reddish, greyish, or smoky
black; the long anal tuft pink, brown or black; scattered.
hairs generally similar to the body ; and the black subdorsal
spots on the hinder segments elongated, connected, and some-
times formed into double lines.

July to September, on hop, hazel, lime, birch, oak, plum,
pear, and other trees and plants; feeding quite conspicuously
on the leaves and apparently not resorting at all to the trunk
or limbs for concealment. It is extremely common in hop-
gardens, where from its curious anal tuft of hairs, like a
raised tail, the larva receives the common name of the “ Hop-
dog.”

Pupa rounded, with rather projecting wing-cases, stout
abdomen, and rather sharp anal spike; chestnut-brown, or
darker brown, with the edges of the wing-cases and two
bands on the abdominal segments paler. In a large ovate
loose silken cocoon among dead leaves or rubbish close to the
ground ; passing the winter in this state.

The moth sits in the day-time upon low plants, shrubs,
ferns, or bushes, or upon hedge banks; always with its long
densely-tufted fore legs stretched out in front, and bears a
most extraordinary resemblance to an entangled downy grey
feather, or a mass of the cottony seeds of the large sallow.
It flies freely at night, when the males may be assembled by
means of a freshly reared female. It also comes readily to
light, the male especially being so attracted. It is common
in the southern half of England, and sometimes abundant in
the larva state; extending throughout South Wales, and to
Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Lincolnshire, Cheshire, Lancashire,

320 LEPIDOPTERA.

Yorkshire, and even Cumberland ; yet it does not seem to have
been observed in Scotland except in two instances of single
specimens, supposed to have been introduced. In Ireland it
has been found in Wicklow, Waterford, Cork, Kerry, and
Galway. Abroad it is common throughout the temperate
portions of Northern Europe, Central Europe, Piedmont,
Northern and Eastern Turkey, and Southern Russia,
possibly even extending far into Asia, since a form brought
from Japan, and known as pseud-abietis, is probably nothing
more than a variety of this species.

2. D. fascelina, Z.—Expanse, 13 to 24 inches. Fore
wings dull grey, sprinkled with black atoms; transverse
lines orange-red and black; hind wings spotless grey; anal
tuft smoky.

Antenne of the male rather curved, strongly pectinated,
the rows of teeth near together, grey, shaft whitish, Head
and thorax dark grey-brown, abdomen grey-brown, slightly
barred with darker and with the anal tuft smoky-grey. Fore
wings rather ovate, with the costa nearly straight, except
near the apex, which is rounded; dorsal and hind margins
rounded; whitish-grey or brownish-grey with the costal
region more hoary; whole surface dusted over with black
atoms; near the base is a cloudy blackish transverse stripe,
not very distinct; first line curved, orange-yellow, much
obscured by black dots; second line oblique, indented, faintly
orange, nearly covered by black dots; beyond it is a similar
cloudy transverse line of faint orange and black atoms edged
outside with whitish; at the end of the discal cell, in a
whitish cloud, is an indistinct grey or blackish lunule, often
only indicated by its margins, or almost suppressed; cilia
grey, usually with a row of black atoms or dots close to the
wing-margin. Hind wings broad, rounded, but with rather
a sinuous hind margin; entirely pale brownish-grey, or
occasionally with a darker grey transverse shade before the
hind margin. Female larger and considerably stouter;

LIPARIDE. 321

antenne slender but slightly pectinated; dark grey. Fore
wings longer and rather more pointed; markings similar, but
rather more obscure, the lunule being rarely visible, while
the black atoms of the cloudy orange line near the hind
margin are often massed into blotches; otherwise similar to
the male.

Underside smoky-grey with the costal margin whitish, and
a central black lunule which touches a smoky-black cloud or
band lying half across the fore and hind wings from the
costal margins; cilia whitish, edged with smoky; body and
legs smoky-grey, the latter strongly tufted with scales.

Not very variable, but ranges from an almost total absence
of markings to strongly marked transverse lines. Occasionally
the ochreous colour, although not very distinct in the trans-
verse lines, is mottled and sprinkled over the fore wings. In
Dr. Mason’s collection is a specimen which is streaked longi-
tudinally with black, and in that of Mr. 8. J. Capper is one
having black transverse lines, the second double and very
strongly marked.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva nearly two inches long. Head round, blackish,
tufted with hairs; body increasing slightly in thickness to
the twelfth sezment; anal segment sloping rapidly off to the
rather extended pro-legs; body brown or blackish, covered
with hairs, which arise in large loose tufts, generally brown
or smoky-brown or else yellowish ; on the backs of the fifth
to the ninth segments are five erect, flat-topped, exceedingly
dense tufts, or brushes, of hairs, whitish or greyish, but
becoming blackish at the tips; on the back of the twelfth
segment is a much longer dense tuft of hairs, black, and
forming a blunt tip pointing somewhat backward; on the
sides, but much concealed by the hairs, are two or three rows
of yellowish spots; legs and prolegs brown.

August to May on hawthorn, sallow, willow, heather,
broom, and even on the blossoms of furze. The very young

VOL. I. x

322 LEPIDOPTERA.

larvee hybernate in a thin silken web in a fork of a branch of
their food-plant, three or four commonly occupying the same
nest, which they protect with a few dead leaves drawn closely
around them. In the spring they feed openly and conspicu-
ously, but are extremely difficult to rear in confinement,
unless placed upon a growing plant, and allowed plenty of air
and sunshine.

Pupa shining black, densely covered with tufts of brown
hairs ; in a tough soft silken cocoon, in which the larval hairs
are interwoven, among rubbish and leaves close to the
ground.

A sluggish species, sitting on its food-plant in the day-
time, with extended legs, and looking like an entangled downy
dark grey feather. It flies at night, but is seldom captured
on the wing. In England usually found near the coast, but
occasionally also on heaths. Very rare in the South, though
the larva has been taken on heaths in Dorset; also at Crow-
thorn, Berks; and there is a single record in Sussex. In the
Eastern Counties larvae have been found, in Suffolk and
Cambridgeshire upon broom, in Norfolk on hawthorn on
sheltered banks, and at Skegness, Lincolnshire. Also at
Llandudno, North Wales; much more commonly on the coast
of Cheshire, Lancashire, and Cumberland, and more locally in
Yorkshire. In Scotland it is much more generally dis-
tributed, being found in Roxburghshire, Clydesdale, near
Loch Long, Aberdeenshire, Kincardineshire, Perthshire, and
abundantly in Sutherlandshire, especially on heaths and
moors. In Ireland it is recorded in King’s County, and
from the Bog of Allen. Abroad it is found throughout
Northern and Central Europe, in Piedmont, and in Western
Siberia.

Genus 7. DEMAS.

Antenne of the male of moderate length, rather shortly
pectinated ; of the female simple ; fore wings elongated, ovate ;

LIPARIDE. 323

thorax and abdomen stout, the latter with dorsal tufts ; legs
with dense tufts of long scales.

1. D. coryli, Z.—Expanse 1} to 14 inch. Fore wings
red-brown to the middle, thence whitish clouded with grey ;
hind wings pale brownish with spotted cilia.

Antenne of the male of moderate length, regularly pecti-
nated with thin solid teeth, curved forward at their tips;
light brown. Head and thorax abundantly clothed with
rather long, loose, greyish-white, grey, or brown scales ; the
thorax stout, and irregularly ornamented with short trans-
verse bars of blackish-brown in series of three each on the
shoulders and back; abdomen moderately stout, pale grey,
indistinctly barred on each segment with dark grey or brown,
and having on the back a row of tufts of raised scales. Fore
wings not broad ; costal and dorsal margins nearly straight ;
apex bluntly angulated, almost rounded off; hind margin
rounded, especially so towards the anal angle; pale grey,
greyish-white, or pale brownish-grey; first transverse line
black, three times angulated, and sloping outward to both
costal and dorsal margins; second line erect from the dorsal
margin half-way across the wings, then curving widely out-
ward before turning to the costa, the dorsal half black and
distinct, the remainder light brown and often obscure ;
usually the black portion appears to be continued to the
costa by a black streak, which, however, is really a portion
of a central clouded stripe which almost embraces a large
spot or blackish ring at the end of the discal cell; this cen-
tral clouded stripe is most irregular, often filling the whole
space between the first and second lines with a broad blotch
of chocolate, or red-brown, or purplish-grey, containing
blackish angular lines ; outside the second line is an oblique
indented, cloudy line, beyond which the hind margin is tinged
with darker grey or brownish ; cilia pale grey, shaded with
darker, but interrupted with yellowish dashes. Hind wings
rather small, rounded, pale brownish or yellowish-grev ;

324 LEPIDOPTERA.

usually with a faint purplish-grey band before the hind
margin; cilia greyish dashed with pale yellow. Female
similar, but with the antennz only slightly indented.

Underside pale yellowish, clouded toward the hind margin
with grey ; having on each wing a faint indication of a brown
central streak, and sometimes one or two cloudy bands cross-
ing the wings; cilia dark grey chequered with yellowish
dashes ; thorax and abdomen whitish ; legs whitish,
tufted with long downy white scales; tarsi barred with
black.

Variable in the ground colour, the grey or whitish often
tinged with brown or purplish; more so in the colour and
intensity of the broad central band, which occasionally is no
darker than the ‘rest of the fore wings, and indeed hardly
indicated, but varies through every shade of brown and
purplish-brown to deep dark chocolate, and in the darker
specimens spreads so toward the base as to give the effect
of fore wings half red-brown, half whitish-grey ; those in
which the red colour is absent usually show the ringed stigma
very distinctly, and outside it a couple of black short lines
indicating a renal stigma. A specimen from the north of
Treland has a large, round, white apical blotch.

On the wing in May and June, and a second generation in
August and September. Specimens have been known to
emerge even in November.

Larva. Head rounded, lobes rather distinct ; body plump,
thickest in the middle, tapering behind. Colour of the body
usually some shade of reddish-brown, but varying from light
reddish or purplish-brown to pale buff, or dull yellowish,
or even to white; head varying similarly, generally reddish
or yellowish, sometimes clouded with dark brown or even
grey. Body covered with rather thinly tufted soft hairs;
second segment having also on each side a long pencil of red,
grey, or blackish hairs; a short blunt dorsal tuft each upon
the fifth and sixth segments, bright red, pale red, or blackish,

LIPARIDA. 325

not following the colour of the body; twelfth segment also
with a short dorsal tuft, similarly coloured; dorsal stripe
rather broad, much interrupted, grey, blackish, or mixed
black and red, sometimes broken up into dots and dashes;
subdorsal line a series of dashes or streaks, usually dark
grey or brown, not always visible; spiracular region usually
occupied by a broad stripe of red, red-brown, red and yellow,
or even grey and white, most uncertain; spiracles whitish
or yellowish, ringed with black; legs and prolegs pale
reddish, yellowish, or grey. In the paler specimens some of
the usual raised spots, from which the hairs spring, are dis-
tinct and slightly ringed with black.

June and July and again in September, on beech, oak,
hazel, hornbeam, maple, and birch, preferring bushes to trees,
and particularly affecting hill tops and sides, and hedges
in other exposed situations. When not feeding it hides
between two leaves, and when about to cast its skin forms
a slight web in a similar habitation.

Pupa rather short, stout, and wrinkled; anal point with
two hooks; reddish-brown. In a thin silken cocoon among
leaves, moss, or rubbish, or even in crevices of bark (C. Fenn).
It passes the winter in this condition, but pupze from July
larvee usually produce moths in the autumn.

The moth sits on the trunks or branches of trees or bushes
in the daytime and is very seldom observed ; it flies at night
along hedges and wood-paths, but is rarely so captured. The
male is so restless that it hardly waits for its wings to dry
before moving, and rapidly becomes worn. Very widely
distributed, and sometimes found commonly in the larva
state. Plentiful in Devonshire, and also in Berks and
Bucks on the hills among beech. Less commonly in all the
southern and eastern counties and in the west to Hereford-
shire and Lancashire; found also rarely in Staffordshire,
Yorkshire and Northumberland, and most likely not entirely
absent from suitable spots in any English county.

326 LEPIDOPTERA.

In Scotland it is frequent in the Clydesdale district, at
Dunoon, Paisley, and Gairlochhead, frequenting the birches in
the gullies which run up into the hills; common in Aber-
deenshire and Kincardineshire, and found in Perthshire and
Roxburghshire. In Ireland it has been found at Killarney,
and several times near Belfast, Londonderry, Lough Swilly,
and in Donegal. Abroad it is common in Central Europe,
the temperate portions of Northern Europe, in Northern Italy,
and Southern Russia.

Genus 8. ORGYIA.

Antenne in the males short, curved, strongly pectinated ;
fore wings short and broad; hind wings round. Females
almost apterous, with extremely short slender antenne.

Larva brightly coloured, with dense dorsal tufts of hairs.

Pups hairy, in a loose cocoon.

1. O. Gonostigma, /ab.—Expanse 1} inch. Male
slender ; fore wings rich chocolate-brown, blotched behind
with orange, and with white spots; hind wings dark brown.
Female very stout, almost wingless.

Antenne of the male short, curved, strongly pectinated,
with long curved teeth, the two rows of which incline
towards each other; dark brown. Head tufted with dark
brown scales ; thorax and abdomen both slender, dark brown
or blackish-brown. Fore wings very short and broad, with
rounded costal and dorsal margins; apex bluntly angulated,
and hind margin slightly oblique and straight, curving off to
the anal angle; rich dark chocolate-brown, faintly clouded
on the costa with whitish-grey, which lies somewhat in
patches, the second patch extending into faint brown lines
which enclose and divide a dark brown indistinct spot at the
apex of the discal cell; near the base of the wings is another
faint dark brown line placed so as to form a slender ring ;

LIPARIDA:. 327

first line hardly perceptible as a darker shade; second line
an indistinct, curved series of short crescents of blackish
clouding, beyond which the wing is clouded with orange-
red, more especially toward the apex and anal angle, where
also it is edged with white crescents ; before the hind margin
is a faint succession of blackish clouds; cilia pale brown,
broadly spotted with black. Hind wings rounded, uniform
blackish-brown, with light brown cilia. Underside of the
fore wings smoky black-brown to beyond the middle, then
pale smoky-brown, with the apex still paler, and white ; cilia
blackish with light brown dashes ; hind wings dark smoky-
brown with a yellowish line at the extreme margin and light
brown dashes in the cilia; body dark brown ; legs similar,
the first pair moderately tufted with long scales.

