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Ar the commencement of the year 1844, Sir William H. Gregory, then Governor of
Ceylon, having had his attention called by Dr. Thwaites, the Director of the Botanical
Garden at Peradeniya, to the accuracy and beauty of the botanical drawings made by
his native draftsman, Mr. W. de Alwis, permission was given, on the suggestion of
Dr. Thwaites, that this draftsman might be engaged in copying from nature the
Lepidopterous Insects of the Island, in which subject Dr. Thwaites took oreat
interest, Under his supervision these drawings were made, from specimens chiefly
collected by him. Mr. Geo. de Alwis, brother of Mr. W., also having shown much
talent, Sir Wm. Gregory employed him at his own expense in copying the drawings
already made and in preparing fresh ones, and it is from these copies, which were
lent for the purpose by Sir Wm. Gregory, as well as from natural specimens, that
the figures on the plates of this work are taken.

This series of drawings of the Lepidopterous Insects of Ceylon—representing
about 350 species, of which about 250 are figured in their various stages of larva,
pupa, and imago—was placed in the Author’s hands, together with the collection of
specimens formed by Sir Wm. Gregory, for the purpose of being arranged and named.

This collection of drawings was subsequently exhibited at a Meeting of the
Entomological Society of London, held March 6th, 1878, and was considered to be
such a valuable contribution to Hastern Hntomology that the following resolution
was proposed by the President in the chair and passed, viz.: ‘It was hoped that an
application to the Ceylon Government for their publication would be successful.”

A proposal was therefore drawn up by the Author and submitted for the
approval of Sir Wm. Gregory, and, in the event of the publication of these
drawings being undertaken by the Colonial Government, tendered his services

gratuitously in editmg the work and preparing descriptions of the various species

iv PREFACE.

represented, at the same time offering to incorporate with them additional materials,
with the view of thus forming as complete a history of the Lepidopterous Fauna of
Ceylon as was at present possible.

This proposal to publish was forwarded by the Secretary of State for the
Colonies, after consultation with Sir Joseph Hooker, to the present Governor of
Ceylon, Sir James Longden. It was warmly taken up by him, and a vote for the
publication was submitted to the Legislative Council, which was unanimously
approved. The Secretary of State for the Colonies, Sir M. Hicks-Beach, gave his
sanction to the vote, and the work was placed in the hands of Messrs. L. Reeve
and Co. for publication.

In addition to the drawings above referred to, and the materials in his own
collections, consisting of a considerable number of species obtained at various
periods in Ceylon, the Author is much indebted to Mr. F. M. Mackwood, of Colombo, .
Captain H. Wade-Dalton, 57th Regt., and Captain F. J. Hutchison, for having most
kindly placed their collections in his hands for examination, and contributmg many
rare and unique specimens for description and delineation, as well as for the
numerous interesting notes on the habits, localities, &c., of the species herein
described. To these gentlemen, and especially to Dr. Thwaites and Sir Wm. H.

Gregory, grateful thanks are due from all students of Entomology.

F. MOORE.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

RHOPALOCERA.

FAMILY NYMPHALIDA

Subfamily Hurrama

os SATYRINE
e NyYMPHALINE
5 ACRHINE

FAMILY LEMONIIDA
Subfamily LisyrHaine .

= ERYCININE
FAMILY LYCANIDA
FAMILY PAPILIONIDA

Subfamily Prmrin=

$ PAPILIONINA

FAMILY HESPERIIDA

Vv

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Y Prati 1.
Fig. 1. Nectaria Jasonia
2. Tirumala septentrionis
3. Tirumala Limniace .

¥ PLATE 2.
Fig. 1. Radena exprompta .
2, 2a. Parantica Ceylonica .

4 PuateE 3.
Fig. 1, a, 6. Salatura Chrysippus

/ PuatE 4,
Fig. 1, la. Chittira fumata
2, 2a. Salatura Genutia

Y Pate 5.
Fig. 1. Isamia sinhala
2, 2a. Macroplea Elisa

’ Prate 6.
Fig. 1. Narmada montana .
2, 2a. Huplea asela

4 Puate 7.
Fig. 1, la. Lethe neelgherriensis
2,2 a, 6. Lethe Daretis

/ Prats 8.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Lethe Drypetes
2, 2 a, 6. Hanipha sihala

Y PraTE 9.
Fig. 1, la. Haniphe Dynsate

2, 2a, b,c. Melanitis Tambra

¥ Praty 10.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Melanitis Leda
2, 2 a, 6. Melanitis Ismene .

PAGE

15

14

‘Prats 11.
Fig. 1, 1a. Orsotriena Mandata .
2, 2a. Calysisme Blasius
3, 3a. Calysisme Drusia
4, 4a, 6. Calysisme Mineus

‘Prats 12.
Fig. 1, la. Calysisme Perseus
2, 2a. Nissanga Patnia
3, 3a. Ypthima Singala
4, 4a. Ypthima Thora .
5, 5a. Ypthima Ceylonica

¥ Prats 13.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Elyminias fraterna
2, 2a. Elymnias Singhala

v Prats 14.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ec. Rohana Camiba
2, 2a, 6. Eulepis Samatha .

¥ Prats 15.
Fig. 1. Charaxes Fabius
2. Haridra Psaphon
3. Haridra Serendiba .

’ Prate 16.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Euthalia Lubentina
2, 2a. Euthalia Garuda

v Prats 17,
Fig. 1, la. Dophla Evelina
2,2 a, 6. Kuthalia Vasanta .

¥PxatE 18.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Discophora lepida
a

PAGE

x DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

¢< Prats 19.

Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Doleschallia Bisaltide

¢ Puate 20.
Fig. 1. Kallima Philarchus
2, 2a. Kallima Mackwoodi .

« PLATE 21.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Precis Iphita
2. Precis Laomedia
3, 3a. Junonia Lemonias

4 Pate 22.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Junonia Orithya .
2. Junonia Asterie :
3, 3a. Junonia Ainone

{ PLATE 23.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Ergolis taprobana
2, 2a. Ergolis minorata

3, 3a. Byblia Ilythia .

( Prats 24.
Fig. 1, la. Parthenos cyaneus

¢ PLATE 25.
Fig. 1, la. Moduza Calidasa
2, 2a. Vanessa Haronica

4 PLATE 26.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 4, c. Cynthia Asela .

~ PLATE 27.
Fig. 1, la. Pyrameis Cardui
2. Pyrameis Indica :
3, 3 a, 6. Cethosia Nietneri .

< Pate 28.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Neptis Varmona .
2, 2 a, b. Neptis Jumba
3, 3a. Rahinda sinuata
4, 4a. Neptis disrupta

< PLATE 29.

Fig, i, 1 a, 4, ce. Apatura Misippus

« PuatE 30.
Fig 1, 1d. Apatura Bolina .
la. Apatura Jacintha .

* Puate 31.
Fig. 1, la. Atella Phalanta
2, 2a, b. Acidalia Niphe

PAGE

38

37
37

Pirate 32.

Fig. 1. Cupha placida
2, 2a. Cirrochroa Thais
3, 3 a, 6. Cirrochroa cognata
4, 4a. Cirrochroa Lanka

£ PratE 33.

Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Telchinia Viole
2, 2a. Libythea Rama.
3, 3 a, 6. Abisara prunosa

¢ PuatE 34.

1 a, 6. Spalgis Epius

2a. Curetis Thetys .

3 a, 6. Megisba Thwaitesi
Pithecops Dharma .
Cyaniris Akasa ; ‘

, 6a. Cyaniris lavendularis,
7. Cyaniris lavendularis, 2 .

Fig. 1,
’
a

1
2
2
4
5
6

€ Prats 35.

Fig. 1, la. Cyaniris Singalensis .
2a. Cyaniris Lanka.

3. Chilades Varunana .

4, 4a. Chilades Putli .

5, 5a. Zizera pygmea .

6, 6a. Zizera Karsandra

7, Ta. Zizera indica

8, 8a. Lycenesthes lycenaria

* Pirate 36.

1. Azanus Crameri

2. Castalius Rosimon .

3. Tarucus Theophrastus

4. Tarucus Plinius F
5, 5a. Castalius Ethion ns
6

7

Fig.

6a. Castalius hamatus
. Everes Parrhasius
8, 8a. Jamides Bochus
9, 9 a, 6. Lampides coruscans

< PuatE 37.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Catochrysops Pandava .

2, 2a. Catochrysops Strabo .
3, 3 a, 6, c. Nacaduba prominens .
4, 4a. Nacaduba macrophthalma .

¥ Prats 38.

Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Nacaduba Viola
2, 2a. Nacaduba Ardates
3, 3a, b. Lampides Adhanus
4, 4a. Lampides Elpis

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

« PraTE 39.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 4. Talicada Nyseus
2, 2a. Horaga ciniata .
3, 3a. Catapecilma elegans .
4, 4a. Deudorix Epijarbas
5. Deudorix Lankana .

< Prats 40.
Fig. 1, la. Virachola Perse.
2, 2a, 6. Iraota Mecenas
3, 3a. Rapala lazulina.
4, 4 a, 6. Zesius chrysomallus

¥ Prats 41.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ¢. Aphnezus lazularia
2,2 a, 6. Aphneus fusca
3, 3 a, 6. Aphneus schistacea

« Prats 42,
Fig. 1 la. Rathinda Amor .
2, 2a, 6. Tajuria Longinus .
3, 3 a, 6. Bindahara Phocides
4, 4a, 6. Loxura arcuata

« Prats 43.
Fig. 1, la. Amblypodia Darana .
2. Amblypodia Naradoides .
3, 3 a, b, c. Nilasera Pirama

, Prats 44.
Fig. 1, la. Surendra discalis
2, 2 a, b, c. Nilasera Amantes

v Prats 45.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 4, ce. Terias Hecabe
2,2 a, 6. Terias simulata
3, 3 a, 6. Terias hecabeoides
4, Terias citrina .

- Prats 46.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Terias rotundalis .
2, 2a, 6. Terias uniformis
3, 3a. Terias Drona
4, 4a. Terias Cingala .
5, 5a. Terias Rama

6, 6a. Nychitona Xiphia

¢ PuaTE 47.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Catopsilia Tea
2, 2a. Catopsilia Pyranthe .
3, 3a. Catopsilia Catilla

PAGE

97
99
98
103
103

104
102
105
100

107
106
106

99
109
112
lil

114
114
116

118
115

118
119
119
Ig)

120
120
120
120

' Prater 48.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Catopsilia Crocale .
2, 2a. Catopsilia Gnoma
3, 3a. Catopsilia Chryseis

« Prats 49,
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Hebomoia Glaucippe
2, 2a. Idmais modesta
3, 3a. Idmais tripuncta
4. Callosune Eucharis .
5. Callosune limbata

¢ Prats 50.
Fig. 1, la. Ixias Pirenassa .
2, 2a. Ixias cingalensis
3, 3 a, b. Catophaga Neombo

4, 4a. Catophaga Lankapura, ¢ .
- Puate 5).

Fig. 1, la. Catophaga Lankapura, ?
2, 2 a, 6. Catophaga Galene
3. Catophaga venusta . 0
4, 4a, 6. Hiposcrita Narendra

Fig. 1, 1 a, 0, c. Appias taprobana
2, 2a. Appias vacans
3, 3a. Appias Libythea
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Huphina Phryne .
, 2a. Huphina Remba
, 3a, 6. Belenois taprobana

7 Prate 54.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Delias Eucharis
2. Prioneris Sita. ,
3, 3a. Nepheronia fraterna .
v Pate 55.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Ornithoptera Darsius
+ PuatE 56.
Fig. 1. Chilasa Clytioides
2, 2 a, 6. Chilasa Lankeswara

, PLATE 57.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Chilasa dissimilis .
2, 2 a, 6. Menelaides Ceylonica

, PLate 58.
Fig. 1. Menelaides Jophon
2. Menelaides Hector .
3. Charus Helenus

PAGE

125
126
131
133

135
132
132
134

135
135
134

136
137
137

140
141
139

155

154
154

153
151

152
152
149

Xi

PLATE

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

59.

Fig. 1, La, 4,c. Laertias Romulus

( PLATE
Fig

« PLATE
Fig

« PLATE

Fig.

y PLATE

Fig.

¥ PLATE

Fig.

« PLATE

Fig.

« PLATE

Fig.

5

60.
1, 1 a, 6. Iliades Parinda

61.

1. Harimala montanus

2, 2 a, 6. Orpheides Erithonius
3. Zetides Doson

62.
1, 1 a, 6. Dalchina Teredon .
2. Pathysa Nomius

63.
1, la. Pathysa Antiphates .
2, 2a. Zetides Agamemnon .

3. Zetides Telephus

64.

1, 1 a, 6. Choaspes Benjamini
2, 2 a, 6. Ismene Cdipodea .
3, 3 a, 6. Matapa subfasciata

65.

1, 1 a, 6. Parata Chromus
2,2 a, 6. Parata Alexis
3, 3a. Bibasis Sena

4, 4a, 6. Hasora Badra

66.
1, la. Matapa Aria

2,2 a, . Badamia exclamationis .

3, 3a. Gangara Thyrsis

PAGE

150

148

146
14:7
145

143
142

142
145
144

159
158
164,

161
161
160
159

164
157
165

« PLATE 67.
Fig. 1. Abaratha Ransonneti
2, 2a. Tapena Thwaitesi
3,3 a, 6. Plesioneura Alysos
4, 4a. Plesioneura spilothyrus
5, 5a. Hyarotis adrastus
6. Coladenia Tissa

« PLaTE 68.
Fig. 1, la. Tagiades distans
2. Tagiades atticus
3, 8a. Udaspes Folus .
4, 4a, Tagiades minuta
5, 5a. Sarangesa albicilia
6. Hantana infernus

« Pate 69.
Fig. 1, 1a. Baracus vittatus
2, 2a. Baoris Kumara .
3,3 a, 6. Parnara Narooa
4, 4a. Baoris seriata

« Puate 70.
Fig. 1, la. Chapra Mathias
2, 2a. Parnara Bada
3, 3a, 6. Parnara Cingala .
4, 4a, Halpe brunnea .
5. Taractocera mevius

« Prats 71.

Fig. 1, la. Ampittia Maro .
2. Halpe decorata
3, 3a. Padraona Goloides
4, 4a. Telicota bambuse
5, 5a. Padraona mesioides .
6. Hesperia galba
7. Gomalia albofasciata

PAGE

182
181
178
179
174
180

175
175
177
176
176
179

162
166
167
166

169
167
167
174
172

172
173
171
170
171
183
183

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

Section RHOPALOCERA.
Family NYMPHALIDZ.

Front legs imperfect in both sexes; in the female wanting the tarsal claws; in
the male the fore tarsi quite rudimentary, consisting of one or two spineless joints.
Pupa suspended freely by the tail.

Subfamily EUPLCHIN &.*
Danaine, auctorum.

Forewing with the submedian vein doubie at its origin.
Larva smooth, with fleshy processes.

**The number of Ceylonese species in this Subfamily is not very considerable,
though some of them, especially of the genus Huplea, are extremely numerous
in individuals. These are, moreover, strikingly interesting on account of their mode
of flight and gregarious habit. On a fine sunny day, when calm or nearly so,
amazing numbers of one or more species of Huplea may often be observed wending
their way in one direction, as if floating upon the air a few feet from the ground,
with an apparently sluggish movement of their wings, though really making rapid
progress. Resembling an army in scattered open column, they move on instinctively,
regularly and simultaneously, as if animated by a true migratory impulse. They
naturally suggest a most interesting inquiry as to whence these immense numbers
come and whither they are tending, whether their course is a straight-ahead one, or
is following a horizontal circular direction of greater or less diameter. These insects
when thus moving in company show an unwillingness to be diverted from their
course, and when attracted by a favourite plant in flower, it is only for a few minutes
that they remain upon it, and after regaling themselves, soon start off to resume their
journey with their fellow-travellers, moving again amongst them as before and bound

* Linneus’ name of Danaus having been adopted in a generic sense by Esper in 1777 (Die Schmett.
i. p. 53), and also by Panzer in 1801 (Faun. Ins. Germ. Hefte 73-84, p. 11), for species of Pierinzx, its
use—as applied by Latreille in 1509, cannot be retained in this group of butterflies. The subfamily
name ‘“ Danaine ” consequently becomes obsolete, and, as no other is available, Eupleine is here proposed.

VOL. I. B

4 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

for the same destination. It is curious to observe that butterflies of a totally different
kind, when they happen to come within the range of one of these moving columns,
are, for a period, carried away apparently by the same impulse and fly in company
with it, but are soon seen to be moving off independently as at first. Reverting to
the Hupleas, these insects, when stopping for a short time to refresh themselves
upon an attractive flower, are with little difficulty captured by the hand; and then
simulate death for a few seconds, soon flying away. They are so tenacious of life
as to be able to bear considerable pressure between the finger and thumb without
being killed; they exsert at the time a peculiar long silky anal appendage of a
bright yellow colour, which is almost immediately retracted into its sheath. Birds
and other insectivorous animals do not appear to be partial to these butterflies as
food; they are probably unpalatable to them owing to their possessing a peculiar
odour.

«The larvee I have most frequently found feeding upon leaves of the species of
Fig and Dogbane. The suspended chrysalids are brilliantly metallic in colouring.
Hestia Jasonia, the finest Ceylonese species of the group, affects the glades of
woods and is notable for its graceful flight, rismg and descending almost like a
gossamer in the air, and well deserving the name of “ the Sylph,” which is commonly
given to it.” (Note by Dr. Thwaites.)

Genus NECTARIA.

Wectaria, Dalmann, in Billb. Enum. Ins. p. 76 (1820).
Hestia (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 15 (1816). Doubleday.

Wings semidiaphanous, large: forewing lengthened, triangular, costa slightly
arched, apex quite convex, exterior margin very oblique, waved, posterior margin
short, shghtly concave in middle; costal vein extending to half its length, subcostal
with first branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell and anastomosed
to costal near its end, second branch from near end of the cell, third and fourth
at equal distances beyond, the fourth terminating above, and the fifth below the
apex; cell long; upper discocellular inwardly oblique and slightly angled near
subcostal, lower outwardly convex, first radial from angle of the upper and second
from near upper end of lower discocellular; three median branches wide apart,
submedian very recurved: hindwing lengthened, oval, costal margin curved, apex
convex and more or less prolonged, exterior margin slightly waved, anal angle
convex; costal vein short, with a basal forked spur; subcostal branches wide
apart, first very short; discocellulars bent outward at their middle, the radial
emitted from the angle; median branches wide apart, submedian and internal vein
shghtly recurved. Body long, slender; palpi porrect, pilose above and beneath, tip
pointed ; legs long, slender; antennz slender.

EUPL@INZ. 3

NECTARIA JASONIA (Prare 1, Fre. 1).
Hestia Jasonia, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 87, pl. 42, fig. 1 (1848).

Male and female. Semihyaline, fuliginous-white, veins black: upperside, fore-
wing with a black basal costal border, an oblique irregular broad band across middle
of the cell, a short streak on middle of the costa, a streak through the discocellular
veins, a large spot between the base of the two lower median veins, a crutch-shaped
mark extending to the base above the submedian vein, a discal series of seven
angulated-oval spots, a submarginal series of duplex spots terminating in a thickened
streak at end of each vein, and a marginal row of spots: bindwing with a black
round spot in middle of the cell, two small spots below it, a discal series of eight
angulated-oval spots two of which are between the costal and subcostal veins, a sub-
marginal series of duplex spots terminating in a thickened streak at end of each
vein, and a marginal row of spots. Head and thorax spotted with white, thorax above,
palpi and femora beneath streaked with white, abdomen black above, white beneath.
Underside of both fore and hindwings marked as above. Some specimens are
darker coloured than that above described, being blackish-fuliginous ; others, again,
have a slight ferruginous tint pervading the wings.

Expanse 4? to 5? inches.

Larva unknown.

This beautiful butterfly is called by Europeans in Ceylon, according to a state-
ment in Tennent’s “ Natural History of Ceylon,” p. 426, “by the various names of
Floater, Spectre, and Silver-paper Fly, as indicative of its graceful flight. It is found
only in the deep shade of the damp forest, usually frequenting the vicinity of pools
of water and cascades, about which it sails heedless of the spray, the moisture of
which may even be beneficial in preserving the elasticity of its thin and delicate
wings, that bend and undulate in the act of flight.”

“In the forests and especially about waterfalls in the western, central, and
southern provinces this butterfly may be found all the year. It has a very slow
floating flight, often poising nearly motionless, and is very easily caught ”’ (Hutchison).

Genus RADENA.

Forewing moderately long, triangular ; first subcostal branch emitted at about
one-third before end of the cell and anastomosed to the costal in the middle, second
branch emitted before end of the cell: hindwing broad, somewhat triangular; costal
margin long, nearly straight, abdominal margin long; costal vein very convex from
the base and then extending straight along edge of the margin; cell broad, long ;
subcostal and median branches yery wide apart. No scent-pouchin male. Antenne

B 2

4 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

longer than in allied genera, and with a more gradually thickened and blunt club.
Larva (R. Juventa) with two pair of fleshy filaments.
Type, R. similis, Linn.

RADENA EXPROMPTA (Prater 2, Fic. 1).
Danais exprompta, Butler, Entomologist’s Monthly Mag. xi. p. 164 (1874).

Male and female. Upperside blackish-brown, abdominal margin pale brown :
forewing with a pale blue narrow discoidal streak and a large sinuous quadrate spot
beyond it, a slender costal streak, two streaks below the cell and a slender basal
streak on hind margin, two large discal spots, three small upper spots, and five
subapical spots the upper three of which are slender, a submarginal regular series of
seven small spots, and a marginal row of minute spots: hindwing with pale blue
broad basal streaks, large discal spots, an irregular submarginal and marginal row of
small spots; no scent-pouch in male. Head, thorax, and palpi white spotted, femora
beneath streaked with white; abdomen brown above, paler beneath. Underside:
forewing dark brown: hindwing umber-brown; markings as above but paler.

Hxpanse 2? to 3 inches.

“* Common in Kottawa forest, but have not seen it elsewhere” ( Wade).

Genus TIRUMALA.
Danais (part), Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 10, 172.

Forewing broad, triangular; first branch of subcostal emitted at one-fifth before
end of the cell and free from the costal, second branch from end of the cell; hind-
wing broadly oval, exterior margin very convex; costal vein slightly curved ; cell
short, anteriorly oblique ; second subcostal branch starting from nearer the first, and
upper median nearer the middle branch, than in Radena. Male with an open scent-
pouch between fhe lower median and submedian veins, the pendant sac of which is
prominent on the underside. Antenne shorter than in Radena, the club shorter and
tip more pointed. Larva with two pair of fleshy filaments.

Type, T. Limniace, Cram.

TIRUMALA LIMNIACAE (Prats 1, Fie. 3).

Papilio Limniace, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 59, f. D, E (1779).
Danais Limniace, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 191.
Papilio similis (part), Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 58.
Danais leopardus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 52.
Male and female. Upperside brownish-black ; forewing with a greenish-white
discoidal streak and constricted spot beyond, a lengthened spot and a lower streak
beneath the cell which are sometimes confluent and also with the lower discal spot,

HUPLG@IN A. 5

three discal spots above which are three or five narrow spots obliquely from the
costa, a submarginal irregular series of small spots and a marginal row of smaller
spots: hindwing with basal narrow duplex streaks between the veins, a discal series of
spots and lower slender streaks, an irregular submarginal and marginal series of small
spots. Male with a prominent scent-pouch between the lower median and submedian
veins. Head, thorax, and palpi white spotted, a dorsal streak on thorax and femora
beneath white; abdomen brown above, ochreous and white beneath. Underside
golden-brown, basal area of forewing blackish; markings as above; protruding
pouch black edged.

Expanse 22 to 32 inches.

Larva yellowish-white or yellowish-green, with a pair of long fleshy filaments on
third and a short pair on twelfth segment, the filaments black and greenish-white,
longitudinally lined with black points; each segment with transverse black bars, one
on each thicker which bifurcates near the lateral line, a narrower bar at anterior edge
and two also narrower at posterior part of the segment; lateral band yellow; head
and feet rmged with black. Pupa green, somewhat cylindrical, constricted below the
thorax, with golden scattered dots and beaded ring. Feeds on Asclepias.

‘Taken at Colombo in open or partially cultivated ground. Most common from
October to December, occasionally at other times. Flight slow and heavy; often
seen in crowds on low shrubs in company with 7’. septentrionis” (Hutchison). Kandy
(Wade).

TIRUMALA SEPTENTRIONIS (Prare 1, Fie. 2).
Danais septentrionis, Butler, Entomologist’s Monthly Mag. xi. p. 163 (1874).

Male and female. Upperside brownish-black; markings of both wings similar
to those in D. Liminiace. but the streaks more slender and the spots smaller. Male
with a similar scent-pouch situated in the same position. Discal area of hindwing
beneath suffused with black. ba

Expanse 2? to 32 inches.

“Taken at Colombo and occasionally near Newera Eliya im open or partially

cultivated ground. Most common from October to December. Slow heavy flight.
Often found in crowds on low shrubs in company with 7. Limniace”’ (Hutchison).

Genus SALATURA.
Euplea (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 15.
Danais (part), Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 10, 172.
Forewing lengthened, triangular, costa slightly arched, apex more or less
rounded, exterior margin waved, oblique, slightly convex in the middle, posterior
margin slightly recurved, costal vein extending to two-thirds the length, first sub-

6 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

costal branch emitted before end of the cell, second at end of the cell, third and
fourth at equal distance from its end; cell long; upper discocellular bent inward and
angled at its upper and lower end, lower outwardly oblique; radials from angles of
upper discocellular ; median branches widely separated, submedian slightly recurved :
hindwing broadly oval, exterior margin rounded, slightly sinuous, costal vein short,
curved upward, and emitting a short basal spur, first subcostal emitted before end of
the cell and curving upward before the apex, second slightly bent at end of the cell ;
discocellulars very oblique, upper shortest and slightly concave, radial from their
middle; second median branch near end of the cell, lower bent near its base,
submedian nearly straight, internal recurved. Male with an open scent-pouch
between lower median and submedian veins. Body long, palpi pilose, middle and
hind legs slender.

Larva with three pair of fleshy filaments.

Type, S. Genutia, Cram.

SALATURA GENUTIA (Prater 4, Fie. 2, 2a).

Papilio Genutia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 206, f. C, D (1780).
Danais Genutia, Distaut, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 98.
Papilio Plexippus (part), Fabricius, Spee. Ins. p. 55.

Danais Plexippus (part), Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 186.

Male and female. Upperside dark fuliginous-brown: forewing with a fulvous-red
broad discoidal streak and discal spaces between the median and submedian veins to
the base of hind margin, a series of small white costal spots beyond the cell, a
subapical transverse series of large spots, a short submarginal row, and a marginal
row of small spots: hindwing with fulvous-red between all the veins from base to the
submargin, a submarginal and marginal row of small white spots. Male with a small
scent-pouch situated near the lower median vein between it and the submedian vein.
Head, thorax, and palpi white spotted, thorax above and femora beneath streaked
with white; abdomen red with lateral white spots. Underside marked as above;
forewing with a dusky ferruginous patch beyond the subapical white spots ; hindwing
with paler fulvous markings and white borders to all the veins.

Expanse 34 inches.

Larva cylindrical, black, with a pair of black fieshy filaments on third, sixth,
and twelfth segments, the first pair longest; each segment with one interrupted white
streak along its anterior edge succeeded by three white transverse spots, followed by
two transversely elongated yellow spots, the posterior edge of the segment having
two parallel interrupted white streaks ; lateral band yellow crossed at the middle of

each segment by a black line; abdominal line black; head and feet black ringed
with white.

EUPLGINE. 7

Pupa somewhat cylindrical, posterior end hemispherical, anterior ending in two
sight prominences; bright green, with a dorsal ring of silvery dots, and a few
scattered golden dots.

SALATURA CHRYSIPPUS (Prater 3, Fie. la, 0).

Papilio chrysippus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 767 (1767); Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 118, f. B, C.
Danais chrysippus, Godart, Ene, Méth. ix. p. 187; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. pl. 4, f. 7, 7a.

Male and female. Upperside: forewing with the costal margin and apical area
to posterior angle brownish-black, the basal area including the veins fulvous-red, two
very small white spots on middle of the costa, one beyond the cell, one above the
disc, two on the submargin, an incomplete marginal row and two or three before the
apex, and an oblique subapical series of larger spots: hindwing with a black narrow
sinuous marginal band and row of very small white spots, the inner area fulvous-red,
three small black spots at end of the cell. Male with a black quadrate scent-
pouch situated close to the lower median vein between it and the submedian. Head,
thorax, and palpi white spotted, thorax above and femora beneath white streaked ;
abdomen red above, white beneath. Underside as above, the fulvous colour being
paler and brighter, the white spots more prominent, those at end of the cell white
bordered, and the pouch mark in male white centred.

Expanse 2% to 3 inches.

Larva cylindrical, with a pair of black fleshy filaments on third, sixth, and twelfth
segments, the filaments crimson at the base; pale bluish-grey with transverse dorsal
black streaks and chrome-yellow bands ; lateral band chrome-vellow ; head and legs
black striped with blue-grey. Pupa somewhat cylindrical, semitransparent, pinkish-
white or green, a raised golden spot on each eye, and a few golden spots scattered on
the surface, a black tubercular ridge and a dorsal row of golden dots along fourth
segment of abdomen. Feeds on Calotropis gigantea and Asclepias cwrasavica.

Genus PARANTICA.

Forewing long, narrow, hind margin lengthened ; first subcostal branch emitted
at one-fourth before end of the cell and touching the costal near its end, second
emitted immediately before end of the cell; cell long, narrow: hindwing somewhat
elongated, exterior margin very convex, abdominal margin short, costal vein arched
from base and thence extending along edge of the margin; cell very long and narrow.
Male with two spatular-shaped scent-pouches, one (the largest) beimg on the lower
median vein, the other (about one-fourth its size) on the submedian vein, near their
end, each being visible on the underside by the slender swelling of these veins at that

8 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

part. Antenna with lengthened slender tip. Larva with two pair of fleshy
filaments.
Type, P. Aglea, Cram.

PARANTICA CEYLONICA (Prate 2, Fie. 2, 2a),
Danais Ceylonica, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. xii. p. 479 (1862).

Male and female. Upperside dark fuliginous-brown: forewing with a bluish-
white narrow discoidal streak above which are two parallel contiguous slender lines,
two lengthened streaks below the céll, five discal spots, two upper slender streaks and
three costal spots, a submarginal row of small mostly cordate spots, and a mareinal
row of more or less indistinct smaller spots; hindwing with broad bluish-white
basal streaks, regular series of discal quadrate spots, the two lower of which have a
contiguous or continuous outer spot, an irregular submarginal and marginal row of
small spots; two scent-pouches in male, a large one on lower median vein and a small
one on submedian vein. Head, thorax, and palpi white spotted, a dorsal streak on
thorax and femora beneath white ; abdomen brown above, white beneath. Underside
brown, markings clearer: forewing with the discoidal streaks more distinct ; above
the cell is a slender line, and the upper discal spot and the streak are concave
externally : hindwing with a black pouch-area in male.

Expanse 3 to 34 inches.

Larva cylindrical, reddish-purple, two black fleshy filaments on third and two on
twelfth segment; two dorsal rows of round chrome-yellow spots, and a lateral row of
broken chrome-yellow spots, with intervening white dots on each segment; head and
legs black, white spotted. Pupa green, much constricted below the thorax, with
blue and golden scattered dots and black raised dots on upper segments. Feeds on
Cryptolepis, &e.

“Found everywhere all the year in open or partially cultivated places, but not
often in forest. Flight slow and heavy. Perhaps the commonest insect in Ceylon”
(Hutchison).

Genus CHITTIRA.

Forewing somewhat short and broad; costal margin much arched, hind margin
long: hindwing broadly oval, very convex externally. Venation similar to Caduga.
Male with two scent-pouches, one spatular shaped on the submedian, accompanied by
the dilated or swollen vein, the other being the internal vein dilated but without any
adjacent spatular patch. Antennz with a tolerably thick club.

Type, C. fumata, Butler.

EUPL@IN&. 9

CHITTIRA FUMATA (Prater 4, Fre. 1, 1a).

Danais fumata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 58.
Danais Taprobana, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. ii. p. 849, pl. 42, f. 4 (1867).

Male and female. Upperside rich brown, palest on the abdominal margin:
forewing with a greenish-white narrow discoidal streak, a broad lengthened triangular
streak below the cell, three discal spots above it, the upper one very minute, a
submarginal oblique series of five spots, the second, third, and fourth being elongated,
and a marginal row of six small spots: hindwing with a broad discoidal streak, a
small streak and two minute spots beyond it, a submarginal apical series of three
small spots, three in the male, and five in the female, the female having also a lower
marginal row of minute spots, two linear-shaped scent-pouches in the male, one
situated on the lower submedian vein, the other on the internal vein. Thorax, head,
and palpi, spotted with white, femora beneath streaked with white; abdomen brown
above, grey beneath. Underside paler brown, markings as above, exterior border of
hindwing grey speckled, pouch area in male and discal area in both sexes darker brown.

Expanse 2# to 33 inches.

“Found all the year; scarce in February and March. Hills 3000 to 6000 feet,
in forest and often in coffee-plantations. Common at Newera Eliya and several miles
round. Flight slow and heavy” (Hutchison).

Genus MACROPLCEA.
Macroplea, Butler, Journal of the Linn. Soc. Zool. xiv. p. 292 (1878).

Wings very large and broad: forewing in male elongated, quadrate, apex
acuminate, exterior margin oblique, convex at the angle, posterior margin very
convex in the middle and extremely oblique thence to the base: hindwing triangular,
with a large oval pale upper-discoidal patch, the costa long, apex somewhat angular,
exterior margin regularly convex.

MACROPLEA ELISA (Puiate 5, Fic. 2, 2a).

Euplea Elisa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 270.
Macroplea Elisa, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiv. p. 293 (1878).

Male and female. Upperside golden-brown. Male: forewing dusky-brown

- along posterior border ; a small brownish-white spot at lower end of the cell, a linear

discal series of three spots, a recurved submarginal and marginal row of spots.

hindwing dusky-brown on exterior border, anterior border ochreous-white, a large

ochreous space within middle of the cell, five small discal ochreous-white spots, an

anterior submarginal and marginal row of small white spots. Female: upperside
VOL. I. o

id THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

uniformly paler, all the spots on both wings are ochreous and less prominent : under-
side duller coloured, the spots on both wings white and more prominent, the discal
series extending from the costal to the abdominal border, and the two marginal rows
extending to anal angle; posterior border of forewing broadly ochreous-white.
Head, front of thorax, and palpi black, spotted with white, legs black, thorax above
dark brown with dorsal white streak; abdomen dark brown.

Expanse, ¢ 44, 2 4 inches. .

Larva * purple-brown, with two black-tipped red fleshy filaments on second, two
on third, and two on twelfth segments, each segment with transverse black streaks ;
lateral line purple, head and legs black. Pupa thick, broad, purple-grey, fasciated
with golden-yellow, abdominal segments black beaded. Feeds on —— ?

“Taken on low ground at Colombe among hedges round native gardens at any
time, but not very common. Of slow, heavy flight; settles on leaves and easily
caught” (Hutchison).

“Commonly found at Galle among cocoanut-trees and low bushes” ( Wade).

Genus ISAMIA:

Wings large, broad : forewing in male elongated, somewhat quadrate, apex
shghtly acuminate, exterior margin oblique, waved, posterior margin convex, with a
large sericeous streak between the lower median and submedian veins: hindwing
triangular, costa long, convex, exterior margin convex, waved, a moderate-sized pale
upper-discoidal patch.

Type, 1. superba, Herbst.

ISAMIA SINHALA (Prare 5, Fié. 1 4).
Euplea Sinhala, Moore, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 45.

Male. Upperside dark velvety olive-brown, external margins paler: forewing with
a short broad oval seri¢eous streak between the lower median and submedian veins,
a submarginal row of small ochreous-white spots and marginal lower row of minute
spots: hindwing with a broad flesh-coloured discoidal patch ; costal border broadly
cimereous, a submarginal series of oval ochreous-white spots and marginal series of
small round spots. Underside paler olive-brown throughout: forewing with hind
margin broadly cinereous, the sexual mark dusky; a curved discal series of whitish
spots near the cell; both wings with a submarginal and marginal series of spots as
above. Body black, thorax, head, palpi and forelegs white spotted.

* Figured on’ Plate iv. Catal. Lep. Mus. E:L.C. i. from drawings by E. L. Layard, as the larva of
E. Prothoé.

EUPLG@IN A. 11

Expanse 3 inches.
Taken at Galle and Kandy by Captain Wade.

Genus EUPLQSA.

Euplea (part), Fabricius, Tl. Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807).
Euplea, Boisd., Doubleday, Butler, Felder.
Crastia (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 16 (1816).

Forewing elongated, triangular ; costa slightly arched, apex rounded, exterior
margin oblique, slightly waved and concave in the middle, posterior margin almost
straight in both sexes; male with a sericeous streak between the lower median and
Submedian veins; costal vein extending to nearly two-thirds the length; first
subcostal branch emitted before end of the cell, second from extreme end, third about
one-third beyond, fourth and fifth at one-third from apex; upper discocellular
shortest, inwardly oblique, angled outward close to the subcostal and emitting a
short spur from its lower end within the cell, lower discocellular outwardly oblique
and angled outward close to its upper end, the radials from their upper angles ;
median branches from angles wide apart, submedian slightly recurved, looped at its
base: hindwing short, bluntly oval, costa slightly arched in middle; costal vein short,
curved near the base, with a short basal forked spur; first subcostal branch emitted
from angle before end of the cell; discocellulars outwardly oblique, upper shortest,
concave, lower slightly convex, the radial from their middle; median branches from
angles widely apart; submedian straight, internal curved at its base. Body long,
slender; antennz slender; legs squamous, tibia and tarsi spinous beneath; palpi
short, pilose.

EUPLG@A ASELA (Pirate 6, Fic. 2, 2a).

Euplea Asela, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 45.

Male and female. Upperside dark velvety olive-brown, broadly paler externally :
forewing with a submarginal and less distinct lower marginal row of small brownish-
white spots, the former series curving to the costa before the apex; male with a
single short slender sericeous streak between the lower median and submedian
veins: hindwing with a submarginal row of brownish-white oval spots, and a
marginal row of smaller round spots. Underside paler, both rows of marginal spots
clearer ; both wings with a small spot at end of the cell, and a contiguous discal
curved series of spots. Body blackish, thorax, head, palpi, front legs, and abdomen
beneath white spotted, middle and hind legs beneath white streaked.

Expanse 37 to 34 inches.

Larva cylindrical, purple-white, or dove-colour, with a pair of curled red fleshy
filaments on three of the anterior segments and a pair on the twelfth segment; each

c 2

12 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

segment transversely oarred with narrow white lines, lateral band pinkish-white with
black and red dots; abdominal line black; head and legs black, streaked with white.
Pupa golden-yellow, constricted below the thorax, streaked and banded with brown,
dorsal segments black spotted. Feeds on Neriwm oleander, &c.

“Found everywhere, in the plains and up to 6000 feet, in forest or open ground.
At Colombo it occurs from October to January; elsewhere all the year. Flight
slow, heavy. Often comes into the house in numbers, sometimes settling on one’s
clothes ” (Hutchison).
EUPL@A FRAUENFELDI.

Euplaa Frauenfeldi, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gese. 1862, p. 479, ¢ ; Reise Novara Lep. ii. pl. 41, f. 4.
Huplea Esperi, Feld. Verh. Zool. Bot. Gese. 1862, p. 482 9.

Male. Upperside blackish purple-brown: forewing blue glossed, a very small
white costal spot above end of the cell, a spot between first upper and second median
yeins, a submarginal series of spots curving from apex, and a lower marginal series of
smaller spots, a slender short sericeous streak below the lower median vein: hindwing
unmarked, except that it indistinctly shows a submarginal and marginal series of
pale brown spots. Underside dark olive-brown: forewing with a bluish costal spot,
a spot at lower end of the cell, a spot between the upper and second median veins,
and a larger elongated white spot below it, the sexual streak and posterior margin
being brownish-white, submarginal and marginal spots as above: hindwing with a
minute bluish spot at end of the cell and a contiguous discal series of spots, a
marginal series of small white spots and a submarginal anal series of three or four
spots. Body black, head, thorax, palpi, and abdomen beneath white spotted, legs black.

Expanse 4 inches.

Taken at Trincomalee, on the N.H. side of the island.

EUPLEA SCHERZERI.
Euplea Scherzeri, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesc. 1862, p. 479; Reise Novara Lep. ii. p. 339.

Male. Upperside purplish olive-brown, darkest on basal area: forewing with a
minute white subapical spot, and a lengthened sericeous streak between lower median
and submedian veins: hindwing with a subapical series of three small very indistinct
pale brown spots. Underside paler: forewing with a bluish-white small costal spot,
one at lower end of the cell, two beyond, and an elongated lower spot, three or four
submarginal spots below the apex: hindwing with a small bluish-white spot at lower
end of the cell, a contiguous discal series, three upper submarginal spots and a
marginal lower series of spots. Body black, thorax, head, palpi, and abdomen
beneath white spotted, lees black.

Expanse-3} inches.

SATYRINA. 13

Genus NARMADA.

Forewing elongated, triangular, costa slightly arched, apex somewhat acute,
exterior margin oblique, posterior margin in male slightly convex, with two sericeous
streaks between the median and submedian veins: hindwing triangular.

Type, N. coreoides, Moore.

NARMADA MONTANA (Pirate 6, Fic. 1¢).

Euplea montana, Felder, Reise Novara Lep. ii. p. 330 (1867), ¢.
Euplea Lankana, Moore, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 44, ¢.
Stictoplea Lankana, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiv. p. 302.

Male and female. Upperside dark velvety olive-brown, paler externally: fore-
wing with a submarginal and marginal row of very small indistinct ochreous-white
spots; male with two elongated sericeous streaks between the lower median and
submedian veins: hindwing with a submarginal and marginal row of ochreous-white
spots, the former oval from the anal angle and duplex anteriorly, the latter smaller
and round. Underside paler, marginal white spots as above, those on forewing more
prominent, both wings with a small white spot at end of the cell, and a contiguous
discal curved series beyond. Body blackish, thorax, head, palpi, and abdomen
beneath white spotted, forelegs white streaked beneath.

Expanse 3 to 33 inches.

Captured at Rambodde, Galle, and Kandy.

Subfamily SATYRIN AE.

Palpi generally compressed and fringed with long hair scales.
Larva without spines, generally pubescent, head more or less bifid, tail bifid.

«The butterflies of this subfamily are rather inactive, and fly near the ground
amongst grass and close to the margins of woods. Their movements, however, are
more lively in the early morning and evening during their amatory gambols. The
males of some of the species have a pair of curious pencils of hair which each he
within a fold of the upper wing, and which are capable of being spread out radiately
during the insect’s flight.” (Note by Dr. Thwaites.)

14 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

Genus MELANITIS.

Melanitis, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807).
Hipio, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816).
Cyllo, Boisduval, Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 140 (18382).

Wings short, broad; forewing triangular; costa very convex, exterior margin
more or less angled below the apex, oblique and waved hindward ; posterior margin
nearly straight; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell,
third at half distance beyond, fourth and fifth at one-third from apex; upper disco-
cellular twice angled near subcostal, lower obliquely concave; radials from the
angles; median branches wide apart; submedian recurved: hindwing, costa slightly
arched, exterior margin sinuous and produced at end of upper median into a blunt
angle; abdominal margin long; costal vein curved, extending to apex, with a short
basal spur; subcostal bent close to costal near its base; cell broad; discocellulars
bent outward at their middle; radial from the angle ; upper median from end of the
cell, second from near its end; submedian extending to posterior angle; internal
short. Body short; palpi porrect, pilose beneath, legs slender, squamose ; antennz
slender.

MELANITIS ISMENE (Prare 10, Fic. 2 a, 6).
Papilio Ismene, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 26, f. A, B (1775).

Male and female. Upperside dark olive-brown, exterior border slightly grey
speckled : forewing with apical area dark maroon-brown, a subapical large black spot
bordered above and inwardly by fulvous-red and centred with two small prominent
white spots: hindwing with four submarginal more or less obsolete very small
black-bordered white spots. Underside very variable, being either grey, ochreous,
ferruginous, maroon, or dusky brown, covered with numerous short more or less
confluent black strigze : forewing with two subbasal and a discal transverse darker
fascia, the outer broadest and most prominent, two subapical and two smaller apical
white spots: hindwing with a subbasal, discal, and a submarginal transverse darker
fascia, the discal being most prominent, a submarginal row of small white spots.
Female brighter coloured on the upper and underside, the strige not so dense, and
the transverse fascize less prominent. Body brown, palpi greyish, legs brown above
ochreous-grey beneath.

Expanse 2? to 3 inches.

Larva elongated, thickened in the middle, pubescent, head large, surmounted by
two short pubescent red processes, last segment also with two processes; pale green
with longitudinal rows of whitish dots; dorsal and lateral line darker green; head

SATYRINAL. 15

bluish, face striped with white and black. Pupa green, cylindrical, head and thorax
obliquely flattened. Feeds on Graminee.
Found in the same districts as M. Leda.

MELANITIS LEDA (Prarr 10, Fre. 1 a, 3).
Papilio Leda, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 773 (1767); Drury, Exot. Ins. i. pl 15, f. 5,6 (1778) ;
Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 196, f. C, D.

Male and female. Upperside brown: forewing with a subapical blackish spot
centred by two small white spots and slightly bordered inwardly with fulvous :
hindwing with two subanal black spots centred with white, the outer spot minute.
Underside greyish-ochreous, uniformly covered with delicate dark strige: forewing
with three very indistinct slender transverse fascize, and four small apical marginal
ocelli: hindwing with an indistinct slender discal fascia and six submarginal distinct
ocelli. Female. Upperside: both the subapical spots and the subanal are larger,
the latter series generally four in number: Underside as in male, the ocelli more
prominent. Body and legs brown.

Expanse, ¢ 2#, 9 3 inches.

** Found at all times in the western and central provinces, in grassy places ; both
in the plains and hills up to 2000 feet: Flies at dawn and dusk of the evening, rarely
by day. Settles down in grass” (Hutchison).

MELANITIS TAMBRA (Prater 9, Fic. 2 a, b, ©).

Male. Upperside dark dusky olive-brown: forewing ferruginous-brown at the
apex, with a subapical small white spot (in some an indistinct lower spot), and an
indistinct black contiguous spot: hindwing without markings. Underside dusky-
ferruginous or purple-ferruginous, veins speckled with pale ochreous, basal area
densely covered’ with dark purple-ferruginous strigz forming three confluent irregular
fascie on the forewing, but are more uniformly disposed on the hindwing which has
a narrow discal fascia only: forewing with a pale triangular costal space before the
apex and four small ochreous brown-ringed spots, the penultimate spot with a
contiguous inner white spot, posterior margin broadly dull sap-brown: hindwing
with a pale ochreous space and a contiguous dusky spot within end of the cell; disc
transversely washed with greyish-purple, a submarginal row of small ochreous
brown-ringed spots. Female. Upperside ferruginous olive-brown: forewing with a
subapical dusky-black patch extending paler across end of the cell to costal vein,
and suffusedly bordered externally and across the apex with paler ferruginous, and
centred with two white spots; the lowest spot small or obsolete: hindwing with three

16 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

or four lower submarginal small white spots. Underside ferruginous; strige,
transverse fasciz, and outer border dark ferruginous, subapical spots on forewing and
submarginal spots on hindwing with double rings and whitish centre, the penultimate
subapical spot with a contiguous inner larger whitish spot. Body brown, legs
ferruginous.

Expanse, $ 24, § 2# inches.

Larva elongated, thickened in the middle; head with two long pubescent red
processes; last segment also with two processes; green with longitudinal and
transverse darker lines; face striped with red. Pupa green, head and thorax
flattened.

“Found in the western and central provinces. Plains and up to 3000 feet.
June to September. Habits same as M. Leda” (Hutchison).

Genus LETHE.

Lethe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816).
Debis, Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. Diurnal Lep. p. 358 (1851).

Wings short; broad: forewings triangular, costa arched, apex convex, exterior
margin oblique, waved, posterior margin long, straight; first and second subcostal
branches emitted close to end of the cell, third at one-half beyond, fourth and fifth
at one-third from the apex; upper discocellular shortest, bent outward and inward
close to subcostal, lower slender recurved outward ; upper radial from outward angle,
lower from their middle angle; cell broad; median branches equidistant and wide
apart; submedian nearly straight: hindwing, costa short, convex at base, exterior
margin sinuous, prolonged into a blunt tail at end of upper median, abdominal
margin long; costal vein curved and extending to apex, with a short curved basal
spur; subcostal bent close to costal near its base, first branch curved towards its
end; discocellulars oblique, concave, lower slender; radial from their middle; cell
broad; two upper median branches from end of the cell; submedian extending to
posterior angle; internal vein short. Body short, thorax robust; palpi porrect,
slender, pilose beneath ; lees rather short, squamose; antennz slender.

LETHE NEELGHERRIENSIS (Pirate 7, Fic. 1, 1a).

Cyllo Neelgherriensis, Guérin, Delessert’s Voyage dans Inde, pt. 2, p. 74, pl. 21, f. 1, la (1848).

Debis Neelgherriensis, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. p. 75, Deb. pl. 2, f. 6,9.

Upperside dull dark olive-brown. Male: forewing with two apical small
ochreous-white spots, a subapical larger spot, and a less distinct spot between the
second and third median veins, between these the ocelli of the underside are indis-
tinctly visible, a marginal double indistinct dusky lunular line: hindwing with two

SATYRIN AZ, 17

apical not very prominent black pale-bordered spots, and a marginal dusky pale-
bordered double lunular line. Underside paler: forewing with three transverse —
discoidal wavy purple-grey bands, the middle band crossing the wing, an oblique
subapical ochreous-white band, an upper submarginal row of six purple-bordered
ocelli, the first and second slender and incompletely formed, a marginal purple-
bordered ne: hindwing with three transverse basal purple-grey wavy bands, a
brown band outwardly angled between the subcostal and median vein, a submarginal
series of six ocelli in three purple-bordered encircled divisions, the upper or single
ocellus large with a distinct white pupil and minute dots, the next of three irregular
shaped ocelli minutely dotted with white, the fifth of regular form, the sixth with
double black centre, and both white dotted, a marginal purple-bordered lunular line.
Female. Upperside: forewing with two apical prominent spots and three oblique
transverse discal spots: hindwing with apical spots larger and more prominent.
Underside as in male, except that on the forewing the oblique subapical band is more
irregular and extends to posterior angle, and the lower ocellus is absent. Cilia
alternated with white. Body dark brown, palpi at sides, and legs beneath white
streaked.
Expanse, ¢ 24, ¢22 inches.

‘Found in the neighbourhood of coffee-plantations south of Newera Eliya, at
about 3000 feet elevation. It appeared plentiful, except from January to March”
(Hutchison).

Taken also at Kandy and Dickoya by Captain Wade.

LETHE DRYPETES (Prare 8, Fic. 1a, 0).

Debis Drypetes, Hewitson, Exotic Butterflies, iii. Deb. pl. 2, f. 11, 12 (1863), 9.
Debis embolima, Butler, Entom, Monthly Mag. iii. p. 77 (1866), ¢.

Male. Upperside dark olive-brown: forewing without markings: hindwing
with three submarginal very indistinct small black spots. Underside dark brown ;
both wings with a transverse subbasal wavy dark-bordered purple line: forewing
' with an oblique transverse discal purple band, a submarginal curved row of five small
purple-bordered ocelli, the upper one indistinct, a marginal narrow pale wavy line:
hindwing with a transverse discal medially-angled purple-bordered dark brown line,
a submarginal row of five purple-bordered ocelli, the first or upper one and the fifth
only regularly formed, the others oval and numerously white speckled, a marginal
distinct lunular purple line. Cilia brownish-ochreous. Female. Upperside fer-
ruginous olive-brown, externally dusky-brown: forewing with two prominent sub-
apical ochreous-white spots, an oblique transverse discal macular band extending to
lower median vein, submarginal small indistinct black spots: hindwing with four

VOL. I. D

18 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

upper submarginal ochreous-yellow outer bordered black spots, the second spot large
and extending to the pale-bordered marginal line, the first bemg a minute apical dot
with broad yellow outer border. Underside paler, markings as in male, except that
on the forewing the oblique discal band is purplish-white, the lower submarginal
ocellus is absent, and the ocelli on both wings are bordered with purplish-white.
Body dark olive-brown ; palpi at sides, and legs beneath grey streaked.

Expanse, ¢ 275, ¢ 2:5 inches.

“Taken in the hills of the central. province at 3000 feet and slightly above, at
all times. Very local; found in several spots of limited extent” (Hutchison).

LETHE DARETIS (Prate 7, Fic. 2 a, 5).
Debis Daretis, Hewitson, Exotic Butterflies, iii. p. 75, Deb. pl. 2, f. 7, 8 (1863), ¢.

Male. Upperside dark olive-brown: forewing with a very small ochreous costal
spot above end of the cell, and two small less distinct spots before the apex:
hindwing with a submarginal row of five small indistinct black slightly pale-
bordered spots. Underside dark brown, with a medial and subbasal transverse
sinuous purple-grey band on both wings: forewing with an oblique discal transverse
pale ochreous irregular lunular band, five small black purple-bordered submarginal
ocelli, and marginal lunular purple line: hindwing with six distinct well-formed
purple-bordered submarginal ocelli, and marginal lunular purple line. Female.
Upperside ferruginous olive-brown: forewing with two prominent ochreous-yellow
subapical spots, transverse discal macular band extending to the submedian vein, and
four or five small indistinct black submarginal spots: hindwing with a submarginal
row of five well-defined oval ochreous-yellow bordered black spots, an upper
marginal narrow lunular yellow line. Underside as in male, markings more
prominent, oblique discal band on forewing broader. Cilia alternated with white.
Body dark brown, palpi at sides and legs beneath grey streaked.

Expanse, ¢ 2,45, 2 2x5 inches.

‘Found all the year round, but most plentiful in the spring in the hills of the
central province at about 5000 to 6000 feet elevation, in grass-land or close to

forests. Rather shy; flight rapid, often settling down in grass or on open road”
(Hutchison).

Genus HANIPHA.

Wings similar in form and venation to Lethe, but the forewing comparatively
shorter and of less breadth, and the hindwing longer. Male with a conspicuous
lengthened tuft of short hairs transversely covering a sericeous patch of compact

SATYRIN AG. 19

raised scales between the lower median and submedian veins; lower median vein
much curved.
Type, H. Sihala.

HANIPHA SIHALA (Prat 8, Fia. 2 a,b).
Lethe Sthala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 555.

Male. Upperside dark olive-brown: forewing with two very indistinct or
obsolete dusky-white apical spots, and a longitudinal tuft of long blackish-brown
hairs between lower median and submedian vein: hindwing with a submarginal
series of indistinct black spots. Underside, basal area dark brown, apical area pale
brown, being divided on the forewing by an oblique discal chalybeate-purple streak,
and on the hindwing by a discal medially-angled dark brown line; a submarginal
series of four very indistinct ocelli on forewing formed bya central black dot and two
chalybeate rings ; a submarginal series of six larger ocelli on hindwing formed by a
black spot with a single white central dot and fulvous outer ring, each being
encircled by purple border; both wings with a dark brown purple-bordered subbasal
transverse line. Female. Upperside brown, basal area paler: forewing with a broad
oblique discal white band and a terminal spot near posterior angle; a small white
apical spot and two indistinct streaks below it; an indistinct series of blackish
submarginal spots: hindwing with a submarginal series of five black spots, the
middle spot very small, the upper spots with broad irregular whitish-brown borders,
the two lower with pale brown rings and a white central dot. Underside brown at
base, outer borders paler; forewing with oblique band as above and five submarginal
spots: hindwing as in male: subbasal transverse line purple-bordered, and the
irregular medial line with whitish-brown outer border.

Expanse, 3 24, 2 24 inches.

‘Rare and very local. Observed only in two places in forest land near Newera
Ehya. Habits similar to Lethe Drypetes”’ (Hutchison).

The female of this species is much like L. Dynsate, but it differs in having a
narrower oblique discal band and more defined subapical white and black spots on
the forewing, and the hindwing has paler interspaces between the outer series of
spots. The underside also differs in the forewing having five submarginal ringlet
spots instead of four, and the hindwing has all the spots smaller, the costal spot and
the second anal being one-third less in size.

