JUNE, 1923

MEMOIR 68

CORNELL UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND
NEIGHBORING STATES

Primitive Forms

Microlepidoptera

Pyraloids

Bombyces

WILLIAM T. M FORBES

ITHACA, NEW YORK
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
Received for publication May 18, 1920

PREFACE

The work which follows is intended primarily to make easier the
recognition of the Lepidoptera of the State of New York, and to assem-
ble so far as possible the known data on their life histories, whether
published or in the form of notes associated with the various collec-
tions. The work is, in a sense, a compilation, but largely of matter
never before published. The keys, in particular, are for the most part
a new venture, since for many groups of American Lepidoptera none
have ever before been worked out ; even the published keys to European
forms are in need of revision. I cannot hope that my keys are per-
fect, but rather that, as a contribution in a new field, they may serve
as a basis on which to build in the search for further knowledge.

The present contribution includes about half — the more primitive
half — of the Lepidoptera. I have accumulated some data on the
remainder, but it may be long before my notes are ready to publish.

My indebtedness is so general as to make a detailed acknowledgment
impossible. Every one I have approached, has helped me, and this
means almost every Lepidopterist and the authorities of every con-
siderable museum in the eastern United States. My first and greatest
debt has been to the late Dr. John B. Smith, who, at Rutgers, encour-
aged me to begin such a piece of work, and gave me a great deal of
valuable counsel. The signed contributions of Dr. Annette F. Braun
and that of Mr. Carl Heinrich speak for themselves. No one else
could have worked up the Nepticulidse, the Coleophoridse, and
Lithocolletis. I have also been in almost continual consultation with
them concerning many other groups where their names do not appear.
I have consulted Mr. August Busck on every single group of the
Tineids, and in most cases have followed his advice. I made the
final draft of this memoir and prepared the drawings in the laboratories
of Cornell University in 1919. I have incorporated a considerable part
of the data published since that date, and have completely rewritten
the section dealing with the Olethreutinse and the Pterophoridae ; but
it has not been possible to make the additions complete, nor to verify
the New York records and adjust them to the new work. In the most
important cases these have been noted in the text.

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
Ithaca, New York
June, 1923.

13]

CONTENTS

PAGE

Preface 3

Introduction 7

Variation 9

Relationships 13

Distribution 16

Structure, imago 19

Structure, larva 31

Structure, pupa 32

Synopsis of families 34

Key to families, imago 45

Key to families, larva 52

Key to families, pupa 57

Jugate 62

Micropterygidae 62

Eriocraniidse 64

Hepialidae 66

Frenatae 70

Incurvarioidea 72

Incurvariidae 72

Nepticuloidea 79

Nepticulidae (by Annette F. Braun) . . 79

Zygsenoidea 99

Megalopygidse 101

Eucleidae 102

Pyromorphidae 113

Tineoidea 115

Tineidae 116

Psychidae 140

Tischeriidae 145

Lyonetiidae 148

Opostegidse 160

Gracilariidae (Lithocolletis by Annette

F. Braun) 161

Coleophoridae (by Carl Heinrich) 202

Cycnodioidea 218

Cycnodiidae 218

Douglasiidae 224

Heliozelidse.. ... 225

PAGE

Gelechioidea 229

(Ecophoridae 230

Xylorictidae 250

Gelechiidae 255

Blastobasidae 308

Lavernidae 318

Yponomeutoidea 335

Yponomeutidae 337

Glyphipterygidae 350

Heliodinidae 356

^Egeriidae 360

Tortricoidea 375

Tortricidae 376

Phaloniidse 499

Carposinidae 513

Cossidae 516

Pyralidoidea 521

Thyrididae 521

Pyralididae 523

Pterophoridae 639

Ornepdidae 652

Uranioidea 654

Epiplemidae 654

Lacosomidae 656

Saturnioidea 659

Citheroniidae 664

Saturniidae 668

Bombycoidea 676

Eupterotidae 678

Bombycidse 679

Lasiocampidae 679

Drepanoidea 684

Thyatiridae 685

Drepanidae ' 688

Food index 693

Name index 703

[5]

LEPIDOPTEEA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES
WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

The primary purpose of this memoir is to describe the kinds of Lepi-
doptera, or butterflies and moths, which occur in New York, and those
which, though they have not as yet been taken in the State, belong to
the same fauna, as many of these will sooner or later be found within
it. And a second purpose, of nearly equal if not of greater importance,
is to indicate, as briefly as practicable, the main facts in the life his-
tory of each. Though monographs of certain isolated groups are avail-
able, there is no work dealing comprehensively with the American
forms of this interesting and economically most important order.

As a measure of economy, colored figures, bibliography, and ref-
erences are omitted. These appear unnecessary since W. J. Holland,
in The Moth Book1, provides colored figures of a large proportion of
our more conspicuous species; while Barnes and McDunnough have a
full bibliography nearly ready for the press, and Dyar's List2, already
published, furnishes a convenient index to the literature.

Every part of this memoir has been made as concise as possible with-
out sacrifice of clearness. For this reason two types of keys are used.
The one 'in which the categories are indicated by successive indentation
is most convenient for quick reference, and is employed wherever prac-
ticable. In the case of very bulky keys, however, such as the keys
to the families, and the one to the species of Tortricidae resembling
Eucosma, a more compact arrangement has proved necessary. Descrip-
tions of genera and species have been reduced to skeletons, in the man-
ner customary in zoological publications. Dimensions are given in
millimeters : this is the more convenient unit in the case of the small
forms; in the larger it is easily remembered that 25 millimeters equals
1 inch. Dates and distributions are approximate only, but as accurate
as can be given with the material at hand.

As to nomenclature, the author has followed the tradition of usage
more closely than any particular code, though such rules of usage as
are almost universally accepted have been followed even to the upsetting
of a few familiar names. In any disputed case the more familiar name
is used. Other names which have gained currency are noted in paren-
theses. Names of varieties and races, so far as they appear to indicate
a real difference, are noted, the more important ones in separate para-
graphs, though without a number, the less important by casual phrases
in the description of the species to which they belong.

' Holland, W. J. The Moth Book, p. 1-479. 1903.

1 Dyar. Harrison G. A list of North American Lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of
insects. United States National Museum. Bui. 52: 1-723. 1902.

[7]

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

TAXONOMY

This is not the place for a monograph on the laws of nature, but
the following outline will make clearer the writer's point of view as
to the status of the forms discussed.

A species is considered to be : A group of individuals separated from
all others by tangible characters, breeding freely among themselves,
but not with other individuals. Fifty years ago this would have been
sufficient. Now that the continuity of evolution has become obvious,
we must recall that at some time- any given species was coming into
being, was being set off from its relatives, and was acquiring its char-
acteristic property of not interbreeding with them. During such a
period-, which may conceivably have been long or short, the species
would be imperfectly defined; individuals would interbreed with their
cousins, but more and more rarely, and with imperfect fertility; and
the various strains would be acquiring adaptations to new environ-
ments or climates, which would reduce the probability of intermating.
And along with all this, differences of structure would be developing,
distinguishing them to the human eye. In fact, many groups are now in
this intermediate state, as witness the asters and the violets in the plant
kingdom, and the Apanteses and the Euxoas among the Lepidoptera.
Further, it is often, and in the Lepidoptera usually, unknown, to what
point this isolation has reached; so we must use our best judgment in
deciding what is a species and what a mere variety in any given case.

In order to make clearer the relationships of animals, species are
grouped in a series of successively larger categories: genus, family,
order, class, and phylum (subkingdom} , within the animal kingdom.
Besides these, in groups as large and as complexly related as the insects,
intermediate groupings are employed: subgenus for a group of species
within a genus; subfamily, suborder, and subclass similarly. Super-
family is used to designate a group of families3, and tribe for a group
of closely related genera. The ' values of these categories are really
arbitrary, and there has been a continual tendency to split groups; in
fact, the superfamily of the present day is smaller than the genus
of Linnaeus (1758). As to the genus, however, we have an imperfect
criterion. Member of a single genus (on the average) produce hybrids,
but sterile or of low fertility; members of different genera do not.
Even here we find Nature draws no sharp lines, for, in isolated favor-
able cases, hybrids have been produced between widely different animals,
though such always seem destined to an early death, in an embryonic
stage.

In the course of the splitting of groups just mentioned, it is the
practice to preserve the original name for one of the sections into

* Some early authors call this a tribe.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 9

which an earlier category is divided. In the case of a tribe or larger
group, whose name is derived from that of a genus, the subdivision in
which that genus remains holds its name. When, however, a genus is
divided, a species typical of the genus is taken (the type), which shall
always be included in the genus retaining the old name. In many cases
the proposer of a genus has designated the type ; in others, the selection
has been left to a later worker, and there is a good deal of confusion
as to its selection. Thi,s confusion has been the basis of most of the
changes of name of familiar insects with which the worker on Lepi-
doptera is cursed.

In the present memoir we are dealing with part of a single order,
the Lepidoptera, belonging to the class Insecta. The suborders, super-
families, families, subfamilies, tribes, genera, subgenera, and species
are all systematically arranged in the text, and need no further
explanation.

VARIATION

A species is, next to an individual, the most fundamental unit of
living nature ; but species themselves are not homogeneous. For inter-
crossing, which tends to bring things to an average, is offset by varia-
tion, which is continually producing new forms.

Although not as a rule striking, and often ill-defined, the most funda-
mental subdivision of a species is the race (also called subspecies, or
variety, as that word is used by many German and English workers) ;
these are forms isolated by difference of locality or habitat. Races are
more or less clearly defined according to the amount of intercrossing
between them; and this, in its turn, is a function of both the distances
involved and the mobility of individuals. Some stocks, also, appear
to be inherently more variable than others. So an active species, like
Vanessa cardui, has few races, though its distribution is almost world-
wide; while in the case of some Lycsenas and Haploas, each patch of
ground has its local form — a little race — distinct from those around
it. Such minute races are known as strains. In general, races are
distinguished from each other by a large number of minute characters,
none of which are wholly constant, so that occasionally there will be
found, in any region, forms that belong rather to some other race.
Races breed true, at least so long as their environment remains constant.

Another type of variation is seasonal. Many species have more than
one generation a year ; and in that case specimens from one season are
often recognizably, and sometimes strikingly, different from those
of another. This variation is usually a response to the weather,
wholly or in part, so that it is not very rare for a form normal, perhaps,
in the spring, to appear in a cold summer, or in a cold breeding cage,
or even erratically if the individual larva has grown up and trans-

10 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

formed in abnormal surroundings. In the period of change from
larva to pupa, specimens have been found to be most sensitive to
external conditions, but the effect may be perceptible throughout
larval life.

Thirdly come food-varieties, which are, perhaps, sometimes of the same
nature as strains, sometimes as seasonal forms, but associated with
differences in larval food. Aside from the minor cases of stunting
from unfavorable food, and of exuberant growth with favorable, there
is at least one case, that of Halysidota* tessellaris, where definite forms
are associated with different food plants.

Mendelian forms, like races, breed true so long as pure. They do
not need to be segregated locally, but act as units in inheritance. Some
are dominant, their characteristics appearing in every individual that
carries the factor that causes them; others are recessive, only appear-
ing in those individuals that happen to inherit the proper factor from
both parents. The latter, of course, may be covered up for a series of
generations, and then suddenly appear as the result of a favorable
mating. The details of this type of inheritance are exceedingly com-
plicated, and are explained in several recent textbooks on heredity.
Striking cases of inheritance of this type exist in the genus Apantesis.
In A. nais it involved the black costal edge, the black-spotted collar, the
black face, the red hind wings, and some other characters, each inherited
independently of the others. Such Mendelian characters are supposed to
have arisen by an abrupt change, or mutation, in the germ of some indi-
vidual. Many cases have been studied in the Lepidoptera. Mendelian
forms, as well as minor races, are often called strains on account of
their tendency to breed true.

Many variations, lastly, are produced wholly or largely by external
causes; and we are ignorant of the true nature of many. These are
generally known as varieties ("aberrations" of Staudinger, Jordan,
and their followers), or, if rare and widely different from the normal
form, as aberrations.

Monstrosities are deviations in structure from the norm of a species.
They may be slight, or so radical as to be incapable of continued life;
and may be a result either of an inherited factor, or of some external
influence in an early stage. Mere mutilations are not considered mon-
strosities.

It is customary to use as the name of a species its genus and species
names. The former is a noun in the singular, and of Latin form; the
latter, when an adjective, is made to agree with it in gender. All
names of genera are written with a capital, and in entomology it is
customary nowadays to write those of all species with a small letter. To

« Thia is Hubner'g original spelling of the name, justified by ite derivation from the Greek.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 11

this combination the name of the author who first described or figured
the species is often added. For a race, its name (with that of the
author if desired) is added after the species name; and for a seasonal
form, or named variety, or aberration, or Mendelian form, its name is
added, preferably prefixing the notation variety (abbreviated var. or v.),
aberration (ab.), or form (/.), to distinguish it from a race.

As an example, to give fully the name of the early spring form of
the Azure Blue we write Lyccena argiolus pseudargiolus f . lucia Kirby.

There is often uncertainty as to whether a given form is a species
or a race. I have listed such forms according to what appears to me
their most probable status, sometimes noting the uncertainty.

The following striking cases of variation are listed from the Lepi-
doptera of our fauna :

Races (Local forms) :

Argynnis aphrodite (Atlantic), alcestis (Mississippi Valley), and
cipris (Rocky Mts.).

Basilarchia astyanax (Atlantic), arthemis (Northeastern), rubro-
fasciata (Northern Rockies), and arizonensis (Arizona).

Cercyonis pegala (Gulf strip), alope (Eastern), nephele (Northeast-
ern), and olympus (Mississippi Valley).

Lyccena argiolus (Europe), pseudargiolus (general eastward), nigra
(Appalachians), etc.

Lyccena couperi (Northern), and lygdamas (Appalachians).

Pholus satellitia (Antilles), and pandorus (Northeastern).

Hemaris tliysbe (Northern), and floridensis (Southern).

Zale lunifera (Atlantic), and lineosa (Mississippi Valley).

Automeris io (Northern), and lilith (Florida).

Eacles imperialis (Northern), and nobilis (Texas).

Seasonal forms:

Papilio marcellus (early spring), telamonides (late spring) and
lecontei (summer).

Phyciodes tharos (summer), and marcia (spring).

Polygonia comma (winter), and dryas (summer).

Polygonia interrogationis (winter), and umbrosa (summer) : these
two imperfectly seasonal.

Hemaris diffinis (summer), and tenuis (spring).

Lyccena pseudargiolus lucia (partly local), marginata, violacea, pseud-
argiolus.

Eutrapela kentaria (spring), and glaucaria (summer).

Eutrapela alciphearia (spring), and ornata (summer).

Peronea minuta (summer), and Cinderella (winter).

12 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Sexual forms (a few striking examples) :

Argynnis diana (male red, female blue).

Argynnis uialia (male with red marginal spots, female with white).

Chryaopkanus thoc (male purple, female red and black).

Lyc<tna pseudargiolus (female only with black border).

Lycana comyntas and scuddcri (male blue, female black).

Pieris rapcc (female with an additional spot).

Eurymus philodice and cunjtheme (female with spots in border).

Pampkila brettus and zabulon (male tawny, female black).

Callosamia promethea (male black and diurnal, female red and noc-
turnal).

Automcris io (male yellow, female dark).

Eaclcs impcrialis (male with red patches, absent in female).

Estigmcne acraa (male with yellow hind wings, female white).

Apantcsis phalcrata (male writh pale hind wings, female with red).

Alypia langtonii (eastern male with two white spots on hind wing,
female always with one yellow).

Tarache tcrminimacula (pattern different in sexes).

Biston quernaria (male dark and short-winged, female light and long-
winged).

Erannis tiliaria (male yellow and brown, female black and white, and
wingless).

Kymphula maculalis (male black and white, female normally gray).

ffymphula seminealis (male with white submarginal band).

Acroiophus mora (male blackish, female brown).

Prionoxystus robinice (male with yellow hind wing, female gray).

Prionoxystus macmurtrei (female many times larger than male).

Dimorphism not wholly sexual (so far as known, Mendelian) :

Eurymus species (white and yellow females).

Eurymus eurytheme (both sexes yellow or orange).

Pieris rapCB (white), and nov&anglice (yellow male).

Papilio turnus (yellow), and glaucus (southern black female).

Pamphila hobomok (tawny), and pocahontas (black female).

Pamphila massasoit (yellow below), and suffusa (dark below).

Apantesis nais (red and yellow females) ; also many less striking

cases in the genus.
Catocala paloeogama and other species of Catocala (black-banded

forms).

Deilinea liberaria (tawny), and Helena (brown-banded).
Aplodes brunnearia and bistriaria (green and brown forms).
Nymphula icciusalis (yellow or brown ground).
Nymphula maculalis (dark or spotted male; white or gray female).

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 13

The so-called species of Haploa, except clymene, should perhaps be
put in this category.

In the west we have also the white and yellow males of Estigmene
acrcea, and the yellow and black forms of Papilio polyxenes. There are
many cases of dimorphic or polymorphic larvae, where the moth varies
but little; the following are conspicuous cases, the alternative color
being usually green and brown or black.

Dimorphic or polymorphic larva
Papilio polyxenes (light or dark).
Vanessa cardui (white to black).
DeilephUa lineata (green, checkered, or black).
Lapara harrisii (green and white, or brown).
Sphecodina dbbotii (green spots on brown, or checkered).
Herse cingulata (green or brown).
Sphinx chersis (green or pink).
Several other Sphingidae (green or brown).
Tropcza luna (green or reddish head).
Eacles imperialis (green, tawny and black, or black).
Citheronia regalis (green, blue, brown, or rose).
Acronycta (many species).