Female totally different ; antennz minute, slightly toothed;
head brown; thorax small, dark grey-brown; abdomen very
large, coarsely ovate, dark brown, covered with downy scales ;
legs light brown ; wings undeveloped, just visible as minute
flaps of dark brown membrane, useless for any purpose of
locomotion.

Not variable.

June, and again at the end of July and in August, or even
September, in a partial second generation, On the Continent
regularly double-brooded.

Larva. Head rounded, body rather long, each segment
thickened a little; anal prolegs rather extended. Head
blackish, spotted above with brown ; second segment with a
long fascicle, on each side, of clubbed black hairs pointing
obliquely forward; the fifth to the eighth segments each
with a dense dorsal tuft of hairs of exactly the same length
so as to form flat-topped brushes of a brown colour; on the
twelfth segment a long black or dark grey tuft of hairs
inclining backward; remainder of the body clothed sparingly
with reddish hairs. Body blackish-grey with a broad white
dorsal line, dappled and speckled with black; a subdorsal

328 LEPIDOPTERA.

row of red-brown oblique spots uniting into a line on the
hinder segments, and a broad red-brown spiracular stripe.
Behind the tuft on the twelfth segment is a red bar, and a
white one across the anal seement below it ; legs and prolegs
reddish. When young the body is more reddish-brown, with
the dorsal stripe broadly blackish and white, interrupted by
the tufts of hair.

July, September, to end of May, in two generations, the
second hybernating. On oak, sallow, hawthorn, blackthorn,
hazel, beech, bramble. Rather irregular in its habits. Mr.
W. Machin obtained a batch of eggs at the end of June,
which hatched in the middle of July; of the larvee a portion
fed rapidly up and produced rather small moths in August
and September; others fed more slowly until the middle of
October, when they also spun up, and produced moths of
larger size in November; the remainder of the brood fed still
more slowly and hybernated. This state is undergone on
twigs of the food-plant near the ground, but with very little
protection. The larve feed in the daytime in the bright
sunshine,

Pura very stout, swollen in the middle ; back covered with
numerous greyish-brown hairs; colour shining dark bistre-
brown, the incisions dull orange. In a small round thin
cocoon of silk and felted larval hairs to which it is affixed by
a terminal hook. 'The cocoon is placed within a ball of leaves
drawn together by the larva. (C. Fenn.)

The male moth flies in the sunshine with a swift strong
action. So far as is known it does not fly at all at night.
The female remains upon the cocoon from which she has
emerged, and when fertilised lays the whole of her eggs—
from four to five hundred—closely side by side upon the
tough cocoon, covering them carefully over with her scales.
A very local and uncommon species in this country. Formerly
—in 1852 and long after—it was plentiful upon Wimbledon
Common and in Coombe Wood, both near London, but has

LIPARIDE. 329

long since been exterminated by excessive collecting from
the former locality, and probably from the latter. It is now
found, rarely, in Devonshire, in the fens of Norfolk.and Cam-
bridgeshire, Suffolk, Bewdley Forest, Salop, and in various
parts of Yorkshire. There is also a single record at Cannock
Chase, Staffordshire. Abroad it is common throughout
Central Europe, and great part of Northern Europe, and also
found in Piedmont and Siberia. In Japan forms are found
which are darker and more dull in colour, but agree most
accurately in shape and markings. These have received the
names of thyallina and approximans.

2. O. antiqua, /.—Expanse 1 to 13 inch. Male rusty-red
with a white spot near the anal angle of the fore wings ; body
slender. Female nearly apterous.

Antennz of the male short, curved, strongly pectinated,
the rows of solid teeth leaning towards each other, and their
tips incurved; shaft light brown, teeth dark brown. Head
dark brown ; thorax slender, dark brown, covered with long
golden-brown scales ; abdomen very slender, blackish-brown,
faintly barred with paler. Fore wings very short, broad, with
the costa strongly arched, apex blunt, dorsal and hind
margins rather straight, with a blunt anal angle ; dark tawny
or rust-red; often tinged with smoky-brown along the costa
and at the base; first line rather perpendicular, second more
curved and sinuous, both indistinctly smoky-black; close to
the second line and near to the anal angle is a rounded, or
lunate, clear white spot edged with blackish ; sometimes a
faint series of dark brown clouds lies beyond the second line ;
cilia smoky-black with rusty dashes. Hind wings broad and
rounded ; rust-colour or dark tawny, sometimes tinged with
darker brown ; cilia dark brown dashed with paler. Under-
side light rust-red or tawny, with the costa and base of
the fore wings shaded with dark brown; a faint trans-
verse dark brown cloud beyond the middle, and cilia
clouded with dark brown: cilia of the hind wings also

330 LEPIDOPTERA.

dappled with dark brown; body brown; legs dark brown,
dusted above with whitish ; the first pair densely tufted with
long scales.

Antenne of the female minute, slightly toothed, brown ;
head and thorax blackish, thinly covered with light brown
scales; abdomen very large and clumsy, ovate, grey-brown,
covered thinly, but more thickly at the edges of the segments,
with pale brown scales; wings merely short, soft, useless brown
flaps of about one-eighth of an inch in length—quite function-
less; legs dark brown.

The male is hardly variable except in the intensity of the
dark markings of the fore wings. These, in the south of
England, are usually faint, the moth being almost of a uniform
rust-colour excepting the white spot ; towards the north they
become darker, the markings much more distinct, and the
transverse lines sometimes quite black. Extremely well-
marked specimens and of rather large size are obtained in
Yorkshire and in some parts of Scotland, more especially
Sutherlandshire. In Mr. C. A. Briggs’ collection is a paler
and much more yellow specimen, but this variation is extremely
rare. Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher has one in which the white
spot is of double the usual size, infringing upon the second
transverse line and leaning toward the anal angle. At a
meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological
Society in 1892 an extraordinary gynandrous specimen was
exhibited; the head with antennz were male; the wings
small, sharply pointed and rather longer than is usual in the
female ; the body wholly female. Mr. C. A. Briggs has one
somewhat similar, but the antennee are not so well developed
as in ordinary males, and the flap-like fore wings show a faint
trace of the white spot.

July to September; and in rare instances specimens of a
partial second generation appear in October.

Larva. Head round, rather small; body thickened to near
the middle, thence tapering off ; hinder prolegs rather extended,

LIPARIDA. 331

Head pale brown or blackish ; body purplish-grey, or smoky,
with a whitish, or yellowish, dorsal line edged with black, and
sometimes dotted with crimson; a subdorsal row of large
raised crimson spots; spiracular line yellowish, much inter-
rupted ; on each side of the second segment is a long tuft of
blackish hairs, plumed and clubbed, some longer than the rest ;
on thefifth to the eighth segments each a thick dense dorsal tuft
of hairs of equal length terminating as obtusely as a shaving
brush, yellow or yellow tipped with brown ; twelfth segment
with a long dense dorsal tuft pointing backward and consisting
of dark grey, dark brown, or blackish clubbed hairs ; the whole
body covered with soft brown or creamy hairs. The red spots
on the back, and the spots from which the lateral tufts of the
second segment spring, are raised and rather in the nature of
tubercles. Legs and prolegs brown.

April to June or July or even August, and in rare instances,
in a second generation, in September. On hawthorn, black-
thorn, sallow, lime, rose, willow, oak, and indeed on almost all
deciduous trees and shrubs. The eggs hatch at intervals over
a rather long period, consequently larvee are feeding up all
through the summer.

Pupa rather stout, glossy black-brown, with numerous
smalltufts of short whitish hairs; on the back is a row of
indistinct pale spots. In a thin but very tough cocoon of
silk with larval hairs interwoven, in chinks of bark, under
eaves, in crevices of walls or palings, or any protected spot ;
but the female cocoon is very commonly spun up among the
twigs of a hawthorn hedge, several leaves being drawn round
it in such a manner that it is completely hidden. The under-
side of the cocoon is bare of leaves, and here the female lays
her eggs in a close flat mass, all side by side, the eggs
remaining here in perfect security through the winter.
Although the female has no effective wings, the wing-covers
in the pupa are normal and show no indication of this failure
of structure,

332 LEPIDOPTERA.

The male moth is exceedingly active and lively, flying all
through the day when the sun shines, but settling suddenly
upon a tree or bush when it is obscured. When it alights its
wings are shut obliquely down and its long tufted legs project
forward, so that it looks like a bit of brown leaf. Its activity
is extreme, and from its undulating, bounding flight it has
received the common name of the “ Vapourer.” It has been
seen flying round a vessel at sea, twenty miles from land. The
female is quiescent, never leaving the surface of the cocoon
from which she has emerged, during life.

An abundant species in most parts of the country, but
more especially in London, in almost all parts of which the
males may be seen dancing about the streets, squares, and
gardens in the sunshine. Sometimes it becomes so abundant
as to be destructive, and the trees in the parks and gardens
are occasionally almost stripped of leaves by its larvae. In one
year recently—about 1886-—the few hawthorn bushes which
manage to exist in one corner of the quadrangle at Somerset
House, Strand, were completely denuded of leaves, and the
larvee crawled about the walls and footpaths in every direction.
How the apterous females reached these secluded trees is a
problem difficult to solve. In 1890 the larvee were in such
multitudes at Norwich that in some of the gardens all the
leaves of every kind of plant were devoured, and the creatures
crowded into the very houses. As a general rule, however,
the numbers are insufficient to cause serious injury, and the
species does not appear to be regarded as injurious on the
Continent. It probably occurs in every county in England
and Wales, and in many is abundant, but in the north is
more plentiful near the coast than inland. In Scotland it
is abundant in many districts, extending as far north as
Sutherlandshire. In Ireland much less common, though
generally distributed. It is found nearly all over the Con-
tinent of Europe, as well as in North Africa and Armenia ;
also in North America, specimens received from Hudson’s Bay
territory and Nova Scotia, though called nora, being accurately
the same species.

PSYCRIDZ.

ioP)
Ww
Lo»)

Family 9. PSYCHIDZE.

Males with strongly pectinated antennz, the pectinations
consisting of solid, very slightly ciliated teeth, which in some
cases are forked. Fore wings either broad behind or ovate ;
hind wings always broad. Both usually semi-transparent
and hairy, or covered with close glistening scales. Females
apterous, in many species devoid of limbs.

Larva, with strong plates on the anterior segments; in
cylindrical or spindle-shaped cases of silk, covered outside
with vegetable refuse.

Pur in the larval cases.

A yery singular and aberrant group, somewhat resembling
insects of the Order Trichoptera in the hairiness of the
wings of many of the species ; forming a tolerably complete
passage to the Family Tineina by the Genera Solenobia and
Taleporia ; but, from general structure, more satisfactorily
placed here, and rather closely connected with the last
genus (Orgyia) through Penthophora morio—a semi-trans-
parent winged, black species, with semi-apterous female, of
which the larva lives upon grass, but is not a case-bearer.
This last, though sometimes destructive on the Continent,
is not known as a British insect.

Our species seem to divide well into three genera :—

Psyche—Males with stout hairy thorax and hairy wings ;

females without limbs.

Epichnopteryz—Males with slender thorax and hairy

wings; females without limbs.

Fumea—Males with slender thorax and glistening, scaled

wings ; females apterous, having effective legs.

Genus 1. PSYCHE.

Male with the pectinations of the antenne long, oblique,
slender, and often massed together so as almost to appear

334 LEPIDOPTERA.

plumose; thorax stout; abdomen moderately so; both
densely covered with very long hairs or hair-scales. Fore
wings rather narrow at the base, broad behind; hind wings
rounded, both semi-transparent, and thinly covered with hair-
like scales. Female vermiform.

1. P. villosella, Ochs. ; nigricans, Cwrt.—Expanse of
wings of the male 1 inch. Semi-transparent, smoky-black, with
blacker nervures ; head and body smoky-brown ; very hairy.

Antenne of the male about one-half the length of the fore
wings, with long pectinations lying obliquely forward in a
loosely massed, irregular manner, the rays being very closely
fringed with minute hairs; blackish. Head, and especially
the palpi, densely tufted; thorax stout and strong; abdomen
tapering; all three very densely clothed with long hair-like
scales, which stand well up and give the insect a shaggy
appearance. Fore wings rather narrow at the base, moder-
ately broad and rather squared behind; costa slightly
hollowed before the middle, rounded beyond it to the apex,
which also is bluntly rounded; hind margin very straight ;
anal angle rather protuberant, but rounded; dorsal margin
nearly straight. Hind wings rather short and broad, with
rounded apex and somewhat sinuous hind margin. All the
wings semi-transparent, thinly covered with dark smoky-
brown or blackish hair-like scales ; nervures distinctly black-
brown, and margins edged with the same. At the apex of
the bi-lobed discal cell of the fore wings is a blackish spot or
faint V-mark ; cilia all short, sharply defined, black-brown.
Underside similar to the upper ; legs all densely clothed with
black-brown hair-scales. When preserved the blackness
fades to some extent, the whole insect becoming browner,
and the long scales of the thorax sometimes almost light
brown. Otherwise not variable.