20 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

HANIPHA DYNSATE (Prater 9, Fic. 1, lag).
Debis Dynsate, Hewitson, Exotic Butterflies, iii. p. 76, Deb. pl. 2, f. 9, 10 (1863), 9.

Female. Upperside ferruginous-brown: forewing dark brown externally, with
a broad oblique discal white band and a terminal spot, two very small subapical
white spots, the lower black-bordered: hindwing with two large pale-bordered
blackish subapical confluent spots, a very small lower spot and two larger uniform
oval spots, a dark discal pale-bordered angled band, and outer marginal black lines.
Underside chestnut-brown : forewing with broad white oblique transverse band, three
upper submarginal brown-ringed black spots bordered with purple, and a less distinct
spot above them on the costa: hindwing with pale-bordered angled discal band and
six submarginal purple-bordered ocelli the first and fifth largest; both wings with a
purple-bordered marginal line and a subbasal purple-bordered brown sinuous line.
(Male: unknown.)

Expanse, ¢ 24 inches.

Genus CALYSISME.

Mycalesis (part), Hubner; Doubleday.

Wings short, broad: forewing with the costa arched at the base, apex acute in
male, less so in female, exterior margin oblique, curved, posterior angle acute ; costal,
median, and submedian veins swollen at the base; second subcostal branch emitted
immediately before end of the cell; discocellulars very concave, radials from two
angles in upper near subcostal; cell broad: hindwing oval, costa arched at base,
exterior margin convex, dentate, first subcostal branch emitted before end of the cell,
discocellulars slightly concave, radial from their middle, two upper median branches
from end of the cell. Male with an erectile tuft of fine hairs springing from base of
subcostal vein. Body slender, palpi porrect, slender, finely pilose beneath, legs
slender, squamose.

CALYSISME DRUSIA (Pirate 11, Fic. 3, 38a ¢).
Papilio Drusia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 84, f. C, D (1775), 9.

Upperside brown, marginal lines pale ochreous-brown: forewing with a large
prominent ocellus: hindwing in female with one or two subanal ocelli. Underside
pale ochreous-brown, with a broad discal band crossing both wings and marginal
lines greyish-white: forewing with a small upper and large lower ocellus, each
separately encircled by a-greyish-white line, in some specimens each ocellus has two

SATYRINAL. 21

additional minute ocelli attached to them one on each side above and below, and
encompassed by the greyish line: hindwing with seven ocelli, the second, third, and
seventh, the smallest, all encircled by one greyish-white band.

Hxpanse 1® to 22 inches.

Taken by Captain Wade in bamboo-thickets in the Kottawah Forest.

CALYSISME BLASIUS (Purare 11, Fic. 2, 2a¢).

Papilio Blasius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl-p. 426 (1798).
Mycalesis Blasius, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 720, f.4; 7d. Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 34.

Male and female. Upperside dark brown glossed with olive-brown: forewing
with or without a discal small white-pupilled black spot: underside dark uniform
vinous-brown, with a narrow purple-white discal band crossing both wings, and two
marginal lunular lines: forewing with four ocelli, the three upper ones small, all
encircled by a single purple band, some specimens having a small lower fifth ocellus,
which is also encompassed within the single purple band: hindwing with seven
ocelli, the second and third upper and the seventh the smallest, all beg encircled by
a single purple band.

Expanse 1} to 1? inch.

‘Found at all times in the western and central provinces; plains and up to
2000 feet, on grassy land. Flight short and slow, along edges of forest- oe and
grass land, settling on tufts of grass” (Hutchison).

CALYSISME PERSEUS (Prare 12, Fic. 1, lad).

Papilio Perseus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 488 (1775), 9.
Mycalesis Perseus, Butler, Proc. Zoo]. Soc. 1867, p. 719, f. 2; zd. Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus.
p: 38.

Male and female. Upperside brown: forewing with a transverse discal indis-
tinct darker line, a single ocellus near posterior angle varying in size from a small
white-pupilled black spot to a large spot with yellowish outer ring: hindwing with
one minute white-pupilled black spot in male and two in female. Underside varying
greyish-brown, basal half darkest with indistinct darker striz; a transverse discal
line with pale dentate marks, one on each vein; a subbasal indistinct similar marked
line: forewing with four minute white-pupilled black spots, the two medial spots
sometimes obsolete : hindwing with a submarginal row of seven small white-pupilled
ocelli with yellow outer rings, the second, third, and fourth either minute or

22 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

obsolete, the others sometimes blind; a marginal row of minute indistinct black
dots.
Expanse, ¢ 1$, 9 2 inches.

CALYSISME MINEUS (Prater 11, Fie. 4, a, d).

Papilio Mineus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 768 (1767); Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 488.
Mycalesis Mineus, Butler, Catal, Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 34; Catal. Satyr. B. M. p. 185.

Male and female. Upperside brown, transverse discal band of underside slightly
visible ; marginal and lunular submarginal line yellowish : forewing with a medium-
sized ocellus distinctly pupilled with white and yellow ringed: hindwing with a
minute subanal ocellus. Underside greyish or fuliginous-brown, both wings with a
prominent broad yellowish-white transverse discal band, and yellowish outer marginal
lines: forewing with two ocelli, the lowest large, each encircled by a separate pale
purple band ; in some specimens the lower ocellus has a smaller one attached beneath
it and which is also enclosed by the same purple band: hindwing with seven ocelli,
the upper second, third, and the last smallest, all encircled by one purple band.

Expanse 1+ to 1 inches.

Taken at Kandy by Captain Wade.

Genus ORSOTRIZAENA.

Orsotriena, Wallengren, Kon. Vet. Akad. Férh. xv. p. 79 (1858).
Mycalesis (part), Hubner.

Forewing comparatively shorter than in Calysisme, exterior margin less oblique,
the apex and posterior angle convex, costal vein only, in both sexes, swollen; male
with a tuft of fine hairs exserted from a glandular pouch above the base of sub-
median vein; discocellulars less concave: hindwing less arched at the base, anal
angle more convex, first subcostal branch emitted immediately before end of the cell,
middle median branch emitted before lower end of the cell; no erectile tuft of hairs
at base of the cell, these being replaced by a slight tuft of more delicate and recum-
bent hair above and below the median vein.

ORSOTRIZNA MANDATA (Prare 11, Fie. 1, la),

Mycalesis Mandata, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 233 (1857).
Mycalesis Gamaliba, Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1867, pl. 2, f. 3.

Male and female. Upperside brown, with transverse band of the underside
distinctly visible. Underside with a discal transverse broad white band: forewing

SATYEINZ. 23

with two small ocelli: hindwing with three prominent ocelli, the upper one being
small, and all encircled by a silvery band. Body brown, palpi with a lateral white
line.

Expanse, ¢ 14, 2 1Z inches.

“ Frequents open ground at edges of forests. Found im the plas and up to
about 3000 feet. Western and central provinces, from May to September. Fheht
slow and for short distances; settles down among long grass and easily captured ~
(Hutchison).

Genus NISSANGA.

Forewing short, somewhat narrow, costa arched at base, apez acute, exterior
margin short, curved, posterior angle acute, second subcostal branch emitted at end
of the cell; hindwing short, costa convex at base and thence oblique to apex,
exterior margin oblique, slightly curved, anal angle convex, first subcostal branch
emitted immediately before end of the cell, discoceliulars erect and equal in length, two
upper median branches on a foot-stalk some distance beyond end of the cell. Male
with an erectile tuft of fine hairs springing from base of the cell and covermg a
small glandular patch at fork of the subcostal branches.

WISSANGA PATNIA (Prare 12. Fic. 2, 2a).
Mycalesis Patnia, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i p. 232 (1857).

Male and female. Upperside blackish ochreous-brown, a marginal double yellow
line on both wings: forewing with a subapical longitudinally-narrow white spot, a
large lower black spot (or upper half of an ocellus) pupilled with white and broadly
bordered on the upper half with pale ochreous-yellow, a broad medial ochreous streak
from thence to base of wing: hindwing with the discal area suffused with ochreous,
and in the male with two minute discal ocelli. Underside ochreous-yellow, marginal
lines bright yellow: forewing with an elongated subapical white spot and large
prominent lower ocellus, the lower portion of which is suffused with black; five
transverse lines commencing from the base, and circle round the subapical spot and
lower ocellus ochreous-red; a silvery band across the middle of the wing and another
round the upper spot and lower ocellus: hindwing with a subapical and two subanal
white spots distantly encircled by a black line and then by a red lme, each agam
enclosed by a silvery band; a subbasal silvery band and two red lines. Body brown,
palpi at the side and legs beneath greyish. .

Expanse, 4 12, ¢ 14 inches.

“Very common, and easy to capture. Taken at Galle and Kandy” (Capt. Wade).

24 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

Genus YPTHIMA.

Ypthima, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 63 (1816).

Wings small, broad: forewing triangular; costa arched, apex rounded, exterior
margin slightly convex, posterior margin straight ; costal vein short, much swollen
at base ; first subcostal branch emitted before end of the cell, second at one-third,
third at one-half, fourth and fifth at two-thirds beyond; upper discocellular angled
close to subcostal, concave below, lower concave, radials from the upper and middle
angles; median vein slightly swollen at the base, middle branch from near end of
the cell: hindwing broadly oval; costal vein curved towards the base ; first subcostal
branch emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars oblique, concave, radial from
angle of their middle; middle median branch from near end of the cell; submedian
and internal veins slightly recurved. Body small, slender; palpi long, slender, first
and second joints pilose beneath, third joint long; legs and antenne slender.

YPTHIMA SINGALA (Pate 12, Fic. 3, 3a).
Yphthima Singala, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gese. 1868, p. 283.

Male. Upperside brown: hindwing with one, sometimes two small indistinct
subanal spots encircled with yellow. Underside cinereous, numerously covered with
short brown strigee: forewing with transverse indistinct brown discal and marginal
band, and a prominent bipupilled ocellus : hindwing with six small well-formed ocelli
disposed in regular linear order, the first upper being very minute. Female.
Upperside : forewing with a subapical bipupilled ocellus: hindwing with three small
subanal ocelli. Underside as in male.

Hxpanse, ¢ 13%, ¢ lip inch.

“Rare. A few specimens only taken in long grass on borders of coffee-
plantations at Buselowe, 3000 feet elevation’ (Hutchison).

YPTHIMA THORA (Prater 12, Fic. 4, 4a).

Male. Upperside brown: forewing with a prominent subapical bipupilled
ocellus: hindwing with a small indistinct subanal ocellus. Underside cinereous,
numerously covered with short delicate brown strige: forewing with a very indistinct
discal and marginal band, ocellus prominent: hindwing with five very minute ocelli,
disposed in linear order.

Expanse, ¢ 1; inch,

SATYRIN AS.

ho
On

YPTHIMA CEYLONICA (Prats 12, Fie. 5, 5a).

Yphthima Ceylonica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 288, pl. 18, f. 14, 15.

Male and female. Upperside brown: forewing with a large apical bipupilled
ocellus : hindwing white on the exterior half, with two central submarginal ocelli and
a third smaller imperfect ocellus at anal angle, a brown sinuous marginal line and an
even outer line. Underside cinereous-white, sparsely covered with delicate brown
strigee, which are less numerous on the hindwing: forewing with the ocellus more
elongated than above and brown bordered : hindwing with one apical and three lower
ocelli.

Expanse, ¢ 145%, % 1a inch.

Very common at Galle and Colombo among grass and weeds by the roadside.
Fhght short, constantly settling down on leaves or in grass” (Hutchison).

Genus ELYMNIAS.
Elymnias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 37 (1816) ; Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p.519.

Wings short, broad; forewing triangular; costal margin very convex, apex
acute, exterior margin slightly oblique and sinuous, posterior margin slightly convex ;
male with a patch of thickened adpressed scales above submedian vein; costal vein
much swollen at its base, extending to middle of the costa; subcostal arched near
base, first and second branches emitted before end of the cell, third trifid; cell
broad, short; discocellulars oblique, upper angled, lower concave; upper radial from
lower angle; upper and middle median branches emitted from lower end of the cell;
submedian bent near the base: hindwing subtriangular, anterior margin very
convex, exterior margin convex, sinuous, angled or caudate in middle ; costal vem
short looped at its base and emitting a spur upward; first subcostal emitted at half
length of the cell, second from end of cell and extending to apex; cell short and
broad ; upper discocellular erect, lower concave, radial from their angle; two upper
median branches from end of the cell. Body slender; palpi long, slender, pilose
above ; legs slender, squamose; antenne very slender.

ELYMNIAS FRATERNA (Ptare 13, Fic. 1 a, 5).
Elymnias fraterna, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, f. 3, 6.

Male. Upperside dark purple-brown: forewing with exterior margin slightly
fulvous; an oblique subapical indistinct blue maculated fascia: hindwing with a
broad fulvous marginal band having paler centres between the veins. Underside
dark purplish-ferruginous, a triangular apical space and outer borders broadly

VOL. I. E

26 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

covered with numerous grey-brown strigz, the basal areas also with more regularly
disposed strige, a distinct bluish-white spot on anterior border of hindwing.
Female. Blackish purple-brown: forewing with basal and discal areas fulvous, a
subapical oblique purple-white fascia and three lower marginal spots: hindwing with
the basal and discal area fulvous, branches of median vein and abdominal area orey
speckled, a marginal row of four bluish-white spots. Underside as in male, but
paler, the basal area slightly fulvous, and the striga on borders more prominent.

Expanse, ¢ 23, ¢ 3 inches.

Larva elongated, slightly thickened in middle, pubescent, head small, yellow,
surmounted by two pink pubescent processes, last segment also with two processes ;
green, with three lateral yellow lines, the upper line ornamented with chrome-yellow
spots and the fifth to eighth segments with a red or blue spot. Pupa green, with
longitudinal yellow streaks bordered by red streaks or spots; head and thorax
flattened, with three short tubercles. Feeds on Palmacee.

Occurs at Galle, and also about Kandy. (Wade.)

ELYMNIAS SINGHALA (Ptare 13, Fie. 2, 2a).

Elymnias Singhala, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 568, 2 .

Male. Upperside dark purple-brown : forewing with a marginal macular-band
formed of pale greenish-grey quadrate patches, a few ochreous strigze on the costal
margin: hindwing with a broad marginal band of pale greenish-ochreous longitudi-
nally-confluent strige. Underside: basal areas purple-brown, outer areas pinkish-
grey, covered with numerous black strigze, most dense on basal areas and along
extreme outer margins; an indistinct purple-white apical spot and a submarginal
row of black dots on hindwing. Female brighter coloured, the marginal bands more
prominent.

Expanse 3 to 3% inches.

Occurs at Kandy. (Wade.)

Subfamily NYMPHALINZ.

Front legs atrophied in both sexes; lower discocellular veinlet—at least of the
hindwing—more or less atrophied. Larva smooth, with the head or tail bifid; or
covered with branched spines. Pupa suspended freely by the tail.

“The strength and firm texture of the wings of the butterflies of this subfamily

NYMPHALINZ. 27

enable them to keep up an unceasing activity during the bright hours of the day.
They seem to delight in displaying their exquisite beauty to the sun, coquetting with
him untiringly while his face shines ardently upon them. Their flight, though so
powerful, is not observed to sustain these charming insects in one uniform direction,
like the Huplea’s, but serves rather to enable them, when rambling in their frolic,
to make wide sweeps within no very extensive area; the larger species, like gorgeous
moving flowers brightening up the green fohlage of the trees and, with the birds,
giving animation to the otherwise still life of the rich, varied vegetation of Ceylon.
Some species of these butterflies, like the Junonias, prefer to display their bright
expanded wings upon the sunny ground, whilst others, like Neptis, fly gaily about the
low flowering shrubs. Many kinds, like Diadema, &c., when at play, return again
and again at certain intervals of time to the same or to nearly contiguous spots, and
thus give the collector renewed opportunities of capture.” (Note by Dr. Thwaites.)

Genus ROHANA.
Apatura, Sect. II. Felder, Neues Lep. p. 36 (1861).

Wings short ; forewing triangular; first subcostal branch emitted near end of
the cell, second at a short distance beyond the cell, third and fourth at equal
distances; discocellular short, angled close to subcostal, upper radial from the angle
and lower radial from its end; cell open; lower median branch emitted from opposite
discocellular, the two upper at some distance beyond ; submedian straight : hindwing
triangular; costal vein curved upward, extending to apex, with a short basal curved
spur; subcostals and radial contiguous at base but divergent; cell open; lower
median branch emitted at a short distance from base of the two upper, submedian
and inner vein recurved. Body short, thorax stout, palpi porrect, pointed, flat
beneath, squamose, legs short, squamose, antenne slender.

Type, R. Parysatis.

ROHANA CAMIBA (Prate 14, Fic. 1 a, 4, c).

Male. Upperside dark purple-black : forewing with a subapical linear series of
three minute white spots. Ciliz white streaked. Underside greyish purple-brown,
costal area beyond the cell on forewing and exterior border of both wings chestnut-
red; a black-lined chestnut-red mark and two inner small spots within both cells,
and a small spot below the cell on forewing; a slender black zigzag inner-discal line,
followed by a suffused black fascia and a submarginal row of purple-grey rings
crossing both wings, the latter ending at the apex in a more prominent continuous
grey streak, and the inner line bordered externally by purple-white spots which are
; E 2

28 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

less distinct on the hindwing; the three transverse subapical small white spots
distinct and followed by two other very minute spots, and then a black spot, all
visible on the blackish fascia; a subanal black spot pupilled with white and circled
with chestnut-red on hindwing. Female. Upperside ferruginous, darkest basally ;
markings as in male but of a ferrugimous-brown colour, the transverse discal white
spots and subanal ocellus distinct. Underside paler, markings less distinct, except
the white spots on forewing which are also purple bordered.

Expanse, ¢ ly, ? 1; inch.

Larva smooth, head smail and surmounted by two black spined-processes
projecting in front, last segment with two green naked processes; pale yellowish-
green with a dark green dorsal and two lateral bands; face black streaked. Pupa
green, with a pointed angle on middle of thorax and on basal segment of abdomen ;
head attenuated, with two points. Feeds on Celtis lycodoxylon.

*“Common on forest ground in the hills about 5000 feet near Newera Hliya.
Frequently seen basking on the road” (Hutchison).

This species is closely allied to R. Parisatis, of which a large series of both are
under examination, but differs in its slightly more acute angle below the apex of
forewing in both sexes, and a more prolonged anal angle in male, the male also haying
three white spots on upperside of forewing, one only being present in A. Parisatis.

Genus CHARAXES.

Charaxes, Ochs. Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 18 (1816).

Forewing triangular, costa arched, apex narrow; exterior margin oblique,
uneven, concave in the middle, posterior margin straight; first and second subcostal
branches emitted before end of the cell, third immediately beyond the end and
extending to the apex, fourth and fifth at one-third beyond; upper discocellular
short, angled, lower slender and curved, radials from angles of the upper; median
branches wide apart, upper curved; submedian curved at the base: hindwing
triangular ; costa very convex at the base, exterior margin nearly straight, sinuous,
with a slender tail at end of upper and lower median veins, abdominal margin long;
costal vein much curved, extending to the apex, with a short bent basal spur,
subcostals and radial equidistant from costal vein, cell closed by a slender disco-
cellular vein, two upper median branches from end of the cell, submedian and internal
veins wide apart, internal short. Body short, thorax robust, palpi porrect, pointed
at apex, flat beneath, squamose, legs squamose, antenn stout.

NYMPHALINA:. 29

CHARAXES FABIUS (Prare 15, Fie. 1).

Papilio Fabius, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 12 (1781).
Charaxes Fabius, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 52.
Papilio Solon, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 69 (1798).

Male and female. Upperside blackish olive-brown: forewing with two subbasal
small yellow spots, and a transverse discal recurved series of seven, or eight spots,
the three lowest widest, a marginal row of minute spots: hindwing with a transverse
medial irregular yellow band, a submarginal row of small lunules and a marginal
row of small geminate spots, those at anal angle greenish. Underside lilac-grey,
dullest at base and purple-tinted externally ; both wings with white discal markings
as in upperside, bordered with a black inner line, and basal irregular black streaks :
forewing with a submarginal row of black-bordered ochreous-yellow spots, and a
marginal row of indistinct purple-white spaces: hindwing with a discal irregular
row of black-bordered yellow lunules, each surmounted by an inner purple-white and
a black lunule; a marginal row of ochreous-yellow lunules, each surmounted by an
indented black line bordered above and beneath with purple-white.

Expanse, ¢ 2%, ¢ 32 inches.

Captured at Dambool and Kandy. Not very common. (Wade.)

Genus EULEPIS.
Eulepis, Dalm. in Billb. Enum. Ins. p. 80 (1820).

Wings similar in form to Charazes ; veins of forewing also similar ; hindwing
with the second subcostal branch and radial nearer the first branch; cell open;
upper and middle median branches further from lower branches, internal vein longer.

EULEPIS SAMATHA (Prare 14, Fic. 2 a, 6).

Charaxes Samatha, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 881.

Male and female. Upperside dark blackish-brown, suffused with olive-brown
basally, a broad medial discal pale sulphur-green band crossing both wings: forewing
with a small subapical spot and a single or obsolete apical minute spot: hindwing
with a submarginal row of small white spots, and a marginal indistinct row of
fulvous lunules. Underside pinkish olive-brown, discal band and subapical spots as
above, nacreous, and bordered inwardly by a black line: forewing with an outer
discal row of black lunules on a purple fascia, and basal white-bordered black streaks
and two small spots: hindwing with an outer discal row of deep crimson lunules

30 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

bordered with purple and black; a basal white-bordered black line, a submarginal
row of purple-white lunular spots bordered outwardly by black and ochreous.

Expanse 23 inches.

Larva elongated, thickened in the middle, dark green; head large, wide,
flattened, surmounted by four spinous processes ; last segment with two short naked
points ; the segments with an oblique yellowish-white stripe most prominent on the
seventh, ninth, and eleventh, beneath these a lateral series of small white spots.
Pupa cylindrical, back and thorax convex, head truncated, pointed in front; green,
streaked with white. Feeds on Cesalpinia.

“Taken at Colombo and Kandy. Males most frequently found perched high up
on acacia-trees. Flight quick and strong. Common” (Wade).

Genus HARIDRA.

Similar in form and venation to Charazes ; hindwing more convex externally,
costal margin shorter, costal vein more curved; a short tail only from end of the
upper median vein.

HARIDRA PSAPHON (Prare 15, Fic. 2).
Charaxes Psaphon, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entom. p. 438, pl. 21, f. 1, 2 (1848), ¢.

Male. Upperside fulvous-red: forewing with the outer half purple-black, a
discocellular red-lined black mark, and some indistinct black discoidal streaks :
hindwing with a very broad apical submarginal black band attenuated and broken
hindward and ending in two small white-bordered anal spots, a short curved black
streak from the costa. Underside fulvous-brown, washed with purple-grey, crossed
by three basal and two discal zigzag black lines with pale borders: forewing with a
submarginal blackish macular fascia, and hindwing with a lunular fascia and marginal
row of small black pointed white anchor-shaped marks.

Female unknown.

Expanse, ¢ 32 inches.

“Taken near Trincomalee in August, fluttering over the ground on the edge of
forest jungle” (Hutchison).
Also found at Kandy. (Wade.)

HARIDRA SERENDIBA (Prat 15, Fie. 3, ¢ ).

Female. Upperside deep fulvous-red : forewing with a broad transverse medial
discal purple-white band, showing some dusky sinuous streaks of the underside, and

NYMPHALINA. 31

bordered inwardly by black streaks, the outer border to external margin being
brown-black with a slight fulvous lunular posterior inner streak: hindwing with a
short medial discal purple-white band bordered inwardly by a narrow black streak ;
a submarginal black macular band, broad and entire apically, thence attenuated and
broken into smaller spots to anal angle and surmounted by a small white central
streak one between each vein. Underside fulvous-brown, darkest basally and
externally and washed with purple-grey ; the disc transversely fulvous-white, or very
pale fulvous, base with transverse irregular zigzag black lines, a short line beyond
the cell and a sinuous line across the disc, a submarginal irregular dusky lunular
fascia on forewing, and hindwing with a row of small black-pointed anchor-shaped
white marks.
Hxpanse 3? inches.

Taken in the forest at Kottawa, and at Kandy, by Captain Wade.

Genus EUTHALIA.

Euthalia, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 41 (1816).
Aconthea, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. East India Company (1829), pl. 8, f. 6.
Adolias, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. des Lep. i. pl. 3, f. 2 (1836) ; Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 289.

Forewing triangular, costa arched, apex somewhat pointed, exterior margin
uneven, slightly concave in the middle, posterior margin straight, first subcostal
branch emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell, second near its end, third
at one-fourth beyond and extending to apex, fourth and fifth at three-fourths beyond
and terminating below the apex; discocellular short, very obliquely imward, and
slightly angled near its upper and lower end, the radials from its angles; cell open,
narrow; median branches wide apart, the two upper opposite the discocellular ;
submedian straight, hindwing triangular, costa arched, exterior margin scalloped,
convex, anal angle pointed in male; costal vein curved, extending to apex, with a
short curved basal spur; first subcostal branch and radial equidistant from costal,
cell open; median, submedian, and internal veins wide apart. Body short, robust,
palpi porrect, pointed at apex, pilose above, flattened and squamose beneath, legs
squamose, antennz long.

EUTHALIA LUBENTINA (Purare 16, Fie. | a, 6).

Papilio Lubentina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. p. 92, pl. 155, f. C, D (1779), ¢ ; Donovan, Ins. of China,
pl. 36, f. E.

Male and female. Upperside dark greenish-brown, paler and enescent exter-
nally: forewing with short black transverse discoidal streaks and two dull scarlet

32 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

interspaces, a black spot below the cell, three white spots beyond the cell, and a
recurved discal series, a submarginal indistinct black lunular fascia: hindwing with
costal border purple washed, a black. discocellular mark, a submarginal row of
black-bordered scarlet spots, and a marginal row of black spots, the three apical and
anal spots being bordered externally with scarlet. Underside: forewing greenish
purple-brown, suffused with ochreous-brown apically, markings more prominent than
above: hindwing ochreous-brown, greenish-brown anally, the scarlet spots very
prominent and with scarcely any black border, the costal margin, two discoidal
black-bordered spots, and two above them, are also scarlet. Female. Forewing
with a medial transverse outwardly-oblique irregular macular greenish-white band,
and three small subapical spots, a dull scarlet discoidal mark: hindwing marked as
in male. Underside: forewing greyish-purple at base, apex ochreous-brown,
posterior angle greenish-grey, macular white band and spots as above, two scarlet-
streaked black discoidal marks and two basal spots: hindwing ochreous-grey,
greenish-grey anally, scarlet markings as in male but less distinct, and the posterior
submarginal spots nearly obsolete.

Expanse, ¢ 25, 2 3 inches.

Larva green, with ten pair of long green laterally projecting very delicate
branched spines, each pair tipped with crimson; a large dorsal purple spot centred
with white on back of the fourth, sixth, seventh, and ninth to twelfth segments ;
head spotted with black. Pupa short, green, keeled along the back and broadly
triangular across the middle; a pale line along the keel and across the middle, a red
lateral line and thoracic spots. Feeds on Loranthus.

Occurs in the same districts as D. Hvelina, and has similar habits, the flight
being quicker and stronger ” (Hutchison).

EUTHALIA GARUDA (Prater 16, Fie. 2, 2a).

Adolias Garuda, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 186 (1857); Trans. Ent. Soe.
1859, p. 64, pl. 3, f.2, 4 2.

Male. Upperside dark olive-brown, basal area dusky: forewing with three
black-lined discoidal marks and streak below the cell, a series of three, or five,
transverse upper discal white dentate spots, two smaller spots on costal margin
before the apex, a submarginal suffused dusky fascia: hindwing suffused with pink
on anterior border, a discal curved dentate dusky band, two black-lined discoidal
marks, a submarginal row of small black spots. Underside light greyish-brown,
greyest at the base and apex, marked as above but less distinct. Female paler
olive-brown, generally suffused with ochreous, markings as in male, except that

NYMPHALIN AE. 33

the white discal spots on forewing are much larger. Underside paler than in
male.

Expanse, ¢ 23, @ 2% inches.

Larva green, with ten pair of long laterally-projecting very delicate branched
green spines; a pale dorsal line with blue and white spots, head red spotted. Pupa
green, thick, keeled along the back, broadly triangular across the middle; abdominal
end short, tubercular at tip, thoracic end long ending in two tubercular points; a
band across the triangular back, some thoracic spots, and the tubercular points
yellow ; a lateral row of black dots on abdomen.

EUTHALIA VASANTA (Prats 17, Fic. 2 a, b).
Adolias Vasanta, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1859, p. 78, pl. 7, f. 2, 9.

Male. Upperside blackish purple-brown: forewing with the discal area
transversely glossed with greenish-brown and sinuously bordered with black, dis-
coidal black-lined marks and streaks below the cell: hindwing with anal area
greenish glossed, discoidal black-lined marks, a discal curved black sinuous band,
and marginal row of small black spots. Underside ochreous-grey, brownish
externally, markings as above, less distinct. Female. Upperside olive-brown :
forewing with an outwardly oblique discal macular white band; other markings and
underside as in male, but paler.

Hxpanse, ¢ 23, @ 2% inches.

Larva dark green, with ten pair of long paler green laterally-projecting branched
spines; a whitish dorsal line and a lateral row of yellow dots, the segments crossed
by a purple line. Pupa short, green, keeled along the back, broadly triangular across
the middle; a lateral band, a band across the triangular back, and thoracic black-
bordered spots yellow ; a lateral abdominal row of black dots. Feeds on Mangifera,
&e.

“Common at Colombo, about mango and cashew-trees. Flight rapid. Settles
on the leaves and on the ground” (Hutchison). Plentiful at Galle and Kandy. (Wade.)

Genus DOPHLA.
Adolias, sect. V. Felder, Neues Lep. p. 35 (1861).

Forewing triangular, costa much arched, apex truncate, exterior margin more or
less even, angular below the apex and very concave in the middle, posterior margin
long, straight ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-third before end of the cell,

VOL. I. E

34 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

second near its end, third at one-fourth beyond and extending to apex, fourth and
fifth at three-fourths beyond; upper discocellular short inwardly oblique, waved,
lower discocellular outwardly oblique and slightly concave, upper radial from close to
subcostal, lower radial from near end of upper discocellular ; upper median branch
from end of the cell, middle branch from immediately below its end, submedian
slightly recurved : hindwing bluntly oval, costa slightly arched in male, straight in
female, exterior margin very convex, more or less even; cell closed by a slender
oblique discocellular vein, other veins as in Huthalia. Body robust.

DOPHLA EVELINA (Prater 17, Fie. 1, 1a).
Papilio Evelina, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer’s Pap. Exot. pl. 28, f. 2, 2b (1791), ¢.

Male and female. Upperside xnescent sap-green ; both wings with a transverse
discal dusky lunular fascia, and a less distinct marginal fascia: forewing with two
discoidal black-lmed marks, the upper part of the inner one centred with vermillion :
hindwing with one black-lined mark. Underside greenish-grey, with dull sap-green
transverse discal and a confluent double marginal fascia: forewing with discoidal
marks as above: hindwing with two discoidal marks, and two rings above them,
both of which and the inner discoidal are centred with vermillion.

Expanse, ¢ 3, 2 4 inches.

“Occurs in the eastern and western provinces in low country forests in June.
Flight rapid, along forest-paths, settling in thick parts of trees and sometimes on the
ground. Shy ” (Hutchison).

Rather common in the Kottawa forest, but difficult to capture. ( Wade.)

Genus SYMPHADRA.

Symphedra, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 39 (1816); Westwood, Diurnal Lep. p. 294.
Adolias, Sect. x. Felder, Neues Lep. p. 35 (1861).

Wings short: forewing triangular, costa slightly arched, exterior margin short
slightly scalloped, posterior margin straight; first and second subcostal branches
emitted before end of the cell, third at one-fifth beyond, fourth and fifth at two-thirds
beyond ; discocellular very short convexly angular, the radials from the angles; cell
open, short, broad; lower median branch opposite discocellular, the two upper at
some distance beyond, submedian straight: hindwing broadly oval, exterior margin
very convex, scalloped, abdominal margin short; veins similar to Huthalia. Body

small, palpi porrect, somewhat pilose, legs squamose, antenne of moderate length,
stout.

NYMPHALINA.

oo
Or

SYMPHADRA NAIS.
Papilio Nais, Forster, Nove Spee. Ins. Cent. i. p. 78 (1771).
Papilio Thyelia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii, i. p- 142 (1798); Donovan, Ins. of India, pl. 81, f. 8.
Symphedra Thyelia, Doubleday and Hewits., Gen. of D. Lep. pl. 42, f. 6; Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep.
Brit. Mus. p. 87.

Male and female. Upperside fulyous-red : forewing with a broad black disco-
cellular spot, a contiguous discal spot, an oblique subapical streak, and a transverse
submarginal and marginal narrow lunular band, the two joined by streaks on the
veins : hindwing with a large black medial costal spot, a submarginal row of small
round spots, and broad marginal band, the black slightly ascending the veins. Cilia
alternated with white. Underside brownish-ochreous ; forewing with the discal area
bright ochreous, two discoidal black ringlet-marks bordered between by white, a black
contiguous discal spot, an oblique short subapical white macular band bordered
inwardly with dark brown, followed by lower submarginal black lunules: hindwing
with transverse medial discal band, which is sometimes broken or consisting only of
a costal and lower spots; two small discoidal red-centred spots, and a submarginal
row of small black spots.

Expanse, ¢ 2%, ¢ 24 inches.

Larva dark green, with ten pair of long green laterally-projecting very delicate
branched spines; a dorsal row of dark blue-bordered red spots. Pupa green, thick,
keeled along the back, broadly triangular across the middle, a black-bordered pale
band across the triangular back and some thoracic spots.

Genus DISCOPHORA.
Discophora, Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lep. i. pl. 12, f. 3 (1836) ; Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 829 (1851).

Wings short, broad; forewing triangular; costa arched, apex acute, exterior
margin slightly oblique and straight, posterior margin straight; costal vein extending
to near the apex ; first and second subcostal branches contiguous and emitted near
end of the cell, first anastomed with costal at two-thirds its length, second trifurcate
near the apex; radials from upper end of the cell, the upper much curved; disco-
cellulars bent inward at their middle, the lower oblique; cell broad; median veins
wide apart and at equal distances; submedian curved at its base: hindwing convex
externally in male, in female more or less sinuous and with a slight angle at apex
and in middle of posterior margin ; abdominal margin long ; costal vein much curved
its entire length, terminating at the apex and with a short curved basal spur; two
subcostal branches and radial at equal distances apart; cell open in both sexes;
upper median branch much curved; submedian and internal veins near the margin,

F 2

36 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

internal short. Males with a prominent round glandular patch of raised scales at
the angles of median branches. Body robust, short, palpi long, ascending, slender,
apex pointed, squamose beneath, pilose above; legs squamose, antennz long.

DISCOPHORA LEPIDA (Prare 18, Fie. 1 a, 0).
Enispe lepida, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 213 (1857), 9.

Male. Upperside purple-brown: forewing with a small subapical outwardly
oblique transverse bluish-purple white macular-band, and some very indistinct
contiguous lower submarginal spots : hindwing with a distinct black oval discocellular
spot : underside ochreous-brown, numerously covered with dark brown strige, with
a darker brown discoidal spot, sinuous subbasal transverse line and broader medial
discal indistinct fascia, and outer marginal sinuous grey-bordered lines: hindwing
with a large upper discal and a lower subanal pale-bordered ocellus. Female paler
purple-brown : forewing with a broad transverse discal purple-white macular-band,
an inner discal series of three small spots, and a submarginal row of purplish-ochreous
spots: hindwing with three discal rows of irregular lunular ochreous spots, and a
marginal line. Underside pale ochreous, indistinctly covered with numerous slender
brown strigee ; other markings as in male, but less distinct.

Hxpanse, ¢ 33, @ 4 inches.

Taken in forest land near Galle in July. Very rare. (Hutchison.)

Genus KALLIMA.
Kallima, Westwood, Gen. Diurnal Lep. p. 324 (1850).

Wings very broad, short; forewing triangular; costa very convex, apex produced
to a point ; exterior margin long convexly angular hindward ; posterior margin long,
slightly concave in middle; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of
the cell, third at one-fourth beyond and extending to apex, fourth forked at one-fourth
from the apex; cell short, broad; upper discocellular shortest, concave and angled
close to subcostal, lower concave, upper radial from angle near subcostal, lower
radial from their middle; median branches wide apart, the two upper from end of
the cell, upper much arched; submedian slightly recurved: hindwing lengthened
and produced into a narrow tail; costa slightly convex at the base, apex acute,
exterior margin convex in middle, abdominal margin very long, concave from anal
angle to tip of the tail; costal vein much arched from the base and extending to
apical angle, emitting a short forked basal spur ; first subcostal branch emitted
before end of the cell; discocellulars outwardly oblique, both concave; radial from

NYMPHALIN A. 37

their middle; cell short; two upper median branches from end of the cell; submedian
extending to tip of tail; internal vein terminating at anal angle. Body short, robust,
palpi large, porrect, pointed at apex, flattened beneath, squamose ; legs squamose ;
antenne long.

KALLIMA PHILARCHUS (Prare 20, Fie. 1, ¢).

Amathusia Philarchus, Westwood, Cabinet of Criental Entom. p. 56, pl. 27, f. 4 (1848), ¢.
rallima Philarchus, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 15.

Male. Upperside deep dusky steel-blue; forewing with a slightly paler blue
oblique transverse band with inner black discocellular interrupted border; apical
area blue-black with a white spot near the angle; two minute scarcely discernible
hyaline discal spots: hindwing tinged with brownish dusky-blue along the borders.
Underside purple ochreous-brown, indistinctly black speckled, with a dark brown
narrow band crossing both wings from apex to end of the tail: forewing with the
minute discal hyaline spots bordered with black speckles, a series of small black
spots near the apex : hindwing with an indistinct oblique discal row of very ill-defined
greyish ocelli.

Expanse 3© inches,

A very rare butterfly. Taken at Kandy. (Wade.)

KALLIMA MACKWOODI (Prare 20, Fic. 2, 2a).

(allima Mackwoodi, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 14.

Male. Upperside pale indigo-blue: forewing with a broad paler blue oblique
transverse discal band, which is outwardly bordered by a black sinuous line and
inwardly by interrupted discocellular streaks terminating on lower median vein,
apical area blue-black, with a small white spot near the angle, two prominent hyaline
discal spots, the lower spot large: hindwing tinged with brown along the anterior
and exterior borders, a black lunular submarginal line and indistinct discal spots.
Underside greenish ochreous-brown, black speckled, crossed by three indistinct
darker oblique purple fascize, with a prominent dark brown narrow transverse band
crossing both wings from apex to end of the tail: forewing with a series of small
black points above the hyaline spots: hindwing with a row of ill-defined and indistinet
ocelli on the medial fascia. Female paler above, the oblique band nearly white, with
two prominent hyaline discal spots.

Expanse, ¢ 3}, 2 34 inches.

38 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

Genus DOLESCHALLIA.
Doleschallia, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 14 (1861).

Wings short, broad, triangular ; costa very convex, apical angle acute, exterior
margin angled outward near the apex, concave below the angle and convex hindward ;
first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, third at nearly
one-half beyond, fourth forked at one-third from the apex; discocellulars short,
angled outward at their middle and extending only to one-third across the cell, the
cell being broad and open; radials from the middle and lower end of discocellulars ;
median branches wide apart, upper branch much curved; submedian nearly straight :
hindwing produced hindward to a short broad tail, costa very convex at the base,
apex acute, exterior margin slightly convex, abdominal margin deeply concave below
the anal angle; costal vein arched, extending to apex, and with a short basal forked
spur; first and second subcostal branches at equal distances from the base, radial
recurving from angle of lower subcostal; cell open, upper median branch arched;
submedian extending to tip of tail; internal vein short. Body short, robust; palpi
large, porrect, flattened beneath, apex pointed, squamose; legs squamose; antennze

long.

DOLESCHALLIA BISALTIDE (Pirate 19, Fie. 1 a, 0).

Papilio Bisaltide, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 102, f. C, D. (1779).
Doleschallia Bisaltide, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 14.

Male. Upperside deep fulvous: forewing with a very oblique black band from
middle of costa joining a marginal band which expands broadly at the apex, three
minute white spots obliquely before the apical angle: hindwing dusky fulyous on
anterior margin, with a more or less distinct small black upper and lower discal spot
and two wavy marginal lines: underside dark fulvous-brown or dark olive-brown,
obliquely fasciated with purple: forewing with two more or less prominent black-
bordered white discoidal streaks and a lower spot, a red-lned discocellular mark, a
transverse discal sinuous black line, a submarginal series of white spots, the two
lower spots ringed with purple, the upper terminating in a white costal streak, a
marginal dark brown lunular line: hindwing with a black-bordered white discoidal
spot and another spot above the cell, a transverse discal straight black line, a distinct
upper and lower discal ocellus, marginal black line indistinct and generally termi-
nating in a blue caudal streak, abdominal margin black speckled. Female. Upperside
slightly paler on forewing. Underside duller fulvous-brown or olive-brown, basal
white marks obsolete, other markings as in male, but less distinct.

Expanse, ¢ 24, 2 8 inches.

NYMPHALIN 43. 39

Larva long, somewhat slender, purple-black, with a dorsal and lateral series of
short delicate branched blue spines; a central lateral row of white spots. Pupa
slender, head produced into two points, constricted behind the thorax ; pale reddish-
purple, numerously dotted with black. Feeds on Acanthads.

“Taken in February and August in low country forest-paths in the Hastern
Province” (Hutchison).

Genus PRECIS.

Precis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 33 (1816); Felder, Neues Lep. p. 13.
Junonia, sect. 2, Precis, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 209.

Wings short, broad: forewing triangular, costa much arched, exterior margin
waved, truncated at the apex and excavated in the middle, posterior margin nearly
straight; costal vein short; first and second subcostal branches short, emitted close
to end of the cell; third trifurcate, emitted at nearly half length beyond the cell,
fourth and fifth at three-fourths beyond; upper discocellular angled close to the
subcostal, concave below, lower discocellular very slender, obliquely recurved; radials
from the angle and end of the upper; cell short, broad ; two upper median branches
from angle at end of the cell, lower widely separated: hindwing bluntly-oval, exterior
margin very convex, waved and prolonged into a very short tail at anal angle,
abdominal margin long, concave above anal angle; costal vein with a short basal
spur, much arched from the base and extending to the apex, base of subcostal very
short, two subcostal branches and radial very long; cell open; two upper median
branches short and emitted from opposite one-fourth distance beyond base of radial,
lower median opposite its base; submedian extending to anal angle, internal vem
short. Body short, palpi projecting in front, second jomt long, third short and
pointed, pilose above; legs slender ; antennz slender, club stout.

PRECIS IPHITA (Prater 21, Fie. 1 a, bd).

Papilio I[phita, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 209, f. C, D. (1779).
Precis Iphita, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 1438.
Junonia Iphita, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 76.

Precis intermedia, Felder, Reise Novara Lep. iii. p. 402 (1867).

Male and female. Upperside dark olive-brown; both wings with the basal half
darker brown, the divisional border across the dise being darkest, outwardly-angular
from the costa of forewing and slightly waved on the hindwing; a dark outer discal
fascia traversed on the forewing by one or two (or more) indistinct ocellated spots,
and on the hindwing by a series of distinct ochreous-ringed ocelli; a submarginal

40 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

and marginal lunular dark line; cilia white streaked. Underside darker brown, the

basal area crossed by three indistinct chalybeate-grey fascize, a discal divisional pale-

bordered line which is sinuous on the forewing and straight on the hindwing ; ocelli

less distinct than above; submarginal and marginal lunular line with pale borders.
Hxpanse 2; inches.

Taken at Kandy. ( Wade.)

Larva cylindrical, dark brown, with dorsal and lateral rows of short delicate
branched spines. Pupa short, with tubercular points on dorsal segments, thorax
broad.

PRECIS LAOMEDIA (Prats 21, Fre. 2).

Papilio Laomedia, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 772 (1767); Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. pl. 5, f 3;
Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 8, f F, G; Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 494.
Junonia Laomedia, Butler, Catal. abr. Lep. B. M. p. 77.

Male and female pale purple-grey: forewing with two black sinuous marks
across the cell, a transverse discal deeply-sinuous line, two marginal and a cilial
lunular line; a medial discal series of six various-sized white-circled ocelli and
apical white dentate marks, the ocelli with more or less transversely particoloured
(red and black) centres and mostly blind: hindwing with a less deeply sinuous black
discal line, two marginal and a cilial lunular line, a discocellular mark, and a medial
discal row of five similar ocelli. Underside ochreous-white, crossed by narrow brown
sinuous basal, discal, and less distinct marginal lines ; two ocelli prominent on each -
wing.

HExpanse 23 inches.

Occurs at Kandy and Galle. (Wade.)

Genus JUNONIA.

Junonia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 34, (1816) ; Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 206.

Scarcely differs from Precis ; it is similar in outline, except that in some species
the hindwing is angled at the middle of the exterior margin; the yenation is the
same, excepting that the lower discocellular yein is quite obsolete in both wings.

NYMPHALIN 4s. Al

JUNONIA LEMONIAS (Pare 21, Fic. 3, 8a, g Q).
Papilio Lemonias, Linneus, Mus. Ulr. p. 277 (1764); Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 770 (1767); Fabricius, Ent.
Syst. iii. p. 90.
Junonia Lemonias, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 74.
Papilio Aonis, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 35, f. D—F; Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. pl. 16, f. 7.

Male and female. Upperside greyish olive-brown: forewing with two sinuous
black-lined marks and two contiguous ochreous- -yellow marks within the cell; two
series of blackish-bordered ochreous-yellow transverse discal spots saclogus an
indistinct brown upper and a larger prominent lower red ocellus; a marginal and
cilial ochreous-yellow lunular line: hindwing with a large apical red ocellus enclosing
a minute indistinct upper and lower spot; an indistinct black discocellular mark ;
two marginal black lunular lines with pale ochreous-yellow borders. Underside
yellowish-ochreous; crossed by basal and discal dusky fascize and marginal lunular
lines, the fasciz on basal area sinuous, that crossing the dise of the hindwing nearly
straight and bordering a row of pale-bordered black points; a blind lower ocellus on
forewing.

Hxpanse, ¢ 22, ¢ 22,

Larva cylindrical, smoky black, with a pale dorsal band and paler lateral lower
shade; each segment with eight small branched spines.

“Occurs in the Hastern and Western Provinces, in low country forests and
cultivated ground. Found occasionally, at uncertain intervals, at Colombo, more
common on road to Trincomalie. Flight quick; settles on the ground ” (Hutchison).

“ A low country insect, more numerous in the interior than near the sea coast”
(Mackwood).

** Taken at Kandy” (Wade).

JUNONIA ORITHYA (PrateE 22, Fic. 1 a, 0).

Papilio Orithya, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 770 (1767); Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 19, f. C, D, 9,
pl. 82, f. E, F, @; iv. pl. 290, f. A, B, ¢; Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 37, f. 1, 9.

Junonia Orithya, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 34; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1, p. 141,
pl. 5, f. 5, 5 @; Butler, Caial. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 73.

Junonia Ocyale, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 34.

Male. Upperside: forewing dark blue-black from base to the disc, outer area
fuliginous-black; a purple-tinted ochreous-white short oblique subapical band, and
two transverse submarginal narrow lunular fasciz; on the inner fascia are two small
red-ringed ocelli, below which the posterior angle is tinged with blue; costal edge
ochreous-white: hindwing blue, suffused with purple; a black basal angular patch

VOL. I. a

42 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

curving across the cell towards the anal angle, and merging into brown on the
abdominal margin ; two ocelli near the outer margin, the lower red and ringed with
black, the upper almost black and blind ; two pale-bordered marginal lines.

Female differs in the hindwing having the basal half entirely black, both the
ocelli being large and of a bright red. Underside dull ochreous: forewing with three
transverse basal ochreous-red bands bordered with black; a discal sinuous black
fascia and pale outer lunular fasciz; ocelli less distinct: hindwing with narrow
brown transverse sinuous lines and a brownish discal fascia; ocelli very pale and
indistinct.

Hxpanse, g 13, 2 2 inches.

Larva dark purple-brown, each segment with short branched spines, two lateral
rows of small yellow spots. Pupa ochreous, speckled and lined with dark brown.
Feeds on Acanthads.

“Found at all times in the Western and Central Provinces, both in the plains
and up to 3000 feet in cultivated and open waste ground. Flight rather quick;
settles on the ground and seems partial to hot, dusty, and sandy spots ” (Hutchison).

** Occurs everywhere, but plentiful only from 2000 to 4000 feet; its favourite
resort being the Patenas, and particularly on the pathways or bare places in them”
(Machwood).

“Taken at Kandy and Galle” (Wade).

JUNONIA NONE (Prate 22, Fig. 3,8 a, ¢ 9).

Papilio Gnone, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 770 (1767); Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 85, f. A, B, C;
Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 38, f. 1; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p 90.

Junonia Ginone, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 834; Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 72.

Papilio Hierta, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. v. p. 424 (1798).

Male. Upperside black: forewing with a broad medial ochreous patch, extending
from the base to beyond the disc, and thence narrowed and bent downward; two
short paler ochreous streaks before the apex: hindwing black, with a large broad.
subanal ochreous patch, and a large distinct blue subbasal spot.

Female. Upperside dark ochreous-brown, with the ochreous patch paler,
shortened basally, and crossed by two black lines on middle of the cell, and a broader
discocellular band; a black upper ocellus and a larger lower discal ocellus : hindwing
with a very small upper and lower discal ocellus, and two marginal lunular ochreous
lines. Underside: forewing pale ochreous-brown; medial patch paler ochreous and
suffused outwardly; crossed by black discoidal lines; two black discal spots:

NYMPHALIN 4i. 43

hindwing with basal half greyish-ochreous; discal area pale ochreous ; crossed with
brown lunular lines, a medial fascia, and discal row of small brown spots.
Expanse 2 inches.

“A scarce, low country insect’? (Mackwood). Also taken at “Kandy and
Dambool. Scarce” (Wade).

JUNONJA ASTERIE (Prare 22, Fic. 2).
Papilio Asterie, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 769 (1767); Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 58, f. D, E;
Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 89.
Alcyoneis Asterie, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 35.
Junonia Asterie, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1, p. 142, pl. 5, f. 6, 6 a; Butler, Catal, Fabr.
Lep. B. M. p. 72.
Junonia Nicobariensis et Javana, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. xii. pp. 482, 487 (1862).

Male and female. Upperside pale ferruginous: forewing with the costal and
exterior borders reddish-brown; two black waved narrow lines across middle of the
cell, two wider confluent lines at its end, a curved streak beyond, and a subapical
streak containing two indistinct small ocelli; a prominent lower discal ocellus:
hindwing with a large very prominent upper discal bipupilled ocellus, and a very
indistinct small lower ocellus; both wings with two brown marginal lunular lines.
Underside pale reddish-ochreous ; forewing with black basal sinuous lines, a pale-
bordered discal line, distinct ocelli, and marginal lines: hindwing with a subbasal
black line, a straight pale-bordered discal line, a duplex upper discal ocellus, a single
lower ocellus, and marginal waved lines.

Expanse 27 inches.

“Found in the Plains of the Western Provinces, in open and waste land among
shrubs. Habits like those of J. Orithya, but quicker in flight and more shy”
(Hutchison).

“ Found all the year round. Plains, and up to 4000 feet; very abundant about
September to November” (Machiwood).

“Taken at Galle and Kandy; sits on roads and paths basking in the sun”

(Wade).

Genus ERGOLIS.
Ergolis, Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lep. 1, t. 4, f. 4 (1836).
Ariadne, Horsfield, Dese. Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pl. 6 (1829).

Wings short; forewing elongated; costa much arched at the base, apex acute,
exterior margin more or less sinuous and angled obliquely outward below the apex,
G 2

44 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

and at equal distance above posterior end, posterior margin long; cell short, broad ;
costal vein dilated at its base; first and second subcostal branches short, slender,
first emitted at some distance before end of the cell, second from immediately above
end of the cell, third from its end, trifid, the fourth. branch starting from one-half its
length, and fifth from one-half below the fourth; upper discocellular short, angled
outward close to subcostal and concave below the angle, upper radial from the angle
and lower from the end, lower discocellular very slender, long, slightly concave at its
end; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower from opposite first
subcostal: hindwing broad, costal margin short, exterior margin very convex, more
or less sinuous; costal vein with a short curved basal spur, widely apart from the
subcostal; first subcostal emitted before end of the cell; upper discocellular short,
outwardly concave, radial from its end, lower discocellular obliquely recurved ; two
upper median branches from end of the cell, lower branch from opposite first
subcostal. Body moderate; legs slender; palpi porrect, finely pilose, second joint
very long and extending half its length beyond the head, third joint half its length
and somewhat cylindrical; antennee, with a slender club.
Type, H. Ariadne.

ERGOLIS MINORATA (Prate 23, Fic. 2, 2a).

Male and female. Upperside dark ferruginous; both wings with two short
black waved lines across base of the cell, a subbasal line, a discocellular line, a medial
line, two discal lines, and a marginal line; a small white costal spot before the apex
in both sexes. Underside dark purple-brown, with the black lines less distinct, and
with four purple-grey intervening spaces; apical spot distinct.

Expanse, ¢ 1, 2 17 inch.

** Found in low country, and hilis up to 4000. Less common than H. Taprobana.
May to June in greatest number” (Mackwood).
“ Kandy” (Wade).

ERGOLIS TAPROBANA (Prarz 23, Fic. 1 a, b, g 9).
Ergolis Taprobana, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 410, pl. 68, f. 4 (1851).
Male and female. Upperside dark ferruginous; both wings crossed by four or ~
five basal black sinuous lines, a discocellular double-line, two medial, two discal, and
a marginal line, the discal interspaced with indistinct black-speckled spots ; the lines
obsolete on costal border of hindwing; a small white costal spot near the apex of
female. Underside dark purple-brown, palest on outer borders ; transverse sinuous
lines indistinct in male, but very distinct and with four intervening spaces suffused
with chalybeate grey in the female.
Expanse, ¢ 12, ¢ 23 inches.

NYMPHALINZ. 45

** Widely distributed in low country and hills up to 6000 feet, both in forest and
cultivated lands. Found all the year in the hills, variable and not so common in the
plains. Flight slow, skimming, but shy, and not easy to capture”’ (Hutchison).

‘Common all the year round in low country and up to 4000 feet” (Mackwood).-

Genus BYBLIA.

Byblia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmeit. p. 28 (1816).
Hypanis, Boisduval, Faun. Mad. p. 55 (1853) ; Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 410 (1851).

Wings: short: forewing elongate-triangulate, costa arched at base, apex not
acute, exterior margin wayed, oblique and slightly convex, posterior margin short;
costal vein dilated at the base; first subcostal branch short, emitted near to end of
the cell, second immediately above end of the cell, third from its end, fourth and
fifth at equal distance apart from base of third; cell short; upper discocellular bent
very close to subcostal and concave below the angle, the radials from its angle
and end; lower discocellular very slender, slightly oblique; upper median branch
from end of the cell, second emitted before its end, lower from opposite first
subcostal: hindwing bluntly conical; costal margin long, exterior margin waved ;
cell triangular. Veins similar to those in Ergolis. Body slender; palpi porrect,
pilose beneath, slender, second joint projecting much beyond front of head, third
joint long and cylindrical; legs slender; antennz slender, with a well-formed flat
club.

BYBLIA ILITHYIA (Prate 23, Fie. 3, 3a).
Papilio Ilithyia, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ins. ii. pl. 17, f. 1, 2 (1778); Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 213, f.
A, B, pl. 214, f. C, D.

Byblia Ilithya, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 28.

Papilio Polinice, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 375, f. G, H (1782).

Hypanis Polinice, Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lep. i. pl. 9, f. 6.

Male. Upperside bright ferruginous, with black costal and exterior marginal
borders; three short streaks crossing the cell of forewing, a discocellular lobular
streak joined beneath to an irregular band extending across base of the hindwing,
and followed by a lower row of small spots; a submarginal band, broken below the
costa of forewing, extending to the anal angle, and from which runs a longitudinal
line along each vein to the outer border.