Noctua c-nigrum (brown; in summer often green).
Leucania unipuncta (brown or black').

Cosymbia lumenaria (green and striped, or brown and checkered).
Lygris diversilineata, and many other geometers (green or brown).
Cucullia asteroides (green, or yellow and white).

Moths of high variability

Telea polyphemus (tawny, yellow, brown, or olive).
Automeris io (female).
Feralia jocosa (green, cream, or brown).
Brotolomia iris (amount of green and purple).
Lithacodia muscosula (green or gray).
Metrocampa prcegrandaria (green or gray, both fading to yellow).

The instability of green and purple pigments is notable. Most species
with these colors fade rapidly while still alive, sometimes even before
emergence from the pupa.

RELATIONSHIPS

It is impossible to represent the true relationships of the Lepidoptera
in a linear arrangement. In general, the main branches of the order
have been placed according to their degree of specialization as a whole ;
but where development has been in such varied directions this is a

14

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

more or less arbitrary process. Thus the butterflies (Rhopalocera)
have been placed at the end, as furthest developed of all, but the
relationships of the base of their stock are clearly with the Cossidffi-

Nocfc/o/dea

Prepor?otdea
Geometrrdoe

Casfai/dae

.1
Coss/cfcre

Yponomeui'oic/ea Gefech/oic/ea

Nepticu

Hepia/idae

Ertocran't'cfae

. -—

M/'cropferyyidae

MEUffOPTERA

FlG. 1. GENEAIXX3Y OF THE LEPIDOPTESIA

At the time of preparing this chart I was unable to place the Pyralidoidea. I now believe they should
be derived from the Yponomcutoidea

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

15

an undoubtedly early type; and the lowest butterflies are but little
removed from the highest of the Cossid type (the tropical American
and Australian Castniidae). In certain ways (as in the thoracic
sclerites) even the highest butterflies show their primitive character.
For such reasons some recent authors have inserted the butterflies next
to the Cossidae, and have put the Euchromiidae or Noctuidae at the
pinnacle of the order. It should be remembered, in any case, that each
is the terminal of a long line of separate descent: and a true arrange-
ment would put them side by side rather than one above the other.

The diagram (fig. 1) indicates the writer's impression of the probable
relationship of the families. The Jugatae are undoubtedly an early
type and approaching extinction. The Frenatae can scarcely have
descended from either of the three Jugate families, but must have come
from a stock with the haustellum, ovipositor, and tibial spurs of the
Eriocraniidae, and the larva of the Hepialidae. The earliest type of
Frenate must have been much like Incur varia, but doubtless larger,
and with characters that have been lost in all the aculeate genera, but
survive in the lower Tineidae, such as Acrolophus and Scardia. From
such a type the Tineine superfamilies have arisen as separate branches,
the Tortricoidea perhaps as another branch, or in association with the
Yponomeutoidea, and the Pyraloids and higher Frenatae doubtless
from a common stem with the Yponomeutoids, but diverging very early.

In a similar way, the individual superfamilies of the Macrofrenatae
must have separated very early; but the Drepanoidea, Uranioidea,
Saturnioidea, and Geometroidea may have hung together a short time
after the Sphingidae and the Noctuoidea had become distinct.

As to the internal evolution of the superfamilies, little is clear in

most Cases, Save that the author has No/idae /Imatidae Ayanstidoe

aimed to arrange the families in
order, from the more generalized to
the specialized. In the noctuid
group the relationship is a little
clearer (fig. 2), the connection be-
tween Notodontidse, Liparidae, and the
remaining families being through the
exotic families Hypsidae and Peri-
copidae. The Hypsidae have the
primitive venation of the Liparidae
but have preserved the ocelli and the
tongue. The Dioptidae have the tri-
fid venation and the free Sc of the
Notodontidae, but the tympanum is of a primitive type from which the
others may be derived.

In the butterflies, the line of descent through Hesperiidae and Papili-

Lipartdae

Coct/h

A/ofodonhdae

P/opfidae

FlG. 2. GENEALOGY OF THE FAMILIES
BELATED TO THE TSOCTUIDM

16 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

onidae to the Pieridae is clear, and the Nymphalidae are certainly a
direct offshoot of the Pieridee; but the attachment of the Lycsenidfie is

less certain.

DISTRIBUTION

The life zones of New York and the adjacent States are :

1. Arctic-alpine 4. Alleghanian or Transition

2. Hudsonian 5. Carolinian or Upper Austral

3. Canadian 6. Austroriparian or Lower Austral

In northeastern North America, the Arctic-alpine zone is confined
to the true Arctic region and the tops of the White Mountains of New
Hampshire. The Green Mountains, . the Adirondacks, Mt. Katahdin,
the Catskills, and even some lesser peaks have stray alpine species,
but south of the Catskills there are none. The bleak coast of Lab-
rador belongs to this zone, but the inland shows the wooded character
of the Hudsonian zone.

The Hudsonian zone is marked by an average midsummer tem-
perature of about 50° to 57°F., and by the dominance of fir, spruce,
and tamarack. It covers the continent from the Laurentians north,
and shows on the higher levels of all our mountains, even south to
North Carolina. Characteristic of its northern portion are Brenthis
montinus, Polygonia gracilis, and Alypia langtonii. South of the
Mohawk Valley its Lepidoptera have not been recognized as distinct
from the Canadian forms.

The Canadian zone has an average temperature of 57° to 64°F ,
and also is a great area of conifer forest, but one readily giving place
to many deciduous trees. While characteristic of Canada and north-
ern Maine, the most fully cultivated parts of Canada, including the
sheltered inner half of Nova Scotia and all of Quebec and Ontario
south of the Saguenay and Laurentians district, belong to a warmer
area. South of Canada, most of the mountains of New England and
New York, as well as all the cooler summits of the Appalachians, belong
to this zone. The peat bogs and swamps at lower levels often show
the fauna of this zone, especially where tamarack and the heaths
(Labrador tea, etc.) are dominant, rather than the southern white
cedar. Characteristic Lepidoptera are Basilarchia arthemis, (which
runs into the Transition), Chrysophanus epixanthe, Pieris oleracea (form-
erly wide spread in the Transition also), Eurymus interior, Polygonia
faunus, and others.

The Transition, or Alleghanian, zone is typical of New York, and
the data of seasons and broods are designed especially to apply to this
district. In this zone deciduous trees are quite as common as con-
ifers, and the northern beech and southern chestnut overlap. It can
hardly be said to have a special flora and fauna, but only a special

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 17

combination of forms. It covers the area with a summer temperature
of 64° to 72°, or a total growing heat (sum of daily excesses over
43°) of 10,000° to 11,500°F.

The Upper Austral, or Carolinian, zone has a summer temperature
range of 72° to 79°, or a total growing heat of 11,500° to 18,000 °F.
It is the most northern area for many characteristic species: Papilio
marcellus (and its food, the papaw), cresphontes, philenor, Pieris pro-
todice, Eurema nicippe, Euptoieta claudia, Chlorippe clyton and celtis
(with Celtis, their food) and others, besides a large number of skippers.

The most striking of the characteristic moths are Herse cingulata,
Phlegethontius sexta, and Citheronia regalis. Besides a part of the
Mississippi Valley, it embraces the extreme southern part of Ontario
and the Great Lakes strip of New York; but on the Atlantic Coast
it is more restricted, including the major part of Virginia and Mary-
land and sending long arms along the coast and up the rivers. Dis-
tinctively Austral forms even reach Albany on the Hudson, Spring-
field on the Connecticut, and Boston along the coast. Part of the
Austral species named are strong flyers, and also appear sporadi-
cally far out of their range, where they rarely or never breed.

The lower Austral zone, or Austroriparian, scarcely enters the
region under discussion, but can be considered to include the coast
of Virginia, and possibly isolated points in Maryland, and Cape May,
New Jersey. Its summer temperature is over 79 °F., and its total heat
is 18,000°. Most probably in this case the total heat is the controlling
factor.

Only a few lower Austral species are recorded in this monograph,
either those that are particularly striking or those that have been
often reported as strays in the North. In fact, our part of the area
has scarcely been studied.

South. of this there is a series of tropical zones, which do not con-
cern us.

The control of humidity is, in our region, less striking, as it limits
itself mainly to the setting off of the very damp off-shore islands,
where ground vegetation is rank and trees are often gnarled and
stunted. This strip has been so changed by man — largely through
fires and sheep pasturing — that it is no longer possible to say what
its natural stock was ; but it is particularly marked by a wide north-
ward range of species otherwise sub-tropical, like the Prenes and
Prionapteryx nebulifera, mixing side by side with the boreal forms.
This is perhaps because the blanket of fog masks the severity of the
winters; an effect that reaches an extreme on Nantucket, whose
indigenous Lepidoptera have now largely disappeared because of
sheep pasturing.

18 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

There is a marked difference between the Mississippi Valley forms
and those of the Atlantic Slope, but this may be due as much to the
barrier of the Appalachians as to any difference in climate. This
subdivision shows clearly only in the Transition and Upper Austral
xones. West of our territory there is an arid subdivision, which
invades Illinois in a few isolated stations. The sand region of the
Coast and in the vicinity of Albany and Peru, New York, forms a
sort of artificial arid subdivision, where live a few characteristic
western species. The Synedas may be examples; also Plagiomimicus
and its relatives.

The control of physical barriers is best marked by the confining of
the colder-zone insects in New York to certain of the higher peaks, and
by the wider barriers of the St. Lawrence Plain (which stops Ccen-
onynpha inornata, for instance) and the Mohawk Valley, which is per-
haps the barrier for typical Pieris oleraca, and marks a varietal differ-
ence in certain geometers. These barriers, like that of humidity, are
much less effective with us than in the Western States.

Distribution may also be viewed on a much smaller scale. Each
spot, or station, where a colony of a species occurs, has its own
peculiar characteristics of moisture and average temperature, and
its own surrounding barriers, more or less effective: of these factors
moisture is the most obvious variable, but fog or sunlight, close or
easily drained soil, high or low water-table, each has an effect at least
on the available food-plants and on the possibilities of pupation of
the insect. Standing water has its own characteristic types (largely
Xymphulinae), and even running water has its peculiar species
(Elophila fulicalis). Characteristic of the swamps are many Noctuids,
a large part of them recognizable by their striated wings, simulating
dead grass or reeds; as, for example, Leucania pallens and the Borolia
group, the Nonagrias and their kin, Senta, Ommatostola, and Euchalcia
venusta, as well as the species of Prenes, Ghrysophanus epixanthe,
Darapsa versicolor (which can only transform in wet moss), the
Raphipteras, Epimartyria, and many others. Dry, open fields are
relatively barren of Lepidoptera, but even they are the principal home
of the CrambinaB.

It is a general rule that species in their most favorable local condi-
tions will range far beyond their principal zone, and at optimum
conditions of temperature will invade abnormal types of environment.
This doubtless explains the curious mixture of northern and southern
types, for instance, in the peat-bogs, where such arctic genera as CEneis
find their only chance in the Canadian zone, and where the typically
southern Exyras invade New England. So also the Nymphulinae,
which are richly developed in the tropics, find protection from the
frost only in our ponds and streams, where they winter below the ice.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

19

Antenna — shaft

Pedicel Vertex
' Scape

STRUCTURE
Imago

The head (fig. 3) bears a pair of antennae, normally long and con-
spicuous, a large, minutely facetted compound eye on each side, in
many cases with a minute simple eye, or ocellus, just above it ; and the
mouth parts, which include the labrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of
maxillae, and the labium.

The antenna is composed of a large number of segments, most often
from twenty to fifty. The
basal segment, the scape (fig.
3), is much larger than the
others; the second, or pedicel,
contains a peculiar sense or-
gan; and the remaining seg- \ X^BRRSHT^N ">o«iP«
ments comprise the flagellum.
Frequently the distal seg-
ments of the flagellum are
thicker and shorter, forming
a club (figs. 5 to 7). In this
case the slender part of the
antenna is the shaft. The
club is usually without scales
on the under side, even when
the shaft is fully scaled, and
varies in form and structure.
In the primitive forms the club is fusiform (fig. 4) gradually thickening
and as gradually tapering to a point. It may be bent in the middle,
or hooked, as in the skippers (fig. 5), and the hook may vary in stout-
ness and length, and in the number of segments involved. The higher
butterflies, which have no hook, often show, by the asymmetry of the
terminal segments, how the hook has become vestigial. In some forms
the club is not sharply set off from the shaft (as in Feniseca), and
in a few Satyrids its past existence is indicated only by an abrupt
change in the color of the flagellum. Antennae which are not clubbed
usually taper to a point; those which have lost a club usually end
bluntly.

The normal antenna is partly clothed with scales, which typically
form two rings about each segment or two bands on the dorsal side
(fig. 8), but always leave more or less extensive sensory areas covered
with minute hairs, which by contrast appear naked. In many lower
forms these bare areas are inconspicuous, but as a rule the under half,
more or less, of each segment is naked. Lepidoptera with clubbed

FlQ. 3. SIDE VIEW OF HEAD (THOLEBIA
REVERSAUB )

20

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

antennae usually have the shaft completely scaled, and the sensory
area confined to the club, which it may completely cover. In this case
there are often special areas marked by pits or grooves separated by
longitudinal ridges, and containing special structures. When each

4 segment has a quadrangular exten-

•""'' -....mid .'^ sion on the under side covered with

these sensory hairs, the antenna is
called laminate or prismatic (fig. 12) ;
when the segments are extended side-
ways in little teeth, the antenna is
serrate (fig. 8) ; and when there are
long branches, it is pectinate, or, in
extreme cases, plumose (feathered).
If there is but one series of such
branches, it is unipectinate (a rare
condition) ; if there are two, it is bi-
pectinate (fig. 9), and when each
segment bears two pectinations or
branches in each row, it is doubly
bipectinate, as in the Luna moth and
its kin, (fig. 10). In doubly bipec-
tinate antennae the pectinations are
often alternately long and short, or
thick and thin. Where there is a
long, strong pair of bristles on each
segment, the antenna is ciliate or

«, ru.-uorm; o. uiuuueu aiiu uooKeu: -, • ,7 j fn -\-\\ '£ J.T, -L • 4.1
6, 7, clubbed; 8, serrate and fascicu- bristled (fig. 11) ; if the bristles come
late, dorsal view; 9, bipectinate; 10, in distinct tufts, it IS fasciculate, but

doubly bipectinate; 11, simple and cil- if they are numerous and scattered
iate; 12, laminate or prismatic, side eveniy jt js pubescent (fig. 87).

In many sphinx moths, especially

males, the bristles are in two vertical rows on each side of each seg-
ment, whose tips curve and meet so as to seem to form loops. The
scales on the antenna usually form two transverse rows on each seg-
ment (fig. 46) ; sometimes they are scattered (fig. 48) ; and in the
Saturniidae and many butterflies they are either wholly absent, or fugi-
tive, except on the two basal joints.

The eyes vary in size and shape. Typically they are circular in
side view (fig. 3), and about as wide as the distance between the two
eyes as seen in a front view. Often the eyes are much narrower, and
much higher than wide (elliptical, fig. 271) or even concave on the
posterior margin (reniform). In the Lycaenidae they appear as if cut

FlGS. 4-12. TYPES OF ANTENNJE

4, Fusiform; 5, clubbed and hooked;

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

21

off behind, and there is a slight notch in the upper front side, where
the antenna arises. Often there are minute straight hairs arising

between the facets, in
which case the eye is called
hairy (fig. 14). A lashed
eye is one in which bristles
arise around the edge and
curve over it (fig. 15),
especially in front below
the antennae, and behind.
The facets are usually finer
and more numerous in noc-
turnal forms.

The simple eyes, or ocelli
(fig. 3), when present, lie

FIG. 13. FRONTAL VIEW OF LOWER PART OF HEAD,behind the rQ()t Qf the fln.
DIAGRAMMATIC mi

tenn83. They vary in size

and in distance from thr eye, and are often absent, as in all butterflies.

The portion of the head between the eyes in front is the front, called

clypeus or clypeus posterior by some entomologists (figs. 3, 13), and

Epipharynx

13

FlG. 14. HAIRY EYE

(HIGH MAGNIFICA-
TION)

15

FlG. 15. LASHED EYE (MODER-
ATE MAGNIFICATION)

the sharp projecting ridge along its lower boundary is the true clypeus.
The head between the eyes above is the vertex; and the back of the
head, behind the eyes and ocelli, is the occiput (fig. 3).

The labrum of the imago (fig. 13) is a three-lobed structure. The
middle lobe merely closes the space between the bases of the maxillae;
the two lateral lobes are the pilifers, and project across the base of
the tongue, each bearing a tuft or row of bristles, which provide
important characters in the classification of the Sphingidaa.

"The mandibles are almost always rudimentary or absent, difficult to
find, and unimportant (fig. 49). In Epimartyria alone there are regu-
lar biting mandibles ; but in a dried specimen they are usually difficult
to see without dissection.

22

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Each maxilla (save in Epimartyria ) consists mainly of a slender,
coiled portion, the galca (figs. 37, 49). The base of the maxilla in
many cases bears a two- to four-jointed sensory organ on the outer
side, the maxillary palpus. The two maxilla? are grooved on their
inner sides and hooked together to form a hollow sucking tube.
Together they are known as the tongue.

