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THE

LEPIDOPTERA

OF THR

BRITISH ISLANDS
VOL. vrif.

V^-^

_^ -I-

THE

LEFI 1) OPT ERA

BRiriSll ISLANDS

A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF THE FAMILIES. GFSEHA AND

SPECIES INDIGENOUS TO GREAT BRITAIN AND

IRELAND, THEIR PREPARATORY STATES,

HABITS. AND LOCALITIES

CHAKI.KS G. BARRETT, K.K.S.

Ml

r>Nh OF TMK KOln.U'S >JF THE EN'] M.MOLOGIST S MON IHLV Mai.a/iNU

I'O/.. \lll

I K ll'.KOCliKA

C, I'.OMl. I K 1 X A

\ 1. O N 1 ) O N

LOVELL REEVE AND CO. LIAlllED

n 1(1 NKII I I A ^Ikl.KT, COVhNT (lAkUEN. W C.

3^3<40

APR 9-1962

LEPIDOPTEEA.

Division 2. HETEROCERA.

Group 1. GEOMETBINA.

Family 3. ACIDALIID-ffi.

Geuus ;i. ACIDALIA.

Antenna of the male bristly, oftea notched or saw-like ;
head smooth ; thorax and abdomen also smooth, slendei',
often very weak ; wings glossy and silky, of thin textiuv ;
fore wings somewhat trigonate, moderately liroad ; hinJ
wings rounded. The hinder i)air of legs shortened in various
degrees, in many s]iecies; sometimes strongly tufted with
long hair-like scales.

L.\KV.E moderately long and slender, in many species very
so, slightly thickened behind ; head retracted and tucked in ;
bodies often curiously coiled when at rest.

Prr^ usually subterranean.

We have twenty-four species, some of them very closely
allied, and not very easy to tabulate, but an attempt may be
serviceable :

A. Wings all purple or purplf-brown. A. rv.hriai/".

A'-. Wings fulvous or ])ale tawny.

VOL. VIII. A

: LEPIDOPTERA.

J3. l'"oi-e witiiiS lontr. pointoil, the transverse lines
obscure. A. [n niihrorui.

B-'. Fore wings short, ])oiuted, the transverse lines distinct.

A. mhi-dt".

A ■. Wings all jiale grey.

('. ^\'ings all broad, repeatedly banded with dark grey-
brown. A. tmiiiornta.

('-'. AVings rather narrow.

|). AVings dusted with grey, and ri]ipled with grey lines

I]. Costa of fore wings spotted with black. A. (vntifji'arin.

V.-. Costa not spotted. A. jiroiiUit'itc.

1). \\'ings obscurely dusted and clouded with grey-brown

A. inm nil rill.

W Wings all brownish-white.

V. X smoky-ln'owu blotch or cluster of dots at the anal
ano-le of the fore winjjs. A. saitulntii.

F-. A ])ale smoky-brown stripe along the hind margins of
all the wings. A. /lis'tatn.

F". A band of three black-brown blotches near hind margin
of fore wings. A. triiicuiiiinto.

V\ All the wings crossed by looped and rippled brown
bands. -•/. kcrhnrintfi.

A'. Wings all snow-white with marginal spots. A. uriintci.
A''. Wings all silky glossy fulvous-white or yellowish-
white,
(i. J?nse and central band of fore wings black-brown.

A. riistini/ii.

('•-. Fore wings narrow, costa red. ^1. o.sso'/c.

(!■'. Fore wings broad, costa tawny-brown. A. tUliitni-in.
Ci'. Fore wings Itroad, very smooth, costa oi' the ground

colour. --(. Ilii/iisii-iriifii.

A". AN'ings all silky white, or silky greyish-white.

1 1 . Till- transverse lines sinuous, slender, senii-transpavent.

margin spotless. A. si'.Jisiriirnlii.

11-. Transverse lines sinuous, slender, grey-brown, margin

dotted with black. A. stniiidimtii.

A CIDA LI IDA-: -A CI PAL I A . 3

H'l .Surface tin^-ed with smoke-colour, lines grey-brown.

A.famdtii.
A**. Winos all creamy-white, glossy.
I. Fore wings short and broad, a black spot iu the middle

of the hind wings. A. iiamvt'ita.

V. Fore wings long and pointed, dots obscure, transverse

lines very sinuous. A. /-ini idntn.

A''. Wings pale drab or reddish-white.
J. Texture of wings coarse, two parallel lines or a broad

band, conspicuously beyond the middle. A. unrsatn.
J'-. Texture of the wings smooth and satiny.
K. Transverse lines slender and obscure. A. inornata.
K-. Wings with a broad purple central band.

A. der/cncrnriii.

1. A. rubricata, Srlii/f'.; rubiginata, S/kikI. Cat. —
Expanse :J inch. Purple-crimson, or purple-brown, with
three slender irregular darker purple-brown transverse lines
on the fore wings, and two on the hind.

Antenna- of the male simple, strongly ciliated, leaden-
brown ; palpi short, blunt, purple-brown; face convex,
chestnut-red ; eyes deep black ; top of the head dull crim-
son ; behind it is a small brown neck-ridge ; thorax narrow,
dull crimson or crimson-brown ; abdomen slender, smooth,
leaden brown, with a crimson dusting ; lateral tufts distinct ;
anal tuft narrow, light-brown. Fore wings rather short and
broad ; costa very faintly arched, almost straight ; apex
angulated ; hind margin but little oblique, and very slightly
rounded ; dorsal margin nearly straight, strongly ciliated ;
colour dull crimson, crimson-brown, or purplish-lirown ; first
and second lines, and also an exactly intermediate, jiarallel,
central line, all slender, undulating, and not very oblique,
dark pur|ile-ljrown or dark brown; the space between the
central line and the second very often paler than the remain-
ing ground colour, and forming then a ]iale band ; hind
marginal area faintly clouded with dusky-brown or ]iurpie-

4 LEPIDOPTERA.

brown, tlirouf^li which sometimes ])asses, as a dusky meander-
iiii^ thread, a darker snbterminal line ; cilia dull purple.
Hind wings rounded behind, the anal angle not stpiared ; of
the same colour as the fore wings; having the central
and second lines of the latter accurately continued to tlie
■dorsal margin, and often containing a ])aler band as in those
wings; also the faintly darker shade is continued outside,
and often the obscure subtcrniinal line; cilia dull ]>urple.
Female very similar, but a little stouter, and having the fore
wings more pointed.

I'ndersides of all the wings dull tawny; the central and
second lines of the fore wings, and their continuations on
the hind, all repeated and more distinct, dull black; the
marginal shadings and subterminal lines also in some degree
represented. i?ody purplish-brown ; legs whitish-brown, but
purple-brown in front.

Excessively liable to fading during life, so that it is difKcult
to say what actual variation really exists. Freshly emerged
specimens usually are rich crimson, but every shade of dull
crimson to dull reddish-brown, and pale brown, maybe taken
without other symptoms of age ; indeed I have one of a very
iiniform pale yellowish-drab, with cilia uninjured and all the
markings distinct, and another in which the fore wings are
])ale yellow-brown, and the hind still crimson, to all ap])ear-
ance protected by the fore wings from the fading effect of
(probably) the sun's rays. The oidy definite variation of
which 1 am aware is a more blackish-brown form found
ui>on marshy iieaths in Norfolk, of which Lc>rd A\"alsingham
possesses a very fine example, and of which I have less
strongly marked specimens.

It is a curious circumstance in this species that tlie fadina'
process does not continue after death ; ])reserved specimens,
if properly cared for, maintaining their crimson — or other —
colour without further alteration.

On the wing in June, and as a second generation at the
end of Jnlv and in Ant.'Ust.

A CIDALIID.E—A CI DA LI A. 5.

Lakva slender, rather thicker behind, and regularly taper-
ing ; head notched, grey or Ijlackish-grey ; skin rough ;
general colour grey, ocbreous-grej', or greenish-grey; dorsal
line black, or reddish-grey, slender, sometimes swelling out
broader toward the middle of each of the middle segments,,
sometimes reduced to a double grey-black thread ; subdorsal
lines black or grey-black, distinct on the second to fourth
segments, then vanishing or appearing only as spots at the
incisions of segments; spiracular line jiale grey, drab, or
greenish-grey, edged above with black; spiracles black; sub-
spiracnlar stripe smoky-black ; undersurface, legs and pro-
legs a little paler than the ground colour. When disturbed
it twists itself into almost a double coil.

August till May, and another generation at tlie end of
June and in Jaly; on knot-grass (I'vl ii(j(mi'm aciculuir),
Lotus riirniculi-'tus, McdUvgo hipvlina, Trifuliaiti mlnus.^ and
other low-growing plants. Probably not one of those named
being its selected food when at liberty. Hofmann, to the
plants mentioned, adds Thyme and Oonvolvtilus ; and in
favour of the latter plant it is noteworthy that the ground
upon v,-hich I have found the moth in plenty abounds in
Coil rill culiix arreitsls.

Pita brown, the cremaster furnished with a few fine
bristles. In a slight cocoon in the earth.

The moth hides during the day among the herbage in
fields, more esjiecially that growing rankly in fields lett
fallow ; or, where there is cover enough, in those under
cultivation ; it is readily distnrljed by walking through the
herbage, when it Hits hastily around, being not too easy to
perceive during flight, from its dark colour, and hides again
in a similar situation. Towards sunset it may be seen ou
fine hot days sitting on the top of a plant of C'cnfaurea or
.scabious, or on a rye-stalk, apparently enjoying the sun's
more level rays, but Hitting hastily away when noticed.
When found upon open heaths it shows a greater disposi-

6 LEI'IDOPTERA.

tioii towards afternoou llit/Iit. Its natural and ordinary
lliglit, however, is at late dusk aud through the night, and
it conies very eagerly to a strong light, at which it nia\' be
boxed by hand without difliculty. I saw. once, about mid-
night, scores of specimens, all faded and brown, sitting upon
the white screen which was placed round a powerful lain]i in
one of the insect's favourite haunts at Merton, Norfolk.

Before the year liSGU this was looked upon as one of our
most rare species. It had been then recorded from York-
shire by the late Mr, '!'. H. Allis — two specimens at Stockton-
in-the- Forest — and Mr. •!. Hirks lifid taken it near Ycrk.
^[r. Joseph Sidebotham seems also to have laken it at
.Vshton-on-^fersey, in the adjoining county of Lancashire,
and I)]'. Lees reported the ca[)ture by liiniself of two ex-
amples at Winch Bridge, Upper Teesdale, Durham. But
in the year 18(i<J it was suddenly discovered to be a common
species in the district of loose (sometimes drifting or blown)
sands, Icnown as the Brack sand, and here — at Brandon, Thet-
tbrd, Tuddenham, Bury St. Edmunds, and elsewhere, over a
stri]) of country at least twenty miles in length, aud extend-
ing into Xoi-folk, Suffolk and ("ambridgeshire — it has ever
since been, and still is found, in such situations as I have
already described, in toleraljle plenty. Extending itself from
this particular formation over the — still sandy — heaths of
these counties, it has also been found casually or in very
small numbers at Norwich. King's Lynn, Narborough, by
Mr. .V I more, St. I'aith's, at one end of Hartou Broad, by Dr.
Wheeler, and at Aldebuigh, by the Bev, ('. 'J", t'ruttwell.
The only localities for it of which I am aware it) I he Southern
Counties are Folkestone, Kent, where it is rare, and Guest-
ling, Hastings. Sussex, where one s])eciiuen has been taken.
No records seem to exist for other portions of these islands.
-Vbroad it extends over almost the whole of I^urope, in-
• huling Portugal; through Asia Elinor, .\rmenia, Hithynia,
Northern I'ersiii, and into Eastern Siberia.

A CI DA L III). E-A CIDA L I A . 7

o

A. ochrata, Hr^rp. — ItlxpaDse f to J inch. Wholly
yellowish-tawDy ; wings rather short, pointed ; the fore with
three, and tlie hind with two, well-deiiued transverse red-
In'owu lines.

Antenna^ of the male niinntely notched and thickly ciliated,
reddish-brown; paljii small, of the same colour; face convex,
dark chocolate; head and thorax tawnj-; abdomen slender,
pale tawny; latei-al tufts very small ; anal tuft rather loose.
Fore wings trigonate ; costa very gently arched ; a]iex bluntly
angulated ; hind margin gently rounded ; dorsal margin
straight, fully ciliated ; colour pale tawny ; first line curved
or bent, not very distinct, red-brown ; second line more
distinctly of the same colour, oblique and rather direct ;
central line rather thicker, still rod-brown, nearly parallel
with the second, often strongly marked and conspicuous ;
subterminal line barely visible as a series of faintly paler
dots between two almost ec[uallj- faint tawny-brown threads ;
cilia tawny. Hind wings rounded behind, Init with the anal
angle a little squared ; of the ground colour of the fore
wings, but a little paler along the costal edge; the central
and second lines of the fore wings continued in the same
colour and intensity on the hind, but more curved, and
extending quite to the dorsal margin, central S]iot brown,
l)laced just before the central line, subterminal threads just
perceptible ; cilia concolorous. I'Vmale similar, sometimes a
little more strongly marked ; its abdomen shorter, and an-
tennas devoid of bristles.

Undersides of all the wings darker tawny, with two con-
spicuous undulating transverse umljreous lines, darker and
thiclver than those of the upper side. ]5ody and legs tawny.

Apparently not variable, except in a small degree in the
distinctness of the transverse lines, and in the presence or
absence of the central dot of the hind wings. A greenish
gloss is said to be visible on newly emerged specimens, but
this almost immediately disappears.

On the wing in July and August.

« LEPIDOPTERA.

I.AKVA moderately stout, i-li<rlitly thickest in the middle,
and ta|iering i,'radnrilly to the head, which is rather Hat and
small ; almost without ornamentation, and of a nearly uni-
i'orm warm stone-colour; dorsal line obscurely indicated by
t wo tine parallel lines of faint grey ; subdorsal lines by
broken and indistinct rows of grey dots, most distinct on
the tenth, eleventli and twelfth segments ; under a lens the
wiiole dorsal area is seen to be covered with tine transverse
wrinkles, which under a higher power apjiear very like the
ridges of corduroy, such as is used for workmen's trousers ;
spiracular line Tuarked by a jiroduced and wrinkled skinfold,
which toward the head appears almost fringed, and to which
jjortions of yellow petals, or rather florets, often adhere ;
abdomen and prolegs of the same uniform stone-colour, with
a faint indication of a double row of dark spots, two or four
on each seiiinent. (W. H. Tugwell.)

August till -May or .lune; on witliered llowers of Crcpis
riirna, Sa/u/cija ri/rjmnid, i'ivris /licrccwidcs, Ajxi/'f/i"
aiif/'/ii/i('li>s, dandelion, coltsfoot, Galiivni rirum, and other
herbaceous plants, rejecting the leaves and the fresh flowers,
if those withered are at hand, but preferring these last when
sprinkled with water, liofmann says on A/sint. Larviv do
not seem to liave been found at large, but only reared from
the egg, and the actual favourite food plant in a state of
nature is still doubtful. JMr. Tugwell found that a few of
those iu his possession fed up rapidly in artificial warmth
and ])roduced a somewhat unexpected second generation
of the moths, which however did not emerge until
December.

I'l'l'A three-eighths of an inch in length, of the usual
ligure, with a small rounded anal projection furnished with
four due curly -topped bristles, two of them shorter than the
others; colour light chestnut-brown, with dark-brown anal
tip ; the surface rather shining. (W. i?uckler.) In an
oi)enwo;k cocoon, through which it can readily be seen,

A CIDALIID.H—A CI D ALIA. 9

formed by a few threads of coarse silk, drawing- togetlier
morsels of its food-plant, or of moss ; upon the ground.

The moth flies rather steadily in the daytime, settling upon
stems of grass, and on herbage. Whether it flies also at
night does not appear to be known. It is an excessively
local species in this country, and almost confined to the sea-
coast. It appears first to have been discovered, so far as this
country is concerned, at Southend, Essex, somewhere between
1816 and 1850, by the late Mr. 8. Stevens, and was then
common in that locality, and along the Essex coast, at St.
Osyth and elsewhere ; now it seems to have almost dis-
appeared from that district. More recently it was found in
far greater numbers on the coast of Kent, near Deal and
Sandown, sometimes flitting about in plenty over favourita
spots of a few dozen yards extent, and, although incessantly
harassed by collectors, and almost trampled out of existence
by excursionists, it still, I believe, maintains a precarious
existence in that locality. It has also been found in the Isle
of Wight, and once — a single specimen — near Aldborough,
Suftblk. I know of no other localities for it in these islands.
Abroad it is a widely distributed species, not confined to the
sea-shore, but found in meadows and the borders of woods
in Central Europe, many portions of Southern Europe,
including the South of Spain ; Asia Minor, Cyprus, Bithynia,
and Northern Persia.

o. A. perochraria, Flsdi. — Expanse 1 inch. Fulvous
or orange-tawny ; fore wings elongated, pointed, ornamented
with four, and the hind with three, very faint, slender, darker
tawny transverse lines.

Antennaj of the male deeply notched and very strongly
ciliated with bristles long enough to simulate pectinations,
light brown, but each notch black-lirown on its inner side ;
palpi small and slender, light brown ; eyes reticulated, dark
purple-brown; face puriilish -brown; head. thorax. and abdomen
light red-brown or tawny ; tufts all small, fore wings pointed ;

10 LEPIDOPTERA.

costa straiglit to beyond the middle, then a little arched;
iipex sharjily pointed ; hind niartriu very obli(|ue and gently
curved ; dor.sal margin a little rounded, strongly ciliated ;
colour orauge-tawny or reddish-ljrown ; first line obli(|ue and
rather curved, second also obli(ine and sinuous, both obscurely
darker, red-l)ro\vn ; central line almost parallel with the
second, of the same colour, sliuhtlv more distinct: sub-
terminal line very faint and undulating, forming the edge of
a most obscure series of small pale clouds, hardly perceptible ;
cilia eoncolorous. Hind wings rather elongated, rounded
behind ; of precisely the colour of the fore wings ; before the
middle is an undulating transverse red-browu line, and close
outside it the faint similar central spot or dot ; beyond is
another transverse line of tlu^ same colour, but more sinuous ;
and beyond it faint indications of another, or even two more,
near the hind margin ; cilia tawny. Female quite similar,
bat with simple antenna?.

Undersides of all the wings rather })aler tawny, dusted
with darker brown, the transverse lines — except the first on
the fore wings^repeated as on the upper side, but rather
more distinct and darker. I'ody and legs fulvous or tawny,
the latter pale, not tufted.

Apparently not variable.

On the win" in June, and as a second seueration, in
August.

L.\KV.v grej-'brown ; ilorsal and subdorsal lines interrupted
on every segment, the streaks slender, pointed iu front.
(Hiissler. )

July, and September.- on grasses, especially the sjiecies of
Fidtn-d. (Rossler.)

I'n'.\ ajiparcntly uudescribed.

< Ine of the most rare of ]5ritish insects, its history is
somewhat doubtful in constMjuence of confusion with the
previous species — the latter having long been known under
the uame of the ])resent — and a few examples exist in

ACIDALIID.-E—ACinAI.IA. u

collections without definite ant] reliable history. It is certain,
however, that in the year 18G5 a specimen was captured at
Eedhill, Surrey, by ]\Ir. Sydney Webb, in whose possession
it still is ; and that another was taken in the same place,
four years later, by the late 3Ir. Walter Weston. I know of
no other certain locality in which this species has been taken
in the Ih'itish Isles. Abroad it is found in many ])arts of
Southern Europe, including the South of Spain ; also in the
temperate regions of Northern Europe; in Xorthern Italy,
Corsica, the Balkan States, Bithynia, Southern Russia, and
Eastern Siberia.

I. P. scutulata, ScJiijI'.; diniidiata, Stmnl. Cct. —
Expanse ;; inch. Wings thin and silky, much rounded,
brownish-white with slender transverse lines ; over the anal
angle of the fore wings is a large smokj--black cloudy blotch,
or cluster of spots.

Antennif of the male short, sharply notched, ciliated with
distinct tufts of minute bristles like tin_y pectinations,
bruwnish-white ; palpi very small, light brown ; pyes black;
face convex, blackish-chocolate, edged above by a deep trans-
verse channel ; top of head white ; neck-ridge distinct, pale
brown ; thorax very slender and weak, brownish-white ;
abdomen shining white, dusted with brown; lateral tufts
distinct ; anal tuft narrow. Fore wings very thin, silky,
blunt; costa gently arched ; apex bluntly angulated. almost
rounded ; hind margin much rounded, so as to run smoothly
round the anal angle, and into the dorsal margin, which is
strongly ciliated ; brownish-white faintly tinged with smoky-
brown along the costa and hind margin ; first line slender
and fapint, oblique and more marked upon the costal margin,
brown ; second line a slender blackish-brown thread, erect,
twice curved, more distinct toward the costal and dorsal
margins, and dotted upon every nervure ; just before it is
the central lim-. less distinct but more obli(ju.e, a smoky-
brown thread, curved above the middle; discal spot a small

12 LF.PinOPTERA.

smok\--browu or hlack clot ; above the anal angle commences
a series, or douljle series, of smoky-brown clouds or cloudy
dots, sometimes proceeding to the apex of the wing, more
i'rec[ueiitly disappearing at the middle of the hind margin,
usually enclosing a very slender, much-scalloped white sub-
terminal Hue ; e.\treme hind margin dotted with smokj--
black ; cilia brownish-white. Hind wings broad and almost
rounded behind, but the hind margin is a little sinuous;
first and second lines and central dot as in the fore wings,
and outside the second line is a much nioi'c taint and obscure
double series of smoky clouds ; extreme hind margin dotted
with smoky-brown ; cilia white. Female similar but with
threadlike antenna?.

Underside of the fore wings clouded with smoky-black,
except the nervures, which are white; the discal s])ot, the
second line, and the double series of clouds beyond it, all
reproduced, pale smoky-black. Hind wings white, but with
all the markings similarly reproduced in smoky-black.
Body and legs whitish-brown ; in the male is a long tuft of
hair-scales on the tibia? of the third pair of legs, the tarsi of
this jiair shortened and apjjarently useless, but laid closely
against the body.

There is considerable variation in this species in the cloud-
ing of the hinder area of the wings; usually it gives the
impression of a blotch above the anal angle, but often there
is a break in the middle with the clouding more distinct
toward tlie apex, or the latter almost ceases at one-tliird
the distance from tlie anal angle, and in not rare instances
there is hardly a trace of clouding except a faint spotting
over the anal angle. In the North of Ireland the female
is sometimes very white.

On the wing in June and -luly, .and in the north in
August.

L.MiV.v elongated, moderately slender, flattened, tapering
toward the head, skin rugose, raised into a ridge along the

A CIDA L IID.E -A CI DA 1. 1 A. i j

spiracular region ; head notched ; the front and hinder seg-
ments very short, so that the legs appear as though pLaced
close together at either extremity ; colour ]iale ochreous ; a
brown double dorsal line, strongly marked on the head, faint
on the front segments, is confluent and strongly marked
behind ; subdorsal line brown, very plain and distinct on the
head and to the fourth segment, then almost lost till it
becomes strongly marked again on the hinder segments, but
its position marked on the segmental folds by pairs of dots ;
on segments five to nine pale brown oblique dashes reach
from the dorsal to below the subdorsal line; spiracles black,
placed on a whitish ridge ; undersurface darker than the
back, being suffused with blackish, and having a darker
irregular central line ; under the spiracles are some darker
dashes. In repose it keeps the front segments bent down,
but the head and neck turned up again, in an uncomfortable-
looking attitude, suggestive of a " crick "' in the neck.
(Rev. J. Hellins.)

September till April on flowers of PuiipliiAhi saxlfraiia.
and AntJtriscui hi/I rest r is, also, in confinement on withered
dandelion leaves, hawthorn, knotgrass, and J'ofciitllla frcuja-
rltistruin, even well pleased with a mouldy slice of turnip!

I'l TA undescribed, in a compact little cocoon in the earth.

The moth has a very quiet weak flight, hiding itself in the
daytime in hedges, undergrowth, or herbage, and easily
disturbed, when it promptly seeks a similar concealment.
Common in lanes, hedges, roads, wood-sides, the borders of
fields, gardens, apparently everywhere throughout England ;
and doubtless Wales, since it is equally plentiful in Glamor-
ganshire and Pembrokeshire; founil also in all parts of
Ireland and often abundantly. In Scotland less common,
even scarce in some districts, but found in all the southern
portion, to the Clyde valley in the West ; to Perthshire ; and
in the I'last, to Moray. Abroad it is found thoughout Central
Europe. Central and Northern Italy, Corsica, Finland,

14 LEPIDOPTERA.

Biili^'aria, Southern Russia. Hitliynia, I^ydia, Syria, and
Xorthern I'ersia ; also in .Afadeira, wliere it varies to a form
lia\ iug on each wIul;' a broad sinoky-l)lack l)and.

5. A. bisetata, liork. — E.xpanse \ incli. Wings rather
narrow, silky brownish-white, with small black central dots
and slender transverse lines, but the outer portion of each
wing either faintly, or distinctly, occupied by a broad,
irregularly divided band of smoke colour.

Antennjo of the male slender, notched, ciliated, brownish-
white ; palpi small, divergent, dark brown ; tongue well
developed ; eyes glistening, dark brown ; face convex, dark
purple-brown; u])per part of the head dingy white; at its
back is a thin brown neck-ridge ; thorax very narrow, shining,
dirty white ; abdomen long and very slender, brownish-
white ; lateral tufts broad, rather browner; anal tuft narrow
and compressed. Fore wings slightly elongated; costa
straight to the middle, thence arched to the apex, which is
bluntly angulated ; liiiid margin smoothly and very gently
curved; dorsal margin faintly filled out, strongly ciliated;
colour brownish-white ; first line very slender, rather oblique
but bent back at the costa, smoky-brown, sometimes hardly
indicated ; second line more visible, smoky-brown, slender,
placed as a series of iiat curves between the nervures. and
forming the inner edge of a broad smoke-coloured stripe
which sometimes fills the whole hind marginal space, l)ut is
divided by a sinuous wliitish subterminal line ; more fre-
quently it is only of one-half that breadth, or is obliterated
except its margins ; central shade or line very slender and
faint, gently curved, smoky-brown, exactly crossing the
small black discal dot ; extreme hind margin faintly dotted
with pale luown ; cilia silky, brownish-white. Hind wings
rather long, rounded behind ; colour and markings almost
exactly as in the fore wings, but the central dot smaller and
the central line placed Irfmr it. Female very similar, the
body shorter and the antenme threadlike.

ACniAIIID.K—ACinALIA. 15

Underside of all the wings in colour and marljiugs an
almost accurate repetition of tlie upper side, but the ground
colour a little whiter, and a brown shade lies along the costa.
Body and legs whitish-brown ; the hinder pair of legs, in the
male, heavily tufted with long hair-scales which can readily
be spread into fan-like form, the tarsi aborted. There is no
trace of this structure in the female.

Variable, as already pointed out, in the breadth, or even in
the existence, of the smoky band beyond the second line ;
moreover, in occasional specimens the smoky colouring is
extended over the whole of the fore and hind wings to their
bases ; and in others is totally absent, the lines also obscure,
except the central, which with the discal spots are then the
only noticeable markings.

On the wing in June and July.

Lakva about three-quarters of an inch long, slightly flat-
tened, slender, tapering very gently toward the head, which
is notched, and scarcely smaller than the second segment ;
skin rugose ; bristles slightly clubbed ; ground colour dingy
drab, warmer on the back, more dull below; the segmental
divisions between segments four and ten show as broad black-
brown bands round the body, and are shaped on the back by
some dark oblique dashes which reach to the spiracles, form-
ing a broad clumsy /\ pointing forwards ; there is a double
dark brown, dorsal line to be traced when the ground colour
in the middle of each segment allows it to be seen.

A variety is so dark on the back that the segmental
divisions are no darker than the ground colour, but tin; space
between the double dorsal lines is distinctly ]ialer throughout,
and the oblique dashes which outline the l\-% can still be
traced.

Another variety, from "^'orkshire, has the grounil colour
pale ochreous ; the broad bands wanting ; the double dorsal
line very fine, most distinct at the divisions ; the subdorsal
lines and oblique dashes fine also, all brown in colour; under

If) LEPIDOPTERA.

the spiracles is a cloutled irregular Llackish stripe, shading
off to the pale grey of the middle of the imdersiirface, with
some oblique dashes. (Rev. J. Hellins.)

ilr. K. Newman's descrij^tion is evidently of another variety.
Head nearly Ijlack, with two very small and inconspicuous
pale longitudinal streaks on the crown ; dorsal surface of the
body dull pale wainscot-brown, approaching to putty-colour;
there are four darker, but very indistinct and very narrow,
stripes down the back, the oviter one of which, on each side,
lias two black spots on each segment ; the ventral is mani-
festly darker than the dorsal surface ; there is a medio-
ventral stripe dilated in the middle of each segment ; and
on each side of this there is a very narrow and waved stripe
extending from the legs to the ventral prolegs ; the legs are
pale ; the ])rolegs and the ventral area between them green
and semi-hyaline.

July or August, till April or May, on dandelion, knotgrass,
and other low plants, and on withered leaves of bramble ;
growing very slowly, not truly hybernating, but continuing
throughout the winter to nibble its food. Its position when
at rest is much as in that of A. snUuhtta, but if disturbed it
will drop from its food plant, curving itself into a " pot-
hook " form, and remain a long time without movement.

Pfi'A undescrihed, in a slight cocoon among dead leaves, or
in the earth.

The moth hides during the dav among undergrowth in
woods, and about iiedgesand bushes generally, and is readily
disturbed, Hying at once to a similar concealment. Weak
and gentle in its flight, and at dusk to be seen moving (|uietly
about such situations everywhere. Plentiful almost through-
out England and Wales, though becoming scarce in North-
umberland and Cumberland ; common in the South-Western
districts of Scotland, alnindant in ^Vigto\vnshire. and extend-
ing so far north as West Ross; less common in the Eastern
districts, but to be found in Aberdeenshire and ^forav.

ACIDALIID.E—ACIDAIJA. 17

Plentiful throughout the whole of Ireland. Abroad it
has a wide range : Central Europe, Northern Italy,
Dalmatia, Finland, South - Eastern Russia, Bithynia.
Armenia, Eastern Siberia, Tartary, China, Japan, and
Corea.

(>. A. trigeminata, Haw. — Expanse % inch. Wings
rather narrow, brownish-white ; costa of fore wings black-
brown to the middle ; beyond the second line is a distinct
blackish-brown transverse stripe partially divided into three
blotches. Hind wings more faintly clouded.

Antennas of the male notched, coarsely ciliated, brownish-
white ; palpi slender, pale brown ; eyes black-brown ; face
dark brown ; top of the head white ; thorax and abdomen
weak and slender, whitish-brown dusted with darker ; lateral
and anal tufts small. Fore wings rather elongated ; costa
faintly arched, but decidedly so toward the apex, which is
bluntly angulated ; hind margin smoothly rounded ; dorsal
margin also a little rounded and strong]}' ciliated ; colour a
delicate soft shade of brownish- white ; costa brown-black from
the base to near the middle, and this followed by a faint costal
shade of yellow-brown ; first line slender and very faint,
mainly indicated by light brown dots on the nervures and
dorsal margin ; second line irregularly curved, smoky black,
forming the inner edge of a smoky brown or black-brown
transverse stripe, which is twice deeply excavated on the
outer edge, so as to form three connected blotches ; beyond
it is usually a faint and incomplete irregular parallel cloud
or line of the same colour ; discal spot a small black-brown
dot; above it, on the costa, is a similar dot indicating the
commencement of a central brown line, which, however, is
often imperceptible, and never distinct ; e.xtreme hind margin
very minutely dotted with brown ; cilia brownish-white.
Hind wings rounded behind, brownish-white, with a black
central dot; beyond this, forming a continuation of the dark
stripe of the fore svings, are faint cloudy indications of a

VOL. VIII. B

1 8 I.EPIDOPTERA.

similar stripf. much iiuire imperfect and limken ; cilia nearly
white. l''cinah' very siinihir.

Inderside lirownish-white ; its inarkintrs a repi-tition of
tliose of tlie upp.^r side, except that those of the fore wind's
are hardly so definite, the base of the costa is more clouded
with blackish diistinor, and the central line is a little more
visible. I3ody and leg's whitish-brown : the hinder i)air of
the latter, in the male, short, the tarsi especially so, and
clothed with thin masses of lonsr slender scales.

Ou the wing in .May and -lune, and as a partial second
generation, at the end of July and in August, but ^Ir. A. H.
Jones records that if fed up in moderate warmth the second
generation becomes complete, every moth emerging in August
or September.

lj.\iiV.\ nearly cylindrical, but the spiracidar region jiiitrcd
out so as to give the ajipearance of being rather flattened;
greatest breadth at the ninth segment, tapering regularly to
the head ; very rugose, and with the segmental divisions
dee|)ly cut ; colour dingy deep Ijrown ; dorsal lino very faint,
jialer. chielly visible before and behind each segmental
ilivision, and there set off by a border of thick black streaks ;
from these, two l)lackish streaks diverge obli<|uely towards
the subdorsal region, forming a sort of y^-mark, pointing for-
wards, on the anterior portion of each segment, the middle
part being sufFu.sed with dark brown ; this does not extend
beyond the tenth segment ; subdorsal line also i)lackish,
interru))ted twice on each segment; on the tenth segment
there is a central, somewhat star-shap(»d. whitish s])ot, and
the remaining hinder segments are lirown. without any
definite markings; spiraculai' ridg(> dirty pale ocln-eous,
interrupted at the segmental divisions, ventral surface dark
brown, strongly contrasting with the spiracidar strijie : head
shining brown. This larva may be distinguished from those
of its congeners by its having from each of its raised dots a
rather long, dirty ochreous bristle, curved forward on all the

.-; cii >.i /. in ). /c—A CI I >.-i 1 1.4. ] .)

segments to the tentli, but curved baclcwards ou the other
three; these bristles have the extremity as thick as tlie base.
(W. Buckler.)

Septemlier till ,V]iril. and, as a paitial second generation,
in July: on knotgrass and other low-growing' plants, also on
ivy, and when young on birch and ma]jle. As already
remarked, the production of a second generation is much
influenced by temperature. Mr. Buckler says that it is a
very timid larv'a, contracting itself at the least alarm, and
then remaining a long time without movement ; also that
its attitude in repose is a close coil, with its head twisted to
one side, over the tenth segment.

J'ri'.'i apparently nndescribed.

The moth is especially fond of hiding itself during the
day. in the bottoms of hedges, from which it may be beaten
out, Init tlies fpiickly to similar shelter; it frequents country
lanes and the edges of \yoods ; Hies naturally at dusk, and
will come occasionally to sugar and liglit. It is an exceed-
ingly local species, but found rather commonly in some parts
of Kent and Essex, more rarely at Tilgate Forest and Abbot's
^\'ood. Susse.K ; the New Forest and Heckheld Heath. Hants :
and very locally in Surrey. Dorset, Wilts, Gloucestershire,
Herefordshire, and at Malvern. Worcestershire; also in
Suffolk, usually rareh\ but found last season, by the llev.
A. P. ^Valler, fpiite commonly at Waldringfield, coming l)Oth
to sugar and to light ; and taken by Mr. G. F. Mathew in
Fssex. There are records for other localities in England, of
whirli one or two may possibly be correct, since the insect
is of f|uiet, obscure habits, and might readily be sometimes
overlooked, but most of the records in question are evident
errors ; the darker forms of the last species being often mis-
taken for the present. Such 1 feel no doubt has been the
case with respect to the single records in Scotland and
Ireland. Abroad it is found in some parts of Central Ihirope,

20 I.El'lDOPTF.RA.

in Southern France, Central and Northern Italy, Corsica, the
Malkan States, Cyprus, Bithynia. Armenia, Tartary. and
IVrsia.

(ireatlyas I dislike to point out the errors of otlier writers,
it seems absolutely necessary here to draw attention to the
circumstance that, in Mr. K. Newman's "Natural History of
British i5utterllies and Moths." the fiiifures of the last two
species have be.-n transposed (p. 77), that called Andalin
hi^rtnla beinsf actually a fiurure of A. trit/rmiiiatc. and the
converse.

7. A. herbariata, Feb. — Kxpanse j inch. Winprs all
very pale biown. or brownish-white, each with two or three
transverse series of waved and rippled brown clouds. One
of the smallest species in the genus.

.\ntenn;e of the male short, rather thick, simple, ciliated,
whitish-brown: palpi minute, purple-brown; eyes black;
face conve.x, purple-brown : head, thorax, and abdomen
whitish-brown ; tutts verv small. Fore wings short and
blunt ; the costa much arched ; apex obtusely angulated ;
hind margin l)ut little rounded : dorsal margin almost
straight, strongly ciliated : colour brownish-white, much
dusted with scattei'ed purplish-brown scales, basal portion
most distinctly so ; first and second lines unusually near
each other, rather erect, very slender, curved and irregular,
purpllsli-brown : between them is a black discal dot placed
in a considerable transverse cloud of the dusting already
mentioned ; outside the second line is an irregular stripe or
series of loops of similar clouding ; extreme hind margin
dotted with brown: cilia shining brownish-white. Hind
wings rounded behind, coloured and dusted as in the fore
wings, and having very similar transverse lines and clouded
or looped markings, but outside the latter is some additional
clouding close to the hind margin : the latter is tlotted with
brown as in the fore wings, and the cilia are of the same
shining brownish-white. Female very similar. A rather

A CI 1 1A I. IIP. A— .4 CI DA LIA. 21

obscurely marked little species, yet bearing no great resem-
blance to any other found here.

Underside of all the wings very silky, and without mark-
ings; fore wings whity-browu, browner toward the costa ;
hind wings whiter. Body and legs whitish-brown.

Apparently not noticeably variable.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva elongated, tapering to the head ; colour brown,
more or less dark, or greenish-, or yellowish-brown dusted
with black ; plate on the second segment black with two
brown spots ; dorsal line black, doubled on the fourth to the
eighth segments ; subdorsal and spiracular lines evenly
black ; stigmata of the same colour, very small ; on the
ninth and tenth segments the dorsal and subdorsal lines form
a lyre-shaped marking, divided upon the tenth; the following
two segments are pale grey and devoid of markings ; under-
surface pale grey, sprinkled all over with short black streaks
lying longitudinally but not uniting into lines ; legs of the
colour of the body, and prolegs of that of the undersurface.

August till May upon dried plants ; especially those
preserved for use as herbs ; and even those in herbaria.

I'rPA undescribed. in a sliglit cocoon among the dried
plants on which the larva has fed.

This moth is one of the most rare of our species, and
indeed inn /i not be genuinel_y domiciled here; its sole food
seems to be the dried leaves of preserved plants or herbs,
and since it is not known to occur regularly anywhere with
us there is room for suspicion that our few native specimens
may have been introduced, in the larva state, with imported
herbs. This, however, is quite conjectural, and the insect is
usually admitted into any British collection the possessor of
which is so fortunate as to secure a specimen. The first
record of it in these Islands apjiears to be that by the late
Mr. H. T. Stainton in the Untomo/ofjisf.'^ Annua/ i'or 1856.

2 2 LEl'IDOPTERA.

under th» namp of Ihmlhai. ciiruiturid, but afterwards
corrected by him in the Zoologist for 185S. This was of a
specimen taken in Bloomsbury Street, London, and ilr.
Stainton added that :specimens already existed in the
collections of Mr. !•'. Bond and Mr. A. V. bjheppard. in
18(>'.l the capture of three or four specimens in the shop of a
herbalist in llolborn was announced ; and in 1873 one was
taken from a sho]) window in Oxford Street. Six years
later another was tak-en in Cannon Street, City ; and from
that time it does not seem to have been noticed here until
1898, when Mr. Selwyn linage had the good fortune to secure
a specimen in Southampton Kow. jiloomsbury. 'i'hus all the
recorded iiritish specimens seem to have occurred within an
area of from one to two square miles in the metropolis.
On the Continent it is said to have quite the same habit
being found in and about liouses, and especially herb ware-
houses, its range extends through France, Switzerland,
portions of Cermany, Hungary, the North of Spain. Italy,
the Balkan States, and Bithynia.

8. A. contiguaria, IIiOi. — Kxpanse ;,■ incli. Wings all
brownish-white more or less dusted with black ; fore wings
with three, an<l iiiiul with two, curved, angulated, indented,
and clouded tranverse black lines ; costa of fore wings
spotted with black.

Antenna- of the male notched and thickly ciliated, reddish-
brown ; palpi of the same colour, verj- small ; eyes black ;
face convex, dark chocolate ; head and thorax yellowish-
white ; abdomen white, dusted with dark l)rown ; lateral
tufts small; anal tuft yellowish. Fore wings not broad;
costa almost straitrht tor two-thirds of its length, then
strongly arched ; apex verj* bluntly angulated, almost
rounded: hind margin nearly straight, very oblique; dorsal
margin straight ; brownish-white, so much dusted with
black as to give it a grey tinge ; more pale brown along the
costa; first line thick and black on the costal and dorsal

ACinAlJin.-E—ACIDAIJA. 23

margins, more slender between, oblique and strongly
angulated ; second line black, similarly emphasized on the
two margins of the wing, in the middle portion broken up
into slender streaks, dots and angles, often edged by faint
smoky-black clouds ; central line black, angulated, oblique,
thickened upon the wing-margins and touching, or almost
embracing, a small black discal spot ; beyond the second line
is a series of smoky grey clouds broken by spaces often
whiter than the general colour ; hind margin edged with
minute black streaks ; cilia brownish-white clouded with
grey. Hind wings rounded behind, white dusted with grey-
black ; central spot black: just before it is a looped and
angled grey-black transverse line ; beyond it is a similar but
more slemler, undulated, and much indented line, followed
by a double series of smoky grey clouds ; extreme hind
margin dotted with black ; cilia brownish-white. Female
very similar.

Under side of the fore wings very pale brown ou the costa
shading oft" to white at the dorsal margin ; on the costa are
two distinct black spots from which arise central and second
lines as on the upper side ; discal spot black, hind wings
a fainter reproduction of the upper side. Bodj^ and legs
whitish brown.

Not very variable, except that a constantly recurring-
form or permanent variety, found sometimes at greater eleva-
tions ou the mountains, but obtained in numbers l)y breeding,
has almost the whole surface of the wiugs clouded with
smoky-grey, the markings darker, and the intermediate
blotches beyond the second line alone remaining white.
Aberrations are extreme!}* rare, but one in the cabinet of
Mr. S. J. Capper is unusually white exce]it toward the base,
wliicli is Ijlackened, the first line being .sutl'iised; the second
line in this specimen placed unusually wvm- to the hind
margin.

On the wing in June and July, and in confinement a
second generation has been reared in September and October ;

24 I.EPIDOPTERA.

indeed it has been I'ound by ^Mr. S. J. Capper that if kept
iu a warm temperature more than two broods may be reared
in the course of a year, but also that this tends towards the
exhaustion of tlie strain.

Lah\a three-(niarters of an inch long, rugose, rather ilat-
tened below, slightly tapering from tail to head ; the latter
small and bifid ; dorsal region bufT-brown, brighter on the
head and three following segments ; a dark sub-dorsal — but
no dorsal — line (in these segments; at segment five the sub-
d<irsal lines cease, and a dorsal row of elongated dark brown
diamonds begins ; this contracts to a double dorsal line, but
is much darker on the hinder segments; the usual raised
dots black, emitting bristles ; the spiracular region pulled
and puckered, bordered below with a broad irregular stripe
of dark brown ; middle of the undersurface ochreous-brown.

When younger less distinctly marked, warm ochreous-
brown above; chocolate-brown beneath ; a row of elongated
diamond-shajied markings slightly darker than the ground
colour on the middle segments : the usual dots blackish ;
along the s]Mracular region the dark and light shades of
brown meet in a sort of zigzag line. (Rev. .). llellius.j

September till Ajtril or May ; but in confinement in a
second generation in August, or at uncertain periods ; on
CuUiina nihiiiria (heather), and Empctrv in nujrvm ; but in
confinement on chicKweed. sorrel, knotgi-ass. or even haw-
thorn I)uds. Abroad it is said to feed on Siihnn alhiini.

Pita apparently undescribed, in a loose cocoon among the
leaves of its food, in confinement.

The moth sits during the day upon rocks, sometimes under
the shelter of overhanging roots or herbagt , more frecjuently
low down behind tall grass, bramlilesor other rough herbage ;
almost always among the rock lichens, to which, both in
(clour and markings, it liears a most accurate resemblance.

ACrDALIID.E- ACID ALIA 25

For information upon its habits I am much indebted to
Mr. 8. J. Capper, and his sons.

It appears tirst to have been taken in these Islands in the
year 1855, by Richard Weaver, in North Wales, and was
recorded in the Eniomolixjisf s Ana vaJ for 1856 under the name
of Dosithfn eh}irniitn. though ^Ir. Staintoa suggested, at the
same time, its correct name. In the following year another
was recorded near Conway; another, near Bangor, in 1860;
and in 1862 and following years others at Penmaenmawr.
On the mountain last named it has been taken in many sub-
sequent years, and from the eggs of examples thence
obtained the great majority of specimens in our collections
have been reared ; indeed the habits of the creature are so
secret that if we had to depend upon captured specimens
it would still be, as it was for many years, a comparatively
rare species with us. Doubtless it flies at dusk ; but its
haunts are such as are best traversed by daylight, and its
flight has scarcely been noted. Other localities in which it
has been found are Llanfairfechan, I'ettws-y-coed, Dolgelly,
Aber and Barmouth ; and it is probably to be found on all
the heather-covered mountains of North Wales. I know of
no other locality for it in these Islands. Abroad it is found
in the North of France, Belgium, Switzerland, Central and
Southern Germany, Northern Italy, and Corsica.

9. A. rusticata, Schiff. — Expanse J inch. ^^'iugs
creamy-white; fore wings clouded at the base, and banded in
the middle, with umbreons or black-brown ; hind wings
clouded and rippled with pale smoky-grey.

Antennfe of the male small, slender, minutely ciliated,
whitish-brown; palpi minute, and, with the face, chocolate-
brown ; eyes black ; top of the head and thorax umbreous ;
abdomen slender, pale unibredus with the anal segment and
tuft white. Fore wings narrow, costa nearl\- straight to
beyond the middle, much arched toward the apex, which
also is bluntly rounded ; hind margin gently curved ; dorsal

^6 LEPIDOPTERA.

margin straight; ground colour sliining creaniy-wliite ; basal
portion thickly dusted with dee]) uinbreons, forming a cloud
especially upon the costal half; tirst line rather oblique, two
or three times indented, brown, forming the inner edge of
a broad deep brown central band, the outer edge of which
is the second line and is deeply indented above the middle
and hollowed below it so as to be decidedly oblique ; in this
central band is a black discal spot, rather large and crescent
shaped, and often a dusting of whitish brown: outside it is
a faint series of light brown clouds ; cilia white. Hind
wing rather short and a little squared at the hind margin,
and also at the anal angle ; central spot a black dot, placed
in a faint umbreous transverse cloudy band ; beyond it are
two series of fainter brown clouds, almost forming curved
interru[)ted faint stripes, cilia white. Female very similar.

Underside of the fore wings dusky white, shaded to the
middle with dull pale brown, and faintly clouded beyond
with bands of the same. Hind wings silky-white ; central
spot blackish ; markings of the upper side showing in still
fainter cloudings. Body and legs light brown.

Not very variable, but the colour of the central band fades
rapidly during life, and in captured specimens is usually of
a rather pale umbreous. Specimens from the Isle of Port-
land, Dorset, have the pale brown rippled lines of the hind
wings more distinct, sometimes four in number, and that
outside the second line of the hind wings also distinct, and
more of a creamy-grey.

On the wing in July; but in conlinemenl a second gene-
ration lias been reared in September.

I.AUVA rugose, short and .-tout, tapering toward the head,
which is small, rough and rounded, dark-brown ; on the
second segment is a didl pale ochreous plate ; skin entirely
covered with minute warts, dull greyish-brown, shading into
reddish ochreous on the posterior segments ; dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines paler than the ground colour, sometimes reddish-

ACIliAIJin.-E—ACIDAIJA. 27

ochreous, but often obsolete ; the dorsal line edged with gvey
and intersecting a series of five pale dorsal lozenges from the
fifth to the ninth segment, or often continued to the anal
extremity, the lozenge on the ninth segment being the most
conspicuous ; each of these lozenges is followed by a pale
dot placed at the apex of blackish V-shaped markings ; along
the sides is a series of dull l.ilack C-shaped marks at the
segmental divisions ; undersurface pale greenish grey with a
faint central stripe intersecting four C-shaped markings, of
which the apex is in front, (('has. Fenn.)

August till Maj', probably upon the dead leaves of elm,
hawthorn, and other trees, of bramble, and even of I'aric-
turia olficinalix : indeed it has a strange habit of eating dead
ami iiioulih/ leaves ; j'et in confinement feeds also willingly
upon fresh knotgrass and groundsel, and on tender leav^es of
ivy and lilac; eating at night. It hyfiernates when half
grown and is very sluggish.

Pupa moderately stout, rounded, anal extremity hooked ;
pale yellowish-brown, shading into red-brown at the anal
extremity. Subterranean, in a thin but compact silken
cocoon, covered externally with earth. (Chas. Fenn.)

The moth hides itself during the day at the bottoms of
hedges, or among thick herbage at the base of a cliff,
sitting with outspread wings on the underside of a leaf,
and if disturbed in cool or windy weather will fall down
amonof the lierliaa'e to the around. Yet. if the weather is
warm, may be induced to fly to a similar hiding place close
by. Tile hedges in which I have found it have been very
close and thick, and composed of elm or maple. When
sitting it has a curious and unexpected, but very close,
resemblance to the excrement of a small bird. Formerly
quite common at Greenhithe, Kent, and still to be found
in the northern portion of the same county, but only in very
restricted spots, even to Sheerness, and also at Folkestone,
wliere. however, it is rare ; in Sussex at Brighton and Lewes ;

28 LEPinOPTERA.

and in Dorset at the Isle of Portland. It seems to have
been once taken on the coast of Devon, and there are single
records at Stowmarket and Felixstowe, Sutiblk. So far as I
know this is the extent of its rantje in these Islands.
Abroad it is found in most parts of Western, Central, and
.Southern Europe.

10. A. osseata, .'^'•/,/7/:, humiliata, Bi'iml. ('«<.— Ex-
panse % to ;,' inch. Win^s yellowish-white; each with a
black central dot, and all occujiied by faint parallel
rippled transverse lines of a pale ochreous; fore wings
■nnrrov\ the costa strongly tinged with brick-red.

Antennas of the male simple, minutely notched, thickly
ciliated, shining white; palpi minute, chocolate-brown; face
of the same colour ; top of the head pale olive-brown; front
of the thorax reddish-brown, the back thereof, with the
abdomen, being creamy-white; anal tuft yellowish-white,
fore wings rather narrowly ovate ; costa flatly arched
throughout ; apex bluntly rounded ; hind margin very gently
curved ; dorsal margin straight, strongly ciliated ; colour
creamy pale yellow with the costal region tinged, from the base
to the apex, with bright red or brick-red ; first and second
lines both oblique and sinuous, light yellow-brown, between
them a central line rather paler, and beyond the second, one
or sometimes two more, parallel, and similar in colour,
forming in all a series of four, or sometimes five lines, all
somewhat parallel and similar, but not very distinct ; discal
spot a small black dot ; cilia creamy-white. Hind wings silky
yellowish-white ; central spot a minute black dot ; beyond
it are three faintly perceptible yellowish transverse lines,
and sometimes another is placed before it ; cilia creamy-
white, very silky. Female c|uite similar.

Underside of the fore wings yellowish-white, much dusted
with smoky-grey ; central spot minute, black ; beyond it is
an undulating dark grey line, followed by two fainter, similar,
cloudy hands. Hind wings paler, almost yellowish-white;

ACIDALHD.-E—ACIDALIA. 29

central spot faintly indicated, followed by extremely indistinct
stripes as on the upper side. Body pale grey-brown ; legs
yellowish-brown.

Apparently not variable, except perhaps in size, those
taken here, so far as I have seen, being certainly much
smaller than German specimens.

On the wing at the end of -June and in July.

Lak\a and I'nw insufhcieutly described, ajjparently not
observed in this country.

This species has been included in the British Fauna for a
very long period ; and was so recorded and described by
Haworth and the subsequent writers ; and it was not till the
year 18tJ7 that the curious discovery was made that the species
so recorded was not u^seata at all, but a closely allied species
then known as A. interjectaria, Bdv.. now as A. dilidar'ui,
Hub. Thus A. osscnta disappeared from our lists for twenty-
five years. But in the years 18'Jl and 1892 specimens were
taken by Mr. A. J. Hodges, in the Isle of Wight, of a small
moth which when examined in the latter year ])roved to be
undoubtedly belonging to the genuine A.usscata, Fab. .Schiti'.
as now tlescribed, though decidedly smaller than those from
the Continent, and scarcely so brightly red on the costa. In
this one locality, upon some cliffs overlooking the sea, it has
been taken in subsequent years by Mr. Hodges, and quite
recently by the Rev. C. T. Grutwell. To this extreme
southern spot it seems to be quite limited ; and it may, I
think, be taken for granted that any records elsewhere in the
British Isles merely arise from perpetuation of the old error,
and refer to the next species. Abroad the present species
seems to be very widely distributed in Europe, and in
Northern Africa, and Bithyuia.

11. A. dilutaria, Hnli. osseata, Stainton's Manurd.
interjectai'ia, l!dv. — Expanse ,,■ ineli. Fore wings broad ;
all the wings silky creamy-white, or very pale yellow, with

30 LEPlllOPTERA.

four curved and rijipled. parallel, soft yellow-brown transverse
lines ; costa of fore win«;s tinned with coppery brown.

Antennae of the male simple, ciliated, finely notched,
yellowish-white ; palpi minute, and with the face, dark
chocolate ; head and thorax yellowish-white ; abdomen smooth,
very slender, brownish-white; anal tuft rather yellower.
Fore wings broad ; costa gently arched : ape.x strongly
rounded, as also is the hind margin ; dorsal margin tolerably
straight, densely ciliated ; colour very glossy, silky, pale
yellow ; costal region tinged with reddish-brown or coppery-
brown which rather shades off below the subcostal nervure ;
first and second lines somewhat distinct, sinuous and somewhat
parallel, yellow-brown ; central line less distinct but similar,
all three well marked by brown spots on the costa ; beyond
the second is a rather broader similar line or shade, and
another lies along the hind margin, both rich creamv vellow-
browu ; discal spot a small black dot, extreuK' hind margin
dotted with brown-black ; cilia shining pale yellow. Hind
wings of a rather paler shade of yrllow-white ; central spot
(Jistiiicf, black ; preceded by one. and followed bv three
faint, slender, jiarallel. yellow-brown lines or cloudv stripes;
hind margin shaded with the same and faintly dotted with
black ; cilia creamy silky whitish-yellow. Female quite
similar.

Underside of tlie fore wings pale yellow, cloudeil nn<l
dusted with pale brown, and darkest toward the base: hind
wings similar but a little paler : the discal and central dots
distinct and the transverse lines on all the wings repeated,
or rather emphasised in broader, brownish clouding. Body
and legs pale yellow-brown.

\'ery constant in colour and markings: but varyinii- in
size.

On the wing in .luue and -luly.

Lauva nearly half an inch long; stent and rather stum))\-
in appearance; face flat; head notched on the crown, rather

ACIDALllD.K—ACIPALIA. 31

narrower than the second segment. The body lias a more
uniform appearance than in many of the species in this genus,
but like them gradually widens from the second to the ninth
segment ; the next three are of nearly uniform width, but
more narrow than the ninth, and the thirteentli is still
narrower ; segments distinctly marked and each transverselj^
ribbed, and clotlied with a very few short scattered bristly
hairs. tJrouud colour dirty dull smoky-brown, marbled and
variegated with ochreous-yellow, the darker colour predomi-
nating on the front segments, the ochreous on the ninth to
the thirteenth ; the head is also of these two colours in about
€qual proportion ; dorsal line ochreous, deeply edged with
smoke-colour ; no perceptible subdorsal lines, but a conspic-
uous ochreous line extends through the region of the spiracles :
on the hinder part of the sixth, seventh, and eighth segments
is a distinct white spot ; ventral surface of the same dull
dark smoky-brown as the dorsal, but it has a very prettv
series of large ochreous crescentic marks, extending thi'oiigh-
out its entire length, and there is a very faint indication of a
pale central line; hairs black, (ti. T. I'orritt.)

August till April on low growing plants. The larv;u
described were reared from the egg, and fed upon dandelion,
•especially on the withered leaves, also when young upon
knotgrass ; others have accepted scarlet pimpernel i^AnaijuUi^i
Hrccnsi'i) and showed the same partiality for the withered
leaves.

Pupa uudescribed : in a very slight cocoon just lienentli
the surface of the ground.

The moth is a very quiet gentle little creature, tlutterint;-
about when disturbed from among the low herbage in which
it usually hides, during the day, but soon settling down a^ain.
It is found about lanes and hedges, the margins of woods.
and (|uite as commonly among the stiff grasses of the sea
sandhills. Sometimes abundant, and usually prettv common
throughout the South of England, except that it is verv local

32 LEPinoPTERA.

in Cornwall and does not seem to be recorded from Wilts ;
also tolerably common in the Eastern and Western Counties,
becoming more local in Cheshire and Lancashire, but appa-
rently absent from the Midlands ; it is recorded in Yorkshire
and J)Lirham, and very rarely in Northumberland and Cum-
berland. I can find no records for Wales or Ireland, and in
Scotland only the capture of a single specimen in Berwick-
shire in I880, with Dr. Buchanan White's rather vague state-
ment '• reported from Clyde " district. Abroad it is found
throughout Central Europe, Italy, Northern Spain, Corsica,
the Balkan States, I'ithyuia, and Tartary.

I_'. A. holosericata, Dup. — Expanse J to | inch. All
the wings with a satiny lu.stre, whitish-butt', each with four
faint yellowish-butf transverse undulating lines ; central and
marginal dots absent.

AiitiMiua> (if the male simple, ciliated, minutely notched,
yellowish-white; palpi minute, and, with the face, dark
chocolate; head and thorax very pale yellow-brown ; abdomen
smooth, vellowish-white ; anal tuft narrow. Fore wings
moderately broad, costa arched; apex bluntly angulated,
almost rounded ; hind margin curved and obliijue ; dorsal
margin almost straight, softly ciliated ; colour soft silky
whitish-bufF, or very iiale brownish-ochreous ; first and
second lines, and intermediate central line, all obli([ue. nearly
parallel and of similar thickness — faint slender stripes of
deeper brownish-ochreous — outside these is another similar
line, but still more faint : neither of them is darkened or
thickened on the costa ; there is no disail spot, or if one is
occasionally visible it is only as a minute elongated dot of
the same colour as the transverse lines; the margin also is
devoid of dots; cilia ochreous-white. Hind wings of the
same colour, equally silky, and having three similar trans-
verse stripes so faint as to be only just perceptible ; no central
spot, nor mai-ginal dots; cilia whitish-ochreous. Female
quite similar.

ACIDALriD.'E--ACIDALIA. 33

Underside of the fore wings brownish-yellow with a faint
smoky clouding from the base : transverse stripes as on the
upper side, but broader and rather browner ; hind wings
yellowish-white, also with the lines a little more distinct.
Body and legs pale brown.

Seldom variable, except in the faint indication in some
specimens of minute pale brown discal or central dots. But
in the collection of Mr. G. T. Porritt is a specimen reared by
himself which has the two transverse lines nearest the middle
of both fore and hind wings thickened, darkened, and suffused
so as to form a central darker band.

On the wing in June and July ; in confinement a second
complete emergence has been obtained in September, but I
am not aware that this has been noticed, even casually, in
the wild state.

Lakva a little over half an inch in length ; tapering con-
siderably toward the head, which is small and notched,
tucked under when at I'est, thrown forward when in motion ;
skin most wonderfully wrinkled and warted, the warts being
on the wrinkles, and so arranged that they form on the back
a double ridge on each segment, which contracts to a single
median ridge at each fold, and another, more prominent,
ridge at the spiracles ; segmental divisions very decidedly
cleft ; bristles short and clubbed. The larva feels stiff and
firm, when disturbed it curls-in the front segments in the
same plane with the rest of the body, and not on one side as
the longer Acidalim do. In colour it varies very little
throughout its growth, being generally of a very muddy
reddish-brown, but just after moulting almost black, the
markings few and indistinct; the hinder portions are some-
what paler than the rest of tlie body, but the segmental folds
darker ; there is a i^aler dorsal line, edged with black threads,
which show most distinctly on the hinder segments; and the
<lorsal ridges are paler than the ground colour. (Kev.
-I. Hellins.)

VOL. VIII. C

34 LEPIDOPTERA.

August till ^lay on Hclianthemuvi vulijare, feeding only
upon the withered, and sometimes decayed, leaves, never
upon those which are growing ; probalily upon other low-
growing plants, since in confinement it will feed up on
similarly decayed leaves oi Polygonum (triciclmr and T/ii/iii"s
scrpyl/um. Mr. Feun says that it is extremely sluggish, and
seems to pass its life in nibbling bits of dead and mouldy leaf ;
also that in repose it rests in the form of the figure 2.

Pur A apparently undescribed.

The moth hides during the day among grass, low herbage,
or scrubby bushes of privet, i-esting with wings ilatly pressed
to the underside of a leaf. If disturbed it flutters away to
a similar hiding place. Its natural flight at dusk is also
weak and very quiet. An exceedingly local species in this
country, principally confined to Durdham Down, near Bristol,
where, upon chalky and rocky ground of a hilly and broken
character, it has long been found to exist in tolerable numbers,
and desjnte incessant persecution appears still to maintain
itself. This locality is in Gloucestershire, and the insect has
been obtained, rarely, in the adjacent County of Somerset ;
also in Berks, near Newbury, wliere it has been taken by Miss
Kimber ; and at Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks, where the Rev.
J. S. St. John found it to be not very rare. The records at
Stoke Wood, Devon, and of two specimens in Dorset, have
not been contradicted, and may be accurate ; and I have
myself examined a specitnen which was taken by the Rev.
Henry Williams near Thetford, Norfolk. It seems, therefore,
allowable to suspect that this species may be more widely
distributed, but overlooked from its close resemblance to
A. dilnUiria. Abroad it is found in France, (Germany,
Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, Corsica, the Balkan States,
Bithynia and Asia Minor.

13. A. incanaria, Hii.h. ; virgularia, Stainton, Stand.
Cnt. — Expanse i to '^ inch. All the wings pale grey, whitish-

ACIDAL/W.-E—AC/DALrA. 35

grey, or smoky-white, each with a central black dot, and
minutely streaked or dotted indications of two or three grey
transverse lines.

Antennas of the male rather short and thick, notched and
coarsely ciliated; palpi slender and small, and with the face
black-brown ; tongue rather well developed ; head white
between the antennte, but behind this brown, as also is the
neck; thorax and abdomen dingy-white, dusted with grey
or grey-brown ; anal tuft short, white. Fore wings a
little elongated ; costa flatly arched ; apex bluntly angulated ;
hind margin very oblique and but little rounded ; dorsal
margin rather full, well ciliated ; colour dingy-white,
abundantly dusted with grey, or brownish-grey ; all the
markings extremely obscure ; first line an oblique indistinct
grey thread ; second line placed far back, and merely con-
sisting of a succession of cloudy grey dots or angles ; central
stripe or shade rather more noticeable, dark grey ; discal
spot a minute black dot ; the second line forms the inner
edge of a narrow transverse stripe of obscure smoky-grey
clouds, and the hind margin is similarly clouded ; cilia
greyish-white dappled with smoky-grey ; along their base is
an undulating grey line sometimes supplemented with
similar dots. Hind wings white, plentifully dusted with
grey ; central spot small, black ; before it is an obscure grey
transverse stripe, and beyond it a very irregular transverse
line of the same colour, followed by two very faint grey
stripes, the second lying along the hind margin ; cilia
greyish-white, dappled with grey. Female very similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale greyish-brown, of the
hind wings greyish-white; the discal and central dots
obscurely visible ; the second line of the fore wings is
reproduced in a series of dots, which also is continued across
the hind wings. Body greyish-white ; legs very pale brown.

Rather variable in the degree of grey dusting over all the
wings ; the typical markings being only distinctly noticeable
in specimens which, from their comparative scarcity, may be

36 LEPIDOPTEKA.

called pale varieties ; sometimes the dark dusting has a
distinctly smok^'-brown tint ; in others it is so dark a grey
that the moth appears almost lead-coloured. Such an
example is in the collection of the late Mr. F. Bond. Others,
ia Mr. G. T. I'orritt's collection, are strongly tinned with
smoky-brown, in ground colour or in dusting. In size there is
a good deal of disparity, those of the later broods being often
very small, while in Suflolk a form is found, in the summer
brood, of quite double the usual size and very pale in colour.
On the wing in June, as a second brood, often much more
plentifully, in the later portion of July and in August ; and in
some seasons casual specimens of a partial third generation
may be found in September or October.

Lauv.v long and slender, tapering toward the head, which
is small and rounded, dark brown or reddish-brown with a
pale stripe down each lobe ; skin transversely wrinkled ;
pale brown ; from the fifth to the tenth segments, on each,
is an ill-defined dorsal brown diamond, which often encloses
smaller brown outlines of diamond-shaped markings; on the
second to the fourth, and on the tenth to the thirteenth, is a
grey-edged ochreous dorsal line ; spiracular line blackish,
often very conspicuous, but sometimes absent, edged above
with whitish-ochreous ; this pale ochreous line is present
even when the spiracular dark line is wanting ; the segments
where the dorsal line appears have also a paler ochreous sub-
dorsal line, broad and edged with pale brown ; on the fifth
segment are four black dots, two lateral and conspicuous,
two dorsal and minute ; iindersurface pale grey or ochreous,
with two waved central black threads, and a pair of black
dots at each incision — these spots being frecjuently situated
at the termination of oblique blackish dashes. (Chas. Fenn.)

Among his larvae Mr. Buckler noticed a variety of a pale
grey ground colour, in which the dorsal line could be dis-
tinctly traced throughout, though but little paler, it was
strongly margined at the beginning of each segment with a

ACIDALIID.f.—ACinALIA. 37

short black mark and this again with a white one, the black
markings becoming more and more developed towards the
twelfth segment ; the dorsal diamonds much more faint and
none of them clouded or merged together ; the anterior pairs
of tubercular dots black and the hinder pairs white, finelj-
ringed with black.

September till May, and a second generation in July or
August, very irregular in its time of feeding ; on dandelion,
especially the withered leaves, also those of knotgrass and
Cmtranthus n'hrr ; probably on many kinds of withered leaves.

Pupa stout, the head rather truncate ; anal segments
tapering considerably ; eyes very prominent ; aual extremity
provided with hooked bristles ; pale brown, dotted, dusted,
and shaded with dark brown. In a slight cocoon of silk and
earth, among rubbish, or immediately under the surface of
the ground. (C. Fenn.)

This little moth is one of our most common and familiar
objects. Here in London, especially, where species are few,
this one places itself conspicuously in evidence. It hangs
in the daytime by its rather long legs, with vrings flat-
tened, to any weed, flowering-plant or shrub in the garden,
or balances itself against the garden-wall. If disturbed it
has a rather buzzing flight, actively looking for a similar
hiding-place close by, and by no means alarmed by the
intrusion ; at dark it flits in the quietest manner about the
bushes, never ascending to any great height above the
ground and keeping to the corner in which it has made itself
at home. Away from gardens it is equally common in lanes,
hedges, and waste spots, but does not so much frec[uent
woods ; abundant in the South and East of England, and
moderately so in the West except perhaps Cornwall, where
it is said to be scarce ; rather more local in the Midland
Counties, but becoming again common towards the North,
even to the borders of Scotland. Strange to say I can find
no record for Wales, nor can I recollect that I ever saw it in

38 LEPIDOP TERA .

Pembrokeshire, yet there can be no doubt that it is present.
at least in the Eastern districts. In Scotland it is local —
common at Berwick-on-Tweed ; found in the Edinburgh
District ; at Stonehaven, Aberdeenshire, and at Moncrietl'e
Hill, and other places, in tht^ provinces of the Clyde, Forth,
Tay and Dee. In Ireland it was recorded by the late Mr. E.
BirchalljVet no more recent comfirmation has been obtained,
and Mr. Kane is (juite of opinion that the record was au
error. Abroad it has a considerable range through Central
and Southern Europe, including Spain and Portugal, and at
Gibraltar it is abundant ; elsewhere it is found in Livonia,
Bithynia, Syria, Asia Minor, and in its whiter variety in
Morocco, and Algeria.

11. A. straminata, Tr. ; marginepunctata, SUyJi.
Stn. — Expanse f to i inch. Wings elongated, white, faintly
tinged with smoky-brown, and dusted with brown, each with
three obscure, oblique, transverse, rippled, smoky-brown
lines ; margins distinctly dotted with black.

Antenna} of the male simple, minutely ciliated, dirty white ;
palpi minute, and with the face, dark chocolate ; eyes glossy
black ; top of the head white ; neck and thorax whitish-
brown ; abdomen smooth, still whiter ; lateral tufts distinct ;
anal tuft narrow. Fore wings elongated : costa very flatly
arched ; apex bluntly rounded ; hind margin tolerably
oblique, gently curved ; dorsal margin fairly straight, strongly
ciliated ; colour brownish-white, faintly browner towards the
costa, and dusted with brown or black atoms ; first line
usually very faint, placed rather far from the base ; discal
spot small but distinct, deep black ; just beyond it is the
central line, then the second line, and beyond it two rows of
exceedingly faint clouds, all these lines oblique, nearly
parallel, rippled, yellow-brown, but all except the second
usually very faint ; extreme hind margin regularly dotted
with black ; cilia shining, brownish-white. Hind wings of
the colour of the fore wings, a little more dusted with black
atoms ; central spot a distinctly black dot, followed by three

ACIDALIID.i:— ACID ALIA. 39

successive, and indistinct, transverse lines, or shades of faint
yellow-brown, the middle one usually the most perceptible ;
extreme hind margin sharply dotted with black ; cilia shinin<(
brownish white. Female very similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-white, more smoky
toward the base ; hind wings rather whiter ; all dusted with
black and having the central black spots and marginal dots
well marked, the lines and shades but faintly indicated, except
the second line and its extension on the hind wings, both of
which are noticeably black. Body and legs dusky pale
brown.

There is slight variation in the colour of the wings —
whiter or browner — and in the degree of brown dusting ; also
in the distinctness of the first and second transverse lines,
which in some specimens become much more noticeable.
This leads directly to a fine and constant local race, found in
the " mosses '' of Lancashire and Cheshire, which has long
been looked upon as a distinct species under the name of
A. circcllata. In this form the first and second lines are
sharply distinct and of a moderately deep brown, as also is
the median stripe or line of the hind wings ; altogether giving
the insect a very distinct appearance. This, however, is only
in the more extreme form, intermediates and almost typical
specimens being found along with them, and all possible
shades of intermediate variation, there and elsewhere, so that
the identity of the two forms as one species is I think incon-
testable. A very few specimens of this variety circcllata,
but not of the most strongly marked extreme, were taken in
the year 1871 near Dover, by Mr. F. C. Woodforde. These
I have seen. With their exception I do not know of any
captures of this variety except in the " mosses " already
mentioned. In Mr. Sydney Webb's collection is a specimen
in which two dark lines on all the wings are so clouded as
almost to form bands.

Ou tlie wing in July and August ; and a second generation
has been reared, indoors, in September.

40 LEPJDOPTERA.

Lakva. Length about one inch, rather slender ; liead a little
narrower than the second segment and deeply notched on the
crown ; body rounded beneath, less conspicuously iiattened
above ; second, third, and fourth segments the narrowest, and
of about equal width ; from the fourth widening to the tenth ;
the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth rather narrower, and all
three of about the same width ; skin having a tough appear-
ance, each segment overlapping the next, and also con-
spicuously ribbed across ; dorsal surface pale slate-grey ;
head grey, the sides and the dividing notch dark brown ;
dorsal line narrow and pale, but edged on each side, in the
centres of fifth to tenth segments, with a narrow black
streak ; on the other segments the edging is continuous, but
narrower and less distinct ; between the dorsal and subdorsal
lines on the middle segments is another series of very black
streaks, and these being situated nearer the subdorsal
region than the edging of the dorsal line, give the dorsal
surface a very pretty variegated appearance ; subdorsal lines
very indistinct, pale slate-colour ; spiracular lines scarcely
perceptible even with a lens ; vertral surface uniform pale
slate-colour, with a very narrow, indistinct, paler central
line, and equally indistinct transverse waved longitudinal
lines. In some individuals the black dor.sal markings are
comparatively indistinct, and in one they show only as paler
confused marks. (Geo. T. Porritt.)

That of the variety circdlata is thus described by the Rev.
J. Hellins : — When full fed about three-quarters of an inch
long, slender, tajiering towards thi> head and rather Iiattened ;
the head is small and notched ; the skin very rugose; colour
pale grey or yellowish-grey above, darker grey below : sub-
dorsal lines blaclcish-grey ; dorsal and spiracular lines very
fine, and whitish in colour; on the anterior segments to the
fifth the dorsal line is edged with fine blackish lines, but on
segments six to nine with pairs of blackish curved dashes,
darkest just at the segmental folds, and lighter on the
following segment ; and on the same segments these markings

A CI DA T. ITD.f:—A CIDA LI A. 41

are followed by a pair of blackish dots and fainter dashes ;
the ninth segment is the palest, and the hinder ones are
much darker, all the lines being there strongly marked.

August till June, hybernating when half grown ; but when
a second generation of the moths appeared within the year,
the larva' fed at the end of July and in August, and a second
generation from October onwards ; on bramble and knotgrass,
but the natural food in the wild state is not known ; probably
some plant growing among heather, if not the heather itself.

Pupa a little flattened, and rather squared in front, eyes and
mouth-covers rather conspicuous ; limb and antenna-covers
compact, exceedingly glossy, and almost without cross-
wrinkling ; wing-covers smooth and unsculptured, but having
the nervures conspicuously ridged, extremely glossy ; dorsal
and abdominal segments smooth, hardly in any degree show-
ing punctured sculpture, the edges of the segments rather
roughened ; spiracles very distinct, and the last pair forming
distinct elevations ; cremaster and anal structure singularly
formed, as distinct rounded elevations on the anal segment
and extending almost round it, finishing with a very flat
short projection on which are two minute curled bristles ;
other more minute bristles are scattered around ; reddi.sh-
brown,the segments darker, and the cremaster black-brown ;
wing-covers tinged with green. In a very slight cocoon of
a few threads, among rubbish, or in the earth.

The moth occurs almost always among heather, though
generally where scattered trees, bushes, and long grass aftbrd
additional protection. Usually it sits among these during
the day, quietly, near to the ground ; but I have known it to
resort to small dead fir trees, and even, on one occasion, to
be only discoverable by beating such trees. In its northern
distribution, and in its variety circdlata, it frequents the
more boggy heaths known as " mosses," but even here, so far
aa can now be ascertained, the shelter of trees is appreciated.
By the drainage and cultivation of the "mosses" of

42 LEPIDOPTERA.

Lancashire and Cheshire this variety has become unfor-
tunately very rare, and in most of its old haunts (|uite
exterminated. The ordinary time of flight is, as in the other
species, at dusk, and it appears to be especially restless and
readily disturbed from its hiding places for a short time
before sunset. Still rather widely distributed on heaths, and
even on chalk downs, in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, ]laiits,
Dorset, and Berks, but hardly known in the Eastern,
Western, or Slidlaud Counties. In Cheshire it was formerly
found near ]5owden ; and in Lancashire in the extensive
region of heath and bog known as Chatmoss ; but its present
range or even existence in these Counties is somewhat
problematical. In Yorkshire it was found at Thome Moor
in the year 1881, and doubtless still exists. I know of no
record of its occurrence in Wales, Scotland, or Ireland.
Abroad its distribution is not wide — Central Lurope, Finland,
and Dalmatia ; bnt Staudinger describes a local variety —
which however bears no resemblance to our var. circdlata —
as occurring in France and Belgium.

1.5. A. promutata, Gn. incanata, ^iit. Manual.
marginepunctata, Staud. Cut. — Expanse 1 inch. .\11
the wings greyish-white dusted with smoky-grey ; on each is
a black dot, usually preceded by a faint transverse smoky-
black line of clouding or dots, and followed by a cloudy,
rippled single, or double, grey stripe ; hind margins dotted
with black.

Anteniuu of the male simple, finely ciliated, pale brown,
white at the base ; palpi small, pale brown ; eyes leaden-
black ; face deep black ; top of the head white ; neck black ;
thorax and abdomen — which is very smooth — white, dusted
with black-brown, and tlie hinder segments of the latter
banded with pale purplish-brown ; lateral tufts quite notice-
ably projecting, white ; anal tuft small. Fore wings elon-
gated and rather pointed ; costa almost straight to near the
apex, where it is flatly arched ; apex angulated ; hind margin

ACIDALIin.E—ACWAI.IA. 43

very oblique, gently rounded ; dorsal margin almost straight,
fully ciliated ; colour white, more or less dusted with grey ;
first line obscure and sleuder, oblique, grey, expanding into
black dots on the uervures ; discal spot dull black ; close to
it is the central shade, a slender angulated cloudy smoky-
grey line ; second line formed into an oblique waved series
of cloudy-black dots ; beyond it is a double series of small
smoky-black or smoky-grey clouds, separated by a rippling
and undulating white subterminal line, the outer series
placed close to the hind margin, which outside them is
spotted conspicuously with black dots or almost triangles ;
cilia white, dusted with grey. Hind wings broad, rounded
behind, white, thickly dusted with grey ; central spot black,
preceded by a faint indication of a dusky transverse stripe,
more distinctly followed by two undulating stripes of small
grey clouds, edged outwardly with darker grey ; extreme
hind margin similarly clouded, and also edged with black
crescent-like dots ; cilia dusky white. Female quite similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-white, darker toward the
costa, but devoid of markings, except a faint series of whitish
ripples toward the hind margin. Hind wings silk'y-white ;
central spot black ; other markings of the upper side hardly
indicated; hind margins of all the wings edged with black-
brown lunules; cilia silky brownish-white. Body brownish-
white, legs pale brown.

Variable in the degree of grey, or smoky-black, dusting or
clouding ; also more particularly in the dark clouding outside
the second line ; often when this is dark the subterminal line
becomes broader and whiter. In specimens from Portland
and from the Devon coast this dark clouding is often very
scanty or absent, the ground colour becoming white and the
regular markings very neat and pretty. In some obtained
by ]\Ir. R. Adkin at Eastbourne, Sussex, the ground colour is
of a most exquisite creamy-white, and the markings being
delicately pencilled, they are of quite singular beauty ; these
occurred along with numbers of typical and intermediate

44 LEPIDOPTERA.

forms. Dr. P. W. Mason lias, in his collection, a specimen
wholly sufi'Lifipd with dark grey. Others from the Isle of
Man and North Walt»s have a very slaty tinge. A curious
aberration in my own collection, taken by myself at Norwich,
has the first and second lines of the fore wings broadly
clouded with black-grey, the other markings being but
faintly perceptible.

On the wing in June and July — on the South Coast some-
times at the end of ilay — and in a partial second generation
in August and September.

L.\ii\A nearly one inch and a half long ; head equal in width
to the second segment, and having its lobes rounded ; body
slender cylindrical, and of almost uniform width throughout,
tapering very slightly indeed towards the head ; segmental
divisions tolerably well defined, but not overlapping each
other ; skin distinctly but very evenly, transversely ribbed.
Ct)lour of the dorsal surface and the head very pale slatv-
olive ; a dull olive stripe extends throughout the centre of
the dor.'^al an-a, and encloses within it a very fine interrupted
pale dorsal line ; this olive stripe however is mucli darker on
the last three segments than on any of the others ; there is a
not very well defined pale yellowish line along the subdorsal
area, but there are no perceptible spiracular lines ; spiracles
distinct, black ; ventral surface uniform!}^ very pale slate-
blue. (Geo. T. Porritt.)

July till ^May, or where a second generation occurs in the
year, feeding up rapidly in July and the second brood of
larvaj from September till May or June ; on Achilka millc-
Julia (yarrow, milfoil), AytaaUiii vulynris (mugwort), Poten-
iill(( replidis (cinquefoil), and in confinement on knotgrass
and sallow. Rossler says Scihun alhum, SteUaria media.
Origanum, Tcucrium, and Ilippocrepis.

Pupa nearly half an inch long, smooth and polished,
tolerably cylindrical, but attenuated toward the anal point.
Compared to the larva it is very stout. Ground colour of the

ACIDALIID.a—ACIDAIJA. 45

dorsal surface pale brown ; bead and segmental divisions
chocolate-brown ; wing-cases yellowish-green ; anal tip
brown. (G. T. Porritt.)

The moth sits during the day on stones or rocks, near
the ground, or on the faces of quarries, sea-walls, or other
walls on the coast ; on the masonry of sea-fronts and
esplanades in the outskirts of watering places, and on
the slopes of chalk or limestone hills and sea-clitt's ; most
plentifully on and near the sea-coast, but also inland where
the soil is mainly of chalk or allied formations. Its grey
colour is in some degree a protection as it sits with flatly
outspread wings in such situations, yet it is quite noticeably
careless in this respect, often frequenting rocks which do
not at all resemble it in shade of colour ; also sometimes
it hides itself under the overhanging edges of coast sandhills.
From all these retreats it is readily disturbed, and flies
hastily away, yet to no great distance. Its ordinary flight is
at dusk and in the night, when it will visit the blossoms of
red valerian and other flowering plants, or even the sugar
spread for the attention of Xocftur ; but is far more strongly
attracted by light, and in its favourite haunts may readily be
collected by this means, even sitting quietly and patiently
on the street lamps of some of our cities. Most plentiful on
the coast, and although to be found, sometimes commonly,
in the inland portions of coast counties, rather scarce in
distinctly inland districts, common all along the south coast
from Kent to the Scilly Islands — in creamy-white forms on
the chalky coast of Sussex, more dead-white at I'ortlaml, and
on the south coast of Devon — but in the latter county
becoming grey on Dartmoor, also found in Somerset, Glou-
cestershire, and commonly in Essex, Suttblk, and Norfolk ;
very rarely in Gambridgeshire ; and occasionally in Silverdale,
Lancashire, in Durham, Northumberland, and Cumberland ;
yet I have no record for Scotland. On the coast of Wales it
is common, extending to Pembrokeshire, and apparently also

46 LEPIDOI'TERA.

inlaud in some parts of North Wales. In Ireland rather
plentiful on the coast near Dublin, and tolerably cotnmon in
the outskirts of that city itself ; also upon the south coast
from Wicklow to Kerry ; in Gahvay, and Down, and very
probably in other seaside districts. Abroad it does not
manifest equal preference for the neighbourhood of the sea,
but is found extensively in Central and Southern Europe,
Corsica, Livonia, Bithynia, Asia Minor, Syria, Armenia, and
the mountain regions of Central Asia.

IG. A. ornata, ^n,)^. — Expanse 1 inch. All the wings
clear silky snowy white ; each wing having beyond the
middle two fulvous blotches, edged behind with black, and
united by jjaler yellowish-grey clouds.

Antennfe of the male short, rather thick, densely ciliated,
but simple. ])ale brown ; palpi of the same colour, small,
rather curved ; tongue well developed ; eyes deep black ;
face black-brown ; top of the head snowy-wliite ; neck-ridge
pale brown ; thorax and abdomen slender, smooth, snowy-
white ; lateral tufts verj- small : anal tuft rather compressed.
Fore wings somewhat elongate ; costa arched ; apex angu-
lated ; hind margin beneath it very slightly retuse, then
gently curved and oblicjue; dorsal margin rather rolled up
and strongly ciliated ; colour shining snow-white ; first line
obscure, oblique, composed of faint brown atoms; central
shade also oblique. Ijut only indicated by a faint cloudy
yellowish line ; second line placed far back, undulating,
slender, black-brown, but only faintly visible, except at its
origin on the costa and at the liack of two large blotches
formed of pairs of fulvous clouds, one close to the anal angle,
the other, broader, above the middle ; between these are
smaller and much fainter yellowish-grey clouds, and imme-
diately beyond them a parallel stripe of similar small clouds,
near to the hind margin ; cilia white faintly clouded or
prettily streaked with brown. Hind wings rather narrow,
their hind margins flatly scalloped; shining snow-white;

ACIDALIID^—ACIDALIA. 47

central spot black ; close by it is often a faint cloudy dorsal
portion of a greyish-brown transverse line or shade; con-
siderably beyond is a very pretty, strongly undulating,
slender brown line, which, as in the fore wings, becomes black
at the back of two fulvous blotches, one in the middle, the
other close to the anal angle ; elsewhere it is followed by very
faint rounded yellowish-grey minute clouds ; and a complete
row of similar clouds occupies the hind margin ; cilia white,
clouded with brown. Female rather stouter but very similar.

Underside of all the wings white, but in the fore wings
clouded to the middle, and along the hind margin, with
smoky-brown or blackish-brown, and having two pairs of
faint black crescents marking the margins of the fulvous
blotches of the upper side ; on the hind wings similar black
crescents perform the same office, and are followed by a row
of faint grey-brown clouds ; central spots black. Bodv
white ; legs pale brown.

Usually very constant in colour and markings ; the rows
of faint clouds beyond the second line, in reared specimens,
sometimes are of a more purplish-grey, and this may be the
rule in freshly emerged individuals. If so the colour fades
almost immediately to yellowish-grey. A specimen in the
collection of Mr. R. Adkin is devoid of these pale clouds, yet
lias the fulvous blotches quite conspicuously.

On the wing in the latter part of May and in June ; and
in a second generation from the middle of July till
September.

Lakv.\ not (|uite an inch in length ; rather slender, almost
uniform in bulk throughout; the head slightly notched ; skin
rugose; spiracular region puffed-out and puckered. The
ground colour of the back is brownish-ochreous ; the dorsal
line fine and interrupted, darkest near the head, afterwards
showing pale grey edged with dusky ; subdorsal line dark
brown, commencing very distinctly on the head. On each
segment, from the fifth to the ninth, are two obtuse dark

-»8 I.EPinOPTEKA.

Vs, one pointing forward, the other backwarrl — their arms
reaching nearly to the subdorsal line— and between them
enclosing a blunt diamond of the ground colour, through the
middle of which the dark-edged dorsal line shows distinctly ;
posterior segments marked only with the dorsal and subdorsal
lines, and havingon each the usual four dots, here showing more
distinctly as not being confused with the other markings ;
spiracular stripe pale ochreous, freckled and edged below with
dusk}' ; uudersurface pale grey, freckled and mottled in the
same manner.

When young very rugose ; dark and dingy ; but under a
lens the back is seen to be brownish-ochreous, with a pale
grey, interrupted dorsal line, and five dusky ^s on the
middle segments, with their apices pointing forwards.
(Rev. J. Hellins.)

September or October till May ; and a second generation in
July and the beginning of August, on thyme, marjoram, and
mint — apparently preferring thyme.

Pita brown, with green wing-covers ; among spun-
to^ether leaves. (Ilofmann.) Not more fully described.

The moth sits daring tJie day among grass or herbaceous
plants, such as marjoram and thyme, in grassy hollows, hill-
sides, and downs, in chalk districts, choosing those places in
which the herbage is thick. It flies up readily if disturbed,
and flits along from place to place among similar herbage.
At early dusk it flies naturally on similar ground, and is
then much more conspicuous, and apparently more plentiful.

In such places it is tolerably common about Deal, Dover.
Folkestone, Walraer, and elsewhere in Kent ; all along the
chalk downs of Susse.v, about Keigate, Mickleham, Hoxhill,
and other similar hills in Surrey, on the Cotswolds in
Gloucestershire, and in iJucks. It is scarce in Somerset :
has once been taken in Cornwall; is rare in Suffolk and
Norfolk ; and was once found commonly near Wliittlesford.
■(Jambs., by ilr. A. 'riniruall. In all jirobability it may be

ACfDAL//D.€—AC/DAL!A. 49

found in secluded spots on the chalk hills of other counties
in the South of England ; but this appears to be the extent
of its range in these islands. Abroad it has a wide distri-
bution through Central and Southern Europe, including
Turkey and Spain ; Corsica, Livonia, Sweden, Asia Minor,
Armenia, Tartary, Japan, and the Barbary States.

17. A. immorata, L. — Expanse 1 inch. All the wings
broad and blunt ; pale grey, dusted with white, and plentfully
with dark grey, ornamented to the middle with rippled grey-
brown transverse stripes, and beyond with a broad similar
band through which runs a white undulating subterminal
line.

Antennae of the male short, rather thick and densely
ciliated, brown, barred at the back with white ; palpi rather
projecting, purple-brown ; face black-brown, edged with
white ; eyes deep black ; to]) of the head, thorax, and abdo-
men pale olive-grey, abunJuatly dusted with black, and the
latter barred on the middle segments with black ; tufts small.
Fore wings broad and blunt ; costa arched ; apex squarely
angulated ; hind margin not very oblique, but well rounded ;
dorsal margin a little so, and fully ciliated ; pale olive-grey,
dusted with white and abundantly with black atoms ; iii'st
line rather erect, curved back at the costa ; second very much
rippled and thrown into short angles ; the central line,
between these, almost as irregular, all grey-brown, and each
edged outwardly by a stripe of whitish clouding ; beyond the
second line is a broad, cloudy grey-brown band almost
occujning the whole hind marginal area, but sharply divided
liy the subterminal line, which is white, very irregular,
almost consisting of a connected row of angulated spots ;
cilia olive-brown, spotted with white and smoky-black. Hind
wings broad and rounded, but the hind margin a little
sinuous, and the anal angle S(|uared ; of the same colour and
dusting as the fore wings, and with similar irregular transverse
cloudy stripes ; a broad cloudy grey-brown band occupying the

VOL. VIII. B

,50 LEPIDOPTERA. j:.

hind margin in the same manner is much broken up by a
continued subterminal line, which hbre forms a considerable
row of white spots ; cilia broadly pale grey dashed with
grey-brown toward the tips, and having along the base a
slender dark grey line. Female rather smaller ; the ground
colour paler, with the transverse stripes more distinct, and
less intermediate dusting.

Underside of all the wings an almost exact repetition in
colour of the upper, and having the same markings, though
these are a little more distinctly divided into dark olive-
brown, and whitish, rippled lines. Body and legs olive-
brown.

On the wing in June and July.

Lakva long and slender, roughened with cross wrinkles
from end to end and having, along the s])iracular region, on
each side, a raised ridge ; head rounded, yellow-brown ; dorsal
region very pale greyish-drab ; dorsal line greyish-white,
edged on each side, in its hinder half, with brown, and
having at the beginning of each segment after the fourth, a
black dot on either side ; subdorsal stripe dark umbreous,
almost black along its upper edge, but shading off at the
lower ; spiracles small, black ; below them is a slender faint
brown line placed on a very narrow ridge ; whole lateral and
undersurface otherwise putty colour, or greyish-white ; legs
and |)rolegs similar in colour. Very stiff, even rigid, in
appearance ; but if touched it coils up almost like a watch-
spring. (From larvic furnished for description by Mr.
11. J. Turner.)

August till ^lay on heather (CalJuim inilgans), also on
thyme, marjoram, knotgrass, and other low-growing plants.

Pui'A slender; eye covers bi'ight and ])rotruding, deep
black ; wing and limb-covers pitchy-black, rather more dull
from abundant sculpture of minute incised lines; dorsal
region black at the back of the head, shading off to brown
and chestnut-red at the abdominal segments ; each segment

A CIDA I IID. -E—A CI DA L I A . 5 i

broadly banded with miuute pitting ; cremaster rounded and
wrinkled, with two side and four terminal spikes.

In a slight cocoon of open silken threads, among the food
plant. (Described from specimens furnished by Mr. H. J.
Turner.)

The moth is said to inhabit dry grassy and heathy spots,
and also meadows. In this country, so far as I know, it has
only been found on some heathery hills in the chalk districts.
It sits by day among the heritage, and is easily disturbed,
flitting about in a lively manner. The first specimens
observed in this country were taken among heather, near
Lewes, Sussex, in June 1887, by Mr. C. H. Morris, and were
recorded by Mr. J. H. A. Jenner. Many more specimens
have been taken in the same locality in subsequent years.
One pi-evious capture has since been recorded — a specimen
taken — possibly in the same district — many years ago by the
late Mr. Desvignes, and since placed in the collection of the
late Mr. S. Stevens. It had been supposed to be merely a
variety of Strenia dutlirata. The moth is, however, very
much more like Fidonia ntomarii(, except for its simple
antenna?, and it is just possible that it may, in other localities,
have been mistaken for that species. So far as our present
knowledge goes, however, it is confined in these islands to
the one very restricted locality, in the county of Sussex,
already mentioned. Abroad it is widely distributed in the
central and temperate northern regions of Europe, and is
found in Central and Northern Italy, Bulgaria, Southern
and Eastern Russia, Bithynia, and North-East Siberia.

18. A. subsericeata, Hain. — Expanse I to ^ inch.
Silky spotless white; fore wings with four rather straight
oblique narrow greyish-white transverse stripes, and hind-
wings with three, somewhat angulated.

Antenntc of the male simple, rather coarsely ciliated, pale
brown, palpi small, light purple-brown ; face dark chocolate :

52 LEI'IDOPTERA.

top of head white; neck-ridge light brown; thorax very
slender, white, faintly tinged in front with yellow-brown ;
abdomen slender, white, slightly tinted with brown ; tufts
rather compressed. Fore wings somewhat narrow and
pointed ; costa gently arched ; apex angulated, almost
pointed ; hind margin a little curved ; dorsal margin nioi'e
slightly so, well ciliated; texture thin and very silky ; colour
white, costal margin faintly tinged with brown ; first and
second lines, and the intermediate central line, all oblique,
rather straight, and nearly parallel, greyish-white, followed
by a fourth equally obli(iue, but much less distinct ; and
indications of a similar cloudy line along the hiud margin ;
cilia rather long, silky-white. Kind wings moderately broad,
rounded behind, but anal angle almost squared, of the same
silky-white, with three indistinct transverse grey-white
stripes, undulating or faintly angulated ; cilia silky-white.
Female quite similar.

Underside of the fore wings white, tinged toward the costa
with brown, and at the base thereof with smoky-black ; the
two transverse lines nearest the middle of the wing are
indicated, and there is a suggestion of a smoky-grey discal
spot. Hind wings white with a very slender greyish
transverse line beyond the middle. Body and legs brownish-
white.

Not very variable, but s])ecinu'ns from Lancashire and
.South Yorkshire, and esjiecially those of the second genera-
tion, are often faintly tinged with ochreous, and their
markings are a little more detinite, some of them having also
a faint series of dark dots along the hind margin of the fore
wings; these were at one time supposed to constitute a
distinct species, and received the name of A. mancuniata,
but further investigation has not confirmed this view. There
is certainly no line of demarcation between the forms.
With this exception the only variation is in the greater or
less greyness of the lines.

On the wing in June and July and in a partial second

ACIDALIID.-E—ACIDALIA. 5J

generation in August and September ; but in continement, if
kept warm, tbe second generation becomes more complete,
and occasionally a third is obtained during the year, but of
smaller size, and having the apex of the fore wings rather
more blunt.

Larva slender, tapering considerably towards the head ;
ground colour dull whitish-grey ; back reddish ; dorsal line
black, very slender and indistinct ; subdorsal line black,
broader and more distinct upon the capital and anal segments ;
spiracular lines dull yellowish-white, puckered; on each side
of the tenth segment, which is slightly enlarged, is a dull
yellow spot ; undersurface whitish in the middle, but the
division of the anal segment black, and a black oval spot,
slightly edged with white, upon each segmental division ;
head whitish with a central black line ; anal segment whitish ;
whole body rough, wrinkled, minutely studded with whitish
tubercular spots, and sprinkled with a few short bristly
hairs. (Rev. H. H. Crewe.)

July or August till April or May ; or feeding up rapidly
in the beginning of August ; in which case those of the
second generation usually feed from October till May. On
dandelion, knotgrass, golden-rod, plantain, chickweed, and
other low-growing plants, also in confinement upon plum.

Pupa shiniug dark red-brown ; wing-covers dark green,
the nervures visible ; stigmata distinct, pale ; cremaster
furnished with two minute parallel spikes. In a very slight
cocoon among rubbish.

The moth hides during the day in bushes or sometimes
among heather, but is not difficult to disturb, yet tlies but
a very short distance before hiding again ; it begins to move
about of its own accord just after sunset and flies till dusk,
probably later, siuce it comes occasionally to a strong light ;
but it is always sluggish and weak in its tlight. A very
widely distributed species, preferring the bushy parts of

S4 LEPIDOPTERA.

open heaths, hiding more among shrubs than in the heather ;
also found in the open parts of woods, and about their
margins ; in lanes and hedges in wooded or heathy districts ;
and even on the cliffs of the sea shore. It seems to be some-
what solitary in its habits, tiirniriK up casually, and even fre-
quently, liut rarely in any numljers. Formerly to be found in
the outer suburbs of l^ondon, but now apparently quite absent
from them ; found not uucoininonly, in the manner already
stated, in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants, Berks, Oxfordshire.
Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk; more rarely in Dorset, Devon,
Cornwall, and Wilts; more frequently in Somerset, (Glouces-
tershire, Herefordshire, in the Malvern district of Worcester-
shire ; in Lancashire and Cheshire ; almost absent from the
Midland Counties, Init has been taken in Dovedale, Derby-
shire ; very rare in Cambridgeshire, and known to occur in one
locality in Durham. ]Mr. J. E. JJobson points out that this
localit}', wliich is near Hartlepool, is f|uite isolated, scores of
miles from any otlier station of the species ; yet here it luay be
taken on railway banks, liallast hills and sea banks in hundrc^ds.
Probably widely distributed in Wales since it is recorded in
the North, and I found in I'embrokeshire. In Scotland
Dr. E. Buchanan White noted it as to be found in the Solway
district. In Ireland it has been taken near Dublin, and
W^aterford. Abroad its range extends through France,
Germany, Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, Turkey, the Balkan
States, Hitliynia, and Asia j\linor.

v.). A. immutata, L. — Expanse 1 inch. All the wings
broad and rounded ; white, faintly shaded with grey, and
usually more so with soft pale ochreous ; a minute, siiarp
black dot in the middle of each wing is most distinct in the
hind ; there are four or five rippled, parallel, faintly ochreous
transverse stripes on each, the outer three being rather
crowded together.

Antenna) of the male simple, finely ciliated, yellowisli-
brown, but the back, toward the base, white; palpi short,

ACIDAIJID.S—ACIDALIA. 53

pale brown ; eyes black ; face purple-black ; top of the bead
white ; neck black, with a pale brown ridge ; thorax and
abdomen smooth, white ; lateral tufts small ; anal tuft
brownish-white. Fore wings broad ; costa arched ; apex
bluntly angulated ; hind margin very little oblique, geutlj'
curved ; dorsal margin nearly straight, ciliated ; colour white
or creamy-white, slightly tinged with creamy-yellow toward
the costa and hind margin, and in a faint degree along the
principal nervures ; the first and second lines, the central
line, and one beyond the second, form four slender, parallel,
not very oblique, nor very distinct, soft creamy-yellow stripes ;
a fifth, still parallel, but less complete lies along the hind
margin ; and of these the outer three lie nearest together ;
discal spot a small black dot ; cilia creamy-yellow. Hind
wings of the same colour ; the central dot black, more dis-
tinct, and rounded ; the stripes very similar to those upon
the fore wings, but fainter, and usually only four in number ;
cilia creamy-yellow. Female a very little smaller, stouter,
body and wings white, the transverse stripes more slender,
and less yellow ; apex of the fore wings more sharply angu-
lated, and discal and central dots more noticeable.

Underside of the fore wings of the male light yellow-
brown ; hind wings yellowish-white ; markings of the upper
side i-epeated, but more distinct and browner. Body and
legs pale brown. Female altogether whiter ; with the trans-
verse lines only faintly and obscurely reproduced. Body and
legs white.

Very constant in colour and markings.

On the wing in June and July, and as a partial second
generation, in September.

Larva wlien full-grown about an inch and an eighth long ;
cylindrical, slightly puffed at the spiracles, tapering evenly
toward the head, which is small and round ; the whole skin
is ribbed in rings which go quite round the body. The
ground colour is a warm stone-coloured tint (pale olive-

56 LEPinOPTERA.

brown) and there is a dusky dorsal line forming two small
dots at each segmental division ; above the spiracles is an
irregular double dusky line ; spiracles black, placed in a
stripe rather paler than the ground colour ; below which is
another dusk}- line, darkest on its upper edge and fading oH'
below.

August till May ; or where it has fed up quickly in August,
a second generation is produced from October till May ;
hybernating when less than half grown, upon the dead stems
of its food-plant. On Valeriana officinalis and Spircra
nlmaria ; but in confinement upon knotgrass, groundsel,
and other low-growing plants, or upon hawthorn.

Pupa pale brown, with greenish wing-covers. In a slight
cocoon among rubbish or moss, on the ground. Not more
fully described.

The moth hides during the day among rank grass and
herbage, and sometimes in dwarf bushes ; and is easily dis-
turbed, getting up close to the feet of an intruder, and Hying
a short distance to hide in a similar place ; but towards
evening and till dusk flitting about of its own accord in a
very quiet and gentle manner. Attached to fens and
marshes, and in them sometimes abundant ; but to be found
also in any little marshy spot in a range of sandhills, or at
the edges of salt marshes, or in boggy fields and wet woods.
In such spots common in Kent, Sussex, Surrej', Hants,
Dorset. Berks and Somerset ; found in one locality in Devon ;
scarce in Gloucestershire; locally plentiful in Essex and
Suffolk and ver\- abundant in the fens of Norfolk and
Cambridgeshire, and in Huntingdonshire; to all appearance
absent from the greater portion of the Midlands, but has
been taken in Staffordshire, and Shropshire, and on the
borders of Cheshire ; very locally in Yorkshire, and once, by
Mr. llobson, in Durham. In Wales Mr. Vivian has taken it
in Glamorganshire ; I found it in tiny spots of marsh near
the coast of Pembrokeshire, and have little doubt that

ACIDALIID.i^—ACIDALIA. 37

it has a wide range in the Principality. In Scotland the
only record seems to be in the Solway district, and to require
confirmation ; in Ireland it is well distributed in the Counties
of Waterford, Cork, Kerry, Galway, Sligo, Westmeath, and
King's County, and is sometimes abundant. Abroad its
range is through Central Europe, the temperate portions of
Northern Europe, the Northern half of Italy, Dalmatia, the
Ural Mountain districts, and Tartary.

20. A. remutaria, Hi(b. — Expanse 1 to 1} inch. Fore
wings rather pointed ; all the wings silky yellowish-white,
with a faint central brown or black dot, and four irregular,
obscure, smok^'-grey transverse lines, those beyond the
middle much rippled.