Female with the black basal markings narrower and more confluent, with suffused
dusky basal interspaces, the submarginal band broader and to which is joined an
inner row of lunules, the outer spaces being macular. Cilia alternated with white.
Underside paler, forewing marked as above; borders of the costal streaks and a row

46 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

of spots before the apex pale yellow: hindwing with a basal and medial transverse
yellow band, lined externally by a black line and internally by a row of black spots,
an intervening black spot, a submarginal black band spotted with white and bordered
outwardly by large yellow spots; a white marginal lunular line.

Expanse, ¢ 1%, ¢ 2 inches.

A very rare butterfly ; a drawing sent to the author from Colombo by Mr. F. M.
Mackwood.

Genus PARTHENOS.

Parthenos, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 88 (1816).
Minetra, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 126 (1832); Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 265.

Wings large, broad: forewing triangular; costal margin very slightly curved,
apex rounded ; exterior margin oblique, waved; posterior margin short, angle convex ;
costal vein extending two-thirds of the costa; first subcostal branch emitted before
one-half length of the cell, second near the end, third at half length beyond the cell
and curved upward and running close along second for some distance, fourth and fifth
on a short foot-stalk starting from near base of third; cell long, narrow; upper
discocellular short, bent inward immediately below subcostal and then straight below
the angle, lower discocellular concave, directed inward, radials from angle and end of
the upper; upper median branch bent convexly upward beyond the cell and then
extending parallel with lower branches, middle branch emitted before end of the cell,
lower branch at a considerable distance before its end; submedian recurved near its
base: hindwing short, very broad, somewhat quadrate; exterior margin waved,
produced outward beyond the middle; costal vein extending to the apex, with a bifid
spur near its base ; first subcostal branch emitted at nearly one-half before end of the
cell, second bent at end of the cell; upper and lower discocellulars oblique, each
concave, radial from their middle; two upper median branches from end of the cell,
upper bent convexly near its base, lower from one-third before end of the cell;
submedian curved near the base; internal straight, short. Body stout, abdomen
short; palpi ascending, pilose beneath and above at top of second joint; second
joint very long, extending to a level with vertex, third joint very short, poited; legs
slender, long; antenne long, gradually thickened towards the tip.

PARTHENOS CYANEUS (Prare 24, Fie. 1, la).
Parthenos Cyaneus, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 46.

Male and female. Upperside greyish-blue: forewing with a discal transverse
oblique interrupted series of large irregular-shaped black-bordered bluish-white

NYMPHALINA. A7

spots and two similar streaks within end of the cell, the costal border and its
interspaces, two straight longitudinal basal streaks, and two outer marginal bands
being black: hindwing with three black transverse basal macular bands, duplex
longitudinal streaks between the veins, and two marginal lunular bands ; two costal
bluish-white lunular spots. Cilia alternately white. Body with black transverse
bands. Underside greenish-grey, discal area darkest; the large discal spots and
discoidal streaks paler, with indistinct black borders; submarginal lunular line and
marginal macular band, and streaks between the veins, blackish.

Expanse, ¢ 4, 9 4% inches.

Larva cylindrical, pale purplish-brown, darker beneath, with dark brown
longitudinal dorsal lines and transverse white spotted lines; head and anal segment
spined, other segments slightly hairy, third to twelfth segments armed with branched
spines which are longest on third, fourth, eleventh, and twelfth segments. Feeds on
Modecca. Pupa pale purplish-brown, somewhat fusiform, head pointed and cleft.

“Occurs everywhere. Plains and up to 6000 feet, in forest land, I believe all
the year round. A slow flier, rather shy. Sits on large leaves with wings spread ”
(Hutchison).

“Very swift of flight, and difficult to capture”? (Mackwood).

“Galle; Kandy. Common” (Wade).

Genus MODUZA.

Limenitis (part), Auctorum,

Forewing triangular; costa arched, apex produced, exterior margin oblique,
scalloped, convex anteriorly ; costal vein extending two-thirds of wing; first sub-
costal emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell, second at equal distance
between it and end of the cell, third at a little more than one-third from the cell,
fourth and fifth at three-fourths beyond; upper discocellular curved very obliquely
outward and bent near subcostal, lower very slender and slightly convex, the radials
from angle and end of upper discocellular ; cell long; middle median branch emitted
at some distance before end of the cell and opposite to its upper end, lower median
at more than half distance before lower end; submedian straight: hindwing broad,
anterior margin short, exterior margin deeply scalloped, convex ; costal vein extending
to apex, with a lengthened outward-curved basal spur, its base being opposite to
subcostal; first subcostal branch at half length before end of the cell, radial at equal
distance from the subcostal; cell open; lower median branch emitted from opposite
base of radial, two upper medians at some distance beyond; submedian and internal
vein slightly curved. Body stout, short; palpi porrect, second joint long, projecting

48 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

half its length in front of head, third joint very short and pointed, very slightly pilose
beneath at upper end; legs slender; antennz with a lengthened slender club.
Type, M. Procris.

MODUZA CALIDASA (Prats 25, Fie. 1, 1a).
Limenitis Calidasa, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1858, p. 48; Butler, zd. 1866, p. 285.

Male and female. Upperside dark rufous-brown, basal area suffused with olive-
brown; forewing with a discal transverse series of bluish-white irregular-shaped
spots, which continue in a band across the hindwing; both wings with basal black
streaks, and two submarginal series of black lunules interspaced with dull red;
marginal black lunular lines bordered with pale brown. Underside: basal area
bluish-grey, outer area pale greyish-purple; discal macular band as above; sub-
marginal spots, apical interspaces, and basal streaks, prominently black and red
bordered ; marginal lines distinct.

Hxpanse, ¢ 24, ¢ 27 inches.

Larva pale greenish-yellow or reddish, head spined, the segments armed with
short spiny tubercles, and a longer dorsal divergent pair on third and fourth segments.
Feeds on Cinchona, Mussenda, &e. Pupa reddish-purple-brown, wing cases dilated ;
head bifid, twisted and bent outward at the tips.

*‘ Found in the Western, Central, and Southern Provinces. Plains and hills up to
4000 feet, in forest land, from May to September and probably also at other times.
Has a floating, not very rapid flight; shy; settles with wings spread on leaves”
(Hutchison).

“Fairly numerous from February to April from 2000 feet and upwards. Found
also at other times ” (Mackwood).

“Taken at Kandy” (Wade).

Genus VANESSA.
Vanessa, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807).

Wings short, broad ; forewing triangular; costa arched towards the apex, exterior
margin oblique, scalloped, angulated outward below the apex and slightly above the
posterior angle; costal vein extending to nearly two-thirds the wing; first subcostal
branch emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell, second close to end, third at one-
third beyond, fourth and fifth at nearly two-thirds beyond ; upper discocellular short,
bent outward close to subcostal and deeply concave below, lower slender, obliquely
straight ; radials from angle and end of upper discocellular; cell long, broad und

NYMPHALIN A. 49

obliquely truncate at its end; middle median branch emitted at some distance before
end of the cell, lower at about half its length: hindwing somewhat quadrangular ;
apex convex, exterior margin scalloped and angulated at end of upper median vein ;
costal vein extending to apex, with a short inwardly-bent basal spur; cell fusiform;
first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth from its base; discocellulars outwardly
recurved, upper shortest, lower slender, radial from end of upper ; two upper median
branches from end of the cell, lower from opposite second subcostal; submedian
vein much curved; internal vein short, recurved. Body robust; palpi porrect,
pilose; second joint long, projecting half its length beyond front of the head, third
joint short, pointed; legs slender; antenne long, with stout rounded club. [V. Io. |

VANESSA HARONICA (Prare 25, Fic. 2, 2a).
Vanessa Haronica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 187.

Male and female. Upperside deep blue-black, basal area suffused with dark
sap-green; a broad greyish-blue band crossing the dise of both wings, the band
continuous from the costa to the anal angle, and with a sinuous outer border; a
small grey-blue lunule before the apex of forewing; a submarginal row of smail blue
spots, and narrow marginal line on hindwing. Underside with the basal and marginal
area densely studded with black strigze, mterspersed with grey, green, and ochreous
streaks; basal area bordered across the disc by a sinuous purple-black line, the disc
beyond and the apex of forewing broadly clouded with ochreous; a yellow dentate
spot at end of each cell.

Hxpanse, ¢ 23, 2 3 inches.

Larva light red, spotted with black, the segments divided by black and purple
lines, armed with eight longitudinal rows of delicate branched spines anal segment
slightly humped. Feeds on Smilar. Pupa reddish-brown, abdominal segments
tubercular, thorax angular, head produced and bifid.

“ Found in hilly country from 2000 to 6000 feet. Very common on pathways
or roads bordered by jungle. Occurs all the year round. Larva feeds on Wild
Yam” (Mackwood).

“Taken in the Kottawa forest, Galle; also at Kandy” (Wade).

Genus PYRAMEIS.
Pyrameis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 83 (1816); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 202.
Ammiralis, Renrie, Consp. p. 10 (1882).
Forewing triangular ; costa slightly arched, exterior margin oblique, scalloped,
slightly angular below the apex, posterior margin straight; costal vein extending to
VOL. I. Ht

50 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

two-thirds the margin, first and second subcostal branches emitted at equal distances
close to end of the cell, third at nearly one-half length beyond, fourth and fifth at
two-thirds beyond ; upper discocellular short, recurved outward, lower discocellular
long, slender, recurved obliquely outward, radials from near subcostal and end of
upper discocellular ; cell broad; middle median emitted at one-fifth before end of
the cell, lower at one-half its length; submedian slightly recurved at base: hindwing
short, triangular, exterior margin convex, scalloped, abdominal margin long; costal
vein extending to apex, basal spur bent abruptly outward, emitted at a short distance
above base of subcostal; first subcostal branch emitted at two-thirds from its base;
upper discocellular convexly oblique, lower slender, very oblique, radial from end of
upper; cell broad; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower at one-
third before its end and opposite second subcostal; submedian curved, internal
recurved from the base. Body stout, abdomen short; palpi porrect, finely pilose,
second joint long, projecting half its length beyond the head, third joint short,
pointed; forelegs densely clothed with long lateral hairs, middle and hind legs
slender; antennze long, with a short thick club.

PYRAMEYS INDICA (Prare 27, Fie. 2).
Papilio Indica, Herbst, Naturs. Schmett. vii. pl. 180, f. 1, 2 (1794).
Hamadryas decora Calliroé, Hibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. (1806—16).
Pyrameis Calliroé, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 33 (1816).

Upperside: forewing black, with a broad medial oblique irregular red band, the
lower portion of which is traversed by three irregular-shaped black spots ; basal area
and posterior margin golden-brown ; an oblique subapical series of white quadrate
spots and an outer series of small dentate spots: hindwing golden-brown, with a
marginal red band, bordered by black spots and traversed by a row of black spots
_ and outer lunular line.

Expanse 23 inches.

“‘ Rarely seen under 4000 feet elevation. Settles on pathways or open ground.
Very swift of flight. Larva feeds on Nettle—Urtica Neilgherriensis”’ (Mackwood).

‘“‘ Found at all times in forest land, Central Provinces, 3000 to 6000 feet. Darts
about rapidly and settles on the ground. Commonest at the highest elevation”
(Hutchison).

PYRAMEIS CARDUI (Puiate 27, Fie. 1, 1a).

Papilio Cardui, Linnzus, Faun. Suec. p. 276 (1761), Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 774 (1767); Esper, Schmett.
i. 1, pl. 10, f. 3; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. p. 104; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. f. 78, 74.

Pyrameis Cardui, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 77.

Papilio Carduelis, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 26, f. C, D (1775).

Upperside: ochreous-red ; forewing with the basal area ochreous-brown; an

NYMPHALINA. 51

oblique irregular-shaped angular band, the apical area and exterior border black ;
before the apex is a short white oblique band and a curved series of four spots; a
pale marginal line; interspace at end of cell whitish in the female: hindwing with
the basal area, a confluent discal fascia, and the costal border ochreous-brown ; a
transverse discal row of five black spots, each spot with slightly pale outer ring, a
submarginal row of lunular spots, and a marginal row of larger spots.

Expanse, ¢ 24, 9 23 inches.

Larva blackish-brown, with a longitudinal pale interrupted line on each side;
the segments armed with short branched spines. Feeds on Artemisia. Pupa
tuberculate, head bluntly cleft, pale ochreous or brown, more or less spotted with
yellow.

‘Found everywhere, but more plentiful in the higher districts” (Mackwood).

Genus CETHOSIA.

Cethosia, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807); Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 150.
Alazonia, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 46 (1816).

Forewing triangular; costa arched, apex convex, exterior margin oblique,
sinuous; costal vein extending two-thirds of the margin; first subcostal branch
emitted immediately before end of the cell, second at one-third beyond, third at one-
half, fourth and fifth at nearly two-thirds beyond the cell; upper discocellular
shortest, bent inward contiguous to subcostal and thence deeply concave below,
lower slightly concave; cell broad, truncate at the end; two upper median branches
from end of the cell, lower at more than one-third before its end, upper much curved
from its base; submedian recurved: hindwing broad; exterior margin convex,
deeply sinuous; costal vein extending to apex, basal spur curved outward and
emitted at some distance above base of subcostal; first subcostal branch emitted at
one-fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars curved obliquely outward, radial
from their middle; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower from
opposite second subcostal; submedian straight, internal recurved at its base. Body
moderately stout; palpi porrect, finely pilose, second joint projecting one-third
beyond the head, third joint short, pointed; legs slender; antennz with a slender
club.

CETHOSIA NIETNERI (Prate 27, Fic. 3 a, b).
Cethosia Nietneri, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 380, pl. 48, f. 5, 6 (1867).

Male. Upperside blue-black; forewing with the lower basal area ochreous
merging to ochreous-white ; some pale streaks across the cell; a bluish-white streak
H 2

52 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

beyond the cell bordered above and below by a blue line, a transverse discal series of
narrow conical-lunate marks, a linear row of spots, and a marginal row of narrow
sinuous marks ; some black streaks on lower basal area: hindwing with the posterior
basal area bluish-white; some black discoidal streaks interspaced with ochreous ; an
upper discal row of black diffused spots and an outer row of larger oval spots followed
by a submarginal row of white lunules and a marginal row of slender white sinuous
marks. Cilia white. Female duller coloured, the white markings dull greyish-blue,
no ochreous on the basal area, the forewing with broad black streaks between the
lower median and submedian veins. Body ochreous, thorax bluish-grey. Underside
pale greenish-grey, merging to bluish-grey across the disc, bordered by a submarginal
ochreous band, and a black marginal band with white sinuous marks and centre
streak: forewing with black discoidal streaks, lower discal spots, transverse discal
series of large conical white-bordered spots, followed by a row of white-bordered
black lunular spots: hindwing with black basal streaks, large conical discal spots
bordered outward by a row of white-bordered spots.

Expanse, ¢ 34, ¢ 35 inches.

Larva cylindrical, purple-black, with red medial transverse bands, the sixth and
eighth segments with a yellow band; head armed with two long stout spimous
processes, the segments with two dorsal and two lateral rows of long slender finely-
branched spines. Feeds on Modecca. Pupa ochreous-white, clouded with brown,
abdominal segments tubercular, wing cases dilated and exfoliated beneath, head with

two pointed processes.

“Occurs in the lower lands, but more numerous in the hilly districts. Commoner

some years than others” (Mackwood).
“Taken at Galle and Kandy” (Wade).

Genus CYNTHIA.

Cynthia, Wabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 212 (1849).
Anartia (part), Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 33 (1816).

Wings large, broad: forewing triangular; costa much curved towards the end,
apex faleated; exterior margin oblique, concave below the apex, sinuous; posterior
margin short; costal vein extending to two-thirds the margin: first subcostal branch
emitted immediately before end of the cell, second at an equal distance from beyond
its end, third at one-half beyond the cell, fourth and fifth close to base of third; cell
long, narrow, its upper end extending to half of the wing; upper discocellular bent
outward close to subcostal and then curved inward, lower long, curving very obliquely
inward, radials from angle and end of upper; middle median branch emitted before

NYMPHALIN ZA. 53

end of the cell, lower at one-half of lower length of the cell; submedian recurved :
hindwing short, very broad, somewhat quadrate; exterior margin waved, angled and
produced to a point at end of upper median branch; costal vein with a bifid spur
near its base; first subcostal emitted at half length of upper part of the cell, the
radial curving from below second subcostal; cell open; two upper median branches
emitted at more than half distance beyond upper end of the cell; submedian vein
shghtly recurved, internal short. Body stout, abdomen short; palpi ascending,
pilose, second joint long, extending to level of vertex, third jomt short, pointed;
antenne long, with a short club; legs slender.

CYNTHIA ASELA (Prater 26, Fic. 1 a, 4, c).
Cynthia Asela, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 558.

Male. Upperside bright ochreous-yellow, darkest on basal area and marginal
border ; forewing with a black medial transverse interrupted line, discoidal streaks,
two streaks below the cell, two marginal sinuous lines, and a submarginal row of
more or less obsolete lunate spots, the upper spot being pale centred ; an indistinct
darker ochreous zigzag fascia across the disc: hindwing with a black medial trans-
verse line, an inner discal zigzag ochreous fascia bordering an outer series of spots,
the one between the subcostal veins and another between the lower median veins
being ocellated, the others indistinct and formed of black speckles; two marginal
sinuous lines. Female dark blue-grey, brightest on hindwing, outer borders brown:
forewing with a transverse discal band of broad bluish-white lunules traversed
exteriorly by a sinuous line; an outer row of blackish spots and two submarginal
sinuous lines: hindwing with transverse medial narrow black line outwardly bordered
at the costal end by a short broad whitish sinuous-margined band; two large
prominent discal ocelli with greenish inner ring; two marginal black sinuous lines.

Expanse, ¢ 34, 2 4 inches.

Larva pale yellow, reddish-brown beneath ; segments brown streaked, spiracles
black; head spinous, armed with two long curved thick spinous-tubercles, the
segments armed with a dorsal and two lateral rows of long slightly branched spines,
the dorsal and upper lateral row arising from a red round tumid spot. Pupa pale
reddish-brown, truncated at both ends; head thick, with two short points, thorax
conically pointed at top; anterior abdominal segments produced thickly outward into
a point hindward and forward into two lengthened processes, middle segments
with a short dorsal tubercle, the two anal segments with longer basally-thickened
processes.

* Found everywhere, both in the Plains and up to 6000 feet in forest lands all

54 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

the year; most plentiful from May to October. Flight slow, very tame; a dozen at
a time will alight on the ground close to you” (Hutchison).

Genus NEPTIS.

Neptis, Fabricius, Iliger’s Mag. vi. p, 282 (1807).
Acca (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44 (1816).
Philonoma, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820).

Forewing elongate; costa much arched from the base; exterior margin short,
obliquely convex, waved; posterior margin long; costal vein extending to half
length of the margin; first and second subcostal branches very short, first emitted
near end of the cell, second from its end, third at one-half beyond, fourth and fifth at
two-thirds beyond; upper discocellular very short, bent outwards in its middle, the
radials from its angle and end; cell open, broad; lower median branch from opposite
discocellular, two upper median branches from some distance beyond; submedian
recurved in the middle: hindwing short, anterior margin very convex in the middle,
exterior margin convex, scalloped; costal vein extending to two-thirds of the margin,
with a short straight basal spur, which is bent inward at tip and thrown off opposite
to base of subcostal; first subcostal branch emitted very near to costal, the radial
starting from the second at an equal distance beyond; cell open, broad; lower
median from opposite base of radial; two upper median branches at equal distance
from lower and base of cell; submedian straight, internal vein recurved. Body
slender; palpi ascending, very finely pilose, second and third joints of about equal
length, third joint slender and very pointed; legs slender; antennz slender, with a
gradually formed club [N. aceris ].

NEPTIS VARMONA (Prare 28, Fic. 1 a, b).
Nepiis Varmona, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 561.

Male and female. Upperside black: forewing with a white longitudinal streak
within the cell, a lengthened triangular spot beyond it, a discal transverse curved
series of seven oval spots, and a submarginal row of small lunate spots; a very
indistinct pale waved line between the discal series and another along the outer
margin; the discoidal streak slightly black speckled near its thickest end: hindwing
with a white broad recurved medial transverse band and a discal linear series of six
quadrate spots ; a pale linear indistinct line intervening across the disc, and another
along the outer margin. Underside ferruginous; with white markings more prominent
than above and all black bordered; the hindwing having a: short white streak on
base of costa and another below it.

Expanse, 6 13, ¢ 2} inches.

ee ee

NYMPHALINA. 55

Larva pale green, with an oblique lateral pink fascia from top of anal segment ;
head armed with two short conical points, third and fifth and anal segment with a
dorsal pair of short fleshy setose spines and two longer divergent spines on fourth
segment. Feeds on Leguminose. Pupa short, pale reddish-brown, wing cases
dilated laterally, head bluntly cleft.

“Widely distributed, occurring in the Hills and Plains, both in forest and
cultivated land all the year. Flight slow, floating, alights on bushes with wings
generally if not always open”’ (Hutchison).

** Found everywhere, and below 3000 feet in great abundance nearly all the
year” (Mackwood).

NEPTIS DISRUPTA (Piate 28, Fic. 4, 4a).
Neptis disrupta, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 339.

Upperside black: forewing with white discoidal streak and triangular terminal
spot; three spots from middle of posterior margin and a fourth smaller spot beyond
the discoidal triangular spot; between this series and a submarginal series of some-
what conical spots is a discal series of very indistinct pale dusky oblique spots; an
indistinct marginal narrow pale dusky line: hindwing with a white transverse discal
macular band, a quadrate spot on abdominal margin near the base, and two parallel-
spots and streaks on anterior margin ; an outer marginal linear row of white streaks.
Underside dull ferruginous, with black bordered white markings as above, and black
confluent spots across the disc of both wings.

Expanse, ¢ 2} inches.

A very rare species. A single specimen is in the collection of Mr. F. M.
Mackwood at Colombo, which was taken at Ambegamoa, in the Central Province.

NEPTIS JUMBA (Prarte 28, Fie. 2 a, 5).

Neptis Jumba, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 167, pl. 4a, f. 5 (1857); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1858, p. 7. ;

Male. Upperside fuliginous black: forewing with a white longitudinal streak
within the cell, which is slightly notched near its end, a broad triangular spot beyond
it, a discal transverse curved series of six small oval spots which are disposed in an
upper, medial, and lower series of two each; three submarginal pale lunular lines,
the middle line whitish: hindwing with a white medial transverse macular band, and
two submarginal pale lunular lines. Female paler; markings more prominent and
bluish-white, the submarginal pale lines on forewing more distinct, and the inner

56 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

lunular line on hindwing white. Underside dull ferruginous; white markings more
prominent and broader, with black intervening streaks between the veins; on the
hindwing is a white basal streak and a rayed broad fascia below it; between the
medial band and submarginal lunules is a row of distinct black spots terminated
anteriorly by a white sinuous streak.

Expanse, ¢ 24, 9 2? inches.

Larva pale brownish-purple, anal segments below dark purple-brown spotted
with green, and bordering an oblique line extending laterally from anal spines
obliquely to base of spines on fourth segments; anterior and anal segments narrowed,
the middle segments thickened laterally; head armed with two short points, two
long divergent fleshy spiny tubercles on fourth segment, two short dorsal fleshy
tubercles on third, fifth, and sixth segments. Feeds on Byttneriacew, &c. Pupa
pale brownish-ochreous, head with two short points, thorax angulated. :

“ Found in the Western and Central Provinces; plains and up to 4000 feet, in
forest land, at all times, but chiefly during the S.W. Monsoon. Flight slow, heavy ;
settles with wings open; easily captured” (Hutchison).

“Occurs everywhere: joins in the up-country flights, February and March in
fair numbers”? (Mackwood).

Genus RAHINDA.

Differs from Neptis (Aceris group) in the wings being comparatively narrower,
the forewing more pointed at the apex, having the second subcostal branch emitted
at some distance beyond end of the cell, and the hindwing having the costal and
subcostal veins more curved, the median branches nearer at their base, the short
straight basal costal spur slightly furcate.

Type, R. Hordonia, [Stoll Suppl. Cram. pl. 33. f. 4].*

-RAHINDA SINUATA (Prare 28, Fic. 3, 32).
Neptis Sinuata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 136.

Male and female. Upperside black: forewing with a bright ochreous irregular-
bordered elongated broad streak from base to middle of the disc, beyond which is a
transverse interrupted broad sinuous band, which is continued across the hind-

* I have not adopted Mr. Scudder’s suggestion that this species “‘may be taken as the type” of
Hibner’s Pantoporia. Hubner’s first cited species under that genus belongs to his earlier Colenis, his
second species (Nefte) pertains to one of the separable groups forming Westwood’s genus Athyma, and
therefore takes precedence of the third cited species (Hordonia) as typically representing Pantoporia.

NYMPHALING. 57

wing; a narrow marginal waved line: hindwing also with a submarginal ochreous
band, narrowest in the male. Underside pale ochreous, blotched with dark
brown strigz, except on the basal streak of forewing and transverse band of
both wings.

Expanse, ¢ 15, ¢ 12 inches.

“Principally a low country insect, difficult to capture perfect as it always
frequents the vicinity of thick thorny Acacias. Found at all times, but mostly in
March and April” (Mackwood).

“Western and Central Provinces; commonest in the Plains, but found up to
5000 feet, in forest land, at all times. Shy, flutters about bushes, alighting on the
leaves with wings opened” (Hutchison).

Genus APATURA.

Apatura, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807).
Hypolimnas et Esoptria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 45 (1816).
Diadema, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 135 (1832).

Forewing broad, triangular, costa much arched, apex convex, exterior margin
shghtly oblique and concave below the middle, waved; costal vein extending more
than half length of the margin; first and second subcostal branches emitted at equal
distances close to end of the cell, third at one-third beyond it, fourth and fifth at
two-thirds beyond its end; cell very broad, truncate at the end, less than half
length of the wing; upper discocellular short, bent outward close to subcostal and
then curved inward, lower slender and slightly curving outward, radials from angle
and end of upper discocellular ; middle median emitted at a short distance before end
of the cell, lower at half length of the cell; submedian nearly straight: hindwing
broad, exterior margin very convex, waved ; costal vein extending to the apex, with
a short outwardly-curved basal spur thrown off at some distance above base of the
subcostal ; first subcostal emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell; upper
discocellular short, curved outward, lower long and curved obliquely outward, radial
from their middle ; two upper median branches emitted from end of the cell, lower
from opposite second subcostal; submedian vein slightly curved, internal deeply
curved at the base. Body moderately stout, abdomen short; palpi porrect, second
joimt long, projecting half its length beyond the head, squamose beneath, second
joint slightly pilose at upper and inner end, third joint short, poimted; legs slender ;
antennes somewhat short, with a well-formed short club.

VOL. f. IT

58 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

APATURA BOLINA (Prats 30, Fic. 1 ¢, 10, larva).

Papilio Bolina, Linnzus, Mus. Ulr. p. 295 (1764); Syst. Nat. i. p. 781 (1767); Clerck, Icones, pl. 21, f. 2.
Diadema Bolina, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 278.

Male. Blackish violet-brown: forewing with a glossy blue-bordered white
oblique subapical vein-divided patch, and a submarginal recurved row of minute
white spots terminating on the costa in a large vein-divided spot: hindwing with a
large medial discal glossy blue-bordered white patch, a discal row of five or six minute
white spots, and in some specimens a pale brown or ochreous-white marginal band
having a sinuous inner border, and an outer marginal lunular line. Female dark
olive-brown: forewing with a few blue speckles along base of costa; a submarginal
row of pale ochreous-white, and an incomplete outer row of lunate spots: hindwing
with an ochreous-white marginal macular band bordered within by a row of small
round spots; an outer marginal line of broken lunules. Underside of both sexes
paler; male with a prominent bluish-white subapical oblique band, a submarginal
row of spots and two marginal incomplete narrow lunular bands; some speckled-
white spots along upper side of the cell: hindwing with a broad medial transverse
bluish-white band, two lunate spots at anal angle, a discal row of spots, an inner
marginal band, and an outer marginal lunular line, the inner marginal band sometimes
brownish-grey. Female with marginal band as on upperside, a very indistinct
oblique subapical fascia on forewing, and a transverse similar band on hindwing.

Expanse, 4 23, ¢ 34 inches.

Larva purple-brown, head armed with two long erect branched spines, the
segments with a dorsal row of three (two only on the anterior and posterior
segments) long branched red spines, and three lateral rows of spines. Pupa thick,
purple-brown, blotched with black; abdominal segments with stout pointed dorsal
tubercles ; head obtuse, pointed in front, thorax angular at top.

“‘ Very common from seaboard up to 6000 feet early in the year, haunting deep
cuttings through fern and brushwood lands. They are to be found in thousands
and in smaller numbers all the year round. Males twice as numerous as females”
(Mackwood).

“Has a quick darting flight; settles on the ground; rather shy” (Hutchison).

APATURA JACINTHA (Prater 30, Fic. 1a ¢).

Papilio Jacintha, Drury, Tlust. Exot. Ent. ii. pl. 21, f. 1, 2 (1778), 9; Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 33,
f. 1 (1798); Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 183.
Papilio Avia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 111 (1798), 9.

Male and female. Of larger size than A. Bolina, but similarly marked; the

NYMPHALIN Ai. 59

apcal patch on forewing of male showing either a smaller white or entirely blue
centre with larger glossy-blue border; the discal patch on the hindwing is also blue
centred. The female has the submarginal row of spots smaller on the forewing, and
also a dark blue oblique subapical fascia. Underside of both sexes alike, both
having a pale fascia indicated obliquely before the apex and another across the
hindwing.

Expanse, $ 34, 2? 3? inches.

This may probably be a seasonal variety of A. Bolina.

APATURA MISIPPUS (Prarte 29, Fic. 1 a, 3, c).

Papilio Misippus, Linnzus, Mus. Ulr. p. 264 (1764); Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 767 (1767).

Diadema Misippus, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 97; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 278.
Papilio Diocippus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 28, f. B, C (1775), 2.

Papilio Bolina, Drury, Illust. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 14, f. 1, 2, ¢ ; Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 65, f. E, F, ¢.
Papilio Inaria, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 214, f. A, B (Dimorphic 9).

Male. Upperside blackish violet-brown: forewing with a large oval purple-
white upper discal oblique patch and a small spot near the apex: hindwing with a
large circular similar-coloured patch in middle of the dise. Female red: forewing
with the costal border and apical area to posterior angle blackish violet-brown ; an
oblique macular purple-white subapical band and a sthall spot near the apex; a
marginal double row of broken white lunules: hindwing with a black costal spot and
marginal band, the latter traversed by a row of broken white lunules. Underside.
Male: ferruginous-brown, discoidal area of forewing red: forewing with prominent
white oblique band, apical spot, and black-bordered discoidal spots: hindwing with
a broad medial transverse white band marked by a black costal streak; a similar
streak bordering its inner costal end, another at base of costal vein; a black lunular
streak also crossing anal end of the band; a marginal row of small white spots, and
both wings with a marginal double series of white lunules. Female paler ferruginous
than upperside, the apex of forewing also ferruginous, the discoidal white spots
distinct : hindwing with a narrow black costal streak and another at end of the
ceil.

Dimorphic female (Fig. 1,6]. This differs from ordinary female in the absence
of the black ground colour, and the oblique white band, these parts being of the
same ferruginous colour as the other parts of the wing.

Expanse, ¢ 3, 2 3} inches.

Larva purple-brown, numerously covered with minute white spots, cylindrical,
thickest towards the middle; head armed with two erect rugose spines, the segments

I 2

60 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

with three dorsal rows of branched pale spines and three lateral rows of shorter
spines. Feeds on Abutilon, Abelmoschus, &c. Pupa purple-brown, thick, abdominal
segments tubercular, head obtusely pointed, thorax convex.

“Found at all altitudes. In the low country during September they are
particularly numerous; this and the following month appears to be the chief time of
appearance ” (Mackwood).

Genus ACIDALIA.

Acidalia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 31 (1816).
Argynnis (part), Doubleday.

Forewing triangular; costa much arched, apex rounded,: exterior margin
oblique, sinuous, convex below the apex; costal vein extending two-thirds of the
margin ; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, third at
nearly one-half beyond, fourth and fifth at two-thirds beyond; upper discocellular
shortest, deeply concave, lower slightly concave, upper radial from end of the cell in
a line with the subcostal, lower from middle of discocellulars; middle median branch
emitted at nearly one-third before end of the cell, lower from two-thirds before its
end; submedian recurved: hindwing short, broad; costal margin very convexly
angular at the base; costal vein much arched from the base, the basal spur curved
outward ; first subcostal branch emitted at nearly one-half distance before end of the
cell; discocellulars of equal length, upper curved very obliquely outward, lower
slightly curved ; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower from one-
third before its end; submedian and internal vein slightly recurved at the base.
Body robust; palpi ascending, finely pilose, second joint long, extending to top of
the head, third joint short, pointed and naked; legs slender; antenne with a short
spatular club. Sexes dissimilar.

Type, A. Niphe.

ACIDALIA NIPHE (Prare 381, Fie. 2 a, 0).

Papilio Niphe, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. ii. p. 785 (1767); Drury, Illust. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 6, f. 1;
Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 14, f. B—E.

Papilio Hyperbius, Johanssen, Ameen. Acad. vi. p. 408 (1764).

Papilio Argyrius, Sparrman, Ameen, Acad. vii. p. 502 (1768).

Papilio Argynnis, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 6, f. 2 (1778).

Argynnis Tephnia, Godart, Ene. Meth. ix. p. 262 (1819).

Male. Upperside bright dark ochreous ; forewing with black discoidal marks, a

NYMPHALINZ, 61

transverse discal zigzag series of six large spots, two submarginal rows of slightly
smaller spots and a marginal dentate line: hindwing with slender black discoidal
marks and transverse discal spots, a submarginal inner row of small spots and outer
row of broad conical spots bordered towards anal angle by a blue line; a marginal
dentate line bordered by a blue line. Female brownish-ochreous on basal area;
markings broader; apical area of forewing with blue-black interspaces and obliquely
crossed by a white band, the spots also bordered by blue. Underside: forewing
red on basal area, pale ochreous and greenish at apex; male with two apical
series of white spots; female as above ; other markings as on upperside: hindwing
greenish ochreous-brown, crossed by three black zigzag lines and a submarginal
line broadly bordered by silvery-white; a discal row of spots centred with silvery-
white.
Hxpanse, ¢ 23, 9 23 inches.

“ Found in the hills from 2000 to 6000 feet, in the neighbourhood of waste grass-
lands and swamps. Larva feeds on Wild Violet” (Mackwood).

Genus ATELLA.

Atella, Doubleday, Gen. Diurnal Lep. p. 165, pl. 22 (1847).
Phalanta, Horsfield, Desc. Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. pl. 7, f. 5 (1829).

Forewing triangular; costa arched, apex. rounded, exterior margin oblique,
slightly waved; costal vein extending two-thirds the margin; first subcostal branch
emitted immediately before end of the cell, second at some distance beyond the end,
third at one-third beyond, fourth and fifth at three-fourths beyond ; upper discocellular
bent contiguous to subcostal and thence concave below, lower slightly concave;
radials from angle and end of upper discocellular; upper median branch emitted
immediately before end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before its end; cell broad,
truncate at the end: hindwing short, broad; anterior margin somewhat straight,
exterior margin waved, slightly angular in the middle; costal vein extending to
apex, basal spur curved outward and emitted at some distance above the base of
subcostal; first subcostal emitted at one-third from end of the cell; discocellulars of
equal length, obliquely concave, radial from their middle; two upper median branches
from end of the cell, lower from opposite second subcostal; submedian vein straight,
internal recurved. Body moderate; palpi ascending, finely pilose, second joint long,
projecting to top of the head, third joint very slender and finely pointed; legs
slender; antenne with a spatular club. .

62 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

ATELLA PHALANTA (Prare 31, Fie. 1, 1a).

Papilio Phalanta, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ent, i. pl. 21, fig. 1, 2 (1778).

Atella Phalanta, Doubleday and Westw. Gen. D. Lep. p. 167; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i.
p. 152, pl. 5, f. 7.

Papilio Columbina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 238, f. A, B; iv. pl. 337, f. D, E (1782).

Phalanta Columbina, Horsfield, Dese. Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. (1828), pl. 7, f. 5.

Male. Upperside bright yellowish-ochreous : forewing with two black transverse
short sinuous marks within the cell, a similar darker mark at its end, a streak from
the costa beyond and followed beneath by an oblique series of four spots, a discal
transverse interrupted similar line and a row of round spots, a submarginal confluent
double sinuous line and marginal triangular spots: hindwing with an indistinct
slender black lunule within the cell, two at its end, a transverse discal interrupted
lunular line, a discal row of oval spots, two slender submarginal sinuous lines, and
marginal triangular spots. Female differs only in the markings being slightly larger,
and the discal lunular line haying a pale macular outer border. Underside very pale
ochreous, suffused externally with purple; indistinctly marked as upperside.

Hxpanse, ¢ 2, ¢ 24 inches.

Larva purple-brown; head armed with two delicate branched spines, each
segment with two dorsal rows of similar spines and two lateral rows of shorter
spines. Feeds on Flacourtia, Saliz, &c. Pupa pale green, tubercular along the
back.

‘Generally common, but chiefly in low country” (Mackwood).

“Plentiful at Colombo, in gardens during the 8.W. Monsoon, and again
towards the end of the year. Flies quickly and alights on bushes” (Hutchison).

“Taken at Kandy” (Wade).

Genus CIRROCHROA.
Cirrochroa, Doubleday, Gen. Diurnal Lep. p. 157, pl. 21, f. 2 (1847).

Wings ample, short: forewing triangular, costa arched, apex slightly truncate
or convex; exterior margin oblique, slightly concave below the apex, uneven; costal
vein extending to half length of the margin; first subcostal branch emitted at some
distance before end of the cell, second close to its end, third at half length beyond
the cell, fourth and fifth at one-fifth from the third; discocellulars inclined obliquely
inward, upper slightly bent near to subcostal and very deeply concave below, lower
slightly oblique, radials from angle and end of the upper; cell short, very broad;
two upper median branches emitted at a short-distance beyond end of the cell, lower

NYMPHALIN 4. 63

median at one-third before its end; submedian recurved: hindwing broad; apex
shghtly angular, exterior margin waved, convex hindward, abdominal margin long;
costal vein extending to apex, basal spur short, slightly curved; first subcostal
branch emitted at nearly half length of the cell; cell open; median branches wide
apart, lower emitted opposite to base of radial; submedian curved; internal short,
much curved at the base. Body somewhat slender; palpi ascending, finely pilose ;
second joint reaching to top of the head, third joint short, slender, almost cylindrical;
legs slender; antennz with a gradually formed slender club.

Type, C. Aoris.

CIRROCHROA THAIS (Pirate 32, Fic. 2, 2a).
Papilio Thais, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. p. 64 (1787); Ent. Syst. ili. p. 149 (1798).
Cirrochroa Thais, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 116; Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 557.
Male and female. Upperside pale ferruginous, glossed with green at the base:
forewing with a prominent medial transverse black line, which is oblique and zigzag
in front of the cell and lunular hindward; exterior margin broadly ferrugimous-black
and traversed by a ferruginous sinuous line; a dusky streak lining the discocellular
vein: hindwing with a large quadrate white spot on anterior margin, from which
proceeds a medial transverse black lunular line; a discal row of six small black
spots, two submarginal lunular lines and a third outer line. Underside pale olive-
brown in male, ferruginous-brown in the female ; with a transverse medial irregularly
dentated purple-white glossy band on both wings, the outer margin of the band being
straight and the dentations disappearing towards anal angle of hindwing; a transverse
row of black spots on hindwing smaller than on the upperside; marginal lunular
lines indistinct and suffused with glaucous-purple.
Expanse, ¢ 22, ¢ 24 inches.

«Taken at Galle and Kandy” (Wade).

CIRROCHROA LANKA (Prate 32, Fie. 4, 4a).
Cirrochroa Lanka, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 557.

Male. Upperside bright ferruginous : forewing with a medial transverse black
line, which is oblique in front of the cell and nearly obsolete hindward ; a marginal
black band traversed by an inner row of ferruginous dentate lunules: hindwing with
the quadrate white spot on the anterior margin large, the medial transverse line from
it faintly defined; the discal row of black spots, inner submarginal line indistinct,
outer Innular line and marginal line prominent. Underside dull ferruginous, some-

64 VHE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

what fulvous at the base, glossed with purple-grey; a transverse medial broad
straight purple-white band; indistinct lunules on outer margin of wings with
purple-grey borders; discal black spots on hindwing prominent.

Hxpanse 25 inches.

«Western, Central, and Southern Provinces; plains and up to 6000 feet, in
forests; flight moderately rapid, settles on the ground and on bushes. Hasily
captured” (Hutchison).

CIRROCHROA COGNATA (PuiareE 382, Fra. 3, a, 5).

Upperside differs from C. Thais in the forewing being shorter, the apex broader
and not faleated; medial sinuous line indistinct, the marginal black band narrower
and traversed by a row of dentate spots: hindwing with a small white costal spot ;
the discal transverse markings similar but the outer marginal line blacker. Under-
side dark ferruginous, the medial transverse band narrower, less defined, and in some
specimens nearly obsolete.

Expanse 2 to 23 inches.

Larva pale purplish-brown, yellowish beneath; head yellow, spotted in front
with biack; with two dorsal rows of long delicate branched spines and two lateral
rows of shorter spmes, a similar spine projecting on each side of the head from
second segment. Pupa pale bluish-purple, spotted with black, with lengthened
dorsal tubercles and two longer tubercular processes projecting from front of thorax;
head cleft.

** A low country insect, found chiefly in the interior’ (Mackwood).

Genus CUPHA.

Cupha, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820).
Messaras, Doubleday, Gen. Diurnal Lep. p. 163 (1848).

Wings short, broad: forewing with the costa much arched from the base, apex
somewhat pointed, exterior margin slightly oblique and waved in the middle; costal
vein extending to half length of the margin; first and second branches of subcostal
very short, first emitted at end of the cell, second at one-sixth beyond end of the
cell, third at one-third from its end, fourth and fifth at two-thirds beyond; upper
discocellular bent close to the subcostal and deeply concave below, lower very slender
and slightly concave, radials from angle and end of the upper; cell very short and
broad ; two upper median branches emitted at some distance beyond end of the cell,
lower at one-third before its end; submedian nearly straight: hindwing broadly oval,

ACRAINE. ae

exterior margin very convex, waved; costal vein extending to apex, basal spur curved
outward; first subcostal branch emitted at one-third before end of the cell; cell open;
median branches wide apart; submedian and internal veins straight. Body short,
somewhat slender; palpi ascending, finely pilose; second joint long, extending half
its length beyond the head, third joint short, slender, pointed; legs slender; antennze
with a gradually formed club.

Type, C. Erymanthis.

CUPHA PLACIDA-(PrLate 32, Fie. 1).

Male and female. Upperside dark yellowish-ochreous, darkest and tinged with
olive on basal areas: forewing with a black apical band haying a waved curved inner
border extending from middle of the costa to posterior angle; a transverse narrow
black zigzag line dividing the basal and discal areas; two lunate marks within the
cell and three spots on lower discal area: hindwing with a transverse subbasal black
zigzag line, a discal whitish-bordered macular band and outer row of small oval spots,
two submarginal lunular darker lines and an outer marginal line. Underside pale
ochreous, with very pale markings, as above, the discal band composed of white
lunules and traversing both wings.

Expanse, ¢ 1,4, ¢ 14, inches.

«A low country insect. Found sometimes in the hilly districts. Numerous
only about April and May (Mackwood).
“ Galle and Kandy” (Wade).

Subfamily ACR AXIN A.

Lower discocellular vein of hindwing perfect. Palpi thick and scantily clothed
with hair. Abdomen of female furnished with a corneous plate or pouch.
Larva studded with branched spines.

Genus TELCHINIA.
Telchinia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 27 (1816); Doubleday, Gen. Diurnal Lep. p. 142.

Forewing narrow, triangular; anterior margin slightly arched towards the end,
apex scarcely rounded; exterior margin oblique, slightly convex; posterior margin
short; costal vein extending two-thirds the margin; first subcostal branch emitted at
a short distance before end of the cell, second, third, and fourth at about equal

VOL. I. K

66 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

distances apart beyond end of the cell; cell long; discocellulars very oblique, upper
bent near subcostal, concave below, lower straight, radials from the angle and end of
upper discocellular; middle median branch emitted at a short distance before end of
the cell, lower at one-half length of the cell; submedian slightly recurved: hindwing
small, short, broadly ovate; costal margin straight, exterior margin convex; costal
vein extending to apex, basal spur shghtly bent outward at its end; first subcostal
branch emitted at four-fifths from the base; cell long; discocellulars very oblique,
upper concave, lower straight, radial from their middle; middle median branch
emitted at a short distance before end of the cell, lower branch from more than one-
half length of the cell; submedian and internal vein slightly recurved. Body slender,
abdomen long, last segment of female furnished with a corneous appendage ; palpi
ascending, stout, finely pilose, second joint projecting slightly beyond the head, third
jomt very short ; legs slender, anterior tarsi of male clothed with short spiny scales,
fore tarsi of female armed with a pair of spines on each joint; antenne abruptly
clavate.

TELCHINIA VIOLA (Piate 33, Fic. 1 a, 0)

Papilio Viole, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 460 (1775); Ent. Syst. iii. p. 164.
Telchinia Viole, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 142; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 185, pl. 5,
im I, de,

Papilio Cephea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 298, f. D, E (1782).

Telchinia Cephea, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 27. f

Male. Upperside ochreous-red: forewing with a small black spot and an
oblique streak within the cell, a large discocellular streak, an upper discal oblique
series of four small spots, a single spot below these, and another between the median
and submedian veins; costal margin black speckled, exterior margin and up the
veins for a short distance, black: hindwing with a small black spot at end of the
cell, another on the costal border, and a black marginal band traversed by a row of
pale yellow spots. Female paler, with the markings and marginal band broader, the
hindwing also having two black spots in the cell, two on the discocellular vein, and
a curved discal series beyond. Underside. Male glossy red; black spots and
marginal border of forewing as above, the latter bordered inwardly with yellowish-
white: hindwing with a basal cluster of five black-ringed white spots, two
costal black spots, three discoidal and a discal outer series of smaller spots; the
marginal band with larger yellowish-white spots and inner border. Female duller
coloured: hindwing pale yellowish-ochreous, marked as above, the hindwing having
also a basal cluster of ochreous-white black-ringed spots, and the marginal band with
larger spots.

Expanse, ¢ 2, % 24 inches.

LIBY THAIN ZZ. 67

Larva pale purple-brown; the segments armed with six rows of lengthened
branched-spines. Feeds on Cucurbitacee. Pupa reddish-white, streaked with black,
the abdominal streaks spotted with red.

* Found senoelly in the plains and up to about 4000 tech. It is about all
through the year” (Mackwood).
“Common at Kandy” (Wade).

Family LEMONIIDZ.
Erycinide, Swainson, Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 187; Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 415.

Front legs in male rudimentary, female with six perfect legs.

Subfamily LIBYTH AINA.

Palpi very long, contiguous throughout their length. Pupa suspended freely by
the tail.

Genus LIBYTHEA.

Libythea, Fabricius, Iliger’s Mag. vi. p. 284 (1807); Westwood and Doubleday, Gen. of Dramnell Lep.
p. 412.

Hecaerge, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 32 (1816); Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 100.

Chilea, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820).

Forewing with the costal margin arched, apex acute, exterior margin strongly
angulated below the apex, oblique and slightly waved to lower angle, posterior
margin short; costal vein extending to half length of the margin; first and second
subcostal branches short, first emitted at about one-third before end of the cell,
second at half distance between it and the end, third and fourth at a third distance
each beyond, fourth terminating at the apex; discocellulars concave, upper bent
close to subcostal, radial from its angle, lower radial from their middle and terminating
at the angle below the apex; middle median branch emitted at some distance before
lower end of the cell, lower branch from beyond one-third before its end; submedian
recurved : hindwing short, lobed at the base and convex in the middle, apex oblique,
exterior margin scalloped, abdominal margin long. Body moderately robust, thorax
woolly, head tufted in front; palpi much elongated, porrect, thickly pilose, closely
united, second joint long, oval, third joint of equal length, slender; legs somewhat

K 2

68 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

short and stout, fore tarsi of female furnished with claws and their appendages as in
tarsi of hind legs; antennee with a gradually-thickened obtuse club.

LIBYTHEA RAMA (Prater 33, Fie. 2, 2a).
Libythea Rama, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 556.

Upperside dark brown: forewing with an ochreous narrow streak extending
along lower part of the cell and joined to a broader discal streak beyond, an upper and
lower subapical geminated spot: hindwing with a transverse, medial discal, narrow
straight ochreous streak. Underside pale brown, apical border of forewing and the
hindwing transversely fasciated with purple-grey, and speckled with dark brown ;
discoidal streak on forewing broader and dull pale yellow, the apical spots whitish.

Expanse 2 inches.

“Central Provinces; hills 4000 to 6000 feet, in forest lands during S.W.
Monsoon, May to October. Darts about and settles on the ground. Shy and not
very easy to capture” (Hutchison).

“ Plentiful about 3500 feet and up weras: on the roads and banks of same in
vicinity of jungle” (Mackwood).

“ Kandy and Dickoya” (Wade).

Subfamily ERYCININ 4.

Pupa recumbent on a leaf or other object, and secured by the tail and a girdle
across the middle.

Genus ABISARA.
Abisara, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monats. iv. p. 396 (1860).

Forewing triangular ; costal margin arched, apex slightly pointed, exterior margin
oblique, straight; costal vem extending nearly two-thirds the margin; first and
second subcostal branches very short, emitted near together close before end of the
cell, third at one-fourth beyond, fourth and fifth at one-half beyond, third and fourth
terminating on costa before reaching the apex; cell very broad; discocellulars of
equal length, concave, upper radial from end of the cell, lower from middle of
discocellulars ; middle median branch emitted at a short distance before end of the
cell, lower at half length of the cell; submedian slightly recurved: hindwing short,
broad, costal margin very convex at the base and thence oblique; exterior margin
bluntly angled at end of the median vein, abdominal margin long; costal vein very
short, with a basal outwardly curved spur; subcostal branches emitted beyond end of

LYC/ENID AS, 69

the cell; cell long, narrow ; upper discocellular long, very oblique, lower less oblique,
straight, of equal length; middle median branch emitted before end of the cell, lower
at some distance and opposite to half length of upper discocellular; submedian
straight, mternal vein recurved. Body small; palpi small, porrect, not projecting
beyond the eyes, slender, pilose, second joint very long, third joint short, pointed ;
legs slender ; antennz with a well-formed spatulate club.

ABISARA PRUNOSA (Puiate 33, Fie. 3a, 0, g, @).

Abisara Prunosa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1879, p. 137.

Male. Upperside deep brownish-purple, with slightly paler transverse discal
fasciz : hindwing with two subapical and two smaller subanal pale-bordered conical
black spots margined outwardly by a delicate white line, and two intervening pale
conical marks. Female duller coloured, the discal fascize and a marginal line paler,
and more distinct; conical spots on the hindwing prominent. Underside paler,
similar in tint and markings to upper side of female.

Expanse 14 to 1? inch.

Larva light green ; vermiform, with numerous dorsal and lateral short fine hairs.
Pupa light green, dorsally black spotted, hairy. Feeds on Ardisia.

** Western and Central Provinces, in forest land, nearly ali the year; common.
Has a rapid darting flight; settles on the underside of leaves with wings open”
(Hutchison).

* Plentiful amongst the undergrowth of open jungle, or by roadsides. Low
country and up to about 4000 feet (Mackwood).

“Galle and Kandy” (Wade).

Family LYCANIDZ.

Six perfect legs in female, four in male, the anterior tarsi wanting one or both of
the tarsal claws, but densely spimed beneath. Pupa suspended by the tail and a
girdle across the middle.

“These are perfect gems of beauty, mostly of small size, and including, probably,
the smallest known butterflies. Their colours are most commonly azure-blue, purple,
or copper. They enliven by their numbers and perpetual movements the hedges and
flower-gardens of Ceylon. The different kinds are very numerous, though to a
careless observer many quite distinct species appear alike, and it requires close
inspection to distinguish them from one another. The larve are of small size, and

70 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

feed upon the very tender young leaves of the plants they prefer; they are more or
less gregarious when in their early stage of growth.

“Tt is difficult to realize that the larvee of some species of these lovely Lyczenide,
such as Amblypodia, &c., are carnivorous or even cannibal in their habits, and do not
hesitate to eat their own brethren of the same brood, when any of the latter are
commencing their change into the mactive chrysalis state, with their consequent
inability to protect themselves from their voracious kindred, who devour them with
avidity. Nature, however, finds a protection for these said helpless individuals,
in the instinct of a species of ant (Hormica smaragdina,* Fabr.), which, finding a
substance most palatable to it, secreted naturally from a glandular defined spot upon
the bodies of these helpless larvz, takes possession of them as ‘ cows,’ surrounding
each separate one and the leaf on which it had been feeding with a few silken strands
of its web, protecting them jealously, and attacking most fiercely any living thing
intruding upon them.” (Note by Dr. Thwaites.)

Genus SPALGIS.
Spalgis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1879, p. 137.

Wings small, exterior margins even. Male: forewing triangular, costa scarcely
arched at the base, apex somewhat acute, exterior margin oblique, almost straight,
posterior margin rather long; costal vein at some distance from the margin,
extending to half its length; first and second subcostal branches short, first emitted
at nearly one-half before end of the cell, second at one-fourth before the end, third at
one-third beyond the cell, fourth terminating at the apex, fifth (or upper radial) from
end of the cell; discocellulars slender, almost straight, the radial from their middle;
cell long, extending fully to half the wing; middle median branch emitted at a
short distance before end of the cell, lower at one-half before its end; submedian
straight: hindwing ovate, short ; costal vein very convex from the base, extending
to the apex, first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell;
discocellulars very slender, the radial from their middle ; two upper median branches
from end of the cell, lower at half distance before the end ; submedian vein straight,
internal recurved. Female: forewing less triangular, exterior margin convex,
posterior margin long; hindwing convex externally. Body slender, abdomen long;
palpi long, slender, clothed with very short hairy scales, second joint projecting half
its length beyond the head, third joint half its length; legs short, femora delicately
pilose beneath, fore tarsi of male minutely spinous at the side; antennez short, with a
thickened club.

* « This ant forms its tough silken nest by spinning together with its own web several young growing
terminal branches of trees; and in this nest are found a few bright green females of the ant and numerous
examples of its red working neuters.” (Dr. Thwaites.)

LYCANID As, au

SPALGIS EPIUS (Prare 34, Fig. 1, la, $ 9, 18, larva).

Lucia Epius, Westwood, Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, p. 502, pl. 76, fig. 5, 2 (1852).
Spalgis Epius, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1879, p. 137.

Male. Upperside violet-brown: forewing with a white quadrate spot from end
of the cell. Underside greyish-white, with indistinct pale brown oval basal marks
and several outer transverse interrupted zigzag lines, Female paler: forewing with
a broader diffused white discal space, and a blackish discocellular Iunular mark.
Cilia whitish. Underside whiter; markings bolder. Antenne reddish, with black
and white basal articulations; legs banded with brown.

Expanse, ¢ 4, ¢ 1 inch.

Larva pale green, the segments armed with elongated divergent pointed processes.
Pupa small, dilated in the middle. Feeds on Huphorbiacee.

Central Provinces; about flower-gardens, at 3000 feet elevation, during
February. Very local” (Hutchison). ;

“Kandy. Kottawa forest, Galle. Wery common and easy to capture. Likes
shady places and high jungle” (Wade).

Genus MEGISBA.

Allied to Pithecops. Differs in the triangular form of the forewing; first
subcostal branch emitted at nearly one-half length before end of the cell, second at
one-third before its end, third at one-eighth, the fourth at one-half beyond and
terminating before the apex; discocellulars very slender; middle median branch
emitted immediately before end of the cell, lower at one-half before its end; sub-
median straight: hindwing convex at the apex, oblique towards anal angle, abdominal
margin long; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth betore end of the cell; two
upper median branches from a short distance beyond end of the cell. Abdomen long,
reaching to anal angle; antenne with a shorter spatular club.

MEGISBA THWAITESI (Prare 34, Fic. 3, 3a, 6, ¢ 9 and larva).