Female (when living) with the head very singularly formed,
and curiously resembling—in miniature—that of a walrus;
having a smooth, rounded forehead, beneath it two hollows,

PS YCHID. 335

like eye-sockets, between which the front of the head is
rounded and prominent, like a swollen nose ; antennz soldered
down on each side of it, and having their tips continued,
straight down, into two sharp points just like the tusks of
the walrus; no indication of palpi or tongue or of any organs
in the solid brown mask of the face. On each side of the
head, on the antenna case, is a black spot. Upper portion
of the three following segments shining brown, like the
dorsal plates of larvze ; lower portion creamy-white. On the
underside of these three segments are minute papille repre-
senting the non-existent legs ; whole remaining body creamy-
white, devoid of scales, fat, and closely resembling a large
maggot. (Described from a living specimen furnished by
Mr. W. C. Boyd.) When preserved it changes to a grey or
red-brown colour, and shrivels into a shapeless grub, of which
even the head loses its curious form.
June and July.

Larva stout, active; fairly cylindrical ; living in a case,
from which the first four or five segments are protruded
when moving or feeding, the remaining portion never volun-
tarily leaving the case. Head creamy-white with a large
black spot on the upper part of each lobe, these spots
surrounded by double lines of dots; labium black, jaws
brown. Second, third, and fourth segments creamy-white
with an appearance as of porcelain, from large horny or
chitinous plates with which the back and sides are covered.
Upon these plates are black-brown longitudinal stripes, of
which two, rather narrow, are in the middle of the back, and
two, broader, on each side. The fifth and sixth segments are
whitish, with small morsels of chitinous plate arranged on
their dorsal region. Hinder portion of the body pinkish-
white, excessively wrinkled. Legs large and well developed,
with the joints conspicuous, whitish, spotted with dark
brown, claws light brown. Prolegs very small, resembling
minute nipples, except the anal pair, which are larger and

336 LEPIDOPTERA.

longer, and cling very tightly to the lining of the case, which
is composed of a cylinder or spindle-shaped habitation of very
thick, tough, soft white silk. Outside, this is completely
covered with pieces of grass, heather-twigs, furze-twigs, bits
of rush, fir-needles or any other dry vegetable fragments
which are available, all being arranged so as to point
obliquely backward and outward, and to form a somewhat
formidable covering. A living larva now before me, having
taken a sudden fancy to lengthen its case, has cut out
irregular pieces of white blotting-paper and arranged them
around it in front of the original twigs, giving the case a
singular appearance. ‘The case is only open at its lower end,
and is there composed of silk so elastic that when the head
of the larva is withdrawn, as it is at the smallest alarm, the
mouth shuts together tightly, and effectually keeps out any
intruder. But when full grown the larva fastens this end
down to a heather-stem, furze-stem, the trunk of a tree, a
paling, post, or other convenient and firm situation; turns
completely round inside, opens out the upper end, spins a
silken tube there, ready for egress, and assumes the pupa
state within.

August to June—either June of the second or of the third
year—this seems to be variable—on heather, furze, grass, and
various other plants when at liberty. In confinement more
dainty and capricious, sometimes feeding on bramble, straw-
berry, sloe, and hawthorn, or refusing all food, but of most
extraordinary tenacity of life, so that a larva has been found
to remain alive a year without feeding.

Pura of the male light brown, of ordinary moth structure,
in a cocoon in the case formed by the larva, but withdrawn
halfway from the case on emergence. Of the female consist-
ing only of segments, well marked, like those of a Dipterous
pupa, having no covers of antennx, wings, or legs, though
the cover of the head forms a slight projection; pale in
colour and maggot-like, in fact greatly resembling the female

PSVCHIL 2. 337

moth. In a soft white cocoon inside the case, but occupying
only a portion of its length; not withdrawn on emergence.
The pupa state lasts usually about a month, but in some
instances over a year.

For opportunities of studying this species in its different
stages I am greatly indebted to Mr. W. C. Boyd and to
Mr. W. McRae; and Mr. McRae, living close to one of the
principal localities for the insect, has furnished much valuable
information. He tells me that he has three times seen the
male on the wing in each case in the sunshine early in the
afternoon. Probably it also flies in the morning sunshine, but
no other record seems to exist of the capture of the insect on
the wing, and a record of finding two specimens sitting on a
fence seems to show that flight does not last all day. It
however emerges from the pupa about six P.M. Whenever a
male is in the neighbourhood of a freshly emerged female it
seems to become violently excited, so that, in confinement,
its wings are soon battered to pieces, but its movements in
this respect do not seem to have been observed out of doors.
A statement has repeatedly been made by authors that the
females of this and the closely allied species never leave the
case. Hither this statement is founded on an error of obser-
vation, or the habits of the creatures have undergone a recent
modification. The female from which I made the foregoing
description forced itself promptly out of the case on emerging
from the pupa, and was found lying in the bottom of the
box, where it remained alive but inert for, probably, a
fortnight. It could not be induced to make any movement
towards re-entry even when the open end of the case was
pressed to its hinder extremity, and its only motion was an
occasional roll over, and a continual and regular wave of
pulsation running from head to tail. Yet Mr. Boyd has
noticed that partially emerged females will wriggle back into
the case at times. Mr. McRae writes me as follows: “The
females on emergence fall to the ground, remaining where

VOL, II. x

338 LEPIDOPTERA.

they fall the most helpless objects imaginable, incapable of
any motion except rolling over. In some cases they only
succeed in pushing halfway through the pupa skin, which
projects a little from the tail end of the case, and in this
position remain till they die. From my own observation not
only does the female, generally, completely free herself of
the case, but it is only when she does so that any union with
the male is possible.” It is known, however, that in some
instances the female remains in the case and there deposits
her eggs, and that the male, by the power of telescopic
elongation of his body, visits her in the case. This Mr. J.
Jenner Weir has substantiated. One thing is however certain,
that many females of this species, as well as of others in the
group, have the power of depositing fertile eggs even when
never visited by a male, though it is believed that only
females are produced from such eggs. Whether the eggs
are deposited in the case or on the surface to which the
female has fallen, the young larvee, which hatch in about ten
days, lose no time in enclosing themselves in a little case of
silk—thimble- shaped at first—which they speedily cover with
any small vegetable refuse at hand. Additions to its size
appear to be made at the open end, the tube of silk being
spun a little further, and then additions of extraneous
materials made to its outer surface. It appears to be next
to impossible to rear these larve in confinement, their
obstinate refusal of food even when enlarging the case, and
their determination to lie over till another season rather than
spin up, tend to exhaust them, and they ultimately die
unchanged. To rear the moth, the full grown cases should
be gathered as soon as spun up at large.

Apparently almost confined to the extensive heaths of
Hants and Dorsetshire, and to the New Forest. It seems to
have been originally found at West Parley and West Hurne in
Dorset, by Mr. Dale, but has since been met with plentifully,
though locally, at Studland, Ringwood, Wimborne, Bourne-
mouth, and Lyndhurst; also recorded, very rarely, from Devon.

PSYCHIDZ. 339

It seems to like dry heath-ground in sunny, sheltered places,
but will also occasionally inhabit moist, swampy places.

Abroad it is found in France, Germany, Italy, Hungary,
Dalmatia, Southern Russia, and Armenia.

2. P. opacella, AH. S—Expanse of the male ? inch.
Head and body black, hairy; wings nearly transparent,
tinted with blackish.

Antenne of the male of moderate length, curved forward,
strongly pectinated, the teeth long, slightly fringed, sloping
obliquely forward, but not lying in a confused mass, and
becoming shorter toward the apex; smoky-black. Head
having the palpi completely concealed under a dense mass of
long blackish hair-scales projecting forward and downward.
and leaving only the eyes visible. Thorax stout, thickly
covered with long, loose, soft, black hair-scales ; abdomen
tapering, black, covered on the upper side with long blackish
scales, but at the sides with a line of projecting tufts of
whitish scales; apex tufted. Fore wings rather narrow at
the base, becoming moderately broad beyond the middle;
costa, for two-thirds of its length, straight, then rapidly
curved to the blunt apex; dorsal and hind margins gently
rounded; anal angle rather full, but rounded off. Hind
wings rather short, rounded. All the wings nearly trans-
parent, covered with minute hair-like scales, which lie
separately and do not touch or overlap; margins sharply
blackish; nervures distinct, smoky-brown, the costal and
subcostal nervures of the fore wings being also rather
swollen; cilia blackish, extremely short, except on the dorsal
margin of the hind wings, where they become long, like hairs.
Underside like the upper, but the thorax more deeply black,
and the abdomen shaded with whitish or silvery-grey hairs ;
legs blackish. Apparently not variable, but in preserved
specimens the blackish colouring fades in some degree, so
that the general colour, and more particularly the nervures,
become tinged with brown.

340 LEPIDOPTERA.

Female in appearance a mere maggot. Head small, brown,
horny, very smooth and shining, rounded in front, and with-
out mouth-organs or eye-lobes, but with a dark spot on each
side and a paler one above, and very short, glassy indications
of the antennz, which are mere portions of the hard mask
which forms the head. Second and third segments each with
a large, convex, shining, dark brown horny plate, extending
down the sides, where it becomes more red-brown; fourth
segment with a smaller paler plate. Body fat and maggot-
like, pinkish-white or pale brownish-pink ; devoid of scales,
having a faintly brownish indication of a double dorsal line,
a single row of round red-brown dots along the middle of the
ventral surface, and slight ridges across the lower side of
the anterior segments. Anal segment with a short, bluntly
projecting ovipositor-sheath, and beneath it two rounded
papille. At the sides of the seventh to ninth segments are
small tufts of erect, soft white hairs. his description
applies only to the living and freshly emerged female.
When preserved it shrivels into a wrinkled and shapeless
object of a reddish-brown colour.

End of March, April, and probably May.

Larva pale grey, whitish beneath, apparently quite desti-
tute of hairs; head shining black, jaws dark brown ; second,
third, and fourth segments each with a rather narrow dark
grey horny plate which almost embraces the segment, having
a blackish dividing line down the middle of the back and
whitish spots on the sides; legs large and well developed,
brown, with the claws black; prolegs minute, except the
anal, which are small and coloured as the body. In a case,
one inch in length and moderately thick, composed internally
of soft, tough silk, and covered externally with small pieces
of dried grass all pointing backward, morsels of bark, seed-
capsules and other dried vegetable morsels.

When very young it seems to differ but little from the
adult larva, but is dirty yellowish-white, with black head ;

PSYCHIDAE, 341

plate of the second segment large, black, embracing the
segment but narrowed at the sides; other plates narrower,
and all divided on the lateral fold. On the body are
numerous minute raised dots arranged in a different order to
that apparent in the generality of larvae, and there are
greyish plates on the two last segments. The first duty of
the young larva appears to be to construct a case of silk and
any substance that comes to hand, commonly gnawings of the
case of its parent, in which the eggs are frequently deposited.

June to February or March, on grasses, and possibly on
other low-growing plants, but its habits are impertectly
known. When full grown the case is usually to be found on
the trunks of oaks, alders, or other trees in woods, or on
rocks and boulders in open moors. But it more frequently
produces a hymenopterous parasite than a moth.

Pura of the male light brown, of the ordinary form; that
of the female paler and more like that of a Dipteron, having
no covers for wings or legs. In the larval case, which,
when the larva is full fed, is fastened down, by the mouth
end, to the lower part of the trunk of a tree or to a post or
boulder; the larva then turns round, opens the hitherto
closed end, spins a tube of silk so elastic that it closes when
net in use, and then assumes the pupa state. Its habits
were so well described by Richard Weaver, a well-known
collector, forty years ago, that I quote his words: “I
commence at the time the larva is full fed; it then finds a
suitable locality for fixing the case; and now that end of
the case which was formerly the aperture for the head and
legs, for the convenience of feeding and crawling about,
being no longer wanted open, the larva spins up that end,
turns round in the case and sets it in order for use, forming
another aperture, and that end of the case is lengthened in
the shape of a funnel, it being made soft and elastic, but the
end is not quite open till after the moth has burst from the
pupa. The pupa of the female is thin and pliable, unlike

342 LEPIDOPTERA.

the pupa of the male, and with energetic twists of its
body it is enabled to go up and down its gauze-like funnel
with astonishing rapidity: the funnel serves for a weather-
gauge for both male and female; it serves the female both
in the pupa and perfect state, but for the male only in the
pupa state. The female pupa moves up to the top of the
funnel, and if the sun shines and the time has arrived for
assuming the imago it liberates itself from the case and just
thrusts its head out at the end of the funnel, and there
awaits the arrival of the male until night comes on, or the
sun is clouded, or it is disturbed; in either of these events it
will move down to what is now the bottom of the case ; next
day, if all is right, it will be at the top of the funnel again.
The body of the male is somewhat similar to a telescope: it
lengthens out between every joint or segment. The female
lays her eggs, which are covered with a glutinous moisture,
within the case; she then falls through the aperture of the
funnel, which opens downwards. The funnel of the male is
considerably longer than that of the female. It is truly
astonishing how fast the pupze will travel up and down their
funnels. They ascend occasionally to ascertain whether the
sun is shining, and if not they will not burst the pupa cases,
as the males fly only in the sunshine; they will thrust the
pupa one-half out, and more, if it pleases them to come out
and leave it.” The insect must, surely, have been far more
plentiful in Weaver's time than recently, or he must have
had exceptional opportunities for observing it! But like the
last species, the female moth certainly leaves the case, in
some instances, immediately upon emergence from the pupa.
This had occurred with those from which the foregoing
description was made, and for which I am indebted to Mr.
W. H. B. Fletcher and Mr. W. C. Boyd. Mr. W. Holland
spent some time last spring in searching for cases in my
behalf, but without success in that respect, though he had
the far more unusual good fortune to capture a male moth
on the wing. He says: ‘ In crossing a common I saw some-

PS YVCHIDA. 343

thing which looked pale and glistening in the sunshine flying
over heather at some distance, so ran after it. It was flying
rather high and at a good speed, yet still rather heavily
considering the rate at which its wings moved. When I had
it in the net its wings were still going at such a tremendous
rate that I could not see them at all until it was in the
killing-bottle. Blackish as it is, it is curious how pale it
looked when on the wing.” ‘This specimen is before me, and
in excellent condition, notwithstanding the exercise it had
taken.