The tongue may vary in size and stiffness. When it is shorter than
the head in slender moths, or shorter than the thorax in heavy and
strong ones, it is considered rudimentary in systematic work, as it is
in the Pyralids if it is not large enough to show between the palpi
when coiled up. It has sensory bristles at the tip and often bears
scales at the base, but as a rule the base is naked. In certain noctuids,
as Alabama argillacca, the bristles at the tip form a rasping organ
with which the rinds of fruits can be pierced. A few moths lack the
tongue. The maxillary palpi are conspicuous and five-jointed in the
lowest moths, and are folded at rest, being more or less movable. As
one goes up the scale they become smaller, till in our Noctuidge they
are mere microscopic, scaly tufts, and in the butterflies and the Greo-
metridae they are unrecognizable.

The labial palpi, often called merely the palpi, arise on each side
behind the base of the tongue (in the lower forms from a small labium,

'6

FlO. 10. LATERAL VIEW OF THORAX, DENUDED, WITH WINGS AND LEGS BEHOVED

Al, alula of hind wing; B, entrance to tympanic bulla; Cx, coxa; Epm, epimeron;
Eps, episternum; M, meron; n. scl.. nodular sclerite of tympanum; 2P, 3P, paraptera
(3P is the "subalar sclerite"); psc, prescutum; scl, scutellum; set, scutum (sctj
is the patagium) ; ISp, spiracle of first segment of abdomen] S, sternum (thorax) ;
ISt, sternite of iirst segment of abdomen; Tg, tegula; tgA, tegular arm; tpl, tergo-
pleural groove; Tymp, membrane of tympanum; Wp, wing process of pleurites; (The
subscript numbers, 1, 2, 3, indicate the segments of the thorax)

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 23

in the higher ones directly from the surface of the head), and extend
forward on each side of the base of the tongue. They are composed
of three joints, and are densely clothed with scales, which are usually
thicker on the upper and especially the lower side than on the lateral
faces, giving them a more or less blade-like form. If the palpi extend
nearly straight forward, they are called porrect ; if the scaling on the
end of the second joint ends abruptly with a slight tuft, they are clavate
(fig. 244). In the Tineidaa they usually have strong bristles besides
the scales and soft hair; but this is rarely the case in higher families
of moths.

The thorax (fig. 16) is composed of three segments, prothorax, meso-
thorax, and metathorax, each provided with a pair of legs, and the last
two each with a pair of wings. The legs (fig. 17) are segmented, the seg-
ments being, named in order beginning at the base: coxa, trochanter,
femur, tibia, and five tarsal segments. The coxae of the middle and hind
legs are partly fused with the body and divided into an anterior part, the
true coxa, and the posterior part, the meron, by a suture. The tro-
chanter is minute. The femur is rarely modified but often bears long
hairs, even when the rest of the leg is scaled. In the males of the
Catocala group, there is a minute spine, the gonyodon, on the apex of
the fore femur.

The fore tibia bears a leaf-like structure on its inner side, the
epiphysis; this is clothed with stiff bristles, and serves mainly to clean

17

FlG. 17, 18. LEGS A1TD FOOT

Legs: Cl, claw; Cx, coxa; Ep, epiphysis; F, femur; Gony. gonyodon; Sp, spurs;
Tar, tarsus; Tb, tibia; Tr, trochanter

Foot: Cl, claw; Par, paronychium; Pv, pulvillus; 5 Tar, body of fifth segment
of tarsus

the tongue and antennae. The higher butterflies and a very few moths
have lost the epiphysis. The tibia also sometimes bears one or more
enlarged spines or claws at the tip. The mid and hind tibiae have a
pair of spurs at the tip — scaled, spine-like structures articulating with

24 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

the tibia. The hind tibiae have a second pair, usually near or below
the middle.

In many butterflies and Noctuidae the tibiae bear spines similar to
those on the tarsus, but less regularly arranged. Males frequently
have tufts of sex-hairs, and in many cases the tibia is grooved to pro-
tect them. On the hind legs of many Ennomid geometers, the tibia
is largely hollow and the tuft almost completely enclosed, though its
point of attachment is regularly on the exterior.

The last five segments constitute the tarsus, or foot, the most basal
being the metatarsus. This segment is usually much larger than the
other four, and occasionally bears special tufts or spines. The final
segment (fig. 18) ends in two articulated and curved claws, and an
adhesive pad between them, the pulvillus. On the inner side of each
claw, toward the pulvillus, there is often a sensory membrane, the
paronychium. These are large and conspicuous in the Sphingidae, and
are often forked. The pulvillus is rarely minute or absent.

The tarsal segments are also armed with smaller spines, which
usually form three or four rows on the ventral surface, but sometimes
are dorsal also, or gathered into tufts at the tips of the segments. They
are sometimes concealed in the scaling, though rarely absent. Often
they are wanting on the base of the metatarsus and are differently
arranged on the last segment. In the family Nymphalidae, the fore
legs are reduced and not used for walking. They have no claws and
the segments are more or less fused, but the general appearance of a
leg is retained. The male carries the reduction slightly further than
the female. The Erycinidae and Libytheinas show less reduction in the
male and none in the female: in their males the tarsus is very small
and without claws, and the tibia extends beyond its insertion as a sort
of claw. In the males of the Lycasnidae the fore legs are still less
reduced; while the leg has lost its claws, it is functional, ending either
in a single claw-like spine or a group of spines. In the Hermimin»
the leg is more curiously modified in the male, although perfectly nor-
mal in the female. The coxa may be very long and movable (it is never
as closely fused with the body in the fore leg as in the middle and hind
ones). The trochanter is sometimes lengthened. The femur tends to
be weak, the tibia and first joint of the tarsus, either or both, may be
hollowed out to a mere shell, enclosing enormous tufts of hair; and
the tarsus is sometimes minute. The leg as a whole may be enlarged
or reduced. Many moths, especially geometers, bear a tuft of fine hair
at the junction of the hind tibia and femur, or on the tibia near the
base; this is also often contained in a hollow in the tibia, and in some
cases is lost at copulation. In the Acidaliinae the tibia may be much
enlarged to enclose it, or may be reduced, even to an extreme, while

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

25

the tarsus in these cases is usually reduced. In several exotic
Acidaliinse one of the spurs bears a comb which seems to be used in
handling this tuft. Some species of Ptychopoda (Eois) have almost
completely lost the hind legs. These modifications are confined to
males, or are carried much further in males than in females. Besides
these features spurs are often reduced or lost, and occasionally
(Leucania, Nematocampa) modified in form. In the lower Tineina
the tibial spines are represented by long, slender, but stiff bristles which
may be either in regular rows or irregular. In some cases, as in Nepti-
cula and Acrocercops, tibial spines are a conspicuous feature, but in
the CEcophoridse and others they seem to intergrade with the ordinary
hairs. In some Sphingidse and Plusias the spines at the base of the
tarsus may form a distinct comb (fig. 17, middle leg).

The wings (fig. 19) are usually more or less triangular, the three

Intercalated CeU

Accessory Cell

Apex

Hume:
Angle

Apex

Outer
Margin

(3dA)

FIG. 19. WINGS (ACROLOPHUS POPEANELLUS <$)

C, costa; Sc, subcosta; R, radius; Rj, R^, R3, R,, RB, branches of radius ;Ra radial
sector (usually merely labelled R in the hind wing) ; M, media; M1} M2, M3, branches
of media; Cu, cubitua; Cut, CUo, branches of cubitus; 1st A, 2dA, first and second
anal veins; 3dA, third anal vein; 3d A,, 3dA2, branches of third anal vein (3dA, of
the hind wing is usually merely labelled 3dA) ; f.br., frenulum-brace (humeral) ;
arc., arculus; S, sectorial cross-vein; r-m, radio-medial cross-vein; m, medial cross-
vein; m-cu, medio-cubital cross-vein; udc, upper discocellular vein (in this case the
same as r-m) ; mdc, middle discocellular vein (in this case portions of Mj and M2) ;
Idc, lov. -.T discocellular vein (in this case M and a portion of M3) ; fren., frenulum;
f .h., frenulum hook

26 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

sides, costa, outer (or hind), and inner margin, and the three angles,
base, apex, and anal angle, being indicated in the figure. Sometimes
the inner margin of the fore wing is extended out near the base, form-
ing a basal angle, or the costa of the hind wing may be similarly
extended, forming a humeral angle. The wing is stiffened with a regular
pattern of hollow rods, the veins, which are important when the wing is
expanding, besides serving to stiffen the mature wing. These veins
have a definite arrangement, based on that of the pupal tracheae around
which they form (see the figures). From the base of the wing there
run out costal, subcostal, radial, medial, cubital, and some anal main
stems. Of these the costa is simple and forms the front edge of the
wing; the sub cost a may be simple, but in a few low forms it forks once
at the tip. The radius forks normally into five branches, primitively
as shown in figure 40 but in various ways in the higher forms. Often
part of these branches are lost, and in a few of the lowest species the
first branch forks again (fig. 36). Media is three-branched, but usually
the base of it is lost, and the branches are variously attached to the
stems of radius and cubitus ; when one is attached to cubitus, the latter
is called trifid (fig. 425), when two, quadrifid (fig. 427), the upper
median being always free or attached to radius. The middle branch
of media, sometimes called the independent, is often weak or lost.
Cubitus is two-branched, and is a very constant feature. The anals
are somewhat uncertain in origin, but usually appear in low Frenatse
as three radiating veins, the first running along the principal concave
fold of the wing. The first anal disappears in higher forms, leaving
only the fold ; the second is persistent ; and the third tends to grow
short in the hind wing, and to join its tip to the second, or even to
disappear, in the fore wing. In the Jugatse (figs. 31, 36, 40) the
arrangement is more complex and not fully understood. This descrip-
tion, intended mainly for the fore wing, applies also to the hind wing
of the Jugatae. In the hind wing of the others the radius is only
two-branched, and the upper branch fuses more or less, often almost
completely, with subcosta, as indicated by the lettering of the earlier
figures. Commonly Sc+Rj is merely marked Sc, and Rs, merely R.
Besides these veins, which are based on tracheae, there are certain cross-
veins; the humeral (h.) at the base of the costa, often pushed to the
base of the wing and so lost; the sectorial (s.), running across between
the third and fourth branches of radius, and so enclosing the accessory
cell, often lost by the fusion of the veins at that point; and the dis-
corellular, running more or less irregularly from radius across media
to cubitus, enclosing the discal cell (" cell ") between it and the base
of the wing, and supplying an attachment for the branches of media
when the base of media is lost. The arculus (arc.) connects the media
and the cubitus at the base of the wing, but shows clearly only in the

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 27

fore wing of the Jugatae; and there is occasionally a cross- vein in the
anal region. The discocellular is divided into four parts by the three
branches of media : upper, middle, and lower discocellulars (udc.,
mdc., Idc.), and the false base of media-three (m-cu.)- In the hind
wing the humeral is usually replaced by a short spur from the base
of the subcosta, which may not reach the margin.

The Jugatse have a special lobe on the inner margin of the fore wing,
the jugum (fig. 40). In the Hepialidae this slips under the hind wing
in flight and helps the wings to work together.6 In the others it over-
lies the hind wing and is sometimes called a fibula. In most cases the
wings are attached to each other by a bristle or group of bristles, the
frenulum, which is attached to the base or the humeral angle of the hind
win&. The frenulum either runs through a hook, the frenulum hook,
attached to Sc near the base of the fore wing ; or under a tuft of scales,
the retinaculum, spreading up fanlike from near the base of Cu. The
male almost invariably has a single frenulum running through a hook;
the female has usually several bristles (the approximate number char-
acteristic of the family) held merely by a retinaculum. In several
groups (some Pyralididae, some Pterophoridae, ^Egeriidae, Euteliinae)
the freuulum of the female is also simple, but the hook is represented
at most by a second tuft of scales. In many forms there is no attach-
ment between the wings, which merely overlap; in a very few
(.^Egeriidae, Pterophoridae) the inner margin of the fore wing and the
costa of the hind wing bear series of recurved spines, which interlock
(fig. 223), the hamuli.

In the males of many species the wings bear scent glands. Sometimes
these are merely scattered, associated with special scales, the androconia,
which are designed to spread the scent, (as in Pieris and Eurymus).
Frequently there are structures developed for their protection; as,
for instance, the pocket on Cu in Danaus, on the inner margin in Carsia,
the folded inner margin of many Olethreutes (fig. 266), of Lobophora
and Heterophleps, and so on. The costal edge is particularly apt to
be folded over, forming the costal fold (fig. 265, 306), and this may
contain a large tuft or mass of androconia, as in a large part of our
Hesperiinae and Tortricidae. In some instances the secreting area is
clothed with special scales, forming a stigma (fig. 249). This is usually
easy to see, but in such forms as Cercyonis and a few Pamphilas it
is easiest to moisten the wings with chloroform or benzine and hold
the butterfly to the light. When not specially noted, the location of
a stigma is the upper side of the fore wing below the cell, in the
Satyrinse and Hesperiidae, or at the end of the cell as in Thecla.

*A somewhat similar lobe occurs on the hind wing of some male Geometridse and Tortricidse (fig. ?
but probably with the function of a scent organ.

28 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Two other structures on the thorax are occasionally of importance
in some species. The dorsal part of the prothorax may be extended
in a pair of mushroom-shaped bodies, the patagia, or, taken together,
the collar. Sometimes they are called tegulas (fig. 16, sctj. They are
only conspicuous in the Noctuoidea, and even there are so buried in
vestiture as to appear merely part of the general body surface. The
true tegulcR (sometimes called patagia) are attached at the base of
the fore wing and loop about it, covering the base of the costa and the
whole articulation (fig. 16, tg.). The part of the mesothorax exposed
between the tegulae is the disc. The metathorax is narrow above,
widening a little to support the wings, and bears the basal hair. The
general surface of the thorax is divided into a considerable number
of sclerites, as in other insects ; but as they are^ little used in classi-
fication, the figure is sufficiently explanatory.

To study the surface it must be denuded of scales and hairs. The
back of the insect, above the level of the wings, is the dorsum or tergum,
and its sclerites are tergites (set, scl) ; the sides from wings to legs,
are pleura, composed of pleurites (eps, epm, etc.), and the lower side,
between the legs, is the venter, made up of sternites (s).

The abdomen is normally composed of ten segments, several of which
are usually concealed, and it bears at its end the sexual organs, the
most conspicuous of which, in the male, are the valves, a pair of claspers
for holding the female; and, in the female, the ovipositor, or instru-
ment for placing the eggs.

The abdomen may be divided like the thorax into dorsum, pleura,
and venter, though in the absence of legs and wings the boundaries
may seem a bit arbitrary. The membrane on the sides is considered
to represent the pleura. On the first segment there is however a deep
groove, the tergo-pleural groove (fig. 16, tpl.), and a small pleurite
below it. Scent-tufts occur on the abdomen in many males, especially
near the base in the Noctuidas and near the apex in the Geometridae.
They are usually retractile in pockets when not in use, and are rarely
seen expanded. Those near the tip of the abdomen (on the seventh
segment) are called coremata.

In the males of most species there are eight visible segments. The
body of the ninth (fig. 20) is reduced to a ring, the tergite of which
is the tegumen, and its sternite the saccus or vinculum. Attached to
the junction of tegumen and saccus is the valve (harpe), the name of
which indicates a common form. The valve may be composed of a
thickened dorsal edge, or costa, a central part, the valvula, or valve
proper, and a lower part which is strongly curved and spoon-like, the
sacculus. Lying in the middle line between the valves is the penis, or

LEPIDOPTEBA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

29

c&dcBagus, which is retractile, and often works through a ring, the juxta.
Its reversible lining is often armed with spines, known as cornuti. The
furca, a curious fork or simple spine in some Ennomids, is formed from
the lower part of the juxta and may resemble an additional ventral
valve. Its two halves are often separate. Besides these parts there
is a great variety of secondary struc-
tures, of which the most important
are the clasper, a hook developed on
the inner face of the valve, and the
peniculus, a hairy prominence aris-
ing from the edge of the tegumen
above the valve.

The end of the valve, especially in
the ^Noctuidse, often bears a row
or mass of recurved spines, the co-
rona (fig. 21). A finger-like process
on the dorsal edge of the valve is a
digitus, one on the ventral edge
a pollex, and one near the base on
the inner face (generally hairy) is
the editum (dorsally) or clavus (at-
tached to the sacculus) . When the
clasper is divided, as in Acronycta, its dorsal arm is the ampulla.

The tenth segment is further reduced. Its dorsal part is the uncus,
which is most often a strong hook, but may be divided or reduced to

Sacculus

20

FlG. 20. TYPICAL MALE GENITALIA, SIDE
VIEW (EUBAPHE -OSTENTA)

Corona
Anal Spines (Pollex)

21

to see without dissection.

Clasper /^

PlO. 21. VALVE OF MALE GENITALIA ( HADETTA DEVASTATRIX)

a plate, which in some forms is indistinguishably fused with the tegu-
men or scaphium; on each side it frequently bears a small appendage,

30

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

the socius, which is conspicuous in the Thyatiridse and the Hemitheinse.
The ventral part of the segment, when it appears at all, forms a plate
between the anal tube and the penis, known as the transatilla, in many
cases articulated with the base of the valves.

The end of the intestine is commonly a long tube, in many species
strengthened by the scaphium above and the subscaphium below.
Whether these structures represent the eleventh segment is an open
question. They may be simple bands or plates, or they may bear spines
or be of striking forms. The gnathos is a partially free subscaphium
articulating directly with the uncus.

22

FlO. 22. TYPICAL FEMALE GENITALIA
(LEUCANIA FALLENS).