Male and female. Upperside dark violet-brown: forewing with an oblique lower
discal white-speckled patch. Cilia whitish. Underside bluish-white: forewing with
four blackish spots on middle of costal border, one within the cell, a brown discocellular
streak, an outer discal transverse curved series of five brown streaks, a marginal row
of blackish spots bordered inwardly by a narrow sinuous line and outwardly by a
linear marginal line: hindwing with three black subbasal transverse spots, one on
middle of abdominal margin and a larger one on costal border near the apex; a
narrow brown discocellular streak and a discal series of irregular-shaped spots; a
marginal row of blackish spots bordered within by a sinuous line and outwardly by a

72 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON,

linear marginal line, the third spot from anal angle large and blackest. Palpi black
above; legs with prominent black bands ; antennz black with white annular bands.
Expanse, ¢ 3, ? 1 inch.
Larva light green, vermiform, middle segments swollen. Pupa thick, blunt at
the ends. Feeds on Sapindacee.

“Kandy. Very common and easy to capture” (Wade).

Genus PITHECOPS.
Pithecops, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, p. 66 (1828).

Wings small, very broad: forewing elliptical; much arched from the base,
exterior margin convex, posterior margin of equal length with anterior; costal vein
extending to less than half length of the margin; subcostal branches very short, first
branch emitted at one-half before end of the cell, second at one-third before its end,
third at one-sixth before its end, fourth at one-half beyond the cell and terminating
on costa before the apex, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars very slender, upper
shghtly longest, nearly straight ; cell long, broad; middle median branch emitted at
one-sixth before end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before its end; submedian
straight: hindwing oval; exterior margin very convex ; costal vein arched at base,
extending to apex; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before end of the
cell; discocellulars very slender, upper curved outward, lower curved inward; cell
broad ; two upper median branches emitted from end of the cell, lower at one-third
before its end, submedian and internal vein straight. Body slender; palpi porrect,
slender, clothed with short lax scales, second joint laterally compressed, long,
projecting half its length beyond the head, third jot about half its length, longest
in the female, slightly clavate at tip in the male and cylindrical in the female; legs
slender, fore tarsi composed of five joints, laterally spined, and in the male with a
terminal bifid claw and in the female with a blunt claw; antenne with a well-formed
lengthened spatular club.

PITHECOPS DHARMA (Pare 34, Fie. 4).

Male. Upperside vinous-brown: forewing with the middle of the discal area
shghtly white speckled, costal edge white streaked: hindwing with the outer upper
area broadly white; a marginal row of brown oval spots, each encircled by a white
border; cilia white. Female more intense brown, the discal white-speckled patch on
forewing more distinct: hindwing entirely brown. Underside bluish-white: forewing
with brown streaks on edge of costa, a brown curved streak at end of the cell, an
outer discal transverse curved row of six short waved streaks, and a marginal row of
narrow spots, bordered within by a slender line and outwardly by the marginal line:

LYCAt:NIDAG. 73

hindwing with three transverse subbasal black spots, another on middle of abdominal
margin, and a larger one on costal margin near the apex; a brown discocellular
streak, a discal zigzag series of six narrow brown streaks, and a marginal row of
small blackish spots bordered inwardly by a narrow brown line and outwardly by
the marginal line. Markings most prominent in the female. Body brown, white
beneath ; palpi black above; legs with black bands; antenne black, with white
annulations.
Expanse, 6 £, @ 1 inch.

““Hastern Province; in beds of dry rivers in forest land. Taken in August on
road to Trincomalee in damp places in beds of streams in abundance” (Hutchison).
“ Kandy ” (Wade).

Genus CURETIS.
Curetis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 102 (1816).
Phedna, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 123 (1829).
Anops, Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lép. pl. 7, C (1836); Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 473.

Wings broad: forewing triangular ; costa much arched at the base; apical and
posterior angles pointed, more or less acute; exterior margin slightly oblique;
posterior margin long; costal vein short, extendimg to half length of the margin;
first subcostal branch emitted at half length before end of the cell, second at one-
fourth before its end, third and fourth at half length beyond, fifth (or upper radial)
at a short distance before end of the cell; discocellulars very slender, of nearly equal
length, slightly concave, radial from their middle; cell large, extending to more than
half length of the wing; middle median branch emitted before end of the cell, lower
at one-third before its end; submedian straight: hindwing short, bluntly oval,
anterior margin very convex, apex rounded, exterior margin convexly oblique (or
more or less angular in the middle and acute at anal angle), abdominal margin long;
costal yeim very convex from the base, extending to apex; first subcostal branch
emitted at one-fourth befere end of the cell; discocellulars very slender, slightly
concave, radial from their middle; cell broad, long; two upper median branches
emitted from end of the cell, lower at one-third before its end; submedian vein
straight, internal long, recurved. Body moderately stout; abdomen short; palpi
porrect, clothed with fine adpressed scales, second joint long, projecting nearly half
its length beyond the head, third joint slender, flattened, about one-fourth length of
the second in the male and one-half in the female; eyes hairy; legs short, thick,
clothed with adpressed scales, fore tarsi of male composed of a single joint, with an
obtuse claw at the tip and lateral spines beneath, fore tarsi of female composed of
five joints, with twe minute claws at tip; antennez short, gradually thickening
into a long club.

VOL. I. ; L

74 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

CURETIS THETYS (Prare 34, Fic. 2, 2a, ¢ 9).
Papilio Thetys, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. ii. pl. 9, f. 8, 4 (1773), 9; Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 238, f. D, ¢-
Papilio Asopus, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 125 (1781), 9.
Papilio Phedrus, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 125 (1781), 3.
Anops Phadrus et 4sopus, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 160. _ !
Papilio Cinyra, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 238, f. C (1782), ¢.
Phedra terricola, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 124 (1829).

Male. Upperside glossy cupreous-red: forewing with a narrow black costal and
exterior marginal band, the inner border of which is jagged on the veins and acute at
the apex: hindwing with a black costal border and very narrow marginal band ;
abdominal border cupreous-brown. Body cupreous-brown, thorax and head tinged
with olive-brown. Underside glossy-white, with a very faintly indicated dusky
lunular transverse discal fascia, and a marginal row of more distinct black speckles.
Female. Upperside dark brown: forewing with a broad white medial discal patch :
hindwing with a narrow white irregular curved upper discal band. Cilia white.
Underside as in male. Legs with red band above; palpi black above; antennze
black, tipped with red.

Expanse 1£ inch.

“ Hastern Province between Kandy and Trincomalee in forest land. Taken in
August whilst settling on the ground” (Hutchison).
“Kandy. Rather scarce” (Wade).

Genus CYANIRIS.
Cyaniris, Dalman, Vetensk. Acad. Handl. xxxvii. 63, 94 (1816).

Forewing elongated, triangular; exterior margin slightly oblique and convex,
posterior margin long; costal vein extending to half length of the margm; first
subcostal branch emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell, free from costal ;
second at one-third, the third at about one-eighth before end of the cell, fourth at one-
half from the third and terminating at the apex, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars
slightly concave, radial from their middle; cell long, somewhat narrow, extending to
more than half the wing; middle median branch emitted about one-seventh before
end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before the end; submedian slightly recurved :
hindwing oval, apex very convex; costal vein curved at the base, extending to apex;
first subcostal emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell; upper discocellular
shortest, outwardly oblique, lower straight, erect, radial from their middle; cell
rather short; middle median branch emitted from immediately before end of the cell,
lower at one-third before the end; submedian and internal veins straight. Body

LYCAINIDAL. 75

slender, short; palpi porrect; second joint pilose beneath, projecting half beyond the
head, third joimt slender and about half its length, naked; legs slender, femora
slightly pilose beneath; antenne with a lengthened spatular club.

Type, C. Argiolus.

CYANIRIS AKASA (Prats 34, Fie. 5, ¢).
Polyommatus Akasa, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, p. 67, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1a, ¢ (1828).

Male. Upperside white: forewing with the base, costal and exterior border to
near posterior angle broadly dusky-brown, and a very faintly indicated slender
discocellular streak : hindwing with the base of costal border brown, base of abdominal
border brewnish-grey, a delicate brown outer marginal line and a row of very small
indistinct spots. Female: forewing with the brown marginal band diffused along the
posterior border, where it is slightly glossed with blue, the white dise also being blue-
glossed : hindwing with the brown costal band and exterior marginal line and spots
more distinct, the abdominal border also more distinctly glossed with blue. Underside
white : forewing with a slender blackish discocellular streak, a curved discal series of
five (or six) waved short linear streaks, and a marginal row of indistinct small spots :
hindwing with three subbasal black spots, and a discal curved series of irregular-
shaped spots. Legs with black bands ; palpi black above and black fringed beneath.

Expanse, $ Iss, 2° 14% inch.

CYANIRIS LAVENDULARIS (Prare 34, Fie. 6, 6a, 7, $ 9).
Polyommatus lavendularis, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 341.

Male. Upperside dark lavender-blue, with an extremely narrow black outer
marginal border. Female paler, and of a purple lavender-blue: forewing with the
base of the costa and an outer band black : hindwing with black anterior border and
marginal row of prominent pale-bordered black spots. Cilia white, with inner black
border. Underside greyish-white: forewing with dusky-black streak at end of the
cell, a discal series of oblique spots, and marginal row of small spots enclosed by a
dentated line : hindwing with three black subbasal spots, some specimens with a
smaller spot at base of subcostal and another at base of lower median vein, a curved
series of seven discal spots, and a margmal row of spots enclosed by a dentate line.

Expanse, ¢ 15, 2 14% mech.

Allied to P. Puspa, Horsf. ; differs from Java specimens above in its uniform
colour and narrower black borders.

« Eastern Province. Forests and Plains. Taken in August” (Hutchison).
Ty

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

=
for)

CYANIRIS SINGALENSIS (Prater 35, Fre. 1, 1a).

Lycena Singalensis, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. 1868, p. 282; Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877,
p. 342.

Male. Upperside light blue. Cilia white, with blackish inner line. Underside
white: forewing with a dusky black streak at end of the cell, a submarginal series of
five shghtly smuous spots, a spot near the costa, and a marginal row of small spots
enclosed by an inner row of sinuous lunules: hindwing with three darker subbasal
spots, a spot on costa beyond middle, a spot withm and a slender streak at end of
the cell, a discal curved series of five irregular-shaped spots, a curved streak above
anal angle, and marginal row of small angled spots enclosed by simuous lunules.
Tibiz and tarsi black streaked above. Female with the anterior and exterior borders
pale brown, the border on hindwing with a row of pale blue sinuous marks.

Expanse, ¢ 15%, 2 1,5 inch.

*Oceurs at Kandy” (Wade).

CYANIRIS LANKA (Puiare 35, Fie. 2, 2a)-

Polyommatus Lanka, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 342.

Male. Upperside very dark lavender-blue. Cilia white, with blackish inner
line. Underside white; forewing with a grey-brown streak at end of the cell, 2
submarginal transverse linear row of four linear spots, a spot near the costa, and a
marginal row of dentate spots: hindwing with two equidistant grey-brown spots on
anterior border, a spot within and a slender streak at end of the cell, a discal curved
series of five spots, two lunate marks on abdominal border, and an outer marginal
row of dentate spots. Tibize and tarsi with black bands; palpi black above.

Expanse 1,%; inch.

“Central Province. Hills, 3000 to 6000 feet, in forest land; at all times.
Gregarious. Settles by hundreds in damp spots on the roads” (Hutehison).
“ Kandy” (Wade).

Genus CHILADES.

Forewing elongated, triangular in the female; costal vein extending to nearly
half length of the margin ; first subcostal branch free from costal but running along
its end, emitted beyond one-half before end of the cell, second at one-third, the third

LYCAINIDA. 77

at one-sixth, fourth at one-half from third and terminating before the apex, fifth
from end of the cell; discocellulars slightly oblique, nearly straight, radial from their
middle; cell long, extending to more than half the wing; middle median emitted
at one-sixth before end of the cell, lower beyond one-half before the end; submedian
straight: hindwing oval; exterior margin very convex; no tail; costal vein arched
at base, extending to apex; first subcostal emitted at one-third before end of the cell;
upper discocellular oblique, lower erect, radial from their middle; cell short, broad ;
two upper median branches emitted from end of the cell, lower at one-half before the
end; submedian and internal veins straight. Body small, short; palpi slender,
porrect, second joint long, projecting two-thirds beyond the head, attenuated at its
tip, clothed with long adpressed scales, third jot very long, naked; legs slender;
antennee with a stout grooved club.
Type, C. Laius.

CHILADES VARUNANA (Prare 35, Fic. 3).
Polyommatus Varunana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 772, pl. 41, fig. 6.

Male. Upperside pale purple-blue; exterior margins with a slight pale brown
border: hindwing with two or three ill-defined pale-bordered black marginal spots
from anal angle. Underside hlac-grey: forewing with a brown, white-bordered
spot closing the cell, a transverse row of blackish, white-bordered discal spots, and
a double row of marginal white-bordered lunules: hindwing with three transverse
subbasal, white-bordered black round spots, and a fourth on the middle of the costa;
a pale brown streak closing the cell; a discal series of dark brown spots, a
submarginal row of brown lunules, and a marginal series of blackish triangular
spots, all bordered with white. Palpi and legs above black, beneath white. Female.
Upperside brown: forewing with a lower basal blue patch, and a narrow black spot
closing the cell: hindwing with the black marginal spots more defined and white
bordered.

Expanse 1% inch.

“Colombo. In cinnamon gardens. Not a common insect. Flutters about
near the ground and settles upon it” (Hutchison).
“Taken at Kandy ” (Wade).

CHILADES PUTLI (Pirate 33, Fie. 4, 4a).
Lycena Putli, Kollar Hiigel’s Reise, Kashmir, iv. 2, p. 422 (1844).

Male. Upperside violet-brown: hindwing with indistinct marginal pale-bordered
black spots. Cilia cinereous-white. Underside cinereous-brown: forewing with a

78 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

white-bordered brown discocellular spot, a transverse discal and a submarginal row
of similar spots: hindwing with a white-bordered black costal spot, four transverse
subbasal spots and one near base of abdominal margin; a white-bordered brown
discocellular spot and a transverse discal row of similar spots, a marginal row of six
prominent black conical spots speckled with metallic-green, the outer one at each
end less distinct, each bordered by ochreous-yellow and above by a double white
lunular line. Female. Upperside similar, the marginal spots on hindwing slightly
bordered with ochreous ; markings of underside more distinct.
Expanse, ¢ 7, 2° 7 Inch.

“Kandy and Trincomalee. Found in grass. Rare” (Wade).

Genus ZIZERA.

Wings small: forewing elongated, triangular; costal vein extending to half
length of the wing; first subcostal branch emitted at one-half length before end of
the cell and slightly touching the costal near its end, second at one-third, the third
at one-sixth, fourth from half of third and terminating before the apex, fifth from
end of cell; cell long, broadest in the middle; discocellulars slightly oblique im the
middle, radial from the centre; middle median branch emitted at one-sixth and lower
at one-half before end of the cell; submedian slightly recurved: hindwing short,
oval; costal vein arched at the base, extending to apex; first subcostal at one-fourth
before end of the cell; upper discocellular shortest, oblique, lower erect, radial from
their middle; cell short, broad; two upper median veins from end of the cell;
submedian straight; internal vein recurved at base; no tail. Body slender, abdomen
long; palpi very long, porrect, second joint projecting more than half its length
beyond front of the head, laxly pilose beneath, third joint long, slender, half length
of the second, naked; legs slender; antennze with a stout broad spatular club.

Type, Z. Alsus.

ZIZERA KARSANDRA (Prater 35, Fie. 6, 6a).
Polyommatus Karsandra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 505, pl. 31, fig. 7.

Male. Upperside dull blue; exterior border of both wings brown. Cilia
brownish-cinereous. Female uniform purple-brown. | Underside brownish-grey ;
exterior margin defined by a brown line: forewing with a white-bordered black spot
within the cell, a discocellular streak, a costal spot above it, a transverse discal row
of six spots, and a marginal row of white-bordered pale brown lunules : hindwing
with a subbasal linear series of four white-bordered black spots, and a discal curved

LYCZNID A. 79

series of eight spots ; a pale-bordered brown discocellular streak, a marginal row of
white-bordered brown spots, and a submarginal row of similar bordered lunules.
Expanse, ¢ 48, ¢ 1 inch.

“Colombo; in gardens and grassy land. Almost always abundant. Hovers
round weeds and plants, and constantly settling on the ground ” (Hutchison).

ZIZERA INDICA (Prare 35, Fie. 7, 7a).
Lycena indica, Murray, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p- 525, pl. 10) £ 2, 3.

Male. Upperside paler blue than Z. Karsandra; the marginal brown band
somewhat narrower. Female purple-brown; the basal area of both wings suffused
with blue; the hindwing with a submarginal indistinct series of blue lunules.
Underside similar marked to Z. Karsandra, but the forewing has no spot within the
cell, and the spot above the discocellular streak is also absent.

Expanse, 3 +43, 2 + inch.

ZIZERA PYGMAA (Prater 365, Fia. 5, 5a).
Lycena pygmea, Suellin, Tijdschrift voor Ent. xix. p. 153, pl. 7, f. 3 (1876).

Male. Upperside lavender-blue: forewing with an indistinct broad brownish
outer marginal band: hindwing with a brown marginal line. Cilia white, with
brown inner line. Female pale violet-brown. Underside pale grey: forewing with
a series of nine pale-bordered black spots curving from base of subcostal vein
towards the apex and then across the disc, the fifth or upper discal spot lunate ;
two marginal rows of pale-bordered brown lunules: hindwing with a series of nine
pale-bordered black spets, the first spot disposed at the base of costal vein, two on
the costal border, the others curving across the disc; two small spots also on the
abdominal margin, one also below and another within the cell; a marginal row of
brown lunular spots enclosed by an inner lunular line. Both wings with a brown
discocellular lunule. Palpi black above; legs with black streaks.

Expanse, ¢ 35, 2 7 inch.

Found in the same localities, and has the same habits as Z. Karsandra.

Genus AZANUS.

Forewing elongated, triangular, costa almost straight, apex acute; exterior
margin oblique and slightly concave; posterior margin short, angle acute; costal
vein curved in its middle and slightly bent before reaching the costa; first subcostal

80 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

branch emitted at one-third before end of the cell, anastomosed to the costal for a
short distance near its end, second at one-sixth, third and fifth at end of the cell,
fourth at one-half beyond and terminating at the apex; discocellulars very slender,
radial from their middle; cell long; middle median branch emitted before end of the
cell, lower at one-third before its end; submedian straight: hindwing small, short;
apex convex, anal angle acute, abdominal margin short; costal vein much curved at
the base, extending to the apex; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before
end of the cell; discocellulars very slender, radial from their middle; cell somewhat
short, broad; two upper median branches emitted from end of the cell, lower at
one-half before its end; submedian and internal vein straight; no tail. Thorax
robust, woolly, abdomen short ; palpi porrect; second joint long, laxly pilose beneath,

extending half its length beyond the head, third joint slender, squamose, half length ~

of second ; legs slender, tarsi five jomted and finely spined beneath; antenne with
a prominent spatular club.
Type, A. Ubaldus.

AZANUS CRAMERI (Prats 36, Fic. 1).

Male. Upperside pale purple-blue, exterior margin defined by a slender black
line. Cilia white. Female pale violet-brown, the basal areas pale violet-blue; fore-
wing with a whitish-bordered brown discocellular spot: hindwing with a marginal
row of indistinct pale-bordered blackish spots. Underside pale brownish-grey, outer
marginal line black: forewing with a brown basal streak below the costal vein, a
white-bordered blackish spot within the cell and a less distinct spot below it, a
discocellular pale-bordered brown streak, a transverse subapical white-bordered
brown band broken at its lower end, a marginal row of brown pale-bordered spots
and an inner white submarginal lunular line: hindwing with a white-bordered black
clavate basal streak, three subbasal spots, two spots on middle of abdominal margin,
a costal spot, and an outer marginal row of spots, the two from anal angle speckled
with metallic green; a curved discocellular and a discal pale-bordered brown
eatenulated band. Palpi above black; legs with black tarsal bands.

Expanse + inch.

“Colombo. In cinnamon gardens. Loeal. Rare” (Hutchison).
‘““Hambantotte. June, among bushes. Common” (IWVade).

This is a comparatively broader insect than A. Ubaldus (Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv.
pl. 390, f. L, M), the forewing is also less acuminate at the apex, and the underside
has additional spots towards the base.

LYCANIDA. 81

Genus TARUCUS.

Forewing triangular; costa very slightly arched at base, apex slightly acute,
exterior margin oblique and slightly convex, posterior margin straight; costal vein
short, not extending to half length of the margin; first subcostal branch short,
emitted at one-half before end of the cell, anastomosed to costal near its end, second
at one-third, and third at one-sixth before end of the cell, fourth at one-half from third
and terminating at apex, fifth from end of cell; discocellulars slightly waved, radial
from their middle; cell long, broad; middle median branch emitted at one-fifth before
end of the cell, lower at more than half before the end; submedian straight: hindwing
bluntly oval; exterior margin convex, anal angle acute ; with a slender tail from end
of lower median vein ; costal vein much arched at the base, extending to apex ; first
subcostal emitted at one-half before end of the cell; discocellulars inwardly oblique,
radial from their middle; cell short, broad; middle median branch emitted immediately
before end of the cell, lower at one-half before the end; submedian straight, internal
recurved. Body slender; palpi porrect, second joint projecting about one-third
beyond the head, clothed with long lax scales, third joint slender, naked; legs
slender ; antennze with a very long slender grooved club.

Type, 'T. Theophrastus.

TARUCUS THEOPHRASTUS (Pirate 36, Fic. 3).

Hesperia Theophrastus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 281 (1793).
Lampides Theophrastus, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 164.
Lycena Theophrastus, Horsf. Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 73; Trimen, Lep. Afr. Austr. ii. p. 241.

Male. Upperside lavender-blue, costal edge and exterior margins narrowly lined
with black: forewing with an indistinct black discocellular spot, and hindwing with
a less distinct subanal spot; tail black, tipped with white. Ciha white, with mner
black border. Female, with blue basal and white discal areas, the discal areas black
spotted, the outer borders black and traversed by a more or less distinct row of
slender white lunular marks which are single on the forewing and double and
broadest on the hindwing. Underside greyish-white : forewing with a black straight
streak below the costal vein, an oblique subbasal streak, two transverse discal
streaks, three subapical spots, and two marginal rows of quadrate spots: hindwing
with a transverse basal and subbasal black streak, irregularly disposed discal spots,
a submarginal broken row of lJunular spots, and a marginal row of slightly larger
rounded spots, the outer series speckled with metallic green scales.

Expanse 1 inch.

Note.—The markings on the underside of this species are wider and more
VOL. I. M

82 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

broken up than in the allied N. Indian form (7. Nara), and the female is more
prominently white marked on the upperside.

‘“‘ Found in strips of high jungle fringing the Yalle River. Plentiful in this one
spot in July” (Wade).

TARUCUS PLINIUS (Prare 36, Fie. 4).

Hesperia Plinius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 284 (1793); Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 41, f. 1.
Lycena Plinius, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, p. 72.

Male. Upperside purple violet-blue. Female fuliginous-brown, basal areas
glossed with cobalt blue, discal area of forewing with a series of whitish quadrate
spots : hindwing with indistinct whitish discal spots and a more prominent submarginal
and marginal lunular band, the latter enclosing indistinct blackish spots. Underside
brown : forewing with a white basal angled mark, a subbasal curved line, four waved
oblique discal outwardly-confluent lines, and two marginal lunular lines: hindwing
with a white basal costal streak, a subbasal straight streak, two medial waved lines,
and two discal contorted lines, a submarginal row of broad lunules, and a marginal
row of conical marks, the two from anal angle black with metallic-green speckles and
bordered with ochreous.

Expanse 1 inch.

“Captured near Kandy, about 2000 to 2500 feet. Flies about hedges by roadside
in January. Scarce” (Hutchison).
“ Kandy, and Hambantotte in June” ( Wade).

Genus CASTALIUS.
Castalius, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816).

Forewing triangular; costa arched at the base, apex pointed, exterior margin
oblique and slightly convex ; costal vein extending to a little over half leneth of the
margin; first subcostal branch very short, anastomosed to costal for a short distance
near its end, emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell; second at a very short
distance before base of first; third at one-eighth before end of the cell, fourth at
one-half beyond the cell, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars slightly oblique
and recurved, radial from their middle; cell extendmg to more than half length of
the wing; middle median branch emitted at one-eighth before end of the cell, lower
at one-half before its end; submedian nearly straight: hindwing bluntly oval,
exterior margin convex anteriorly, slightly angled and with a delicate tail at end of
lower median vein; costal vein arched at base and extending to apex; first subcostal .
emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars recurved, radial from

LYCANID Ai. 83

their middle; cell short, broad; two upper median branches from end of the cell,
lower at one-third before its end; submedian vein straight, internal recurved. Body
small, abdomen short; palpi porrect, long, second joint compressed, clothed with
compact hairy-scales, projecting half its length beyond the head, third joint slender,
naked, more than half length of second; legs slender; antennz with a blunt
spatular club.

Type, C. Rosimon.

CASTALIUS ROSIMON (Prare 36, Fic. 2).

Papilio Rosimon, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 523 (1778).

Castalius Rosimon, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 162.

Lycena Rosimon, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 71.

Papilio Maimon, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 5384 (1775).

Papilio Clyton, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 67, fig. F, G (1779), 6.

Papilio Coridon, Cramer, id. iv. pl. 340, fig. C—E (1782), 9.

Castalius Naxus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816).
__ Male and female. Upperside white, basal area scattered over with silvery blue
or greenish scales: forewing in male with a blackish-brown costal and outer marginal
band, a large discocellular spot, and an outer discal irregular series of five spots, and
a less distinct lower basal oblique spot: hindwing with a blackish-brown costal and
broad outer marginal band, the latter traversed by a row of slender white more or
less complete conical rings; tail black tipped with white. Cilia alternated with
white. Female with broader black marginal bands and spots. Underside white:
forewing with a black straight basal band, an oblique lower subbasal streak, a short
discocellular streak, an outer discal series of five spots, and a marginal double row
of small spots: hindwing with two basal transverse black streaks, a subbasal
dispersed series of nine spots, a discal row and two marginal rows of smaller spots,
the three anal spots on the outer row speckled with metallic-green scales. Body
above black; thorax bluish, side and front of head white; palpi above and bands on
tarsi black.

Expanse 1 to 1] inch.

“Colombo. Plains and borders of cultivated ground; at all times. Slow

flight; settles among grass and on the ground; easily captured ” (Hutchison).
“Galle and Kandy. Very common”? (Wade).

CASTALIUS ETHION (Prats 36, Fic. 5, 5a).

Lycena Ethion, Doubleday and Hewitson Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 490, pl. 76, fig. 8 (1852); Hewitson,
Exot. Butt. V. Lye. pl. 1, f. 5 (1876).

Male. Upperside dark violet-black : forewing with a broad bluish-white medial
mM 2

84 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

discal transverse band, which is angled outward at its anterior end, the discal area
outside the band suffused with blue. Female fuliginous-brown, with a similar white
discal band, but not glossed with blue. ‘Tail black. Underside bluish-white :
forewing with two black basal oblique bands, an upper and lower discal short band
with an intervening small spot, and two marginal rows of small spots: hindwing
with two short black basal bands, three outer discal spots, and two marginal rows of
smaller spots, the two spots from anal angle speckled with metallic-green scales;
palpi black above ; legs black with white bands.
Expanse 1] inch.

“Galle and Kandy. Very common” (Wade).

CASTALIUS DECIDIA.
Lycena Decidia, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. V. Lyc. pl. i. f. 4 (1876).

Upperside violet-black, with a broad white medial transverse band, which is
angled inward towards the costa and hooked outward below the apex. Underside
with narrow black markings on forewing and yery attenuated streaks on the hindwing.

Expanse 12 inch.

“Western and Central Provinces. Plains and Hills up to 4000 feet. Common
in low country forests from June to October. Flits about the tops of shrubs and
low trees, settling among the leaves” (Hutchison).

CASTALIUS HAMATUS (Prats 36, Fie. 6, 6a).

Male. Upperside dark violet-black; both wings with a narrow white medial
discal transverse band, which is attenuated and hooked outward at its anterior end
below the costa, the band on both wings is also crossed by black veins, and thickly
black speckled on the hindwing; cilia white alternated with black. Female with the
white band broader and more acutely hooked. Underside white: forewing with a
broad black subbasal band curving inward from the costa, an oblique short subapical
and a lower discal band, a marginal lunular band which is dilated at both ends and
projected inward from the middle: hindwing with a black basal curved band, a
small contiguous spot on abdominal margin, a large upper and lower irregular discal
spot, and a smaller intervening spot, a marginal row of lunules. Palpi black above ;
legs black with white bands.

Expanse 1} inch.

“Galle and Kandy. Very common” (Wade).

LYCANIDA. 85

Genus EVERES.

Everes, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 69 (1816).

Forewing elongate, triangular ; costa slightly arched at the base, apex rounded,
exterior margin slightly oblique and convex, posterior margin long; costal vein
short, bent slightly upward before reaching the costa, and not extending to half
length of the margin; first subcostal branch ascending and anastomosed to costal
near its end, second at one-third before end of the cell, third at one-sixth before its
end, fourth from one-half length of the third and terminating at the apex, fifth from
end of the cell; discocellulars slightly oblique, radial from their middle; the middle
median emitted at one-sixth before end of the cell, lower at one-half before its end ;
submedian slightly recurved: hindwing oval; with a slender tail from end of lower
median vein; costal vein extending to near apex, arched at the base; upper
discocellular oblique, lower erect, radial from their middle; cell short; middle median
branch emitted before end of the cell, lower at one-half before its end; submedian
and internal veins straight. Body small, short; palpi slender, porrect, second joint
pointed at its end and clothed with longish scales at its base beneath, third joint
long, slender; legs slender ; antennz with a slender grooved club.

Type, H. Amyntas Fab.

EVERES PARRHASIUS (Prater 36, Fic. 7).

Hesperia Parrhasius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 289 (1798).
Lycena Parrhasius, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, p. 86.

Male. Upperside deep violet-blue, with a narrow brown outer marginal band,
the band on the hindwing with black spots slightly bordered with white. Female
violet-brown, the lower basal and discal areas more or less greyish-blue: hindwing
with a marginal row of white-bordered black spots, the two spots between the median
veins bordered with a red inner lunule. Underside greyish-white: forewing with a
white-bordered dusky-brown discocellular lunule, an outer discal lunular line, and
two marginal lunular lines: hindwing with three black subbasal and an apical spot,
a white-bordered dusky-brown discocellular lunule, a discal row of lunules, and a
marginal lunular line, the latter enclosing two large subanal black spots bordered
with ochreous.

Expanse, ¢ 1, ? 14 inch.

“Colombo. In open and cultivated land” (Hutchison).
“Galle and Kandy. Very common” (Wade).

86 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

Genus JAMIDES.

Jamides, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816).

Forewing elongate, triangular; costa slightly arched at base, apex very acute,
exterior margin slightly oblique and convex, posterior margin long; costal vein bent
upward near its end to the costa, extending to half length of the margin; first
subcostal branch short, emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell and slightly
touching the costal at its angle, second branch at one-third before end of the cell,
third close to the end, fourth at nearly one-half from third and terminatig at the
apex, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars shghtly waved, radial from their
middle; cell broad, long, extending to more than half the wing; middle median
branch emitted at one-sixth before end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before the
end; submedian straight: hindwing short, triangular, with a slender tail from end
of lower median vein; costal vein arched and extending to apex; discocellulars
slightly oblique, radial from their middle; cell short, broad; middle median branch
emitted before end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before the end; submedian
straight, internal recurved. Body slender, short; palpi porrect, second joint
projecting half length beyond the head, clothed with adpressed scales, third joint
naked, slender, about half length of second; legs slender; antennze with a thick club.

JAMIDES BOCHUS (Pirate 36, Fie. 8, 8a, ¢ 9).

Papilio Bochus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 391, fig. C, D (1782), ¢.

Jamides Bochus, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816).

Hesperia Democritus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ili. p. 285 (1793), ¢.

Hesperia Plato, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 288 (1793), @.

Lampides Plato, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 166, pl. 2, fig. 3, ¢.
Lycena Nila, Horsfield, Catalogue Lep. Mus. East India Company, p. 78 (1829), ¢.

Male. Upperside: forewing jet-black, lower basal and discal area glittering
steel-blue: hindwing glittering steel-blue, with a black marginal line and indistinet
anal spots; abdominal margin jet-black. Cilia black. Female dark fuliginous-brown,
the lower basal and discal area of both wings unglossed cobalt-blue ; marginal spots
on himdwing bordered with blue. Underside greyish fuliginous-brown: forewing
with two faintly-indicated slender white discocellular streaks, two transverse discal
broken lines, two submarginal lunular lines, and a marginal line: hindwing with two
subbasal and two discal broken white lines, two submarginal sinuous lines, and a
marginal line; a prominent red-bordered subanal black spot and a slight anal streak,
both speckled with metallic-blue scales.

Hxpanse 14 inch.

LYCA NIDA. 87

“Western and Central Provinces. Plains and Hills up to 4000 feet. Has a
quick flight, darting from point to point among hedges on the roadside, and settling
on the leaves” (Hutchison).

“Galle and Kandy. Common” (Wade).

Genus LYC/X.NESTHES.
Lycenesthes, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 773.

Wings moderately broad: forewing elongated, triangular; costal margin arched
at the base, apex somewhat acute, exterior margin slightly oblique and nearly
straight, posterior margin long; costal vein extending to half length of the margin ;
first subcostal branch emitted at more than one-third before end of the cell, second
at one-fourth, third at one-cighth before its end, fourth at less than one-half beyond
the cell and terminating at the apex, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars very
slender, slightly oblique, radial from their middle; cell long, extending to more than
half length of the wing; middle median branch emitted at one-eighth before end of
the cell, lower at one-third; submedian recurved: hindwing bluntly oval, costa
convex at base, exterior margin convex anteriorly, anal angle slightly acute; costal
vein much arched at the base, extending to the apex; first subcostal branch emitted
at one-fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars oblique, upper concave, radial
from their middle; the middle median branch emitted at nearly one-half before end
of the cell; submedian vein straight, internal recurved; a short delicate cilial spine
from end of median and submedian veins. Body short, robust; palpi long, com-
pressed laterally, projecting nearly half its length beyond the head, second joint
clothed with long hair-scales, third joint slender, naked, about half length of second ;
legs slender, femora finely pilose beneath, fore tibize of male spmed beneath and with
a blunt claw at tip; antennze with a long slender pointed club.

LYCZNESTHES LYCANINA (Pare 35, Fie. 8, 8a).
Lycenesthes Lycenina, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. 1868, p. 281.

Male. Upperside purple violet-blue: hindwing with indistinct dusky spots with
whitish outer border from anal angle. Female violet-brown; basal area suffused with
blue; marginal anal spots more distinct. Underside pale greyish-brown: forewing
with two white discocellular lines, a transverse discal catenulated band, a submarginal
and marginal dentated line: hindwing with a white-bordered black spot near end of
costal vein, a similar spot on middle of abdominal margin, and a larger ochreous-
bordered marginal spot between middle and lower median veins; a white-bordered
discoidal ringlet mark, a discal catenulated band, a submarginal and marginal
dentated line. Palpi black above; legs with black bands.

88 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

Expanse 15 inch.

*Pusalawe. Hills about 3000 feet. Forests. September” (Hutchison).
* Kandy” (Wade).

Genus NACADUBA.

Forewing triangular; costa regularly arched, exterior margin slightly convex,
posterior margin straight; costal vein extending to half length of the margin, bent
upward to costa near its end; first subcostal branch emitted at one-third before end
of the cell, short, curved upward and touching the costal, second branch at one-
fourth, third close to end of the cell, fourth at beyond one-half from third and
terminating at the apex, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars slightly concave,
radial from their middle; cell broad, long, extending more than half the wing;
middle median from angle before end of the cell, lower branch at one-third before the
end; submedian straight: hindwing bluntly oval, furnished with a single slender tail ;
costal vein arched at the base; first subcostal curved upward, emitted at one-sixth
before end of the cell; discocellulars slightly oblique, radial from their middle; cell
broad ; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half
before the end; submedian and internal vein straight. Body moderate, rather short ;
palpi porrect, second joint extending more than half beyond the head, laxly pilose
beneath; legs slender; antennal club grooved, pointed.

Type, N. prominens.

NACADUBA PROMINENS (PrateE 37, Fia. 3, 3 a, 6, c).
Lampides Prominens, Moore, Annals of Natural History, 1877, p. 341.

Male. Upperside greyish violet-blue, with a very slender indistinct brown
marginal line. Female violet-black, the lower basal and discal areas pale smalt-blue :
hindwing with the costal border broadly black, and a marginal row of white-bordered
black spots enclosed by an inner white lunular line. Underside pale greyish-brown :
forewing crossed by two subbasal, two short discocellular, and two discal prominent
dark-bordered white slightly waved bands, and two marginal blackish-interspaced
lunular bands, the two discal bands broken and shifted inward at the middle median
vein: hindwing crossed by six broken white bands and two marginal blackish-
interspaced sinuous bands; a large subanal and small anal black spot, both speckled
with metallic green scales and ochreous bordered.

Expanse 1% to 1-4; inch.

Larva onisciform; pale rose colour, with dorsal and lateral rows of brighter
spots. Pupa somewhat cylindrical, head blunt; reddish, with minute black spots.
“* Feeds on the very young leaves of Vateria indica” (T'hwaites).

LYCANIDZ. - 89

“Colombo. In cinnamon gardens. Flight short, settling among shrubs and
grass” (Hutchison).
“ Kandy ” (Wade).

NACADUBA ATRATA.
Lycena Atratus, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. p. 78 (1828) 9.
Lycena Kurava, Moore, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 22 (1857).

Closely allied to N. prominens, but comparatively smaller in size. Male of a
uniformly darker grey-blue; female also of a more intense and darker glistening blue,
the brown outer borders broader. On the underside the white bands are more
distinct, the marginal band encloses a series of black spots, and the submarginal
band is more acutely sinuous with black interspaces.

Expanse 175 to 1,4 inch.

“In the same locality as N. prominens” (Hutchison).

NACADUBA MACROPHTHALMA (Prater 37, Fie. 4, 4a).
Lycena Macrophthalma, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. 1862, p. 483; Reise Novara Lep. ii. p. 275,
pl. 34, f. 35.

Male. Upperside greyish violet-blue. Female violet-brown, with the lower
basal and discal areas dark blue glossed with cobalt: hindwing with a marginal
pale-bordered blackish macular band and inner lunular line. Underside greyish
purple-brown : forewing crossed by two slender white discocellular bands, two discal
bands, two submarginal lunular bands, and a marginal line, the two discal bands
broken and shifted inward at the middle median branch: hindwing crossed by six
slender white-bordered bands, two submarginal sinuous bands, and a marginal line;
a large black red-bordered subanal spot and anal streak, speckled with metallic green
scales. Female paler, with the white bands less prominent, the two submarginal
sinuous bands on hindwing diffused and nearly confluent in some specimens.

Expanse, ¢ 12, 2 13 inch.

“* Poorie, ten miles from Colombo. Plains, forest; during 8.W. monsoon—July
to October. Flight short, settling on shrubs” (Hutchison).
* Kandy” (Wade).

NACADUBA VIOLA (Pirate 38, Fie. 1, 1 a, 0).
Lampides Viola, Moore, Annals of Natural History, 1877, p. 340.

Male. Upperside dark violet-blue; both wings with a slender black marginal
Ine. Cilia whitish at the edge. Female dark violet-brown, smalt-blue on middle of
the forewing: hindwing with indistinct marginal row of pale-bordered black spots,

VOL. I. x

90 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

the penultimate spot most distinct. Underside dark violet-grey ; both wings with
six very pale delicate white broken narrow bands, the two inner and the outer bands
on the forewing short; a small black anal and large subanal spot, speckled with blue
and ochreous bordered.

Expanse, ¢ yy, 2 1 inch.

NACADUBA ARDATES (Prater 38, Fig. 2, 2a).
Lycena Ardates, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 574, pl. 67, fig. 1, &.

Male. Upperside purplish violet-blue; marginal line and a short tail on
hindwing black. Cilia greyish, with dark inner line. Female violet-brown, lower
medial area of forewing suffused with cobalt blue: hindwing with a marginal row of
white-bordered indistinct black spots, the penultimate more distinct. Underside
dark fawn colour or brownish-grey : forewing crossed by a white-bordered dusky
antemedial band, a short discocellular band, a postmedial irregular catenulated band,
and two marginal white lunular lines : hindwing crossed by three irregular catenulated
bands, and a submarginal dentate-lunular line bordering a marginal row of spots ;
subanal spot large, round, black, and speckled with metallic green scales.

Expanse 3 to lL inch.

“Colombo. About hedges of native gardens, flying among the bushes and
settling on the leaves’ (Hutchison).
“Kandy” (Wade).

Genus CATOCHRYSOPS.
Catochrysops, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, p. 87 (1882).

Forewing triangular; costal vein extending half the wing, bent upward to costa
near the end; first subcostal branch emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell,
curved upward and slightly touching the costal, second emitted at one-third, the
third at one-eighth before end of the cell, fourth at two-thirds from base of third
and terminating at the apex, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars slightly concave,
radial from their middle; cell narrower than in Nacaduba, extending to half length
of the wing; middle median branch from immediately before end of the cell, lower at
one-half before the end: hindwing short, triangularly-oval, abdominal margin long ;
furnished with a single slender tail; costal vein much arched; first subcostal branch
slightly curved, emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars obliquely
recurved, radial from their middle ; cell broad; two upper median branches from end
of the cell, lower at one-half before the end; submedian straight, internal recurved.
Body moderate ; palpi porrect, second joint laxly squamose, third joimt long, slender,
legs slender; antennal club rather short, grooved.

Type, C. Strabo.

LYCENIDA. 91

CATOCHRYSOPS STRABO (Pirate 37, Fic. 2, 2a).
Hesperia Strabo, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 287 (1798).
Catochrysops Strabo, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe Lep. p. 88.
Lampides Strabo, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 165.
Lycena Kandarpa, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 82 (1829).

Male. Upperside lilac-blue, with a very slender black marginal line: hindwing
with a distinct black subanal spot. Female brown, with cobalt-blue lower basal and
discal areas: forewing with two short lower submarginal indistinct whitish lunular
lines : hindwing with two marginal rows of white-bordered blackish lunular spots,
the subanal spot very large, blackest and bordered inwardly with red; an indistinct
series of blackish discal spots with pale borders. Underside pale greyish-white or
brownish-grey : forewing with a white-bordered brownish discocellular band, a discal
transverse catenulated band, and two marginal lunular lines, a small black white-
bordered spot on costa before the discal band: hindwing with two white-bordered
black costal spots, a subcostal, a discocellular, and a discal white-bordered brown
catenulated band, the latter abruptly terminating upward on abdominal border ;
submarginal lunular lines; an indistinct black anal streak and a large prominent
black subanal spot, the latter speckled with metallic scales and bordered inwardly
with orange-yellow. Tail black, tipped with white; cilia edged with white.

Expanse 15 to 15%; inch.

** Colombo, in open and cultivated land” (Hutchison).
*“* Kandy ” (Wade).
CATOCHRYSOPS LITHARGYRIA.
Lampides Lithargyria, Moore, Anuals of Natural History, 1877, p. 340.

Male. Upperside greyish silvery-blue: forewing with very narrow marginal
indistinct black border: hindwing with two triangular spots from anal angle, the
second largest. Cilia white with dusky marginal inner line. Underside white:
forewing with a broad greyish-brown spot at end of the cell, a transverse discal
catenulated band with a contiguous spot at upper end, a narrower submarginal band,
and very indistinct marginal lunules: hindwing with two prominent black costal
spots, two greyish-brown subbasal spots, a broad spot at end of the cell, a curved
discal macular band, a marginal series of lunular spots enclosed by a broad dentate
band, the penultimate spot being black and bordered above with ochreous. Taii
black tipped with white.

Expanse 1,7; inch.

Allied to C. Strabo, but of an entirely different colour above and beneath, and
the markings of underside all much broader. Also allied to C. platissa, H. S., from

Australia.
n 2

92 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

CATOCHRYSOPS CNEJUS.
Hesperia Cnejus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 430 (1798).
Lycena Cnejus, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 83.
Lampides Cnejus, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 165.
Male. Upperside violet-blue, with a very slender brownish marginal shade, and
a delicate outer black line: hindwing with two anal distinct black spots. Female
violet-brown, with the lower basal and discal areas pale blue: hindwing with a
bluish white-bordered black row of marginal spots, and an inner row of white
lunules, the two anal spots red bordered. Cilia greyish-white; tail black, tipped
with white. Underside pale brownish-grey: forewing with a white-bordered
brownish discocellular streak, a transverse discal catenulated band, and margimal
lunular lines: hindwing with two white-bordered black costal spots and two subanal
spots; a white-bordered brownish discocellular streak, a discal catenulated band,
marginal row of conical spots and a lunular line; two promiment black anal spots
speckled with metallic green scales and bordered inwardly with orange-yellow.
Expanse 14 to 12 inch.

“Colombo. In cinnamon gardens”’ (Hutchison).
“ Hambantotte; among low shrubs in June” (Wade).

CATOCHRYSOPS PANDAVA (Prater 87, Fie. 1, 1 a, 4).
Lycena Pandava, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. p. 84 (1829).

Male. Upperside glossy lavender-blue: forewing with a distinet brownish-black
marginal border, and slender black outer line: hindwing with a marginal row of
brownish-black spots bordered outwardly by a slender white lunular line, the
penultimate spot bordered inwardly with red; costal border also brownish-black.
Female violet-brown, with the lower basal and discal areas glossy lavender-blue:
hindwing with a marginal row of white-bordered black spots, and bluish-white mner
lunular line, the penultimate spot red bordered. Underside pale greyish-brown :
forewing with a white-bordered brown discocellular streak, a discal catenulated band,
and two marginal bands: hindwing with two white-bordered black costal spots and
three lower subbasal spots, a white-bordered brown discocellular streak, a discal
catenulated band, a submarginal lunular line, and a marginal macular band, the two
anal spots red bordered.

Expanse 12 inch.

Larva onisciform ; greenish or violet-brown above, with a dorsal darker brown
line and white spots, and a yellow lateral line.

Pupa violet-brown, thick, head truncate.

“ Feeds on Cycadaceew”’ (Thwaites).
“ Hambantotte. Among low shrubs. June” (Wade).

LYCANIDA. 93

Genus POLYOMMATUS.
Polyommatus, Latreille, Sonnerat’s Buffon, xiv. p. 116 (1805); Gen. Crust, et Ins. iv. p. 206 (1807).

Forewing triangular ; costa slightly arched, exterior margin oblique and slightly
convex towards the apex, posterior margin straight; costal vein extending to half
length of wing; first and second subcostal branches short, first emitted at nearly
one-half before end of the cell, second at one-fifth, third bifid and emitted close to
end of the cell, fourth at one-half from third and terminating at the apex, fifth from
end of the cell; discocellulars nearly erect, of equal length, radial from their middle ;
cell broad extending to a little beyond half length of wing; upper median from end
of the cell, middle branch at one-fifth and lower at one-third before end of the cell;
submedian nearly straight: hindwing bluntly oval; furnished with a single slender
tail; costal vein much arched from the base; first subcostal branch curved, emitted
at one-fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars very slender, upper shghtly
concave, radial from their middle; two upper median branches from end of cell,
lower branch at one-third before the end; submedian straight, internal recurved,
short. Body stouter than in Lampides; palpi porrect, long, slender, flattened,
fringed beneath; legs slender; antennal club stout, grooved.

Type, P. Beeticus.

POLYOMMATUS BATICUS.

Papilio Beticus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. ii. p. 789 (1767); Fabricius, Syst. Ent. pp. 522, 526.

Lycena Betica, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 80.

Lampides Beiticus, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 165.

Male. Upperside dull violet-blue, with a very narrow brown marginal band:
hindwing with two black anal spots and a marginal row of evanescent blackish spots.
Female brown, the lower basal and discal areas cobalt-blue; two marginal rows of
whitish lunules, less distinct on forewing; anal spots prominent. Cilia edged with
white ; tail black with white tip. Underside greyish-ochreous, brownish in female :
forewing with four transverse discoidal, two discal, and two marginal white-bordered
brown bands, the two discal bands broken below the middle and lower median veins,
the outer marginal band indistinct : hindwing with the basal area crossed by eight or
nine narrow white waved lines, a broad white discal band, and a narrow marginal
lunular line; anal spots jet-black, and traversed externally by a lunule of steel-blue
or green metallic scales, and bordered inwardly by ochreous-red.

Expanse 14 to 13 inch.

** Western and Central Provinces. In low country and up to 3000 feet. In
weedy and cultivated land, but not forest. Chiefly in the spring. Flight slow as
compared with many of the Lycenide. Settles among bushes ”’ (Hutchison).

“Kandy. Very common” (Wade).

94 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

Genus LAMPIDES.
Lampides, Wibner, Verz. bek. Sclimett. p. 70 (1816).

Wings somewhat broad; forewing nearly triangular; costa arched, exterior
margin slightly oblique and convex, posterior margin acute; costal vein short,
curved, bent upward to the costa near its end; first subcostal branch bent upward
and joined to the costal by a short spur, emitted at one-haif before end of the cell;
second at one-third, the third at one-eighth before the end, fourth at one-half from
third and terminating at apex, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars curved,
radial from their middle; cell broad; upper median branch emitted at one-eighth
before end of the cell, lower at one-half before the end; snbmedian straight : hind-
wing triangularly-oval; apex convexly-angular; exterior margin very oblique, shehtly
angled at end of lower median vein, and a slender tail extending from the angle;
abdominal margin long; costal vein much arched at base, extending to apex; first
subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell; discocellulars outwardly
oblique, radial from their middle; cell broad; two upper median branches emitted
from end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before the end; submedian and internal
veins straight. Body slender, short; palpi porrect, second joint projecting about
half its length beyond the head, clothed with long adpressed scales, third joint very
long, slender, naked; legs slender ; antennee with a lengthened grooved pointed club.

Type, L. Ailianus.

LAMPIDES ELIANUS (Pare 38, Fic. 3, 3a, 0).
Hesperia Aslianus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 280 (1793).
Lycena Atlianus, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 73, pl. 4, f. 1, la.
Lampides 4lianus, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 166.
Papilio Alexis, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Exot. pl. 38, f. 3, 3c, ¢ (1790).
Lycena Aleris, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 26.

Male. Upperside pale cobalt-blue: forewing with a narrow black marginal band
tapering to a point at posterior angle: hindwing with a marginal row of white-
bordered black lunular spots and a slender outer line; the white bands of the
underside slightly visible. Cilia of forewing black, slightly edged with white, of
hindwing white edged with black; tail black, tipped with white. Female paler: -
forewing with a broad blackish marginal band, angled at the upper median vein and
extending obliquely to middle of the costa: hindwing with the marginal row of
white-bordered black spots more distinct, and followed by an inner black lunular
line, costal border also broadly blackish. Underside pale brownish-grey : forewing
crossed by four white oblique discal bands and three marginal parallel bands, the
second, inner and fourth bands short; hindwing crossed with five white bands, the
second, third, and fourth angled inward to abdominal margin ; two upper submarginal

LYCAINIDA. 95

lunular bands and a marginal line; a short band also crossing end of the cell; an
anal streak and subanal red-bordered black spot, sparsely speckled with metallic
green.

Expanse 1+ to 12 inch.

Larva onisciform ; green or violet-brown, with a dark dorsal and lateral black
lines.

Pupa pale violet-brown.

“ Kandy and Galle. Very common” (Wade).

LAMPIDES ELPIS (Prare 38, Fic. 4, 4a).
Polyommatus Elpis, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 654 (1828).
Lycena Elpis, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 76, pl. 1, f. 4.

Male. Upperside bright glossy cobalt-blue: forewing with an indistinctly
defined very slender black marginal band: hindwing with a slender black marginal
line, a row of white-bordered black lunular spots, and a very indistinct inner row of
similar lunules. Cilia of forewing blackish, of hindwing white edged with black;
tail black, tipped with white. Female paler and duller blue: forewing with a broad
blackish marginal band angled inward and extending along the costa to its base:
hindwing with a marginal row of white-bordered black spots and inner lunular line ;
costal border also broadly blackish. Underside pale brownish-grey : forewing crossed
by four oblique discal white bands, the two outer shortest and sometimes broken, and
three marginal parallel bands: hindwing crossed by five white interrupted hands, the
third and fourth angled inward to abdominal margin; two upper submarginal lunular
bands, and a marginal line, a short band also at end of the cell; an anal streak and a
subanal red-bordered black spot, sparsely speckled with metallic green.

Expanse 12 to 14 inch.

“Central Province. 2000 to 3000 feet elevation, generally in flower-gardens, at
any time. Has a quick flight”? (Hutchison).
““ Kandy and Galle. Very common” (Wade).

LAMPIDES PSEUDELPIS.
Lampides Pseudelpis, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. i. p. 547, pl. 68, fig. 7, 8 (1877-9).

Upperside of a paler colour than in ZL. Elpis; both wings with a black margiral
line: hindwing with a white inner marginal line only, no submarginal spots. On the
underside the white bands are narrower, more irregular and broken, the two marginal
bands more sinuous, the anal black spot larger and less broadly bordered with
ochreous.

Expanse 1,5 inch.

96 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

LAMPIDES CORUSCANS (Prate 36, Fie. 9, 9 a, 0).

Lampides Coruscans, Moore, Annals Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 341.

Male. Upperside brilliant glistening cobalt-blue: forewing with very narrow
black speckle-bordered marginal band: hindwing with narrow black marginal line
and speckled black spots. Cilia black, with whitish outer edge on forewing and inner
white line on hindwing. Female fuliginous-black: forewing with greyish-blue basal
and discal area: hindwing with greyish-blue lower basal area, a submarginal row of
dentate marks, and a marginal row of blue-bordered black spots. Underside pale
leaden grey : forewing with two narrow white transverse discal lines, a short upper
intermediate streak, a short outer line, a double marginal row of white dentate marks
with blackish intermediate space, and marginal line: hindwing with several inter-
rupted narrow white transverse lines, a submarginal prominent double dentate line
with black intermediate space, and marginal line; a large subanal ochreous-bordered
black spot.

Expanse 1% inch.

* Plentiful in the Kottawa forest, Galle. Easy to capture” (Wade).
*“ Western and Southern Provinces. Plains, in forest land; during S.W.

monsoon, fluttering about bushes in open glades of the forest; not common”
(Hutchison).

Genus TALICADA.

Forewing with the costa arched at the base, exterior margin obliquely convex ;
first subcostal branch emitted at one-half before end of the cell, ascending to and
anastomosing with costal to near its end; second at one-fifth and third at one-sixth
before end of the cell, fourth at beyond half from third and terminating at the apex ;
fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars slightly recurved, radial from their middle ;
cell more than half length of the wing, broad to near the base; middle median at
one-sixth before end of the cell, lower at one-half before the end; submedian nearly
straight : hindwing broadly oval; furnished with a single slender tail from end of
lower median vein; costal vein much arched from the base; first subcostal at one-
third before end of the cell; discocellulars slightly recurved, radial from their middle ;
cell not extending to half the wing; middle median from near end of the cell, lower
at more than half before the end; submedian and internal straight. Body moderate ;
palpi porrect, flattened, second joint laxly squamose beneath, third joint long, slender ;
legs slender ; antennal club stout. Allied to Scolitantides.

Type, T. Nyseus.

LYCANIDA.

vo)
I

TALICADA NYSEUS (Prare 39, Fie. 1, 1 a, 3).
Polyommatus Nyseus, Guérin, Delessert’s Voy. Inde, p. 78, pl. 22, fig. 1 (1848).

Upperside blackish violet-brown : hindwing with a broad scarlet band occupying
the lower two-thirds of the outer area. Cilia spotted with white. Underside white :
forewing with a broad black outer band, crossed by two submarginal series of white
spots and a marginal lunular line; a black spot at end of the cell: hindwing with a
black basal spot, three subbasal, three medial, and in the female a more or less
perfect discal series ; the apex of the wing also black; lower outer margin broadly
scarlet, traversed by a row of white spots and a marginal lunular line, bordered with
black dentate marks. Palpi and legs black above, banded with white; antennze
annulated with white.

Expanse 12 to 13 inch.

Larva onisciform; pale olive-yellow, with a slender green dorsal line and a
lateral row of black dots. Pupa pale olive-yellow, dotted with black.

« Feeds on Bryophyllum” (Thwaites).

“ Western and Central Provinces. Plains and nearly up to 4000 feet ; generally
on borders of cultivated ground, apparently all the year round. Flight slow; flits
about low shrubs and settles on the ground” (Hutchison).