Antenna3 of the male simple, thickly ciliated, pale brown ;
palpi small, similar in colour ; eyes leaden-black ; face dark
chocolate ; top of the head white ; neck-ridge brown ; thorax
yellowish-white ; abdomen long and slender, of the same
colour but dusted and faintlj' barred with pale grey-brown ;
lateral tufts well developed, white ; anal tuft compressed.
Fore wings rather narrow at the base, moderately Ijroad
behind ; costa long and very Hatly arched ; apex angulated ;
hind margin rather oblique and nearly straight ; dorsal
margin a little filled out and strongly ciliated ; colour creamy-
white with a faint brownish tinge toward the costa ; first
line oblique, slender and very faint, pale brown ; central line
or shade broader, rather distinct, curved, but more erect ;
second line oblique, slender, undulating and indented, but
only faintly marked, both of the same faint pale brown ; and
a slender shadowy stripe of the same colour lies near the
hind margin, which at its extreme edge is dotted with brown ;
cilia silky j-ellowish-white. Hind wings broad, rounded
behind, but the margin almost bluntly bent in the middle ;
of the same creamy-white, and with similar stripes, the first,
which lies transversely^ before the middle, being the most
distinct ; this is followed by an obscure central black dot,

58 LF.rmOPTERA.

and this by two or three more, very slender and obscure,
undulating and indented stripes ; cilia creamy white. PVmale
very similar, but with its body shorter.

Underside of all the wings silky white, the costal half of the
fore wings tinged with smoky-brown, and the transverse lines
similarly but faintly indicated ; hind wings hardly e.xliibiting
any trace of markings. Body silky-white ; legs pale brown.

Usually only variable in the distinctness of the transverse
lines, the central and second of which and their continuations
on the hind wings being sometimes so conspicuous in their
undulating and parallel appearance as to impart quite a special
character to the insect. Occasionally the basal area to the
first line is faintly clouded with brown ; in specimens in
W\\ Sydney Webb's collection the space between the central
and second line is clouded with greyish-brown ; and in others
these lines are drawn so close together as almost to coalesce.
Some of those from Morayshire, in Mr. Percy M. Bright's
cabinet, are clouded with grey, or have these lines shaded
with the same, or with smoky-grey, and the central line
broadened into a distinct dark stripe ; others in Mr. R. Adkins'
collection are much suffused with smoke-colour.

On the wing in the latter part of -May, and in June.

Lakva somewhat rough to the touch, slender, rather
luiit'urmly cylindrical ; and of nearly equal thickness
throughout ; head of the same width as the second segment,
and notched on the crown; the face fiat; skin finely ribbed
transversely, both on the back and beneath ; segmental
divisions not very conspicuous ; head light brown, variegated
with darker, and with a black V-shaped mark, the apex of
which is pointed upwards, on the upper part of the face ;
ground colour of the body dark olive-brown, approaching to
dull black on the undersurface ; dorsal stripe formed of a
very narrow, interrupted and indistinct greyish line; there
are no perceptible subdorsal lines, but along the spiracles are
several grejash-white marks, which are most conspicuous on

ACIDALUD.K—ACIDAUA. J9

the posterior segments ; ou the eleventh segment at each side,
between the dorsal and spiracular lines, is a black spot ;
usual dots minute, black, a slate-grey stripe extends along
the middle of the undersurface, gradually shading off into
the blackish ground colour. When at rest the body is
stretched out at full length, with the head raised to a con-
siderable height ; when disturbed it falls to the ground at
full length rigidly stiff and not attempting to roll into a ring.
(G. T. Porritt.) From Mr. Buckler's figures the ground
colour seems to vary from whitish-grey to grey-brown and
light brown ; also in some cases the dorsal and spiracular
lines are edged with short black streaks.

June or July till September; ou sallow, knotgrass, dock,
Galium, and Asperula.

Pupa slender, brown. In an earth-covered cocoon under
ground. Not more particularly described.

The winter ajDpears to be passed in this condition.

The moth fi-equents woods, especially those in which
sallow is common, and in them is usually plentiful in southern
districts. It hides in the bushes by day sitting flatly under
a leaf, but is readilj' disturbed by the beating stick, and
flutters lazily round, sometimes in dozens, but soon seeking a
similar hiding-place — though, indeed, it hardly cares to hide
but leaves a projecting edge of a wing often conspicuously in
view. It seems to be quite confident in its abundance, and
will sometimes settle even upon the clothes of the collector.
Its flight at all times is lazy and fluttering and it is very
conspicuous in the early dusk. In well wooded districts it
may be found among sallows in the lanes, but the woods
are emphatically its home ; in them it occurs apparently in
all parts of England and Wales, 3'et is scarce in Cornwall
and also in the extreme Northern English counties, and quite
local in those which are deficient in woods. In Scotland it is
local, in the Clyde Valley, Perthshire, the Edinburgh district,
Inverness-shire, Aberdeenshire and Moray. In Ireland it i.s^

■60 LEPIDOPTERA.

abundant in Kerry, and is found in Wicklow, T^outh, Galwaj
and Sligo. Abroad it has a wide range, through Central
Europe, the temperate portions of Northern ]']urope, Southern
France, Northern Italy, the Ural Mountain district, Tartarj,
and Japan.

21. A. fumata, iiteph. — Expanse 1 inch. Wings all
greyish-white, dusted thickly with grey-brown ; on them
are three or four transverse ochreous lines, obscure in the
male, more distinct in the smaller female.

Antenna3 of the male simple, much ciliated, pale brown,
barred with darker ; palpi small, oblique, light brown ; eyes
[lurple-brown ; face deep purple-brown ; top of" the head and
the thorax greyish-white, dusted with brown ; abdomen
similar, slender ; lateral and anal tufts well developed. Fore
wings rather elongated ; costa gently arched ; apex bluntly
angulated ; hind margin very gentlv and evenly curved,
somewhat oblique ; dorsal margin straight ; colour greyish-
white, dusted evenly all over with brown or grey- brown, on
the costa a little more so; first and second lines slender,
oblique, almost parallel, but the second more sinuous, greyish
ochreous ; central line a broader and less defined shade of
similar dusting, intermediate and nearly parallel ; outside
the second line is another, similar but more cloudy, quite
parallel and situated midway to the hind margin ; central
spot not usually perceptible, when visible a brown dot in the
central shade ; cilia coloured and dusted like the wing.
Hind wings broad, rounded behind, except that there is a
faint suggestion of an angle in the middle of tlie hind
margin ; greyish-white dusted with brown, having three
•equidistant obscure transverse greyish-ochreous lines, or faint
•cloudy stripes, according with those of the fore wings; cilia
concolorous. Female smaller ; the apex of the fore wings
more ])ointed ; hind wings a little more scpiared behind ;
•colour greyish -white, tinged with ochreous, and sometimes
much more sparingly dusted with grey-brown ; the central

A CI DA L rm. E—A CI DA LI A . 6 r

and second lines of the fore wings, and the three lines of the
hind, more distinct. Body shorter and thicker.

Undersides of all the wings smoky-white, the fore wings
much clouded with smoky-grey and the hind wings dusted
with the same ; in the male there are obscure indications of
the lines of the upper side ; in the female these are dark
and strongly marked. Body and legs whitish-grey.

Only a little variable in the distinctness of the transverse
lines, the degree of dark dusting, and the presence or absence
of the discal dot of the fore wings.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva. Head and body about equal in width ; head
broadly but very indistinctly notched on the crown ; bodj'
extremelv slender, notwithstanding the presence of a dilated
lateral skin-fold ; the twelfth segment is slightly elevated ;
the divisions of the segments are not clearly defined, but
each is transversely wrinkled and divided by the wrinkles
into fourteen or sixteen extremely narrow but distinct sec-
tions ; head wainscot-brown with longitudinal darker marks,
which are continuous with stripes upon the dorsal area of the
body ; body pale wainscot-brown ; dorsal stripe darker, in-
creasing in intensity at the divisions of the segments, and
still more at the anal extremity ; it is traversed throughout
by a thread-like paler line ; sulidorsal stripe rather paler, also
intersected by a still paler thread-like line ; the skinfold is
paler than the dorsal area, and below it is a darker stripe,
which becomes more intense toward the anal extremity, and
terminates in the ventral prolegs ; the ventral area is very
pale except between the two pairs of prolegs ; spii-acles
black, and there is a black dot below the second, third, and
fourth ; legs very pale ; prolegs darker, but having a pale
external area. It rests with the prolegs firmly attached to
the edge of a leaf, the body being kept perfectly rigid, and
held in a straight position at an angle of forty-five degrees,
the head being semi-prone, and the feet crowded together

63 LEPIDOPTERA.

and directed forwards ; it sometimes tucks in its head when
annoyed, the anterior part of the body assuming a graceful
curve ; but more commonly falls from its food-plant, retain-
ing its straight rigid position, in which it exactly resembles a
twig of ling. (E.Newman.)

August and September, hyberuating when well grown, but
again feeding in the spring till May ; on whortleberry, sallow,
and in confinement on chickweed, knotgrass, and wild straw-
berry ; very probably also on heather, sweet-gale, and the two
common species of heath, Eriai tetralLc and E. cinerca.

Pupa apparently undescribed.

The moth hides during the day among whortleberry,
sallow, fern, and heather, also among other bushes and trees
on elevated heaths, and on hill and mountain sides ; it is
easily disturbed in the day time, and flies vigorously of its
own accord at dusk, and sometimes late in the afternoon.
Usually a northern species, and in this country its best
known southern locality seems to be on the Quantock Hills
in Somersetshire, but it is very likely to occur also upon
Exmoor or Dartmoor, Devon, and there are records of stray
specimens iu South Devon, Dorset, and even at Durdhain
Down, Bristol. In Nortli Lancashire, Westmoreland and
Cumberland it is abundant in mosses and heathery marshes,
and in Staffordshire upon the hills, and at Chartley Moss;
also found in Dovedale, Derbyshire, and in Teesdale,
Durham. In Wales I have found it in plenty on the slopes
of Preselly Mountain and other hills in Pembrokeshire,
and it occurs also in the North of the Principality. In
Scotland it is found in Wigtownshire, and the hills of the
Clyde District, and is abundant on the mountain heaths of
Perthshire, Inverness-shire, Aberdeenshire, Dumbartonshire,
Moray, West Ross, and probably in all suitable localities ;
iu Ireland le.ss widely distributed, but taken in the counties
<if W'aterford and Kerry. Abroad it has a considerable
raage, principally iu mountain districts, through Northern

ACIDALllDJi—ACIDALIA. 63

Europe to Lapland, and in Frauce, Germany, Austria,
Switzerland, Northern Italy, Ualmatia, the Ural Mountain
district, Tartary, and the mountainous regions of Central
Asia.

[A. strigaria, Hiih. — A species of nearly the size and
shape of the last, but with the fore wings a little more
pointed ; the colour very pale brownish-ochreous, or
brownish-white, and the transverse lines ochreous brown,
more distinct and more oblique ; the discal and central dots
small and obscure, black. The capture of two specimens of
this species, in Kent, was recorded in the Entomologists
Annual for 1871 ; but serious doubts arose as to the authenti-
city of the statement, and no confirmatory evidence has since
been obtained. There is not the slightest reason to believe
this species to be an inhabitant of these Islands, though
elsewhere it is widely distributed in Europe and Northern
Asia.]

22. A. aversata, L. — Expanse 1 to 1;| inch. All the
wings greyish-white, faintly tinged with ochreous, and
slenderly dark-margined ; lines sinuous, the second angulated
below the costa ; sometimes the space between the second
and central lines forms a darker band.

Antenna? of the male simple, ciliated, whitish-brown ;
palpi very small, reddish-brown, hardly concealing the
tongue; face smoothly convex, chocolate colour, edged by a
channel below the antenna^ ; head rather rouyh. whitish-
drab; thorax and abdomen slender, of the same colour; anal
tuft compressed. Fore wings rather elongated ; costa straight
t-o beyond the middle, thence very much arched ; apex
bluntly angulated, and a little produced ; hind margin
oblique, almost straight, but very faintly scalloped ; anal
angle sharply defined; dorsal margin straight ; colour greyish-
white, dusted with grey, and shaded with ochreous, or tinged
with reddish-brown ; first line obscure, oblique, pale smoky-

64 I.EI'inoi'TERA.

brown ; central lines almost ])arallel but distant from it,
broader and more distinct ; reddish-brown or smoky-brown,
passing outside the discal spot, which is a short black streak ;
second line more slender and sinuous, but parallel, except
that it is bluntly ani^ulated below the costa ; beyond this is
often a faint indication of another line or row of very obscure
cloudy spots ; costal margin narrowly edged by a brown
line; hind margin more slenderly edged by a fine darker line
formed into very flat crescents, and minute intermediate
dots ; cilia of the ground colour. Hind wings almost evenly
rounded behind, of the same colour ; central spot small and
black ; crossing it is a slender smoky-brown transverse line ;
at some distance beyond this another, more slender, but dis-
tinct ; hind margin edged by short, faintly curved, black
streaks, and in the middle by a few black dots; cilia greyish-
white. Female very similar.

Underside an accurate copy of the upper, except that the
base of the fore wings is a little clouded with smoky-brown,
and the first line is hardly perceptible. Body light brown ;
legs of the same colour, the hinder pair very short and
thickly tufted with scales.

A form constantly accompanying that described above —
and apparently the original typical form of the species — has
the space between the central and second lines of the fore
wings, and the corresponding band of the hind wings filled
up with smoky-brown, so as to form a conspicuous and con-
tinuous broad band ; it is with us by no means so common as
the form without the band, but both are reared indis-
criminately from the eggs of each. Occasionally the broad
band is supplemented by a following narrow stripe of the
same colour, and in the collection of Mr. H. J. Turner is a
specimen having the band of double the usual width, from a
complete filling of the outer area with dark colour. More
rarely, in the absence of the band, the whole surface of the
wings is dusted with smoky-brown atoms. There, is indeed,
reason to believe that a local race, strongly tinged over the

ACIDALIID.^—ACIDALIA. 65

wings with, grey, but especially so beyond the second line, is
now establishing itself in the London suburbs. Mr. R.
Adkin has reared this form in some numbers from his
garden at Lewisham — all devoid of the band. A still further
development in this direction has just been brought under
my notice — Mr. W. il. Christy has reared from the eggs of
a female moth taken in the New Forest, specimens very
darkly dusted with grey-black, and one in which the wings
are wholly smooth shining smoky-black, except that the
nervures are blacker, but the cilia of the normal pale colour :
In another variety of the unhanded form, found more
especially in the Eastern counties, the ground colour is
wholly pale brownish ochreous, or faintly I'eddish.

On the wing in June and July, and as a partial second
generation, in August and the beginning of September.

Larva moderately stout, transversely wrinkled, tapering in
front ; undersurface flattened ; sides projecting and puckered ;
head small and rounded, reddish-brown thickly dusted with
black ; body dull brown, the hinder four segments paler and
having an ochreous tinge ; a grey or dark brown dorsal shade
appears on the second to fourth, and the tenth to thirteenth
segments ; the intermediate segments having brown V-shaped
markings pointing backwards, the apex of each mark being
produced into a blotch on the succeeding segments ; an
indistinct whitish threadlike dorsal line, and a conspicuous
similar dorsal spot, appear upon the ninth segment ; spiracular
line waved, spreading out on each segment, whitish-ochi'eous;
undersurface dark purple, marbled with brown, darker than
the ground colour, and with numerous dee|i transverse
wrinkles, and longitudinal dark grey lines ; a blunt pale
wedge-shaped blotch on each segment contains two brown
lines, and is followed by a smaller one in which is a grey V,
the apices of these markings point forwards ; anal segment
paler beneath. (C. Fenn.)

August and September, then hybernating when one-third
VOL. VIII. E

66 l.EPIDOPTERA.

grown, and feeding again in April and May ; on Galium
rerum, knotgrass, cliickweed, and various otlier low-growing
plants, and in spring — in confinement — on brambles and the
opening buds of blackthorn, hawthorn, bircli, and sallow.
V'cry sluggish, feigning death if disturbed.

Pupa rather blunt in front, eye-covers very small ; covers
of the limbs and antenna3 closely compacted and very smooth.
yet not glossy; wing-covers also smooth and dull, but with-
out sculpture, the nervures alone noticeable ; dorsal and
abdominal segments distinctly overlapping, smooth, dull, yet
not visibly pitted; spiracles distinct, brown ; anal segment ex-
panded and much rounded ; cremaster a conspicuous rounded
knob, without spines or bristles, but roughened at the tip ;
general colour pale reddish-brown ; with a darker brown
shade down the back and at the junctions of the segments;
wing-covers green ; cremaster dark red-brown. In a loose
silken cocoon among rubbish, or in the earth.

A quiet gentle familiar moth, fluttering about our gardens
and shrubberies, and in lanes, hedgerows, and the borders of
woods, hiding in bushes or among herbage, easily disturbed by
day, flying naturally at dusk ; apparently found in all parts
of England and AVales ; but in Scotland more attached to the
shelter of marshy woods, occurring in the east to Moray, but
in the west only to the Clyde district, and in most districts
appearing in both the ]>ale and the banded form ; the more
ochreous varieties are common on some parts of the coast of
the Eastern counties of England, and also in Ireland, in which
country it is widely distributed, but its banded form scarce.
Abroad it is found almost all over Europe, except in the
coldest portions, also in Asia Elinor.

23. A. inornata, Haw. — Soft dull yellowish-white ; first
and second lines sinuous, but the second devoid of the angle
below the costa. Otherwise very similar to the preceding
species.

A CIDA LHD. E—A CI DA L I A . 67

AntennfB of the male simple, ciliated, whitish-brown ; palpi
small, curved up, reddish-brown ; eyes black-brown ; face
smooth, pale chocolate ; top of the head white ; thorax and
abdomen smooth, brownish-white ; lateral and anal tufts
small. Fore wings elongated ; costa very faintly curved, but
more strongly so towards the apex, which is bluntly angu-
lated ; hind margin oblique, almost straight ; anal angle well
defined ; dorsal margin straight ; very smooth soft pale
brownish-di'ab, or brownish-white ; discal spot small, black ;
first line faint and lobscure, very pale brown ; second line
pale .brown, more distinct, oblique and rather sinuous, but
having no noticeable angle below the costa ; central line
similar in colour, more obscure, oblique, and almost parallel ;
extreme hind margin faintly edged with black-brown ; cilia
concolorous. Hind wings of the same ground colour ; central
spot small, black ; just before it is a slender, shaded, pale
brown transverse line, and some distance beyond it another,
more slender and distinct ; hind margin very faintly edged
with brown ; cilia of the ground colour.

Undersides of all the wings rather paler than the upper ;
the fore wings tinged on the costa with black-brown ; discal
spot and outer lines alone visible. Body and legs brownish-
white ; the third pair of legs short and thickly clothed with
scales.

Very slightly variable in the depth of the ground colour
and in the distinctness of the transverse lines, but not in this
country to any remarkable degree. Abroad a variety, having
much more distinct markings, is well known.

On the wing in June, July, and the beginning of August,
and in confinement a partial second generation has been
reared in September.

Larva much wrinkled and rugose, each segment divided by
wrinkles or roughnesses into numerous sections ; also oblique
slightly depressed lines on the sides, meeting on the back at
an angle at the back of each segment, form a series of obscure

68 LEPIDOPTERA.

V-marks ; sides dilated iuto a liattened extension which gives
the larva a broadened aspect ; head very prominent, rough,
and not shining, horn-colour with two whitish spots at the
back ; body dull pink mottled with yellowish-white, shaded
with grey in front, with brown behind ; or sometimes more
red-brown or chocolate ; often showing a pale dorsal spot
each on the sixth and seventh segments ; otherwise almost
without markings. Attitude very erect, conveying the idea
that it stretches itself to the utmost; not willing to drop
from its food if disturbed. (Larvte furnished for description
by Mr. W. Holland.)

August till October, then hybernating, and in the spring
feeding very slowly till June; on dock, knotgrass, water-
pepper, sweet violet, chickweed, Ci mdium arnnsc, G'llium,
Ononis, Runuw, Li/.-ilmarhia, and other low-growing plants;
also on blackthorn, bramble, sallow, heather, and whortle-
berry. It has no objection to eating withered food.

Pupa yellow-brown; anal segment smaller and darker;
cremaster conical ; tipped with four minute hooks, and
having two more at the sides. (Roghf.)

The habits of this moth are very similar to those of the
last species, but it is a little more disposed to spend the day
sitting upon fences or the trunks of fir trees, and is not at all
timid. Mr. I'orritt writes me that it is now (July 1900)
most abundant in the neighbourhood of Huddersfield, flying
about bilberry and heather in tin; VMida, not on the moors,
lie has never before seen it in this abundance. Half a dozen
were captured at one stroke of the net ! In the north it may
sometimes be found sitting upon a rock in the full sunlight.
It iiies very quietly at dusk, and will come to sugar spread
upon a tree trunk to attract NocUuc, also to flowers such as
those of the (ield-scabious. It seems to be attached to warm
sandy districts, especially in the neighbourhood of woods, and
on heaths, and is rather common in the Breck-sand districts
of Norfolk and Suffolk; also found locally in Essex, Kent,

ACIDALIID.-E—ACIDALIA. 69

Sussex, Surrey, Hants, Dorset, Devon, Somerset, Gloucester-
shire, Berks, Herefordshire, Staffordshire; locally in Cheshire,
Lancashire, Yorkshire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and
rarely in Durham. In Scotland also very locally from Ber-
wickshire to Moray and from the Solway district to Perth-
shire. In Wales I find no record, and in Ireland it is rare —
recorded at Dublin, in Kerry, and even in Londonderry — yet
there is a possibility of confusion with the previous species.
Abroad it is found in Sweden, and has a considerable range
in Central and Southern Europe, and in Asia Minor.

24. A. degeneraria, Eali. — Expanse 1 inch. Wings
all very pale buff with an olive tinge ; before the middle of
the fore wings is a broad reddish-purple transverse band,
more faintly continued on the hind wings ; central spot,
small, black.

Antenna; of the male simple, ciliated, light reddish-brown;
palpi small, closely curved up, pale chestnut ; eyes black ;
face smooth, rich purple-brown, sharply cut off from the top
of the head, which is white and squared, by a transverse
channel ; thorax and abdomen smooth, pale purplish-drab ;
anal tuft short, oehreous. Fore wings elongated, faintly
acuminate ; costa but slightly arched at the base, almost
hollowed in the middle, strongly rounded towards the apex,
which is slightly produced though rounded ; hind margin
oblique, scarcely curved except toward the anal angle ; dorsal
margin nearly straight ; colour pale olive-drab, or greyish-
drab ; costa shaded with purple-red ; first and central lines
slender, sinuous, purple-brown, enclosing a broad pale reddish-
purple band, in which is a small black discal spot or crescent;
second line very slender, sinuous, rather drawn in toward the
costa. purple-brown ; hind margin edged with a dark brown
line, cilia yellowish-drab. Hind wings of the same ground
colour, the base sometimes tinged with puq^le ; central spot
black ; before it is a shaded purple transverse stripe ; beyond
it two faint slender brown lines ; hind margin edged by

70 LEPIDOPTERA.

another faint brown line; cilia of the colour of the wings.
Female very similar.

Underside of all the wings yellowish-drab, with the central
dots and outer lines very faintly indicated ; costa of the fore
wings golden-brown. Body and legs pale yellow-brown.

Usually not variable, but in several collections there are
specimens in which the ground colour is more yellow, the
band paler, and the costa has more of a reddish tinge.

On the wing in June and Jul\-.

Lakva seven-eighths of an inch in length ; broadest at the
ninth segment and thence tapering gradually smaller to the
head ; the posterior segments tapering but little ; anal tip
rounded ; the body is convex both above and below, and has
a projecting rounded ridge along the sides, so that it appears
somewhat flattened ; the hinder edge of each segment projects
a little at the side, beyond the beginning of the next ; skin
rugose, with numerous dividing wrinkles on each segment;
head indented on the crown, blackish-brown, with a con-
spicuous cinnamon or rust-coloured marking on the crown
of each lobe, extending as a stripe down its outer side ; a
patch of the same colour is on the dorsal surface of the thi-ee
following segments, being rounded at the sides on the second
segment, triangular and pointing backwards on the third and
fourth ; with these exceptions the back so far as the end of
the eighth segment is deeply suffused with dark brown, the
remainder being again of a light rust-colour, 'strongly con-
trasting with the darker hue of the middle segments ; on the
back of each segment from the fifth to the ninth inclusive,
are double darker brown markings, something like Vs point-
ing backwards, and standing, one a little in front of the
other, at the hinder part of the segment ; their limbs are
curved outward soon after their commencement, and by
degrees finely attenuated as they reach the next segment in
front, each arm of a V bein<j thus like a miniature willow
leaf ; in front of these and embraced by their arms is a

ACID AIJID.-E— ACID ALIA. 71

rather elliptic shape of similar dark-browu, and then a black
square mark close to the segmental division ; both of these
shapes are distinctly divided in halves by the thin pale
greyish-ochreous dorsal line, which then vanishes, but re-
appears as a pale spot or two within the base of the hinder
V-mark ; the subdorsal line is of the same pale colour, and
also appears just at each end of a segment, where it intersects
a dark brown streak at the side of the back, slanting in a
course parallel to the limbs of the Vs ; on the hinder rust-
coloured segments the markings are more tender, and on the
last three are but imperfect diamond shapes of brown, the
tubercular blackish dots being visible upon them ; a faint
thin line of ashy-grey separates the colouring of the back
from the blackish ventral surface, which has on each segment
three ashy -grey marks, together in form resembling a lyre,
and two dots of the same colour at each end ; the spiracles
are black, and the raised dots and their bristles are very
minute, and rather numerous at each end of the body.

The only variations that occurred were that one individual,
from first to last, continued to be rust-coloured, and that
another became, after hybernation, wholly suti'used with
dark brown. (W. Buckler.)

August till May, or June ; hybernating when about half
grown ; on knotgrass, chickweed, mouse-ear chickweed, and
other low-growing plants, also on hawthorn, honeysuckle.
and bramlile. Probably it feeds naturally on the low plants,
but this is uncertain, since the larva does not] appear to
have been captured, and our knowledge of it is solely derived
from those reared from the egg in confinement.

Plpa short and rather thick ; eye-covers prominent ; limb
and antenna-covers very compact and level, moderately
glossy but hardly showing any ti-aces of sculpture ; wing-
cases also smooth and ratlier glossy ; dorsal segments
minutely and obscurely punctured, but thickened at the
hinder edges : abdominal segments still more thickened at

72 LEPIDOPTERA.

the hinder edge ; anal segment changed in shape to a
thickened button, decidedly broader than the preceding
segment ; upon it the cremaster has two converging spines
and some fine bristles ; colour chestnut-brown, the anal seg-
ment and cremaster much darker. In a slight habitation
formed of a few threads uniting any loose vegetable refuse ;
on the ground.

The moth sits during the day on the face of a rock, or on
the upper side of a leaf of some herbaceous plant. If dis-
turbed it flutters weakly away for a few yards, only to settle
in a similar spot. Its only known locality in these islands is
the bold promoutor\" of the Islo of Portland, where it is said
to have been first taken by Mr. Curtis, author of " British
Entomology," in the year 1831, and where it is still to be
found, not very rarely. Abroad also it is very local in its
range, but is distributed through Central and Southern
France, Central and Eastern Germany, Hungary, some parts
of Southern Europe, Asia .Minor, Armenia, and Cyprus.

Cieuus 1. TIMANDRA.

Antenna3 notched, thickly ciliated or bristly : palpi
minute ; head, thorax, and abdomen smooth, the two latter
moderately slender ; fore wings somewhat triangular and
rather pointed ; hind wings augulated upon the hind margin.

L.VKV.E very slender, scarcely tapering ; upon low-growing
plants.

We have three species, very easily recognised.

A. Wings greyish-white with several oblique transverse
darker lines. T. strvjilata.

A-. Wings pinkish-white ; a curved oblique grey central
stripe runs to the ajicx of the fore wings. T. cmutaria.

A-'. Wings pinkish-drab or red-drab, with a purple-red or
red-black central stripe throughout, but in the fore
wings running into the costa. T. imitaria.

ACIDALIID.-E—TIMANDRA. 73

1. T. strigilata, //■»/*. — Expanse 1 to ]| inch. Wings
greyish-wliite ; central dots black ; nsual lines grey-brown,
slender, indented, oblique; central shade more oblique, com-
posed of grey-brown dusting.

Antennaj of the male simple, ciliated, reddish-drab ; palpi
small, curved up, purple-brown; eyes black; face smooth,
dark chocolate ; top of the head white ; the ridge behind it
light brown ; thorax and abdomen slender, greyish-white ;
anal tuft well developed. Fore wings rather elongated and
pointed ; costa gently arched ; apex sharply angulated ; hind
margin hardly curved, but slightly bent in the middle, or
elbowed ; dorsal margin straight ; colour greyish-white finely
dusted with dai-k l^rown ; first line faint, oblique, rather
indented, brownish-grey ; second line of the same colour,
more distinct, oblique, irregular and much indented ; central
line or shade less definite but more oblique, composed of a
broader dusting of brownish grey, and lying well outside the
discal spot, which is a small black dot ; outside the second
line is a similar but less distinct line, and beyond this a
shading of gi-eyish-brown clouds along the hind marginal
region ; cilia dusky white. Hind wings distinctly angulated in
the middle of the hind margin ; of the colour of the fore wings ;
central spot a black dot; just before it is an accurate con-
tinuation of the central stripe of the fore wings as a dusted
transverse band ; beyond it are two transverse slender
brownish-grey lines, also in continuation of those of the fore
wings ; hind marginal region dusted with the same colour ;
extreme margin minutely streaked with black ; cilia dusky
white with a yellowish gloss. Female very similar.

Underside of the foi'e wings white, very broadly clouded
from the costa with smoky-brown ; discal spot black ; beyond
the middle is a transverse oblique stripe of brown dusting ;
second line sharply reproduced, black ; beyond it is a parallel
stripe of small smoky-brown clouds. Hind wings white,
faintly dusted with brown ; central spot black ; crossing it is
a very obscure transverse line of brown dusting ; beyond the

74 LEl'IDOI'TERA.

middle an irregular slender transverse black-brown line,
followed by faint similar clouds; all the hind martjins edged
with fine black lines. Body and legs whitish-brown ; the
hinder pair of legs rather shortened and thickly scaled.

Only a little variable in the intensity of the brown dusting,
and in the darkness of the transverse lines and clouds.

On the wing in July. Rarely, a ])artial second generation
has been reared, in September, in confinement.

Lakva nearly an inch and a half long ; cylindrical, very
slender, and tapering slightly towards the head. Head not
notched on the crown, as wide as, or a little wider than, the
second segment ; face slightly Hattcnod ; lobes globular.
Skin ribbed transversely, rather uuiibrinly rough ; grey,
tinged with green ; the head grey, variegated with very pale
brown; dorsal line distinct, narrow, dull green; subdorsal
and spiracular lines very inconspicuous, composed of con-
fused, waved, faint brown lines ; spiracles very small, brown.
On the middle of the back, on the extreme anterior edge of
the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth segments, is an intenselj'
black square niarJc, divided into two distinct spots by the
dorsal line ; slightly in front of each of these are two other
e(iually black but smaller dots, one a little to the right, the
other to the left, at the posterior edge of the segments ;
undersurface pale greenish-grey, with a still paler central
stripe, and on each side of this stripe are one or two very faint,
pale brown, zig/-ag, longitudinal lines. (Geo. T. I'orritt.)

August till June ; on CiciiKdis ritclha ; also in confinement
on knotgrass and dandelion, preferring the withered leaves.
When kept in a greenhouse, or otherwise in a very warm
room, it has been induced to feed up in August, and produce
the moth in the following month. ilofFmann states that it
feeds also on Viola, Veronica, Vicia, Oriyanum, and St(u;hijs.

PcPA apparently undescribed ; JMr. Porritt found that its
cocoon was more firmly constructed than those of the species
of Acidalia, and was placed at the base of the food plant.

ACIDALIID.E—^TIMANDRA. 75

This species seems to have been recognised as British from
very early times: Haworth describes it as extremely rare,
but gives no locality ; and Stephens agrees, adding that his
specimens were taken near Darenth, but he calls it Varir-
(jafn, Scop. ; and he supplies two localities in Cumberland.
which were doubtless erroneous. With the exception, there-
fore, of Stephens's locality, next to nothing was known of it
here till the years 1850 and 1S(jO, when a few specimens
were taken in the Warren, near Folkestone, Kent. Here it
was found to be, in some seasons, fairly common, and from
this locality our cabinets were supplied, and the eggs obtained
from which we have learned something of its natural history;
but with the unfortunate result that the insect has been
nearly exterminated in that district; by 1892 it had almost
totally disappeared. The only capture in any other locality
in these islands of which I have any knowledge is of a speci-
men— which I have seen — taken in 1876 on the ground which
is now the Alexandra Park at Hastings, Sussex. Abroad it
has an extensive range through Central Europe, Southern
and Western France, the northern half of Italy, Livonia,
Southern Russia, Dalmatia, Greece, Tartary, China, Japan,
and the Corea.

2. T. emutaria, HuJ>. — Expanse | to 1 inch. Wings
shining silky-white faintly dusted with grey, and tinged
with pinkish-purple ; central line of the fore wings a slender
grey stripe running in a curve to the tijD of the wing ; other
lines less distinct, pale grey.

Antenna3 of the male simple, ciliated, white ; palpi minute,
whitish-brown ; tongue long, pale yellow ; eyes black-brown ;
face smooth, deep black ; top of the head white, but edged
at the back with black ; neck ridge Ijrown ; thorax and
abdomen slender, purplish-white dusted with black ; lateral
and anal tufts well developed. Fore wings trigonate, the
costa straight to beyond the middle, thence arched ; apex
sharply angulated ; hind margin rather oblicjue, hardly

76 LEPIDOPTERA.

curved ; anal angle woll formed ; dorsal margin straight ;
shining silky-white, softly tinged with pink or purplish-
pink, more especially toward the hind margin, also more or
less dusted witli grey atoms ; first line only indicated by faint
black dots on the nervures ; second line more distinctly so
by larger black dots, and unusually straight ; central line or
shade an oblique slender gre}^ cloudy stripe curving from the
middle of the dorsal margin faintly to the apex of the wing ;
<liscal spot a round black dot ; beyond the dotted second
lino are two parallel faint cloudy-grey stripes, the second of
which occupies the hind margin, and is then edged by a
slender black line ; cilia greyish-white with a purple flush.
Hind wings distinctly angulated in the middle of the hind
margin, similar in colour and dusting to the fore wings ;
central spot a black dot ; beyond it are two faintlj- grey-
brown transverse lines, hardly parallel ; hind margin dusted
with grey ; cilia brownish-white with a purple flush. Female
very similar.

Underside of the fore wings white, closely dusted with
brown-grey, most darkly so toward the costa ; discal spot
and second line indicated by dots ; hind wings white with
markings similar. Body and legs lirownish-white.

Slightly variable in the degree of pink or puqjlish-pink
shading, or of the grey dusting ; in some inland localities,
more i)articularly in the New Forest, the latter becomes more
pronounced, and the pink or purplish tinge almost or quite
disappears. This appears to be a constant local form. In
some places on the coast the pink colouring, on the other
hand, is intensified, and this form is exceedingly
pretty.

On the wing from tlie end of June to the beginning of
August, and occasionally in its most southern localities as a
partial second generation rather inferior in size to the first,
toward the end of August and in September. This second
emergence can also be obtained in confinement by feeding
the larvio in a warm place.

ACIDAIJID.-E—TIMANDRA. 77

Larva slender ; head rounded, dull pale grey ; skin
apparently smooth, but under a lens found to be covered
with a multitude of transverse wrinkles which show as
minute brownish-grej- lines ; spiracular lines raised above
the surface, their margins extremely irregular; sides of the
anterior legs wrinkled ; general colour whitish-ochreous, with
a faint joink or purplish tinge ; a broad grey dorsal shade
enclosing a white spot, on each segment ; subdorsal lines
faintly grey; spiracular lines broad, slightly paler than the
ground colour ; spiracles black, conspicuous ; on the fifth to
the ninth segments a black dot is placed obliquely beneath
them ; undersurface pale bluish-grey, very slightly darker
than the ground colour; along its middle is an inconspicuous
white stripe. (C. Fenn.)

August till June, hybernating when one-third grown, but
recommencing to feed very early, even in February if the
weather is mild ; but in very warm localities a portion of the
bi'ood of larva3 sometimes feeds up very rapidly in August.
The produce from this brood doubtless feeds from September
or October till June. On knotgrass, chickweed, birds-foot
trefoil, and hop-trefoil ; but these are probably only substitute
plants on which larva? reared from the egg are induced to
feed ; the larva does not seem to have been observed here, at
large ; it doubtless feeds on some low-growing marsh plants.
Hoffmann says that it is regularl}^ double brooded on the
Continent, and that it feeds on Staticc liinonium, and on
Convohmlus scpium.

Pupa apparently undescrilied. In a loose cocoon on the
ground.

The moth hides during the day among stift' strong grasses
and other coarse herbage, and is not readily induced at that
time to fly ; or if disturbed hastily conceals itself in a similar
retreat. Its natural flight commences at about half an hour
after sunset, and continues for an hour, after which time it
may easily be collected as it sits quietly on grass stems, by

78 LEPinOPTERA.

the aid of a lantern. Its favourite liauntsare at the sea-side,
in salt marshes, and the edges of broad drains and ditches ; but
it sometimes frequents marshy woods away from the coast,
and may occasionally be found in the bo<rgy spots among
heaths. This is especially the case in the New Forest, Hants,
where it is usually common ; but it is also found, principally
on the coast, in Kent, near Gravesend, the Isle of Sheppey,
Romney, and Deal; on the other side of the Thames, in
Essex; in the Isle of 'Weight; rarely in Sussex; in Dorset
not very commonly ; and on the coasts of Suffolk, Norfolk,
and South Lincolnshire ; there is a single record at Soham,
Cambs; and one in East Cornwall. So far as I know, this is
the extent of its range in these islands, but it is so secret and
inconspicuous in its habits that it may very possibly be over-
looked elsewhere. Abroail it is found in the South of France
and of Spain, in Italy, Dalmatia, and Hungary, and in the
North of Africa.

o. T. imitaria, llah. — Expanse 1 to IJ inch. Wings
angulated, reddish-white or pale red ; lines slender and
sinuous ; central shade a reddish stripe edged by a black line
running obliquely across the fore wings, from the costa, and
continued directly across the hind.

Antenna; of the male minutely notched, strongly ciliated,
light brown ; palpi small, purple-brown ; tongue long, not
concealed ; eyes black-brown ; face purple-black ; top of the
head reddish-white ; neck-ridge darker ; thorax and abdomen
slender, pale reddish-brown ; lateral and anal tufts well
developed. Fore wings rather pointed ; costa gently arched
throughout ; apex angulated ; hind margin below it faintly
retuse, and thence rather sinuous ; anal angle full ; dorsal
margin straight ; colour reddish-white or pale purplish-red,
faintly dusted with purple ; first line slender, indistinct,
pale purple-brown; second line also slender, but very distinct,
undulated, purple-black, placed rather far back ; central stripe
broad and conspicuous, very oblique, tawny, sharply edged on

A CIDA L IID^— TIM A NDRA . 79

the inner side with purple-black ; discal spot a small black
dot ; hind margin edged with a fine purple-brown line ; cilia
pale purple-red. Hind wings strongly angulated behind ; of
the colour of the fore wings ; central spot distinct, black ;
just before, or even across, it is a continuation of the con-
spicuous central stripe of the fore wings, similarly coloured
and forming a complete band ; beyond it is a very slender
sinuous purple-brown line, having an outward elbow in the
middle ; hind margin edged by a thin purple-brown line ;
cilia pale I'ed. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale reddish-drab, shaded with
red-brown toward the costa, with purple toward the anal
angle, with smoky-brown toward the base ; the oblique stripe
and the second line more strongly marked, and more smoky
in colour, than above. Hind wings reddish-white, the
markings as on the upper side. Body and legs pale reddish-
brown.

Very vai'iable in colour, from the palest drab to light
tawny and pinkish-red ; also in the distinctness of the central
band, which in the redder forms often merges itself in the
ground colour ; there is also some inconstancy in the discal
dot of the fore wings.

On the wing from the end of June till August; in lint
seasons a partial second generation appears in September, or
even at the end of August. In very mild and sheltered
districts the first appearance is sometimes earlier, and the
second generation more complete.

Larva very long and slender ; skin transversely and very
irregularly wrinkled ; head small and rounded, ochreous ;
body pale ochreous ; dorsal line distinct, brown, darker and
much more conspicuous on the hinder segments, often rejire-
sented bj- spots on the second to the fourth ; subdorsal line
distinct, threadlike, brown, edged above with a whitish-
ochreous line ; spiracular stripe paler than the ground colour,
indistinctly margined, except on the anal prolegs, where tin-

8o LRPIDOl'TERA.

colour is wliite and very distinct ; spiracles black ; imder-
surface oclireous dusted and shaded with fuscous, and having
a threadlike white middle line. (C. Fenn.) Variable in
colour; Mr. Buckler figures it pale grey, pale green, pale
yellow, and light red-brown ; the head agreeing in colour
with the body.

August till Mayor June; or sometimes feeding up rapidly
in August, in which case a second generation of the larva
doubtless appears in October, to hyberuate and feed up in
the spring ; on knotgrass, groundsel, lettuce, Clemati% Galium,
chickweed, sorrel, violet, and the lower twigs of broom and
privet; feeding very slowly. Hofiuann adds Artcmisin,
Ruhia, Erica, and Lotu.s. A remarkably long, thin larva.

Vvi'X yellowish-brown, not more fully described.

The moth hides during the day in hedges and bushes, or
among coarse herbage and tall grasses, and is rather sluggish,
but if disturbed flutters away to a similar concealment ; its
ordinary flight is at dusk, and also later in the night, when
it comes readily to light. It is rather a common species in
lanes, waysides, and hedges, and also in rough places on hill-
sides ; but is most frequent upon the coast, and loves the
coarse gi-asses and rough herbage of the sea-sandhills.
Although seldom very abundant, it seems to occur throughout
Kngland, becoming more local or scarce in some parts of the
Midlands and of the Northern Counties, and hardly extending
north of Upper Teesdale, IJurham. In Wales it is jDrobably
widely distributed, since Mr. \'ivian has taken it at LlandaS"
and I found it on the coast of Pembrokeshire ; but I have no
record for Scotland. In Ireland it seems to be confined to
the more southern districts, Cork. Iverry, Wicklow, and
Dublin. Abroad it has an extensive range through Southern
and Eastern Europe to Gibraltar, the South and East of
Germany, Asia Minor, Armenia, Syria, and the mountain
regions of Central Asia.

ACIDALIID.E—BRADYEPETES. 8i

Genus 5. BRADYEPETES.

Antennae of the male strongly pectinaied almost to the
tip ; palpi minute ; thorax small and with the abdomen
smooth and moderately slender ; fore wings sharply pointed
and retuse ; hind wings strongly angulated behind, almost
tailed.

We have but one species ; quite unmistakeable from its
conspicuous, and beautiful, complete rosy central stripe.

1. B. atnataria, Z. ; amata, Stand. Cat. — All the wings
yellowish-white, lightly dusted with grey ; cilia all distinctly
crimson ; an oblique crimson-purple central stripe runs
from the apex of each fore wing to the dorsal margin of the
hind.

Antennas of the male strongly pectinated, nearly to the
tip, with long slender ciliated teeth, pale purple-red ; palpi
small and slender, light brown ; eyes leaden-black ; face
chocolate ; top of the head white ; neck -ridge reddish-brown ;
thorax and abdomen slender, whitish-drab faintly dusted
with brown ; anal tuft ochreous. Tore wings pointed, and
rather retuse ; costa regularly arched ; apex sharply angulated ;
hind margin a little hollowed beneath it, thence nearly straight
to the anal angle, which is well formed ; dorsal margin
straight ; colour very pale greyish-drab ; first line indistinct,
slender, curved, light brown ; second line equally slender,
sinuous, smoky-black, running into the apex of the wing ;
central stripe broad and conspicuous, very oblique, running
from the middle of the dorsal margin, in a slight curve, quite
into the apex of the wing, pink-brown or dull purple-pink,
faintly shaded off on the outer side ; discal spot dull black,
small and indistinct ; cilia bright pink, which also is often
shaded inwardly along the hind margin. Hind wings sharjily
angulated behind, the margin produced almost into a very
short tail ; colour as in the fore wings ; before the middle is
a conspicuous and strongly-marked pink-brown or puq^le-

VOL. VIII. V

82 LEPIDOPTERA.

pink transverse stripe, continued accurately and completely
from the central stri]ie of the fore wings ; beyond this is a
slender angulated smoky-black transverse lino ; cilia rich
I)ink, shaded faintly back upon the wing-margins. Female
similar, but with Kiniplo antenna;.

Undersides of all the wiugs pale drab, dusted with brown ;
the central stripe and outer lines smoky-black and conspic-
uous, and the cilia pink. Body pale drab ; legs purple-
brown.

Variable in the intensitj' and breadth of the conspicuous
central stripe, from pink to purple-brown and flark crimson-
brown ; and also in the extent of its shading off outwardly ;
sometimes the whole hinder region of the fore and hind wings
is so tinged, or has a purplish-grey shade, and two specimens
in the collection of IMr. Sydney Webb have the space between
the central and second lines filled up with pur])le-brown.
On the other hand, in some individuals, the pink of the cilia
is strongly shaded inward upon the hind margins. The
most remarkable variety of this species, however, of which I
have any knowledge, has the whole surface of all the wings
smooth i)ale smol<y-brown, without any indication of markings
and only a faint tinge of pink at the tips of the cilia. This
prize is in the collection of Mr. S. J. Capper. The Rev.
J. Greene has one the ground colour of which is uniformly
pale smoky-grey, but it possesses the usual pink stripe.

On the wing in June ; and as a partial or complete second
generation, at the end of July and in August. Specimens
of this later generation are frequently small ; probably it
only appears in favourable seasons, or localities.

Larva. Head small, but nearly of the width of the
second segment, which with the tiiird, is small, rather flat,
an<l somewhat quadrate ; fifth segment much swollen and
laterally dilated ; remaining segments slightly swollen at the
sides, and restricted at the divisions of the segments ; skin
somewhat folded transversely, this is most observable on the

ACIDAIJID.K—BRADYEPETES. 83

second and third segments and on the posterior half of the
othei's ; anal ^orolegs rather large and decidedly spreading.
The colour of both head and body is umber-brown variegated
with lighter brown ; the head pale, and reticulated down the
middle of the face, but on each cheek it has a still paler, as
well as a darker, mark ; these markings on the head are con-
tinuous with the dorsal ornamentation of the body, which
consists first of a pale and rather narrow dorsal stripe inter-
sected throughout by a darker line, and secondly of four
very conspicuous lozenges on the sixth, seventh, eighth, and
ninth segments ; each of these is pointed at its anterior, but
abruptly truncate at its posterior extremity ; the dorsal stripe
passes through all these ; each of these segments has a pale,
almost white, lateral mark below the lozenge, and these
lateral markings unite in forming a sinuous and imperfectly
connected lateral stripe, which is placed upon a slightly
dilated skin-fold. Viewed laterally the larva seems trans-
versely striped with pale oblique lines, the last of which, on
each, terminates in an anal proleg. The ventral is darker
than the dorsal area, and has four narrow stripes extending
from the legs to the ventral prolegs ; these strij^es are dark
brown but are divided and bordered by paler brown ; the
legs and prolegs are of the colour of the bod}^ The swollen
fifth segment is as conspicuous from below as from above ; as
the larva stands semi-erect, attached by its prolegs only, its
appearance with this dilated neck, if one may so call it.
reminds one of the figure of the cobra when irritated ! The
larva mmdhj rests in a somewhat bent position, the back
slightly arched, the first three segments bent at an obtuse
angle with the back and directed upwards ; the head and
legs tucked in and in contact. When touched or otherwise
annoyed it falls from its food-plant, bent nearly double, and
remains perfectly motionless, as though dead, for many
minutes. (E. Newman.)

July till April or May ; or under favourable circumstances
feeding rapidly up and producing a second generation.

84 LEPIDOPTEKA.

This is in this species accomplished with somewhat unusual
swiftness. 1 have had egtrs laid in June, hatched in a week,
and the larviu full fed in sixteen more daj-s, the moths
emerging ten days later. But eggs of the second brood,
obtained in August, were fully a fortnight before hatching,
and the resulting larva^ fed through September and part of
October, and when half-grown ceased to feed and settled
down to hybernate. On the other hand, the ll(>v. J. Hellins
had larvic hatched on the seventh of July which fed rapidly
for a fortnight, but when two-fifths grown suddenly ceased to
eat, and insisted upon hybernating. At the same time in
August he found moths of a second generation out of doors.
On dock, knotgrass, persicaria, chickweed, sorrel, orache,
and other low-growing plants.

Plta very curious ; light brown, slender, much angulated,
very like that of a butterfly ; palpus-covers produced forward
into a beak; each shoulder sharply pointed; tongue and
limli-covers very long, compact and smooth, about half way
down the latter is a dark brown spot on each side ; antenna-
covei's sculptured with the form of the pectinations ; wing-
covers smooth, rather glossy, the nervures indicated by dark
brown lines; dorsal region dull, almost rugose, the segments
indistinct; on each side, at the back of the wing-covers, are
two black spots or dots ; abdominal segments long, slender,
slowlj' tapering, rather darker brown, not shining, but
somewhat glistening : cremaster long, broad and irregularly
tapering, flattened beneath, and furnished at the tip with
two minute hooks, by which it hangs loosely in its slight
cocoon of white silken threads ; on the ground or among
rubbish at the roots of plants.

The moth seems especially attached to waysides, hedges
where the herbage is rank, and the borders of weedy ditches ;
and sits during the day upon the leaves of the low-growing
plants, often quite e.xposed to view. If disturbed, and the
weather is very warm and still, it will fly to a short distance

ACIDALIID.-ll—BRADVEPETES. 85

to hide itself again among the wayside weeds ; but if cliilly
or windy it drops down to the ground and conceals itself. It
flies volutarily at dusk, but gently, and seldom to any distance
or to any great height from the ground. Occasionally it
may be found in the borders of damp meadows, marshes,
and even fens. Formerlj' it was tolerably common in the
lanes — probably in every lane — in the outskirts of London,
but has been pushed Ijy the irresistible builder farther out
into the country. Casual specimens may even now be taken
at the outer road-side lamps. Still to be found, and some-
times commonly, in all the Southern counties of England,
from Kent to Devon and Somerset, also in the Eastern
counties, including Camljridgeshire and Huntingdon, but
possibly not Lincolusbire ; and in varying numbers in
Herts, Northamptoushire, Gloucestershire. Herefordshire,
Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Statibrdshire,
Derbyshire, Cheshire, and Yorkshire. In Wales the only
record that I can find is of its occurrence rarely in
Carmarthenshire ; in Scotland, overleaping a long interval
of country, it is found very locally in Aberdeenshire, and
has been once taken at Moucrieffe Hill, Perthshire. In
Ireland it is recorded from Kerry and Galway, and should
surely have a wide range in the South. Abroad it is found
throughout Europe except the extreme North and South ;
also iu Bithynia, Armenia, Siberia, Tartary, Northern
India, China, and Japan.

Genus (i. ANIA.

Antenna? simple; palpi minute; head smooth; thorax and
abdomen weak and very slender, smooth ; fore wings
pointed, retuse, and having a faintly double angle at the
middle of the hind margin ; hind wings thin, rather small,
scalloped and angulated behind.

We have but one species.

86 LEPIDOPTERA.

\. A. emarginata X.— Expanse \ to \ inch. Hind
margin of the lore wings protruding, and twice angled in
the middle ; of the hind wings with minute projecting
points ; pale yellow-brown ; fore wings with two, hind with
one, slender red-brown transverse lines.

Antennic of the male rather short and tliick, simple,
ciliated, light brown ; palpi very small, yellow-brown ;
tongue not concealed ; eyes deep black : face smooth, dark
chocolate : top of the head dusky white ; thorax and
abdomen very weak and slender, pale yellow-brown; anal
tuft rather long, compressed. Fore wings short and retuse :
costa arched throughout, apex bluntly angulated, yet rather
produced : hind margin beneath it concave, then filled out
and projecting in the middle into two small points or angles,
thence oblique to the anal angle ; dorsal margin nearly
straight ; colour pale yellow-brown or pale reddish-brown ;
first line oblique and rather curved, very slender, red-brown ;
second line of the same colour and equally slender, less
oblique but rather sinuous : discal spot a distinct red-brown
or black-brown dot ; central line only perceptible as a very-
faint reddish shade, often scarcely visible ; nervures beyond
the second line faintly indicated in red-brown ; hind margin
sharply edged by a red-brown or red-black line ; cilia yellow-
brown, dashed with red-brown. Hind wings elongated but
rather small, scalloped behind, and having, in the middle of
the hind margin, two small sharply projecting points;
yellow-brown ; central spot a black-brown dot ; before it is a
slender dusted reddish-brown shade ; beyond it a distinct
slender, curved, red-brown transverse line : a similar, but
more angulated, fine red-brown lino defines the hind
margin : cilia ])ale yellow-brown. l"'emale decidedly stouter,
the wing margins rather more sharply angulated, and having
the central shade of th(> fore wings greatly intensified and
broadened so as to form a broad, dusted, black-brown or
red-brown transverse cloud, lying across the discal sjiot, and
continued in equal intensity across the hind wings; area

ACIDALLIIDA^—ANIA. 87

outside the second line also usually clouded, and sometimes
filled up, with dark red-brown, deepest in colour at the
middle angles.

Underside very similar to the upper, except that the fore
wings are clouded with smoke-colour and deficient of the
first line, and that the hind wings are whiter in colour. Body
and legs light red-brown.

Variation beyond that already adverted to is inconsider-
able, but in the male there is sometimes increase of the red-
brown tint toward the margins, the cilia then becoming
spotted with the darker colour ; and in the female the trans-
verse clouding varies greatly in intensity ; in this se.K also
the points of the fore wings become in some specimens
decidedly sharper and more produced.

On the wing from the end of June till the beginning of
August.

Larva tapering to the front ; ribbed transversely, and
rough to the touch ; the transverse ribs less distinct on the
anterior portions of the middle segments ; colour of the head
and face dark brown, the head notched and thickly sprinkled
with hairs ; colour of the body various shades of olive-brown;
dorsal line composed of two slender darker brown lines,
edging another of a much lighter shade ; these dark edging
lines only present from the fifth segment to the twelftli ; on
each of the fourth to the eleventh segments are two trans-
versely placed black dots ; and on the fifth to the ninth,
each, there is a dark V, with its point toward the anal
extremity ; the divisions of these last-named segments are
very perceptible in the lateral skin-fold ; the spiracles are of
the darker shade ; the ventral surface of an almost uniform
olive-brown. (Rev. P. II. Jennings.) Apparently variable.
Mr. G. T. Porritt's larvaj were of a dirty ochreous colour with
smoky suffusion, the dark edgings of the dorsal pale line
forming broad dark stripes on segments ten to thirteen ;
paler and narrower on segments two to five ; on segments

88 LEPIDOPTERA.

six to nine the V-marks were developed into X-marks ; and
the sides were tinged und freckled with red-brown.

August till June, hybernating while still very small, re-
comnaencing to feed according to the season, in ilarch, April,
or May, and then feeding up more rapidly. On Goliv.m
molliujo, G. vcrum, Conrol cuius arvcnsis, knotgrass, and
doubtless other low-growing plants; also on broom; sluggish
and remaining during a large portion of its existence at rest,
in a straight or curved position, ujion the dead portions of
its food plant, to which it bears a close resemblance ; and
which it appears to relish as food quite as much as the fresh
portions. It also appears to be sensitive to warmth in the
same manner as many of the species of Aridxlin, since the
late Jlr. J. R. \Vellman succeeded in rearing a second
generation in the year in his warm sitting-room.

J'ri'A about three-eigliths of an inch long; smooth and
shining ; the colour reddish-yellow, with the wiug cases
greenish. In a loose cocoon in a corner. (G. T. Porritt.)

The moth sits among herbage, often at the foot of a
hedge-bank, during the day, and is sluggisJi and tinwilling
to tly ; often it sits quite ex2)osed, and may be boxed with-
out difficulty. Its flight is very soft and gentle, and takes
place naturally at rather late dusk ; and it is strongly
attracted by light, so much so that it will often come to a
lamp when fog keeps almost everything else away. It fre-
quents damp woods, moist lanes and hedges, marshes and
fens, and was formerly rather common in lanes in the out-
skirts of London. Still found, and in some districts com-
monly, throughout the Soutlurn counties from Kent to
Devon and Somerset, including ]5erks and ISIiddlesex ; also
111 the Kastern counties, the fen districts es})eciallj", and in
Northamptonshire, Herefordshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire;
in the Slidlands it is scarce or ver}- local, but exists in
Leicestershire, Staffordshire. Derbyshire, and Yorkshire,
find onlv one record of it in Wales, [Mr. A'ivian haviu>' taken

LARENTID.-E — MELANIPPE. 89

it near Llandaff, aud noue for Scotland or Ireland. Abroad
it inhabits Central Europe, the temperate portions of Northern
Europe, kSpain, the Northern half of Italy, Southern and
Eastern Russia, Eastern Siberia, and the mountainous regions
of Central Asia.

Family i. LARENTID^.

Antennaj slender, pectinated or simple ; palpi small ; head
not greatly smoothed ; thorax usually rather crested or tufted
at the back, moderately slender but not weak ; abdomen
rather slender ; fore wings tolerably strong and broad ; hind
wings having v. 5 fully developed and arising at or below
the middle of the cross-bar, but v. 8 joined to v. 7 so far as,
or beyond, the middle of the cell.

Lakv^ usually not very slender, often moderately thick ;
not conspicuously humped. Feeding mainly upon herbaceous
plants, or on shrubs.

Pt'P^ of ordinary form, usually in the earth.

Genus 1. MELANIPPE.

Antennas of the male simple, threadlike ; palpi small ;
head somewhat rough ; thorax not crested yet rather rough ;
abdomen smooth, moderately slender; fore wings broad,
angulated at the apex ; hind margin rather expanded ; mark-
ings disposed in broad, sometimes broken, bands ; hind wings
rather elongated ; v. 5 curved towards v. 4 ; markings
usually marginal ; hind margins of all the wings faintly
crenulated.

Lakv^ cylindrical, but rather short and thick ; feeding on
trees or herbaceous plants.

Prr^E in cocoons in the earth.

A table of the species may be of service.

go I.F.PIDOPTERA.

A. Wings snowj'-white, markintrs jet-black, in bands of

angulated spots. M. hostnta.

A-. Wings white or brownish- white.

B. Markings black, in three bands. M. tristata.
IV-. Fore wings with central brown-black band, other bands

greyer.

C. Central dark band followed by a broad pur(> white

stripe. M. ricatc.

C-. Central band followed by a narrower, divided white

stripe. M. xuhtristata.

A^. Wings greyish-white, central band of fore wings broad,

blue-black. M. (jal'uita.

I. M. hastata, L. — Expanse li to li inch. Fore
and hind wings white ; with transverse series of angulated
black spots and blotches at the base, before the middle, and
along the hind margin; cilia chequered black and white.
Body black, slenderly barred with white.

Antenna' of the male cyliuelrical, naked, black, tinged in
front with white ; pal])i small, pointed, rather porrected,
black, tufted beneath with white ; eyes dark brown ; lace
black ; top of tlie head of the same colour, but dusted with
white ; thora.x smooth, yet with a very faint raised ridge at
the back ; it and the abdomen, which is black, are barred
with slender yellowish-white lines; anal tuft compressed and
pointed, black. Fore wings broad ; costa arched, especiallj-
so near the base and apex ; this last being bluntl}' angnlated;
hind margin gently curved and appearing faintly crenulated ;
dorsal margin rather fully rounded ; colour white or creamy-
white ; basal spot black, spotted and edged with white, and
closely followed by a black transverse curved stripe, broad on
the costa, suddenly narrowed below the middle; just before
the middle of the wing is a large cluster of angulated black
spots and streaks upon the costa, and opposite it a smaller
cluster upon the dorsal margin, which indeed often consists
of but two thick angular streaks ; beyond the middle of the

LARENTW.-E—MELANIPPE. 91

wiug is a broken transverse band of similar large black
blotches, and along the hind margin a complete band of the
same colour; cilia chequered, black and white. Hind wings
rather similar ; creamy-white ; the base black, and, with
some similar angular spots following it, forming a broad
black basal region transversely striped with white ; also
along the hind margin is a broad black band broken up by
whitish clouds ; cilia chequered as in the fore wings. Female
quite similar.

Undei'side an accurate repetition, in colour and markings,
of the upper. Body and legs white, beneath shaded and
barred with black.

Extremely variable, l.uit principally into local or climatal
races.

That described is the form fouud in the South of England,
and in low lying and sheltered situations even so far north as
Dumfries and Renfrew in Scotland. It, as a race, is tolerably
constant, only varj'ing a little in the size of the black mark-
ings and the extent to wliich they are joined together. But
a specimen in the collection of the late Mr. F. Bond, now in
Mr. Webb's possession, has all the central markings almost
obliterated, or replaced by a central black arrow-shaped
figure pointing toward the base of the wing. Others have
the central area of the wings very broadly white ; and one
in the same collection has the basal area broadly, smoothly
dusky, the hind marginal portions broadly smoky-black, and
the spots obscured. In hill districts, and especially in the
North of England and in Scotland, a form known as var.
hastidata completely takes the place of the typical race. It
is smaller in size, and much darker in appearance, the black
markings being more extended into partial bands and the
white ground colour broken by rows of black dots. This
form is far more varial:)le than the typical, joining it by
imperceptible gradations on the one hand, and on the other
ranging into an almost complete spotting and irroratiou of
black, obscuring the white ground. In the Hebrides this

92 LEPIDOPTERA.

occasionally becomes so pronounced that fore and hind wings
are black, with cue broad white stripe. In Sutherlandshire
some speciiueus have all the broken black markings joined
into transverse black bands in regular succession. -Mr.
A. F. Grifliths has one from this district in which the usual
black sub-marginal stripe is replaced by a series of longi-
tudinal dashes running inward and totally altering the
pattern of markings. In the West of Ireland there appears
to be greater local diversity than here ; among specimens
obtained at Killarney by ^Mr. C. A. Watts, I found some of
the normal southern form, others leaning toward that found
on the hills and in the north ; one with the central group of
blotches broken up into dots, and another with the hind
wings almost spotless, the markings only faintly indicated
by brownish clouds. I think, however, that the majority of
Irish examples are of the typical race.

In sub-polar regions, outside the British Isles, still more
extreme forms are found. That from Iceland, known as
thulearia, but probably only a race of the present species, is
almost covered with obscure brown and black suffused mark-
ings ; while forms from the northern districts of North
America are wonderfully blackened.

On the wing in .May and June, and in the North in July.

Larva short, stout, tapering to each extremity, trans-
versely wrinkled, sides puckered ; skin shining ; on the
second segment is a black horny dorsal plate. Colour dark
brown; subdorsal lines ochreous, indistinct; spiracular line
composed of a series of ochreous blotches ; head very dark
brown, or black ; jirnligs and anal segment pale reddish or
yellowish-brown; on the ventral surface is a row of ochreous
spots. (C. Fenn.)

July, August, sometimes till September or even October
in the North ; on birch and sweet gale ; according to Ilof-
mann also u])on sallow and Vaccinhim idi;/inoxum ; feeding
singly on terminal shoots, of which it unites the older leaves

I.ARENTin.E—MELANIPPE. 95

edge to edge, so as to form a shelter whilst feeding on the
tender leaves ; very sluggish, and except when eating lying
curled round in a flat position. AVhen feeding on the sweet
gale [Myrica gak) its chamber of drawn-together terminal
leaves is dome-shaped, or like a little balloon, and is very
curious and pretty.

Pupa short and stumpy, the wing covers thickened at
their margins, their surfaces ribbed, and dull from abundant
sculpture of minute incised lines ; limb-covers very closelj'
packed, cross sculptured with similar lines ; eyes prominent ;
dorsal and abdominal segments broadly sculptured with
minute pitting, except the hinder margin of each where is a
smooth band ; abdomen rapidly tapering ; anal segment
furnished with a broad cremaster which rises in a conical
black eminence armed with a short black spike. General
colour red-brown ; cremaster blacker. In a slight silken
cocoon among the leaves of its food plant ; remaining in this
situation on the ground throughout the winter.

The moth is a rather strong and active insect, fond of
higher flight than that of most of its allies. In its more
southern range found in extensive woods, and very fond of
flying over the broad wood rides, especially where these
contain damp marshy patches. Here it dances high into the
air and then near the ground, in the afternoon and toward
sunset, in a very attractive manner. In the mountainous
districts, particularly in the North, it is even more active,
constantly to be seen flying in the afternoon sunshine
about birch trees and bushes, and if a strong wind be blow-
ing, in the shelter of trees, or rocks, or even of stone walls.
It does not seem to have been observed to fly at night.

At one time it was to be found, though not commonly, in
woods very close to London, from which it has long dis-
appeared ; but Mr. Rowland Brown informs me that he has
taken it within a comparatively recent period in the woods
at Harrow, Middlesex. It is still to be found, and sometimes

94 LEPIDOPTERA.

in plenty, in large woods, in Surrey, Sussex, Hants, Dorset,
Wilts, Berks, and Oxfordshire ; and in the Cotswolds, and
the Forest of Dean, in Gloucestershire. In Kent it seems to
be very rare; less so in Essex and Suffolk; very much
more plentiful in hill districts of Staffordshire, Derbyshire,
Herefordshire ; Wyre Forest, Worcestershire ; and some
portions of Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire ; occurring
also in Cumberland, and rarely in Northumberland and
Durham. On some of the mountain sides in North Wales it
is plentiful, but in South Wales apparently scarce — only
recorded in Glamorganshire. In Scotland widely distributed,
and locally common in Wigtownshire, Dumfries-shire, Clydes-
dale, and Arran ; also in Perthshire, Stirlingshire, some of
the hills of the South-east of Scotland, Moray, Sutherland-
shire, the Hebrides, and the Shetland Isles. In Ireland also
very local; plentiful in Kerry, found also at Glengariff in
the Co. Cork; in (ialwaj-, ilayo, l-'ermanagh and Tyrone;
and rarely in Londonderry and Sligo.

Abroad it has a wide range through Central Europe,
Northern P]urope except the arctic districts. Northern Italy, the
Ural mountain region, the great Central Asian mountain dis-
tricts, Tartary, and Western China ; and in North America, in
New York, many parts of New England, Michigan, Colorado,
Alaska, Vancouver, Caiuida, Nova Scotia, and Labrador.

2. M. tristata, X. — Expanse 1 to 1^ inch. Wings
white with interrupted and irregular smoky-black bands at
the base, middle, and hind margin.

Antennas of the male short, simple, nearly naked, black
brown ; palpi small, of the same colour ; eyes dark-brown ;
face and head black dusted with white ; thorax slender and.
with the abdomen, mottled black and white, and the latter
barred with wliite at the edges of the segments; anal tuft
small. Fore wings rather narrow ; costa almost straight,
except at the base and apex, where it is faintly arched ; apex
angulated ; hind margin oblique, gently curved ; dorsal

LARENTID^—MEI.A NIP I 'E. <j 5

margin straight ; colour white or brovvuish-white ; basal
blotch, and a slender parallel stripe outside it, grey-black or
brown-black ; first line much curved, second line more
oblique, much more irregular, placed in deep curves and
angles, one of the latter above the middle bearing a strong
projecting tooth ; these lines form the margins of a mode-
rately broad central band, black or black-brown, mottled
with whitish shady lines, and containing the discal spot,
which is black, ringed with white ; a broad black or brown-
black band lying along the hind margin is partially divided
by a slender white subtenninal line or series of white dots ;
in the white stripe preceding it is a series of small black
dots ; cilia chequered, black and white. Hind wings white
thrice barred before the middle with rows of faint grey-brown
streaks ; along the hind marginal region is a broad black-
brown band, dotted with white ; cilia chequered black and
white. Female quite similar.

Underside very pretty ; shining white with the bands of
the upper side deeper black, but more slender ; the hind
bauds of all the wings interrupted in the middle, and the
central spots black and distinctly visible. Body and legs
black, thickly dusted with white.

The ground colour is rather uncertain, being as already
remarked white or brownish-white ; this appears to be in
inverse degree to the darkness of the markings. Those
specimens found in June on mountain heaths are usually
brownish-white, with brown-black markings ; but in the
southern portions of Yorkshire, at this season, it occurs in
plenty with clear white ground colour and all the markings
black; moreover, the partial second generation in August
usually consists of specimens equally white, with yet deeper
and sharper black markings. There is also casual variation
in the width of the bands, the white spaces in some individuals
being very broad. Specimens in the collection of the late
Mr. i\ J5ond exemplify this strongly. In such the middle
dark baud becomes attenuated and sometimes Ijroken, while

96 LEP/DOPTERA.

occasionally it is nearly obliterated or reduced to small spots.
In the opposite direction consolidation of the bands takes
place, along with increase in their breadth, until the insect
is black with two narrow whitish stripes. This last form is
strikingly exhibited in a specimen in Mr. Sj'dney Webb's
collection, and is closely approached by some of those
received from the Shetland Isles.

On the wing at the end of May and through June, and a
partial second generation in August.

Lakva rounded ; rather attenuated and flattened in front ;
head round, tlat, and bristly ; anal segment bristly ; body
with numerous inconspicuous bristles. Colour ochreous-
brown, j^ellowish-brown, hazel-brown, or pale chocolate :
dorsal line dark greyish-brown ; subdorsal, and a threadlike
line below it, pale ochreous minutely edged with brown ;
spiracular stripe broad, of a paler shade of the ground colour,
sometimes pale orange or ochreous, its lower side ill-defined
in the lighter varieties ; usual raised dots paler than the
ground colour, edged with brown ; spiracles black, distinct ;
undersurface pale yellowish or reddish-brown, with a broad
paler ventrtal stripe, edged on each side with grey, and
divided by a grey line ; between this stripe and the spiracular
is an ochreous line edged on each side with brown ; legs
reddish-brown ; head bone-colour with two dark bands on
the inner side of the lobes. A broad grey lateral shade
frequently occurs between the spiracular strijje and the pale
thread above it. (Chas. Fcnn.)

July and August, and a partial second generation occasion-
iiUy in September, but those larva3 which do not produce
moths in August feed more slowly and furnish a large pro-
l)ortion of the May and June emergence. On d'alium ;
apjiarently upon 6*. snxatilc (smooth heath bed-straw)
naturally : l)ut the larva is rarely, if ever, found, and those
reared from the egg oat with equal readiness thegreat bed-straw
((>'. iiiolhigo), feeding at night ujion both flowers and leaves.

LARENTW.-E—MELANIPPE. >)7

Pupa moderately thick ; anal extremity stont, and t'nr-
uished with a short stronj^ spike ; colour pale yellowish or
reddish-brown ; abdomen slightly darker ; the incisions
tinged with grey. In a slight silken cocoon under moss on
the surface of the groand. (Chas. Fenn.)

In this condition through the winter.

The moth flies often in a lively manner in the afternoon
sunshine, or if at rest among heather or bedstraw is readily
disturbed and sufiiciently active. At dusk it again flies even
more freely. Usually on heaths in mountain districts, but
occasionally in fir woods, and in the north Hitting about the
borders of the farms. In the South of England it is found
commonly on Dartmoor and some other of the high hills of
Devon, and in the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire ; more-
over. Mr. A. E. Hudd assures me that he has himself taken
it in Leigh Woods near Bristol, and knows of its occurrence
elsewhere in Somersetshire. In Herefordshire it is found on
the Black Mountain ; and as the high hills of Staftbrdshire
and Derbyshire are reached begins to be more generally
common, extending through Lancashire, Yorkshire, Durham.
Northumberland, Cumbei'land, and doubtless AVestmoreland.
It has also • been found quite recently by the Rev. C. F.
Thornewill to be common in the Longwynd, Salop. In Wales
Mr. Vivian has taken it in Glamorganshire. I have seen it
commonly on the slopes of the Preselly Mountains in Pem-
brokeshire, and believe that it may be found on all heathery
mountain sides throughout the Principality. Abundant in
many parts of Scotland, from Roxburgh and Hawick to
Argyle and Sutherland, and found in small numbers in the
Shetland Isles. In Ireland on the ^Mountains of AVicklow
and Waterford, in Galway, the Burreu of Clare, on the
Mourne Mountains in the County Down, and on the hills of
Fermanagh, Antrim, and Derry. Abroad it has a wide range
through Northern and Central Europe, Northern Italy,
Dalmatia, Northern and Eastern Turkey, and Armenia. In
VOL. vni. G

98 LKI'IDOPTERA.

North America it appears to have been taken in the mountains
of Colorado, and in Labrador.

3. M. rivata, llidi. — Expanse 1 to J^ inch. Fore winj^s
white with a broad smokj'-Wack or bhjck-brown central band,
tbl lowed by a Ijroad Ijaud of the white ground colour; base
and hind mari^in smoky-grey. Hind wings white with the
hind margin broadly mottled with grey.

Antenna' of the male simple, almost naked, light brown;
palpi minute, not concealing the tongue ; eyes bronzy-black ;
face and head black-brown dusted with pale brown ; thorax
whitish-brown, dusted and spotted with black ; abdomen
white, similarly dusted; anal tuft ochreous. Fore wings
broad, eosta gently arched ; apex l)luntly angulated ; hind
margin crenulated and softly curved ; dorsal margin nearly
straight, ciliated ; ground colour white ; basal blotch pale
grey-brown edged by a slender purple-brown stripe, beyond
wliich is a narrow smoky-brown shade ; first line rather up-
right, curved and a little indented ; second also tolerably
upright, sinuous, and forming one large blunt angle outward
above the middle ; both black and forming the margins of a
conspicuous brown-black or bluish-black central band in
which is the still blacker discal spot, and above it often
a little white dusting toward the eosta ; following this
band is a broad parallel stripe of the ground colour, con-
spicuously snowy-white, sometimes faintly intersected by
minute brown and grey cloudy dots ; hind marginal space
occujued by a broad band of grey clouds, looped lines,
and shades, intersected by the subterminal line, placed in
crescents, and pure white ; in this marginal band a darker
cloud above the middle is margined above by a whiter shade
which runs into the apex of the wing ; cilia pale purplish-
brown intersected with darker and spotted with white. Jlind
wings rounded, crenulated behind, white; central spot a
black dot ; immediately following it are three slender, in-
distinct, smoky-grey lines, all shaded off inwardly ; along the

LARENTID.-E— MELA NIPPE. 99

hind margin is a broad sinol<y-ljro\vu cloudy band, tinged
with blue, and intersected by an irregular white line ; cilia
white, clouded and intersected with smoky-brown. Female
quite similar.

Undersides of all the wings white, the markings of the
upper side reproduced, the stronger markings more faintly,
but the fainter emphasised ; all, however, cut off on the fore
wings by a white stripe along the dorsal area. Body and
legs whitish-grey.

Usually constant in colour and niarlcings, though liable to
a slight fading to brown colour of the latter, even during
life. But in the collection of the late Mr. F. Bond, in Mr.
Webb's possession, is a very remarkable specimen, its central
band being obliterated except a very narrow stripe from the
costa to the middle of the wing, faced by an elongated spot
on the dorsal margin ; the place of the dark band is thus
mainly jiure white, but the soft grey of the marginal band
has extended inwards over much of the usual white band,
and its whole appearance is thus greatly altered.

On the wing in June and the earh^ part of July ; but in
confinement casual specimens of a partial second generation
are sometimes reared in August.

Larva cylindrical, very slightly attenuated in front; head
rounded, larger than the second segment ; very pale brown
or pale ochreous, dusted with dull black, and having a
distinct dark brown frontal V; colour of the body brow-nish-
ochreous, tinged with olive-brown at the incisions ; u^jon the
fifth to the ninth segments is a series of five spear-headed
white spots filled in with brown — often black-brown — and
placed at the apices of brown dorsal V-shaped marla'ngs.
which point towards, and are continued upon, the sides to the
spiracular line ; the first of these brown-centred white spots
is less conspicuous than the others. From the second to the
fifth segment, and from the ninth to the anal extremity is a
dark brown dorsal line and a broad whitish or pale ochreous

loo LEPWOPTERA.

subdorsal stripe ; a broad pale ochreons, waved and sometimes
interrupted, spiracular shade is margined above with hazel-
brown ; spiracles black ; usual raised dots whitish ; a con-
spicuous black or brown lateral dot is on the ninth and another
on the tenth segment in a line with the spiracles; above the
spiracular shade is a fine pale oclireous thread. Undersurface
of the i^rround colour, with a cons]iicuous pale central stripe
containing a grey line, darker at the incisions; l)etween this
stripe aiul the s])iracles is a waved pale ochreous line edged
externally with dark' brown. (C. Fenn.)

July ; and on the t'ontinent a second generation in Sep-
tember ; on various species of bedstraw. especiall}' (luliina
mollugo and O. irnt/ii ; feeding at night.

Pupa short and very stout ; head and eye-covers jtromiuent,
but limb-covers very closely appressed and but slenderly
ridged ; antenna-covers neatly cross-ribbed ; wing-covers
much swollen toward the back, and roughened all over with
minute stijipling ; all these portions very dull ; dorsal and
abdominal surfaces more glossy, very finely sculptured with
minute pits; each free segment having a smooth liand at its
hinder edge ; anal segment short, thick, and very blunt, pro-
vided with a short conical cremaster, which is armed with a
pair of hooked spines. General colour red-brown, the anal
extremity darker. In the ground in a soft cocoon of silk and
earth, and, Mr. Fenn states, usually attached to the under-
side of a stone.

The winter is passed in this state.

The moth is most frequently found in the thick hedgerows
of lanes, or in the borders of thickets and coppices, l)ut also
among scattered bushes and rank herbage on open downs.
Its favourite haunts are in chalk districts, and those limestone
districts especially which lie near the coast ; also in bushy
[ilaces on coast sandhills. Hero it is readily disturbed in
the davtime by the beating stick, and flies vigorously, often
over tlie tall bushes and small trees, to another shelter, but

LARENTID.-E—MELANIPPE. loi

does not seem to Hy of its own accord until early dusk. At
night it may be attracted by a strong light. Always a
rather local species, yet common in its favourite haunts, and
iound pretty freely in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Hants, Dorset,
J )evon, Cornwall, Somerset, Wilts, Bei-ks. Middlesex, Herts, the
Eastern Counties, Gloucestershire, Buckinghamshire, Oxford-
shire, and Herefordshire. Further north it becomes much
more local, but is found in one or two places in Staflbrdshire.
in Yorkshire, and Cumberland. In Wales it is recorded from
Glamorganshire, and I have myself found it on the coast of
Pembrokeshire. I find no record in Scotland ; and in Ireland
it appears to be very scarce, but found in Cork, Kiue's C'ounty,
and Galway.

Abroad it has an extensive range through Central Europe,
the Northern half of Italy, Corsica, Dalmatia, Finland.
Bithynia, Tartary, the Corea, Yesso, and Japan, retaining its
characteristic appearance throughout.

4. M. subtristata, llair.; sociata, Stmitl. Cut.:
biriviata, !<tn. — Expanse 1 to 1^ inch, fore wings white,
but this ground colour almost concealed by broad grey
rippled clouding at the base and hind marginal area, and
a broad blacker central band, beyond which is a grey
line. Hind wings white, the base to the middle clouded
with grey lines, the hind mar-gin with a divided darker grey
band.

Antenna; of the male rather short and thick, simple,
almost naked, dull brown ; palpi of the same colour, short ;
eyes dark brown ; head dull brown dusted with white ;
thorax quite similar; abdomen pale brown, barred with black ;
anal tuft compressed and pointed. Fore wings moderately
broad, costa gently arched; apex bluntly angulateil : hind
margin rather obli((ue, gently curved; dorsal margin a little
filled out; colour creamy-white, pure white, or l)rownish-
white; basal blotch grey-brown, edged with a black line,
and closely followed by clouded smoky-black lines and

I02 I.EPIDOPTERA.

shades almost to tlie first line : this last is also black,
faintly curved, and a little irregular; second line slightly
more oblique, projecting outwards just above the middle
into a blunt angle above and below which is a hollow ; these
lines are black and enclose a black -brown central baud which
contains two blacker lines parallel with its sides, and a
deep black discal spot ; following this band is a narrow stripe
of the white ground colour neatly intersected by a fine line
of minute grey clouds or grey dots ; hind marginal region
broadly filled up by a smoky-grey band, through which
passes the subterminal line, pure white and an-anged in dots
or small curves and ripples, but often edged in its upper
portion, inwardly, by small black clouds; through it a white
dash runs obliquely into the apex of the wings ; cilia pale
grey-brown or whitish-brown, spotted with dark brown.
Hind wings rather long, rounded behind, and faintly
crenulated : clouded from the base to the middle with grey
transverse lines which fade out toward the costal edge ; the
line in the middle of the wing somewhat emphasised on
the nervures ; following this is a very slender grey line
not always distinct i and this is followed by a double sub-
marginal band of grey-brown clouding divided by a sharply
white rippled line ; central spot a black dot : cilia pale
smoky-brown, tipped with white. Female quite similar.

Undersides of all the wings white, the markings as above,
except that those before the middle of the fore wings are
paler, and that the whole are cut ofl' on these wings by a
white stripe along the dorsal margin. ]5ody whitish-brown ;
legs grey-brown.

Variable in the width of the central dark band, and
in the e.xtent to which the remaining area is occupied
by dark markings. In the north of Ireland there seems
to be a local tendency toward narrowing of these dark
markings and increase of the width of the white band.
This last peculiarity is emphasised sometimes by the faintness
of the intersecting dark line, the insect then closely

LARENTID.^—MELANIPPE. 103

resembling M. rimta. Of this 1 have also a conspicuous
example taken on Cannock Chase. On the other hand.
Dr. Freer has taken in the same locality one wholly obscured
by smoky sufiusion. A curious local and permanent variety
is found in the Isle of Lewis and elsewhere in the Hebrides,
in which the colour of the dark bands is entirely changed
to dark umbreous or even rather light brown, and the
white spaces are narrowed and suffused with pale brown or
ochreous. A similar tendency, but in a less degree, is found
in the specimens from the Orkneys. A more casual phase
of variation is found in the obliteration of some of the
markings. Dr. Mason has a specimen in which the central
area of the fore wings is occupied by a tchitc band, the
usual dai'k stripe having disappeared, leaving only the black
discal dot. In Mr. Sydney Webb's collection is one some-
thing like it, but having three central black spots ; and
others similar, or with the dark band very narrowly repre-
sented. Finally Mr. Harold Huston has a specimen, captured
by himself, in which the central dark markings of fore and
hind wings are obliterated and the hind marginal grey stripe
is deflected inwards at the costa.

On the wing in May and June ; and a partial second genera-
tion in August and September, but in forward seasons as
early as the end of July. With the protection afforded by
feeding indoors this second brood becomes complete.

Larva uniformly cylindrical ; head of nearly the same
diameter, pellucid smoky-brown, dotted with black, and
having two darker brown lines which meet on the crown;
body brown, beautifully variegated and mottled ; the second,
third, and forth segments have a black dorsal line, and
on each of the six succeeding segments is a somewhat horse-
shoe shaped dorsal white mark, the last terminating in a
brown dorsal stripe which extends through the eleventh and
twelfth segments to the extreme tip of the thirteenth ; these
white marks might be called lozenge-shaped but that they

I04 LEPWOPTERA.

are opeu at the posterior extremity, the enclosed space in
each is brick-red with a median transverse black bar; there
are two or four white dots on the back of each segment, and
numerous waved marlvings of different shapes on the sides.
(E. Newman.) The llev. J. Hellins says that the colour varies
from pale fawn-colour, through greenish-brown to dull green
or even bright green, with the markings darker, and even
tinged v?ith a good deal of red.

June and July, and a [partial second generation in Seji-
tember ; on (lidium ccrwm, G. 'inoUugu, and other species of
bedstraw.

I'l I'A red-brown, short, with a narrow anal spike (Ilof-
uKuinj. Apparently not further described. lu this con-
dition through the winter.

The moth is one of our most constantly familiar and
abundant s])ecies ; inhabiting lanes and hedgerows as well as
woods everywhere, hills, and heaths, but most plentiful in
dam|) meadows and marshy spots where the herbage is coarse
and where some of the species of bedstraw abound. Always
on the alert, it is disturbed by the foot-step or the beating
stick at all times in the day with the utmost ease, and from
its numbers is often felt to be a nuisance. Its time of
natural flight is at dusk and into the night, but it does not
seem to be especially attracted bj' light or liy any kind of
sweets.

Abundant throughout the United Kingdom except the
Shetland Isles, but in the North of Scotland more restricted
to woodlands. Abroad it has a wide range through
Central and Northern Europe, Iceland, the North of Italy,
Corsica, Sardinia, Dalmatia, Southern Russia. J^itliynia,
Tartary, Asia .Minor, the mountain regions of Central Asia,
and North America to California.

'J'his species and the last are so closely allied, and so
similar, that a few remarks as to their distinctive characters
may be useful. M. rivatx is distinctly the larger species, its

I.ARE.MTrD.-K—MELAXlPrE. 105

tore wings broader and more ample, its groinid colour whiter,
and the white band outside the dark central band is broader,
much whiter, and only in the faintest degree intersected by
minute grey cloudy dots. In M. suhtridaia, with rather
laore narrow fore wings, this white stripe, also narrower, is
regularly divided lengthwise throughout by a delicate grey
dotted line. There is also a difference between them in the
form of the large outer angle of the second line, which is
sharper in the present species than in M. ■rini/d. The larv«
are also very similar, but the Eev. J. Hellins says that in
-)/. rivafa the colour is more delicately tinted, and the lines
more distinctly defined, while in jlJ. fuibfri^/iifn the dorsal
surface is clouded and the lines obscured, and the arrow-head,
or horse-shoe, markings between segments four and five, and
between nine and ten, are more distinctly formed. Mr. Prout
says that the stas'e at which the greatest distinction exists
is after the first change of skin, when the larva of 31. rir/ita
is bright green, almost apple-green, and its surface smooth ;
while at that stage the larva of M. suhtristata is of a more
dull, glaucous green, and that it is a little rugose laterally.

o. M. galiata, Srliiff. — Expanse 1 to 1 ] inch. Fore
wings white, with a slate-black basal patch, and a very broad
blue-blacl\ or slate-black central band ; hind margin cloudid
with smoke-colour. Hind wings greyish-white.

Antennaj of the male simple, almost naked, whitish-brown ;
palpi minute, dark- brown ; eyes bronzy-black ; head purpU--
brown, dusted with white; neck-ridge paler ; thorax smooth,
greyish-white, faintly barred with blacl< ; abdomen grey-
brown, each segment edged with white ; anal tuft brown.
Fore wings broad but rather elongated ; costa ai'ched at the
base and apex, but almost hollowed between ; apex bluntly
angulated ; hind margin very oblique, unusually straight, the
anal angle well defined ; dorsal margin straight and strongly
ciliated: colour [white, brownish-white, or greyish-white;
basal blotch well defined but consisting of stripes, grey or

ic6 LEPinOPTERA.

i^rey-bniwn. diviiled by white cloiidiiig or lines : first line
nearly erect, curved, and a little sinuous ; second placed at
■A considerable distance, rather more oblique and sinuous,
with a large flattened, or double, outward projection ; these
lines forming the margins of a very broad blue-black or
slate-black central liand, faintly stippled with pale slate or
whitish-grey lines, and containing a black discal dot ; beyond
this baud is a small blue-black cloud on the costa, a faint
smoky cloud at the apex, a larger cloud of smoky-black
above the middle of the hind margin, and a parallel series of
very faint grey rippled transverse lines, on which sometimes
the white subteriuinal line is noticeable; cilia smoky white.
Hind wings elongated, rounded behind ; grejish-wlute ; faintly
shaded with grey to the middle, and twice slenderly striped
with pale brown near the hind margin ; cilia brownish-white.
Temale similar.

Underside of the fore wings grey-brown with a narrow
divided sinuous white stripe beyond the middle, and faint
traces of a dotted white line close to the hind margin.
Hind wings white, clouded almost all over with faint grey
transver.'ie lines, but a broad white stripe lies beyond the
middle. liody and legs whitish-grej' ; tibise dark grey,
li.'irred with white.

Variable in tiie depth of colour of the central baud, which
is often mottled with rippling paler lines, but sometimes is
of a deep and intense uniform slate black. Also in the
ground colour, wliicli in the chalk districts of Kent, Sussex.
:iud the Isle of Wight, on the oolite of Portland, and in South
Devon, is pure, clear, chalky white, often having the central
b md narrower or the clouding of the hind margin obliterated
tn allow of the extension of this whiteness. On the sandy
districts of the east coast of Ireland the ground colour is, on
the contrary, tinged with dull yellowish-grey or yellowish-
brown : and in Wales and the more northern districts more
clouded with faint grey. In the collection of Mr. G. T.
Porritt is a specimen taken in South Devon which has

LA REN Tin.-E—MELAMPrE. lo;

the beautifully smooth white colour extending to the hind
margin, corapletelj- erasing the usual hind marginal clouds.
( )ue from the Isle of Wight in ]\lr. F. J. Hanbiuy's collection
has the band unusually blue, narrow, and far more than
usually toothed on its outer margin, while the whiter spaces
ou all the wings are exquisitely rippled with blue-grey
scalloped lines. Mr. S. J. Capper has one of the more
ordinary colour in which the central band is broken u]} into
ovate divisions, while the bluish-black colouring is spread
along the costal margin toward the apex ; and in the collec-
tion of Dr. P. B. Mason is an old specimen from Haworth's
collection (and labelled 4'-annulata) which has the pale band
outside the basal blotch broken up into four white spots
having dark rings.

On the wing from the end of May till the beginning of
July; and in southern districts a second generation in
August and September. In more northern districts this is
more doubtful, and I have known, in Wales, a pupa obtained
in the autumn to produce the moth so late as the end ot July.

Larva almost uniformly cylindrical ; head pale brown
with two rather broad dark stripes united on the crown, but
widely separated at the mouth ; the rest of the head is dotted
with black ; body brown, with parallel stripes of different
•■.hades extending its entire length ; the dorsal stripe is
almost black, and on each side of it is a paler stripe ; in eacli
of these paler stripes are four black spots, one each on thr
anterior edge of the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth seg-
ments ; outside each of these subdorsal stripes is a very pale
stripe, almost white ; then follows a broader, more diffuse,
and more irregular double brown stripe, perhaps more pre-
ciselj' described as two, brown and closely approximate,
rivulet stripes, a very delicate pale line passing between
them ; then follows a paler stripe, in which are situated thp
spiracles ; and finally the undersurface is paler but striped
much in the same manner as the back. (E. Newman.)

io8 LEPIDOPTERA.

One of those floured by ilr. W. Buckler has tlie black
spots above-mentioned, with in each case an intermediate
elongated dorsal spot, enclosed in a white blotch, aromid
which is a broad shading of dark red-brown.

June and July, and in a second generation at the end of
Autrnst and in September ; on GnUum vcrum, ii. nwllngo,
G. sa.mtilc, and other species of bedstraw.

!'[ I'A short, shining yellow-brown : segments finely pitted ;
:mal segment knobbed ; cremaster short, rounded, and stumpy,
(llofmann.)

The moth especially loves to hide among overhanging roots
of grasses and coarse plants, on coast sandhills, where the
wind has shifted away the sand ; and from such places may
often be dislodged in numbers, when it will lly rapidly
away to some similar hiding place. Elsewhere it hides
among herbage on the hill sides, and at the foot of rocks, or
any similar shelter; always alert and easily disturbed in the
daytime, but Hying of its own accord at dusk; and at night
may be attracted by a strong light. More particularly
attached to the coast, especially so where chalk or oolite
exists or where limestone hills are bordered towards the sea
by extensive sandhills ; but found also inland not uncom-
monly upon cretaceous formations. Abundant on the coasts
and adjoining hills in Fvent, Sussex, Hants, with the Isle of
AVight ; Dorset, especially the Isle of Portland ; Devon,
Cornwall with the Scilly Isles; and to be found, often
eommonlj-, as already stated, in the inland portions of these
comities, and in Surrey, Middlesex, Berks, Oxfordshire,
Wilts, Somerset, Gloucestershire, and Herefordshire; rarely
in the Eastern counties, and in Derbyshire and Stattbrdshire ;
in Yorkshire much more commonly, also on the coasts of
Cheshire, Lancaishire. and \\'estmorelan(l. In AVales it is
abundant in Glamorganshiie, and not scarce on the Pembroke
coast; also common at J5armouth and in other suitable places
on tlie coast of North Wales. In Scotland much less common.

LA RENTID.-E—MELA NTH I A. 1 09

found rarely in Berwickshire and Wigtownshire ; also at the
Guuibraes in Clydesdale, and in Perthshirt-. Fifty years ago
it was common on Arthur's Seat, Edinburg-h, and doubtless
still lingers in that region. In Ireland it seems to be
abundant on all the sandy coasts — I found it very so on
that of Dublin many years ago, and know of its presence
in localities so widely apart as Cork, Londonderry, and Sligo ;
but inland it seems to be rare. Abroad it is found through-
out Central, and the greater part of Southern Europe,
Livonia, Asia Minor, Armenia, Siberia, and Northern Africa.

Genus 2. MELANTHIA.

Antennte of the male a little serrated ; palpi slender,
porrected ; head rather rough ; thorax crested at the back :
abdomen smooth and slender; fore wings broad, blunt,
smoothly edged behind, markings mainly in bands ; hind
wings rather elongated, faintly crenulated ; with obscure
marginal colouring ; vein 5 leaning toward vein (J.

Larv^ elongated, slender in front, without conspicuous
projections. On trees, shrubs, or low-growing plants.

Pur^ usually in the earth or among decayed leaves in :i
cocoon.

Not an easy genus to tabulate.

A. Middle of fore wings white, a large dark basal and

sub-apical blotch. M. allnrillata.

A'-. Middle of fore wings white with a large costal dark
blotch.

B. A double cloudy grey band along the hind margin.

M. ruhii/i)i(if((.
B-. A single grey band, containing a sipiare white patch
along hind margin. 31. proce/li'lii.

A^. Fore wings sharply banded in the middle.

no I.EPIDOPTERA.

C. The band orange-brown and blaek ; onter area creamy-
wliite. M. oallatii.

C". The l>and grey-black, witb sharply angled outer edge
followed by a white stripe. M. vnawiulata.

1. M. rubiginata, Srhijj.; bicolorata, Sfmid. Cat. —
Expanse J^ to IJ inch. Fore wings pure white ; basal patch
and a large costal blotch sometimes jirodiiced into a central
band, both brown ; and two soft liroad bluish-brown stripes
along the hind margin. Hind wings white with a pale grey
hind band.

Antenna? of the male rather long, notched, ciliated, brown ;
palpi small, brown. tip]3ed and dusted with white ; eyes
bronzv-biown ; face and head brown mixed with white ; on
the neck is a strong sharp nmbreous ridge ; thorax slender.
sienna-l)rown. shaded with white; two slightly raised brown
tufts furni a sort of crest at the back ; abdomen very slender
and o'lossv, white ; lateral tufts distinct ; anal tuft broad
and sometimes e.xjianded, otherwise closed to a point. Fore
wings not verv broad, costa much arched; apex liluutly
au'nilated. almost rounded ; hind margin smoothly curved,
as also is, to some small extent, the dorsal margin; ground
colour pure clear white ; basal blotch cut off almost perpen-
dicularly and sharply defined, umbreous, rather mixed with
vellow-brown ; usual Hues imperceptible, the normally en-
closed area occu]ned towards the costa by a large irregularly
trigonate brown blotch which extends half way across the
wins, but in many sjiecimens is continued by a slender,
sometimes detached, brown stripe to the dorsal margin, thus
formin" a complete, or else imperfect, central band ; this
lilotch or band is often liroken into from the costa by small
pale orange-brown or white clouds, and contains a black
discalspot; along the hind margin is a bmad double series
of small grey or grey-brown clouds, forming a marginal
l)and. intersected by a rijipled white subterminal line; but
deeply blotched below the apex of tlie wing with smoky-

LARENTID.^—MELANTHIA. 1 1 1

grey or olive-brown ; extreme hind margin slenderly edged
by a black line ; cilia grey-brown or white in accordance
with the adjacent margins. Hind wings long, rounded
behind, white; central spot a minute black dot; along the
hind margin is a broad double cloudj^ gri^y baud ; cilia white
clouded with grey. Female similar, but usually larger.

Underside a more smoky and clouded repetition of the
colour and markings of the upper. Body and legs white,
shaded with brown.

A permanently recurrent form of variation is found in this
species, principally in the more northern districts. It con-
sists in a strong suffusion of smoke colour over the white
areas. lu some specimens this is partial, extending only to
the fore wings, and in them leaving a white line outside the
basal blotch, or a white subterminal line, or both, with or
without some whitish shading towards the hind margin or
between the basal and central markings. In others it is
comj)lete so far as the fore wings are concerned, and extends
in a more or less definite manner to the hind, sometime^
extending along the margins, in other cases to the whole-
area, but not in so intense a degree as in the fore wings.
But the degree of darkness is not proportionate, and the
handsomest examples with blackened fore wings and slender
neat white lines have white hind wings. Pei'haps thi'
prettiest form of all is one in which fore aud hind wings are
smoothly smoky-black, but the markings of the fore wings
are olive brown, and are margined with slender stripes of
smoky-white.

There is also the constant variation, already referred to,
from the typical large costal blotch to the form in which the
central band is fully formed (called by Curtis plumJiata);
and a tendency in some specimens to obliteration of thp
hind marginal grey bands and consequent extension of the
white area; this last phase of variation apjiearing to occur
more particularly in the female. The only remarkable
instance of aberration, outside the lines indicated, is in

1 1 2 LEPID OP TERA .

a specinieu in ilr. F. Bond's collection in the possession of
Mr. Sydney A\'el)b. It is wholly white, except that the
ordinary darlc markings are faintly indicated in pale yellowish-
brown.

On the wing in July and August.

Lak\a loiis^, slender, and smooth, without humps; head
about equal in width to the second segment ; the thirteenth
is terminated by twd, rather long, parallel points beneath
the anal tlap ; head and body apple-green; dorsal strijie
l>road, darker than the ground colour; on each side of this
is a yellowish-green or whitish-green stripe. (E. Newman.)
The IJev. J. llellins says that when very young it is of a
gaudy orange-colour, with a dark head.

A]>ril to June ou alder: less frecjuently on birch, black-
thorn, plum, crab, and apple, and apparently sometimes
oa cherry.

PtTA slender, green, or brownish-green ; ending in a
slender spike, (llofmann.) In the corner of a leaf folded
over and spun down for the purpose.

The winter is jiassed in the egg-state.

This moth is a very attractive little creature ; it has a
most curious trick of starting up from a tree in which it mav
be sitting, on the approach of any person, and dancing A/«'«?y/,v
him at a gcod height in the air as though actuated by the
liveliest curiosity, but keeping at no great distance from its
favourite trees. These are usually alders, and in the latter
part of the afternoon towards sunset they are greatly
enlivened by the numbers of these pretty snow}--lookinL;'
moths dancing about and around them. Mr. Sydnej' Webb
tells me that in Kent, when no alders are near, he sees it
Hying in the same lively manner about every cherry-orchard.
There certainly is also a night flight, when it will occasion-
ally visit flowers such as those of the hemp-agrimony ; but
late at night it probablv settles down to sit. ^ith wings

LAREMTID.E—MELANTJUA. 1 13

erect, on the tree; I have seen it so resting upon tall reeds.
When at rest in the daytime its wings are laid down, the
fore wings nearly covering the hind, as is the manner of its
allies.

Not very plentiful in the South of Sngland, though doul)t-
less to be found in every county in spots such as above
described, also along water-courses where alders abound, and
even in the lanes in damp districts ; but becoming more
plentiful wherever there is an alder swamp in the Midland
and Western Counties, as well as in the fens of the Eastern ;
in all these districts maintaining its more typical colouring,
though there is a single record of a smoky-black specimen in
Devon. But from Yorkshii'e and Lancashire northward
there is an admixture of dark forms, though the whiter
continue still to be plentiful in suitable places. Doubtless
the same local abundance may be observed in Wales, though
the only records that I have are ilr. Vivian's for Glamorgan-
shire and 7ny own for Pembrokeshire. In many parts of Scot-
land it is very plentiful, the dark form appearing in Perth-
shire and Aberdeenshire ; and the specie.s extending to
Moray and West Eoss. In Ireland it is generally distributed
in suitable i^laces and often abundant ; and I have never
seen greater multitudes than in the woods occupying valleys
between the hills near Belfast, in tlie north of that country.
Abroad it has an extensive range through Central Europe,
the temperate portions of Northern Europe, Northern Italy,
Bithynia, Eastern Siberia, Tartary, the mountainous regions
of Central Asia, Yesso, and Japan ; remaining (jiiite tyjiical
in colour and marlvings, but in the last-named countries
increasing in size.

2. M. ocellata, L. — Expanse 1 to 1] inch. Fore wings
creamA'-white ; basal blotch and a complete, rather narrow,
central band blue-black mottled with yellow-brown ; beyond
the latter is a black dot. Hind wings white.

Antennae of the male simple, ciliated, light brown ; palpi

VOL. VIII. H

i>4 LEPIDOPTERA.

blunt, ])rojectin<r, black ; eyes bionzy-black- : liead brown-
black ; thorax similar, having at the back a broad tuft of
raised spatulate scales of the same colour ; abdomen brownish-
white, on the dorsal ridge is a pair of black-brown dots on
each segment ; lateral tufts broad, anal tuft long and
spreading, yellowish-white. Costa of the fore wings arched
at the base and strongly so at the apex, nearly straight
between ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin oblique and
nearly straight ; dorsal margin a little rounded ; creamy-
white ; basal blotch blue-black edged with orange-black, and
its edge quite jierpendicular and straight ; the white s])ace
following it transversely shaded with bluish-grey clouds and
slender lines; first line curved, erect; second line equally
erect, but bent out in a blunt angle above the middle, and
hollowed below it ; these enclose a central band, not very
broad at the costa, becoming less so below the middle,
blue-black rather mottled with orange-brown, containing a
deep black discal spot, and slender irregular black lines
within the margins ; half way between the outer angle of
this band and the hind margin is a rather wedge-shaped
black dot, and from its inner edge to the costa are two faint,
rippled, cloudy blue-grey lines; below it a faint ochreous
cloud extends along the hind marginal area; cilia brownish-
white. Hind wings elongated, rounded behind ; smoky-
white, or pure white, faintly edged along the hind margin
with cloudy brown dots ; central spot placed near the base,
small, black ; cilia brownish-white. Female similar, some-
times a little larger.

Underside of the fore wings light brown ; the central
band as above, but paler grey-brown ; hind margin clouded
with the same colour, in which a rippled white subtermiual
line is distinctly visible, ilind wings brownish-white, with
a very faint irregular central brown transvei'se line ; hind
margin edged with short black streaks. Hody and legs
whitish-brown, front tibire blackened.