In most females the abdomen has
seven visible segments (fig. 22). The
eighth and ninth segments are retracted
within the seventh and are, for the
major part, composed of membrane. On
the ventral surface of the eighth seg-
ment is the vagina, with a chitinous
plate below it. The remainder of the
segment is, in most cases, a short cylin-
der. The ninth segment is divided into
two lobes between which lie the anus
and the opening of the oviduct.

23

FlG. 23. HEAD OF LARVA WITH
SET.*: NUMBERED BY DYAR's SYS-
TEM (RIGHT) AND HEINRICH'S

SYSTEM ( LEFT )

Ad1; Ado, Ad3, Anterodorsal setae
of epicranium; adf1; adf2, adf ren-
tal setae; Ant, antenna; Cl, cly-
peus; Ep, epicranium; Ft, front;
F1? its seta; Lt, lateral seta of
epicranium; Lm, labrum; md,
mandible; d, 02, 03, ocellar setae
of epicranium; Pd1; Pd,,, postero-
dorsal setae of epicranium; So1;
So2, So3, subocellar setae of epi-
cranium

The
usual condition is shown in figure 22.

The four most primitive families show a different structure. In
the case of the Micropterygidae there are eight fully developed seg-
ments, and the ninth and tenth are invaginated within the eighth, the
tenth segment being fairly well developed (fig. 34). The Eriocraniidffi
and the Incurvariidas have a complex piercing ovipositor, whose struc-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 31

ture is shown in the figure of Eriocrania (fig. 38). The Hepialidae
have nine segments, but the structure is complex and not fully under-
stood.

Larva

The caterpillars show the same essential structures and appendages
as do the imagoes, but they are very different in development. As a
rule, only the head is chitinized, the skin of the body being thin and
flexible. The major part of the head (fig. 23) is composed of a pair
of sclerites, the epicrania. Between these, on the face, lies the front,
which is in most instances triangular and rarely reaches the top of
the head. Between the front and epicrania there are two very narrow
sclerites, the adfrontals, in some works called the paraclypeals. Below
the front is a third narrow sclerite, the clypeus. The lower half of
this, more or less, is composed of membrane. On the under side of
the head there are two small triangular sclerites, the postgenw.

The antenna are very short and small, and lie immediately above
the mandibles, which are the principal structures associated with the
mouth. In front of the mandibles there is a flap, the lab rum (fig. 24),
which serves as an upper lip. Behind the mandibles there is a second,
somewhat thicker flap which functions as
a lower lip. It is composed of the fused
maxillae, and labium. It is complex in
structure and but little used in classifica-
tion. The eyes are represented by six
small, separate ommatidia, located in a
group low down on the side of the head,
as shown in figure 232. There are a con-
siderable number of setce which are con- FIG. 24. LABKUM, THE SET.E
stant in number and position in any given NUMBEEED ACCORDING TO FOBBES'S
species. A typical arrangement of these £™ (•") AHD HEINRICH'S

T • n r\c\ mi "* QlliiM { L,Cjt! 1 I

is shown in figure 23. There are two T , , , , , ., __

n T • ,1 mi *t* 1*2. L3, lateral setae; M,, M.2,

methods of designating the setae. Tnejj^ median setse
right side of the figure is labeled accord-
ing to the method most often used in the past, while the left side
bears the system recently proposed by Heinrich.

The body is composed of thirteen distinct segments, three belonging
to the thorax, and ten to the abdomen. The ninth segment of the abdo-
men is, in most cases, much smaller than the others. The prothorax
bears a sclerite on its dorsal surface known as the cervical shield (shown
in the diagrams at the head of each family). The setae on the side
are arranged in two groups, called the prespiracular, and the sub-
ventral, warts. Each of the segments of the thorax bears a small leg

32

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

which shows the usual segments, coxa, femur, tibia, and tarsus; but
all are very small, and the tarsus is composed of a single segment and
ends in a single claw. The abdomen is without true legs, but the third
to sixth and last segments bear membranous prolegs, which may have,
at the tip, a series of hooks, or crotchets. There are spiracles on the
eide of the first segment of the thorax and the first eight of the abdo-
men. In many caterpillars, especially aquatic forms, the last spiracle
lies on the dorsum and faces backward, as shown in the figure of Car-
posina (fig. 293). The body, as a rule, bears a regular arrangement
of seta? on each segment. These setae are designated by numbers, as
shown in the figures, and are known as primaries; when there are a
small number of additional setae, they are known as sub primaries (rigs.
434, 439) ; a large number, indefinite in position, are called secondaries
(fig. 405). In certain families, in place of single setae in the primary
positions, the tubercles from which the hairs arise are grouped in warts,
each bearing a tuft of setae (fig. 406). In this case the caterpillar is
spoken of as having tufted hair.

The hooks on the prolegs also show a definite arrangement (figs. 25
to 28). If those of a series are all of the same length, or regularly
graded in length, they are called uniordinal;
when alternately of two lengths, biordinal; and
when of three lengths, triordinal. If there are
one or more rows of rudimentary hooks at the
base of the functional ones, the arrangement is
called multiserial. The series of hooks may be
arranged either in one or two transverse bands,
a longitudinal band, or an ellipse which is
usually broken at one or two points. In very
FIGS. 25-28. HOOKS OF rare cases, when there is a longitudinal band
PBOLEGS, TYPICAL AEEANGE- on the inner face of the proleg, there is a
MENTS . . , weaker band, or some scattered hooks, on the

25, umordmal, umsenal; „ ' .

26, biordinal; 27, trior- outer face. Fracker calls this arrangement a
dinal; 28, multiserial pseudodrcle.

Pupa

The pupa, or chrysalis (fig. 29), also shows all the structures char-
acteristic of an insect. All the appendages, however, are folded back
on the body and may be soldered to it. The most conspicuous append-
ages are the wings, which lie on either side of the venter, at the front
end of the body. The hind wings are almost completely covered by the
fore wings, but a small portion of their posterior edges may show. On
the midventral line lies the tongue, and between the tongue and the

ScEjr

GlEye

wings are the first two pairs of legs and the antenna. The
mesothorax and metathorax are easily recognized by their attach-
ment to the, wings. The prothorax lies
immediately' in front of them, and the
remainder of the front of the body belongs
to the head. In many species this is
divided, by transverse sutures, into two or
three sclerites. The mouth is surrounded
by the lab rum in front and the tongue be-
hind. On the sides the mandibles are lo-
cated when they are developed, but they
are absent in most species. In the more
primitive forms the maxillary palpi (or
"eye-collar") appear immediately behind
the eyes as small oblong or triangular
sclerites. The abdomen is composed of a
regular series of segments, the first three
or four of which are, in most cases, immov-
ably soldered together. Then there come
one or more movable incisures, and the ter-
minal segments are again fused. An in-
complete pupa is one in which there are
four or more movable incisures, one more
in the male than in the female, and in
which the body is provided with spines to
enable the pupa to work out of its burrow
or cocoon or out of the soil. In an obtect
pupa there are three or less movable in-
cisures in both sexes, and the pupa does
not leave the cocoon. At the end of the

Hind Winj—

FlG. 29. VENTRAL, VIEW OF AN-
TERIOR PABT OF PUPA, DIAGRAM-
ATIC, SHOWING STRUCTURES

Ant, antenna; Clp, clypeus; F,
fore femur; Fr, front; Gl Eye,
glazed eye; Lbi, labium, with
palpi; Lbr, labrum, with pilifers;
md, mandible ; MX,

maxilla;

Mx pl maxiUary palpus (
body there may be an extension bearing collar); Sc Eye, sculptured por-
a tuft or group of setae, which are hooked tion of eye; Tar^ fore tarsus;
in most instances. This is the cremaster. Tar,, mid-tarsus; Tar,, tip of
In some pupae the male may be distin-
guished by its wider antennae, and in some
the two separate reproductive openings of the female can be recognized.
2

34 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF LEPIDOPTERA

Suborder Jugate. Moths with fore and hind wings similar in form
and venation, and with at least four radials in the hind wing. Base
of cubitus fused with 1st A, a short portion of it appearing like a
cross vein between 1st A and the apparent base, which is in fact the
arculus. Wing membrane spinulated (fig. 30). Frenulum rudimen-
tary or absent. Fore wing with a separate lobe, or jugum, at base
of inner margin. Larva? with dorsal setae similarly arranged on
thorax and abdomen.

Family 1. Micropterygidae. Minute moths, with functional mandibles, and max-
illae of primitive type formed of galea, lacinia, and palpus; feeding on pollen.
Fore wing with subcosta forked near its middle. Female with ten abdominal
segments preserved and without ovipositor. Larvae with modified clubbed setae,
feeding on wet moss. Pupae with large mandibles.

Family 2. Eriocraniidae. Minute moths, with rudimentary mandibles, and max-
illae possessing a short coiled tongue. Lacinia absent. Subcosta of fore wing
forking near its apex. Female with complex piercing ovipositor, laying its eggs
in the tissue of leaves. Larvae without hooks on the prolegs, which are rudi-
mentary; with simple setae, mining in leaves. Pupae with large mandibles.

Family 3. Hepialidse. Large, or very large, moths, with rudimentary, nonfunc-
tional mouth parts, save for the labial palpi. Subcosta of the fore wing forking
near its middle or simple. Female without piercing ovipositor. Larvae of normal
caterpillar form, boring in stems and roots; with a circle of hooks on the prolegs.
Pupae with small obscure mandibles, and rudimentary, divergent maxillae.

Suborder Frenatae. Moths with hind wing much smaller, or shorter
and broader, than fore wing, with at most two free branches of radius.
Cubitus straight to base, no portion of it appearing like a crossvein.
Wing membrane rarely spinulated. No jugum. Hind wing usually
with a frenulum. Antennae rarely clubbed, and clubbed in none of
our forms which lack a frenulum. Pupa with trachea R4+5 arising
from the stem of radius beyond that of Rj. Larvae almost never with
dorsal setae similarly arranged on thorax and abdomen.

* Wings with aculece over the general surface.

Superf amily Incurvarioidea. Venation fairly complete ; antennae
without eye-cap ; female with piercing ovipositor (so far as known) :
larvae usually case-bearers when mature.

Family 4. Incurvariidae. Characters of the superfamily.

Superfamily Nepticuloidea. Venation much reduced ; cell very small
or absent; antenna with large eye-cap; female without ovipositor,

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 35

the eggs laid exposed. Larvae leaf-miners or bast-miners when
mature.

Family 5. Nepticulidae. Characters of the superfamily.

**Aculece confined to small areas or absent.
\Larvai with warts i and ii, iv and v united.

Superfamily Zygaenoidea. Moth with primitive venation, large
wings, and minute maxillary palpi or none; Sc and R of hind wing
usually uniting along cell. Larvae short and slug-like; typically with
diffuse hair-tufts; pupa primitive, incomplete, with all segments free;
first abdominal spiracle uncovered, maxillae usually extended and toothed
laterally, but without maxillary palpus.

Family 6. Megalopygidae. Moths with tongue obsolete; wings heavily and
loosely clothed with soft scales, often mixed with curly hair; hind wings with
Sc and R fused for most of length of cell. Larvae with 14 prolegs, 10 of , them
with an angulate or broken band of hooks.

Family 7. Eucleidae. Moths with tongue obsolete; wings usually heavy and
loosely scaled; hind wings with Sc and R shortly fused near base. Larvae with
prolegs abr.nt, replaced by a system of sucking discs; hairy, spiny, or naked.

Family 8. Pyromorphidae. Moths with tongue strongly developed. Wings trans-
lucent; hind wings with Sc and R fused toward outer end of cell, the basal part
of R also fused with Sc or obsolete. Larvae with tufted hair; with 10 prolegs,
provided with normal hooks.

\\Larv(R with warts i and ii separate, iv and v often united.

$" Micros." LarvcB ivith three setcR on prespiracular wart,
usually concealed feeders; moths with soft-scaled wings with
l)road fringes, broadest at anal angle, the wings often lanceo-
late or linear; R5 often running to costa or apex; accessory
cell, when distinct, with its broad side resting on discal cell,
often fusing with it; hind wing with Sc and R never fus-
ing beyond cell, and very rarely at any point, the base of R
often obsolete; 1st A rarely lost unless wing is very narrow;
tongue very often scaled at base.

Superfamily Tineoidea. Larvae with setae iv and v separate; pupa
normally incomplete; moth normally with rough head, often with
folded maxillary palpi; tongue scaled when present; fore wing usu-
ally with R3 running to costa, hind wing with R and Mt separate,
Sc and R typically approximate at base.

Family 9. Tineidae. Larvae with anal prolegs unlike the ventrals; most often
. icavengers; moths winged in both sexes, without a heavy anal tuft in the female;
usually with rough head, folded maxillary palpi, and bristles on the labial palpi,
or with the first joint of the labial palpi enlarged.

Family 10. Psychidae. Larvae with anal prolegs similar to the ventrals, each
with a single ellipse of hooka, broken on inner side; always living in a caae.
Female moth with a tuft of heavy hair-scales at the end of the abdomen, which

36 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

are mixed with the eggs; almost always wingless, and often maggot -like with all
appendages rudimentary. Male with rudimentary mouth parts.

Family 11. Tischeriidae. Larvae leaf -miners; the thoracic legs absent, and each
ventral proleg with two transverse rows of hooks. Moths with a loose tuft of
scales on vertex, a small scape, short porrect palpi without bristles, small maxil-
lary palpi, and very hairy hind tibise; fore wing with Cu running through the
center of the wing, with all radials running to costa.

Family 12. Lyonetiidae. Larva? leaf -miners; structurally much like the Tineidae,
flattened, with setae iv and v more widely separated. Moths with head smooth,
at least on front, with a well-marked eye -cap, the hind wing with R running through
the axis of the wing, which is often linear.

Family 13. Opostegidae. Larvae very slender, cylindrical, without legs; bast-
miners; moths with folded maxillary palpi; with very large eye-caps; fore wing
with three or four unbranched veins, hind wing linear. (Position of family
uncertain.) ***it

Family 14. Gracilariidae. Larvae when young very much flattened, with blade-
like mandibles, and rudimentary maxillae and labium; living as leaf -miners and
bast-miners and eating the sap only; when grown usually with normal mouth-
parts, eating the parenchyma, and often living as leaf rollers. No prolegs on
sixth segment of abdomen; the other legs variable. Moth with maxillary palpi
porrect or obsolete, our species without eye-cap; fore wing lanceolate, normal
or with somewhat reduced venation; hind wing often linear, with principal vein
through the center of (lie wing; sometimes with Rj free. (Position of family
uncertain.)

Family 15. Coleophoridae. Larvae with iv and v closer than usual; with very
strong true legs, and prolegs reduced, each with two transverse bands of hooks
or none; usually leaf -miners when young, or feeding within seeds; almost always
becoming case-bearers when grown. Moths with smooth head; palpi moderate,
usually tufted, with the third joint often set on at an angle ; fore wing with cell set
obliquely, the cubitals extremely short and running directly to inner margin.
Epiphysis rudimentary, at apex of fore tibia, or absent. Antennae turned forward
in repose. (Position of family uncertain.)

Superfamily Cycnodioidea. Larvae and pupae not well known;
apparently the larvae with setae iv and v close together; leaf -miners
when young and case-bearers when grown. Pupae without maxillary
palpi, with nearly all segments of abdomen free, or, in Elachista,
which pupates exposed, with all soldered. Moth with R2+3 of 'hind
wing preserved, running to costa, maxillary palpi minute and straight
or lost, and with characteristic genitalia; R5 running to costa, lost
in all our species; Sc and R of hind wing widely separated, in our
species with R running through middle of wing.

Family 16. Cycnodiidae. Palpi moderate, upturned; hind wing lanceolate, with
well-formed cell, and nearly complete venation. Larva sixteen-legged, a blotch-
miner; pupa suspended, exposed, immobile.

Family 17. Dpuglasiidae. Palpi short, drooping; ocelli very large; hind wing
without cell; with R^ separating off from radial stem before M!. Larvae leaf-
miners, hardly known. (Position of family uncertain.)

Family 18. Heliozelidae. Palpi short, drooping; hind wing without cell; one or
two medials arising from R-stem, which forks into R2+3 and R^, near apex. Larvae
legless, with two pairs of ocelli; blotch-miners; cutting out a case just before
pupation.

LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 87

Superfamily Gelechioidea. Larva with setae iv and v closely approx-
imated or on the same tubercle, usually with developed prolegs ; pupa
obtect, maxillary palpi usually present, but pilifers not marked, and
front femora and labial palpi usually connected. Moth with all radial
branches running to costa as a rule, and usually all present ; R4 and R5
stalked except in Stenominae. Hind wing with Sc and R closely
approximate at base, separating before end of cell (shortly fused in
Blastobasidae). Head more or less smooth; palpi long and upturned,
maxillary palpi minute, .folded over base of tongue, which is scaled.

Family 19. (Ecophoridae. Fore wing without stigma; Rj and Cu2 well back from
end of cell; hind wing at least half as broad as fore wing, with apex of mem-
brane bluntly rounded; R and Mj well separated at origin; 1st A preserved in
both wings.

Family 20. Xylorictidae. Fore wing without stigma; R, and Cu, well back from
end of cell, R« and RS often separate, when stalked forking over apex; hind wing
broad, not excavated below apex, with R and Mj stalked.

Family 21. Gelechiidae. Fore wing without stigma, R, and Cu2 well back from
end of cell, R< and R5 stalked or united, and both running to costa; hind wing with
R and Mj closely approximated or stalked, or with wing strongly excavated below
apex; 1st A lost in both wings.