It is very rarely observed in the imago state, the speci-
mens in collections being in most instances reared. The
cases when spun up on the trunk of a tree or a large stone are
sufficiently conspicuous. From the habit of the larva of feed-
ing on grasses near the ground, immature cases are rarely
found here. The species cannot be considered otherwise
than scarce and extremely local, usaally confined to sandy
situations. In the South of England it is found in the
New Forest, Woolmer Forest, Bournemouth, near Reading,
Wokingham, and probably in many parts of the sandy
heaths of Hants and Berks. There is a record of its
occurrence in North Lancashire, but this does not appear to
have been confirmed. In Scotland it has been found on the
open heaths of the Rannoch district in Perthshire, where the
full fed cases were found attached to out-cropping boulders
and rocks on the mountain sides. Probably it will yet be
found in other districts of both Scotland and England. its
obscure and secluded habits causing it to he readily over-
looked. Abroad it is not rare in Northern Italy, Germany,
Norway, Finland, Livonia, Bulgaria and Armenia.

(P. graminella, S. V.; unicolor, Staud. Cat., is a com-
mon species on the Continent, of about the size of P. villosella,
but blacker and more opaque, with a similar female, and
larva inhabiting a still larger and longer case, formed of dead
grass and similar dried vegetable substances. So widely

344 LEPIDOPTERA.

distributed and common is it abroad that it ought surely to
occur somewhere in this country. My only excuse for men-
tioning it here, however, is that I have in my own collection
a male example, which was given me many years ago as a
British specimen of P. opacella. By some misfortune the
record of its locality is lost.)

(P. muscella, Hiid., is a smaller species than P. opacella,
of very curious form, the antennze being extremely plumose,
from massing together of the long pectinations, and the fore
wings of the male being very narrow for some distance from
the base, then broad and much rounded so as to take the
shape of a battledore. Except for these peculiarities it
closely resembles P. opacella. From the presence of a
specimen in the British series of that species, in the collection
of Dr Mason at Burton-on-Trent, there appears a probability
that this obscure insect will also some day be found to
inhabit this country. It is not rare in France, Germany,
Hungary, and Switzerland. )

Genus 2. EPICHNOPTERYX.

Antenne rather short, regularly pectinated with solid,
rather stiff teeth, not plumose. Thorax narrow. Abdomen
slender, short. Fore and hind wings broad and rounded
behind, covered with minute hairs rather than scales.

Female vermiform.

LaRv# enclosed in a case of bits of dried grass or morsels
of leaf or bark.

Pur in the larva-cases.

1. E. calvella, Ochs.; fusca, Haw.; hirsutella, Staud.
Cat.—Expanse ? to 1 inch. Body very slender, light brown ;
wings semi-transparent, broad, pale brown.

Antennze of the male not more than one-third the length
of the fore wings, regularly pectinated with short, thick,

PS VCHIBZE. 345

almost clubbed teeth, which are densely clothed with ex-
tremely minute hairs; light brown. Head large, brown, with
conspicuously black eyes. Thorax narrow and weak, dark
brown, thinly covered with short, loose, grey-brown hair-
scales. Abdomen slender, glossy, light brown, with
numerous thin tufts of long silvery-white hair-scales situated
at the edges of the segments. Fore wings broad, especially so
beyond the middle, and very broad toward the hind margin ;
costa slightly arched at the base, then straight, but rapidly
rounded off towards the apex, which also is rounded in a
smooth curve which extends round the hind margin and anal
angle; dorsal margin nearly straight ; semi-transparent, pale
brown, without markings, thinly covered with yellowish-grey
hair-scales; nervures thickened, brownish; costal margin
also brown. Hind wings rather long and not very broad,
rounded behind; similar in colour and covering of hair-scales
to the forewings, but slightly more transparent. Cilia all
short, hairy, brown. Underside exactly like the upper; legs
brown.

Female a maggot-like, cylindrical, or rather long-ovate
body, without scales, effective legs, or antenne. Head a
mere brown horny mask ; anterior segments also encased in
horny chestnut-brown plates; body brown, and when dry
shapeless. No fresh specimen has been available for descrip-
tion. Inhabiting the case formed by the larva, which it is
said never to quit. (Stephens says: “ Legs transparent, ashy-
colour.” ‘This is curious! )

June and the beginning of July.

Larva rather slender and cylindrical; head hight brown
with the face and eye-lobes edged with whitish; body pale
pink, more whitish in front; second, third, and fourth seg-
ments covered down to the legs with thin, grey, horny plates,
which are divided in the middle of the back by a white line,
and regularly barred longitudinally with black-brown; legs
well developed, pale brown ; abdominal prolegs hardly visible;

346 LEPIDOPTERA.

anal prolegs larger and used to hold on to the inside of the
case; anal segment with a blackish plate on the back. Ina
rather roughly ovate or spindle-shaped case, formed of small
morsels of leaf and of dried stalks or other vegetable material,
such as seed-capsules of plantain and sallow, and having short
bits of dried grass placed upon it somewhat crosswise; very
tough and thickly lined with soft silk. (Preserved females,
larvee and cases furnished by Dr. Mason and Mr. C. A. Briggs.)

August to May of the second year, feeding nearly two
years. On sallow, blackthorn, oak, hawthorn, hazel, bramble,
and hornbeam, subsisting upon the leaves; probably also on
low-growing plants.

Pura of the male of the usual moth-form, dark brown; of
the female apparently maggot-like and resembling the female
moth. That of the male divides down the outer margin of
the wings, on each side, so that the covering of wings, legs,
and antennz is thrown off solidly in front when the moth
emerges; it is also protruded considerably from the case.
In a cocoon within the larva-case, which is fixed upon a plant
by the end which had been used for the head and legs, the
other being altered to allow the moth to emerge.

The male moth seems rarely to have been observed on the
wing, but is said to fly mostly towards evening. Almost
all the specimens in collections appear to have been reared.
The cases are said first to have been found about the year
1820 in Hornsey Wood, Middlesex, and from that period for
many years the insect inhabited that and the neighbouring
woods at Highgate and Hampstead, also Winchmore Hill.
In some years scarce, in others rather common, though it is
recorded that they were so much infested with Ichneumons
that even when the larvee were most abundant very few were
reared. The incessant growth of London has so greatly
influenced these old localities for this insect, that it seems
almost to have died out. Certainly for the last twenty years
it has become much scarcer, and as the woods already men-

PS YCHIDE. 347

tioned have either disappeared or been strictly enclosed,
there has been little opportunity for searching for it. In
an excursion of the South London Entomological Society
this year (1894) cases were observed in the Reigate district,
Surrey, and if the wooded hills on either side of the Thames
Valley were carefully examined the insect would almost cer-
tainly be rediscovered. Other records exist for Northampton-
shire, Herefordshire, North Lancashire, and the neighbour-
hood of Darlington, and there is little doubt that it is more
widely distributed in this country than has hitherto been
noted. Abroad it is found in Holland, Belgium, France,
and Germany.

If this species is really the Hirswtellw of Hiibner the name
is singularly ill-applied, since it is one of the smoothest species
in a very hairy group!

2. B. pulla, Hsp.; radiella, Curt—lHxpanse of male 3
inch. Wings rounded, sooty-black, hairy; body very
small. ;

Antennee of the male rather short, curved downward, with
long pectinations which are set far apart and slightly curved
back; blackish-brown. Thorax and abdomen slender, shining
black, thinly covered with brownish-black hair-scales. Fore
wings broad from the base, ovate, with margins and apex all
much rounded; semi-transparent, with the whole surface
rather thickly covered with upraised smoky-black hairs or hair-
scales, which give it a dull, shaggy appearance ; blackest
towards the base and round the margins. Nervures only
faintly visible ; cilia long, black, extending round the apex
almost to the middle of the costal margin. Hind wings
rounded, similarly covered with black hairs; cilia long, dense,
black. Underside similar to the upper, but more thinly
clothed with hair-scales, consequently more shining; cilia
dense and black; legs blackish.

Female } inch in length, short and thick, maggot-like ;

348 LEPIDOPTERA.

reddish-yellow, with segmental divisions redder on the back ;
anal segment purplish ; head very small, masked and tucked
down, pale brownish or greyish, with the usual position of the
mouth brown ; no mouth-organs nor antenne ; legs merely in-
dicated by minute, slender, glassy, yellow, jointed points
without claws—mere papille, apparently without motion or
functions—body thick and rounded, but with the segments
distinctly visibie as in a larva; tapering off rapidly at the
eleventh and twelfth, and with the thirteenth segment small,
bluntly terminated, except a small point or ovipositor-case pro-
jecting from the centre. This portion of the hody has a ver-
micular motiou, otherwise the creature seems quite inert. On
emerging from the pupa the moth here described at once forced
itself out of the case and fell prone to the bottom of the box
in which it was confined. This, the only living female specimen
which I have seen, was obtained by Mr. F. G. Whittle, who
found the case during a protracted search for that of the
following species. Preserved specimens, furnished by Mr.
Webb and Mr. E. R. Bankes, are contracted, very short,
deeply ridged, with the segments sharply edged and ovipositor-
case prominent ; reddish-brown, with the head darker.

The only variation to which the male of this species seems
liable is in size, and perhaps in intensity of blackness, though
that depends mainly upon its freshness when captured, or
the degree of fading to which it may have been subjected
either alive in sunshine or in the cabinet. Specimens,
faded very brown, and partially denuded, appear to have been
placed in a few collections under the name of marginenigrella.
Another form, deep black and of larger size, reaching occasion-
ally to nearly three-quarters of an inch in expanse, and said
to be confined to marshy places, has been thought distinct,
but apparently without cause. All intermediate gradations
occur.

End of May, June, and even July.

Larva dirty white, inclining to purplish, with two clearly

PS YCFADZ. 349

indicated black-brown stripes on each side, a very small spot
of the same colour between the two upper lines, and a third
line, rather irregular, above the stigmata. These stripes are
interrupted by the intersection of the segments. Hairs on
the body short and very delicate. Head blackish, shining,
as also are the legs. In a case covered with smooth bits of
dried grass, of a paler colour than those generally used
by the allied species, and placed lengthwise in a more regular
manner. In shape cylindrical and of pretty uniform thickness.
Some of the bits of grass extend a little beyond the true case.
The larva feeds on grasses and is not rare in fields, chiefly
in hilly districts, but is not easy to find, as it keeps close to
the ground among the herbage. (Bruand.) Cases found
in this country agree most accurately with the foregoing
description. M. Bruand goes on to say: “I have found,
during many years, a number of cases of this species in a
damp meadow. These are of a much larger size than those
found on the mountains. The larve in these large cases
pupate at least eight days after the others have emerged,
and produce moths of a larger size. I think that this difference
in size is caused by the damp locality. The larger I call the
type, the other I have figured as var. pulliparvella. M.
Lederer tells me that he finds these two sizes also at Vienna,
but also considers them forms of the same species.”

June to April, on grasses. Apparently feeding, at times,
more than one year. Mr.C. A. Briggs found a full-sized
case upon grass in July. The larva attached its case firmly
to a box for about ten days, then woke up and fed on for the
rest of the summer.

Pupa of a brown colour—that of the female resembling that
of a Dipteron. In the larva-case, spun up on the stems of
grasses or neighbouring plants, or, in rare instances, on a
neighbouring post or-other convenient object. Inthe pupa
state about a fortnight.

The male moth flies in the daytime and, I think, only in the

350 LEPIDOPTERA.

sunshine, keeping about the grass on the sides of chalk hills,
the edges of salt marshes, and generally in fields in its rather
restricted localities. Mr. Sydney Webb says: ‘The females
certainly attract an assemblage of males; I have frequently
seen perhaps a dozen fluttering about and settling in a spot
which indicated the presence of a female. They seem to
arrive quite suddenly from all directions within a limited
area, and almost every blade of grass within a square yard
will have its occupant.”

Found in suitable places in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants,
Dorset, Middlesex, Hertfordshire, Essex, and at Lakenheath,
Suffolk. There is even, in the National Collection, a speci-
men labelled ‘‘ Ilfracombe,” but this locality seems to require
confirmation. Mr. McLachlan tells me that many years ago he
observed this moth in abundance in the Green Park in
London, but there is no evidence that it is a constant
inhabitant of the Metropolis, and this unusual circumstance
may have arisen from the introduction of a quantity of fresh
turf to the park from some chalky hill-side. Abroad it is
common in France, Switzerland, and most parts of Central and
Southern Europe, as well as in Bithynia and Armenia. ‘

3. E. reticella, Newman.—Expanse of male 3 inch. Ex-
tremely small and delicate ; whitish, lined and dotted with
dark grey.

Antenne of the male not very short, black, regularly
pectinated with long solid rays or teeth, which are slightly
curved, but stand out distinctly apart, and are not ciliated,
but are so brittle that few preserved specimens of the moth
have them quite perfect. Thorax small and very slender,
black, thinly covered with hoary scales ; abdomen very small
and slender, thickly covered with rather long white hair-scales.
Fore wings short, broadly ovate, with rounded margins and
apex ; hind wings rather long, moderately broad, rounded
behind ; all the wings white with a faint purplish tinge, and
having the nervures dark grey, and numerous irregular

PSYCHID&. 351

dark grey cross stripes, so arranged as to divide the surface
of the wings into a delicate network of grey lines and white
interspaces. Cilia extending round the apex some distance
along the costal margin, white,, broadly chequered with
broad grey spots which throw out delicate rays. The wings
hardly possess a fixed pattern of markings, the cross lines are
sometimes perpendicular to the costal and dorsal margins, at
others rather oblique ; moreover, they do not follow each other
at regular distances, nor at the same distances in different
specimens, nor indeed in the wings on the two sides of the
same specimen, so that hardly any are accurately symmetrical.
Underside similar to the upper, but a little whiter ; legs
whitish grey.