* Kandy and Galle. Common” (Wade).

Genus CATAPZECILMA.
Catapecilma, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. i. p. 547 (1877-9).

Wings short: forewing triangular, broad; exterior margin slightly scalloped ;
first subcostal branch emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell, free from
costal; second at one-fourth before the end, third from close to the end and
terminating at the apex, fourth from end of the cell; discocellulars erect, shghtly
waved, radial from their middle; cell broad at the end; middle median at one-fifth
before end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before the end; submedian straight :
hindwing short; exterior margin slightly scalloped, abdominal margin long; furnished
with three slender tails in both sexes; costal vein very convex at the base; first
subcostal branch at one-third before end of the cell; discocellulars erect, radial from
their middle; cell broad; middle median branch from close to end of the cell, lower
at nearly one-half before the end; submedian slightly curved, internal much recurved.
Body short, stout; palpi porrect, slender, very flat, second joint projecting more than
half length beyond the head, pilose beneath, third joint slender; legs short; antenn
with a gradually formed slender club.

Type, C. Hlegans.

VOL. I. 0

98 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

CATAPACILMA ELEGANS (Prartz 39, Fic. 3, 3a).

Hypochrysops Elegans, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 350, pl. 32, fig. 12.
Catapecilma Elegans, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. i. p. 548.

Male. Upperside violet-blue; both wings with a very narrow violet-brown
marginal border: hindwing with a slender white marginal lunular line and a bluish
lunular streak from anal angle; cilia bluish-white, alternated on the forewing with
brown. Female greyish-blue, with broad brown costal and exterior band: hindwing
with marginal markings as in male. Underside purplish-grey: forewing with two
silver-bordered red spots in the cell, one at its end and another beyond it, two lower
discal silver-bordered black spots; a submarginal and marginal row of silver spots,
the submarginal row slightly black-bordered on their outer side, and the marginal
row with a small black upper and lower confluent spot, the two series interspaced
by straggling parallel black streaks: hindwing with six silver-bordered red spots
disposed on the basal area, two transverse discal red bands bordered inwardly by a
silver line and outwardly by black streaks; a marginal silver macular band, the
subanal spot black streaked ; tails black tipped with white. Palpi reddish-purple,
sides silver-streaked ; legs grey, with red bands; antenne brown with reddish bands
and tip.

Expanse, ¢ 14, ? 13 inch.

“Kandy. Common” (Wade).

Genus HORAGA.

Forewing short, triangular; costa gently arched, apex acute, exterior margin
shghtly oblique, even; costal vein recurved ; first subcostal branch emitted at half
length of the cell, second at one-third, and third close to the end, fourth from its
end; cell recurved, broad; discocellulars nearly erect, radial from their middle ;
middle median branch from near end of the cell, lower at one-third before the end ;
submedian straight : hindwing short, broad, bluntly oval; exterior margin uneven,
furnished with three slender tails; costal vein much curved its entire length; first
subcostal branch at one-third before end of the cell; discocellulars oblique, radial
from their middle ; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower at one-
third before the end; submedian slightly curved, internal recurved. Body short,
thorax stout; palpi porrect, second joint squamose, slender, extending half beyond
the head ; third joint cylindrical, one-third length of second; legs short; antennee
short, gradually thickening to a pointed club.

Type, HW. Onyx.

LYCHAINIDAL. 99

HORAGA CINIATA (Prare 39, Fic. 2, 2a).
Myrina Ciniata, Hewitson, Ill. D. Lep. Lye. p. 35, pl. 14, f 80, 31 (1868); cd. Suppl. p. 6, pl. 3,
f. 84 (1869). :

Male and female. Upperside violet-black; lower basal and discal areas blue:
forewing with a large oval white medial discal spot: hindwing with a slender white
marginal line. Underside pale brownish-ochreous; a white band crossing both
wings, the band bulged outward on the dise of the forewing: hindwing with a
slender white marginal line; a series of black spots from anal angle, the penultimate
spot nearly obliterated by grey scales; a lunular band of metallic-green scales above
each spot and two streaks above anal angle. Palpi black, grey speckled at the sides;
legs white with black bands.

Eixpanse, ¢ 14, ¢ 12 inch.

“Kandy. Rare. Hasy to capture. Rests on low bushes. Is by no means
shy, and when disturbed does not fly far’’ (Wade).

Genus RATHINDA.

Wings small: forewing short, triangular; costa arched in the middle, exterior
margin slightly convex; costal vei very short, not extending to quite half the wing;
first subcostal emitted at half length of the cell, second at one-third, and the third
at one-fifth before the end, fourth from end of the cell; discocellulars nearly erect,
radial from their middle; cell extending to more than half the wing; middle median
at one-sixth, lower at one-fifth before end of the cell; submedian slightly waved :
hindwing short, broadly oval, exterior margin indented above end of upper median
vein and thence broadly lobular to anal angle; both sexes furnished with three
slender tails; costal vein arched at the base; first subcostal at one-fourth before end
of the cell; discocellulars recurved, radial from their middle; cell broad; middle
median at one-sixth, lower at one-third before end of the cell; submedian straight,
internal recurved. Body moderate, abdomen extending to anal angle; palpi very
long, porrect, slender, second joint extending two-thirds beyond the head, third joint
one-third length of second; legs squamose; antennze with a gradually thickened club.

Type, R. Amor.

RATHINDA AMOR (Prats 42, Fre. 1, la).
Papilio Amor, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 518 (1775).
Zephyrius Amor, Guérin, Icon. Rég. Anim. Ins. pl. 81, f. 6.
Myrina Amor, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 184.
Papilio Triopas, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 320, f. G, H (1782).
Upperside violet-brown : forewmg with an ochreous-white spot beyond end of
the cell, and two less distinct smaller spots obliquely below it: hindwing with a
0 2

100 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

marginal row of red lunules from anal angle outwardly bordered by a slender white
line. Underside pale ochreous-brown or greyish-ochreous; basal area of forewing
with ochreous or white-bordered black spots; a curved white oblique black-bordered
discal band and a slender marginal line; a short waved streak on lower end of discal
band; basal area of hindwing with ochreous or white-bordered black spots, a curved
medial sinuous black line, a more even discal line, and a submarginal line, the latter
white within and bordered by metallic-green lunules, the subanal spaces also black-
speckled. Palpi brown above, white beneath; legs white with black bands.
Expanse, ¢ 1, 2 13 inch.

** Hastern and Western Provinces. In low country forests during 8. W. monsoon
—May to September. Flutters about among the trees and settles on the leaves.
Easily captured ” (Hutchison).

“ Kandy; Galle. Common” (Wade).

Genus ZESIUS.
Zesius, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 77 (1816).

Forewing triangular; costal vein short, curved; first subcostal emitted at one-
half, second at one-third before end of the cell, third trifid, emitted close to end of
the cell, fourth at one-half and fifth at beyond two-thirds; discocellular shghtly
recurved, upper radial from end of the cell, lower from middle of discocellular; cell
short, broad; middle median at one-sixth before end of the cell, lower at nearly half
before the end; submedian nearly straight: hindwing short, broadly produced
hindward ; apical margin very convex, exterior margin angled at end of middle and
lower median veins and at the submedian vein, with a slender tail from the lower
median and submedian in the male and a third tail from the middle median in the
female ; costal vein much arched from the base; first subcostal emitted at one-half
before end of the cell; discocellulars slightly obliquely recurved, radial from their
middle; cell broad; middle median from one-sixth and lower at nearly one-half
before end of the cell; submedian straight, internal much recurved. Body stout;
palpi long, slender, porrect, squamose, second joint projecting half beyond the head,
third joint very slender, one-fourth length of second, poimted; legs squamose ;
antenne with a lengthened club gradually thickening to tip.

Type, Z. Chrysomallus.

ZESIUS CHRYSOMALLUS (Piatx 40, Fie. 4, 4a, ¢ 9, 40, larva).

Zesius Chrysomallus, Hibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. fig. 801, 302 (1823), ¢.
Dipsas Chrysomallus, Moore, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 33 (1857), & @.
Talmenus Chrysomallus, Hewitson, Ilust. D. Lep. pl. 24, f. 4, 5.

Male. Upperside pale cupreous-red, costal and outer borders narrowly brown:

LYCANIDA:. 101

hindwing with three black spots from anal angle, bordered by a marginal slender
egreyish-blue line. Female violet-brown, the basal and discal medial areas, including
the cell, pale blue: hindwing with an outer marginal slender black and white line
and blackish pale-bordered spots, the second and third anal spot darkest, the third
bordered within by a red lunule; tails with red and white borders. Underside
greyish buff-white: forewmg with two pale reddish-brown spots within the cell,
another below the cell, a paler discocellular lunule, a transverse catenulated band,
and a less distinct submarginal lunular line : hindwing with two reddish-brown spots
on inner side of costal vein, two within the cell, two below the cell, one on abdominal
margin, a paler discocellular lunule, a broken catenulated discal band bent up at
lower end, and a submarginal lunular line; three anal black spots, the first and third
with red inner border, the middle spot almost obliterated by blue-grey speckles.
Body and palpi above brown.

Expanse, ¢ 13, ¢ 1% inch.

Larva elongated, dorsally thickened, sloping at both ends; green, the segments
with lateral purple-brown small pointed tubercles, which are stouter and longer on
the anterior; a pale yellowish lateral line between the tubercles. LHarlier stage
purple-brown. Pupa green, spotted with purple-brown.

“ Feeds on Terminalia”’ (Thwaites).

“Colombo. On cashew-trees in the cinnamon gardens. Flght rapid, darting
from tree to tree, often settling on the cashew and cinnamon leaves” (Hutchison).

“Kandy; Hambantotte; Colombo; settles on rather high bushes; when
disturbed circles round and soon returns. Common” (Wade).

Genus IRAOTA.

Forewing triangular; exterior margin slightly oblique and convex below the
apex ; cell somewhat fusiform, extending to more than half the wing; costal vein
curved ; first subcostal emitted at more than half before end of the cell, second at
one-third, and third at one-fifth before end of the cell, third trifid, fourth at more
than one-half from below third, fifth at one-half from below fourth and terminating
below the apex; discocellulars bent inward close to subcostal, upper radial from
subcostal end of the cell, lower radial from the angle close to subcostal; middle median
at one-fifth, lower at one-third before end of the cell; submedian nearly straight.
Male with a tuft of hair on underside of posterior margin: hindwing short, produced
and lobed at anal angle; a slender tail from end of submedian vein in male, and in
female a second tail from lower median vein; exterior margin slightly sinuous; male
with a slightly indicated glandular space between the base of costal and subcostal
veins ; costal vein much arched at the base; first subcostal at nearly one-half before

102 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

end of the cell; discocellulars concave, acutely angled in the middle, radial from their
angle; upper median from close to end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before the
end; submedian straight, internal recurved. Body robust; palpi porrect, second
jot squamose, projecting slightly beyond the head, third joint slender; legs
squamose, femora slightly pilose beneath; antennz gradually thickened to tip.

TRAOTA MAECENAS (Prare 40, Fic. 2, 2a, 9, 20, larva).

Hesperia Mecenas, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 271 (1798); Donovan, Ins. of China, t. 39, f. 2.

Deudorix Macenas, Hewitson, Illust. Diurn. Lep. p. 25; Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 180.

Deudoriz Timoleon, var. Hewits. l.c. pl. 8, fig. 21.

Male and female. Upperside violet-black; lower discal area deep metallic-blue.
Underside dark chestnut-brown: forewing with a white disccidal streak, a large
discocellular spot, some transverse discal speckled spots, and lower submarginal
lunular spots; posterior border also white: hindwing with a basal slender white-
speckled curved line, some sinuous lines below the cell, an indistinct discal and a
submarginal lunular line, and slender marginal line, the discal and anal area also
minutely white-speckled ; anal lobe and spot beyond black.

Expanse, $ 14, 2 1% inch.

Larva onisciform ; dorsally thickened, sloping obliquely at each end; pale green,
with rows of small circular spots and longitudinally intervening pale pink bands.
Pupa short, very broad laterally; purple-brown, with darker dorsal bands and
segmental spots.

*“* Feeds on Ficus religiosa”’ (Thwaites).

Genus DEUDORIX.
Deudorix, Hewitson, Illust. Diurnal Lep. p. 16 (1868).

Forewing triangular; apex acute, exterior margin oblique, almost even, angle
acute, posterior margin straight; costal vein arched in the middle; first subcostal
emitted at two-fifths, second at one-fifth, and third immediately before end of the
cell, fourth at one-half from below third and terminating at the apex, fifth from end
of the cell; discocellulars concave, angled in the middle, radial from their angle ; cell
long, widest in the middle; middle median branch at one-sixth and lower at two-fifths
before end of the cell; submedian recurved: hindwing short, produced hmdward,
exterlor margin uneven; both sexes with a slender tail from lower median vein,
lobated at anal angle; costal vein much arched at the base; first subcostal emitted
at one-fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars oblique, slender, radial from their
middle; cell short, broad at the end; middle median from very near the end of the
cell, lower at one-third before the end; submedian straight, internal recurved. Body

LYCANIDA. 103

robust; palpi porrect, second joint projecting one-third beyond the head, attenuated
at apex, clothed with adpressed compact scales; third joimt very slender, about
one-fourth length of second in male, longer in female; legs squamose, femora
slightly pilose beneath ; antennee long, extending beyond half the wing, club evenly
formed.

Type, D. Epijarbas.

DEUDORIX EPIJARBAS (Pirate 389, Fic. 4, 4a, $ ¢).

Dipsas Epijarbas, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 32 (1857).
Deudoriz Epijarbas, Hewitson, Ilust. Diurnal Lep. pl. 7, fig. 16, 17, 18.

Male. Upperside red: forewing with a broad black costal and outer marginal
band, the posterior margin also black ; hindwing with the costal area broadly black;
abdominal margin greyish-brown ; an anal spot, fringe, and tail black ; veins of both
wings also black. Female olive-brown. Underside pale vinous-brown in male,
ochreous-grey in female: forewing with two slender white discocellular streaks and
two transverse discal lines, and a less distinct marginal line: hindwing with two
discocellular streaks, two curved discal broken lines, and a less distinct marginal
line; anal lobe black, a red-bordered black spot between middle and lower median
veins, a metallic-green and black-speckled streak above anal lobe. Front and sides of
head, palpi beneath, and legs white, palpi above and bands on legs black.

Expanse 13 inch.

«¢ Western and Central Provinces. Near forests. Plains and up to 3000 feet.
Chiefly during S.W. monsoon, but found also at other times. Flight rapid, darting
from bush to bush. Taken also at Newera Eliya, 6000 feet” (Hutchison).

DEUDORIX LANKANA (Prate 39, Fic. 5 g).
Deudorix Lankana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 141, ?.

Female. Upperside pale violet-brown, marginal line black ; cilia pale ferruginous ;
anal lobe ferruginous ; tail black ; cilia at anal angle and beyond tail white. Under-
side pale ferruginous, the margin darker; crossed by a narrow ferruginous-brown
discal band ; a black spot at anal lobe and a speckled spot beyond, both of which
and the end of the band are bordered with white speckles. Legs blackish, banded
with white.

Expanse 14 inch.

Captured on the edge of high jungle in the Kottawah forest, near Galle, by
Captain Wade.
I place this insect in Deudorix provisionally, not knowing the male.

104 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

Genus VIRACHOLA.

Allied to Deudorix. Forewing comparatively more triangular, costa longer,
exterior margin more oblique, the posterior margin in the male convexly produced
towards the base and furnished beneath with a broad tuft of long hairs; veins
similar, but the third and fifth subcostals emitted from end of the cell, the middle
and lower medians somewhat nearer end of the cell, the submedian straight: hind-
wing more convex along the apical border, which in the male has a large rounded
depressed roughened glandular space extending from beneath the costal vein across
the two subcostal branches to upper part of the cell, both of the subcostal branches
being grooved within the depressed area.

Type, V. Perse.

VIRACHOLA PERSE (Prater 40, Fie. 1, la, g 9).
Deudorix Perse, Hewitson, Illust. Diurnal Lep. p. 18, pl. 8, fig. 24, 25, 26 (1863).

Upperside dark violet-brown ; lower basal and discal areas blue: forewing with
the discoidal cell and adjacent costal area blackish; a bright ochreous patch beyond
the cell in male, whitish in female: hindwing with indistinct black spots from anal
angle, and a slight blue marginal line; tail white tipped. Underside pale violet
ereyish-brown: forewing with a whitish-bordered brown discocellular spot, a discal
catenulated band, and two less distinct marginal bands: hindwing with a similar
marked spot below the costal vein, one on middle of abdominal margin, a figure of
eight discocellular spot, a discal catenulated band the end of which is bent upward
to the internal vein, and two less distinct marginal lunular lines; lobe spot large and
anal streaks above it black, slightly green-speckled; markings of the female beneath
very prominent.

Expanse, $ 12, ? 24 inches.

“astern Province. Plains; forest land. Rare. August” (Hutchison).

VIRACHOLA ISOCRATES.

Hesperia Isocrates, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 266 (1793), 6.

Thecla Isocrates, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soe. ii. p. 4, pl. 1 (1836).

Deudorix Isocrates, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 181.

Hesperia Pan, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 275, 9; Donovan, Ins. India, pl. 38, f. 1.

Male. Upperside deep violet-blue: forewing with a very indistinct ochreous
spot, visible only in certain lights, beyond the cell: hindwing with a slender
black marginal line and small anal spots, the latter grey-speckled. Cilia greyish-
white. Female violet-brown: forewing with a more distinct ochreous spot beyond
the cell, which is diffused hindward in some specimens: hindwing with a prominent

LYCAINIDA. 105

subanal black spot which is inwardly bordered with ochreous and outwardly by
grey-white speckles, the speckles continuing to anal angle. Underside pale vinous-
grey: both wings with a white-bordered discocellular streak, a discal transverse
broad catenulated band, and a less distinct single white submarginal line; a large
black anal and subanal spot, the former inwardly white-bordered, the latter with
ochreous border, intervening space blue-speckled.

Expanse, ¢ 13, 2 14 inch.

“Hambantotte. In pathways running through dense jungle. In July” (Wade).

Genus RAPALA.

Alhed to Virachola. Wings small: forewing comparatively shorter and less
acutely triangular in form; exterior margin slightly convex; furnished with a broad
tuft of hair on middle of posterior margin beneath: hindwing less produced hindward,
more convex exteriorly; anal angle lobed; a single tail from end of lower median
vein ; male with a broad conical-shaped glandular depression between the costal and
subcostal veins, but which does not extend below the subcostal. Palpi shorter,
second joint more laxly squamose.

Type, R. Varuna.

RAPALA LAZULINA (PLare 40, Fic. 3, 3a, 4).
Deudorix Lazulina, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 140.

Male. Upperside dull dark lazuline-blue, outer borders black, abdominal margin
erey, anal lobe black ; cilia edged with grey. Underside brownish-grey : forewing
crossed by a discal band of two narrow white lunular lines, and a short streak at end
of the cell: hindwing crossed by similar irregular bands, the discal bent upward to
middle of anal margin; a black spot bordered above with ochreous at anal angle
and another beyond. Female purple violet-grey above, the borders violet-brown ;
ochreous-grey beneath; marked as in male.

Expanse 14 inch.

Allied to the Javan R. Varuna (Horsf. Catal. Lep. HE. I. C., p. 91), and to
R. Orseis, from Singapore.

“Kandy. Common” (Wade).

“ Kandy and Kaduganawa; scarce” (Mackwood).

Genus APHNZEUS.
Aphneus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 81 (1816); Hewitson, Ilust. D. Lep. p. 60.
Cigaritis (part), Lucas, Explor. Alg. Zool. iii. p. 362 (1849).
Spindasis, Wallengren, Lep. Rhop. Caffraria, p. 45 (1857).
Wings small: forewing triangular; first subcostal vein emitted at one-half and
second at one-third before end of the cell, third and fifth emitted together at a short
VOL. I. E

106 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

distance beyond end of the cell, fourth at two-thirds from below third and terminating
at apex; discocellulars obliquely recurved, radiai from their middle; middle median
close to end of the cell, lower at one-half before the end; submedian straight:
hindwing conical; costa gently arched, abdominal margin long, anal angle lobed ;
furnished with two tails; costal vein arched at base and curved to apex; first
subcostal at one-fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars recurved, radial from
their middle ; middle median from close to end of the cell, lower at one-half before
the end; submedian straight, internal recurved. Body short, robust; palpi porrect,
squamose, second joint long, third short; legs squamose, femora slightly pilose
beneath; antennal club long, stout.
Type, A. Orcas, Drury.

APHNAUS SCHISTACEA (Prare 41, Fie. 3, 3 a, 5, ¢ @).

Male and female. Upperside greyish violet-brown ; basal areas slightly grey-
blue: forewing with three or four more or less prominent orange-yellow transverse
streaks, the two middle often bifid, and in the female often also jommed at the lower
end to the outer streaks; an orange-yellow anal patch and two black spots at the
angle. Underside pale yellow: forewing with a black-bordered red spot at base of
the discocellular cell, a band across middle of the cell, a lengthened band at its end
and crossing obliquely to near posterior angle, two short bands beyond, followed by
a submarginal and a marginal band, each band proceeding from the costal margin,
and all but the outer traversed by a silver line: hindwing with a lengthened similar
band extending irregularly from the costa down the abdominal margin, two transverse
medial bands, an upper discal band, and a submarginal band, the latter and outer
medial band confluent at their lower end and extending into a red anal patch;
marginal line and an inner row of narrow spots, and two spots on anal lobe black.

Hxpanse, ¢ 174, ? 155 inch.

“Colombo. Common” (Wade).

APHNAUS FUSCA (Prats 41, Fic. 2, 2a, 0, $ 9).

Male and female. Upperside uniform purplish violet-brown: forewing with
two slender indistinct orange-red streaks in male and three or four in female:
hindwing with a narrow orange-red anal patch spotted with black. Underside pale
yellow ; crossed by black-bordered silver-streaked red bands (similar to those in
A. schistacea), but these are comparatively broader and more confluent.

Hixpanse, $ 1, ? 15% inch.

“Colombo. In cinnamon gardens. Has a quick flight; almost invariably
settles on the leaves of cinnamon plants” (Hutchison).

LYCAANIDL. 107

APHNAUS LAZULARIA (Prare 41, Fie. 1, 1 @, 8, ¢, 16, larva).

Male. Upperside violet-brown; basal areas lazuline-blue; anal lobe with a dull
orange-red patch and silver-speckled black spots. Female olive-brown, with indistinct
ochreous-grey transverse fasciz; basal areas slightly bluish-grey; anal lobe brighter
red. Underside pale ochreous-yellow : forewing with a deep purple-red silver-streaked
basal triangular band, a band extending across and over the middle of the cell, one
at the end, a short confluent double band beyond, a submarginal and a confluent
slender marginal band: hindwing with two transverse basal similar bands, two
discal, a submarginal, and a slender marginal band; anal lobe bright red, black
spots large and silver-bordered ; no black marginal line on any of the bands. In
some specimens of the male the interspace between all the bands is nearly of the
same deep red colour as the bands, this variety bemg represented in Hewitson’s
Diurnal Lep. pl. 25, fig. 10, as pertaining to A. Lohita.

Expanse 12 to 1+ inch.

Larva fusiform, head prominent; head and segments laterally minutely pilose ;
greyish purple-brown minutely white-speckled, each segment with a blackish
transverse band and white lateral streak. Pupa attenuated, thorax angular at the
sides ; purple-brown.

“ Feeds on Convolvulaceze”’ (Thivaites).

“Kandy; Hambantotte. Common. Frequents low thorny bushes. When
disturbed flies round and darts about very fast, but does not go far, soon returning
to settle” (Wade).

APHN AUS ICTIS.
Aphneus Ictis, Hewitson, Ilust. Diurnal Lep. p. 61, pl. 25, fig. 8, 9 (1865), 9.
Spindasis Ceylonica, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. 1868, p. 281, ¢.

Male. Upperside purple violet-brown; lower discal areas glossed with ultra-
marine-blue: forewmg with a small somewhat triangular orange-red spot; anal lobe
also red and spotted with black. Underside pale dull sulphur-yellow, the transverse
markings of a slightly darker ochreous-yellow, all with a black-bordered line and
central silvery streak; exterior margin of both wings with a row of slender black
spots. Female. Upperside brown; basai areas greyish vinous-brown, the orange
spot on forewing large, broad, obliquely divided, and occupying the discal area.

Hxpanse, ¢ 14%, 2 lio inch.

Mr. Hewitson (loc. cit.) gives N. India as the locality of A. Ictis. His description
and figures are taken from a female specimen (so labelled by him) in the British
Museum Collection, which, though ticketed as from Ceylon, is not so siated by him.
The variety which he indicates as “ having the orange space on forewing smaller” is

p 2

108 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

the N. Indian specimen referred to as being in his own collection, and which he
mistook to be the same as the Ceylon type. The Indian specimen so noted by him
belongs to a distinct species, common in Upper India.

Genus PRATAPA.

Allied to Iolaus and Camena. From the latter it differs in haying the forewing
narrower and comparatively longer, the costa straighter; hindwing shorter, less
produced hindward, the exterior margin below the apex even; second joint of palpi
longer and the third jomt shorter; a tuft on posterior margin of forewing and
glandular costal patch on hindwing as in Camena. From typical Jolaus (J. Helius)
this genus differs in the more triangular form of forewing, the hindwing having an
uniformly arched costa with the costal vein extending to its apex; the cell is less
triangular, the discocellulars shorter and recurved.

Type, P. Deva.

PRATAPA DEVA.
Amblypodia Deva, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 46-(1857).
Tolaus Deva, Hewitson, Illust. Diurnal Lep. pl. 18, fig. 8, 4, 5.

Male. Upperside: forewing with the basal posterior area including the cell
dark glossy purplish-blue, the costal margin and exterior border black, the division
bemg evenly curved across the disc: hindwing with the medial discal area and
beneath the cell to submedian vein glossy purplish-blue, the costal border including
the cell and narrow outer marginal border black; two small marginal spots from
anal angle; abdominal margin greyish. Female lavender-blue, with light brown
borders: hindwing with black anal marginal spots. Underside cream-white; a
slender black discal broken line and two very indistinct ochreous-brown marginal
lines crossing both wings ; fascicle of hair on posterior margin black: hindwing with
an anal and subanal black spot, each broadly bordered with red.

Hxpanse 13 inch.

Taken at Balangada, in October, by Mr. F. M. Mackwood.

Genus TAJURIA.

Differs from Pratapa in the absence of both the tuft of hair on forewing and the
glandular patch on hindwing of the male. Forewing broader and more regularly
triangular in form; venation similar: hindwing comparatively narrower and more
produced hindward; cell broader, the subcostal and median branches emitted further
from the base.

Type, T. Longinus.

LYCAiNIDA: 109

TAJURIA LONGINUS (Prare 42, Fre. 2, 2a, ¢ 9, 26, larva).
Hesperia Longinus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 480 (1798).
Amblypodia Longinus, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 110, pl. 1, fig. 7.
Polyommatus Longinus, Lucas, Lep. Exot. pl. 44, f. 3.
Bithys Longinus, Hubner, Zutrige, Exot. Schmett. fig. 933, 984.
Amblypodia Pseudolonginus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 35.

Male. Upperside: forewing with the basal posterior area including the cell
deep blue, costal and exterior border black, the division oblique across the disc:
hindwing with the medial basal and discal areas including the cell deep blue, the
costal border broadly and a slender marginal line black; a black spot on anal lobe;
abdominal margin greyish-black. Female lavender-blue, darkest at the base : forewing
with the costa and exterior border violet-brown, the division across the disc being
curved: hindwing with the costal border broadly, a marginal macular band and a
discal sinuous band violet-brown. Palpi black above, white beneath; legs white
with black bands. Underside greyish-white, with a slender black discal broken line
nearly obsolete on forewing, and indistinct ochreous-brown marginal lines, an anal
and subanal black spot bordered with ochreous-yellow.

Expanse 13 inch.

Larva distended anteriorly, excavated on the sides, dorsally contracted behind,
and throughout transversely swollen, head small; purple-brown, with grey dorsal
and lateral transverse fasciz. Pupa purple-brown, short, thick, head truncate,
excavated behind the thorax, dorsal segments produced.

“Feeds on Loranthacesxe ” (Thwaites).

“Colombo. In cmnamon gardens. Rare. Flght rapid, darting. Settles on
leaves of shrubs” (Hutchison).

** Numerous to the north of Kandy” (Mackwood).

** Kandy; Colombo, and Galle. Common” (Wade).

Genus CHERITRA.

Forewing triangular ; costa uniformly arched to the tip, exterior margin oblique,
posterior margin straight; first subcostal branch emitted at one-half and second at
one-third before end of the cell, third immediately before the end, fourth at two-
thirds from below the third and terminating at the apex, fifth from a slight angle at
end of the cell; discocellular slightly waved, radial from their middle; cell very
broad, long, extending to more than half the wing ; middle median from close to end
of the cell, lower at one-third before the end; submedian slightly waved : hindwing
short, broadly truncate hindward; costa much arched at the base and very oblique
to apex ; exterior margin angled at end of upper and median veins, with a very long
tail from lower median and a short tail from submedian vein ; anal angle excavated
above the lobe; male with a tuft of fine hair covering a glandular patch between

110 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

base of costal and subcostal veins ; costal vein arched at the base; first subcostal
at one-third before end of the cell; discocellulars outwardly oblique, radial from
their middle; cell broad; middle median from immediately before end of the cell,
lower at nearly one-half before the end; submedian nearly straight; internal much
recurved. Body moderate; palpi porrect, second joint long, squamose, extending
half length beyond the head, third joint one-fourth its length, slender; legs
squamose, short; antenne gradually thickened to end, tip pointed.
Type, C. Jafra.

CHERITRA PSEUDOJAFRA.

Male. Upperside purplish violet-blue, olivaceous-brown in some lights;
marginal line black: hindwing with a large anal black patch bordered above and
below by slender white lunules. Cilia and tail white. Female violet-brown, with
broad white borders to black anal patch. Underside entirely white: forewing with a
very indistinct slender black discal broken line and linear submarginal line: hmdwing
with a similar slender discal and submarginal sinuous line, and marginal lunules; a
large inner and outer anal black spot and two smaller intervening spots, each
speckled with metallic-green scales.

Expanse, ¢ 1,5, 2 1,5 inch.

“Kornegalle and Lower Ambegamoa. Scarce” (Mackwood).

Genus LOXURA.
Loxura, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 119 (1829).

Forewing subtriangular; costa very convex to the tip, apex pointed, exterior
margin straight, shehtly obhque, posterior margin long, nearly straight; costal vem
extending to half the wing; first, second, and third subcostals at equal distances
apart, first branch emitted at more than one-half before end of the cell, second at
one-third, the third at one-fifth, fourth at one-half from below third and terminating
at apex, fifth from a slight angle at end of the cell; discocellulars slightly concave,
erect, radial from their middle; cell broad, longest at upper end; middle median
branch at one-fifth and lower at one-third before end of the cell; submedian almost
straight : hindwing short, produced hindward into a broad lengthened tail; exterior
margin even, very oblique below the apex; abdominal margin very long, anal lobe
moderate; costal vein arched at the base and thence straight to near the apex; first
subcostal at one-third before end of the cell; discocellulars recurved, radial from
their middle; cell broad; upper median from immediately before end of the cell,
lower at nearly one-half before the end; submedian long, extending to anal angle;
internal recurved. Body small, short; palpi porrect, very long, flattened and
squamose throughout, second joint projecting two-thirds beyond the head, third

LYCANIDAE. 111

joint half its length; legs short, thick, squamose ; antennze short, one-third only of
length of costa, thickened throughout its length.

Type, L. Atymnus.

LOXURA ARCUATA (Prare 42, Fre. 4, 4a, g 9, 40, larva).

Male. Upperside bright fulvous: forewing with a blackish apical marginal
band, curving from middle of the costa to posterior angle: hindwing with a very
slender indistinct blackish marginal band ; abdominal margin and anal lobe, and tail,
yellowish or brownish-fulvous. Female with broader marginal bands; basal areas,
abdominal margin and tail more dusky than in male. Underside yellowish-ochreous ;
both wings crossed by two outer very indistinct narrow lunular bands. Palpi and
legs white, speckled with black.

Expanse, $ 13%, 2 13% inch.

Larva slender, limaciform, anterior segments thickened, head small; green, with
two dorsal white-striped marks. Pupa green; thorax oblique in front, anal segments
attenuated.

* Feeds on Smilax” (Thwaites).

An intermediate species, nearer to L. Prabha than to Atymnus.

** Western and Central Provinces. Plains and up to 2000 feet in forest ground.
At any time. Fhght slow; settles on the bushes, and easily caught” (Hutchison).

*“* Kandy and Galle. Common” (Wade).

‘Very plentiful in March and April, but found nearly always; generally about
1000 to 2000 feet, but ranges as high as 3500 feet’ (Mackwood).

Genus BINDAHARA.

Forewing short, triangular ; costa much arched at the base, exterior margin
oblique, posterior margin convex in the middle and furnished beneath with a tuft of
hair; first subcostal emitted at nearly one-half, second at one-fifth, and third close
before end of the cell, fourth at one-third from below the third, fifth from end of the
cell; discocellulars recurved, radial from their middle; cell broad ; middle median at
one-fifth, lower at nearly one-half before end of the cell: hindwing short, attenuated
hindward and produced into a very long tail, anal angle lobed; exterior margin
sinuous towards the tail; furnished with a prominent costal glandular patch; costal
vein abruptly arched at the base; first subcostal emitted at one-half before end of
the cell; discocellulars oblique, radial from their middle; cell broad ; middle median
from immediately before end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half and extending to
end of the tail; submedian straight, internal recurved. Body moderately stout ;
palpi porrect, second joint squamose, very long, extending two-thirds beyond the
head, third joint one-third its length, slender, naked; legs squamose, femora slightly
pilose beneath; antennze with a lengthened pointed club.

112 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

BINDAHARA PHOCIDES (Prare 42, Fra. 3, 3a, ¢ 9).

Hesperia Phocides, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 282 (1793) 9; Donovan, Nat. Rep. ii. pl. 44, f. 1.

Myrina Phocides, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 183.

Amblypodia Sugriva, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 105, pl. 1, fig. 10, 10a (1829), @.

Myrina Sugriva, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 51, pl. la, fig. 12.

Male. Upperside black: hindwing with the anal area and tail pale brownish-
ochreous, a short blue narrow band along the exterior margin, at the lower end of
which is a cluster of metallic-green scales; abdominal margin ochreous-black ; a
black-speckled spot on anal lobe. Female olive-brown, in some aspects glossy
eenescent-brown ; anal area and tail white, a large black spot at outer base of the
tail, and a black-speckled spot on anal lobe. Underside. Male brownish-ochreous,
merging to ochreous-brown on the apical areas: forewing with two broad medial
transverse darker brown pale-bordered irregular-margined bands, followed by a
submarginal indistinct slender dentated line and a row of outer dots: hindwing with
four dark brown pale-bordered basal spots, a discocellular streak, a broad curved
discal irregular catenulated band (the upper part of which only is dark brown), a
submarginal sinuous line, and a marginal row of indistinct lunular spots; three anal
black spots, the outer lobe spot large, the other two small and speckled with
metallic-green scales. Palpi and legs ochreous-white, with black bands above.
Female white beneath; marked as in male.

Hxpanse, 4 55 to 155, 2 153 to 155 mech.

“ Kandy and Galle. Male plentiful in the Botanical Gardens at Kandy. Difficult
to capture, as they settle very high and are rather shy” (Wade).

Genus SURENDRA.
Surendra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 835.

Wings short: forewing broad; costa gently arched, apex acute; exterior margin
erect, slightly concave below the apex, and convex in the middle, posterior margin
waved; costal vein extending to half the wing; first subcostal emitted beyond one-
half and second at nearly one-half before end of the cell, third from close to the end,
bifid, fourth thrown off at beyond one-half and terminating at the apex, fifth from a
slight angle at end of the cell; discocellulars recurved, nearly erect, of equal length,
radial from their middle; the middle median from close to end of the cell, lower at
one-third before the end; submedian nearly straight: hindwing somewhat quadrate ;
costa very slightly arched in the middle, apex almost pointed, exterior margin
uneven, truncated posteriorly ; male with a single tail from lower median vein, and
the female with an additional shorter tail from middle median; anal lobe large;
costal vein arched at the base; first subcostal emitted at one-third before end of the

LYC4NIDAE. 113

cell; discocellulars oblique, concave, radial from the middle; two upper median
branches from end of the cell, lower at one-third before the end; submedian straight,
internal vein recurved. Body robust; palpi slender, second joint long, of equal
width throughout, extending half beyond the head; third. joint thin, one-third
_ length of second; legs short, thickish, femora slightly pilose beneath; antenne with
a gradually thickened club.

Type, S. Quercetorum.

SURENDRA DISCALIS (Prater 44, Fic. 1, la, $ 9).
Surendra Discalis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 142.

Male. Upperside dark brown, lower basal and discal areas purplish violet-blue.
Female ochreous-brown, slightly violet-tinted, and with a prominent ochreous discal
patch. Underside greyish basally, ochreons-brown externally ; both wings crossed
with white-margined dark brown discocellular zigzag band, a sinuous discal line,
and a submarginal similar dentated line.

Expanse 1,% inch.

“Matale. Garden hedges. August” (Hutchison).

** Kandy and Galle. Common” (Wade).

“Kandy and North Matale. Difficult to capture, from its habit of keeping
within the protection of the thorny Acacias” (Mackwood).

Genus AMBLYPODIA.
Amblypodia, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 98 (1828).

Wings broad: forewing arched at the base, apex pointed; exterior margin
almost erect, slightly convex; posterior margin slightly waved; costal vein extending
to more than half length of the margin; first subcostal branch emitted at half,
second at nearly half, and third at one-sixth before end of the cell, third trifurcate
in male, bifurcate in female, the fourth thrown off at two-thirds, and fifth at one-half
from the fourth and terminating below the apex, sixth (or upper radial) from end of
the cell; upper discocellular short, bent very obliquely outward, lower waved, lower
radial from their angle near subcostal; cell broad; middle median emitted at one-fifth,
lower at two-fifths before end of the cell; submedian slightly waved: hindwing
broadly oval; costa much arched at base, apex and exterior margin very convex,
concave hindward and produced into a short tail, anal lobe broad; costal vein arched
at base and curving to apex; first subcostal at nearly one-half before end of the cell;
discocellular slightly concave, oblique, radial from the middle; cell broad; middle
median from close to end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before the end;
submedian slightly curved, internal vein recurved. Body robust, thorax stout; palpi
porrect, adpressed, second joint squamose, extending one-third beyond the head,

VOL. I. Q

114 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

third joint short, pointed; legs short, thickish; antennez gradually thickening to
the tip.
Type, A. Narada.

AMBLYPODIA NARADOIDES (Prate 43, Fic. 2, 9).
Amblypodia Naradoides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 141. f

Male. Upperside dark violet purple-brown, with a broad dusky black marginal
band ; anal lobe and tail chestnut-brown, the angle white-speckled. Underside dark
purple-brown; transverse band, speckled marks on basal area, and a submarginal
series of speckled spots black, the latter and anal angle white-speckled. Female.
Upperside dark brown: forewing with the lower basal and discal area smalt-blue.
Underside pale brownish-grey, transverse line and speckled markings black; anal
angle ferruginous.

Expanse, ¢ 14, 2 12 inch.

A much darker insect than the Javan species A. Narada, Horsf.

“Western Province. Plains, in forest land, chiefly during S.W. monsoon, from
May to October. Flight like N. Amantes. Generally rests on leaves, sometimes,
but rarely on the ground” (Hutchison).

“Kandy. Rather scarce” (Wade).

AMBLYPODIA DARANA (Prate 43, Fia. 1, la, ¢).
Amblypodia Darana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 141.

Differs from A. Naradoides in being larger, the upperside of the male of a
deeper violet-blue, and the marginal band narrower; anal lobe red only in the middle;
its margin and the tail black. Underside purple chestnut-brown ; speckled markings
black, the marginal series white-speckled. Female uniformly pale violet-brown
above; underside similar.

Expanse, $ 13%, 2 2+ inches.

“‘ Kottawah Forest, near Galle. Rare” (Wade).

Genus NILASERA.
Amblypodia (part), Auctorum.

Wings ample: forewing subtriangular ; costa much arched from the base, apex
acute, exterior margin yery slightly oblique and convex at lower angle, posterior
margin recurved ; costal vein short extending only to one-third the margin, subcostal
branches at equal distances apart, first branch at three-fifths before end of the cell,

LYCAINIDAi. 115

fourth at two-thirds from third and terminating at the apex, fifth from end of cell ;
upper discocellular shortest, oblique, lower erect, radial from their angle; cell long,
more than half length of wing; middle median at one-fifth and lower at two-fifths
before end of the cell; submedian straight: hindwing broadly oval; apical border _
very convex, a short thickish tail from lower median vein, anal angle somewhat
pointed and not lobed; costal vein abruptly arched from base; first subcostal at
nearly one-half before end of the cell; upper discocellular shortest, outwardly
oblique, lower recurved, radial from their angle; middle median at one-sixth and
lower at one-third before end of the cell; submedian nearly straight, internal
recurved. Body robust, thorax stout; palpi porrect, second joint very fiat,
attenuated towards the apex, squamose, projecting half beyond the head, third joint
slender in female, one-third length of second; legs squamose; antenne gradually
thickening towards the end, tip more slender.
Type, N. Centaurus, Fabr.

NILASERA AMANTES (Prats 44, Fic. 2, 2a, 2b, ¢ 9, 2c, larva).
Amblypodia Amantes, Hewitson, Catal. Lycenide Brit. Mus. p. 4, pl. 2, fig. 1, 2, 3, ¢ 9 (1862).

Male. Upperside deep ultramarine-blue; costal and exterior margin with a
slender black band. Female paler blue, inclining to cobalt; with broader marginal
bands. Underside purple-grey : forewing with three white-bordered brown discoidal
. spots, a broad catenulated discal band, and a streak below end of the cell, two pale
streaks below the cell, and two indistinct submarginal lunular fascie: hindwing with
pale-bordered black-ringed basal spots, discocellular streak, and an irregular discal’
band ; two indistinct submarginal fascie; a black spot at anal angle and green-
speckled streak beyond.

Expanse 2% inches.

Larva elongated, oval, depressed at the ends, anterior segment scutate, with a
lateral row of fine short hair; green, with two subdorsal reddish lines, a patch on
second and last segments, the interdorsal space marked with blackish spots and lines;
a lateral row of spots. Pupa broad, thorax convex, head slightly produced; thorax
and wing cases greenish, abdomen reddish.

“Colombo. Shrubby parts of cinnamon gardens, about May to end of June.
Flight strong, rapid; conceals itself under leaves with wings always folded”
(Hutchison).

**Common at Colombo” (Wade).

“Colombo. Cinnamon gardens and low country generally, fond of resting on
the leaves of the Mango-tree” (Mackwood).

Q 2

116 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

NILASERA PIRAMA (Prater 43, Fic. 3, 3 a, b, $ 9, 3c, larva).

Male. Upperside brilliant ultramarine-blue; both wings with marginal black
band. Female purplish-blue, merging to greyish-blue. at the base; marginal bands
broad. Underside brown, suffused with purple-grey: forewing with slender white-
bordered discoidal marks, less defined discal band, streaks below the cell, and
submarginal fascie: hindwing with very indistinct browner basal spots, discal band,
and submarginal lunular line; a few green speckles above anal angle.

Expanse 1,5 inch.

Larva elongated, oval, depressed, anterior segment scutate ; finely pilose along
the sides; colour green, with dorsal and lateral reddish marks, and an intervening
subdorsal slender black line. Pupa green; dorsal segments reddish.

“‘ Feeds on Schleichera trijuga’’ (Thwaites).

Is nearest allied to the Javan N. pseudocentauwrus, and is quite distinct from both
the Indian N. Centawrus, and the Malayan N. Nakula.

“‘ Kandy and Galle. Common; but settles rather high” (Wade).
“ Colombo, and low country” (Mackwood).

Family PAPILIONIDA.

Six perfect legs in both sexes. Pupa secured by the tail and a girdle across
the middle.

Subfamily PIERIN A.
Abdominal margin of the hindwing not curved inwards.

“This family of butterflies contains several species which are remarkable, like
some of the Huploeinz, for their apparently migratory flights. In the Pierine, how-
ever, these flights are still more extraordinary. At certain times of the year immense
hosts of these butterflies, mostly of a white colour or nearly white, may be observed
during the hottest part of the day rushing in an impetuous flight across the country,
driven by some irresistible instinctive impulse, and impatient of any obstruction in
their headlong course; even ascending hills of 6000 feet in elevation, and descending
again; striking like animated snow-flakes against any one meeting them in their
course and then, after passing the obstruction, making on with the same pertinacity
as before, towards where they are hurrying to, until the failure of sunshine arrests
their progress for the day; to be continued probably on succeeding days until the

PIERINA. 117

wondrous furor has exhausted itself. By the superstitious natives these marvellous
movements of white butterflies are attributed to a desire on the part of the insects
to do homage to the footstep of Buddha on Adam’s Peak, moved, as the native him-
self is to do so at certain times of the year. But the phenomenon itself, apart from
the native idea, is well worthy of study by any one who has time and opportunities
to devote to it:—It would be interesting to ascertain; firstly, whence these butterfly
hosts come, and where their feeding-grounds when in their larval state ; secondly,
to determine if the immense numbers of these butterflies, which have halted for the
night, wake up in the early morning to continue their course, in exactly the same
direction as on the previous day, and at what hour the resumed movement com-
mences; and thirdly, to ascertain if during the time their progress is arrested by
night, many fall a prey to the attacks of birds, bats, lizards, &c., to an extent to
reduce their numbers very considerably ; and how their eventual disappearance is to
be accounted for. I should remark that amongst the main body of these travelling
white butterflies, small groups of half-a-dozen individuals or more, may be observed,
which in strings of sequence, looking as if playing ‘“ follow my leader,” have a pretty
appearance. In some portions of the country in their line of flight, where shallow
water may be lying, large numbers of these white butterflies may be seen quenching
their thirst on the damp ground, and flying up when disturbed, in quite a startling
cloud. I have found the larvee of Pierine, feeding upon Leguminose, Capparidacee,
and Loranthacee.” (Dr. Thwaites, MS. Note.)

Genus NYCHITONA.
Nychitona, Butler, Cistula Ent. i. p. 34—41 (1870).
Nina, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. p. 140 (1829).
Pontia, Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lep. i. p. 480 (mec Fabricius).

Forewing subpyriform, apex very convex; costal vein extending two-thirds the
wing; subcostal branches far apart, first at one-third before end of the cell, second
immediately before the end, third and fourth on a foot-stalk one-third beyond the
cell; radial from upper end of the cell; discocellular deeply concave; cell more than
half length of the wing; middle median at one-eighth, lower at nearly one-half
before end of the cell; submedian recurved: hindwing triangularly oval; precostal
short; costal arched at base; first subcostal much curved, emitted at one-third
before end of the cell; upper discocellular bent outward near subcostal, lower out-
wardly oblique, radial from angle of upper near subcostal; middle median at
one-fourth, lower at one-half before end of the cell; submedian straight, internal
recurved. Body very slender, palpi pilose beneath, projecting beyond the head;
antennze with a long compressed pointed club.

(N. Xiphia.)

118 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

NYCHITONA XIPHIA (Pate 46, Fie. 6, 6a).
Papilio Xiphia, Fabricius, Spee. Ins. ii. p. 43 (1781)
Pontia Xiphia, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 229.
Papilio Nina, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. p. 194 (1798).
Pontia Nina, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 140.

White: forewing with a short black oblique apical angular band, and a large
quadrate subapical spot; base of costal border with black strigz: hindwing with a
very slender marginal line. Underside: forewing with the costal border and apex
marked with delicate grey-speckled strigz ; subapical spot less prominent: hind-
wing crossed by zigzag strige, those on the disc assuming a transverse fascia.

Expanse 1+ to 1% inch.

““Matale and Colombo. August in forest at Matale. June to December in
gardens at Colombo. Flight slow, scarcely rising above the ground”’ (Hutchison).

“Kandy. Very common. LHasy to capture” (Wade).

‘“« A low country species. Flight slow, and seldom seen away from low brush-
wood—its favourite haunt’ (Mackwood).

Genus TERIAS.
Terias, Swainson, Zool. Ilustr. 1st ser. pl. 22 (1820—21).

Forewing subtriangular, generally round at the apex, rarely acuminate, costa
much arched at the base, exterior margin slightly oblique, posterior margin recurved ;
costal vein extending to somewhat over half the margin; first subcostal at nearly
one-third and second at one-twelfth before end of the cell, third, fourth and fifth on
a foot-stalk beyond the cell; upper discocellular shortest, erect, lower bent outward
at its middle, radial from end of upper; cell broad, extending to half the wing;
middle median at one-ninth, lower at one-third before end of the cell; submedian
much recurved: hindwing broadly obovate or rounded; precostal nearly atrophied ;
costal vein arched; subcostal straight to end of the cell, first branch much curved,
emitted close before the end; upper discocellular shortest, lower very convex, out-
wardly oblique, radial from their angle; middle median at one-eighth, lower at
nearly one-half before end of the cell; submedian straight, internal recurved. Body
slender, thorax hairy; palpi short, scarcely extending beyond the head, flat,
Squamose, third joint minute, pointed; legs slender, squamose, tarsi long; antenne
short, with a moderately stout grooved club.

Type, T. Hecabe.

TERIAS HECABE (Prats 45, Fie. 1,14, b, g @, le, larva).
Papilio Hecabe, Linnezus, Syst. Nat. i. ii. p. 763 (1767); Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 472.
Terias Hecabe, Swainson, Zool. Illustr. iii. 1, pl. 22; Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 227.
Male. Upperside lemon-yellow: forewing with a broad black outer marginal
excavated band, the costal border also narrowly black: hindwing with a prominent

PIERIN 4). 119

black marginal band of half-an-inch in width and which is slightly dentated on the
veins. Female slightly paler yellow; the marginal band on hindwing paler and
somewhat broader. Underside of both sexes of a paler tint: forewing with two
short slender black discoidal streaks, a discocellular mark, and black marginal points
to all the veins: hindwing with a single similar discoidal mark, one above and
another below the cell, a discocellular mark, and a discal ill-defined and indistinct
migzag speckled band ; a marginal row of black dots.

Expanse 12 to 12 inch.

Larva cylindrical; pale green. Pupa purplish-brown; head pointed, thorax
convex, wing-caves tumid.

** Feeds on Leguminose”’ (Thwaites).

_ “Universal and at all times. One of the commonest insects in the Island ”’
(Hutchison).
** Kandy and Galle. Very common” ( Wade).
“*Common everywhere; lower and middle ranges, and all the year round.
Larva feeds on the Madras thorn” (Mackwood).

TERIAS SIMULATA (Prats 45, Fic. 2,2 a,b, $9).

Both sexes of smaller size and paler in colour than TJ. Hecabe; outer band on
forewing similar but acutely scalloped, the band on hindwing in both sexes much
narrower. Underside with the markings more distinct in the male, and in the female
they are slightly reddish, the forewing in the latter sex also having a reddish sub-
apical streak.

Expanse 1; inch.

TERIAS HECABEOIDES (Prate 45, Fic. 3, 3 a, b, $ 9).
Terias Hecabeoides, Ménetries, Catal. Mus. Petr. Lep. i. p. 85, pl. 2, fig. 2 (1855), ¢.

Male. Differs from T. Hecabe in the comparatively broader band on both
wings. In the female the bands are conspicuously broader, that on the forewing
having the middle excavated portion narrow and more oblique, the band on the hind-
wing is also more diffused and shows more prominent vein streaks. Underside
similar to 7’. Hecabe.

Expanse, ¢ 14, 2 12 inch.

TERIAS CITRINA (Pate 45, Fie. 4, 4a, 9).

Male and female. Upperside paler lemon-yellow in both sexes. Male with
the bands similar to but comparatively broader than in 7’. rotwndalis. Female with
the outer band on forewing broad and somewhat like that of T. Hecabe, but with the
portion at the posterior angle outwardly oblique; the band on the hindwing is also

120 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

broad. Underside: markings distinct; the forewing in both sexes with a slight
reddish slender subapical patch.
HExpanse, ¢ 1,4, 2 2 inches.

TERIAS ROTUNDALIS (Prare 46, Fic. 1, 1 a, }, $ 9).

Upperside bright yellow. Male: forewing with the outer band narrower, and
the costa showing only a thread-like blackish edge: hindwing with a very slender
marginal dentated band. Female with more rounded forewing and broader outer
band, the hindwing with a marginal black thread-like dentated line. Underside with
indistinct markings in both sexes; no subapical patch.

Expanse 1,5 to 14 inch.

TERIAS UNIFORMIS (Prate 46, Fic. 2,2 a,b, $ 9).

Upperside bright yellow: the bands on forewing of both male and female slightly
broader than the band in male of 7. citrina; the band on the hindwing in both
sexes also of similar width. Underside bright yellow ; markings not distinct; the
female with a broad reddish apical patch somewhat like that in 7’. Sari.

Expanse 1,5 inch.

TERIAS DRONA (Pare 46, Fic. 3, 3a, ¢ 9).
Terias Drona, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Compy. p. 187, pl. 1, fig. 18 (1829).

Male. Upperside bright yellow. Both wings with a uniformly broad brown
marginal band with sinuous inner border. Cilia yellowish. Female paler; the
bands as in male. Underside bright yellow, irrorated with minute black scales, and
a marginal row of small black linear dots; a black-speckled discocellular streak on
both wings : hindwing with three small black subbasal spots and a costal spot near
the apex ; an indistinct black-speckled discal zigzag fascia.

Expanse 1;%; to 14% inch.

“Taken at the same time and place as the next species ” (Hutchison).

‘Kotinalie. Found on grass land” (Wade).

* Hills, 2000 to 4000 feet. Found as a rule near Patnas or short grass land”
(Mackwood).

TERIAS CINGALA (Puate 46, Fic. 4, 4a, 3 9).
Terias Cingala, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 48.

‘Male. Upperside yellow: forewing with brown outer marginal band: hindwing
with narrow brown marginal band. Cilia brown, edged with yellow. Underside
pale yellow, with a marginal row of minute black dots: hindwing with two slightly
perceptible dusky transverse discal streaks. Female duller coloured, the basal area

PIERIN 4. 121

numerously brown speckled: hindwing with the anterior portion of the marginal
band to the middle of exterior margin as broad as that of the forewing. Underside
also paler than in male.

Expanse 1;% to 15%; inch.

“Central Province. Hills, 3000 feet; grass land in forest. Taken on the road
from Pusalawe to Rambodde, where they were in numbers by the roadside, and
apparently at all seasons. Gregarious. LHasily captured” (Hutchison).

** Neighbourhood of Kandy ” (Mackwood).

TERIAS RAMA (Prate 46, Fie. 5, 5a, o 2).
Terias Rama, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 566.

Male. Upperside paler yellow than 7. Cingala: forewing with a broad brown
outer marginal band with the lower inner border acutely sinuous and extending to
posterior margin; cilia brown: hindwing with a very slender marginal band
slightly sinuous at the upper end but nearly obsolete at anal angle; cilia yellow.
Female: forewing with the outer band interrupted above the posterior angle: hind-
wing with the band broad at the upper end. Underside paler, irrorated with brown
scales, and with a marginal row of minute black dots; the discal area of forewing
only being bright yellow; a slender brown-speckled discocellular streak on both
wings: hindwing with a distinct brown dot below costal vein, and two medial discal
transverse fascize composed of brown speckles.

Expanse 1;% inch.

Genus CATOPSILIA.
Catopsilia, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 98 (1816); Butler, Lep. Exotica, i. p. 54 et
Murtia, Hiibner, 1. c. p. 98 (1816).
Callidryas (part), Boisduval.

Wings broad: forewing subtriangular ; male with a tuft of fine hair near base
of posterior margin beneath; costal vein extending two-thirds the margin; sub-
costal much arched at the base, first branch emitted at more than one-half before
end of the cell and extending close alongside the costal, second from end of the cell,
third trifid, third and fifth on a foot-stalk at one-third beyond the cell, fourth at one-
third before the apex from below the third; discocellulars slightly oblique, both
angled inward, radial from their middle; the middle median at one-fourth, lower at
one-half before end of the cell; submedian slightly waved: hindwing broadly
obconical; male with an oval glandular patch of raised scales above the subcostal
vein ; precostal vein very short ; costal bent upward at the precostal ; first subcostal
at one-third before end of the cell; discocellulars very oblique, lower bent near the
middle, radial from the angle; middle median at nearly one-fifth, lower at nearly
one-half before end of the cell; submedian straight, internal slightly curved. Body

VOL. I. B

122 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

stout; thorax hairy; palpi porrect, projecting one-third beyond the head, second
joint laxly squamose, third short; legs slender; antennz gradually thickened to end,
tip blunt.
CATOPSILIA CATILLA (Prater 47, Fic. 3, 3a, 9).