Usually very constant in colour and markings, but in the

LARENT/D.-E—MEI.ANTHIA. 1 1 5

collection of Mr. Sydney Webb is a fine male in which the
bluish-grey lines in the white areas are much broadened and
intensified, while the remaining portion of these areas is
clouded with smoky-buff. On the other hand, Mr. Louis
Front has one with fore wings almost wholly white, except
the central band, which is hardly more than one-fourth of
the usual width. A specimen is on record in which the
central band is almost obliterated, the inner edge thereof
only being indicated by a smoky line ; and iu the year 189 f
a specimen was exhibited by the late Mr. Arthur Lovell
Keays, in which the band was completely divided across, so
as to form two large spots, the larger on the costa. It was
taken within a few miles of London.

On the wing in June and the beginning of July ; but in
the south befoi-e the end of May ; and as a very partial and
casual second generation in August and September, or even
the beginning of October.

Larva stout, smooth, attenuated in front, segments deeply
divided, especially beneath ; head small, rounded, pinkisli-
brown ; general colour pinkish-white or pinkish-brown with
the back paler; much shaded and i-eticulated with brown,
pai-ticularly on the sides, where this forms a dark line above
the conspicuous white spiracular stripe ; five prominent
white V-shaped dorsal markings, pointing baclvwards and
shaded in front with brown, are placed, one on each segment.
from the fifth to the ninth inclusive ; dorsal line threadlike,
greyish-brown ; subdorsal lines whitish, only distinct at each
extremity ; spiracles black ; under surface whitish, dusted
with red, and having pale brown V-shaped markings pointing
forward, (C. Fenn.)

End of June and July, and a partial second generation
from August to October or November; on Ga/iiim rcrvnt,
G. mollugo, and various other species of bedstraw ; feediuo-
principally at night, remaining in a stiff position on the
food plant by day. Where thei'e is but one generation

ii6 I.F.l'IDOl'TERA.

in the year the larva seems to feed tbrougliout the
suiniuer.

Pri'A slender, shining, tapering behind ; anal extremity
furnished with two hooked bristles ; eyes promment and
projecting; general colour pale yellowish-l)rown ; eyes,
abdominal incisions, and anal segment reddish-brown.
(C. Fenn.) In a thin oval cocoon of silk covered with earth,
in the ground, or on the surface amon" the stalks of its food
plant. The larva lies long in cocoon before changing to the
pupa, in the case of the second brood throughout the winter,
the latter state being then assumed in the spring.

The moth sits during the day on the trunk of a tree, or in
a bush ill a hedge or wood, from which it may be disturbed
by the beating-stick, yet is not so alert and active at that
time as some of its allies. Its time for natural flight is
rather late dusk, and at night it will come to a strong light.
Not usually a plentiful sjiecies, but generally distributed, and
to be found throughout England and Wales and the South
of Scotland, becoming abundant on the hills of Perthshire,
and o.vti'uding tliroughout the mainland to the Hebrides and
Orknej's. In Ireland generally distributed but not very
conunoii. Abroad found almost all over Ihirope. Asia Minor,
Armenia, and the mountain regions of Central Asia.

o. M. albicillata, L. — Expanse \\ inch. Fore wings
broad, soft creamy or silky white, without central band;
basal blotch large, mottled, brown and blue-black ; a similar
trigonate blotch near the ape.x of the costa gives off a slendei-
rip]ilcd line to the anal angle ; outside this clouded with
blu«--l)luck. Hind wings white with grey marginal clouding.

Antennse of the male rather thick, simple, ciliated, dark
brown; palpi blunt, rather projecting, nmbreous; eyes dull
black ; head deep brown ; thorax rather rougli, jiurplish-
brown. shoulder lappets raised, at the back is a thick oljtuse
Ijrown tuft or depressed crest ; abdomen slender, white, with

LARENTID.-E—MELAXTHIA. 1 17

a large dark browu patch on the bade at the base ; anal tuft
rather well developed, faintly tinged with brown. Fore wings
broad; all the margins rounded; apex bluntly angulated ;
colour exquisitely pure creamy-white ; basal blotch large,
extending to the first line, and composed of alternate blue
and brown-black stripes, the outer margin a little more
tinged with orange-brown ; discal s])ot small, black ; toward
the apex is a large, somewhat trigonate, brown-black costal
Ijlotch, divided by one or two glistening blue lines or threads ;
from it arises the second line, slender, red-brown, thickened
on the dorsal margin, but otherwise most daintily curving, in
a fine thread, from nervure to nervure ; beyond it and lying
near the hind margin is an interrupted stripe of blue-grey
clouds, reduced in the middle portion to spots ; closely
followed by a more complete grey stripe which includes the
cilia ; through this, however, a white streak runs obliquely
into the apes. Hind wings ample, I'ounded behind, white;
the hind marginal region broadly occupied by smoky-grey
clouds, before wliinh is a slender interrupted transverse line
of the iame colour ; c>:^ntral spot small, black, pkiced near
the base ; cilia smoky-grey, clouded with white. Female
quite similar.

Undei-sides of all the wings creamy-white ; central spots
all large, smoky-black ; basal blotch, and the hind marginal
cloudings of the upper side, reproduced in grey clouds on
the fore wings, but in the hind the marginal band is hardly
represented. Body and legs yellowish-white ; tarsi browu,
barred with white.

Very few of our species, if any, equal this for the exquisite
jiurity of its colouring and delicacy of its markings.

Usually very constant in both colour and markiugs, but
Dr. P. B. Mason possesses a specimen, reared in Yorkshire,
in which the white colouring of the fore wings is rejilaced by
leaden-black, and the hind wings are broadlj- bordered with
the same colour ; and Mr. Sydney Webb has one in which
the lara'e basal and costal blotches are blurred and clouded

ii8 LF.PIDQPTEKA.

with reddish- brown, the dark colour also running out in
streaks upon the nervures. In the same collection is one
having the usually white ground colour pale yellow.

On the wing at the end of May and in June ; also rarely,
as a very partial second generation, in August.

Lauva rather stout, flattened beneath, attenuated in front ;
second, third, and fourth segments swollen at the sides ;
head small ; face flattened ; the usual raised dots emit short
pale bristles ; colour emerald green, with a row of red dorsal
triangli-s having their bases towards the tail, and the sides
broadly margined with red-brown from the fifth to the
twelfth segments inclusive ; spiracular line white, edged below
from the second to the fourth segment with a purplish line,
this line continued above the first pair of prolegs, which are
shaded laterally with the same colour ; anal prolegs and flap
dull crimson ; under surface pale green, with three ill-defined
whitish lines ; the ventral spots white and distinct : dorsal
line faintly darker than the ground colour and thread-like.
A very handsome larva. (C. Fenn.)

July or August, sometimes till September or even October ;
on raspberry, bramble, and wild strawberry ; feeding at
night, resting during the day extended on the under side of
the midrib of a leaf, ^\'lu■u disturbed it curls up its anterior
segments into a spiral.

]'i'i"A rather stout, smooth, and compact, thickest in the
middle, and evenly tapering each way ; wing and limb-covers
gloss}-, hardly showing any sculpture; anteuu;v distinctly
cross-barred ; dorsal region glossy and hardly pitted ;
abdominal segments pitted in a narrow front band ; anal
segment swollen and rounded ; cremaster conical, pointed,
but without bristles or spines. Colour dark purplish-brown,
segmental divisions paler ; cremaster black. In a tough oval
cocoon in the earth.

This moth hides during the day in thick Inislies or masses
of brambles, from which it is readily disturbed, flying to no

LARENTID.^-MELANTHIA. irg

great distance, and easy of capture. Its natural flight is at
dusk, but it may sometimes be seen moving about towards
sunset; also late at night it will come occasionally to Howers.
Almost confined to woods and their immediate neighbour-
hood, indeed, generally to be found about open places within
them, and especially attached to large extents of woodland
such as the New Forest. Apparently to be found in everj^
county of England in which such suitable places exist, but
becoming scarce in the North ; found also in Glamorganshire
and other parts of South Wales, though very rarely in
Pembrokeshire. In Scotland it seems only to occur ni the
extreme South, as in Wigtownshire ; but in Ireland it has a
wider extension, being found casually or very locally in
Wicklow. ^Vexford, Waterford, Cork, Kerry, Galway, Sligo,
Westmeath, Mouaghau. Tyrone, Armagh, Antrim, Down,
Donegal, and Deny. It is a circumstance difficult of explana-
tion that it should at one time have been found //( profusion
in some Islands ofi" the coast of Kerry.

Abroad it has an extensive range through Central Europe,
the temperate portions of Northern Europe, Northern Italy,
Southern Russia, Tartary, the mountain regions of Central
Asia, and Japan.

4. M. procellata, ,sV7i///; — Expanse 1^ to If inch.
Fore wings silky white ; basal blotch small ; central band
broad, only represented by a costal blotch, both black-brown ;
a similar bind baud is interrupted by a large sijuare white
patch. Iliud wings white, clouded behind with smoky-
brown.

Antennaj of the male rather thick, simple, ciliated, brown ;
palpi small, pale brown ; eyes bronzy-brown ; face very full
and prominetat, dark chocolate ; head and thorax umbreous,
the latter having a short thick crest-like tuft at the back ,
ahdomeu greyish-white, with a brown spot on the back ot
the second segment, anal tuft light brown. Fore wings
rather elongated, costa arched, especially so beyond the

120 l.EPIDOPTERA.

middle; apex bluntly aiigiilated ; hind margin long, curved,

more obli<|ue toward the anal angle; dorsal niai-gin almost

straight ; clear snowy-white ; basal blotch umbi-eous, its

outer edge almost straight ; first line extremely slender and

indistinct, or even fragmentary-, originating in a conspicuous

obliipie triangular brown streak on the dorsal margin ; just

beyond the middle of the costa is a broad black-brown blotch

which seems to commence the usual central band, but is cut oH'

at one-third across the wing, and is, as to the remainder, only

suggested by four or five ]iarallel rippled slender brown lines

which attain the dorsal margin, the outermost forming the

usual second line ; between the basal and this costal blotch

are three small brown clouds on the costal margin ; others

toward the apex of the wing are attached to a broad hind

marginal smoky-grey band, in which lies a large squared

white median spot, and in the darker portions a rippled

white subterminal line ; cilia grey or white, according in

colour with the adjacent margin. Hind wings rather small,

rounded behind, white, rippled in the middle with very

indistinct brown transverse lines, and with others, more

noticeable, near the hind margin; cilia brown mixed with

white. Female (piite similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale smoky-brown, darkest
along the costa, except where broken by a dusky white trans-
verse strijje ; hind wings similar, the white stripe continued
across them. Body and legs whitish-brown.

Extremely constant in colour and markings, but in the
collection of ]\Ir. H. J. Turner, Secretary of the South
London Kutomological Society, is a specimen in which the
large co.stal dark blotch is split into three dark bare by
dividing white lines.

On the wing from the end of June till the beginning of
August.

L.MfVA tapering toward the head, which is Hat, butf-brown,
slightly hairy, having two reddish lines wliieh unite, forming

LARENTin.E~MEL. \.\TH1. 1. 121

with the apex uf the head a diitioct triangle ; tliese are
bordered by two other lines of the same colour, which
a^jproximate, but do not join at the second segment ; com-
mencing at this point are two lines of a burnt umber colour,
which continue more or less distinctly down tlie back to the
anal extremity ; within this is a finer line, of the same colour.
as far as the fourth segment, followed by a distinct and
intensely black spot ; there are five of these spots and the
line uniting them is also black ; the remainder of this line is
rich chestnut-brown, very clearly defined. In addition to
the spots already named are others, very minute, deep black
and surrounded by a white ring ; ground colour dull whitish
clay, more or less mottled, but the four posterior segments
are much paler, almost white, (llev. J. Greene. )

August and tSejitember on Clematis vitalho (traveller's
joyj, feeding up rapidly upon the leaves. When at re.st it
lies in a straight position, closely pressed to a footstalk 01
midrib.

Pupa not very stout, the abdomen rather slender ; head
blunt and a little squared ; dorsal surface very i-ough from
abundant pitting, which extends to the head ; wing covers
swollen and wrinkled, showing the form of the uervures, and
between these sculpture of rough incised lines ; abdominal
segments, except their hinder edges, abundantly pitted ; anal
segment rounded up and a little swollen ; cremaster very
short, conical, armed with a short bristly spike ; colour uni-
formly red-brown. In a tough cocoon of silk covered wit ii
earth, in the ground. The winter is passed in thi.'-
condition.

The moth remains concealed during the day in dense
masses of its food plant, the wild clematis, or in hedges or
bushes in its neighbourhood, and may lie beaten out or dis-
turbed by the footstep, when it flies (juietly to another hiding;
place. It sits with the fore wings rather bent down at both
margins and fpiite covering the hind wings, yet leaving tlie

122 LF.rinol'TERA.

aljdomeii completely exposed. In this position its markings
fall beautifully into crossbars of alternate black and white.
It is an eleg-aut and very pretty insect. It flies naturally at
dusk and into the night, and will come occasionally to a
strong light. Almost confined to chalky districts, or those
m which there is so much admixture of calcareous soil as to
foster the growth of its food plant ; but even then is local,
and prefers sheltered spots. In such places found in Kent,
Sussex, Surrey, Hants, Dorset, Wilts, Devon, Cornwall,
Somerset, Berks, Bucks, Oxfordshire, Middlesex, Essex, and
Suffolk ; more scarce and local in Norfolk and Cambridge-
shire ; also found in Gloucestershire and llerefordshire, and
Mr. H. A\'. Vivian lejiorts it on the coast of Glamorganshii-e.
This I think is the extent of its range in these islands,
though a casual specimen may perhaps be taken elsewhere
in a garden where wild clematis has been planted as an
ornamental climber.

Abroad it is found throughout Central Europe, the northern
half of Italy, Southern and Western Kussia, Tartary, the
moutainous regions of Central Asia, the Corea, Central and
Western China, and Japan. Some specimens from Asiatic
localities are sutl'iised with grey, brown, or smoky-brown, and
are known under the name of inqiiinaia.

5. M. uuaugulata, Jfaw. — Expanse 1 to I^ inch. Base
of fore wings clouded with black-brown to the central band,
which is blacker, and outwardly edged by two long hollow
curves, between which is a very definite angle ; outside this
is a clear white stripe, followed by a soft cloudy brown hind
inargiual I^and. 11 iud wings white, with a double rijjpled
smoky-brown border.

Antenna' of the male simple, ciliated, dark brown ; paljn
small but porrected, brown ; eyes black ; head and thorax
ninbrcous, dusted and mottled with white, the latter having
at the bade a pair of short thick raised dark brown tufts ;
abdomen light reddish-brown, barred at the edge of each

I. A REXTin.K—MELA NTHIA . 1 23

segment with dark brown and white ; anal tuft small, pale
brown. Costa of the fore wings arched at the base and
beyond the middle, less so between; apex bluntly but
decidedly angulated ; hind margin oblique, not strongly
curved; dorsal margin nearly straight ; ground colour white;
basal blotch blackish-umbreous edged with black and followed
by grey clouding which almost fills the space between it and
the first line ; the latter is strongly curved and edged in-
wardly with white ; it forms the inner margin of a broad
black-brown central band, of which the outer margin, form-
ing the second line, is always smooth and even, except that
a distinct outward angle projects just above the middle ;
above this it is faintly hollowed, but below considerably so,
yet without indentations ; within the central baud is a deep
black discal spot in a cloud of black dusting ; immediately
outside the band is a clear stripe of pure white ground colour
followed by a broad double hind marginal band of smoky-
lilack or smoky -grey clouds, divided by a subterminal white
line of short crescents, from which a white dash is thrown
off to the tip of the wing and another to the middle of the
hind margin; cilia smoky-brown. Hind wings rather
elongated, rounded behind ; white, clouded from the base
with grey-brown in which is a small blackish central dot ;
beyond this are several faint, rippled, grey-brown, slender
transverse lines which do not reach the costal margin ; hind
marginal space occupied by a broad, cloudy, grey-brown band
in which is a much rippled white line ; cilia greyish-white.
Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale greyish-brown to the
second line, which, with its single angle, is distinctly repeated,
as also is the divided hind-marginal cloudy band, the two
separated by a white stripe. Hind wings white, the central
spot and rippled dark lines more conspicuous ; as also is the
inner portion of the hind-marginal band, the outer being
paler. Eody and legs brownish-white. It is worthy of
remark that when freshly emerged the ground colour is

124 LEPIDOI'TIZRA.

exquisitely tiivj^ed with purple-red colour, which very rapidly
fades out.

Verv constant iu colour and markings. Occasionally there
is a little variation iu the width of the central band ; Mr.
H. Goss has a specimen in which it is narrow and of quite
unusual shape, the portion near the costa being extraordinarily
slender; and 3Ir. Sydney Webb ])ossesses one in which the
band, narrowed and drawn nearer to the liase, is followed by
a beautiful stripe of pure white of more than twice the usual
width : continued also across the hind wings, and having the
uervnres most delicately indicated.

On the wing in June and July, sometimes till the beginning
of August ; in confinement specimens of a very partial second
generation have been reared late in August.

Lakv.\ tapering slightly towards the head; of a pale stone-
colour ; there is no regular dorsal line but a series of dusky
dashes and dots, and at the five middle segmental divisions
these dots become enlarged and (|uite black in colour, and
are preceded by an oblong transver.se reddish mark, and that
by a scjuare white spot ; there are two very wavy and
suffused snlidorsal lines of a faint dusky black, but just above
the spiracles is a clear thin line of the ground colour followed
by another of the darker tint ; spiracles l)lack ; under surface
rather more yellow than the ground colour, and marked on
each side of the five middle segmental divisions with little
groups of fine black dashes and dots. (Rev. J. llellins.)

July and the beginning of August, on chickweed (Alsine
media) feeding up rapidly.

TiPA light brown ; darker at the segmental divisions ;
head ijrominent ; wing cases clear trans])arent brown ; surface
roughened with numerous small depressions, except segments
nine and ten which are smooth and glossy ; anal segment
terminated by two short hooked bristles. In a cocoon of
loose silk mixed with fine grains of earth. (Miss M. Kimber.)

In this condition through the winter.

LA KE.X TID. E—A NTICL EA. 125

Tlie moth hides during the day in hedges nnd thiclc
bnshes. being very fond of wide open spaces, such as
commons wliich are bounded by well-grown hedges ; but
also to be found in lanes and the borders of woods ; readily
disturbed by the beating-stick in the daytime, and very
active, flying vigorously to some other,, more distant shelter.
At dusk it flies about the same bushes and hedges, and will
come to light at night. Rather a local species and rarely in
any abundance, but to be found in moderate nu.mbers
throughout the Southern and Eastern Counties from Kent to
Cornwall, including Berks and Bucks, and to Norfolk and
Cambridgeshire ; also, more rarely, in Herefordshire,
Gloucestershire, Warwickshire, Staftbrdshire, Cheshire,
Lancashire, Yorkshire, and even Westmoreland and Cumber-
land. In Wales I\[r. Vivian finds it in Glamorganshire, and
I have often taken it in Pembrokeshire, in the lanes. It does
not seem to be recorded from Scotland. In Ireland it is
scarce and very local, but has been taken in Waterford,
Kerry, Galway, at I-lnniskillen. Termauagh, and near Belfast.
Abroad it maintains its somewhat local character, yet has an
extensive distribution — France, Germany, Belgium. Switzer-
land, Galicia, Finland, Southern and Western Russia, and
Tartary ; and in North America, New England, New York
State, and Washington ; also in the very far north-west at
Vancouver and elsewhere on the Pacific coast, but it does
not seem to be recorded from the vast intermediate. areas.

Genus 3. ANTICLEA.

Antenna:; of the male simple ; palpi small, thoi-ax crested
in a broad ridge at the back ; abdomen smooth and slender ;
fore wings broad behind, trigonate, hind margin even, mark-
ings very striking, much disposed in narrow stri])es, without
a dark central band. Hind wings rounded, but rather
elongated ; vein 5 arising from the middle of the cross-bar ;

126 I.EPIDOPTERA.

hind margin faintly or distinctly creimlated, almost without
definite markings.

Lakv.e various, feeding exposed on shrubs or low-growing
plants.

I'l r.K in the earth.

Oiu- five species may be tabulated thus.

A. ('eiitral band of fore wings white or nearly so.

H. A black streamer from the costa to the middle of the

hind margin. A. dcrirata.

B-. A bluish and Iti-ownish-black large basal blotch, and a

similar patch beyond the middle of the costa.

A. dmmta.
A-. Central band ]iurplish-yellow : outer area purple-red.

-/. hadiatd.
A'\ Central band grey or grey-brown.
C. Blaclc transverse stripes at the base, before the middle,

and a half one beyond, ground colour red.

A. I- Ill/Ida ta.
C-. Hrown stripes at base and before middle ; beyond a

black angulated line, throwing off a black streak to

the apex. A. hcrhentta.

1. A. sinuata, ,sV/, /^/'. ; CMCMlsLla., Stand. Vat. — Expanse
1 i inch. Fore wings wliite ; the dark basal blotch extends
beyond the first line, which is a black stripe; bevond the
middle a slate-blacl< costal blotch is followed by chestnut-
red. Hind wings whitish, with a cloudj- pale brown border.
Antennas of the male simple, ciliated, brown : palpi vrrv
blunt, black-brown : eyes leaden-black : face velvety black :
head and thorax purplish-brown, shaded with black ; across
the back of the latter is a deep black raised bar-like tuft :
abdomen brownish-white : anal tuft small. Costa of the
tore wings arched, more ])articularly at the base and beyond
the middle ; apex bluntly angulated : hind margin gently

LARE.XT/n.il-^ANTJCLEA. 127

rounded ; dorsal margin also rather full ; grouutl colour
white ; basal area to the first line filled up with stripes of
lilue-black divided by dull orange-brown ; beyond this a
l)road band of the white ground colour is prettily divided by
very slender duplicate rijipled blaclc lines both thickened
upon the costa, and these closely followed hy a curved slate-
lilack costal blotch, the outer edge of which is a jxirtion of
the second line ; this last is continued througli the white
area in a series of sharp angles running in as black points on
the nervures ; beyond the second line narrow stripes from
the costa of alternately chestnut and orange-yellow preceded
and followed by slender white lines, form a jjatch of unusual
beauty, which is shaded off toward the anal angle, leaving
the hind-marginal region sufiused with pale reddish-grey ;
discal spot when visible an upright black streak ; cilia smoky
grey. Hind wings rounded behind and obscurely crenu-
lated ; white, dusted with grey-brown ; central spot small
and round, smoky-black ; followed by two or three very
faint rippled grey transverse lines which do not approach the
costa ; beyond these a similar line, rather more distinct, and
also more complete, bounds a broad marginal band of pale
brown clouding, followed by minute dark brown streaks ;
cilia white, shaded with grey.

Female quite similar.

Undersides of all the wings white, rippled with faint
slender transverse grey lines ; the markings of the upper side
showing faintly through. Body and legs brownish-white.

Usually very constant in colour and markings, except that
the discal spot is unreliable ; but occasionally, when this is
present, faint additional lines seem to appear around it anil
below. In Mr. Sydney Webb's collection is one, without the
discal spot, but having a large white circular spot, cut off by
a l)lack line, between the two large dark blotches, iVom thr
larger white area.

On the wing in the latter part of -June and in -July.

128 [.F.PinOI'TF.KA.

Lak\.\. Ileiul slif,'litly divided on the crown, as broad as
the body, which is uniformly cylindrical, without humps or
warts. J lead yellowish-green, with mottled black markings ;
body yellowish or bright green, with two black dorsal stripes
scarcely so broad as the green median space between them :
spiracles black ; legs and prolegs pale green ; all parts of the
body emitting fine short scattered black hairs. (E.Newman.)
In one of Mr. W. Buckler's figures the subdorsal stripes arc
i-ich purple — not black — its ground colour is pale yellow.

July and August, and sometimes till the beginning of
September, on Claliuni rrrinn and G. iiiollut/o, feeding upon
the flowers and unripe fruits. When not feeding remaining
upon the plant, often stretched across from one portion of
inflorescence to another, greatly resembling the stiff' straight
twigs, and by no means easy to see.

Pupa short and thick, reddish, with very broad dark brown
wing covers. (Hofmann.) In a tliin silken cocoon in the
I'arth. In this state through the winter.

The moth hides during the day among its food plant, and
is rarely disturbed at that time. It flies at dusk, and is then
more easily taken ; later at night it will come to a strong
light. It prefers sheltered spots, and is found mainly in
chalky localities, or where there is considerable calcareous
;idmixture in the soil ; also it is sometimes found in sandy
places, particularly the Hreck-sand district in the Eastern
(Jounties. Always ver\^ local, and usually scarce, but found
in Kent, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Devon, and once in Coi-n-
wall ; also in Herks, Oxfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex,
Suffolk, and Norfolk ; possilily more widely distributed, but
from its secret habits overlooked, since a specimen, which ]
liave seen, was certainly captured at Knowle, Warwickshire,
by the late Jlr. Blatch ; but I have no record of it in AVales
or in any of the more northern counties of England. In
Scotland Dr. F. 15. White took it in (ilen Tilt, Perthshire,
and Sir 'i'honias iloncriefl'e stcurcd a single specimen at

LARENTID.-E—ANTICI.EA. 1 29

Moncrieffe Hill, in the same county. In Ireland ilr. W. F.
de V. Kane records the capture of a single specimen by
himself in Clare, and another by Mr. E. R. Curzon in
Galway.

Abroad it inhabits great part of Central Europe, Italy,
Dalmatia, Finland, Southern and Eastern Russia, and the
Central Asian mountain region.

2. A. rubidata, ^vhiij'. — Expanse 1^ to \\ inch. Fore
wings rich purplish-red, with the central portion grey ; black
stripes at the basal and first lines, and one, more sinuous, in
the costal jDortion of the second line, which is otherwise faint.
Hind wings smoky-white.

Antennae of the male simple, ciliated, shining purplish-
brown ; palpi and face black-brown ; head and thorax dark
umbreous shaded with black, the latter having a thick tuft
of raised black scales across its hinder area, behind which,
across the base of the abdomen, is a whitish-purple Ijand ;
rest of the abdomen smoky purplish-brown, each segment
tipped on the dorsal ridge with black ; anal tuft small. Costa
of the fore wings arched at the base and the apical portion,
but straighter between ; apex bluntly angulated, almost
rounded ; hind margin rather perpendicular and very greatly
curved ; dorsal margin rather filled out ; colour dull purple-
red ; basal blotch grey-black, edged and intersected with
deep black ; first line straiglit from the dorsal margin to near
the costa, then curved back, foi'ming the inner edge C'f a
narrow black transverse stripe ; second line from the costa
to near the middle sinuous, or twice curved, but forming the
outer edge of an abbreviated black stripe from the costa
edged outwardly with white, thence to the dorsal margin
very slender and deeply scalloped throughout ; within the
enclosed central band, which is smoky-grey or reddish-grey,
are one or two much indented slender black transverse lines,
which, with the scalloped second line, form a very pretty
lace-like pattern of markings ; subterminal line white,

VOL. VIII. I

130 LEPIDOPTERA.

excesssively angulatecl and scalloped, placed near the hind
margin ; hind marginal space beyond it reddish-grey, edged
with short black curved lines ; cilia grey dusted and inter-
sected with smoky-black. Hind wings rounded beliind and
very faintly crenulated ; pale grey-brown, dusted and ripph'd
with darker and shaded with purple; liind margin prettily
edged witji black cresceiitic lines ; cilia grey-brown dashed
with black from the ])oints of the marginal line, and inter-
sected with smoky-brown. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings dark smoky-grey to the second
line, which is well indicated, paler beyond ; discal spot and a
few small streaks from the costa, black. Hind wings smoky
whitish-grey, dusted with darker; central spot black, followed
by a faiut smoky-grey transverse line. Body and legs pale
grey-brown.

Usually hardly variable except in the intensity of the
purple-red colouring, aud tliis fades considerably even during
the life of the insect. A specimen in the collection of ^Mr.
S. J. Capper, however, has the ground-colour distinctly
(;/t/,v:-browii, tinged with pur])le ; and some reared from larv;\;
found in South Devon by Mr. L. B. Prout have a strong
tendency in the same direction, the deep red in them being
Miuoh suppressed.

On the wing in June and July.

L.\K\A rather short, tapering in front, and very slightly,
from the tenth segment, behind ; head brown ; general
colour pale greyish-brown, or sometimes greenish-brown ;
dorsal line black, distinctly visible on the second, third,
eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth segments, also bifurcated on
the head, forming two black lines down the face ; on the
intermediate segments to those mentioned is a black
> -shaped dorsal marking, the apex in front, and enclosing a
black spot in a pale grey or whitish triangle ; back and sides
shaded with grey so as to form large dorsal diamonds, of
which the >-shaped marks are the commencements ; sub-

LARENTID.-E—A.XTICLEA. i J ■

dorsal and spiracular lines pale oclireous, the latter edged
aliave with brown ; these lines are most distinct on those
segments ou which the dorsal line appears ; spii'acles black ;
ordinary raised dots whitish but indistinct ; a pale ventral
band margined ou each side with grey, encloses an inter-
rupted dark grey line ; first pair of prolegs broadly marked
iu front with black. (C. Fenn.) Of Mr. Buckler's figures
one has the ground-colour purplish-pink, the other dark
purple-brown.

•July and the earl}- part of August ou (ia/inm inulhujo,
(t. vcruin. and probably other species of bedstraw ; feeding
at night. If touched it falls down, feigning death, but does
not curl up its anterior segments.

Pupa short and stout, eye-covers prominent, smooth ;
wing-covers thick, shining, but minutely and sparingly
sculptured with incised lines ; limb-covers very smooth and
compact, but those of the anteunre barred across ; dorsal
surface with the dorsal segments minutely sculptured with
incised lines, but the abdominal segments with minute pitting
except that there is a narrow smooth, hoop-like band on the
hinder edge of each ; whole surface red-brown, except the
anal segment and cremaster, which are black, the latter
knobbed and finished off with a bifid spike ; beneath this the
anal structure forms a wide depression. In the earth in a
loose cocoon of silk and sand.

In this condition through the winter: and it has been
known to lie over a second winter.

The moth hides during tlie dav among its food-plant and
neighbouring coarse herbage, or else in bushes and hedges,
and may be distm-bed by the beating-stick. It flies naturally
ut dusk, and later at night, at wliich tinu' both sexes are
strongly atti-acted by light. It is said to have a habit of
living rather high aud tumbling suddenly down. It was
formerly common iu lanes in the immediate vicinity of
Ljndou. but this is l)v no means now the case. Itsfavourite

132 LEPIDOPTERA.

haunts are in chalk districts, or at any rate upon somewhat
calcareous soils, consequentlj' it is local, but abundant in
some southern districts, especially the Isle of Wight, and to
be found in every southern county from Kent to Cornwall,
and to Berks, Rucks, Oxfordshire, and Northampton, also in
Somerset, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, and
throughout the Eastern Counties, though becoming very
scarce in Norfolk. It has been taken once in Warwickshire,
and rarely in Leicestershire: at Barrow, Derbyshire, and in
Yorkshire. In South Wales it is known to occur in Glamor-
ganshire, Carmarthenshire, and Pembrokeshire ; and this, so
far as I know, is the e.xtent of its range in these Islands.
Abroad it inhabits Central Europe, Central and Northern
Italy, Hungary, Finland, the Northern Balkan States, Central
and Western Russia, Bithyuia. Tartary, the Ural Mountain
di.strict. and the mountainous regions of Central Asia.

■'). A. badiata, ^chiff. — Expanse \\ to \\ inch. Fore
wings rather crenulated behind, reddish-white, I'eddish-yellow,
or pale purplish-red ; a brown oblique narrow stripe outside
the small basal blotch ; a partial similar stripe beyond the
middle ; hinder region purple-red. Ilind wings crenulated,
smoky purplish-grey.

Antennas of the male simple, finely notched, ciliated, pale
brown; palpi small, dark umbreous ; face and head of
the same colour ; eyes leaden black ; thorax rather rough,
the shoulder lappets a little uplifted, purple-brown, across
the back there is a tuft of raised similar scales tipped with
white; abdomen glossy purple-brown, each segment barred
at the back with black and white ; anal tuft compressed.
Fore wings very broad, but pointed : costa arched at the
base and toward the tip, straighter between ; apex angulated,
rather pointed ; hind margin very long, crenulated, gently
curved and filled out; dorsal margin rather rounded ; shining
l)ale purple-brown, reddish-yellow, or reddish-white, shaded
with pale brown or rich purple ; basal blotch small, dark

LARENTID.^—ANTICI.EA. 133

purple-brown, edged with an angulated black stripe ; first
lino oblique, rather curved, black, edging a slender dark
purple-brown stripe; beyond this the middle poi'tion of the
central band is of the pale ground-colour, and is bounded out-
wardly by a dark purple-brown stripe, which is in part pale
and interrupted, and is itself edged by the second line —
deep black above the middle, but below formed into exceed-
ingly slender purple-black loops or crescents ; the black
costal portion forms the edge of a purple-brown stripe from
the costa ; outside this is a stripe of the ground-colour deli-
cately laced with another slender dark irregular line ; hind
marginal region broadly and smoothly purple or purple-pink ;
in it, opposite the middle of the hind margin, is a conspicuous
white dot or cloudy spot ; and running into the apex a thin
short black streak ; hind margin edged by an undulating
purple-black line, more faintlj? duplicated in the cilia, which
are pale purple. Hind wings elongated, strongly crenulated
behind ; smoky whitish-brown with a purplish flush, tinged
along the hind margin, anal angle, and dorsal margin with
dusky purple, and barred upon the latter with the same
colour; cilia also dull purple. Female very similar, abdomen
shorter.

Underside of the fore wings whitish purple-l^rown ; the
costa much barred with a richer tint of the same colour
alternating with yellow and black. Hind wings veiy glossy,
pale purple-brown, with faint indications of darker transverse
lines, and with darker streaks on the nervures. Body and
legs purple-brown.

There is constant variation in the ground-colour, as already
indicated, from purplish-white or almost yellowish-white
through various shades of purplish-yellow to smoky purple-
brown, but this often appears only in the centi-al band, and
is there more or less narrowed, by encroachment and black-
ening of the bordering purple stripes, often to a slender pale
stripe, more rarely to one or two pale ^poh, isolated by the
conjunction of the dark liands. lu this last form there is

134 LEPinOPTERA.

extensive blackeninij of the ])iirple areas, and yreat increase
in the beauty of the specimen.
On the wing in Jiarch and April.

Lakva elongate, cylindrical; skin transversely wrinkled;
head rounded, reddish-brown : body emerald-green, with a
broad purplish-pink s])iracular stripe, and the incisions of
the segments yellowish ; raised dots white ; prolegs and anal
flap purplish-pink.

Or, with the head and body the same colour and the dots
white, no purple spiracular stripe, but the segmental divisions
paler green, the spiracles black, and the prolegs tinged with
purple.

Or, very pale emerald green, with a greenish spiracular
shade ; the head pale red, or dull orange, and the dots
white. (C Fenn.)

Mr. Buckler figures other varieties, one dark purple-brown,
with green mottling on the dorsal region and the green
spiracular stripe ; another excessively pale green with the
spiracular stripe white : and a third very pale bufi', with the
stripe purple-red.

April to June or the beginning of July, on liosa cunina
and other species of wild rose ; on the Continent feeding
also on rose in gardens. Feeding at night. Kemaining
during the day upon its food-plant at rest, with its anterior
segments curled and raised.

PiPA short and rather stout, thickest at the ends of the
wing-covers; abdomen tapering rapidly off, with short
segments ; the wing-covers very full, standing out on each
side at the shoulders, and having a depression on each side
of the dorsal region ; anal segment rounded, but furnished
with a thick flattened tapering cremaster, which is finished
ofl' with a very slender double spike ; colour glossy deep dark
red-brown, almost red-black ; anal point black. In the
earth, in a compact egg-shaped silken cocoon covered with
])arficles of eartli.

LA RENTID.-E—A NTICI. EA . 1 35-

In tliis condition tlirougli the winter.

Tiie moth especially frequents hmes and hedges, hiding
during the day in thick bushes, especially in blackthorn
bushes where these grow among the wild rose ; but it some-
times sits upon a post, or rail, or fence, with fore wings quite
down over the hind. Rather sluggish in the day, and
unwilling to ^Ay, yet it may sometimes be disturbed by the
beating-stick. At dusk it flies freely along the hedge-sides ;
and has been taken occasionally feeding, along with the
Noctucc, at the blooming sallows.

Apparently common throughout England, Wales, and
Ireland, but in Scotland extending in the west only to the
Clyde Valley, in the east to Aberdeenshire and Moray.

Abroad it has a wide range, through Central Europe,
Central and Northern Italy, Dalmatia, Finland, Southern
and Eastern Russia, the mountain regions of Central Asia,
and Japan.

•k A. derivata, /SW (^/f. ; nigrofasciaria, ,SY«?((?. Cat. —
Expanse I^ to \\ inch. Body very slender; fore wings
ovate, smooth silvery brownish-white, shading behind to pale
purplish-brown ; two dark brown transverse stripes lie near
the base, and a similar streamer crosses the apical area from
the costa. Hind wings dusky brownish-white.

Antenna; of the male simple, ciliated, pale brown ; palpi
small and blunt, and, with the face and head, light reddish-
brown ; eyes black ; collar reddish-brown ; thorax very pale
brown, with two minute raised tufts, tipped with white at
the back; abdomen light brown, dusted with darker; anal
tuft spreading. Fore wings somewhat ovate ; costa arched
throughout ; apex very bluntly angulated, almost rounded ;
hind margin evenly curved ; dorsal margin also faintlj'
rounded ; shining greyish-white shaded off behind into pale
purplish-brown ; basal blotch pale purple-brown sharply
edged by a curved black-brown stripe ; first line a rich red-
brown transverse stripe widest on the costn, broadly edged on

136 LEPinOPTERA.

its inner margin, more .slenderly on the outer, with black ;
the preceding pale space faintly shaded with pale brown in
parallel lines and clouds ; second line commencing as a
triangular brown blotch on the costa, runs out as a black,
streamer-like stripe, to a long angle toward the hind margin,
thence proceeds as a very delicate slender brown line to tlie
dorsal margin, and is preceded at a short distance by a
similar fine line, both dotted on the nervures ; central spot
a black dot, and the pale central band in which it is placed
is very faintly shrided and mottled with purplish-grey ; hind
marginal region from the double second line uniformly
])urplish-grey ; through it runs the rijipled whitish sub-
terminal line; extreme hind margin edged with minute
black streaks aiul dots ; cilia purplish-grey dappled with
])aler. Hind wings rounded behind, shining white, shaded
with smoky-lirown, especially so towards the hind margin,
and crossed by a very slender curved dotted grey line ; hind
margin edged with short V)iack streaks : cilia glossy pale
grey-brown, dashed with whiter. Female very similar.

Undersid<' of the fore wings pale smoky purple-grej', more
yellow-brown along the costa; the dark markings of the
upper side oijscurely visible ; hind wings smoky purplish-
white with a dotted middle transverse line; central spot
small, black ; all the hiiul margins edged with fine black
lines. Jiody and l(>gs light brown.

Hardly variable, except in a small degree in the depth of
the ground-colour and darkness of the slender stripes; but
Dr. Mason has a specimen, reared at Burton-on-Trent, which
has the whole ground-colour ])urplish-grey ; Miss Kimber
has taken one of a buff colour at Newbury ; and Mr. Sydney
Webb has one in which (he broad central band is of an
exquisitely pure white.

On the wing in April and the beginning of May.

J.AKVA elongate, attenuated in front: skin smooth, not
shining; head small, flattened, raised in rej)OSe, jiui-ple ;

LA RENTID.-E—A NTICLEA . 1 37

face green ; body brilliant emerald green ; divisions of tbe
segments bright yellow ; on the second to the fourth seg-
ments is a broad purple dorsal stripe, and similarly coloured
elongated spots are on the three following incisions ; on
the last three segmeots the purple doi'sal stripe re-appears ;
legs and prolegs purple. The purple markings on the first
pair of prolegs are continued on the sides, uniting with a
purple spot on the back. (C. Fenn.)

May and .June, sometimes till the beginning of -July ; on
wild rose, feeding esjjecially upon the flowers.

Pupa slender, the head rather projecting forward ; anal
segments blunt and hooked ; mahogany-colour, wing and
limb-covers dark green. In a cocoon of silk and earth, in
the ground.

In this condition through the winter.

The moth inhabits lanes and hedges where rose is plentiful,
but loves to hide in thicker bushes, often those of black-
thorn when these are at hand, and is not readily induced to
fly in the daytime, or only to an e.xtremely short distance.
Occasionally it will sit on a post or a paling. At dusk it
flies along the hedges and will come sometimes to sallow-
bloom ; indeet.' it constantly frequents the same places as the
last species and has similar habits, but is by no means so
plentiful. Formerly frequent in the outskirts of London,
but now seldom seen. Elsewhere moderately common in suit-
able places, apparently, throughout England, since it a])pears
in, I think, every county record which we possess, from Kent
and Cornwall to Northumberland ; also found throughout
South Wales, and there is no reason to suppose it absent from
the northern portion. In Scotland it is reported from Hawick
and from Roxburghshire, Ayrshire, Argyleshire, and Aber-
deenshire ; indeed Dr. F. B. White gives its range as to the
Clyde Valley and Moray. In Ireland it is local and not
very common, but found in the Dublin district, Wicklow,
Waterford, Kerry, Galway, Westmeath, Monaghan, Tyrone,

138 LEPWOPTERA.

I'Vi'iiianaf,'!), Down, Ainiagh, and Antrim. Abroad it has a
wide distribution ; Central Europe, Northern Italy, Corsica,
Sicily, Ualmatia, Livonia, Finland, Southern and Eastern
Russia, Bithynia, and the mountain regions of Central
Asia.

5. A. berberata, Srhiff. — Expanse IJ to IJ inch. Fore
wings whitish-brown, with two oldique dark brown stripes
in the basal half, an angulated black line from the costa
beyond, and a notched black line running into the apex.
Ilind wings brownish-white.

Antenniu of the male rather thick, simple, ciliated, pale
brown ; ])alpi projecting, black-brown ; head grey-brown ;
eyes black ; thora.x light brown, collar edged with black,
and another black bar crosses the middle of the back and
the shoulder lappets ; at the back is a thick prostrate tuft of
scales tipped with black-brown ; abdomen white, dusted with
•brown, and each segment edged with black-brown ; anal
tuft spreading, a black spot on its base. Costa of the fore-
wings evenly and very faintly arched ; apex bluntly rounded ;
liind margin gently curved; dorsal margin also; colour
greyish-white or brownish-white, with faint yellow-brown
clouding; basal blutch smoky-brown, edged by a rather
ol)li()ue purple-brown strijie which is bonlered on both sides
with black ; first line black, oblique and rather sinuous,
forming the inner edge of a narrow reddisli-umbreous stripe
which is bluntly angulated in the middle of its outer edge;
the space between this stripe and the basal blotch filled in
with faint light brown lines and clouds ; second line in its
costal half black, slender, and two or three times angulated,
its remaining portion slender and indistinct but much angu-
lated and pointed on the nervures ; just within is a partially
])arallel fainter brown line ; beyond the second line is a pale
umbreous cloud on the costa edged below by a dark unibreous
or black streak having blacker notches, which runs into the
apex of the wing; subterminal line rippled, very faintly and

LA RE NT ID. -E—A N TICL EA . 1 39

obscurely white ; cilia brownish-white, intersected and dusted
with darker. Hind wings but little elongated, rounded behind,
smoky-while with the hinder area tinged with faint brownish
clouds; cilia dusky white. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky whitish-brown, with
small black dashes from the costa, and faintly black indica-
tions of the sharper markings of the upper side in the
middle area. Hind wings white, dusted with brown ; central
spot black ; in the middle is a slender transverse brown line
dotted with black ; and beyond it another, still fainter ;
extreme hind margins of all the wings edged with small
brown curved streaks. Body and legs whitish-brown.

On the wing in May and the beginning of June, and as a
second generation in August.

Larva obese, stout and rugose, the rugosity occasioned by
each segment having an elevated transverse skinfold, on
which are situated several warts, each emitting a slender
bristle ; head partially concealed by the skin of the second
segment, rounded on the crown, of somewhat less diameter
than the body and slightly hairy ; colour various — the pre-
vailing varieties are — first, a pale raw-sienna-browu, with
three dorsal stripes of a somewhat darker colour, all of them
indistinct, and the median very slender ; second, brighter or
burnt-sienna-brown, with two broad longitudinal umber-
brown stripes, and the faintest possible indication of a
slender median stripe ; third, grey or putty-coloured, thickly
sprinkled with black, and having on each side of each seg-
ment an indication of a large crescentic white mark. In the
last variety the base of the legs is black, and in all the head
is beautifully tessellated, the tessellations in the brown
specimens being of a darker shade of the same colour, those
in the gayer specimens pure black. It rests with its prolegs
firmly attached, but most commonly with the legs free, the
body being bent double and the legs brought almost or quite
into contact with the ventral prolegs. Extremely sluggish

I40 LEP/DOPTERA.

aud disinclined to move ; when compelled to do so it
generally drops from its food-plant, suspended by a thread.
(E. Newman.)

June and the beginning of July, and a second generation
at the end of August and in September ; on barberry (Herberis
ritft/aris), but so far as 1 can ascertain, not upon the cultivated
species of Berhcns or Mohonia.

Pupa thick, shortened, yellow-brown, thin-skinned and
weakly punctured, shining ; cremaster short, knobbed, having
four points on the sjiike, and two smaller ones on the sides
(Hiigenliofcr). In a slight cocoon in the earth. In this
Cdndition through the winter.

The habits of the moth are similar to those of its congeners
and it is almost confined to hedges in which barberry grows.
Possibly at one time widely distributed in this country, but
exterminated in some of its localities by the destruction of
its food-plant in consequence of the injurious influence which
a microscopic fungus (^'j'ft/o) growing upon it exerts upon
adjacent wheat crops. This appears to have been the case
in Norfolk, and probably elsewhere, for there is a record of
the capture of the species at Glanvilles Wootton, Dorset, in
the year 1823, since which it has there apparently disappeared,
and J\Ir. G. T. Porritt tells me that it was formerly found in
a barberry hedge near Doncaster, South Yorkshire, but has
now been lost, the hedge having been replaced by a stone
w.'ill. At present the range of the species in these Islands
appears to be limited to Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire,
and Somerset, but in some of these counties it is locally
common.

Abroad it has a wide distribution, through Central Europe,
^Middle and Northern Italy, the northern Balkan States,
Eivonia, Bithynia, Armenia, the Central Asian mountain
regions, Canada, and Nova Scotia.

LARENTID/E—COREMIA. 141

Genus 4. COREMIA.

Antenna pectinated with teeth or strong bristles ; palpi
conical, porrected ; head rather smooth ; thorax very flatly
crested at the back ; abdomen slender ; fore wings moder-
ately broad, rather pointed ; hind wings rounded and even
behind ; vein 5 arising from the middle, of the cross-bar.

Larv.*; rather elongate, nan-ow in front ; feeding on
herbaceous plants.

PuPiE subterranean.

Somewhat difficult of tabulation : —

A. Fore wings white or pale grey ; central band abbre-

viated. G. fluduata.

A'-. Fore wings white or creamy-white —

B. Central band complete, fawn colour or rich brown.

C. moHtanafii .
B-. Central band very narrow, pale Ijrown ; twin spots in
outer band. C. didjiinuta, female

A?. Fore wings bright green with black markings.

C. pcdinitaria.
A*. Foi"e wings whitish-grey or pale brownish-grey —

C. Central band clear pale purple, edged with black.

C. munit.11//t.
C-. Central band crimson with thick black edges.

C. pro2ncg>ii(/.u.
C^. Central band dull purple rippled with darker lines.

C.fc7TUi/ak'.

C*. Central band blackish-umbreous, or dull purple without,

ripples. O. unidcntarin .

G''. Central band grey, with the remaining suri'ace

similarly mottled. C. saliral.K.

C'. Central band narrow, blackish-grey, followed by twin

black dots in outer band. C. didi/niatc, uialc.

14^ LEPIDOPTERA.

A*. Foiv willies glossy grey with darker grey bands.

('. niuhisfrigaria.

A". I'ore wings pale yellow-brown, with mnbreous or

black-hrowu central band. C. ipiadrifasciaria.

1. C. montanata, Scltiff. — H.xpanse ll to 1^ inch. Fore
wings ereainy-white, rippled behind with pale brown, and
having a conspicuous central nnibreous or fawn-coloured
band. Jlind wings white faintly lined with brown.

Antennaj of the male pectinated with short slender ciliated
tei'tli, light brown ; ])alpi rather prominent, blunt, black-
brcjwn, dusted with white ; face and head creamy-white, the
former faintly barred with brown ; thorax rather rough, the
shoulder l:i])pets raised, creamy-white ; abdomen similar, with
a ])air of deep brown triangular s])ots on the back of each
Segment; lateral tufts well developed; anal tuft short, pale
ochreous. Fore wings elongated but broad ; costa regularly
arclied ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind and dorsal margins
gently curved, the latter decidedly ciliated ; colour creamy-
white; basal blotch composed of three consecutive slender
brown lines shaded with paler brown ; first line rather distant,
curved and a little indented ; second line placed not very far
beyotid t!ie middle, rather ujiright, irregular, throwing ont
two blunt angles above its middle, concave below ; these two
form the margins of a conspicuous central band, not very
wide, orange-brown, fawn-colour, nmbreous, or blackish-
bruwn, ver\- often containing a roughly triangular white
costal blotch which includes the black discal dot ; this central
band also is often rippleil with blacker or whiter lines parallel
with its maririns; before it the white (jround-colour is faintlv
shaded with j)ale brown or has a faint line of the same down
its middle; beyond it at some (listance is a broad faint
clouding of jiale brown extending to the hind margin, but
divided throughout by a much rippled white subterminal line;
cilia brownish-white intersected with brown. Hind wings
white ; central spot placed rather near the base, black, very

LARESTID.-E— CORE MIA . 143

small ; beyond it is a partial doulile faint brown stripe from tin-
dorsal margin ; nearer the hind margin are two more, slender
and jialer lines, and the hind marginal area is clouded with
glistening pale brown ; extreme margin dotted with black ;
cilia white faintly intersected with brown. Female with
simple antenna?, otherwise similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale smoky-brown ; discal
spot black ; central band and some hind marginal stripes
deeper smoky-brown. Hind wings white ; central s]iot
large and black ; in the middle of the wing is a slender
distinct undulating transverse line, and beyond it three faint
pale ]iarallel lines. Body and legs whitish-brown ; tibia?
brown barred with white.

Variable in the degree of shading upon the pale portions
of the fore wings and especially in that upon the hinder area,
which also varies in tint from the softest pale fawn-colour to
all shades of light brown, and light greyish-brown ; further
variable — and far more so — in the shape and the colour of
the central band. Occasionally the ground-colour is pure
white, almost devoid of shading; in the other extreme the
shading sometimes almost obliterates the white ground-
coloni'. The central band is usually broadest on the costa,
but not uufrequently the large middle angle is so strong as
to swell that portion out into the greatest breadth ; and
occasionally the expansion on the dorsal margin almost
attains to the breadth of either. More often there is some
constriction below the middle, and this increases till in some
specimens the band is here kept complete only by a faint
thread, in others is quite broken and reduced to a large
blotch from the costa two-thirds across the wing and a small
opposite spot on the dorsal margin, this latter being almost
always, in that case, formed of two ocellated s])ots placed
perjiendicularly. When the central band is very broad there
is usually a white ill-detined blotch from the costa to around
the discal dot ; in very rare instances this is continued almost
into a white enclosed baud ; and ifr. S. Webb has one in

144 LEPIDOPTERA.

which the whole band is occupied by this white colour except
the margins. Veiy often it only exists as a white ring round
the discal spot, and sometimes it is entirely absent, leaving
the central band of uniform dark colour. lu a specimen
whicii I took in a wood in South Wales the baud itself has
alnif).st disa[)pearod, being represented only bj' a small ovate
brown blotch around the discal spot and a much smaller spot
on the dorsal margin, in the collection of the late ilr. F.
Bond are specimens in whicli it is even more nearly oblite-
rated ; Mr. J. J. F. X. King has one taken in the south of
England, in whicli nothing remains of the usual markings
except a small oval brown spot near the costa ; and another
is on record having the baud divided into three separate
spots. Going to another extreme, there is a specimen in
Mr. Sydney Webb's collection entirely suffused with smoky-
black, with the nervures blacker, and but faint traces of the
central band. This was. 1 think, taken in South "^'orkshire.
In the Shetland Isles is found a distinct range of variation,
the specimens rather smaller in expanse, decidedly so in the
breadth of the fore wings ; the ground-colour more deeply
tinted and clouded with fawn-colour or light bright brown,
so as to form additional bands in the hinder area, sometimes
approaching in depth of colour to that of the central band ;
sometimes also the band itself is almost or quite divided into
stripes, or only the margins are dark, leaving the whole other
surface of the wing covered with pale brown clouding. In
these the white subterminal line is broadened and more dis-
tinct than usual. With these are normal and possible inter-
mediate forms ; further, Mr. Webb has one in which the
central band is blue-black, and I\[r. F. J. llanlnii-y one in
which the band is of the white ground-colour, but its margins
deep black and thickened, especially so in the middle, while
the outer areas are clouded with horizontal tawny dashes. In
the Orkneys the normal forms very greatly iirepouderate. yet
there is sometimes a tendency in the direction of those from
Shetland, some being of a soft pale fawu-bronn with the

LA RENrilK^—Ci UREMIA . 145

central l)aiii:l Ijut little darkiM- ; one from these islands, iu the
collection of Mr. G. B. Jloutledge, is entirely white excepting-
two black dots at the apex of the discal cell. Hebridean
specimens also agree more closely with those from the South.
In Ireland, with a southern range of variation, there is a
tendency to more ornamental clouding in the hind-marginal
area.

On the wing at the end of ]\[ay and in June, in July in the
North.

Lak\'a tapering behind from the tenth segment ; sides
keeled and wrinkled ; head small, rounded and flattened,
blackish, with two ochreous dashes in continuation of the
subdorsal lines ; back of the body oehreous ; dorsal line black-
ish-grey, enclosing a black dash situated between four con-
spicuous blackish dots on each segment, most distinct from the
fifth to the eleventh ; subdorsal lines broad, paler than the
ground colour, narrowly edged with greyish-brown ; from
the subdorsal line to the spiracles the sides are dull greyish-
brown, often intersected by a faint paler thread ; spiracular
line pale ochreous, very conspicuous at its upper edge,
shading beneath into the colour of the undersurface, which
is ochreous with numerous indistinct paler and darker
longitudinal threads ; in front of the first pair of prolegs
is a black dash ; spiracles black ; legs tinged with purplish-
brown. (C'has. Fenn.) In two of Mr. Buckler's figures the
middle area of the dorsal region is more strongly clouded
with purple-brown.

July or August till April, hybernating among dead leaves
and herbage on the ground ; on primrose, daliiiiu uiiiUiujo.
and other low-growing plants, and upon grass ; feeding
principally at night.

A most exti'aordiuary, abnormal specimen of this larva

was reared from the egg by ilr. E. H. Jones, and exhibited

at one of the Entomological meetings in March 1883. It is

figured in the Entoinologld for June 1883, showing that the

VOL. viii. K

145 LEPIDOPTKRA.

leL^s have hecome lengthened, takiiiL;' tlit> form of those of the
moth, and that pectinated anteumu, as of a male moth, have
been produced. Mr. .lones says: "The eggs hatched in
.\n<rnst 1882, and 1 noticed nothing ]iarticnlar about the
young larvii) until the end of November, when 1 observed
that one was considerably larger and was evidently more
forward and thriving than the others. 1 watched it care-
fully, and found it almost continuously feeding, and keeping
steadily to its food {Priiiiula ruli/ari'i), with which the larv;e
were liberally supplied during the past mild winter. On
February 15th I was astonished to find that this forward
individual had developed the antenna^ of the imago, but
without in any other way altering its larval appearance.
I'or a space of two or three days the antenna' were beauti-
fully jiectinated, and then the prolegs, like those of the imago,
became perfect, being, with the abnormal antenna', of the
appearance of uncoloured gelatine, IJoth antenna' and legs
then gradually shrank and dried until the 2itth, and as the
larva showed signs of dying I thought it better to preserve
it while possible." This occurrence is so rare that all the
details seem worthy of ])reservation.

]^ri"A slender, red-brown. Apparently not more fully
described.

The moth inhabits woods, lanes, and hedges, but espe-
<nally woods, iiiding among their bushes, or sitting uj)on the
grass and herbage of hedge banks, and is very easily dis-
turbed during the day. At dusk it (lies sometimes in such
multitudes in open wood ])aths that it is almost impossible
to see any other species. Abundant throughout the United
Kingdom, even occurring in plenty on the Scottish moun-
tains, and there, and in the Isles, hiding among heather,
grass, and any herbage.

Abroad it is plentiful through Northern and Central
l",urope, Spain, Central and Northern Italy, Corsica, .Southern
Russia. Tartarv, and the mountainous regions of Central Asia,

LA RENTlD.-E—COREJf/A. 1 47

2. C. fluctuata, L. — Hxpanse '■} to 1] inch. Fore
wings white, usually rippled with numerous fine lilack lines,
and with the nervures dotted with black ; central band broad
at the costa, black-brown, usually cut oft' in the middle of the
wing, or else far more slender. Kind wings white with
obscure transverse lines.

Antenna; of the male pectinated with rather short ciliated
teeth, black-brown ; palpi bluntly ])rojecting, of the same
colour ; eyes deep black ; face and head black-brown dusted
with white ; thorax dark umbreous shaded with dull black,
and dusted with white; small llat crest at the back spotted
with the .same colours; abdomen white, dusted with dark
brown, and having twin black spots down the back ; lateral
tufts prominent, dusted with black ; anal tuft pale ochreous.
Costa of the fore wings arched at the base and apex,
straighter between ; apex very bluntly angulated ; hind
margin oblique, nearly straight ; dorsal margin faintly
rounded ; white or greyish-white, dusted with black,
obscurely rippled and scalloped in lines of grey or smoky-
black ; basal blotch conspicuous, dull black edged with deep
black ; central band usually confined to a large black or
brown-black blotch, very broad on the costa, and exten(lii:g
to the middle of the wing, or to two-thirds across, or forming
a complete band ; when this is the case the margins thereof
are formed by the first line, cnrved and indented, and the
second line, more oblic|ue, strongly toothed outwards in the
niiddlr, and usually duplicated by a grey line on the uutside,
but when the band is restricted to a blotch the corresponding
portions of these lines are obliterated or else very faint ;
near the apex is a small black costal blotch, from which a
line of grey crescents, sotiie of them tipped with black,
passes to the dorsal margin, and is closely followed liy tiie
rippled white subteniiinal line; whole liind-niarginai region
before and beyond this line often filled with faint rippled
smoky-black lines or ati.ms of clouds, but usually two
blacker dots are visibU^ at'ove the middle; cili;i wliite,

148 I.EI'IDOPTERA.

clouded and intersected with snuikv-black. Hind wings
somewhat elongated, rather rounded behind, yet showing a
faint elbow in the hind margin, smoky-white ; central spot
faintl\- black; nervures tinged with darker smoke colour ;
a veiy faint slender white line crosses the middle of the
wing ; lieyond this the wliole area is rather more darkij^
tinged with smoke colour divided b\- paler transverse lines,
that nearest the hind margin being distinctly scalloped ;
extreme hind margin edged with l)lack streaks ; cilia smoky-
white. Female similar, but with simple antennas.

Underside of the fore wings rather dark smoky-brown :
the dark blotch of the upper side more blaclcened. but
followed by a yellowish shade ; the smoke colour of the hind
margin broken by the slender scalloped white subterminal
line, here reproduced. Hind wings white, dusted with
smoky -grey ; central spot distinctly black ; central line
edged by black streaks on the nervures ; hind-marginal
region shaded by cloudy-grey lines. Body and legs smoky-
white ; tarsi black-brown, barred with white.

Exceedingly varialile, but mainly upon the lines already
indicated, in the colour of the central band or blotch, from
black-brown to black or grey-black, its extent as a costal
large or small blotch, or a complete baud, and in the latter
case in the width of its dorsal portion, in some specimens
one half the breadth of the costal portion, in others narrow-
ing to little more than a double thread. Others again have
a com])lete break in this band, the broad costal blotch being
faced by a smaller one upon the dorsal margin ; this form,
where the division is annphtc, is rare, but a [mrtwl obscura-
tion of the lower portion of the band is common. A form in
which the bar.d is represented only by tlie costal blotch, and
this blotch is reduced to a small ovate black spot, found
occasionally in the London district and elsewhere in the
South, was named ciisturiitii by Hawortli. as a distinct
species Another, from having almost a larger white area.
has the costal blotch reduced to a narrow sharp pointed

LARENTin.K—CORKMIA. 149

triangular spot, followed by a, very Hat sub-apical black
spot ; of this a very beautiful specimen was taken by Mr.
C. W. Watts in London. Another variety, taken at King's
Lynn by Mr. E. A. Atmore, has the costal blotch sc|uared
and very curiouslvr formed. Another, in Mr. Sydney Webb's
collection, has the margin of the basal blotch and central
complete band black, but their middle area as pale as the
ground colour ; and one of his mdondu^ forms has a most
exquisite series of minute black dashes dovvn each of the lines.

Another constant form of variation is in the ground colour
and in its rippling of slender transverse lines. In thu South
of England and in lowland districts northward, and even to
the Orkneys, the ground colour in many specimens is white,
often verv clear bright white, with but little rippling of dark
lines, or with these merely represented by dots ; or, in rarer
instances, entirely absent, leaving the paler areas chalky-
white. In hill districts, especially throughout the Midlands,
West and North of England, the ground colour is apt to be
more tinged with grey, and the lines to be more distinct, or
else more clouded, so as to produce a darker effect, which
in Scotland is still further extended by very considerabk
blackening of the whole surface ; while in the North of
Ireland the rippled lines become so much blacker and more
distinct as to produce a really beautiful eifect. This occurs
on the white as well as on the grey ground colour. In the
South of England it occurs rarely that the ground colour is
tinged with brown instead of grey, and this also seems to be
noticed in the East of Scotland.

A specimen in my own collectiou, taken in South London
some years ago by my eldest son, shows a singular transposi-
tion of colours, its central band is dusky niiiir, except a large
discal black spot ; but the usually pale areas are all smoky-
black, except an unusually broad white subterminal line.
Another has no definite markings except the basal blotch,
the rest being suggested only by faint smoky clouds ; and a
third has a black central baud, but both inner and outrr

i?o I.EPinOPTEKA.

areas ahailfd only with smoky-black. One more jihase of
variation may be mentioned — that of size — which often in
the later brood ranges down very much smaller, occasionally
to little more than one half the full size of the species.
There are few species in which the great range of variation
is more diflicult to put into plain words without the risk of
becoming utterly tedious.

On tin- wing in June and July, and as a second generation
in August and Se))tember; but this species is somewhat
erratic in this resi)ect, and there is hardly a month from
April to Octol)er in which it may not casually be taken. It
is not certain that tliere is not in some years a partial third
generation.

Lai;v.\ nioderati'ly stout, slightly attenuated in front, sides
puckered ; head slightly paler than the ground colour,
streaked and dusted with black. \qt\ variable in colour —
blackish, dull green, greenisli-ochreous, or greenish-grey —
undersurface and sides beneath the spiracles conspicuously
pale ochreous or pale green, according to the ground colour.
On the back is a row, often indistinct, of pale ochreous, or
greenish diamond-shajied markings, each enclosing a black
spot : toward the hiniler end these pale spots unite and form
a band ; spiracular line interrupted, blackish ; below is a
black spot in each segment. There are two grey ventral
bauds and a black dash on the front of the base of the first
])air of prolegs. (Chas. Fenn.) Occasionally a red dorsal
line is visible.

•lune and •Inly, and a second generation in August and
September or even October : on horse-radish, wall-Hower,
cabbage, white arabis, Virginia stock, candytuft, scurvy-
grass, hedge-garlic and other cruciferous plants, also on
Tropcroluiii and other garden flowers, and occasionally upon
gooseberry and currant ; feeding at night and devouring the
whole leaf except the larger midribs ; remaining usually on
the underside of the leaf. In re]xise it raises itself in the form

LA RENTID. E— CO REM I A . 151

of the figure 2, but if toucht-d curls up spirally and feigns
death.

I'lTA slightly enlarged in front, eyes prominent; alxlomeu
tapering, but with the anal extremity swollen and furnished
with a projecting bristle. Shining umber-brown ; divisions
of segments dull orange. Subterranean, in a tliin cocoon of
sillv and earth. (Chas. Feun.) It is said to lie rather long
in cocoon in the larva state before changing to pupa.

The winter is passed in the pupa state, or possibly in that
of an unchanged larva, but iu the cocoon.

The mutli may be seen sitting iu the daytime on walls,
•windows, doors, fences, and tree trunks — everywhere in the
vicinity 01 houses and gardens, usually with head obliquely
downwards, and always with the fore wings closely cover-
ing the hind, but not hiding the body. Constantly on the
alert, unless the weather is very cold, starting away when
approached, to settle immediately in a similar place, and
again to move if followed. Quite the most common moth to
be seen about gardens everywhere, in London and other
large towns as freely as in the country, and abundant
throughout England, AVales, Ireland, and the mainland of
Scotland, but though everywhere present, becoming scarce
iu the Shetland Isles.

Abroad it is found throughout Europe, even to Turkey,
but is said to be scarce in the South of Spain ; also found iu
Algeria, Asia Minor, Armenia, the mountain regions of
Central Asia, and Japan ; also in North America, in New-
England, New York State, and Pennsylvania ; and rarely in
Labrador, but I find no record for the vast intermediate
extents of count it.

o, C. munitata, HuXk — Expanse 1 to 1| inch. Fore
wings smooth and silky, ]>ale grey or pale yellow-brown,
with a broad unicolorous purple central band, margined with
darker. Hind wings smoky greyish-white.

152 LEl'lDOl'TERA.

AnteniuL' of the male slenderly but rather tlistinctly
pectinaleil with very fine ciliated teeth, shining dark brown;
palpi ])rojecting, conical, dark red ; eyes bi-on/.y-brown : head
and thorax purple-brown, hinder portion paler or grey-
l)rown ; abdomen glossy pale brown, each segment faintly
edged with white ; lateral tufts conspicuous ; anal tuft com-
pressed to a point. I'ore wings rather elongated ; costa very
slightly arched, i)ut more so toward the apex, which is
bluntly angulated ; jiind and dorsal margins very nearly
straight, and the anal angle definite ; ground colour shining
whitish-grey, purplish-grey or pale yellow-brown; basal
blotch pale purj)le edged with darker; li"St line very evenly
curved, ijlaelc or dark ])urple; second line of the same
(■olour. sinuous, thniwing out a blunt projection just above
the niid<lle, much holloweil below it: these two enclose a
smooth glossy jiale purple or purple-red central band con-
taining sometimes a small darker pur])le discal spot and a
faint similar streak or two on the costa; beyond the band are
two more short dark purple costal streaks, and usually a
purple-red or purple-black oblique streak runs into the apex
of the wing; Ijut otherwise the whole area beyond the sesoud
line is without markings, smoothly of the glossy ground
colour or shading a little darker toward the hind margin ;
cilia concolorous. Hind wings elongated, rounded behind ;
smoky-white or pale smoky-grey, usually with a central
transverse curved and angulated grey line, sometimes with a
fainter and more curved line before, and others following it,
but often with none; cilia smoky-grey. Female similar, or
with (he g'-ound colour more ochreous, but with simjjle
antenna'.

Undeiside of the fore wings shining purplish-grey; the
liand of the upper side faintly indicated in blackish lines
and clouding. Hind wings smoky-white with a purple
Hush ; central spot black ; the middle line as on the u])per
side but blacker. Body and legs purjjle-browD.

^'ariabll• in the ground colour, from pale silvery-grey to

I.ARENTin.-K—COREMIA. 1 53

rich light yellow-brown or even to golden-brown, the Latter
range of colour being almost universal in specimens from the
Shetland Isles, and to a large extent in those from the Orkneys,
while in these last the central band is often purple-pink or
purjilish-white. In Iceland, where this species is extremely
abundant, the vast majority of specimens seem to be of the
more ochreous range of colouring.

On the wing from the end of -lune till August.

Lak\'A stout, rather tapering in front, and also behind
from the elevenlh segment ; back rounded ; sides puckered
and slightly keeled ; head small, I'ounded in front, not
shining, ochreous dotted with darlv brown ; l:)ody pale green
or pale yellowish-green, broadly shaded with pink or lilac at
the divisions of the segments ; dorsal line pale grey, becom-
ing blackish and iuterrnjited from the eighth segment, on
which and on the ninth and tenth it is often very con-
spicuous, forming a black ! on each, the dot in front (— ) ;
the dorsal line is also obscurely margined with white; sub-
dorsal lines composed each of two very faint brownish un-
dulating threads ; spiracular stripe broad, ill-defined,
whitish, bordered above with grey ; usual raised dots distinct,
white, each placed in a grey cloud ; undersurface paler
green, the divisions tinged with lilac; a grey dash lies iu
front of the first jiair of prolegs ; legs pale brown or purplish-
brown. ((Jhas. Feun.)

The larva figured by Mr. W. lluckler was almost wholly
suffused with pale pur])le-brown.

July or August till April or -May, apparently feeding in
mild weather throughout the winter and growing very
slowly ; on lady's mantle [Ah'luiiiUhi), chickweed, daisy,
groundsel, and other low-growing plants.

i'l'l'A shining brown, with paler segmental divisions, and
conspicuously prominent wing-covers. (Hofmann.) In a
slight silken cocoon among moss or in the earth.

1,4 I.F.rinoi'TERA.

This moth is found plentifully in northern mountain dis-
tricts ; and in the extreme north, and in the Shetland Isles,
in bogs ;uid marshes. Among the hills it seems especially to
frequent the gulleys down which the mountain streams pass,
sitting on the rocks, among the heather, and es]>ecially on
the undersides of overlianging liushes and trees where the
lattiT lean across and form an available jilace of concealment.
Here, if the weather is warm, it is readily disturbed, and is
especially lively in tiie sunshine. Hying cpiickly to another
hiding-place. At dusk, its natural time of flight, it seems to
be unusually inditf'erent to weather. Mr. Kenneth -I. ilorton
says: •' It is one of the few species which seem to defy cold
and wet, and I have seen it tlying in hundreds along a moor-
land ditch when it was so damp, raw, and cold that ones
benumbed hands could hardly manage the net. It is especi-
ally abundant in the high, bleak and exposed moorland tracts
from (iUU to lUUO feet above sea-level." There it will some-
times imbibe the honey from rush-blooms in dam]) hollows.
It is said also to lly very actively in the morning twilight,
and to be extremely lively for almost two hours after the
dawn. In Iceland, where it is most abundant in the bogs, it
seems to Uy naturally in some jjortion of the daylight, prob-
ably inlhienced thereto by tlie absence of any real night, in
that region, through the middle of summer.

In England found on the mountains of Yoi'kshire, \\'est-
moreland and (hunberland, in some cases reaching a height
of 3000 feet ; and on high hills and moors in Durham and
Northundjerland. In Wales, 31r. IJvau John has taken it at
Llantrissant, (Uamorganshire, but I have no other knowledge
of it in the J'rincipality. In Scotland it seems to inhabit all
mountain districts and even the hill pastures from the
Cheviots northward, being found near JJerwick and Hawick,
on the hills of Clydesdale, and even rather rarely in Wig-
townshire ; abundantly in Perthshire ; Argyleshire with
Arran, J5ute. and .\chill ; Aberdeenshire, Inverness, Jloray,
Ross, and Sutherlandshire ; also in the Hebrides, Orkneys,

LARENTin.£—COREMIA. 155

and Shetland Isles, where it is, as alreadj- stated, common in
the marshes, but quite local. In Ireland it is local and less
abundant, but found on hills about Athlone, (iahva}', West-
meath. King's County, Sligo, Monaghan. Tyrone. Down.
Antrim, and Derry.

Abroad it is found on the mountains of Germany, Switzer-
land, Austria, and Piedmont ; in Iceland, Lapland, Finland,
and Livonia ; in North America in Pennsylvania, the Rocky
Mountains, Colorado, California, Vancouver, and Labrador,

4. C. propugnata, S^cliifj. ; designata. Stand. Get. — Ex-
panse I to 1 inch. Fore wings greyish-white, mottled and
dotted with grey ; basal blotch and central baud purple-red
or purple-brown, the latter intersected and edged with lilack.
Hind wings white dappled with grey.

Antennte of the male shortly pectinated with ver\- fine
teeth, pale brown ; palpi short, conical, dark brown ; eyes
large, smooth and shining, reddish-brown ; head and thorax
pale brown dusted with darker, the latter faintly barred with
black-brown, and tufted at the back with raised scales of
the same colour; abdomen dull drab, dusted with black, and
barred on each segment with black-brown ; anal tuft rather
expanded, ochreous. Fore wings short and blunt ; costa
slightly arched at the base, more so toward the tip, nearly
straight between ; apex very bluntly angulated ; liind margin
but little oblique, faiutly curved ; dorsal margin straight :
ground colour greyish-white ; basal blotch pale purple, edgeil
with black and divided by two parallel purple-black lines :
first line erect, gently curved, a conspicuous black stripe;
second line also rather upright, though less so, more slenderly
black and throwing out two blunt angles above the middle,
both of them more strongly tipped with black ; these lines
form the margins of a rich purple-red or purple-brown
central band, in which is a lilack line, nearly parallel with
the second line, and some black clouding between the two ;
beyond this, on the costa, is a small square jiurple blotch

156 LEPIDOPTERA.

preceded and followed by pale j^ello\visli-i)ink clouds ; hiu
inari;in softly shaded with smoky clouding, in which is a
faintly visible, rippled white subterminal line; extreme hind
margin edged with minute black lines; cilia sinoky-grey.
Hind wings rather fully rounded, but not elongated, shining
greyish-white ; from the dorsal margin arise one or two
obscure and partial transverse smoky-brown lines ; hind
margin clouded with the same colour, and edged by slender
black lines ; cilia smoky-white. Female similar but with
simple autenn;e.

Underside of the fore wings pale smoky-brown, more
yellow-brown along the costa, whiter along the dorsal margin;
before the middle is a black-brown costal spot, beyond it a
similar indication of the commencement of tiie second line.
Hind wings smoky-white, dusted with brown; central .spot
black, followed by a central transverse line of black dots on
the nervures; a fainti'r similar stripe lies nearer the hind
margin, which also is shaded with smoky-brown. Body
and legs whitish-brown ; tarsi black-brown, barred with
yellow.

Rather variable in the tint of ground colour, from greyish-
white to white and to pale grey-brown ; rather more so in
the intensity of the ])ur])le colouring and of the black mar-
gins of the central band, and verj- decidedly so in its breadth.
Dr. -Mason possesses specimens, reared from eggs obtained
near JJurton-on-Trent, in which this band is of quite unusual
breadth, and the other portions of the fore wings are rippled
with dark lines; on the other hand, specimens exist in
various collections in which tlic central band is reduced to a
mere narrow purple stripe ; two such, in the collection of
the late Mr. 1'. liond, iiave also the ground colour nearly
white, and .Mr. Sydney Webb has one in which the narrow
stripe is hmkdt. Specimens from the Faroes and from
Iceland are said to have the central band nearly white.

On the wing in ^lay and -June, and as a second generation
in Autrust or even the end of -Julv.

LARE.VTW.-E—COREMIA. 157

Larva moderately stout, slightly tapering in front ; twelfth
segment a little I'aised ; head rounded, bristly, pale brown
dusted with black ; dorsal region dark grey ; sides below the
spiracles and the undersurface conspicuously reddish-ochreons :
dorsal and subdorsal lines very slender and threadlike, whitish,
distinct only on the second to fifth segments, the dorsal ge-
minated ; there is a pale reddish-ochreous dorsal diamond on
eacli segment from the sixth to the eleventh, each diamond
enclosing a lilack spot ; a prominent black spot is on each
segment below the spiracles, and a black dash on the front
of each pair of prolegs ; a pale geminated central line on
the undersurface is shaded on each side with grey.

Or. ground colour pale greyish-brown ; a series of black
dorsal sjjots from the fifth to eleventh segments is enclosed
each in a pale reddish diamond, the posterior half of which
is often filled up with grey, giving it the appearance of a
pale triangle. Other markings as before. It varies in inten-
sity of the ground colour, and the pale dorsal markings are
absent in the young larva. (Chas. Fenn. )

June and the beginning of July, and a second generation
at the end of August and in September ; on cabbage and
other Crvcifirw — yet cabbage cannot be its natural food
in the wild state, since it does not frecjueut gardens, and
there is little doubt that it lives on those species of "cress"
which are found in damp woods.

Pupa moderately stout ; wing-covers projecting at the
sides ; anal extremity furnished with a hooked bristle ; dark
brown or pitchy-brown ; in a cocoou of silk and earth on or
under the surface of the ground. (Chas. Fenn.)

The winter is passed in this condition.

The moth is common in woods, especially damp woods,
sitting on the trunks of trees or among the bushes, very
often with its wings erect ready for flight, and is extremely
alert, flying out upon the smallest ])rovocation. Its natural
time of flight, however, is at dusk, and it is then, from its

158 LEPIDOPTERA.

dark colour, not very conspicuous on the wing. It is also
common along the borders of woods, and may be found in
neiglibouring lanes where the hedges are thick. In fens it
is quite at home, frequenting the little copses locally called
" carrs."' Found throughout England in places such as I
have described, though becoming more local and less abun-
dant in the North ; probably also in most parts of Wales, but
my only records are in (ilamorganshire and Pembrokeshire.
In Scotland it is less common, but has a similar distribution.
to Argyleshire, the Orkneys, ami AV'est ifoss. In Ireland
more local, but sometimes plentiful; found in Dublin
County, Wicklow, Kerry, Galway, lloscommon, Tyrone, and
Down.

Abroad its range is very extensive through Central and
Northern Kurope, Northern Italy, North-eastern Turkey,
Southern Russia. Eastern Siberia, Tartary, the mountainous
regions of Central Asia, Japan and Vesso ; and in North
America through New England, New ^'ork State, IVnn-
sylvauia, Canada, and Nova Scotia, to Arctic America.

5. C. ferrugata, L. — Expanse :,' to 1 inch. Fore wings
greyish-oclireous : central band broadly dull purple, preceded
and followed by dull jmrple stri])es. Hind wings greyish-
white, rippled with grey or jmrplish-grey.

Antenna' of the male jiectinated with small oblique ciliated
teeth, (lark brown; palpi conical, dusky drab ; eyes glisten-
ing brown-l)lack ; head and thora.x light ])urpIe-brown, the
latter shaded with darker jnirple. l)ut more butt' at the back,
and there minutely tufted ; abdomen dusky pale drab ; each
segment ornamented with two black dorsal dots ; anal tuft
small. Costa of fore wings faintly arched at the base, more
strongly so toward the apex, which is bluntly angulated ;
hind margin hardly curved ; anal angle well formed ; dorsal
margin faintly rounded ; colour pale reddish-grey ; basal
blotch purple, t'ollowed by a delicate parallel white line, and
then by a tawny ])ai-allel double stripe; first line curved.

LARENriD.E—CORE.UlA. 159

rather iipriglit; seconJ line partly ]iarallel with it, but
throwing out about the middle a bluut angle or tooth, and
in its whole course more rippled ; these two enclose the
central band, which is broad, dull ]iiirple. and contains a
black discal dot; just outside it, and closely following the
sinuosities of the second line, is a slender white line imme-
diately bounded by one or two quite parallel purple or tawny
lines, forming a jjretty rivulet of the pale reddish-grey colour ;
beyond is a partial purple stripe, and then a tawny costal
blotch running into the apex, a purplish-grey shade down the
hind-marginal area, and in it two purple spots close together
above the middle ; outside these is the rippled white suli-
termlnal line; cilia pale smoky-grey spotted and clouded
with darker. Hind wings smoky-white, rippled almost from
the base with incomplete transverse cloudy grey lines ;
beyond the middle is a whiter band followed b\' smoky-grey
shading to the hind margin ; cilia concolorous. Female
similar, but with simple antenna:>.

Underside of the fore wings pale tawny, the markings
and shades of the upper side indicated in |)iii'tial ])urple-l.irown
bands. Hind wings brownish-white, having faint broad
bands of reddish-brown colour, broken up by paler transverse
lines. ]5ody and legs pale yellow-brown.

The general tendency of variation in this species is to
breaking up of the central band into stripes by the intro-
duction of a pale yellow or pale luitt' intei ior stripe, bounded
by dark lines ; this interior strii)e is often but faintly indi-
cated in the purple band, but, on the other hand, sometimes
so well marked and added to by further ]iai-allel lines that
the ordinary character of the central band disa])pears, and
the whole wing is covered with transverse stripes of pale
purple, pale yellow, and separating ])iir[ile-grey or black
lines. Occasioiuilly, however, the whole band is darkened to
purple-brown or umbreous, with blacker dividing-line.s. A
specimen in my own collection lias only the narrow interitu-
stripe dark, tlu' remaini-lei- of the centi'al Ijand being pale

i6o LEP/DOJ'TKRA.

piirplish-grey. Specimens from Northern localities are
usually of a brij^hter, li<>hter retl, and those from the
Hebrides pale red, but with the markings very neatly distinct.
A gynaudrous specimen was exhibited at one of the meetings
of the South London Hntomological Society in 18'J1. it was
taken at South Norwood, in the southern suburbs of Ijondon.
In the collection of .\[r. L. B. Prout is a specimen of which the
ground colour of the fore wings is soft pale yellowish-buff,
almost without markings, except a mottled and striped blue-
grey central baud ; its hind wings have no markings beyond
the middle.

On the wing in May and .June : sometimes, and especially
when reared indoors, at the end of April ; and a second
generation at the end of -Inly and in August.

Lakv.v slightly attenuated in front ; head rounded, not
shining, dull white, the outside of each lobe black, and two
grey bars down the face ; general colour yellowish-bi'own,
dull ochreous-brown or greenish-grey, mottled and shaded
with dark grey on the middle segments ; a series of large
pale dorsal diamonds, each containing a black spot, is on
each from the fifth to the tenth segment ; on the remaining
segments a dark grey dorsal line, the diamonds being most
strongly defined on their anterior sides ; subdorsal line
waved, distinct, paler than the ground colour, and a waved
thread between it and the spiracles; undersurface between
it ;ind the s])iracles conspicuously pale reddish-ochreous ;
spiracular lint- dark brown, sometimes absent ; usual raised
dots whitish; s])iracles black; a paler ventral stripe is
margined on each side by a grey stripe ; between this and
the spiracles is a row of black dots. (Chas. Fenn.)

June and July, and a second brood in September and
October ; on ground ivy, groundsel, knotgrass, chickweed,
bedstraw, woodruff, wild carrot and other low-growing plants.

i'[p.\ moderately stout, shining, eye- and wing-cases
slightly prominent ; anal segment provided with a short

LA RENTID.-E—COREMIA . 1 6 1

strong spike ; bri,i;'lit red brown ; winp^ cases and dorsal area
darker. In a very slight silken cocoon on the surface of the
earth, among rubbish.

The moth is of rather quiet habits, hiding- by day among
herbage in fields or on hedgebanks, and in hedges and
liushes generally, and when disturbed flies to but a small
distance, or often hides on the ground among the thick her-
bage and grass. At early dusk it flies naturally and i'reely,
but settles down after a while and is not much attracted by
light at night ; it has, however, been found feeding on honey-
dew and on ragwort and similar composite flowers. Most
particularly attached to lanes and hedge sides, but occurring
generally in fields, woods, and even gardens ; abundant
throughout England and Wales, except perhaps that it is
less common or more local in some parts of the ilidlands
and of the Northern Counties, and especially scarce in Dur-
liam and Northumberland. In Scotland it appears to be
scarce in some of the Southern districts, as at Hawick and
Wigtown ; but is more frequent in Renfrew and elsewhere
in Clydesdale ; also in Abei'deeushire, where it is local. It
occurs in the Hebrides ; and Dr. F. B. White gives its range
as to Moray in the east and to the Clyde Valley in the west.
In Ireland it seems to be very generally distributed from the
southern counties to Tyrone and Armagh, and in some dis-
tricts is abundant.

Abroad it is found all over Europe, except some portions
of the extreme >South ; also in Bithynia, Tartarv. and the
mountainous regions of Central Asia ; and in North
America throughout New England, New York State, Penn-
sylvania, Wisconsin, California, Vancouver, Canada, and
Nova Scotia.

G. C. unidentaria, ILnc — Expanse 1 inch. Fore
wings whitish grey; central baud black-brown, dark purple-
brown, or purple, evenly coloured, preceded and followed by

VOL. VIII. L

i62 LF.rinOPTKRA.

uelireoiis stripes ; near tlie bind margiu are twin black spots,
ilind wings pale smoky grey.

Antennie of the male shortly pectinated with oblique
ciliated teeth, dark brown : palpi projecting, conical, dark
brown tipped with white: head rather rough, grey-brown;
thorax similar, or mottled brown and white, very shortly and
bluntly tufted at the back ; abdomen short, whitish-grey,
spotted and dusted with black ; lateral tut'ts small ; anal tul't
r.ither depressed. Fore wings somewhat trigonate ; costa very
gently rounded, more so toward the a])ex, which is bluntly
aiigulated ; hind margin but a little curved; dorsal margin
nearlv straight; colour soft creamy brownish-white, tinged
with fawn colour : basal lilotch a small blackisli-ljrown cloud,
followed by a slender tawny transverse line ; parallel with
tiiis is the first line, erect, black, faintly curved; second line
also black, sinuous and somewhat erect, except a strong bend
<ir angle outward in the middle ; the space between these
two forming a Ijlack-brown or purple-browu central band, in
which sometimes very slightly blacker single fine lines are
])arallel with the margins ; the second line is closely followed
bv a slender parallel tawny line, and this by another more
distinct and more indented ; beyond this is a brown cloud on
the costa, divided by a slender, sinuous and scalloped,
whitish sub-terminal line, from which the hind marginal area
is more shaded with smoky-brown ; above the middle twin
smoky black spots nestle in the curves of the two crescents
of the subterminal line ; extreme margin dotted and streaked
with black ; cilia whitish brown with a browner intersecting
shade. Hind wings elongated, rounded behind: three or
four faint smoky-brown transverse lines do not reach the
costal margin ; hind margin edged with black dots ; cilia
i)rownish-white. Female having simple antenna; but other-
wise similar.

Underside of the forewiugs pale purplish-brown ; discal
spot minutely percejitible ; on the costa are several small
black spots, and the costal half of the wing is clouded with

LARENTID.-E—COkEMlA. 163

smoky lines and shades; second line more distinct; bind
margin broadly clouded with pale purplish-brown, in which is
a series of black-brown dots edged with white. Hind wings
very similar to the upper side, but the transverse stripes
more complete. Body ashy-brown; legs dark brown, spotted
with ochreous.

Variable in the gronud colour from pale ochreoiis-brown to
pale grey-brown ; still more so in the colour of the central
Ijaud, from black and black-brown to darker or paler purple-
brown or clear purple ; and in the width of this lumd. xV
specimen captured near Greenwich by Mr. W. West had this
central baud exlremely narrow, but the examples which he
reared from its eggs were normal, In an enormous series of
specimens reared continuously for several years for purposes
of experiment, by ilr. Louis B. Prout, a very large propor-
tion have the central band purple. Df these some have a
distinct whitish rivulet-stripe before and after the central
band, this rivulet-stripe being finely divided, and sharply
edged, with grey-black lines. Among them is a very striking
aberration in the opposite direction, a specimen having the
central band black-brown, and of only one third the usual
width, while the whole remaining area of the fore wings is
smooth pale orange buff — a very remarkable insect.

On the wing toward the end of May and in June, and in a
second g-eneration in August.

Lakva elongate, slightly attenuated iu front ; face shining,
bead rounded, pnle brown dusted with darker, and having a
broad black dash on the outside of each lobe ; black-brown
on the back and sides, the last four segments i)aler, often
ochreous ; an orange or reddish-ochreous dorsal triangle,
is outlined with black and often filled up with dark-brown on
each segment from the fifth to the ninth, the apex being in
front and enclosing a conspicuous black spot; ou the other seg-
ments is a blackish ill-defined and interrupted dorsal stripe ;
subdorsal lines pale ochreous, broad from the tenth to the

1 64 LEPIDOPTERA.

thirteenth segments, tliveacUike on the remainder ; spiracles
black, below them the sides are consjncuously reddish-
ochreous and paler; between the subdorsal line and the
spiracles is a waved pale thread ; undersurface brown, with a
broad pale ochreous central stripe enclosing a brown thread,
and edged with two more, between which and the spiracles is
usually a row of l)lack dots, otherwise a black stripe, much
interriqited ; in front of the first pair of prolegs is a con-
spicuous black dash. (Chas. Fenn.)

Hnd of June, July, and a second generation late in August
and in September; on ground-ivy, groundsel, bedstraw, and
other low-growing plants, feeding at night.

Vvi'k moderatc-ly stout, anal extremity pointed and termi-
nated by a sharp spike ; wing-cases projecting laterally ;
eyes prominent ; colour dark red-brown. In an oval cocoon
of silk and earth, on the surface of ground. (C. Fenn.)

The moth hides during the day, like the last species,
among herbage, and in hedges and bushes, and frequents
lanes, roads, lields. and gardens, as well as woodlands. It
Hies at dusk, and will come later at night to a strong light.
Xot in my own experience so common as the last species,
but very widely distributed throughout England and Wales,
though local in Y'orkshire and very rare in Durham and
-Northumberland. Apparently restricted to ipiite the South
I 'f Scotland, very rare in iJerwickshire and not common at
Wigtown, but found in Ayrshire and elsewhere in Clydes-
dale. In Ireland generally distributed.

Abroad there is some obscurity as to its range, doubtless
from its being looked upon as a variety of the last sjjecies ;
but it is rt-'corded in (Jermany, {'inland, and IJvonia, and
])robably has a far wider range, since in North America it is
known to exist in New York State, and New England.

The (juestion as to whether the present species is liistinct
from C. fcrriujaia, or only a variety thereof, has long been a

LARENTID.K—CORE.UIA. 165

diilicult one. and from the close agreement in size, sliape,
habits, and appearance, and the habits of the larva, the
balance of evidence seeined to lie in the direction of variation
rather than of specific distinction. But ]N[r. F. X. Pierce has
shown that the structure of the anal armature of the male is
essentially and reliably different in the two — <'. 11 niihiiforii'
having the harpes or claspers in tlie form tif a long smooth
pair of hooks, while in V. fcn-nijiifu these hooks are strongly
serrated along their inner edge — and this imjiortant character
appears conclusive as to their distinctness. A few sugges-
tions as to the best means of distinguishing them may there-
fore be useful.

If the usual and obvious characters of the black-brown,
and the purjile, central bands were reliable, nothing further
would be necessary; but since C. fci-riKjaic sometimes
receives a very considerable blackening of this band, while
the present species varies in this respect to purple or purple-
brown, further reliable characters are most desirable. To
me they appear to exist thus : — In C. ferrufiafa there is a
.strong tendency to the appearance of interior paler lines in
the central band, which in some districts becomes so pro-
nounced as to break it uj) into stripes ; outside these there is
a distinct and neatly edged pale rivulet, and the hinder
area has a sort of purple stripe almost to the dorsal margin.
In the present species the central baud is smooth and plain,
never broken up into stripes ; the rivulet beyond it is ordi-
narily obscure, but the hind-marginal space pale and free
from stripes toward the anal angle. Thus it is a much
plainer insect. On the underside '''. fi:rvwjnti' is more
ornamental, especially upon the hind wings, being striped and
dotted with pale brown ; while in <'. i' ii'nh iitoi-u< the dotting
is absent and the stripes are faint and obscure. t )ther
characters have been suggested but they do not seem to me
to be sufficiently applicable ; and the differences of the
larvfe are very slight. It is. however, the experience of all
our most reliable entomologists who have reared them.

i66 LEI'inoPJ-KRA.

from the eirg, tliaf the offspring are perfectly true to their
species, and sonietiiues even very closely follow the exact
colouring of the female parent. ^Ir. L. \\. I'rout points out
that in V. firn"jiit<i the stripes on the hind wings are
especially well marked toward the hind margin, while in
('. iinidriit((riu the reverse is the case. His extensive experi-
ments in rearing the two .species are strongly confirmatory
of tlh'ir distinctness.

7. C. quadi'ifasciaria, /,. — Kxpanse IJ to nearly 1 .[
iiicii. Fore wings fawn-colour, with a broad central grey-
lilack band having a sharp tooth in its outer margin, but no
dark basai l)lotch. Jlind wings ])ale smoky-brown.

AntenuiX' of the male pectinated with short obliijue ciliated
teeth, silvery brown ; ]ialpi projecting, slender, ])ale brown,
<lusted with white: head rough on the top, pale brown
mingled with white ; neck ridge sharp and distinct, collar
very small but placed in two well defined lobes, both of the
colour of the liead ; thorax roughened with short raised
scales and shortly tufted behind, pale brown ; abdomen ]iro-
portionately rather thick, whitish brown, each segment
broadly clouded with brownish-ochreous ; lateral and anal
tufts very small. Fore wings rather elongated ; the costa
gently curved, but more strongly so near the apex, which is
bluntly angulated ; hind margin gently rounded ; dorsal
margin nearly straight : soft glossy fawn-colour, or light
reddish-brown, with a faintly angulated obscure blackish-
brown basal line, sometimes duplicated; first line almost
erect, gently curved; second line also nearly u])right but
throwing out a sharp angle or tooth in the middle, botli
black, and the sjiace between them filled in so as to form a
broad black-brown central band, in which are two pairs of
deejier black lines, each jiair parallel with a margin, and
usually enclosing a browner middle stri]ie, in which is a
black discal spot ; immediately outside the second line is an
accurately parallel brown thread followed by a more jiartial

LARENTID.-E- COREMFA. 1(7

but blacker line or shade makiug a faint rivuli/t outside
the central band ; hind marginal region faintly clouded
with deeper brown, through which runs a faint whitish sub-
terminal line ; and at the back of this is, in most specimens, a
faint black cloud above the middle ; less frequently there is a
second such cloud touching the costa ; from the lower
cloud, a similar blackish dash runs into the hind margin
just below the apex ; cilia pale brown, clouded with darker
brown and tipped with white. Hind wings almost elongate,
rounded behind ; somewhat unicolorous smoky-brown, with
only suggestions of three or four whitish transverse threads
in the middle ; cilia a little paler. Female similar, but with
simple antenna;.

Underside of the fore wings whitish brown, clouded toward
the hind margin with smoky-browu ; discal spot and upper
portion of the second line black and sharjdy defined. Hind
wings dusky white, with brown dusting, and the hind margin
tinged with ])urple-brown. Body and legs whitish-brown :
front tarsi smoky-black, dotted with white.

Rather variable in the ground colour, from reddish-brown
to greyish-brown ; more .so in the depth of colour of the
central baud, which in some specimens is almost evenly
l)lack, in others so shaded between the internal lines with
grey-brown as to be comparatively pale in colour, but the
edges and internal lines still black.

On the wing in June and July.

Larv.\ rather stout, decreasing slightly toward the head,
which is small and rounded, grey-brown ; skin dull, with the
sides much puckered ; greyish ochreous with numerous
minute grey lines and streaks, and with an indi.stinct series
of grey blotches, one on each segment, forming the rough
outlines of dorsal V-shaped markings pointing forwards, and
each succeeded by a paler spot ; undersurface conspicuously
pale ochreous with a pinkish tinge, aud marked witii
numerous faint grey lines : a paler ventral stripe is margined

lOS LEriDOP IF.RA.

(Ill each side with grey and encloses a grey shade ; sjiiracular
line blackish at each extremity, often indistinct ; spiracles
black ; subdorsal lines often rather dark grey at each
extremity, and the dorsal line is frequently represented Ijy
a row of grey spots, one on each segment. (Chas. Fenn.)

Augusr till ]\Iarcli or April : hybernating when one-third
grown, l)ut feeding a little throughout tlie winter in mild
weather ; on bedstraw, groundsel, primrose, blind-nettle, and
other low-growing plants; very sluggish, feeding at night,
curling up the anterior segments when disturbed.

I'l'I'.v rather elongate, eyes prominent, anal segment rather
blunt and provided with two hooked Itristles placed closely
together ; pale mahogany-red, back and segmental divisions
darker. In a thin oval cocoon of grains of sand spun together
with silk, on or immediately beneath the surface of the
ground. fC. Fenn.)

Tlie moth frequents lanes in the neighbourhood of woods
and the edges of narrow coppices, sitting sometimes during
the day on the trunks of ash and other trees, more freejuently
hiding in large thick bushes of hawthorn, and well-grown
hedges; out of which it dashes wildly if disturbed, rushing
away to seek a similar shelter. Jt has been known to hide
under an old thatch. Local and of rather uncertain occurrence,
but found sometimes rather commonly in Surrey, Kent, Hants,
Berks, J^ucks, ITerts. Essex, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire;
more commonly in the west of Norfolk ; rarely in (iloucester-
shire and Herefordshire, and the Uev. (•'. H. Kayner records
a single siiecimen in Mid-Lincolnshire. Apparently this is
the extent of its range in these islands. Abroad it is found
throughout Central Furope. the temjierate regions of Norther'u
I'lurope, Northern Italy, Ixoumania. the Ural mountain region,
I'lastern Siberia, Tartary. and Japan with ^'esso.

y. C. pectinitai'ia, /V< W. ; iniaria, ^tn. ; viridaria,
Sli'ud. Ciii. — Expanse 1 to Ij inch. Fore wings rather pale

LAREXTin. K—CORF.MIA. 169

glossy green ; l)asal blotcli and central band deeper green,
edged with black ; conspicuons black spots upon the costa,
dorsal mai'gin and apex. Hind wings smoky white.

Antenna^ of the male pectinated with short oblique ciliated
teeth, black, but the base of the shaft shining metallic grey-
white ; palpi slender, pi-ojecting, black with white tips ; face
and top of the head white, back of the head pale grey ; neck-
ridge whitish, but blackened behind; thorax pale green;
abdomen shining gi-eyish-white, shot with black ; anal tuft
grey -white. Fore wings broad and somewhat ovate; costa
regularly and fully arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind
margin gently curved and ratlier expanded ; dorsal margin a
little filled out ; shining bright light green shaded with
silvery white ; basal line curved, indistinctly black, but
arising from a considerable black costal spot, and often form-
ing another spot on the dorsal margin ; immediately follow-
ing it is a white line ; first line erect, thrice angulated,
arising from a black costal triangular spot or blotch, but
otherwise slender and not very distinct, inwardlj- edged with
white ; second line but little beyond it, and also arising from
a costal triangular black blotch, obscurely black, curved and
repeatedly indented, approaching near to the first line below
the middle of the wing, and on arriving at the dorsal mai-gin
united therewith by a squared black spot ; the enclosed
space forms a deeper green central band, within which
sometimes the median nervure is blackened ; this band is
edged outside the black second line by a white line shading
off into a meandering greenish-white stripe ; subterminal
line slender, white, placed in crescents throughout; outside its
upper ])ortion a thick black streak runs oliliquely into the
ajiex, and is edged above with white; extreme hind margin
usually edged by a very fine black line or a series of black
dots or short streaks ; cilia shining greyish-white, spotted
with blackish clouding. Hind wings rather broad, rounded
behind, silky greyish-white, with faint indications of angu-
lated white transverse lines in the middle area : hind margin

I/O I.F.riDOPrEKA.

minutely dotted with black ; cilia shining greyisli-white,
with narrow black dashes. Female rather larger ; its an-
tenntc simple ; its coloui's often richer and stronger.

Underside of the fore wings dull pale smoky-brown, tinged
along the costa with green ; second line showing sharply
black at the costa, but abbreviated ; outer area pale green.
Hind wings smoky brownish-white ; cilia of all the wings
white, chequered with smoky-black. Body smoky-brown ;
legs darker, front tarsi pale green, barred with black-brown.

The light bright green in tliis species is so fugitive that
only specimens in their pristine freshness are lit for preserv-
ing ; after a few hours, or in a day or two, according to the
state of the weatlier, every specimen begins to fade toward
whitish-yellow ; and t his is accelerated in damji weather, so
that dingy yellowish-green S]ieciniens maj' be seen commonly
on the wing. In the course of fading the delicate white
stripes almost disappear. In the cabinet, when fading has
commenced it soon becomes complete, but specimens secured
quickly after emergence and kept thoroughly diy will main-
tain their green colour for years.

There is some variation in the size and distinctness of the
black costal s])ots, and in the definiteness of the first and
second lines ; also in the dejith of colour or of black shading
of the central band. In the south of Scotland and the
north of Ireland these markings are often very deep and
conspicuous. On the othei- hand, some English examples
have the central liand no darker than the groiind colour, and
the margins uiiblackened. A curious specimen in the col-
lection of ^Mr. Sydney AVebb has the band diminished toward
the dorsal niai-gin into a perpendicular black streak.

On the wing in .lune — sometimes in the south at the end of
-May — in the jMidlands and the north in July. Specimens of
an extri'mely partial second generation may occasionally be
met with in S(])tember.

Lai;\ A short, stout, wrinkled ; having small black tubercles

LAI<i:.\'Iin.K-L\ UREMIA. 171

emitting bristles ; ground colour dingy olive-brown, with a
darker interrupted dorsal line ; from the fifth to tenth seg-
ment is a row of dorsal prostrate reddish V-shaped markings,
the angle in front and the side branches reaching almost to
the spiracles, and from the tenth to the anal segment is a
broad dorsal stripe or patch of pale grey or grey-brown ;
spiracular Hues pale grey or gre3--brown, undulating; nnder-
surface fawn-colour. When just hatched the young larva is
bright red, but very soon becomes dull in colour.

August till May, hybernating when tolerably well grown ;
feeding on GnUi'm ihoIIikjii, (!. snxnlilc^ and other bedstraws ;
also on sorrel, marjoram, blind-nettle, and other low-growing
plants. Excessivelj' sluggish, hiding at the roots of its
food-plants, or under prostrate leaves on the ground; remain-
ing for hours without moving ; feeding at night.

Pupa yellow-brown ; not fui-ther described. In the earth.

The moth more especially frequents open woods and
wooded heaths, but is also common in hedgerows, lanes, and
bushy places generally. It is readily disturbed in the day-
time by the beating-stick, or liy walking through its haunts,
and flies actively to another shelter. At dusk it Hies volun-
tarily, and into the night, and will come to the attraction of
a strong light. Moderately common throughout the southern
portions of these islands, but much more abundant on moors
and heathy woods in the north ; extending to the Orkneys
and Hebrides, but apparently not to the Shetland Isles.

Abroad it is found throughout Central Europe, the tem-
perate portions of Northern Europe, the north of Spain,
Central and Northern Italy, Dalrnatia, and the mountain
regions of Central Asia.