Family 22. Blastobasidae. Fore wing with a stigma between Rj and R2, which
are widely separated, veins R2 to Cu2 all closely crowded around end of cell. Hind
wing with Sc and R very shortly fused near base ; lanceolate, and rather narrower
than fore wing; R and M! well separated at origin.

Family 23. Lavernidae. Fore wing without stigma, lanceolate, with 1st A vari-
able, sometimes anastomosing with 2d A. Hind wing much narrower than fore
wing, narrow -lanceolate to linear, pointed, with R and Mj strongly approximate
at origin, or stalked, and M3 and Cux usually widely separated.

Superfamily Yponomeutoidea. Larva with setae iv and v variable,
pupa obtect in forms with iv and v separate, with maxillary palpi;
normally with labial palpi and femora exposed; pilifer not marked.
Moth with R5 when present usually running to outer margin; maxil-
lary palpi usually small or minute, and porrect; hind wing with R
and M1 variable, Sc and R approximate at base, and usually connected
by a cross vein. Head usually smooth.

Family 24. Yponomeutidse. Ocelli small or absent; legs typically smooth-
scaled, venation but little reduced: fore wing usually with all veins separate;
hind wing with R and Mt well separated except in the Cerostoma group, Mt and
M, often stalked, 1st A distinct in both wings. Egg of flat type so far as known.
Larvae with beta lower than alpha on prothorax, prespiracular wart of three setae
and iv and v widely separate on abdomen. Pupa obtect, with maxillary palpi
exposed, pilifers represented by distinct lobes only in Atteva, and fore femora
exposed except in Scythris. (To this family are attached various isolated genera
of uncertain position.)

. Family 25. Glyphipterygidse. Ocelli large and conspicuous, maxillary palpi
minute, tongue scaled, labial palpi upturned to middle of front or beyond, often
beyond vertex; wings exceptionally broad, macro -like in shape, the fringe rela-
tively narrow, and but little widened at anal angle. R« and R, usually separate,

38 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Cu, arising close to angle of cell; R and Mt usually separate in hind wing; 2d A
very strongly forked at base. Egg of upright type; larva with front acute,
reaching well toward, but not to, vertex; alpha of prothorax farther from mid-
dorsal line than beta, abdomen with i nearer the middle line than ii on eighth
segment, iv and v close together, legs with a single circle of hooks. Pupa incom-
plete, with only anterior rows of line spines on the segments, cremaster rudimen-
tary; maxillary palpi, labial palpi and fore femora exposed; mesothorax extend-
ing back in a lobe, nearly cutting the metathorax in two.

Family 26. Heliodinidae. Palpi very short, drooping (medium sized in Eucle-
mensia) ; maxillary palpi minute, porrect; tongue strong; tarsi with more or
less distinct whorls of bristles, the tibiae also often with stiff bristles, the hind
legs displayed at rest. Larvae various, not well known, pupae hardly known.

Family 27. JEgeriidae. Antenna; often fusiform, normally with a tuft of bristles
at apex; wings strong, very narrow, usually more or less transparent. Fore
wing with R0 running to outer margin, anal region much reduced, hind wing
with costa bearing a backward-directed keel, with a row of spines interlocking
with a row on inner margin of fore wing. Larvae borers, with high front, hooks
of prolegs uniordinal in two transverse rows, iv and v close together, and last
spiracle higher than the others; pupa incomplete.

Superfamily Tortricoidea. Larva with setae iv and v approximate,
pupa incomplete, typical, spined dorsally for progression; moth nor-
mally with R5 running to outer margin, free in lower forms; stalked
with R4 in higher forms, hind wing with Sc and R as in the preceding
superfamily, R and Mx usually approximate; head and body usually
with rough vestiture, that on the head shorter than in the Tineidaa ; palpi
rough and more or less triangular or porrect; maxillary palpi minute.

Family 28. Tortricidae. Fore wing with 1st A preserved, Cu2 arising less than
three -fourths way out on cell; larva with biordinal or triordinal hooks; abdomen
of pupa with a distinct cremaster, or with setae on the anal rise.

Family 29. Phaloniidae. Both wings without 1st A; Cu2 arising more than
three-fourths way out in cell; hind wing with Mx preserved, usually stalked with
R; palpi alike in both sexes. Larva with uniordinal hooks; pupa with end of
abdomen obliquely truncate, with irregular spines, without cremaster.

Family 30. Carposinidas. Both wings without 1st A; Cu2 arising more than
three -fourths way out; hind wing with Mj and M3 completely lost; palpi much
longer in female than in male. Larva a fruit borer with a complete circle of
uniordinal hooks and last spiracles dorsal.

Family 31. Cossidae. Large, stout, heavy moths, with small palpi, rudimentary
tongue, partly hairy vestiture, and short tibial spurs. Wing veins heavy, includ-
ing R^JJ and the dividing veins in the cell, 1st A strong and tubular, from near
base. Frenulum sometimes obsolete. Egg sometimes upright; larva stout and
strong, with mandibles heavy and turned forward, usually with multiordinal
hooks in a complete circle; setae ii as far apart on ninth abdominal as on other
segments. Pupa very heavy, with extremely short maxillae which meet on mid-
dle line; no maxillary palpi, and no cremaster.

$$" Pyraloids." Larva with only two setae, on prespiracular
wart, with iv and v approximated, rarely with secondary or
tufted hair (in which case the spiracles are round}; pupa

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 39

obtect but almost always with distinct maxillary palpi; prac-
tically never progressing from the cocoon. Moth normally
with firmly and finely scaled wings, with ample anal region
in hind wing; usually with three anals in hind wing, but
with 1st A almost always lost in fore wing; maxillary palpi
of porrect type; tongue scaled at base; no accessory cell.

Superfamily Pyralidoidea. Characters as just stated for the Pyra-
loids.

Family 32. Thyrididae. Wings heavy and close -scaled, 1st A absent in both
wings, all radials separate (variously stalked in exotic species), Re to outer mar-
gin; hind wing with Sc and R closely parallel beyond end of cell; maxillary palpi
obsolete, pilifers large. Larva with two setae on vii of mesothorax, and i higher
than ii on ninth abdominal segment.

Family 33. Pyralididse. Wings entire, without special scaling along the veins
beneath; fore wing with 1st A usually lost. Hind wing with Sc and R very
closely approximate, or more often fused, beyond end of cell. Larva with primary
setae only, with normal prolegs, usually bearing biordinal or triordinal hooks,
pupa with seventh abdominal segment fixed in both eexes, usually smooth; with
a deep furrow between ninth and tenth abdominal segments in the few species
without maxillary palpi.

Family 34. Pterophoridae. A series of specialized spatulate scales along Cu and
its forks in hind wing; our species with fore wing divided into two, and hind
wing into three, feathers; 1st A preserved. Larva usually with secondary or
tufted hair, with very long, stem-like prolegs with expanded plantse. Pupa usually
exposed, suspended by the tail, often very hairy and angular; seventh abdominal
segment movable in male; without maxillary palpi or groove between ninth and
tenth abdominal segments. Cremaster supplemented by a second tuft of spines
on venter.

Family 35. Orneodidse. Both wings deeply cleft into six feathers. Only one
anal preserved (1st A?). Larva with uniordinal hooks on prolegs and a single
seta vii on mesothorax. Pupa with maxillary palpi concealed; seventh segment
fixed. .Cremaster simple.

JJJ" Macros." Larvce with only two seta on prespiracular wart,
with iv and v separate except when there is dense secondary
hair; with oval spiracles, and often with dense tufted or
secondary hair. Usually external feeders. Pupa obtect,
progressing only in the Citheroniidae, without distinct max-
illary palpi or pilifers; moth broad-winged, with 1st A rudi-
mentary or absent in all wings, base of M lost, maxillary
palpi of porrect type and almost always rudimentary or
lost, tongue not scaled; wings usually firmly scaled, with
narrow fringes; accessory cell when present separated by a
fully developed vein from discal.

Superfamily Uranioidea. Larva with simple hair ; setae i and ii sepa-
rate, iv and v both well below spiracle, and tending to approximate

40 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

each other; hooks on prolegs biordinal, in an elliptical band; one or
more additional setfc on prolegs. Pupae hardly known. Egg of flat
type. Moth with a slight chitinization subventrally on first segment
of abdomen, representing tympanum; fore wing typically with R5 and
M, approximate or stalked, in Lacosomidae with R4and R5 stalked and
widely separated from R, ; Cu apparently three-branched (trifid).
Hind wing with Sc and R sharply diverging from close to base of
wing.

Family 36. Epiplemidae. Larva living practically exposed; with circle of hooks
on pro legs broadly interrupted; moth with Rj stalked with MI, free from. R,;
moth resting with hind wings rolled about body. Frenulum normal in our
species.

Family 37. Lacosomidae. Larva with hooks of prolegs in a complete ellipse;
living in a case, open at both ends; thin-skinned, with chitinized thorax and pos-
terior callosity. Moth with R, and R5 widely separated from R3; frenulum rudi-
mentary in our species; resting position normal. (Position of family doubtful.)

Superfamily Saturnioidea. Larva always with fine, usually rudi-
mentary secondary hair; primaries on warts or spines which also
bear secondary setae ; iv and v united, i of eighth segment of abdomen
usually united in middle line; prolegs with a straight band of bior-
dinal hooks. Egg of flat type. Moth without tympanum, the meta-
thorax not modified; tongue rudimentary in our species; fore wing
always with trifid venation ; M2 closely associated with radial stem, one
radial always lost (R5 ?), R2-R4 stalked and much crowded; hind wing
as in the family Lacosomidae; frenulum lost.

Family 38. Citheroniidae. First-stage larva usually with primary hair; ninth
segment with a mid -dorsal spine, anal plate tuberculate or spined; body spines
more or less horn-like, never with long spinules, and strongly unequal in our
species. Pupa formed in the ground, active, hard and rough, with flanged seg-
ments. Cremaster bifurcate, without hooks. Moth with male antennae doubly
bipectinate halfway to apex; fore wing with Mj more or less stalked with Rj—R,
parallel to M2; hind wing with two anals.

Family 39. Saturniidae. Larva with dense bristly spines in earlier stages, never
with primitive first stage; warts i of eighth segment of abdomen fused into a
caudal horn in all our species, ii rarely fused, ii of ninth segment fused only in
the Hemileucinse, which have subequal bristly spines and a smooth anal plate.
Pupa almost always in a cocoon, not spinulose; cremaster simple or represented
by spines only; abdominal segments often without flanges, and telescoping when
dried. Moth with antennae plumose to apex in male, in all our species, MI, in our
species, free from R, typically clogely associated with M2; 3d A usually rudi-
mentary.

Superfamily Bombycoidea. Larva always with much secondary
hair, even on head; with warts, often obscured after first stage; with
an additional subdorsal wart ; legs as in the Saturnioidea ; larva often
tending to be flattened. Egg of flat type. Pupa normally with
secondary hair, with visible labial palpi. Moth various, without

LEPIDOPTEBA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 41

tympanum, ocelli, or maxillary palpi, with pectinate antennas; tongue
very rudimentary or lost. Hind wing with Sc and R closely parallel
from base, diverging before end of cell ; Rx usually distinct.

Family Bombycidse. Larva with rudimentary hair; with caudal horn. Moth
with Cu apparently 3-branched; R4 and JL. stalked farthest; no humeral veins;
and rudimentary frenulum. Traces of 1st A preserved. (Cultivated only.)

Family 40. Eupterotidas. Larva with fine dense hair, usually mixed with some
spatulate scales, with dorsal hair-pencils. Pupa not hairy; in the ground. Moth
with R2 and R«, R« and Rg stalked; Cu apparently 3-branched, and frenulum in
our species normal. No humeral veins nor traces of 1st A.

Family 41. Lasiocampidae. Larva with fine secondary hair, in some exotic
species mixed with scales; without slender pencils. Pupa hairy; in a cocoon.
Moth with apparently 4-branched cubitus; Rg stalked with Ma, and R2 with Raj
no trace of 1st A. Hind wing with frenulum lost, with two or more humeral
veins, and expanded humeral angle, which is exposed in the resting position.

Superfamily Drepanoidea. Larva with some subprimaries but with-
out secondary hair; tubercle iv somewhat higher than v and well
separated; prolegs with a band of biordinal hooks, and usually a few
outer hooks also, uniordinal in Eudeilinea. Anal legs slightly weak-
ened or absent. Egg flat; pupa thin-shelled, in a cocoon. Imago
with tympanum formed of a large, double, subventral chitinization on
abdomen, not opening to exterior unless through the pleural suture ;
thin- winged; Cu quadrified in the American species, at least in the
hind wing; hind wing with Sc and R separate to beyond end of cell,
then sometimes fusing.

Family 42. Thyatiridae. Larva with all legs. Cu trifid in fore wing; vestiture
deep, making the body appear stout. Frenulum knobbed at tip.

Family 43. Drepanidae. Larva with anal prolegs lost (except in the Indian
genus Euchera). Moth with Cu quadrifid in both wings, slender, often with
hooked wings. Frenulum weak and normal or lost; humeral angle expanded.

Superfamily Geometroidea. Larva very rarely with secondary hair,
but always with ventral subprimaries (at least one on sixth segment
of abdomen) , setse iv and v remote, iv higher ; prolegs with a band of
biordinal hooks, often interrupted by a sucker. Egg of flat type
except in Alsophila. Pupa normal without exposed maxillary palpi
or labium. Imago with a large tympanic hood at base of abdomen,
opening subventrally, below spiracle. No ocelli or maxillary palpi;
wings usually thin, hind wing with Sc and R closely parallel or fused
part of length of cell, separated at base and beyond cell, strongly
curved or angled at base, usually sending a brace across to base of
frenulum.

j»

Family 44. Geometridae. Characters of the Superfamily; Cu trifid, except in
Operophtera.

42 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Superfamily Sphingoidea. Larva with many minute secondary
hairs, obscuring the primaries, which are single; in first stage with
seta v higher than iv; i of eighth segment of abdomen united on mid-
dorsal line, usually on a horn. Egg of flat type, usually spherical.
Imago heavy-bodied, with very strong wings; no tympanum; fore
wing with 3d A a strong tubular vein, running into 2d A; hind wing
with Sc and R closely parallel, connected by R1} which is as strong
as the other veins. Abdomen almost always spined along posterior
edge of segments.

Family 45. Sphingidse. Characters of the superfamily.

Superfamily Noctuoidea. Larvae with variable vestiture, often with
tufted hair; seta (or wart) iv widely separated from v, higher, some-
times behind spiracle; hooks or prolegs uniordinal in a single band.
Egg upright. Imago with a stretched membrane in metepimeron which
is more or less broken up into several sclerites; hood on base of abdo-
men, either above level of spiracle or enclosing it, occasionally lost;
ocelli often present; maxillary palpi present and scaled, but almost
always minute; 3d A of fore wing weak, hind wing with Sc and R
never divergent from base, rarely connected by a brace-vein to frenu-
lum, never closer together beyond cell than along cell, usually fused
for part of length of cell or connected by a cross vein. Cu quadrifid,
except in the Notodontidae, and the western family Dioptidse, which
also always lack the hood.

Family 46. Notodontidae. Cu trifid; Sc and R of hind wing independent, or
connected by a weak cross vein; larva with anal prolegs more or less reduced
or modified; almost invariably raised in resting position.

Family 47. Liparidae. Cu quadrifid, as in the following families; palpi short;
tongue rudimentary, ocelli absent; antennae plumose in male; hood above spiracle.
Sc and R of hind wing connected by a cross vein, or touching at a point, more
than a third way out on cell. Larva with tufted hair, with two bright -colored
dorsal glands on abdomen.

Family 48. Noctuidae. Palpi various; tongue normally functional; ocelli present
(except in Menopsimus), hood usually enclosing spiracle, less often above spiracle
or obsolete. Sc and R of hind wing . touching at a point, less than a third way
out on cell, or shortly fused; larva with either simple or tufted hair; in the
latter case with secondary hair also, or with wart iv much lower on seventh
abdominal segment than the others, and often obsolete.

Family 49. Agaristidae. Like the Noctuidse; antennae clubbed, hood absent.

Family 50. Arctiidae. Tongue often weak; ocelli always present; Sc and R
fusing for at least a fifth, usually a half of length of cell, but not beyond end
of cell; hood above spiracle. Larva with tufted and without secondary hair, the
tufts rarely lost in last stage; wart iv of seventh abdominal segment not lower
than on others. Two subdorsal warts on mesothorax 'and metathorax.

Family 51. Lithosiidae. Similar to the family. Arctiidse, with the ocelli lost;
wings smooth-scaled; hood sometimes lost. Larvae usually with tufted hair much
reduced in last stage; but present, at least when young; when well developed

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 43

in last stage, with the subdorsal warts of mesothorax and metathorax longitud-
inally placed.

Family 52. Nolidae. Ocelli lost; tongue present, weak; fore wings tufted;
hind wings with Sc and R fused more than half of length of cell ; hood above
spiracle. Larva with only 14 legs, with tufted hair; wart iv obsolete.

Family 53. Euchromiidae. Ocelli present; tongue strong; palpi strong; hind
wings with free part of Sc lost, the first developed vein being R. Hood very
large, the abdomen constricted behind it in many exotic species. Diurnal. Larva
with tufted hair, with only a single subdorsal wart on mesothorax and
metathorax.