Papilio Catilla, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 229, f. D, E (1779) 9.

Callidryas Catilla, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 222; Lep. Exotica, i. p. 24, pl. 9, f. 7—10.

Papilio Hilaria, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 339, f. A, B (1781), ¢.

Colias Hilaria, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 182.

Papilio Titania, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 28 (1798).

Male. Upperside yellowish-white, the basal area yellow; with a very slender
black apical and exterior marginal band. Female pale or bright yellow: forewing
with the marginal black band broader, its inner border sinuous, and with a more or
less distinct angular subapical zigzag slender band descending the disc; a large black
discocellular spot: hindwing with a marginal series of slight dentate black spots.
Underside: male glaucous ochreous-white, base of forewing tinged with yellow;
posterior border white ; both wings with a white-centred red discocellular spot, and
a very indistinct discal series of red-speckled spots; female ochreous-yellow : fore-
wing with the posterior border whitish ; discocellular spot large ; apical margin and
angular subapical spots reddish: hindwing with two discocellular pearly-centred
spots, and indistinct discal reddish spots ; some specimens with the discocellular spot
broadly surrounded with an angular red patch.

Expanse 23 to 3 inches.

“Western and Central Provinces. Plains and up to 6000 feet at all times.
Very local. Found in several spots of limited extent; and always there” (Hutchison).

*‘Galle, Colombo. Very common” (Wade).

“ Principally in the lower and middle ranges. In the flights along the sea-coast,
beginning generally in November, this species of Catopsilia forms about a third of the
number, always travelling to the north; the flights lasting for days, thousands of
them passing in an hour” (Mackwood).

CATOPSILIA CROCALE (Prats 48, Fic. 1, 1 a, 6, ¢ 2, larva).

Papilio Crocale, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 55, fig. C, D (1775) 2.

Callidryas Crocale, Butler, Lep. Exotica, i. p. 22, pl. 9, f. 1, 2, 3, 6.

Papilio Alcmeone, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 141, f. E (1777), 3; Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 196.
Colias Alcmeone, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 181.

Callidryas Alcmeone, Moore, id. p. 57, pl. 1, f. 7, 7a.

Papilio Jugurtha, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 187, f. C, D (1777), 2.

Colias Jugurthina, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p- 95, 2; Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 1382.

Male. Upperside yellowish-white, the basal area yellow; costal edge and
exterior margin with a slender black band, which is slightly sinuous at the apex.

PIERINA. 123

Female with a broader black costal and exterior marginal band, which is angled
inward above end of the cell and more or less confluent with a discocellular spot, the
band subapicaily traversed by three or four pale spots: hindwing with a sinuous-
bordered black marginal band. Underside pale yellow, the posterior discal area of
forewing whitish; a slight ochreous streak on upper discocellular veinlet on the
hindwing.

Female Variety.—Upperside more uniformly yellowish, or pale yellow, with
much broader costal and marginal band and confluent discocellular spot on forewing,
and the hindwing having a broader marginal band with confluent narrow lunular
discal band.

Expanse 23 to 2% inches.

Larva cylindrical; dark green, minutely black spotted, with a broad bluish-
black lateral band and pale lower line. Pupa green; tapering to a slender point at
each end, thorax convex.

“Feeds on Cassia fistula, &c.” (Thwaites).

** Hverywhere. Plains and hills up to 6000 feet, in forest and cultivated land.
Have taken them at almost all times. Flight strong, quick, sits in crowds on damp
spots of roadside” (Hutchison).

“Tn all parts, but numerous in the lower country” (Mackwood).

CATOPSILIA GNOMA (Prare 48, Fic. 2, 2, 2a, larva).
Papilio Gnoma, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. App. p. 828 (1775) é.
Callidryas Gnoma, Butler, Lep. Exotica, i. p. 48, pl. 16, f. 1—4.
Papilio Philippina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 361, f. C, D (1781), 2.
Colias Philippina, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 130.

Male: pale olivaceous-white: forewing with a very slender blackish-brown
apical band which is macular on the exterior margin; a slender streak at end of the
cell. Female with a slightly broader and more distinctly macular marginal band,
and larger rounded spot at end of the cell. Underside dull yellowish-ochreous,
numerously covered with brownish-ochreous strigz, an indistinct transverse discal fascia
formed of slightly darker striga across both wings; a small red streak at end of each
cell. Female brighter yellow; strige distinct; discal fasciee reddish and macular on
the hindwing ; a duplex purple-white centred reddish-bordered spot at end of cell on
forewing, two pearly-white centred and a large inner spot with similar borders at end
of cell, and a red streak at base of the cell on hindwing; costal and outer margins
narrowly bordered with red.

Expanse, ¢ 23, 2 24 inches.

Larva cylindrical ; green, spotted with minute black dots, with a lateral yellow

rR 2

124 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

stripe. Pupa green with a lateral yellow stripe; tapering at both ends, thorax
arched.
“ Feeds on Leguminose”” (Thwaites).

CATOPSILIA ILEA (Prats 47, Fic. 1, 1 a, b, g 9, larva).

Papilio Ilea, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 421 (1798), ¢.
Callidryas Pyranthe (variety), Butler, Lep. Exot. i. p. 36.

Male. Upperside similar in colour to C0. Pyranthe, but with a more slender
blackish apical marginal band. Female also with a narrower apical marginal band,
and with no, or at most but very indistinct, inner subapical lunular streak : hind-
wing with no marginal band, only with indistinct cilial spots. Underside very
similar to C. Pyranthe. Female with more prominently marked strigw, and pale-
centred reddish spot at end of each cell, the hindwing with two contiguous similar
spots.

Expanse 1% to 2+ inches.

Larva cylindrical; green, minutely spotted with black, with a dark and pale
lateral line. Pupa green, tapering at each end, thorax convex.

“Feeds on Cassia fistula, &e.”’ (Thwaites).

“Colombo. Neighbourhood of the cinnamon gardens. Rare. Flight slow”’
(Hutchison).

CATOPSILIA PYRANTHE (Puare 47, Fre. 2, 2a, 2).

Papilio Pyranthe, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ii. p. 763 (1767).

Callidryas Pyranthe, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 56, pl. 1, f. 8, 8a; Butler, Catal. Fabrician
Lep. B. M. p. 224; Lep. Exot. i. p. 35, pl. 3, f. 8, 9, 10.

Colias Pyranthe, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 129.

Male. Upperside pale greenish-white: forewing with a narrow blackish apical
marginal band, and a small slender spot at end of the cell. Female: forewing with
the blackish costal border and the apical band broader, the latter with inner subapical
confluent lunular streaks; a large oval spot at end of the cell: hindwing with a
slender black marginal band. Underside with the costal area of forewing and entire
hindwing pale greenish ochreous-yellow, numerously covered with short delicate brown
strige ; an indistinct pale ochreous spot at end of each cell; posterior border of
forewing pale greenish-white.

Expanse 24 inches.

“Galle. Very common” (Wade).

‘Tn all parts, but more numerous in low country than in upper. A few occur
in the low country flights” (Mackwood).

PIERIN A. 12%

On

CATOPSILIA CHRYSEIS (Prate 48, Fie. 3, 30, g 9).
Papilio Chryseis, Drury, Illustr. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 12, fig. 3, 4 (1770), ¢.
Callidryas Chryseis, Butler, Lep. Exotica, i. p. 5, pl. 3, fig. 4—7.
Papilio Alcyone, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 58, f A—C (1775), ¢ 2.

Male. Upperside pale greenish-white: forewing with a broad apical marginal
black band with acutely simuous inner border ; a very slender small black-speckled
streak at end of the cell. Female with a broader and angular inner-bordered apical
marginal band, the costal margin also blackish; a large oval black spot at end of the
cell: hindwing with a broad blackish macular marginal band. Underside pale buff-
yellow, crossed by pale ochreous strigee. Female with a slight indistinct reddish pale-
centred spot at end of cell on forewing and three contiguous spots on hindwing.

Expanse, 3 24, 2 28 inches.

Genus IXIAS.
Izias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 95 (1816).
Thestias, Boisduval, Spee. Gén. des Lep. i. p. 590 (1836).

Wings ample, broad: forewing short, subtriangular; exterior margin slightly
uneven ; costal vein extending to two-thirds the margin; first subcostal at one-third,
second at one-eighth before end of the cell, third trifid, fifth from beyond end of the
cell, fourth at nearly one-half from below third; cell very broad, extending to half
the wing; discocellulars outwardly oblique, both concave, upper shortest, radial from
their angle; middle median at one-sixth, lower at one-third before end of the cell;
submedian very recurved: hindwing obconical, short, exterior margin uneven,
oblique, slightly angular before the lower end; precostal vein slender; costal curved
towards the end ; first subcostal at one-fourth before end of the cell, much curved ;
discocellulars very oblique, upper shortest, lower recurved, radial from their angle;
cell broad; middle median at one-sixth, lower at one-third before end of the cell;
submedian slightly curved, internal recurved. Body stout, thorax and head hairy ;
palpi projecting slightly beyond the head, hairy beneath, third joint short; legs
slender; antennze terminating in a gradually compressed club.

IXIAS PIRENASSA (Pirate 50, Fic. 1, la, g 2).
Thestias Pirenassa, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 3935, pl. 9, f. 4, 2.

Male. Upperside sulphur-yellow : forewing with the anterior half obliquely black
and traversed by an orange-red scallope-bordered subapical band crossed by black
veins: hindwing with a narrow black marginal band attenuating to the posterior
angle. Female sulphur-yellow; the orange-red band on forewing narrower and
interrupted below the radial and upper median vein, the two lower portions being

126 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

marked with a black spot; band on the hindwing asin male. Underside duller
yellow ; the costal area and hindwing sparsely marked with delicate black-speckled
strige ; a black spot at end of each cell; both wings with a transverse discal in-
distinct row of purple-brown spots, the spots largest and most distinct on the costa
and middle of hindwing.

Expanse, ¢ liv, % 27 inches.

“‘Hastern Province. Plains. In forest land. February and August”
(Hutchison).

“Hambantotte. Haragama near Kandy. Mulhiatim. Common” (Wade).

“Low country. Found plentifully in the low jungle about April, especially
north of Kandy” (Mackwood).

IXIAS CINGALENSIS (Prate 50, Fic. 2, 2a, $ 9).

Male. Comparatively larger than I. Pirenassa; the subapical orange-red band
broader and its outer scalloped border more regularly curved : hindwing with a some-
what broader band. Underside uniformly yellow, without markings, the hindwing
only having a very small spot at end of the cell, or slightly indicated discal spots.
Female yellow ; with a yellow subapical continuous band, and a broad marginal black
band on hindwing.

Expanse 2? inches.

IXIAS MARIANNE.

Papilio Marianne, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 217, fig. C—E (1782).
Thestias Marianne, Boisduval, Spec. Gén. i. p. 592.
Izias Bebryce, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 95.

Male. Upperside white, the basal area grey: forewing with the anterior half
traversed by a very broad orange-red black-bordered band: hindwing with a broad
black marginal band. Female with the orange-red band narrower at the costal end,
broader and shorter at the lower end, and crossed by a linear row of black spots;
the band on hindwing also broader. Underside dull sulphur-yellow, the disc of fore-
wing pale orange; forewing with a large black white-centred discocellular spot,
and a broad purple-brown band composed of conical white-pointed spots.

Expanse 2 inches.

**Hastern Province. Plains; in forest land. August. Fond of damp spots on
the road ” (Hutchison).

“ Hambantotte and Mulliatim. Common” (Wade).

“Low country. Rather scarce” (Mackwood).

PIERINAS. 127

Genus HEBOMOIA.
Hebomoia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 95 (1816).
Iphias, Boisduval, Spec. Gén. des Lep. i. p. 695 (1836).

Wings large: forewing triangular, narrow; costa convex, apex acute, exterior
margin oblique, uneven, posterior margin recurved; costal vein extending to two-
thirds the margin; subcostal running close alongside of costal, first and second
branches emitted close together, first at one-fourth before end of the cell, third bifid
at one-fourth before the apex, fifth from end of the cell; upper discocellular inwardly
oblique, slightly concave, lower bent outward at the middle, radial from their angle ;
cell large, broad, extending beyond half the wing; middle median at one-third, lower
at one-half before end of the cell ; submedian much recurved: hindwing broad,
obovate ; exterior margin uneven; precostal vein prominent; costal curved to near
apex; first subcostal emitted at nearly half before upper end of the cell; dis-
cocellulars extremely long and oblique, lower slightly waved; radial from their
middle ; cell very long, extending two-thirds the wing; lower median at nearly one-
half before lower end of the cell and nearly opposite the end of upper discocellular,
the middle median at one-third between the lower and end of the cell; submedian
straight, internal slightly recurved. Body large, thorax stout, hairy; head hairy,
tufted in front; palpi clothed with long scales, hairy in front and beneath, third joint
small; legs long, slender; antennz long, gradually thickening to end, tip truncate.

HEBOMOIA GLAUCIPPE (Prare 49, Fic. 1, 1 a,b, ¢ 9, larva).
Papilio Glaucippe, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. ii. p. 762 (1767); Drury, Illust. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 10, f 3, 4;
Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 164, fig. A—C.
Hebomoia Glaucippe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 96.
Iphias Glaucippe, Boisduval, Spec. Gén. des Lep. i. p. 596; Wallace, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 3.

Male. Upperside creamy-white: forewing with a large orange-red apical patch,
the extreme costal and exterior borders dark brown, the veins traversing the patch
lined with black and with an intervening black dentate spot: hindwing with a slight
black costal spot before the apex, and a dentate spot at end of subcostal veins.
Female slightly tinged with yellow: forewing with the apical patch somewhat smaller,
the veins traversing it blacker, its inner border slightly black-speckled, and the inter-
vening dentate marks larger: hindwing with curved discal series of black spots, and
a marginal band composed of large blackish confluent triangular spots. Underside
with the apical area of forewing and the entire hindwing yellowish-ochreous
numerously covered with short dark brown strigee, which are more or less blotched
across the disc in the female: hindwing also with a dark-speckled raised line running
from base of the cell to outer margin.

Expanse 3# inches.

128 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

Larva subcylindrical, tapering towards each end, numerously covered with
minute tubercles; green. Pupa much arched along the back; head pointed.
« Feeds on Capparis”’ (Thwaites).

«Kandy. Common” (Wade).
** Numerous all over the island in the early months of the year, but not towards
the sea-coast. Occasional specimens all through the year” (Mackwood).

Genus CALLOSUNE.
Callosune, Doubleday, Genera of Diurnal Lep. p. 57 (1847).
Aphrodite, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 95 (1816) —preoccupied.

Wings short, broad: forewing subtriangular; apex almost rounded, exterior
margin slightly convex, oblique; costal vein extending to more than half the wing;
first subcostal at two-fifths, second at one-fifth before end of the cell; third and fifth
at end of the cell, third bifid at nearly one-half before the apex ; upper discocellular
short, inwardly oblique, slightly concave, lower deeply concave, radial from their
angle ; cell broad ; middle median at one-fifth, lower at beyond two-fifths before end
of the cell; submedian recurved : hindwing broadly obovate, exterior margin slightly
uneven; precostal vein long; costal much curved; first subcostal at one-third
before end of the cell; discocellulars very oblique, upper very short, lower very long
outwardly oblique and concave; radial from their angle near subcostal; muddle
median at one-eighth, lower at one-third before end of the cell; submedian straight,
internal recurved. Body moderate, thorax and head hairy; palpi rather long, pro-
jecting half beyond the eyes, second joint flat, very laxly pilose beneath, third joimt
slender; legs very long, slender; antennze rather short, ending in a spatular club.

CALLOSUNE EUCHARIS (Pate 49, Fic. 4, 3).
Papilio Eucharis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 472 (1775), 3.
Euchioé Eucharis, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 215.
Teracolus Eucharis, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 164.
Papilio Aurora, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 299, fig. A—D (1782).
Pieris Titea, Godart, Encycl. Meth. ix. p. 124.

Male. Upperside white: forewing with a broad ochreous-yellow apical patch
bordered externally by dark brown, the inner border of the patch pale yellowish and
also slightly brown speckled at upper and lower end: hindwing with a marginal
series of small black spots. Female duller coloured ; apical patch narrow, reddish,
with broader borders and brown cross veins; a slight brown discocellular streak ;
marginal spots on hindwing larger. Underside pale yellow on basal and apical area
of forewing ; both wings with a slight short subapical ochreous macular fascia in the
male and the female, also with a lower discal fascia and marginal macular band.

Expanse jo inch.

PIERIN AL. 129

CALLOSUNE DAN Z.
Papilio Dane, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 476 (1775); Donovan, Ins. Iud. pl. 26, fig. 2.
Euchloé Dane, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 215.

Male. Upperside white: forewing with a broad apical black-margined crimson
patch bordered within by a black band; a small black discocellular spot: hindwing
with a narrow black almost macular marginal band. Female yellowish-white, basal
area grey: forewing with the crimson patch traversed by a curved black narrow
macular band; a larger black discocellular spot and a lower discal speckled spot :
hindwing with a black discocellular spot, a discal row of spots, and a marginal band.
Underside yellowish-white; apex and hindwing slightly suffused with pale ochreous-
yellow: forewing with an oblique subapical reddish fascia traversed by black spots ;
discocellular spot and discal macular band as in upperside; the discocellular spot on
hindwing of both sexes centred with red, the discal spots in female reddish-brown.

Hxpanse 14 to 14 inch.

CALLOSUNE SANGUINALIS.
Teracolus sanguinalis, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 158.

Male. Much like a small example of C. Danaé: forewings more acuminate, the
carmine apical patch rather brighter; the grey colouring confined to the extreme base
and costa, not extending into the hindwing; the marginal spots of hindwing better
separated and rather smaller. Underside of forewing redder on the apical area, th»
angulated series of spots larger and redder ; the spots upon the margin near external
angle small and indistinct: hindwing white, slightly creamy, with the outer border
very feebly ochreous; the spots, which are arranged as in C. Danaé, are greyish-
brown; the spot at end of the cell reddish, with a narrow brown margin. Female
differs from same sex of 0. Danaé in its smaller size, more sulphur-tinted colouration,
the regular and much paler basal grey suffusion, which is almost invisible on the
hindwing, the much brighter apical carmine patch, the absence of the spot near
external angle of forewing, the minute character of the discal spots of hindwing, and
the better defined and narrower outer border: forewing beneath with the apical area
redder, the basal area yellower, and without a terminal grey streak crossing the cell ;
the black spots smaller: hindwing beneath distinctly ochreous, with the discal spots
reddish, irrorated with black and grey.

Expanse ¢ 1 inch 6 lines.

CALLOSUNE LIMBATA (Pirate 49, Fig. 5, ¢).
Teracolus limbatus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 161.

Male. Upperside white; basal and costal area greyish: forewing with an
oblique black-bordered orange-red apical patch, traversed by black veins; a black dot
at end of the cell: hindwing with a marginal sinuous black band. Female duller

VOL. I. S

130 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

coloured, somewhat yellowish-white; apical red patch less defined, the borders dark
brown; the band on hindwing more macular. Underside white: forewing with the
cell and apex suffused with sulphur-yellow, traversed by a subapical brownish streak ;
a black spot at end of each cell, that on the hindwing bordered within by orange-
yellow.

Expanse 13% inch.

‘“‘ Hambantotte. Common” (lWade).

“* Found on the Trincomalie side of the Island” (Mackwood).

“ Very scarce at Vavoniya Vilankulam. Affects grassy spots where it is allowed
to seed”’ (Pole).

Genus IDMAIS.
Idmais, Boisduval, Spec. Gén. des Lep. i. p. 584 (1836) ; Doubleday, Gen. D. L. p. 59.
Colotis (part), Hiibner. ,

Wings small: forewing elongated, triangular ; costal vein extending to half the
margin; first subcostal at one-third, second at one-fourth before end of the cell, third
and fifth at end of the cell, third bifid at one-third before the apex; upper dis-
cocellular short, inwardly oblique, lower deeply concave, radial from their angle;
middle median at one-fifth, lower at one-third before end of the cell; submedian
recurved : hindwing short, obovate ; costa arched in the middle, apex convex, exterior
margin oblique ; precostal slender; costal vein short, curved; first subcostal at one-
third before end of the cell; upper discocellular very short, lower oblique, concave,
radial from their angle; middle median at one-sixth, lower at one-third before end of
the cell ; submedian nearly straight, internal recurved. Body slender, thorax and head
slightly hairy ; palpi extending one-third beyond the eyes, second joint laxly pilose
beneath, third joint slender; legs slender, fore tarsi short in female ; antenne short,
with a small spatular club.

IDMAIS TRIPUNCTA (Prate 49, Fic. 3, 3a, $ 9).
Idmais tripuncta, Butler, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 221.

Male. Upperside pale pinky yellowish-ochreous: forewing with a broad black
marginal band with sinuous inner border and traversed by three subapical ochreous
spots and an outer series of very indistinct short linear streaks ; a large black spot
at end of the cell: hindwing with a narrow macular marginal black band. Female
paler, the bands and discocellular spot broader, the apical spots also broader. Under-
side pale ochreous-yellow: forewing with an ochreous-brown discal transverse macular
band, and a black lined discocellular spot: hindwing with a similar coloured zigzag
discal band, and an ochreous discocellular round spot.

Expanse 2 inches.

“Pattalam. January. Very rare” (Mackwood).

PIERINA. 131

IDMAIS MODESTA (Prare 49, Fie. 2, 2a, $ 9).
Teracolus modestus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 137.

Male. Upperside pale pinky yellowish ochreous-grey at base; costal and outer
borders broadly black-brown : forewing with the outer band feebly sinuated inwardly
between the median veins and barely enclosing a spot of the ground-colour below the
lower median, and marked by an oblique subapical series of three small similar
coloured spots ; a black dentate spot at end of the cell: hindwing with the outer
band inwardly traversed by a row of small grey-bordered spots of the ground-colour.
Female paler, some specimens being yellowish-white, with the imner borders of the
brown bands less defined. Underside of male sulphur-yellow, forewing with a shght
dusky dentate streak at end of the cell, and a transverse subapical fascia terminating
hindward in two black spots; a black dot at end of the cell in hindwing; femaie
beneath tinged with grev, the markings dusky black and suffused with ochreous, the
hindwing also having a discal dusky macular fascia. F

Expanse 14 to 1? inch.

* Dambool, Hambantotte and Mulliatim District’ (Wade).

“Low country. Found abundantly in the Dambool District and north of it”

(Mackwood).
Genus CATOPHAGA.

Catophaga, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 93 (1816).

Forewing triangular, acute in male; costal vein extending a little over half
length of the margin ; first subcostal at one-half, second at one-fourth before end of
the cell; third trifid, fifth at one-fifth beyond the cell, fourth at one-fourth before the
apex ; upper and lower discocellulars concave, radial from their angle; middle median
at one-fourth, lower beyond one-half before end of the cell; submedian recurved :
hindwing triangularly-oval; exterior margin oblique, anal angle somewhat prolonged ;
precostai vein curved ; costal somewhat bent at the precostal ; first subcostal at one-
third before end of the cell; discocellulars very oblique, nearly straight ; middle
median at one-fifth, lower at one-third before end of the cell; submedian straight,
internal much recurved. Body moderate, thorax stout, hairy ; palpi hairy beneath,
extending half beyond the eyes; third joint long, slender ; legs long, slender ;
antenne with a flattened club.

Type, C. Paulina.

: CATOPHAGA NEOMBO (Prare 50, Fic. 3, 3 a, b, ¢ &).
Pieris Neombo, Boisduval, Spec. Gén. des Lep. i. p. 589, 9 ; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 72;
pl. 2a, fig. 3, 2.

Male. Upperside white: forewing with the basal costal area and apical border
blackish speckled, the latter indistinctly traversed by white spots: hindwing very
slightly black speckled at end of subcostal veins. Underside: apex of forewing and

5 2

a

132 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

the entire hindwing pale dull ochreous-yellow. Female. Upperside yellowish-white :
forewing with a broader and more prominently black costal and apical border and
traversing white spots: hindwing with a marginal black dentated macular band.
Underside: forewing with the base suffused with yellow; apex pearly violaceous-
white bordered by a subapical ill-defined slender blackish band: hindwing pearly
violaceous-white.

Variety of Female.-—Upperside bright yellow, marginal markings similar to
those in white female. Underside: costal border and apex of forewing and the
entire hindwing ochreous-yellow ; discal area of forewing pale yellow, the subapical
black band more or less distinct.

Expanse 2 to 23 inches.

“Central Province. Hills 3000 to 6000 feet. Open places in forest. Generally
in company with C. Galene and C. Lankapura but more common than the latter. The
yellow variety found with the white one—but less common” (Hutchison).

“Hills from 2500 feet, and principally up to 4000 feet. Found in abundance in
early months of the year, taking part in the large annual flights of butterflies”

(Mackwood).
CATOPHAGA VENUSTA (Prater 51, Fic. 3, @).

Intermediate between C. Neombo and C. Galene. Male similar to C. Galene,
the apex very sparsely black speckled. Female: forewing differs from white form
of CU. Neombo in the costa being somewhat more narrowly black bordered and
the black then continuing from upper end of the cell less obliquely below the
apex, where it is more pointed towards the exterior margin, the lower portions as in
U. Neombo, the apical spots as in C. Galene: hindwing with a marginal apical series
of four small black-speckled spots. From female C. Galene it differs also in the
narrower black costal border, more lengthened and outwardly-pointed border below
the apex, the lower portion more rounded, less excavated below, and narrower at
the posterior angle; apical spots similarly disposed: hindwing differs in having a
marginal upper row of four very small spots. Underside similar to both species, the
black subapical band in female narrower than in CV. Neombo, and indistinctly defined
below the middle median vein.

Expanse, ¢ 24, ? 12 to 2 inches.

Has been taken by Mr. J. Pole in the Vavonia Vivankulam district in low
country, north of Trincomalie, during December.

CATOPHAGA GALENE (Pratt 51, Fic. 2,2a,6, dg 9).
Pieris Galene, Felder, Novara Voy. Lep. ii. p. 165 (1865).

Male. Upperside white: forewing with the costal base and apex slightly
speckled with minute black scales which form on the latter an indistinct sinuous-
bordered apical band. Underside: apex of forewing, and the entire hindwing pale

PIERIN AE. 133

dull ochreous-yellow. Female. Upperside pale olivaceous yellowish-white: fore-

wing with a broad black oblique outer marginal band traversed by three or four white

spots, the inner border of the band excavated below the middle and lower median

veins and curved outwardly beneath to the posterior angle; base of wing and costa

greyish-black : hindwing with a broad sinuous-bordered marginal band. Underside

olivaceous yellowish pearly-white : forewing with a broad curved subapical black band.
Expanse ¢ ¢ 2 to 24 inches.

“Western and Central Province. Plains_and up to 6000 feet, in open ground
and forest. Much more common in the hills than on the plains. Has a very rapid
and long flight ” (Hutchison).

* Kandy ” (Wade).

** Most abundant in low country and up to 4000 feet. Found all the year round.
In the up-country flights this species forms nearly a third of the number; on a sun-
shiny day thousands will pass by in an hour” (Mackwood).

CATOPHAGA LANKAPURA (Prare 50, Fic. 4, 4a, g; pl. 51, f. 1, la, 9).
Catophaga Lankapura, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 142.

Male. Upperside white: forewing with a broader apical blackish-speckled band
than in C. Galene: hindwing with a slight black-speckled point at end of the veins.
Underside: apex of forewing and the entire hindwing bright pale ochreous-yellow.
Female : forewing with a broad black outer marginal band traversed by three or four
small yellowish-white spots; costal base greyish-black: hindwing with a broad black
sinuous-bordered marginal band. Underside with the apex of forewing and the entire
hindwing bright ochreous-yellow : forewing with a broad curved subapical black band :
hindwing with an indistinct blackish speckled macular submarginal band.

Expanse 24 to 2+ inches.

“Occurs in the same districts as CU. Galene, and joins im the annual flights,
forming fully half of the whole number. <A few weeks after the flight is over they
are to be found congregated on damp spots in the open sunshine in great numbers;
I have seen quite 100 within the diameter of 12 inches” (Mackwood).

Genus HIPOSCRITIA.
Hiposcritia, Geyer, in Hiibner’s Zutriige, iv. p. 16 (1832).

Forewing of male much less triangular than in Catophaga; costa more arched ;
discocellulars less oblique, upper very short: hindwing with straighter costa, more
convex and uneven exterior margin; costal vein much arched at the base. Antennal
club narrower and longer. Sexes somewhat similar in pattern to females of
Catophaga.

Type, H. Pandione.

134 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

HIPOSCRITIA NARENDRA (Puare 51, Fie. 4,4 a, b, 9 2).
Appias Narendra, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 48.

Male. Upperside white: forewing with a broad black angular-bordered apical
band traversed by two oblique white spots: hindwing with a very slender black-
speckled margin, the speckles also extending slightly up each vein. Underside:
apex of forewing buff-brown, subapical black band broad: hindwing buff-brown,
densely speckled with brown scales, a series of these forming irregular uninterrupted
zigzag transverse streaks; a small discocellular black spot. Female with broader
black apical band, its inner border scalloped and extending to posterior angle:
hindwing with a broad black scalloped-bordered marginal band. Underside with
darker ochreous apex and broader band, the hindwing also much darker and
showing a submarginal row of large whitish patches.

Hxpanse, ¢ 23, 9 28 inches.

** Hills 2000 to 4000 feet. Rare” (Mackwood).

Genus APPIAS.
Appias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 91 (1816); Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 49.

Forewing triangular, less in female; costal vein extending two-thirds the
margin; first subcostal at one-fourth, second at one-eighth, third trifid, fifth at
one-fifth beyond the cell, fourth at one-third before the apex; upper discocellular
obliquely concave, lower straight, radial from their angle; cell more than half
length of wing; middle median at one-fourth, lower at more than half before end
of the cell; submedian waved: hindwing broadly oval, exterior margin convex
hindward; precostal vein nearly straight; costal curved; first subcostal at one-
third before end of the cell; upper discocellular very oblique, lower less oblique,
radial from their angle; cell broad; middle median at one-fourth, lower at one-
half before end of the cell; submedian straight, internal recurved. Body moderate,
thorax stout, hairy; palpi porrect, hairy beneath, second joint extending half
beyond the eyes, third joint long, slender; legs long, slender; antennze with a
flattened club.

Type, A. Zelmira.

APPIAS LIBYTHEA (Prare 52, Fic. 3, 3a, 9).
Papilio Libythea, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 471 (1775); Donov. Ins. of India, pl. 27, f. 3, 2.
Tachyris Libythea, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 210.
Pieris Libitina, Godart, Ene. Méth. p. 183; Boisd. Spec. Géa. Lep. i. p. 499, 2.
Pieris Rouxii, Boisduval, Spec. Gén. des Lep. i. p. 48], 3.
Male. Upperside white: forewing with a very slender black sinuous marginal
border: hindwing with a very slight dentate black mark at end of the veins.

PIERINA. 185

Underside white; costal border slightly black-speckled. Female dull white: fore-
wing with the base of costa, the discoidal cell, a suffused fascia beneath the cell,
and a broad marginal band dusky-black; a confluent black streak from end of
the cell: hindwing with a dusky-black marginal dentated band, and a paler
transverse more or less distinct discal fascia with confluent blackish veins. Under-
side with all the markings of the upperside indistinctly visible; base of hindwing
yellowish.

Expanse, $ 24, 9 2 to 24 inches.

“*Hambantotte. June and July” (Wade).
** Puttalam ” (Pole).
** Low country, so far found only in the Kurunegalla District” (Mackwood).

APPIAS VACANS (Prater 52, Fic. 2, 2a, @).
Appias vacans, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 490; Lep. Exotica, p. 90, pl. 34, f. 5, 6, 2.

Male. Upperside similar to A. taprobana. Female yellowish-white: forewing with
the costal border and dentated marginal band dark vinous-brown; base of the cell
and along its lower part to the exterior band brown-speckled : hindwing tinged with
greenish-yellow ; marginal band as in male. Underside of both sexes: forewing |
white, costal and exterior band ochreous-brown, apical spot in male ochreous-yellow :
hindwing ochreous-yellow; band as above.

Expanse 27 inches.

“Colombo. Plains. In open waste ground from October to end of year.
Flight quick ; alights on shrubs. Shy, but when driven off generally returns to the
same spot. Only appeared one year, and then tolerably plentiful ” (Hutchison).

APPIAS TAPROBANA (Prare 52, Fic. 1, 1a, b,c, S @, larva).
Appias taprobana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 143.

Male. Upperside greyish-white: both wings with a black marginal band the imner
border of which is acutely dentated ; costal border and inner border of marginal band
on hindwing grey. [Female dark vinous-brown: forewing with two longitudinal sub-
apical and two lower discal yellowish-white streaks: hindwing with the basal area
duli white merging into the dark marginal border by dentate streaks. Underside:
forewing of male white; costal and sinuous outer border cupreous ochreous-brown ;
a bright yellow spot before the apex: hindwing bright yellow, with broad marginal
cupreous-ochreous band; costal and subcostal veins lined with cupreous-brown scales.
Female differs only in having the median vein brown bordered to the outer band, and
having no yellow apical spot.

136 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

Allied to A. Hippo.

Expanse 23 to 2% inches.

Larva cylindrical, dark green, minutely black dotted; a white lateral line, and
pale green beneath. Pupa pale pinkish olivaceous-green ; head acutely produced,
thorax and lower dorsal segment angular.

** Feeds on Oratceva’”’ (Thwaites).

“Low country. Found generally in the months of September to Deceulber.
Larva feeds on Cratceva religiosa ” (Mackwood).

Genus HUPHINA.

Wings broader and shorter than in Appias: forewing less triangular, costa much
arched from the base, apex almost rounded; costal vein extending to half the
margin; upper discocellular deeply concave, not oblique, lower less concave ; cell
shorter: hindwing broader; cell narrower and longer ; discocellulars more oblique ;
antennal club slender.

Type, H. Coronis.

HUPHINA PHRYNE (Prare 53, Fie. 1, 1 a, 6, d 9, larva).

Papilio Phryne, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 473 (1775).
Pieris Phryne, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 202.
Papilio Evagete, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 221, fig. F, G (1782).

Male. Upperside white: forewing with the veins black lined, a broad black
outer marginal band traversed by white spots ; veins basally and the base of costal
border greyish: hindwing with a broad black lunular-bordered marginal band.
Female yellowish-white; veins of forewing and outer bands broadly brown-black,
traversing marginal spots yellowish on forewing, more prominent and cordate on
hindwing. Underside with the veins blackish-bordered ; apex and costa of forewing,
and hindwing yellow.

Expanse 1% inch.

Larva cylindrical, tapering at anal end; green, finely white dotted, with a lower
lateral white line. Pupa greenish, thorax and basal abdominal segment acutely angled.

““ Feeds on Capparis” (Thwaites).

** Colombo, and on road from Kandy to Trincomalie. Plains; both in cultivated
land and forest. Not at all common. Has a slow, uncertain flight ” (Hutchison).
© Kandy ” (Wade).
“In low country and hills; chiefly from 2000 to 4000 feet, not frequently
beyond ” (Mackwood).

PIERIN 43. 137

HUPHINA REMBA (Prate 53, Fie. 2, 2a, 3).
Pieris Remba, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. i. p. 75 (1857); Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc.
1867, p. 340.

Male. Upperside pale yellowish-white: forewing with a broad oblique black
apical band: hindwing with a slender marginal black-speckled diffused-bordered band.
Underside : forewing with the costal border and apex broadly ochreous olive-brown,
streaked with paler ochreous before the apex: hindwing ochreous olive-brown, with
darker broad discal and lunular submarginal fascie. Female blackish-brown : fore-
wing with a large broad white oblique medial patch: hindwing with a smaller white
upper-discal patch. Underside as in male.

Expanse 22 to 24 inches.

** Hills; 2000 to 4000 feet. Rare” (Mackwood).

Genus BELENOIS.
Belenois, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 92 (1816); Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 87, 50 (1870).
Anapheis, Hiibuer, l.c. p. 98 (1816).
Pinacopteryx (Sect. i.), Wallengren, Rhop. Caffr. (Acta Acad. Sci. Holm.) 1857, p. 7.

Forewing triangular ; costal vein extending to two-thirds the margin ; first sub-
costal at one-fourth before end of the cell and anastomosed to costal near its end,
second at one-eighth before end of the cell, third trifid, fifth at more than one-
third beyond the cell; discocellulars oblique, shghtly curved, radial from their
angle; middle median at one-fourth, lower at one-half before end of the cell; sub-
median slightly waved: hindwing bluntly oval; precostal long ; costal curved, short,
first subcostal at nearly one-half before end of the cell; upper discocellular very
oblique ; cell fusiform; middle median at nearly one-fourth, lower at one-half before
end of the cell; submedian straight, internal recurved. Body moderate; thorax
hairy ; palpi long, very laxly pilose beneath, second joint extended beyond the eyes,
third joint long, slender; antennz with a long spatular club.

Type, B. Calypso.

BELENOIS TAPROBANA (Prate 53, Fic. 3, 3a, 5 @).
Pieris taprobana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 565.

Male. Upperside white: forewing with a broad black marginal band extend-
ing from one-third before the apex to posterior angle, and traversed by three or
four slender white subapical streaks; costal edge and base also black, with a
nearly confluent tapering discocellular streak: hindwing with a broad black marginal
band traversed by small white streaks and bordered before the costal end by a
slender lunule. Female suffused with ochreous-white, the exterior bands, costal
base and confluent discocellular streak broader and of a brownish-black, no tra-

versing white streaks. Underside with broad bands as above and the veins of hind-

VOL. I. T

138 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

wing of a deep vinous-brown ; base and apical streaks on forewing and interspaces
between the veins and marginal spots on hindwing bright ochreous.
Expanse 21 inches.

“Colombo. In gardens and open cultivated ground. October to end of year.
Flight slow, settling on the ground. Very uncertain in its appearance; only observed
during two out of five years’ collecting” (Hutchison).

“Colombo. Hambantotte. Galle” (Wade).

** Low country, appearing apparently in certain years only, as for two or three
years together scarcely one is to be seen and then in the next they appear in
numbers ”’ (Mackwood).

Genus NEPHERONIA.
Nepheronia, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 38, 53 (1870).
Valeria, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 189 (1829).
Eronia (part), Boisduval; Doubleday.

Forewing triangular, elongated ; costa arched, apex convex; costal vein extend-
ing two-thirds the margin; first and second subcostal branches emitted close together,
first at one-fourth before end of the cell; third trifid, sixth (or upper radial) from
end of the cell; discocellulars oblique, upper deeply concave, lower nearly straight,
radial from their angle ; cell extending to nearly two-thirds the wing; middle median
at one-fourth, lower at one-half before end of the cell; submedian waved: hindwing
obeconical; costal margin nearly straight; precostal vein short; costal curving
towards the end; first subcostal at one-fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars
very oblique, radial from their middle; middle median at one-fourth, lower at one-
half before end of the cell; submedian straight, internal recurved. Body long,
thorax hairy; palpi short, thickly clothed with scales, hairy beneath; legs long.
slender ; antennz long, terminating in a lengthened club. (N. Valeria.)

NEPHERONIA CEYLONICA.
Eronia Ceylonica, Felder, Novara Voy. Lep. ii. p. 191 (1865).

Male. Upperside. Forewing fuliginous-black, with light-blue space within the cell
and interspaces between the veins from the subcostal to middle of the disc: hindwing
with light-blue interspaces between all the veins to middle of the disc. Underside
nacreous-blue : forewing with the costa and apical margin dusky-cyaneous, the veins
from base to near their end black, the median branches crossed by a confluent black
streak: hindwing with a marginal row of very indistinct white spots with dusky
borders. Female with narrow blue streaks between all the veins, and a marginal row
of spots. Underside with the discoidal and median vein more broadly black.

Hxpanse, ¢ 2, 2 3 inches.

PIERINA:. 139

“General. Occasionally numerous in low country in the smaller jungles”
(Mackwood).

A distinct species both from the 8. Indian N. Pingasa and the Andaman
N. Naraka.

NEPHERONIA FRATERNA (Prater 54, Fic. 3, 3a, 9 2).

A smaller insect than N. Ceylonica. Male with comparatively narrow black
marginal border and more slender black veins above; the underside of a greenish
pearly-white; the veins from base of forewing very narrowly black lined: hindwing
immaculate. Female with broader blue streaks between the veins than in female of
N. Ceylonica.

Hixpanse, $ 23, ¢ 25 inches.

NEPHERONIA SPICULIFERA.

Nearer to N. Hippia, Fabr., than to the two preceding species. Differs in the
forewing having the blue interspaces between the veins longer, and with a distinct
submarginal row of sagittate spots. Underside more like, but less prominently
marked than N. Ceylonica. Female with all the interspaces between the veins much
narrower than in the two preceding species. Underside with dark brownish-grey
bordering the whitish interspaces, and with a distinct row of whitish marginal spots.

Expanse, ¢ 22, 2 32 inches.

**Hastern Province. Rather rare elsewhere. Plains and up to 2000 feet; not
common higher. Taken in February and August. Flight slow; very shy, dives
into bushes when alarmed ”’ (Hutchison).

© General. Occasionally numerous in the low country in the smaller jungles, and
mostly in the interior of the island” (Mackwood).

Genus DELIAS.
Delias, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 91 (1816); Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 40.
Thyca (Sect. i.), Wallengren, Svensk. Acad. Férh. 1858, p. 76.

Forewing lengthened triangular, narrow; apex rounded; costal vein extending
to more than two-thirds the margin ; first subcostal at one-fifth before end of the cell,
second trifid, third at one-fourth before the apex, fourth at one-fifth beyond end of the
cell; cell extending more than half the wing; discocellulars both slightly concave and
oblique, radial from their angle; middle median at one-third, lower at beyond half
before end of the cell; submedian recurved: hindwing oval, somewhat lengthened ;
precostal straight ; subcostal arched ; first subcostal at one-third before upper end of
the cell; discocellulars very oblique, slightly concave; radial from their angle; cell
very long, lower part extending two-thirds the wing; middle median at one-fifth,

T 2

140 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

lower at nearly half before end of the cell; submedian straight, internal curved.
Body moderately stout, thorax and head hairy ; palpi porrect, extending beyond the
head, very laxly pilose beneath, third jot long, slender; legs long, slender; antenne
with a grooved club.

Type, D. Egialea.

DELIAS EUCHARIS (Prarte 44, Fig. 1, 1 a,b, g 9, larva).
Papilio Eucharis, Drury, Illust. Exot. Ent. ii. pl. 10, f. 5, 6 (1773); Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 201,
f, B, C; pl. 202, f. C.
Thyca Eucharis, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867 p. 351.
Pieris Epicharis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 153; Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lep. i. p. 456.

Male. Upperside white: forewing with all the veins black lined ; crossed by a
submarginal narrow band, the black expanded end of the veins thus forming a
marginal series of white pointed conical streaks: hindwing with a slender black sub-
marginal band joined by black veins to a marginal row of triangular spots, the inter-
spaces formed of pinkish cordate spots. Female with all the veims in both wings
broader black, the marginal spots more acutely pomted. Underside of both sexes
with all the veins black lined as in female, the marginal spots on hindwing scarlet
and white-bordered ; apex of forewing and basal area of hindwing yellow.

Expanse, ¢ 2%, ¢ 34 inches.

Larva subcylindrical; head small; clothed with fine rather long hair; ochreous-
yellow, white-spotted ; head and legs black. Pupa thick anteriorly, with a dorsal
row of black spines; yellow, black spotted.

* Feeds on Loranthus” (Thwaites).

“Common throughout the low country, and up to 4000 feet; at times a few
occur higher up. The larvee feed on the parasitic Loranthus, sometimes in thousands,
but fortunately ichneumons destroy the greater number” (Mackwood).

‘Kandy and Galle” (Wade).

Genus PRIONERIS.
Prioneris, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 383; Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 39.

Wings large: forewing triangular ; exterior margin very oblique, uneven; costal
margin minutely serrated; costal vein extending nearly two-thirds its length; first
subcostal branch at nearly one-half and second at one-fourth before end of the cell,
third trifid, fourth at one-third before the apex, fifth at one-fourth beyond the cell;
upper discocellular very oblique, lower less; radial from their angle; cell nearly
two-thirds length of the wing; middle median at one-fourth, lower at one-half before
end of the cell; submedian slightly concave near the base: hindwing broadly oval;
exterior margin uneven ; precostal curved; costal arched ; first subcostal at one-half

PAPILIONINA. 141

before end of the cell; discocellulars very long and oblique, upper slightly concave,
radial from their angle; cell two-thirds length of the wing; middle median at one-
fourth, lower at one-half before end of the cell; submedian straight, internal recurved.
Body stout, thorax and head hairy; palpi long, very laxly pilose beneath ; legs long ;
antenne long, with a gradually thickened club.

PRIONERIS SITA (Prare 54, Fie. 2, 3).
Pieris Sita, Felder, Novara Voy. Lep. ii. p. 161, pl. 25, fig. 12 (1865).
Prioneris Sita, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1867, p. 385.

Male. Upperside greyish-white: forewing with the veins lined with black,
expanding and confluent at their end: hindwing with the veins black only at their
end; both wings with a very slight and indistinct submarginal lunular band formed
by sparsely dispersed black scales. Underside with all veins on both wings black
lined, the submarginal lunular band more defined, the hindwing with the marginal
interspaces scarlet bordered with white; apex of forewing and basal area of hindwing
yellow.

Expanse 32 inches.

* Hills from 2000 to 6000 feet. Comparatively scarce” (Mackwood).

Subfamily PAPILIONIN A.
Abdominal margin of the hindwing curving inwards.

** This noble group of butterflies includes some of the largest and most magnificent
species in Ceylon. They are notable for their deliberate sweeping mode of flight,
and for its occasionally somewhat soaring character. This latter peculiarity is to
be strikingly observed in the glorious Ornithoptera Darsius, which is not uncommon
in open woods, and is most conspicuous from its rich black and golden colour”

(Dr. Thwaites’ MS. Notes).

Genus PATHYSA.
Pathysa, Reakirt, Proc. Entom. Soc. Philadelphia, iii. pp. 503, 504 (1864).

Forewing broad, triangular, costa very considerably arched, apex pointed,
exterior margin oblique and concave in the middle; cell long, broadest across the
middle; first subcostal branch short and anastomosed to the costal, emitted at one-
seventh, and second branch at one-tenth before end of the cell; discocellulars nearly
straight, upper slightly longest: hindwing broad, costa long and oblique; exterior
margin convex, very sinuous, produced into a very long narrow ensiform tail; cell
very long, narrow; first subcostal at nearly one-half before end of the cell, second

142 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

branch concave at the base; discocellulars bent outward at the middle, radial from
their angle. Body short, stout; antennz with a short thick rounded club. Sexes
similar.

Larva smooth, slightly distended about the fourth and fifth segments; with two
short fleshy tubercles on second and two on anal segment. Pupa attenuate at anal
end, thorax pointed and excavated in front.

Type, P. Antiphates.

PATHYSA ANTIPHATES (Prarte 63, Fie. 1, 1a).
Papilio Antiphates, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 72, fig. A, B (1779); Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lep. i.
p- 248; Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 240.
Papilio Alcibiades, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 8 (1787).
Papilio Pompilius, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 8 (1787).
Podalirius Pompilius, Swainson, Zool. Ill. 2nd ser. iii. pl. 106.

Pale olivaceous yellowish-white: forewing crossed by seven black bands, each
proceeding from the costa, the third, fourth, and fifth band not extending beyond
the cell, the sixth submarginal attenuated and terminating at lower median vein,
the seventh marginal, their interspaces suffused with brighter olive-yellow, and the
veins between the three outer bands black lined: hindwing with a marginal zigzag
row of black lunules, and an inner row of indistinct black-speckled lunules, the tail
also black-streaked down the centre and a dusky-grey black-speckled patch at its
base; a black lunular spot at anal angle; basal and discal markings of the underside
distinctly visible.

Expanse, ¢ 33, 2 3+ inches.

*“‘Hastern Province. Plains and forest. August. Taken in same place and in
company with P. Nomins”’ (Hutchison).

“ Kottawa forest; Galle. Rare elsewhere” (Wade).

“A scarce butterfly. Found only in a few localities widely apart, about 1500
to 3000 feet range’ (Mackwood).

PATHYSA NOMIUS (Prare 62, Fic. 2).
Papilio Nomius, Esper, Aus]. Schmett. pl. 52, f. 3 (1755—98); Boisduval, Spee. Gén. Lep. i. p. 251.
Papilio Orestes, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 84 (1798).
Papilio Meges, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. pl. 107 (1806—16).

Pale greenish-white : forewing crossed by five black bands, the third, fourth,
and fifth of which do not extend over the cell, and a broad outer band traversed by
a. submarginal row of round whitish spots: hindwing with two black elongated
subbasal bands terminating in lunules above the anal angle, and a broad outer band
traversed by three white lunular anterior spots and three posterior sinuous-lunules,

PAPILIONINA, 143

and at the anal angle by a black spot, the anal interspace of the band grey-speckled ;
tail black. Thorax and abdomen with black longitudinal band.
Expanse 23 to 3 inches.

“* Hastern Province. Plains and forest. August. Taken only on one occasion,
on a journey from Kandy to Trincomalie, associated with P. Antiphates and
4. Doson, sitting in numbers on damp places on the road, dense forest being on
both sides” (Hutchison).

** Trincomalie ” (Wade).

‘* Low country only, and principally in the Northern Province. Very scarce”
(Mackwood).

Genus DALCHINA.

Forewing elongated, triangular, attenuated and pointed at the apex, costa
slightly arched, exterior margin very long, oblique and nearly even, posterior margin
short ; cell very long, first and second subcostals at nearly equal distances apart,
first branch short and anastomosed to costal, second also touching the costal close
to its apex; discocellulars inwardly oblique; hindwing triangular, produced and
attenuated hindward, abdominal margin long, costa short and oblique, exterior
margin oblique, sinuous, and produced into a short, blunt-pointed tail at end of
upper median vein; cell very long, narrow; second subcostal very concave at the
base. Antennal club very short and thick. Body robust; woolly. Sexes alike.

Larva smooth, thickened about the third to fifth segments, and thence decreasing
to each end; with two minute short subdorsal fleshy prominences on the fourth
segment, two on the front of second, and two on the end of anal segment. Pupa
conical, truncated in front, thorax produced into a long pointed frontal prominence.

Type, D. Sarpedon.

DALCHINA TEREDON (Prats 62, Fie. 1, a, d).
Papilio Teredon, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. xiv. p. 805, No. 215 (1864); Novara Reise, Lep. if
p- 61 (1865).

Male and female. Black: forewing with a medial row of emerald-green spots from
the apex to the posterior margin, which are broader and quadrate but not separated
hindward, the two lower spots also being of a bluish tint: hindwing with a medial
transverse bluish-green band, the broad costal end of which is whitish, and a sub-
marginal row of four slender lunules. Underside cupreous-brown, with glossy bands
as above: hindwing with a crimson-bordered black spot at the costal imner end of
the band, and four similar lunular spots from the cell to below end of the band, and
another spot at anal angle.

Expanse, ¢ 3, 2 34 inches.

144 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

Larva smooth, green, with a paler lower lateral line, and a yellow dorsal band
ending in a lateral tubercular spot on fourth segment; a pair of short tubercles on
front and anal segment. Pupa green, with lateral and dorsal longitudinal yellowish
streaks. Feeds on Cinnamomeum.

‘‘ Kandy; Galle. Common” (Wade).
« Numerous everywhere. In dry season dozens together are to be seen on the
damp sandy spots near streams”’ (Mackwood).

Genus ZETIDES.
Zetides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85 (1816).

Forewing of a broader triangular form than in Dalchina, costa more arched,
exterior margin more concave and sinuous ; cell broader at the base; first subcostal
at one-sixth before end of the cell, and anastomosed to the costal, second at one-third
between the first and end of the cell; discocellulars less oblique, upper longest :
hindwing broader, shorter, and less produced hindward: exterior margin scalloped,
and in some with a short blunt or slightly spatular tail. Body stouter, less woolly.
Antenne comparatively shorter, club short and spatular. Sexes alike.

Larva more robust than in Dalchina, thicker, with longer pointed fleshy
tubercles. Pupa with blunt projecting frontal thoracic process.

Type, Z. Kurypylis.*

ZETIDES TELEPHUS (Prate 63, Fie. 3).
Papilio Telephus, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. xiv. p. 305, No. 221 (1864); Reise Novara, Lep. i.
p. 364 (1865).

Male and female. Black: forewing with three pale emerald-green streaks
erossing the cell, and a lobate spot at its end, five small spots beyond, and an oblique
transverse discal series of five larger spots, the lower being of a bluer tint and
increasing in width, a submarginal row of small regular-sized spots: hindwing with
a transverse medial bluish-green band (the costal end of which is whitish), and a
submarginal row of small spots. Underside brown, with markings as above, but
larger and somewhat of a dull nacreous tint: hindwing with a crimson spot crossing
the black costal division of the medial band, and crimson-bordered black spots on its
lower outer end and up the abdominal margin.

Expanse, ¢ 24, ? 22 inches.

* Kandy; Galle. Common” (Wade).

** Low country only, and principally in the Northern Province” (Mackwood).

* Hubner having figured an allied species in the second vol. of his Samml. Exot. Schmett., his action
thus fixes this form as the type of Zetides.

PAPILIONIN 45, 145

ZETIDES DOSON (Prarte 61, Fic. 3).

Papilio Jason, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. pl. 58, fig. 5 (mee Linn.).

Papilio Doson, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. xiv. p. 8305, No. 222; p. 850, No. 127 (1864).

Differs from Z%. Telephus in being larger, the transverse medial macular band
much narrower in both wings. On the underside the medial band is also narrower,
especially across the hindwing, and all the markings are smaller; the cell streaks on
the forewing are more slender; the marginal row of spots wider apart, especially
those at the apex; on the hindwing the outer black spots to the discal band are
larger and less bordered with carmine. i

Expanse 3 to 34 inches.

“ Hastern Province in forest ground. August. Taken on the Trincomalie road.
Sits in crowds on wet places. Have covered forty or fifty at once with my net.
Very rare elsewhere” (Hutchison).

ZETIDES AGAMEMNON (Pate 63, Fie. 2, 2a).
Papilio Agamemnon, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 748 (1767); Esper, Ausl. Schmett. pl. 46, f. 1—3;
Boi-duval, Spec. Gén. Lep. p. 230.
Papilio Dorylas, Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. p. 142, pl. 13, f. 3 (1776).
Papilio Aigistus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 106, f. C, D (1779).

Brownish-black: forewing with a bright olive-ereen costal, discal, and a sub.
marginal row of spots which increase in size from the apex: hindwing with four
transverse series of green spots, the two inner rows elongated, and those at the
costal end whitish.

Expanse 34 to 33 inches.

Larva green, with paler lower lateral line; with two dorsal, two anterior, and
two anal black-pointed slender fleshy tubercles. Pupa green. Feeds on Magnoliacea
and Anonacee.

“Galle; Kandy; Dickoya. Common” (Wade).
‘Tn fair numbers, both in low country, and hills above 4000 feet, all through
the year. Larva feeds on Soursop and Cinnamon” (Mackwood).

Genus HARIMALA.

Forewing short, triangular; costa much arched, exterior margin moderately
oblique and scalloped; a slight tomentose glandular streak along the two lower
median and submedian veins, on the upperside ; cell broad; first subcostal at two-
fifths and second at one-fifth before end of the cell: hindwing short ; exterior margin
deeply scalloped and furnished with a large spatular tail; abdominal margin lone;
first subcostal at one-half before end of the cell. Antennal club slender. Sexes
similar.

VOL. I. U

146 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

Larva somewhat limaciform ; anterior segments convexly scutellated; with two
short fleshy tubercles on anterior and two on anal segment. Pupa curved backward
anteriorly, head broad in front.

Type, H. Crino.

HARIMALA MONTANUS (Prate 61, Fie. 1, 9).
Papilio Crino, var. Montanus, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. xiv. p. 322; p. 370, No. 262 (1864).