Female without legs or antenne—a mere maggot—but
having in the curious brown mask, which does duty for a
head, two blackish hollows in the place of the eyes, a black
spot where the mouth should be, and slight curved ridges at
the side, which seem to suggest antenna-cases. Body red-
brown, excessively wrinkled (in the dry specimen), segments
deeply divided, anal segment abruptly cut off, but having in
the middle a protruding ovipositor in three abrupt telescopic
divisions, the final cne being a mere point. For the sight of
this dried and shrivelled specimen, which is only one-
twentieth of an inch in length, | am indebted to Mr. B. A.
Bower. It was reared from one of two cases, the sole result
of long search by himself and Mr. Geo. Bird. A similar and
most exhaustive search last spring, for the purposes of this
book, by Mr. F. G. Whittle, was wholly without result so far as
this species was concerned. I think, however, that when
fresh the female would be about one-third of an inch long,
with rather ridged segments, abruptly cut off anal segment,
and protruded ovipositor. The present specimen seems to
have forced itself out of its case after laying its eggs.

(It has been necessary to exercise especial care in obtaining
authentic females of this and the last species for description,
from the circumstance that in some of our best collections

352 LEPIDOPTERA.

those placed as females of these two species obviously belong

to the next genus).
Middle of May to the end of June, in salt marshes.

Larva small, moderately plump, rather thickest toward
the hinder end; head shining black; second, third, and
fourth segments each with a shining dark brown plate
completely across the dorsal surface, and with a similar
horny spot below on each side; body pale pink or pinkish-
white; legs similar, but with dark brown claws; prolegs
hardly indicated. In a soft, slender, close-fitting case, hardly
cylindrical, but drawn in a little at the ends, composed of
morsels of conferva mixed with silk and partially covered
with short bits of soft dried grass, which also are dotted over
with the mealy, dry, confervoid material, as though almost
decayed when used, but carefully laid parallel and fitting
very closely. So far as is known, living low down among
Spartina stricta, on which grass the larva probably feeds, and
from which it is occasionally swept up, but it also has been
found upon Artemesia maritima, which had probably been
merely used as a convenience for spinning up.

Probably feeding from July to April.

Pura of the male brown, shining, with the cases of the
wings, antennee, and legs well developed, but all removed in
a solid mask on emergence. Female pupa similar to that of
a Dipteron. It remains in the case, but the pupa of the
male is pushed halfway out for this purpose. In a cocoon
within the larva-case, which is spun down firmly to a flower-
stalk of Spartina or other plant, by the larva, before it turns
round to assume the pupa state. Probably not more than a
fortnight in pupa.

This is a beautiful little insect, so minute as to be most
readily overlooked—more especially as it bears a wonderful
resemblance to the curious tiny Dipterous insects with round
hairy wings (Psychoda) which frequent damp, weedy spots.
‘The male flies only in very still, warm weather, skipping in

PSYCHIDE. 353

the sunshine from blade to blade of the slender wiry salt-
marsh grass (Spartina) or taking little flights of a few feet
at atime. Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., says: “I found it outside
the sea-wall, in the Isle of Sheppey, where there is a rather
luxuriant growth of grass and Artemesia maritima. The
readiest way to obtain it is to sweep very lightly the tips of
the grass and herbage, frequently examining the net. With
a little practice, however, the creature may be detected on the
wing. It looks like a Psychoda when flying. A still, hot,
bright day seems to be essential to success.”

First observed and recorded in 1847, and since found,
though not very commonly, in salt marshes on the coast of
Kent, rather more commonly in those of the Essex coast, also
very locally on the coasts of Sussex and Hants, and even
recorded, very rarely, on that of Devon. So far as this
country is concerned, this is the extent of its range, and it
does not seem hitherto to have been noticed abroad, except
that it has been found by Dr. Heylaerts, of Breda, in Holland,
but it is difficult to suppose that it could not be found, if
looked for, in most of the salt marshes on the coasts of France,
Germany, and Holland.

(E. undulella, /..—Also a very small species, though
larger than the preceding, and with longer hind wings, white
and reticulated in a similar manner, but with much more
slender undulating cross-lines. Said to inhabit Hungary and
Southern Russia. My only excuse for mentioning this pretty
species as a possible inhabitant of these islands is that in Dr.
Mason’s series of LZ. reticella, which are (necessarily) British,
there is a single example of it. Unfortunately no label is
attached, and its place of capture is unknown, nor indeed
was it recognised as distinct.)

Genus 3. FUMEA.

Antenne of male rather short and regularly pectinated
with teeth of very moderate length, regular, not very distinct,
VOL. I. Zz

354 LEPIDOPTERA.

not plumose; body very slender; wings rounded, opaque,
with close glistening bronzy black-brown scales, which are
rather large and loose.

Females apterous, but having antenne and well-developed
legs.

LARVA in a case formed of silk covered with bits of dried
grass, or morsels of leaf, or bark.

Pupa in the larva case.

Easily distinguished from the two preceding genera by
the wings being covered with scales and not hairy. Exceed-
ingly difficult to distinguish among themselves, the
characters being of somewhat doubtful value. A table of
the species may be useful.

A. Fore wings broad and rounded—

B. Over half an inch in expanse ; fore wings purple-brown,

hind wings paler. F. crassiorella.
B2. Half an inch in expanse; fore wings golden brown,
hind wings dark. F. intermediella.
B®. Half an inch in expanse; fore wings very broad,
purple brown. F, roboricolella.

A?. Fore wings elongated—

C. Fore wings rather broad, bluntly sti ae F. betulina.
C2. Fore wings narrow. F, salicolella.
0%, Fore wings broader, paler, more pointed. . dabulella.

1. F. crassiorella, Bruand.—Expanse 5% inch (15 mm.).
Small, round-winged, bronzy ; hind wings slightly paler.

Antenne of the male rather more than one-half the length
of the fore wings, slender, regularly pectinated with rather
short teeth which lean obliquely forward, but are not massed
together; dark grey. Head with the slender thorax and
abdomen black-brown, covered with faintly shining scales ;
abdomen slightly tufted. Fore wings elongate-ovate with the
costa slightly and regularly rounded; apex rather bluntly
rounded off; hind margin also rounded to the anal angle,

PSYCHEDZ. 355

which is slightly squared; dorsal margin nearly straight ;
whole surface smooth, not very thickly scaled, glistening
purplish-brown or almost purplish-grey, costa slightly darker ;
cilia moderately long, similar in colour except at the extreme
edge, which is paler. Hind wings rather long, bluntly rounded
at the apex, gently rounded behind, purplish-grey, rather
paler and more thinly scaled than the fore wings; cilia rather
Jong, purplish-grey with paler tips. Under side like the upper,
but a little paler in colour ; cilia shining purple-brown.
‘Female short, bent into a semicircle, almost spider-like ;
anterior portion slender ; head very small, horny and shining ;
the body, which appears silky, is of a reddish colour, with
six bars of black-brown colour in the form of rectangular
parallelograms, which occupy all the dorsal surface after the
fourth segment; on the upper portion of the three first
segments, which are much contracted, is a blackish horny
shield. The legs are long. The anal extremity is very
obtusely terminated by a thick tuft of hairs or down, brown
beneath, greyish-white or yellowish above, from which pro-
jects the ovipositor, 5 mm. in length, and composed of three
sections, which withdraw one within another. Feet horn-
colour. Antennz so short that they can only be seen through
a magnifier.” (Bruand.) I have copied Bruand’s description,
since it appears not absolutely certain that we have in this
country separated the female of this from those of the allied
species. It, like them, withdraws its whole body from the
case on emergence from pupa, but remains upon it, clinging
tightly with depressed head, rounded body, and the anal
segment pressed close down to the case and almost touching
the under side of the head. Mr. Bond says that the females
reared by him are larger and more obese than those of the
other species. ‘This is confirmed by the specimens from his
cabinet which when dry are stout, with the head and dorsal
region blackish-brown, under parts mixed browns, anal tuft
very pale, ovipositor of moderate length.
- End of May, June,

356 LEPIDOPTERA.

Larva dirty yellow or very light brown, tending toward
wine-colour, with two deep red-brown dorsal lines, between
which, upon each of the three first body-segments, are two
deep-brown spots; beneath the stigmata is a longitudinal
stripe of the same colour as the dorsal lines. All these
stripes and lines are more strongly indicated upon the first
body-segment than upon the two following, and are obliterated
upon the fourth. Head horny, shining, of a light brown or
red-brown, with five streaks and two dots of blackish-brown
upon each lobe, and a dash of the same near the mouth; the
upper line is bent in a degree oppositely to the lower. They
start near together at the neck and meet again at their
extremities ; the second and fourth lines form a sort of cross,
thence their points are turned toward the mouth; between is
placed the third, which is paler than the others ; the two dots
are at the end of this third line, one above, the other a little
below ; upon the head and anterior segments are rather long
and very slender grey bristles; on the rest of the body others
shorter and nearly invisible. The case is composed of bits
of dried grass, or twigs of dried plants, placed longitudinally
and rather parallel. It is thick in proportion to its length,
and much thicker than those of the following species. The
young larve hatch in July, pass the winter as larvze, and are
full-grown at the beginning of April. After hybernation it
appears on the first fine days of spring. One meets with it
on rocks facing the east or south and against old walls covered
with herbage and brambles. (Bruand.) Here again I have
copied the original description, since there is some doubt
about our own records. The cases were described by Mr.
Mitford as more slender than those of F. roboricolella; more-
over, they were all found in woods, and showed a preference
for felled trunks of trees, and I fear that the different forms
or species were mixed.

Pupa brown, in the case formed by the larva.

First recorded in this country in 1868 by the late Mr.

PSYCHIDE. 357

Bond, and afterwards by Dr. Knaggs and Mr. Mitford. So
far as I can ascertain, all were reared from cases found in
Hornsey Wood and Bishop’s Wood, Hampstead, both in
Middlesex. ‘These localities have long been either destroyed
or closed to the entomologist, but there can be little doubt
that other woods in the London district will furnish the
insect. Specimens in several collections appear very closely
to agree with Bruand’s description, and certainly are larger
than the allied species, with rather paler hind wings. It is
said to be found commonly in France, in Northern Spain,
Southern Germany, and Hungary.

2. F. intermediella, Bruand.—Expanse } inch. Wings
ovate, rounded behind, shining dark golden brown; hind
wings equally dark.

Antenne of the male one-half the length of the fore wings,
strongly pectinated, the teeth rather far apart, slightly
oblique ; dark brown. Head, with the slender thorax and
abdomen, blackish-brown, closely covered with scales ;
abdomen very slightly tufted at the tip. lore wings broad
and rounded, nearly ovate, the costa being arched at the
base and apex, but slightly straightened and rolled back
in the middle; apex and hind margin rounded ; dorsal
margin rather straight ; surface smooth and densely covered
with glistening dark golden brown scales which show either
golden or purple reflections according to the angle of light,
but are brighter and more golden than those of the other
species. From the middle of the wings to the hind margin
the nervures are indicated by faint grooved lines. Cilia
rather long and dense, similar to the wings. Hind wings
rather elongated, rounded at the apex and behind; dark
grey-brown, faintly glistening with bronzy purple scales ;
cilia darker. Under side similar, with the cilia extremely
glossy ; legs bronzy brown.

Female short, very plump, bowed into a curve so com-
plete that the head and iegs almost touch the anal segment.

358 LEPIDOPTERA.

Head dark brown, shining, without visible mouth organs,
buti provided with drooping antennz, of moderate length,
curved close to the head, simple in structure, dark brown,
but each joint pellucid. Legs complete, dark brown, with
the feet light brown, and curved slightly inward so as to
be fitted for clinging to the case; apparently never used
for walking, as the creature appears never to raise or
straighten itself. Second segment covered by a_ broad,
dark-brown, shining, horny shield, undivided and extending
down each side to the legs; third segment with a similar
narrower shield; each following segment with a broad
rectangular blotch on the back ; remainder of the body pale-
pinkish ; anal tuft light brown; anal segment with a tele-
scopic ovipositor, which in life is not usually exserted to a
great length except when depositing eggs m the bottom of
its case ; but at death is protruded as long as the whole body.
June.

Larva. Head rather large and prominent, dark brown
or blackish, with faint yellowish lines; following three
segments yellowish, each with a transverse blackish plate
extending down to the legs, which are long and strongly
made, blackish ; body deep purple-brown. Ina rather thinly
constructed case of silk covered with slender bits of dry
grass placed longitudinally, but not strictly parallel, since
some rather diverge and give it a loose look. On palings,
trunks of trees, stems of bushes, rocks and even walls,
feeding on the minute powdery lichen which grows on damp
wood; probably also eating leaves, and certainly allowing
itself to be tempted by any dead insect which it may meet
with. July to May, hybernating when almost full-grown.

Pupa light brown, in a cocoon in the larva-case. That of
the male has distinct covers to the wings and legs, the
whole of which are broken off in one piece on emergence, at
which time the pupa is forced more than half way out of the
case. That of the female is like that of a Dipteron, except

PSYCHIDZ. 359

that a little bunch of covers for the legs exists close to the
head. It is not protruded from the case. Only a short time
in pupa.

This is our commonest species and is well known. The
male flies in a very lively manner in the morning sunshine,
and I have seen quite a gathering of the brisk little
blackish creatures dancing over a bank, close to an old
fence, at six o'clock a.M. There appears to be another
flight late in the afternoon, but probably this is not con
tinued throughout the day, and only occurs in the sunshine.
Formerly very common round London, and the cases readily
to be found on any old fence. Still common throughout
the South of England, the Eastern Counties and the Southern
Midlands; becoming more local further north, yet found
in Yorkshire and Lancashire, and probably in suitable places
in every intermediate county. Recorded from the West
of Scotland, though apparently scarce there. Certainly
common on the rocks at the Hill of Howth, near Dublin,
but very little noticed, or else absent, from other parts
of that country. Found all over the continent of Kurope
except the extreme north and south.

3 ¥F. roboricolella, Bruand.—Expanse 3 inch. Fore
wings broad and very round, bronzy black.