'J. C. salicata, Huh. — l^xjianse 1 to 1 i inch. Fore wings
nari'ow, pale grey covered with rippled and dotted transverse
lines, among which the central band is obscurely visible.
Hind wings greyish-white.

172 I.El'IDOPTERA.

Antemne of the male pectiuated with short oblique ciliated
teeth, dark Ijroiizy-browii ; palpi slender, ]>rojecting, dark
brown ; head, neck-ridge, and thorax dark grey dusted with
white ; tuft at the back of the latter darker, but extremely
small ; abdomen slender, silver}' white dusted with grej- ;
anal tuft very slender. Fore wings rather narrow ; costa
gently aud fhitly arched ; apex rather ])i'olonged. but bluntly
augulated ; hind margin very obli(|ue and hardly curved ;
dnrsal margin almost straight; colour shining greyish-white,
dusted with darlv grey, and rippled almost throughout with
Hue transverse irregular dark grey lines, among which the
markings are often obscured, but sometimes clearly visible ;
when this is so the basal line is a little eurved, but pei-pen-
dicular. grey-black ; the first line mueli indented, black,
forming the inner edge of a grey-black stripe ; second line
not very distant, rather erect, very irregular, and formed
throughout into small scallops and angles, black, and serving as
the outrredge of another grey-black .stripe ; these two stripes
almost fill the space lietween the two lines, becoming a
central baud with the central space usually paler; toward
the a])ex theri- is a cloud of ri])pled dark grey, in strongly
marked individuals continued along the hind-marginal area,
and edged outwardly by a faint interrupted white subterminal
line ; the uervures of this onter space from the second line
are more or less indicated by minute white dots ; cilia greyish-
white clouded with dark grey. Ifind wings shining grey,
with a faintly whiter transverse band in the middle ; extreme
hind margin edged with fine black streaks : cilia grej-.
I''emale very similar, but with simple antennie.

Underside of the fore wings dull smoky-grey, rather paler
along the costa, and having a blackish cloud or two toward the
apex, llind wings paler smoky-grey or smoky-white, crossed
liy faintly greyer transverse stripes, itody and legs pale grey.

A little variable in colour and in the distinctness of the
markings, as already shown in the above description ; speci-
mens of the second generation are often more bri^htlv an(\

LARENTID.E—COREML I. 1 73

sharply marked. 3Ir. S. J. Capper possesses a specimen of
which t!ie ground colour is nearly white. There is a curious
tendency to variation in form and size in this species, some
of those fi-om the Yorkshire hills, the females particularly,
having the wings hroader and more rounded ; whilf those
obtained on the high hills of Devon are of decidedly greater
expanse.

On the wing from the end of April till June or even July,
and in a more partial second generation in August and
September.

L.\RVA. — Head rather small, semiporreoted, not uutclied
on the crown, set with a few hairs, semitranspareut pale
umber-brown, spotted with dark umber-brown ; body of
uniform thickness throughout, without humps or warts, but
set with scattered hairs, and having a rather rejnarkably
conspicuous tuberculated double skinfold along each side
below the spiracles ; colour umber-brown, with four narrow
approximate parallel whitish stripes extending the entire
length of the back ; on each side below the spiracles, and
comprising the skinfold already noticed, is a broad pale
somewhat Uesh-coloured stripe ; the ventral surface is rather
pale along the middle, but darker on the side where it
touches the pale lateral stripe ; it also exhibits traces of four
pai-allel narrow stripes of which the inner two are very
obscure ; legs and prolegs similar in colour to the darker
parts of the body. (E. Newman.) The liev. J. Hellins
says that it is a delicate grey larva with brown dorsal, sub-
dorsal and spiracular lines, and eight pairs of brown sub-
dorsal S|)ots. ;Mr. Buckler's figures re]ireseut in some
degree this latter variety.

June, July, and a partial second generation in Septendjer
and October ; on di'liiiin rcni/ii, G. saxnfile, and doubtless
other species of bedstraw ; also in confinement on ^Is^n ,■//[((,
odoriifii : feeding at night, remaining during the day upon
its food-plant tightly attached by its prolegs, thence raised at

174 LErinOPTERA.

!i right angle ami the anterior segineats gracefully bent ;
when disturbed it twists still more, and finally rolls into a
compact ring as it falls to the ground.

I'li-A yellow-brurt'n ; head, doi'sal region, and wing-covers
olive green; spiracles black; cremaster dark brown and
furnished with six bristles. filofmann.) The winter is
passed in cocoon, but apparently as a larra, the change to
pupa talcing place in t!ie spring.

The moth sits during the day on rock-faces, or the trunks
of trees, or among heather and nndergrowth, and in certain
districts in the sheltered overhanging ledges of roots on the
sea-sandhills. If is lively and shj- of approach, Init flies only
to a similar hiding ])lace ; Hying naturally at dusk. It is
mainly an inhabitant of mountain districts and of high hills,
and is found even far south, in such situations, ou Dartmoor
and Exmoor, Devon ; indeed, a single specimen has been
taken ou the open heath at J51oxworth, Dorset, by the llev.
(>. I'. Cambridgr. In this country its more usual range
seems to commence in Derbyshire — where it has been taken
i-arelv at Dovedale — and on the moors and hills of Cheshire.
^'orkshire, and Lancashire, in the last-named county extend-
ing to the sea-side at Fleetwood ; further north it is abundant
in Westmoreland and t'undjerlaud, more scarce in Xorth-
uinberland. In Wales it is recorded as occurring i-arelj' in
(iiamorganshiie by Sir Thos. Llewelyn ; and is found more
plentifully in the mountains of the northern portion. In
Scotland in Jloxburghshire, Perthshire, Arran and elsewhere
in .\rgyleshire, Dumbartonshire, Aberdeenshire, lloss, Skye
ami the Outer Hebrides, the Orkneys, and doubtless in many
intermeiliate localities. In Ireland also widely spread ou the
lulls, and in the north descending to the coast in plenty ;
indeed. I have myself taken it on the sandhills of the County
Down; elsewhere it is recorded from Kinsale, Cork; the
Wicklow >biuntains, Louth, Mayo, Clare, (ialway, Sligo,
'i'yrone, Armagh, Donegal, Antrim, and Derry. Abroad

LA RENTin.K - Cl UREMIA . 175

its range is somewhat restricted, extending to Belgium,
tfalicia, the mountains of Central Europe, and possibly to
Corsica.

1(1. C. didymata, L. — Expanse i to 1 inch. Male.
Fore wings greyish-white mottled and dusted all over with
grev-browu or black-brown, principally iu Iiasal, central, and
marginal bands, the latter containing twin black spots.
Hind wings smoky-white clouded and bordered with smoky-
grey. Female creamy-white with the markings pale lirown.

AntennjB of the male pectinated with oblique ciliated teeth
which decrease in length beyond the middle, bronzy-brown :
palpi short, dark brown tipped with white ; head, neck-ridge,
and thorax umbreous dusted with white ; abdomen glistening
brownish-white dusted and clouded with brown ; anal tuf c
whitish-brown. Fore wings somewhat ovate ; costa but little
arched except towards the tip, where the curve is increased ;
apex very bluntly angulated ; hind margin gently rounded,
the curve running round the anal angle and including the
dorsal margin ; colour greyisli-white : basal line and blotch
umbreous, outwardl}- angulated a little, but erect, darkest at
its margin; first line also erect, ver\- little curved; the
second almost parallel with it but more waved ; both blackish
umbreous, and including a siniilarh^ coloured central band,
divided by parallel rippled paler lines ; the spaces before
and beyond this band form stripes of the ground colour
intersected by slender black-brown or umbreous rippled lines ;
hind marginal region occupied by a broad band similarly
dark brown or black-brown, which is divided into two stripes
by the rippled white subterminal line ; in the upper portion
of the inner of these two strijies is a dark cloud containing
twin black spots ; extreme hind margin closely dotted with
black ; cilia greyish-wliite intersected by a dark grey line.
Hind wings elongated, rounded, smoky-white, faintly twice
banded iu the middle with white ; hind margin broadly
darker, and thickly edged with minute black dots : cilia

170 LEPIDOPTERA.

greyish-white iutersected by a grey-'ji'own line. Female
very different; thorax and abdomen more creamy-wliite ;
lore wings also creamy-white; the basal markings only
faintly indicated; those of the middle pale fawn-colour or
light brown ; the outer bands reduced to light Ijrown lines,
Init the twin spots distinctly brown ; a dark brown streak
near them pointing into the apex of the wing, antl two
oblique brown streaks above it, from the costa. iliiid wings
nearly white.

Underside of the fore wings shining smoky-umbreons,
the costal region rather blotched with yellowish-bi'own.
]lind wings dirty white with a smoky-brown marginal band.
Of the female very much whiter, but the fore wings tinged
toward the costa with ochreous.

Usually not very variable ; but in some hill ilistricts the
usual form disappears and is replaced by a race in whicli the
m;des are rather darker in colour and sharper in markings
and have the spaces between the bands whiter; but the
females are distinctly suwlh ,■ in size ; also having the ground
colour more or less clear white, the markings slender,
umbreous or grey-brown, sometimes diminished to little
more than two narrow stripes ; and altogether far more
variable than in the typical race. In the Shetland Isles
a further modification takes place, some of the males becom-
ing orange-brown, while the females vary into rich soft fawn-
colour and brownish-ochreons. In the typical iMce in the
south occasional aberrations occur; for instance. .Mr. fc^ydney
^Vebb possesses a male in which the usual rijipled inter-
mediate lines liave totally disapjieared, while the usual bands
are shaded off on either side with black-trrev cloudintr ; and
another having almost black bands, and white interspaces;
while a female of the same race has a dull biown central
band. In the hill race one male in the same collection is
wholly smoky-black, smooth, shining, and devoid of markings,
a female is pure white, with but oiu- band and some neat
spots along the costa and near the apex ; another, not so

LA RENTin. K— C( UREMIA . 177

white, has narrow fore wing's, very pointed, and a Iieautiful
series of grey-black and grey bands and stripes throughout ;
a tliird, eipially white, has broad dull black-brown bands and
no intermediate slender lines ; and a fourth has fore and hind
wings shining bufl". Another of the white ground, in the
collection of Mr. S. J. Capper, has the middle portion of the
central band and the markings near the apex Ijlack.
On the wing in June, July, and August.

Lauva slender, tapering toward the head, which is rounded,
not shining, dull green ; body pale yellowish-green ; dorsal
line darker green ; subdorsal lines whitish, the sides Ijroadly
suffused with pale dull crimson or pink ; two points which
project backward from the anal segments pink ; legs and
prolegs tinged with the same colour ; undersurface green,
with an interrupted central line. (C. Fenn.)

April till June, on primrose, chickweed, lesser celandine,
wood-anemone, chervil, wood-sorrel {Oxalin acctoticUa'), Li/cli iiis
dioica, and other low-growing jilants. especially eating the
flowers ; also upon the blossoms of grass ; and in the smaller,
hill-frequenting form, upon whortleberry and heather. This
larva looks particularly pretty as, resting upon a primrose
blossom, it curves gracefully over to eat out the stamens and
pistil within the tube of the flower. I can obtain no infor-
mation as to the j'oung state of this larva, but it must surely
hatch from the egg in autumn — probably August — and
hybernate, for it is nearly full-grown in April when we see
it upon the primroses.

Pupa stout, the anal extremity rounded ; pale green, dull
green, or light yellowish-ochreous ; in the last case the
abdomen is tinged with green. In an oval cocoon of silk
ard earth in the ground. (C. Fenn.)

The moth hides during the day among bracken-fern,
heather, bushes and hedges generally, and among any low-
growing herbage, and the male is readily disturlied, though

VOL. VIII. M

178 /.F.PIDO/'TF.RA.

not verv active, Hyinir quietly to another liidiug'-place. The
female is siuj^gish at tiiat time, but is more given to sitting
visibly upon tree ti-unks, rocks, walls, or palings. Hut
sometimes the males will become restless and iiy in abundance
in the sunshine, and in the far north- — as in Norway — where
there is but little night while it is out, the habit of flight
during sunshine seems to be established. Hut at dusk the
hill-sides, heaths and waste places appear to be alive with
their myriads, the females then climbing up the heather and
other i)lants, or Hying more gently about. At no time does
either sex do more than hovei' and flit quietly over the same
few yards of ground, never rising to any height in the air,
or, apparently, moving to any distance. It has been seen
feeding upon honeydew. but only in vei-y casual instances;
but has been observed in niultitudes at the flowers of rushes.
Abundant throughout the I'nited Kingdom, including the
Shetland Isles. Abroad over great part of Central Europe,
Northern Europe including Lapland, Piedmont, and the L'ral
Mountain district.

II. C. inultistrigaria, Ifmr. — Expanse 1 to 1] inch.
Fore wings silky brownish-white, dusted and dotted with
dark grev. and having dull grey basal, central, and marginal
bands, the ground colour ap])earing mainly in pale dots.
Hind wings duslcy-white. Female smaller with sharper fore
wings.

AntenniL' of the male pectinated with short, oblique, very
brittle teeth, blackish-brown, base of the shaft whitish at the
back ; ])alpi very short. I)lack ; face smooth, white ; head also
white, clouded with ])ale brown ; neck-ridge similar; thorax
greyish-white, dusted with olive-brown, tuft of scales at the
back broad but very much depressed; abdomen slender, dirty
whitish-brown; lateral tufts conspicuous; anal tuft small.
Fore wings elongated, and rather extended at the apex ;
costa a little arched at the base and tip. nearly straiglit
between ; apex liluntly angnlated : hind maigin long and

I. A REXTID.E—CORF.MI. I. 179

oblique Init very little curved ; dorsal margin nearly straiglit ;
colour very pale olive-brown, or brownish-white; basal line a
narrow, oblique, hardly curved, grey-brown stripe enclosing
several faint rippled grey-brown lines ; first and second lines
near together and near to the middle of the wing, both
curved and black-brown, the second more oblique, each most
distinctly indicated by black-In'own dots on the nervures,
yet enclosing a paler grey-brown central band ; liefore this
band, and also beyond it, is a stripe of the ground colour regu-
larly dotted with blaclc. each dot placed in a whitish oval ;
beyond the second of these is another row of similar dots
followed by a broad grey-brown stripe, through which runs
the scalloped white subterniinal line ; extreme hind margin
edged with pairs of black dots ; cilia greyish-white. Hind
wings long and narrow, rounded behind ; silky greyish-
white, tinged behind with dusky-brown, through which runs
a very faint whiter liand ; hind margin dotted with black ;
cilia silky greyish-white. Female decidedly smaller ; with
simple antenna3. body much stonter but short ; fore wings
trigonate and sharply pointed, narrower, and usually ])aler
in colour.

Underside of the fore wings pale smoky-brown, more
yellow-brown toward the costa ; second line cloudy-black,
followed by an ol)SCure smoky-brown band. Hind wings
smoky whitish-brown; central spot visible as a black dot;
beyond it is a distinct and very sinuous black-brown trans-
verse stripe; and further back another, broader, shading off
to the hind margin, where is a row of brown dots. Body
and legs dull grey-brown.

Usually not very variable, but in the north of iScotland
there is a tendency to unicolorous dull grey, or to a suffused
clouding of grey-black from the bands, while in the east of
that country it is occasionally nearl}- black. In the collec-
tion of the late 3Ir. H. Doubleday, now in Bethnal Green
Museum, are several specimens of almost unicolorous dark-
grey or black-grey ; Dr. JIasoii possesses a female of a lead-

i8o LEI'IDOPTERA.

colour with a f.-w wliite dots; and Mr. S. J. Capper a male
of a similar colour with a conspicuous dotted white sub-
terminal line. Mr. G. T. Porritt now reports that in South-
West Yorkshire a distinct melanic tendency has Ijegun to
manifest itself, black specimens bein<)^ found in the propor-
tion of 2(J per cent, of all the sjiecimens observed in one
locality.

On file wini,' in _March and April.

Lakva. Ground colour pinkish or yellowish-grey, more
or less minutely dotted witli purplish-brown ; dorsal line
blackisli ; subdorsal lines slender and indistinct, pale purp]i>-h-
brown, thicker at the segmental di\isions ; spiracles and
spiracidar lino purplish ; between the latter and the sub-
dorsal line is a waved yellowish line with dusky edges ;
segmental divisions pinkish ; uudersurface flesh-coloured
with a broad central ventral yellowish stripe, having on
each side a row of purplish spots. (Hev. \i. U. Crewe.)

April till June; on (laliiim s<(.aitilc, (/. irptirinr, and
douljtless 0. pitluMir, (1. idif/inosinit, and other bedstraws ;
also in confinement on Aspm/la odorata.

Pl'i'A dull red-brown, with jirotuberant wing and limb-
covers ; creinaster long and ])ointed, arising from a swollen,
darker anal segment. In a slight cocoon in the earth.

In tliis condition tlirough the winter.

The moth is of rather retiring habits, and from this cause
and its early spring emergence is often overlooked. It
usually hides among the dense masses of its food plant and
other herbage near the ground, or among stones or rocks
where these are available ; but occasional specimens may be
found sitting on tree trunks. At dusk it crawls up from its
hiding place and may be taken in plenty by the aid of a
lantern, sitting u])on grasses, lieather. and other plants, but
it is sluggish and flies late, or not freely ; yet has been
known to come to the attraction of sugar. It is not easily
induced to fly in the daytime, but if disturbed falls sluggishly

LA REiVriD.E—LA RENT! A . 1 8 1

down among the plants, ilost attached to boggy heatlis,
open places in damp woods, mosses, moors, and the damp
spots on hill-sides, and in sucli suitable places to be iound
throughout England, often in plenty ; and probably through-
out Wales, though the only records that I find are from
Denbigh, Glamorganshire, and Pembrokeshire. In Scotland
it is common in Roxburghshire, around Hawick and Ber-
wick, and on tlie hills around Edinburgh ; also in Wigtown-
shire and the rest of the south-west districts to the Clyde
Valley; very plentiful in Perthshire and Aberdeenshire,
extending to Moray ; and found in the C)rkneys. In Ireland
it is very abundant in the south, and generally distributed
to Tyrone, Antrim, and Derry; probably everywhere.
Abroad it appears to have but a very local distribution
through Central and Southern France, Holland, and the
South of Spain.

Genus 5. LARENTIA.

Antenna^ of the male simple, short and slender ; palpi of
moderate length ; head rather smooth ; thorax flatly crested
at the back ; abdomen slender, cylindrical ; fore wings
rather broad, faintly crenulated behind ; hind wings elongate,
rounded and slightly crenulated ; vein 5 arising from the
middle of the crossbar.

Lakv^ without humps, rather evenly stout, bristly, with
bright but rather confused markings.

Pn'/E in the earth.

The three species are readily distinguished.

A. Pore wings banded with Mack, rippled and dotted

with white. /. insiata.

A'-. Fore wings banded with black, rippled and dotted

with yellow. L. Jla rkinrUita.

A?. Fore wings green with a black-brown bantl. /,. ulirata.

1. L. csesiata, Srliijf'. — Expanse li to ] ji inch. Fore

i82 I.EI'IDOPTERA.

wings grt-y or grey-bl;ick, all but the central band rippled
and (lotted with white ; subterniinal line distinctly white.
Hind wings dusky wliite.

Antenna" of the male simple, thread-like, minutely ciliated,
black-brown; jjalpi very small, black ; face, head, and neck-
ridge white, much dotted with grey and grey-black ; thorax
black-brown, dusted and shaded behind with white ; abdo-
men white, dusted and barred on every segment with black ;
anal tuft rather loose, not large. Fore wings rather
elongated ; costa gently arched, more so toward the apex,
which is very bluntly angulated ; hind margin almost
straight; dorsal margin a little rounded; colour grey, or
whitish-grey dappled with darker ; basal line slender, erect,
black, very near to the base of the wing ; first line curved,
rather erect, regularly indented, black ; second line not far
removed, also black, rather more oblique, regularly indented
throughout, and edged outwardly by a white stripe in which
is a parallel indented grey line ; space between the basal and
first lines filled by a succession of grey or dark grey trans-
verse rippled lines, blackened on each nervure ; that betv/een
the first and second lines darkened into a grey or grey-black
narrow central band in which is a pale costal triangle con-
taining the black discal spot, also two indented black trans-
versi' lines which meet and form looiJS below the middle ;
hinder area of the wings much clouded with dark grey,
througli whicli runs the subterminal line, white, complete,
angulated and indented throughout ; on its inner side are two
cloudy black s]K)ts, one in the middle, the other above ; out-
side is a black jiarallel line whicli thickens and becomes a black
blotch at the tip of the wing ; extreme hind margin regularly
dotted with black and white, two black dots to one white;
cilia silvery white intersected and barred with black-brown,
the bars slightly protruding. ilind wings long, rounded
liehind, but faintly crenulated : central spot a black dot
placed far above the middle ; general colour grey-white,
clouded at the base with smokv-grev ; dorsal and hind

LA REN T/Lh-E—LAREN TIA . 1 83

margins dotted with black ; cilia white, clouded with smoky-
brown. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings uniformly shining smoky-
grey, except two yellowish stripes along the costa, and a
similar striga across the apes ; cilia dashed with white. Hind
wings white with two faint grey-brown curved transverse
lines; central spot black. Body brownish-white ; legs grey
spotted with white.

Variable in the depth of the ground colour, and in the
extent and blackness of the rip])led trausverse liues ; also in
the central band, which in some specimens is black, in others
opened by a middle grey stripe or series of loops. Blacken-
ing of the general surface through the broadening and darken-
ing of all the lines also is frequent. These variations do
not appear to be local, but the darkest forms seem to accom-
pany the paler ; though some Shetland examples have a
particularly pretty pale grey ground colour with black
stripes, and others are almost uniformly black. One taken
in Unst by Mr. F. J. Hanbury is pale silvery grey with
six beautifully slender stripes. One of the most beautiful
forms is that in which a complete pale grey stripe down the
middle of the central band accords with similar pale
stripes of the ground colour ; another is where the pale grey
ground colour is not rippled with dark lines, but clear and
shining, showing up the dark bands. Occasionally, but
rather rai-ely, the central band is abbreviated, reaching only
from the costa to the middle of the wing, with or without
broken indications of the remaining portion ; in other rare
cases the almost uniformly blackened fore wings have the
subterminal line sharply white and contrasting. In the collec-
tion of the late Mr. H. Doubleday is a specimen of a blackish
colour beautifully rayed with white. Lastly, specimens
from North Wales seem to show a faint tinge of green, and
are otherwise dull and shaded off.

On the wing from June till the beginning of August ;
apparently only in one generation.

i84 I.EI'IDOI'TERA.

Lakna stout, tapering a little to each extreniity ; sides
])rojectiiinf ; timlei-surface slightly flattened; head rather
small and rounded, dull reddish or dull green ; phite on the
seconil segnu-nt dull red ; Ixjdy brilliant gi'een — the tint of
the young iieather shoots ; on the back is a series of pink or
lilac triangles from the fourth to the eleventh segment, the
base of each triangle behind and bisected by the dorsal line,
which is brownish, the ajiices yellow, the sides of these tri-
angles broadly edged mth olive-brown or deep velvety-
chocolate ; twelfth and anal segments with a broad purplish
or ferruginous dorsal shade; a conspicuous white spiracular
stripe, sometimes iuteri'upted, on each segment; spiracles
black ; uudersurface ])aler than the ground colour, often
having three whitish strijjes, the middle one wide, and divided
by an interrupted grey line; between the divisions on tlie
back and sides are numerous short longitudinal whitish
streaks or threads.

The tjround colour varies trreatlv. and is often vellowish-
green, purplish-red. or violet-brown ; the spiracular stripe
occasionally cream-colour, its upper edge sometimes boi'dered
with a dark reddish line ; the dorsal triangles often tinged
with dchi-eous. (Chas. i'eun. )

August till .Mayor even .) uue. hybernating when rather
small; on Vmi'iniii in ///////////'< (whortleberry), V. citis-'ala:(i,
S(i.ri//-fif/a fiizoidcs, heather and heath; also in confinement
on willow and kuottrrass.

I'il'A cylindrical, rather slender, eyes ju-ominent ; skin
glossy ; wing-covers olive-brown ; dorsal region yellow-brown;
eyes, abdominal rings, and anal segment dark brown. (Kev.
J. llellins) In a slight cocoon in the earth.

'I'lii- moth loves to sit, during the day on the perpendicular
face of a rock, ami in mountain districts will sometimes rest
in plenty on such places, flying off in clouds at the collector's
a])i)ioacli. Any outcrop of stone or rock, or even a stone
wall, if high on a hill, is available, but in many districts only

LARENTID.-E—LARENTIA. 185

those nearest the summit are frequented. The natural flight
is at dusk and onwards, but from the diflicult nature of the
ground it frequents this is little observed. Perhaps its most
southern rcliaUc locality is the Black Mountain in Hereford-
shire ; but a single specimen was captured in 1872 on Durd-
ham Down, near Bristol, possibly in the act of migration
from some more mountainous district. Taken occasionally
on the high hills of Derbyshire near Dovedale; more abun-
dantly on the Pennine and other hills and moors of Yorkshire,
Lancashire. Durham, and Northumberland; and in multitudes
on Gonistoue. Blackcrag, and other Westmoreland and Tum-
berlaud mountains, in North Wales it is common at Glydyr
and in other siuiihir localities in Denbigh and Flintshire. In
Scotland on the hills of Berwickshire, Roxburghshire. Wig-
tovvushire. and other southei'n districts, but in the more
northern mountain districts, as in Perthshire, Aberdeenshire,
and Ross, to be found also on the moors at low elevations, and
often in plenty at the road sides, where these skirt the rocks.
Doubtless on all the hills of the mainland, and the Hebrides,
and common in (Orkney and Shetland. In Ireland Mr. J. J.
Walker has taken it so far !>outh as the shores of Bantrv Bay,
Cork , and it is found in (Jlare ; on Divas, and other hills near
Belfast; in Donegal and Derry ; probal)ly in othei' hill districts.
Abroad it is common in Iceland and Lapland and on the
mountains of all Northern and Central Europe, including
Germany; and in Eastern France and Belgium. Also
throughout the mountain ivgions of Central Asia ; and in
Nortli America in Northern and Southern La))rador; said
also to occur in the White Mountains and ilount \\'ashington ;
in Massachusetts, and in Colorado, though the specimens
from these last localities seem from their description rather
more like the next species.

2. L. flavicinctata, Jluh. ; ruficinctata, (hi. — Ivvpanse
1^ to nearly IJr inch. Fore wings dark grey or brownish-
yrev mottled ncarlv all o\r\- with (ichi'eous dots and shading ;

1 86 I.RPinoFTERA.

central baud rather darker, edged with wliite dots. Hind
wings pale smoky-grey or smoky-white.

Antenna' of the male rather short, simple, ciliated, black-
brown, regularly dotted with yellowish-wiiite ; ])al])i small,
projecting, black ; face and head yellowish-white, much
dotted with black; neck-ridge and thorax mi.xed yellow and
black : alidoineu white, ])lentifully dusted with grey, except
at the edge of the segments; lateral and anal tufts white.
Fore wings rather elongated ; costa gently arched ; apex
rounded or most bluntly angulated ; hind margin gently
curved ; dorsal margin nearly straight ; dark slate colour or
brownish-grey abundantly marbled and dusted with black
and orange-yellow; basal line black, much indented, clouded
inside with yellow, beyond it is a similar irregular and angu-
lated brown transverse stripe, shaded with yellow ; first and
second lines somewhat near together in the middle area, both
indented, black, not very oblique, and each broadly edged
inside by a yellow-brown stripe, together forming the central
band : outside this is a row of small white dots, and the
ground colour forms a jiaie grey stripe, followed bv a much
indented and scallo])ed band of orange-yellow and black
dusting ; this is edged by the subterminal line, yellow and
scalloped throughout; along the extreme hind margin i.s a
row of white dots enclosed in black crescents ; tilia white
dashed with slightl}^ projecting brown clouds. TTind wings
rather elongated, much rounded behind, yet crenulated within
the cilia; smoky-white with a I'ather whiter curved baud
beyond the middle, outside which the hind-marginal region
is pale smoky-brown edged with black-brown dots : cilia
white, much clouded with grey-l>rown. Female similar, but
larger aiul rather stouter.

Underside of the fore wings glossy smoke-colour, darkest
toward the hind margin ; costa broadly smoky yellowish-white ;
cilia similar, spotted with smoky-black. Kind wings as on
the upper side. Body and legs yellowish-white ; fronts of
the tarsi black-brown, dotted with yellow.

LARENTID.-E—LARENTIA. 187

Not very variable ; .slightl_y so in the direction of slate-
colour, or, on the other hand, of yellow-brown or increase of
orange dusting ; occasional specimens are distinctly paler in
both ground colour and markings ; and in the few known
Irish specimens there is deficiency of the yellow dusting.

On the wing from the end of June till the beginning of
Septeml.ier ; whether in one or two generations does not
seem to be definiteh* ascertained ; but when reared in con-
finement it emerges in May and will produce a second gene-
ration in August.

Lakva stout, slightly tapering to each extremity ; sides
projecting : undersurface slightly flattened ; usual raised dots
emit each a stiff bristle; head small, rounded, not highly
polished, dull pinkish-lirown or dull green, dusted with
black ; body dull green, chocolate, or red-lirown — always of
a dull shade ; from the fourth to the eleventh segment is a
series of broad black V-shaped dorsal markings, bisected by
a darker dorsal thread, the anterior part of each filled up
with pink or lilac and forming a triangle, the apex yellow
and pointed forwards ; the oblique dashes are continued more
faintly on the sides to the spiracular region ; spiracular stripe
dull yellowish-ochreous or dull white, the edges ill-defined ;
undersurface unicolorous dull green ; usual raised dots black,
ringed with dull white, or with a paler tint of the ground
colour.

It differs from that of X. ruMnht in being shorter, more
bristly, without the lateral lines and the whitish threads at
the divisions of the segments ; the edges of the spiracular
stripe Ijeing ill-defined ; the dorsal triangles being yellow at
the apex, not orange ; and the raised dots more prominent,
(('has. Fenn.)

September till April; and the second generation (when
produced) in June and July; on t<(i.i:ifr(i<)ii aizoidis, ,S. hi/p-
riukha, S. pclrcca, S. oppodtifolia, and various other Saxifrages
and Sedums, especially preferring the flowers.

iss LEi'inorrERA

FlPA smooth and cylindrical, ta])ering off gradually to the
tail, which ends in a spike with a tine forked spine ; the skin
very glossy; the colour pale golden brown, darker toward
the tail. (Rev. .1. llellins.) In a slight cocuon in the
earth.

'I'lie habits of the moth are very similar to tliose of the
last sjiecies e.xcept thnt it is more sluggish : when sitting
ujjon the same rocks it will remain undisturbed when evei-y
L. 1(1 dot a has dashed off in alarm. It frequents ravines and
watei'courses also, and creeps into the crevices of the rocks,
hiding among the Asplriiiinn ririilr which grows there. Yet
w'hen aroused it will fly swiftly away, to another rocky con-
cealment. Its natural flight is, as in other species, at dusk
and at night. There are one or two records of its occurrence
in l']nglaiid. and it may very probably have some permaiu'iit
localities as yet unnoticed, high upon our northern mount;iins
or those of \\'ales. Mr. farter, of Manchester, obtained a
single speciiuen in .August \^7i> on Malli;im Moors, York-
sliiri' ; and ^Ir. K. \V. 11. Hlagg is said to have taken one iu
the Dovedale district of Derbyshire. In Scotland, though
very local and usually confined to the higher jiarts of the
hills, it is found freely in Perthshire, Argyleshire, West J{oss
and iSutherlandshire ; also on some of tlie hills of the Forth
district, that of the Clyde, and in the Hebrides and Orkneys,
though in these Isles it is apparently scarce. In Ireland it
has been taken in .Vnti'itn, and the higher hills of that country
will doubtless pay for further e-\aniination.

Abroad it is found couunoidy in the .Mjis. and in the
mountains of ("alicia. Norwax', and Ijapl;

laud

:>. L. olivata, Schiff. — Expanse 1| to 1} inch. Fore
wings pale green (commonly faded to yellow-green) ; central
band dark brown or greenish-lirown followed by a white
8tri])e ; in the hind marginal region are several elongated
black spots placed in a line. Ilind wings dark smoky-grey.

LA RENTID.-E-LA RE NT/ A . 1 89

Antennaj of the male simple, minutely ciliaterl, dark
brown, spotted with silvery-white ; ]ialpi small, projecting,
black; head and neck-ridge dusky-white, rather spotted with
brown: thorax pale green dusted with black; abdomen pale
smoky-brown, each seginent dotted with black-brown and
edged with white ; anal tuft small and compressed. Fore
wings broadly ovate ; costa strongly arched ; apex angulated ;
hinil margin below it almost straight, curved off below the
middle, but the anal angle very full ; dorsal margin rounded ;
colour bright or ])ale green ; basal stripe curved but broken
in the middle, obscurely black ; iirst line very sinuous and
throwing out two small points, black, edged on the inner
side by a slender white line, clouded outwardly with black
dusting, which forms a partial parallel stripe; second line
excessively sinuou.s, throwing out a double blunt projection
in the middle, edged outwardly by a beautiful parallel white
rivulet-stripe which is faintly divided into two by a line of
brown dusting, a similar line also forming its outer margin ;
space between the first and second lines greenish-black,
greenish-brown or dull green, intersected by lines of black
dusting parallel with the margins, and containing a black
discal spot ; outside the white rivulet-stripe the whole hind
marginal area is pale green interrupted by a much-crescented
white subterminal line, at the back of which are from two to
six black spots lying in the crescents; extreme hind margin
edged with black streaks separated by white dots ; cilia
smoky-brown, spotted with white. Hind wings elongated,
rounded behind and faintly crenulated, smoky-brown ; just
beyond the middle is a curved and sinuous double dusky-
white transverse stripe ; extreme njargin scalloped with fine
black lines ; cilia smoky-brown, s]iotted with white. Female
similar but rather larger.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-brown, paler towards
the costa ; discal dot, second line, the following rivulet-stripe,
and the outer mai-bling as on the upper side, though less
distinct. Hind wings white, thickly dusted with brown :

igo l.EI'inoPTF.RA.

CLMitral ^ipot black ; the pale stripe oi" the upper side distinct
and margined on either side with black-brown, above as a
fine line, below as an ill-defined stripe ; cilia spotted with
black. Body and let^s whitish-brown ; tarsi dark brown,
S[)otted with dusky wliite.

\ ariable in the depth of colour ot the central banil, W'hich
usually is dark i.'reenisli-brown, either wholly so, or with a
paler middle area, but sometimes it is much paler, and occa-
sionally of the green ground colour without a tinge of brown,
but the margins slenderly yet clearly defined, brown-black.
In accordance with this the basal area is darkened and
clouded, or clear, pale green with a very slender basal line ;
and the outer are;i is marbled, and also ornamented with a
row of white-edged black dots, or, on the other hand, is clear
smooth pale green with but one, two, or three black dots.
Tiie green colour in this species is, however, subject to
fading, even during life, and preserved specimens all, or
nearly all, take some shade of yellow-green or even pale
yellow, sadly falling off from the beauty of the fresldy
emerged examples.

I']nd of -June till August, in one generation; occasionally,
in verv warm seasons, it has appeared early in June, or even
at the end of ^lay, but lu) evidence of a second generation
in the year seems to have bei'ii obtained,

Lauva stout, bristly, warty and rugose, slightly tapering
to each extremity ; divisions oi' the segments deeply indicated ;
head small and rounded, bristly, dull lirowu, general colour
reddish-ochreous or pale ochreous mottled with brown and
with numerous indistinct grey longit udinal lines; dorsal line
interrupted, dark grey ; subdorsal lines grey, less distinct ;
spiracular stripe broad, incons])ieuous, dull red, sometimes
witii an orange tinge; usual spots very noticeable, raised, each
with a very conspicuous lilack dot emitting a stiff bristle ;
undersurface dull red with fine grey longitudinal lines or
shades, interruptedat the segmentaldivisions; legs dark brown.

LARENTID.-E-LARENTIA. 191

When very young red, or brown with a red head.

September till May, on Gnlimii vrnnn and '/. nioUinjo;
hyberuating while small. It feeds entirely at night and is
of very retired habits and most sluggish ; if disturbed will
lie for hours on its back, rigidly extended as though dead,
with the legs tucked up and the body straightened.
(C. Fenn.)

The Ivev. John Hellins found that his larvas continued to
feed in the winter, whenever the weather was mild, and that
they were content to eat withered leaves when the fresh
leaves failed.

Pupa rather stout, the thorax thickened and the eyes
prominent; abdomen tapering very gradually and ending in
a small blunt spike furnished with two large, and six small
spines with curled tips, by which it attaches itself to the silk
of its cocoon ; colour bright red or red-brown ; eye-covers
black ; abdomen darker red ; spike dark brown. In a very
slight silken cocoon on the surface of the ground, placed
under a leaf or stone.

In the .South this s})ecies is more particularly attached to
the coast, and to chalk districts, oolite, and mountain lime-
stone ; and hides during the day in thick masses of clematis
and similar dense herbage, in bushes and hedges ; also in the
beech-woods ; in the North it abounds in woods in the
mountain glens and in sheltered hedges and bushes among
the hills. Here it has been found to settle quietlj- down at
dusk to feed at the flowers of rushes. Very local, found in
some of the woods of Kent; at Portland and elsewhere in
Dorset ; in abundance near Honiton, and on the coast, in
Devon ; in some places on the Cornish coast, and in .Somer.set
and Gloucestershire; in the beech-woods of Berks, Wilts,
Bucks and Oxfordshire ; also in Herefordshire ; Monmouth-
shire, where it is common near Chepstow ; has been taken
at Dovedale, Derbyshire ; rarely in Cheshire, locally in
Lancashire; mucli more commonly in mountain districts in

192 LKPIDOPTERA.

Voi'k.sIiii-i\ Westnioivland. ('uniberlaiul, Durham, and Nor-
thuinberlaiul. In Wales it surely must abound, but except
that of .Mr. X'iviaii, tor Glamorganshire, records are almost
absent. In Scotland it seems to be quite scarce in Berwick-
shire and in C'lydesdal(> ; abundant throughout the High-
lands, and common in Aberdeenshire and Moray; extending
to West Ross, but apparently not to any of the Islands. In
Ireland 1 have seen it rather commonly in the Wicklow
mountain di.strict, and it is known to occur in the County of
Cork, in Sligo, Westmeath, Donegal, ami on the coast of
Antrim.

Abroad it, is I'ouml in IJelgiuin. (ialicia. and Livonia, and
among tht^ mountains of Germany ami Switzerland: also in
the I'ral Mountain district, and the mountainous reirions of
Central Asia.

Genus (i. VENUSIA.

Antenna' of the male small, slender, shortly pectinated ;
palpi minute; head smooth; face convex, broad; thorax
smootli; abdomen small and slender; wings of delicate
texture anil thinly scaled, smoothly rounded behind.

We have only one species.

1. V. cambrica, i'mt.: cambricaria, (/'«.- Expanse
1 to li inch, iore wings white with numerous transverse
sinuous pale brown lines, those in the middle thickened, and
spotted with black. Hind wings white, with faint clouding.

Antenna) of the male small, pectinated with short, much
ciliated, teeth which taper off a little before the apex, shining
light brown, barred with pale drab; palpi very small, hardly
projecting beyond the head, light brown ; face broadly con-
vex, much smoothed, silky brownish-white ; head and neck-
ridge very pale brown ; thorax slender and weak, white
dusted with pale brown, especially so in front ; abdomen very
slender, glossy pale grey-brown, each segment edged with

LARENTID.-E— I 'EA'C 'SI A. 193

white ; tufts smtiU, white. Fore wings broadly trigonate ;
costa gently arched ; apex bluntly angulated, almost rounded;
hind margin evenly and slightly curved; dorsal margin also
a little filled out ; greyish-white, regularly crossed by
numerous undulating pale brown lines and stripes, each of
which arises from a blacker cloudy spot on the costa, and is
also more distinct ou the dorsal margin ; first and second
lines rather unusually near together, each blackened and
rather streaked on the principal nervures, and each attended
outwardly by an obscure brown stripe into which the blacken-
ing of the nervures runs; between them is no darker lantl
whatever, but often a slender, more angulated and irregular,
brownish-black line; in the hinder area between some of the
slender transverse lines are two series of faint spots of the
white ground colour, separated by indistinct darker longi-
tudinal shades, the outer of these seems to repi-esent the
subterminal line ; extreme liind margin edged with black
lunules ; cilia white. Hind wings rather elongated, rounded
behind, white, with the nervures, here and there, and the
cross-bar, tinged with brown, and two faint rippled brownish
lines forming a submarginal shade ; hind margin streaked
with black ; cilia white. Female very similar, but with
simple antenna^, and a shorter body.

Underside of the fore wings dull pale brownish-grey, rather
rippled with faint yellow stripes, and more tinged with yellow
on the costa. Hind wings white, with a small black central
spot, and three or four faint, curved and rippled, brown
transverse lines. Body and legs pa'e brown.

Rather variable in the depth of colour of tln' transvei-se
stripes and lines of the fore wings, and even in their number,
some specimens having the spaces between the first and
second lines, and outside the second, almost without markings,
and forming white bands; while others have these portions
as fully ornamented as the rest ; also every intermediate
stage occurs. In South Yorkshire a local recurrent form
seems to have quite recently made its appearance. In it the

VOL. viii. N

194 I.EPlDOl' TERA .

usual white •.Toiind colour is suffused with smoky cloudintr,
throu<.'h which the markings show in darker colour ; but in
more rare instances these l)ecome alisorbed and the wings
become of a dark smoke colour, with only the nervures, the
costa, and the hind mai-gin blacker. Dr. Mason has such an
example, and there is one in the collection of the late Mr.
Jioud. At an opposite extreme Mr. Sydney Webb possesses
a white specimen in which the markings are absent, except
the spots at their origin along the costa. and a dark brown
central horizontal streak.

On the wing in July and the beginning of August.

LAli\ A. Head narrower than the body, which is of nearly
uniform width throughout its length, but not ]>erfectly cylin-
drical, being slightly dilated at the sides, where the lateral
skinfold is conspicuously develo])ed ; every segment has two
trausverse but irregular series of minute warts, each of whieii
emits a minute liristle ; these minute warts and bristles are
ten or twelve on each segment ; head dingy transparent
green ; body brighter green, with a faint indication of paler
longitudinal stripes ; there are reddish blotches on the sides
of the second to fourth, and sixth to eighth segments, and
also on the backs of the sixth to eightli segments, but
there is a want of uniformity about the form and position of
these blotches ; legs semitransparent ])ale purple or ])inkish-
green : ventral ])rolegs pale transparent green with a ])urple
spot at the base; anal jn'olegs nearly concolorous with the
body, but more transparent. (K. Newman.)

July or August, sometimes to the beginning of Septeuil^er;
on mountain a.sh (Pijnis ui'ci'pdria), feeding u[) ver\' rapidlv,
sometimes within a month.

I'll'A pale yellowish-brown ; covers of the head, thorax,
and wings yellowish-green ; cremaster set with fine ])oints.
(Jlofmann.) Mr. Newman's larva assumed the pupa state in
a turned down leaf. The winter is passed in this condition.

LARENTin.-E— I -RNUSIA . 195

The motli sits during the day very closely upon the trinik-s
of trees, especially those of its food-plant, the mountain ash.
or upon pine trunks, and does not seem to be readily alarmed,
so that it may easily be secured. Doubtless it flies at dusk
about the trees.

It was discovered in the year 1839 at Hafod in Cardigan-
shire by ]Mr. John Curtis, and described by him in his great
work, " British Kutomology."' It appears to be almost wholly
confined to hill districts, but has been taken so far south as
Dulverton, Devon ; Crowcombe and Weston-super-Mare,
Somerset ; and the Cotswolds, CTloucestershire ; but appears
to be much more at home, though still very local, in York-
shire— where in the Sheffield and Rotherham district its
melanic varieties are found — in Dymingsdale. North Stafford-
shire; Lancashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, Durham, and
Northumberland. In Wales in Cardiganshire, as already
stated, and in Merionethshire. In Scotland in Roxburgh-
shire, on Ben Nevis, in Arran. in Xincardineshii-e and
Inverness, and once taken at Moncrieft'e Hill, l^erthshire :
Dr. F. B. White says in the districts of the Tweed, Tay,
Solway. Clycfe, and Argyle. In Ireland it has a rather wide
distribution ; I have myself taken it at Powerscourt in
tlie Wicklovv Mountain district; it has once occurred at
Howth. near JJiiblin ; and is found in Jverry. Mayo, Sligo,
Tyrone. Donegal, and Derry. and on the Mourn ^Sfountains in
Down.

Abroad its range is very wide : Switzerland, the north of
Italy, the mountain districts of Coriuthia and Silesia, in Fin-
land, and Norway ; also in the great Central Asian mountain
region, and in Japan, where it is quite typical. In North
America it is found in Canada, with Anticosti. in New York
State, and on Mount Washington, New Hampshire.

1 96 LEPID or VERA .

Genus 7. ASTHENA.

Anteninc of the male very small, simple l)ut thickly
ciliated ; jxilpi minute ; head smooth ; face very so, flatlj-
convex ; thorax and abdomen weak, smooth and very slender,
fore wing's evenly rounded behind, thin, silky and weak in
substance; hind wings similar in texture, colour, and mark-
ings, rounded or the margin undulating.

LAi;\.t: ratl.'er short, tliickest in tiie middle.

Pi'i'.K in moss or among dead leaves.

We have four species, readily distinguished.

.\. Wings all yellow wifli numerous orange transverse

lines. A. Intaita.

A'-. Wings nil shining wliitc with faint greyish transverse

lines. A. a(/i(h(hf/i.

A''. Wings dull white or brownish white
]). IVire wings with two or three transverse light brown

bands. .1 . si/Jvutn.

W. Fore wings with a large rich orange-n-d blotch toward

the apex. A. Blumeri.

1. A. luteata, Sdiiff. — Hxpanse ;,' inch (18 to 22 m.m.).
All the wiug.s rich ochreous-yellow, with numerous irregular
orange-ochreous transverse stripes.

Antennae of the male short, simple, thickly ciliated, sliining
yellowish-white ; jialpi very small, pale yellow ; face broad,
convex, smoothly yellow ; eyes black : toji of tlie head and the
neck-ridge pale orange-yellow ; thorax and abdomen slender,
smooth, similar in colour; lateral and anal tufts small;
fore wings rather short ; costa arched througliout ; ape.x
bluntlj' angulated ; hind margin very gently rounded but
faintly elbowed below the middle ; dorsal margin straight ;
colour soft silky ochreous-yellow ; basal line, and another
immediately following it, both curved and thickened ; first
line more erect but also curved and broadened ; second line

LARENTID.£—ASTHENA. 197

double, very erect, but siuuous aad repeatedly angulated,
often joined to the first line by a short horizontal cloudy
bar : all these lines are dull orange-yellow or pale fulvous ;
hind marginal region occupied by two similar stripes much
angulated and connected together by clouds of the same
colour ; discal spot a small black or yellow-black dot ; cilia
pale ochreous, interrupted in the middle by a brownish-
ochreous cloud. Hind wings rather narrow and small, with
sinuous hind margin ; colour exactly as in the fore wings
and crossed by four very irregular undulating orange-yellow
stripes ; central spot black, small, obscured by the first
transverse line ; cilia ochreous. Female quite similar.

Undersides of all the wings whitish-yellow, with the trans-
verse stripes repeated, but in the fore wings more fused
together, yellow-brown. Body and legs ochreous.

Rather variable in the thickness of the transverse lines,
which in some instances almost cover the wings, but more
often leave intermediate stripes of ground colour, the
broadest being in the centre of the wing. This, as already
remarked, is sometimes clear and distinct, in other cases
broken by a cloud between the first and second lines.

On the wing in June and the beginning of -luly ; but in
the south often before the end of May.

L.\KVA cylindrical, or tapering in a small degree toward
the head, which is smaller and mucli rounded, pale bluish-
green ; general colour apple-green with little or no indication
of longitudinal lines, but the segmental divisions whiter ;
legs and prolegs green ; usual short bristle.s numerous but
small, and the dots from which they arise almost imper-
ceptilile.

August and September ; on maple {.Uii- nmi/n^/ris) in the
south of England, but certainly on alder {Almix //i/i/inosa)
in more northern hill districts, where no maple is to be found.

I'lTA apparently undescribed ; in a cocoon of silk and
earth beneath the surface of the ground.

igS LEPinOPTERA.

Jn this condition throujfh the winter.

The moth hides during the day in niaph^ bushes, and
especially liedges, in our southern and eastern districts;
sitting with its wings pressed ilatly down to the surface of
the underside of a leaf, hut the fore wings not coveiing the
hind. It is easily distui-l)ed by the beating stick, but only
flics a short distance to hide again, licfore dusk in the
evetiiug. indeed usually before sunset, it flies of its own
accord over the same bushes, often at a considerable hciglit
from tlie ground. Hut in the wet valleys and ravines of the
hill districts of the JMidlands and the North, where no maple
is found, it frequents the alder trees, often in abundance
sitting under their leaves in the day-time, and flying about
them in a very lively fashion in full daylight in the late after-
noon. There is something very curious about this sharp con-
trast in the habits of the species. I cannot find that in any
district it frequents lioth alder and maple, or that in the
more northern districts it is ever found about the latter food-
plant. It is as though there were two races of the species,
having different distribution and (bffering food-plants ; even
thi' description quoted by llofmanu of the larva, as found
upon alder, does not agree with that figured and described
in this country from maple. Yet the imagines agree most
accurately, and doubtless form one S])ecies. Where such
localities as I have stated exist it seems to occur throughout
England from Cornwall to Northumberland, and in Wales in
the more eastern |)ortions. including (damorganshire and
Flintshire, but I never .'^aw it in J'embrokeshire or Carmar-
thenshire. In Scotland it is found as in the north of
Englanil, in valleys and glens among alder in the southern
district to Clydesdale and I'lithshire. which seem to be the
limits of its range in these islands. I find no recoi'd for
Ireland.

Abroad it has an extensive distribution through Central
Europe, the tenqierate jiorticns of Northern l\uro])e,

LA RE.\TID.t:—A S THEN A . 1 99

Northern Italy, fSoutbern Russia, Tartary, tlie Isle of
Askold, and Japan.

2. A. candiclata, ,'^rJiifj'. — Expanse f inch, (lb to 22
in.ni.). All the -.rings pure snowy-white, with numerous
irregular faintly brownish or greyisli transverse lines; hind
margins minutely dotted with black.

Antenna^ of the male short, simple but linely notched,
thickly ciliated, shining white barred with grey at the back',
rather browner in front ; palpi very small, pale brown ; lower
portion of the face of the same colour, upper part and the
head white ; neck-ridge, thorax, and abdomen snowy-white ;
lateral and anal tufts small but the latter rather long and
narrow. Fore wings short and broad; costa much ai'ched,
apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin smoothly rounded;
dorsal margin also faintly filled out ; general surface silky
and shining, snowy-white, crossed by six or seven curved
and repeatedly undulated lines of an undefinable shade of
grey or brown giving the impression as though more trans-
parent than the other surface ; of these the second from the
base seems to represent the ordinary first line, and the fourth
and fifth, which are crowded together, the ordinary second
line ; out>ide this is the broadest stripe of white ground
colour on the wing, and beyond it the other faint lines are
more slender and rather more direct ; extreme hind margin
partially and minutely dotted with black ; cilia silky-wliite.
Hind wings slightly elongated, rounded behind ; of the same
silky-white as the fore pair, and similarly crossed by four
even fainter slender, undulating, curved transverse lines;
hind margiir dotted with black ; cilia wliite. Female closely
similar.

I'nderside of the fore wings white, but the discal S])ot
visible, cloudy brown, in a faintly browni.sh cloud which
extends to the base of the wing and is edged outwardly by a
repetition of the second line ; the two submarginal lines also
distinctly brown. Hind wings whiter with the lines of the

20O LEI'inOI'TERA.

upper side fiiiutly traced, hut more dotted; luargiual dots of
all the wings brown ; cilia white. Body and legs brownish-
white. Scarcely variable, or only so in a small degree iu the
distinctness and number of the transverse lines, or in their
being in some degree united, very rarely, into stripes.

On the wing in May and June; and occasionally, in an
extremely partial second generation, in July, August, or even
September.

L.\H\A upwai-ds of half an inch iu length, its segments
tumiil and wriidcled and their divisions deep ; the tubercles
warty eminences, each bearing a black, tinely pointed, hair
or Ijristle ; head clear ])ale green, marked on each lobe with
black ; body very pale yellow-green, blue-green at each
extremity, ratlier sulphur-colour along the putfed spiracular
region ; the subdorsal stripe faintly wiiitish-yellow ; the
second segment deep damask rose pink on the back, faintly
divided by a dorsal line of pale green just at the beginning;
this rich crimson colour continues on the third, fourth, and
front of the fifth segments, bounded by the subdorsal lines,
within which it forms a broad stripe ; it spreads on the fifth
in a saddle-like way to the spiracles ; on each from the si.xth
to ninth segments there is an irregular triangular blotch of
crimson ; on the s])iracular region on the tenth to the anal
extremity it is lilled uj) with crimson between the subdorsal
stripes; the spiracles are of the ground colour, outlined with
black; tiie ventral surface pale yellow-green, broadly blotched
on all but the tenth segment, with crimson, on each side,
softened towards the centre, but the last three segments
paler pink ; the pale yellow spiracular puffed region separa-
ting the crimson of the upper surface from that beneath;
all the legs pink. (W. Buckler.)

July and August, on birch, hazel, wild rose, and horn-
beam ; its position upon its food curiously huuclied.

I'fPA very small, shining, moderately slender, but the
wing-covers swollen and the eye-covers and head ])rominent ;

/..-; RE\TW.£—A S THEN A . 201

abdomen slender ; wing-covers strongl\- ridged in the form
of the nervures of the wing, and every ridge channelled with
cross-sculpture ; limb-covers also roughly sculptured atid
segments strongly pitted ; colour black -brown ; the seg-
mental divisions yellow ; anal segments swollen ; cremaster
wedge-shaped ; finished off with a sharp slender spike. In
a slight cocoon of silk and earth, in the ground.
In this condition through the winter.

This delicate little moth is a very lazy creature at all times,
but particularly so in the daytime, when it sits with wings
squeezed fiat against the underside of a leaf in a bush, and
if shaken oti' flutters helplessly to the ground. After sunset
it begins to fly about the bushes in the quietest possible
manner, more like a moderate-sized snow-flake than anything
else, and never going out of the immediate neighbourhood of
its favourite bushes. These are usually, if not always, in
the open portions of woods, and along their broader paths,
but especially in those portions in which the undergrowth
has been cut down and is beginning to grow thickly again.
In many woods in the South of England it is very plentiful,
and absent from verj- few, yet apparently unknown in the
western half of Cornwall. In some of the less wooded
districts of the Eastern counties it is ver\" scarce, and in the
Midlands decidedly local ; commoner in the west, and to be
found in suitable spots even to Cumberland and Northumber-
land. In Wales it seems to have a considerable distribution,
though I found it rarely in Pembrol^eshire. In Scotland it
has been found in the south-west to Clydesdale, and also in
Perthshire, but apparently not farther north nor in tlu^
Eastern districts. In Ireland still more rarely, having been
taken once in \Vicklow and reported from (lalway.

Abroad it has a wide range, through Central Europe.
Central and Northern Italy, Corsica, Livonia, Turkey.
Armenia, Tartary. Corea. Central and North-eastern China,
Yesso, and Japan.

202 I.EPIDOPTERA.

o. A. sylvata, Srhijf. ,• testaceata, Shnul. Cat. —
Ivxpaiisc J inch. All the wii)<rs lirownisli-white with
nuiuiTcius irregular pale tawny transverse stripes or lines.

Antennie of the male simple, thickly ciliateil. pale brown,
back of the shaft shining white ; palpi very small, pale
brown ; face convex, pale chocolate ; eyes black-brown ; top
ol' the head and the neck-ridge white, dusted with brown ;
thora.K white, thickly and regularly dotted witli brown;
abdomen very similar, the tufts small. Fore wings some-
what trigonate ; costa very flatly curved, almost straight ;
apex bluntly angulated ; hind margin gently rounded ;
dorsal margin nearly straight; colour dull white, dusted
with brown, most thickly so on the costa; near the base are
two faint indications of transverse lines of dusting, more
distinctly marked on the costa ; lirst line a faint series of
light brown clouds forming a curved stripe; second line a
more distinct, and broadened curved stripe of similar clouding,
edged on each side by dusted lines of darker brown ; sub-
terminal line a series of dark brown cloudy dots upon
nervures, so joined by brown dusting as to form a sort of
indented line; beyond it is a partial parallel line of similar
dusting; extreme hind margin edged with black-brown
streaks; cilia while, intersected witii smoky brown, liiud
wings rather elongated, rounded behind ; white faintly
shatled with Ijrown ; nervures slightly clouded with the
same; in the middle is a slender angulatetl transverse brown
shade, often duplicated, and beyond it another, [lartly double,
and eom]iosed of lirown dusting ; exti'enie hinil margin edged
with itrown streaks; cilia white. I'Vmale simihir.

Underside of the fore wings smoky yellowish-white, with
a large smoke-coloured cloud in the middle, throwing off
smoky streaks to the costa beyond the middle ; second and
subterminal lines visible in the same colour. Hind wings
cloudy white with the dusted transverse lines of the upper
side indicati'd. Hody and legs pale brown.

Hardly variable, e.xcept that the second line with its two

LA RENTIDAL—A S THEN A . 203

attendant lines sometimes becomes darkened and very
distinct, in other cases, faint, or, on the other hand, clouded
and suffused into a rather broad brown stripe. There is also
a form found in Yorkshire iu which the ground colour is
of a purer white.

On the wing' in June.

Lakva stout, tapering considerably to each extremity ; the
segmental divisions rather well marked; head small, liilid,
shining, dark brown, mouth paler ; on the second segment is
a shining horny dark brown plate ; general colour dark
purplish-brown ; pale greenish-yellow on the sides of the
second to the fifth, and eleventh to thirteenth segments, and
the undersurface of these segments pale green ; on the tenth
is a pale yellow lateral spot ; dorsal line threadlike, whitish,
intersecting whitish V-like markings, of which the apex is in
front, on the seventh to the ninth segments ; from the tenth
to the anal extremity the dorsal region is purplish-red ;
usual raised spots Ijlack ; legs and prolegs yellow-green.
(Chas. Fenn.)

•July to the lieginning of Septendjer, on alder, sallow,
birch, and sometimes lilacktliorn ; feeding on the more
tender leaves.

Pupa short, thick, most so in the middle, where the wing-
covers are swollen; very glossy; but the wing and limb-
covers minutely sculjitured with irregular lines, and the
segments with minuti- pits ; greenish-brown, with yellowish
divisions to the abdondnal segments; anal segment obtuse,
anal structure swollen ; cremaster broad, but tapering to a
sharp spike. In a slight cocoon in the ground.

In this state througli the winter.

The motii sits sometimes during the day upon the trunks
of trees, especially oak-trees, in the neighbourhood of sallows
and alders ; more frequently in the sallow-bushes or alder-
trees, and may be aroused by the lieating stick, though its

304 LEPinOPTERA.

fliylit is not rapid, and oaly to a similar shelter; before dusk
it Hies of its own accord, very <;'eiitly, alouj< \vood-])aths aud
open spaces, aud about the inarfjfius of woods, but keeping
always near to its food-plants. I'robably it Hies also at night,
but this does not seem ti) liave been much observed. Con-
fined to damp woods, but in them widely distributed, and
sometimes common in the South of England, more local in
the West, and rather scarce in some of the Kastern Counties,
and the ilidlauds. Northward it becomes still more local,
yet reaches Westmoreland, aud also rarely Northumberland ;
but I find no satisfactoiy record across the Scottish border.
In Wales it seems to be generally distributed, extending to
I't'Uibrokeshire ; in Ireland rather scarce, but found rarely in
Wicklow, also in Kerry, (ialway, and Sligo. Abroad it has
an extensive range, through Central i']urope. Northern Italy,
Ijivouia, ["'inland, and also 'i'artary aud Ja])an.

I. A. Blomeri, Cuit. — ivxiianse '\ to J inch. lore
wings white, dusted with brown ; the lines dotted ; apical
region occupied by a large orange-tawny blotch edged at the
back with black, liind wings dusky white.

.\ntenna3 of the male short, simple, ciliated, pale brown,
back of the shaft dark ))rown ; palpi very small, pale brown ;
face convex, dull cliocolate ; eyes black ; head, neck-ridge,
aud thorax cloudy white, abundantly dusted with dark
brown; abdomen wliilr, barred on each segment with
bi-own ; lateral and anal tufts small. Fore wings rather
broad ; costa gently arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind
margin very slightly curved Imt rounded off more toward the
anal angle; dorsal margin a little tilled out; colour dull
white or greyish-white, or tinged with bluish-grey, dusted with
dark brown, especially so toward the costa ; near the base is a
faint and ill-defined transverse stripe of pale brown, or some-
times an obscure succession of such lines arising from a
nioi-e distinct spot on the costa ; this seems to represent the
basal line : first line when visiijle, double and composed of

LAKENTID.-E—ASTHENA. 205

fine brown atoms arising from a cloudy hlack-brown costal
spot ; second line similarly obscure, commencing as a cloudy
black-brown costal streak, and indicated in the middle, and
at the dorsal margin by single or double brown dots and
streaks; just beyond it on the costa arises a thicker black
cloudy line, rather sinuous and proceeding half-way across
the wing, forming the inner edge of a broad orange-tawny
blotch dappled with white, which lies across the apical
region and almost fills it ; just outside this is the brown
irregularly angulatedsubterminal line ; extreme hind margin
conspicuously edged with black lunules ; cilia greyish-white
with a faint darker intersecting line. Hind wings elongated,
greyish-white, crossed by three double smoky-brown faint lines
most distinct upon the dorsal margin ; hind margin edged
withblack streaks; cilia brownish-white. Female quite similar.

Underside of the fore wings dull smoky-white ; first,
second, and subterminal lines indicated in cloudy black ;
hind margin dotted with black. Hind wings white, with
faint indications of the transverse lines of the upper side ;
hind margin dotted with black. Body and legs pale brown.

r)nly a little variable in the distinctness or alisence of the
transverse delicate lines, and in the depth and richness of
the apical blotch.

On the wing sometimes at the end of ^fay, and till -Tuly,
and even the beginning of August — apparently only the
extended emergence of a single generation.

Larva slender, but nearly cylindrical, ta]iering a little
behind ; skin soft and rather glossy ; wrinkled at the
divisions, puckered at the sides, and set with a few hairs ;
head smaller than the second segment, green, with a streak
of crim.son-brown on each lobe ; general colour of the Ijack
and sides pale greenish-yellow, the uudersurface slightly
greener ; collar shining ; on the second to the fourth seg-
ments is a long oval dorsal patch of pinkish or crimson-
brown, widest on the third, and ending in a blunt point at

2o6 LEPWOPTERA.

the division between the fourth and fiftli ; through this runs
a central thread of yellow, bordered with an edging of brown,
darker than the patcli, which has also a darker line running
along just outside its outer curved edge; about tlie middle
of the sixth segment commences a pair of lateral blotches
which run through the seventh and eighth, of either rose-
pink or crimson-brown, having a streak of darker brown just
in the place of the subdorsal line; these blotches have
waved edges which nearly meet at the segmental divisions
both above and below; through the fifth to the eleventh
segments inclusive there is no dorsal line whatever, but on
the twelfth and l)eginning of the thirteenth, in the place of
the dorsal line, is a broad stripe of rose-pink bearing at each
end a dark sjiot of crimson-brown ; ajiiracles obscure, round,
greenish-yellow on the ground colour, brown on the coloured
blotciies ; so too with the usual raised dots ; on the ground
colour the\" are scarcely to be seen, on the blotciies they
become prominent, shining, and dark brown.

One vai-iety is greenish-yellow all over, with no markings
whatever ; another has the blotch on the second to fourth
segments, but only a dot on the twelfth, and no other mark-
ings ; a third has a dark dorsal spot on the middle of the
fifth segment ; and another a similar spot on the sixth almost
connecting the lateral blotches. (W. Buckler.)

Juh' to September, on wych-elm (Uliniix iiiontinm) : in con-
finement exceedingly restless and unwilling to feed ; and
when obtained b\" In'ating the trees excessively infested with
Ichiicvminni.

I'lTA short and thick, stoutest at the Ijase of the abdomen,
which has short segments and tapers off rapidly ; anal seg-
ment verv l)liiut, but the cremaster a sharp slender central
spike, bearing two rather diverging hooked bristles; light
chestnut brown except the wing-covers, which are olive-
fi-een : crenuister black. In a weak ovate cocoon of silk
and earth ; the anal bristles hooked into its silken fibres.

lu this condition through the winter.

LA RE\TID.'K~E I 'PIS TERIA. 207

The moth sits during the day upon the trunks of wych-
elm, fir, and beecli trees in woods, and is there very con-
spicuous, of whicli circumstance it seems to be well aware,
since it is restless. Hying ofE immediately when approached.
But ilr. J. E. Robson tells me that in the north of England
it prefers to sit upon the upper sides of herbaceous plants,
such as Enchanter's Nightshade, in the daytime, resorting to
the trees only in rough weather. It seems to be rpiite
absent from the eastern half of the South of England, but
about woods where wych-elm is found it is cpiite common iu
Somersetshire, and in the Cotswold district and the Forest of
Dean in Gloucestershire, is found rarely in Devon, locally iu
Wilts, Bucks. Oxfordshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire,
and Salop ; also in the Midlands in Staffordshire ; and Dove-
dale, Derbyshire ; farther north in Yorkshire, Lancashire,
Cumberland, and Durham, sometimes occurring quite com-
monly iu Castle Eden Dene and Hasleden Dene iu the last-
named county. In Wales Mr. A'ivian has found it in
Glamorganshire, and it is recorded in Merionethshire ; but ]
have no knowledge of its presence iu eithei' Scotland oi-
Ireland.

Abroad it is also very local, but is found in Germany ami
Livonia, in the Ural JMountain region, in Tartary, Japan, and
the hill countries of India.

Genus 8. EUPISTERIA.

Autennfe simple, short ; jjalpi niinute ; head smooth, the
face broadly smoothed down ; thorax and alulomen small and
slender; fore wings broad, short, rounded behind and rather
densely covered with scales ; hind wings somewhat angulated
and strongly crenulated behind. The wings erected and
pressed closely together when at rest, like a tiny butterfly.

We have but one species.

1. E. lieparata, Srli'ijj.: obliterata, .SVr'/'^/. ('at. — Kx-
pansei^ to | inch. All the wings yellow -brown with grcy-ljrown

2o8 LEPIDOPTERA.

shading, especially toward the hind mai-oins ; three slender
stripes of the same colour across the fore pair; cilia
cliei|uered.

Antennti' of the male short, simple, ciliated, brown, barred
at the back with white; palpi minute, lio-ht brown; face
convex and closely smoothed, whitish-brown ; eyes lilack ;
to]i c>f the head ])ali' butf, edited at the back with brown ;
neck-ridge similar ; thorax also pale butf much dusted with
umbreous; abdomen similar, lateral and anal tufts small and
paler. Fore wings short and broad ; costa well arched ; apex
very bluntly angulated, almost rounded ; hind margin gently
curved, straighter toward the anal angle, which is well
defined ; dorsal margin rounded ; colour dull vellowish-bufl",
dusted with umbreous or grey-brown except along the costa,
and shading gradually into smooth umbreous-brown or
leaden-brown in the hinder area ; in the middle jrortion are
three obscure, ]);irallel and nearly erect, brown transverse
lines often partially obscured liy leaden-brown clouding;
nervures toward the hind margin faintly blackened ; cilia
dusky white regularly spotted with dark brown. Hind wings
elongated, strongly crenidated and prolonged to a small
middle point behind ; whitish-buff at the base, shading into
umbreous toward the hind margin iind elsewhere dusted with
the same colour; cilia pale biilf spotted on each crenulation
with smoky-brown. Female a little paler in colour or more
tinged with ochreous; the transverse lines sometimes more
distinct and even slightly suggested in the hind wings.

I'nderside of all \\w wings pale brownish-ochreous, with
faintly darker, regular narrow transverse strijies beyond the
middle. Body and legs jiale ochreous.

Variable in the ground colour, the degree of dark brown
suffusion, and the consecpient extent of obliteration of the
trausvi'rse lines. The clouding is often rather dark in speci-
mens from .Midland hill districts : and Colonel Partridge has
a s])ecinien taken near Dover which is wholly suffused with
didl leaden-brown.

LA RENTID.E—E i 'PIS TERIA . 209

On the wing in June and the early part of -Tuly.

Larva slender; head as broa<l as tlie second segment,
globular and sli^-htly notched on the crown, glaucous-green
with a large Ijlack ocellus on the upper part of each lobe:
mandibles brown ; body cylindrical and of nearly uniform
width throughout ; each segment is plump in the middle,
which makes the divisions distinct ; skin clothed with a few
short scattered hairs; colour bright green ; a broad velvety-
lilack band extends throughout the dorsal area, and is inter-
sected by a pale, indistinct, greenish-yellow dorsal line ; it is
also edged on each side by a clear ^'ellow stripe, and is
divided into black squares by clear yellow segmental divisions ;
these black squares vary in intensity in different specimens,
in some only occupying the front portion of the segment, the
other half being of the ground colour ; all have a mark of the
ground colour, varying in size, on the posterior part of each
segment ; sides minutely dotted with grey, and thei'e is a
very indistinct yellowish line along the spiracular region ;
ventral surface, legs, and prolegs green, of a darker shade
than the dorsal ground colour. When young the conspicuous
dorsal black band is absent. Shortly before spinning up the
colour entirely changes, becoming dark green with a jnirple
tinge, and the segmental divisions purple. (G. T. I'orritt.)

July and August ; on alder. Hofmann says also on low
bushes of birch, but I feel certain that it is Bot so with us ;
also that it occurs in two generations — which I think is never
the case here.

Pupa extremely short and stumpy, very broad across the
middle ; abdomen suddenly and rapidly tapering ; head and
eye-covers much protruded forward ; antenna-cases con-
spicuous, barred throughout at the joints ; the whole of
the covers of the wings and front organs olive-green minutely
l)ut abundantly sculptured with fine incised lines ; back of
the wing-covers much thickened, so that the dorsal region is
■depressed, and its segments, which are chestnut-coloured,

VOL. VIII. o

2IO LEI'IDOPTERA.

are edged with a slight ridge ; abdominal segments also
chestnut, each edged behind with a sharp ridge ; creniaster
short and triangular, terminated by a small hooked spine.
In a small loose cocoon of silk and earth. (Described from
specimens furnished by Mr. W. II. Harwood.)
In this state through the winter.

The moth sits in a manner verj^ unusual in this group, with
wings all erect and closely pressed to each other in this up-
right position, something like a buttertly, more in the manner
o'i Selenia illiiitdiia. It sits thus in aider-trees and bushes
during the day, and if disturbed often flits straight to the
ground, where, on a dead leaf, it will sit in the same position,
or even lie down on its side feigning death ; sometimes, how-
ever, it will Hy away on being disturbed, especially if the
sun be shining brightly ; and when the weather is hot will
flit about without waiting to be beaten out. Its natural
flight is at late dusk and after dark, but from its obscure
colouring it is seldom observed at that time. Always very
local, keeping close to tlie alder-bushes and trees, in woods
or glens, less freepient about the alders along the streams,
though not always absent from them. Widely distributed
over the South of England, but usually occurring in very
small numbers, often singly ; much more plentiful in the
Eastern and Western counties, in the glens of the hill
districts of the Midlands, and of Yorkshire, Westmoreland,
and Ijancashire; becoming very much more rare in Cumber-
land, Durham, and Northumberland. Probably in suitable
spots throughout Wales, though it is scarce in Pembroke-
shire. In Scotland I find no definite record, though Dr.
F. B. White told me that he had some recollection of its
occurrence in the Forth district. It does not seem to have
been found in Ireland.

Abroad it is widely distributed through Central I']urope,
the temperate portions of Northern Hurope, Central and
Northern Italy, North-east Turkey, Southern Kussia, and

LARENTID.-E—MI.\'OA. 211

even Spitzbergen. It must surely have also a more consider-
able Asiatic range, since it is found in -Japan.

Genus 'J. MINOA.

Antenna) short, simple, aud very slender ; palpi small and
slender ; head roughened ; thorax and abdomen smooth,
short and thin ; fore wings trigonate, short and blunt, rather
densely scaled aud unicolorons ; hind wings elongate ; all
smoothly margined ; veins 7 and fc! joined to the end of the
cell.

A\ e have but one species.

1. M. euphorbiata, Schijf.; murinata, Slniid. Cut. —
Expanse al.iout f inch (18 to 22 m.m.). All the wings
smooth, silkj', pale greyish-brown or tawny-brown, without
markings.

Antennas of the male short, sim])le, thickly ciliated, brown;
palpi minute, dull brown ; face convex, smooth, silkj' reddish-
brown ; head also reddish-brown; thorax smooth, tawny-
brown ; abdomen of the same colour faintly barred with
paler ; lateral and anal tufts small, paler. Fore wings short,
blunt, somewhat trigonate ; costa faintly arched at the base
and apex, straight between ; apex bluntly augulated ; hind
margin nearly straight, and somewhat perpendicular, but
rounded ofi' at the anal angle ; dorsal margin rather full ;
colour uniform silky greyish orange-brown, more tinged with
grey at the base ; devoid of markings ; cilia concolorous.
Hind wings rather elongated, evenly rounded behind ; of a
faintly paler shade of the same colour, though in some lights
appearing decidedly paler, especially so toward the base ;
devoid of markings ; cilia of the same colour. Female quite
similar.

Undersides of all the wings, the body, and legs, rather
yellower orange-brown than the upper side ; more ochreous
toward the costa of the fore wings.

212 LEPIDOPTERA.

There is some variation in tlie depth of colour, from yellow-
brown to greyish red-brown ; and the colour becomes paler
rapidly in life, apparently rather from loss of the darker
brown scales than from fading, so that specimens which have
flown much become pale yellowish-brown.

On till' winir in the latter half of May and through June,
but in a very forward season in thee.xtreme South of England
it has been found in tlight at the end of April. A very partial
second yeneration is occasioualh^ out at the end of Julv or in
August. This [ have myself seen in Surrej', and it has been
observed in tin- N^w Forest and in AV'orcestershire, yet it is
quite unusual here. On the Continent it appears to be in the
ordinary course.

Lak\.\ short and tliick, the dorsal region rather ridged or
rough, from a raised surface of the back part of each seg-
ment; bristles short but nuniri'ous; hi>a(l small, rounded, dark
brown ; dor.'^al surface of the body red-brown to the spiracles ;
the raised dots yellowish-wjiite ; dorsal line very slender,
white ; from it on each side of every segment is an oblique,
sometimes roughened black bar, or thick streak, reaching to
the spiracular line, which also is black and much undulating,
bordered beneath by a liroad reddish-yellow stripe ; stigmata
black ; under-surface psler than the dorsal region ; legs pale
brown ; prolegs of the body colour.

Julv to September on Ecphorhui amiifidaloidcA, E. cjipuris-
sias. and probably other species of spurge. b\it in this
country to all appearance confined to the lirst-named plant.
We have no knowledge of a second generation of the larva,
althdULdi this seems to be usual on the Continent.

PdTA short and thick ; brown, (llofmanu.) Not further
described. In a small cocoon of silk and earth close to the
surface of the ground.

In this state through the winter.

The moth is very active and lively in the daytime if the

LARENTID.-E—MINOA. 313

weather is bright and suuny, flying all day about the opeu
spaces and broad paths of the woods in which the wood-
spurge is common. If the sun becomes clouded over, it at
once hides itself, and, except in very hot, close weather,
cannot be then induced to tly. There appears to be no
reason to suppose that it moves about at all at dusk, or in
the night, or in cool, dull days. Found only in woods,
where it frecpients the more open portions, and in their
immediate vicinity, but in such suitable places plentiful in
Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Berks, and Wilts ;
formerly to be found in the immediate outskirts of London,
from which it has now disappeared ; still in Somerset,
Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Buckingham-
shire, Oxfordshire, and rarely in Suffolk. In Wales Mr.
Vivian has found it in Glamorganshire, and it has occurred
rarely in South Pembrokeshire, but I know of no other
record in the Principality, nor in any other part of the United
Kingdom. Abroad it is found in many parts of Central
Europe, the northern half of Italy, Corsica, Sicily, Dalmatia,
the Ural mountain district, Armenia, the mountuiuous regions
of Central Asia, and even in Japan.

[Lythria purpuraria, L. — This species was intro-
duced to the Bi'itish Fauna by Uaworth in his Lcpiiluptcra
Britannic", along with Feiloiiia ribiccrii/, solely upon the
authority of a work called Elnnmts of Nattirnl Jlisfori/, but
without any actual knowledge of the existence of either
species, indeed his remarks lead to a doubt as to whether
Hyria avronn'in was not actually the species referred to.
Afterwards it was included by Stephens and Westwood, and
figured by Wood, on the ground of the existence, in the
collection of Mr. Swainson,of specimens of which the locality
was not known. Consequently ilr. Henry Doubleday placed
it under the head of rqnitvd British species. The first
actual record of a capture in these Islands was in 18(Jl,
when Mr. \. K. Perkins stated that two specimens had been

214 LEPIDOPTERA.

hcatcn ont of hrooin ! " not far from the city of Perth," by
Mr. D. P. Jlorrison, of Pelton. In 1870 Mr. T. H. AUis
publisliod a statement that lie had in his collection two old
specimens wliich had bi'eii tidct-n at Stockton-in-the-Forest
by IJenry Baines. Immediatfly after this the species was
reported from Kent, and considerable nundiers of specimens
were forwarded to many purchasers as from that county.
The authenticity of these was, however, quickly disj^roved,
and there is little or no reason to believe that this prett}-
species — which is conspicuously lively and active in the sun-
shine, ilitting about ilower.s — has any claim to a place in the
British Fauna. Indeed it is remarkable that in no case
does any one assert his own actual capture of the insect. It
is abundant in many jiarts of tlif C'untinent of Europe,
including the Scandinavian I'eninsida, and it is its ahsc/irr
from these Islands that is remarkable.]

(ienus in. STERRHA.

Antenna) of the male pectinated with long thin oblique
teeth; palpi short and thick; head rough; thorax and
abdomen smooth and very slender ; fore wings long and
sharply pointed ; hind wings long, rounded, silky and very
thin ; the veins 7 and 8 joined half way down the cell. Ko
trace of the ordinary pattern of markings.

We liave but one species.

I. S. sacraria, /,. — l*]xpanse 1 incli. Fore wings bright
lemon-yellow, with a purplish-pink stripe from the middle
of the dorsal margin to the ape.x. Hind wings white.

Antenn<c of the male strongly pectinated to two-thirds
of their length with obli(|ue ciliated teeth, glossy golden-
brown; pal])i short but thick; head very prominent, the
face slojnng forward, fulvous, the top yellow ; neck-ridge
and the very narrow thorax yellow ; abdomen slender, shining
white; lateral tufts minute; anal tuft narrow. Fore win'js

LARENTin.-E—STERRHA. 215

rather narrowly- trigonate ; costa nearly straight, but more
arched towards the apex, which is sharply augulated ; hind
margin very oblique, but nearly straight, and the anal angle
well formed ; dorsal margin straight ; colour pale yellow,
almost lemon-yellow ; along the costa, from the base to near
the middle, is a narrow edging or stripe of bright crimson ;
a broader and very conspicuous crimson or purple-pink stripe
arises on the middle of the dorsal margin, and runs obliquely
to the tip of the wing, increasing in breadth as it proceeds ;
no other marking ; cilia pale yellow. Hind wings rather
elongated, evenly rounded behind, silky white ; cilia white.
Female quite similar, but with simple antenme.

Underside of the fore wings smoky yellow, clearer yellow
along the costa ; the oblique strijie of the upper side obscurely
visible ; hind wings white. Body white ; legs purple in
front, white behind.

Usually rather constant in colour in this country, but a
curious exception occurred in the case of half a dozen
S]iecimens reared by the Ilev. J. Hellins from the eggs of an
ordinary specimen taken in Sussex. Of these six, only one
approached in colour to the ]iarent, yet its ground colour
was more ochreous, and it had a black discal dot ; two others
were rather deeper ochreous, and also showed the discal spot,
the oblique stripe in one of them being rosy brown, and in
the other black-brown ; a fourth with an equally dark stripe
and the discal dot present, had the ground colour pale yellow
suffused witli smoky black ; the iifth had the ground colour
ochreous with a strong pink suffusion, the stripe purple-
brown, and the hind wings much shaded with pale grey ;
and tile sixth, also with shaded hind wings, liad the fore
wings yellow brilliantly sutt'used with rosy pink or crimson,
the oblique stripe crimson-brown, and tlie discal dot strongly
marked. In the collection of Mr. S. .I.(.'ap])er is a specimen
e(jually brightly suffused with rosy ])ink, the obli(|iie stripe
crimson, the discal spot absent, and the hind wings pure
white. It was captured by himself at a gas-lamp very

2i6 LEPIDOPTERA.

near to his own house ut IJiiytoii I'aik, near Liverpool.
Among the numerous specimens sent to me from various
parts of Cape Colony, South Africa, by my sister, I find
similar specimens — var. suiiijuinuria — and also very many ot
which — the uTound colour being- pale yellow, or ochreous, or
pinkish ochreous — the obli(|ue stripe is of some shade of
brown, or grey-brown, or even blackish-brown ; on the other
hand it is iu some rich crimson or dark purple-pink, and in
one it forms a brilliant oblique crimson band of at least
three times tlie normal breadth.

Usually taken in this country in August, September, or
October, but it has been taken in the isle of Wight in ilay.
Mr. .). J. Walker says that at Gibraltar, where it abounds,
it is to be found during the greater part of the year. This
also I liud to be the case in South .M'rica.

IjAKVA one inch hmg; slender, cylindrical, tapering \er\
gradually toward the head; the skin smooth with a few
bristles, chielly on the anterior and ])Osterior segments ; tlie
head rather flat and wide, pale brownish-red, on either lobe
is a pale stripe bordered above with brighter red, and Ijelow
with darker brown ; tlie colour of tlie back is either full green
or blue-green, velvety, with the posterior segments more
yellowish-green ; the undersurface delicate whitish-green ;
and the segmental folds yellow ; the very tine dorsal line,
paler than the ground colour, is bordered throughout, more
or less distinctly, \\i11i lines either of a bright rust or deeji
red colour, which at each of the iblds after segment five,
expand into a V with the apex pointing forward, and enclose
a three-cornered yellowish-white spot ; the dorsal line
becomes more distinct and the borders of a stronger red
after .segment eight; the anal Hap and ventral legs are
tinged with |iur])lis]i-pink ; there are two very fine faint
brownish-green subdorsal lines which sometimes are, on tlie
anterior segments, united in one strong brownish-red line,
running back from the dark stripe on the lobe of the head \

LARENTID.-E—STERRHA. 217

the region of the spiracles yello wish-green, becoming a more
decided yellow stripe on segments two to four, and eleven to
thirteen, and running down the anal pair of prolegs ; the
spiracles reddish.

Or, — ground colour of the back soft delicate grey, of the
undersurface greenish-white ; dorsal line paler, very finely
but distinctly edged with blackish threads which become
stronger on segments ten to twelve ; subdorsal line also pale
with fine edgings, and on segments one to five having imme-
diately below it a strong dark streak, continued backwards
as a dark thread. Sometimes the edgings of the lines aie
not so dark, but have a reddish tint; sometimes again the
dorsal line is not of uniform width, but at the fold froui
segments five to ten opens out into a small white dot, imme-
diately followed by a small black dot, which thus interrupts
the line.

Or, — the ground colour is decidedly green, blue-green, full
green, or bright green, the edges of the lines red, dark red,
bright rust-red, or pinkish ; the dorsal line varying in width.
or else widened at the folds and interrupted.

Or, — the ground colour more or less ochi'eous, sometime.';
becoming as warm in tint as a piece of clean freshly-cut
cork; the under-surface sometimes whitish, sometimes paler
ochreous ; the pale dorsal line still varying in width, and.
though occasionally darkly margined, yet generally in this
variety not so distinctly defined ; in one or two specimens
the lines were scarcely visible. (Rev. J. Hellins.)

August and September — bnt iMilliere believed in a succes-
sion of broods from May till September — on knotgrass,
dock, camomile, and probably other low-growing plants,
esj)ecially L'ovi-po^iia:.

Pupa long, slender, cylindrical, and very flexible ; the
head-case projecting and much thinner than the body,
which is tolerably uniform in thickness ; wing-cases distinct,
widely separated from each other, and reaching half-way

2i8 I.EPIDOPTERA.

between the head and tail ; the antenna-cases reaching
one or two segments further; colour pale yellowish-olive;
head and wing-cases pale olive-green, flneh' outlined with
black, the segmental folds and stigmata also dark ; the tip
of the anal segment and the short blunt spike horny and
brown. At the end of a fortnight suffrised all over with pale
brown, and before emergence smoky-black, the edges of the
wing-cases showing a rich red stripe. In an open fine net-
work of dirty yellow silk between the stems of the food-plant,
or in a corner of the cage. (Kev. J. Hellins.)

The moth appears to hide almost always among grass in
the daytime, sitting u])on the grass-stem with its head
down ; readily disturbed by the footstep, yet flying only to a
short distance to settle again in the .same manner ; in some
degree protected by its close resemblance in llight. and
method of settling on the grass, to a Crambus. In the South
of Europe, where it is abundant, it is constantly to be found
in the patches of driefl-up grass growing on rocks and hill
sides, as well as in fields. Irs time of natural flight is at
dusk and in the niglit, when it will come to a strong light.
Quite unknown in this country till the year 1857, when a
specimen was taken at a gaslight at Plymouth : tlie next
year two more occun-cd, one at Barnstaple, the other at
Dulwich, in the London suburbs; and another in IS.-jO in
another part of South London — Clapliam Common. The
next records that I find are in I860, when specimens were
taken in Surrey, Dorset, and Suffolk; in 1865 in Sussex,
Kent, Devon, the Isle of AMght, and Regent's Park, London ;
in 1800 again in the Isle of Wight; and in 1807. when a
good many were taken, .some in the counties already men-
tioned, with tlie iuluition of Nottinghamshire. Herefordshire,
and CMiesliire. and wlien three specimens, which surely must
have lost their way, were captured in the North of Perth-
shire. Others have occurred in subserpient years, not every
year, up to the present time, but the only additional county.

LA RENTID.-E—EMMELESIA . 2 1 9

SO far as I know, is Lancashire. In Wales it was obtained
in Glamorganshire in 1SG7, 1869, and 1871', by Sir J. T. D.
Llewelyn, and also at Inis-y-gerwn by Mr. Vivian. In
Ireland JMr. Eirchall records a specimen at Killarneyin 1861,
and another was taken in County Cork in 1898. There is
no reason to suppose that any permanent locality for it exists
in these islands. There can, I think, be little doubt that all
the specimens captured are themselves immigrants or the
immediate descendants of such, for I do not think that the
species in any stage can survive the inclemency of our more
severe winters ; while it is certain that there are warmer regions
of the earth in which it so abounds that the migratory instinct
may probably be stimulated. It is plentiful in Southern
Europe, especially in Spain and Turkey, in Asia Minor.
Cyprus, Syria, all parts of India, Madeira, the Canaries,
and throughout Africa from Morocco, Algeria, and Egypt
to the Cape Colony and Natal.

Genus 11. EMMELESIA.

Antenna; small and simple ; palpi short and blunt ; head
smooth ; thorax rough, squarely crested at tlie back ; abdomen
slender and rather short ; fore wings blunt, rounded behind,
very neat and having always a rivulet-like transverse stripe
just beyond the middle; hind wings rather elongated
smoothly rounded behind, vein 5 arising above the middle of
the cell ; veins 7 and 8 united far down the cell.

Larva rather short and thick, feeding mainly on seeds
within the capsules of herbaceous plants.

Pup^ in the ground.

The species may be tabuLited thus :

A. Fore wings dark unibreous or dark olive-brown; the

rivulet white.
13. The rivulet rather narrow, meandering, distinctly

divided liy a dottrd line. E. offutitafa.

220 LEPIDOFTEh'A.

B'-. The rivulet broad, partially interrupted, obscurely

divideil. E. alrhi-inillatn.

W. The rivulet very narrow, angulated ; central band well

marked. E. nn i/a.-iciata .

A-. Fore wings wliite with darker transverse bands.
C. The bands grey-brown, rijipled, numerous, and very

neat. E. alhu.latu.

C-. The bauds brownish-oclireous, irregular, intermixed

and rippled with white. E. ihcolorata.

C^. The bands blackish-grey, well defined. E. incctala.
C*. The bauds dark grey, the costal portion of the central

blue-black. E. hlnndiata.

A'l Fore wings pale tawny with an umbreous band.

E. faniata.
E. affinUata and E. alchcmilldta are much alike, but the
former is usually of nearly double the size of the latter, while
its rivulet is much narrower.

1. E. afl&nitata, »sv<yy//. — Expanse 1 to \\ inch. Fore
wings dark umbreous with a meandering, brightly white,
neatly divided rivulet stripe beyond the middle, and beyond
it a fragment of a similar white stripe running to the costal
margin. Hind wings smoky-brown, with a l)roail whitish
band.

Antenna^ of the male short, slender, simple, ciliated, dark
brown ; palpi short, umbreous; head and face whitish-brown,
abundantly dusted with dark l)rown ; neck-ridge and thorax
pale brown, thickly dusted with black-brown and umbreous;
abdomen slender, pale brown ; lateral and anal tufts small.
Fore wings rather blunt ; costa gently arched : apex rounded ;
liind margin regularly curved; dorsal margin a little so;
dark umbreous, obscurely dusted or faintly mottled with paler
brown ; basal line faintly visible, curved, deeper umbreous ;
first line hardly perce|)tible, of the same colour, erect and
gently curved ; second line placed but little beyond the
middle of the wing, erect, very sinuous, and much indented.

LARENTTD.-E—EMMELESIA . 221

formiug the inuer edge of a conspicuous bright white stripe,
wtich is throughout intersected by a brown line following
every indentation, this white stripe being the one conspicuous
marking of the wing ; bej'ond it from the costa is a slender,
indented, perpendicular, short white streak, the commence-
ment of the subterminal line, which otherwise is only per-
ceptible in faint isolated dots and angles ; extreme hind
margin dotted witli black ; cilia brown, faintly dashed with
cloudy white. Hind wings elongated, but rather broad,
rounded behind ; glossy smoky-brown with an obscure but
broad whitish central transverse baud; cilia dull white
dashed with smoky-brown. Female very similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-brown ; the white
rivulet stripe faintly visible, much more so on the costa,
where it is preceded by a black bar ; a triangular whitish
spot runs into the apex. Hind wings smoky-brown, with
the central whitish band distinct, and edged on each side
with dark brown ; hind marginal region clouded with whitish-
brown. Body yellow-brown ; legs umbreous.

Variable in size ; usuall\" very constant in colour and
markings, yet there is a little vai-iation in the breadth and
distinctness of the rivulet stri])e. Mr. F. N. Pierce possesses
a specimen in which it is remarkably broad ; on the other
hand, a local form is reported from the North of Ireland, by
Mr. Kane, in which the general colouring is of a more
smoky-brown and the rivulet is almost or quite obsolete.

On the wing in June and July, sometimes even at the end
of May in the extreme south. Specimens of a partial second
generation have been reared in Devon in August.

Lakva not more than half an inch long ; of about equal
thickness to the tenth segment, whence it tapers a little to
the anal extremity ; head rather broad, yet a little narrower
than the second segment, glossy black or black-brown, the
lobes well defined on the crown by a margin of pale skin,
from a blackish-brown shining ])late on the second segment;

222 LF.PIDOPTERA.

another phite, less dark, is placed upon the anal fla]), and
there are two remarkable additional horny plates situated one
on the outer side of each anal proleg ; segments of the body
well divided and very plump, yet each having two or three
wrinkles across the back ; spiracular region rather tumid ;
body without gloss, light drab, broadly tinged with pink
down the back and sides, becoming a little paler on the
undersurface ; or pinl\isli-fawa colour, or pinkish-brown, as
individuals dill'er; dorsal and subdorsal lines deeper pink,
l)ut interniptrd at earli segmental pale fold; a pinkish
lati'ral line runs a little above the spiracles, which are large
in projrortion, and lu-ownish-black ; raised dots inconspicuous,
bearing a minute bristle.

A variety occurs of a jjearly ])inkish-grey ; and another
with rosy-pink melting gradually into reddish-fawn on the
hinder segments, and having the dorsal plate dark only at
its hind margin, in front light brown with a fine jialer dorsal
dividing line. (Adapted from IMr. Buckler's descrip-
tion.)

-lulv, August, and .Se])teiuber, on the seeds of Lychnis
dioica (common red lychnis, or campion), also sometimes on
L)/c/nus rrsprr/iiic, and other species, inhabiting the large
seed capsule, where it seems most inconveniently packed
among the seeds, and to fit which it presents always a some-
what hunch-backed form. Occasionally two larva3 may be
found in one capsule, and it moves readily to another when
the seeds are exhausted. Its jaws are remarkably stout and
strong, and fitted for crushing the hardest seeds.

PlPA short and thick ; the thorax very plump and rounded
off to the moderately produced head ; wing-covers long and
tumid, having their neuration in slight relief; from them the
abdomen rapidly tapers to a rather sharp point furnished
with two minute bristles ; brownish-ochreous, with darker
brown divisions of the fiexible segments of the abdomen ; the
surface glistening. In an earth-covered silken cocoon, usually

LA RENTID.-E—EMMELESIA . 22 j

attached to a small stone or othei- substance in the ground.
(AV. Buckler.)

In this condition through the winter.

The moth hides during the day among dense herbage and
in thick buslies, and is a little sluggish, yet may sometimes
be disturbed by the beating stick, and so ca|)tured. At
about sunset or before dusk it flies in a dancing and very
lively manner, now high, now low, along lanes, and the hedges
boi'dering fields, or over the bushes in very open woods ;
sometimes locally common, occurring in suitable places
throughout England, though becoming more local and scarce
in the North. In Wales I found it rather plentifully in lanes
in Pembrokeshire. Mr. Vivian has taken it in Cilamorsan-
shire, and jMr. N. Greening in Flintshire, but I have no
record of it elsewhere in the Principality. In Scotland it is
widely distributed, though usually scarce, extending to the
provinces of the Tay, Dee, and West Ross, and in Moray
being of rather large size. Id Ireland it has been found in
Westmeath. (ialway, Sligo, Tyrone, Cavan, Donegal, and
Derry.

Abroad it seems to be confined to Holland, Silesia, and
other parts of Germanj^. Switzerland, Norway, and La])land.

2. E. alchemillata, /..— Expanse | inch (18 to 20 m.m.).
Fore wings dark brown with marginal indications of white
lines near tlie base, and a broad white rivulet stripe beyond
the middle, which throws off a rippled white line to the costa.
Jlind wings smoky-white.

Antennae of the male small, simple, ciliated, dull brown;
palpi minute, brown tipped with white ; face whitish, dusted
with dark brown; top of the head brown; thorax brown
thickly dusted with white ; abdomen rather tapering, black-
brown, abundantly dusted, and on each segment edged, with
white ; tufts very small, the anal tinged with ochreous. Fore
wings short and broad ; costa arched ; apex bluntly rounded ;

224 r.FPIDOI'TERA.

hind and dorsal margins both fully curved, umbreous, the
nervures dotted and streaked with darker brown or black-
brown ; basal line very faintly white, more distinctly indi-
cated by a pair of white dots close to the base of the dorsal
margin ; first line faintly suggested by a double series of
whitish dots, very obscure, but producing two, more distinct,
white streaks on the dorsal margin ; second line dark brown,
much indented, throwing out two points in the middle,
edged on the outside by a broad double white rivulet stripe,
which is intersected b}' a fine indented brown line, and
usually a little obscured in the middle ; from near its upper
margin proceeds a rippled white line to the costa, and form-
ing a portion of the subterminal line, otherwise extremely
faint ; this is preceded and followed by small but noticeable
black streaks upon the nervures; cilia brown, clouded with
whitish-brown, and very glistening. Hind wings rather elon-
gated, smoothly rounded behind ; shining smoky-brown with
a faint central paler cloudy transverse stripe ; cilia whitish-
brown, clouded with smoky-brown. Female quite similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-umbreous, with the
white rivulet and following costal streak visible. Hind
wings of the same colour, but the central band white; hind
maro-ln ed'i'ed with white; cilia spotted alternately with
w-hite and brown. Body whitish-brown ; legs umbreous.

Only a little variable in the distinctness of the broad white
rivulet.

( )n the wing in June and July.

Lakv.V tolerably plump ; head highly polished, its lobes
rounded ; a little narrower than the second, but wider than
the third segment, deep black, on the second segment is an
etpially polished half-circular plate, and there is also a simi-
larlv polished plate on the anal segment, both intensely black ;
body cvlindrical, of tolerably uniform width, tapering a little
behind ; segmeuts pluuip, their divisions well defined ;
there are a few scattered short hairs; colour of the dorsal

LARENTID.-E—EMMELRSIA. 225

surface rather pale hut warm purple ; a l:)roacl pale yellow
stripe extends throughout the dorsal area, dividing the black
IVontal plate into two sections ; there is a similar]}^ coloured
but much narrower line along the subdorsal region, and
another one between this and the spiracles ; raised dots
and spiracles black ; hairs grey, ventral surface uniformly
pale yellowish-green with a few minute black tubercles.
(G. T. Porritt.)

A variety described bj' the Rev. H. 11. Crewe is dull red,
suffused with yellowish-green, or rirc rrrail ; dorsal stripe
broad, yellowish-green, with a slender darker dorsal line
through its middle ; subdorsal lines red edged with yellow ;
the spiracular greenish-yellow ; and the undersurface of the
same colour with two darker green sub-ventral lines; the
head dark reddish-brown.

August and September, on duhojisis Irlraliit. and occa-
sionally G. Jinlaini III (hemp-nettles) ; more rarely on SfarJii/s
si/lra/irif and X nlpina ; in the capsules, feeding upon the
flowers and seeds.

Pupa yellowish-green, slightly tinged with red ; in a tightly
spun earthen cocoon. (H. H. Crewe.)

The moth is a very lively little creature; it hides in the
day-time among its food-plants, but is very easily disturbed,
flying nimbly to a fresh retreat ; but at about sunset, and
till dusk, it flies of its own accord over lanes and hedges,
dancing over the head of an intruder as though attracted by
curiosity, then away again in the same jaunty manner.
Apparently to be found wherever its favourite food-plants
are common, throughout England, and in many places in
plenty, yet recorded as uncommon in Sussex, Devon, and
Cornwall, rare in some parts of the South ilidlands, and
scarce in the rest of the IMidlauds and the north-eastern
counties. The only records that I possess for Wales are
Mr. Greening's in Denbigh and Flint, that of Mr. Vivian in
Glamorganshire, and my own in Pembrokeshire, where it is

VOL. VIII. p

^26 LEPIDOPTERA.

plentiful in the country lanes, leather common in some
parts of the south of Scotland, and having an extensive
range in that country to ^[oray and the Hebrides. In Ireland
it seems to be locally abundant in the south-west, and in
most of the western and northern counties.

Abroad it has a wide range through Central and Northern
l"]urope, the northern half of Italy, Dalmatia, Southern
{{iissia, Bithynia, Asia Minor, Armenia. Tartarv. and the
Central .\siau mountain districts.

3. E. albulata, -SVA///: — Expanse \ to \ inch (18 to
22 mm.). Fore wings white, repeatedly barred with irregular
pale umbreous or pale grey stripes. Hind wings white, with
i'aint smoky clouding.

Antennae simple, ciliated, dark brown in front, the back
white ; palpi minute, black-brown ; face smoky-brown, whiter
below, top of the head white ; thorax white clouded with
brown ; abdomen also white, barred on each segment with
pale grey-brown; lateral tufts small; anal tuft spreading.
Fore wings broadly trigonate ; costa liatlj' arched ; apex
angulated ; hind and dor.«al margins very gently rounded ;
white, repeatedly banded with pale grey-brown as follows: —
basal line slender and faint, but curved, closely followed by
a parallel similar line; first lino rather erect, most distinctly
indicated on the costal and dorsal margins, and by a dot on
the median nervure ; second line erect, sinuous, forming the
outer edge of a double stripe which completely crosses the
wing : outside this the ground colour appears more distinctly
in a white rivulet stripe, and this is followed by an abundantly
indented and rippled stripe of the darker colour, edged by
the rippled white subterminal line ; along the whole hind
margin is another narrow dark stri])e, rather blackened above
the middle; extreme hind margin edged with thick black
streaks; cilia dusky white, intersected and clouded with
smoky-brown, ilind wings rather elongated, rounded behind,
greyish-while with an obscure whiter central band ; hind-

LARENTID.fl—F.MMEI.F.SIA 227

marginal region rippled with pale smoky-grey and white ;
cilia white, intersected by a grey line. Female similar.

Underside dark smoky-grey, the white rivulet and sub-
terminal line indicated and rather white upon the costa.
Hind wings very pretty, white abundantly dusted with
grey, except the central band, which is whiter and edged by
darker grey lines ; central spot small, dark grey ; hind
margin rippled with smoky-grey. Body and legs grey-
brown.

In most places only a little variable in the number and
colour of the transverse stripes, which range from faintly
grey-black to pale brown, and in the latter case are sometimes
suffused. But in tlie collection of the Rev. Joseph (Tveene
is a specimen in which tiiey are reduced to the faintest
possible brownish clouds on white ground. In the Shetland
Isles these stripes are in some specimens much more accen-
tuated, formincf distinct and rather handsome bands, the
central baud more especially distinct ; but in other cases have
the bands almost or totally obsolete, while the ground colour
of the fore wings has become of a shining pale olive-brown,
sometimes almost leaden-brown ; and the hind wings dark
smoky-brown or smoky-grey. Specimens also occur having
the olive-l)rownor grey-brown ground colour, with the stripes
(li^tiiid. and sharply marked ; and there is also every possible
intermediate gradation. It is singular that no tendency
towards this range of variation is observed in specimens from
the Orkneys or the Hebrides ; but from the latter isles a
considerable proportion of the specimens obtained have the
fore wings white, almost without a trace of marking's, and
often of a remarkably pure white. This variety is well
defined, and was named by Mr. J. J. Weir, var. IhltinViiim.

On the wing at the end of May and in June, and occasionally
a very partial second generation at the end of August and in
September.

Lakva. Head rounded, narrower than the l)ody, intensely

228 LEPinOPTERA.

black and shining ; body rather stout, transversely wrinkled,
having a corneous sliining smoke-coloured plate on the back
of the second and thirteenth segments, and a similar plate
on the outside of each of the posterior prolegs ; general
colour dingy white, tinged with green, and having a broad
dorsal, and a narrower lateral stripe darker green ; raised
dots minute, black ; legs and prolegs nearly concolorous with
the body, but rather more dusky. (I']. Xewraan.)