Suborder Rhopalocera. Butterflies with hind wing much shorter
and broader than fore wing; with only a single free radial; fore wing
with cubitus straight to base, sometimes with a rudiment of 1st A
arising from it near base ; the rest of 1st A lost. R4+5 of pupa given
off from radial stem before the origin of R1? obsolete in imago but
often with a trace showing as a short spur or a fold. No jugum or
frenulum; humeral angle of hind wing enlarged, usually with a
humeral vein. Antennae more or less obviously clubbed, with the
scaleless sensory area often covering the whole club, and rarely
extending on the shaft (Feniseca). Tongue and labial palpi always
strong; ocelli and maxillary palpi always absent. Egg upright, larva
with tubercles iv and v well separated and both low in first stage,
usually obscured in later stages; prolegs typically with triordinal
hooks. Our butterflies are all diurnal, and all except Thanaos sleep
with the wings raised over the body or outspread.

Superfamily Hesperioidea. (Skippers). Head very broad; front
twice as wide as high ; antenna? widely separated at base (two to four
times their own width), usually with a strong but slender tuft of
lashes in front of eye ; fore legs with epiphysis, hind tibise usually with
all spurs; fore wing with all veins present and arising separately from
cell; hind wing with humeral vein usually running across from tip of
basal thickening (costa) to bend in Sc. Larva with prothorax much
smaller (in our species) than head or following segment; head cap-
sule closed ventrally behind base of mouth parts by a small sclerite
(gula) ; prolegs with a complete circle of hooks. Larva always a
concealed feeder. Pupa rounded, suspended by a Y-shaped girth
in a more or less perfect cocoon; with maxillae extending out at base
to reach eyes.

Family 54. Hesperiidae. Frenulum and frenulum-hook absent.

Superfamily Papilionoidea. (True butterflies). Head narrower, the

'antennae separated at their base by about their width or less; front

less than twice as wide as high; eyes not lashed; fore legs without

epiphysis (except in the Papilionidse), hind legs with end-spurs only;

44 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

humeral vein, when present, extending free from Sc toward costa,
often forked at tip, but not reaching edge of wing. Larva with
prothorax not noticeably narrowed, without gula; prolegs with a
single band of hooks, or if with a second outer band it is much reduced ;
suspension girdle of pupa a simple loop or absent; the tongue, in the
pupa, not touching eyes.

Family 55. Papilionidse. Fore leg with epiphysis; head broad; fore wing, in
our species, with all radials; M2 associated with Cu-stem (quadrifid), 3d A free,
turning down toward inner margin; hind wing with only one anal (in our species).
Egg spherical. Larva very stout, with tufted hair in first stage; with osmeteria.
Pupa girt, but loosely, the anterior end with two points.

Family 56. Pieridae. Fore leg fully developed in both sexes, with claws and
pulvillus, but without epiphysis, head narrower, but with the antennal sockets
not encroaching on the eyes; fore wing with one or two radials lost in our species,
except in Zegris, M8 stalked with R-stem, M2 associated with R-stem in both
wings, 3d A of fore wing rudimentary, running up into 2d A; hard wing with two
anals. Larva with fine secondary hair, slender and normal in form. Pupa girt
loosely, angular, ending in a single spine.

Family 57. Lycaenidae. Fore leg nearly fully developed in male, with spinules
on tarsus, but without normal terminal claws and pulvilli, wholly normal in
female; head very narrow, the antennal sockets encroaching more or less on the
eyes; front not depressed. Fore wing with one or two radials lost in our species,
M! usually free; M2 arising from the cross vein halfway between M! and M3, often
weak, the cross veins both weak. M, of hind wing as in fore wing; humeral lost
in our species; anals as in the Pieridae. Egg flat. Larva slug-like with retrac-
tile head, and fine secondary hair. Pupa short and rounded, closely girt.

Family 58. Erycinidae. Fore leg quite reduced and bruslilike in male; with-
out claws or spines, with tibia expanded in a spine beyond articulation of tarsus;
normal in female; head as in the Lycaenidae; venation as in the Lycsenidse, but
with humeral vein preserved and our species with costa thickened out to humeral
angle. Egg and larva and pupa of our species as in the Lycaenidae.

Family 59. Nymphalidae. Fore leg reduced and nonfunctional in both sexes
(except female of Libythea); head as in Pieridae, front depressed; fore wing in
our species with all radials, Mx free, M2 associated with R-stem in both wings;
hind wing usually with humeral vein; anals as in the Pieridse. Egg as high as
wide, vertically ribbed; larva slender, with spines or fleshy filaments, or forked
tail; rarely as in Pieridae; pupa suspended by the tail only, or (in a few Satyrinse)
in a slight cocoon.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 45

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF LEPIDOPTERAe

Imago

FIG. 30. PORTION

OF WING MEMBRANE
SHOWING SOCKETS
OF SCALES AND
WING 8PINTJLES

( ACULE.E ) . HIGHLY

MAGNIFIED

1. Winged 2

1. Wingless or with rudimentary wings 55

2. Hind wings with four or five radials, with at least ten veins besides anals

(figs. 31, 40), wing-membrane spinulated (fig. 30) 3

2. Hind wings with only one free radial (two in the otherwise much reduced

Douglasia group, page 224); with at most six (or, with Sc, seven) veins
from cell 5

3. Wings hardly wider than their fringe, expanse about one-half inch 4

3. Wings ample, fringe narrow, expanse over one inch Hepialidae (p. 66)

4. Middle tibiae with a spur; mouth parts formed for sucking; Sc of fore wing

forking near apex Eriocraniidse (p. 64)

4. Middle tibiae unarmed, mouth parts formed for biting; Sc forking near mid-

dle Micropterygidae (p. 62)

5. Each wing deeply cleft into six narrow strips Orneodidae (p. 652)

5. Fore wing moderately cleft into two, and hind wing deeply, into three, feathers

(figs. 400-403) Pterophoridae (p. 639)

5. Wings entire, or one pair only, moderately cleft 6

6. Inner margin of fore wing and costal margin of hind wing with series of

recurved spines and interlocking; fore wing at least four times as long as wide,
and base, at least, of hind wing transparent (figs. 224-229) JEgeriidae (p. 360)

6. Wings not interlocking at middle of margin, very rarely transparent, and, if

so, with broader fore wings 7

7. Hind wing lanceolate, without marked anal angle, or notched below apex and

trapezoidal, or cleft; the fringe almost as wide as wing, or wider. (Micros
in part) 59

7. Hind wings much broader than their fringe, never lanceolate, and rarely

trapezoidal with produced apex 8

8. A double series of enlarged and divergent scales along Cu of hind wing below;

wings, body, and legs, very long Pterophoridae (Agdistinae)

8. No such specialized scales 9

9. Fore wing with two anal veins well developed at middle of wing or at outer

margin, the first a tubular vein at middle of wing in broad-winged forma,
sometimes tubular only at the margin itf narrow ones 10

•In the case of extra-limital families, no page is indicated; in those not included in this memoir,
page references are made to the brief family definitions in the synopsis, pages 41 to 44.

46 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

9. Fore wing with only one anal reaching margin, 1st A rudimentary, or repre-
sented by a fold; 3d A at most by a short spur 17

10. Antennae strongly clubbed; Sc and R strongly divergent from close to base

Castniidae

10. Antennae tapering regularly, or very slightly fusiform 11

11. Sc separating from cell shortly before the apex of the cell (figs 62, 72) 16

11. Sc arising separate from R, running closely parallel to it to well beyond end

of cell, or (in our species) fused with it beyond end of cell; the base of R
in that case either complete or showing as a short spur (fig. 298)

Pyralididae (Schoenobiinae) (p. 525)

11. Sc anastomosing with cell for short distance or not at all; not closely parallel

to R beyond end of cell 12

12. Accessory cell well marked 13

12. Accessory cell absent 14

13. Wings ample (fore wing not half longer than wide), body short and slender;

mouth parts rudimentary Dalceridae

13. Wings strong and lanceolate, body heavy, far exceeding hind wings, mouth-
parts rudimentary Cossidae (p. 516)

13. Wings more or less oblong, usually twice as long as wide, and lightly veined;

body small and slender; mouth parts usually developed, with scaled
tongue Micros in part . . 59

14. Fore wing with 1st A and 2d A anastomosing or connected near middle of

wing ( fig. 101 ) Psychidae in part (page 140)

14. Fore wing with 1st A and 2d A independent beyond extreme base of wings . . 15

15. Fore wing with RB running to outer margin, base M distinct, running through

center of cell; Sc and R of hind wing connected by a strong cross vein or
anastomosing; tongue absent Eucleidae (p. 102)

15. Sc and R of hind wing independent; or connected by a cross vein, when RB runs

to costa (Ethmia) ; or anastomosing when base of media of fore wing
runs near lower edge of cell or is completely lost (Tortricidae) ; tongue usually
present Micros in part . . 59

16. RB long-stalked (fig. 72), colors light, the northern species with crinkly hair

on fore wing ; tongue absent Megalopygidae (p. 101 )

16. Rj from cell (fig. 61) dark, smoothly scaled forms; tongue present.

Pyromorphidae (p. 113)

17. Hind wing with three anals, the first often fading out toward base (fig. 19) . .18

17. Hind wing with two anals or less; at most with a short spur of 1st A at

margin in broad-winged forms (figs. 409-432) 19

18. Sc and R of hind wing closely parallel or fused beyond end of cell (figs. 312-

399 Pyralididae in part (p. 523)

18. Sc and R strongly divergent from before end of cell Micros in part. .59

19. Antennae distinctly swollen toward tip, (figs. 5-7), and frenulum wanting

(butterflies) 20

19. Antennae not swollen toward tip, or if so (Agaristidae, Sphingidae, Coronidiinae ) ,

wings with a strong frenulum 25

20. Fore wing with all veins present, from cell, eyes strongly lashed in front;

antennae separated at base by a distance greater than half width of
eyes Hesperiidse (p. 43)

20. Fore wing with some radials stalked or absent; eyes rarely lashed; antennae

closer together 21

21. Fore wing with 3d A free at tip, hind wing with only one anal, save in one

Mexican species Papilionidae (p. 44)

21. Hind wing with two well-developed anals; 3d A of fore wing running into

2d A or lost 22

22. M, from middle of end of cell in both wings, or obsolete; fore wing, in north-

ern species, with ten or eleven veins 23

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 47

22. M2 distinctly associated with radial stem, in one, and usually in both wings;

lower discocellular vein often obsolete; with at least a trace of a humeral
vein 24

23. A humeral vein in hind wing Erycinidae (p. 44)

23. No humeral vein Lycaenidae (p. 44)

24. Butterfly walking on four legs (except female of Hypattis), radius five-

branched; Mt from cell Nymphalidae (p. 44)

24. Butterfly using all its legs for walking; radius usually four-branched, M!

stalked with it Pieridse (p. 44)

25. Lorth American species very stout, and with wings 55 mm. (two inches)

or more in expanse; the hina wings rarely reaching beyond middle of
abdomen ; Sc and R of hind wing connected at the middle of the cell or rather
before by a vein (RJ which is as strong as any; and then closely parallel
to end of cell or beyond Sphingidae (p. 42, 360)

25. Wings proportionately larger; Sc and R rarely connected by a strong cross

vein, and if so, strongly divergent beyond it (fig. 426) 26

26. Sc and R separate, but connected by a more or less distinct cross vein; acces-

sory cell fused with discal cell, but with the line of separation (Rj+is) indi-
cated by a slight thickening starting from an angulation in the stem of
R; species under 30 mm. in expanse (fig. 155) A few Micros.. 59

26. Accessory cell separated by a full-sized vein, or completely absent 27

27. Cu of fore wing apparently three -branched (in a couple of Lithosians two-

branched) , . .28

27. Cu of fore wing apparently four-branched 42

28. Frenulum normal 29

28. Frenulum rudimentary (less than one-fifteenth length of hind wings) or

absent 35

29. Sc and R fused from base of hind wing beyond middle, then rapidly diverging;

swollen at the base; slender moths Lithosiidse in part (p. 42)

29. Sc and R separate at extreme base; then closely approximate or fused a
greater or less distance ' 30

29. Sc and R sharply divergent from close to base (fig. 409) . . Epiplemidae (p. 654)

30. Hind wing with Sc angled near base, connected by a strong cross vein to

humeral angle Most Geometridae (p. 41)

30. Sc of hind wing moderately curved or straight at base 31

31. Hind wing with Cu apparently 4 -branched, M2 being much nearer Ms than MI;

Sc and R closely parallel beyond end of cell; vestiture deep (fig. 432).

Thyatiridas (p. 686)

31. Hind wing with Cu apparently 3-branched, M2 being as near to Mj as to M3;

Sc and R separating before end of cell (fig. 425) 32

32. Stout species ; no tympanic hood; 1st A lost 33

32. Usually slender species; when rather stout, with a well-marked lateral hood

on first segment of abdomen 34

33. Tongue absent; fore wing with R, and R3, R4 and Rj stalked together (fig. 425) ;

northern species with hyaline dots on fore wing

Eupterotidae (Apatelodes) (p. 678)

33. Tongue present, often weak; fore wing fully scaled; usually with accessory

cell, or R3 and R, long-stalked together Notodontidae (p. 42, 678)

34. Subcosta straight to base and but little swollen; no trace of a tympanic hood.

Dioptidae.

34. Subcosta strongly sinuous and much swollen at base; a lateral hood at base

of abdomen A few Geometridae (p. 41)

35. Sc and R of hind wing fused for a very short distance, then sharply divergent,

separate from base, or connected by a weak cross vein (figs. 413-422) ;
tympanic hood absent 36

48 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

35. Sc strongly divergent from R at extreme base, then sharply bent and touching,

fusing or closely parallel to it, or connected by a strong cross vein; tympanic
hood conspicuous, lateral A few Geometridae (p. 41)

36. Antennae naked, or with a few fugitive scales on shaft 37

36. Antennae closely scaled on upper side (figs. 9, 10) 38

37. M! stalked with R in both wings or neither; hind wing usually with one anal

(figs. 413-416); male antennae pectinate to apex Saturniidae (p. 668)

37. M! stalked with R in fore wing but not in hind wing; hind wing with two anals

(figs. 419, 422) ; male antennae pectinate halfway to apex.

Citheroniidae (p. 664)

38. Sc of hind wing sharply divergent from R from close to base (fig. 411) 39

38. Sc and R parallel at base, connected by a weak crossvein (fig. 426) 41

39. R^+s widely separated from R8 all the way from cell to margin (fig. 411).

Lacosomidae (p. 656)

39. R« arising from cell closely associated with R, 40

40. Rg and Mt stalked or closely approximate at base, and separate from R! (like

fig. 409) Uraniidae

40. Ro separate from Mj (like fig. 414) Lonomiidae

41. Frenulum about one -sixteenth length of hind wing; four radial veins in fore

wing Eupterotidae (Eupterotinae)

41. Frenulum obsolescent, not exceeding ] "meral angle, or absent, 5 radials.

Bombycidas (p. 679)

42. Cu, of fore wing arising from cell about a third way out from base, or even

nearer base; RB stalked with M^; with humeral veins and without frenulum
in the North American species (fig. 427) Lasiocampidae (p. 679)

42. Cu, of fore wing arising well beyond middle of cell; hind wing usually with

frenulum 43

43. Fore wing with complete venation (twelve veins) all the radials, medials, and

cubitals arising separately, or with R, and R, shortly stalked (fig. 195).

Tnyrididae (p. 521)

43. R3 and R», or R< and RB long-stalked, or with some veins absent 44

44. Sc and R of hind wing parallel to beyond separation of R from cell, and then

approaching very close or fusing a short distance (figs. 306, 435) 45

44. Sc fusing to upper side of cell or wholly independent 46

45. First segment of abdomen with chitinized subventral bullee, and a subdorsal

cavity opening backward; northeastern species expanding over 25 mm.

Drepanidas (p 688)

45. First segment of abdomen not modified; northeastern species expanding

less than 20mm .Pyralididae (Chrysauginae)7 (p. 528)

46. Sc apparently absent, fused except at extreme base with R.

Euchromiidae (p. 43)

46. Sc and R separating before end of cell 47

47. Antennae swollen toward tip Agaristidae (p. 42)

47. Shaft of antennae regularly tapering 48

48. Ocelli present (fig. 3) 49

48. Ocelli absent 53

49. Sc and R of hind wing fused to middle of cell or beyond. .Most Arctiidse (p. 42)
49. Sc and R fused for more than a fifth length of cell, but the fusion not reaching

middle 50

49. Sc and R fused for less than a fifth length of cell, the fusion sometimes imper-

fect 51

50. Hind tarsus ordinarily not more than eight times as long as thick, tibia often

with reduced spurs; M2 reduced only in Eubaphe; in the rest of full strength
and associated with cubital stem; moths often stout; Sc very much swollen
at base ; hood above spiracle Many Arctiidae (p. 42)

1 Also moat tropioa IThyrididse.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 49

50. Hind tarsus ordinarily much more slender, the tibia with long spurs; M2 usu-

ally well separated from cubital stem, though nearer it than radial, and
often weaker than the other veins; Sc not more than twice as thick as R
in their basal portion; usually slender moths; hood surrounding spiracle
(fig. 16), except in some slender species Some Noctuidae (p. 42)

51. Tympanic hoods enlarged dorsally, showing from dorsal side as two rounded

bosses on the first segment of the abdomen, separated by a third of the
width of the abdomen; brilliantly marked species Pericopidae

51. Tympanic hoods less conspicuous dorsally; separated by half the width of the

abdomen .52

52. White or yellow species with palpi not reaching the middle of the smooth-

scaled front, and four-branched Cu in both wings; hood above spiracle, con-
spicuous Arctiidae (Haploa) (p. 42)

52. Species with longer palpi, three -branched Cll in hind wings or gray ground

color; and lateral hood Most Noctuidae (p. 42)

53. Fore wing with raised scale-tufts; small species with Sc and R ordinarily fused

to near middle of cell but free at base Nolidae (p. 43)

53. Fore wings smoothly scaled 54

54. Sc and R of hind wings fused at a point about middle of cell or connected by a

cross vein, or closely parallel Most Lyman t riidse

54. Sc and R fused from base to middle of celL

Most Lithosiidae and Menopsvmus (Noctuidae) (p. 42)

54. Sc sharply divergent from R at base, then angulate and becoming closely

approximate or fusing with it A few GeometridJe (p. 41)

55. Legs lost, moth never leaving cocoon Psychidae ($s in part) (p. 140)

55. With normal legs 56

56. Cocoon seedlike, with a valve at one end (being formed of the larval case), the

moth normally not leaving it; moth less than 6 mm. long.