Antennz of the male, one-half the length of the fore
wings, stout but often much curved and twisted, pectinated
with slender teeth placed rather close together and moder-
ately oblique; dark brown. Head, with the very slender
thorax and abdomen, blackish brown, with rather bronzy
closely-placed scales; abdomen very slightly tufted. Fore
wings short and broad, very round behind; costa arched,
apex and hind margin more than usually rounded; dorsal
margin nearly straight ; thickly covered with rather glisten-
ing purplish-black or dark purple-brown scales, of which
the edges are slightly raised so that the wings do not look
so smooth as in the last species; cilia darker, produced

360 LEPIDOPTERA.

slightly past the apex on to the costal margin. Hind wings
rounded at the apex and hind margin, opaque, blackish-grey
shot with purple; cilia similar. Under side like the upper;
legs bronzy-brown.

Female similar to that of the preceding species, head
shining dark brown, rounded in front, without mouth organs,
but having brown drooping antenne, legs long and well
developed, dark brown, second and two following segments
covered each by a dark horny plate, body dull brown, anal
tuft pure white ; ovipositor of great length, much longer than
the body. Clinging closely to the end of the larval case, and

with the body completely arched as in the last two species.
June, July.

Larva purplish brown; head glossy black, with two tiny
white lines forming a triangle between the eye lobes and
pointing downwards ; second segment with a black horny
dorsal plate ; third and fourth with three black stripes on
each side; on the fifth these disappear. In a case of silk,
covered usually with short lengths of dried grass, but not
unfrequently with bits of dead stalk, or narrow strips of
bark-skin which curve a little outward; generally a rather
rougher looking case than those of the two other species.

July or August to May or June, on powdery lichens or on
low-growing plants. Mr. A. H. Hamm has a brood now
feeding up freely upon leaves of Polygonum aviculare, they
also do not refuse sallow leaves, and have constructed their
cases of bits of paper. Bruand regarded this species as more
especially attached to oak, feeding on the minute lichens,
but was uncertain whether it also gnawed leaves. Certainly
it affects pine and birch trynks, and also rocks.

Pura light brown ; in the larva case, from which the male
pupa forces itself when the moth emerges. Its whole front
shield, of leg and wing cases, is thrown off unbroken. The
female pupa is more like that of a Dipteron, and does not
protrude from the case.

PSYCHIDZ., 361

In hot, still, sunny weather the male flies actively at from
6 to 7.30 p.m. and doubtless also in the morning sunshine.
From its close similarity to the preceding species its distri-
bution is not readily ascertained, but it appears to be almost
equally wide. I have specimens before me from various
parts of the South of England; some from Leatherhead,
Surrey, sent by Mr. C. A. Briggs, being large and unusually
dark, while those obtained at Portland by Mr. E. R. Bankes
are rather small. Others have been found in Buckingham-
shire, and at Cannock Chase, Staffordshire, and Mr. W. H. B.
Fletcher has specimens brought from Glengariff, in the South
of Ireland. Doubtless intermediate localities are numerous.
Abroad its range is equally doubtful; Bruand merely records
it in France.

I do not feel profoundly convinced of the distinctness
from each other of the last three species. We possess forms
which correspond well with Bruand’s descriptions; and these
I have accepted rather in deference to his great care in
determining species, and minute knowledge of their charac-
teristics, and to the considerable faith in the separate species
on the part of entomologists here, than to any strong belief
of my own. It would have been very easy and convenient
to follow Stainton in retaining all three under the name
of F. nitidella. This last name has not been added as
a synonym, or used for either, from the impossibility of
determining to which it may belong. Certainly Hiibner’s
figure of nitidella indicates a species with fore wings more
pointed than is the case in either of these three, as also does
that of Godart. Bruand went very carefully into this
question, and I think his conclusion, that the name nitidella
should be dropped, is incontestable. By an unfortunate
combination of circumstances I have been prevented from
consulting the papers of Dr. Heylaerts of Breda.

4, F. betulina, Z, anicanella, Bruand (?)—Expanse ;5

362 LEPIDOPTERA.

inch (15 mm.). Fore wings elongated, rather pointed,
bronzy blackish-brown.

Antennz one-half the length of the fore wings, much
curved, regularly pectinated with curved teeth, which are
placed rather close together, dark brown. Head, and the
very slender thorax and abdomen, blackish brown, covered
with closely set scales rather tinged with bronzy ; abdomen
but very slightly tufted at the tail. Fore wings rather
elongated, as broad as those of F. intermediella, but longer and
more pointed; costa very gently rounded and regularly
thickened at the edge ; apex somewhat produced and bluntly
angulated; hind margin rounded; dorsal margin rather
straight ; glistening dark bronzy brown, smooth and opaque ;
cilia similar. Hind wings elongated, angulated at the apex,
dark grey with a faintly-purplish gloss; cilia rather pale
purplish-grey, very shining. Under side similar but more
shining; legs dark bronzy brown.

Female with the body arched into a mere loop, blackish-
brown when preserved, probably pale brown or pinkish
when fresh; head rounded, chestnut-brown, horny, and
shining, the lower part without mouth organs, but having a
distinct articulation; antennez shining brown, slender and
drooping; legs brown, short but well developed; anal tuft
broad and dense, clear white; ovipositor exserted, hardly so
long as in the previous species. Probably resting on the
outside of the larva case, as in other species, but I have seen
no living example.

June.

Larva purplish brown with the head black, a black plate on
the second segment extending down the sides, and very
narrow black plates, hardly more than mere lines, on the
third and fourth ; legs dark grey with the claws blackish. In
a rather pointed blackish case, formed of silk and covered
with irregular bits of dead leaf, or bark, or of lichen, the
morsels not laid lengthwise, and apparently no lengths of

PSYCHIDE. 363

grass being used. Upon old bushes of sallow, crab, black-
thorn, and buckthorn, usually upon the branches which are
much over-grown with small lichens, the case closely re-
sembling a small bit of old dead twig.

July or August to May.

Pupa undescribed, in the larva-case.

First recorded in this country by Mr. Mitford, who gave
unusual attention to the present group. He found cases in
the Bishop’s Wood at Hampstead, just outside London, and
reared both sexes. It has also been obtained from Box Hill,
Surrey ; the New Forest, Hants; and Epping Forest, Essex.
There is little doubt that it would be found in many of our
southern woods, in damp spots where the bushes are rough
with lichens, if carefully looked for. At present it is in very
few collections, and little is known of its habits.

It appears to inhabit France, Germany, and Western
Russia. ;

5. F. salicolella, Bruand; salicicolella, Staud. Cat.—
Expanse } inch. Fore wings narrow, bronzy blackish-brown.

Antenne of the male rather short and slender, narrowly
pectinated, blackish brown. Head, and the narrow thorax
and abdomen, blackish brown. Fore wings very narrowly
ovate, with regularly rounded costa, apex also rounded
regularly to the hind margin; dorsal margin comparatively
straight ; shining brownish-black ; cilia similar. Hind wings
rather short, rounded, pale grey-brown; nervures faintly
darker. (Bruand’s figure.)

Female similar to that of F. crassiorella, but smaller, the
dorsal shields rather conspicuous; anal tuft light yellow-
brown. (Bruand.)

June.

Larva dirty grey or very light brown ; head shining black
without markings; jaws whitish; feet black; the whole
upper part of the second segmeut is covered by a_ broad
shield or black horny plate, divided by the whiter dorsal

364 LEPIDOPTERA.

vessel, so as to form two rather squared plates, sharply
defined and edged in front with white ; on the third segment
are two plates, the lower parts being narrowed; on the
fourth the plates are less sharply defined and consist of two
indistinct spots; on the remainder they are obliterated.
Living in a case which is a little constricted at the mouth,
but swells out in the middle and terminates in a blunt point.
It is covered with little fragments of bark of various shapes,
and placed irregularly. (Bruand.)

July to May, on sallow and other bushes, feeding upon the
lichens on the bark.

Pupa undescribed, in the larva-case.

Very little indeed is known of this species in this country.
The rearing of two specimens, male and female, was recorded
in 1858. To these I have not access. Mr. Mitford states
that he found three cases, one of which produced a male, the
others females; but unfortunately his specimens, which are
in Dr. Mason’s collection, do not appear to belong to this
species. The male is certainly /. betulina. In Mr. Bond’s
collection is a case which may be correct, but nothing
appears to have been reared from it. So little evidence is
there that my only excuse for including this species as
British is my own very distinct and accurate remembrance
of a specimen which was obtained more than twenty-five
years ago, by my early companion, Mr. E. G. Baldwin. This
specimen, which | often examined, agreed exactly with
Bruand’s figure. It was taken at the Bishop’s Wood, Hamp-
stead, and, I think, in the imago state, by Mr. Baldwin, who
is long since deceased. Unfortunately, this specimen cannot
now be traced; I have tried in vain to discover what has
become of my old friend’s collection. Under these circum-
stances it has been necessary to describe the species mainly
from Bruand’s figure ; but I feel certain that the insect only
requires looking for in our southern woods. The only Con-

PSYCHIDE. 365

tinental country in which it seems to be known is France,
and there far from commonly.

6. F. tabulella, Bruand ; sepium, Speyer, Staud. Cat.—
Expanse ;®; inch. Male similar to that of F. betulina, but
with fore wings paler and more pointed.

Antenne of moderate length—more than one-half the
length of the fore wings; regularly and distinctly pectinated,
the teeth being longer than in the last species; blackish-
brown; head, thorax, and abdomen brown. Fore wings
rather narrow at the base, broader behind, intermediate in
this respect between F. betulina and F. salicolella ; costa
rather straight and very slightly rolled back for the greater
part of its length; apex rather bluntly pointed; hind
margin distinctly rounded, and dorsal margin faintly curved ;
pale bronzy-grey, with the margin darker; cilia also darker
grey ; nervures faintly visible, grey. Hind wings more
pointed at the apex than in the other species, and with that
portion more produced and the hind margin but slightly
rounded; rather roughly furnished with scales; pale grey.
with the apex and cilia rather darker. Under side quite like
the upper ; legs and body grey-brown. Female very similar
to those of the allied species; head a shining dark chestnut-
brown mask, with very minute antenne, just visible, arising
from a couple of hollows; on the second segment a large
dorsal shield extending down the sides, shining blackish-
brown ; two following segments with very narrow similar
shields ; body dutl brown when dry, doubtless yellowish-
brown when alive; anal tuft pale brown; ovipositor very
long and conspicuous ; legs long and well formed, yellowish
brown. It sits upon the outside of the larva-case rather
curved, but not bent in the same degree as those of the
allied species, so that the ovipositor does not point down
perpendicularly near the feet, but outwards,

July.

Larva,—Head small, shining black, as also are the

"366 LEPIDOPTERA. -

anterior feet, and two plates placed transversely upon the
upper part of the anterior segments; the rest of the surface
of the body is blackish grey, slightly velvety, and with a
light brown dorsal line. It lives in a stout, short ovoid case
of a grey-black colour, but which takes the greenish hue of
the lichen on which the larva feeds. It eats the lichens
growing on old oak fences, on which it passes its life without
moving far. In repose its case is held perpendicularly to the
plane of its position, and is fixed thus when it arrives at the
pupa state. (Bruand.) This description is a little con-
tradicted by the author’s diagnosis, which reads—“‘ larva pale
ochreous, dorsal-plate black ”—and there is evidently some
confusion here.

Full fed in June, but doubtless the larva feeds in the
autumn, hybernates, and feeds up in the spring on lichens
on trees and fences.

Pura of the male short and thick, but extremely neat-
looking ; rounded in front and on the back, with very long
wing and limb cases fitting closely and reaching far down
the front of the abdomen, doubtless free at the tips, though
this is difficult to see; abdomen very stout and short, with
rows of minute tooth-like points; anal segment rounded and
blunt, but with projecting points at the sides; uniformly
light brown. (I have not seen the pupa of the female.)
In the larval case, from the upper end of which the male
pupa partly thrusts itself before the emergence of the moth.

A specimen of the male of this rare species was recorded
as having been taken flying round beech trees at Mickleham,
Surrey, in the year 1854. This specimen I have not seen; its
wings are described as long and narrow, and of a pale brown
colour. Another is said to have been taken in Epping
Forest, among beech. A specimen in my late friend
Machin’s collection—which he gaye to me—and which he
reared from a case beaten out of blackthorn at Box Hill,
Surrey, and believed to be this species, is /. betulina. Three

PS YCHIDZA. 367

specimens labelled tabulella in the late Mr. F. Bond’s collection
appear to be F. roboricolella; and one from the collection of
Mr. Mitford, but now in the possession of Mr. Philip Crowley,
is certainly Hpichnopteryx pulla, worn.

The only fully satisfactory evidence of the occurrence of
the present species in this country has reached me, quite
recently, from Mr. J. E. Fletcher, of Worcester, and, since
next to nothing is otherwise known here of the insect, it
may be well to quote his remarks: “In the spring of the
‘year 1858 I beat from an old spruce (Abies excelsa) a single
case-bearing larva, from which in the following summer
appeared a gmall male moth, the wings of one side of which
were cramped. By some misadventure the moth was
lost. In the spring of 1877 I revisited the place—the Old
Hills, near Worcester—and succeeded in obtaining four
larve. ‘Two I sent to the late Mr. Stainton, who wrote,
July 10th, that he had bred a male moth from one case, and
that it was in very good condition on one side, but rather
crippled on the other. This specimen should be in the col-
lection left by that gentleman. His second case and those
that I retained yielded nothing. The last time I sought for
the creature was in the spring of 1882, when I found five
larvee. From one of these was bred a female moth; from
another a pupa fell out and died ; a specimen of a species
of Braconidae came from the third, and the others contained
dried-up larve.

“The Larva is stout and brown, with head and corselet
black ; the boughs on which they occurred bore a good crop of
lichen. The female moth emerges completely from its case
and stands thereupon with its head towards the twig and its
ovipositor directed outwardly and prominent. I watched the
creature from time to time during two or three days before
disturbing it, during which time it maintained the same
posture.”