Or — uniform pale primrose-yellow, without lines ; the
ordinary dots very small, brown ; the head and spiracles
also brown, and the plates tinged with that colour, (llev. J.
Ifellins.)

July and August on Jlliiannllius rnsfa-ijalH (yellow-rattle))
feeding on the unripe seeds, and concealing itself entirely
within the seed-pods. These becoming discoloured afford a
ready method ol' finding the larva.

Pita small, stumjiy. honey-yellow; furnished with a short
cremaster. In the earth. (Hofmann.) In this condition
through the winter.

The motli hides during the day among its food plant, the
yellow-rattle, and the surrounding grasses, in meadows, and
sometimes in the edges of marshes, and is readily disturbed
by the footstep, yet merely flutters away to a very short
distance to settle again. Between sunset and dusk it may
be seen in the same places, fluttering quietly just over the
top of the grass and herbage or among it, often causing the
whole field to have a quivering aspect fi'om its fluttering
multitudes. It seems never to move awaj' to any distance,
but hundreds of males at a time have been seen settled on
the grass blades, assembled around a newly-paired female.
Found in plenty throughout the United Kingdom wherever
its food plant occurs in the meadows.

Abroad it is plentiful through Central and Northern
Europe, the northern half of Italy. Corsica. North-Eastern
Turkey, and Southern Kussia.

LA RENTID.E—EMMELESIA. 229

I. E. decolorata, Hill. — Expanse {. to 1 inch. Fore
wings white, marbled with ochreous, in three broad con-
nected dappled bands, llind wings white.

Anteunre of the male simple, ciliated, pale falvous : paliii
very small, black-brown, the tips pale brown ; head and
face white ; neck-ridge and thorax also white, marbled with
yellow-brown ; abdomen brownish-white ; lateral tufts white ;
anal tuft spreading, very pale j'ellow- brown. Fore wings
rather elongated but blunt ; costa gently arched, more so
toward the apex, which is bluntly nngulated : hind margin
gently curved ; dorsal margin rather fully i-ounded ; white
abundantly marbled with yellow-brown, or ochreous, placed in
bands ; basal line curved, very slender, followed by three
closely parallel similar pale yellow-brown lines ; first line
i-ather erect, much indented, second a little more oblique and
much angulated, and throwing out two strong projections in
the middle, both yellow-fulvous or ochreous-brown ; these
enclose a band of yellow-brown clouds and rippled lines ;
outside is a broken stripe of the white ground colour,
followed by a series of yellow-brown stripes separated bj-
slender white lines, the second of which is the subterminal,
and like the rest, is abundantly indented; extreme hind
margin edged with red-brown dots ; cilia yellowish-white
clouded with yellow-brown. Hind wings evenly rounded
behind ; silky- white, faintly clouded along the hind-mar-
giual region with pale yellow-brown ; cilia lirownish-white.
Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale tawny, marbled with
white ; a black streak beyond the middle of the costa is
followed by the largest patch of white, and this by some
rippled yellow-brown clouding. Hind wings brownish-
white crossed by two distinct yellow-brown lines and faint
indications of others. I'ody and legs pale yellow-brown.

Only a little variable in the depth of colour of the yellow-
brown stripes of the fore wings, and in the extent to which
the central band is united in the middle with the outer baud.

230 • LEPIDOPTERA.

(Jn the wiiii^r in . I line and Jnly.

IjAUVa fat and sluggish, and when resting exposed on the
plant, is stretched out, with the head rather thrown back ;
head small, evidently two-lobed, shining brown ; on the
second segment is a horny brown j)late, and the anal seg-
ment, the j)rolegs of which are wide and spreading, is
similarly j)rotected : the dorsal line or band is broad and
distinct, but tapering to each extremity and is of a pale
colour ; dorsal area otherwise dull faint red, and has a few
shining hairs : skin of the sides gathered into a ridge, the
summit of which is the palest part of the larva and forms a
nearly white, irregular, lateral stripe; below this the reddish
colour a]ipears again as an irregular line, abruptly marking
oil' the middle ventral area, which is pale but has several
small, but distinct, pale brown spots on each segment, (llev.
(f. A. Smallwood.)

When very young, yellow with a shining brown head,
((i. T. i'orritt.)

J uly, August, and even the beginning of September ; on
Li/chnls vcsj'crfino, and sometimes X. diuim, feeding within
the calyx upon the stamens of the male flower, or piercing
the capsule and devouring the unripe seeds, in the case of
the female llower ; as it grows hiding in the partially emptied
capsule ; when young it eats out the contents of the un-
opened flower bud. It seems to have been found, in Ireland,
to feed in seed capsules of Silnia inflo/u.

Pupa apparently undescribed ; in the earth.
In this condition through the winter.

The moth is a brisk- and lively creature, Hying in the
afternoon, before sunset, dancing over lanes, hedges, the
corners and margins of fields and woods, and wherever its
favourite food, the white campion, is allowed to flourish ; the
female continuing to lly at dusk and till dark. .Somewhat
local, but found in suitable spots throughout England, though

LARENTID.E—EMMELESIA. 231

rarely in the most northern counties ; also in all probability
in most parts of Wales, but I only find it recorded by Mr.
\'ivian in Glamorganshire, by Mr. A. 0. Walker in Denbigli
and Flint, and by myself in Pembrokeshire. In Scotland
mainly confined to the south — taken about Hawick and in
Fife, also in Clydesdale; and in Perthshire Sir Thos. Moncrietie
stated that it arrived at Moncriett'e Hill in 1872, and had
from that time inhabited the neighbourhood. Very local
in Ireland, found at Tore, Kerry, and in the north at Belfast
and Londonderry.

Abroad it has a wide range, through Central Europe,
the temperate portions of Northern Europe, Southern Spain,
Central and Northern Italy, Cor.^ica, Roumania, South-
eastern Russia, the mountainous regions of Central Asia, and
Algeria in the north of Africa.

5. E. ericetata, Ciid.\ minorata, BtinnL Cut. — Expanse
j to 'i inch (1-j to 18 mm.j. Foi'e wings white, with three
or four mottled transverse slate-grey bauds, the outermost
divided by a white line. Hind wings smoky-white.

Antennai of the male simple, ciliated, shining, black-
brown ; palpi minute, black, tipped with white ; face and
head smooth, shining white, clouded with grey ; neck-ridge
and thorax wliite, dusted with black in front, and the latter
edged with the same behind ; abdomen small and slender,
white, barred on every segment with grey-black ; lateral and
anal tufts spreading. Fore wings small and rather narrow ;
costa very flatly arched throughout, almost straight; apex
sharply angulated ; hind margin obli(|ue and gently curved ;
dorsal margin also a little rounded ; white repeatedly banded
and lined vvith slate-grey or brownish-grey; basal line
slender, angulated, blackish-grey enclosing a grey-brown
patch ; immediately outside it is a broader curved grey stripe
followed by a very slender similar one ; this is succeeded by
the first line, rather curved, obscure, mainly indicated by a
black cloud on the costa, a black spot on the median nervure

332 LEPIDOPTERA.

and two on the dorsal mai-j^in ; second line but little beyond,
sinuous, grey-brown, forming the outer edge of a dark-grey
central band, broadest on the costa, partially interrupted by
small white clouds in the middle, in which is visible a black
discal dot ; beyond the second line is a slender rippled grey
line which intersects a broad stripe, or rivulet, of the white
ground colour ; beyond this a broad gre}' or grey-brown stripe
lills the hind-marginal region, e.xcept that it is divided by a
white subterminal line, scalloped throughout, and very distinct
from being edged on either side with darker grey ; extreme
hind margin edged with irldtc streaks ; cilia white, inter-
sected and dusted with grey. Hind wings small, rather
rounded behind ; greyish-white, with three irregular whiter
transverse stripes beyond the middle ; cilia white dusted
with grey. Female (piite similar.

Underside of the fore wings very pale smok3--gre3', with
the discal spot, the second line, and a dark stripe beyond it,
obscurely blacl<. Hind wings greyish-white; central spot
black, followed by two distinct, sinuous, transverse grey
lines ; cilia dotted with grey. Jjody and legs greyish-white,
the latter blackened in front.

\'eiy constant in colour and markings, but it is stated that
when newly emerged the white ground-colour is beautifully
tinged with pale jjink, which very soon fades, probably within
a few hours. At any rate, it is never seen, so far as I know,
in captured or preserved specimens. A very pretty variety,
in which the central band and all the markings of the middle
portion of the fore wings were absent, was captured by
-Mr. \s . Herd, of Scoonieburn, Perthshire, among ordinary
examples.

On the wing in July and August; sometimes at the end
of June.

Lakva spindlc-sha])ed ; pale green with a broad yellow-
brown dorsal line, divided by darker lines, and edged with
two dark green lines under which on either side is a green

LARENTW--E—EMMELESIA. 233

stripe ; after this comes a similarly coloured side stripe ;
uudersurface pale green with two whitish longitudinal
lines ; head small, brown ; dorsal plate and legs somewhat
paler ; anal plate and the outer side of the anal prolegs
brown ; ventral prolegs green ; raised dots black, with paler
rings.

Or the colour is yellow-brown, with the broad dorsal line
])aler. divided liy a red-brown line, and edged with the same ;
side stripe white witli a reddish border ; undersurface paler
with three brownish longitudinal lines. (Hofmann.)

September in the seed-vessels of Eiqihrasia ujficinalif; (eye-
brightj, devouring the seeds.

Pupa. Dorsal region and abdomen yellow, with the seg-
mental divisions brown, and the wing covers green and
rather transparent ; cremaster furnished with two hooks. In
the ground. (Hofmann.)

In this condition through the winter.

The moth flies in the afternoon sunshine, especially towards
0 r..M., about its food-plants and the neighbouring heather,
on the mouutaiu heaths which it frequents, and to which it
appears to be restricted. In them it is very local, abounding
in small spots on the sides of hills, to the exclusion of
extensive tracts which appear to be equally suitable. It is
said to occur near Hawkshead, Lancashire ; Derwentwater
and Seathwaite, Cumberland ; on some of the mountain
moors of Westmoreland ; and in North Northumberland. In
Scotland it is locally abundant; occurring near Hawick and
Berwick ; at Bavelaw Moor, Midlothian ; in Fife, on the
Pentlands ; in Dumfriesshire, Argyleshire, Stirlingshire,
Perthshire, Aberdeenshire, Inverness, and elsewhere in
mountain districts to West Ross and the Orkneys. In
Ireland the only locality in which it has been found appears
to be on the Mourne Mountains, in the County Down, but
this must surely be from poverty of investigation, since the
country abounds with suitable places.

234 LEPIDOPTERA.

Abroad it is found on tlie mountains of Central and North-
east Germany and tlie whole Alpine region, also in Livonia
and Lapland.

G. E. unifasciata, Haw. — Expanse ,; to 1 inch. Fore
wings brownish-white, with a black-brown central band,
ochreous-browu basal and outer bands, and very sinuous
white rivulet stripe. Hind wings pale smoky-brown.

Antennae of the male simple, ciliated, white abundantly
barred with browu ; palpi very short, dark brown ; face,
head, and neck-ridge whitish-brown, dusted with black ;
thorax brownish-white, dusted with ilark lirown : abdomen
shining brownish-white; lateral and anal tufts paler, spread-
ing. Fore wings rather trigonate ; costa decidedly arched
at the base and apex, more gently so between ; tip angulated ;
hind margin olilique and slightly rounded ; dorsal margin
straight; groutid colour brownish-white, tuuch concealed by
rich Ijrown clouding: base clouded with pale brown; basal
line slender, anjculated. brown; iuimediateh' outside it is a
broad whiti.sli-browu stripe, blackened a little on either
margin and followed by a slender brown jjarallel line ; close
to this is the usual first line, quite paralhd, formed of black-
brown dusting ; second line not far beyond it, more oblique,
strongly angulated in the middle, black -browu ; the space
enclosed between these two lines forms a rather narrow
biack-brown or olive-brown central l)aud, broadest on the
costa; this is followed by the rivulet stri])e, very sinuous,
while, intersected and sharply defined by dark-brown slender
lines; beyond is another brown or ochreous-brown stripe,
l)lacker and thrown out into jKiints above the middle,
edged by the subterminal line, which is white and scalloped
throMtrhout ; hind-marj'inal reuion shaded with browu on the
whiter ground, sometimes dark brown and forming a fourth
stripe, having in its upper portion an elongated black spot,
to which is joined a smaller black spot or streak running into
the tip of the wing; extreme hind margin edged with black

LARENTin.K—EMMELESIA. 235

streaks; cilia white, dappled with brown. Hindwiugs rather
small, rounded behind ; smoky-white, faintly clouded with
brown, more so toward the hind margin; cilia white. Female
quite similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale smok3--brown ; on the
costa beyond the middle is a pale yellow spot originating a
faint whitish transverse stripe ; lieyond this is a darker
obscure stripe, and tlie hind-marginal region paler. Hind
wings brownish-white, with a smoky-black central spot, and a
double brown band beyond tlie middle. Body and legs brown.

\'ariable in the depth of colour of the transverse bands,
especially those toward the hind margin. In the collection
of Professor Meldola is a lovely specimen, nearly white, with
all the slender transverse lines of a bright light brown, the
central band sharply black-brown, and the apex blotched
with black. This specimen was obtained in Surrey.

(Jn the wing in July and August.

Larv.v stout, attenuated at each extremity ; divisions of
the segments well marked, especially so at the sides ; head
small, shining, yellowish-brown reticulated with darlc brown;
dorsal plate similarly coloured ; body dull brownish-ochreous,
the back paler: dorsal line grey; subdorsal lines dull
ochreous or whitish, shaded on each side with greyish-brown,
and having a rather oblicjue dark grey dash on each seg-
mental division ; spiracular line broad, whitish, edged above
with a darker shade of the ground colour, beneath with dark
greyish-brown ; the dorsal and subdorsal lines unite on the
posterior segments, forming a dark shade which ends in
a point on the thirteenth ; between the subdorsal and spira-
cular lines is another, more brownish line ; raised dots and
spiracles black in ]iale ochreous rings ; on the under-surface
are greyish longitudinal stripes.

The grey oblique dorsal dashes are sometimes produced so
as to form inconi])letP prostrate V-shaped markings, the
apices in front. (Chas. Feuu.^

236 LEPIDOPTERA.

The Rev. J. Hellins points out that a great change takes
l)lace in the appearance of this larva at the last moult, i)re-
viously to which it is yellowish-white, witli the usual raised
dots very minute but dark ami distinct ; the head dark
brown ; the dorsal plate and also an anal ])late jialer brown,
but the lines hardly perceptible, lie also says that in the
adult larva the ground colour varies, being greyish-yellow,
greenish-grey, greyish-brown, or brown.

Sejjtember and October, on i)((/-Ayi«(«/Li/i< (7 f.s (red eye-bright),
feeding on the unripe seeds, which it reaches by boring a
hole in the side of the pod, entering by the hole and hiding
in the seed-pod until the last seed is consumed, then moving
to another pod. According to Jlilliere it feeds, in the South
of France, on the seeds of Euphrasia lulca, which is not
known as a British plant.

I'lTA short, very stout ; anal extremity furnished with a
minute bristle ; yellow, with a very slightly greenish tinge ;
the abdominal divisions reddish-brown. Jn a small oval
cocoon of earth lined with whitish silk ; at the surface of
the ground.

In this condition through the winter ; and it has been
known to remain two or even three years in this state.

The moth hides among its food plant and other short
herbage, close to the ground, and is not easy to arouse to
flight in the daytime, so that until the larva and its habits
were discovered this species was accounted somewhat rare.
Occasionally a specimen may be taken sitting upon a fence
or rail. It flies at dusk and after dark ; will come occa-
sionally to a strong light, and has been taken at night upon
flowers of ragwort, liut the large majority of specimens in
collections have been reared either from the egg or from
larvic found on the red eye-bright. This plant is common in
rough, poor pastures in chalk and limestone districts, and in
the grassy places at the sides of lanes ; and in such spots
the insect may be found in all the southern counties of

I.ARF.NTID.-K—EMMELESIA. 237

England, including the outskirts of London, and to Suffolk,
(Cambridgeshire, Oxt'ordaliire, (/iloucestershire and Hereford-
shire, but possibly excluding ('ornwall and Somersetshire;
in Cheshire, Lancashire and Cumberland it is scarce; thirty
years ago it was taken by 31 r. J. E. Robson in Durham, but
has not, I think, been seen there since. In Wales it seems
to be well distriljuted, since it is recorded from North Wales,
and from fllamorganshire, while in Pembrokeshire it has
been found at Saundersfoot as well as at Pembroke. In
Scotland it is confined to the south, having been taken at
Ardrossau and Kircudbright, as well as in East Lothian, by
Mr. Wm. Evans. In Ireland very little observed, recorded
only from Dublin, Louth and Londonderry. Abroad its
range seems to be restricted to Southern France, Central and
Southern Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, Northern Italy,
and Corsica.

7. B. tseniata, Hlcph. — -Expanse '\ to f inch (18 to 22
mm.). Fore wings pale brownish ochreous, faintly clouded
with yellow-brown ; basal blotch and central baud both
narrow^ black-brown. Hind wings greyish- white.

Autennaj of the male simple, thickly ciliated, shining
brownish-white ; palpi not very small, pointed, black-brown ;
face pale brown, the middle portion occupied by a thick
upright forked black streak; head and neck-ridge light
brown; thorax umbreous ; abdomen shining pale brown, each
segment barred on its hinder portion with black, and having
a minute black raised crest ; lateral and anal tufts spread-
ing. Fore wings rather pointed ; costa very flatly arched ;
apex sharply angulated ; hind margin oblicjue and nearly
straight ; dorsal margin a little filled out ; pale brownish-
ochreous, or pale fawn-colour shaded with white ; basal line
rather curved, thick, deep black enclosing a small black-
brown basal blotch ; first and second lines both rather near
to the middle of the wing, somewhat indented, and more
approaching to parallel than i>^ :it all usual in this group.

2.38 LRPWOPTKRA.

forming tlie martrins of a narrow black-brown central band,
but eacli edged on the otlier side with white ; the outer of
these white lines forms the usual rivulet ; subterininal line
white, much indented, slender in its upper portion and arising
rather near to the apex, in and below the middle of the hind-
marginal area expanding into white clouds; extreme hind
margin dotted with brown ; cilia glossy pale-brown. Hind
wiuL's small, rounded behind, but the anal angle rather
s(|iiared ; smoky brownish-white with a rather ))ale middle
band ; hind margin dotted with brown ; eilia Ijrownish-
white. Female similar, but the body shorter.

Underside of the fore wings pale smoky-brown, browner
along the costa, which also is barred with two or three cloudy
blackish sjjots. Hind wings of the same colour, i)lain.
l?ody and legs pale brown.

'{'here is some variation in this species in the breadth of
the central band, and also in its colour: in some specimens
this is of a rather rich brown ; in others brown clouded with
black, or wholly black ; ami a specimen in the collection of
Mr. R. C. Bradley has this band deep blue-black. This
example was taken at Arthog, in North Wales. Sometimes
the ground colour is suffused with rich brown, or even clouded
with dark brown ; and in a specimen taken in the north of
Ireland by Mr. C. W. Watts the cilia are distinctly spotted
with black-brown, and tliree more dots lie in a parallel line.

On the wing from the end of June till August, or even
the beginning of September.

1.,.\1{VA short, about seven-eighths of an inch in length,
ground colour of tlie back and sides rich dark salmon-colour,
or yellowish-brown, with a browner tinge at each segment ;
on the liack five clear black spots, on the sixth segment a
smaller spot, all of a wedge shape ; between these spots are
dark brown diamond-shaped spots; the colour of the back
towards the anal extremity becomes much paler for three-
eiirhths of an inch, and there are two rows of brownish-blaclc

LAREXTID.-E—F.MMELESrA. 239

spots down to the anal point : sides and abdomen pale pink-
ish-}"ello\v, with two spots on each segment ; legs of the
colour of the abdomen ; head slightly darker, with short
scattered hairs. It has a peculiar attitude \yheu at rest ; it
looks like a pot-hook. (J. B. Hodgkinson.)

August or September till May, on moss {Bnjuni ?), feeding
ou the capsules and contained seeds or spores. The state-
ment by Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson, who obtained eggs and fed
larvie in several successive years, that they ate " a small
flowering moss growing by wet rills " is confirmed by Colonel
Partridge, who fed his larva"' upon the capsules of a wall
moss. Hofmann, however, states that the food is dead leaves
of low plants, such as cliickweed (A/sine media). Mr. liuss
who found it in the west of Ireland, wrote me " It feeds in
the wettest places, among a constant dropping of water, on
some close moss-like plant. It is a night feeder, and difficult
to detect.''

Plta apparently undescribed.

The moth inhabits very wet spots, usually among scattered
trees, hiding almost always in holly or yew trees, or sitting
on their trunks, but has been found sitting openly on a fir
trunk. Mr. Kane says that it frequents hedges or foliage in
the sunny sides of woods or ojien glades, whence it can be
beaten out on hot days. It is a curious circumstance that
captured specimens are almost always in worn condition.
Apparently it cannot be induced to ily in the daytime until
its first beauty of colouring has departed. But if found on
the trunk of a tree it is sometimes (piite perfect. Excessively
local in these Islands. Found in the darkest, wettest woods
in North Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland ; also
recorded at Dovedale, Derbyshire; near Scarborough, "^'ork-
shire, by the late Mr. T. Wilkinson : at Castle Eden Dene,
Durham; at Tintern, Monmouthshire; and in North Wales
at Arthog. In Scotland it has been taken at Jvannocli. by
111'. F. D. Whe.'ler; and at I'illochrie, l'(>Hlisliivc. bvtlie l{e-v.

240 LEPWOPTERA.

C. T. Cruttwell ; also at Dalmallin, Argyleshire, by ilr.
J. J. F. X. King, and Dr. White records it from tlie same
districts. In Ireland it is more widely distributed, and has
been found in plenty at Killarney, Kerry ; also at Timo-
leacue, Cork ; in the mountain districts near Sligo, and in
Donegal, Tyrone, Monaghan, and the ilourne Mountains in
Down.

Abroad its range is very extensive ; the mountains of
Silesia, Galicia, and Switzerland; Livonia, Norway, Finland,
Central IJussia, \\'estern China, Japan, Yesso, and Kiushiu ;
also there are specimens, in the National Collection, from
North America,

8. E. blandiata, Srhiff.; adaequata, StujDl. fat. — Ex-
panse 'l to ,; inch (18-22 mm.). Fore wings white with a
lar^e grey-black costal blotch obscurely continued into a
central band ; liind-marginal region dark grey. Hind wings
grej'ish-white.

AntennJE of the male simjile, ciliated, shining brown-
black dusted with white ; palpi minute, black, with whiter
tips ; face shining white dotted with black ; head rather
browner ; thorax white clouded on the collar with black ;
abdomen dark brown, dustrd with white ; tufts small, white.
Fore wing.s rather pointed ; costa tlatly arched ; apex angu-
lated ; hind margin gently curved: dorsal margin nearly
straight ; shining white ; base of the costa occupied by a
black-brown patch which joins a dotted similar basal line ^
first line black, interrupted, but forming a black cloudy spot
on the costa, a dot on the median nervure, and a short per-
pendicular streak on the dorsal margin ; second line almost
parallel, similarly interrupted ; the two enclosing a sort of
central band which usually is cpiite incomplete, the part next
the costa being a large semi-ovate black-brown blotch and
very conspicuous, while in the remainder the dark colouring
is limited to the uervures, and sometimes a spot on the
dorsal margin ; beyond the second line is a broad stripe of the

LARENTWAL - EMMF.L F.SIA . 24 1

pure white ground colour ; hind marginal region broadly pale
grey, with a darker cloud above the middle running into the
apex, but intersected by a subterminal line of ])ure white
crescents ; extreme hind margin dotted with dark grey and
edged with wliite ; cilia pale grey. Hind wings small hut
rather long, rounded behind ; white shaded at the base with
grey, and having two parallel rippled greyish stripes along
the hind margin ; cilia pale grey. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky brown to the second
line, which is indicated by a white line shading off to pale
grey, this again divided by a white line. Hind wings
greyish-white ; central spot smoky-black ; a slender grey-
brown stripe crosses the middle, and two more lie along the
hind margin. Body and legs dark grey.

There is some variation in the markings constituting the
central band ; in some specimens this is cpiite restricted to
the costal blotch, but more frequently there are faint dorsal
and intermediate cloudings or markings. Specimens from
the Hebrides usually have a tolerably complete black band.

On the wing from the end of May till July.

Larva when full grown half an inch long ; the segments
plump and well-defined, each having two transverse wrinkles
near the end ; tapering gradually from the seventh segment
forward to the head, and backward a little from the tenth to
the thirteenth ; head small, very glossy, greenish-yellow
faintly tinged with pink, and having two rows of pink
freckles down the front of each lobe, the ocelli large and
dark ; general colour green, varying in richness in diH'erent
individuals, well contrasted with a design on the back which
there occupies the spaces between the raised dots, beginning
on the second segment as merely twin lines, but on all the
others consisting of three equally thick lines of very dark
crimson, of which the middle one is straight, but each outer
one in its course along each segment bends inward a little
towards the middle in symmetrical progression, enclosing a

VOL. VIII. y

242 LEPIDOPTERA.

jjround of deep rose-jiink witliin them at either end, but
which is lost in the middle of each segment by fusion there
of the three lines into a mass, just where the middle of the
bends brings them together ; after an interval of green
comes the subdorsal line of very dee]) pink, at a less
interval a thicker and rather sinuous lateral line, and at a
wider interval again a subsjiiracular line of the deep pink
colour ; raised dots dusky white with a minute black centre
bearing a fine short bristle ; spiracles nearly round, black
with pale centres ; the yellow-green of the back is more
yellow close to the crimson design, and also on the tumid
spiracular region, which on the posterior segment and edge
of the anal flap is primrose-yellow ; against this the outer
crimson surface of the anal legs strongly contrasts ; on the
undersurface, which is green, are three ])al(r lines, the
central one the most noticeable. As the larva matures the
crimson markings of the back become more purple and the
general ground colour a deeper green, though flu- spiracular
ridge remains yellow to the last.

In a variety the dorsal line, as usual, is complete through-
out, but at the beginning of every segment the two outer or
curving linos are absent so far as the first pair of raised dots,
and the pink ground colour is so faintly shown as scarcely to
be noted there, but the remaining parts of the design are
quite perfect, and stand out like a dark arrow-mark, or a
very elongated triangle at the end of each segment, through
each passing the continuous dorsal line.

In another form the jiattern is coni])lete, but the colour
])ale bi-own with a pink tinge, and the lines of the pattern
more dull. (.'\(hi]ited from l\Ir. W. Buckler's account.)

iSepti'tnbtT, in tlir liowcrs of EnphraMa ojlirina/i^ (cy^-
bright), eating its way into the seed capsules, hiding therein
as the seeds are consumed, then removing to another cap-
sule. After the last moult it will often remain for hours
with the head buried in the seed capsule but the greater
portion of the body resting outside : and it is pointed out by

LA RENTID.L^.—EMMELESIA. 243

Mr. Buckler that, the lar\'a having been previously much
more plain, it is at this time that the brilliant adult colour
and markings are as.sumed, and that this so admirably
assimilates to the leaves and stems of the little plant that,
even when a larva is known to be on a shoot, its detection is
difficult.

Pt'PA of ordinary form, bright yellowish-green, having a
broad stripe of crimson down the middle of the back of the
abdomen, sucfsrestive of the larval design ; surface rather
glossy. In a compact little cocoon in light soil.

The winter is passed in this state.

The moth hides usually, during the earlier portion of the
day, among heather; in the late afternoon it flies gently
about and continues on the wing till dusk. It is a very local
species, usually occurring in mountain districts. One or
two reported captures in the South of England proved to be
erroneous, but it is found in several localities in Cumberland,
and probably in other hill districts of the Noi'th of England.
Mr. Robson reports its occurrence, many years ago, in
Durham. In Wales two specimens were taken in the j^ear
1873by Mr. Jenner-Fust, at Dolgelly, Merionethshire; it has
been taken at Llantrissant, in Glamorganshire by Mr. Evan
John ; and it is reasonable to conclude that, if investigated,
that country of mountains would furnish many othei' locali-
ties. In Scotland it is widely distributed, and in mountain
districts often abundant, as in Perthshire and Inverness,
Moray, Dumbartonshire, Argyleshire, and elsewhere in the
Clyde district : also in the Hebrides, Orkneys, and Shetland
Isles. In Ireland it is reported from Kerry and Cork, J
have myself taken it in Galway, in a limestone district which
was iwl mountainous, and Mr. D. C. Campbell took examples,
which I have seen, in Derry.

Abroad it is found in Central Europe, the greater portion
of Northern Europe, and the North of Italy.

244 I.F.PIDnPTERA

(iciius 12. LYGRIS.

Autfiiiui' sini|)le. sleudcr ; jmlpi rather projecting; liead
somewhat roughened ; thorax flatly crested at the back ;
abdomen short, pointed ; fore wings short and iimisiially
rounded, from expansion of the liind margin ; liind wings
broad and rounded, in the male furnished with a discal tuft.
Markings singularly irregular.

We liave only one species.

1. L. reticulata, Fnh. — E.xpanse 1 inch. Fore wings
verv l)rcin(l, white ; large black-l)rown basal and costal
blotches are cut up by curved white lines ; uervures clear
white. Hind wings white, shaded with grey.

Antenna; of the male rather short, simple, ciliated, light
brown : palpi short and small, rich brown, tipped with white ;
face r.'itluT convex, light brown with wliite scales under the
bases of the antennse ; top of the head white with a central
brown spot ; neck-ridge brown, with white scales on its
front ; thorax rich chocolate-brown, striped down the
shoulder lappets and on each side of the middle portion with
white ; hinder area and its blunt tuft mottled with white ;
abdomen white, barred with brown ; tufts hardly noticeable.
l''ore wings short, and unusually broad, except that the base
is narrow ; costa strongly and regularly arched ; apex
rounded ; hind margin very fully rounded and expanded ;
dorsal margin slightly curved and a little jirotruded in the
middle ; black-brown and pale grey cut up in all directions
by white lines and stripes in a manner not easy to describe —
basal region to the first line a dark chocolate brown blotch
much rounded on the outside, divided by the basal line,
which is curved, pure wiiite ; median nervure also white
from the base : first line a narrow white stripe lying round
the curve of th(> liasal blotch and angulated outwardlv ;
immediately beyond this is a f^omewhat ]iarallel similar white
stripe, the two enclosing a narrow olive-brown space; these

LARENTW.-E—LYGRIS. 2^5

Stripes spread out below the middle of the wing, and cut off
a large dark chocolate costal area from a faint grey dorsal area,
the former intersected by the white median nervure which
is there forked, thelatter divided up into small angulated pale
spots by the white lines just mentioned, the white nervures
which cross them and two curious white loops ; the upper
of these white loops extends upward and embraces all the
middle portion of the brown costal blotch ; immediately
beyond is the second line, white and but little curved till
below the middle, where it also is looped ; subterminal line
broad, meandering, white, forked at the apex of the wing ;
all the small outer nervures white ; spaces between the
white lines, and outside the subterminal, dark chocolate
brown, cut into fractions by the white nervures, and shading
ofl' below to olive-brown ; cilia smoky-black, dusted with
white. Hind wings small, rounded iiehiud, smoky-white
shading oflE to white along the front margin ; before the
middle, in the cell, is a pale fulvous spot or tuft of scales ;
beyond the middle a slender obscure white transverse line,
followed near the hind margin by a broader and more dis-
tinct one, scalloped throughout; cilia pale smoky-brown,
dashed and tipped with white. Female similar, but not
provided with the fulvous patch upon the disk of the hind
wings.

Underside of the fore wings pale smoky-brown, with a yellow-
ish-white stripe along the costa, and thence similar transverse
stripes beyond the middle ; near the dorsal margin towards the
base in the male is a large tuft of long black scales, and above
it a faint fulvous patch. Hind wings white, dusted with
olive-brown ; central spot smoky-black ; below it the pale
fulvous spot of the upper side is faintly visible; beyond it is
a slender, excessively sinuous, smoky-black transverse line ;
and beyond this is a more direct but interrupted stripe of
the same colour; cilia spotted with black. Body and legs
whitish-brown.

Apparently not variable in colour or markings.

246 /.HI'/DOPTEkA.

On tli-^ "il'g '" Jiil,\' itiitl Alif^iist.

JjAK\ A seven-eighths of an inch in length when full grown,
slender, thici^est at the ninth and tenth segments, thence
tapering gradually forward, though nujst from the third seg-
ment, also a little towards the anal extremity; head very
small and narrow, with the mouth protruded iu front, pale
watery-green with a fleshy tinge; thoracic segments —
generally paler than the rest of the body — light warm pinkish-
yellow-green, sometimes the three or four hinder segments
are similar, while those of the middle are of a deeper, stronger
green inclining a little to pink or slate-grey ; or sometimes
of the same pinkish-yeliow-green throughout, and the sides
often deeply tinged with pink ; conspicuous on either side
of the back is an opai|ue whitish or faintly yellowish-white
gul)dorsal stripe ; the dorsal vessel of brownish-red, con-
tinuous on the thoracic segments, shows obscurely through
the skin of the back as though deep below it, in some parts
pulsating between whitish threads, but at the segmental
divisions strongly and clearly marked on the surface as a
spear point, or tliick elongate spot of dark red, often pro-
longed on one or two of the hinder segments ; the anterior
margin of the anal prolegs is pale primrose-yellow ; very
fine brown trapezoidal raised dots are sometimes noticeable
on the back ; on the undersurface a central yellowish stripe ;
the small tlesh-coloured spiracles are situated on a tine
tracheal whitish thi'ead which shows distinctly through
the clear skin. This assimilates well with the internal
pale fibres wiiich show tlirough the stem of its food-
jihuit.

It remains (piietly through the day on the stem of its
food-plant, but wakes up at sunset, and feeds, and continues
to do so at intervals through the night, and is then very
lively. AV'hen full fed and about to change, it contracts a
little in length and appears stouter, loses its lively colouring,
grows torj)id, holds on to any object occasionally by the

LARENTin^E—LYGRIS. 247

anterior legs only, and elevates the prolegs a little, quite free,
(t'ondensed from Mr. Buckler's account.)

September and October, on wild balsam {luipatiens noli-mc-
iangen-), feeding upon the flowers, seeds, seed-capsules, aud
the more tender leaves. It is said to avoid bright sunshine
even so far as to retreat to the ground, and has been collected
by gathering up the rubbish from the surface of the earth
under its food-plants, possibly there feeding on the seeds
which the plant so violently scatters. It feeds up very
quickly when supplied with its natural food, but although it
will eat cultivated balsams, does not thrive upon them. The
Rev. A. M. Moss says that it shows a decided preference for
the green seeds in the pods, and that it is very similar in
appearance to a long seed-pod, and generally rests in the
same position under a leaf, holding on to a midrib with the
head hanging down ; also that the seed-pods bend when
eaten into, instead of bursting as usual.

Pupa nearly half an inch long, plump, wing-covers rather
prominently developed, their rays distinct ; the abdomen
convexly tapering to a pointed tip, which is furnished with
two small converging spines ; the surface has a fine punctate
roughness, aud the colour is light ochreous-brown, rather
shining. In a loose silken cocoon among the dead leaves, or
in the ground.

In this condition through the winter, sometimes lying over
until the second or third year.

Having no personal acquaintance with this moth in the
living state, I will quote the remarks of the Rev. A. M. Moss:
" On July 4, 1892, I went to a spot in Westmoreland where
I had an idea that I had seen the food-plant. I found it at
once, and within five minutes was rewarded, to my intense
joy aud more intense astonishment, for a beautiful fresh
specimen of this moth flew up out of the balsam aud settled
on a nettle leaf before my eyes. I succeeded in catching two
more that afternoon, missing another. I paid several more

248 LEl'inoPTEHA.

visits !uul ciiiijilit alxiiit ;i dozen altogether, but never saw
many ,it any one time, and generally missed as many as I
caught. The balsam grows in patches over an area of about
lUO yards in length and 100 in breadth, on a very steep
side of a hill, among loose slatey stones and moss-covered
rock, and generally under the shade of trees and saplings.
These cireumstances combined will perhaps excuse the
missing so many ; and several times 1 nearly sprained my
ankli'.

'■ 1 generally found the moth sitting on a tree trunk,
though occasionally it started out of the food-plant where the
latter was plentiful, but I never found it sitting on a rock
or stone. It flies very sharply, generally over the top of
branches ten or a dozen feet from the ground, and settles
on one of the leaves, so that it is ditticult to follow, and in
sucli a case I generally lost it. In one instance I lost one
among bracken, gravel, and rubbish under the nd, and
believe that it feigneil death.''

The first specimens noticed in this country seem to have
been obtained by the late Mr. T. 11. Allis, in August 185G,
" in the Lake District," and were recognised and recorded by
Mr. H. Doubleday in 1861. It seems then to have been lost
sight of until 18G9, when one specimen was taken, and again
till 187(3, when J\Ir. J. B. Hodgkinson found the food-]ilan1,
and upon it eggs from which larviu were reared by hinisell'
and Mr. Wm. liuckler. From tliat time till the present it
has been obtained from the original and other excessively
circumscribed localities in Westmoreland and the extreme
margin of North Lancashire ; but I know of no other sjiot
for it in the United Kingdom, excejjt that Colonel I'artridge
has found the larva in a spot in North Wales, in which, as I
understand, the food-]jlaut is now destroyed.

Abroad it has an extensive range, through Germany,
Switzerland, the Pyrenees, Livonia, the Ural ^Mountain
district. Eastern Siberia, Tartary, the Corea, China, Ja])an,
Yesso. and Sikkim in India. Several beautiful allied species

LARENTWM—CIDARIA. M9

are obtained iii the last-named region, but as a species it
stands very much alone in Europe.

Genus 13. CIDARIA.

Antennte simple ; palpi projecting ; head rather rough ;
thorax more so, either from long loose scales or densely
raised scales in the middle, or from being gathered into a
tuft at the back ; abdomen often faintly tufted with small,
sometimes minute, dorsal crests; the lateral tufts fullyformed ;
fore wings broad but decidedly elongated and rather pointed ;
hind wings elongated but ample, rounded behind, veins
7 and 8 united to half the length of the cell.

LarV/E usually elongated, slender, not attenuated in front,
the head often bifid ; feeding on trees, shrubs, or herbaceous
plants.

PuPiE usually prettily coloured.

We have fifteen species, difiicult to tabulate, from the
extreme variability of some of them. The attempt is, per-
haps, desirable ; it mainly follows Mr. Stainton.

A. Fore wings some shade of green.

B. The green dark, clouded with purple or pink.

C. psittacata.
B*. The green rather bright, banded with darker.

C. miata.
&. The green a mere tint on dark ground, a white band
beyond the middle. C. jncata.

A". Fore wings some tint of greyish-white or brownish-
grey.

C. Dark central band narrow, jagged, commonly broken.

V. rori/lafa.

C^ Central band very broad, often partly obliterated,
bluntly toothed outside. C. russata.

C- Central band broad, shariily toothed, and jagged out-
side. ('. immanafa.

250 l.EPinorTFRA

A-*. Fore wings fawn colour ; the dark hand narrow, with

one great tooth. . 6'. saxjlttula.

A^. Fore wings whitish-brown.
I). Dark liaud usually cut up by pale ncrvures ; central

spot of hind wings visible. C nilarcata

D-. Dark band coni])lete, bluntly toothed outwardly ; no

central spot. C. prunata.

\y\ Dark band coni])lete, sharply toothed and jagged; no

central spot. C. snffumata.

A'. Fore wings some shade of yellow.
F. The yellow brilliant with purple-red band and red

clouding; cilia spotted. C. fulrata.

I'j-. The yellow obscurely and evenly tinged with purple ;

cilia ])lain. C. leslata.

F\ The yellow colour clear but pale.
F. Central baud very broad, brown or shaded with

brown ; cilia plain. C. pojmlata.

F-. Central band formed of two obscure oblique nearly

parallel lines; cilia plain. U. ]>i/yaiiiita.

F'* Central band formed by two distinct strongly angu-

lated lines ; cilia spotted. C. dotala.

C. ri'ssa/a and ('. innnandtn are so utterly variable that

the above can only be taken in a broad sense. More detail

as to distinctive characters will be given in dealing with

each.

1. C. psittacata, Schiff.; siterata, Stand. Cat. — Ex-
panse I j| to l.j inch. Fore wings dark green faintly marbled
or shaded with purple, and beyond the second line with
white; transverse lines black. Uind wings dull smoke-
colour with chequiM-ed cilia.

Antennjc of the male simple, ciliated, lather long, glossy
brown ; palpi of moderate size, projecting, dark green ; eyes
leaden-grey, face and head dark green, dusted with black ;
neck-ridge similar ; thorax dark green, longitudinally
streaked and Ijlotched with black ; at the back is a short.

LARENTTDM—CIDARIA. 251

blackened, raised crest ; abdomeu ioug, slender, pale grey-
gi'een, slenderly banded on each segment witb black ; on the
basal segment is a conspicuous greeuish-black crest, tipped
behind with white, followed by a minute similar crest on
the back of each following segment except the last ; anal
segment furnished with a long blackish tuft tipped with
pale grey-brown. Fore wings rather elongated; costa regu-
larly arched ; apex rounded ; hind margin oblique, very
little curved ; dorsal margin slightly tilled out ; dark green ;
basal line curved and angulated, black ; followed by a broad
green-black stripe which is outwardly edged by a similar
black line, and this, toward the dorsal margin, by a white
streak ; first line placed far from the base, curved and
repeatedly angulated, black shaded off outwardly, the space
immediately before it clouded with blackish-green lines
which run into white lines toward the dorsal margin ; second
line curved, and angulated at every nervure, black shaded
off' inwardly, on the outside edged by a double white line
near the costa and a pink double line or blotch near the
dorsal margin, there united, and edged, by rippled black
lines ; in the middle space of the wing is a black discal spot,
and on either side of it a rippled black line parallel with the
enclosing first and second lines, the broad areas before and
beyond it are often more or less tinted, over the green, with
purple gloss ; space beyond the second line clouded with
black to the subterminal line, which is white but faint,
broken up into dots ; outside it is a series of small black
streaks or nervnres ; cilia greenish-grey dashed with smoky-
black. Hind wings long, rounded behind but the anal angle
rather squared, smoke colour with darker uervures ; central
spot black : beyond the middle is a faint indication of one,
or sometimes two, slender transverse lines ; cilia pale brown
spotted and dashed with smoky-black. Female similar, but
the green colouring often deeper, or sometimes the purple
shades more contrasting.

Underside of the fore wings dark smoky-brown to the

232 LKPinoPTERA.

second line, beyond which is a smoky-white band shading off
again to smoky-black, with indications of the white siibter-
minal line. Hind wings whitish-brown dusted with dark
brown; central spot black, followed by three equi-distant
curved and rippled black-brown transverse lines ; cilia all
pale brown chequered witli dark brown. Body and legs
pale brown, shaded with black.

V^ariable in the general depth of green colouring, and in
the superficial purple glo.'^s ; some S[)ecimens having the
central band wholly deep green and the areas before and
beyond it far paler green, and in such cases generally show-
ing a considerable area of purple gloss, but occasionally more
marbled with white. Specimens from the New Forest,
Hants, and from Devon are usually of a very rich dark green,
and one taken by the late Major Still on Dartmoor had a
dark green border to the kind wings, and the cilia tinged
with yellow. From the east of Scotland some examples
have the basal blotch and central band of a very brilliant
velvety green-black. Mr. Kane reports strongly marked
and richly coloured forms from Ireland.

Fading takes place very quickly in this species, in the
green colour, during life ; so that specimens which have
flown are usually more dull green, with the black markings
more distinct ; or tinged with brown or yellow-green.

(^n the wing in September and October and after hyber-
nation in April.

Lakva long and slender, cylindrical except that the first
four segments are a little thickened ; anal segment provided
with two sharp points lieiiinii ; head broad, pale green ; next
three segments of the same colour, with a slender ])urple-red
dorsal line edged on both sides with yellow ; remainder of
the body yellow above, pale green beneath ; the purple-red
dorsal line continued only as a series of spots of the same
colour, usually one upon each segment, and those upon the
last three elongated ; legs, prolegs. and anal points green.

LARRNT/n.^-ClDARIA. 253

tipped with pink ; divisions of the segments faintly ringed
with yellow. (Described from a specimen sent from the
New Forest for that purpose by Mr. C. Gulliver.)

In one of Mr. Buckler's figures the purple-red dorsal line
is only visible on the thoracic segments. Another form is
described by the Rev. J. HelHns as yellowish-greeu without
markings ; and another as having a pink ventral line and
pink legs.

July and August; on oak, ash, apple, hornbeam, cherry,
rose, blackthorn, and lime.

Pupa slender ; yellow-brown, dotted with black and faintly
hoary ; the cremaster extended, thickened, darker, bearing
four slender hooks. (Rogenhofer.)

The moth hides during the day iu some thick cover — dense
bushes or branches of trees, thick ivy — and where thatch is in
use, constantly concealing itself therein, more particularly in
thatches formed of faggots or long chips such as are used in
the wooded, hoop-making districts of the South of England.
When beaten out it flutters away to the ground or another
shelter, or if the weather is warm, flies more strongly. Its
natui-al flight is at dusk, when it is strongly attracted by
ivy-bloom, the flowers of La/iruMinus, and even ripe black-
berries ; it also flies at this time freely about garden shrub-
beries, and particularly about tall bushes of blackthorn, or
in the oi^en glades of woods and the lanes near them. Some-
times abundant in the New Forest, and frequent in other
parts of Hants, as well as in Surrey, Kent, Sussex, Dorset,
Berks, and Somerset ; also in Devon, extending on the hills
of Dartmoor to 1000 feet above sea-level ; rather scarce in
Cornwall ; found in Cxloucestershire. Bucks, Essex, Suffolk,
Cambridgeshire, and rarely in Norfolk ; also in Hereford-
shire, locally in Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Westmore-
land, and Cumberland, and rarely in Durham and North-
umberland. In Wales I find no record save that of Mr.^'ivian
in (ilamorganshirr, and my own at Pembroke, where it was

254 LEPIDOPTERA.

aot very scarce. In Scotland, thouf,'h uncommon, it has a
rather considerable range, Berwick, Uoxbinyh. the Solway
district, Clydesdale, Perthshire, Moray, Aberdeenshire, and
Inverness. Widely distributed also in Ireland, and in some
few localities abundant, Dublin, Wicklow, Wuterford, Kerry,
Galway, Westnieath, Monaglian, Sligo, Antrim, and rarely
in Derrj-.

Abroad it is found throughout Central Europe, Northern
Italy, Spain, the South of Sweden, Finland, and Armenia.

2. C. miata, L. — Expanse 1^ to \\ inch. Fore wings
green, marbled and mottled, broken into paler and darker
bauds ; subterminal line white. Bind wings smoky-white
with a central black spot.

.\ntenna3of the male simple, minutely ciliated, light brown.
faintly barred at the back with white ; jialpi pnijccting, gret-n
dusted with black ; eyes black ; face, head, and neck-ridge
green shaded with white ; thorax green faintly dusted with
black and the scales raised at the back into a blunt tuft ;
abdomen long and slender, greenish-brown, barred on each
segment with white, on the second is a small erect green
crest ; anal tuft long, light brown. Fore wings rather elon-
gated ; costa gently arched throughout ; apex very bluntly
angulated ; hind margin gently curved ; dorsal margin also
filled out and ciliated ; glossy light pea-green ; the basal
blotch deeper green, edged by a slender black angulated
basal line ; first lini^ parallel with this, angulated and curved,
but rather erect, blackish-green ; second line of the same
colour, also rather erect, curved below the middle, indentt-d
above; each of these three lines is outwardly edged with
white dusting ; space between the first and second forming u
central band either of deeper green or edged therewith, and
marbled with parallel blackish-green lines rather thickened
on the nervures ; discal spot perceptible as a faint black-
green dot; hind-marginal space broadly clouded with deeper
green, and intersected b}- the grecnish-wbite subterminal

LARENTin.^—CIDARIA. 25-5

line, which is rippled, ami followed by faint black-green
streaks surrounded by whitish dusting ; one of these nearest
the costa is extended and runs obliquely toward the apex ;
extreme hind margin edged with thick short black streaks;
cilia pale green dashed with smoky-green. Hind wings large
and long, fully rounded behind, smoky-white ; central spot
black ; close beyond it is a slender angulated smoky-brown
line ; beyond are three transverse faint stripes of the same
colour, the broadest lying along the hind margin, which
is edged with black streaks ; cilia dusky white, dashed
with smoke colour. Female very similar, often of a deeper
green.

Underside of the fore wings sinning greenish-white ; a
broad smoky cloud from the base extends to the second line,
which is sharply marked, black, and preceded by a nearly
parallel, more obscure line, in an angle of which lies the
discal spot ; hind-marginal region clouded, especially toward
the apex, with green-grey, but divided by the reproduced
subterminal line. Hind wings yellowish-white dusted with
black ; central spot and two following transverse stripes
black, the latter dotted. Body and legs brown shaded with
greenish-black.

Variable in the depth of the ground colour, and in the
breadth and intensity of colour of the central band. In some
examples the ground is whitish-green, and in these the
central liand either narrow and uniform, or broad and quite
divided down the middle by paler colouring, so that the
specimen has separately the basal, two central, and one or
else two Kubmarginal darker stripes. On the other hand, in
some specimens the ground colour is fully as deep a green as
any of the liands. Fading takes place also in this species
during life, though hardly so rapidly as in the preceding ;
but very old specimens are sometimes almost yellow or buff.

Oil the wing in September and October, and after hyber-
nation in IMarch and April; indeed, occasionally till May or
even June.

256 LEPIDOPTERA.

Larva veiy slender, about an inch and a quarter in length ;
head of the same width as the second se<,'ment, unifornilv pale
ureen ; face llattened ; body cylindrical or tapering very
slightly fiom the jjosterior segments to the head ; segmental
folds overlapping and rendering the divisions distinct ; on
the anal segment are two short pointed projections ; the skin
has a slightly puckered appearance ; ground colour pale
green, strongly tinged with yellow, the segmental divisions
being of the latter colour ; a dark green pulsating vessel
forms the dorsal line, best seen in a young specimen, less
conspicuous as it approaches maturity ; no perceptible sub-
dorsal lines ; spiracular lines very narrow and indistinct,
faintly darker than the ground colour ; spiracles imper-
ceptible; colour of the undersurface the same as the upper,
hut with a conspicuous central line of pinkish-brown ; legs,
prolegs, and anal points also pinkish-brown. (G. T.
Porritt.)

June to August on sallow, alder, oak, birch, willow, and
other deciduous frees.

Pi PA very slender, purple-brown, covered with a delicate
bloom. In a very slight open cocoon consisting of a few
threads of silk among grass-roots, moss, or bits of rubbish on
the ground — connnouly at the foot of a willow or poplar
tree.

The moth hides during the day in thick bushes, and espe-
cially under any very dense shelter, such as chip-thatch or
faggot-thatch, or even under the roofs of buildings. It
hybernatos in outhouses or disused buildings, creeping under
rafters or tiles — both sexes — since it pairs in the spring. It
flies at dusk, and into the night, about shrubberies, lanes,
hedges, and woods, is strongly attracted by light, and also
exceedingl_v fond of the sweets of ivy-blossom in the autumn,
and sallow-bloom in the spring. Never very abundant, yet
fairly common throughout the southern half of England,
except that it seems to be scarce in Cornwall ; common also

LARENTID.E—CIDARIA. 357

in Norfolk, and in the western counties, but far less so, and
more local in the Midlands and North-west, though frequent in
Durham. Probably common throughout Wales, as I found it
so in Pembrokeshiri'. and Mr. Vivian in (ilamora'anshire. In
Scotland to be found, in the south, from Herwick and Hawick
to Wigtown and Clydesdale, also in Aberdeenshire, Inverness.
West Ross, and the Orkneys. In Ireland widely distributed
and often common, though apjiarently not recorded south of
Dublin, where it is very frequent on gas lamps in the outskirts.
Abroad its range is throughout Central Europe, the tem-
perate portions of Northern Eurojie, Northern Italy, North-
east Turkey, and the Ural ]\Iountaiu district.

o. C. corylata, Thunh. — Expanse 1 J to 1] inch. Fore
wings ochreous-white or tawny-white ; central baud narrow,
jagged outwardly, often broken, rich brown. Hind wings
silky-white.

Antenna^ of the male simjile, minutely ciliated, brown,
faintly barred at the back with white ; paljDi blunt, prominent,
light brown ; face, head, and neck-ridge light brown dusted
with white ; thorax bright brown much spotted in its middle
area with white, the scales at the back formed into a very short
blunt crest, often divided, tipped with white; abdomen slender,
not very long, whitish-brown, faintly barred on the back with
brown, or sometimes with brown-black ; anal tuft very small.
Fore wings rather elongated, almost ovate ; costa fully arched;
apex bhinfly angulated ; iiind margin smoothly rounded;
dorsal margin a little so; colour whitish-tawny, banded with
brown ; basal blotch large, rich brown, faintly intersected by
a whitish line, and edged by a deeper brown line, which is
twice angulated ; first line nearly parallel, erect, deeply
indented, usuallv broken near tlie dursal margin ; second
line liut a short dislance Iji-yoiid. imne ol)li(|Lie. jagged with
external teeth, broken at tiie same situation ; enclosing a
rich Ijrowu, broken, or sometimes coni])lete, central baud
which is narrower and more jagged than iu some of the allied

VOL. viii. K

2;8 f.EPinOPTERA.

species ; outside this is a honlei' (if white, shading off into a
series of tawny clouds whicli almost, or quite, form another,
more narrow, transverse hand, edged outside by the sub-
terminal line, white and excessively rippled, or looped between
tlie nervures ; beyond, tin- hind-marginal region is clouded
with tawny-Iirown, the upper portion of this incomplete
cloudy band of colour being cut oflT by a white cloud which
runs into tlie a]iex of the wing ; nervures in this clouded
area streaked with black-brown, and tipped with wiiite
crescents, by the sides of which are marginal blaek duts;
cilia jiale brown, intersected with dark brown, and dashed
with white. Hind wings long, rather narrow, rounded
behind, brownish-white with a more smoky tinge from thf
middlr to the dorsal margin; central spot small, smoky-
black ; cilia white, dusted with brown. Female similar, but
with a rather stouter body.

Underside of the fore wings shining brownish-white ; second
line reproduced. angulate<l, smoky-l>rown, shaded oH' inwardly :
followed by another smoky-browu stripe, and beyond tliis by
a faint clouding of the same. Hind wings white, dusted
with brown; central spot distinctly dark brown; followed
Dy two obscure slender brown transverse lines ; hind margin
edged with brown. 15ody and legs pale brown.

Variable, as already indicated, in the form of the cential
band, which, though so often interru))ted that the insect
received the common name of the " Uroken bar." is yet very
often entire, and even sometimes almost broad. In liill
districts from Cannock Chase northward the ordinary form
is almost entirely rejilaced by one in which the wings are
very slightly narrower, their colour whiter, the tawny cloud-
ing deeper but more I'estricted, and the central band darker
and /'.■itialli/ romphir. Instances are not, however, wanting in
which this race shows the character of the " broken bar."
.\:iolher varietv, reciirri'iit though only casual, found most
fri'ipirntly in the hill districts, and es])t'cially in the nortii.
is (|uite devoid of the central baud, the middle area of the

LARENTin.E—CIDARIA. 259

fore wings being white, with some little smoky clouding, but
bearing always the air of having had the central markings
rather roughly rubbed out, yet its outer partial or rijipled
stripes are intact, and sometimes emphasized. This form
was figured by Curtis as a distinct species under the name
of alborrevata ; in the collection of Mr. S. J. Capper are
specimens exactly intermediate between it and the type.
Mr. S. Webb has one of this variety in which the rippled
outer bands are glossy black, and very striking. Another
specimen in the same collection possesses the central band
in a pale and suffused form, and so joined to a very large
and equally pale basal lilotch that the usual interval is
diminished to two round white spots.
On the wing in June.

Larva long and slender, rather cylindrical and nearly even
in thickness throughout ; bead bifid, green ; body pale green
or yellowish-green with greenish-yellow or whiter green
subdorsal stripes ; the dorsal line variously represented or
suggested ; on the third to the fifth segment, and again on
the eleventh to thirteenth is a dark red-brown or purple-
brown dorsal stripe, on the intermediate segments a slender
brown dash in the middle, another on the division, and on
each four brown dots ; or the purple-brciwn stripes are darker,
smaller and more oliscure, and the intermediate streaks
hardly visible, or on the other hand more expanded and
distinct ; spiracles white, sometimes ])laced in purple-ltrown
spots or hidden by broad smeared blotches of that colour,
which are sharply cut off at the back of each segment ; anal
point single, with the dark dorsal streak continued to its
tip ; undersurface sprinkled with brown dots ; legs and pro-
legs of the colour of the body.

July till September or October; on birch, uak bhick-
thoru, lime and other deciduous trees.

J'l'l'A yellow-brown, spotted with black, (lluruiann.) ]n
the earth.

26o I.EPinOPTERA.

In this c'Oiulition tlirougli the winter.

'I'hi' tiioth sits duriiitr the (hiy upon the trunks of trees,
more esppcinliy o;U< and l)irc'ii trees, anil in cool weather ni;iy
be secured with great ease, but in liot sunshine is very rest-
less and active, or even will retire into the cooler shade of
the leaves. iSometimes, though not commonly, it may be
beaten out of a thick hedge. It especially favours open
woods, or well-woodi'd heaths and hills, but is not scarce in
more open districts if trees are ])lentiful. In such suitable
districts it occurs throughout England and Wales; also
Scotland so far as i\Ioray and \Vest Uoss, and its curious
variety (ilhocirnatn is there in ])roportion much more frecpient.
This variety seems to be absent from Jrelantl. 1 hough the
moth in its ordinary form is there sometimes abunilant, and
seems to frequent woods wherever they e.xist.

Abroad, it lias a wide range through Central i-]urope, tiif
temperate ])ortions of Northern I'lurope. Northern Italy, the
Ural mountain district, Turtary. the Isle of Askold. and
Japan — where it is quite normal.

I. C. picata, Ifuh. — ivxpanse 1] inch. I'orr wings
olive-bi'i>wn and black-brown to beyontl the middle, where
the band throws out two strong teeth, and is followed iiy a
bright white stripe; hind margin olive-brown. Hind wings
smoky-white.

AntenniB of the male simple, ciliated, shining brown :
palpi prominrnt, black-brown. ti]iped with ])aler; eyes leaden-
brown, dotted with black ; face pale chestnut barred in the
middle with black; head, neck-ridge, and thorax reddish-
ijrown. dusted and s])otted with black, the lattei- having a
very siiort blunt black crest at the back ; abdomen rather
shnih'r. shining sniokv-brown ; tufts small. Fore w ings
rathir Ijroad ; co>ta ai'clnil throughout, more so beyond the
middle ; ape.x bluntly augulaled ; hind margin very blightly
curved: dorsal margin almost eipially so; colour sharply

LARENTID .K—C ID ARIA. 261

clivided, so tliafc it is difficult to call any the (jfound colour;
basal region to the first line o'reenish-brown or olive-brown,
twice divided by slender curved Itlack transverse lines ; first
line rather erect, a little curved and indented, coin])osed of
black clouding ; second line lilack. oblique, indented, throw-
ing out a strong doubly-toothed projection in the middle;
the s])ace between these two lines forming a broad, conspic-
uous brown-black or olive-black central band, which, with its
sort of tailed projection, gives the moth a peculiar iloahcd
aspect when at rest ; in this band is an obscure elongated
black discal spot, followed by a black indented transverse
line ; space outside this band bright clear white, forming a
wide .stripe divided liy a much scalloped, irregular, brown
transverse line, and edged outside by olive-brown clouds,
through which runs the deeply-scalloped white subterminal
line, edged with small black clouds ; of these, two, above
the middle, are distinct, and are divided, by an extension of
the white band, from the other black clouds on the costa ;
cilia olive-brown, dashed with white. Hind wings long,
rounded l)eliind. white, clouded with pale smoky-brown ;
central spot small, black-brown ; beyond it are two or three
faint slender dusky transverse lines, and along the hind
margin a broad browner cloud broken by a series of white
dots; cilia pale brown. Female quite similar.

Underside of the fore wings an almost exact reproduction
of the markings of the ujiper, but only in dull smoky-brown;
also along the costa there is a whitish stripe. Hind wings
white, dusted with brown, and having tlie faint lines of the
upperside repeated in olive-brown. Body and legs wliitish-
brnwn ; the front tarsi barred with black-brown.

Not variable, but liable to fading of the green tints from
olive towards yellow.

On the wing in -June and July ; a j)artial second genera-
tion has been reared, indoors, in September.

Lakva rather stout, c_ylindrical, but faintly thickened

262 I.F./'/rutPTF.RA.

toward the extremities; lie;i(l liL'lit yellow-brown spotted and
streaked with dark-browii ; Ixidy In-ownish-bufr, pale olive-
brown, or reddish-brown ; dorsal line represented by a black-
browa elongated spot on the back of each segment to the
ninth, these diminishing in size and intensity regularly
toward the trout; subdorsal stripes dusky-brown, freckled
and confused ; spiracular stripe dusky-brown, irregular, en-
closing two thin wavy black threads ; spiracles black ; under-
surface paler than the upper, and dotted with black at the
divisions of the segments.

August and the earlier jtart of September ; on chickweed
(Alsinc mcdvi), also on Strlhtriii holostca, S. i/mmima.
S. aquatka and C'rriis/i/im i/lomrralum ; feeding at night ;
hiding during th.- day close to the ground.

l'l'l".\ light reddish hrown, in a slight cocoon at the surface
of the earth. ( Ivev. 1'. II. .Ii-iinings.)
In this condition through tin- winter.

The moth loves to hide in tall strong bushes and hedges at
the edge of a wood, or in those hedges which border hollow
lanes in wooded districts ; or if the wind is rough, among
the more sheltered growth at their base ; it is easily dis-
turbed by the beating stick, and Hies vigorously and hastily
to a similar hiding-place. Its natural time of Hight is at
dusk. A s|)ecies of handsome and striking appearance.
Rather local, yet found in such places as I have indicated,
sometimes commonly, in Kent. Susse.x, Surrey. Hants,
Dorset, Devon, Cornwall (rarely), Somerset, Wilts, JJerks,
Oxfordshire, Ibickinghamshire, Hssex, .Suffolk, Norfolk,
(iloueestershire. Herefordshire, and ^lidvern, Worcestershire.
I']xcei)t that .Mr. Stainton records it at Conway, and .Mr. A. 0.
Walker at liuthin, Denbigh, both in North Wales, I have no
reason to believe it to inhabit any other portion of the United
l\in<>:dom. Abroad it is fouml throughout Central fkirope.
Livonia, the Ural .Mountain district, and in China and .lapan.

LAKENTn).-K~ CfPAh'/A. 263

5. C sagittata, Fah. — Expanse I to 1 ] inch. Fore
wings soft fiuvn-Cdloni'. basal hlotcli, and central band witli
its long external point, dull black margined with white,
llind wings smoky-white. Cilia all sjjotted.

Antenna? of the male simple, rather short, ciliated, brown,
whitened at the back ; palpi short, blunt, black ; eyes bronzy-
lirown ; face black, dusted on the lower portion with brown
and white ; top of the head white, clouded with pale brown ;
neck-ridge and thorax smooth, pale fawn-colour, the latter
broadly and bluntly crested at the back, and having under
the crest a black transverse bar ; abdomen very short and
blunt, pale brown, with three or four dorsal black dots which
carry minute erected tufts of scales ; lateral tufts small,
l)laced ou a ridge ; anal tuft short and wide. Fore wings
moderately broad, the costa almost straight to near the apex,
where it is somewhat arched ; apex very bluntly augulated,
almost rounded ; hind margin smoothly and gently curved ;
dorsal margin faintly so ; delicate smooth satiny fawn-colour ;
close to the base is a broad erect black transverse stripe,
almost a blotch, edged outwardly with white ; first line
very much curved outwards, regularly but minutely inden-
ted, black, edged on the inner side by a white line, which is
faintly black-margined ; second line also black, placed only
just beyond the middle of the wing, perpendicular from the
costa, then curved out into a very long pointed projection in
the middle of the wing, returning in a long indented curve
to the dorsal margin, and outwardly bordered by a slender
black-margined white line ; the space between the two lines
forms a rather narrow central dull black band of (juite un-
usual shape, from its even middle projection ; from the point
of this a white cloud runs into the hind margin, the fawn
ground colour being thereby divided into two large softly-
shaded blotches through which runs an obscure white sub-
terminal line, most distinct at its extremities ; cilia brownish-
white, distinctly chequered with dark brown, llind wings
rather small, rounded behind, white, fainth' shaded with

264 I.F.PIDOPTF.RA.

smoky-brown ; central spot a small black clot ; in the middle
of the win<? is a slender anfjulated smoky-brown transverse
line, followed by a whitish stri))e; cilia brownish-white,
spotted with iilack-brown. Female tpiite similar.

Underside of the fore winji;S pale smoky-brown, with the
central baud faintly visible; in it is a distinct discal spot;
the subterminal line visibly white. Hind wiii^s white dusted
with brown; central spot black; i'oUowed by two taint
smok\'-browii transverse lines ; cilia all spotted as on the
upper side. H<iil\ and Icl's whit isli-bn>wn : front tarsi
black, barred with white.

Kxceediiif^ly constant in colour and markintjs, yet Mr.
Sydney Webb informs me of a s]iecimen in which the middle
jiortion of the central l>and is creamy-white, the margins
remainini^' black.

On the wing at the end of .iune .-uid in •luly.

Lajua short and stout, usually placed in a hump-backed
position ; head small, rather sunk in the second segment,
pale greyish-brown, reticidated with darker; skin on the
front and hinder segments wrinkled ; across the back of
each, from the fifth to the tenth inclusive, there runs a
transver-se elevated ridge which on each side of the spiracular
lines meets a longitudinal ridge, and forms with it a lateral
hump; groundcolour pale suljiluir-green. along the region
of the spiracles shading into rich ])iid\% edgid lielow with
black, which bhiids into a broad lateral stripe of dark
olive; on the front segments are tbui' dorsal .^^tripes of
full green ; transverse dorsal ridges velvety olive-green,
softening in front into the pale ground colour with a tinge
of ])ink, and iH'Comiiig black at the sides; liiniier segments
blackish-green on the back, anil nnicli suffused with pink ;
spiracles pink, six of them enclosed in the black colour of
the transverse ridges; undersurlaee ot the ]iale ground
colour (W. ibickler.)

.\ugnst and September: on meadow lue (Thcd'at rirm

LARENTID.-F.—CIDARrA. 265

flarum) feedino- upon the unripe seeds; also upon T.
rujiii/a/ifoliini). T. iiiitiif^, am] even on the old withered
leaves of columbine {A>ji>ilif/liy ri'Ii/aris). Mr. A. Fryer has
proved that when feeding on '/'. iii/i'ilc;iiJ'o/liiiii this larva has
the curious habit of biting half-wa_y through the stalks, and
feeding on the leaves which by this means have become
jiartly withered. He states that the bitten stalk of the
plant, with dangling leaves all over it, lietrayed in the first
place the existence of the unknown larva. A similar habit
seems to have been noticed u])on 7'. Jlnnini. and Mr. II.
Fortescue Fryer, who has recently given the subject some
attention, is of opinion that the leaves are treated in this
manner from lack of the ordinary food, the seeds. Some
remarks liy this gentleman, recently published in the Ento-
inoloijistH Monf/ili/ Mciija-inc, on the habits of this creature
are well worthy of being quoted.

" The egg has a very close resendjlance to the stamens of
T. flanun, on which it is often deposited, Ijoth in shape and
iu its bright yellow colour. The young larva, when first
hatched, is of the same colour, still in imitation of the
stamens, among which it conceals itself while feeding on the
flower-parts. As it increases in size it turns to a light
brown, the stamens having by tliis time fulfilled their office
and faded to the same coloin-. Here, again, the resemblance
is maintained. Later still, when tlie seeds are formed, the
larva feeds on them, and as each seed is cleaned out or
partially eaten it becomes brown, giving the panicle a vai'ie-
gated appearance of yellow-green and brown. The larva
has now acipiired its well-known rich banded colouring of
brown and shades of green, imitating lespectively the empty
brown seed husks and the untouched green seeds of the
food plant. So close is this imitation that it ref|uires a
(piick eye to detect the larva, sitting as it nearl\' invariably
does in a curved position in tlie ]ianicle.''

1 have found it at niijiil. whiMi feeding, tii l)e quite easily
discoverable hy tin- aiil of a lantern.

2f>f> LF.rinorTERA.

I'i'PA sliort, olii'se; ln-ad lutlicr prqjpctinf)^ and rounded;
full at the hack and thickly sciilpturecl witli ti-aiisverse linos ;
thorax very convex ; wing-cases tiiickened. rather smooth,
but niiniitriy sculptured with fine lines ; dorsal and
ahcloniinal si'ginents thickly ])itted. hut ]iin<ler edges smooth ;
anal seo-inent hlunt. crcniastt'r short, wedge-shaped, shining
black, and hearing at its extremity two stout divaricating
bristles ; colour of the head, thorax and wing-cases trans-
parent olive-green, of the abdomen dull brown.

The moth is said to sit during tlie (hay with outsjjread
wings pressed closely to the surface on which it rests, after
the manner (if the Kii iiilhnui ; it llii-s at dusk, and somr-
times sits at night, with wings erect, upon the llowers of its
food plant, the meadow-rue. It was first found in this
country in IS 17, and was rccoi'ded by Mr. 11. Doubleday in
the following year. Ivxi'cedingly local with us, and confined
almost entirely to fens and their immediate neighbourhood,
though in thosH districts it may he found even in gardens, or
wherever its food plant grows. Tlif first captures were
made near I'eterhorough, proljahly at Hurwell Fen — which
has long been drained and converted into corn-land — and it
was soon found to inhabit all the fens of Cambridgeshire and
Huntingdonshire, and in some places to be tolerably plenti-
ful. ]i"ss common in the Norfolk fens, yet found at Norwich.
IJrinidall, Surlingham, Aldehy, and Thetford ; also in the
fenny portions of Sntl'olk. Klsewhere it is reported from
Bewdley Forest, AVorcestershire, and from the neighbourhood
of Rugby. So far as is known this is the extent of its range
in these islands.

Abroad it is found in Northern (lermany. Saxony,
Austria, Hungary, Holland, and Livonia.

(i. C. russata, NrA ///'.; truncata, Stai'd. Got. — Ex-
panse l.[ to 1^. inch. Fore wings broad, blunt, brown,
grey-brown, or smoky-brown ; central band blacker or

LARI'.Win.E -CniARIA. 267

browner, or else oclireons, or wliite witli t,n'ey marbling; its
outer edge jago-ed with long blunt teeth; basal blotch also
toothed. Hind wings smoky-white with an obscure slender
central darker transverse line, whicl'. is eurved or ////';/////
and sijHiirclii anfjulufci/.

Antenna^ of the male simple, ciliated, shining brown ;
palpi short hut jirominent, dull brown ; face, head and neck-
ridge of the same colour, dusted a little with white ; thorax
very similar, at its back is a small distinct raised tuft or
crest; abdomen pale brown, much dusted with white, and
each segment thinly edged with the same ; ou the second is
a minute raised tnft of scales ; lateral tufts small, the anal
long. Fore wings elongate, but broad and lilunt ; costa
arched near the base and apex, in the middle more flattened:
apex bluntly angul.ated ; hind margin slightly rounded ;
dorsal margin almost e([ually so; ))ale umbreous marbled
with white and tawny-brown ; uudu-eous from the base to
the first line, but the basal line faintly indicated in darker
brown, edged with white scales, which appear as a distinct
white streak ou the dorsal margin ; a little beyond this a
similar upright white streak commences the first line, which
otherwise is dark brown, ei'ect and rather indented ; second
line black-brown, excessively angulated, scalloped, and
indented at each nervure. and in the middle throwing out a
large blunt and rather double tooth-like ])rojection ; the
enclosed central band umbreous, clouded moi-e or less with
white, or wholly brown, or fawn colour, or black, or white
marbled with grey, or any nungling of these colours ; discal
si)ot black ; area lieyond the band tawny or fawn-colour,
with a thin white line edging the second line; beyond is
the subtrrminal line, white or cloudy white, wholly disposed
in crescents and small angles ; toward the hind margin is
some black clouding, and a black streak runs into the apex ;
cilia pale tawny clouded with mnbreous. Hind wings rather
elongated, rounded behind: smoky yellowish-white or smoky-
white ; central spot a minute black dot ; beyond the middle

268 T.EPIDOPTERA.

is !t sloiuliT ohscui'i' transverse dark brown line. l)linitly and
sfjiiarely iuiii'iilated in tlie middle: beyond it sometimes an
even more obscure sniokv transverse band, broken by
wliitisli (.•liiiids near tlie hind niaru'i". wliicli is edited by a
slendei' brown line: cilia pale brown. Female usually lartjer,
and with the body .stouter, but very similar.

Underside of the fore wint^s pale smoky -brown to the
second line, which is conspicuously reproduced, but even
and sijuan-ly anLCulated ; outside it the surface is broadly
stri|)ed witii pale ochrecuis : a stri|) "f the same colour runs
alonL? the cost a. and a browner shadiiii;' aloUL' the hind
margin. Hind wind's ]iale yellow, dusted with brown ; cen-
tral s]iot brown : the central anyulated smoky-brown line
more distinct and r.'ither indented : alouL;- the hind margin is
a cloudy brown shade. liody and legs yellowish-brown.

N'ariable, as above shown, in a remarkable degree: indeed
it is hardly practicaiile to give more than an outline of its
various forms, some of them of general occurrence, others
forming local races. In the branch of ordinarj- variation in
which the central portion of the fore wings is white, this
often extends outside the second line, when this line, and a
duplicate inside it, and often a parallel dn]jlieate of the first,
become lufist delicately and gracefully visible as slender
o-rey threads, angulated and lociped ; when the white is
nune'led with brown they become clouded and shaded; as
the bri)wn becomes intensitied they are obscured, and dis-
appear in the ilark brown and black-banded forms: also
usually in those which are fawn-colour or ochreous brown.
Much the same may be said with regard to a I'icli shading of
tawny-yellow or red-brown which is conspicuous outside the
central band in those forms in which the band contains any
white, but becomes obscured or disappears in the darker
varieties, or in some of the black-banded is greatly restricted,
and sometimes replaced by rijjpled lines of white. In a very
line series of forms, doui)tless a local race, found on the
higher parts of the hills of the Isle of Arran, the fore wings

r.A RENTID.E—CIDA RIA. 269

are often a little less broad ; the central I)aud is usually dull
black or black and tawny mingled ; and the tawny baud
beyond it narrow, the whole a mixture of these two colours
and of white spots and dots of a ]>ecidiarly bright and lively
character. It is curious that although this strain is plenti-
ful on the hills, the more onliuary varieties are found
commonly on the lower ground and the coast. In the
Orkneys — where the ordinary range of varieties is found —
there is also one in which the general surface of the wings is
tawny-yellow, and the central band pale tawny-brown. Soinc
peculiar influence of the climate of liigli hills is in some
degree exemplified in those of the English iMidlands and the
north of Ireland, where often the central baud is of asjjeciallv
broad and deep black.

As may readily be supposed, some of the more striking of
these varities were at one time looked upon as distinct species;
thus the form in which the central band is broadly white or
greyish-white is called ccnUiin-noUdu ; that in which the white
was confined to the middle area of the baud roiiciiinata ; that
in which the middle of the wing is tavvuy-yellow roiama-
notatd ; where the central baud is dusky grey-brown, and the
brown colour has spread over the outer tawny band satuvHtu ;
and where the central band is black or nearly so prrfuxruta ;
l>ut the abuntlunce of intermediatr fdrnis I'ciulers these uames
of little value even for varietal purposes.

On the wing in J\Iay and -lune, and in a second generation
in August, Septen)ber. and even October occasionally ; in
veiy mild or warm districts a casual and partial third
generation may sometimes be found. L have observed it
myself in December in Pembrokeshire.

Larva rather long and slender; the head round but
flattened above ; the anterior segments a good deal wriid<lcd ;
the s[)iracular liuc puckeied aud prujecliug, thus giving the
■whole larva a I'ather flattened a[)i)e:irancc ; the two anal
jjoints acute ; ground colour varying from yellowish-green to

270 l.r.PinOPTF.RA.

light full green ; dors;il line slender, dark green, bordered by
the ground colour; sub<lorsiil line ]iale yellow, or yellowish-
white ; in some individuals abroad purple-red stripe extends
from the second to the thirteenth segment and includes the
ventral and anal pairs of prolegs ; in others this stripe is
rose-pink, much narrower, and extends from the third to the
tenth segment ; others have only a row of five or six irregular
dashes of ])ink ; whilst in a great many there is no pink
whatever to be seen, but instead a slender stripe of a dark
tint of the ground cnjour running along the spiracles ; seg-
mental folds yi-llow ; I'aised dots and spiracles whitish ; anal
points sometimes piids, sometimes green. \\ hen newly
hatched dirty white aiul somewhat translucent. After a
change of skin it becomes greenish, and some individuals
soon acquire a pink spiracidar stripe, wliicli, however, occa-
sionally disappears at the last moult. fUev. J. Ilellins.)

August or September till Ajiril or the beginning of May,
hybernating when not more than half an inch long; second
generation in the latter part of June and in -luly ; on wild
strawberry (FnKjaria n-sni), hawthorn, sallow, birch, elm,
cherry, bramble, dock, ;uul whortleberry; Hofmann adds
honeysuckle and (icriunuiii liohni iitnv m.

I'ri'.v very lively ; semitransparent yellow-green ; segments
set with single bristles; cremaster broadly conical, lluted
above, terminateil wit ii four, or sometimes two, tiiu' hooks,
(liogenhofer.)

'I'lie moth hides during the day in hedges or bushes any-
where, and in woods among the undergrowth, but Hies out
promptly if disturbed, and dashes otf to seek a similar hiding
place elsewhere, it Hies naturally at dusk and so abounds
along the hedge sides as to render the cajiture of other
species com])aratively dillicult. .Apparently abundant
wlieiever buslirs or trees are to he found in country districts
throughout the I'nited Kingdom, e.xcept in the Shetland
Isles ; also in smaller numbers in gardens and shrubberies

LARnNTID-K—CinARlA. 271

in the outskirts of towns and cities — indeed, it is one of our
most universally common species — and found in Scotland
upon the hills to at least loUO feet.

Abroad it has an immense range, extending through Central
Europe, tlie greater part of Northern Kurope, Central and
Northern Italy, Eastern Siberia, the mountainous regions of
('antral Asia, Tartary, the Isle of Askold, India, China, Japan,
and Yesso, Labradoi-. the mountains of New England, New
York, Pennsylvania, Missouri, California, and Vancouver.

7. C. immanata, i?rtw. — Expanse 1;^ to LI inch. Fore
wings pointed, rather ovate ; grey-brown or tawny-brown ;
central band broad, black, pale ochreous, or wJiite with fine
dark lines; second line throwing out /n/c; points from the
band ; usually edged with white or fawn colour. Hind wings
smoky-white with a slender central smoky transverse line
wliich is rather sharply angulated in the middle.

AutenuK of the male simple, ciliated, dark brown ; palpi
l)lunt, not very projecting, brown edged with jialer ; face,
head, neck-ridge, and thorax brown, dusted with white, and
the latter obscurely crested at the back ; abdomen rather
slender ; pale brown ; having sometimes minute indications of
raised crests at the hinder parts of the middle segments ;
anal tuft long. Fore wings rather ovate yet ]iointed ; costa
strongly arched ; apex rathrr sjiarply angulated, and some-
times a very little ])roduced ; hind margin oblicpie and gently
curved ; dor.sal margin also a little tilled out ; colour almost
any mixture of brown, grey-brown, tawny, blade, and white;
basal line brown or Ijlack. often duplicated within, and jagged
with exterior points ; space between it and the first line
narrow, often tawny or pale brown ; first line angulated,
repeatedly toothed, often duplicated, brown or black' ; second
line sloping very oblii|uely outwards from the costa, forming
a large double tooth or projection, and beneath i( a sharp
single one, thence deeply scalloped in the obli<pie return to
the dorsal margin ; very often this line also is duplicated on

z^^ LEPIDOPTERA.

the inside, .•md these markings are very distinct where the
enclosed space is white, very obscure where it is brown or
grey, invisible wliere black ; outside, tlie second line is closely
edged by a white line, which is followed by an irregular
tawny-yeliow or red-brown stripe, and this by the scalloped
white subterniinal line ; hiud-inargiiial region clouded with
])iii-plish-grey, brown, black, or tawny, having a black' cloud
(ir angulatcd iildteli aliove t hi^ uiiudli' extruding to the costa,
and from it lower down an oi)liipie black streak running intit
rheapex; I'ilia white, much cloudi'd with Ijlack-brown. Hind
wings silky, long, rouiidrd behind ; smoky whitisli-ln'own ;
cnitral spot hardly visible; in the middle is a faint smoky-
brown transverse line, much bent, making a decided, and
sometimes acute, angle behind ; hind-marginal region faintly
clouded with yellow-brown; cilia similar. female hardly
(littering, except that the body is a little .stouter.

Underside of the fore wings smoky pale yellowish-brown :
yellow along the costa ; second line lilack, forming a long
black bar from the costa, edgeil outside by a ])artial white-
yellow stripe; beyond this clouded with brown, but a yellow
streak runs into the a]iex. 1 1 ind wings white, dusted with
brown; central spot a minute brown dot; followed by three
nearly equidistant smoky-brown transverse lines, of wiiicii the
second is strongly angulaled outwartls, but the otlier two
curved. liiidyand li-g.-- pale brnwn ; tarsi barred with i)lack-
brown.

Variable uj-ion somewhat sin)ilar lines to the hist species,
but aliMDst excluding thf inorr dull brown furnis anil those
with the ochreous central band. On the contrary, this is a
far brii^hter species, since in those very numerous cases in
which the central liand is black tlu' orange-red or fawn
ciilour(Ml shading outside it is brighter and num extensive
than in the white and light coloured varieties, instead of less
so. < 'n (hr othtT hanil, the varied forms in which tlie
central band is white are very often also white quite out to
the middle of the hind margin, the markings appearing only

/.A RENTIIK'E—CIDA RIA. 273

in the most delicate lines. In one very pretty but unconiinon
form the fore wings, central band included, are tawny-red 1 r
chestnut, except the white lines ; in another, the central
band being black and rather narrow, the areas preceding, as
well as those following it, are richly tawny. Others, espe-
cially from the north, liave the otherwise black central band
divided by a large middle cloud of some shade of grey or
grey-white ; others again have this band and the other darker
areas ^)«J7*/f-browD, much set off' by slender white lines.
This last form seems to be especially found in the Orkneys,
while in the Hebrides the richest tawny forms seem to
prevail. Those from Shetland are extremely beautiful, their
fore wings rather narrower than usual, but the banding and
intermingling of black, brown, tawny-white, and grey, most
exquisitely arranged. In South "Yorkshire a black banded
variety is found in which the remainder of the fore wings
is almost wholly white and the hind margin almost destitute
of markings. The form in which the central band is white
and there is much marbling of grey lines and tawny colour-
ing beyond it was formerly described as a distinct specie.-,
under the name of innriiKiratd.

On the wing in .luly ,nnd August, usually in Init a single
generation.

Lakva long and slender, rather more cylindrical than that
of ('. rnasafd. which it otherwise resendiles, but with the aunl
points moi-e blunt, and much more dull in colour; palp
yellowish or whitish-green ; dorsal line dark green, bordered
by a space paler than the ground colour ; subdorsal lines
dirty white ; at the middle segmental folds, just above the
spiracles, are six or seven pale oljique streaks; s]iiracular
line green with a yellowish thread running throughout
its length; raised dots and spiracles white; segmental folds
yellow; anal points sometimes very iiale ]iink, sometimes
pale green. When newly hatched yellow, nearly as yellow
as the pollen of the flowers of the wild strawberi-y. (Rev.

vol.. \I1I. ,<

^74 J.EPID(WTKKA.

■J. ir'-lliii^,) A rare variety lias l)eeii t'oimd to sbow a
piirplisli-))iiik siib-.-;piraciilar stripe when liecoiiiiiig full
grown.

March or Ai)ril till -luiie or sometimes July; ou wild
strawberry-, sallow, birch, ami whortleberry.

The winter is passed in the egg state ; and it ma}- lie well
to draw attention to the extreme delicacy of the eggs, and
the necessity for keeping tln-m moist and exposed to the
atmos])liero out of doors. The Kev. J. Hellins found that
nearly all the eggs laid in chip-boxes, pill-boxes, or on the
gauze covering of the rearing cage shrivellecl up and pro-
duced nothing, and it was only when he induced the parent
moth to dejwsit upon the living food ])lant, or else sprinkled
the eggs into tufts of living moss, and kept them out of doors,
that he eould rely u]iou their hatching.

I't TA slender, thick-skinned, tapering graduall}- ; wing
covers and thorax transparent yellowish-brown ; eyes black ;
abdomen i)ale greenish-yellow, with a few short stifl' brown
bristles, especially noticeable on segments 11 and li'; anal
pnijection llattened, reddish-brown, terminating in eight
stitf brown hooks, (^[iss M. Kimber.)

I'sually a wood-fretpu'iiting species, sitting during the
day u[)on tree trunks, especially those of a dark colour, such
as alders; most plentiful in those woods which occupy
hollows among high hills, where it may be found sometimes
sitting three or four specimens on every tree. In moorland
districts, which it also frecjuents, it sits on the rocks, or upon
the stems of heather. At dusk it Hies in a lively manner,
and remains on the wing great part of the night. In Scot-
land it has been found at this (ime to freipient rush-bloom,
sitting upon these unattractive-looking llowers in extra-
ordinary numbers, half a dozen on a Mower-head. In this
manner .Mr. Louis I!. I'rout tells me he has collected tlirm with
the greatest ease. Locally common in woods, and to be
found in all suitable places tiiroughout England ; and [)ro-

LARENTID.E—ClDAiaA. 275

liablv AVales, since it is not scarce in • ilamorgansliire and
Pembrokeshire, and is taken in Flintshire. In Scotland it
occurs throughout the southern districts to the Clyde valley iu
the west and to Aberdeenshire in the east, being eoniinon on
some of the hills to 15U0 feet above sea level ; more local in
other parts, and tolerably common in the Hebrides and the
Orkneys. In the Shetland Isles it is found freely in a little
copse at the north end of the Island of Unst, and doulitless
elsewhere where there is sufficient shelter. Also generally
distributed in Ireland, and locally common. I have seen it
in multitudes in woods between the hills of Antrim.

Abroad it is found throughout Central Europe and the
greater part of Northern Europe, including Lapland ; also iu
China and Japan, with Yesso -, and iu Xorth America in New
England, New York State, Wisconsin, (.'anada, and Van-
couver.

S. C. suffamata, Xrliiff. — Expanse I to 1 \ inch. Fore
wings brownish-white, base and central b.and dark undireous,
the latter broad and having a thick, double-toothed outward
projection from the middle ; a sinuous white streak runs
through a black cloud to the apex. Hind wings smoky
greyish-white.

Antenniu of the male simple, thickly ciliated, brown ;
palpi not long, Idunt, nmbreous ; face, head, neck-ridge and
thorax dull brown, dusted with white; at the back of the
latter is a small blunt tuft of brown and white scales ; labdo-
men rather slender, pale brown, dusteil with white and the
segments edged therewith ; anal tuft large, light brown.
Fore wings rather elongated ; costa regularly arched ; ajiex
very bluntly angulated, almost rounded ; hind and doi-sal
margins gently and smoothly curved ; shining brownish
white; basal line l)lack-l)rown, angulated and enclosing a
dark umbreous basal blotch, and outwardly edged Ijy a
white slender line ; first line ivather erect, twice angulated
outwards, edged inside by a slender white cloud, through

276 I.El'inol^TEKA.

which runs a pah- lirown hue. not (|iiite parallel ; second line
of the same colour, curved and iiiuch indented, and having in
the middle a large outward projection doubly toothed at its
apex ; the space enclosed by these two lines is wholly dark
iimbreous. I'orniing a broad handsome central hand strongly
toothed outwardly : inwardly rippled with scalloped slender
black lines, and containing a small black discal dot : imme-
diately following this is a stripe of the shining brownish-
white ground colour, most delicately divided by two, almost
parallel, slender brown threads, and broadly margining ever}'
angle and curve of tiie second line ; liind marginal region
clouded and dappled with bright light l)rown or black-brown,
through which runs the irregular brownish-white subter-
minal line ; running into th(> apex of the wing is an undu-
lating black streak joined below to the darkest part of the
clouding, edged above by a parallel whitish streak which
runs with it into the apex; above this on the ci>sta are
ustuilly two black-i)r(iwn s[)ots ; cilia brownisli-whiti' regu-
larly barred with dark umbreous. Hind wings long and
rather broad, smoky-white tinged with pale smoky-brown to
the iiuddle ; hind marginal area occupied by a broad faint
cloudy smoky-brown band, edged with short brown streaks;
cilia brownish-wlnte clouded with undireous. I'emale very
similar.

I'luli-rside of the fore wings light umbreous. brighter
along the costa and hind margin ; second line yellowish,
white, and distinctly visible; subternunal line re])r('sented
by a coni])lete row of whitt^ dots. Jlind wings brownish-
white, thickly dusted with brown, and faintly dap])led beyond
the middle with rows of white dots. Hody and legs pale
brown.

Usually (|uite constant in colour and markings ; but liable
to local races. Of these one has the basal blotch and the
central band very dark, often almost black, while the remain-
ing areas of the fore wings are smooth glossy cream colour,
or nenrh white, in South-west Yorkshire sometimes ciuite

LAKENT/D-li—C/DAK/A. 277

white, without tlie usual faint brown lines, cand almost with-
out the submarginal clouding ; the black markings toward
the apex, however, are generally visible. Where this form is
approached, intermediates between it and the type are also to
be met with, especially near Dover, Kent, and in Sonth York-
shire, and the intermediate form also in the north of Ireland.
In anotlier local race, found principally in the north of
Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland, and some parts of the
east of Scotland, the fore wings are (piite filled in with dark
umbreous or Ijlack-brown colouring, to the exclusion of all
the pale brown or brownish-white, though in some of these
the white line which edges the basal blotch is slenderly
visible, and the dotted white subterminal line even more so.
In these the hind wings are darkened toward the hind margin.

With regard to the beautiful local variety, having the ground
colour clear creamy-white, or creamy lirownish-white, a very
curious circumstance has been observed by Mr. Sydney Weblj :
that the strain is not crrn, nor in the least progressive — that is
to say, that eggs of a very purely-coloured extreme specimen
of the variety do not produce the like, or an advance upon
it, but always revert toward the typical foi-m or to some
intermediate; the more full variety being again produced in
another generation from eggs of the internaediate. This, he
assures me, is the result of experiments extending over some
years.

On the wing in April and ^lay, but casual specimens may
lie found in some seasons in June, or even July. Such
specimens have been noticed in Hevon, and attributed to a
second generation, as also have some very small exam])les
which I myself took in July or August, in Pembrokeshire ;
yet this is still open to doubt, and Jlr. S. Webb, from his
experience, is strongly of opinion that there is only one
emergence in the year, with perhnjis a casual specimen of a
second generation iii Si/i/i„ihi ,-.

L.ARVA. Head rather small, ])ale brown, freckled with

27S LEI'inOPTEkA.

black ; Ijoily rouL'li or wrinkled : IjotL head and body emit
sliort. scattered bristles, each bfistle arisinti- from a scarcely-
perceptible wart : all the segments swollen in the middle
and especially below, but without dorsal liuni]>s : brown, of
various shades, tlie dorsal area decidedly darker than the
ventral, and separated by a clear line of demarcation, but the
tenth to fliirtoentli segments have the same pale line above
and beliiw ; the second, third, and fourth segments marked
with a whitish dorsal stripe; the lifth to the ninth each with
a (lark V-shaprd mark, pointing towards the head, and its
arms extending on each side as far as the spiracles ; each
V-sha])ed mark' contains a medium dark mark, i-omewhat
shaped like an arrow-head, and bordered with a ])ale margin :
the nndersurface is traversed by grey, waved, interrupted
and not clc^arly-defined stripes, extending tliroughout its
entire length ; spiracles deep black. (H. Newman.)

May, and the early part of -lune, ou Gnliuiii iqiurinf
(cleavers), (,'. niiiUinju, and rather unwillingly ou G. snyafilr.
In confinement quite content to eat A^pd-i'lc oifora/c- (wood-
ruff;.

Pll'A ap])areutly undescribed, but Mr. 'Welib tells me
that it is plnced in a very slightlv-constructed cucoon, in
i'act only a few threads, amongst the food ]ilar.t ; also that
frecpiently the moth is so far perfected within the pujia skin
that the markings can be distinctly seen through the wing-
covers so early as August, remaining thus until its time of
emei'gence at the end of A])ri!. This seems to be a very
uncommon habit in any others of the (noimfrldn.

The winter is passed in the pupa state.

Till' moth is of very quiet habits, hiding during the day
among lierl)age on hedge banks, or in thick hedges and
buslies, and if dislodged it Hies gently to a similar hiding-
place. .\t dusk it is on tlie wing of its own accord, but only
for about twenty minutes or half-an-hour, when it again hides
itself, ilost curiously local — that is, attached to perhaps one

LA RENT I n.^ -CIDA RIA 279

or two lanes or hedges, nud (|iiite absent from numerous
others which appear to be equally suitable. It was formerly
common in some of the outskirts of London, from which it
is now (|niti' absent; but in tht= curiously-restricted manner
ah-eady mentioned it seems to occur throug-hout England and
Wales, and also in Scotland to Clj^desdale and the Hebrides
in the west, and to Perthshire. Aberdeenshire, and Moray in
the middle and east. lu Ireland also iiretty generally dis-
tributed, yet more frec[uent in northern districts — Sligo.
Armagh, Antrim, Donegal and Dcrry. Abroad it has an
extensive range through Northern Europe, some parts of
Central Euro].)e, including tSwitzerlaud ; South-eastern
Russia, the mountain regions of Central Asia, Western
China, and Japan, with ^ esso.

'.». C. silaceata, Sfliiff. — Expanse 1 ,!r to 1 _| inch. Fore
wings brownish-whitewith creamy-lirown mottlings ; central
b'lnd broad, black-brown, usually broken by one or two
whitish lines which seem to cross each other. Hind wings
white, clouded with smokv-brov. n.

AnteuniO of the male simple, ciliated, dark-brown ; pal]>i
small, projecting, pale brown ; face and head jiale tawny ;
ueck-ridge apparently duplicated, the collar being erect in a
similar ridge, both white, edged with brown ; thorax very
pale brown, faintly striped with dark brown, the flattened
crest at the back double, dark brown, very small ; abdomen
slender, reddish-brown, the front segments barred with white ;
anal tuft small, whitish-lu'own. Fore wings rather eh in-
gated ; costa fully arched; ajiex angulated ; hind margin
very faintly curved, the anal angle being full and well
marked ; dorsal margin almost straight ; colour brownish-
white; basal line rather erect and irregular, usually once
angled above the middle, black. dn|ilicati'd inside, and form-
ing the margin of a large basal blotch either dark brown or
composed of alternate dark brown and faintly white lines :
immediately bordering it is a completely parallel white or

jSo LEI'llK)PrERA.

creiiiiiy-white line, I'ullowed by ;i wliitish-brown band, which
is often ahnost filled with small browu clouds and oclireous
lines on the nervures; first line black, sharply edged with
white, and throwinj^ out a strong angle, or fissure ; second
line rather unusually even, throwing out a very blunt angle
above the middle, and angulated inwardly, or fissured, just
below; these two lines enclose the central baiul. which is
dark umbreous or even black-brown, either plain, or enclosing
whitish or black interior lines, which again enclose a rather
paler middle space, having iu it a lilack di^^cal spot ; below
the middle the central band is usually completely divided by
whitr lines upon two of the nervures, though specimens iu
which ni) such division of the baud appears are far from
scarce, and seem to ]n-eponderate in the second generation :
the second line is closely edged outwardly by a slender white
line, followed by a line of light brown crescents, and this
by the subtermiiial line, wliicli is white, and thrown into long
loo])s which enclose pale brown clouds below the middle,
above it conical black spots, to the costa ; close below the
a))e.\ of the wing is a somewhat triangular brown blotch,
edged by a white line, both of which are, in some specimens,
prolonged in an irregular strijie along the hind margin : cilia
dark brown, with paler clouding. Hind wings broad and
well roinuled ; silky-white faintly shadetl with smoky-brown,
and rijjpled with the same along the hind margin ; central
spot small, l)rown : cilia brownish-white. Female very
similar, but a little larger and stouter.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-white, more yellowish
along the costa ; the second line obscurely visible, smoky-
lirown, and having before it a shading of the same colour;
before the ape.x are three black dots and a clouding of pale
brown. Hind wings white, dusted with umbreous; central
spot and two equdistant curved lines of the sau.e colour.
Body and legs pale browu ; tarsi darker, Imt barred with
yellow.

The princijial variation in this species is that already

LARENTin.-E- CIDARIA. 281

noticed above, aud appears to be in a great degree, though
not wholly, seasonal, that is to say — in the first generation
nearly eveiy specimen has the central band of the fore wings
divided by pale nervures, while perhaps one per cent, has it
entire ; but in the second generation the exact converse is
the case. Further variation upon the same lines is not com-
mon, yet specimens are kuown of which the band is broken
by one slender pale line only ; in the usual form, when the
division is by two lines on nervures. the lines are often
slender, leaving a distinct dark intermediate spot, while in
other examples the lines are broadened, aud the intermediate
spot is reduced or obliterated. In the collection of ^Ir. A. II.
Jones is a specimen in wliich the division is so wiile that the
costal jiortiou remains only as a tooth-shaped blotch, and the
dorsal as a large round spot, the intermediate spot also re-
maining visible ; Mr. .J. E. Kobson has reared a specimen
at Hartlepool in which the division is equally great; and
^Ir. .]. Gardner another at the same place, in which all the
nervures are pale, and divide the band into five or six sections.
This last leads towards a most curious and beautiful form,
reared by Mr. A. 3Iera, of clear whitish ground colour, and
soft pale brown markings, in which the band is most singu-
larly cut up, and resembles, in some degree, that of Z/////'/.s
rit'n:aU\tn.

On the wiug in ^lay and -lune. in very forward localities
souietinies even at the end of Apiil ; a second generation in
July aud August is in the south and south-west verjf partial
and uncertain, but in confinement almost complete ; and in
the year 1893 Dr. Hiding reported specimens of a partial
third generation in Devon late in the autumn. In thenortli
there appears to be only one emergence, which takes place
late in -June and in July.

L.iKV.i long, slender, uniformly cylindrical, aud without
tubercles, sparingly furnished with short scattered hairs,
which are slender and inconspicuous; head flattened, por-

282 I.EI'IDOI'TF.KA.

rected, of ei|nal diameter witli the l)rjily, whitish-irreen : the
face variously marked witli clear brown, which colour is
soi/ietiines confined to the sides, sometimes pervades nearly
the whole face ; l)ody di'licately i.'-reen with a series of hrown
spots as a ilorsal line ; on the middle of the nndersurface is
a slemh'r conspicuous white stripe, first and second pair of
legs green tinged with brown, third paii' lii-uwn. with a
brown dash behind each ; venti'al ])rolegs pale green with an
exterior tinge of brown : anal prolegs having a double lateral
oblicpie stripe ]TOinting towards the back, the anterior half
of this stripe white, the posteri(jr half pnrple-ljrown. ( K.
Newman.) ..Mr. Buckler's figures show a purple-brown
dorsal stripr from the head down the thoracic segments: and
a niw of larure or small jiurple spots upon the sides.

duly, and a second generation in the south, in .\ugi;st and
iSeptend)er; on EpUohlv m aiifjii-itifdHn m. E. hir^iutinn, E. mon-
/irniiiii, and doubtless other species of willow-herb; also upon
C'irrdit lufeliana (Enchanter's nightshade), feeding princi-
pally at night and remaining n])on it.s food plant by day,
stiflly extended, ;if an angle with its liinder segments. It
bears a close resendilance to the seed vessel of Epilobium ;
and seeius to have a queer liabit of oscillating backwards
and forwards if disturbed. Formerly supposed to feetl on
aspen, but for this there was aiiparently no ground.

V\\\\ rather stout. win<>'-covers and abdomen very fully
r.iuiided, the segmental divisions but little noticeable; head
rather sipiared in front, limb and antenna-cases not con-
spicuous; a very compact pupa and of wonderful colouring,
like a bit of rounded nuilachite ; shining dark green; limb
and antenna-cases edged with fine black lines; wing-covers
beautifully veined with dull black ; a variable black stripe
from the heatl down the dorsal region to. the anal s]iike ; at
the back of the wing-covers is a row of black spots wduch
becomes a double row on the abdominal segments ; cremaster
conical, pink. In a loose network cocoon among rubbish on

LAREiXrrD.E-CIDARIA. 2S3

tlie gronnil. (Funiished for description by I\lr. W. H.
Har\yood.)

In this condition through the winter.

The moth hides during- the day in thick hedges and among
bushes in damp woods, also among rank herbage where
willow-herb is plentiful ; it willingly avails itself of the shelter
of thick thatch ; but is easily disturbed. At dusk it flies of
its own accord, in lanrs and in the outskirts and open places
of woods : will come occasionally to the sugar spread on
trees to attract Xoiiiiiv, and even, in the second generation,
to heather-liloom : later at night it seems to fly abroad more
generally, since it will come, about midnight, to a strong
light. Besides the situations already mentioned, it is said in
some districts especialK- tofrequent/"'('(7/ woods; and although
somewliat local may be found in suitable places throughout
England from Cornwall to Northumberland — with the
exception of some portions of the ]\lidlands — and most likely
throughout Wales, though the only records that I possess are
that of ifr. Vivian in Glamorganshire, Mr. Greening's in
Denliighsliire, and my own in Pembrokeshire. In Scot-
land it is found on the hills of the Edinburgh district, also
about Berwick and Hawick : and to the west in Clydesdale
and Arran ; also in Perthshire and other suitable districts to
Moray and West Ross, but nut. I think, in the other Isles.
In Ireland it a])pears, curioush', to have a nurtluni range from
Galway and Westmeath thi'ough Sligo, Fermanagh, Cavan,
Tyrone, Antrim, and Derry, and to be in some of these
common, but there seems to lie no record of it in the south.
Abroad its distribution is very great, through Northern and
Central Europe, Tartary, the mountain regions of Central
Asia, Cliina, Corea, and Japan. In North America it is
known in Labrador, and Canada with Anticosti, and so far as
I can judge also in New York. Pennsylvania, and New-
England, where it seems to be calh-d al rnnjlvrnlii.

in. C. prunata, /-. — Expanse l-j to 1,5 inch. Fore wiugs

284 LEPWOPTERA.

larjjfe, pale tawny or whitish-brown ; basal blotch and central
band botli broad, red-brown, thfir inareins ranch augnlated
and ei]<red with white ; a large lunate red-brown blotch under
the apex of the wing. Hind wings stnoky-white, with brown
rippling.