Brownish-black, densely covered with emerald-green scales: forewing with a
transverse emerald-green narrow band, widening hindward, the inner border of
which is nearly straight and the outer slightly concave between the veins in the male,
and in the female the entire band is formed of more regularly lunular-shaped parts :
male furnished with a slender brown streak along the middle of the two lower
medians and the submedian vein, the streak being most developed on the lower
median, and composed of fine short silky hairs, these hairy streaks in some
specimens being easily rubbed off after capture: hindwing with a broad transverse
discal band, which is bluish anteriorly and green posteriorly, ending in a crimson-
bordered black anal spot, and followed by a lower submarginal series of green-speckled
lunules.

Expanse, ¢ 33, 2 4 inches.

Larva somewhat limaciform; anterior segments convexly scutellated; a pair of
short fleshy tubercles on anterior and anal segment. Feeds on the Satinwood-tree.
Pupa curved backward anteriorly, head broad in front.

The larva of this butterfly was taken feeding on the satinwood-tree by Mr. John
Pole, at Vavoniya Velankalam, on December 25th, 1880, and from whose pencil-
sketch, forwarded to the author by Mr. F. M. Mackwood, the above brief description
has been made.

** Occurs everywhere. Plains and hills up to 6000 feet. Forest. Abundant
during S.W. monsoon. Flight not rapid, but wavering; difficult to catch on the
wing. Settles on leaves” (Hutchison).

“‘ Rather scarce at Galle ; common at Kandy” (Wade).

“Low country. Occasionally to be seen above 2000 feet. Swift in flight.
Usually abundant in March and April” (Mackwood).

Genus ORPHEIDES.
Orpheides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 86 (1816).
Forewing triangular ; costa arched, apex somewhat pointed, exterior margin
slightly concave; cell two-thirds the length of the wing, broad; first subcostal at
two-fifths and second at one-fifth before end of the cell; upper discocellular.

PAPILIONIN 4i. 147

outwardly oblique, lower shortest: hindwing ovate, broad, exterior margin convex,
scalloped ; cell long. Antenne slender, club short and thick. Sexes similar.

Larva cylindrical, attenuated posteriorly ; anterior segments scutellated, furnished
with two small tubercles on second segment and two on anal segment. Pupa convex
beneath, head slightly bifid, thorax conically projected in front. |

Type, O. Demoleus.

ORPHEIDES ERITHONIUS (Prats 61, Fia. 2 a, dD).
Papilio Erithonius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 232, fig. A, B (1782).
Papilio Epius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 35, a (1793); Donovan, Ins. of China, pl. 29, fig. 2;
Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lep. i. p. 238.
Papilio Demoleus, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. pl. 50, f. 1, 4; Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 29, f. 1.

Brownish-black : forewing with the basal area crossed by slender yellow strige ;
an oblique discal series of irregular shaped yellow spots, two spots also within the
cell and a streak at its end, a regularly disposed submarginal row of more uniform
sized spots, and a row of very small spots on the extreme margin: hindwing with a
broad yellow subbasal irregular outer-bordered band, a submarginal series of spots,
and a marginal row of lunular spots ; the basal and interdiscal areas minutely yellow-
speckled ; a lunular spot of blue speckles on the costa between the band and discal
spot, and a carmine oval spot at the anal angle; in the female the costal blue spot is
much brighter, and the anal spot encloses a small upper black spot bordered by a
blue-speckled lunule.

Expanse 34% to 3# inches.

Larva cylindrical, thickest anteriorily ; green, with pale yellow lower lateral line,
head and legs; a dark-bordered yellow dorsal band on edge of fourth segment, and
another ending in a lateral ocellated spot on third segment; a pale lateral streak
obliquely ascending eighth and ninth segments, and an irregular upright streak on
tenth segment, a pair of short pointed tubercles on front and anal segment. Pupa
green.

‘*Colombo. Very common also at Galle. Appears at Kandy, but not very
plentiful” (Wade).

‘«« Low country, and up to about 4000 feet. Abundant at all times of the year”
(Mackwood).

Genus ILIADES.
Iliades, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 88 (1816).

Wings large. Forewing elongate triangular, costa arched, exterior margin very
oblique, posterior margin shortest ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-third and
second at one-fifth before end of the cell, third from its end, fifth at one-third from
below fourth; discocellulars of equal length, upper slightly oblique, radial from their

we

148 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

angle; median branches at nearly equal distances apart; a transverse veinlet and
short basal internal vein: hindwing broad; exterior margin convex, scalloped, some
females with a spatulate tail from end of upper median; cell extending to half the
wing; first subcostal at one-half before end of the cell; upper discocellular oblique,
lower bent inward, radial from their angle ; lower median at one-half before end of
the cell ; submedian much curved in the middle. Body stout; abdomen moderately
short ; antenn with a slender club. Sexes dissimilar; female polymorphic.

Larva elorgated, cylindrical, anterior sezments scutellated, third, fourth, and
fifth segments thickened, head attenuated; with an ocellated spot on each side of
fourth segment, and a slight fleshy tubercle on anal segment. Pupa thick, curved
backward and prolonged at the apex, head bifid, thorax somewhat concave, dorsal
segments slightly tuberculate.

Type, 1. Memnon.

ILIADES PARINDA (Prate 60, Fic. 1 a, d).

Male. Blue-black: forewing with a broad discal transverse pale greyish band
formed of streaks between the veins, the band decreasing to the anterior end:
hindwing with the outer area from middle of the cell pale greyish-blue; a discal
submarginal and a marginal row of blue-black oval spots, the two latter series
being sometimes confluent. Female. Brownish-black: forewing with broader band
extending more towards the costa, and more or less of an ochreous-grey colour:
hindwing similar to the male, except that the colour is outwardly duller and inwardly
more or less tinged with ochreous-grey ; some specimens also have a red streak at
base of the cell on the forewing.

Expanse 57 to 6 inches.

Larva smooth, glossy green, with a whitish lateral lower band from sixth to
anal segment, a broad oblique similar-coloured band ascending the eighth, ninth,
and tenth segments, shield edged with whitish anteriorly, and its posterior dorsal
end bordered by a transverse blackish marked crest, a similar crest also across the
fourth segment, ending on each side in a large ocellated spot. Pupa green or olive-
brown. Feeds on Citrus decumana, &e.

Differs from J. Polymnestor in the band on the forewing being longer and
broader, more especially in the female, in which sex it is of a different tint, and in
the pale colour of the hindwing extending more towards the base in both sexes, this
portion of the wing also being of a different tint.

** Western, Central, and Southern Provinces. Plains and hills, in forest and open
eround. Taken at Colombo from April to end of the year; elsewhere at various
times. Has a slow, majestic flight; flaps the wings a great deal. Quite fearless,
and is easily caught hovering over flowers ” (Hutchison).

PAPILIONIN AE. 149

** Kandy and Galle. Common” (Wade).

** Found all over the island, predominating in the low country. Very difficult
to capture perfect. March and April principal time for emergence from chrysalis ”
(Mackwood).

“ Darts rapidly through the air, alighting on the ruddy foliage of the Hibiscus,
or the dark green foliage of the Citrus, on which it deposits its eggs. The larva has
a hump on the fourth or fifth segment, and from this hump, on being irritated, it
protrudes a horn of an orange colour, bifurcate at the extremity, and covered with a
pungent mucilaginous secretion, and strikes it upon the offending object with
unerring aim ” (Hmerson Tennent).

Genus CHARUS.

Forewing shorter, broader, and more regularly triangular than in Ihades, costa
much arched in the middle, the cell much broader, exterior margin very slightly
scalloped: hindwing comparatively shorter and less produced hindward, exterior
margin more deeply scalloped ; tailed in both sexes. Antennal club shorter, Sexes
similar.

Larva and pupa similar to Iliades.

Type, C. Helenus.

CHARUS HELENOUS (Prare 58, Fie. 3, ¢).

Papilio Helenus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 459 (1758); Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 153, fig. A, B;
Clerck, Icones, pl. 13, fig. 2.

‘Brownish-black : forewing sparsely irrorated with golden-yellow scales disposed
in streaks between the veins: hindwing with a broad pale yellow upper discal band,
which has an irregular outer border ; an indistinct crimson slender lunule above anal
angle, and other lunules from the lower exterior margin, these being most distinct
in the female; a few yellow scales on the disc below the band.

Expanse 43 to 5} inches.

Larva green, similar in form to I. Parinda, with pale pinkish flesh-colour lateral
lower band along all the segments, the oblique band on the eighth, ninth, and tenth
segments more irregular and extending across the back. Pupa olive-brown, much
curved backward anteriorly, similar to that of I. Parinda.

“Kandy; Ambogamua; Kottawa forest. Frequents high jungle only; in
suitable country not uncommon” (Wade).

“Found principally in open glades, and roadways in the jungle, from about
2000 to 4000 feet” (Mackwood).

150 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

Genus LAERTIAS,
Laertias, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84 (1816).

Wings short, broad: forewing triangular, costa arched, apex rounded : hindwing
convex and scalloped externally, with a more or less developed spatular tail in both
sexes from upper median vein. Cell in both wings broad. Venation similar to
Thades. Antennal club moderately stout. Body short. Sexes dissimilar; female
polymorphic.

Larva smooth, glossy, much attenuated posteriorly, anterior segments swollen
and scutellated. Pupa curved anteriorly, head flattened, slightly bifid, thorax conical

in front, abdominal segments slightly tuberculated.
Type, L. Pammon (Cyrus, Hiibn. 8. Ex. Sch. ii. pl. 97).

LAERTIAS ROMULUS (Prare 59, Fic. 1, a, d, c).
Papilio Romulus,* Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 48, f. A, 9 (1775); Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. xiv.
p- 819, No. 398, p. 367, No. 240 (1864).

Papilio Pammon, var. Ceylonicus, Felder, l.c., pp. 819, 367, No. 235 (1864).

Male and female. Dark brown: forewing with a marginal row of ochreous-
yellow spots which increase in size to posterior angle: hindwing with a transverse
medial yellow macular band, and marginal row of slender ochreous-yellow lunules,
the female also having an upper and lower anal red lunule.

Expanse, $ 32, 2 4 inches.

Second form of female (fig. 1, b). Forewing with pale interspaces between the
veins forming a broad triangular pale area across the middle: hindwing with a more
or less broad medial creamy-white macular band formed of four spots which are
disposed side by side straightly across the disc, and in some specimens with an
additional small spot within end of the cell; a crimson-red patch from the band to
abdominal margin; a submarginal row of lunules and a marginal row of more
slender lunules, the latter with ochreous-yellow cilial border; anal area numerously
covered with bluish-grey seales.

Expanse 34 to 44 inches.

Third form of female—Romulus (fig. 1, c). Forewing with whitish interspaces
between the veins beyond the cell and across the middle: hindwing with crimson-red
medial spots, large submarginal lunules and narrower marginal lunules, the latter
slenderly bordered by whitish cilia; discal area thickly irrorated with blue-grey scales.

Expanse 34 to 4 inches.

Larva smooth, glossy-green, much attenuated posteriorly, anterior segments
swollen and scutellated; fourth and fifth segments with a dorsal transverse cream-

* Cramer’s name of Romulus was given to the Ceylon form of ¢ Pammon, and is, therefore, here

retained for this species.

PAPILIONINA:, 151

coloured fleshy crest, that on the fourth ending on each side in an eye-like spot; a
brown-streaked’ cream-coloured oblique band ascending from base of seventh segment,
and is nearly united with that from the opposite side on back of ninth segment; a
similar-coloured broken lateral band on the tenth segment, which is continued round
base of anal segment, the latter segment with two small pointed fleshy tubercles.
Pupa curved anteriorly; head flattened and shghtly bifid, thorax conical in front,
abdominal segments with short dorsal tubercles. Colour olive-brown.

Dr. Thwaites remarks, ‘‘I have repeatedly reared the three forms of female
from larve apparently quite indistinguishable from one another.”

** Kandy and Galle. These three butterflies are very common, especially those
of the first form; the second form, perhaps, least so”’ (Wade).

“ Everywhere; more abundant in the low country ” (Machkwood).

Genus MENELAIDES.
Menelaides, Htibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84 (1816).

Forewing elongated, narrow in male, more triangular in female ; apex very convex,
exterior margin long and very oblique, posterior margin very short; cell long and
narrow, extending two-thirds the wing; first subcostal emitted at two-fifths and second
at one-fifth before end of the cell; upper discocellular shortest: hindwing very short,
narrow, and much produced hindward; exterior margin scalloped and furnished with
a more or less developed tail; cell short, broadest across the middle; first subcostal
at one-fourth before end of the cell; upper discocellular very long and oblique, twice
the length of lower. Antennal club gradually thickened. Sexes similar.

Larva stout, cylindrical; furnished with rows of fleshy tubercles. Pupa stout ;
head and thorax with rounded lateral angles, thorax conical, abdominal segments
with dorsal and lateral foliated protuberances ; wing-cases dilated.

Type, M. Polydorus.

MENELAIDES CEYLONICA (Pirate 57, Fic. 2, a, d),

Allied to M. Aristolochic.

Male, brownish-black. Female, olivaceous-black: forewing with pale streaks
between the veins and at end of the cell: hindwing with an ochreous-white broad
medial discal macular band, composed of five elongated spots outside end of the
cell and a sixth small indentated spot within end of the cell; a submarginal
series of broad dusky-red lunules. Front of head, sides of thorax, and abdomen
beneath crimson.

Expanse 3 to 4 inches.

Larva purple-brown, with two dorsal rows of purple tubercles, and two rows of

152 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

shorter and more pointed tubercles on each side, the tubercles on seventh segment
pale flesh colour. Pupa pale reddish-brown; head, base of wing-cases, and abdomen
dorsally foliated ; thorax conical. Feeds on Aristolochia.

“Common everywhere” (Wade).
* Low country, and hills up to about 4000 feet. All the year round. Occa-
sionally a few occur in the highest range” (Mackwood).

MENELAIDES HECTOR (Prate 58, Fic. 2).

Papilio Hector, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 459 (1758); Clerck, Icones, pl. 33, fig, 1, ¢; Cramer, Pap.
Exot. ii. pl. 141, fig. A, g; Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lep. i. p. 269: Westwood, Arcana Ent, i, pl. 3.
Papilio H. Hector, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. pl. 110.

Bluish-black: forewing with a transverse medial interrupted band, composed of
ochreous-white streaks, three similar-coloured streaks before the apex: hindwing
with a discal transverse curved series of bright crimson spots and a submarginal row
‘of lunules, the latter duller coloured and somewhat ochreous towards the costa in
the female. Cilia ochreous-white. Head, front and sides of thorax, abdomen at
anal end and beneath crimson.

Expanse, ¢ 33, 2 43 inches.

Larva very similar to that of M. Ceylonica. Feeds on Aristolochia.

*Colombo. Very common” (Wade).

“Low country ; occasionally found above 2000 feet. Very abundant in the
early months of the year, but occurs all through the year. <A ditficult fly to catch,
being very wary” (Machkwood).

MENELAIDES JOPHON (Pirate 58, Fie. 1, 9).
Papilio Jophon, Gray, Catal. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 10, pl. 4, fig. 4 (1852).

Violet-black: forewing with pale dusky ochreous-white streaks between the
veins broadly across the medial discal area and lower end of the cell, forming
a prominent broad triangular medial band: hindwing with a large somewhat
rounded medial ochreous-white patch, and a submarginal series of dusky crimson
lunules. Abdomen with crimson anal bands.

Expanse 4; to 4% inches.

“ Ambogamua; Kottawa forest. Rather plentiful, but very difficult to capture,
being a high flier” (Wade).

* Hills from 2000 to 4000 feet. Very local. Taken only in the Navalputha
and Pusiiawa country in a tract of about twenty miles in extent. June” (Machkwood).

PAPILIONIN 42. 153

Genus CHILASA.
Arisbe (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89.
Clytia, Swainson, Zool. Illust. 2nd Ser. iii. pl. 120 (1833).*

Forewing triangular, costa arched; first subcostal at one-third, second at nearly
one-fourth before end of the cell, third from its end and terminating at the apex, fifth
at one-sixth from below the fourth; cell extending three-fifths of the wing; disco-
cellulars shehtly concave, radial from their angle; median veins at equal width ;
submedian curved near the base, with a short lower internal vein; median and
submedian connected by a transverse veinlet near the base: hindwing subtriangular,
costa slightly arched, exterior margin convex, scalloped; cell narrow; costal vein
much arched ; first subeostal at three-fifths before end of the cell, second slightly
concave at the base; upper discocellular very oblique, lower bent inward, radial from
their angle ; middle median branch at one-fourth, lower at beyond one-half before
end of the cell; submedian nearly straight. Body moderately stout. Antenne
short, with a short club. Sexes similar.

Larva thick, with two dorsal rows of fleshy tubercles, and a lateral third row
on anterior segments. Pupa elongated, truncated anteriorly, excavated in front of
thorax ; abdominal segments with dorsal and lateral row of short warty spines.

Type, C. dissimilis.

CHILASA DISSIMILIS (Pirate 57, Fia. 1, a, 0).
Papilio dissimilis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 782 (1767); Clerck, Icones, pl. 16, f. 2; Cramer, Pap.
Exot. i. pl. 82, f. C, D; Boisd. Spee. Gén. Lep. i. p. 377.
Clytia dissimilis, Swainson, Zool. Illust. 2nd Ser. iii. pl. 120.

Black: forewing with ochreous-white interrupted streaks between the veins, a
submarginal irregular series of dentate spots, and a marginal row of points: hindwing
with ochreous-white streaks within the cell, discal sagittate streaks, outer dentate
lunules, brighter ochreous-white marginal lunules and anal spots. Body with similar
coloured spots.

Expanse, ¢ 4, 44 inches.

Larva with two dorsal rows of fleshy tubercles, and a shorter lateral tubercle on
third, fourth, and fifth segments ; greenish-brown, with yellow dorsal, lateral anterior,
and a posterior band; between the bands are two lateral rows of crimson spots, and
a smaller spot at base of the dorsal tubercles. Pupa cylindrical; front of thorax
excavated ; a dorsal row of short minute spines. Feeds on Tetranthera.

“ Kandy; Galle. Common” (Wade).

“Chiefly in the low country. Sometimes above 2000 feet. Not very abundant
at any time. Larva feeds on Cinnamon” (Mackwood).

* Tnadiissible; also previously used.

VOL. I. x

154 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

CHILASA CLYTIOIDES (Piarte 56, Fic. 1, 3).

Nearest to C. Clytia. Male and female. Umber-brown: forewing with darker
brown interspaces between the veins, a submarginal series of small dentate brownish-
white spots, and a marginal row of smaller points: hindwing with a discal series of
lengthened sagittate brownish-white marks, outer contiguous row of dentate lunules,
and a marginal row of narrow lunules, the anal lunules ochreous and interspaced by
a black spot.

Expanse 4 inches.

CHILASA LANKESWARA (Prats 56, Fie. 2, a, 0).
Papilio Lankeswara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond..1879, p. 1438.

Differs from C. Clytioides in having comparatively larger and broader wings,
Male. Forewing with only four submarginal spots, and a marginal row of points:
hindwing with smaller and shorter discal sagittate marks, narrower dentate lunules,
and the mzreinal lunules shorter and broader. Female. Forewing with a submar-
ginal series of small dentate spots: hindwing with less prominent sagittate marks,
narrower outer dentate lunules, and slender marginal lunules.

Expanse, ¢ 4, 2 44 inches.

Larva and pupa similar to those of C. dissimilis. Feeds on Tetranthera.

Genus ORNITHOPTERA.
Ornithoptera, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 33 (1832).
Amphrisius, Swainson, Zool. Illustr. 2nd Ser. pl. 98 (1832-3).
Troides (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 87 (1816).
Pachlioptera (part), Reakirt.

Male. Forewing large, powerful, elongated triangular; costal vein extending to
three-fourths the margin ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-half and second at
one-fourth before end of the cell, third from a short distance beyond the cell and
terminating at the apex, fifth at nearly one-half from below the fourth ; cell extending
beyond half the wing; upper discocellular shortest, straight, lower obliquely concave
at its upper end; radial from their angle; fourth median vein from lower end of the
cell, third at one-seventh, second at one-third, and first at one-half before end of
the cell; median and submedian veins connected by a short transverse veinlet near
the base; submedian with a short basal lower internal vein: hindwing small in
proportion to the. forewing; costa slightly arched, exterior margin rounded and
scalloped, abdominal margin folded; precostal vein two-branched, the inner branch
bent downward and united to the costal; first subcostal emitted at one-third before
end of the cell; upper discocellular oblique, second shortest, radial from their angle ;
middle median at one-fifth, and lower at one-third before end of the cell; sub-

PAPILIONIN Az. 155

median slightly recurved. Head and eyes large; thorax very stout; abdomen long,
males furnished with two large anal valves; palpi small, pressed to the head; legs
long, anterior tibia with a short spur about the middle beneath, posterior tibia with
two spurs at the apex, claws simple; antennz very long, gradually clavate. Sexes
dissimilar.

Larva elongated, thick, slightly attenuated at both ends, with dorsal and lateral
rows of rather long fleshy tubercles; the second segment furnished with a horny
plate, beneath which the nuchal retractile tentacles lie concealed. Pupa thick,
anterior part curved backward; head broad and flat; thorax conical, flattened in
front and behind ; abdominal segments with dorsal short stout conical protuberances ;
wing cases dilated laterally.

Type, O. Helena.

ORNITHOPTERA DARSIUS (Prate 55, Fie. 1, a, 0).
Ornithoptera Darsius, Gray, Catal. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 5 (1852); Felder, Wien. Eut. Monats. iv.
p. 97 (1860).

Ornithoptera Amphimcdon, Doubleday and Hewits. Gen. D. Lep. pl. i. fig. 2, ¢ (nec Cram.).

Male. Forewing olive-black: hindwing with the basal area, abdominal and
exterior borders purple-black, the discal area and end of cell crossed by a very broad
scalloped-bordered golden-yellow band intersected by black veins. Female paler:
forewing dark olive-brown, with the outer veins longitudinally bordered with dusky
olivaceous-grey : hindwing with the yellow band traversed outwardly by a curved
confluent row of large oval black spots, the outer intervening yellow space being
more or less obliterated, and the space between the lower median and submedian
veins adjoining the upper part of the band being dusky grey. Body, palpi and legs
olive-black, abdomen with broad lateral yellow bands and narrower bands beneath,
sides of thorax crimson.

Expanse, ¢ 54, 2? 64 inches.

Larva dull purple-brown, with two dorsal and anterior lateral rows of fleshy
tubercles, the tubercles on the eighth segment and a streak from its base to lower
end of seventh segment pale pink; between the tubercles are dark brown streaks.
Feeds on Aristolochia. Pupa pale purplish-ochreous, bent backward anteriorly,

thorax conical, anterior segments of abdomen also conical.

“This very fine insect is not uncommon in open woods, and may often be seen
flying in pairs ;—a female in the first place rising slowly and nearly vertically into
the air, and then followed, at a short interval in the same direction and with the
same style of flight, by a male, the two keeping about two or three feet apart, rising
and falling in the air in perfect unison, as if for the period under the influence of a
spell or of a kind of animal magnetism. The phenomenon recalls to mind the fying

x W

156 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

of two paper kites one above the other, both attached by a common string held in
the hand, so simultaneously do the insects move together whilst keeping at the seme
distance apart. Sometimes a second or even a third male finds itself drawn under
the same influence, and constrained, as it would seem, to follow the same mysterious
leading under a similar sexual excitement or exaltation” (Dr. Thwaites’ MS. Notes).

“ Western, Central, and Southern Provinces. Plains and hills, in forest and
open ground. All the year. Habits same as Ilades Parinda, but often flies very
high” (Hutchison).

“ Kandy. Very common. Galle” (Wade).

“ Abundant in the low country, and hills up to about 4000 feet; on the wimg
all the year round, but March and April are the months when they emerge from the
chrysalis”” (Mackwood).

Family HESPERIIDA.

Six perfect legs in both sexes ; hind tibize, with few exceptions, having two pairs
of spurs. Pupa secured by many threads, or enclosed in a slight cocoon.

“These rather small butterflies, usually termed ‘skippers,’ are abundant in
Ceylon. They include insects differing considerably in their habits ; some flit about
with the greatest activity during the very hottest hours of the day, whilst others are
somewhat moth-like, making their appearance in the early morning or late in the
evening. The larvee of the latter are most commonly found feeding upon the foliage
of palms, grasses, and other monocotyledonous plants, within the rolled-up leaves of
which they change into the pupa state” (Dr. Thwaites’ MS. Notes).

Genus BADAMIA.
Hesperia, Butler, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1870, p. 58.

Forewing narrow, elongated; costa slightly arched at base, exterior margin
very oblique and slightly convex below the apex ; cell very long and narrow, extend-
ing three-fourths the wing; first subcostal branch emitted at two-fifths, second at
one-fifth, third at one-seventh, fourth close to, and fifth at end of the cell;
discocellulars very slender, inwardly oblique, of nearly equal length, upper bent
inward close to subcostal; upper radial from the angle, lower from their middle ;
median branches curved at their base, middle branch emitted at about one-fourth,
and lower at three-fourths before end of the cell; submedian curved in the middle:
hindwing short ; apex very convex, angularly lobed at anal angle, abdominal margin
short; precostal projecting inward ; costal vein arched upward from the base ; second
subcostal emitted at one-third from the base; cell broad throughout; discocellulars

HESPERIID A. 157

» very slender, scarcely visible, of equal length ; radial from their angle, very slender ;
middle median at about one-third, and lower at one-fifth from the base; submedian
straight, internal slightly curved. Thorax stout; abdomen rather long, attenuated ;
head broad; palpi broad and flattened in front, bristly on outer edge, third joint
long, projected forward, cylindrical; fore tibize tufted beneath, femora slightly pilose
beneath ; antennze with a lengthened club and long pointed tip.

Type, H. exclamationis.

BADAMIA EXCLAMATIONIS (Pirate 66, Fic. 2, a, 8).

Papilio exclamationis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 580 (1775); Spec. Ins. p. 131; Mant. Ins. p. 84; Ent.
Syst. p. 325.

Hesperia exclamationis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 325 ; Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 269,
[Dk Sh ta 2 Bo

Papilio Ladon, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 284, fig. C, 9.

Calpodes forulus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 107 (1816).

Upperside dark purplish-brown, the base of both wings greyish olive-brown.
Male. Forewing with three transparent slender yellow spots disposed longitudinally
on the upper disc, the inner spot ending within the cell. Female. Forewing with
the spots larger, the middle spot oblique and irregularly angulated; a less distinct
spot also above the middle of submedian vein. Underside pale greyish-brown :
forewing with discal area darker brown, the spots as above, and pale ochreous
posterior border: hindwing with a dark brown anal area bordered above by a short
pale ochreous streak. Thorax greyish olive-brown; abdomen dark brown with pale
ochreous segmental bands ; head and palpi in front pale ochreous with brown streaks;
third joint of palpi brown; legs brown above, pale beneath.

Expanse 1? to 24 inches.

Larva pale violaceous-yellow, with numerous black transverse dorsal lines ;
stigmata whitish encircled by black. Feeds on Terminalia. Pupa violaceous.

« Widely spread; in forest land, both in the plains and hills. Commonest during
S.W. monsoon. A strong rapid flier; settles on leaves” (Hutchison).

‘Galle and Kandy. Common” (Wade).

“Low country. Very plentiful at times” (Mackwood).

Genus ISMENE.
Ismene, Swainson, Zool. Illustrations, i. pl. 16 (1820-1).

Forewing short, broad, triangular; costa much arched at the base, exterior
margin oblique, shorter than posterior margin ; cell extending to more than half the
wing, very narrow at the base; first subcostal emitted at beyond one-third, second
and third at equal distances between first and end of the cell, fourth at half distance
between third and fifth; discocellulars inwardly oblique, of equal length, upper bent

158 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

inward near the subcostal; upper radial from its angle, lower from their middle ;
upper median branch arched at the base within the cell, middle median at two-thirds
before end of the cell and close to the lower median; submedian recurved. Male
with a large basal circular glandular patch of raised scales: hindwing short, broad,
anterior margin much arched, exterior margin convex, abdominal margin short ;
costal vein arched towards the end, cell short; second subcostal at nearly one-third
from the base; discocellulars very slender, outwardly oblique, concave ; radial from
their middle ; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower from one-third
before the end; submedian and internal shghtly curved. Body very robust; palpi
thick, flat in front, bristly at the side, third joint long, naked, cylindrical; antenne
short, thick, tip long and slender. Femora pilose beneath; tibize tufted; hind tibiee
also incrassated.

Type, V. (Edipodea.

ISMENE GDIPODEA (Prate 64, Fic. 2, a, d).
Ismene CEdipodea, Swainson, Zool. Iilustr. i. pl. 16 (1820-1); Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i.
p. 247, pl. 7, fig. 4, 4a.

Male. Upperside ochreous olive-brown: forewing with an ochreous-red costal
band which also extends across base of the cell; a large black basal patch below the
cell. Ciha of forewing pale brownish-grey, of hindwing ochreous-red. Female.
Differs above only in the absence of the basal black patch, and beneath in the Jess
prominent white posterior marginal band. Underside ochreous-brown: forewing
with a paler ochreous subapical and a marginal fascia, and a broad whitish pesterior
band: hindwing with bright ochreous-red longitudinal streak between the veins,
broadest between the median, submedian and abdominal margin; a small black spot
at the base above the costal vem. Thorax in front, head, palpi, body beneath, and
legs, ochreous-red ; terminal joint of palpi brown.

Expanse, 2, ¢ 24 inches.

“ Near Trincomalie, in forest path; August. Very quick flier, but fearless”

(Hutchison).
“ Kandy; Balangada. Scarce” (Wade).

Genus CHOASPES.

Forewing somewhat narrower and more regularly triangular than in Ismene ;
cell broader ; first subcostal emitted at one-third before end of the cell; disco-
cellulars very oblique; middle median emitted at one-fourth and lower at three-
fourths before end of the cell. No glandular patch in male: hindwing somewhat
shorter ; anterior margin more oblique, anal margin prominently lobed, abdominal
margin longer ; second subcostal emitted at one-third from the base; middle median

HESPERIID 43. 159

from near end of the cell, lower at one-half before the end; antenne much slenderer
throughout.

Type, C. Benjamini.

CHOASPES BENJAMINI (Prare 64, Fia. 1, a, 0).
Thymele Benjamini, Guérin, Delessert’s Souv. Voy. Inde, ii. p. 79, pl. 22, f. 2, 2a (1848).
Hesperia Xanthopogon, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. p. 453, pl. 18, f. 1, 2 (1844).

Male. Upperside glossy bluish-purple olive-brown, the basal area more dis-
tinctly olive-brown. Cilia of hindwing and anal lobe broadly ochreous-red. Female
deeper olive-brown. Underside glossy, senescent olive-brown, the veins black:
forewing with a broad pale cupreous-brown band on posterior margin: hindwing
with a broad ochreous-red lobular patch with black macular upper border and
broad central angular streak. Thorax greyish-olive above, vertex bluish-olive,
abdomen brown; palpi and thorax in front, and abdomen beneath, ochreous-red.

Expanse 2 to 24 inches.

Larva with broad transverse dorsal black and yellow bands and two rows of
white spots along the back; head, two anal segments and laterally below the bands
red; face black spotted. Pupa pinkish-grey, black spotted.

* Central Province. Hills 3000 to 5000 feet. Forests. May to November.
Shy, but not difficult to capture. Settles on ground; easily disturbed, but returns
to same place” (Hutchison).

* Dickoya. Not common. The larva rolls itself up in the tip of the leaf on
which it feeds, and when it has eaten this leaf it goes to another, and so on till
it changes to pupa” (Wade).

Genus HASORA.

Differs from Hesperia in the forewing being short, broad, and triangular; first
subcostal emitted at one-third, second and third at equal distances between it and
end of the cell, fourth halfway between third and the end; middie median at
two-fourths and lower at three-fourths before end of the cell: hindwing very short,
lengthened hindward ; apex slightly angular, exterior margin slightly convex, lobe
somewhat lengthened, abdominal margin long; second subcostal at one-fourth from
the base; discocellulars very slender, outwardly oblique, upper shortest, lower
slightly concave; radial from their angle, very slender; middle median from close
to end of the cell, lower at one-half before the end. Thorax stout; abdomen short.

Type, HW. Badra.

HASORA BADRA (Pate 65, Fic. 4, a, 0).
Goniloba Badra, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 245, pl. 7, fig. 8, 8a (1857); Proc. Zoo}. Soe.
Loud. 1865, p. 778.

Upperside dark vmous-brown; base of both wings olive-brown. Male: forewing

160 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

with a slightly suffused blackish subbasal patch, three conjugated very small indistinct
semi-transparent yellowish spots near the costa one-fourth from the apex. Cilia pale
ereyish-brown. Underside pale purple-brown: forewing with a suffused blackish
costal patch before the apex; posterior margin yellowish: hindwing with a subbasal
and submarginal suffused blackish band, the latter terminating in a black patch on
anal lobe; above the patch is a purple-white streak, and within the cell a small
bluish-white spot. Palpi and body beneath dull yellow; legs pale brown. Female:
forewing with three small subapical spots, more distinct than in male, and three
large obliquely-quadrate spots, two being disposed on the disc, the third above them
within the cell. Underside suffused with bluish-purple; the spots on forewing as
above, and a broad yellowish posterior border: hindwing as in male.
Hxpanse, é 2, ¢ 24 inches.

“« Kottawa forest. Rare” (Wade).

Genus BIBASIS.,

Intermediate between Parata and Hasora. Forewing comparatively longer than
either of those genera; apex more pointed, exterior margin more oblique, and
posterior margin shorter than in P. chromus ; first subcostal emitted at nearly one-half
before end of the cell, second at one-fourth before the end; middle median at one-
fourth before end of the cell. No glandular streak in male: hindwing more oval,
less convex externally, and broader posteriorly.

Type, B. Sena.

BIBASIS SENA (Prare 65, Fie. 3, 3a).
Goniloba Sena, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 245 (1857); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 778.

Male and female. Upperside dark ochreous olive-brown. Cilia of hindwing
carmine-red. Underside vinous-brown : forewing with a large buff-white discal patch
from the middle of posterior margin suffusedly bordered above with purple : hindwing
with a broad transverse purple-white band terminating above the anal angle, the
inner border of the band sharply defined, the outer suffusing itself on the disc. Ciha
carmine-red. Palpi and thorax in front and legs beneath, and anal tuft ochreous-
yellow ; thorax beneath greyish-brown.

Hxpanse 1? to 2 inches.

“Kandy” (Wade).
Genus PARATA.

Forewing narrower and less triangular than in Hasora, the exterior margin
shorter and posterior margin longer; middle median emitted at nearly one-half and
lower at one-sixth before end of the cell. Male with an oblique glandular streak of

HESPERIID As. 161

laxly raised scales below the cell: hindwing less produced hindward ; anal lobe short
and angular; second subcostal emitted at one-third from the base; discocellulars
very oblique; antennz more slender.

Type, P. Chromus.

PARATA CHROMUS (Pirate 65, Fie. 1, a, 0).
Papilio Chromus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ili. pl. 284, fig. E, ¢ (1782).
Goniloba Chromus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1865, p. 777.

Upperside dark vinaceous olive-brown, base of wings olive-green. Male: fore-
wing with suffused blackish subbasal patch traversed by an oblique curved black glan-
dular streak. Cilia greyish-brown. Head and thorax olive-brown; abdomen brown.
Underside purplish-brown: forewing with blackish subbasal patch, pale posterior
border, and apex indistinctly speckled with blue-grey scales : hindwing witha narrow
transverse discal bluish-white band broken by a large blackish patch on anal lobe,
exterior to which the cilia has a short white line. Third joint of palpi and legs above
brown; palpi and thorax beneath dull yellow. Female paler brown: forewing
with two yellowish semi-transparent discal aneular spots, and a very small similar
spot before the apex.

Expanse 1? to 2 inches.

** Widely distributed. Plains and hills up to 6000 feet; during S.W. monsoon
chiefly. Quicix flier from bush to bush. Settles often and is not difficult to catch ”’
(Hutchison).

PARATA ALEXIS (Prats 65, Fie. 2, a, 0).
Papilio Alexis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 533 (1775); Spee. Ins. p. 184; Mant. Ins. p. 87; Ent. Syst.
ili. p. 836; Jones’ Icones, fig.

Hesperia Alexis, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 269, pl. 3, fig. 1, 3.

Upperside dark vinaceous olive-brown, base of both wings olive-green. Male:
forewing with a suffused blackish subbasal patch traversed by a curved oblique
black glandular streak. Underside vinous-brown; costal border of forewing and
basal area of hindwing suffused with purplish-blue: hindwing with a_ broad
well-defined transverse white band broken above large blackish anal lobe-spot.
Female: forewing with two small semi-transparent yellowish discal angular spots.
Underside as in male, the forewing also showing the discal spots and a whitish streak
along posterior margin.

Expanse 13 to 1? inches.

Smaller than P. Chromus, with broader and prominently marked band on
underside of hindwing.

* Kandy” (Wade).
VOL. I. i

162 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

“* At all times of the year. Widely distributed from sea level up to 4000 feet
and perhaps over. In April and July they may be found in thousands in jungle
paths ” (Mackwood). :

Genus BARACUS.

Wings small: forewing triangular; exterior margin short, convex, slightly
oblique, posterior margin long; first subcostal at two-fifths before end of the cell,
first, second, and third at equal distances, fourth and fifth much recurved from the
base ; discocellulars inwardly oblique, radial from their middle; cell extending beyond
half the wing ; middle median near to end and lower at nearly one-half before end of
the cell; submedian straight: hindwing short, broadly oval; apex and exterior
margin very convex; abdominal margin short; subcostal straight, second subcostal
from immediately before end of the cell; discocellulars slightly concave, radial from
their middle; cell short; two upper medians from end of the cell, lower at one-third
before the end; submedian and internal slightly recurved. Body moderate; palpi
laxly clothed, terminal joint somewhat long, thick, pointed; hind tibiz hairy above;
antennee with a thick club and pointed tip.

Type, B. Vittatus.

BARACUS VITTATUS (Prater 69, Fic. 1, 1a).

Isoteinon vittatus, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. xii. p. 480 (1862); Reise Novara, Lep. iii. pl. 74,

f. 21 (1867).

Male and female. Upperside dark olive-brown. Male with the lower basal and
discal area of both wings olive-grey, and a small subapical spot of the same colour
also on the forewing. Female: forewing with a small olive-grey subapical spot
and slender macular discal streak : hindwing with less distinct olive-grey lower basal
and discal area. Underside ferruginous, the veins narrowly lined with paler ferru-
ginous: forewing with the basal area dusky brown: hindwing with a longitudinal
medial yellow fascia from base of cell, and less distinct short yellow discal streak
between the veins. Body, palpi, and legs olive-brown, paler beneath.

Expanse, ¢ 134, ? 7 inch.

‘“* Abundant in grassy places among the hills”’ (Hutchison).

« Ambogamua’’ (Wade).

**Common in the patenas and swamps, 2000 feet upwards. Most numerous
from December to March” (Mackwood).

Genus ASTICTOPTERUS.
Astictopterus, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monat. iv. p. 401 (1860).

Forewing elongated; exterior margin short, slightly oblique and convex,
posterior margin long; cell broad, extending two-thirds the wing; first subcostal at

HESPERIIDAs. 163

nearly one-half before end of the cell, first, second, and third branches wide apart ;
discocellulars very slender and very oblique, upper bent inward, lower shortest, upper
radial from the angle, lower from their middle; the middle median at one-sixth and
lower at three-sixths before end of the cell: hindwing broadly oval; cell extending
half the wing; discocellulars erect; radial very slender; second subcostal at one-
sixth before end of the cell; middle median from close to end and lower at nearly
one-half before end of the cell. Body long, slender; palpi lax, terminal joint short,
pointed ; legs comparatively naked; antennz with slender pointed club.
Type, A, Jama.

ASTICTOPTERUS STELLIFER. —
Astictopterus stellifer, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 2nd ser. i. p. 555 (1876-9).

Upperside glossy olivaceous ferruginous-brown. Male: forewing with a very
indistinct oblique discal series of small olive-yellow spots. Female: forewing with
two minute upper discal] semi-transparent white spots and two above them before
the apex. Underside darker ferruginous-red. Male: forewing pale brown along
posterior border; with a very minute indistinct white spot at end of the cell and two
before the apex: hindwing with a white spot at end of the cell, one above it near the
costa, and another below it towards anal angle, all with blackish borders. Female
brighter coloured, the spots more prominent, and the forewing with two additional
spots on the disc. Palpi and legs beneath olive-yellow.

Expanse, ¢ 1, ¢ 14% inch.

** Colombo ” (Hutchison).
** Galle and Kandy” (Wade).
“ Low country principally. Numerous in Guinea-grass fields” (Machkwood).

Genus MATAPA.

Forewing elongated, triangular; cell extending two-thirds the wing, broadest
across the middle, very narrow at each end; subcostals at equal distances apart ;
first branch emitted at one-third before end of the cell; discocellulars extremely
oblique, upper bent inward to subcostal, lower very slender, straight; upper radial
from the angle, lower from their middle; upper median emitted from end of cell
opposite third subcostal, middle median at one-fifth and lower at nearly three-fifths
before end of the cell; submedian curved in the middle. Male with an oblique discal
slender linear glandular streak of raised scales: hindwing short, rather broad ;
exterior margin convex in middle; costal vein slightly arched in middle, extending
to apex ; second subcostal emitted at one-third before end of the cell; the cell long,
broad across the middle; discocellulars long and very oblique; no radial perceptible ;
middle median close to end of the cell, lower at nearly one-fifth before the end;

we

ae

mer | RSet

164 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

submedian and internal straight. Body moderately stout; palpi thick, flat in front,
terminal joint very short, thick, conical, and imbedded among the scales; antennz
rather long, slender, club thickish, abruptly bent near end and pointed at tip.

Type, M. Aria.

MATAPA ARIA (Pate 66, Fie. 1, 1a).
Hesperia Aria, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 254 (1857).
Ismene Aria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 784.

Male and female. Upperside chocolate-brown, base of costa ochreous : forewing
with a lower discal oblique impressed comma-like grey glandular streak. Cilia
ochreous-white on forewing, ochreous on hindwing. Underside dark ferruginous-
brown. Palpi ferruginous-brown. Female. Upperside shghtly paler. Cilia of
hindwing brighter ochreous. Underside bright ferruginous-brown.

Expanse do 2 1 to 24 inches.

“Colombo. Plains and forest. During 8.W. monsoon. Settles on leaves”
(Hutchison).

“Kandy. Uncommon. Found in Guinea-grass”’ (Wade).

“« Appears twice a year generally—in January and July; at other times very
scarce ” (Mackwood).

MATAPA SUBFASCIATA (Prater 64, Fie. 3, a, b).
Ismene subfasciata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 686.

Male. Upperside dark velvety umber-brown; costal edge of forewing slightly
ochreous. Cilia of both wings ochreous. Underside paler: forewing with a pale
pink triangular costal patch before the apex; posterior border ochreous, adorned
with a large hairy tuft: hmdwing with a transverse pink fascia across middle of the
wing. Hyes red. Legs beneath and anal tuft ochreous.

Expanse 2 inches.

Larva pale purplish-grey, with indistinct darker transverse dorsal lines; head
black spotted. Feeds on Palmaceze. Pupa pale olivaceous-yellow.

Genus GANGARA.

Wings large: forewing elongated, triangular; costa arched at the base, apex
bluntly pomted; exterior margin short, oblique; cell broad, clavate, extending
two-thirds the wing; subcostal much arched along the cell, its branches at equal
distances apart, first branch at two-fifths before end of the cell; discocellulars
inwardly oblique, upper bent near subcostal, upper radial from its angle, lower from
their middle; the middle median at one-sixth and lower at four-sixths before end
of the cell; submedian curved in the middle: hindwing short, broad, somewhat

HESPERIIDA. 165

quadrate ; apex convex, exterior margin somewhat produced and convexly angular in
the middle; abdominal margin short ; cell short, extending one-third the wing and
of equal width throughout; costal vein very slightly arched, second subcostal at one-
third before end of the cell; discocellulars obliquely concave, slender; no radial
visible ; middle median from near end and lower at one-half before end of the cell;
both the middle and lower medians and the submedian vein in the male swollen
towards the base, and clothed on the upperside of the wing with long hair; submedian
and internal straight. Body large, robust ; palpi thick, compactly flattened outwardly
in front, terminal joint very short, broad, conical; antennz slender, tip finely
pointed.

Type, G. Thyrsis.

GANGARA THYRSIS (Pare 66, Fic. 3, 3a).

Papilio Thyrsis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 532 (1775).

Telegonus Thrysis, Butier, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 262.

Hesperia Pandia, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 254, pl. 7, fig. 10, 10a (1857); Proc. Zool.

Soe. Lond. 1865, p. 790.

Male and female dark chocolate-brown : forewing with ochreous-yellow semi-
transparent quadrate spots, disposed triangularly, the first and second large and
quadrate, the first occupying half the cell, the second obliquely beneath end of the
cell, the third small and obliquely above the second; above the third are three
smaller spots obliquely before the apex, the two upper being conjugated. In some
specimens there is a small dot beneath the subapical spots, and on the posterior
margin another, both similar to the rest. Cilia at posterior angle brownish-white :
hindwing with the cilia at the anterior angle brownish-white. Underside: forewing
irrorated with grey scales near the apex; posterior margin pale ochreous-white ;
spots yellow as above: hindwing irrorated with grey scales, forming a series of
bands across the wing. Palpi and body beneath, and legs blackish-brown.

Hxpanse 23 to 3% inches.

Larva greyish-white, with a few ochreous dorsal spots and marks. From the
body, according to Dr. Thwaites, a loose shaggy filamentous clothing consisting
of pure wax is excreted, but which is easily rubbed off when handled, leaving the
larva quite naked. Feeds on Palmacez. Pupa pale clivaceous-yellow ; the tongue
spirally protruded.

* Kandy. Common” (Wade).
** Low country up to 2000 feet ” (Mackwood).

Genus BAORIS.
Forewing triangular, apex acute; exterior margin very oblique: hindwing broad,
very convex exteriorly, the male possessing a more or less prominent tuft of long

166 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

hair covering a patch of raised scales at end of the cell. Body robust, thorax very
broad ; club of antennz somewhat lengthened.
Type, B. Oceia (Hesperia Oceia, Hewits.).

BAORIS. PENICILLATA.

Allied to B. scopulifera. Upperside dark olive-brown. Male: forewing with
four semi-diaphanous yellow spots, two being apical and two discal, which are also
smaller: hindwing with a black tuft. Underside of forewing marked as on upperside,
and with a glossy purple space on hind margin enclosing a small brown patch of
raised scales.

Expanse 13 inch.

** Low country. Larva feeds on the Sugar-cane leaf” (Mackwood).

BAORIS KUMARA (PratTeE 69, Fia. 2, 2a).
Hesperia Kumara, Moore, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 255 (1857) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878,
p- 687, 9.

Upperside dark olive-brown. Male: forewing with a transverse discal series of
five semi-diaphanous yellow spots from costa before the apex. Cilia pale brownish-
yellow. Female: forewing with seven discal spots. Underside deep ochreous-
brown: forewing marked as above: hindwing with an indistinct yellow discal spot
between the two lower median veins. Palpi and body brown ; tarsi ochreous.

Expanse 13 to 16 inch. :

“ Kandy” (Wade).

BAORIS SERIATA (Pirate 69, Fie. 4, 4a).
Hesperia seriata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 688.

Allied to but smaller than B. Kumara. Male differs from the same sex of that
species in the discal row of spots being slightly smaller and less angular in shape,
and in having an additional lower small spot. Female also with smaller and less
angular spots. Underside greenish-brown: forewing marked as above, the lowest
spot being suffused,

Expanse, ¢ 14, ¢ 13 inch.

Genus PARNARA.
This genus comprises a group of species which have been variously referred to
Hesperia, Pamphila, and Gegenes. They are similar in form of wings, venation, and

antennee, to Chapra, but the males have no oblique glandular streak on the forewing.
Type, P. guttata.*

* Endamus guttatus, Bremer (Ménetrics, Catal. Mus. Petrop. i. pl. 5, f. 4).

HESPERIIDAi. 167

PARNARA NAROOA (Prater 69, Fic. 3 a, 0).
Hesperia Narvoa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 687, pl. 45, f. 4.

Male and female. Upperside dark olive-brown: forewing with two prominent
semi-diaphanous yellowish well-separated spots within end of cell, a subapical
series of three smaller spots, and an oblique discal series of five spots: hindwing
with two very small discal spots in male, three in female. Underside dark olive-
brown: forewing marked as above: hindwing with a prominent white spot at upper
end of the cell, and a curved discal series of four spots. Body olive-green.

Expanse, ¢ ly, 2 142 inch.

Allied to P. contigua, Mabille; markings similar, but both sexes one-third less

in size.
Larva pale olive-green, delicately speckled with darker green and black dots; a
pale unspeckled upper lateral Ime; head black marked. Pupa pale olivaceous-yellow,

darker shaded on thorax.

PARNARA BADA (Ptate 70, Fie. 2, 2a).
Hesperia Bada, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 688.

Male and female. Upperside olive-brown, base of wings paler; cilia pale
cinereous-brown : forewing with two (in some specimens three) contiguous subapical
small white semi-diaphanous spots, and three spots below obliquely on the disc, the
upper one smallest and the lowest quadrate: hindwing with a discal irregular linear
series of three, or four, white semi-diaphanous spots, more or less indistinct. Under-
side greyish-brown ; both wings marked as above, the spots on the hindwing being
more prominent.

Expanse, 6 14%, ¢ 1;% inch.

“Colombo. Common at all times, about low shrubs in gardens ard waste
ground. Short flight; easily caught” (Hutchison).

PARNARA CINGALA (Pratx 70, Fig. 3, a, 6).

Allied to P. Bada. Male and female: forewing with two small semi-diaphanous
white spots within end of the cell, three subapical and four discal: hindwing with
two very indistinct discal spots. Underside paler: forewing marked as above, the
lowest discal spot prominent and yellow: hindwing with three prominent spots, the
upper one being between subcostals.

Expanse 1;% inch.

Larva very pale olivaceous-blue, with a darker dorsal and a paler lateral
longitudinal line; head yellowish. Feeds on Graminacexw. Pupa pale olive-green.

168 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

Genus SUASTUS.

Wings small: forewing elongated, triangular; costa very slightly arched at the
base; apex pointed; exterior margin short, oblique, and slightly convex; cell two-
thirds the wing, clavate; first, second, and third subcostals at equal distances apart,
fourth halfway between third and fifth; discocellulars inwardly oblique, upper bent
inward near the subcostal, upper radial from its angle, lower from their middle ;
the middle median at one-fifth, lower at three-fifths before end of the cell; submedian
straight : hindwing short, broadly oval; apex and exterior margin very convex; cell
broad; second subcostal at one-third before end of the cell; discocellulars slightly
oblique, radial very indistinct ; middle median close to end of the cell, lower at one-
third before the end; submedian and internal straight. Body moderate ; palpi thick,
bristly at the sides, terminal joint long, slender, pointed ; antennal club thickish,
slender at tip; legs long, slender, almost naked.

Type, S. Gremius.

SUASIUS GREMIUS.
Hesperia Gremius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 483 (1798); Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit.
Mus. p. 2715 pli 3) fic, 7, 2:
Hesperia Divodasa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 255 (1855); Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865,
jd HH, 2,

Upperside dark olive-brown, base of forewing and anal area of hindwing
greenish-olive : forewing with three small semi-transparent yellow spots before the
apex, two large somewhat quadrate spots and a broken or lunate spot within end of
the cell, beneath these are also two lower discal yellow spots—but which are not
transparent, the penultimate spot being very small. Underside grey: forewing with
the discal area brownish; spots as above: hindwing with a black spot within the
cell, and a curved discal series of black spots.

Expanse 14 inch.

“Colombo. Common” (Hutchison).
Galle and Kandy ” (Wade).
“Low country. At all times of the year” (Mackwood).

SUASTUS SUBGRISEA.
Hesperia subgrisea, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1878, p. 689, pl. 45, f. 5.

Allied to S. Giremius. Male. Upperside differs in having the three oblique
discal spots smaller, the lowest appearing only as a few ereenish-grey scales, the
upper subapical series of two and a single spot at upper end of the cell very
minute. Underside less grey in colour, the forewing marked as above: hindwing
with an indistinct black cell spot and a discal series of spots.

Hxpanse 14 inch.

“Galle. Rare” (Wade).

HESPERUDZ. 169

Genus CHAPRA.
From typical Gegenes (G. nostrodamus) this genus differs in its somewhat
lengthened form of forewing, more lobular anal angle of hindwing, longer antennza—
which has a whip-like point, and the male insect in possessing an oblique glandular

streak below the cell, somewhat as in Pamphila comma.
Type, C. Mathias,

CHAPRA MATHIAS (Pratx 70, Fie. 1, 1a).
Hesperia Mathias, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 433 (1798).
Epargyreus Mathias, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 275, pl. 3, f. 8, g.
Hesperia Julianus, Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 763 (1823), @.
Gegenes Thrax, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. pl 150, fig. 1—4 (1820—26), ¢ ?.

Male. Upperside olive-brown: forewing with two small yellowish semi-trans-
parent spots within end of the cell, three before the apex, and in the male three
oblique discal spots followed by a dark-bordered slender straight impressed glandular
streak : hindwing with one or two very indistinct pale discal spots. Female with
five discal spots in the forewing, and four or five in the hindwing. Underside paler ;
markings more distinct : hindwing also with a spot at upper end of the cell.

Expanse 1} to 14 inch.

“ Kandy” (Wade).
“Widely distributed. Low country up to 4000 feet. Found in thousands on
swampy patena scrub at certain times ; generally January and February ” (Mackwood).

CHAPRA AGNA.
Hesperia Agna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 791, ¢.
Hesperia Chaya, Moore, id. p. 791, 2.
Pamphila similis, Mabille, MS.

Similar to C. Mathias ; differs in being somewhat larger, much darker and more
uniformly coloured; the spots on the forewing of the male much smaller, those on
the disc being slender (not quadrate as in C. Mathias), and the oblique glandular
streak not so prominent. Female also similar.

Expanse 12 to 1% inch.

“Colombo. Common at all times, about low shrubs in gardens and waste
ground. Short flight; easily captured ’’ (Hutchison).

Genus TELICOTA.

Allied to typical Pamphila (P. comma): forewing more acutely triangular ; cell
somewhat broader; fourth and fifth subcostal branches and upper radial closer
together at their base; discocellulars more oblique, upper much longer; middle

VOL. I. Z

170 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

median at one-fourth and lower at two-fourths before end of the cell (instead of
about one-sixth and four-sixths respectively, as in P. comma); glandular streak in
male more erect, its surface smooth, and extending from submedian to upper median
veins: hindwing more produced and lobular at anal angle; second subcostal at
one-third before end of the cell, bent downward from its base and in a line with
discocellulars, which are slightly recurved; radial invisible. Body stout; palpi
very compactly clothed; legs more slender, femora and tibies much less hairy, hind
tibie shorter, and tarsi longer; antennal club longer, not so thick, and with a
lengthened tip.
Type, T. Augias, Linn. (Donov. I. Ind. pl. 48, f. 1).

TELICOTA BAMBUSA (Prare 71, Fie. 4).
Pamphila Bambuse, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 691, pl. 45, f, 11, 12, ¢ .

Allied to T. Augias, Linn., from typical Java specimens of which it differs in its
somewhat broader and less pointed wings. Markings above similar, but more defined,
the border of the wings blacker, the basal yellow streak on hindwing confined to a
terminal spot at the end of the cell, and the abdominal border black. On the under-
side the markings are also more clearly defined and the interspaces blacker.

Expanse, 6 13, ¢ 14 inch.

“ Kandy ” (Wade).
‘** Colombo, up to 3000 feet. Probably higher ” (Mackwood).

Genus PADRAONA.

Allied to Paswphila. Wings shorter, less triangular; no glandular streak on
_ forewing of male. Body smaller, thorax less robust, terminal joint of palpus slender
and cylindrical. Antennal club slightly longer.

Type, P. meesa.

PADRAONA PSEUDOMZSA.

Allied to P. mesoides. Comparatively larger. Male with paler yellow markings,
which are somewhat broader and more disconnected. Female with comparatively
narrower and more disconnected markings. Cilia of a paler tint. Underside also
paler yellow.