With the foregoing information, Mr. Fletcher forwarded
the ferrale moth, the pupa, and a case, all of which have

368 LEPIDOPTERA.

been available for description. The case at once appeared to
agree with that figured by Bruand, and the attitude of the
‘female, as described, also agreed most accurately. Finally
a search in the cabinet of the late Mr. Stainton, now in
the national collection at South Kensington, revealed the
male moth, unnamed, but also unmistakably agreeing with
Bruand’s description of F. tabulella. I know of no other
localities than those named, but the insect should occur
among the lichen-covered branches of trees in other parts of
our damp western districts. Abroad it is but little known ;
Bruand says that in eight years he found the larva in two
localities in France, in both cases on old oak fences ; but that
three years before writing he had beaten three cases, in
another forest, from old mossy wych-elms.

F. sepium, Speyer, which Staudinger holds to be the
same species, is found, besides France,in Central and Southern
Germany, Belgium, and Eastern Russia.

It may perhaps be well, at the conclusion of this very
aberrant family, to draw attention to the singular power
possessed by the pupze, in accordance with those of the
Sestida, Zygaenide, Zeuzxeride, Hepialide, and other families in
the present group, and also in large groups of the Micro-lepi-
doptera, of forcing their way partly out of the cocoon, in
some cases three-fourths of their length, before the emergence
of the moth. This power is due in part to the presence of
rows of small teeth, as often described, on the back of the
abdominal segments, and sometimes to bristles on the same
surface; but also, in a large degree, to the greater freedom
and mobility of the abdominal segments themselves, of which
one more segment than in other groups is capable of move-
ment. In some of these, as already stated, the activity is
extraordinary, and is wholly due to the twisting action of
these segments. So obvious and complete is this distinction
in mobility of segments, that in any arrangement based
upon the structure of the pupa, this would inevitably become

PS YCHID. 369

a leading distinctive character. The subject has been treated
quite recently, with extraordinary minuteness, detail, and
philosophic acumen, by Dr. Algernon Chapman, in the
Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, and is
worthy of attentive study ; but it would occupy far too much
space in a work such as the present.

VOL. II. 2A

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

(Sesia conopiformis, Lsp.)—In the Hntomologist, 1894,
page 245, Mr. C. A. Dale states that he has taken a specimen
of this species *‘ beaten from buckthorn.” Occurring in
France, Belgium, and Germany. and feeding on oak, it is not
an improbable species to occur in these islands.

Zeuzera esculi. /.—Mr. W. F. de Vismes Kane has
written to me to state that the specimen referred to on page
146 as having probably been taken in Ireland was not so
taken, but obtained from England.

Deiopeia pulchella, /.— With reference to the specimen
alluded to on page 246. as having been taken by the Rey.
T. W. Daltry in a meadow in Staffordshire. 1 am requested
by Mr. Daltry to record that, although captured in his
presence, it was actually taken by Mr. F. C. Woodforde of
Market Drayton, in whose collection the moth remains.

Nemeophila plantaginis, Z. (Page 264)—I am now
informed by Major Je N. Still. of Seaton, Devon. that this
insect does occur in that county, he having found larve on
Dartmoor. from which he reared the moths.

‘therontia .
Atropos
Arctia .
caja .
villica
Calligenia
miniata
Callimorpha.
dominula .
Hera.
Cheerocampa
celerio
Elpenor
nerii .
porcellus .
Cossus «
ligniperda.
Dasychira
fascelina .
pudibunda
Deilephila
(Daucus) .
euphorbiz
galii .
livornica .
Deiopeia
pulchella .
Demas .
coryli
Earias .
chlorana .
Epichnopteryx
calvella
pulla
reticella
(andulella)
Euchelia
jacobzeze
Eulepia

PAGE
15
16
265
265
270
201
201
249
249
253

51

51

59 |

62

55
146
146

316 |

320
316
36
50

IN DE

grammica .
Euthemonia.
russnla
Fumea.
betulina
crassiorella

roboricolella
salicolella.
tabulella .
| Halias .
prasinana .
quercana .
| Hepialus
hectus
| humuli
lupulinus .
sylvinus
| velleda
Heterogenea
| asella
Hypogymna
dispar
Lelia .
coenosa
(Leucoma)
| (V-nigra) .
Limacodes .
testudo
Liparis
salicis
Lithosia
aureola
caniola
complana .
complanula
griseola
helveola

| Eulepia—cribrum

intermediella

Lithosia—
muscerda .
pygmeola.
rubricollis

Macrogaster
arundinis .

Macroglossa.

me uciformis
stellatarum

5 | (Naclia)

(ancilla)
| Nemeophila.
| plantaginis
Nola
albulalis
centonalis
confusalis
cucullatella
strigula
Nudaria
mundana .
senex
(inistis
quadra
Orgyia .
antiqua
gonostigma
| Phragmatobia
fuliginosa
Porthesia
| auriflua
chrysorrhoea
Procris
Geryon
globularize
statices
Psilura
monacha .

bombyliformis .

PAGE

372

Psyche .
(graminella)
(muscella)
opacella
villosella .

Sesia

asiliformis

chrysidiformis .

culiciformis
cynipiformis

formiceformis .

ichneumoni-
formis
myopzformis
philanthiformis
scolizeformis
spheciformis

andreniformis .

INDEX.

PAGE PAGE

333 | Sesia— Sphzecia—
343| tipuliformis 86| bembeciformis
344 Setina . 204 | Spilosoma
339 irrorella 204! Ilubricepeda
334 mesomella 207 mendica

77|Smerinthus . 3| menthastri

85| ocellatus . : 3] urtice

78| populi . ‘ 7 (Syntomis) .
10o1| tilie. ; - Ir] (phegea) .

g2| Sphinx. ; . 21 |Zeuzera

88| convolvuli 22| veesculi

94| (Drurei) 35 Zygena

ligustri. . 31] exulans

96| pinastri 27| filipendulze

90| (quinquemaculatus) lonicere

98 35| meliloti

80| Spheecia 103} Minos

82} apiformis . 106| trifolii

Printea by BXLLANTYNE, Hanson & Co

London and Edinburgh

PAGE

103
277
281
277
286
289
137
137
143
143
117
121
133
130
124
117
127

PLATE XLI

Fie. 1. Smerinthus ocellatus, male.

la. a S female.
1d. « larva.

ic: a = ee.
ld. ss - pupa.

2, Hybrid between Smerinthus ocellatus and

S. populi.

Vineent Brooks Day &Son “imp

R Morgan. del. et lith

L Reeve & C2 London.

aT set

*

Jove alinpas beshit

Fig. 1.

la,
10.
le.
ld.

PLATE ALI,

Smerinthus populi, male.

female.

male, var.

larva.

var. from figure by
Mr. G. C. Bignell.

99

PLATE 42

“Vincent. Brooks, Day & Son imp

R Morgan, del. et hth,

Ce London

>
a]

L.Reeve &

1 ? ASHE

+

Pit ities

PLATE XLIII.

Fic. 1. Smerinthus tilie, male.

la.
1d.
le.
1d.
le.

9

female

var.

PLATE 4:3.

R Morgan, del. et hth. Vincent Broaks, Day& Son, inp

L Reeve & C2 London

Vis AL

af Miss Lea

se inl

qyiphied —s .
F :

PLATE XLIV.

Fig. 1. Acherontia Atropos.
1a; sf a larva.

1b. a + pupa.

PLATE 44

R Morgan, del. et. hth. Vineent Broaks,Day & Son, Imp.

L. Reeve & C° Landon,

Fig. 1.

la.
1b.

le.

PLATE XLV.

Sphinx convolvuli, male.

3?

)

9

female.
larva, from a figure by

Mr. G. C. Bignell.
pupa.

R.Morgan,del. et Lith.

L Reeve & C° London

Vincent Brooks Day & Son

T

JOU

PLATE XLVI.

Fig. 1. Sphinx pinastri, male, Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher.
la, mA 5 female, Lord Rendlesham.
10. es - larva, from figure by the Hon.
Mrs. Carpenter.
le. " 3 - do. do. do.
ld. - Ma young larva, do. do.

PLATE 46

R Morgan, del et lth Vincent Br ooks Day & Son jam

L. Reeve & C? London.

PLATE XLVII.

Fig. 1. Sphinx ligustri, male.

la.

)

3%)

”

3)

female.

larva.

pupa.

Pbhalriatd.
a PLN ne

eR Fk
alate rn eae

Vincent Hroo

3 Day & Sea loop.

AL]

wivay tthe

Alden’ a sone sie ee
a \

mail baat Par ed . a

a wry ik ul“ : i
pal dau on mA

4 a ae

Big.

La,

1.

Ic.

ld.

PLATE XLVIII.

Deilephila euphorbiz, male. Norfolk.

33

= female, from Devon,
Dr. P. B. Mason.

es larva, from a figure by
Mr. G. C. Bignell.

re », from figure by

Mr. W. Buckler.
AS og ¢ Ae do.

RVorgan sé. et ith Vincent Brooks Day & Sen,Im

»

L Reeve 3 C° Jiondon

PLATE XLIX.

Fie. 1. Deilephila galii, male.

la. - ., female.

1d. = ,, larva.

le. i .. var. from figure by Mr.
G. C. Bignell.

ld. re 55 pupa.

RMorgan del, ethth

Vincent Brooks Day & Son inp

L Reeve & C° London

PLATE L.

Fig. 1. Deilephila livornica, male.

la. Zs a female, Dr. Mason.
10. 4 ie larva, from figure by

Mr. G. C. Bignell.
le. he - larva, var.

Vincent, Brooks Day & Son Imp

R.Morgan delet lith

London

L.Reeve & C®

PLATE LI.

Fig. 1. Cheerocampa celerio, male.
la.
1d.

*: My female, Dr. Mason.

ue na larva.

R Morgan del, et. hth. Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp

LReeve & C° London.

=

PLATE LII.

Fie. 1. Cheerocampa Elpenor.

la. a - larva, from figure by
Mr. G. C. Bignell.

10. ff ». With segments retracted.

le. . » pupa.

a porcellus.

2a. a se larva.

R Morgan

del et Irth

L.Reeve & C2 London.

Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp

PLATE LIIL

e Fic. 1. Cheerocampa nerii, male.
dia. :; » female, Mr. G. T. Porritt.
1b. ep », larva, Hoffmann.
le. <3 5 pups, “do:

R Morgan del, et lith.

LL. Reeve & C° London

Fig. 1.

la.

1d.

PLATE LIV.

Macroglossa stellatarum.

var. Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher.
larva, Mr. Alfred Sich.

>>

39

a pupa.
fuciformis, just emerged.

after fight.

39

- larva.

bombyliformis.

P larva.

& Son imp

RMoréan del et ith

+° London

Fig. 1.

Ae:

PLATE LY.

Sesia asiliformis, male, Dr. Mason.
! : female.
,, scolizeformis, male, Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher.
=: female, Mr. S. Webb.

spheciformis, male, Mr. A. Robinson.

~ = female.
y: larva.
nd pupa, Mr. A. F. Griffiths.

,, andreniformis, Mr. 8S. Webb.

R.Mo rgan delet lith

° London

LReeve & C

PLATE LVI.

Fie. 1. Sesia tipuliformis.

ae i" larva.

2. » cynipiformis, male.

ae e female.

2b. Ze 6 larva.

3. 5, myopeeformis, male.

Ms oo - female.

3 _ larva, Mr. A. Sich.
4. » culiciformis, male.

4a. 3 2 female.

4b. sy, ~ larva.

Ae, Mss a pupa.

ks Day & Son mp

Vincent Broo

RMorgan del, et hth
=

7

London

YO

L Reeve & (

PLATE LVit.

lic. 1. Sesia formiceeformis.

tga ae o larva.
2. ,, lchneumoniformis, male.
As. Ws Fe female.
Bie > a larva.
3. ., philanthiformis.

A. ., chrysidiformis.

Aa. = larva.
AD. a 7 pupa.
5. Spheecia bembeciformis.

on. 5 i larva.
6. a apiformis, male.
6a. ss female.

6b. aA 2 larva.

PLATE ¢

RMorgan del, et lith VincentBrooks Day &Saninp

I, Reeve & C8 London

~e
eS,

Fig. 1.

la.

PLATE LVIII.

Procris globulariz.

”? ”

statices,
3
7) ?
1
» Geryon.
3)
Zygena Minos,

oy a

exulans,

larva (Buckler).
male.
female.

larva.

larva (Buckler).
male.

female.

larva (Buckler).
male.

female.

larva ‘Buckler).

R Morgan del, et hth

LReeve & C9? London

Vincent Brooks, Day &Son Imp

PLATE LIX.

Tic. 1. Zygeena meliloti.

la. a a a

Lb. i » » Mr. 8. Webb.
le. if 5 lena.

pe * trifolii

2a. Me ie var.

2b. y ae *

2c. x 2 .. Mr. W. Christy.
2d.

2e. ,, larva.

3 ce loniceree

BU. A i var.

: ee a Mr. 8. Webb.

»
Se. 3 , a +

3d. Fn ., larva.

PLATE 59

R Morgan del, et lth Vincertt Brooks; Day &Son Imp

PLATE LX.

Hie. 1. Aygeena filipendule.

la. = & var:

1d. x ee » Mr. BoG. Rye.
le a 3 » Mr. 8. Webb.
ld. 3

le. : Be ia

If. . 5 _

19.

Ih.

li, : 23 larva.

7. i$ ej cocoon.

1k. : by underside of a specimen

having five wings. Drawn

by Mrs. Richardson.

R.Morgan del,

et hth

Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp

PLATE LXI.

Fic. 1. Macrogaster arundinis, male.

la. ~ e female.

10. *s + larva (Buckler).
2. Zeuzera eesculi, wale.

2a. . Pe female.