Antennie of the male simple, ciliated, reddisi)-brown, the
bases tufted with wliito scales; palpi blunt, ]irojecting, pale
chocolate, edged beneath with white ; face, iiead, and neck-
ridge light brown ; tliorax umbreous, the tuft at the back
rather erect; abdomen long, reddish-brown, slenderly edged
on each segment with white ; lateral and anal tufts well
developed. Fore wings elongated, costa regularly arched to
far beyond the middle, apical portion more rounded; apex
squarely angulated ; hind margin almost straight to near the
anal angle, where it is rounded oil'; dorsal margin rather
filled out; colour shining rich chocolate-brown; Ijasal line
unusually far out, repeatedly angulated, black edged with
white ; it encloses a large handsome basal red-brown blotch,
in which is a faint angulated white line; first line lilack-
brown, I'epeatedjy and strongh* angulated, edgfd with wjiite ;
the space between the two lines so fully occupied by tawny-
brown clouds formed into loops, as to leave these white
edgings very narrow ; second line erect, black-brown, vei-y
sinuous and having strong rounded outward iirojections in
its middle, also edged with a wliite line ; the s]iace between
the first and secoiul lines forms a striking and handsome
red-brown central band faintly marliled in the middle with
curved black lines, and having two brownish-white spots on
the costa ; below the apex is a red-1)rown somewhat crescent-
shaped blotch lying along the upper portion of the hind
margin ; between this and the second line the space is
beautifully rippled with soft fulvous cloudy lines, enclosed by
which is a series of conical and crescent shaped brown spots
lying in the hollows of the scallojied white subterminal line ;
cilia light brown intersected witli darker brown, but clouded
and also ti]iped with white. Hind wings broad and amjile,

LARENTID.K—CllKlklA. 285

shiuing, rounded behiud, silky white, tinged toward the base
with pale smoky-brown ; hind-marginal region clouded with
brown, in which are portions of two scalloped white transverse
lines ; extreme margin edged by a dark brown line ; cilia
white dashed and clouded with brown. Female quite similar.
Underside of the fore wings pale ochreous along the costa
and apex, rather smoky in the middle, and shading oft' to
smoky-white ; beyond the middle are three closely following
purplish-bi'own transverse lines ; beyond these a dotted line,
and outside it a large blotch, both purplish-brown. Hind
wings yellowish-white, dusted all over with pale brown ;
central spot small and black ; beyond it are two ver_y slender
curved bro\vn transverse lines, and another of smoky-brown
spots much more strongly Imarked ; cilia similarly spotted
with brown. Body and legs pale brown.

Usually hardly varying at all ; there is a trifling difference
sometimes in the breadth of the central band and in the
depth of colour of the tawny clouding in the intermediate and
outer paler spaces. But more than twenty years ago a
single brood of larvas was reared by the late Dr. Hearder at
Carmarthen, South Wales, every resulting moth of which was,
I believe, of larger than usual size, and brighter colouring,
the pale stripe before the first line and the outer pale space
being both creamy white, almost without the usual tawny
clouding. Four of these fine examples were sent to me by
Dr. Hearder and still adorn my collection and I find that
since his death six more have passed into the possession of
Mr. W. M. Christy. Doubtless others are scattered about in
other collections ; but all further attempts to rear this hand-
some form failed.

On the wing in -July and August.

Larva moderately stout, tapering in front; divisions
strongly indicated, the termination of each segment being
larger than the commencement of the next : third segment
swollen so as tn Iri.un a cdlai- pdiiiting backwards, dorsal

286 LEPIDOPTERA.

extremity bristlv. with two vciy minuti- points; bead quad-
rate, llattened and rather slopinj^ in front ; usual raised spots
furnislied witli sliort bristles.

\'ar. 1. JIazcl-brown, much mottled and shaded with pale
grey or whitish-grey at the divisions ; having a series of pale
grey, or wliitish, dorsal diamonds, each lying over two seg-
ments, the anterior half of each the more distinctly indicated,
and forming a palo triangle; sjiots small, white ; a black
collar surrounds the protuberance on the third segment;
undersurface greeuish-grey with distinct white sjiots, and a
whitish central stripe enclosing a black dash at each divi-
sion ; head brown, the face with two vertical white dashes.

Xfix. 2. Ha/.el-brown, shading into greenish-grey at the
commencement of each segment ; a small dorsal triangle, the
base of which is very white, at tlu' termination of each seg-
ment ; spots distinct, whitish : the collar on the third
segment black.

War. ;!. \'ery pale green tinged with red, having a series
of whitisli dorsal triangles with the base behind, the sides
formed by red V-Iike markings; collar on the third segment
black ; head pale red ; spots whitish ; undersurface pale green
witli a reddish spot at each segmental division. (C. Fenn.)

March (ir April to ^lay or even June ; on gooseberry, and
red and black currant, feeding at night. During the day it
remains very stilf and rigid, upon its food-plant, its legs
closely folded beneath the head. Said also to feed some-
times upon blacktluirn.

The winter is passed in the egg state.

I'l I'A elongate, head slightly projecting; organs well
defined ; anal extremity produced and liooked ; greyish-
ochreous, dusted with brown, and clouded with blackish-brown
dorsal and alnlominal shades or stripes ; venation of the wing-
cases, the orgnns, and the anal jioint dark brown. Spun up
loosely among leaves on the tree or among moss on the surface
of the ground. (C. Fenn.)

LAREXTin.-K- CIDARL 1. 2S7

The moth hides dui'iug the day in bushes, especially in its
food-plants, and certainly often avails itself of the dense
protection of blackthorn bushes. At that time it is rather
sluggish and unwilling to be disturbed. At dusk it flies
freely in gardens along the paths and between the small fruit
bushes, also along blackthorn hedges ; and will very occa-
sionally come to a strong light after dark. Not everywhere
common, but to be found in favoured spots throughout
England, though scarce in the most uortliern counties ;
apparently also, though more locally, throughout Wales. In
Scotland, in iSouthern districts to Cl_ydesdale, in the west, but
eastward much farther north, extending at least to Aberdeen-
shire, where it is found in gardens at a height of 1300 feet
aliove sea-level ; also recorded from the Orkneys. In Ireland
it is to be found in gardens in Du))lin County, Galwav, West-
meath, Dowu, Armagh, and Derry.

Abroad it has a wide range, through Central and Northern
Europe, the northern half of Italy, Dalmatia, the Ural
Mountain district, North-eastern Siberia, and the mountain
regions of Central Asia; in North America among the
mountains of New Hampshire. Colorado, Utah, and California;
also in Vancouver and Labrador.

11. C. clotata, L.; associata, iSfftml. Cut. — E.\-panse
1^ inch. I'ore wings yellow clouded with ochreous ; basal,
iirst and second lines all angulated, jiurplish-brown ; cilia
chequered. Hind wings yellowish-white.

Antenna? of the male minutely notched throughout,
ciliated, yellow; palj.i long, projecting, yellowish-brown;
face yellowish-white ; head pale ochreous ; neck-ridge
yellowish-white ; thora.'c ochreous, paler behind, tuft at the
back only just perceptible; abdomen long and slender, pale
yellow-brown ; lateral and anal lufts paler. Fore wiuo-s
broad, somewhat ovate ; costa gently arched throughout •
apex angulated ; hind margin beneath it in a slight decree
refuse, then fully expanded and curved : dorsal margin also

28S I.EI'inol'TERA.

rather ruuiided ; yellow, faintly clouiled with reddish-
ochreous ; basal line angulated, orange-red, enclosing a basal
blotch tinged with the same colour; first line stronglv angu-
lated above the middle, orange-red ; second line orange-
brown, perpendicular from the costa, angnlated outwardh' in
the middle, then oblirpie to the dorsal mariiin; the enclosed
central sjiaee clouded from the second line with orange-
brown ; hiud-ni;irgin:il region more faintly clouded with the
same, in which the subterminal line is obscurely visible as a
series of yellow crescents, but spreading in its upper portion
into a broad yellow l)lotch which runs oblitjuely into the apex
of the wing ; extreme hind margin edged by a yellow-
brown line; cilia yellow, spotted with brown. Hind wings
long, fully rounded behind, silky yellowish-white, shading off
to yellow at the hind margin ; two faint yellow-brown trans-
verse lines are just visible on the dorsal half of the wing-
above the anal angle ; cilia yellowish-white. Female
similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale yellow dotted upon the
costa, and also on the cilia, with brown: discal spot obscurely
black-brown ; the second line forming a ])urplisli-brown bar
halfway across the wing. Hind wings yellow ; central spot
distinct, black; beyond it is an indistinct series of three
slender red-brown transverse lines ; the middle one the most
noticeable. Body yellow-brown ; legs yellowish-white.

Only very slightly variable in the depth of colour of the
transverse lines and shadings of the lore wings.

On tiie wing in .lidy and August.

L.UiV.v elongate, not attenuated at either extremity ; head
pale green ; body slightly yellowish-green, the segmental
divisions yellow; dorsal line ilark green; subdorsal and
spiracular lines whitish ; all tliese lines threadlike and
inconspicuous; on tlie green undersurface is a very dis-
tinct white line; legs and prolegs uuicoloious pale green.
(C. Fenn.;

LARENTI n.K—C I Jy.-l R I A. 289

A})ril to June, on red currant and black currant {IIUhs
viibnua and R. nigruiii), feeding at night. During the day
it rests head downwards in the middle of the underside of a
leaf.

The winter is passed in the egg state.

Pupa moderately stout, gradually tapering towards the
tail ; colour pale green ; head tinged with white ; dorsal line
and nervures of the wing-cases darker ; anal point hooked,
pinls. Comparatively a large pupa. lOnclosed between two
leaves partially drawn together in a rough cocoon of open
silk network, through which it is C(uite visible. (C. Fenn.)

The moth sits during the day usually in a currant bush,
but occasionally on a neighbouring fence or wall or even the
trunk of a tree, with wings erect to the utmost and in a par-
ticularly curious position as though on tip-toe, the legs
extended so as to lift it as liigli as possible, and the hind
wintrs drawn forward so as to lie behind the fore wines. If
disturbed it dashes hastily to another place of concealment.
At dusk it Hies naturally, and at dark is strongly attracted by
light. It is still to be found occasionally in the London
suburbs, and is everywhere confined to gardens and their
immediate neighbourhood, sometimes to be seen settled on a
gas-lamp or lighted window. Never plentiful, yet of very
general occurrence in suitable jilaces tliroughout England,
though scarce in the north and rather so in the extreme
south-west. In Wales the only records that I possess are in
Glamorganshire and Flintshire. It does not apjjear to have
been observed in Scotland ; and although the late Mr.
I-]. P)irchall recorded it from Cork, IViwerscourt, and Kings-
town, in Ireland, Mr. Kane is of opinion that it is not really
a resident in that country. There has, without doubt, been
some confusion in names and of records between this species
and 0. 2\i/>'i>liata.

Abroad it is also somewhat local, but inhabits some por-
tions of France, also Holland, Switzerland, Northern Germany,

VOL. VIII. T

2yo LEI'IDOI'TERA.

Silesia. Nortberu Italy, Livonia, I'inlainl, the Ural Mountain
district, 'i'artary. and the iiiouiitaiuoiis regions oi' Central

Asia.

12. C, fulvata, Fm-sl. — E.xpanse 1 inch. Fore win^s
rich yellow shaded with orange-red ; central band and an
apical streak purplish-orange, edged with black ; cilia
spotted. Hind wings silky-white.

Antenuiu of the male simple, ciliated, whitish-yellow ; palpi
j)romineut, pale yellow brown, tips whiter; face, head, and
neck-ridge whitish-ochreous; thorax orange-yellow, the back
tuft small, yellowish-white ; abdomen slender, long, pale straw-
colour; the tufts distinct, the anal tuft long. Fore wings rather
narrow ; costa gently arched, more strongly so toward the apex,
wliicli is angulated and rather jtointed ; hind margin below it
slightly retuse, then gently rounded off : dorsal margin also a
little filled out ; colour rich yellow clouded with orange-red;
basal line a narrow orange-red stripe, its margins fine purple-
red lines, the outer rather curved ; first line upright, placed
far from the base, angulated in the middle, indented below,
purplish-black edged inwardly with yellcwish-white ; second
line not very far beyond, curved and scalloped, throwing out
a strong angle or tooth just above the middle, purple-black,
edged outwardly with yellowish-white ; the space between
these lines tbrnis a rather narrow central band, especially
narrow in its lower half, of rich orange-red clouded with
purple-red. and having some leaden-black dusting in the
niiddlf : hind-marginal region clouded, especially in the
middle, with softer purplish-red or tawny, which is sharply
cut off above by the angulated margin of a pale yellow tri-
angle occupying the apical space; cilia orange-yellow spotted
regularly with purple-black. Jlind wings silky-white with a
faint yellow tinge and without markings ; cilia yellowish-
white. Female similar, but with the body shorter.

Underside of the fore wings ])ale straw-colour, tinged along
the costa with orange ; central band indicated in smoky

LA RENT! I). K—CIPA KIA. 291

clouding-; apical blotch visible, yellow, edged with tawny,
which also shades the hind margin ; cilia spotted as on the
upper side, lliud wings clear yellowish-white; cilia pale
yellow, faintly spotted with brown. Eody and legs pale
yellow.

llather variable in the depth and richness of the colouring
of the central band ; more so in the degree of reddish clouding
over the ground colour, which in some specimens almost per-
vades it, in others is but faint, or even nearly absent. A
specimen taken many years ago in the Isle of j\Ian. which
passed into the possession of the late ilr. I']dward llopley,
afterwards into that of ilr. F. IJond, and is now in the col-
lection of ^[r. Sydney Webb, is yellow, but has the central
band broken into two blotches. I know of no similar
specimen, and anj' striking variation in this species is
extremely rare.

On the wing in June and July.

Larva. Leugtli about five-sixths of an inch, and of average
bulk in proportion ; head rather narrower than the second
segment, its lobes rounded, and when at rest it appears to be
notched on the crown; the notch, however, is really upon the
second segment, being formed by an extension of the skin
into two prominences above the top of tlie head. Body of
nearly uniform width, rounded above and below, but the two
portions separated by a wrinkled lateral ridge ; the skin has
also a wrinkled appearance, and the segments are very dis-
tinctly divided. Head, and the gi-onnd colour of the body,
uniformly bright pale green ; dorsal line double, grey ; sub-
dorsal lines of the same colour but more boldh* defined : a
yellow margin extends along the lateral ridge, forming the
spiracular line, and the segmental divisions are also yellow ;
ventral surface, legs and prolegs bright pale green, the
posterior segments yellower, and all the segmental divisions
yellow. (G.' T. I'orritt.)

April to June ujion wild I'ose — Roia cani/m, Ji. spinosis

292 I.F.PfPi^PTEKA.

sima, and otlu>r species — also upon yarden roses; feeding at
night.

The winter is passed in the egg state.

i'lTA al)Oiit three-fitchths of an inch long: the colour
almost uniforndy dull-green. Amongst the leaves of its s))rig
of rose. ((_;. T. I'orritt.)

The moth sits closely under a leaf in the daytime, with
the fore wings covering the hind, and closely appressed to
the leaf, while the abdomen is gracefully curved up, with its
long anal tuft sharply erect. Altogether a most exquisitely
pretty object ! At this time it is very sluggish, preferring to
fall down among the herbage if disturbed, rather than to fly.
The male flies naturally, however, at sunset, and may be
seen, sometimes in numbers, at that time, while it is still full
daylight, beating backwards and forwards over gardens, or
hedges, or especially over the large beds of burnet-rose on
coast sandhills, in search of the far mora sluggish female —
which, however, also flies later in the dusk. Common
throughout England and probably AVales, certaiidy abundant
on the coasts of South Wales. In Scotland it is to be found
in gardens up to JJraemar in Aberdeenshire, and in the west
to Clydesdale; also in the Orkneys. In Ireland it is local,
but in some parts abundant, recorded from Dublin, \\'ater-
ford, Galway, Westmeath, Down (in plenty), Tyrone, Armagh
and Derry. Its range abroad is through Central Europe,
tJentral and Northern Italy, the Balkan States, Armenia, and
the mountainous regions of Central Asia.

13. C. pyraliata, Burl:; dotata, Sfand. Cat. — E.x-
panse 1] inch. Fore wings elongated and pointed, pale
yellow ; basal, first, and second lines slender, oblique, hardly
angulated, yellow-brown ; a faint brownish streak runs in
from the apex. Hind wings yellowish-white.

Antenna; of the male simple, faintly notched, ciliated,

LARENTin.E—CIDARIA. 293.

yellow ; palpi projecting, yellow-brown ; face, head, and
neck-ridge pale-yellow ; thorax similar but faintly tinged
with chocolate in front, tuft at the liack small and blunt ;
abdomen long and slender, pale brownish-jellow ; lateral
tufts distinct ; anal tuft long. Fore wings long and pointed,
almost pyraliforme ; costa regularl}' arched ; apex sharply
angulated ; hind margin beneath it faintly retuse, thence
very oblicpie and but little curved ; dorsal margin also rather
straight; colour pale yellow ; basal line somewhat angulated.
indistinct, purplish-browu ; costa from it to the base darker
brown ; first and second lines purplish-brown or pale choco-
late, rather near together and partially parallel, curved, or
sometimes the second is once rather angulated ; the space
between them faintly clouded with reddish-brown, but
hardly darker than the rest of the wing ; sometimes a few
faint brownish cloudy dots or streaks in the hind marginal
area seem to suggest a subterminal line, but often these are
imi)erceptible ; usually a faint brown streak from the apex
runs very obliquely into the same area, but ihis also is not
always apparent ; when it is jiresent there is usually a little
dark clouding on the nearest portion of the hind margin \
cilia of this portion pale brown, shading below to pale
yellow. Hind wings long ovate, rounded behind ; yellowish-
white ; almost without markings, but a suggestion of a
central transverse line is sometimes faintly perceptible ; cilia
pale-yellow. Female similar, body rather shorter.

Undersides of all the wings pale straw-colour ; costa of the
fore wings shaded with yellow and brown ; second line
visible as a brown stripe, angulated in the middle, more
slender below, but exactly continued on the hind wings as a.
slender, curved, yellow-brown line, above which is a brown
central spot, and below it, toward the anal angle, a round
brown spot. l>ody and legs brownish-yellow.

Variable in the depth of colour of the markings, which
are often partiall}^ obliterated. The transverse lines are the
most persistent, but they are pale in specimens in whit'h th<^

294 I.EPIDOPTKRA.

subniarginal spots and clouding arc iinperceptiblp. When
strongly marked, on tlie other liaud, tliere is often a clouding
of faint reddish-brown on tlie ai'ea of the ordinary central
band. In an example from tlie west of Ireland this band is
<lecide(lly coloured, and in the space before it is a transverse
series of small red-brown clouds ; the series Ijeyond the band
being so full as to constitute a subterminal strijie, while the
dark dash running into the ajiex is continued as a cloud down
the hind margin. ^Ir. Sydney Webb has one in which the
central band is still more clouded, and the transverse lines
darker, but the markings beyond the second line are hardly
perceptible ; and another in which there is no indication of
central band or lines except a narrow cloudy fulvous stripe
in the middle.

On the wing in -Inly and August.

Lak\ A elongate, attenuated in front ; head small, rounded,
dark-green, without markings ; general colour green ; dorsal
stripe conspicuously darker green, or blackish-green ; sub-
dorsal lines distinct, pale-yellow ; segmental divisions tinged
with yellow; viMitral stripe yellow or white, very distinct;
anal flap eilged with yellow ; legs of the ground colour,
(('has. I'enu.)

March till ^lay or the beginning of June; on Cinllmn
afariiir (goose-grass), (1. iihiUikjh, and other species of bed-
straw ; also on A^pirnJd iKhniiln (wood-rutf).

'J'lie winter is ])assed in the egg state.

I'ri'A stout, rounded, not shining, anal extremity hooked;
pale emerald green, segmental divisions, wing covers, and
dorsal shade sliLditly darker. Spun up in a loose silken
netwoi'k among the stems of its food jilant. (C. Fenn.)

The moth sits during the day among its food-plant or
other herbage, with its liind wings drawn away from its
abdomen and laid close to the fore wings, botii held closely
togetlier and partly erect, thus it looks as tliough it had but

LARENTlD.E—CniARIA. :95

one pair of wings. At dusk it tlies very softly and gently.
It frequents neglected gardens, and still more lanes and
hedgerows where its food plants grow in plenty, and even
occasionally the edges of woods. Formerly plentiful in the
suburbs of London, now less so, but still existent. Common
throughout the south, east, and west of England, and some-
times abundant ; less frecpient in Midland districts, and in
the north. Probably to be found throughout Wales, but ray
only recoi'ds are in Glamorganshire and Pembrokeshire, lu
Scotland the records are not very general, but it is found in
Berwickshire, Clydesdale, Dumbartonshire, and the coast of
Aberdeenshire ; and Dr. ^Vhite gives its distribution as " To
Dee, Clyde, and West Ross." In Ireland it seems to be more
especially attached to the coast, but is found in Dublin
Count)-, Wicklow, Waterford, Kildare, Calway, Westmeath,
Sligo, Armagh, Antrim, Derry, and Donegal. Abroad its
range is through Central, Northern, and South-eastern
Europe, Central and Northern Italy, Bithynia, Tartary, and
the mountain regions of Central Asia.

11. C. populata, L. — Expanse 1 to 1;^ iuch. Pore wings
long, pointed, pale or rich ochreous, markings pale or dark
tawny or orange-brown ; central band broad with a strong
projection behind ; hind margin clouiled ; cilia plain. Hind
wings creamy white.

Antenna3 of the male simple, ciliated, brownish-yellow;
palpi long, porrected, pale tawny ; face, head and neck-ridge
brownish-j'ellow ; thorax similar, more tawny in front, the
tuft at the liack very short; abdomen slender, straw-colour;
lateral and anal tufts well developed. Fore wings ]iointed,
pyraliform ; costa strongly arched ; apex sharply angulated ;
hind margin just beneath it refuse, thence rounded and
rather full ; dorsal margin almost straight : colour silky pale
ochreous, shaded with tawny ; basal line erect, angulated and
indented, rather thick, pale oi-ange-brown ; the enclosed
basal sjiace shaded with red-brown ; first Hue almost parallel

2</) LEl'IDOPTERA.

but less strongly aiigulated, orauge-brown ; second line
distant, ratber erect, bent outward in the middle, more or
less, into a blunt ])rojection or broad double tooth ; the
intermediate space often forming a rich orange-brown
central band mottled with ochreous, or else shaded from
the costa with orange-brown or tawny, in which are faint
pale rounded spots and darker lines ; subterminal line
extremely faint, a mere reddish thread; beyond it is some
tawny or orange-brown shading which culminates in a wedge-
shaped blotch running sharply into the apex : cilia ])ale
lautiy. unspotted. Hind wings long, rather ovate, rounded
behind ; silky yellowish-white; cilia rather yellower. Female
less in expanse of wing, l)ut the body much stouter; colour
rather paler yellow, and the orange-brown markings and
shading lighter in tone, or even much fainter.

Undersides of all the wings pale straw-colour ; costa of the
fore wings ochreous ; second line strongly marked as an
orange-brown stripe, shading off and indistinct below the
middle; the hind marginal tawny blotch conspicuous ; on the
hind wings is a visible pale brown central spot ; halfway from
it to the hind margin is a slender curved tawny line, and
beyond this another, more faint, liody and legs yellow-
brown.

Exceedingly \ariable in the depth and extent of the dark
clouding and colouring ; in some specimens, especiall}* those
of the south, it is faint, and occasional examples are only
yellow with the transverse lines a little darker; from this
there is a gradual advance, the central band mottled and
marbled in every degree with orange-brown, till it becomes
wholly deep dark orange-brown, or has this rich colour merely
infringed upon by short ochreous streaks from the costa; the
central band also sometimes broadened, and its outer projec-
tion extended, till it joins the ecpially rich, dark, and much
extended hind marginal clouding : in a further range of
variation the dark colouring extends more or less over the
ground colour or is reticniated upon it, till in those found

LA RENTID.t:— CI1\\ RIA . 297

upon mountains in the north a large proportion have the fore
wings uniformly dark orange-brown, deep tawny, umbreous,
or even nearly black ; in some of these, however, there in
curious interruption of the dark colour bj- a yellow line from
the costa down one-third of the length of the first and
second lines. So far as I know this extreme variability
a^jplies to the male sex. Females, however, are uncertain as
to size ; those from Devon hills being very small.
On the wing in July and August.

L.\i{V.\ elongate, smooth, segmental divisions distinct ;
third segment swollen at the sides ; head small and rounded,
brown ; body pale brown, mottled with pale grey, dorsal line
inconspicuously darker ; on each segment are two converging
purplish or ferruginous dashes forming two sides of a pale
triangle preceded by a brown blotch ; subdorsal line indis-
tinctly whitish or pale lilac; divisions clouded with pale lilac;
ventral surface shaded with whitish, through which runs a
brown line.

Or — pale yellowish-green ; dorsal line reddish or dull
crimson, forked on each segment into two sides of a triangle
filled up with white or having a Ijlack dot at the base ; hind
legs and spiracles reddish ; undersurface having a whitish
central stripe containing a reddish line.

Ov — pale grey, with a series of X-like grey markingson the
back ; a broad alternately dark l)rown and pale grey spiracu-
lar stripe : a conspicuous black dash round the division of the
second and third segments ; undersurface as in the last
form.

Or — reddish brown, divisions tinged with yellow; a series
of pink dorsal triangles, laterally edged with dark brown,
and with a black spot on the base ; ventral stripe sometimes
absent. (C. Fenn.)

April to the beginning of June, or even till July in the
north; on Vacriiiitrm viyrfil/ii>i {whortieherrj). l'. ri/is-idrni,
(cowberry), heather, sallow, and in confinement on \villow —

29S I.EPIDOPTERA.

to wliii'li JuJssler adds po])lar and Epihihiuni. Feeding
at night; at rest tiie liody is extended straight out, and if
<listurbed it falls (|iiite rigid.

Thi' winter is passed in the egg state.

I'ti'A elongate ; anal extremity with a ininute spike;
])inkisli ; wing-cases brown ; a broad blackish line extends
down llie back; abdomen dusted with black. Spun u])
among leaves on the jilant, oi' on the surface of the ground.
(('. Fenn.;

The niotli sits during the day quietly upon the undersides
of the leaves of its food ])lants, and in the beds of Vcciiiin/i',
■on the mountains, may be readily boxed from them as it
sits, being (|uite ivadily noticeable on the leaves and stems.
At dusk it Hies in abundance over the beds of this plant, and
if an attracting lamj) is placed among it after dark the males
will assendjle in such numbers as (juite to cover it. This
species is also strongly attracted by the blossoms of the
common rush. The female is at all times sluggish and is
not .«o commonly taken. Usually a northern, and nearly
always a mountain, sjiecies; but in Dorset it has been cap-
tured several times singly on large heaths, and the same has
occurred in the fens and on heaths in Norfolk. It is also said
to have occurred in Cornwall and in Ikickinghamshire. In
IK'von it is common on and around Dartmoor, and on F.xmoor
near Dulverton ; in Somerset on the Quantocks : on the Cots-
wolds in (iloucestershire. and on the Black ^lountain, Here-
fordshire. In the J\lidlands it seems to occur on all the high
hills anil moors in Ijeicestershiri', ^\'arwickshire, Staffordshire,
^Vorcestershire, and Derbyshire, and is still more abundant
on those of ^'o^kshire, Lancashire, Cheshire. Cumberland,
Northumberland and Durham. In Wales, Mr. \'ivian has
taken it in (ilamorganshire, I found it commonly on the slopes
of the I'reselly Hills in J'endjrokeshire, and ^\v. Greening in
Flintshire, so I have no doubt that it exists generally in that
verv suitable countrv. To be found also in the Isle of .Man.

J.ARENTID.K—CIDARIA. riQ'J

In Scotland ifc is excessively abundant iu the mountain dis-
tricts of Pei-tlishire. Inverness, and .Vberdeeushire. and in
suitable '•' mosses'" tbrougliout the south of that country, also
inhabiting the Hebrides and Orkneys. In Ireland more local,
but abundant iu the bogs and on the mountains of Kerry,
and iu the small adjacent islands ; also in d'alway, Antrim,
and Donegal.

Abroad it has an immense range through the hill and
mountain districts of Central Europe, Northern Euroiie to
Lapland, the Ural ^Mountain districts, Tartary, the mountain
regions of Central Asia, all the Northern United States of
America to Colorado ; Canada to Vancouver, and Labrador.

15. C. testata, T.. — E.vpanse 1 to IJ. inch. Fore wings
of the male pale yellcwisli-grey, with a very broad purplish-
brown central band and similar basal blotch ; a light orange-
red lunate blotch lies on the hind margin under the apex. Of
the female pale ochreous with markings orange-brown. Hind
wings of both silky purplish, or yellowish-white.

Antenna; of the male notched, simple, ciliated, pale
purplish-yellow, whiter at the back ; palpi long, porrected,
pale chocolate ; face and head Ijrowuish-white ; neck-ridge
and thorax orange-yellow, the tuft at the back of the latter
small ; abdomen long and slender, pale purplish-yellow ; the
lateral and anal tufts well developed. Fore wings broad
behind ; costa regularly arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; the
hind margin very fully rounded and expanded; dorsal margin
straight ; colour pale yellowish-grey, or purplish-grey with
faint orange clouding ; basal line bent outwardly, orange-
brown, nearer the base is a similar slender line ; first line
very indistinct, pale orange-brown, sharply angulated on the
median nervure, thence oblique to both margins; second line
of the same colour, edged outside with white, very straight
obliquely from the costa toward the hind margin, but bent
back in the middle with a blunt angle, and thence scalloped;
the enclosed space forming a centi'ai band of purple-brown or

30O LEI'inOPTERA.

orange-purple not much darker than th(> {.'round colour ; from
above the middle of the hind margin a large lunate orange-
red blotch extends to the apex, where it is obliquely cut of!
by a rippled white line; cilia dull yellowish white. Jiind
wings broad ami ample, rounded behind, silky purplisii-
white ; the hind margin tinged with pale purple ; cilia con-
colorous. Female less in expanse, with rather narrower fore
wings, usually devoid of the purplish shades, which are re-
placed by orange-yellow ; abdomen shorter but much
stouter.

L'ndersides of all the wings extremely pale brownish-
yellow, the fore pair clouded with piu-jjle in the middle, and
having a purple second line, within this is a more curved and
threadlike line; discal spot obscurely black; a purple streak
from the hind margin runs into the apex ; cilia spotted with
dull purple. On the hind wings are two much curved trans-
verse brown lines. Body and legs yellow-brown.

Not very variable except that often there is a tendency in
the male toward the more yellow-brown colouring of the
female. This is more especially noticeable in southern dis-
tricts, and iu the Isle of Wight fine large males are found
(piite as richly orange-yellow as any females. Scottish speci-
mens, on the other hand, are often more than usually purple
or even violet in tint- — some from Dumlmrtonshire taken ))y
Mr. J. R. ^Mnllock show this strongly. In those from the
west of Ireland the ground colour is ])ale and shining so that
the puiiilisli markings are unusually distinct. In Sussex
specimens, in !Mr. ]{. Adkius' collection, along with large well-
coloured males, are sometimes females iiaving the fore wings
crossed by six waved white lines edged with purple, ilr. S.
"W'ebb has a male of rather large size in which the fore
wings are almost uniformly yellowish-white for three-fourths
of their length, the usual markings as well as colour being
absent, while its hind wings are sinning white with a purple
band along the hind margin ; another male in the same
collection has the fore wings almost uniformly dull ])ur])le

LA REA'T/n.E—CIPA AV.l. 3^ ■

and the hind smoky brown ; wliile a female hcas assumed the
purple markings of the male, but darker and more distinctly
visible. On the other hand. ^Ir. H. J. Turner possesses a
female of a rich chestnut-red.

On the wing from the end of June through July and
August.

Lakva elongate, slender, having the sides wrinkled, and an
anal point projecting behind ; face slojiing forward, head
whitish with black markings on each lobe ; general colour
ochreous, paler at each e.Ktremitj-, where the dark brown
dorsal line is most conspicuous; subdorsal and spiracular
lines white, the upper edge of the former shaded with red,
more conspicuously so at the segmental divisions ; sides
faintly clouded with red ; spiracles black ; on the uudersnr-
face is a grey central line edged on either side with dusky
white ; anal flap shaded with grey ; and a dark grey streak
on the front of each proleg. (C'has. Fenn.)

April till June or even July, on sallow, willow, and birch ;
also said on the Continent to feed on cranberry and ,'<aliii:i.

The winter is passed in the egg state.

I'lTA rather elongated, the surface very dull but hardly per-
ceptibly sculptured ; general colour ochreous ; wing-covers dis-
tinctly striped with dark brown on the nervures ; down the
dorsal region is a broad lirown stripe ; segments much spotted
on the sides with the same colour ; cremaster broadly wedge-
shaped and covered with bristles; eyes and wing and antennap-
covers outlined with brown. Spun up loosely, but attached
by the tail, under leaves on the ground.

The moth is sluggish in the daytime, and the female is so
at "// times, hiding in thick hedges and bushes in dam])
lanes and woods, also among sallow and heather in open
heaths and bogs. Plentiful in fens, and the male to be
found Hying, often iu multitudes, at dusk, on boggy heaths.
Apparently not common in Cornwall and Devon, nor in

302 I.EI'IDOl'TF.RA.

some parts of the Midlaiiils, but otherwise abundant in
suitable jtlaces tlirougliout I'LngUind and Wales ; also on
mountains and all moors throughout Scotland, including
the Hebrides. Orkneys and Shetland Isles; and on bogs
and mountain sides in many j)arts of Ireland.

Abroad it has an extensive range through Central Europe,
the f'reater portion of Xortliern J'lurope, the Ural ^lountain
district, 'i'artary, and the mountain reg-ions of Central Asia ;
and in North .\merica. through New Kngland, I'enn.'^ylvania,
New York State, (,'olorado, Canada witli ^'ancouver, Nova
Scotia and Newfoundland. The form there known as [iro-
y))'/N«/</ appears to be no more than the variety of the nutle
which has assumed the colouring of the female.

Genus 1 I. PELURGA.

Antenn;e simple, rather short and thick; palpi short; head
rouLjh ; face convex ; thorax crested at the back ; abdomen
short, thick, especially so at the base, curved up behind ; fore
wines broad, blunt; costa much rounded, hind margin ex-
panded and elbowed behind, llind wings much squared,
hind margin crenulated.

'We have only one species.

1. P. coniitata, y.. — i]x])anse \\ to \\ inch. I'ore wings
very broad, crenulated behind, pale ochreous, with broad
ochreous-lirown central baud. Hind wings silky-white, hind
margin edged with brown, crenulated.

Antenniii of the male rather short and thick, minutely
ciliated, light brown ; palpi short and blunt, depressed, dark
brown ; face convex, almost globose, golden-brown ; top of
head and neck-ridge light brown ; thorax thick, smooth,
thinly scaled, but the shoulder lappets tufted and rather uji-
lifted. liglit brown, the crest at the back very short ; abdomen
thick at the base, and rapidly tapering, short, light brown,
the anal tuft darker, tilted up. Fore wings broad and blunt,

LARENTin.-Ji—PELURGA. 3"3

the costa slightly arched at the Ijase, very strongly so before
the tip, and nearly straight between ; ajiex bhmtly angulated ;
hind margin immediately below it straight and hardly oblique,
but elbowed below the middle and thence more curved,
minutely crenulated ; dorsal margin also rounded ; pale
brownish-ochreous ; basal line orange-bi-own, slightly angu-
lated below the costa, then obliijue, forming the outer margin
of a basal blotch of the same colour ; hrst line oblique, angu-
lated in the discal cell, thence almost straight, black-brown ;
second line more oblif|ue, Init perpendicular from the costa
to the middle, then squarely elbowed and twice angulated
below, black-brown, edged outside with a slender whitish
line ; the space between the first and second lines forms a
very broad conspicuous orange-brown central band, its middle
area occupied by two large paler clouds, on each side of which
is a black-brown transverse line ; subterminal line faintly
indicated by the whitish edges of some narrow little fulvous
clouds in an irregular series, those just above the middle
becoming more distinct, or even blackened, and running off,
in a dark brown or I>lack streak, obli(piely into the apex of
thawing; cilia brownish-ochreous faintly spotted with brown.
Hind wings broad but rather short, crenulated behind ;
smoky yellowish-white, very faintly clouded with partial
transverse brown shades, and with a similar shade along the
hind margin; cilia concolorous. Female rather stouter;
ground colour of the fore wings paler, and the markings
almost devoid of the brown colouring, inclining to yellow-
fulvous.

Underside of the fore wings smoky yellow-brown ; the
costal region ochreous with brown dusting ; discal spot
minute, black ; second line visible as the margin of the
darker clouding ; beyond it are faint ochreous shades near to
the hind margin. Hind wings yellowish-white, thickly
dusted with brown ; central spot small, black ; beyond it is a
band of faint whitish dashes ; nervures tinged with ochreous.
Body and legs very pale yellow-brown, dusted with brown.

304 LEPIDOPTERA.

A little variable in the dejith of colour of the Ijrown mark-
ings, and in tbe extent of the ])ale area within the central
band, which frequently becomes a complete cloudy interior
stripe ; occasionally also the central band is bordered on each
side by a white line.

On the wing from the end of June till August.

Lakva very stout ; each segment swollen laterally ; divisions
well marlv'ed ; sides wrinkled and, i\\i\\\ the elevation of the
lateral spots, appearing vandyked ; head small, rounded,
brown, the face ]mler ; body ochreous or reddish-ochreous,
tinged on the back witii green ; a row of V-shaped dorsal
markings pointing forwards and having an ochreous s])ot at
the tip, are broadly shaded in front with green ; these mark-
ings extend from the dorsal line to the spiracles and are most
distinct on the middle segments ; the dorsal line is thread-
like, green, often hardly visiVde ; subdorsal lines represented
bj- yellow oblique dashes on each segment ; spiracular line
waved, whitisli-oehreous, edged above witli tlark green or
crey ; spiracles grey in pale ochreous rings ; anal flap edged
with pale ochreous; raised dots ochreous; undersurface, legs
and prolegs of the same colour ; a (piadrate green dorsal spot
lies on the twelfth segment. (Chas. Fenn.)

August to September ca- October ; on various species of
Cltcnopodlum (goose-foot), feeding npon the tlowers and
especially the seeds; also occasionally on those of Alfipli.r
(Orache) ; feeding at night ; very sluggish, remaining upon
the seed-vessels during the day, usually luimped togetlier,
curved somewhat into the form of a iigure 2.

I'li'A verv short and thick, almost ovate; the liaclc very
broad ; shoulders rounded and also a protuberance on the
back of the head ; wing and limb covers, ami the dorsal sur-
face, head and shoulders, densely sculptured with fine incised
dull lines ; eyes prominent ; abdomen rapidly tapering,
coarsely punctured, anal segment bluntly rounded: (-remaster
very small, sharply pointed. Colour uniform darlc red-brown.

LARENTIDAL—PELURGA. 305

except tlie abdominal divisions, wliicli are browner, and the
anal segment and creniaster, which are blackened. In the
earth in a very slight cocoon, almost always in a spot where
the soil is loose and dry, under some shelter.
The winter is passed in this condition.

The moth sits during the day among its food-plants, espe-
cially in the thickest masses, and usually under a leaf ; its
wings widely spread and raised above the level, the hind
concealed and drawn away from the abdomen, which is con-
spicuously and curiously curled up. It may be disturbed by
trampling among the plants, but is sluggish and unwilling
to take Hight, and creeps away under the plants, or if it tlies
settles again quickly, sometimes on the ground among loose
clods of earth. At dusk it flies naturally, but not swiftly,
comes occasionally to flowers, and later in the night to a
strong light. Its favourite haunts are neglected gardens,
waste places by the wayside, and especially waste sandy spots
near salt marshes on the coast ; always among its food
plants. Still to be found in the southern suburbs of
London, and apparently in suitable places throughout
England, abundantly in some of the Southern, and esjiecially
in the Eastern Counties ; local in the Midlands, absent from
districts of heavy clay, and almost so from woodlands and
meadows. In Wales the only records that I And are in
Glamorganshire and Flintshire ; in Scotland it is found
mainly in southern districts — Wigtown, Berwickshire, and
Fife, also in the Clyde valley, possibly in Arran, and certainly
in the north, in Sutherlandshire. In Ireland generally
distributed on suitable soils, and abundant almost all round
the coast. Abroad its range is through Central Europe, the
greater portion of Northern Europe. Northern Italy,
Roumania, Southern Russia, Eastern Siberia, and the
mountainous regions of Central Asia.

VOL. VIII.

3o6 LEPinOPTERA.

Genus 15. SCOTOSIA.

Antennna simple, almost naked ; ])alpi projecting ; head
rather rou^'h ; thorax roughened with long scales ; abdomen
slender, in males sometimes very long; fore wings broad but
pointed, faintly creuulated behind ; hind wings long, deeply
scalloped behind, the dorsal margin roughly fringed, some-
times dilated or tufted.

LAHv.t; rather short and thick, feeding on shrubs, often
drawing together the leaves.

I'l'P.'E subterranean, or among leaves on the ground.

We have five species, which may thus be tabulated:

A. Wings all elongated ; shining grej'-brown with faintly

<larker transverse lines. ,S'. rctiilota.

A'-. Fore wings broad.

B. l''ore wings umbreous with a darker band ; a black

line runs into the apex. >S'. rhtnniuita.

IV-'. [•'ore wings pale orange-brown ; covereil with scalloped

black transverse lines. S. unihdata.
W. Fore wings shining purple-brown, with broken black

stripes. S. dubitafa.

W. Fore wings not shining. ])ale brown with a broad

central black-bordered band. .S'. ccrtata.

1. S. vetulata, /S'/nV/". — Expanse 1 to l\ inch. Fore
wings pointed, elongated, creuulated, grey-brown ; lines
darker, faintly white-edged; nervures dotted with brown
and white. Hind wings long, deeply scalloped behind,
similar in colour.

AntenniP of the male short, simple, most minutely
ciliated, brown; pal]ii slender, drooping, black-brown;
face, head, and the prominent neck-ridge light brown
dusted with darker ; thorax thin, pale brown, thickly dusted
with umbreous ; abdomen long and slender, of the same

L A REIVTID.-E—SCO TOS/A . 3,07

colour, the anal tuft large and projecting bebind the bind
wings. Fore wings somewbat ovate ; costa very genth'
arched ; apex bluntly angulated yet produced so as to give a
pointed appearance to the wing ; bind margin gently curved,
crenulated ; dorsal margin also rounded ; colour shining
grey-brown, rippled almost all over with faint undulating
darker brown transverse lines ; among these the basal,
first and second lines are just recognisable, but rather
emphasised on the costa, and also faintly edged with
pale grey or whitish threads ; central band very slightly
darker; extreme hind margin edged with dark brown
streaks ; cilia pale brown spotted with darker. Hind
wings long, rounded behind, also deeply scalloped and
crenulated, of the same colour and gloss as the fore wings,
and similarly rippled with even more obscure darker trans-
verse lines, and whitish dusting ; cilia pale brown, clouded
with darker. Female rather larger, the fore wings broader;
abdomen thicker, shorter, and without the large anal tuft ;
otherwise similar.

Undersides of all the wings almost uniformly smoky-brown ;
discal and central dots just visible, black; second line of the
fore wings faintlj- indicated, followed by a yellow costal
spot, from which a pale thread crosses both fore and hind
wings ; cilia all spotted with black-ljrown. Fiody and legs
pale brown, the latter darker in front.

Extremely constant in colour and faint markings.

On the wing at the end of Jane and through -luly.

Larva thick, short and broad, the segments strongly
marked ; general surface rough and uneven, very sparingly
clothed with hairs ; head smaller and narrower than the
second segment, rather jiorrected. smooth, black ; front of
the second segment yellow ; dorsul plate thereon deeper
yellow divided by a median line ; 1-here is a dorsal whitish
stripe intersected throughout by a slender black stripe ; on
each side of this is a liroader lead coloured stripe containing

3o8 LEPIVOPTERA.

a series of white spots ; below this a broad dirty-white
spiracular stripe wliich contains a series of lead-cciloiired
spots, and also the spiracles — which are black — and extends
to the anal prolegs ; below this stripe is one of lead-colour
terminating before the anal prolegs ; ventral area dingy
honey-yellow. When very young quite black, but wlien
three weeks old the more ornamental colouring has begun
to appear. (,\dapted froniMr. K. Newman's description.)

End of A]iril or beginning of May, to June ; on lUianMwa
catlturticus (buckthorn); when very young mining in a
young shoot and causing it to droop ; at a week old emerg-
ing from this, and lorniiiig a shelter by fastening two or
three young leaves together and hiding within ; later fasten-
ing two leaves together face to face, or rolling uj) a single
leaf, sometimes forming this retreat with considerable care,
always hiding within, and gnawing the inner surface of the
leaf and the parenchyma, but leaving the outer surface, which
soon withers and furnishes an indication of its ])i-esence ;
a])parently never biting through the leaf from the edge.
Tlu> winter is j)ass"d in the t^^^^ii state.

I'lPA long and sit nder ; whole surface very glossy and
almost without scul])ture , wing covers swollen, somewliat
transparent, pale brown slightly tinged with green ; abdomen
evenly ta])ering ; anal structure swollen; cremaster short,
wedge-shaped, set with short bristles; general surface bright
red, thealxlomiual divisions and cremaster dark red. In an
earthen cocoon, or else among dead leaves on the ground.

The moth hides during the day among its food plant, and
is rather sluggish ; its natural tlight is at late dusk and in
the night, when it Hies around the thickets of bushes among
which its food plant grows, found usually in chalk districts,
and sometimes commonly; also in fens ; and thus local, but
distributed in such suitable spots throiigh the southern
counties from Kent to Cornwall, in which last it is scarce,
and to Somerset, (Jloucestershire, Herefordshire. Bucks,

LARENT/D.^—SCOrOSIA. 309

Oxfordshire, Herts, Essex and Suffolk ; more scarce in Nor-
folk and Cambridgeshire, except in the fens, to which it
seems j^artial wherever a thicket of bushes occurs ; also
found in Worcestershire, and very locally in Yorkshire,
North Lancashire, and Westmoreland. So far as I know
this is the extent of its range in these Islands. Mr. Fenn
tells me that at one time it was to be found in some parts of
the outskirts of London, but from them has almost or quite
disappeared. Abroad it is common in Central Europe, the
northern half of Italy, Livonia, the Ural Mountain district,
Eastern Siberia, and the mountainous regions of Central Asia.

2. S. rhamnata, Srkiff. — Expanse 1|- to Ih inch. Fore
wings broad, pointed, crenulated behind, sienna-brown, the
central band black-brown, or nmbreous edged with black,
throwing a black stripe into the apex. Hind wings deeply
scalloped behind, pale sienna-brown, with blacker transverse
lines.

Antenna^ of the male short, simple, minutely ciliated,
dark )>rown. paler in front; palpi ::lender, drooping, black-
brown, tipped with white; face rough, black-brown; head
similar, the scales erected, drawn back from the bases of
the autennie, and pressed against the paler neck-ridge ;
thorax nan-ow, umbreous, minutely tufted at the back ;
abdomen slender and long, pale brown dusted with umbreous
and minutely barred with black ; anal tuft rather large but
pointed, and hardly extending beyond the wings. Fore
wings very broad but pointed ; costs gently arched, more so
toward the apex, which is sharply angulated ; hind margin
very oblique, faintly rounded and crenulated, but almost
refuse just below the apex; dorsal margin fully rounded;
colour light umbreous or sienna-brown ; basal line very
oblique, dark umbreous, dusted outside with white ; first
line extremely oblique, but suddenlj^ bent back near the
costa, brown-black, edged by a faint line of pale dusting,
and preceded by two nearly parallel umbreous lines, second

310 I.EI'IDOl'TERA.

line very oblique, rather sinuous, and running out to a long
point toward the apex of the wing, then sharply bent back
and up to the costa ; from the long point a black line,
clouded above with dark brown, runs into the apex of the
wing and is faintly edged below by a white line ; the space
between the first and second lines forms an oblitpu' umbreous
band, having spots of the paler ground colour near the costa,
and the uervures darkened; discal spot blai-k ; space beyond
the second line occupied by four slender ])arallel black-brown
lines, and a thicker, but less even, whitish line which seems
to rejiresent the subterminal ; there is also in this portion
a dusting of whitisii-brown streaks on the costa; extreme
hind margin edged by an undulating lilack line; cilia pale
umbreous, whiter in the hollows. Hind wings large and
long, rather squared, deeply scalloped behind, the intervals
forming sharply jjoiuted crenulations ; jjalc umbreous;
central spot black, placed near tiie base ; beyond the middle
is an unusually straight black-brown transverse line, squarely
angulated near the iront margin; this is followed by two
similar jiarallel lines, and then by some whitish-brown cloudy
spots towards the hiiul margin, the latter being edged by a
line undulating black line ; cilia umbreous, clouded witli
smoky black. Female larger; the markings on the wings
more distinct, and usually the central band lilacker ; body
thicker and shorter.

Underside of the fore wings smoky pale purplish-brown ;
discal spot distinctly black ; costa yellow-brown, barred with
umbreous: second line distinctly darker and complete, llind
wings paler brown, clouded with umbreous; nervures dashed
alternately with paler and darker brown ; central spot black ;
the dark lines of the upper side very faintly reproduced.
Body and legs pale brown.

Sliglitl}' variable iti the depth of the ground colour, and
in the darkness of the nuirkings ; more particularly in the
coloiu' of the central band, which sometimes becomes nearly
black; in other cases it renuiins of the light brown of the

LARENTIDAl — SCOTOSIA. 311

ground colour, with the margins only black ; and shows all
intermediate shades.

On the wing at the end of June and in July.

Larva thick and rather short, the segments well divided ;
head small ; green ; ground colour vivid green ; dorsal line
dark green ; internal dorsal vessel very visible ; subdorsal
lines slender, pale yellow ; spiracular lines of the same colour;
sub-sjuracular line similar, slender; segmental divisions deep
yellow ; on each side of the three hinder segments, below
the spiracles, is a broad purple stripe ; anal plate and tip,
with the anal prolegs, deep purple ; undersurface traversed
longitudinally by three whitish lines, the middle one the
broadest, and bordered with small yellowish spots. (Rev,
H. H. Crewe.)

Or — The whole dorsal region to the spiracles, with the
head, rich green ; spiracular stripe yellow ; undersurface
green ; anal purple markings and stripes as above described.

Or — Pale grey ; the head blackish-brown ; dorsal stripe
extremely broad, purple-brown ; subdorsal lines broken into
a series of purple-brown spots, and spiracular line into
short slender similar dashes and dots ; undersurface, legs
and prolegs pale grey ; no indication of the bright purple
marking of the hinder segments.

Or — Similar to the last, with the sides more dotted and
dusted with purple-brown, and tlie undersurface blotched
with dark grey.

April to June, on Ilhamnm ciiihartkiis. (buckthorn), draw-
ing together the leaves.

The winter is passed in the egg-state.

Pupa elongated ; thoracic portion cylindrical, wing covers
swollen, densely sculptured with minute incised lines ; limb-
covers very dull, hardly sculptured ; abdomen regularly
tapering, front band of each segment coarsely punctured,
middle smoother, hind band glossy ; anal segment rather
bluntly rounded, the anal structure somewhat swollen ;

312 LEPIDOPTERA.

cremaster wedge-shaped and covered with short coarse
points; colour dark red-brown, wing: covers and anal
setrineut black-brown. In an elongated cocoon of silk and
earth, in the <rroinid.

The rriuth hides durin<^' the dav in buckthorn bushes, is
sluggish, but if disturbed flutters in the shadow and then
mounts over the bushes ; it flies at late dusk, later at night
it will come to a strong light. Usually found in chalk
districts, where its food plant natural!}' grows ; but also
inhabits the small co])pices or " cars " in the fens. \'ery
local, but to be found in suitable spots in all the most
southern counties of England except Devon and Cornwall,
also in the ciialk districts of the other counties to Middlesex,
Herts. < ).\f(irdshire, Bucks, Somerset, Gloucestershire, and
Herefordshire ; more commonly in the Eastern Counties,
and even plentifully in the fens of Cambridgeshire ; beyond
this it is e.xcessively local and very scarce, but has been taken
in Dovedale, Derbyshire, ^\'(lrceste^shire, one or two places
in "^'orksiiire and in Westmoreland. In South A\'ales ilr.
Allen has found it in (I'lamorganshire. This ap])ears to be
the e.xtent of its range in these Islands. Abroad it is
found over the greater part of Central Europe, the northern
half of Ital}-, South Sweden, Livonia, Uoumelia, and Asia
ilinor; but prol)ably in other ])arts of Asia, since it occurs,
in a larger and jialer variety, in -lapan.

;J. S. undulata, L. — E.xpanse \\ to 1^ inch. Wings all
shining pale orange-grey, clouded with fulvous, and covered
throughout with distinct scalloped black and grey transverse
lines, most strongly marked on the costa of the fore pair.

Antenna) of the male simple, minutely ciliated, brown;
palpi small, depressed, dark V)rown ; face, head, and neck-
ridge rather rough, light brown dusted with darker;
thorax brown, s]iotted or dotted with black; the tuft at the
back blunt ; abdomen tawny-brown, the segments edged
with paler; anal tuft small. Fore wings broad; costa

LAKEMTID.'ESCOTOSfA. i^i

regularlv arched ; apex rather sharply angulated ; bind
margin faiDtly crenulated, very little rounded and not
very oblique ; dorsal margin rather full ; very silky,
yellowish-grey or orange-grey, more tinged with fulvous
beyond the middle, the whole surface occupied by a series,
sixteen in number, of parallel, excessively scalloped, trans-
verse black lines, except near the hind margin where is a
similarly scalloped orange-white subterminal line ; all these
black scalloped lines arise from oblicjue streaks on the costa,
and, from their being there a little more emphasized, it can
be seen that the second of these is the usual basal line, the
eighth the normal first line, and the tw^elfth the normal
second ; also that these last two and those between them
are in some specimens blacker and a little more distinct,
so as to indicate a central baud ; cilia smoky-brown, dashed
and tipped with white. Hind wings not very long, rounded
and strongly crenulated behind ; silky pale silvery-brown
or yellowish-brown, clouded behind with fulvous ; central
spot faintly black ; just beyond it are two faintly curved and
scalloped brown transverse lines, followed by four more
which are faintly dotted on the nervures with black ; in the
fulvous space along the hinder area is an abundantly
scalloped white line, preceded by a rather thickened dark
grey one ; cilia smoky white. In the middle of the dorsal
margin is a projecting lobe or tnft of long, deep black, scales,
which i-ather doubles down toward the underside. Female
quite similar except that it has no indication of the tuft of
black scales.

Underside very pretty ; all the wings pale purplish-brown,
with most of the scalloped lines of the upper side repeated
in brown dottings ; discal and central spots distinct, black,
the spaces before them dusted with black. Body and legs
light brown.

Usually very constant in colour and markings, except in
the faint tendency, already noticed, to the indication, in some
specimens, of a central band ; or else for the two middle

314 LEPinoPTERA.

rippled lines, in this portion, to coalesce in part, forming
central rings, or even spots ; but one specimen in Mr. Sydney
Webb's collection has a conapicuotis narrow central band
composed of four of the scallo])ed lines suffused and massed
to(i;ether, and a basal blotch of the same smoky fulvous
colour; anotlier, from the collection of the late Mr. F. Bond,
has a central narrow greyish- irhite stripe; and a third is
devoid of all the scalloped lines except three, enclosing a
]iale purple space in the middle of the fore wings. Speci-
mens from the si.)uth-west uf Ireland are rather small and
dark. This is one of the most exquisitely beautifid iif the
(ieometrida^ !

()u the wing in Juni' and -luly ; sometimes, in the south,
at the end of May.

L.\K\A short, stout, the skin shining; rather attenuated at
each end ; liead small, polished, hazel-brown ; body furnished
with a few short scattered hairs; light pur])lish-brown ;
dorsal line hardly darker, but bordered on each side by a
yellowish line ; subdoi-sal lines threadlike, pale yellow ;
above the spiracles, which are black, is a broad dark-grey
stripe; spii-acular line broad, pale ochreous ; undersurface
whiti.sh, or greenish-ochreous. with an ill-di-fined ])aler
ventral stripe ; legs dark brown, and a black dash on the
upper Burface of each of the anal ]irolegs. (C. Fenn.)

Or — Horsal surface dark ]nirple-briiwn with the dorsal and
subdorsal lines as above ; the stripe over the spiracles black-
brown, and the undersurface and legs pale pinkish-brown ;
head black, mouth brown.

Or — ]3orsal region pale bluish-grey, the dorsal line grey,
its bordering lines and the subdorsal white ; the stripe over
the spiracles grey. s]iotted with black ; undersurface and legs
greyish-white ; head light-brown.

August till October; on sallow, aspen, and whortleberry;
feeding at night, hiding during the dav in a chamber formed
of two or three leaves united with silk. But its habits varv

LA RENTID.E—SCO TOSIA. 3 ' 5

at difFereut ages, and the remarks of Mr. A. E. Atmore are
worth quotino-. "At the end of August or beginning of
September tlie larva is oue-third or more grown, and is then
to be found in a silken web feeding on the upper surface ot
leaves of sallow. It feeds within this network, and only
quits it when the leaf is nearly consumed, nothing but the
principal veins, the midrib, and the petiole or leaf-stalk being
left. Sometimes, and indeed most frequently, after a meal,
it fills up the space occupied by the portion of the leaf just
consumed with silken web. Several leaves are treated in
this manner, so that the larva is not difficult to find. As it
advances in life, and invariably after the last moult, it is
even easier to detect, as it then spins two or three leaves
together. It now feeds principally upon the apical portions
of the leaves it has spun up, but so far as I have observed
allows the end of its habitation to remain perfectly open. It
is always sluo-oish, and is full-Ln'Own here toward the middle
of September.''

Plpa stout, squared in front, or the head a little protruded ;
general surface shining ; limb and wing-covers faintly sculp-
tured with minute incised lines, and the nervures upon the
latter rather thickened ; dorsal and abdominal segments very
glossy, and pitted rather faintly ; cremaster thick, conical,
bristly, finished off with a straight spike bifurcated at th
tip. General colour bright red-brown, segments of the
abdomen deeper red ; cremaster black-brown. In a com-
pact and rather strong cocoon of silk covered with earth, on
the surface of the ground, under either moss or the dead
leaves of the food plant.

The winter is passed in this condition.

The moth is a lively restless creature. It hides during the
day among thick masses of sallow, whortleberry, or bramble,
particularly selecting spots in which these are further shel-
tered by holly bushes, yet as soon as approached flies up to
seek some other similar concealment, and if further dis-

e

3i6 LEPIDOPTERA.

turbed, again to another, but makes no attempt to leave its
favourite locality. This is usually in or near woods, or in
marshes where sallows are in plenty, but the spot beloved
above all others is an open wood of large Scotch firs under
which the whortleberry grows knee-high, and where hollies
are scattered in stubby bushes. In such a place it may some-
times be found in dozens, but in its other haunts it is seldom
very coiiiiuon. It Hies naturally, like its allies, at dusk, and may
occasionally be, at night, attracted to light. It seems to be rare
in (Jornvvall, but with this excfjition occurs, here and there,
in suitable wooded places throughout the South of Knglaiid,
the Eastern Counties inchuling the fens; also in Herefordshire
and Worcestershire, and a few places in Staffordshire. War-
wickshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, and Westmoreland : taken
rarely in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, and once in Durham.
In Wales it has been taken at Sketty Park, near Swansea,
and elsewhere in Glamorganshire, also rarelv in Pembroke-
shire ; in Scotland only in the e.xtreme South ; but in Ireland
it has a more extensive range, being found in Wicklow,
Cork, Kerry, with llii- neighbouring island of Garinish ; at
St. Clerans, Galway ; iu ^Wstmeath. Meath, Mayo, Sligo,
and Derry.

Abroad it has a very wide range, extending through
Central Europe, the temperate regions of Northern Europe,
Northern Ital}-, the I'ral Mountain district, Tartary, the
mountainous regions of Central Asia, Japan ; al^o ('anada to
Vancouver, Nova Scotia, Colorado, I'ennsylvania, New York
State, New Jersey, Massachusetts; ,iTid in Maine it is said to
be common about the houses !

1. S.dubitata, L. — Expanse \\ to 1.^ inch. Fore wings
very ample, shining. ])ale purple-brown with greenish reflec-
tions, and dark brown transverse bands, here and there
blackened, hind margin crenulated. Hind wings long,
deeply scalloped, silky, smoky-brown.

Antenna? of the male sitiiple, minutely ciliated, brown ;

LA KEMTID.-E—SCO Tl )SIA . 317

palpi projecting, bluut, black-brown ; face whitisla-brown ;

top of the head redder ; neck-ridge and thorax pale brown

dusted with umbreous, tuft at the back short and blunt;

abdomen grey-brown, faintly barred across the back with

black ; anal tip small. Fore wings very broad ; costa much

arched; apex bluntlv angulated ; hind margin strongly

crenulated, very full and but little curved, and the anal

angle well formed ; ilorsal margin rather full ; surface very

glossy, pale ]iuri)lish brown, shaded with purjile and green;

basal line erect, double, black, enclosing a narrow ]iurple

stripe ; following it are three more, rippled and abundantly

angulated, black-brown threads, occupying the space before

the first line, which is duplicated, indented, black, much

dilated on the median uervure, and which encloses a purple

stripe ; second line also black and double, enclosing a purple

stripe, rather erect, bluntly angulated in the middle and

throwing out a sharp tooth above, in both which angles it is

thickened and clouded with black ; so that strousr dark

clouds are usually, though not always, thrown into the central

area by this, and also by the first line ; the central band being

also more shaded with purple, and ornamented with interior

parallel faint dark lines; towards the apex is a large puri)le-

black cloud, divided I)y the subtermiual line, which is ri])pled,

obscurely white, but forms a distinct white spot above the

anal angle ; all the nervures spotted alternately with black

and white ; extreme margin edged by an undulating Ijlack

line ; cilia pale purple, shaded with smoky-brown. Hind

wings long and very ample, silky, smoky-brown, dusted with

glistening white, and crossed by numerous rippled faint

smoky-white lines ; hind margin very deeply scalloped,

neatly edged with an excessively undulating black line ;

cilia pale smoky-purple. Female closely similar.

Underside of the fore wings pale smoky-brown ; discal spot
visible, black ; costa ochreous, repeatedly spotted with black ;
second line showing as the edge of a smoky-black shade ;
nervures beyond it dappled brown and white. Hind wings

3i8 LEP/DOP-fERA.

smoky-wliite ; central spot black ; beyond it the whole area
is rippled with slender smoky-white transverse lines, and the
nervures dotted fiiintly with black. Body and legs pale
brown.

A little variable in depth of colour, especially in that of
the clouds at the aut^les of the first and second lines of the
central band, these are sometimes rather lartre, in others
small or almost absent. Occasionally a great increase of the
rich purple colour of the central band is observable.

On the wing from the end of July or August through the
autumn, going into hibernation before the winter, and re-
appearing on the wing in April and ilay, at which time it
pairs. Hofmann states that the fertilised female hibernates
in holes and cellars, and lays her eggs in the spring, but this
seems to be unlikely, and Dr. T. A. Chapman has in this
country distinctly proved the contrary.

Lakv.\ smooth and plump, very slightly tapering to both
extremities ; head rather small, rounded, slightly withdrawn
into the second segment, light green ; general colour yellow-
green ; dorsal line a dark green stripe sharply edged on
either side by narrow lines of the ground colour ; subdorsal
lines equally dark green, similarly edged, and followed by a
broader dark green stripe, below which is a broad s{)iracular
stripe of the yellow-green ground colour, edged below again
with green ; undersurface, legs and prolegs green.

Or — Pale green with four slender yellowish-white lines
down the dorsal region ; and the spiracular stripe broad,
lemon-yellow, bright yellow, or orange ; undersurface, legs,
and prolegs, green.

May and June, on Ehumnua cafhurtiei's (buckthorn) and
It.fmwjula, also sometimes upon blackthorn and bird-cherry
(Fninua padus), concealing itself between spun-together
leaves.

Vvvx dull red-brown; with small, elongated tongue-sheath,
and a smooth conical cremaster elongated into a weak forked

LARENTID.-E—SCOTOSIA. 319

spike on the sides of which are small hoops (Hofmann).
Only a few weeks in this state, in the ground in a cocoon of
earth and silk.

The moth hides during the day in holes and corners, under
timber, and sometimes about buildings, and is not easily
found at that time. In some parts of the coast, where it is
abundant, it will conceal itself in multitudes in caves in the
rocks, but otherwise its hiding places are well chosen, and
it is seldom observed. At dusk and at night it flies a little,
and has been taken at the flowers of ragwort and clematis,
at heather-bloom, ivy-blossom, and about autumn flowers in
gardens, also at light, yet is not usually much in evidence in
the autumn. In spring it is quite frequently met with —
will come to sallow-bloom, or may often be taken flying
along hedges at dusk. It still exists in the London suburbs,
and occurs almost throughout England — though I find no
record from Durham or Northumberland ; in some parts of
the Midlands it is common. Doubtless, this is the case also
in Wales, since Mr. Vivian records it in Glamorganshire, I
have found it flying in the gardens in Pembroke, and
it is recorded from Denbigh and Flint. But in Scotland it
seems not to occur far beyond the extreme south ; I have
seen it from Roxburghshire and Wigtownshire, and Dr.
White recorded it only from the districts of the Tay and
Solwaj'. In Ireland it has been taken in Dublin County, in
Wicklow, Galway, Louth, and Deny, therefore has probably
a wider distribution. Abroad its range is through Central
Europe, Northern Italy, Sicily, Livonia, Finland, Roumania,
Armenia, Central and Western China, and Japan ; also in
North America, found in Canada, Maine, Massachusetts, and
California. Large and handsome examples from this last
locality and from Vancouver are known under the varietal
name of ha-^itata.

b. S. certata, Ifuh. — Expanse U to LJ inch. Fore
wings broad, not silky, crenulated behind ; pale purple-

320 LEPIDOPTERA.

brown, shaded behind witli rcd-browii ; central band rather
narrow, darkest at the margins and on the nervures. Hind
wings pale smoky-brown, crossed by slender darker lines.

Antonnif of the male rather short, simple, minutely
ciliated, liright light bmwn ; ])alpi slender, projecting, black-
bniwn ; t'ac-i- dark brown below, whitish above; head, neck-
ridge and thorax brownish-white dusted with black ; the
back tuft a blunt ridge : abdomen short. grey-Vjrown dusted
with white, lateral tufts whitish brown ; anal tuft small, com-
pressed. Fore wings broad but a little elongated toward
the tip ; costa arched at the base, more strongly so toward
the apex, Init rather straight between : apex distinctly
angulated ; hind margin rrenulated, oblique, hardly curved
except at the anal angle: dorsal margin a little rounded;
colour pale purple-brown, shaded with reddish-brown ; basal
line erect, double, black: first line also double, black, ratlier
more obli(jue, the intermediate sjiace clouded with black so as
to form a stripe ; second line not far beyond it, rather more
obli(|ue, placeil mainly in flattened curves, but iiaving two
short bluntly angulated projections above the middle, this
also is black, throws black clouding inward, and is edged
outwardlv bv a slender grey ])arallel line ; tiie enclosed
central band is further shaded in some degree with smoky-
brown, and has one or two delicate black lines ])ai'allel with
its margins; hinder area broadly clouded with i-id-brown or
faint tawny in an obscure band wliich is edged by the irre-
"•ular white subterminal line : nervures obscurely yellowish-
white, spotted with black ; extreme hind margin edged by
an undulating interrupted black line; cilia smoky -brown
clouded with white. Hind wings elongated but broad,
deeply scallo]ied Ijehind and forming long ])oints or crenu-
lations on the margin : pale smoky-brown faintly barred by
two pairs of slender rather darker transverse lines ; along
the hind marginal area is a smoky-white obscure stripe,
edged bv a zigzair black marginal line; cilia pale brown,
tijiped with white. Female similar, often a little larger.

LARENTID.-E—SCOTOSIA. 321

and the body stouter. Underside of the fore wing's pale
smoky-browu ; discal spot black ; costa pale ochreous, with
three black dots near the base ; second line smoky-black,
distinct, followed by several faint, parallel, brown threads.
Hind wings very pale smoky-brown ; central spot black,
followed by a distinct browu transverse line ; beyond this
are three parallel, much fainter, rippled brown threads ; and
the black hind marginal zigzag line is distinct. Body and
legs pale smoky-browu.

Rather variable in size and also in the degree of mottling
of brown scales on the fore wings, the central band being in
some cases almost obscured, in others left clearly distinct.
In Mr. Sydney Webb's collection is a specimen having the
fore wings quite smoothly pale ijurplish-brown, without dust-
ing or darker clouding or lines, but the basal blotch and the
central band are narrow and sharply black-brown.

This species bears considerable resemblance to the last,
))ut may always be distinguished from it by its narrower
central band, and by the dull surface of its wings, and
absence of the bright purple gloss so visible in >S'. ditbitata.

On the wing in May, but in some seasons from the end of
April till the l^eginuing of June.

Larva short, stout, having horny plates on the second and
anal segments ; head rounded, shining, reddish-brown ; back
and sides dull greyish or greenish-slate colour ; dorsal line
darker, edged on each side with white; subdorsal lines white,
threadlike and inconspicuous, margined below by a broad
conspicuous dark grey stripe ; spiracles ))lack, placed in
yellow or pale orange blotches; below each is a browu or
grey blotch ; anal plate reddish-brown ; undersurface i)ale
grey ; legs, and front edge of the second segment, dark
brown. (Chas. Feun.)

Mr. Buckler figures a variety in which the broad dorsal and
lateral surface is purple-brown, and the bordering stripe black.

June and July on barberry (L'crbcris vuhjaris), also, in
VOL. viii. X

322 LEPIDOPTERA.

gardens and slinibberies, ou tlie cultivated spi-cicn — Brrheris
(hilcis. Miihonin /•^'///(/b/ia (holly-barberry), and others. AVhen
young it spins together two leaves, the u])perside of one
closely applied to the underside of the other, so that the
edges coincide, aud lives between, eating the uudersurface
of the upper leaf.

I'lTA slmrt and thick, rounded in front of the head ; eye-
covers globose, limb-covers well developed ; antenna-covers
marked with de|)ressions at the antenna! joints ; wing-cases
dull from abundance of crowded sculpture of fine incised lines ;
dorsal and abdominal segments more glossy, moderately
pitted, but the hind bands smooth; anal segment very
bluntly rounded ; cremaster short, conical, furnished with a
shoi't bifurcated spike; dark red-brown; cremaster black-
brown. In a thick, oval, tough cocoon of silk, covered with
earth ; in the ground. In this condition through the winter.

'{'he moth hides during the day about its food plants, or
in closely concealed corners among rubbish, but is rarely
observed at that time. It flies at dusk, and is strongly
attracted by light. Indeed, in the suburl)s of Ijondon, where
it is more especiall_v to l)e found, preserved by its partiality
for the cultivated barberries, it is almost solely taken by
this attraction ; its fliglit at dusk being short and its appear-
ance on the wing very inconspicuous. In the country it is
usually less common, yet occurs about gardens, aud in lanes
where any barberry is to be found in the hedges ; rather
scarce in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, and Devon ; and local in
Wilts, Bucks, Somerset, Ciloucestershire, and llerefordsliire ;
in the eastern counties, where barberry is sometimes to be
found commonly, it is frequent, es])ecially so in Suflblk ; the
I'ecords in other counties — at Harrow and Buxton, Derby-
shire ; iiurtoM, Leicestershire: .Market Drayton, Salop;
Hartlejiool, Durham ; and several localities in Yorkshire —
are probably due to its love for cultivated barberries. In
Walesit has been i'uundin (ilamorganshii-e liy .Mr.X'ivian. and

LA RENTIP.-E—CA MP TO GRA 31 MA . 323

Dr. White recorded it in Scotland iu the district of the
Tweed, probably from the same cause. The record for Ire-
land is apparently an error.

Abroad it is found over the greater portion of Central
Europe, middle and northern Italj', North-eastei'n Turkey,
Armenia, Tartary, Central China, the Isle of Askold, and
Japan with Yesso.

Genus IG. CAMPTOGRAMMA.

Antenna? simple ; palpi projecting ; head smooth ; thorax
roughened ; abdomen smooth and short ; fore wings broad,
the apex acute, and sometimes the hind margin beneath it a
little refuse, below expanded, faintly crenulated ; hind wings
broad, scalloped behind, a deeper and broader excavation
near the anal angle, which is sharply defined.

We have but one species.

1. C. bilineata, L. — Exi)anse 1 to 1] inch. Fore wings
bright yellow, rippled all over with scalloped yellow-brown
transverse lines ; central band obscure or else marked by
cloudy black stripes or shades. Hind wings orange-yellow
with faint scalloped lines.

Antennas of the male simple, short, minutely ciliated,
yellow, back of the shaft brown ; palpi projecting, pointed,
yellow-brown ; eyes light brown ; face dull pale brown ;
head, neck-ridge and thorax j^ellow ; abdomen rather cylin-
drical, brownish-yellow, the edges of the segments white ;
anal tuft short, whitish-brown. Fore wings short and broad ;
costa arched, especially at the liase and toward the apex,
which last is sharply angulated ; hind margin beneath it
perpendicular or even a little refuse, full below and curved
off toward the anal angle, which is well developed ; dorsal
margin a little rounded; colour bright rich yellow; basal
line very faintly brown, enclosing two still less visible
threads ; first line rather upright, curved, indistinctly brown,

324 I.EPinOPTERA.

often shaded a littlo with the same colour ou its outer side ;
second line of tlie same colour or darker, more distinct and
mora shaded in its inner side, erect, a little waved, and
throwiDsir out one or two blunt antjles above the middle ; all
these three lines ai-e faintly edped on one side by a slender
white thread ; central baud almost filled l)y five ri]>pled,
faint yellow-brown, transverse lines ; space beyond the
second line similarly occu]iied. all these lines ri])pled into
numei'ous crescents ; hind marginal space more or less
dusted with orange-brown, through which runs the very
obscure, rippled subterminal line of the yellow ground colour ;
extreme hind margin edged by an undulating brown line ;
cilia yellow. IJind wings broad, rich yellow or even orange-
yellow, rijjpled with successive but fainter transverse lines
of brownish crescents, that across the middle of the wing the
most distinct, rather angulated, and I'dged with white; hind
marfrinal region more fully tinged with orange; cilia yellow.
Female similar, often rather larger.

Underside of the fnre wings yellow, tinged so far as the
second line with smoky-brown : this line is distinctly Iirown
and is followed by a Ijroad band of the paler ground colour ;
hind margin tinged with brown. Hind wings rich yellow.
with the rippled lines of the up])er sid'^ repeated. Hody and
legs yellow.

Variation in this species almost always takes the form of
brown or black clouding along that side of the first and
second lines which lies within the central band, or along the
hind margin. This black or brown clouding is never definite
on its inner side, but is most present along the inner side of
the second line, and especially within its large projections.
It takes every ])0ssible gradation from this to having a pair
of broad clouded black stripes almost filling the central band
and accompanied by a brown shade along the hind margin.
These forms accompany the type, and I have seen them of
exceptional beauty even in a London garden: but they are
certainly more freipient on the coast, and in marshy spots,

LA RENTID.-E—CA MP TOGRA MM A . 325

where ako the largest specimens are found. This tendency
to darker banding seems to increase in frecinency both north-
ward and westward. In Sutherlaudshire the bands are of
constant occurrence, and remarkably dark and complete, or
else are more definitely broken up into black spots ; and this
last modification becomes especially marked in the Hebrides,
specimens from those islands being sometimes ornamented
with five large black spots, two attached to the first line,
thi'ee to the second. Very striking specimens showing this
variation are in the collection of Mr. A. P. Grifiiths. In
Ross-shire a different tendency seems to be shown, the
central baud being sometimes wholly filled with dark brown
colourino', but there is not the defined seiiaration which
could be held to constitute a local race. There is something
in this nature in the Shetland Isles, iu that the size of the
specimens is less, and their wings are a little narrower, while
the darkening of the central baud, or its margins, is accom-
panied by a general intensifying of the usually faint rippled
markings over the remainder of the wings, giving a generally
darker and also sharper aspect to the individuals from these
islands. At the same time, some of these specimens are
brightened by the appearance of a narrow wliitc stripe,
broken into loops, in the middle of the central band ; such
an example is in the collection of Mr. F. J. Hanbury, while
the Rev. Joseph Green has one iu which the white stripe is
clear and unbroken ; Mr. Sydney Webb another in which it
is very broad but divided by the darker norvures ; and Mr.
S. J. Capjier a little specimen in which it separates extremely
dark brown bands. This white stripe has been seen in
English specimens, there being one iu Mr. Webb's collection
in which it sharply divides the deep black-brown clouding of
a full-sized banded specimen. In Ireland, along with the
general range of variation, there is a leaning rather towards
uniformly brown tints, the ground colour haviug a brownish
shade, which becomes stronger in the central band ; this is
most frequent along the western coast, and in the smal

326 I.EPIDOPTRRA.

Atlantic islands has readied an extreme form, the whole
insect — head, body, and fore and hind wings — being .some-
times dark brown or even blackish-brown, with the transverse
lines and rippiino; a little blacker. Uoing to an extreme in
the opposite direction, an aberrant sjiecimen in the collection
of the late .Mr. Nicholas Cooke, in the Liverpool Museum,
is of a smooth uuicolorous yellow, without the indication
of any marking whatever. Another such specimen is in
Mr. Webb's collection.

On the wing in June, July, and August. Only one general
brood ; but it is noticeable that rather small specimens are
apt to occur, in perfect condition, quite late in the season,
and there is as yet no evidence to show whether these are
produced by retarded slow-feeding larvto, or are casual indi-
viduals of a very restricted second generation.

Larva moderately stout and nearly cylindrical ; segmental
divisions well marked, yellow ; head small, rounded, shining
bluish-green or bright green, faintl}' reticulated with brown ;
body yellowish green : dorsal line darker green, very faint
on the front segments ; subdorsal lines indistinct, yellowish-
white ; spiracular lines waved, similar in colour; raised dots
faintly white ; undersurface deej)er green, with numerous
slender yellow longitudinal lines, and sometimes having on
each segment trto dusky purple blotches; spiracles brown,
the front pair very distinct ; legs semitransparent pale green ;
lirolegs deeper green.

Very variable ; those figured by Mr. W. liuckler are,
respectively, blue-green, apple-greeu, yellow-green, pale drab,
brownish-drab, and puqjlish-brown, in the last two cases the
undersurface being more yellow-brown, in tho rest following,
with the head and legs, the tint of the ground colour.

August till April or the beginning of May, hibernating
while still small : on cliickweed, dock, sorrel, strawberry,
dandelion, rest-harrow, and other low growing plants, and on
various grasses, llofmaun mentions a second generation,

LAKENTID.-E—CAMPTOGRAMMA. 327

feeding up in July ; but this, if usual with us, certainly only
occurs in a very limited degree.

Pupa. Thickest in the middle, the wing and limb-covers
rather thickened ; antenna-covers barred with the forms of
the joints ; wing-covers very minutely inscribed with fine
wrinkled lines ; dorsal segments more strongly wrinkled ;
abdominal segments coarsely j)itted on a rather narrow band,
the smootli hind bands strongly ridged ; cremaster conical,
furnished with a pair of long parallel spikes, hardly darker
than the body. Thorax and wing-cases dark olive, the latter
rather paler and transparent at the edges ; abdomen
mahogany-red. Enclosed in a slight earthen cocoon.

No outdoor species is, or can be, more intimately familiar
than this ; it hides itself in the day in every bush, in every
wood margin, coppice, open common, field, hedge bank, or
garden ; is always perfectly ready to tiutter out on the
smallest provocation, yet in no way alarmed, perfectly
satisfied to flutter slowly back to the same bush, or the next,
or any neighbouring herliage, and to again hide itself under
a leaf, which you can promptly touch with your finger, and
so induce a repetition of the same indifferent movements.
Its natural flight is at dusk, and is unlike that of many
other species, being rather of a buzzing character, hovering
about any little bit of hedge or bank, and apparently never
removing to any great distance. Also it seems to have no
pronounced tastes, since, though it will come occasionall}' to
light, not more than a specimen or two out of surrounding
hundreds will be seen to be so attracted. Similarly a few
specimens will be found at honey-dew, or at the flowers of
ragwort, and other plants, yet this is only casually and in
places where, had these sweets any real attraction for them,
multitudes would be feeding. Apparently in great abundance
throughout the United Kingdom, except the higher portions
of some of the northern mountains ; hardly absent from the
middle of the largest city, or the most barren moor or

328 LEPIDOPTERA.

mountain ; plentiful in fens ; abounding among every
sheltered bit of herbage among the rocks of the coast, and in
any moist spot of the most inhospitable sand districts.

Abroad it is abundant almost all over the Continent of
i']urope, including Turkey, though it seems to become scarce
in Portugal and at tJibraltar; also found in Asia Minor,
Syria, Armenia, Eastern Siberia, and Japan ; and in Algeria
in the north of Africa.

(ienus 17. PHIBALAPTEEYX.

Anteuntu bristly; ])alpi projectiug; head and thorax
rather rough ; abdomen short, the anal tuft rather blunt and
si|uarril: foie winii's puinted, elongated, not very broad;
hind margin even ; hind wings rather broad and short, with
the hind margins usually a little elbowed, and faintly crenu-
lated.

Lakv.e smooth, elongated, and not stout; the head
smaller.

I'ci'/E in the ground.

The six species, though readily discrimiuated, are not ver}'
easy of tabulation.

A. Fore wings pale grey-brown.

15. I'ore wings blunt, a short l)lack streak arises near the

base of dorsal margin. P. tcf^ata.

U-. Fore wings pointed; the markings are tine slender

transverse lines. P. lapidaia.

A-. Fore wings brownish-white or very pale brown.
C. Central band narrow, sinuous, leaden-brown.

P. Jluviatd, male.
C"-. Central band broad, with margins half dark, running

only to the costa. P. 'pohjijram'iiuda.

C'. Central baud narrow, brown toward the dorsal martjiu,

edged by an oblique dark stripe \\hicli runs into

the wing-apex. P. Ivjnala.

LA RENTlDAi—PHIBA LA P TER 1 '.\". 329

C*. Central baud broad, umbreoiis, diverted into a longi-
tudinal strii)e wliich runs into the hind margin.

r. vUdlhatd.
A-', Fore wings purple-brown, with a white discal spot.

P. fiaviatu, female.

1. P. fluviata, //»/). — Expanse % to 1 inch. Fore wings
narrow, rather jjointed ; male pale brown, with a slender
leaden-brown central band, and a similar streak running:
into the apex ; liind wings pale smoky-brown. Female, fore
wings dark purple-brown, with a round white discal spot ;
hind wings dark smoky-brown.

Antenn;e of the male simple, but very densely ciliated,
light brown ; palpi slender, projecting, darlc Ijrown, the tips
white ; face, head, neck-ridge, and thorax light brown, dusted
witli white; abdomen reddish-brown, similarly dusted ; anal
tuft small. Fore wings rather narrow ; costa flatly arched;
apex angulated; hind margin verj- oblique, slightly curved,
as also is the dorsal margin ; pale brown or whitish-brown ;
basal line obscure, oblique, brown, the same colour partially
filling the basal blotch ; first line brown but faint, often
indicated by a white edging on the costa, oblique and some-
what straight ; close beyond it is a narrow, parallel, oblique,
leaden-brown central stripe or baud containing the discal
spot — a black dot in a whitish-brown ring — the outer edge
of this dark stripe is darker, sharjjly defined and angulated
below the costa ; beyond it are two faint brown parallel lines,
and then the normal second line, merely indicated in
umbreous crescents and edired with minute white dots:
beyond is the subtermiual line, of the same colour but even
more obscure, faintly dotted with white ; from it, above the
middle, a clouded smoky-black streak runs obliquely into tlie
tip of the wing; extreme hind margin dotted with black;
cilia pale brown. Hind wings broad, squared behind, pale
smoky-brown, shading in front towards white; before the
middle is a smoky-black transverse line, and a shading of the

330 LEPIDOPTERA.

same colour runs from it into the base of the wing; half-way
from this line to the hind margin is a browner transverse
line, i-dged outwardly with white; this is preceded by two
fainter .slmrt similar lines and tbilowed liy a brown cloud
along the hind margin ; extreme edge dotted witii black ;
cilia pale brown. Female very different, the fore wings
])urple-brown, the lines white, the central dark band rather
blackened, and containing a discal black dot placed in a
distinct white s])ot ; hind wings more grey-brown, darker,
but devoid of any still darker basal shading.

Underside of the fore wings of the male verj- pale smoky-
brown, ])aler along the costa ; edge of the dark central band,
and also the second line, indicated in smoky-black, and a
similar line near the hind margin. Hind wings whitish-
brown, dusted with darker ; the transverse lines of the upper
side indicated in smoky-brown, and very much rippled.
Female more tinged with )iurple. I'ody and legs of both
brown.

Hardly variable in cither sex, but Mr. \\. Xewstead has
shown me. in the Chester iluseum, a male specimen in which
the central band of the fore wings is broken.

On the wing in successive generations, in June, -luly,
August, (September October, even in November, and pos-
sibly in mild weather throughout the winter, hibernating
during severe weather, reappearing in worn condition in
April or Jlay.

Larva cylindrical behind and slightly llattened forward,
tapering toward the head, which is smaller than the second
segment, its lobes well defined; general colour greenish-grey;
the head striped with the commencement of the dorsal and
subdorsal lines; dorsal line dusky and slender, running con-
tinuously to tlie commencement of the fifth segment; the
subdorsal stripes begin also upon the head, and are rather
paler than the ground colour, but edged on either side with a
fine dusky line; in the folds betweeu segments 5 and lU are

LARENTID.-E-P/nnAI.ArTER ) 'A'. i^i

five cliamond-shaped marks, whitish, but bordered with dusky
or blackish outlines, aud with the dorsal line appearing in the
centre of each as an elongated black spot ; the centre of the
back after the middle of segment 10 becomes much paler,
with faint blackish A's instead of diamonds, and the sub-
dorsal lines grow indistinct ; just above the spiracles is a
dark line, continuous on segments 2 to 5 and 10 to 13,
but showing only as fine black dashes at the intermediate
folds ; spiracles small and obscure but ringed with black, and
placed on ground slightly paler than the rest of the body ;
raised dots whitish-grey ; segmental divisions slightly red ;
under surface pinkish-grey, paler down the middle, and
having a central and two subspiracular tine dusky lines ; the
ventral prolegs have a dark streak and the anal pair a light
streak down them.

Or — Having the same markings but the ground colour
wholly pinkish-grey, or grey.

<Jr — Light yellowish-green with little noticeable mark-
ing, though it is generally possible to trace, faintly, the
dorsal and subdorsal lines, while the dark dashes above the
spiracles become firm aud distinct.

Or — With the typical ground colour aud markings on the
front and hinder segments, but with the first half of each
diamond-bearing segment coloured soft dull pink, so that
from above the larva appears to be banded with green aud
pink ; the diamonds pinkish-white ; the undersurface
greenish.

There are many other varieties ; one is dull green with a
purplish bloom ; another dull pinkish-brown on the back, all
the lines showing light red at the folds ; a third greenish-
grey, but the markings and lines scarcely showing except by
similar red traces at the folds ; and one, much more striking
in appearance, pale brown, the diamonds bordered by darker
brown tinged with olive, the edgings of the subdorsal stripe
distinct and wavy, and bearing some small black dashes on its
underside at the end of each segment, the black dashes above

332 LEPIDOPTERA.

the spiracles very distinct and the spiracles themselves
black. (Rev. J. Ilellins.)

From April or ilay till September, in successive genera-
tions ; on knotgrass, persicaria, groundsel, heTiip-ajn'imony,
Convoli-ulufi, Ah/ssiuii, various species of ClirijSdiithniunn and
AnthemiA, and other low-irrowiiig plants; feeding u]) with
great rapidity, sometimes within fourteen days from the
hatcliing of the egg ; probably in all cases within a month ;
indeed so long as the weather is warm the whole series of
changes from egg to perfect insect takes place within about
thirty days, and the nundjer of generations in a year appears
to be mainly limited by tiie temperature. Feeding principally
at night ; remaining during the day on the stems and under-
sides of the leaves of its food plant, to which it clings tightly,
wht-n disturbed merely curling u]i the front segments.

Pita small and rather slender ; head and eyes prominent,
rather dull; limb and antenna covers closeh' packed, not
very glossy ; wing cases full, swollen at the edges, very glossy,
and showing hardly a trace of sculpture ; dorsal and ab-
dominal segments roughened with plentiful pitting, excejit
on the smooth hinder rings ; anal segment swollen ; cremaster
conical, rather short, pointed, but with hardly any visible
bristle, rich brown, the segments more red-brown; cremaster
dark brown. In a slight cocoon of earth and silk, close to the
surface of the ground.

The moth hides during the day in hedges and thick bushes,
or sometimes is found in low-lying swampy gi-ound, and has
even been found concealing itself under thatch. If beaten out
of its hiding place it flies swiftly to another. Its ordinary flight,
which is at dusk and at night, is hardly ever observed : but it
comes readily to light — indeed the majority of those captured
in tills country have been obtained at street-lamps — also has
been known to partake of the sugar ])laced to attract noctua;,
and like them to affect ivy-bloom. This is a species of very
wonderful, and even perplexing, economy. As before shown

LARENTID.E^PHIBALAPTER YX. 333

iti5 fecundity is very great, there appear to be uo definite
bounds to its increase. Five or even six generations in a
year appear to be no verjr unusual circumstance with it ; it
passes the winter, successfully, with us, in the moth state ;
and the eggs laid by a spring captured female are nearly sure
to be fertile ; the resulting larvae are, in confinement, quite
healthy, and almost every pupa produces a moth — so that the
fortunate captor of a specimen may fill his own series and
those of all his friends with its descendants in a single season
— and yet, out of doors, this is always a rare species. There
are indeed indications that from time to time it actually cpiite
dies out here, and is only re-introduced in the course of
natural migration. So rare was it fifty years ago that even
so late as the date of Stainton's Manual the sexes were
looked upon as separate species, the female being known as
(jcmiiuivia, and the capture of three or four specimens only, of
each, was on record. The earliest of these seems to have
been taken upwards of a century ago, at Peckham, in the
suburbs of London. About the year 1856 a small immigra-
tion appears to have taken place, for specimens were taken in
Devon, Somerset, the Isle of Wight, and again in the London
suburbs ; and as eggs were now obtained, and reared, the
identity of the two forms was quickly established. From
this time until 1880 it continued to be taken occasionally in
the London suburbs, and extended widely over the country,
contituung always to be a rarity at large, though perhaps less
so in the south-west of England than elsewhere ; but after
the latter date it almost disappeared, and lias since been re-
presented only by casual specimens in isolated \-ears, until the
last year or two, when again a few have been captured. There
is not the smallest reason to suppose that it may have been
rendered more rare, or exterminated, by over collecting : its
habits do not admit of this, since it is very far from gregarious,
and well able to take care of itself ; and there is in my own
mind no question that some influence with wiiich we are un-
acquainted,either of weather or of parasites, is responsible here

334 LRPinOPTRRA.

for its contimiPtl rarity and occasional disappearance. There
are records of its capture in all the south coast counties from
Kent to Cornwall ; in the east to Norfolk and Canibridge-
shiro ; in the west to Somerset and Lancashire ; in Berks,
Middlesex, and Surrey ; also of two specimens in Yorkshire.
In Wales in (ilamorganshire and Pembrokeshire, and once at
Rhyl, Flintshire; and in Ireland near Dublin, and in Cork.
Limerick, d'alway, Slif^o, Antrim and Derry. Abroad,
doubtless from its migratory Iiabits, it has an enormous
range, through Southern Plurope — at Gibraltar it may be
taken, occasionally, almost throughout the year — a large
portion of Central l']urope, 15ithynia, Armenia, Syria, the
Caucasus, Ceylon. India. iJuinia. Thibet, Eastern and Western
China, the Corea. Japan, the Cape de Vei'de Isles, iladeira.
Lgypt, South Africa, the ^liddle, Western, and Southern
United States of America, also New Lnglaiul, New ^'m-k,
and Canada; and in Chili aiul ,\rgentina.

2. P. polygrammata. y.'i, /, ; conjunctaria, A^ivwr//;.
— TLxpanse barely 1 incli. i'ore wings brownish-white ; cen-
ti'al band broad, formed of oblicpie parallel umbreous trans-
verse lines, darkest on one half of each margin. Hind
wings brownish-white.

Antenna? sini]ile, ciliated, light brown ; palpi projecting,
brown ; face and head ])alo umbreous clouded with darker ;
neck-ridge and tlinra.x whitish-brown, faintly barred with
uudjreous; abdomen short, pale brown, edges of the seg-
ments and anal tuft dusky white. Fore wings rather
narrowly trigonate ; costa gently arciied ; ape.x: angulated;
hind and dorsal margins very gently rounded; brownish-
while or e.xtremely pale brown; basal line triple, very
obli<pie. faint, umbreous; first line similarly olilique, forming
a broad, partially triple, reddish-brown, straight strijie for
three-fourths of the distance from the dorsal margin, thence
to the costa as a faint curved brown thread; exactly facing
the apex of this dark stripe is the conspicuous black discal

LARF.NTID.E—PHIBALAPTRRYX. 335

spot ; second line equally oblique, nearly straight, reaching
the costa considerably before the apex of the wing, and in its
upper portion thickened into a red-brown stripe ; the central
space between these two lines is sometimes only faintly
clouded or streaked with brown, more often filled u^j by a
series of parallel brown lines or stripes, straight until they
nearly approach the costa, when they are suddenly bent
back ; these form a most graceful central band ; outside this
are faint parallel Ijrown lines, and along the hind margin a
pale brown cloud through which runs an obscurely white
subtermiual line ; the extreme margin being edged by a
brown line ; cilia pale brown. Hind wings rather squared
behind, but with the middle of the hind margin bluntly
elbowed ; whitish-brown dusted with darker ; from the base
to the middle is a series of parallel partial transverse
umbreous lines, almost sti'aight from the dorsal margin, the
outermost the darkest ; beyond this is a series of complete
curved slender transverse stripes, of similar colour, filling the
hind marginal area, which is edged by a brown line ; cilia
pale brown. Female similar, or having the markings rather
more strongly defined.

Undersides of all the wings very pale brown with the
markings of the upper side faintly repeated. Body and legs
also pale brown.

Variable, as already shown, in the presence and distinct-
ness of the dark lines in the central band. (Generally, though
not invariably, the j)aler specimens are males ; the darker,
females. Abroad the pale form is known as var. ronjiniHuria .
On the wing in June. This seems to be definitely estab-
lished in this country by the record of captures by Mr. F.
Bond ; but authors are not unanimous. Stephens gives no
time of occurrence, nor does Curtis, nor Wood. Stainton
says April and August — by which one understands two
generations ; this is confirmed by Newman, who, however,
says that it appears in March and Srpfnnhiv. Berge, how-
ever, says from April to August, and this is followed by

336 LEPinOPTF.KA.

Kirby, whilo Ilofinann says " rare in Aiitrust and Septomber."
It is most unfoitnnate that we liave now no opportunity of
observin<^ its liabits.

liAKNA. Head i^reyish-wliite, witli a black stripe on either
side ; body yellow-<^rey or red-grey ; dorsal line L'rey-black,
duplicated on the second segment ; from the third to the
ninth divided into three, more or less double, meandering
ragged dark grey lines, the middle one edged with paler
on each side ; in this, on the front edge and the middle of
each segment, is a roundisli dee]) black spot ; from this the
line is uninterrupted on the reniainiug segments; both side
lines are indistinct upon the first and last four segments, so
that the ground colour becomes more distinct, the subdorsal
lies just below the white lines of the dorsal stripe and is
dark grey, ])laced somewhat in curves and uninterrupted
throughout ; spiracular line close below, straight and un-
interrupted, sides pale yellow-brown ; just above the legs
bejrins an undulating and arched line, which on the middle
segments is obscured by fine black dusting, but becomes
!nore distinct on the tenth segnuuit, and passes along the
front of the ventral prolegs, becomes again faint on the
remaining segments and blacker on the anal prolegs ; on the
undersurface are a slender pale reddish-lirown central line,
and two broader dark grey lateral lines; legs brown: i)ro-
legs of the colour of the body; anal segment tipped with
black ; raised dots minute, black, each with a short black
bristle. (Hofmann.)

July (and Hofmann says in a second generation in the
autumn) on various specimens of bedstraw — Galiuia irrum,
(1. iiwUuijo, and others.

i'ri'A nut-brown ; in a slight cocoon among moss; in this
condition through the winter. (Hofmann.)

Very little is known of the habits of this moth here, and I
have no personal accpiaintance with it in the living state
whatever. It is known to have been common fifty years ago

LARENTIU.-E—PHIBAI. AFTER \ 'X. 337

at Burwell Fen. Cambridgeshire. Dr. F. D. Wheeler says,
" Mr. Brown, of Oanibridtje (now deceased), informed me that
he used to take it abundantly, Hying in the afternoon, at
Burwell Fen, and in a spot between it and Wicken, but not
in the latter fen." Mr. Alfred Balding writes : "The late
Mr. F. Bond found it in the greatest profusion at Burwell :
he frequently had five or six specimens in his net at one
time. He used at that time to take it at Wicken Fen
occasionally, but since its habitat at Burwell has been
destroyed he has not seen it at Wicken." Burwell Feu was
drained and ploughed up about forty years ago. Since that
date, so far as I know, this insect has not been seen in these
Islands. There is a very curious account in the .En/omuloijist's
Weekly Intelligencer for May 19, 1860, of the capture of
specimens of this insect at sallow-bloom on the Fells of
Westmoreland ; but there can be little or no doubt that the
writer was mistaken as to the species. No contradiction,
however, I think, ever appeared, nor any confirmation.
Bristol has been recorded as a locality by all recent writers,
but the single specimen recorded from that district, on which
this was based, turns out to be P. fluviata. An unfortunate
error in Nevvman's " British Moths," whereby the figures of
this and the following species were transposed, has caused
the present species to be reported from various other districts,
but in each case the insects captured have proved, on exami-
nation, to be P. lirjnnta ; and I am firmly persuaded that the
only known locality for this pretty species in these islands
has been the Fens of Cambridgeshire, and that it has long
been there extinct.

Abroad it is found over the greater part of Central
Europe, though, I think, not commonly ; in middle and
Northern Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, South-eastern Russia, Tar-
tary, and Japan.

3. P. lignata, Ifiih. ■. vittata, Slmul. Cat. — Expanse
1 to 1^ inch. Fore wings whitish-brown with two oblique

VUL. VIII. Y

338 LEPIDOPTEh'A.

umbreous stripes, one enclosing the discal spot, the other
running into the apex. Hind wings brownish-white, barred
with brown lines.

Antt'iiniu ol' the male simple, strongly ciliated, pale brown,
back of the shaft silvery-brown; jialpi jirojecting, brown,
tipped with white ; face pale brown, dusted with black ; top
of the head rather fulvous, edged behind with black, ueck-
ridge and thorax pale brown dusted with black ; abdomen
nearly cylindrical, brownish-white, on each segment is a pair
of black spots, one on each side of the dorsal ridge ; anal
tuft loose and spreading. Fore wings trigonate, rather
narrow ; costa gently arched ; ajiex angulated ; hind margin
smoothly but rather fully curvc>d ; dorsal margin also a little
rounded ; whitish-brown ; basal line oblique, very slender,
black-brown, followed at a short distance by another, quite
similar, line ; tir.st line faintly curved, umbreous; second line
similar, very near it. and placed in the middle of the wing,
rather more oblique and a little undulating, but bent back
close to the costa; the space between these two lines forms a
very slender central band, umbreous from the dorsal margin,
but shading off to the ground colour in the middle and
enclosing a black discal spot, again clouded with darker
brown on the costal region ; outside the second line are two
faint parallel brown threads on a broad band of the pale
grouiul colour : then four more, etpially slender brown threads,
arisiny: from the dorsal marsjrin, become clouded, and more
or less united with an obliijue umbreous stripe which runs
directly and conspicuously into tlie apex of the wing; hind-
marginal area faintly dusted with blown and edged by a
series of i)airs of small black dots ; cilia whitish-brown,
faintly intersected with darker. Hind wings rather long,
s([nared behind, having a decided elbow in the middle of the
hind margin ; whitish-brown ; central spot black ; close to it
is a faint incomplete brown transverse line, followed by two
fainter, and three more distinct and straighter similar lines,
all arisint; from the dorsal mai'gin ; hind martjin faiutlv

LARENTID.F.—PHIBALAPTER YX. 339

shaded with brown and edged with pairs of black dots ; cilia
whitish-brown. Female rather smaller, with the markings a
little more obscure, and the body shorter.

Undersides of all the wiugs pale brown, abundantly dusted
with black-brown ; discal spot, second line, and all the outer
markings of the fore wings visible ; those of the hind wings
sharply defined, and more distinct than on the upper side-
Body and legs pale brown.

liather variable in the depth of colour of the two brown
transverse stripes, the umbreous colour being occasionally
almost absent from both. I have a specimen in which the
central band is compU-tely filled with this colour, while the
outer band is almost obliterated. In some districts specimens
of the second generation are smaller, and of darker colour,
than those of the first.

On the wing from the end of May to the beginning of
July, and as a rather abundant second generation, in August
and Sejitember.

Lakva nearly cylindrical, tapering slightly and gradually
from the tenth segment to the head, which is as wide as the
second segment ; skin smooth ; head green, with brownish
bristles; ground colour yellowish-green, of a more tender
tint on the hinder segments ; the back from the fourth to the
ninth segments, both inclusive, more or less suffused with
brownish-pink ; second segmeut full green ; third dull green ;
dorsal line of a deeper tint of whatever colour it passes
through — pink through the brownish-pink — greenish after
the ninth segment, and thickening almost into a narrow
diamond as it passes each fold ; subdorsal line pale, often
edged above and below with a fine dark thread, the upper
edging haying a blackish dash at the beginning of each
segment ; the rest of the side is divided by a faint pale line
into halves, of which the upper is of the same colour as the
back, and the lower decidedly darker; on its lower edge, on
each segment, is a black or blackish dash; spiracles pale red.

34° I.F.PIDOPTERA.

and beneath them runs a pale reddish stripe ; undersurface
of the jn'ound colour ; ventrial prolo>rs tinged with purplish-
brown and having u dark dash down them.

In some specimens the pink suffusion of the back is con-
fined to the five folds between segments four to nine, and is
softer in tint, and leaves the middle of these segments of a
tender green ; in others the pink may be called purplish ;
and in some a darki-r green takes its place. (Rev. J.
llellins.)