Hxpanse, ¢ ? 14 inch.

“Colombo. Plains; in open and cultivated places and weedy ground, at all
times. Settles on weeds and shrubs. Has a short jerky flight; easily caught”
(Hutchison).

HESPHERIIDA, 17]

PADRAONA GOLOIDES (Prats 71, Fic. 3, 3a).

Upperside dark purple-brown. Male: forewing with a golden-yellow oblique
discal sinuous band followed by small costal spots before the apex; base of the costa
and cell, and two spots at its end also of the same colour: hindwing with a medial
discal sinuous golden-yellow band, the hairy scales extending to the base also yellow.
Cilia golden-yellow. Underside with less distinct markings as above: costa and apex
of forewing and the hindwing suffused with yellow. Body and legs golden-yellow ;
palpi and front of thorax beneath saffron-yellow. Female: differs only in the discal
band being narrow ;- and not having the yellow costal streak.

Hxpanse 175 inch.

Nearest allied to P. Gola. Differs from it on both sides in the narrower discal
band of the forewing, the band being also disconnected from the costal spots; the
band of the hindwing is also narrower.

“‘ Occurs in same places as preceding ” (Hutchison).

“ Kandy-” (Wade).

““ Widely distributed. Sea coast up to 5000 feet. Generally January to March”
(Mackwood).

PADRAONA MASOIDES (Prats 71, Fie. 5, 5a).
Pamphila Mesoides, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 2nd ser. i. p. 554 (1879).

Upperside vinous olive-brown. Male: forewing with a golden-yellow band
along base of costa and within the cell, three small connected subapical spots, a
narrow sinuous discal band, and a streak along posterior margin: hindwing with
a golden-yellow medial discal smuous band, a less distinct spot within the cell, and
a spot on the costa. Cilia yellow. Underside paler; marked as above. Female:
differs only in having narrower markings and less prominent costal band on the
forewing.

Hxpanse, ¢ 3, ? 1 inch.

* Low country’ (Mackwood).

Genus AMPITTIA.

Wings shorter, broader, and less triangular than in Pamphila. Male with a
very short glandular streak below the cell. Body narrower; terminal joint of palpi
shorter, cylindrical and less pointed. Antenne with a much slenderer and more
pointed club.

Type, A. Maro.

172 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

AMPITTIA MARO (Prare 71, Fia. 1, 1a).
Hesperia Maro, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 432 (1798), ¢.
Cyclopides Maro, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus, p. 279, pl. 2, fig. 12, &.
Cyclopides Camertes, Hewitson, Desc. Hesp. p. 43 (1868), g.

Upperside purplish olive-brown. Male: forewing with a broad golden-yellow
basal band which also crosses the cell, a broad subapical spot, a similar discal spot,
and a lower very small spot; a pale band also along posterior margin: hindwing
with a broad medial golden-yellow band. Underside: forewing marked as above,
and with a marginal row of yellow-bordered blackish dots: hindwing with a subbasal
and two discal series of yellow spots. Body, palpi, legs, and antenne beneath
yellow. Cilia alternately brown and yellow. Female with paler similarly disposed
but much smaller markings, the basal band on forewing represented only by the ter-
minal portion at and above the cell, and the band on hindwing by well separated spots.

Expanse 1 inch.

“Kandy. In waste ground near forests; 2000 feet. Hnd of S.W. monsoon”
(Hutchison).

** Kandy ” (Wade and Mackwood).

Genus TARACTOCERA.

Taractocera, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 279 (1869); Ent. M. Mag. 1870, p. 97.

Wings small: forewing triangular; fourth and fifth subcostals, and upper
radial from end of the cell; discocellulars very oblique, slender, upper longest,
lower radial from their middle; the middle median at one-fifth and lower at one-
half before end of the cell; submedian recurved: hindwing short, exterior margin
very convex; second subcostal at one-fifth before end of the cell; discocellulars
outwardly oblique, radial from the middle; the middle median near to end and lower
at one-third before end of the cell; submedian straight, internal recurved. Body
rather stout; palpi erect, terminal joint long and slender; legs naked ; antennz with
a short broad spatular club.

Type, T. Mevius.

TARACTOCERA MAVIUS (Prare 70, Fie. 5).
Hesperia Mevius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 8352 (1798).
Taractocera Mevius, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 279, pl. 3, fig. 13.
Hesperia Flaccus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 434 (1793).

Male and female. Upperside pale olive-brown: forewing with a yellowish-
white slender streak at lower end of the cell and joined above at the end by a smaller
streak reaching to the costa; three minute spots obliquely before the apex, two
below them nearer the outer margin, and a discal sinuous series of small spots:
hindwing with a slender medial discal series of very small spots. Cilia yellowish-
white. Underside paler; brighter tinted in female; markings move distinct, the

HESPERIIDA. 1738

end of the discal series of spots on the hindwing extending upward towards the
costa, and also having a small spot at end of the cell.

Expanse +; inch.

“Colombo. In open and cultivated places and weedy ground. At all times.
Settles on weeds and shrubs; flight short and jerky; easily caught’ (Hutchison).

“Kandy ” ( Wade).

* Colombo, up to 4000 feet ” (Mackwood).

Genus HALPE.
Halpe, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 689.

Alhed to Pamphila (P. sylvanus). Forewing shorter, exterior margin more
convex; the discal oblique glandular streak in male shorter and broader. Veins
similar, the lower median branch being nearer end of the cell. Head and thorax
smaller, abdomen slender. Antenne with a more slender club and longer hook at
the tip.

HALPE CEYLONICA.
Halpe Ceylonica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 690, pl. 45, fig. 9.

Upperside dark brown: base of wings and body olive-brown: forewing with
two contiguous subapical small white spots, two oblique discal small conical spots
with deeply excavated outer border, and a smaller spot at upper end of the cell; the
male with an oblique discal glandular streak composed of broad darker brown raised
seales. Cilia brownisl:-cinereous, alternated with dark brown. Underside dark
brown, speckled with ochreous scales: forewing with white spots as above, and a
small spot also below the discal series; an upper submarginal row of indistinct pale
ochreous spots; hindwing with a broad transverse medial and a maculated discal
greyish-ochreous band. Palpi, body beneath, and legs greyish-ochreous.

Expanse, ¢ 17%, 2 13 inch.

HALPE DECORATA (Pare 71, Fic. 2).

Upperside olive-brown : forewing with a bright yellow streak at end of the cell,
the upper part being circular and nearly divided from the elongated lower portion ;
two smaller spots before the apex, and two slightly larger obliquely-quadrate spots
on the disc; base of wing also speckled with olive-yellow scales: hindwing with a
medial discal triangular-shaped patch of olive-yellow scales. Underside olive-yellow :
forewing with broad brown posterior margin and macular streak bordering the discal
spots: hindwing with slender brown-speckled indistinct subbasal spots and curved
discal macular line. Body, palpi, and legs beneath yellow; antennz ochreous-red.

Hxpanse 13 inch.

“* Galle, Morowaka. Rare” (Wade).

174 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

HALPE BRUNNEA (Prater 70, Fic. 4, 4a).
(?) Hesperia Egena, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. 1868, p. 284.

Female. Upperside dark vinous-brown: forewing with a very small semi-
diaphanous white spot at upper end of the cell, two spots before the apex, and two
larger discal spots, the latter deeply concave on their outer border. Cilia pale
vinous-brown, alternated with dark brown. Underside as above. Body and palpi
beneath pale olive-brown; antennee black tipped with red.

Expanse 1; inch.

A single specimen in the collection of Captain Wade.

Genus HYAROTIS.

Forewing triangular; costa long, apex pointed, exterior margin very oblique,
posterior margin short in male; subcostals at equal distances apart, first branch at
one-third before end of the cell; the cell two-thirds the length of wing; discocellulars
inwardly oblique; upper radial from angle near subcostal, lower from their middle;
the middle median at one-seventh, lower at four-sevenths before end of the cell;
submedian slightly arched in the middle: hindwing oval; exterior margin convex;
cell extending half the wing, broad; discocellulars very slender; radial very in-
distinct ; middle median from close to end, and lower at one-third before end of the
cell; submedian straight; internal slightly curved. Body moderate; palpi flattened
laterally in front, terminal joimt short, conical, pointed; antennz slender, with a
stoutish club and slender tip.

Type, H. Adrastus.

HYAROTIS ADRASTUS (Prate 67, Fie. 5, 5a).
Hesperia Adrastus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 319, fig. F, G (1780).
Plesioneura Praba, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1865, p. 790.
Hesperia Phenicis, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. 1869, Hesp. pl. 4, fig. 36, 37 (1869).

Male and female dark olivaceous chocolate-brown. Upperside: forewing with
three small connected subapical semi-transparent white spots; three similar discal
spots, the central largest and quadrate, and a fourth large quadrate spot above them
within the cell. Underside darker brown basally, paler exteriorly, and crossed by a
darker submarginal macular fascia: forewing with spots as above, bordered externally
by a suffused dark brown streak: hindwing with a double series of white, dark
brown outer-bordered lunules crossing middle of the wing, beyond which is the
submarginal dark brown macular fascia. Palpi, thorax, and abdomen beneath pale
ereyish-brown ; legs brown. Cilia yellowish-white, spotted with pale brown.

Expanse, ¢ 12, 9 14 inch.

“Western Province. Plains. Forest. April and July. Rare. Hahits like
H. infernus”’ (Hutehison).

“* Kandy ” (Wade).

“ Kandy and its neighbourhood ” (Mackwood).

Or

HESPERIIDA. 17:

Genus TAGIADES.
Tagiades, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 108 (1816).
Pterygospidea, Wallengren, Rhop. Caffr. p. 53 (1857).

Forewing triangular; apex pointed; exterior margin oblique, very slightly
convex, even ; first, second, and third subcostals at equal distances, first at one-third
before end, of the cell; discocellulars recurved inwardly, upper radial from angle
near subcostal, lower from their middle; cell narrow, extending two-thirds the wing ;
middle median at one-sixth, lower at four-sixths before end of the cell, lower much
curved at base within the cell; submedian slightly recurved: hindwing short, broadly
produced hindward, exterior margin slightly scalloped towards anal angle; second
subcostal at nearly one-third before end of the cell; discocellulars of equal length,
nearly erect, radial from their middle; cell broad; middle median close to end and
lower beyond one-third before end of the cell; submedian straight, internal recurved.
Body short, thorax stout; palpi very compactly flattened laterally, terminal joint
short, pointed; legs almost naked; antennz slender, the club and lengthened tip
very slender.

Type, T. Japetus.

TAGIADES ATTICUS (Prare 68, Fia. 2).
Hesperia Atticus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 889 (1793).
Tagiades Atticus, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 283.

Upperside dark vinous-brown: forewing with seven minute semi-transparent
white spots recurving before the apex, two within end of the cell and one above its
end: hindwing with a large pure white quadrate anal patch bordered before the apex
by two rather large black spots, and along exterior margin by four smaller spots;
cilia bordering the patch also white. Underside paler, the white patch extending to
base of hindwing. Palpi, legs, and body beneath greyish-white.

Expanse, d 14, ? 13 inch.

‘Central Province. Hills, 3000 to 6000 feet; in open places, roadsides, &c.
Not very common. Flight slow” (Hutchison).

* Kandy ” (Wade).

“Rather scarce. From 3000 feet upward ” (Mackwood).

TAGIADES DISTANS (PrateE 68, Fic. 1, la).

Male and female. Upperside vinous-brown, discal areas suffused with greyish-
brown: forewing with three minute semi-transparent white spots before the apex,
two nearly obsolete below them, and two slightly larger spots on the disc, each
bordered with black; a slight black spot below the cell near the base: hindwing
with a greyish-white border extending from above anal angle to two-thirds the

176 ; THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

exterior margin; a blackish spot at end of the cell, and a curved series across the
disc ; cilia bordering the band also white.

Hxpanse, ¢ 175, 2 14% inch.

Allied to 7. Ravi, from which it may be distinguished by having the white band
on the hindwing. The Javan 1’. obscwrus, Mabille, is also nearly allied, but differs
in the absence of the discal semi-transparent spots on the forewing.

“Colombo. Plains. In cultivated ground. At all times. A common insect.
Like B. exclamationts in habits” (Hutchison).
“ Kandy” (Wade).

TAGIADES MINUTA (Puare 68, Fic. 4, 4a).
Tagiades minuta, Moore, Annals of Natural History, 1877, p. 343.

Male and female. Upperside dark olive-brown. Cilia of hindwing white, of
forewing slightly whitish at posterior angle. Underside: forewing greyish-white
on middle of hind margin: hindwing greyish-white, except along anterior border; a
small blackish spot at end of the cell, and a medial discal series of spots; outer
margin brown-speckled. Palpi, body, and legs beneath grey-white. Legs above
brown.

Expanse, d 14, ? 12 inch.

“Kandy. Common. Flight rapid, and difficult to catch’ (Wade).

Genus SARANGESA.

Wings small: forewing elongated, triangular; exterior margin short, obliquely
convex ; first subcostal at one-third before end of the cell; discocellulars recurved,
upper bent inward at some distance from subcostal, upper radial from its angle,
lower from their middle; cell extending nearly two-thirds the wing; middle median
at one-sixth and lower at four-sixths before end of the cell; submedian straight:
hindwing broadly conical, exterior margin waved; second subcostal at one-fourth
before end of the cell; discocellulars recurved, radial from their middle; cell
extending more than half the wing, broad; middle median near the end and lower
at nearly one-half before end of the cell. Body moderate; palpi compact, finely
bristled in front, terminal joint thick, conical, pointed; antennal club lengthened,
tip finely pointed.

Type, S. Purendra.

SARANGESA ALBICILIA (Prats 68, Fie. 5, 5a).

Upperside dark vinous olive-brown, with three very indistinct transverse
macular fascize : forewing with two very minute semi-transparent white spots at end
of the cell, another above it, three before the apex, and two less distinct on middle

HESPERIIDA., 1 77

of the dise, all bordered by the macular fascia. Cilia of forewing edged with white,
cilia of hindwing entirely white. Underside: forewing as above and sparsely grey-
speckled: hindwing thickly covered with greyish-white, leaving only the costal
border and discal macular fascia brown.

Expanse, ¢ 15%, 2 1,3 inch.

Differs from 8. Dasahara in the hindwing being more prominently white and
the cilia also being entirely white.

* Kandy” (Wade).

“Scarce and rather local. Found rarely by me except in Lagalla. Generally
May or June” (Mackwood).

Genus UDASPES.

Alhed to Plesionewra: forewing less triangular, exterior margin more convex,
posterior margin longer ; cell narrow at end; discocellulars extending very obliquely
inward; lower median branch at less than two-thirds before end of the cell: hind-
wing very broadly oval, extremely convex externally; abdominal margin short; cell
much shorter, second subcostal nearer end of the cell; upper and middle medians
both emitted from extreme end of the cell, lower median at less than one-third before
the end. Body short; antennal club shorter, and thicker at tip.

Type, U. Folus.

UDASPES FOLUS (Puare 68, Fie. 3, 3a).
Papilio Folus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 74, f. 7 (1779).
Tagiades Folus, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 2838.
Hesperia Folus, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 252, pl. 7, fig. 7, 7a.
Hesperia Cicero, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 8338 (1793).

Upperside dark sepia-brown: forewing with three connected semi-transparent
yellowish-white spots before the apex, two below them nearer the outer margin, a
smaller spot between the upper and middle median veins, two larger connected spots
on the disc, and a large spot within end of the cell: hindwing with a large medial
discal semi-transparent yellowish-white sinuous-bordered patch. Cilia alternated with
white. Underside: forewing as above: hindwing with the white patch extending
medially to base of the wing, and traversed by a dark brown sinuous streak below
end of the cell; outer margin of the wing suffused with greyish-white. Body, palpi,
and legs beneath greyish-white.

Expanse 1} to 14 inch.

Genus PLESIONEURA.
Plesioneura, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monat. vi. p. 29 (1862).

Forewing triangular, apex pointed; exterior margin short, slightly oblique and

convex, posterior margin long; cell extending two-thirds the wing; first, second,
VOL. I. Aa

178 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

and third subcostals at equal distances, fourth half-way between third and fifth ;
discocellulars oblique, upper longest, bent inward to subcostal, upper radial from its
angle, lower from their middle; the middle median emitted close to end of the cell,
lower at two-thirds before the end; submedian nearly straight: hindwing broad,
short, very convex externally; cell extending half the wing; second subcostal at one-
fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars bent slightly imward at their middle,
radial from their angle; middle median from close to end of the cell, lower at one-
third before the end; submedian straight, internal recurved. Body stout; palpi
compactly flattened laterally, terminal joint very short, broad, conical; legs naked ;
antennee long, slender.
Type, P. curvifascia.

PLESIONEURA ALYSOS (Prats 67, Fic. 3, a, 6).
Plesioneura Alysos, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1865, p. 789.

Upperside dark vinous-brown. Male: forewing with a semi-transparent oblique
transverse irregular-shaped medial band, with either one or two very small oblique
subapical spots, and a lower spot between the upper median and radial. Female:
forewing with broader medial band, three subapical spots, the spot between upper
median and radial, and sometimes another between the upper and middle medians
Palpi and thorax beneath olive-brown. Antennze with a white streak near apex.
Underside paler: forewing with medial band and subapical spots as above, and
with a white costal streak above the band: hindwing fasciated transversely with
grey scales.

Expanse, ¢ 13, ? 1% inch.

Larva pale green, white speckled; head black bordered. Feeds on Zinziberacee.
Pupa pale green.

“ Central Province. Hills, 2000 to 6000 feet. Forests. A very quick flier and
hard to follow on the wing. Alights on the ground and under leaves of bushes”
(Hutchison).

** Galle and Kandy” (Wade).

“ Jungle borders. 2000 feet upwards” (Mackwood).

PLESIONEURA RESTRIOTA.

Allied to P. Alysos: forewing with similar semi-transparent medial band.
subapical spots, and also with a small linear spot between upper and middle median
veins. Underside as above, with the band stopping at the subcostal vein in both
sexes—not being continued in a white streak to the costal margin, as in Alysos.

Hxpanse 12 to 14 inch.

HESPERIID £3. 179

PLESIONEURA SPILOTHYRUS (Prare 67, Fic. 4, 4a).
Eudamus spilothyrus, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. 1868, p. 283, ¢.

Male and female. Upperside dark olive-brown: forewing with a few olive-
yellow scales scattered on the basal area; a small spot on middle of the costa, white
in male, ochreous in female; a semi-diaphanous white quadrate spot with incised
outer border at end of the cell; a similar-sized spot beneath it between the middle
and lower median veins; a smaller spot above it at base of upper and middle
medians, and one spot (in some specimens two) between the lower median and
submedian near the posterior angle; a conjugated series of three small spots before
the apex and two below them near the outer margin: hindwing with a very indistinct
small spot at end of the cell, and a curved discal series formed of clustered olive-
yellow scales, these scales also extending over base of the wing. Cilia cinereous-
brown, in hindwing slightly alternated with olive-yellow. Underside paler; marked
as above ; the lower spots on forewing being olive-yellow. Body olive-brown; palpi
with olive-yellow lateral streak. Antenne with olive-white subapical streak.

Expanse 15% to 1;% inch.

« Ambogamua ” (Wade).
“ Plentiful about May; 2000 to 4000 feet, near jungle borders” (Macikwood).

Genus HANTANA.

Differs from typical Plesionewra in the forewing being more regularly triangular,
apex acute, exterior margin more oblique, and posterior margin shorter; cell much
longer, extending to nearly three-fourths the wing, the discocellulars being very
oblique ; middle median at one-fifth and lower at four-fifths before end of the cell:
hindwing regularly oval; cell longer; discocellulars more erect ; medians nearer end
of the cell. Palpi more laxly clothed; fore tibie tufted; middle and hind tibize
hairy above, femora hairy beneath; antennal club shorter.

Type, H. infernus.

HANTANA INFERNUS (Prat 68, Fic. 6).
Eudamus infernus, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. 1868, p. 283.

Male and female. Upperside dark purplish-brown: forewing with two, some-
times three, very small golden-yellow semi-diaphanous costal spots before the apex, a
single but less distinct spot near upper end of the cell, and in female a similar costal
spot above it. Underside slightly paler: golden-yellow spots on forewing brighter :
hindwing with a very indistinct golden-yellow spot within the cell, one also at its
end, and a series across the disc, all formed by golden-yellow scales. Head and palpi
with lateral golden-yellow streak ; front of head and palpi speckled with golden-yellow.

Hixpanse, d 14, 2 14 inch.

Aaa

180 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

“Central Province. Hills, 3000 to 6000 feet. Forests. Common on banks by
roadsides in the hills. Settles on leaves; easily caught” (Hutchison).

* Ootavelle; Dickoya”’ (Wade).

“Plentiful in forest paths where bordered by undergrowth, 2000 feet up to
4.000” (Mackwood).

Genus COLADENIA.

Wings short; forewing triangular, apex pointed, exterior margin short, slightly —

obiique and waved; cell two-thirds the length ; first subcostal at less than one-third
before end of the cell, first, second, and third at equal distances, fourth and fifth
from end of the cell; discocellulars slightly inwardly oblique, upper radial from
angle near subcostal, lower from their middle; the middle median at one-sixth, lower
at four-sixths before end of the cell; submedian recurved: hindwing broad, somewhat
quadrate; exterior margin slightly waved and aneular in the middle; cell broad,
extending more than half the wing; second subcostal at one-fourth before end of the
cell; discocellulars nearly straight, upper shortest, radial from their middle; the
middle median from immediately before end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before
the end. . Body rather stout; palpi of lax hairy scales; terminal joint short, thick,

cylindro-conical ; antenne long, with gradually thickened club and slender tip; fore

tibize tufted beneath ; femora pilose beneath, hind tibiee with a long tuft of hair above.
Type, C. Indrani.
COLADENIA TISSA (Pirate 67, Fie. 6).
Male. Upperside brownish-ferruginous, with indistinctly paler marginal
lunules: forewing with three or four very small semi-transparent yellowish-white
subapical spots, a transverse medial series of larger spots composed of a large

irregular-shaped spot at end of the cell, a smaller spot on the costa above it, a large.

spot beneath it below end of the cell, and a very small spot between them at the
_ junction of upper and middle median veins; between these is an irregular triangularly-
lobed black-bordered ferruginous spot; a small black spot below the cell near the
base : hindwing with an indistinct blackish discal spot and a discal series of spots
curving from base of costa to above anal angle. Cilia brownish-ferruginous, with a
shght paler streak above posterior angle of forewing. Underside dusky ferruginous-
brown; markings more prominent. Palpi and legs pale ferruginous. Female paler,
with marginal Iunules more diffused ; markings as in male.
Expanse, ¢ 13, ? 1+ inch.
Allied to C. Indrani. Of a darker colour; has deeper yellow and differently
shaped semi-transparent spots on forewing, and the cilia is not alternated with white.
* Kandy” (Wade).
“Taken in Badulla and Kaduganawa. Scarce” (Mackwood).

a
oie

HESPERIUD4i, 181

Genus TAPENA.

Wings small; forewing short, apex acute; exterior margin slightly oblique,
convexly angular in the middle ; first subcostal emitted at nearly one-half before end
of the cell; cell extending two-thirds the wing; discocellulars obliquely convex,
upper bent close to subcostal, upper radial from its angle, lower from their middle ;
the middle median branch at one-fifth, lower at four-fifths before end of the cell;
submedian slightly curved in the middle: hindwing quadrate, short, broad; apex
shghtly and middle of exterior margin acutely angular ; abdominal margin somewhat
long; cell broad, extending nearly two-thirds the wing; second subcostal at one-
third before end of the cell; discocellulars slender, outwardly oblique, radial very
slender ; middle median from close to end of the cell, lower at one-fourth before the
end; submedian straight, internal curved. Body robust; palpi laxly compressed,
terminal joint rather long, thick, cylindrical; antennz slender, somewhat short,
hooked tip slender.

Type, T. Thwaitesi.

TAPENA THWAITESI (Prats 67, Fie. 2, 2a).

Male. Upperside dark purple-brown, with blackish outer margins and indistinct
discal transverse macular fascia: forewing with two small semi-diaphanous white
spots on the costa near the apex. Underside dark purple-brown. Female. Upper
and underside greyish purple-brown, transverse macular fascia and outer borders
dark purple-brown: forewing with three small semi-diaphanous white subapical
spots, the lowest transversely narrow, two spots also at end of the cell, the upper
one very slender, and two spots on the disc, each series being bordered by the dark
fascia: hindwing with a semi-diaphanous spot at end of the cell.

Expanse 1,3; to 14% inch.

“Galle” (Wade).

Genus ABARATHA.

Forewing triangular; apex pointed; exterior margin short, oblique, slightly
convex and uneven; posterior margin short; first to fourth subcostals at equal
distances apart, first emitted at one-third before end of the cell; discocellulars
inwardly oblique, upper radial from angle near subcostal, lower from their middle ;
cell two-thirds the wing ; middle median at one-fourth and lower at two-thirds before
end of the cell; submedian much recurved: hindwing short, apex angular, exterior
margin sinuously angular below the apex and in the middle; abdominal margin
rather long; second subcostal at one-fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars
nearly erect, upper shortest, radial from their middle; cell broad; middle median
from close to end of the cell and lower at beyond one-third before the end;

a

182 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

submedian straight, internal recurved. Body short, robust; palpi laterally com-
pressed in front, terminal joint short, conical; legs naked; antennal hooked-club
thick and bluntly pointed.

Type, A. Ransonneti.

ABARATHA RANSONNETI (Prare 97, Fie. 1).

Piterygospidea Ransonnetii, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. 1868, p. 284.
Pterygospidea Potiphera, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. y. Pter. pl. 1, fig. 7 (1878).

Upperside fuliginous ochreous-brown. Male: forewing with three small semi-
transparent white spots before the apex (and sometimes one or two very minute spots
obliquely below them), two spots within end of the cell, a slender spot between the
upper and middle median veins, a larger spot between the latter vein and submedian,
and followed below it by two small obliquely disposed spots; a marginal double row
of pale indistinct small lunules: hindwing with a broad medial discal macular pale
ochreous band traversed by brown veins and a spot within end of the cell, the outer
discal area suffused with grey-brown. Cilia alternated with white. Female : forewing
with the spots and marginal lunules, and the macular band on hindwing more pro-
minent, the latter also more distinctly bordered with grey. Underside: forewing
paler brown; the basal area greyish-white, the spots with clouded black outer
borders : hindwing greyish-white, the outer margin only being brown, traversed by
a curved discal series of small blackish spots.

Hxpanse, ¢ 13, 2 14 inch.

“Colombo. In weedy places on borders of cultivation. Just before S.W.
monsoon. Not common. Slow flier; settles in grass” (Hutchison).

** Kandy” (Wade).

** Low country. Not common” (Maekwood).

Genus HESPERIA.
Hesperia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 258, sect. 2, p. 325 (1798).
Pyrgus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 109 (1816).
Scelothriz, Ramb. Catal. Lep. Andal. i. p. 63 (1858).
Syrichtus, Boisduval, Icones, p. 230 (1832-8).

Wings small: forewing elongated, triangular; exterior margin short; cell of
nearly uniform width and convex at the end; first subcostal beyond one-third before
end of the cell, second and third branches at very wide and equal distances apart
from the first ; discocellulars convex, upper radial from angle near subcostal, lower
from their middle; the middle median at one-sixth and lower at four-sixths before
end of the cell; submedian straight : hindwing broadly conical ; second subcostal at
one-fourth before end of the cell, and in a line with base of the first; discocellulars
slightly oblique and concave, slender; radial from their middle; the middle median

HESPERIIDZ. 183

from near end and lower about one-half before end of the cell. Body short; palpi
lax in front, terminal joint stout, rather long and pointed; tibie pilose beneath,
hind tibize with a long tuft of hair above; antennze with a stout terminal club.

Type, P. Malvee.

HESPERIA GALBA (Prare 71, Fic. 6).
Hesperia Galba, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 852 (1793).
Pyrgus Galba, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 281.
Pyrgus Superna, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 249 (1857); Proe. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 792.
Upperside olive-brown: forewing with three pale yellowish-white spots within
the cell, two beneath it, a transverse discal series of four spots followed by three
minute subapical spots; a submarginal row of smaller spots: hindwing with a
subbasal, a large medial, and small submarginal spots. Cilia of both wings alternate
brown and pale yellow. Abdomen with narrow pale segmental bands. Underside
paler olive-brown: forewing with the costal margin and spots as above, pale yellow :
hindwing with a transverse subbasal, medial, and a narrow submarginal pale yellow
maculated band. Palpi and body beneath, and legs, pale yellow.
Expanse, d #, ? 1 inch.

«Western and Central Provinces. In forests. Rare. Slow flier, but hard to
catch, as it flies low down in grass and underwood” (Hutchison).

“Kandy. Common” (Wade).

** Low country, away from sea-coast”’ (Mackwood).

Genus GOMALIA. ©
Gomalia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 144.

Wings short: forewing with the costa slightly arched at the base, apex, acute,
exterior margin oblique, posterior angle slightly convex; costal vein short ; subcostal
vein five-branched, first, second and third arising before end of the cell, fourth and
fifth from its end ; upper discocellular angled, lower oblique; upper radial from angle
of upper discocellular, lower radial from its end; median vein three-branched, middle
branch from near end of the cell; submedian vein nearly straight: hindwing lobed
and angled near base of costal margin, apex and exterior margin very convex ; costal
vein extending to near apex; subcostal vein two-branched; one radial; median vein
three-branched. Body short, thorax stout; palpi thickly pilose; antennz short,
with a thick very blunt club; legs moderately long, squamous.

GOMALIA ALBOFASCIATA (Prare 71, Fic. 7).
Gomalia albofasciata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 144.
Upperside dark greyish olive-brown : forewing with a black transverse basal and
a discal band; a small white erect streak at end of the cell, two small lunular spots

184 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.

on the dise, and three conjugated spots obliquely before the apex: hindwing with a
broad white medial transverse band, a small subbasal spot, and a very indistinct sub-
marginal fascia. Underside paler; white markingsas above. Palpi, body, legs, and
antennz beneath white.

Expanse ¢ inch.

** Captured in dense jungle between Kirrinde and Werewille beyond Hambantotte,
on the §.H. coast” (Wade).

INDEX OF

ABARATHA, Moore, 181.
Ransonnetii, Meld. 182.
Apisara, Feld. 68.
prunosa, Moore, 69.
Acimatta, Hiubn. 60.
Niphe, Zinn. 60.
Aconthea, Horsf. 31.
ACREINE, 65.
Adolias, Boisd. 31.
Garuda, Moore, 32.
Vasanta, Moore, 33.
Alazonia, Hiibn. 51.
Amathusia Philarchus, Westw. 37.
Amepxtypopts, Horsf. 113.
Amantes, Hewits. 115.
Darana, Moore, 114.
Deva, Moore, 108.
Longinus, Horsf. 109.
Naradoides, Moore, 114.
pseudolonginus, Butler, 109.
Sugriva, Horsf. 112.
Ammiralis, Rennie, 49.
AmprttTi1a, Moore, 171.
Maro, Fabr. 172.
Amphrisius, Swains. 154.
Anapheis, Hiibn. 137.
Anops, Boisd. 73.
sopus, Butler, 74.
Phedrus, Butler, 74.
ApaturA, Fabr. 57.
Bolina, Zinn. 58.
Jacintha, Drury, 58.
Misippus, Linn. 59.
Apunaus, Hiibn. 105.
fusca, Moore, 106.
ictis, Hewits. 107.
lazularia, Moore, 107.
schistacea, Moore, 106.

VOL. I.

GHNERA AND SPECIES.

VOLE:

Aphrodite, Hiibn. 128.
Appias, Hiibn. 134.
Libythea, abr. 134.
taprobana, Moore, 135.
vacans, Butler, 135.
Ariadne, Horsf. 48.
Arisbe, Hibn. 158.
AstictopTEerus, Feld. 162.
stellifer, Butler, 168.
ATELLA, Hibn. 61.
Phalanta, Drury, 62.
Azanus, Moore, 79.
Crameri, Moore, 80.
Bapamra, Moore, 156.

exclamationis, Mabr. 157.

Baorts, Moore, 165.
Kumara, Moore, 166.
penicillata, JZoore, 166.
seriata, Moore, 166.

Baracus, Moore, 162.
vittatus, Meld. 162.

BELENo!Is, Hiibn. 1387.
taprobana, Moore, 187.

Brrasts, Moore, 160.

Sena, Moore, 160.

Binpawara, Moore, 111.
Phoeides, Fabr. 112.

Bithys Longinus, Hiibn. 109.

Bysuia, Hubn. 45.

Llythia, Drury, 45.

Callidryas, Boisd. 121.
Alcmeone, Moore, 122.
Catilla, Butler, 122.
Chryseis, Butler, 125.
Crocale, Butler, 122.
Gnoma, Butler, 123.
Pyranthe, Moore, 124.

CaLtosungE, Doubleday, 128.

CaLLosune, Dane, Fabr. 129.
Eucharis, Habr. 128.
limbata, Butler, 129.
sanguinalis, Butler, 129.

Calpodes forulus, Hibn. 157.

Catysismp, Moore, 20.
Blasius, Mabr. 21.
Drusia, Cram. 20.
Mineus, Linn. 22.
Perseus, Fabr. 21.

Casraius, Hiibn. 82.
Decidia, Hewits. 84.
Ethion, Doubleday, 83.
hamatus, Moore, 84.
Nazus, Hiibn. 83.
Rosimon, Fabr. 83.

CataPaxcitma, Butler, 97.
elegans, Druce, 98.

Carocurysoers, Boisd. 90.
Cnejus, Fabr. 92.
lithargyria, Moore, 91.
Pandava, Horsf: 92.
Strabo, Fabr. G1.

CaropHaGa, Hibn. 131.
Galene, Feld. 132.
Lankapura, Moore, 133.
Neombo, Boisd. 131.
venusta, Moore, 132.

Carorsii1a, Hubn. 121.
Catilla, Cram. 122.
Croecale, Cram. 122.
Chryseis, Drury, 125.
Gnoma, Fabr. 128.
Pyranthe, Linn. 124.
Tlea, Fabr. 124.

CrtuosiA, Fabr. 51.
Nietneri, Feld. 51.

Cuapra, Moore, 169.

Bb

186

Cuapra Agna, Moore, 169.
Mathias, Fabr. 169.

CHaARAXES, Ochs. 28.
Fabius, Butler, 29.
Psaphon, Westw. 30.
Samatha, Moore, 29.

Cuarus, Moore, 149.
Helenus, Linn. 149.

CueErirra, Moore, 109.
pseudojafra, JZoore, 110.

CuILapEs, Moore, 76.
Putli, Kollar, 77.
Varunana, Moore, 77.

Cuizasa, Moore, 153.
Clytioides, Moore, 154.
dissimilis, Zinn. 158.
Lankeswara, Moore, 154.

Chilea, Billb. 67.

CurtTira, Moore, 8.
fumata, Butler, 9.

Cuoaspes, Moore, 158.
Benjamini, Guér. 159.

CrrrocHroa, Doubleday, 62.
cognata, Moore, 64.
Lanka, Moore, 63.
Thais, Fabr. 63.

Clytia, Swains. 153.
dissimilis, Swains. 158.

CorapentA, Moore, 180.
Tissa, JZoore, 180.

Curna, Billberg, 64.
placida, Joore, 65.

Curertis, Hubn. 73.
Thetys, Drury, 74.

Cyanirts, Dalm. 74.

Akasa, Horsf. 73.
Lanka, Jloore, 76.
lavendularis, Moore, 75.
Singalensis, Feld. 76.

Cyclopides Camertes, Hewits. 172.
Maro, Butler, 172.

Cyllo, Boisd. 14.
WNeelgherriensis, Guér. 16.

Crntuia, Fabr. 52.

Asela, Moore, 53.

Datcutna, Moore, 142.
Teredon, Feld. 148.

Danaine, 1.

Danais Ceylonica, Feld. 8.
Chrysippus, Godt. 7.
exprompta, Butler, 4,
fumata, Butler, 9.

INDEX,

| Danais Genutia, Distant, 6.

Leopardus, Butler, 4.
Limniace, Godt. 4.
Plexippus, Godt. 6:
septentrionis, Butler, 5.
taprobana, Feld. 9.
Debis, Doubleday, 16.
Daretis, Hewits. 18.
Drypetes, Hewits. 17.
Dynsate, Hewits. 20.
embolima, Butler, 17.
Neelgherriensis, Hewits. 16.
Detias, Hiibn. 139.
Eucharis, Drury, 140.
Deruporix, Hewits. 102.
Epijarbas, Moore, 108.
Tsocrates, Butler, 104.
Lankana, Moore, 103.
lazulina, Moore, 105.
Mecenas, Hewits. 102.
Perse, Hewits. 104.
Diadema, Boisd. 57.
Bolina, Butler, 58.
Misippus, Butler, 59.

Dipsas chrysomallus, Moore, 100.

Epijarbas, Moore, 103.
DiscopHora, Boisd. 35.
lepida, Joore, 36.
DoteEscHatris, Feld. 38.
Bisaltide, Cram. 38.
Doruta, Moore, 33.
Evelina, Stoll. 34.
Etymnias, Hiibn. 25.
fraterna, Butler, 25.
Singhala, DWoore, 26.
Enispe lepida, Moore, 36.

Epargyreus Mathias, Butler, 169.

Ereorts, Boisd. 43.
minorata, Moore, 44.
taprobana, Westw. 44.

Eronia, Boisd. 138.
Ceylonica, Feld. 138.

Erycinide, 67.

Erycinine, 68.

Esoptria, Hiibn. 57.

Euchloe Dane, Butler, 129.
Eucharis, Butler, 128.

EHudamus infernus, 179.
spilothyrus, Feld. 179.

Everts, Dalm. 29.
Samatha, Moore, 29.

Evurima, Fabr. 11.

Asela, Afoore, 11.
Elisa, Butler, 9.
Esperi, Feld. 12.
Frauenfeldii, Feld. 12.
Lankana, Moore, 13.
montana, Feld. 138.
Scherzeri, Feld. 12.
Sinhala, Moore, 10.

EupPLizina, |.

Evruatta, Hiibn. 31.
Garuda, Moore, 32.
Lubentina, Cram. 31.
Vasanta, Moore, 33.

Everes, Hibn. 85.
Parrhasius, abr. 85.

Ganeara, Moore, 164.
Thyrsis, Fabr. 165.

Gegenes Thrav, Hiibn. 169.

Gomattia, Moore, 183.
albofasciata, Moore, 188.

Goniloba Badra, Moore, 159.
chromus, Moore, 161.
Sena, Moore, 160.

Harps, Moore, 1738.
brunnea, Moore, 174.
Ceylonica, Moore, 178.
decorata, Moore, 173.

HantpHa, Moore, 18.
Sihala, JZoore, 19.
Dynsate, Hewits. 20.

Hantana, Moore, 179.
infernus, Feld. 179.

Haripra, Moore, 30.
Psaphon, Westw. 30.
Serendiba, Moore, 30.

Harimata, Moore, 145.
Montanus, Feld. 146.

Hasora, Moore, 159.
Badra, Moore, 159.

Hegomoia, Hiibn. 127.
Glaucippe, Zinn. 127.

Hecaerge, Ochs. 67.

Hesperia, Fabr. 182.
Adrastus, Cramer, 174.
Ajlianus, Fabr. 94.
Agna, Moore, 169.
Alexis, Butler, 161.
Aria, Moore, 164.
Atticus, Fabr. 175.
Bada, Moore, 167.
Chaya, Moore, 169.
Cicero, Fabr. 177.

Hesperia Onejus, Fabr. 92.
Democritus, Fabr. 86.
Divodasa, Moore, 168.
Egena, Feld. 174.
exclamationis, Fabr. 157.
Flaccus, Fabr. 172.
Galba, Fabr. 188.
Gremius, Fabr. 168.
Tsocrates, Fabr. 104.
Julianus, Latr. 169.
Kumara, Moore, 166.
Longinus, Fabr. 109.
Maecenas, Fabr. 102.
Mevius, Fabr. 172.
Maro, Fabr. 172.
Mathias, Fabr. 169.
Narooa, Moore, 167.
Pan, Fabr. 104.
Pandia, Moore, 165.
Parrhasius, Fabr. 85.
Phenicis, Hewits. 174.
Phocides, Fabr. 112.
Plato, Kabr. 86.
Plinius, Fabr. 82.
seriata, Moore, 166.
Strabo, Fabr. 91.
subgrisea, Moore, 168.
Theophrastus, Fabr. 81.
Xanthopogon, Kollar, 159.

HESPERIIDS, 156.

Hestia, Hiibn. 2.

Jasonia, Westw. 3.
Hipio, Hibn. 14.
Hiroseritia, Geyer. 1338.

Narendra, Moore, 134.
Horaea, Moore, 98.

ciniata, Hewits. 99.
Hourpuina, Moore, 136.

Phryne, Fabr. 136.

Remba, Moore, 137.
Hyaroris, Moore, 174.

Adrastus, Cram. 174
Hypanis, Boisd. 45.

Polinice, Boisd. 45.
Hypochrysops elegans, Druce, 98.
Hypolimnas, Hubn. 57.
TIpmats, Boisd. 130.

modesta, Butler, 131.

tripuncta, Butler, 130.
Talmenus chrysomallus, Hewits. 100.
Tirapes, Hiibn. 147.

Parinda, Moore, 148.

INDEX.

Tolaus Deva, Moore, 108.
Iphias, Boisd. 127.
Glaucippe, Boisd. 127.
Traora, Moore, 101.
Mecenas, Mabr. 102.
Isamra, Moore, 10.
Sinhala, Moore, 10.
Ismenez, Swains. 157.
Aria, Moore, 164.
Cidipodea, Swans. 158.
subfasciata, Moore, 164.
Tsoteinon vittatus, Feld. 162.
Ixrtas, Hubn. 125.
Bebryce, Huibn. 126.
Cingalensis, Moore, 126.
Marianne, Cram. 126.
Pirenassa, Wallace, 125.
JamipEs, Hubn. 86.
Bochus, Cram. 86.
JUNONIA, Hiibn. 40.
Asterie, Zinn. 48.
Iphita, Butler, 39.
Javana, Feld. 48.
Laomedia, Butler, 40.
Lemonias, Zinn. 41.
Nicobariensis, Feld. 43.
Ocyale, Hibn. 41.
Gnone, Linn. 42.
Orithya, Linn. 41.
Katina, Westw. 386.
Mackwoodi, Moore, 37.
Philarchus, Westw. 37.
Larrtias, Hiibn. 150.
Romulus, Cram. 150.
LampipEs, Hiibn. 94.
/Blianus, Fabr. 94.
Beticus, Butler, 93.
Cnejus, Butler, 92.
Coruseans, Moore, 96.
Elpis, Godt. 95.
lithargyria, Moore, 91.
Plato, Butler, 86.
prominens, Moore, 88.
pseudelpis, Butler, 95.
Strabo, Butler, 91.
Theophrastus, Butler, 81.
viola, Moore, 89.
Lrmonup”, 67.
Lerun, Hibn. 16.
Daretis, Hewits. 18.
Drypetes, Hewits. 17.

Neelgherriensis, Guér. 16.

iB lp B

LretsE Sthala, Moore, 19.
LisYTHZIN®, 67.
LispytuHea, Fabr. 67.
Rama, Moore, 68.
Limenitis Calidasa, Moore, 48.
Loxura, Horsf. 110.
arcuata, Moore, 111.
LInucia Epius, Westw. 71.
Lycena Ailianus, Horsf. 94.
Alexis, Moore, 94.
Ardates, Moore, 90.
atratus, Horsf. 89.
Betica, Horsf. 98.
Cnejus, Horsf. 92.
Decidia, Hewits. 84.
Elpis, Horsf. 95.
Hithion, Doubleday, 83.
mdica, Murray, 79.
Kandarpa, Horsf. 91.
Kurava, Moore, 89.
Nila, Horsf. 86.
macrophthalma, Feld. 89.
Pandava, Horsf. 92.
Parrhasius, Horsf. 85.
Plinius, Horsf. 82.
Putli, Kollar, 77.
pygmea, Snellin, 79.
Rosimon, Horsf. 83:
Singalensis, Feld. 76.
Theophrastus, Horsf. 81.
Lycz#nestHeEs, Moore, 87.
Lycenina, Feld. 87.
Lycnip#, 69.
Macropi#a, Butler, 9.
Elisa, Butler, 9.
Marapa, Moore, 1638.
Aria, Moore, 164.
Subfasciata, Moore, 164.
Mecispa, Moore, 71.
Thwaitesi, Moore, 71.
Meranitis, Fabr. 14.
Ismene, Cram. 14.
Leda, Linn, 15.
Tambra, Moore, 15.
Menetarpes, Hibn. 151.
Ceylonica, Moore, 151.
Hector, Linn. 152.
Jophon, Gray, 152.
Messaras, Doubleday, 64.
Minetra, Boisd. 46.
Mopuza, Moore, 47.
Calidasa, Moore, 48.

188

Mopuza Murtia, Hiibn. 121.
Mycalesis, Hibn. 20.
Blasius, Butler, 21.
Gamaliba, Butler, 22.
Mandata, Moore, 22.
Mineus, Butler, 22.
Painia, Moore, 23.
Perseus, Butler, 21.
Myrina Amor, Butler, 99.
ciniata, Hewits. 99.
Phocides, Butler, 112.
Sugriva, Moore, 112.
Nacapusa, Moore, 88.
Ardates, Moore, 90.
atrata, Horsf. 89.
macrophthalma, Feld. 89-
prominens, Moore, 88.
viola, Moore, 89.
Narmapa, Moore, 13.
montana, Feld. 13.
Nectarta, Dalm. 2.
NepuHeronia, Butler, 138.
Ceylonica, Feld. 138.
fraterna, Moore, 139.
spiculifera, Moore, 139.
Nepris, Fabr. 54.
disrupta, Moore, 55.
Jumba, Moore, 55.
sinuata, Moore, 56.
Varmona, Moore, 55.
Nizasera, Moore, 114.
Amantes, Hewits. 115.
Pirama, Moore, 116.
Nina, Horsf. 117.
Nissanea, Moore, 23.
Patnia, Moore, 23.
Nycurrona, Butler, 117.
Xiphia, Fabr. 118.
NYMPHALIDS, 1.
NYMPHALINA, 26.
ORNITHOPTERA, Boisd. 154.
Amphimedon, Doubleday, 155.
Darsius, Gray, 155.
OxpuHeipes, Hiibn. 146.
Erithonius, Cram. 147.
Orsorriana, Wallengren, 22.
Mandata, Moore, 22.
Pachlioptera, Reakirt, 154.
Papraona, Moore, 170.
Goloides, Moore, 171.
mesoides, Butler, 171.
pseudomesa, Moore, 170.

INDEX.

Pamphila Bambuse, Moore, 170.
Mesa, Moore, 170.
Mesoides, Butler, 171.
similis, Mab. 169.

Papilio Adrastus, Cram. 174.
Aigistus, Cram. 145.
Esopus, Fabr. 74.
Agamemnon, Linn. 145.
Alcibiades, Fabr. 142.
Alcmeone, Cram. 122.
Alcyone, Cram. 125.
Alexis, Fabr. 161.
Alexis, Stoll, 94.
Amor, Fabr. 99.
Antiphates, Cram. 142.
Aonis, Cram. 41.
Argynnis, Drury, 60.
Asterie, Linn. 48.
Aurora, Cram. 128.
Avia, Fabr. 58.
Beticus, Linn. 98.
Bisaltide, Cram. 38.
Blasius, Fabr. 21.
Bochus, Cram. 86.
Bolina, Linn. 58.
Cardui, Linn. 50.
Catilla, Cram. 122.
Cephea, Cram. 66.
Ceylonicus, Feld. 150
Chromus, Cram. 161
Chryseis, Drury, 125
Chrysippus, Linn. 7.
Cinyra, Cram. 74.
Clyton, Cram. 83.
Coridon, Cram. 83.
Crocale, Cram. 122.
Dane, Fabr. 129.
Demoleus, Esp. 147.
Diocippus, Cram. 59.
dissimilis, Linn. 153.
Dorylus, Sulzer, 145.
Doson, Feld. 145.
Drusia, Cram. 20.
Epius, Fabr. 147.
Erithonius, Cram. 147.
Eucharis, Drury, 140.
Eucharis, Fabr. 128.
Evagete, Cram. 136.
Evelina, Stoll. 34.
exclamationis, Fabr. 157
Fabius, Fabr. 29.
Folus, Cram. 177.

Papilio Genutia, Cram. 6.
Glaucippe, Linn. 127.
Gnoma, Fabr. 123.
Hecabe, Linn. 118.
Hector, Linn. 152.
Helenus, Linn. 149.
Hierta, Fabr. 42.
Hilaria, Cram. 122.
Ilea, Fabr. 124.
Llithyia, Drury, 45.
Inaria, Cram. 59.
Iphita, Cram. 39. .
Ismene, Cram. 14.
Jacintha, Drury, 58.
Jason, Esper. 145.
Jophon, Gray, 152.
Jugurtha, Cram. 122.
Ladon, Cram. 157.
Lankeswara, Moore, 154.
Leda, Linn. 15.
Lemonias, Linn. 41.
Limniace, Cram. 4.
Libythea, Fabr. 134.
LIubentina, Cram. 31.
Maimon, Fabr. 83.
Marianne, Cram. 126.
Meges, Hiibn. 142.
DMineus, Linn. 22.
Misippus, Linn. 59.
Montana, Feld. 146.
Nazis, Forster, 35.
Nina, Fabr. 118.
Niphe, Linn. 60.
Nomius, Esper. 142.
Ginone, Linn. 42.
Orestes, Fabr. 142.
Orithya, Linn. 41.
Perseus, Fabr. 21.
Phedrus, Fabr. 74.
Phalanta, Drury, 62.
Philippina, Cram. 123.
Phryne, Fabr. 136.
Plexippus, Fabr. 6.
Polynice, Cram. 45.
Pompilius, Fabr. 142.
Pyranthe, Linn. 124.
Romulus, Cram. 150.
Rosimon, Fabr. 83.
similis, Fabr. 4.
Solon, Fabr. 29.
Telephus, Feld. 144.
Teredon, Feld. 143.

Papilio Thais, Fabr. 63.
Thetys, Drury, 74.
Thyelia, Fabr. 35.
Thyrsis, Fabr. 165.
Titania, Fabr. 122.
Triopas, Cram. 99.
Viole, Linn. 66.
Xiphia, Fabr. 118.

PAPILionips#, 116.

PaPiLionin#, 141.

Parantica, Moore, 7.
Ceylonica, Feld. 8.

ParatTa, Moore, 160.
Alexis, Fabr. 161.
Chromus, Cram. 161.

Parnara, Moore, 166.
Bada, Moore, 167.
Cingala, Moore, 167.
Narooa, Moore, 167.

PARTHENOS, Hiibn. 46.
Cyaneus, Moore, 46.

Paruysa, Reakirt, 141.
Antiphates, Cram. 142.
Nomius, Esper, 142.

Phedra, Horsf. 738.
terricola, Horsf. 74.

Phalanta, Horsf. 61.
Columbina, Horsf. 62.

Prerinz&, 116.

Pieris Epicharis, Godt. 140.
Galene, Feld. 132.
Libitina, Godt. 134.
Neombo, Boisd. 131.
Phryne, Butler, 136.
Remba, Moore, 137.
Rouzii, Boisd. 134.
Sita, Feld. 141.
taprobana, Moore, 187.
Titea, Godt. 128.

Pinacopteryx, Wallengren, 137.

PirHecors, Horsf. 72.
Dharma, Moore, 72.

PLeEsIONEURA, Feld. 177.
Alysos, Moore, 178.
mfernus, Feld. 179.
Praba, Moore, 174.
restricta, Moore, 178.
spilothyrus, Feld. 179.

Podalirius Pompilius, Swains. 142.

Potyommatus, Latr. 93.
Akasa, Horsf. 75.
Beticus, Linn. 93.

INDEX.

Potyommatts Lipis, Godt. 95.
Karsandra, Moore, 78.
Lanka, Moore, 76.
lavendularis, Moore, 75.
Nyseus, Guér. 97.
Varunana, Moore, 77.

Pontia, Boisd. 117.

Nina, Horsf. 118.
Xiphia, Butler, 118.

Pratapa, Moore, 108.
Deva, Moore, 108.

Precis, Hiibn. 39.
intermedia, Feld. 39.
Iphita, Cram. 39.
Laomedia, Zinn. 40.

PrioneRris, Wallace, 140.
Sita, Meld. 141.

Pterygospidea, Wallengren, 175.
Ransonnetii, Feld. 182.
Potiphera, Hewits. 182.

Pyramets, Hiibn. 49.
Calliroe, Hiibn. 50.
Cardui, Linn. 50.
indica, Herbst. 50.

Pyrgus, Hiibn. 182.

Galba, Fabr. 183.
Superna, Moore, 183.

Ravena, Moore, 3.
exprompta, Butler, 4.

Rauinpa, Moore, 56.
sinuata, Moore, 56.

Rapata, Moore, 105.
lazulina, Moore, 105.

Raturnpa, Moore, 99.
Amor, Fabr. 99.

Rowana, Moore, 27.
Camiba, Moore, 27.

SataturA, Moore, 5.
Chrysippus, Linn. 7.
Genutia, Cram. 6.

SarancGesa, Moore, 176.
albicilia, Moore, 176.

SaTyrin#&, 13.

Scelothriz, Ramb. 182.

Spates, Moore, 70.
Epius, Westw. 71.

Spindasis, Wallengren, 105.
Ceylonica, Feld. 107.

Suastus, Moore, 168.
Gremius, Fabr. 168.
subgrisea, Moore, 168.

Surenpra, Moore, 112.

189

SURENDRA discalis, Moore, 1138.
SyMPH@DRA, Hiibn. 34.
Nais, Forster, 35.
Thyelia, Doubleday, 35.
Syrichtus, Boisd. 182.
Tachyris Libythea, Butler, 134.
Taaiapes, Hiibn, 175.
Atticus, Fabr. 175.
distans, Moore, 175.
Folus, Butler, 177.
minuta, Moore, 176.
TasurtiA, Moore, 108.
Longinus, Fabr. 109.
Taxrcapa, Moore, 96,
Nyseus, Guér, 97.
Tarena, Moore, 181.
Thwaitesi, Aoore, 181.
TaractoceRA, Butler, 172.
Mevius, Fabr. 172.
Tarucus, Moore, 81.
Plinius, abr. 82.
Theophrastus, Fabr. 81,
Tetcuinia, Hiibn. 65.
Cephea, Hibn. 66.
Violx, Fabr. 66.
Telegonus Thyrsis, Butler, 165.
Texicota, Moore, 169.
Bambuse, Moore, 170.
Teracolus Hucharis, Butler, 128.
limbatus, Butler, 129.
modestus, Butler, 131.
sanguinalis, Butler, 129.
TeERIAS, Swains. 118.
Cingala, Moore, 120.
citrina, Moore, 119.
Drona, Horsf. 120.
Hecabe, Linn. 118.
heeabeoides, Ménetr. 119.
Rama, Moore, 121.
rotundalis, Moore, 120.
simulata, Moore, 119.
uniformis, Moore, 120.
Thecla Isocrates, Westw. 104.
Thestias, Boisd. 125.
Marianne, Boisd. 126.
Pirenassa, Wallace, 125.
Thyca, Wallengren, 139.
Eucharis, Wallace, 140.
Thymele Benjamini, Guér. 159.
Trrumata, Moore, 4.
Limniace, Cram. 4.
septentrionis, Butler, 5.

190

Troides, Hibn. 154.
Upaspgs, Moore, 177.
Folus, Cram. 177.
Valeria, Horsf. 138.
Vanessa, Fabr. 48.

Haronica, Moore, 49.
VrracHoLa, Moore, 104.
Tsocrates, Habr. 104.

INDEX.

VirAcHOLA Perse, Hewits. 104.

Yrruima, Hiibn. 24.

Ceylonica, Hewits. 25.

Singala, Feld. 24.
Thora, Moore, 24.

Zephyrius Amor, Guér. 99.

Zesius, Hiibn. 100.

chrysomallus, Hiibn. 100.

ZeTIDES, Hiibn. 144.
Telephus, Feld. 144.
Agamemnon, Linn. 144.

Doson, Feld. 145.

| ZizpRA, Moore, 78.

indica, Murray, 79.
Karsandra, Moore, 78.
| . pygmea, Snellin, 79,

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