20. ‘ ot larva (Buckler).
2c. 3 i pupa as

3. Cossus ligniperda.

(ee ~ larva.

R.Morgan del, et hth

L Reeve &C2London

Vincent Brooks Day & Son Ir

NE

Fic. 1.

la.

3d,

PLATE LXII.

Hepialus hectus,

+) bb

9 99

male.
female.
larva (Buckler).

* lupulinus, male.

29 +P)

?? ”

>? PP]

oe velleda,

”? ?

2) >P]

female.
male, variety.
larva,
male.

> ~+~Var.
female.
var. Gallica,

larva.

PLATE 62.

R Morgan del et lth Vincent Brooks Day & Sonimp

L Reeve & C? London

Fig, 1.
la.
1b.
le.
ld.
le.

Uf,

PLATE LXIII.

Hepialus humuli, male.

female.

male var. Shetlands.
be) ” ”

female var. Yorks., Mr.
Porritt.

larva.

R.Morgan del, et lth

L Reeve & C2 London

Viricertt Brooks Day & Son Imp

TA AT AY

Alen aii ad iwi ti
; ?
niet as =i : Py Oe

{
we

i be wierne | 4 ’

PLATE LXIV.

Fig. 1. Hepialus sylvinus, male.
la.

1d. fe As larva.

- ms female.

Limacodes testudo, male.

2a - + female.

2b. 5 ee larva (Mr. Sich).
3. Heterogenea asellus, male.

3a. ae 2 female.

Ob. = is larva,

4, Harias chlorana.

7 ae oe larva.

5. Halias prasinana, male.

5a. < is female.
5b. f - larva.
6. +» quercana.

6a i “ larva.

Vincent Brooks, Day &SonImp

R. Morgan del et bth

L Reeve .& C° London

%

WAL AVA:

capt deatart aad ality =
cin ao ,
i |
all yi aiiverd (tyr) aetal
oie Ss
abrarits ~
aelangh alt evial 7 .

rile ing a

. sell «fh anv | cg

: asidoutl <i ral : at ee
ueubA A alt ane ene
7 n%: Alara’ - i ae Loi
ane ee ae) pe
= A thavirg ai MPa enn a at ve 7
a7 ;
7

Fie. 1.

la.

10.

Nola cucullatella.

PLATE LXV.

99

>

strigula.
confusalis.

3

centonalis.

99

albulalis,

var.
larva, from drawing by Mr.
A. Sich.

larva, Mr. Buckler.

larva, Mr. Buckler.
pupa.

var. Mr. R. Adkin.

larva, Mr. Buckler.
cocoons, Mr. R. Adkin.
male.

female.

larva, Mr. Buckler.

cocoon, Mr. W. H. Tugwell.

PLATE Go.

RMorgan delet lith Vincent Brooks Day & SonImp

TReeve & C2London.

Bola AH aaa

,

Welt fis
+ ola y
- ‘
; ' wh tG

‘ti P

7 2/4
q toast wih. 3 al
{

. yee

Pete elt

Ry ie oh shee

y

\ aay LJauet 4h a” f aj

AMUN

SVK WEAIS

«2 TR Pipe na ae Pe | ure
. i ;

be) re
PUMA a
= q
e a“
:

OTA te Peed. Ae

eller)

. st - 4 ad
s i. :
y ec |
: 4 eat
»
Pe ns vo

PLATE LAV.

Fig. 1. Nudaria senex.

iy. = vi larva, Mr. Buckler.
2. ,» Mmundana, male.

2a. “ female.

2d. - ie larva.

3. Calligenia miniata. *

3a. - 3 larva, Mr. Buckler.
4, Setina irrorella, male.

Ady ~ "x; 54 female.

4D. 5 i larva, Mr, Buckler.
5. » mesomella.

5a. e - var.

Bey y larva, Mr. Buckler.

6. Lithosia muscerda, male.
6a. 35 is female.

6b. a 2 larva.

PLATE 66.

RMorgan delet lth. Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp

LIL, Reeve & C2London

VEN Zab ATA

f ? . iri eieoliint l Roy! :
~ *
talgou ‘ al ee VI) ' , wl
ae 4 * Li st -
. Le Me ‘ * Py De
= seta a ed
$ » °
7 ° BAGGY GO i
i
lat i
, . ; H : ! : : at
e! 8) £
a
| i). i U - nM
a
Perr atin ® sts
* - :
; ~» |
1
¢ 4 Pie ie
drone nroat a Ph . 2
. . i= »
siddontt 2! ne Pa je a
TH. >) a
Z . * Sy? :
4
- 4
" . =
* *

PLATE LXVII.

Fic. 1. Lithosia aureola.

la. > - larva, Mr. Buckler.
2. » helveola, male.

2a. i af female,

2b. <2 o larva.

3. » Pygmeola, male.

3a. 45 = female.

30. ‘5 larva, Mr. Buckler.
4. » caniola,

4a. * 2 larva, Mr. Buckler.
Ab. re ‘3 pupa.

5. »» complana.

5a. = - v.sericea, from Mr.Gregson.
5b. na - larva, Mr. Buckler.
6. » complanula.

6a. ae e larva.

Vincent Brooks, Day &sanimy

R Morgan del, et ith.

L Reeve & C°London

PLATE LXVIII.

Fig. 1. Lithosia griseola.

la. - 33 var. stramineola.

1d. be _ 5, intermediate.

le. im s larva, Mr. Buckler.

2. ,, Yubricollis, male,

2a. ie i female.

26. re os larva, Mr. G. C. Bignell.
3. Cinistis quadra, male,

3a. ‘s female.

30. a larva, Mr. Buckler.

R Morgan del et hth Vincent Brooks Day & Sonimp
é

L Reeve & C2 London

PLATE LXIX.

Fig. 1. Eulepia grammica, male.

la.

93

cribrum.

female.

larva.

var.
larva.

Deiopeia pulchella, male, Dr. Mason.

99

9?

Kuchelia jacobeee.,

9?

3

female.

larva.

male.

female.

var. Mr. A. Robinson.
larva.

RMorgan del et Lith

Vincent Brooks Day&Sonlup

L Reeve & C2 London

_

iy ~
iol

Sco vh4. Pt es i a" —_

7 * inf ’ . ’
welaiitetiade Set EG, olSEe uss
ad -

Fie. <1.

PLATE LXxX.

Callimorpha dominula.
99 3 var. Mr. 8. Webb.

5 Dr. Mason.

3) 39 > 39

_» larva, Mr. Buckler.
Pe Hera Mr. A. Robinson.
var. és

larva.

R Morgan del et htt

LReeve &

Fig. 1.

PLATE LXXI.

Arctia caja.

9

var. Dr. Mason.

Mr. 8S. Webb.
Dr. Mason.
Mr. S. Webb.

3)

larva.

RMorpan del et lith

L, Reeve & C° Londor

t Brooks Day&Sanlmp

PLATE LXXII.

Fig. 1. Arctia caja var. Dr. Mason.

la. re » Mr. S. Webb.

1b. is » Mr. C. A. Briggs.
le. ah » Mr. &. Webb.

1d. i i ts

le. : . 9

aye ” ” ”

19. bP 7 ”

Fic. 1.

la.
1b.

i

ld.
le.
ie

ly.

PLATE LX Xie

Arctia villica, male.

female.
male, var. Mr. 8.

female, var. .,

39 99 393

larva.

— eS
| ? Ta a : 7
- ° :
Mikel TAT
Vuitteew sletembyye ied ue |
‘ . sleet, widget ten Lite”

phan
410

iy bless) lisa aes

sf ee

Fie. 1.

la.

PLATE LXXIV.

Euthemonia russula, male.

99

rs

»

99

39

+P)

female.
male, var.
larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

Nemeophila plantaginis, male.

female.

* var. hospita, male.

fs o female,
Mr S. Webb.
var. Mr. S. Webb.

larva.

Hic. i:

la.
1b.

le.

2d.

2h e

PLATE LXXV.

Phragmatabia fuliginosa, male.

Zs female.
-- var. §. of England,
Mrs. Bazett.
Be » N. of England and
Scotland.

ns larva.

Spilosoma mendica, male.

23

39

9

oJ)

female.
male, var. Yorkshire,
Mr. G. T. Porritt.
female .,, 3
” » »

+B) +B) PP] 2)
male, var. vwstica, Ireland.
female ,, ‘4 i.

male. intermediate var.

larva.

> eA oe tay <
i Morgan del et uth Vincent Brooks Day & Sonimp

L Reeve & C° London

Fig. 1.

la.
10.

le.

ld.

le.

If,

ly.

lh.
1a.

y.

1k.

PLATE LXXVI.

Spilosoma lubricepeda, male.

bP]

99

9

?

female.
male, var. Yorkshire,
Mr. J. Harrison.

bP] 39 99 23
female ., Be
Mr. G. T. Porritt.
male ,, ‘N a:
23 bP] >)

Mr. J. Harrison.
male, var, radiata,

Mr. W. H. Tugwell.

female ,, Ws 9
29 2° 33 bb)
22 ”? PP]

Mr. J. Harrison.

larva.

R Morgan del et 1

th

L. Reeve

Fre. 1.

la.
1b.

le.

ld.

le.
Ly

1g.

Li

PLATE LXXVII.

Spilosoma menthastri, male.

29

39

female, creamy var.

male, var.

» Northof Ireland.

,, Dr. Mason.

female, var. Mr. 8. J
Capper.

male, var. Walkeri, Curt.
Dr Mason.

larva, Mr. G. C. Bignell.

L Reeve &

PLATE LXXVIIL.

Fic. 1. Spilosoma urticze, male.

la. x female.

1d. s ,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2. Porthesia chrysorrhcea, male.

2a. Fs a: female.

2b. a6 - male, var.

2c. a larva, Mr. G. C. Bignell.
3: a auriflua, male.

Su. v fe female.

30. ie » larva, Mr. G. C. Bignell.

R WV--~

Se at i rae OM «

PLATE LXXiX:

Fic. 1. Liparis salicis, male.

la. es . female.

10. o larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

lie, . . ,, var. Mr. A. Sich.

2. Hypogymna dispar, male.

2a. . » female, old English form.
20. ; : male, var.

2¢. af a a

2d. 3 ,, temale, present form.

2e. 5 » larva, Mr. G. C. Bignell.

et hth

R. Morgan del

Dal

md

Te)

L Reeve & C

dt Pre), o

‘

Fig. 1.
la.
10.
te
ld.

PLATE LXXX.

Psilura monacha, male.

female.
male, var.

female, var.

= » Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher,

3 ”
male, var.
larva.

”

”

st)

S55

R Morgan del,et ith

Fig. 1.
la.
1b.
2,

te 20.
Ob.
2c.
2d.
2e.

PLATE LXXXI.

Leelia czenosa, male.

2?

93

99

99

99

female.

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.
Dasychira pudibunda, male.

3°

9?

female.

male, var.

female, var.
larva, Mr. G. C. Bignell.

22

variety.

PLATE 81

RM organ delet hth

Vincent Brooks Day & Son Imp

LReeve & C° London

uh oe Jk » a Gl oa
my rae SoU

aA Dhoeaye

* |

PLATE LXXXII.

Fic. 1. Dasychira fascelina, male.

la. is ue female. )

10. 3 ve . var. Mr. S. J. Capper.
le, is re af i _ mA
ld. Be sy larva.

2. Demas coryli, male.

2a. % fe 3 vet

20. eo .. female, var.

2e. ee - ‘ rae

7 .. larva, Mr. G. C. Bignell.

PLATE 82

2°

R Morgan del, etlith Vincent Brooks,Day & Son Imp

=

» Reeve &C° London

PLATE LXXXIII.

Orgyia gonostigma, male.

Oe »» var:
¥ female.
Ps larva, Mr. W. Buckler.
,, antiqua male, London form.
Mt S ,. Yorkshire, Mr. G. T. Porritt.
Ms 7 ,. Sutherlandshire.

Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher.

. » female.
larva.

- ; pupa.

s3 ». cocoon.

i PLATE LXXXIV.

Psyche viliosella, male.

ss ; female, Mr. W. C. Boyd.

oe ~ larva zi ‘,

- - .. half-grown _,,
opacella, male, Scotland, Dr. Mason.
5 a . Berkshire, Mr. Holland.
case.

5 55 5 aE
Epichnopteryx calvella, male.

% = female, with case.

n
R

R Morgan del, et lath Vincent Brooks,Day & Son Imp

LReeve & C°Lonodon

PLATE LXXXV.

Fic. |. Epichnopteryx pulla, male (enlarged).

la. 36 ». 3, large var. (enlarged).

1b. * »- temale.

he * ,, larva and case.

2. - reticella, male (enlarged).

2a. cs - ., var. (enlarged).

2b. a S larva, extracted from
case, Mr. W. H. B.
Fletcher.

2¢. 5 i case (enlarged).

3. Fumea crassiorella, male (enlarged), Dr. Mason.

STH an female, Bruand.

3D. 4 es larva and case, Bruand.

4 ., Intermediella, male (enlarged).

Aa. - ce female and case.

Ab, r e larva and case.

Ac. 3 case with pupa skin.

rhe

ht}

‘ Te: a
. LO
a' Trean
M °
at

Vveeve

PLATE LXXXVI.

Fic. 1. Fumea roboricolella, male (enlarged).

la. “ F female, in case.

10. + at larva with case.

2. », betulina, male (enlarged).

2a. Bs bs female.

2D. - * larva and case.

2c. ss in pupa skin and case.

3. » Ssalicolella, male, Bruand, (enlarged).

3a. a 5 larva and case, Bruand.

A. » tabulella, male, Bruand, (enlarged).

Aa. g, * female and case, Mr. J. E.

Fletcher.

14 “i
Morgan del, et hith

L Reeve & C°London

Barrett, Charles
Golding, 1836-1904.
The Lepidoptera of
the British Islands: a
descriptive account of

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT

A

39088 O0245279
nhent QL555.G7B3
v. 2 The Lepidoptera of the British Is

Pz