September till May — hibernating — and a second genera-
tion feeding up rapidly in July and the beginning of August ;
on (iiilUnn sfu-ntilc, G, jmhcifn, and doubtless other species of
bedstraw ; also in confinement it has lieen known to ear
Cleinafi^. Hofmann gives as a food-plant Menyanthes trifoliata.

Pui'A short, cylindrical, the eyes prominent, the abdomen
short ; the tail covered with the cast larva-skin ; the skin
polished; the back dark brown; the wing-cases, antennas
and undersurface of abdomen, bronzj'-green. Just under
the soil, in a weak cocoon of a few silken threads. (Kev. J.
Hellins.)

The moth hides by day among low-growing herbage close
to the ground, and is then very difficult to arouse, or if dis-
turbed falls down to the roots of the grass. At early dusk it
flies very freely, though gently, and on still warm evenings
may be seen before dark, Hitting about in numbers in the
wet meadows which lie contiguous to fens, as well as in other
marshy sjiots. Occasionally it will come to the sugar used
as a bait for Xoctiur ; but it is far more strongly attracted by
any light placed rather near to the ground, and will enter an
illuminated moth-trap in dozens, if placed in its haunts in a
calm dark night.

It has been met with so near to London as Twickenham,
and seems to inhabit suitable spots in all the Southern
Counties, from Kent to Cornwall, and to Oxfordshire and
Herts; also the Kastern Counties, when' it especially abounds

LAkENTIDA£—PHIBALAPrER YX. 341

in the immediate ueiglibourliood of the fens ; in the west it
more ijarticularly frequents the marshes which lie among the
Cotswolds, and in Herefordshire ; in the Midlands extremely
local but found in Leicestershire, Derbyshire, Warwickshire,
and Staffordshire, and similarly northward in Cheshire,
Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Cumberland. In Wales Mr.
Vivian records it in Glamorganshire, I have found it in Pem-
brokeshire, and it must surely have some more considerable
distribution. In Scotland it exists at Luffness, near Edin-
burgh, and elsewhere in Fife ; in Aberdeenshire, Renfrew,
Wigtown, Argyle, Perthshire, Inverness, and Moray. In
Ireland it is found in Cork County, Wicklow, Kerry, Clare,
Galway, Louth, Cavan, and Tyrone ; in Antrim in abundance
in the meadows bordering the Lagan; in plenty in the neigh-
bourhood of Eaniskillen, and rarely at Derry. Abroad it is
present in all the temperate portions of Northern Europe,
including South Lapland, Holland, and South Eastern Russia ;
and doubtless other counties, but the records seem dubious.

Here it is often mistaken for the last species, for reasons
already stated.

4. P. vitalbata, ,SV/( //.—Expanse 1] inch. Fore wings
whitish-brown ; from the middle of the dorsal margin a
broad ill-defined dark umbreous stripe passes to the hind
margin below the apex. Hind wings whitish-brown with
slender umbreous cross-lines.

Antennae of the male simple, ciliated, light brown ; palpi
slender, rather projecting, black-brown ; face convex, black-
brown, barred with pale brown ; head and neck-ridge grey-
brown ; thorax whitish-brown with a black bar across the
collar ; abdomen rather short, black-brown, but the basal, and
also the anal segment with the tuft, pale brown. Fore wings
elongated ; costa nearly straight, only faintly arched at the
base and apex, the last named bluntly angulated ; hind
margin quite oblique, very little curved, but faintly elbowed
in the middle ; dorsal margin rounded ; colour whitish-brown

342 LEPIDOPTERA.

or very pale wainscot, base of the costa shaded witli black-
brown which also tinges the costa at intervals ; basal lino only
faintly perceptible as one of two or three faint attempts at
obli(|ue brown lines ; first line black, very obli(]iu' from the
dorsal margin to the median nervure, thence obliterated, ex-
cept for a small spot in the costa; second line black, extremely
oblique, bent like the other, lost above the middle ; the space
between these two is a jiortion of a broad, roughly defined,
blackish-umbreous stripe, which, arising on the dorsal
margin, stretches off along the middle area of the wing
until it attains the hind margin just below the apex ; usually
this is streaked before the hind margin with pale brown, or
the stripe is narrowed and then broadened at this portion ;
from it indistinct rippled pale brown lines run, parallel with
the hind margin, to the anal angle ; extreme hind margin
dotted with black, cilia smoky-brown, edged with white.
IJind wings short and broad, anal angle squared, apex shortly
rounded ; whitish-brown ; a broad band reaching from near
the base to the middle, composed of black-brown lines and
shading, half crosses the wing from the dorsal margin, and
coincides with the dark stripe of the fore wing ; beyond it
two faint rippled brighter brown lines, the outer composed of
small clouds, lie ])arallel with the hind margin, which is
edged with black dots ; cilia pale smoky-brown. l-'emale
extremely similar.

Underside of the fore wings shining pale greyish-brown,
browner towards the costa, which also is dotted witli black ;
discal sjiot visible as a black dot ; lines of the u])per side
faintly visible. Jlind wings shining greyish-white, dusted
with brown ; central spot, and the following transverse lines
faintly visible. Body and legs pale brown.

Hardly variable except in the breadth and extent of the
black-brown colour and shading of the broad oblique band of
the fore wings.

On the wing in ilay and June, and as a second generation
in August.

LARENTID.E—PHIBALAPTEKYX. 343

Lakva cylindrical, transversely wrinkled, more especially
so towards the extremities, the skin raised to a ridge on each
side ; bead rather flat and protruded, as wide as the second
segment, grey-brown with a brown stripe down the inner
edge of each lobe ; body dark grey-brown, paler behind ;
dorsal stripe narrow, black, interrupted or attenuated,
thickened on every segment and forming a deep black
spot at many of the divisions ; subdorsal lines slender, dark
brown ; the lateral ridge paler brown, much da])pled and
edged, both above and below, with black-brown ; undersurt'ace
dark brown, with a black-brown median stripe which is inter-
sected by a pale stri^De ; legs and prolegs dark brown.

June and July, and a second generation in September and
October ; on Clciiiatis vitalha (traveller's joy), feeding prin-
cipally at night.

Pupa rather short, eye-covers somewhat full, limb-covers
well marked, and rather wrinkled with shallow sculpture of fine
incised lines ; wing-covers thickened at the edges, thickly
covered with similar fine sculpture ; dorsal and abdominal
segments coarsely pitted, and the latter rather strongly
ridged ; anal segment especially thickened ; cremaster a stout
conical knob bearing a pair of fine divergent spil^es ; colour
pitchy-brown, eye-covers and cremaster black, abdominal
divisions chestnut-brown. In a slight cocoon of silk and
earth in the ground.

In this condition through the winter.

The moth hides during the day among its food-plant, the
common wild clematis, in hedges, and on steep banks, and
readily Hies out at the stroke of the beating-stick. At dusk
it Hies about the same jilaces, and more especially in lanes,
but from its sombre colouring is not very distinctly to be seen
when ilying, except in the earliest dusk. After dark it will
sometimes visit street lamps or any other available strong
light. It is mainly, if not entii-ely, confined to chalk districts,
or those in which chalk forms so considerable a portion of the

344 LEPIDOPTERA.

soil as to allow of the natural growth of the wild clematis ;
aud is in consequence local, in some districts extremal}' so.
In such suitable places it either is, or has been, taken in
Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Hants, Dorset, Somerset, Gloucester-
shire, Bucks, Oxfoi-dshire, Berks, Middlesex, Essex, Sutiblk,
Cambridgeshire, and Herefordshire ; it almost certainly'
exists in Wilts, and very probably in Devon. In South Wales
Mr. N'ivian has found it in Glamorganshire; and this, so far as
I can ascertain with anj' degree of certainty, is the extent of
its range in these Islands.

Abroad it seems to be distributed over the greater part of
the Continent of Europe but especially the Central and
Southern portions, also found in Bithynia, Asia iliiior,
Tartary, Western China, aud Japan ; aud I have several
specimens from South Africa.

5. P. tersata, Bchiff. — Expanse 1 ^ to 1^ inch. Wings all
pale umbreous or dull pale brown, with blackish marginal
indications of obscure transverse lines ; towards the hind
margins are some slender rippled brown lines.

Antenmc of the male simple, ciliated, light brown ; palpi
pointed, rather prominent, black-brown ; face black at the
base, above, with the head, pale bi-own dusted with darker ;
abdomen umbreous, the basal segment barred at the back
with black, and the following segments dotted along the
dorsal ridge with the same colour ; lateral and anal tufts light
brown. Fore wings rather elongate but broad ; costa very
little arched except at the base and apex, which last is bluntly
angulated ; hind margin rather oblique, very faintly curved
and slightly elbowed in the middle ; dorsal margin nearly
straight ; general colour pale umbreous ; basal line curved,
obscure, black-brown faintly edged with white ; first line
very oblique, curved, but only faintly perceptible, except at
its extremities, black-brown ; second line equally obscure
more oblique and rather notched, often more blackened in its
upper half ; beyond this some faint fulvous-brown cloudy lines

LARENTID.E—PHrRALAPTER YX. 345

are divided by a faintly rippled white subtermiual line ;
crossing this a series of clouded black streaks runs obliquely
into the ajoex of the wing ; discal spot a black dot ; extreme
hind margin edged with short black streaks ; cilia whitish-
brown, clouded and intersected with smoky-brown. Hind
wings broad, rounded, but also faintly elbowed behind ; pale
umbreous, shading into shining white along the front margin;
near the base is a clouded black spot in the dorsal margin
coinciding with the black bar at the base of the abdomen,
and with the first line of the fore wings; beyond it is a series
of four or five dotted and dusted umbreous lines, which arise
on the dorsal margin, but do not completely cross the wing ;
beyond these a more fulvous-brow'n stripe completely crosses
the wing, and is separated from another similar stripe along
the hind margin by a zigzag white line ; extreme margin
edged with black streaks ; cilia whitish-brown, intersected
with smoky-brown. Female quite similar.

Underside of the fore wings very pale brown, shading to
brighter brown along the costa, and to white on the dorsal
margin ; discal spot conspicuous, black ; transverse lines of
the upper side faintly indicated. Hind wings white, dusted
with brown ; central spot distinct, black ; followed by
several curved, dusted, light brown transverse lines, of which
one in the middle is the most stronglj- marked ; hind margins
of all the wings strongly edged by black lines. Body
brownish-white ; legs browner.

Rather variable in size ; extremely constant in colour and
faint markings.

On the wing from the end of May till July.

Larva elongate, slightly tapering toward the head, which
is rounded and flattened, brownish-ochreous, with a grey
shade on the face ; body dull pale brownish-ochreous ; dorsal
line blackish-brown, of irregular width and enlarged into
blotches on the middle segments, especially so on the ninth
and tenth, edged with pale ochreous ; subdorsal line waved,

346 LErinOPTRRA.

pale ochreoiis ; below it is a minute waved pale thread,
followed by a pale ochreous spiracular shade, spiracles black ;
raised dots black, each bearing a short blackish bristle ; oa
the filth to the ninth segments, each, is a pair of small white
spots divided by the dorsal line ; undersurface of the ground
colour, with two grey stripes of irregular width ; between
these and the sides is a pale brown waved line.

Or — Dull brownish-ochreous, dorsal blotches irregular,
divided on some of the segments by the dorsal line ;
spiracular stripe more distinctly ochreous.

Or — Dor.sal nmrkiugs altered to a brown line edged with
ochreous on the second to fourth and last three segments ; on
the internu'diate having a series of blackish-brown blotches,
often quadrate in form. (Chas. Feun.)

August and iSe])tember; on Clcinutis ritalba (traveller's
joy), feeding at night, but remaining upon its food-plant
during the day.

Pupa stout, rapidly tapering ; anal extremity produced,
and terminated by two parallel bristh's ; covers of the eyes,
wings, and legs projecting ; deep dark red-brown ; wing
cases with a greenisli tinge. In a thin silken cocoon, spun
inimediatfly beneath the surface of tlie ground. (C. Fenn.)

The moth hides during the day among the thick masses of
its food-plant, the wild clematis, or traveller's joy, and is readily
disturbed by the beating stick, but, though active, is reluc-
tant to Qy far from the spot, and usually tries to hide itself
again in the same thick masses. Its natural time of llightis
at dusk, wlien, from its colour, it is far from conspicuous. A
local species, but often common where the clematis grows in
plenty in chalky districts ; formerly not scarce in the out-
skirts of I.ondon. where chalky inllueuces are not absent ;
now far more rai-e ; locally plentiful in Kent, Sussex, Hants,
and Dorset; very local in Devon, .Somerset, Berks, Oxford-
shire, Bucks, Uerts, Middlesex, Surrey, Essex, Suffolk, Nor-
folk, and Cambridgeshire ; also found in Gloucestershire,

LARENTW.-E—PHIBALAPTER YX. 347

Herefordshire, and about Malvern, Worcestershire. In
Wales it is recorded in Glamorganshire by Mr. H. W.
Vivian. This appears to be the extent of its natural range
in these Islands. The clematis is so often cultivated in
gardens and along verandahs elsewhere, as an ornament,
that this and the last species might almost be expected to
have a wider artificial range ; but this does not appear to be the
case, except that there is a record of the capture of a single
specimen of P. tcrsata in a garden at Howth, near Dublin !
Abroad it inhabits many parts of Central and Southern
Europe, with Corsica, also Bithynia, Tartary, the moun-
tainous regions of Central Asia, Central China, and Japan.

G. P. lapidata, Huh. — Expanse 1 to l\ inch. Fore
wings narrow, pointed, almost acuminate ; dull pale brown
with four very slender, oblique, darker brown transverse
lines. Hind wings smoky-brown.

Antenua3 of the male simple, ciliated, light brown ; palpi
short and blunt, dark brown ; face blackish-umbreous,
shading paler to the top of the head ; neck-ridge and thorax
dull umbreous ; abdomen rather short, pale brown ; lateral
tufts very distinct ; anal tuft short. Fore wings elongated ;
costa very nearly straight, except towards the tip, where it is
arched ; apex sharply angulated, the tip slightly produced ;
hind margin below it shortly hollowed, then gently curved,
and in the middle somewhat elbowed ; dorsal margin much
rounded ; colour glossy pale umbreous, rather darker along
the costa and hind margin; basal line slender, brown,
enclosing a rather more red-brown basal blotch ; first line
oblique, faintly cui-ved and very slender, darker brown ; pre-
ceded by two much fainter similar threads ; second line
oblitjue, sinuous, distinct yet slender, black-brown, followed
at some little distance by two more, very similar but fainter,
almost parallel lines ; the space between the first and second
lines forms a faintly more reddish-umbreous central band,
and contains two curved and undulated brown transverse

348 LEriDOPTERA.

threads ; nervnres darkened to the second Hue ; a very short,
indistinct and disconnected, brown line runs obliquely into
the apex of the wing ; extreme hind margin edged by a very
slender brown line ; cilia shining pale brown, intersected by
a black-brown line. Hind wings broad, crenulated behind,
whitish-brown shading to pale umbreou.s along the hind
iiiargiu ; in the middle are three faint slender shaded brown
transverse lines, quite parallel ; beyond them two others, more
distinct and complete; the last, sometimes duplicated, edges
the darker shade along the hind marginal space ; extreme
margin edged by an undulating brown line ; cilia brown,
intersected by a darker line, i'emale rather smaller, with
narrower and more pointed fore wings, and much narrower
hind wings; the abdomen shorter; otherwise similar.

Undersides of all the wings pale purplish-umbreous, with
the transverse lines of the upper side distinctly reproduced,
and the central spots visible; cilia darker brown. Body
and legs umbreous.

Only a little variable in the depth of colour of the wings,
especially in the shading of the central space or band — which
very often is no darker than the ground colour, and. on the
other hand, has sometimes a dark cloud touching the middle
of the second line.

On the wing in September and the beginning of October.

Larva cylindrical, moderately stout and nearly uniform
throughout, except that the first tw'o and the last .segments
taper a little ; skin Bmootli ; head grey freckled with darker
grey ; back and sides whitish-yellow, the back slightly
glaucous, the sides more white ; dorsal line thin, formed of
greyish freckles; the subdorsal line rather higher up than
usual, formed also of greyish freckles, darkest near the head,
growing paler towards the last segment, and bearing the
dorsal tubercular dots; below it, on the side, is a fine greyish
line, and just below this a broader and darker stripe, with
still darker freckles ; spiracular region and uudersurfact* pale

LARENTID.-E^PHinAI.APTERYX. 349

biitf ; spiracles and raised dots black ; through the uuder-
surface run a central line and three pairs of side lines, all
composed of grey freckles. (Uev. J. Hellins.)

May and June. The larva from which the above descrip-
tion was made was fed u]) in confinement on leaves of
Gletnatis vitalha ; but this ])laut is totally absent from the
usual haunts of the insect, and its food in a natural state
remains still a problem for solution. Clearly it must be some
plant common upon rough mountain sides, and analogy
suggests one of the order Ranunadacea'. Dr. Chapman has
noticed Thalir/nim olpiiium in its Scottish haunts.

PrPA one-third of an inch long ; cylindrical and rather
blunt at the ends ; polished ; at first of a delicate, almost
golden-l)rown, afterwards more reddish-brown. Placed just
beneath the surface of the earth without any cocoon further
than a few silken threads. (Rev. J. Hellins.)

The winter is passed in the egg state.

I have no personal knowledge of this species when alive,
so am glad to make use of the observations of Mr. Kenneth
J. Morton : " It occurred over a rather extensive tract of
rough upland ])asture. The hill runs up to a little over
1000 ft,, but the insect is found at 700 to 800 ft. on rushy
flats, where the prevailing plants are two kinds of rushes,
some carices. bent grass, scabious, and rarely heather, the
latter being common on bog lands below and on the rocky
ground above. It may have been about l.SO P.M. when the
first specimen appeared crawling up a grass-stem ; half an
hour later another flew, and others in quick succession.
'J'hese were all rather worn, and they seemed to fly of their
own accord, though rather feebly ; yet if alarmed they went
off with a quicker, jerky, doubling flight. At dusk darker
and more perfect specimens began to accompany the others,
and as soon as it was dark their flight seemed to come to an
end. The female either is rare or flies seldom, probably the
latter.'' All accounts seem to agree as to its freipienting

350 LEPIDOPTERA.

rough, grassy, tnfty spaces on the hill-sides ; but the altitude
seems to vary, since Mr. W. M. Christy found it in North
Argyleshire at not more than 200 to 300 ft. above the
neighbouring sea. In the n('rth-\vcst of Ireland it seems to
approach still more closely to the coast. When at rest, on a
rock or on the ground, it sits close with widely-spread wings.
In luigland. though it does not seem ever to have been
recorded, it certainly exists on some of the Tnountains. and I
have seen a single specimen which was found sitting upon a
stone at the roadside u])on Shap Fell, Westmoreland, by the
late Mr. \V. G. Ulatch, who, being on an (xoursion and
encumbc'red with a bicycle, could not search for more. In
Scotland it is found in Stirlingshire, Lanark, J'erthshirc,
Argyleshire, Inverness and Sutherlaudshirc, and probable in
all suitable places, as recorded by Dr. Buchanan White, in
the districts of the Forth, Tay, Moray, Clyde, Argyle and
Sutherland. In Ireland it has been i'ouiul commonly on the
hills near Sligo ; in Couuemara, Calway ; in Limerick
County, Mayo. Antrim, and Donegal. Abroad it is not
scarce among the mountains of South-eastern France,
Central and Western Germany, Bohemia, Livonia, Finland,
South Lapland, and Fastern Siberia.

[P. aquata, Huh. — This species has recently been
recorded as Hritish ; specimens being said to have been
captured nearly twenty years ago, along with P. intalhata,
in CUimberland. 'I'lie actual capture of the specimens of
( ithcr species srems insudiciently authenticated ; and taking
into consideration that /'. ritalhala is not, so far as is yet
kiiDwn, to be taken anywhere within one hundri-d and lifty
miles of Cumberland, and that the food-plants of both species
are alisent from the Flora of that county, 1 think it desirable
ti) wait fill' more definite and reliable data before including
P. aijuatn among the inliabilants of the Hritisli isles. It is
reported to be found in Holland. Belgium, and Germany, so
is not a very improbable species here. J

LARENTID.-E—THERA. 351

(ienus IS. THERA.

Antennaj of the male slightly dentate, in some s])ecies
thickly ciliated ; palj^i slender : head smooth ; thorax flatly
tufted at the back ; abdomen slender, rather sharply ridged
on the back; fore wings elongated, rather narrow or almost
long- ovate, very narrow at the body, the apex a little pro-
duced, vein 5 arising above the middle of the cross-bar; hind
wings thin, almost devoid of markings, elongated, narrow and
rounded behind ; veins 7 and 8 joined so far as the end of
the cell, and connected therewith by a loop.

Laiu'.g smooth, rather short, a little swollen in front; the
anal points distinct. Feeding upon Conifrra:.

Pri'^ among fallen leaves on the ground.

We have four species, not difficult to discriminate.

A. Fore wings pale grey with a dark grey central band.

T. Jimipcmta.

A-. Fore wings pale purplish-brown with deeper purple-
brown band. T. simidatd.

A^. Fore wings pale reddish-brown with an obscure, redder
band. T. firinafa.

A'*. Fore wiugs pale umbreous, or pale brown, with a well-
defined black-brown, dull brown, or red-brown,
tapering band. T. rariata.

1. T. firinata, //;(//. — Expanse 1 to I] inch. Fore wings
very pale fulvous-brown ; liasal blotch and central liand
deeper fulvous, the latter with an indistinct rounded external
expansion. Hind wings silky j-ellowish-white.

Antennas of the male densely ciliated with abundant fine
bristles which closely resemble minute pectinations, but the
apical portion quite .simple, light brown ; palpi short and
))luiit. dull lirown ; face, head, neck-ridge, and thora.x very
pale brown dusted with darker, tuft at the back of tlii' thora.x

352 LEPinOPTERA.

an almost imperceptible ridge ; abdomen slender, reddish-
drab; lateral and aual tufts well developed, whitish-drab.
Fore wings rather elongated and ovate ; costa very flatly
arched, but more strongly so toward the apex, which is bluntly
angulated ; hind margin oblique, gently rounded ; dorsal
margin nearly straight ; colour very pale fulvous-brown, or
pale fawn-colour; basal line curved and indented, reddish-
brown, the enclosed space tinged with the same colour: first
line tawny, forming a sharp angle or tooth near the middle of
the wing, curved back, and again outwards at the dorsal
margin ; second line of the same colour, but much more
obscure, bulging strongly outwards above the middle, then
formed into a hollow curve to the dorsal margin, also faintly
edged outside with whitish-brown ; the enclosed space is
more tawny or red-brown, yet not conspicuouslj' so, forming
an obscure central band in which is a brown discal dot ;
hind-marginal area faintly shaded with tawny, and divided
by a faintly white rippled subterminal line ; cilia pale fawn-
colour. Hind wings long, evenly rounded behind ; silky
yellowish-wliitc. without markings, but with a faint fulvous
shade along the hind margin ; cilia yellowish-white. I-"'emale
rather larger, quite similar, except that the autennaj are
threadlike.

Undersides of all the wings soft silky ochreous- white : a
brown spot on the costa of the fore wings indicates the faint
second line; beyond this is a still fainter transverse line;
another crosses the middle of the hind wings forming a con-
siderable curve. Body and legs pale brown.

Usually varying only a little in the colour and distinctness
of the central band of the fore wings ; but I have seen a
specimen, taken in (iloucestershire, which a]>]iears to belong
to this species, in which the ground colour is leaden-brown
with faint clouds of the usual yellowish-brown colouring
between the nervures ; the central band broken up into
blackish-brown ovate blotches, those near the dorsal margin
the most distinct ; and the discal spot large. Hind wings

LARENTID.E—THERA. 353

shining lead colour. This form seems to lie very rare.
There is a tendeucj' in Scottish specimens, in some districts,
to a darkening of the normal colouring.

On the wing io Jnne and .luly: and in a rather more
numerous second generation in September and October.

Larv.a rather short, smooth, the anal segment decidedly
forked; head slightly bent under, red, with a brown streak
over each lobe ; ground colour dark bluish-green ; dorsal line
of a much darker tint of the same ; subdorsal lines whitish,
fine and uniform ia width, quite white on the second segment ;
below the spiracles is a fine whitish line, tinged with yellow
on the hinder segments ; uudersurface green with three equi-
distant pale lines (W. Buckler).

Aj)ril and May, and a second generation in August ; on
Scotch fir (Piiula si/frcstris).

The winter is passed in the egg-state.

Pl'PA apjiarently undescribed.

The moth sits during the day among the needles in the
branches of Scotch fir, or occasionally upon the trunks, but
seems never to be very commonly seen ; it tlies at dusk or at
night and will come, the second brood especially, to sugar
smeared upon the pine trunks to attract Xodiur. While
sitting in the daytime its fore wings are laid down quite
coverinsr the hind, and touching each other over the abdomen ;
but when at rest at night or at sugar, are raised perpendicu-
larly, close together. It rather resembles the redder forms
of T. cnrinta. but its fore wings are longer, the first line more
deeply angulated, the band not streaked upon the nervures
nor so sharply defined ; the hind wings whiter, and its appear-
ance when in flight much more silvery.

It seems to be found in fir-woods throughout England,
though in some ilidland and Northern districts uncommonly ;
also probablj- throughout Wales, since I have found it in
•Pembrokeshire. lu Scotland I have records from Wigtown-

Vul,. VIII. z

354 LEI'IDOPTERA.

shire, HtMifrcw, the Hdiiibiirgh district. Alierdeenshire, ]'erth-
shire and even the Outer Hebrides; and Dr. White gives its
range as to the Dee district and the Hebrides. In Ireland it
has been found in the Counties Dublin, Down, Westnieath,
and Fermanagh. Abroad its range, apparently, is not very
wide — South of France, North of Spain, Ifollaud, (lermany,
and Livonia.

2. T. variata, Hehiff. — Expanse 1 to I| inch. Fore
wings pale '.iiiibreoiis or greyish-brown ; basal blotch and
central band imiiireous, black-brown, or reddish-brown,
ta])ering from the c-osta, and slender below the middle, its
outer margin toothed. Hind wings pale smoky-brown.

Anteniue of the male simple, minutely ciliated, l)rown ;
palpi rather blunt, dark brown: face, iiead and neck-ridge
whitish-brown, dusted with umbreous ; thorax brown, agree-
ing ill shade with the fore wings; abdomen slender, dull
grey-brown ; lateral tufts conspicuous, ])aler ; anal tuft long.
Fore wings rather elongated and pointed ; costa regularly
arched ; ape.x angulated ; hind margin oblicpie, gentlj- curved ;
dorsal margin also a little tille<l out; jiale uml)reous, pale
grey-brown or pale reddisli-Iirown ; basal line much indented,
umbreous or red-brown, enclosing a basal blotch of the same
colour: first line erect, only a little indented and having a
short blunt angle in the middle, blackish-brown or reddisli-
brown, fnintly edged with white on the dorsal margin:
second line elliowed outwardh' above the middle, otherwise
rather evenly curved, black-brown or red-brown ; the inter-
mediate central band conspicuously of the same colour,
enclosing a cloudy black discal spot, and usually some degree
of darkening of the nervures; outwardly this band is more
or less edged with white dusting, which also is in some degree
diffused ov'er the ])aler portions of the wing; of this also is
the rijipled whitish subtermina! line composed; cilia glossy
whitish-brown intersected by a smoky-brown line. Hind
wings long and rather narrow, rounded behind, pale grey-

LARENTID.-E—THERA. 355

brown, tbickly dusted with glistening white ; hind margin
edged with a brown Uae ; cilid gt-ey-browu. Female decidedly
larger, the abdomen shorter but thicker ; the ground colour
often paler and the markings more distinct, but most un-
stable in these respects.

Undersides of all the wings silky grey-brown ; on the fore
wings is a faint discal black dot, and the second line is sug-
gested by a following pale shade ; on the hind wings is a
black central dot, also one or two most oliscure, middle, trans-
verse darker curved lines. Body and legs brown, or smoky-
brown.

Alvvays extremely variable ; the ground colour ranging, as
already stated, from pale umbreous, to greyish-brown, but
also less frequently to dark umbreous and grey-brown, or to
whitish-brown, fulvous, fawn-colour, or very pale grey-brown;
the markings usually distinct — umbreous, red-brown, black-
brown, or yellow-brown — ordinarily well delined, but some-
times hardly darker than the ground colour, sometimes clear
and smooth, but often having the nervures so darkened as to
divide the central baud into a series of blotches with black
margins; the l>and itself sometimes tolerably Ijroad, occa-
sionally reduced to a slender stripe, but always tapering, and
usually maintaining its normal relative proportions. How-
ever indistinct it may become from agreement with the
ground colour, the portion in contact with the dorsal margin
is nearly always well marked from its edging of whiter cloud-
ing. Occasional specimens, especially in Scotland, approach
to black or brown-black, but there does not appear to be any
distinct tendency to unicolorous blackness in this species, as
in so many others. On the other hand, specimens may rarely
be seen of the red or brown colouring in which the central
band has wholly disappeared, but the nervures are blackened.
Another form, perhaps even more rare, is that in which the
central band has wholly disappeared except that a small elon-
gated spot remains near the costa, enclosing a discal dot.

On the wing at the end of May and through .lunr ; more

356 I.EPIDOI'TERA.

northward in the early part of -Inly: a very partial second
generation a|)pears in September and October.

Larva ratlier elongate ; undersurface somewhat flattened ;
head rounded, green, a whitish dash lies ou the outside of
each lobi; ; body grass-green, the undersurface slightly paler-
dorsal line white, moderately broad, commencing as a white
stri])e down the face; subdorsal lines white, tjireadlike ;
s[)iracular lines yellowish-white, continueil to the anal pro-
legs; on the uiidei'surface are three parallel pale longitu-
dinal stripes, the middle one the broadest ; legs and prolegs
green, (('has. Fenii.)

^larch till the beginning of May; -luly: September; on
Scotch lir and occasionally on Silver lii- (J'inKs picca). The
evidrnce of the presence of this s])ecies in the larva state, at
tiie thi'ee pi'riods of the year lii'i-e specified, seems to be in-
contestal)le. From it has been deduced the opinion that we
have three generations of the insect in the year, but this
seems impossiI)le, since we certainly seem to have no such
distinct emergence of moths in October as would account for
a generation of larva; in the early spring. Moreover the
insect is known to lie through tbe winter in the pupa state. A
probable solution of the difficulty may be, that the eggs laid
by females of the very partial emergence of September and
October either lie, as such, through the winter, or that they
hatch in autumn, and that the resulting larva; hj'bernate
wliile small, feed up in early spring, and reinforce the larger
number of wintered pupa3, in jiroducing the multitudes of
moths w-hich certainly appear in June. This however is but
a suggestion. What seems certain is that our knowledge of
the whole life history of this very abundant species is lament-
ably incomplete.

I'l PA moderately stout, the anal extremity tapering to a
minute spike ; wing- and limb-cases dark green ; abdomen
(lark red-brown. Usually subterranean, in a slight cocoon of

I.ARENTID.-E— THEKA. 357

silk and sand ; sometimes on the surface of tlie ground among
rubbish, or under moss. (C. Fenn.)

The moth hides during the dny in tlie lirauches of fir trees,
among the needles, and is so jilcntitul in the early summer
that it seems hardly possible to jar or beat a Scotch fir tree
anywhere without dislodging one or n)ore specimens, which
come iiuttering and swaying to the ground, or in hot
weather fly headlong away. Occasional specimens may be
found sitting upon the truulcs, or trodden up from dead fern
or brambles below, but the vast majority sit in the trees, and
fly around them at dusk, .\fter dark they will often come to
the sugar spread to attract Sodiui, but on the approach of a
light usually fly off. Apparently plentiful in every fir wood,
and to be met with about isolated fir-trees, throughout Eng-
land and Wales ; and in Scotland to Moray in the east and
to the Hebrides in the west. Abundant also in suitable
places throughout Ireland, and in (Jalway so much so that
Mr. J. J. Walker likens the multitudes to be seen in Merlin
Park to a brown snow-storm. Abroad it is found throughout
Central and Xortheru Europe, the north of Spain and of
Italy, Livonia, Finland, Greece, Eastern Siberia, the moun-
tainous regions of Central Asia, North-east China, Corea, and
Japan.

o. T. simulata, Huh. ; coniferata, sinintdn. — E.^panse
1 inch. Fore wings rather narrow, pale purple-brown ; basal
blotch, and broad perpendicular central band, deeper purple-
brown, edged with black, and faintly with white. Hind
wings silky, smoky-white with a purple tinge.

Autenu;e of the male simple, ciliated, shining leaden-brown;
palpi pointed but small, dark brown ; face rr'ther convex, and
with the head and neck-ridge pale brown dusted with darker;
thorax purplish-brown, the back crest just perceptible;
abdomi-n smoky-brown ; lateral and anal tufts well developed.
Fore wings rather narrow; costa gently and very eveidy arched;
apex an^ulated : hind margin gcutlv curved and a little

358 LEPIDOPTERA.

oblique ; dorsal marcjin also faintly rounded ; shining pale
purple-brown ; basal line black, jingulated externally, en-
closint,'- a rather larf^e basal blotch of deeper purple-brown;
first line almost ])arallel, and placed at but a short distance,
black, and spreading into small black clouds on the nervures ;
second line angulated outwards above the middle, otherwise,
rather regularly curved aud but little indented, black, rather
thickened on the costal and dorsal margins and on the
nervures ; all these lines are faintly edged on the outside
with white ; central band rich purple-brown, containing
two faint transverse smoky-brown lines parallel with the
first and second respectively, also a black-brown discal spot ;
subterminal Hue broken up into a series of white angles, most
of which are tipped with small black streaks; of these the
largest is near the costa and puints to another cloudy black
streak which runs obliquely into the aj)ex of the wiug ; ex-
treme hind margin dotted with dark brown ; cilia pale purple-
brown dashed with white. Hind wings long, rounded
behind; silky brownish-white, shading to pale purplish-
brown along the hind margin, aud having in the middle a
faint suggestion of an elbowed transverse brown thread ; cilia
pale purple-brown. Female very similar but stouter, and the
markings sometimes more sharply defined.

Underside of the fore wings smoky ])ale i)uq)lish-brown ;
discal spot black ; second line visible, black-brown, edged out-
side on the costa with yellowish-white, and followed by a
shaded paralKd lu-owu line. Hind wings brownish-white
dusted with dark brown ; central spot black ; in the middle is
a curved brown transverse Hue, most noticeable upon the
nervures ; beyond it a less distinct parallel cloudy brown
stripe. Body and legs pale purplish-brown ; the tarsi in front
darker.

Usually not variable, but specimens from the Hebrides are
more deeply tinged with purple.

On the wing in Jidy and August.

LARENTID.-E—THERA. 359

Larva stout, smooth, velvety ; head roimded, rather large,
yellowish-brown ; two minute points project from the anal
segment ; colour of body grass-green ; dorsal stripe broad,
pale blue, divided by an indistinct greenish or greyish shade,
subdorsal stripes conspicuously yellowish- white, sometimes
pure white ; spiracular stripes narrower, white, edged above
with dark purplish-red, but this edging is sometimes absent ;
legs pink ; prolegs green.

The subdorsal and spiracular stripes are frequently tinged
with pale yellow, and often of a fine silvery white. (Chas.
Fenn.j

April till June or even July ; on juniper ; extremely
sluggish, feeding principally at night, and difficult to find
on so intractable a food plant.

The winter appears to be passed in the egg state.

Pupa smooth and delicate, with very thin skin ; wing- and
limb-covers moderately glossy, but covered with excessively
minute sculpture of irregular raised lines ; dorsal and ab-
dominal regions more dull from abundance of minute
regular pitting ; hind baud of each segment sharply defined
and smoothed round ; anal segment on the dorsal portion
ridged and thickened into a broad conical cremaster, hollowed
beneath and finished off with a strong spike surrounded with
hooked bristles ; dark green with the spiracles and cremaster
brown. In a slight cocoon among moss or the fallen juniper
leaves.

So far as I know the moth is hardly ever to be seen in the
daytime. It hides in juniper bushes and is sluggish. Mr.
Ilobson tells me that it has at times been beaten out, but
usually would fall to the ground and there sit quivering
its wings ; occasionally it would come out and fly to a
very short distance to hide itself ; towards dusk it was more
active, and would fly quite away. Doubtless it may be col-
lected at night without difficulty by the aid of a lantern, but
its home is so generally on some wild hill or mountain side or

36o LEriDOPTERA.

on isolated coast tracts, that it is probably but little interfered
with at that season. Its larva is readily beaten out of the
food plant, and the vast majority of specimens in collec-
tions are reared. It does not seem to frequent the juniper
of the southern chalk hills at all. and the few records in
southern districts — as in Devon and Sussex — are almost
certainly errors arising from confusion of names. On the
hills of the north of England- — North Lancashire. West-
moreland, Cumberland, Durham and Northumberland —
wherever juniper grows, it is fairly common, ilr. J{. New-
stead, Curator of the Chester Museum, has found it near
Colwyu Hay, in North Wales : and ^lessrs. Vivian aiid Allen
on the coast of Cllamorganshire, South Wales. In Scotland
has a wide distribution, being found on the hills of Ber-
wickshire, on the I'eutlands in Fife, and onward in tiie east
to Aberdeenshire and Moray, while in the west it reaches the
Clyde Valley and is found in the Hebrides and the Orkneys.
In Ireland it is common on the stunted junipers upon a
mountain slope known as Knocknarea. near Sligo : in various
parts of the County Gal way. and on the shores of Lough
Foyle in Donegal. Abroad also it is commonly a mountain
species, found in Switzerland and other parts of the Alps, in
the Pyrenees, and in Jielgium, Livonia, and Lapland.

1. T. juniperata, /,. — E.\-panse f to 1' inch. Fore
wings narrow, jiale grey ; basal blotch and central band
darker grey or grey-brown, edged with black, and the latter
cut U]) or looped with black. Hind wings silky, ])ale smoky-
grey.

Antenmr of the male simple, ciliated, rather short, shining
grey-ljrown ; jialpi pointed, black-brown ; face, head, and
collar whitish-brown dusted with darker ; thorax grey, the
scales of the shoulder-lappets very long; back tuft double
but very small and obscure ; abdomen slender, shining grey,
dusted with white ; lateral and anal tufts moderately
developed. Fore wings narrow ; the costa regularly arched ;

LARENTID.£—THERA. 561^

apex .inoculated ; hind margin gently rounded ; dorsal margin
also a little filled out and curved ; colour pale grey : basal
line obscurely black, most distinct on the nervures ; first line
also black, erect, thrown out in two sharp angles, that in the
middle of the wing giving off a long black streak, the other
a shorter one, but both streaks crossing the central band ;
second line distinctly black, angulated sharply outward
beneath the costa, thence formed into long loops between the
nervures, each of which is blackened ; central band of rather
a browner shade of grey, much cut up by the black nervures
and streaks ; also blackened on the dorsal margin ; discal
spot a black dot ; second line edged on its outer side,
throughout its loo])S and angles by a slender white line ;
from its jiriucipal angle a black streak, clouded, and broken
in the middle, runs obliquely to the apex of the wing ; sub-
terminal line hardly perceptibh- whiter ; extreme hind
margin edged with black streaks; cilia pale grey. Hind
wings rather long, rounded behind, silky greyish-white, more
smoky toward the base and hind margin, and having a
hardly perceptible curved grey central transverse line ; hind
margin dotted with black-brown ; cilia whitish-grey. Female
similar.

Undersides of all the wings very silky whitish-grey ; fore
wings with the discal spot visible, and the second line much
blackened from the costa ; jialer below ; hind wings with a
distinct black central dot, and a bent transverse grey line in
the middle. Body and legs grey-brown.

Subject to local variation in both colour and size. Those
taken on the coast of Kent are rather tinged with brown, and
the black streak which runs into the apex of their fore
wings is continued unbroken from the Jird line. Scottish
specimens are usually quite small, and many of them, those
from the Orkneys especially, have the central band very
prettily filled up with brown-grey, rich brown or black-
brown ; the basal blotch being of the same colour. Some
of those from the Shetland Isles have, along with these

363 LEPIDOPTERA.

rich markings, an additional baud along the hind
niargln.

On the wing in May and the beginning of Jiinp, and as a
second generation, in very much larger numbers, in October
and the beginning of November, but in Scotland there
appears to be but a single generation in July.

Lahva cylindrical, tolerably uniform in size throughout ;
the thoracic segments generally a little arched when at rest,
and the head bent inwards ; anal flap rather pointed, placed
between two rather small blunt points that project from the
body below ; head pinkish-green ; dorsal region to the sub-
dorsal lines delicate whitish blue-green, with a faint darker
dorsal line; subdorsal stripes pale yellow ; spiracular stripes
inflated, yellowish-white, tinged in a parti-coloured way
along each segment with white, yellow, and pink, but some-
times wholly whitish, or whitish at e.ach end and yellowish
in the middle of the segment ; space between the subdorsal
and spiracular stripes bright yellowish-green, having a
meandering line of dee]) red close to the latter stripe ;
undersurface of a pnler yellow-green than the sides, with a
central pale yellow or whitish stripe, and on either side of
this a faintly ])aler line than the ground colour; spiracles
minute, black, with reddish rings ; legs deeply suffused with
reddish-pink. The yellow subdorsal stripes approximate to
each other towards the anal points ; they are bordered above
by a stripe of the yellow-green of the sides, but merge softly
and gently into the whitish blue-green of the back; the
meandering red line above the puffed spiracular stripe is
sometimes restricted to a lilotch or two of red. (W. Buckler.)

March till ^May, and a second generation in July and
August, on juniper.

The winter is passed in the egg-state.

Pi'PA slender ; limb and antenna-covers sharply defined ;
wing covers smooth and rather shining, the skin very thick
and almost without sculpture; abdomen regularly tapering;

LARENTID.-E—THERA. 363

cremaster rather conical, the tip furnished with a spike and
some hooked bristles ; colour grey-brown or pale green. In
a loose cocoon among the fallen juniper leaves.

The moth hides in the juniper bushes during the day and
is hardly to be disturbed at that time, except that a casual
specimen may be shaken into the net when beating for larvae
or for Argyrcsthim. At dusk it creeps out, and doubtless
flies a little about the bushes, yet settles down at once to sit
on the outside twigs, from which it can be secured with the
utmost ease by the aid of a lantern. Forty years ago it was
to be found in plenty on the hill-side just outside Croydon,
in Surrey, on ground long since covered with houses ; and it
still exists in greater or less numbers wherever juniper grows
in plenty on the chalk hills of Surrey, Sussex. Kent, and
Berks, but does not seem to have been noticed elsewhere in
the South of England. In the Eastern Counties the only
record that I know of is at Dalham, Suffolk ; and in the
north Mr. Robson has found it on moors near Durham. In
Wales, also, there is but a single record, a specimen having
been taken on one of the slopes of Snowdon in the year 1880
by Mr. A. F. Griffiths. But in Scotland it is widely distri-
buted, being found near Hawick, on the Pentlands near
Edinburgh ; in the Solway district, and on the hills border-
ing the Clyde Valley ; in Perthshire, Aberdeenshire, Kincar-
dineshire, Ross-shire, and Moray ; also in the Orkney and
Shetland Isles. From Ireland it appears to be absent, or
overlooked, except that a few specimens have been found at
Clonbrock, in the County Galvvay, which, as Mr. Kane
suggests, may have been introduced with the junipers culti-
vated in the grounds.

Abroad it is found throughout a great part of Central
Europe, Central and Northern Italy, Finland, and Livonia .

364. LEFIDOI'TERA.

Citnus lU. HYPSIPETES.

Antenuio simple, ciliated ; piilpi slender ; head smooth ;
thorax roiii^h with loosely attached tufts of scales, and crested
at the back ; abdomen smooth and slender ; fore winjirs
rather ovate, the hind margin expanded, vein .j arisini.' in the
middle of the cross-l)ar; nsual order of dark bands inverted.
Hind wings very plain, elongated but broadly ronuded ;
veins 7 and 8 united far down the cell.

L.-\ii\'.'E somewhat cylindrical, rather short and thick.

I'rP.K among rubbish on tlie ground.

A\'e have three species, not always easy to discriminate,
especially in their extreme variations. 'J'hi> normal forms
may be separated thus :

A. A pale blotch in the middle of the hind band before

the subterminal line. //. clnlata.

A". No such pale blotch.

B. Fore wings long-ovate : an oblique black streak runs

into the apex. //. ruhemta.

B-. Fore wings broad-ovate : several horizontal black

streaks tinriirtl the apex. 7/. hnplurinta.

1. H. ruberata, IWi/n- ; literata^ .stand. Vat. — Ex-
panse 1] to 1| inch. Fore wings long-ovate ; green-grey or
brown-grey, with a broad dark band before the niiddh; and
another beyond ; a black streak runs obliquely u]) to the
apex. Hind wings smoky-white.

Antenniuof the male simple, thickly ciliated, black-brown ;.
palpi long, porrected. light brown ; face, head, neck-ridge
and collar reddish-brown dusted with white : thorax
umbreous. similarly dusted, the back crest conspicuously
raised: abdomen short and small, whitish-brown; lateral
and anal tufts fully formed. l'"ore wings long-ovate ; costa
strongly arched ; apex bluntly angulated, almost rounded ;
liind margin evenly curved and very full ; dorsal margin a

LAKENTID.i:—lJYrSI PETES. 365

little rounded ; colour pale g-reenisb-grey, bi-owuish-grey, or
purplish-grey ; at the base are two or three cloudy black dots
■upon iiervures ; basal line olilique. black-brown, shaded off
outwardly ; first line rather erect, obscurely brown, blackened
on the costal and dorsal margins and on the median nervure ;
the space between the basal line and this forms a broad band
of brown clouding and black dusting, the latter especially on
the median nervure and the dorsal margin : second line not
very far beyond the first, erect but irivgular, slender, form-
ing three or four outward projections, black -brown ; the
central baud remaining, contrary to ordinary rule, of the
paler ground colour; disca! spot a black streak; all the area
beyond the second line usually shaded with purple-brown in
obscure clouds, through which run two faint rippled whitish
lines; from the uppermost outer angle of the central band a
broken or jointed oblique black streak runs upward into the
a)}ex of the wing ; cilia brownish-white, clouded with dark
brown. Hind wings long and ample, rounded behind ; dull
white dusted with smoky-brown, and having two exceedingly
faint transverse smoky-brown clouds or stripes ; nervures pale
brown ; cilia brownish-white. Female similar, often larger,
and with the body rather stouter.

Underside of the fore wings silky pale smoky-brown, more
ochreous-brown along the costa ; discal spot, and two follow-
ing curved transverse strijies. faintly darkei'. Hind wings
white, dusted with light brown, and crossed in the middle by
a faint curved brown line ; central spot black. Body and
legs whitish-brown, tai'si in front black-brown barred with
white.

Variable as already suggested in the shade of ground colour
.and in the colour and distinctness of the transverse dark
bands : also the first of these bands is often much blackened
upon the nervures; but lucal variation runs to a far greater
•extreme. Specimens from Durham are often of a bright
light reddish-brown, the bands much darker red-brown, with
•blackened nervures ; some of those from North Wales have

366 I.EPIDOPTERA.

the ground colour pale grey, and are striped with dark grey
or red-brown; and beautifully-marked similar specimens
have been found by the iiev. Joseph Greene in the west of
England; in Scotland the typical forms reappear, mixed with
pretty reticulated grey fortus, or having very deep red-brown
bands; while in the Orkneys a great alteration has taken
place, the size of the specimens being reduced to little more
tlian one-half that of typical specimens, the colour varying
from pale greenish-grey with faintly purplish stripes through
every intermediate stage to uniform deep red-brown or
purplish-urabreous. Of these many specimens of the greenish-
grey ground colour most curiously resemble II. imiiluvinta,
and are often mistaken for that species. Those from Armagh
in the North of Ireland, taken by the Eev. W. F. Johnson
are also rather small, though not etjually so, and their range
of colour is somewhat similar.
On the wing in .Mav and June.

li.MU'A stout, tlattened, slightly attenuated to each e.\-
tremity, but especially in front ; head rounded, shining, con-
spicuously reddish-brown ; Jiorny plates are jilaced upon tlie
second and anal segments and on the anal ])rolegs ; body
very pale brown, mottled, shaded and dusted with white and
grey and furnished with numerous very fine and long, but
inconspicuous hairs ; dorsal and subdorsal lines darker grey
than the Itody, the intervening spaces often hlled up with
dark grey ; spiracular stripes grey but inconspicuous; raised
dots and spirac-les distinct, black ; undersurface whitish, or
])ale bluish-grey with a faintly paler central stripe; plates
on the second and anal segments pale brown. (C'iias. Fenn.)

Mav. -lune, or July, till September, or even October; on
sallow and willow, tlrawing together two or three of the
terminal leaves of a shoot very tightly, and forming a small
chamber in which it lives during the day, creeping out at
night to feed, in this chamber it lies looped closely together,
and is extremelv unwilling to be disturbed. Verv slow of

LARENTID.E—H VPSIPE TES. 367

growth, remaininf^ quite small for two months, and when
full grown delaying long to spin up. In the Orkneys Mr.
McArthur found it feeding naturally upon heather as well as
on sallow.

Pupa moderately stout, the tongue, limb, and antenna-cases
well marked and rather ridged, but scarcely sculptured ;
wing-covers very smooth and shiniug ; dorsal segments
having a rather narrow band of extremely fine pitting, but
at least one-half of each smooth and glossy, and the abdo-
minal segments entirely smooth and brilliantly shining ; anal
segment rather swollen ; cremaster conical, rather short, but
furnished with two long slender Iiooked spikes and a sur-
rounding of very fine hooked bristles ; whole surface bright
red-brown except the segmental divisions, which are paler,
and the spiracles, which are black. In a thin silken cocoon
among leaves and rubbish on the ground or under any loose
bit of bark on the trunk of a willow-tree, or even of a
poplar.

In this condition through the winter.

The moth frequents sallows growing in hedges as well as
those in open parts of woods ; and also the rows of willow-
trees so frequent in marshy or fenny districts, but is not
readily induced to fly during the day in response to the
beating-stick ; at early dusk, however, it flies of its own
accord, and again late at night. In some parts of iScotlaud
it seems to frequent heaths in a degree of plenty quite
unknown here. Never abundant elsewhere with us, but
widely distributed throughout the Southern, Eastern, and
Western Counties of Ilnglaud, except, perhaps, Oornwall ;
scarce and very local in the Midlands aiul north, but recorded
from Leicestershire, Staffordshire, and Derby.shire ; and also
from Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Durham, Northumber-
land and Cumberland. In Wales recorded in the northern
portion near Maentrwrog, by Mr. A. P. Griffiths ; in
Flintshire and also in Glamorganshire. In Scotland widely

368 LEPIDOI'TERA.

Init not generally distributed and usually cxtivuieiy local,
recorded from near Hawick, the Clyde \'alley, Argylesbire,
.I'ei'thsliire, Aberdeenshire, and comnioidy, iu a small variety,
in the Orkneys. Mr. A. F. (Griffiths has also found it in the
Isle of Higg. In Ireland it is rather scarce, but has been
taken in Kerry, fJaUvay, Westmeath, Sligo, Tyrone and
Armagh. Abroad its range seems to be very small, and
almost limited to mountain districts — Switzerland, the
Vyi'enees and La|)huid.

•1. H. impluviata, .s''/////'. ; trifasciata, Stuml. Vat. —
Expanse 1 to 1 [ inch. I'ore wings broadly ovate, pale green
or dusky green ; near the Ijase is a broad, smoky, lirown-
black transverse baud, and beyond the middle another. l;roken
up by the groundcolour; below the a])e.\- are several hori-
zontal black streaks. Hind wings smoky-white.

Antenn;e of the male simple, thickly ciliated, dark brown ;
palpi slender, projecting, black-brown ; face and head light
brown spotted with black ; neck-rid<re and collar greenish-
brown with black edging : thorax greeuish-brown, the
shoulder-lappets edged with black, back crest distinctly
raised, black; al)ilomeu whitish-grey, clouded down the back
with black, tufts well developed. Fore wings broadly ovate ;
costa very gently arched ; apex bluntly angulated ; hind
margin curved ami rathei- obliipie ; dorsal margin but slightly
rounded ; colour pale greyish- green or dusky green ; on the
base of the median nervure is a clouded black spot; basal
line very obli(jue, indented, lilack : first line also black, erect,
thickened and faintly indented on the nervures. decidedlv
thickened on the two margins ; between this and the basal
line is a broad dark band, smoky-brown, greenish-brown, or
grey-brown, containing a rather moi'e purplish-grey stripe
-edged on each side by a black-brown line; second line black,
scalloped between the nervures, thickened upon them, and
from the middle throwing out an angulated point or tooth ;
•Central space or l)and of the ground colour, clouded with grey ;

LARENTID.E—HYPSIPETES. 369

discal spot, when visible, a slender erect black streak ; outside
the second line is a broad dark band consisting of two stripes
of olive-green, or blackish-brown, enclosing another of purple-
grey, all roughly edged with dusted black lines ; all the
nervures indicated by a dusting of alternate black and white ;
but toward the apex is a series of horizontal deep black
streaks on the nervures beyond the second Hue; along the
hind margin is a series of black clouds, followed by a black
line ; cilia grey, spotted with black. Hind wings ample,
much rounded, smoky-white ; centi-al spot a black dot ;
beyond it are two faint, curved, smoky transverse lines, or
slender stripes ; cilia smoky-white, spotted with black-brown.
Female very similar, sometimes rather larger.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-white; discal spot
black ; beyond it are two distinct black spots on the costa,
from each of which is a cloudy stripe of smoky-black crossing
the wing ; hind margin sharply edged with a black line : cilia
spotted with black. Hind wings white dusted with brown ;
central spot conspicuous, black ; beyond it are two well-
marked curved transverse brown stripes ; cilia edgeii and
spotted with black. Body and legs very ])ale brown : tarsi
greenish-black, spotted with white.

Variation in this species is somewhat local and climatal,
but in the more typical forms there is constant slight diti'er-
ence in the colour of the dark bands, and in the ground
colour, or the degree of shading upon it ; in rare instances
this is quite white ; but in northern and western districts,
especially in Scotland and Wales, and elsewhere among high
hills, the clouding increases until the whole surface is
suffused with smoky-brown, in whicli the lines and bands
are a little darker, until it reaches an almost uniform smoky-
black colour extending completely over the fore wings, or
almost coni])letely obscuring not only the dark bands but
even the black streaks. Yet those of the latter lying near
the apex of the wing may nearly always be <listinguished,
and by their horizontal character serve to identity the

VOL. VIII. -1 A

370 LEl'IDOl'TERA.

species. A curiously difPerent range of variation seems to
take place in Irelaml, where some specimens are of a rich
deep fifreen, while others have the ground colour greyish-
white. .\mong equally beautiful forms found in the Isle of
Arraii is one in which the central and other bands are all
black-l>rown, divided by narrow stripes of greenish-white, and
having scpiared costal s],ots of the same jiale colour. Such
are in the collection of ^Mr. L. H. J'rout.

On the wing in .May and early in -June ; and as a second
generation in .July and August, perhaps even in September
in the north, but this brood is very partial and uncertain,
and the specimens often small.

Lahva rather thick in proportion, the body slightly de-
pressed, of about equal bulk throughout, for it tapers but a
very little just at each extremity ; head brown, freckled with
darker brown ; ground colour pale purplish-grey or brownish-
grey ; back of the second segment black ; the dorsal line
through it jjale grey, on all the other segments wider, black in
colour, thickest in the middle of each segment, and on some
of them suggestive of an elongated diamond ; subdorsal lines
rather thick, of the ground colour but well defined, through
the dorsal region just above being freckled and suffused
with dark purplish-brown, especially about the thickest part
of the dorsal line, wliere, on each side of it, an indistinct dark
wedge is thus formed with its base on the dorsal line, and its
point directed outwards and forwards ; besides the general
clouding and darkening of the back there is also a series of
black wedges tending to define tiie upper edge of the sub-
dorsal line much more clearly ; these are placed at the
beginning and end of each segment, the anterior one point-
ing backwards, and tiie posterior one forwards, while on the
thoracic segments they become united and linear. The
sides, so far as the spiracles, are freckled and clouded with
dark purplish-brown, and a fine longitudinal line of the
ground colour runs through, near the lower margin ; spiracles

LARENTID.-E—HYPSIPETES. 371

black ; below them a broad streak of the pale ground colour,
and then a fine interrupted black line ; raised dots black,
each emitting a hair ; undersurface of the ground colour ;
prolegs tipped with blackish.

In other examples the ground colour is pale pink, ochreous,
or flesh-colour, and the markings are brown and much paler;
the black wedges are almost, or even entirely absent ; and the
dorsal line is interrupted at the beginning of the segments.

The usual position in repose is a curve, the head being
turned sideways round to the middle of the body ; but when
it is exposed, by being ejected from its dwelling, it loops
with activity, pausing occasionally and stretching out its
head in all directions in a most impatient manner, as if in
search of another retreat. It is onlj- when so stretched out
that its actual length can be momentarily observed. (W.
Buckler.)

June or July, till September or Octol^er, on alder (A/nu$
ghUinosn), but some few feed up rapidly in July, and produce
the very partial second generation of moths. Whether the
descendants of these last feed up in the season does not
seem to be establislied, but larva? of the nsual .slow-growing
generation remain long without changing to pupa, often till
December, still inhabiting the curled and dead leaves in
which, or between which, in a habitation of silk, they have
lived.

Pupa rounded at the head, thick in the middle, dark
greenish -brown or brownish-black, the surface dull and
minutely sculptured or punctured ; segments rather rapidly
tapering ; their interstices pale brown ; cremaster short,
wedge-shaped, armed with fine hooked spikes and bristles,
which hold to the silk. In its larval habitation or amonsr
dead leaves on the ground. I have also found it in plenty
spun up in the tufts of flood-refuse left in the branches of
alder-bushes.

In this condition during the latter portion of the winter.

372 I.f.rinOPTERA.

The niotli liides about alder-trees in tlie daytime, usually
in the branches and amon<r the leaves, but occasionally sitting
upon tlio t'unks or on any neighbourins' railing. If beaten
out it flies liurrifHlIy away to a similar hiding-place. Its
tlight at dusk is more especially around the trees, yet also
about alder bushes and neighbouring hedges ; later at night
it will come to a strong light. From the nature of its food
it is necessarily confined to damp places and the margins of
streams, or the swam])y parts of woods, but its favourite
haunts are certainly the rows of alder-trees which so often
skirt the little streams running along the hollows of valleys.
In such places it seems to occur throtighout England, though
locally and not always commonly ; indeed, it is scarce in some
of the more nortliern districts. Found also in (Hamorgan-
shire and Pembrokeshire, and in North Wales in Flintshire.
In .Scotland it is found in similar sjwts in the eastern
districts to Moray, and in the westein to the Clyde Valley ;
and is certainly quite common in Stirlingshire, more in the
middle of the country. It is also recorded from the Hebrides,
and from Orkney, though most of the specimens here said
to belong to this species really are referable to the last.
Still, Mr. F. M. Cheesman sent specimens from Stromness
some few years ago. which belonged clearly to the present
species. In Ireland it is very local, yet widely distributed,
since it has ()een foutul in Dublin County. Wicklow. Louth.
Westmeath. Monaghan. Sligo. Tyrone, Fermanagh, Down,
.\nt rim. and ! )erry.

Abroad its range is throughout Central and Northern
Europe, ^liddle and Northern Italy, the Ural Mountain dis-
tricts, and Fastern Siberia.

8. H. elutata, Schiff.: sordidata, Stmn}. Cut. — Fx-
panse 1 to 1 ij inch. Fore wings i)roadly ovate, usually
some shade of green or brown-green, with four or more
narrow, broken, often abbreviated, black-brown transverse
stripes ; opposite the middle of the hind margin is usually

A.-/ REi\ J iD.E—H i- T'o V PE 1 ES. 373

a cloudy white rounded blotch. Hind wing's pale suioky-
browu.

Antennfe of the male simple, ciliated, rathei" thick, shining
brown ; palpi slender, projecting, black-brown ; face and head
yellowish-white, dotted with dark brown ; neck-ridge and
thorax olive-brown clouded with black, the back crest rather
raised ; abdomen glossy pale brownish-grey ; anal tuft long.
Fore wings broad and blunt ; costa arched thronghout ; apex
bluntly angulated ; hind margin gently rounded, full and but
little oblique ; dorsal margin also rather tilled out ; colour light
green, yellowish-green, dark green, brownish-green, or
purplish-green, dusted with faint pur]ilish-black perpendi-
cular streaks ; extreme base spotted or blotched with black ;
basal line erect, slender, once angulated, black ; first line a
purplish-black stripe, rather broad, but often obscure or
broken into spots ; imujediately following it is a similar stripe
or series of spots, followed usually by a stripe of pale clouding
formed into rounded blotches ; second line rather erect, in-
complete, a sinuous black stripe from the costa ; beyond it a
similar stripe commences on the costa, but shortly below
spreads iuto a broad blotch, the upper angle of which points
to a black spot running into the apex of the wing ; im-
mediately under this blotch is an ill-dofined rounded white
cloud or spot opposite the middle of the hind margin ; below
this the upper stripe continues as a mere slender line ; all
these dark lines are broadly and squarely marked on the
costa ; extreme hind margin edged with pairs of black
dots ; cilia greenish-grey, spotted with black. Hind wings
long, ample, rounded behind ; silky, pale smoky-brown or
smoky-white, without delinite markings, but darker behind ;
extreme hind margin dotted with small smoky-lilack clouds;
cilia smoky-white. Female similar.

Underside of the fore wings smoky-brown with a broad
yellow-green stripe along the costal region, crossed by the
five purplish-black stripes of the upper side, but here only
partially continued across the wing as smoky clouds. Hind

374 I.EPIDOPTERA.

wings })ale smoky-brown dusted witli darker ; central spot
black ; cilia s|X)tted with smoky-black. Body and legs
whitish-bniwu ; tarsi green, barred with black.

Kxcessively variable, indeed the description above refers
only to the most abundant forms of the species in its more
general lowland tyjje. In all the description no colonr
and uo marking seems really stable. Some S[)ecinieus ap-
proach to a unil'iirm green colour, tlie stripes absent, or some
of them so, or their originating costal .spots alone remaining ;
others have the stripes before the middle massed together
into a broad band ; others those beyond the middle also ;
while still others have the entire wing covered with dark
stripes and clouding ; often the pale middle band as.serts
itself, sometimes entire, in other cases broken into two or
more well-defined, island-like spots. The snbmarginal round
white spot is usually visible, large or small, or obscured, but
not rarejy quite absent. And these mutations have no con-
nection with each other, but are mi.xed up in every possible
way. In addition to this tangled series of forms of the
general country and the woods, there is a definite race upon
hills and mountains, and on the moors of Scotland and the
North of England, liut especially' abundant on the hills of the
Western Isles of the former country. In this race the size is
reduced by one-third or even by one-half — certainly by one
half the area in most specimens — and the colour is totally
different, dark rusty-brown, dark greenish-brown, blackish-
brown, rusty-black, or olive-green ; the markings all obscure,
very often obliterated by the dark colouring ; when visible only
so by faint paler outlines or greenish mottling, but the white
submarginal spot often indicated and occasionally snowy white.
This strain of variation seems always, or nearly so, to frequent
whortleberry, the larva3 feeding thereon ; yet this food cannot
be the sole cause of difference, since larviu found in plenty
feeding u]ion this plant in Kent produced moths of the general
type, and only differing from others of the southern dis-
tricts in feeding up more quickly, and emerging earlier in the

LA RENTID.ll—H ] TSIPE TES. 375

summer. On the otln'r hand in South Yorkshire and Staiford-
shire a imicolorous black-brown form is reared from sallow,
while tlirre whortleberry produces all the g-reen forms as well
as the black. Irish specimens seem usually to be of the full
size, but some are of a very curious brown colour, or of a
beautiful green-black, or have broad contrasting bands of
green and grey. To catalogue all the wider aberrations is a
hopeless task ; but a few may be instanced. In the collection
of Mr. S. J. Capper is a specimen having the fore wings
almost wholly tawny brown, and another in which they are
dull black with two rather leaden-grey transverse stripes ; in
that of Mr. Sydney Webb is one. dark olive-brown with
three white spots placed triangularly ; another in which the
middle area is rich fulvous ; a third greyish-white with
beautiful broad green-black and tawny stripes ; a fourth
pale glaucous with two very narrow grey stripes ; and a fifth
purple-black with silvery-white clouded stripes.

On the wing in July and part of August, but where the
whortleberry-feeding form occirrs, in the iSouthern districts, it
is on the wing before the end of June.

Lakva stout, head slightly bihd, hazle-brown ; a dark
brown horny plate on the second segment ; liody dull reddish
or purplish-grey ; dorsal line grey, very faint ; subdorsal
lines broad, whitish ; spiracular line and another above it
whitish but inconspicuous ; divisions whiter, forming two
pale spots between the segments ; uiidersuri'ace pale greyish-
green, contrasting with the ground colour; legs dark brown ;
prolegs and spiracles tinged with red. (C. Fenn.)

August till April or May on sallow, whortleberry, and
occasionally nut, also, on mountains where whortleberry is
absent, feeding on heather (Callitn/i vulgaris) ; hybernating
when one-half grown ; curling up the leaves or drawing
together the young shoots of its food plants, and when young
even boring into old catkins : feeding at night, but remaining
in its habitation of leaves during the day, and very easily

376 l-ErinOPTERA.

found. It is (|uite slnpgisli, and makes no effort to escape,
lying doubled together, and falling to the ground if dis-
turbed.

PlPA elongate, shining, bright reddish inahoganj* colour;
wing- and linilj-cases darkrr. In a loose cocoon of silk and
sand, iinderground. (('. Fenn.)

The moth hides during the day in hedges, hushes, and trees
in lanes, fields, and woods 'very wliere. and on hills and moun-
tains among the whortleberry and heather; and if such an ex-
pression V)e admissible, is for a few weeks a most unmitigated
nuisance ! When it appears one cannot touch a hedge with-
out disturbing it, for every specimen Hies out in great haste ;
and the air is filled with iluttering multitudes, so that any other
moth on the wing at the same time is almost sure to be over-
looked. At night it seems to fly rather high but is still most
abundant about the tops of the hedges ; yet is hardly to be
attracted to any extent by light, and oidy comes occasionally
to feast upon honeydew : on the other hand it will in Scotland
eagerl}- feast u])on the scanty nectar nf rush-bloom.

Abundant throughout the United Kingdom. exce])t that it
is scarce in the Ontei- Hebrides, and does not seem to have yet
been noticed in the Shetland Isles. Abroad it is found every-
where in Central and Northern Kurope, Iceland, Northern
Italy, Turkey, the Ural _.Moniitaiii district, Tartary, the moun-
tainous regions of Central Asia. Western China, and Japan
— where it is rather larger in size — also in Western North
America at both California and V'ancouver.

Genus 2(1. OPORABIA.

AnteniicC short, ciliated ; palpi short and blunt ; head and
thorax smooth, back crest hardly perceptible ; abdomen
smooth, short and stumpy; fore wings silky, thin, and weak,
vein 5 above the middle of the cross-bar ; hind wings very
thin, long and unusually ample, veins 7 and 8 united to near
the end of the cell.

LARENriD.-E—OPORABIA. 377

Larv« short aud thick, uot tapering ; feeding exposed.
Pur.B in the earth.

We liave lint two species, both very variable, the fore wings
of 0. dihdutii l)eing broad and blunt and of a dull silky ap-
pearance, those of O.Jilii/rinniiniriii narrower, more pointed aud
far more glossy. When closely examined the antenna? of the
male 0. dilalafu, are seen to be furnished with minute
rounded knobs, one on each joint; while in 0. Jiliijiinninaria
these knobs are absent. This interesting distinction has been
pointed out by Mr. Louis B. Proiit.

1. O. dilutata, ,SWm/.— Expanse l\ to 1| inch. Fore
wings ample ; silky, silvery greyish-white or pale grey-browu,
with three or more transverse, narrow, grey or grey-brown
bands, and numerous parallel lines. Hind wings white, edged
with grey lines.

Antennas notched, thickly ciliated, pale grey-brown ; palpi
only just perceptible, dusky white; face convex, smoothed
downward, dark chocolate ; upper part of the head brownish-
white ; neck-ridge large, erect, and of the same colon r ;
thorax grey, or brownish-white, or darker, in accordance with
the colour of the fore wings ; abdomen small and short,
smooth, brownish-white ; tufts all small. Fore wings very
broad ; costa strongly and regularly arched ; apex bluntly
rounded ; hind margin gently curved, rather oblicpie ; dorsal
margin also rather filled out ; silky pale grey, or pale, or
darker, brownish-grey ; basal line very faint, angulated, grey ;
first line faintly double, angulated outwards, grey but often
emphasised hy black streaks on the nervures ; followed at a
short distance by a parallel similar pair of lines, very faint,
but Connected by the black streaks on the nervures ; second
line rather erect, grey, angulated at each nervure, curved
between them, and showing off black lines on the principal
ones, these black lines also crossing two fainter grey lines
parallel with tlie ordinary second ; hind-marginal region

37^ I.EPIDOI'TERA.

tilled by parallel rippled grey stripes, the first of which is ac-
centuated and pointed on each nervnre : all the lines empha-
sised on the costa ; extreme hin<l mariiin irregularly edged
by bhuk streaks and dots ; cilia grey or grey-brown. Hind
wings elongated and ample, rounded behind, but the dorsal
margin long and straight ; shining silky white, tinged with
grey : nervures faintly brown ; costal margin clouded with
grey-brown shades; and sometimes two similar ti-ansverse lines
lie near the hind luargin, which is dotted with brown; cilia
brcjwnish-white. Female stouter in the thorax, and in the
abilomen still mure so ; fore wings shorter and bi'oader, with
the costa more arched, and the markings more definite, re-
.solving themselves on the fore wings into three or four dis-
tinct grey transverse strijies, and on the hind wings into a
hind-marginal stripe.

Underside of the fore wings pale or darker smoky-grey;
costal i-egion yellowish-white, twice barred with smoky-
brown ; stripes of the up])er side faintly showing through;
hind margin greyish-white with faint indications of brown
lines on the nervures, and of slender transverse stripes. Hody
and legs brownish-white ; tarsi grey-brown barred with
white.

Variable as already indicated from greyish-white to grey-
brown, and ill the markings from pale grey to dark brown, or
they are often lost in a dark grey-brown general colour.
Occasional specimens of pale ground colour have all the dark
markings collected into a single broad dark central band ;
others have but faint indications of several bands, and I have
one feuiale, silvery white, with but one faint band along the
hind margin. In the collection of the late Mr. F. Bond is a
male of uniform ochreous-white colour : another very dark
slate-grey, a third of a delicate pale grey with faintly darker
marginal lines ; and Mr. Sydney \\'eV)b has one much clouded
and sutfiised with smoky black. A more beautiful local race,
found more particularly in Ireland, sent from Enniskilleu by
•Colonel Partridge ;ind Lieut. Browne, and from Down by

LARENTID.-E—OPORABIA. 379

Mr. C. W. Watts, has the ground colour exquisitely silvery
white, with the stripes of a delicate grey but sharpened by
short black lines on the nervures. This appears to agree well
with the form called Kutnmnarid by (iiience; but that name
has with us been commonly associated with another peculiar
form, of rather large size, in wliich the fore wings are a little
more pointed .at the apex, though not narrowed, and the
texture appears rather more glossy, but the colour and mai-k-
ings are normal, or in the north darkened, yet which furnishes
no tangible character whereby it can be distinguished from
that now under consideration. Tiie range of this variety is
northern and western, and some of the most distinct looking
specimens have been sent to me by Mr. Adam Elliott from
near Jedburgh, and from Armagh by the Rev. W. F. Johnson;
but I have even taken this form at Norwich, and have found it
mixed with typical specimens from various places. Another
form even more remarkable has been taken in the north ; this
is hardly larger than Clui'undtolnd hnnnata, the fore wings
more triangular, and the colour mottled dark grey-brown ;
and is, apparently, the form which w-as caWttd n p proxi mi ir la by
Weaver. Of this Mr. Kenneth J. Morton took three indi-
viduals y///^«// hji (laij in a deep glen in a wood at Clegliorn,
Argyleshire ; Mr. F. N. Fierce possesses .another ; but of the
history and localities of this form but little is known. With
regard to the variety called antuinnin-'ux, it will be necessary
to say more under the next species.

On the wing in October and Novemljer; but in the north
said to emerge as early as September or even end of August.

L.VKVA stout, velvety ; divisions of segments well marked ;
head rather small, rounded, not highly polished, pale green ;
body bright velvety apple-green with the segmental divisions
yellow ; spiracles orange ; spiracular stripe yellow, undersur-
face conspicuously bluish-white ; legs pale green.

Or — As above, but the divisions of the segments broadly
banded with ferruginous, and having a ferruginous dorsal line.

38o LKPlDOriKRA.

<>i" — Similar to the type, but witli the ferruj,'inous ilorsal
line, or u series of red dorsal spots.

When young the usual raised dots are often yellow, and
there are traces of yellow subdorsal lines.

Another form — from .Scotland — is dull green, transversely
banded or barred on each segment with purplish-crimson,
and having a similarly coloured dorsal line : subdorsal, and
a line above the spiracles, very threadlike, whitish or yellow ;
spiracular line white, conspicuous where it edges the
anal Hap ; undersurl'ace bluish-white ; usual spots white
or pale grey, rather prominent ; head green dusted with
darker.

Or -Almost unicolorous briglit green with a faintly thread-
like yellow subdorsal line, and wider yellow spiracular stripes;
undersurface bluish-white. (Chas. Fenu.)

Mr. \V. Buckler's figures show the purple-barred forms in
various degrees, among those which are more ty])ical. all from
the South of England.

March or .\pril to ^lay or the beginning of June; on sallow,
birch, oak, elm, hornbeam, hawthorn, blackthorn, fruit-trees,
wild rose and whortleberry : feeding princijially at night, but
remaining upon its food plant during the day. The winter
is passed in tlie egg-state.

PlP.v stout ; anal extremity blunt, furnislied with a very
short spike ; reddish-brown ; wing- and limb-cases olive-
brown. Subterranean, in a compact egg-shaped silken cocoon.
(C. Fenn.)

The moth is a lazy creature, sitting during the day in trees,
bushes, hedges, or any suitable shelter, or sometimes clinging
closely to a tree trunk or paling; if disturbed tJuttering to
the ground ; and at its natural time of llight. at dusk, ex-
hibiting no great activity, though the male is rather strongly
attracted by light, more rarely by sugar or ivy-bloom. Very
common everywhere in woods, less so in lanes and hedges,
throuirhout p]nijcland. AVales. and Ireland, and in Scotland to

LARENTID.-E—OPORABIA. 381

Mora\' and West Ross, but apparently not found in the Isles.
Abroad it is common throughout Central and Northern
Europe, Northern Italy, the Ural Mountain district, and Tar-
tary, also in souie parts of North America, especially Nova
Scotia, Newfoundland, and Labrador.

2. O. filigrammaria, //.-,s'. — E.xpanse I! to H inch.
Pore wings narrdw, \-ery glossy, silvery-white or pale silvery-
grey, witli three or four trausvei'se smoky-grey strijies,
blackened on the median uervure. Hind wings white,
banded with grey.

Antennfc of the male simple l)ut faintly notched, thickly
ciliated, grey-brown, whiter toward the base, where also is a
tuft of white scales : palpi small, dark chocolate: face of the
same colour, convex and sinootheil downward ; head white,
rather roughened at the top ; thora.x shining, pale or dark
grey, with a minute crest at the back ; abdomen slender,
short, smooth, brownish-white. Fore wings long and rather
narrow ; co.^ta gently ai'ched thi-oughoiit ; ajiex bluntlv
rounded ; hind margin oblique, long and smoothly curved ;
dorsal margin a little full ; colour shining white, or pale
silvery-grey; basal line black, sharply angulated ; fir.st line
double, rippled and angulated, its duplicates set widely
apart, and enclosing a whiter stripe with some grey cloud-
ing ; second line apparently repi-esented by either of four
parallel rippled grey lines, or series of crescents separated by
white lines; hind-marginal region also ri])])led with grej-
stripes and divided In' a scalloped white subterminal lir.e ;
all the transverse lines blackened on the costa, and separated
there by whiter spaces ; discal S])ot a black dot : subdorsal
anel median uervures interruptedly streaked with black, the
rest similarly marked in a less degree ; and the angles of the
lines pointeil with the same; extreme hind margin edged
with black lunules; cilia shining grey-white dappled with
darkei-. Ilind wings long but ample, much rounded behind ;
silkv u'revish-white, with a curved transverse gi'evish Ijand

382 LEPIDOPTERA.

beyond the inidiUe, and faint indicritions of others ; hind
niartrin sharply dotted with black : cilia greyish-white.
Female smaller, its thorax and abdomen thicker, all the
winos shorter and more ovate; the lines of the fore wings
usuallv formed into three narrow hands, much darker, and
frequently emphasised by l)lack blotches; the hind wings
more definitely banded.

Underside of the fore wings smoke-colour ; costa spotted
with smoky-white; the transverse stripes of the upper side
faintly visible. Hind wings dusky white, witli two slender
grey transverse lines on the middle area, and a grey band
beyond. Body and legs pale brown ; tarsi black-brown
spotted with white.

Variable in the deptli of ground colour, as already suggested,
from silvery white to grey or smoky-grey, sometimes even to
f|uite (lark grey, very often shaded therewith : the markings
•are more ri-liable. but in the speciiriens with dark ground
colour, are much obscured : occa.sionally, however, the sti'ipes
are drawn together and form a broad central dark band on a
pale ground ; in others they are partially obliterated — in
which case, sometimes, the black dashes u])on the subcostal
and median nervnres come out very sharply. Some of these
last, from the Isle of Lewis, have the stripes broken up into
dark wedges or spots, and are e.xceedingly pretty. It is a
very curious circumstance that where a birch wood occurs
npon tlie wild heathery moors frecpiented by this species,
a rather larger race is found, of great beauty, more than
usuallv clear white or ci'eamy-white, and with veiy clear
markintrs. This form has. like two different varieties of the
last species, lieen called l)y the name of ouhimvaria, and
supposed to lie a distinct species ; and it is very possible that
this actually is the form described by Guenee. The parallel-
ism of variation between this and 0. dilutata is remarkable,
and the onlv reliable distinctions in the wings seem to be in
their breadth and their degree of glossiness. ^Ir. L. 15. Prout
has specimens which structurally agree with this species, yet

LA RENTW.-E— OPORA BIA . i^i

have broader fore wings of a beautifully white ground colour
and quite separate narrow transverse stripes. These may
probably be considered to be extremes of the variety of this
species which has been called autamnavia.

On the wing in August and the first half of September.

Larva stout and smooth ; head and second segment
shining green, with a blackish tinge ; general colour rich
velvety-green ; on each side of the dorsal vessel is a line of
paler yellowish-green ; subdorsal and spiracular lines sulphnr
yellow, the latter the more distinct ; between them is a faint
interrupted yellowish line ; segmental divisions orange-
yellow ; undersurface whitish-green ; spiracles yellow ; and
between them and the undersurface are a few freckles ; on
the back of each segment the tubercles appear distinctly as
minute yellow dots. (Eev. J. Hellins.)

Or — Rich deep green, face green, and lobes of the head
dark brown ; dorsal line darker green between two lines of
greenish-yellow, the other lines as above. In others the
spiracles are black and the raised dots of the ground
colour.

February or j\larch to April, May, or even the beginning
of June, on whortleberry ( I^rtcrmi'HjH rniirtiUnA}. V. rifis-idwa,
heather, and birch, and on sallow and hawthorn in confine-
ment. The winter is passed — till February — in the egg-
state.

Pupa of rather dumpy figure, the abdominal segments
tapering to the tip, which is furnished with a small tapering
spike having two diverging hooks at the fine extremity ;
colour very dark brown, with rather a glossy surface.
(W. Buckler.)

This moth loves to sit during the day upon a large stone,
or outcropping piece of rock, on a hillside, or even on the
black peaty earth among heather and Vaccinium, or in the

3S4 LEI'IDOPI'ERA.

edge of a birch plantation, and seems greatly to prefer any
stone or rock to the trunk of a tree. From its glossy appear-
ance thereon it is quite conspicuous; and being sluggish and
disinclined to move, may be boxed with perfect ease. When
rocks are not available it will cling closely to the stems
of the lif-atlu'i', wrapping its wings round them. Its llight
is at dusk, but probably is rarely observed, the rough
mountain sides with outcropping rocks, which it loves,
being by no means easy or convenient ])laces for night
collecting.

It appears to have been originally discovered in the Isle of
Arran by ilicliard Weaver, in one of his collecting trips to
Scotland ; and soon afterwards was found on the Pennine
Hills in Lancashire and ^'orkshire by Mr. Edleston. Its range
is somewhat restricted here, since it does not seem, like
some of the otlit-r mountain s])ecies, to occur on the higher
hills of the south- wt-sl ; there is a single record of it in
(iloucestershire, but this is doubtful — at any rate it retpiires
confirmation — and no records I'xist for Wales or the hills of
the Midlands. It is. howcvi-r. ipiite common on the high hills
between Oldliani aiul H udderslield. lying in Lancashire and
^'orksllire, has been taken in Delamere Forest, Cheshire, and
further north on hills and moors generally, in Westmoreland,
t'umberland. Durham, aud Northumberland; alst) in Scot-
land in Ixoxburghshire, the I'^diuburgh district, i'erthshire,
Aberdeenshire, Kincardineshire, and probably throughout
that country in suitable places, extending certainly to the
Hebrides and the Orkneys. In L'eland it has been taken
casually upon the Hill of Howth, and in the Ivinierick district,
Antrim, and Derry ; in the west also on all hills exceeding
lOOU feet, and in the Island of Acliill. Abroad its range
seems to be somewhat uncertain, init it is found in Lapland,
also in l'"ranee, and ap[)arently on the moiuitains of (lermany
aud Switzerland.

l..\KE.\TIIKi:—CHE]MA I Oi;i.\. jHj

(;eiiu^2l. CHEIMATOBIA.

Antenna! of the male vitv small .-lud weak, thickly ciliated;
palpi minute: head rather rough; thorax smooth, thin, anil
very weak ; abdomen smooth, small and slender; t'ore\vinu>
broad and ratlier ovate, thin and weak, vein •') almost lielriw
the middle of the cross-bar ; hind wings elongated, also very
thin, veins 7 and l~i joined to near the end of the cell. Female
sub-apterous.

Lakva: short, cylindrical, not humped, feeding between
drawn-togetlier leaves.

I'lil'^ subterranean, in a slight cocoon.

We have two species, easily discriminated.

A. Fore wings rounded, thin, light brown, with darkei-

transverse lines. ('. lininnitu .

\'-. h'ore wings, elonsfated, semi - transparent, shiuiusr

whitish-brown. ('. hnrrafn.

1. C. boreata, Hull. — Hxpanse 1] t;j 1.^ inch. Wings
thin and delicate, thinly scaled ; fore wings elongated,
whitish-brown, with ol)li(|ue pale bi'own transverse lines,
those beyond the middle Corming a, faint band ; hind wings
white. Female furnished only with small winglets barred
with black.

Antenme slender, notched and thickly ciliated, liglit
brown ; palpi of the same colour, extremely .small ; face con-
vex, smoothed downward, pale chocolate, above it is a ridge
between the antenn;e ; head yellow-brown ; neck-ridge
sharply marked, of the same colour ; thorax weak and
thin, pale brown ; abdomen very slender, short and small,
also pale brow'u. Fore wings rather ovate, thin and almost
semi-transparent from paucity of scales; costa strongly
arched; apex rounded ; hind margin also very fully rounded ;
dorsal margin short, rather curved ; silky whitish-brown ;
basal line hardly perce[)tible. followed by three parallel

vol.. \IIJ. 2 I!

.iSO l.i:i'll)')flER.\.

nearly prrpeiuliciilar faint grey-bidwn biiipes, the outtTmost
of which is hiackened on tlu' niediiiiii niT\ ure. and seems to
represent tin- UMial tirst liiu- ; a lilth' he_\ ond this is a broader,
douiile. similar faint stripe, which forks above tlu- middle and
encloses till' Ijlack discal spot : l)e\on<l this is the second line,
attended l)y a parallel line on either side, all similar in colour
and like the rest very obscure ; nervures faintly stivaked with
black especially at their forks: alonir the extreme hind
iiiarijin are a few black dots : cilia of the ground colour.
Hind wint^s ovate, rather lon<r. rounded beiiind. yellowi.sli-
wliite. with a faint brt)\vn tint on the nervures ; cilia con-
coloious. i''emale utterly ditfei'ent. the abdomen short, thick,
and pointed beliind. yellow-brown mottled uitli black-brown:
tliorax also rat liei' broad, dark brown : wings all mere short
lobes, tlu- fore pair pale yellow brown, with a sini^'le oblitpie
black transvei>e band; the hind pale ii'rey with a darker
bar: lei:s rather lone, not tufted, lirown, barred in fi'ont with
dirty white and lilack.

I'ndei-side of the fore wings of the male very ]>a]e siuokv -
brown, more rufous toward the costa: almost devoid of
markings. Hind wings similar but paler, and showing,
rather more definitely, twf) curved tran.sverse l)rown indica-
tions of lines. l!ody and legs light l)rown : tarsi in front
black-brown, barred witli dull white.

Hardly variable : but specimens taken in Koxburghshire
by Mr. Adam Klliott have the black marginal dots unusually
distinct upon both fore and hind wings: and the late Mr.
Xicliolas Cooke recorded tliat he had found specimens of the
female entirely without wings at Petty Tool Wootl. Cheshire ;
these he had identitied as this species only by the males witli
which they were i)aired.

Oil the wint; in October ami No\eiid)er.

ljAit\.\ stout and rather short, fairly cylindrical, head
r<)Unded. black or black-brown: body rather translucent:
general coloiii- p;de greyish-green or yellow-green : raised

r.ARENTIDA-. CUF.LMA fOIUA. ,587

clots and spiraclfs black : dorsal line hardly visible, enclosed
iu a broad grey or green-grey or grey-black dorsal stripe
which is of equal breadth throughout ; subdorsal line and
spiracular stri]ie of the same colour, the latter edged above
by a yt'Uowish line ; legs and anal tip, and also the hinder
tips of the prolegs, black.

March or April till May or June : on birch and sometimes
beech : feeding at night, hiding during the day between
drawn-together leaves. Dr. R. Freer tells me that in Staf-
fordshire this larva is a general feeder, and may often be
found in apple blossoms.

The winter is passed in the egg state.

I'l'PA apparently undescribed ; in the earth.

The moth hides itself during the day under dead leaves on
the ground, or among the stems of heath, grass, or any other
low growth, under birch-trees ; at dusk it crawls up and may
readily be found, by the aid of a lantern, sitting upon those
various objects or upon the birch-trees, from which it may
easily be bo.xed ; the female crawls up rather later to similar
positions, and at this time the tiiglit, of the males takes place ;
but at all times this is an exceedingly la/.y and sluggish
species. Rarely, a specimen may be found sitting by day on
a leaf upon a bush, or on a tree-trunk, but this is merely
casual, and probably indicates an abundance of specimens in
the evening. A local species, and formerly supposed to Ije
exclusively northein, but the late ]\Ir. F. Bond pointed out,
some years ago. that it might be found in southern districts
by an examination of birch bushes and trees at night ; and
jMr. iStainton recorded it in the " Manual '' from Sussex and
Kent. It was discovered in this country in IS 18. specimens
being then taken in Delamere Forest. (Tieshire: but it is now
known to inhabit suitable spots throughout the south of
Kngland, except perhaps Cornwall ; extending to (iloucestei-
shire and Herefordshire, Bucks, Berks, Middlesex, and Essex :
a single specimen has been taken in Norfolk : hut it is abuti-

.j88 i.r.PinoprnRA.

<lant in Stafioidsliire, Salop. Cheshire, Lancasliire, and York-
shire, and occurs in Durham, Xorthiimberland. and Oumbor-
land. In AVales I lind it I'ecorded only in (ilainor<.'auahire :
in .Scotland in Berwickshire, Roxburghshire, Wigtownshire.
Perthshire, Ivoss-shire. and Aberdeenshii-e. and Dr. I?uclianan
White adds the Clyde \'alley and ^loray. In Irelimd it lia>
been very little noticed but is on reconl frciiii Mouaghan and
Oalway, and also from Achill Island.

Abroad it is found in Central France, JSelgiuni. tjernianj-,
Switzerland, Galicia. f.ivonia. and South-east Russia ; also in
North America, in New York State, JIassachusetts, Maine.
New Hampshire, l\akota. Canada, and Alaska.

1. C. brumata, L. Expanse I lo I] inch. I'\)re wings
of the male broadly rounded, thin, light brown clouded with
darker and ri])pled with transvei'se brown lines: a faintly
darker band in the middle : nervures dotted with sniokv-
browii. Hind wings smoky-white. I'emale sub-apterous.

.Xntenna^ of the male simple, short, and weak, ciliated, pale
brown ; ]ial|)i minute, brown ; face convi-x. smoothed down-
ward, chocolate-brown, head rough, whitish-brown ; neck-
ridge darker : thorax brown, sleiuler. and very weak : aV)domen
short and slender, pale brown, tufts very obscure. Fore
wings broadly ovate ; costa fully arched ; a]iex rounded ; hind
margin gently curved, as also is the dorsal raargiu ; colour
light brown, dusted thickly with umbreous : between the base
and the middle are two parallel and quite similar threadlike
brown lines, faintly emphasised on the nervures; in the
middle is a brown band, lying between the brown first and
second lines, but usually very ob.scure, or indicated by those
lines, which are indented and rather darkei' ; beyond is a
dotted dark brown line more in the position of the usual
second line, but it edges a broad hind-marginal stripe of
rather browner colouring ; all the lines are sufliciently ob-
scure; extreme hind margin streaked with black ; cilia pale
brown, dappled with darker. Hind wings very thin, rather

I.ARE.\Tin.K CHEIXIA roniA. j«9

elongated, rounded behind : silky whitish-ljrown, with a faint
suggestion of a central cloudy suioke-coloured transverse
stripe ; hind margin dotted with black : cilia silky pale
brown.

Female having very short, Haps ot wings : thorax and abdo-
men thick, the latter short and jiointwl behind, dull brown ;
winglets short and inconspicuous, the fore pair having some-
times a partial, or taijering. black ti'ansverse band near tlie
hind margin ; legs long, untufted, brown.

Undersides of all the wings of the male jiale smoky-brown,
with a central dark brown continuons band, much bent in
the hinil pair. l?ody and legs brown.

There is a little variation in the depth of colour and of the
distinctness of the transverse lines and central obscure stripe,
specimens from Scotland being often rather dark ; also occa-
sional specimens from that country are of rather large si/.e.
The female is, in the north, sometimes nearly black. I once
took, in Surrey, a single specimen of the male wholly silky
yellow-brown, almost butf, and devoid of the transverse lines, a
casual and most iiuusual aberration among thousands of th^-
ordinary type. Jn the collection of the late ilr. F. I'xnul is
one of a dark smoky-ljrown.

On the wing from November till -lanuary. or even February,
according to tlie temperature of the winter, retarding or
accelerating its emergence.

L.IRVA cylindrical, siuirl and stout ; head rounded, green ;
general colour light green ; dorsal stripe broad, darker green,
faintly intersected by a very slender dor.sal line of still
darker green : subdorsal line and a line below it white ;
spiraculai' line also white or yellowish-whiii-. enclosing the
spiraoli's, which are black ; legs and pi-olegs. and also the
undersurface, green.

April and Ma}', and sometimes to the beginning of .)une,
on all deciduous ti'ees. but especially abundant and destruc-
tive upon Iruit-trees : drawing together the leaves of the

.i';o Ilil'IDOI'IKRA.

yDUiiL' shoots and fee<liug between them. ))ut in th.' apple
more partictiharly attackini,^ the blossom.

I'rr.i short and i-allii-r thick : \\\i\\\ red-brown; creinaster
furnished with a lalid h(j(jk. In a silken cocoon in the
earth.

The moth is one of oui- most abundant species in woods,
and in many districts almost as jjlentifiil in orciianis. also
occurring in hedi^es .'ind on timber trees everywhere. It
hides durinL'' the day in anv hollow or corner of a wall, tree-
trunk, fence, or other shelter, close to. or on, the irround and
esi)i-cially aniony dead leaves, but at dusk crawls uji. and
may then In- found everywhere, sitting;- lui trees, bnslu'S. and
hedges, tlie male with its win<jrs raised and jiressed toijether
over its back, tlie female looking,' most insit,niificant and
iucon.spicuoiis, in similai- places, it is veiy curious to see,
if a collector j^oes with liuhted lantern into an oak wood at
tiark, tiiese sluggish weak-lookinj; moths, often paired, by
scores on every tree-trunk, very little disturbed by the light,
quite indifferent to cold, but avoiding I'ain and wind by sit-
tin" on the sheltereil side of the tree, and allowin<r tliemselves
to l)e taken into the hand or otherwise disturbed with hardly
more of a protest than a l.i/.y Ihitter down. Its power of
endurance of severe cold is somewhat remarkable. I am
not prepared to admit that it will cineige fi'om j)npa during
severe frost, but certainly it passes throuLih such weather
after emergence with impunity, and although it only comes
out of its lading places and flies a little rola iitfirili/ in milder
weather there is distinct evidence that if di.sturbed it is by
no means dormant, but will even lly in its lazy way and
settle upon the ■•<niiir before seeking another shelter. On the
first night of a thaw every specimen which has ])assed througli
the frost will lie on the aleit. the numbers augmented by
many more which have been w;uting iii pii]);i f(U' tin- signrd
to emerge.

fn oi'chards this species is sci destructive in the larva state

A. / A7: \ riD.i:-lA '/.■( '/'//( 'A'. /. ,;9i

tliat ill Sdiiir districts it is ;i coiiiinnn jiriicticr In lastt-u u|iiiii
tlie lower pait of tlie trunk of each fruit-tree a Ijand of cart-
grease, into which the female, wlieii she attempts to ascend
the tree, inadvertent! \ ste])s. to her own destnietioii.
Ciardeners seem to be ai,'reed that liy this method tlie trees
are very greatly protected. Some, however, allege tiiat
female luoths are carried through I In- air hv tiieir partners,
to the trees, where they mav deposit their eggs; and this liv
others is as strenuou.sK denied : as hefore, in the case of
Hihcraiii riijHi'cprn ila , 1 confess myself very doubtful. The
male moth though furnished with aiii])le wings, is one of the
weakest of our specie.^, and a])parently iiica})al>le of, as well
as indisposed (or, any itiiiscuhir elforl. ;iiid very positive
evidence indeed is re(|uisite liefore the circumstance k( its
carrying the female, which e(|uals double of its own weight,
can be ac(e()ted. ^loreovei', when sitting in pairs on outside
twigs they inav be accideutallv swe])t off into the net. as
though caught in llight. On very mild evenings the males.
alone, may be found lluttering about hedges anywhere: and
so much are they attracted i)y iiglit that I have seen a gas-
lamp in a suburban laneipiite covered, on its sheltered sides.
with them.

.Vbuudant throughout hinghind. Wales, anil Ireland, and
in the Mastern parts of Scotland: elsewhere in that country
less plentiful in woods, ,ind more .ittached to orcliards :
reooriled. though not abundantly, in the Orkney and .Shetland
Isles, and ])ossiI)ly abseni from s(jme of the other islands.
Found tiiroughout Central ;ind Northern i']uro])e, the north
of Sijain .•md of Italy, and iu south western Russia.

(;eniisL>L' LOBOPHORA.

Auteniuc of the male simple, almost nakeil : |i;il|>i various;
head and thorax modeiatelv smooth ; abdomen smooth,
Slender, and rather short, having small raised tufts of scale.s
at. the edtifes of the segments: fore wiutrs somewhat ovate-

y)i Ihll'inoi'TEKA.

with rouiidecl apex : bind winus eloiiLr'ifc<'(l. Iliin. liiit provided
witli a small sepai'.atc lobe or winglet at tlir base of thu
dorsal inai'f^iii. This hist is absent in tin- t'.-iiialc. which,
liowevci-, is t'lilK wiiiLft'd.

I,\l;\ K cyliiidiical. siiioolh. and \clvi-ty, not veiT slender. •

I'l I'.K snliterraneai).

We liave li\i' species, which may thus be ivcoirnised.
A. I'cire winii's wliiti- with <jrey band-

II. Winp-s ample, wintrlets of male minute. /,. Inlmlatii.
1!'. ^\'inL:s tri<j'onate or rather narrow : wiiiirlets larLiC
( '. l''oi'e w imj's w ith a lilaekisli-L.'re\ band near the base.

f.. h' 'ii^il, rat<h.

( ". I'ore wiiiijs with a p.arti.'il black ish-iirey bainl in the

middle. L. sexnlata,

.\'. I'lire winys ij-reeii or vellow-yreen. A. riri'fnta,.

.\ . I'lire winiis brownish-wiiite witli ;i brown band.

/, . j1nl Ijniiil iill'iil .

1. L. lobiilata. //"/'.: carpinata, Shnul. (Jul. — Ex-
panse \\ inch. l''ore winiis whiti- taintl;, tinted witli i^rey
or Lrreen. ci'osseii by three tu live ol)sciire L;rey band.s most
marked n|i(in tlii- nervnre>. Hind w in ^s while, faint K clouded
aloni;; the hind maru'in : win_L'lets of tlu' male verv small.

.\ntenMa' of the male simple, rather thick, ciliated, pah-
brown; |ial])i short, blunt, black-brown; head and face
white, thickly dusted with brown; a raised ridtre between
tiie antennie. aiul tlie usual one on the neck. l)oth well
developed and of the same colour; 1 hora-x white, the middle
and front thickly du>ted with purple-lprown ; abdomen
slender, white, more s|iaiini,'l\ dusted with the same; on the
dorsal ridii-c. at the edp- of each segment, i- a slij^htly raised
tuft; lateral tuft- minute; .■inal luft compressed. l''ore
win>;s somewhat brondK ovate; i-osta arched, most so
toward the apex, which is ilecidedly rounded; hind and
dorsal mai'ijins l)oih a little rtmnded; colour white dust«*d

LAKEWII). I:—IaU'.i. U'/fOR. I. ;c).j

witli <)Tf>y 111- lu-o\viiisli-f^re\ . soiiietiiiies a little tiu^fd with
brown aloui,' tlie costal area; transverse niarkiiii^s usually
faint — basal line obscurely g;rey, or black-grey, sometimes
incomplete : a little beyonil it is a similar line inwardly
clouded with grey; beyond this is the first line, rippled,
rather erect and double, forming a stripe ; .second line only a
slioit distance beyond, similar and also double, forming a
rather broader stripe, a little blackened on the nervures ;
beyond this is a parallel single line consisting mainly of
dots on the nervures, and this is followed bv two more lines,
more vague, yet fornjing a sort of band, dotted and clouded
with grey, the dots throwing cloudy streaks to the himl
margin ; discal spot when ])resent small but l)lack. often
absent : nervin'es streaked u itli grev ; extn-nie hind margin
edged with ])f(irs of lilack dots in white spaces ; cilia white,
clouded with grey. liintl wings rather small, rounded
behind: while, obscurely but broadly clouded along the
costal and liinil margins with grev or grey-brown; cilia
white; at the base of the dorsal margin is a small shining
white Separate lolje or winglet. haviiiL: li)ng cili;i. Female
rather more rfiund-winged. and with a shorter, rather thicker
body: foi-e wings broadei-. more tinged with grev or ve.r\'
often with faint pale green : hind wings devoid nf the Ija.sal
lobe; otherwise siiiiil;ir.

Ilndersiirface of the liire wings >mok\-w liitc : nervures
.smoky-brown; discal spot black: irinrLMnal lil;ick dots uion^
unite<l. Hind wings whiti' : centi-al spot lilack: in the
middle is a transverse ciir\etl seiies oi clouded brown dots,
and beyond this another: hind margin edged by a tine brown
line; cilia shining white. Hodv and le^js grevisli-wliite.

\'arial)le in the distinctness il the transvei'se lines or
stripes (.)f the fori' » ings. these often being lia.rdK' perceptible
except along the Cdstiil .area, but in other instaiiO's. and
especially in the female, becoming dark and distinct, or
having supplenientar\ intermediate and more faint lilies^
or ihi' space between tlie tir^t and secund tilled in and

.t<)4 /./■:/'//)()/'/ j-ih'.i.

(Lirkcneil. till in Scdthmd this ceiiti-al Khui] ln'comes most
(• )nspicnoiisl\ and bcaiil it'iiUy distinct, CDiisistiiiL;' ot" two rich
)iurple black stripes encloaiui; .i narrower stripe of the jiale
jjiound colour. In this form there is variation in the j^'round
0 ilour and attendant faint lines; in the collection of Mr. V.
.1. Hanbury is a specimen in which tlie ofround is smooth
creamy-white, the fainter lines arr mostly absent. l)ut the
basal, first, and second lines are all purple-black stripes: in
that of ^Ir. S, .1. (';ip]ier is oin- of a uivyer tint which has an
almost complete' t-entral band Idled in with cloudy blackish-
<.'rey.

On tlie wiiiL;- in April and .Ma\ : In tin- iioi-tli in May oidy.

L\K\.\ of nioderatr liMii^th. rii^'id, rather llattened; the
^••cond to the tilth se<,'nirnts haviiii,' a slif^ht lateral enlarge-
ment : head small, roniided. pale green : body uniformly
dark i^ieen with very faint indications of darker dorsal and
siibdor.>al lin.-s: but a conspicuous lemon oi- sulphur-yellow
spiraciilar stripe which is continued upon the anal ilaj) ; two
yellow points project from the anal segment backwards;
uudersurface white or whitish ; legs anil prolegs ])ale green,
(('has. i''enu, )

.^lay and •Inne on >allow of various specie^. l)ircli. alder,
honeysuckle, and ]K>]tlar.

I'l I'A luoderately cylindrical and i-atliiT glossy: wing-
ewers but little thickened; abdominal segments gently
t.ipering : head-cover ])rojecting forward, ami eye-covers full ;
limb and antenna-covers lying close, yet well marked, and
finely scul|)turcd with cross-striic ; wing-covers smooth;
<li)rsal and abdominal >egments covered with ndnute piinc-
lured sculpture, except the hinder margin of each segment
"hicli forms a smooth b;ind or hooi); general colour red-
bic)wn : creniaster shortly tri.-mgular, black-brown, furnislu'd
behind with a pair of strong bri.stles curved outwards and
both hooked. In a small oval cocoon of silk and earth, on.

/../A'AW I //)./■:— /AiH()/'/i(fh\i. ji)i

(ir just below tlie surface of the ground, usualh* adhering to
a stone or root.

The luoth sits hy day upon the trunk of a tree, esi)ecial!y
a birch-tree, or on a stem or branch of a large sallow, or any
neighbouring post, and is then quite conspicuously visible :
its shape is also noticeably triangular, the fore wings being
lirought down quite over the hind and concealing the abdo-
men, all pressed closely tu the tree. Here, unless the
weather is quite warm, it is (juiet or even sluggish, and may
be boxed off its re.-,ting -place, but if the sun is hot it will fly
wildly to a short distance, to settle on the ground or among
the thickest bushes. At dusk it Hies naturally around
sallows and birches, but keeps rather high in the air, and is
not commonly captured at that time. Occasionally it will
resort to the sallow-bloom, to feed along with the Nodvn,
and later at night will come to a strong light. Trincipally
attached to woods, and wooded heaths, though a specimen
may now and then be seen on a wayside birch or sallow in
wooded districts. lu micIi suitable situations to be found
tliroughout England, and in most parts of Ireland. In
Wales the only records that I find are from the south, and in
Pembrokeshire it is certainly scarce, yet there is little doubt
of its jiresence throughout the I'rincipality. In Scotland it
is found in the southern districts, in I5erwickshire, lienfrew,
and elsewhere : also in South Argyle ; uncommonly in
Aberdeenshire, KiiicardiiH'sliiie, and Inverness : commonly on
^loncrieffe Hill and elsrwiieiv in Perthshire: and ai)nndantly
in Sutiierlandshire. Abroad throughout ("entral Kurope,
the temperati- portions of Northern Kurope. Northern Italy,
the Ural I\lountain ilistrict, Kastern Siberia, and Tartary.

1. L. hexapterata, .V' /;///: ; halterata, Stainl. (Jut. —

Kx]ianse 1 to 1 i inch. l''orc wings white, creamy-white, or
greyish-white : two grey stripes lie near the base, and one,
more mottled, along the hind m;ngin. Hind wings white;
the winglets, in the ruale. lartre.

j<-)<> l.EI'IDt)!' I h:i<.\.

Anteniui' cl' tlie tnali- simple. I hick. i-Kiselx ciliated, pah
<,'i'ey, the shaft ol).scnrely hui'i-ed witii white; pal])i minute,
greyish-white: face, iiead, and jieck-ridue white, thickly
spcinkled witli lihick dots: tlioiax hrowiiish-wliite. still more
densely dusted with hlack' atoms : alidomen short, slender,
shiniiitr white dusted with hlack: at the hack of each sequent
is a iiuiiute l)lack dorsal tuft; lateral and anal tuft.s very
small. I'ore wini.'-s somewhat trii;;onate : costa regularly
arched; apex rounded ; hind maigin also regidarly rounded
and very long; dorsal inari^in short, i-ather tilled out ; colour
white, either dusted with grey or tinted uitli creain-coloui-.
basal tine bent, dailc gre\ . duplicated, and shaded intoagrcy
stripe; lirst line much iudented. f'oriuing the inner eilge of a
clouded stri|)e of grey black dusting, wliicli is closely followed
by a white rivulet edged on either side 1)\ a gi'ey line;
second line rather erect. vei\ sinuous, hut obsc.ire, grey,
dotted on the nervures with black and inwardly edged by a
white rivulet strijie: the interme(li;Ue space often tilled by a
Ijarallet series of grey lines, which .-ire eni])hasir>ed on the
dorsal margin, but also very frequently devoid of such lines,
or only showing their terminations on dorsal or costal margins,
or both : discal spot a small Mack dot : outside the second
line, at a short distance, is usually a parallel indented line or
edging of a broad hind-marginal grey shading, often darkest
in two blotches toward the costa: through tins clouding is
usually vi.sible a faint mucli indeui ed white subierminal lini- ;
extreme hind margin edgi'd with rather irregular black dots
ami minute streaks; cili;i wdiite clouded witti grey. Hind
wings small and narrow, rather sipi.-ired behind: sinning
silky-white; cent ral spot blackish : along the hind margin
is a faint naricjw bmwiush cloud : from the base, half-way
down the dorsal margin lies a consiiicuous. glossv-white,
folded, separate lobe or winglet — hence its names, i'emale
hardly stouter, very similai-, but devoid of the IoIh-s of the
hind wings.

Underside of the tore winus whiti'. with .i smokv tintre

LARE.\''IIIKK—lAUU)l'in)RA. 3.17

towiird the costa, and i'aiut iiulications of the luarkiug's of
the upper side. Hind wings white, with a smoky-blaclc
central spot, and also indications of two faint dotted grey
transversi> lines. jiody and legs gi'eyish-white ; tarsi
darker.

This species seems to he, as above shown, always variable
in respect of the transverse lines in the middle area of the
fore wings, [n some specimens in both sexes this area forms
a white or creamy-white, almost immaculate, central liand.
occupying a large portion of the wing ; and there is almost
I'very possiljle intermediate degree of ripjiling of faint oi'
more distinct grey lines, till in some individuals these wings
.-vre covered throughout with such grey lines, or — especially
in those from South Yorkshire — the stripes are broadeiii^d
and darkened, and the lines cloudeil with bl.aek in a con-
spicuous manner.

On the wing in May, and in the north in the early part of
.lune.

Lahva moderately stout, skin puckered at the sides; head
notched, shining, rounded, pale green with the mouth brown :
liody ])ale green ; subdorsal lines pale yellow, conspicuous,
the other lines faint or wanting ; divisions of the segments
slightly <larker when it is e.xtended, ]ialer when it is con-
ti-acted ; undersurface darker green ; anal liap I'urjiished
with two small [irojecting points. (Chas. Fenn.)

•June and -Inly on aspen {Pajtulufi trcmida) and sometimes
on white poplar (7'. <illiii), but on the Continent it is said to
feed generally on ]io]ilars and sallows : while at rest, during
the day. lying flat upon the surface of a leaf.

I'lU'A short, rather cylindrical, vpry blunt in front, and
with short ra])idly tra|)ering s'T'gments behind; limb and
antenna-covers compact, almiidantly sculptured with closely
inscribed lines : wing-covers swollen in fi-ont. glossy, yet
densely covered willi siinilai- incisrd shoi't lines; dorsal and
.•ibdominal Sf^'mmts coiir^ch- :ini! thieklv i)it1ed. with the

,5i,K lEI'lDOI'lEKA.

exception oi tlie siiiodth liind-hancls. wliicli aii' ridt^cd anii
sharply inar<,'ined ; aual segment very conical, yet thickened
toward the tip and bearing a tapering creniaster, thi' spike
of wliich is long, bilid, and strongly hooked at the tij).
(leneral colour dark red-brown, abdominal segments darker,
their divisions much ])aler; cremaster Ijlack-brown. In a
strong thick ovate cocoon of silk and earth ; in the ground.

The moth sits, during the ilay. on the trunk of an aspen
or white poplar, disregarding the sunshine, or if then dis-
turbed runs hastily to another place upon the saiue tree-
trunk with wings closely held down trying to hide itself, or
if too ir)uch alarmed Hies to another tree. With the bark of
these trees its colour and markings correspond in an admir-
able manner. The natural tlight is after suuset and through
the dusk, still around the same trees, and at a moderate
height; but doubtless there is a further ilight in the night.
An exceedingly local species, yet widely distributed; taken
in small areas in Kent, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Devon, Corn-
wall. Somerset, Herks, iliddlesex, Kssex, Suffolk, in one
locality in Norfolk, in Cambs, Leicestershire, Derbyshire,
(iloiicestersliire, Herefordshire, AVorcestershire. in one spot
in Staffordshire, in Cheshire, South Yorkshire, and Cumber-
land. In Wales Mr. \'ivian records it in (ilamoiganshire.
In Scotland it is probably but sparingly distril)uted, yet is
found in Terthshire — rather commonly at Moncriefie Hill -
in Aberdeenshire, Inverness, and Sutherlandshire : in Ireland,
at Limerick, in Louth, Calway, .Mayo. Cavan, and Tyroiie.
Abroad it is distributed over Central i'hirope. Northern
I'jurope to South Ijapland, Central and Northern Italy,
Southern Russia, Tartary,and -lapan; and in North America
at Long Island, but known under the name of 'uicijunl'inic.

:>. L, sexalata, //"/-.; sexalisata, Stmnl. C«/.— Ex-
panse ''l to 1 inch. I'ore wings white, banded with blackish-
grey at the base, middle, and hind margin, the central band
darkekit toward the costa. Hind winjjs smokv-white. with a

/.. / RF.X'r IlK-K^I. I )/,■( '/■//( <h-A ^

im

faint grey baud at the hind margin. Winglets in the male
large and conspicuous.

Antenini- of the male simple, thick, ciliated, grey -black,
with faint white bars at the back ; palpi very small, black-
biown ; face dark grey edged above with white ; to]i of the
head grey mixed with white : necl<-ridge brown-l)iack ;
thorax white, dusted and clouded with grey-black; a small
but broad and flattened tuft at the back is tinged with red-
brown : abdomen short, white dusted with black; on the
dorsal ridye is a black tuft at the Imck of each segment ;
lateral and anal tufts small. Fore wings blunt; costa very
gently arched : apex bluntly rounded ; hind margin long,
regularly curved ; dorsal margin short and nearly straight ;
ground colour white ; basal line a curved grey double line or
else stripe ; first line also double, dark grey with the interval
filled with similar clouding, so as to form a rather broad
stripe ; following it is a rivulet-like stripe of the ground
colour, and then a l)road central stri|ie commences, blackish-
grey, from the costa, but becomes more faint before reaching
the middle and continues indistinctly to the dorsal margin
where it widens a little : in this is placed a small black
discal spot; the outer edge of this band is the second line,
and this again is followed by a white rivulet stripe, beyond
which the whole hind marginal space is broadly banded with
grey ; through this grey baud runs the excessively rippled
subtermiual white line ; tiie other white portions of the wing,
which, indeed, are merely stripes, are in each case often
intersected bv faint ijrev lines ; extreme hind margin irreiru-
larly edged with black streaks; cilia pale grey, spotted with
black and white. Hind wings rather small, rounded behind,
except that the anal augle is a little squared ; shining pah-
grey ; cilia white, broadly intersected by a grey line ; the
lobes or winglets conspicuous, one-half the length of the
hind wings, glossy greyish-white with long white cilia.
Female very siniilav. hardly stouter, the hind wings rather
more ample, but without the winglets.

400 i.i-:i'ii)nrTi-:i<\.

Underside of llie tore \vini;s sliiiiiiii,' liu'lit ^re\ ; discal
spot black but small; lieyond the middle is a {jjrey-wliite
strij)p edtred inside at the costa with lilack ; cilia dotted with
black. Hind wings irreyisli-wliite ; central spot black;
beyond it is ;i slender j,^rey transvers.- tlii'cad. followed by a
broader ijrey stripe: cilia spotted with <rrey. Body and lejjrs
j^reyish-white : taisi in front black-brown.

Hardly varialjle. lint tlic central band is a little nioi'e
distinct in some specimens than in others.

On the winf^ iu -May and .limr. and as a partial .-econd
generation in the later half of -Inly and in .Viigust.

JjAI{V.\. riie head is ratiier narrower than the body and
distinctly divided into two rounded lobes on the crown ;
body uniformly cylindrical, without excrescences, but a good
deal wrinkled : the thirteenth serrinent terminatinsi' in two
divaricating jioints directed liackwards; colour of tiie head
oi)aque yellow-green ; of the body a))])le-green, with three
indistinct whitish stripes down the back'; the tips of the
anal points are ])ink. It rests in a nearly straight posture.
generally stretched at full length on the midrib of the leaf
of its food-plant, the head being tucked in and the mouth
concealed between the first pair of legs. (I"]. Newman.)
Mr. IJuckler's figures show in some specimens dorsal and
spiracular white stripes, in others narrower dorsal, subdorsal,
and spiracular white lines.

.\ugust and Septendier. on ><ii\ii- raprna, and other species
of sallow.

I'l r.\ very thick, almost ovate, but the head and eye-covers
pronunent, greenish-brown; wing-covers thickened, smooth,
and glossy, antenna-cases just ncjticeable, sculptured in tiny
squares, all this surface shining pale olive-green; dorsal
region and abdominal segments dark chestnut, covered with
minute punctures except the smooth hind band, which is
ridged : cremaster strong, somewhat triangular but with
projecting jjoints at the sides; apex continued into a strong

LARENTrD.il—LOBOPHORA. ^or

spike, forked and hooked at the tip. In a slight silken
cocoon in the ground.

The moth sits during the day, with wings closely drawtt
down into a triangle, on the stem of a sallow, especially
where it is surrounded and sheltered by long coarse grasses
or rough herbage ; and is not readily disturbed ; but late in
the afternoon and especially towards sunset it becomes very
lively, dancing around and over the sallow bushes, and has a
curious habit of springing up on the ap])roach of a collector
or other intruder and tlying with an elastic np-and-down
motion towards and over him as though to ascertain his
intentions, afterwards fluttering back over the bushes. Its
advance and retreat, with sharp turns on the wing are so
noticeable as to suggest most unmistakably the influence of
curiosity. At night it again llies and may sometimes be
taken at a strong light. It is found in open damp woods,
but more frequently m. fens ; also along the hedges of
meadows, and waysides in which sallow is plentiful, and even
along the banks of streams. In such situations it is rather
common in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Devon,
Somerset, Jierks ; the Eastern Counties, particularly in the
fens ; Gloncestershire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, anil
Yorkshire ; and found more locally or rarely in Westmoreland,
Cumberland, Northumberland and Durham ; but I find no
record in Scotland. In Wales Mr. Vivian has obtained it in
Glamorganshire. In Ireland it is very uncommon, but has
been taken in Wicklow, Cork, Kerry, and Cahvay, and even
in the north, in Derry. xibroad its range is not wide, but
extends through Central Europe, the greater portion of
Northern Europe, and South-Eastern Russia.

\. L. viretata, Hub. — Expanse \ to 1^ inch. Fore
wings green ; central band broad, consisting of blue-lilacl:
lines and clouds ; hinder band of similar dotted lines. Hind
wings pale smoky-grey ; winglets in tlu' male, narrow.

VOL. viu. 2 c

402 LRI'IDOPTERA.

Anteuna? of the male simple, thickened, ciliated, pale dull
brown, strongly barred at the back with silvery-white; palpi
rather long, slemliT. ilroo])in<r, dark brown : face squared and
rather fiat, and, with the head and neck-ridge, ])ale greenish-
drab ; thorax ))ale green or yellowish-green, tuft at the back
very short, blunt and (latlened; abdomen short and slender,
silvery-grey, the tufts at the edges of the segments on the
dorsal ridge whiter and rather broad; lateral and anal tufts
small. Fore wings broadly ovate; costa much arched; apex
rounded ; hind margin aLso fully rounded, and the dorsal
margin rather filled-out ; colour rich green, fading during
life into yellow-green, and finally into dull pale ochreous ;
basal line slender, obscure, much angulated. blue-green,
blackened on the nervures ; first line blue-black, much angu-
lated. indented, and irregularly thickened with similar dust-
ing, ]ireceded by a ])arallel lint> of faint white cloudy dots ;
second line a stripe j)aler than the ground colour, conipo.sed
of cloudy whitish-green rings around blue-green dots: this
is ])receded by three parallel blue-black lines emphasised by
short blacker streaks on the nervures, the s]iaees between
them, and also to the first line, much dusted with blue-black,
yet a space next the costa left free; thus a rather incomplete
central band is formed ; beyond the second line is a band of
short parallel blue-black streaks or pairs of dots, interrujited
near the costa and also below the middle, and bounded on
the outside by a cloudy rippled white subterminal line whicii
is placed very far back ; along the extreme hind margin is a
row of black dots jilaced in threes — one over two; cilia
greenish-white. Hind wings narrow and rather small,
rounded, shining pale smoky-brown, rather whiter across the
middle; cilia concolorous ; the basal lobes or winglets short
and small, folded and of tlie same colour. Female rather
larger, otherwise scarcely (littering, excejit that the winglets
are absent.

Underside of the fore wings shining dark smoky-brown ;
the extreme edge of the costa yellowei-, and a yellow costal

LAh'ENTIJ>.-K—LO/!0P//i. 'Av;. 40J

r^pot is placed beyond the middle : hind margin and cilia
nearly white. Hind wings glossy, pale smokj-brown, faintly
banded with a darker tint of the same. BodjT yellow-brown ;
legs similar, but the tarsi black-brown barred with green.

The ground colour commences to fade so rapidly after
emergence, especially if the weather be damp, tliat it is
difficult to say whetlier it naturally varies at all. It is seldom
captured in perfect colour, though very often found faded
quite to dull dirty yellow. But there is much variation in
the extent and degree of the dark markings ; these in some
specimens are diffused almost all over the fore wings, in
others are concentrated into a dark central band, or set
apart into two, three, or four stri]ies, or occasionally almost
obliterated. Often the basal space to the first line is of the
ground colour, almost immaculate, ecpially often it is fully
clouded with fine bine-black lines, and the same may be said
of the hind marginal area. A specimen in the collection of
Mr. P. W. Abbott, taken at Sutton Park, near Birmingham,
has the whole of the dai'k markings obliterated except a few
minute dots indicating the outer transverse lines. Sjiecimens
of the second generation are usually smaller than those of
the first.

On the wing in May and the early ])art of -iune, and, as a
second generation, in August and the beginning of September;
but this last emergence is partial and seems to be restricted
to southern or sheltered districts.

Larva thick and stumpy in appearance, the head glossy,
partially fitting into the second segment, which is smaller
than the third and fourth, they being tumid above and at
the sides ; last two segments also tapering a little to the end,
where are two minute anal points; all the segments plump,
yet with two or three transverse wrinkles at each end ; the
skin velvety ; ground colour always some tint of pale green ;
in one variety the head and thoracic segments are much
suff'used with ])ink, and on the fourth segment a lateral

404 I.I-IPIDOPTEKA.

we(]<re-shaped streak of darker pink exteuds from behind the
legs upwards ; from this each segment to the ninth has, on
tlie miihlle of the hack, a broad trilobed iiKirl< of darl< pink
connected, in the short intervals, l)y a stout dorsal line of
the same colour; on the back of the tentii the pink marking
is more rudimentary, and on the three liindermost segments
is little more than a dorsal, and imjieriect subdorsal stout
line, all merging' together at the anal tip ; along the pale
green side is a faint and interrupted pink line, and on it the
raised dots are whitish ; elsewhere they are not noticeable,
as is the case with the spiracles.

A second variety has the ground colour very ])ale and
slightly glaucous-green, a little strengthened in depth in
front ; the dorsal mark on the third and fourth segments is
a line of purplish-pink which occurs again on the last four,
while on each of the intermediate segments is a jjurplish-
pink broad-arrow mark with its point close to the division in
front, extending backwards about two-thirds of the segment,
the ground colour of the remaining third being rather paler
than usual ; these arrow-heads are deepest in colour and
rather suffused on the fifth and sixtli segments, and each
following one is paler but more distinct by degrees: sub-
dorsal line pink, distinct and continuous throughout.

A third variet}- is of the second generation, and before its
last moult of jirecisely the same tint as the young ivy -buds
among which it was found, and destitute of markings; but
afterwards though the same pale grey -green ground colnur
was retained, it became conspicuously marked with dark
crimson on the head, more faintly on the second segment
where was a dorsal line of the ground colour ; with large
crimson blotches on the fourth and iifth segments on which
a dorsal line could be seen of a still darker crimson ; part of
these Ijlotclies extending to the uudersurface and there
uniting on the juncture of the fourth and fifth, and neaily
so on that of the fifth and sixth ; while towards the end of
the sixth, seventh and eighth segments, on the dorsal portion.

LA REN'rin.E—L < >/!( )!'//ORA . 405

of each, was a large, crimson, bluntly dianiond-shapeil blotch,
edged behind with white : on the divi.sion of the ninth and
tenth segments were three short and very fine crimson streaks
on the dorsal and subdorsal regions ; the twelfth segment
crim.son with dorsal and subdorsal lines of the ground colour,
and the thirteenth crimson i-xcept that the anal flap was
■edged with ground colour : front of the anal prolegs tinged
with white, which is continued down them as a stripe dividing
a dark crimson blotch, whence proceeds a small dash forward
on each side of the ventral surface. (Adapted from jMr.
Buckler's descriptions.)

June and July, and a second generation in September and
■October; on holly, sycamore, privet, guelder-rose, dogwood,
ivy, and berry-bearing alder, on flowers when available, as
well as leaves ; and in Germany on the flowers and berries
0^ Ad.cca q}icata. The berries also of holly and ivy are not
despised. It secures itself when at rest by a few silken
threads spun among the blossoms or upon a leaf, and upon
■this remains in an arched posture.

Pita plump; wing-covers long in projiortion and well
developed, having the rays in slight relief; thora.x rounded
near the head ; eye-covers jiromint^nt ; alidomeu rough with
fine punctured depressions except at the divisions, and taper-
ing rather sharjily towards the tip, which is furnished with
several fine curved-topped bristles, the two central the
largest; colour on the back of the abdomen dark brownish
olive-green, with brown divisions, and a darker brown dorsal
stripe, becoming reddisli near the tip ; eye-covers brown ;
wing-cases bright olive-green, darkest between the rays ; leg
and antenna-cases of the same colour ; the whole surface
rather shining. In a roundish oval cocoon, composed of
grains of earth and smoothly lined inside with silk ; on the
ground or just beneath the surface, usually attached to a
stone, a leaf of the food-plant, or other object. (W. I5uckler.)

In this condition through tiie winter.

4o6 LIll'IDOI'TERA.

The moth loves to sit during the day upon the smooth bark
of a sycamore, holly, or pine tree, and upon the two former
it is, while fresh, wonderfully protected by its close resem-
blance to their patches of colour and of lichens. So accurate
is this that I have stood before a tree and pointed out a
specimen to a friend, not having an entomological training,
who, at a yard's distance, was (|uite unable to see it.
On the fir-trees where hollies abound it is far less careful of
itself and is sufficiently cons])icuous. It is rather sluggish,
anil if disturbed will only tly to the ground at a short distance,
or drift away if the wind is rough. AN'hether it is from its
peculiar colour, or rather colours, as it fades, or from its
triangular form as it sits on the tree with wings closely back
and covering the abdomen, I know of uo Ccomririi which is
more instanth' recognisable when at rest than this. At dusk-
it Hies around its favourite trees, but is then hard to see.
.\t night it comes willingl}- to a strong light.

Formerly it was taken so close to the London outskirts as
Norwood, I'utne}- Heath and Wimbledon, and it still exists
pretty commonly, though locally, in Surrey, Kent, Snsse.x,
Hants, ^\'ilts. Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, Gloucester-
shire, Bucks, l>erks, O.xfordshire, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk
and rambridgeshire. though in the Kastern Counties it is
more infrequent ; in the Midlands it is found in Leicester-
shire, and in abundance about the hollies of Sutton Parle,
near I'irminghain, also very locally in StaUbrdsbire ; more
frequent in the west in Herefordshire, and in Cheshire, Lan-
cashire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, also in Yorkshire,
and rarely in Durham and Northumberland. Probably
throughout ^\'ales, since it is recorded in the northern portion,
and in Glamorganshire and r'armarthenshire in the south,
while in Pembrolceshire it is common about the ivy on the
walls of the ancient ruined (-astles. and I found it (juite at
homo in little shrubberies at the backs of the houses in
l'embio]<e. In Scotland it is apjiarently very rare, Dr. F.
ituchanau White includeil it in his List as occurrino; in the-

LAREMTin.-E—I.OHOi'HORA. 407

provinces of the Tweed. Solvvay and Clyde, with the note ''1
have not seen it." In Ireland it is more widely distributed
in Wicklow, Waterford, Cork, Kerry, Clare, Gal way, Cavau.
Westmeath. Monaghan, and Tyrone. Abroad it inhabits
Central Euroiie, Northern Italy, Livonia, Finland, the Ural
Mountain district, India and Western China.

-">. L. polycommata, Srliilj. — I'jxpausi- 1{ inch. Fore
wings lonn', glossy, brownish-wliite ; central band rich brown,
divided toward the costa. Hind wings white, shaded with
grey ; winglets of the male narrow and very small.

Antenna' of the male simple, rather thick, ciliated, reddish-
brown, palpi short and blunt, dark chocolate ; lower portion
of the face drab, upper part and between the antenna) choco-
late-brown; back |iortion, neck-ridge and collar rather paler;
thorax whitish-brown, dusted with chocolate ; abdomen
slender and small, very silky, pale yellow-brown ; dorsal
tufts hardly perceptible ; lateral and anal tufts small. Fore
wings long, costa strongly arched ; apex rounded ; hind
margin very oblicpie and rather straight ; dorsal margin
short but filled out ; brownish-white softly clouded with
fawn-colour ; basal line slender, incoiii])lete, red-brown ; first
line strongly bent or curved outwardly, forming the inner
margin of a central red-brown l)and of no great breadth,
widely opened in the middle toward the costa. so as to
enclose a patch of the ground colour; on the dorsal margin
it has a similar but smaller opening ; the outer edge of this
baud is the second line, rather iibli(|ue and strongly bent
back near the costa ; beyond this is a parallel, but more or
less incomplete, stripe of the same rich brown, sometimes
only distinctly visible in two brown blotches, one at the anal
angle, the other above the middle, but occasionally complete
and well marked, more often obscure or nearly absent ; this
is edged outside by the subterminal line, of a dull white,
smooth, even, and but little waved ; across both a broad
curved stripe of the whitish ground colour passrs from the

4oS l.EI'inOI'TEKA.

COst;i to tlie iipex of the will"-, extreme Jiiiid iiiar<jiii edffed
with ]);urs of chocolate dots; cili.i sliiiiiii<r hrownisli-wliite,
daslied witli red-lirown. Jliiid wings rathei- long and narrow,
rounded behind; smoky-white, faintly tinged along the
margins with purple-brown, and having beyond the middle a
very obscure transverse lirown line, cilia glossy wliite ; the
lobes very small, folded and curved, of the colour of the
wing.

I'Vmale very similar but with uo trace of the lobes or
winglets, body a little thicker, and the cloudy line or baud
across the hind wings rather more distinct.

Underside of the fore wings pale reddish-brown, with a
dark lirown cloud near the base of the costa, and an angu-
lated dark brown stripe iialfway across at the end of the
cell; cilia sjiotted with brown. Hind wings reddish-
white, with the faint transverse baud of the uj)]ier side
rather more expres^ed, and t!ie extreme hind margin edged
with fine brown short lines. J5ody and legs dark brown.

X'ariable as already suggested with respect to the brown
stripe beyond the central band; but when this band is faint
or obliterated there is usually also a diminution of the
brownish clouding, so that the whole surface except the
central band becomes jialer in varving degrees, till some
specimens are almost juire civamy-wliile. with the exception
of this baud and the basal line. On the otlier hand, in some
si)ecim(ms the whole surface is striped, dusted, and suffused
with reddish-brown, even in some degree obscuriuer the
brown bands.

On the wing from the end of .March till the beginning of
^Jay.

L.\ii\.\ moderately stout, nearly cylindrical but rather
ridged and wrinkled at the sides; anal segment terminated
by two small siiarp points; head rather retracted, rounded,
smaller than the second segment, green ; thoracic segments
rather drawn together, thickened, and arched when at rest

LAKJ'lXTin.K—LoJli VHORA. 409

boclv dark green with a slender, still darker green dorsal
line ; subdorsal lines waved, obscurely white and very slender ;
spiracular stripe moderately broad, white or pale yellow,
shaded otf above ; undersuriace and legs green.

May and June ; on privet, ash, and lioueysuckle. Mr.
Sydney AVebb found that every young larva, as soon as
hatched, ate its way into a leaf-bud of privet, and there made
itself at home. "When the bud was hollowed out it would
.enter another, and so on until half an inch long, when it
began to feed openly upon the leaves and so continued until
full fed. It also has a habit of eating out ovate pieces from
the leaves.

Pt'PA green, with a light bi'own cremaster. fHofmann.)
In this condition through the winter.

The moth sits during the day u])on the stems of bushes or
on the trunks of trees, often close to the ground, but at this
time is not readily induced to fiy. Its time of tlight is from
dusk well into the night, when it can easily be obtained with
the lielp of a lantrrn, either Hying about the bushes, or
attracted by the liuht ; occasionally also it may be found on
the blooming sallows. Later at night it sits on the privet
bushes and may then be even more easily secured. The
clo.sely triangnlar form of its closed wings when at rest in
the daytime is very pronounced. An e.xceedingly local
species in this country, but found in several places in Sussex
and Kent ; also in Essex, 15erks, Wilts, Somerset, Glouce.ster-
shire, and Herefordshire, and further in the north-west in
North Lancashire, and (."umberland. Dr. F. Buchanan
White includes it in his Scottish list for the districts of the
Solway and Clyde, but adds that he has not himself seen it.
I find no record of its occurrence in either Wales or Ireland.
Abroad it is found over the greater part of Central Europe,
Northern Italy. Livonia, Fiidand, South Eastern Russia, and
the mountainous r.'L;'ii>us of ( 'i-ntral Asia.

4U) I.i:i'll>OI' lERA.

Cenus 11. LITHOSTEGE.

Aiiteuiia! naked; palpi short ; head rouL;h ; tlmrax uarrou'.
smooth ; ahdonieu smooth and slender, but knoldied or
thickened, aud bent down behind ; fore wings prolonged,
pointed, somewhat farinaceous in appearance, the dorsal
margin short ; hind wings narrow and small, silky, angii-
lated at the apex; vein 1 short and close to the dorsal
margin.

We liav(> but one species.

1. li. griseata, Srliiff.-. nivearia, .S'///. McuikiI. — Ex-
panse 1 J inch. I'ore wings long and pointed, but expanded
behind ; greyish-white with a powdered appearance and only
a i'aint indication of one line running in a curve to the apex.
Hind wings silky white.

.Vntenn;i; of the male I'ather stout, simple, naked, dark
brown ; back of the shaft greyisli-white ; palpi minute,
pointed, black-brown : face. head, neck-ridge, and thorax
ashy-white dusted with lirown ; abdomen slender, rather
cylindrical, but towarils the anal segment thickened and
bent down; shining silky wliite, dusted with brown or grey;
anal tuft very short but shining. Fore wings ))ointed but
expanded beliiml ; costa very little arched or nearly straight ;
ape.x sharply angulated; hind margin, close below it. a very
little retuse. then tilled out, long nnd liroadly curved ; dorsal
iTiargin also rather full. l)ut short ; colour uniformly creamy-
white minutely dusted with grey, often without markings,
but in some specimens showing a faint brown-grey line or
stripe arising on the dorsal margin near the anal angle and
crossing the hinder ])ortion of the wing in an even curve to
tile apex ; cilia white. Hind wings elongated, very narrow,
rather angulated at the apex, otherwise rounded behind ;
very silkj-, white or greyish-white ; cilia white, rather long,
l-'emale rather smaller, the body more pointed and a little

LAREXTID.K—LITHOS TEGE. 41 1

tliicker; the fore wings shorter, ami the stripe, when present,
a little moi'e definite ; hind wiugs also shorter.

Underside of the fore wiugs smoky brownish-white, with
the uervures rather lirowuer; hind wings creamy-white.
Body and legs shining dark grey, dusted with yellowish-
white.

Not very varialile — a little so in the degree of grey or
brownish-grey dusting of the fore wiugs, and in the darker
specimens having a smoky-brown tinge over the hind wings.
In the collection of Mr. 8. J. Capper is a specimen tinged
with yellow.

On the win"- at the end of Ma\' and in -Tune.

Larva rather slender, flattened lieneath, of uniform Ijulk
throughout; head large and rounded, olive-green; colour
variable — (J round colour all over dull olive-green except the
spiracular region, which is pale 3'enow ; dorsal line very
slender, a darker tint of the ground colour ; sometimes there
is a similar line on either side of it. or else a series of olive-
brown or purplish wedge-shaped dashes just before each
segmental fold ; subdorsal line greenish-grej' with darker
edgings ; spiracles black ; just above and behind them, in the
yellow spiracular stripe, are sutt'used blotches of the colour of
the dorsal wedges,

Or — (iround colour of a fresher, more yellowish-green ;
dorsal region full green ; spiracular region yellowish ; and
the blotches in it of a darker purplish tint, and more clearly
dehned.

Or — (i round colour greenish-white, with three very fine
purplish-brown or blackish lines down the back, of which the
mitral one becomes wider and darker just heforr each seg-
mental fold, and the other two across the fold ; sometimes
these lines are interrupted, apjiearing only in the thickened
parts ; sometimes again they are all united by a transverse
band just before the segmental fold ; subdorsal lini^ paler
•than the ground but edged below with the dark colour;-

412 LEPIDOI'TERA.

spiracular region uot difrering from tlie ground colour, but
liaving the wedge-shaped blotches, not onlj- above the
spiracles, but similar ones below them: in some specimens
the spiracular stripe itself being interrupted by the partial
union of these pairs of blotches ; anal liap and anal prolegs
blackish-green or purplish-brown. The lirst and second forms
are hard to distinguisli from the seeds of its food-plants,
(llev. J. Hellins.)

July and August; on SUiitnUrii' ni su^ihia (tlixweed) and
Eri/simi'iii r]u'iriiiitliiii(h^ : feeding on the seed-jjods ; but in
confinement it will eat those of E. tilliKrui, S. otjiciaalc, and
C((pscl/u hii isa-pastori'i, plants which are far more plentiful
than the two first mentioned, yet a])parently are never
frequented by the insect out of doors.

Pli'A with a small ]U'(ijection in front of the head, and
another on the back ; win,; nervures rather strongly marked,
semitransparent. dull green; general surface scul}>tured and
punctured, dull ]iale brown ; cremaster finished off with two
spreading points. The winter, and sometimes more than one
winter, is passed in this state.

The moth is exceedingly sluggish and difficult to arouse
in the daytime ; it hides among its two favoured food plants
and the surrounding herbage in open sandy fields, and may
be found Hying in the same sjiots late in the evening, usually
not before the latest dusk, or else, if on the wing a little
earlier, Hying hastily from one spot to another — not Huttering
briskly about — but iiu-lined tn dart out ol' sight. Late at
night, if the weather is warm it flies more generally and
higher, and often makes its way to a street-lamp or other
light, if in sight. It is one of our most local species, being
found with us only in the sandy district known as the
" 13reck-sands.'' situated in Norfolk and Suttblk, especially
about Thetford, Urandou, .Merton and 'J'uddenham. Here it
seems to have been diseovered about ]S(i", but it is only
since 18G4 that it has become well known in this country.

L A REN TID.K— CHE. SI A S. 4 1 3

From this district all our cabiuets are supplied, and happily
there seems at present to be little risk of its extermination
here. Yet so intensely local is it. in habit, that I am not
aware of a single straggler having l)eeu captured in an}'
other part of these Isles. Aliroad it is found in Holland,
Germany, the South of France and of Spain, the north of
Italy, Galicia, Hungary, lloumania, Southern iJussia,
Bithyuia. Pontus, and Armenia.

Genus 2 1. CHESIAS.

AntmiDK naked ; palpi short ; head rough and projecting
forwards ; thorax and abdomen smooth and moderately
slender, the latter very cylindrical : fore wings narrowly
ovate; hind wins'S lono' and narrow, without anal anule.
vein 1 very short.

Lahvj, elongate, even in breadth, not very slender ; skin
velvety.

PuP.Ewitli a blunt ventral protuberance.

We have two species, sufficiently distinct.

A. Fore wings umbreous, with a yellow-white stripe from
base to apex. C. fipartlahi.

A-. Fore wings pale grey, with a broad light reddish-
brown band jjeyond the middle. C. iihlitjiKtric.

1. C. spartiata, Fnh. — Expanse 1|- to IJ, inch. Fore
wings very long-oval, dark brown, with oval central spots.
and a yellow-white stripe from base to apex. Hind wings
smoky brownish-white.

Antennas of the male simple, rather long, naked except for
a faint bloom, dark brown ; palpi pointed, rather prominent,
brown ; face prominently tufted forward, dark chocolate ;
head rough, brown ; neck-ridge and thorax dark chocolate,
but the shoulder-lappets light lirown ; abdomen slender.

414 LKPIDOPTERA.

rather smooth, cylindricsil. leaden-bi-own, lateral and anal
tufts very small. Fore wings long and narrow, somewhat
ovate ; costa strongly and regularly arched ; apex suddenly
rounded, almost angulated ; hind margin very long and
oblifjue, curving with an even sweep into the dorsal margin,
which is equally rounded ; no anal angle visible ; colour
]nirplish umbreous often dusted or minutely rippled or clouded
with white or yellow-brown ; markings fjuite abnormal, a
lonjr narrow vellowish- white stripe orisrinatinsf at the base of
the discal cell, and rather Ijroadened beyond the middle of
the wing, runs .sharply into the apex ; two very faint
3-ellowish or reddish streaks from the costa, apparently
representing the usual first and second lines, run into this
stripe, but beyond it are imperceptible, or perhaps are quite
diverted from their usual course so as to serve as the margins
of two perpendicularly placed oval s]>ots, one in the middle
area, the other on the dorsal margin; of these the upper
contains one dull whiti- streak and two black dashes ; the
lower a dark brown cloud; near the hind margin is a faint,
slender, almost straight, subterminal line, sometimes edged
with dark brown ; cilia brown, intersected with darker
browu and tipped with greyish-white. Hind wings long
and narrow, rounded behind, the a])ex longest, and the hind
margin very obli((ue, shining smoky-white or ])ale smoky-
brown, darkest along the hind margin ; cilia glossy pale
brown. Female very similar but the abdomen thicker, and
the fore wings slightly longer and more pointed.

Underside of the fore wings glossy, smoky purpli-brown ;
costa tinged with light brown, and beyond tiie middle baiTed
with a black s]Kit ; nervures darker brown. Jlind wings
shining, pale smoky-brown , cilia paler. Hudy and legs
umbreous.

There is in this sjiecies some slight tendency to sexual
variation, some of the m:des being richiy clouded with red-
dish-vellow: wliiU- the females tend toward a ground colour
of pale brownish-grey.

LA RENTI D.K—CI ! ES I AS. 41 5

Ou the wiag in September and October.

Larva elongate, cylindrical, smooth, skin rather shining,
head rounded, green, dusted with Ijrown; body dark green;
dorsal line darker, faintly shaded on each side with paler
green than the ground colour ; subdorsal lines broad, whitish
or yellowish ; spiracular lines very conspicuous, broad and
white ; continued round the anal flap ; spiracles red. ringed
with black ; on the uudersurt'ace are three white stripes, the
middle one the widest.

A variety has the dorsal and subdorsal lines broad dark
green.

Another is uniform dull yellow, with a slightly darker
dorsal line, and faintly paler ventral stripe. (Clias. Fenn.)

It has been asserted that the green individuals are found
upon plants with little bloom ; that where blossom is abun-
dant the larvae are yellow ; and that upon old stunted plants
with little foliage or blossom they are much blackened.

April till the beginning of June, ujiuu broom, iSp<irtiii m
scop'iriam,) eating the little leaves.
The winter is passed in the egg-state.

PCPA elongate, anal extremity with a forked spike ; there
is a slight ventral projection from the wing cases ; spiracles
prominent, and thi-re is a series of round indentations on the
back ; colour red-brown, or dull red; wing and limb cases
often tinged with olive green ; dorsal shade darker brown.
Buried about eight inches below the surface of the earth ;
not in a cocoon. (C. Fenn.)

Mrs. Bazett has recorded that after emergence it will run
about for many hours with undeveloped wings, but that at
about 8 or !> a.m. the long pointed wiugs will become almost
suddenly fully formed.

The moth conceals itself closely during the day among the
broom bushes, so closely indeed that it is then ditticult to lind;
but Hies a little at dusk about the same bushes, and after
dark sits upon tiiem with its wings hanging down ratlier

4ifi l.i:i'IIK)l>TERA.

Ilatly. Ill tills position it cxliibits one of tin- most curious
cases of protpctive resemblancL' within my knowledge. The
seed pods ol' tlie broom, wlien tliey open to let fall the seed,
remain persistently upon the plant, wide open and lying back
so that the silky inner surface with its hollows where the
seeds have lain is visible, and indeed conspicuous, on every
broom bush. 'J'o those pods the moths when sitting ou the
bushes at night, bear the most striking resemblance, their
wings being placed in precisely the same plane, so that the
body separating the wings answers to the long hinge of the
pod, the yellow-white longitudinal stripe, to the glossy line
of reflected light ; while the hollows from which the seeds
have fallen are exactly imitated by the ovate shades or vague
spots on the fore wings. This I have often seen, and with
undiminished wonder, when searching the bushes at night
with a lantern.

A widely distributed species in I'lngland. rqipan-ntly to Le
found wherever broom abounds : but in Wales I have but
two records in Denbighshire and (llamorganshire. In Scot-
land it is found in Berwickshire, Jvoxburghshire, Ayrshire,
ivenfrew, Stirlingshire, I'erthshire, Aberdeenshire, Uoss-
shire, and .Moray ; in Freland ap])aiently very local, but re-
corded in Monaghan and also in Derry. Abroad its range
extends through Central and ^\'estern l']iiro])e including (ier-
many. Switzerland, Northern Italy and Spain.

-. C. obliqiiaria, Srliiff. -. rufata. Sinnd. Vol. — Expanse
1 I inch. Fore wings narrowly oval, pale shining grey tinged
with fulvous, beyond the midille is a pale reddish-fulvous
band edged inwardly with black. Hind wings narrow, pale
smoky brown.

Antenna; of the male simple, naked but faintly downy in
front, brown ; palpi rather prominent, dark brown, whiter
above ; face covered witii a ])rotuberant mass of grey and
white scales dusted with ])lack- and brown : head, neck-ridge
and front of the thorax white, dusted with bright brown;

i.ARF. \''rin.K—cin:siAs. 417

behiiKl tlie collar is a iir ad pnr[)le-lin)\vn band, from wldcli
the whitish thorax is ili nled ; this is striped with the same
colour: abdomen smoo h, cylindrical, pale drab, the tufts
hardly visible. Fore will's long-ovate, costa regularly arched ;
apex ronnded ; hind n r gin very long and oblif|ne, gently
curved, the anal angle 1 illy indicated, but the curve running
into the dorsal mai-gii .md there prolonged; colour asliy-
grey clouded with pah fulvous ; at the extreme base is a
black streak in the n dian nervure; basal line distinct,
sharply angulated. fawi ccilour, this tint shading off beyond
it, especially upon the i rvures, which also are dotted with
black ; first line very ■ hscure, hardly noticeable, a much
angulated shade of fawi-rcilour ; second line just beyond it,
arising with a strong bl. rk and fawn streak from the costa,
becoming fainter below the middle, l)ut uniting with the first
line at its angles ; ontsi ip this line is a broad oblique band
beautifully shaded with fulvous, shading into pale purplish-
grey, and this edged outside by a straight white subterminal
line near the hind margin ; but the costal jiortion barred and
blotched with purplish-brown and yellowish-white : hind
marginal region dusted with purple-brown, and edged with
similar but darker lunules ; cilia shining white, intersected
with smoky-brown. Hind wings long and narrow, rounded
behind, very pale smoky yellow-ljrown ; cilia rather paler.
Female similar, hardly stouter, often having the markings
more confused and paler.

Underside of the fore wings smoky ]iale purplish-l)ufi',
more ochreous toward the costa, where beyond tjie middle is
a brown spot ; nervures purplish-brown ; cilia prettily edged
and barred with brown. Hind wings silky pale smoky-buff',
edged by a brown line. Body and legs pale brown.

Not very variable, but the markings, as already remarked,
are sometimes blurred and obscured in the female; some-
times in the male the ground colour is nearly white.

On the wing rather irregularly from May till August ;
indeed, ilr. E. H. Taylor records the emergence of specimens

\oi,. VIII. 2 D

41 8 LRI'inOPTERA.

of a single generation in the year ISIM, from Marcl
September 28th.

l.AiUA elongated, not attenuated ; head rounded, shining,
]iale green, face flattened ; body pale green with a bhiish
1 inge ; dorsal line darker : subdorsal lines threadlike, whitish
or yellowish, narrowly i-dged with darker green; spiracular
lines white, inconspicuous, contiiuied round the anal flap ;
between the last two lines is a very minute whitish thread ;
on the uudersurface are three white or bluish-white stripes;
and the divisions of the segments yellowish ; spiracles black;
ventral raised dots very minute, Ijlack.

\'ery closely allied tci that of f,'. spartiatc, rather more
slender, and the subdorsal line edited with dark green.
(Chas. Fenn.)

July to September, on broom. Tiie manner of its feeding
is rather peculiar, it bites through the pedicil of the trifoliate
leaf, then takes a leaflet up in its front feet and twists it
round and round, eating it u]) entirely, and continues to take
fresh leaflets in the same manner until satisUed.

I'lPA rather fully rounded and the wing-covers much
thickened towards their tips, also sculptured with shallow
incised lines ; limb-covers closely packed and smooth, but
the antenna-cases barred with the forms of the joints ; back
of the thorax figured with inscribed lines, dorsal and abdo-
minal segments with abundant pitting, except the usual
smooth hind bands ; anal segment rather swollen, creraaster
conical, furnished with recurved twin spikes ; colour dull
red-brown ; wing-covers tinged with green ; cremaster black-
brown. Buried at some depth in the earth.

In this condition tlirough tlie winter, and sometimes
through a second.

Tiie moth hides during the day among broom bushes, and
in bright sunny weatiier may sometimes be aroused by the
beating stick to fly a short distauce ; usually however it is
indisposed to fly in the daytime; its natural time for moving

LARENTID.E—AXAI riS. 419

about is rather late dusk, and it may theu betaken around the
bi'oom l)uslies. 'Whether it sits upon them late at night, like
its congener, is unknown to me. Never, apparently, to be
found in any great numbers, and in my own experience scarce,
yet there seem to be spots wliere it is not so. h''ormerly it
was found in places so close to London as Wanstead, where
its haunts are now completely built over. Barnes Common and
Wandsworth. Still to be found in other parts of Surrey and
Essex, and in Kent, Sussex, Hants, Berks, Devon, Somerset,
Suffolk, Noi'folk, Herefordshire ; rarely in Leicestershire and
Staffordshire, once in Yorkshire and once in Cumberland.
Mr. A. E. Hudd tells me that it is not uncommon in South
Wales, and Mr. Vivian has found it in Glamorganshire, bat
I find no record for the north of the Principality. In Scot-
laud it is found in the South-west, in the Solway district aad
in Ayrshire ; and is more common in I'erthshire, Aberdeen-
shire, Ross-shire and Moray. Apparently not observed in
Ireland. Abroad its range is not very extensive, but it is
found throughout Central Europe, Southern Spain, C'entral
and Northern Italy. Ixoumania, and liitlivnia.

<ienus 2.-.. ANAITIS.

AntennEB naked, long ; jialpi pointed ; head crowned with
long projecting scales ; thorax rough, strongly built ; abdo-
men rather robust, elongated, and pointed in the female :
fore wings broadly trigonate, ]iointed, almost falcate ; hind
long and rather narrow, creuulated behind, vein I very short,
veins 2 and 3 branching off at but a shoi-t distance from the
base.

We have bnt one species.

1. A. plagiata, L. -Expanse I] to I ;;■ inch. Fore
wings long and pointed, very pale bluish-grey : crossing the
middle are two narrow, siuuous. slate-grey stripes, darkened
on the nervures; beyond is often another, and an oblique

420 LEl'lDOl'TEKA.

rusty da.-li rminlniJ- into the apex. lliud win^s white,
shaded with suiok\ -brown.

Anienn;e of the male simple, long, apparently naked, liirlit-
browu, whiti.sh-grey at the back ; palpi conical. elon<i:ated
and strongly porrected, chocolate-brown, edged above with
black ; face rough with long protruding scales whicii almost
cover the palpi, white dusted with brown, as also are the top
of the head and the neck-ridge : collar similar in colour,
edged lieiiiiid by a brown-black bar, remainder of the thorax,
wliich is lather robust, ashy-grey or white dusted with pale
brown : abdomen long, slender but thickened beyond the
middle, whitish-grey ; lateral tufts .^mall : anal tuft long, de-
pressed, lore wings much elongated : costa arclu d at the
base and apex but nearly straight Ijetween ; apex pointed ;
hind margin just i:)eneath it refuse, thence long, very slightly
curved, luit rounded off toward I he anal angle ; dorsal margin
rather filled out ; colour pale bluish-grey or whitish-grey,
dusted or shaded with ripplinj^s of grey and white ; basal line
oblique, commencing as a black stripe from the costa, but
narrowing below to a slender line : first line double, rather
oblique and nearly straight, torming a dark grey transver.se
stripe or band, its edges ;ind tlie portions over the median
nervure and toward the costa black ; second line also a
narrow band, black at the costa, sharply angulated outward
just below it, then becoming a grey stripe in which the nei-
vures are blackened ; at a short distance beyond it is a fainter
parallel grey band, separated from tlie more nuirginal grey
stripe by a rippled whitish-grey subterniinal line ; opposite
the angle of the second line arises a slender cloud of reddish-
brown and black, which runs obliquely into the ape.K of the
wing; cilia white, clouded with black-brown. Hind wings
long, not broad, rounded behind, smoky-white ; central spot
just visible as a blackish dot ; beyond the middle is a rather
whiter transverse cloud : cilia white shaded with grey.
Female very closely similar, lint usually larger, and haviiig
the abdomen a little shorter and thicker.

LA REyrin.-E^A NA I T/S. 421

Uuderside of the fove Swings smoky-grey ; costa whiter,
hut barred beyond the middle with black ; discal spot visible
as an erect black streak ; cilia sharply dotted with white.
Hind wings dusky white, thickly dusted with brown ; cilia
along the apical portion dotted with white. Body and legs
ashy-grey ; tarsi dark brown.

There is considerable variation in size in both sexes, in
many instances specimens of the autumn emergence being
small. These also are rather liable to partial approximation
of the stripes of the first and second lines, so as to form a
dark central band. This however is not confined to the
second brood ; Mr. 11. Adkin possesses a very large example
in which these two stripes are enlarged, and united from the
dorsal margin to the middle, thus forming a conspicuous
forked central band. IMr. Sydney \Vebb possesses a large
specimen in which the central band, equally dark, is formed by
a filling in of dark grey between the two stripes ; another, in
the late Mr. F. Bond's collection, has a very rich liand formed
by the coale.scing of the stripes, while their colour is changed
to dark brown and black, the rest of the fore wings shaded
with light brown, and the pale spaces rippled with numerous
fine brown lines, altogether a most wonderful creature.
Another remarkable specimen, in the collection of Mr. S. J.
Capper, has the space between the two stripes broad, and
filled up with light brown, and the apical obli(iue dash formed
of chestnut clouds. In the opposite direction there seems to
be a local tendency to obliteration of the stripes, some of
those from Kent having a verj' obscure appearance, and one
in the collection of Mr. F. -). 1! anbury, of a pale shade of
grey, being almost devoid of them, in Ireland some speci-
mens have the ground colour white, or nearly so.

On the wing in May and .lune, and as a second generation
from the end of -July till September.

Lauva elongated, moderately stout, slightly tapering
smaller to the head, which is decidedly less than the second

422 LEflDOl'TERA.

sui^iiifnt, rouuufil. Ijrowii or pale grey ; geueral colour
)-e(l(iish-bio\vu. pule nmbreous, greeuish-browu or pale grey.
dorsal line ob&curely darker, lying in a broad dorsal stripe of
brown, black-brown, red-browu, or in grey si)ecinieus slate
colour ; subdorsal lines very obscure, rather pale, but edged
below by a darker line or stripe or sometimes succession of
faint rippled lines ; spiracular stripe a yellow shade of the
ground colour, wrinkled and ridged, edged below by a
])urple-brown or grey-brown line ; inidersurface dark brown
or grey ; divisions of the segments dark brown, or grey-
brown, or marked by short slender blackish bars : anal seg-
ment furnished with two or three short black points ; le<is
brown or grey.

June and -Inly, and in a second generation, emerging from
the egg in October, hyberuating, and feeding up in April;
on JfjipertcL' I ' pi iloiuL)' m and other species of St. .lohn's
wort, eating V)oth leaves and blos.soms.

J*l TA rather slender, the head i)rojeettd forward and eye-
covers prominent, marked with a black dot; wiug-covers long
and ])ointed ; antenna-cases much longer, extending halfway
to the end of the abdomen ; tliese portions light led-brown,
much roughened with minute sculpture ; dorsal and abdo-
minal surfaces more drali-brown, abundantly pitted, and the
segments ridged and very prominent : spiracles black ;
cremaster short, ])ale brown, terminated by a very short
lilunt forked protubi- ranee, light brown.

The moth loves to sit during the day on a bare place on
the ground, 01' on a rock. 01' the bare side of a sandhill, <ji'
even on a rail or fence, or the paling which encloses a wood ;
but especially on bare spots on the sides of hills and cliti's ;
its foie wings quite covering the hind, and also drawn
together so a> to raise itself and tbrm a roof. Exceedingly
lively and active at lhi> time, starting up directly it is
approached, and rushing headlong away, and indeed con-
veying the idea of a larger an<l more striking species than it

LA/a-:xT/nj:^c.\R.siA. 423

actually i>;. At dusk it Hies more geutl_y, and has been known
to come to light and to the attraction of heather-bloom.
Especially common on chalk-hills, and on sea cliffs and
broken ground, but to be found throughout England, Wales,
and Ireland, thoug-h not common in the Enirlish Midlands
nor in some parts of Ireland. Jn Scotland it is found on the
moors, as well as the hills, throughout the country to the
Hebrides and Orkneys. Abroad, all over the Continent of
Europe e.xcept the extreme north, common in Turkey and in
Corsica; also in Asia Minor, Armenia, the North-west
Himalaynhs. .\ffghanistan. and Japan.

(lenu^ 21;. CABSIA.

Antenna; long, simple; pal|)i ]iointed; head rough, the
scales projecting but not to a point ; thorax rough ; abdomen
very slender, having a frosted ap[)earauce ; fore wings trigo-
nate but blunt, very narrow at the base ; hind wings elongate,
narrow, rounded behind, vein 1 extremely short ; veins 7 and
8 joined together to the end of the cell.

We have liut one S|)ecies.

1. C. imbutata, ///'".; paludata, tS/and. Cut. — Ex-
j)anse 1 to 1 i inch. Fore \\ ings pale blue-grey ; in the
middle are two well defined brown stripes, often joined
toward the ilorsal margin; the second twice angulated out-
wardl}', and followed bv a bri-lit red cloud ; cilia spotted ;
hind wings pale smoky-brown.

Anteun;c of the male sinipli', minutrly ciliated, dark
brown, barred at the Ijack with white; paljii jjorrected, pro-
minent, black- brown ; face covered witii rough scales which
project over the palpi, black, clouded in the middle with
white; head, neck-ridge, and thorax white, streaked and
dusted with black; abdomen very slender, blackish-grey,
much dusted with yellowi'-li-white scales; lateral tufts dis-

424 I.EPlDOrTEKA.

cinct ; anal tuft long. Fore vviiigs narrow, especially so at
the ])ase ; co.sta remarkably slraiplit ; apex rounded; hind
margin long, evenly curved; dorsal margin also rather filled
out ; colour ])alf lilue-grey ; basal lineobli(|ue. black, slender,
most distinct on the costa ; first line also obli()ue. nearly
straight, black, forming the inner i-ilge of a liroad blackish-
grey stri])t' ; second line more olilii(iie, twice toothed out-
wardly above the middle, but forming a long hollow below,
and being the outer edge of another broad dark grey strijie ;
very often these two stripes coalesce below the middle, but
always they enclose a central ba:i(l either entire or in two
sections, of the pale ground culoiir ; .second lineclo.sely edged
outside with a white line, whieh is thicker and more dis-
tinct on the costa; outside this is a beautiful chestnut-red or
tawny cloud, against the two angles, throwing one point
oblifjuely into the apex of the wing, and another to the
middle of the hind margin ; almve tiiis is a gre\' cloud at the
casta, outside and below it are others on the hind margin, the
e.Ktreme edge of which is spottefl with black luiniles ; cilia
white chetpiered with black-lirowu. Hind wings rather
elongated, rounded i)ehiiid, dark or pale smoky brown ; cilia
of the same colour. I'Vmale fjuite similar, or a little ])aler.

Undersides of all the wings smoky-lu'own, strongly tinged
•with brick-red ; the second line of the fore wings indicated
in smoky-black, and the portion fi'om this to the base and
dorsal margin clouded with the same ; central spot of the
hind wings black ; beyond it is an angulated slender trans-
verse black line ; cilia all dark brown, distinctly spotted
with white. J5ody dark brown dusted with white ; legs dark
browu. tarsi bhirk.

\'ariable as already indicated in the extent of the central
])ale band, which is broad, narrow, constricted below the
middle, or divided into costal and dorsal ])atches ; occasion-
ally it is almost or Cjuite filled uj) with grey, though not so
deeply as to form a dark band even with the two stripes.
There is also a little instabilitv in the ground colour, which

LA RENTID. K— CA RSI A . 423

sometimes is very wliite ; and in the bright red cloud beyond
the stripes, which sometimes is more dull or pale. The I'onn
originally named ixihnJafa, in which it is almost or quite
absent, does not seem to occur with us.
On the wing in -Tiily and August.

Larva ratlier stout, uniform in bulk throughout; the
colour all over the back to near the spiracles is a rather deep
brownish-red, with very fine dorsal and subdorsal lines ot
blackish-red ; along the spiracular region is a broad brilliant
yellow stripe, separated on the thoracic segments from the
red above by a black edging, bat this appears only faintly
at the segmental folds for the rest of its length ; this broad
yellow stripe is blotched at the folds between segments (i to
10 with beautifully solteued blush-like red spots, the black
spiracles appearing in the clear yellow spaces ; below this is
a blackish-green line, very fine on the thoracic segments, un-
dulating in its course, and thickenins' at the folds, becoming
gradually tinged with red till at the tenth segment it is a red
stripe ; undersurfane pale j^reenisli-yellow. with a paler cen-
tral line bordered by darker lines : head dull pinkish-red on
the top, paler than the colour of the back, becoming paler
still near the mouth ; usual raised dots small, yellow, ringed
with brown; ventral prolegs jiinkish-red, and the anal
brownish-red with a yellow line down them. When at rest
it holds its head downwards, folds all the anterior legs close
up to it, and so gives a clubbed appearance to the thoracic
segments when viewed sideways, the backs of these segments
being arched or humjied up. (Rev. J. llellins.)

April to June on Vurrliiiinii rifix-'ulira (red whortleberry)
and V. o.i'i/roi'ro.-< (cranberry), especially feeding upon tlie
flowers while they ai'e available.

The winter is passed in the egg-state.

Pupa slender, the head-piece distinctly shaped, the
antenna-cases ending in a little projecting knob or bitid
spike; skin shining; colour nf the head and wing cases

42^^ I.EI'IDOI'TERA.

yellow brown; abdomeii more rcddi.'-li-ld-owii. In a veiy thin
weak cocoon at some depth in the earth, usually attached to
a stone or root.

The moth hides during the day among heather, cotton-
grass, and other plants, close to the ground, in the dampest
portions of boggy heaths, where the cranberrj- grows ; and
if the wind is strong may frequently be seen sitting on the
boggy earth facing it. At this time it may sometimes be
boxed as it sits; but usually it llies up in a lively manner
and hurries away a few yards to seek- another shelter; if
small fir trees or birch bushes are on the grountl it will often
hide in these, and it' disturbed tly to another, yet its usual
habit certainly is to rest near the ])eaty earth. In warm
weather it is so restless as to seem upon the wing at all
times, and niay be found paired, or lluttering round a freshly
em(>rged female, quite in the forenoon. Its time of most
ordinary Hight is. hoivever, at dusk, and it will tlien some-
times feed at the blossoms of bell-heath (i'/-«rt tttmlur). Its
home is on the " tnosses " of the northern counties, and even
some parts of the AMidland^,and I know of no capture of this
s])ecies in the .southern half of Kugland. Its most southern
locality with us is. I think, ('hartley Moss, and perhaps
similar bogs in Stalfordshire, and it is found in such places,
sometimes in plenty, in Derbyshire. Cheshire, Lancashire.
^'orkshire, Westmoreland. Cumberland, and formerly in
I hirham and Northundjei'land. So far as I know it is absent
fi-om Wales. In Scotland it has very many haunts, and is
l)lentiful in most of them : found in ISerwickshire. the Cleish
Hills near Edinburgh, \\'igtowu>hire, Clydesdale, South
Argyleshire, Stirliiigshire, Perthshire. xVberdeenshire. Inver-
ness, West Ross, and probably all suitable places on the
mainland, also extending to the Orkneys and Siietlaud Isles
but apparently not yet noticed in the Outer Hebrides. In
Ireland the records are very meagre, but it is known to occur
in Westmeath and Calwax. and on the ijanksof the Shannon

/.A REiXTin.K—CARSlA. 427

near Banaglier and Ballinasloe ; but is most probably present
ill other suitable districts.

Abroad it seems to atl'ect northern countries or mountain
ranges, and is found in Northern Germany, Switzerland, the
mountains of Norway, Jutland, Livonia, Finland. Lapland,
Eastern Sibeiia. and cxeu Labrador.

ADDITIONS AND COURECTIONS.

Vol. I. i);i,i;e SI. — Polyommatus Dorylas, Ilh. Ilt^lns,
Esp. On Septeiiilii-r 7. I'.'n^, a --inirli' speciinim was taken
near Dovit. Kent, liy Mr. (i. ( ). Slupcr.

Vol. 1. ])age 1 ]■>. Danais archippus, Fah. Mr.Tf. W. S.
Worsley-Henison. I'.L.S., writes ; "1 can add to yon r record
one specimen seen by my son and niy.self — alas not taken, but
distinctly seen — settled upon a laro'e bramble-bush just out-
side Newcliurch Station. Isle of Wight, in August 1806."
This observation, of the correctness of which there is no
doubt, extends the iiiigi-ntory impulse eastward, of this
species, by six years.

Vol. I. page 280.— Painphila actaeon. />/-. In saying
that "there is no I'ecord ot' this species east of Weymouth,"
I made a self-contradictory mistake. 1 should have written
" east of Dorset." .Mr. Worsley-Benison assures me of its
occurrence in .Swanage and Durlston Bay.s.

Vol. II. page ll(i. Zeuzera sesculi, /.////(. Mr. P. E.
Canipbell-Taylor reports that he hjis taken this S])ecies —
lioth sexes- in the environs of Cardiff ; and has even taken
the female there upon the jc/iiff — by no means a usual occur-
rence ; this establishes it as an inhabitant of Wales.

Vol. V. page S3. Nonagria sparganii, E^p. Captain
Donovan and his l)roth(»r, Mr. I\. .). 1'. Donovan, have found

ADDrnONS AND CORRECTIONS. 429

this local species, not rarely, in the County Cork, Ireland ; so
generally distributed among Spargauium, Iris, and Typha, as
to suggest that it may have inhabited Ireland befbi-e its
appearance in the South of England.

Vol. V. page 358. — Cirraedia xerampelina, Huh. Mr.
E. H. Thornhill has obligingly' furnished a pupa for descrip-
tion, obtained at Boxworth, Cambridge. — Pupa short and
thick ; dorsal region much arched ; eye-covers prominent,
shining black ; antenna-cases thick, prominent, smooth, and
glossy, but showing faint indications of the antenual joints ;
leg and tongue cases all thickened, but towards the ex-
tremities pressed rather flatly in, wing covers brilliantly
glossy ; all these portions rich red-brown without sculpture ;
back of the thorax similar ; dorsal and abdominal segments
less glossy, without punctures, smooth yet possessing distinct
hind bands of equal smoothness ; the abdominal segments
thickened and separately rounded; anal segment also
thickened and even rather angulated ; cremaster scarcely
perceptible, bearing two minute blackish points.

Ante, p. 15. — Acidalia promutata, (in. This species
has now been found in tScotlaud, Mr. Kenneth J. Morton
having taken it in Wigtownshire.

Ante, p. 177. — Coreniia didymata, L. I am indebted to
Mr. G. H. Keurick of Birmingham, and to Mr. Louis B.
Prout of Dalston, for the information that this species
certainly passes the winter in the egg-state, hatching in
the spring, and the larva feeding up somewhat rapidly. The
eggs are often laid upon some plant which has persistent
leaves, such as wood-sage (7'(;/"'vm'//;, si'uivdonia). '

IX DEX

r.VGK

PAGE

1'Ai;f.

Aciilaliida; .

I

Caisia .

423 lieparala .

207

Acidaliii

1

imbutata .

42; Jiyp>ipele.s .

364

aversata .

6.>

Chciraatobia

3S5 ehitata

372

bisetata

■■*

boroata

385 impluviala

368

conti,i;uaria

22

brumata .

3SS ruuerata .

364

tle^e!u;raria

69

Chesias

413 Laientid:.

S9

dilutaria .

29

obliquaiia .

416 I^arentia

iSi

fiiniata

60

spartiata .

413 c;. siaia

181

herbariata

20

C'idaria

240 llavicinctata

>S5

lioloseiicata

32

corylata

237 olivala

18S

inimorata .

49

dotata

2S7 Liihoslege

410

iinmutata .

54

fulvata

290 griseata

410

iiicanaria .

34

inimanata .

271 I.obopiiora .

39 >

inornata .

66

miata

254 hexapteraia

395

ochrata

7

picala

260 lobulata .

392

ornata

46

populata .

295 polycommata

407

osseata

2S

jirunata

283 1 sexalata .

39S

Iterochraria

9

psiltacata .

250 viretata

401

protnutata

42

pyialiata .

292 l.ygris

244

remutaria

57

russata

266 reticulata .

244

rubricata .

3

sa<;ittata .

263 (Lythriat

213

rnsticata .

25

silaceata .

279 (pnrpuraria)

213

scutulata .

It

siill'umata .

275 Mrianippe

89

siraminata

3S

testata

2gii iraliata

105

(strip;aria) .

"3

Coremia

14 1 liastata

90

sulisericeata

51

diiiyniata .

17; rivata

9S

tiigeminata

17

lerriigala .

15S --ubtri>'ata

lOI

Anaitis

419

llucluata .

147 tristata

94

li)agiata

419

montanata

142 Melanthia .

109

Ania

S5

iiuiltistrigaria

i-"- albicillata .

. 116

emarginata

. So

inunitata .

. 151 . orellata

>>3

Aiitick'a

• 125

poctinitaria

. 16S , procellata .

. 119

bad lata

• 132

]iiopupnata

155 1 nibiginata

no

berberata .

• 138

'luadrifasciaria

166 1 \iiiangulata

122

derivata .

• '35

salicata

. 171 ' Miuoa .

. 211

rubitata .

. 129

unidentaria

1 01 cui'horbiata

. 21 1

sinuala

. 1 26

Emmelcsia

. 2i() Opoiabia

• 376

Asthena

. 196

allinitata .

. 220 j dilutata

• 377

lilomeri

. 204

albulata

. 226 tiligmuimaria

■ 3S1

candidata .

. 199

alchemillata

. 223 Pclurga

• 302

hit eat a

. 190

blandiata .

. 240 1 comitata .

• 302

sylvata

. 202

dccolorata

. 229 I'hibalaptcryx

■ 32S

r.radyepctes

Si

ericetata .

. 231 Uquata) .

• 350

arnataria .

Si

tnniata

. 237 ilnviata

• 329

< 'ainptoj;ramma

■ i^o

unifasciata

. 234 lapidata

• 347

bilineata .

■ 323

Kupisteiia

. 207 lignata

■ 337

L\J)E\.

4.;i

1'A(;k

\-\';r.

polygrammata

334

undnlata .

31-

variata

tersata

344

vetiilata

306

I'imandra

vitalbata .

34'

Sterrha

2r4

emutaria .

cotosia

306

sacraria

214

imitaria

oertata

319

Tliera .

351

strigilata -

(lubitata .

3'6

lirmata

351

Venusia

rhamnatn .

309

jiiniperata
-imulata .

300
i>7

cambrica .

I'AiiK

354
7^
75
7.'^
73

19-

HJ2

Fiinn-d by Mali.antvnk, Hanson .
Lon-Jon ^5-' K'iin!)iir;:h

PLATE CCCXXTX.

"ill. 1. Aiidalia ruljric.ita. male.

la.

■1.

■1".

•1//.

5

,, female.

,, var. from boa'gy heaths, Xorfolk

larva, J\lr. 'NV. iJuckler.
ochrata.
percchraria.
scut ulata.

var. Mr. C.T. I'orritt.
larva, .Mr. W . IJuckler.
bisetata.

var.

larva. Mr. W. I luckier.

PLATE 3'/S

^y

y\

sk

B

X

■^

E.CKaSu. ae!,«t ln>i

:::Ku^i a*:

V^rr^nt flr»oVt;.Day A Scr- LC-'brip

I.Pcrvf AC^Lffndon

PLATE CCCXXX.

Fui. 1. Aciilali.'i trigeniinata, ilr. S. J. Capper.

Irt.

larva, ^Ir. W. Buckler.

0

,, herbiiriata, ilr. S. ^\\■blJ.

3.

,, contiguaria.

3.'.

., ,. vai'.

Sh.

,, 31 r. S. .T. Capper.

3r.

larva. Mr. W. Huckler.

4:

,, rusticata.

■la.

,, ,. larva, 31 1'. A\'. I'.uckler.

5.

,, osseata.

G.

,, (lilutaria.

6(1.

larva, .Mr. W. J5uckler.

PLATE 3d0

r-w,..

mm

/

vC.K-ught deletlith.

L Reeve A: C? T ar.doi.

Vuii-an*-Eraufe,;,'ay&'!-'"^!.' '

PLATE CCCXXXI.

Fiii. 1. Acidalia holosericata.

1".

larva, -Mr. W. Uuckler,

2

iucanaria .

•2n.

var. Mr. (1. T. I'orritl.

2b.

„ M n ')

2c.

larva. :Mr. W. Buckler.

3.

strainiuata.

o«.

,, var. circellata.

3i.'

larva, .Mr. W. Buckler.

4.

promutata.

4a.

var. ^Ir. 11. Adkiii.

•y,.

Ir.

■y.

larva. Mr. "W. Buckler.

PLATE 331

Sf'

ei;^

; Krupht,

Vuiiarxt. Bi-o olm Day ■& S=n U** Iirip

L.P.eMv*. &Cf>London

PLATE CCCXXXII.

Pig. 1.

Acklalia oriiata.

la.

., .. larva, -Mr. \\ . Jiuckler.

2

,, iiniiiorata.

3.

,, subsoricoata.

'So.

,, „ var. iiiancuiiiata.

3h.

larva, Mr. \V. Buckl

»r

4.

,, iinmatata, male.

•Irt.

,, .. female.

•]A.

,, ,, larva, .Mr. W. Ikickler.

5.

,, remutata.

oa.

larva, .Mr. \V. P,iiekler.

Pi.Al"£ 332

J. ...;.,-.^-'

■■- -^©i^.

I., \.

/

C^:^

a

K '_: i-&^£)'t dci ttiiUi

"vVictaiLpr joks Day '"• S(>-i L*. imp

LRfi'*.\'c ^■: C- I.cnrtcr.

PLATE CCCXXXIII.

Fir.. 1.

Acidalia liolosfricata, var. Bristol, ^[r. G. T. IVjrritt

2

fumata, male. ]\Ir. I-\ C. 'Woodforde.

2,1.

female, ,.

2h.

,, „ „ var.

2c.

,, „ larva. Mi-. A\'. ISuckln-.

■■^.

„ aversala.

ih.

,, var.

^i>.

„ Mr. S. .1. ('ai>i)er.

;3r.

I) !) '>

',](!.

„ ,, ,, i?raii(lon, SiifTolk.

3r.

., „ larva. Mi-. W. lliickler.

■1..

,, iiiornata. niali'.

1".

., „ female.

4/^

,, „ larva, -Mr. ^^'. liiickler.

PLATE 33;3

V:

E.Ciim^t, del el htl-.

■^ce-raBvo.il'A :i^<iy ,koaKLelnip

L Rf-eve & C^I-oJvdoiv

PLATE CCCXXXIV.

Fiii. 1. Acidalia d^'freuerarla, male.

la.

J) 5J

female, Mr. S. J. Capper

lb.

)) 5'

var, 31r. Sydney Webb.

Ic.

)) »'

larva, ^h: W. JJuckler.

o

Timanclra strit^ilaria,

male.

2a.

)j >'

female.

■2b.

?• "'

larva, ^Ir. W. Buckler.

3.

„ emutai'ia,

male, Mr. C'.T. I'orritt.

3a.

>> >)

female „ „

3b.

11 »

var. „ „

3e.

•' >)

,, New Forest.

od.

»> >)

larva, Mr. W. JJuckler.

PLA.TE 334

^r

,4

M4

^.^

VS^'

■aW

E Clt,-aght. d-al ^'. litK

"Vlrceor.B^OQj^g Da^z-iSonL'J^^&v

L Pe^vt. &C<».l,o;i-.fc:

PLATE CCCXXXV.

Flii. 1. Tiinundra iniitarin, male.
1«. ,, ., female.

1?'. „ ., larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2. ISradycpetts amataria. male,

2b.

•2,:.
2il.

female.

male, var. ^Ir. Sydney Webb.
,, ,. .Mr. S. J. Capper,
larva, ,Mr. W. J^uckler.

'■^. Ania eiuar^lnata male.

•i'Y. ,, „ female, var.

.3//. „ .. larva, .Mr. ^^^ Buckler.

PLATE 335

X \

-.1

" / "W^

: C K'\;^ht

'Anr<'nLHrc.-)Urg_Day -v Son I.t^ T]!'^.

PLATE CCCXXW I.

Fig.' 1. jMelaiiippe luistata, male, South of I'lngland.

!"• „ ,, female .. ,,

1/' ,, ., var. ]Mr. Sydney AN'ebli.

!'■• ,• :, ,. .. „

Id. ,, ,, male, Xui'tli of Scotlaiul.

]f. „ ,, female ,, ,,

1/. „ ., vnr. Ilclirides.

]//.

1//. „ „ .. AV.^oik^hire, .Mr. (;.T. Poriitt.

] /. ,, ,, larva, .^h■. W . liuckler.

PLATE -yoU

.4

ECltxi^^v- d*>l,etliU--

'VinctfJU.Brool^; Dav A. Snr. Lt^lmo

I. Reeve StC" L(indo-

PLATE CCCXXXVII.

Fk;. 1. Melanippe tristata, 1st emergence.

la.

» r»

2nd ., Mr. S. Webb.

16.

J »»

var.

Ic.

» »»

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

, rivata.

2a.

» )j

var. Mr. S. Webb.

2b.

T •)

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

3.

subtristata.

3«.

» >?

var. Mr. S. Webb.

36.

» »T

„ Orkney, Mr. S. J. Capper

3t".

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

4.

, gal i at a

Western race.

4ft.

) ,,

Chalk districts.

46.

var. Mr. 1\ J. Hanbury.

Ac.

> )j

larva, JMr. W. J5uckler.

PLATE 307

:^

■^-

^

W .

E.C Kir.^i .i-ii-n,a,

^^icentBroplts.Day &Son Z.t** Imp

J- Unavc i.O'^Lcj

PLATE CCCXXXVIII.

Fig. 1. Melanthia rubigiaata, male.

la. „ „ female.

16. „ ,, var. Mr. L. 15. J'roiit.

Ic. „

Id. ,, „ „ ^Ir. S. J. Capper.

le. „ „ „ Mr. S. Webb.

If. „ ,, larva, Mr. \V. Buckler.

2. ., ocellata.

2«. ,, „ va:-. Mr. S. Webb.

26. „ „ ,, Mr. }j. B. Prout.

2c. ,. ,, larva. Mr. W. Buckler.

PiATE 33£

!♦

*-9

..-*

t* ..^'SfJ

?^'

■— '1

^^^

i*

*^

../

F,-C Km^ i!,-., eLlilX

'^.-if^^nv Broolct Dflv it Scti I.^*^ JirTj-

IjRo«-^» i CI.C.

PLATE CCCXXXIX.

Fig. 1. Melanthia albicillata.

Irt.

16.

„ var. Mr. S. Webb.

,, larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

?^

procellata, male.

2a.

n

„ female.

26.

*)

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

3.

J)

unangulata.

3a.

»»

var. ilr. S. Webb.

3/-.

,.

larva, Mr. W. Buckler

•1.

Ant

icloa

sinuata.

-la.

,

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

Pi^.TE 039

E.C.Krvifiht aoWt-liUi

:.Krvi^}

ViT.p»--.-.'-Br:iC^k.-,i.'.T/..V->r ;.i^lrrip

:.R«^v. <!.C^Lor.

PLATE CC'CXL.

Fig. 1. Auticlea rubidata.

la.

, „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

liadiata.

2(>.

, ,, var.

2b.

„ I\[r. (;. T. rorritt.

2c.

> M >» f M

2rf.

., larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

3.

derivata.

A/.

larva, Mr. \V. Muckler.

4.

, berberata, male.

4.0.

, ,. female.

U.

larva, Mr. W. Buckler

PLATE 340.

"p^

^i^'

^W|ffB^'

l-CJ^\j^t del eVlitK

'W!urft:^l Broo'^o Tiny A Son L'.'-'Vc

L.Reav-e jv O^-Londo:

PLATE CCCXLI.

l''n

(J,.)r

]«.
lA.
]<:
U.
]r.

[f-
I.'/-

M.

I./-

1/-.
1/.

1111,1 iiionfanata, male.
., tVinale.

var. .Mr. Svdnev Webb.

., Shetland. :\rr. Sydney Webb.
., ,, -Mr. F. .J. lianbury.

ilr. (J. T. Porritt.
.. Orkney.
., Mr. G. T. I'orritt.
., Mr. (I. F. .Mathew.
larva, Mr. A\". IJiickler.

PLATE 341

:^ '■'

; "VCrtj^r, o"" •^■- J*J>

'Ajveeni'Drci>>=JD.v Sf^-vU'^Imp

I r<*.^.v« ^C'l-l^jvd*-'.

PLATE CCCXLIl.

•'Ui. 1.

Coremia

iluctuata.

h<.

,,

var.

Ih.

)?

\r.

,,

??

„ S. London. Mr. C. (1. Jianctt.

•hill

1^/.

»>

,,

., Air. S. J. Capper.

1..

,,

?)

., Yorkshire, Mr. G. T. Porritt.

',/•

)»

.. South Wales.

iff-

J,

J)

., Scotland.

u.

•}•

»•

,, North of Ireland.

\i.

)>

))

., Mr. S\-dney ^^^•bh.

ly.

>»

)»

larva, .Mr. ^\■. Buckler.

PLATE 342

i^yii

f^'^V^M

'^^' ^^^

Wt*

K 0 Kh:^*- <iel *t liXh.

V.n^flrA3r(.cr,.r;^.av>?.L

I. Xie^vo & C" Lonaen

PLATE CCCXLTTI.

Fui.

('i)i-omia inuiiit;it:i.

In.

var.

u.

,, .. Hhetland.

\r.

larva, :\Ir. W. Buckler.

•>

, propugnata.

2„.

„ var. Mr. S. J. Capper.

2b.

„ Mr. Sydney Wobli.

2c.

„ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

o.

quadrifasciaria.

;3rt.

, ,, var.

3A.

„ larva. Mr. W. Buckler

l.i

E^

'%s!«r5'

>;^

.-okfl.Di^' EtSofvIj^'Mmp

I'LATE CCCXLIV.

Fic. 1. Auticlca sinuata, var. Air. S. Wfbb.*

li. .. herberata .. ., ., t

;3. Coreinia iVrruji-ata, male, Air. Louis 15. I'rout.

■Ml. ,, ,, female ,, ,.

.lb. „ „ var.

:],: .. „ „ Air. 1". J. llanbury.

■ill. ., ,, ,, .Mr. Sydney Webb.

■le. ., ., ,, Air. C.Grauville Clutterbuck.

'.]/. ,, ., „ Air. Gervase F. Alatliew.

:V/. ., ,, „ Rev. Canon Fowler.

;{//. ,, ., larva, Air. W. Buckler.

' Omitted from Plato cic.xxxix.
I Omitted from Plate cccxl.

PLATK 344

':?:».•.

/

K - C .1 ^iM^.t de. ,o*- lit>

■VSn<:fiirf.ErcoJt.--Diiv&ScnU'*

PLATE CCCXLV.

I'Ki. 1.

C<

3remia

, nnidentaria.

, -Mr. L, B. Prout.

h(.

,,

•)

var. Mr. L. B. Front.

1/^

?j

>>

•f n M

h'.

1)

»»

„ :\Ir. Sydney Webb.

l(L

>>

}i

)1

Ir.

»»

>»

larva. Mr. ^V. Buckler.

2,

»)

pectinitaria.

2f(.

»>

'»

var. ^fr. Sydney Webb.

2h.

,,

)■?

)»

2r.

.,

»•

,, Scotland, M r. K..F.^

2d.

? J

j>

larva, .Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATE 345

^-

%

A

i^mms

%ivi^

R CVj^i^xr. di-l.-rl.UiX

■\^MmtBrooVa,Day i C<pi I.*.''

PLATE CCCXLVI.

Fui. 1. f^oreniia salic ita, male.

la.

1/'.
•)

■2".
■lb.
2r.
2(1.
2>\

V-

2h.

„ female.

larva, Mr. \V. Hiickier.
didymata, male.

,, femalt', Southern form.

,, male var. ^Ir. Sydney W'eljb.

j> )» )) )) )i

female, hill loriu. .Mr. S. Webb.

j> ))

,, Mr.S. .l.('a[)per.
Shetland. Mr. K. Adkiu.
larva, Mr. W. iiiiekler.

PLATE :m

^m^

,;i^:
'i«j

V

E C Kni^hx del ei,liO,

''^:ii:cntFJi-oo>c;,Oiy&Soii!.l*^!n5>

i Ticevc iCLonvJo;

PLATE CCCXLVII.

Fig. 1. Coreniia miiltistrigaria, male.

Irt. ,, „ female.

1''. ,, ,, male var. Yorks, Mr. IS. J. Cappi-r.

1'. „ „ female,, ., Mr. G. T. Porritt.

1'/. „ „ larva, ilr. W. Buckler.

2. Lareiitia llavicinotata. male.

-". „ „ fciuale.

'■i/>. „ „ var. Mr. Sydney Webb.

^'■. , ,, larva, Mv. W. Buckler.

•5. „ olivata.

■U'. „ .. var.

•■V'. ,. „ larva, Mr. W. Ikckler.

r:^ 347

i^.

-^•

^m^ % ■^'-

E-Z'/^'z^nl delelhlii.

■^AncentSroc^K.DayJLSor.Lc'jmvi

LRe*-/^ iC'T.or.-.

PLATE CCOXLYIll.

KiG. 1. Lare

ntia cfesiata.

la. ,

J »»

female

var

. I\Ir. .S. J. ('ai)per.

lb.

y i»

male

»» »'

Ic. ,

) "

'J

Mr. iSydney Webb.

Id.

» )'

»»

Shetland, Mr. Sj-dney Webb

]e.

• »*

»»

Mr. F. J. Hanbiu}

1/

) »»

)»

Yorks, 31 r. G. T. I'orritt.

ir/.

> i»

female

;» " >)

\h.

» )j

male

Perthshire.

li.

) )^

larva,

Mr.

W. Buckler.

<«a#^'

•*»**f^

!;i<ni^L fici.Q'.i!ih

VLi-.-ent Bronlci^jjy 5 3(ji-. .,t?'Itn

XRe,.v^4r-=Lotui.3n

PLATE CCCXLIX.

Fui. 1. \'enusia cambrica.

la. ,, .. v;ir. Mr. Sydney Webb.

If. „ V „ Mr. G. T. Porritt.

\J. ,. .. larva, Mr. W. Eiickler.

2. Astheua luteata, male.
2'^ „ ,. female.

2b. .. „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler

3. .. candidata.

3a. ., ., larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

4. ,, sylvata.

All. ,, „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATK 34S

>^-'

W^

E CKughl ieleLlHh

VmoontBrookE,Day 4Son Ll'Trnp

L Hfe'^ve .?._C London

PLATE CCCL.

l''ui. 1. Asthena Bloiueri.

la. „ „ var. Mr. F. C. Woodforde.

1?,. .. .. larva, Mr. W. Truckler.

2. Eu])isteria heparata. male.
■If. ., .. female.

2b. ,. „ larva. :s\r. W. Huckler.

3. Miuoa eupborbiata.

3,7. ., ., larva. .Mr. W. Huckler.

4. Sterrlia sacraria, South London.

4«. .. ., var. Mr. Sydney Webb.

46. ., ,, var. Liverpool. ^Ir. S. J. Capper.

4''. .. ,, var.

M larva. Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATE 350

'<a^

W

m^

K:

t^

E C Kni^t aelethOv

'VitirenlBi-o<.Vs,Tl/iy& 3nn,Lt<*,rTOr

L Reevv. C^Loi^iion

PLATE CCCLI.

Fui. 1. Hmraelepifi attinitata.

16.
If.
2.

2rt.

3.

3rt.

31).

3c.

■3(1.

■i.

In.

,, var. JMr. Sydney Webb.

,, larva, Mr. \\'. liuckler.
alchemillata.

., larva. Mr. \V. Huckler.
alb 11 lata.

., var. Mr. Sydney Webb.

„ ,, Shetland.

Mr. F. J. Ilaul.ury.
larva. Mr. A\'. Huekler.
decolorata.

larva, Mv. W . Huekler.

PLATE 351

%L^

^m^'"^

E-C Kn;A<. dol.elhtl'.

^#'

VmjonlBrnok-. Diy 4 Snn Ll" Imi^

LReeve & C^'Lon.doji

PLATE CCCLII.

Fk;. 1. Emrnele.siii ericetata.

]«. ,, „ var. ]\Ir. S. -1. Capper.

2. ,, tiwniata ,, ,, ,,

2a. ., ,, var. Mr. Sydney Webb.

■i. „ unifasciata.

3((. „ „ larva. .Mr. W. Buckler.

4. ., blandiata.

All ,. ,, var. Shetland.

1/-. ., „ larva, Uv. W. Buckler.

PLATE 352

hj^J

0

)'■ -s

W'>

M^.

\':7i<:cT\KBrQn\r^.V)^'& .*^on Lt^^rrr^

i.Roeve8-_C°LondMK.

PLATE CCCLlil.

Fk;. 1. Lvfjjris ivticiilata, male, Mr. Sydney Webb.
Iff. ,, ,, female. .Mr. S. .1. r'a|iper.

]/,. ,. ., larva, Mr. W. I'.uckler.

'I. ( -idaria psittacata.

■2h.

2c.

>•

larva. .Mr. W. iiuckler.
miata.

• iff.

f )

var.

larva. .Mr. W. Buckler

VLATE 353

,-' Vk'ff

>?»e*^'

E C Kin^l- d«I. at lil>v

Vln'-flntBronkr.T'.iv* SanLt<^I)njj

Reo^«; AC? London

PLATE CCCLIV

Fi(i. 1. Cidaria corylata. woods in the South.

-. var

1//. .. „ Midland hills.

{/'■
1,'/.

2
2«.

3rt.

„ Mr. Sydney Webb.
J. ■• ■)

larva, Mr. W . Buckler.

jjicata.

lai'va. i\ir. AV. lUicUler.

sagittata.

larva. Mr. W. P.uckler.

PJ,ATE 354.

'<g/*^

*<i.^*

«^J|

%

J

V

-:!§

><

4%

'■•.:t*i;^*

^a^'

Ztr

't»f>'

EC.KragKt d«l

Tfin-ont Brooks JJay A. SoriLt^Iinp

Z.R«e'-^ ^ C"' Ljndor,

PLATE CCCLV.

^Ki. ].

("idaria

russata.

1«.

var

U.

1 ' .

..

., Isle of Arran.

Ir.

.. Hehrides.

V-

1.'/.

,. Shetland.

I//.

..

,, ,,

If

larva, .Mr. W. Hue

PLATE 355

EC t&,^,t

Vi,iceAl,Broc.k»,D«yii::on Ll'Mmp

1^ Ree"-'^ * C9 Londo

platp: (tt'lvt.

^'lli. 1.

Cid:

riri niss

\a.

ll>.

\r.

\d.

If.

1./-

l.v-

»• •

lA.

>

h.

1/.

ita. var. Vorks, .Mr. (i. '1'. I'orritt

., Mr. Sydney Webb.

Pl.A'J'K 356

E.C-ICji^^t del el litr.

■VuiC'ent-BrooVs D.iy'5. Sor\U^Im

LRoeve .Sc CT.ondon

PLATE CCCLVII.

■"k;. 1. Ciclaria immanata
]

1/'.

vol.

South Wales.

1'.

)j

))

hi. „

,,

n

]c.

))

j»

Orkney.

{/'■

yj

it

West Scotland.

I.'/-

ii

:»

?j )»

lA. „

;i

Yorkshire.

1 -:.

larva

, Mr. W. Bucklei

PLATE 357

E CISii^Kt delethth.

iArvcant.DroaksrJayA SorvLL'^lmii

L R«eve & C? Lar^Hor.

PLATE CCCLVIII.

Fui. I. Cidaria immaiinta. var. Mr. S. J. ("ii

lu.
lb.
h:

V-

1,'/.

1//.

li.

apper.
Air. G. T. Porritt.
Mr. Svdnev Wel)l).

PLATE 358

^m$0

>' i

#

'■^!«s

i#?^''

^:^^

-^^J^

E-CV^ugthdrsl,cthOi.

Vincenf Brooks IT ay A.-Simlt^Imp

L Reeve fitC^London

PLATE CCCLTX.

l'"i(i. 1. Ciilaria suffumata.

1«. .. ,, var. Ireland.

Ih.
h:

h.

I.'/.
\i.

, Yorkshire. Mr. G. T. I'orritt.

, North of Euglaiul. Jtr. Sydney Webb.

» t» M ?'

Dover. ^Ir. Sydney Webb.

second brood. Soiitli Wales,
larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATE 359

W

,a,

•St

4

■'*';ff7*fe/* '

,-cl>*'

;.''

EC Kni^nt. 1o'..«lliU-.

I.Rpov'i & ^^ I.or.dor..

PLATE CCCLX.

1 iti. 1. ( 'iduria silaceatiX.

!"■ ,, ,, var.

1''. .. ., ,, ^Mr. iS. J. L'a])]i('i-.

1'-. „ „ „ -Mr. Syilii.y W.^bh

]</ larva. Mr. W. I!iK-kl.-r.

'1. .. pninata.

2<i. .. ., \ar. South ^\■ales.

■2I>. .. ., larva. .Mr. W. Hurider.

o. .. (lot at a.

:?". .. ,. hirva, .Mr. \V. i'.iickler.

PLATE 360

E.C.lC-U^ataal.eLUai-

"VincentBrooksriiiy* SnnLt Iinj.;

L Reevii ■%. C* LoiKion

PLATE CCCLXI.

Fi(i. 1. ('idaria fiilvata.

la.

)1

J»

var. Mr. Sydney Wt'l)b.

16.

»j

))

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2_

»»

pyraliata.

■la.

)>

J?

var. West of Ireland.

2b.

j»

»»

,, Mr. Sydney Webl).

2c.

1)

., larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

3.

)»

populal

a, riale.

3«.

?»

i»

female.

Sb.

)>

))

male, var. ]\Ir. (i. T- i'orritt

3f.

'>

?»

)» M »» »»

■M.

))

)»

female ,. .,

3c.

J»

T»

larva, Mr. W. lijckler.

PLATE .-tn

^

...i'

EC. l-fr>-:£tht. del. el liOv

■\/;oeer.t BrooJt--; Day ^ Son I.'"* Imp

]. Roe.-.^8,r'?l.ona..

PLATE CCCLXII.

liG. 1. Cidaria testata, male.
la. „ „ female.

1//. ,, ., male, var. Mr. Sydney Webb.

1/-. „ „ ., .. :\Ir. G. T. Porritt.

1^/. „ ,, female,, ^Ir. Sydney Webb.

le. „ „ „ „ Mr. C.T. Porritt.

1/ „ ,. .. larva. .Mr. W. Buckler.

2. Peliirga comitata. male.
2a. ,, ,, female.

2//. „ „ larva. Mr. AV. Buckler.

PLATE 362

1^

■"«*=&**

^W^m^

'^^

2" "^--^rtc:^'

E C Kru^\l del et hlh

Vm(^.rm.Brookr.,DayA.SonI,t'^l;-,p

L H^eve ?i C^Londoi

PLATE (■(•crAlll.

I'^iti. 1. Scotosia vetulata, male

1«.

;>

female.

1/'.

?j

larva. Mr. W. Huckler.

•},

rliamnata

, male.

2".

>»

female.

■2b.

• )

,, var. Mr. Sydney Webb

2c.

jj

•) •» •• >! »5

■Id.

!»

larva, Mr. \V. Buckler.

3.

nndiilata.

■in.

.,

\ar. -Mr. Sydiify Webb.

■M.

))

•, •• •, !•

3r.

)»

larva, Mr. W. liuckler.

•!•.

Jubitata.

A-<i.

?)

var. ,Mr. !,. H. I'ront.

■'[■h.

• )

larva, Mr. W . lUickler.

PLATE 365

/

1-..C.Ktu^J- del -LliiJi

L FUevo & C9\,crj\dnr,

PLATE CCCLXIV.

Fiu. I. Scotosia certata.

la.. ,, ,, var. Mr. 1'. ('. Woodforde.

lb. „ ., ., Mr. Sydm-y \Vel>b.

If. ,, ,, larva, Mi'. \V. IJuckler.

2. Caiiiptograinnia hiliiu'ata.

2a. „ ,, var.

2h. .. „ „ .Mr. .Sydm-y Webb.

—'• ?i )> >) >» )» ■'

2(1. „ ,, „ Shetland, Mr. Sidney W'l lib.

2e. .. „ „ ., Mr. (;. T. I'orriU.

2/. „ „ „ ^\'.()1' hvlaml. .Mr. S. .I.Capper.

2^. ,, ,, larva, .Mr. W . liiickler.

PLAT2 36-i

^;-

^i

'^ :/'U

• t*

:^^r

^'■^^':

■mi'f,. \

m:

,^

^^\

'*

/V

E-C-Kiu^rvt dele'. kli-.-

VincflntBrpol<E,Da_v&.Soii.I.t'*Iinp

I. Reeve- &C«Lond&n

PLATE CCCLXV.

Fig. 1.

I'hibak

iptcryx lluviata. male.

la.

,, female.

1&.

larva, .Mr. \V. Buckler.

2.

, ])olygrammata, male, Mr. Sydney Webb

2a.

female,

26.

, ., male, var. ,, ,,

3.

, lignala, male.

3a.

, „ female.

Sb.

, „ male, var.

3c.

, ., larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

4.

, vitalbata, male, ]\Ir. !•'. .J. Hanbury.

4a.

„ female, ,, „

4&.

, „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATE 365

E.C Kr,^ht. Ae.clhOx

\^.n<»n(.Bi-Ook«: Day AS"". L-f*

L Heeva & C^London

PLATE CCCLXVI.

Fro. 1. Phibalapteryx tersata, male.

1«.

„ female.

\b.

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

lapidata, male. ]\Ir. K. J. Morton

■la.

„ female,

2h.

larva, ]\lr. W. Buckler.

3.

Thera

variata

male.

d".

ri

J'

female.

Zh.

>)

J)

male, var.

3c.

>»

?)

female, „ -Mr. Sydney AVebb.

3(;.

?)

u

„ ., Mr. G. T. Porritt.

3c.

5)

J>

)» M

3/.

»T

»» *'

3y.

Jl

)»

larviu Mr. W. Buckler.

^^^^

PLATE 366

Zi-

39

E-C-?Gi,ghl ■!„l.<.lUil<

Mncenl. Broohs Drty A Son LL'^Im

L Reeve C° Lojidon

PLATE CCCLXVTI.

l'"ig. ] . Thera firmata, male.

l". ,, ,, female.

]h. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Huckler.

2. ,, shrmlata, male.
2a. ,, ,, feiiiali\

2b. „ ., larva. .Mr. \V. Huckler.

3. ,, jiiniperata. male.
3^'. ,, ,, female.

2h. ,, ,, var. Mr. Sydney Webb.

3r. ,, „ „ .Shetlarul, Mr. F. J. Hanbury.

3r/. „ „ larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

•I. llyjjsipetes ruberata, male.

4a. „ ,, female.

4i. „ „ var. Orkney, Mr. li. Atlkin.

4d. „ ,, larva, .Mr. W. ISnckli'r.

PLATE 367

M

2?

.,,^

■""^--^vv

tS^34»^

c^^

\ -9

EC KinyihL tlf.l,,t litK

Vin-o tit Brooks,I>a>' S. S on L

J,R«?tT-.-i.' ^C^Loi^-ia:

PLATE CCCLXVIII.

Fig. 1. Hypsipetes elutata.

la. „ ,, var.

^0. ,, if ti

*^' )) ») >'

le. „ „ „ Mr. S. J. Capper.

1^. „ „ „ Mr. Syduey AVebb.

Ij' 1) J) J» )» )1 J»

Ik. ,, „ larva, -Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATE 368.

-tii

I -

f^

a

)^

E-CKr^pTii a-i;e-.:i'K

3r.tBi-onkcUayASt>iil.t4Imj>

PLATE CCCLXIX.

'^Ui. 1. ]lyi)sii>eti's I'liit/ita. var.

1". ,, ,, „ .Mr. S. •). ( 'upper.

1/'. - „ .. .Mr. Sydney Wehl)

,, .Mr, I,, l;. I'ruiit.

I'L ., .. .. .Mr. (i. T. I'orritt.

1a.

PLATE .369.

E c.Kii-:^h. a..i,ei-

SWff

Virn;ent.BrooVo,Day &. Son I-t'^IiriV

L Be«?ve & C*^I.or-.do

PLATK rcci.W.

Pk,. 1.

]//.
]r.
\d.
Ic.
V-
l.'A
1//.

lyi'

ipetcs iiiipliniata. male.

female.

VII r. Scotlaiul.

., :\lr. Svd.u-y AVel,],.
,. ^Ir. S. -I. ( 'apper.
., An-an. :\Ir. L. 15. I'rout.
irva, .Mr. W. liiiclder.

PLATE 570.

Wi

m-ilf:

l-i

"i^^fciSaFi

EC Kni^hl ad. el h<h

"Vincent Brooki,Deiy &SonLt In-.p

LKee-^e 4 C "^ I.ondOTv

PLATE (■(.'( LXXI.

I'Il''. 1. Opnraljia ililiitata. male.

]ii. „ ,, ft'iiialc

!/'• „ „ „ var.

!'■. „ „ male, var.

1'/. ,, „ f.-'iiiale, var. .Mr. Sydue\' W'elili.

!'■

]/. ,. ,, male, var. aiitiimnaria. Mr. (i.'l". IVu-ritt.

1//. ., ,, .. ,. ., .Ml'. .'^. -1. ('a]>|ier.

]/,. ., ,. larva. Mr. W. liuckler.

■J. Clieiiiiatdbia bori-ata. male.

2". ,, ,, female.

2/'. „ „ inale. var. Mr. C. T. I'orritt.

■>r. „ „ larva. .Mr. W. I luckier.

PLATE 371-

«■"»:

l X

'i?

f - .

E.CKniJM, Jfl.^'i.liOi.

L Bi-oo^t.DavSt-SonLt^Inxp

L Reeve & CLc-ido^,.

PLATK CCCLXXH.

Fl(i. ]. Oporabia filitjr.'umiiarifi, iiiali'.

1". ,, ,, female.

1//. ., ,, male, var. .Mr. S. .1. Capper.

Ir. „ ,. ,. Mr. C, '!'. i'on-itt.

1,/. ,, „ female, var. .Mr. I.. 15. Front.

](. ,, ., ., ,, I'eiinine Hills.

\/'. ,, ., male, vai'. Mr. Syilney Wi'lilt.

];/. .. .. larva, .Mr. W. P.uckler.

'2. Cheimatobia briiiiiata. m;ile.

'I'l. ,, ,, female.

-Ii. ,, ,, male var.

2r. „ ,, ,, .. Mr. Sytliiey Webb.

•J,/. ,, „ larva, .Mr. \\ . liuckler.

PLATE 372

E.C.KmgKt ael eLi

'SftncentBror:l<Ta,Iiay&Son Lf*L-cp

I. Ree%-f &. C** -.onda.-.

PLATE CCCLXXllI.

Fui. 1. LoliDuhum l(il)iil;ita. iiial

la.

,,

female.

Uk

?•

var. iJr. 1"'. J. Haiibury

h:

'»

., ,, Mr. Sydney Wvbh

hi.

, ,,

., Mr. G. T. ]'(initt.

\'.

)?

larva, Mr. W. Rncklei-

2.

Iiexaptei

ata, male.

2a.

>)

female.

2b.
2(:

var. ^fr. S. .(. Capper.

2,J.

., ■■ •?
larva. Mi'. W. Bnck-ier.

PLATE 373.

%^:V'^

E C KhiHii*- del-;t>it>'.

"^^5i.'.3r-.o;r;,r:«yV >ar>I-'/-L-ii]>

PLATE CCCLXXTV.

b'lG. 1. Loboplioia sexalata. inal<

la.

„ female.

lb.

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

2.

viretata, inale.

2a.

„ „ female.

26.

, .. .• ^'^^'■

2c

larva, Ur. W. Uuckler.

3.

polycoiiiiiiata, male.

3«.

,. female.

3b.

" var.

3b

larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATK 374

" -^'iii'

■*^

mm

'^vi'^-

EC Kj-.i^ni. aol.ot LOi

Vli^iV-utB.ror.k?. '.jjv/. ?Ui.-iU''iwp

LRf,*v, i C^'Lot.do.

PLATE ('("(jLXXV.

Fiji'. 1 . Litliostege nivearia, male.
1". ,, ,, female.

1/). „ .. larva. Mr. W. iJitckier.

2. Chesias sjiartiata. male.
•1(1. ,, .. female.

•Ih. .. „ larva, Mr. W. Murkier.

3. ,. obliquaria. male, Mr. F. (.". \\'oodf"rcli
2>(i. „ „ female, „

3/'. „ ,, larva, Mr. W. Bucklei-.

4. Carsia imbutata, male.
4(1. ,, .. female.

4&. „ ., larva, Mr. W. Buckler.

PLATE

m. ■^'

^

'J'

,.#

J

E C Knight, del, oLUa.

Vino«.nt.Br3-!k.-. l:^viooi.;.id;r

PLATE CCCLXXVl.

Fiu. 1.

Anaitis

plagiata,

male.

la.

5)

female

lb.

»>

»)

It:

))

male.

\d.

'J

r

\e.

»*

larva.

;3«.

■4h.

var. .Mr. S. J. Capper.
,, Ml-. Sydney ^Vebb.
,, Mr. F. J. Hanbury.
arva. JMr. W. Bncklor.
r Larva of Calymnia pyraliiia, due to \o\. v. Plate ccxxiv. ;
t supplied by ilr. E. H. Tliornliill.

Cordiceps entomorrbiza, a fuugus springiug from the

body of a larva of Ilepialus lupulimis. (See Vol. ii.

fPlate Ixii.). Furnished by ilr. W. H. B. Fletcher.

Jm.a.

Pl.ATE 376

•. > >ir

mi^j^

E.C ICiuiihthiK

x^

'^

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

3 TDfifi DD245EfiS E

nhent QL565 G7B3
,■ 8 The Lepidoplera ol ihe Biilish Is