Psychidae ($s in part) (p. 140)

56. Cocoon normally felted of the larval hair, or rudimentary and underground;

moth more than 6 mm. long 57

57. Ocelli present A few Arctic Noctuidae (p. 42)

57. Ocelli absent 58

58. Abdomen closely scaled, or spined, or with bristling, dark gray hair.

Geometridae (a few $s) (p. 41)

58. Abdomen smoothly clothed with fine light woolly hair; moth not normally

leaving the cocoon, which is composed of the larval hair.

Liparidae (a few $s) (p. 42)

59. Maxillary palpi conspicuous, folded in resting position (fig. 49). 60

59. Maxillary palpi straight and porrect (fig. 3), or rudimentary 64

60. Antenna with large eye-cap, larger than eye 61

60. Eye -cap rudimentary or absent; fore wing with large cell and branched veins. .62

61. Fore wing with branched veins, normally with a small, four-sided cell (figs.

52-57) Nepticulidae (p. 79)

61. Fore wing with three or four simple veins only (fig. 113) . .Opostegidae (p. 160)

62. Head entirely smooth, RB, when distinct, running to costa (fig. 114).

Oinophilidae

62. Head with a few erect hairs; Rj present and running to outer margin (fig.
202) Yponomeutidae (Acrolepia) (p. 343)

62. Head tufted, at least on vertex ; R5 running to costa 63

63. Wing membrane aculeate (fig. 30) ; Sc of hind wing with a strong basal fork

(the lower fork being Rt), or considerably swollen at base, R and Sc usually
sharply divergent from base; vertex very rough (figs. 43-45).

Moat Incurvariidae (p. 72)

50 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

63. Wing membrane not aculeate; R, rarely as strong as the other veins, and when

distinct separated from the base of the wing by several times its length
(fip 73) Tineidae (p. 116)

64. Cell set obliquely in wing, twice as near inner margin as to costa at outer end;

with one or both cubitals very short and running directly across to inner
margin (figs. 123, 175) 65

64. Cell lying in center of wing, or, rarely, oblique, but with both CUj and Cuz

long and longitudinal; rarely obsolete (figs. 129, 185) 67

65. Hind wing lanceolate; R and M, widely separated, parallel (fig. 175).

Blast obasidae (p. 308)

65. Hind wing linear, R and M, connate or stalked 66

66. Fore tibia exceptionally slender, with epiphysis rudimentary, at its apex, or

absent; antenna? turned forward in repose Coleophoridae (p. 202 )

66. Fore tibia usually stout, the epiphysis conspicuous and situated at its middle;

antenna? folded back in repose A few Lavernidae (p. 318)

67. Membrane of hind wing distinctly excavated below apex, with pointed, pro-

duced apex; rarely bifid (figs. 156, 160, etc.) Gelechiidae (p. 255)

67. Hind wing rounded at apex or trapezoidal, often broader than its fringe; anal
region developed (fig. 138. etc.) 68

67. Hind wing lanceolate and pointed or linear, much narrower than its own

fringe (fig. 180) 81

68. Hind wing with both M! and M3 lost; 1st A lost in fore wing (fig. 291).

Carposinidae (p. 513)

68. Hind wing with at most one vein lost 69

69. Vestiture of thorax and legs of deep spatulate hair; tongue obsolete, body

usually stout; venation complete, with base of media preserved 70

69. Vestiture of thorax and fore and middle tibia? mostly of normal scales; body

usually slender 71

70. Palpi upturned beyond middle of front, usually beyond vertex, or long and

porrect; with very long first joint; eyes usually hairy.

Tineidae (Acrolophinae) (p. 116)

70. Palpi small, not reaching middle of front; eyes naked Cossidse (p. 516)

71. Cu2 arising less than three-fourths way out on cell (fig. 234) ; palpus beak-like

with second joint rough and usually porrect or oblique, and third small (figs.
241 to 243, and 271 to 283. inclusive) Tortricidae (p. 376)

71. Cu2 arising more than three-fourths way out on cell or (rarely) palpus smooth

and upturned beyond vertex (fig. 147) 72

72. Palpus rough-scaled and beak-like, with second segment roughly scaled on

upper side, and third porrect, inconspicuous; 1st A lost; R and M, closely
approximate or stalked (fig. 288) Phaloniidae (p. 499)

72. Palpus weak and hardly projecting beyond front, or rudimentary; tongue rudi-
mentary; female (so far as known) with abdomen heavily tufted at apex;
R and M, normally separate but strongly divergent (figs. 103, 104) 73

72. Palpus bristled on outer side of second segment, sometimes with a mass of
bristles, third segment ovoid, well set off, sometimes porrect; R and Mt nor-
mally separate 74

72. Palpus upturned to middle of front or beyond, second joint long and slender,

usually tapering 75

73. Male antennae simple or bristled in American species, female with abdominal

tuft . Psychidae (p. 140)

73. Male antennae plumose ; female unknown Epipyropidae

74. Wing membrane not spinulated; antennae shorter than fore wing.

Tineidae (p. 116)

74. Wing membrane spinulated; antennae of male much larger than fore wing;
ovipositor chitinized, piercing Incurvariidae (p. 72)

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 51

75. R and Mx of hind wing closely approximated or stalked; tongue usually present
(fig. 152) 76

75. R and M! well separated at origin, usually half as far as at margin (fig. 137) ;

1st A usually preserved at margin 79

76. Wings Leavy and stiff, close-scaled; normally with all veins present and sepa-

rate, RS running to outer margin, 1st A lost; maxillary palpi absent.

Thyrididae (p. 521)

76. Body and wings light, and soft-scaled; maxillary palpi perceptible, folded 77

77. R, and R; stalked or united, both running to costa (fig. 155) ; 1st A lost.

Gelechiidae (p. 255)

77. R« and Rj separate, or forking over apex, all veins present; 1st A strong 78

78. Fore wing blunt, maxillary palpi of folded type Xylorictidae (p. 250)

78. Fore wing falcate, maxillary palpi minute, but porrect.

Yponomeutoidea (Cerostoma) (p. 341)

79. RS running to costa (fig. 141) (Ecophoridae (p. 230)

79. Rj running to outer margin or fore wing with not more than nine veins arising

from cell 80

80. R, and Rg stalked, forming over apex; ocelli minute or absent (fig. 138).

(Ecophoridse (p. 230)

80. R, and RS separate (fig. 200), or ocelli very large Yponomeutoidea (p. 335)

81. Antennae with eye -cap, when folded back covering major part of eye 82

81. Antennae with rudimentary eye-cap or none 83

82. Palpi small and drooping or absent Lyonetiidae (p. 148)

82. Palpi reaching beyond middle of front A few Gracilariidae (p. 161)

83. Head with long, bristly vestiture covering vertex and face; tongue and maxil-

lary palpi absent. . .* A few Tineidae (p. 116)

83. Face at least smooth-scaled 84

84. Hind wing with radial stem central, sending off a branch to costa near middle

(Rj+s) and one to dorsal margin nearer apex (fig. 131).

Douglasiidae (p. 224)

84. R-stem not sending a branch to costa, or with the branch close to apex (fig.

181, etc.) 85

85. Hind wing lanceolate, at least a sixth as wide as long, with the R-stem running

through its center (fig. 134) 86

85. Hind wing with R-stem closely associated with Sc toward base, or lost; or wing

linear with veins crowded (figs. 180, 186) 88

86. Maxillary palpi distinct, porrect A few Gracilariidae (p. 161 )

86. Maxillary palpi obsolete 87

87. Cu-stem of hind wing at least two-branched (fig. 129); cell usually formed;

palpi usually upturned beyond middle of front Cycnodiidae (p. 218)

87. Cu-stem of hind wing simple, free; palpi small, drooping (fig. 134).

Heliozelidae (p. 225)

88. Fore wing linear, with three or four simple veins only (fig. 221).

Heliodinidae (Cycloplasis) (p. 356)
88. Fore wing lanceolate with branched veins but no cell (fig. 133).

Heliozelidae (Coptodisca) (p. 225)

88. Fore wing with formed cell 89

89. Fore wing with only four veins running to costa, and five or six to inner margin

(fig. 202), or hind wing with Mj widely separated from R at origin, often
stalked with M2 Some Yponomeutoidea (p. 335)

89. Fore wing with five veins running to costa or only three or four to inner margin ;

R and M, approximate or stalked to hind wing 90

90. Vertex rough or with a rough anterior crest 91

90. Entire head smooth-scaled Lavernidae (p. 318)

91. Accessory cell small or more often absent (figs. 115-120) hind tibiae less hairy,

often smooth or bristled Gracilariidae (p. 161 )

52 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

91. Accessory cell very large, extending halfway to base of fore wing (fig. 106) ;
hind tibiae with a large mass of loose hair Tischeriidae (p. 145)

Larva 8

1. Thoracic legs wanting or reduced to fleshy swellings, without chitinized seg-
ments 2

1. Thoracic legs developed, with chitinous segments 8

2. Body fusiform, thickest at middle, head small with closed front (separated

from the vertex by the epicrania) Incurvariidae (Prodoxus) (p. 72)

2. Body cylindrical or flattened; when somewhat fusiform with front reaching

vertex 3

3. Head with six small ocelli on each side 4

3. Head with two ocelli on each side, front not reaching vertex.

Heliozelidae (p. 225)

3. Head with a single large ocellus on each side, or none 5

4. Abdomen with rudimentary ventral prolegs on third to sixth segments, bear-

ing hooks Tischeriidae (p. 145)

4. Abdomen without prolegs on sixth segment Gracilariidse (p. 161)

5. Ocellus frontal, front triangular Eriocraniidae (p. 64)

5. Ocellus lateral, front quadrangular 6

6. Front widest at posterior end, body normally depressed, prolegs on third to

fifth segments of abdomen when present Gracilariidae (p. 161 )

6. Front widest at anterior end, body cylindrical; rudimentary prolegs on second

to seventh segments of abdomen or none 7

7. Body normal, five times as long as thick, normally with prolegs.

Nepticulidae (p. 79)

7. Body very slender, ten times as long as thick, without prolegs.

Opostegidae (p. 160)

8. Setae replaced by large, ovate scales, arranged in pairs. . . Micropterygidae (p. 62)

8. Setae normal 9

9. Crochets wanting, prolegs rudimentary or absent 10

9. Prolegs at least represented by rudimentary crochets 13

10. Front extending obviously to vertex; small species Coleophoridae (p. 202)

10. Front not extending to vertex (except when vertex is represented by a very

narrow slit) 11

11. Head completely retracted, body frequently with spines or secondary hair,

the primary setae obsolete; body with obscure incisures, usually with con-
spicuous pits Eucleidae (p. 102)

11. Head normally exposed; body with primary setae only, which are usually dis-

tinct ; with strong incisures 12

12. Setae iv and v distant on abdomen; prolegs present, though without hooks

(fig. 51) Incurvariidae (Tegeticula) (p. 72)

12. Setae iv and v adjacent (fig 174) ; prolegs absent A few Gelechiidae (p. 255)

13. Body without secondary or tufted setae, tubercle vi single; vii of three setae

at most, unless the proleg has a multiserial circle of hooks, when it may
have four setae; sometimes with a couple of dorsal subprimary setae.... 14

13. Body with tufted or secondary hair; at least two setae on tubercle vi on sixth

segment of abdomen, or with additional setae on proleg 48

14. Sixth segment of abdomen without a proleg Gracilariidae (p. 161 )

14. Sixth segment of abdomen with a proleg, the more anterior segments some-

times without 15

15. Hooks of prolegs arranged in a circle or ellipse (sometimes interrupted), or in

transverse bands . . 16

"Modified from the key in The Classification of Lepidopterous Larvae, by S. B. Fracker Illinois BipJog-
i cal Monographs, vomme 2. numbar I.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 53

15. Hooks of prolegs in a single band, sometimes with a few rudimentary outer

hooks besides 42

16. Prespiracular wart of prothorax with two setae (fig. 319) 17

16. Prespiracular wart of prothorax with three setae (fig. 174) 18

17. Hooks uniordinal (fig. 25), body cylindrical, vii of mesothorax with a single

seta Orneodidae (p. 652)

17. Hooks biordinal or triordinal (figs. 26, 27), or uniordinal in larvae with stout

fusiform body and bisetose tubercle vii of mesothorax Pyralididae (p. 523)

18. Hooks of prolegs arranged in two transverse bands (fig. 107) 19

18. Hooks in a circle or ellipse, sometimes broadly interrupted (figs. 42, 233). .24

19. Prolegs with two simple series of hooks 20

19. Prolegs with a single series of hooks, or with two bands formed of several

series of alternate hooks (fig. 51) Incurvariidae (p. 72)

20. Setae iv and v of abdomen remote Lyonetiidae (Bucculatrix) (p. 155)

20. Setae iv and v of abdomen adjacent (tig. 319) 21

21. Hooks of anal prolegs in two groups Gelechiidae (p. 255)

21. Hooks of anal prolegs in a single series 22

22. Front extending about one-third way to vertex Cossidae (Cossula,) (p. 516)

22. Front extending at least two-thirds way to vertex 23

23. Spiracles elliptical, normal in size, those of eighth segment of abdomen higher

than the others .' .ffigeriidae (p. 360)

23. Spiracles very small, circular, the last pair about in line. .Coleophoridae (p. 202 J

24. Setae iv and v of abdomen remote, or, in a few minute species, v absent 25

24. Setae iv and v adjacent, often on a common tubercle, no small hooks at base

of principal series on prolegs 30

25. Hooks arranged in a single complete ellipse .26

25. Hooks arranged in a broken ellipse, or with additional rudimentary series

at the base of the normal ones (fig. 28) 28

26. Prothorax with setae of prespiracular group about as far from spiracle as

from each other; seta i on abdomen higher than ii Lyonetiidae (p. 148)

26. Prothorax with setae of prespiracular group about twice as far from spiracle

as from- each other 27

27. Seta i of abdomen, much lower than ii (fig. 92) Tineidae (p. 116)

27. Seta i of abdomen not lower than ii Heliodinidae (p. 356)

28. Mesothorax and metathorax with seta ia in front of ib and well separated,

abdomen with iv above level of spiracle (fig. 42) Hepialidae (p. 66)

28. Mesothorax and metathorax with setae ia and ib closely associated; abdomen

with iv below level of spiracle 29

29. Prothorax with seta beta, higher (nearer mid-dorsal line) than alpha (fig. 91).

Tineidae (Acrolophinae) (p. 116)

29. Prothorax with seta beta lower than alpha Yponomeutidae (p. 337)

30. Last pair of spiracles dorsal, closer together on middle line than setae i of

anterior abdominal segments (fig. 293) Carposinidae (p. 513)

30. Last pair of spiracles nearly normal 31

31. Mesothorax with two setse vii (above base of leg) 32

31. Mesothorax with a single seta vii; ninth abdominal segment with seta ii

higher than i 33

32. Prothoracic spiracle with long axis vertical; ninth abdominal segment with

seta i higher than ii Thyrididae (p. 521 )

32. Prothoracic spiracle with long axis horizontal Psychidse (p. 140)

33. Setae ii of ninth abdominal segment closer together than on any other, fre-

quently on the same plate (fig. 290) 34

33. Setae ii of ninth abdominal segment as far apart as on the other segments,

very rarely (Zeuzera) on the same plate 35

34. Abdomen with setae iv and v practically horizontally placed; hooks of pro-

legs uniordinal Phaloniidae (p. 499)

54 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

34. Abdomen with setae iv and v in a diagonal or vertical line; hooks usually

multiordinal (fig. 27) Tortricidae (p. 376)

35. Coxae of metathoracic legs twice as far apart as wide; prolegs small; small

species (fig. 194) Lavernidae (p. 318)

35. Coxae of metathoracic legs closer together 36

36. Setae i and ii adjacent on abdominal segments.

Heliodinidae (Schreckensteinia) (p. 3561)

36. Setae i and ii widely separated 37

37. Front reaching less than half way to vertex (about half way in some very

large species with horizontal head and triordinal hooks) 38

37. Front reaching two-thirds way to vertex or a little shorter, and ending in an

attenuate point; small species with uniordinal or biordinal hooks 39

38. Borers; abdomen with setae iv and v on separate tubercles on the ninth seg-

ment (fig. 296) Cossidae (p. 516)

38. Leaf feeders; abdomen with seta; iv and v on the same tubercle on the ninth

segment Xylorictidae ( Stenoma ) ( p. 250 )

39. Hooks of prolegs biordinal 40

39. Hooks of prolegs uniordinal 41

40. Second, third, and fourth ocelli grouped together, more widely separated from

first and lower (fig. 149) CEcophoridae (p. 230)

40. Ocelli evenly spaced" Gelechiidae (p. 255)

41. Abdomen with iii farther back than spiracle on eighth segment".

Blastobasidae (p. 308)

41. Abdomen with seta iii not farther caudad than spiracle.

Glyphipterygidae (p. 350)

42. Prespiracular wart on prothorax with three setae (figs. 150, 151) 43

42. Prespiracular wart on prothorax with two setae 44

43. Setae iv and v of abdomen remote; or, if approximate, setae beta much closer

together than setae alpha on prothorax (like fig. 210) and prolegs long and
slender Yponomeutidae (p. 337)

43. Setae iv and v close together; beta about as far apart as alpha; prolegs

usually short CEcophoridae (Ethmia) (p. 244)

44. Tubercle vii on mesothorax and metathorax with two setae 45

44. Tubercle vii on mesothorax and metathorax with a single seta 47

45. Setae minute, tubercles reduced to obscure rings, head unusually wide; and

prolegs reduced Thyatiridae (p. 686)

45. Setae heavy, almost always spinulose, on conspicuous tubercles 46

46. Tubicle iii of abdomen with two setae Lithosiidae (p. 42)

46. Seta iii of abdomen single Arctiidae ( Utetheisa) ( p. 42 )

47. North American species with enlarged, contrasting tubercles; and a hump

on eighth segment of abdomen; contrastingly striped transversely (or
spotted) with black Agaristidae (p. 42)

47. Caterpillars of other types Noctuidae (p. 42)

48. Larvae with less than the normal number of ventral prolegs; or with the

first pair of ventrals much reduced 49

48. Larvae with the normal four pairs of ventral prolegs; the anals sometimes
reduced 50

48. Larvae with additional prolegs without hooks Megalopygidae (p. 101)

49. Hair tufted; hooks of prolegs uniordinal; 14 legs Nolidae (p. 43)

49. With a few subprimary hairs only (in some exotic species with fine secondary

hair), sometimes with only a single subventral subprimary on sixth
segment of abdomen; usually 10 legs Geometridae (p. 41)

50. Anal prolegs wholly lost Drepanidae (p. 688)

50. Anal prolegs represented by a pair of large tubercles, or flagella at least,

normally fully developed 51

'These characters are said to be inconstant but none are better known to ms.

LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 55

51. Hooks of prolegs uniordinal (fig. 25) 52

51. Hooks of prolegs biordinal or triordinal (figs. 26, 27) 66

52. Warts rudimentary or absent, or obscured by secondary hair 53

52. At least wart vi (subventral) many-haired and distinct, secondary hairs

sparse or absent above prolegs : 60

53. Anal plate bifurcated, head roughly papillose; third ocellus very large.

Nymphalidse (Satyrinae) (p. 44)

53. Anal plate simple; head smoother; third ocellus rarely much enlarged. .. .54

54. Larva parasitic, with hemispherical body and a complete circle of uniordinal

hooks Epipyropidse

54. Larva more normal in shape, not parasitic 55

55. Spiracles small, circular; ventral prolegs slender, more or less stem-like, with

expanded planta Pterophoridae (p. 639 )

55. Spiracles elliptical, larger; ventral prolegs short 56

56. Secondary setae dense 57

56. Secondary setae very sparse or absent above prolegs ; with simple setae or a

few subprimaries 58

57. Notch of labrum deep, with parallel sides; anal prolegs full as strong as the

others; with warts more or less overshadowed by the secondary hair.

A few Noctuidae (p. 42)

57. Notch acute, with convergent sides; anal prolegs much reduced and not used;

warts rudimentary and dominated by a single hair (Melalopha) or absent
(Datana) Notodontidae (p. 42)

58. Tubercle iv at about the same level on abdominal segments 6, 7, and 8.

Liparidae (Doa)

58. Tubercle iv much lower on seventh than on other segments; anal prolegs more

or less reduced or modified 59

59. Skin shagreened Di optidse

59. Skin not shagreened Most Notodontidae (p. 42)

60. Eversible mid-dorsal glands on two segments of abdomen Liparidae (p. 42)

60. No eversible dorsal glands 61

61. Spiracles circular, small 62

61. Spiracles elliptical, normal in size 63

62. Ventral prolegs short, with a straight band of heavy hooks.

Pyromorphidae (p. 113)

62. Ventral prolegs slender, with an expanded planta sometimes bearing a circle

of hooks Pterophoridae (p. 639)

63. Mesothorax with only a single large wart above level of spiracles.

Euchromiidae (p. 43)

63. Mesothorax with two or three warts above level of spiracles 64

64. Wart (or seta) iv at about the same level on seventh abdominal segment

as on the sixth and eighth Arctiidae (p. 42)

64. Wart (or seta) iv much lower on seventh segment or absent (perhaps fused

with v) 65

65. Hooks of prolegs even in length, or gradually becoming smaller at ends of

row A few Noctuidae (p. 42)

65. Hooks of prolegs abruptly decreasing in size near each end Pericopidse

66. Body without general secondary hair, often with a few subprimaries; with

not more than eight hairs on prolegs 67

66. Body with numerous secondary setae, at least on the prolegs; anal prolegs

always well developed 72

67. Hooks in a complete circle (fig. 412) 68

67. Prolegs with a band of hooks on inner side, sometimes supplemented with a

much weaker band on outer side 70

68. Subdorsal setae of abdomen represented by warts.

Yponomeutidae (Scytkris) (p. 349)

56 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

68. Subdorsal Betas of abdomen simple 69

69. Head rugose, body widest at proleg-bearing segments Lacosomidse (p. 656)

69. Head smooth, body widest at first segment of abdomen.

Xylorictidae (Ptoclioryctis) (p. 250)

70. Prespiracular wart of prothorax with three setae; set« iv and v of abdomen

approximate (fig. 151) QEcophoridae (Ethmia) (p. 244)

70. Prespiracular wart of prothorax with two setae; setae iv and v of abdomen

usually distant 71

71. First and last spiracles twice as large as the others Epiplemidae (p. 654)

71. Spiracles subequal Thyatiridae (p. 686)

72. Set«e very irregular in length, some ten times as long as others; with obscure

warts, at least in younger stages, sometimes with spatulate scale -hairs. .73

72. Setae subequal or supplemented by prominent warts or by spines 74

73. Labrum notched two-thirds of its depth, or with the notch somewhat shallower

and continued as a groove to the base of the labrum; North American
species with small dorsal hair pencils Eupterotidse (Apatelodes) (p. 678)

73. Labrum less deeply notched, the notch not continued by a groove; no dorsal

hair pencils Lasiocampidae (p. 679)

74. Eighth segment of abdomen with a mid-dorsal horn, plate, or tubercle. ..;. .75

74. Eighth segment of abdomen not armed in mid-dorsal line • 79

75. Body with numerous branching spines or enlarged tubercles 76

75. Body with at most two pairs of small spines on thorax 78

76. Head angulated or spined dorsally, or abdomen with several mid-dorsal spines;

hooks of prolegs usually triordinal (fig. 27) Nymphalidae (p. 44)

76. Head evenly rounded; hooks biordinal (fig. 26) 77

77. A mid-dorsal spine on ninth segment of abdomen; spines of body segments

strongly unequal, and armed with short nodules or spiracles (fig. 423).

Citheroniidae (p. 664)

77. No mid-dorsal spine on ninth segment, or body spines subequal and armed

densely with long poison -spinules (fig. 418) Saturniidae (p. 668)

78. Segments with six or eight annulets, prolegs normal in position.

Sphingidae (p. 42; 360)

78. Segments with two or three obscure annulets; prolegs unusually widely

separated Bombycidae (p. 679)

79. Head high, triangular Sphingidae (Lapara) (p. 42)

79. Head not triangular 80

80. An inconspicuous mid-dorsal spine on ninth abdominal segment.

Citheroniidae (Anisota) (p. 664)
SO. No mid-dorsal spines 81

81. Hooks in an ellipse, at most narrowly interrupted Hesperiidae (p. 43)

81. Hooks in one band, occasionally interrupted, rarely in two widely separated

bands 82

82. Band of hooks reduced or interrupted at middle 83

82. Principal band of hooks continuous 84

83. Head half diameter of body; secondary hair relatively prominent.

Erycinidae (p. 44)

83. Head rarely more than a third as wide as body; secondary hair less prom-
inent Lycaenidae (p. 44)

84. A forked, eversible dorsal gland just behind head (osmeterium).

Papilionidae (p. 44)

84. No osmeterium 85

85. Body with branching spines, high hairy tubercles, fleshy filaments, bifur-

cated anal plate or angulated or spined head. Nymphalidae10 (p. 44)

>• The western Saturniid genera, Agapema and Saturnia, will run here. They have regular, branching
spines, strong prolegs, and a small, smooth head, unlike any Nymphalidae known to me.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 57

85. Body without spines, warts, or filaments; anal plate rounded, head rounded. . .86
86.. Head larger than prothorax (Anaea), or legs with reduced hooks on outer side

(Libythea) ' Nymphalidae (p. 44)

86. Head smaller than prothorax, legs with a single band of hooks only.

Pieridae (p. 44)

Pupau

1. Mandibles large, movable, crossing in front of the face.

Micropterygidae (p. 62) ; Eriocraniidae (p. 64)

1. Mandibles small, fixed, or obsolete 2

2. Fourth abdominal segment movable on the third; or appendages free from each

other and dorsal head-piece longer than prothorax measured on mid-dorsal
line 3

2. Fourth abdominal segment fixed to third; appendages fused to each other, and

almost always to body wall 22

3. Maxillary palpi present, separated by a suture from maxillae 4

3. Maxillary palpi absent or represented merely by lateral extensions of the

maxillae 11

4. Dorsum of abdomen with a covering of fine spines, not arranged in rows;

dorsal head-piece longer than prothorax on mid-dorsal line 5

4. Several abdominal segments each with a row of spines near the anterior edge,

sometimes with a second posterior row, but with scattered spines rudimen-
tary or absent 7

5. Maxillary palpi distinct, extending as a band along posterior margin of eye. . . .6

5. Maxillary palpi minute, not extending along posterior margin of eye.

A few Gracilariidae (p. 161)

6. Abdominal segments with irregular areas of diffuse spinules only; first segment

with spiracle exposed Nepticulidae (p. 79)

6. Abdominal segments each with an anterior row of spines, more prominent than

the area of fine spinules; first segment with spiracles covered by wings.

Incurvariidae (p. 72)

7. Abdomen with two rows of spines on each of the middle segments 8

7. Abdomen with the anterior rows of spines only 10

8. Cremaster represented by a tuft of spines or absent, no spines on the anal rise;

wings narrow and pointed; large spines present on venter of tenth abdom-
inal segment . JEgeriidse (p. 360)

8. Cremaster specialized, forming a definite process, or spines present on anal rise;

wings broad, not pointed; no large spines on venter of tenth segment 9

9. Last abdominal segment with a group of angular nodules, overshadowing the

setae. Maxillary palpi going with tongue on dehiscence .. Phaloniidae (p. 499)
9. Last abdominal segment with prominent setse. Maxillary palpi separating from

tongue on dehiscence Tortricidae (p. 376)

10. Mesonotum produced in a long lobe in mid-dorsal line, the metathorax less
than a quarter as long Glyphipterygidae (p. 350)

10. Mesonotum not produced in a lobe ; metathorax rarely less than half as long.

Tineidae (p. 116)

11. Dorsal head-piece much longer than prothorax on middle line, often twice as

long; dorsum of abdomen with scattered fine spines, rarely dominated by a
stronger anterior row 12

11. Dorsal head-piece not longer than prothorax (sometimes not separated from
the other sclerites) 16

12.- Antennae extending half the length of the wings; labrum very long and lobe-
like, covering a fourth of labial palpi Heliozelidae (p. 225)

» Based on the keys in A Classification of the Lepidoplera, based on Characters of the Pupa, by Dr. Edna
Mosher,.in the bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History vol. 12, article a.

58 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

12. Antennae extending at least three-fourths the length of the wings; labrum

normal . . . 13

13. Fourth segment of abdomen free from third; antennae and hind legs not sub-

equal in length, and seldom extending beyond tip of wings 14

13. Fourth segment soldered to third; antennae and hind legs subequal and extend-

ing beyond tip of wings 15

14. Labial palpi visible; last segment with two dorsal spines; setae i closely approxi-

mate on mid-dorsal line on middle abdominal segments. . . Tischeriidae (p. 145)

14. Labial palpi invisible; last segment with two lateral spines; setae i normal,

well separated Lyonetiidae (Bucculatrix) (p. 148)

15. Abdominal segments 3 to 7 each with two deep punctures at the anterior

margin near the mid-dorsal line; segments 8 to 10 together shorter than
segment 7, not separated by distinct incisures.

Lyonetiidae (Phyllocnistis) (p. 148)

15. No such pits on dorsum; abdominal segments 8 to 10 relatively longer.

Gracilariidae (p. 161)

16. Cremaster developed with a distinct stem, longer than thick.

Tortricidae (Peronea) (p. 376)

16. Cremaster not developed, its hooks attached directly to body 17

17. Body J:eavily chitinized; dorsal spines or setae on abdomen in transverse rows;

first abdominal spiracles invisible 20

17. Body lightly chitinized; dorsal spines irregular; spiracles visible on first

abdominal segment 18

18. Abdominal segments with spines on anterior part and setae on posterior part;

large conical tubercles behind several abdominal spiracles.

Megalopygidae (p. 101)

18. Abdominal segments without areas of fine setae; no tubercles behind the

spiracles 1!)

19. Labial palpi exposed between maxillae, which are less than half length of

wings Eucleidae (p. 102)

19. Labial palpi concealed by maxillae, which are more than half length of wings.

Pyromorphidae (p. 113,

20. Mesothorax less than twice as long as metathorax; maxillae quadrangular,

widely separated, divergent Hepialidae (p. 66)

20. Mesothorax more than twice as long as metathorax; maxillae longitudinal, their

tips often meeting in midventral line; or all appendages obsolete 21

21. Third abdominal segment movable on second; segments with an anterior row of

spines and a posterior row of setae Psychidae (p. 140)

21. Third abdominal segment fixed; segments with anterior and posterior rows

of spines Cossidae (p. 516 )

22. Pilifers distinct, the labrum with three lobes, usually separated by a T-shaped

suture (fig. 29) 23

22. Pilifers absent, labrum simple or obscurely bilobed 31

23. Maxillary palpi present; antennae never fusiform and wider toward apex; fore

femora usually visible 24

23. Maxillary palpi absent 25

24. Epicranial suture absent, fronto-cly peal about half visible; eighth segment of

abdomen free from the seventh in male; no deep dorsal furrow between ninth
and tenth segments of abdomen Yponomeutidae (Atteva) (p. 337 )

24. Epicranial suture distinct at sides; sometimes running into suture between

head and thorax at middle (except in the Phycitinse which have a deep groove
between ninth and tenth segments of abdomen) ; fronto-clypeal suture
absent; eighth segment fixed Pyralididas (p. 523 )

25. A deep groove between ninth and tenth abdominal segments dorsally; fore

femora exposed Pyralididse (Epipaschiinae) (p. 604)

25. No deep groove between ninth and tenth segments 26

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 59

26. Antennae not swollen, fore and middle legs extending between eyes and antennae;
fore femur normally exposed Pterophoridse (p. 639)

26. Antennae swollen outwardly; fore legs abutting squarely on eyes, middle legs

sometimes extending between eyes and antennae, fore femur concealed (butter-
flies ) - 1 27

27. Outer angles of maxillae in contact with eyes; tongue often projecting beyond

tips of wings; pupa normally in a cocoon Hesperiidae (p. 43)

27. Maxillae separated from tongue; tongue reaching just to tips of wings; pupa

normally 'exposed 28

28. Middle legs not reaching forward to eyes; pupa girt about the middle, or

rarely in a cocoon 29

28. Middle legs reaching forward to eyes, and often between eyes and antennas;

pupa suspended by tail only, or rarely in a cocoon Nymphalidae (p. 44)

29. Tongue falling short of tip of wings, pupa rounded Lycaenidae (p. 44)

29. Tongue almost always reaching tip of wings 30

30. Anterior end of pupa with two points Papilionidae (p. 44)

30. Anterior end of pupa with a single point Pieridae (p. 44)

31. Fore wings extending far beyond the posterior edge of the fourth abdominal

segment in the midventral line; fore femora and almost always labial and
maxillary palpi exposed; fronto-clypeal suture obsolete; pro thorax notice-
ably narrower on mid-dorsal line than at sides; antennae very rarely in con-
tact on midventral line 32

31. Fore wings not extending beyond the posterior edge of the fourth abdominal

segment; or fore femora and labial palpi concealed, or fronto-clypeal suture
distinct ; prothorax usually subquadrate ; maxillary palpi often covered .... 34

32. Pupa incapable of motion; maxillary and labial palpi concealed.

Lyonetiidae (p. 148)

32. Pupa with several free segments; labial palpi exposed 33

33. Maxillary palpi present; caudal end of body without lateral projections ending

in spines Yponomeutidae (p. 337 )

33. Maxillary palpi absent; caudal end of body with lateral projections ending in

spines Coleophoridae (p. 202)

34. Fore wings extending well beyond fourth abdominal segment, or abdomen

depressed, with incisures much deeper dorsally and ventrally than on sides,
and capable mainly of dorso-ventral motion; antennae in contact on middle
line; first four segments of abdomen usually longer than the remainder;
epicranial suture present, maxillary palpi usually, and femora and labial
paipi rarely, present 35

34. Fore wings not extending beyond fourth segment, or maxillary palpi absent;

abdomen not depressed and specialized for dorso-ventral motion; first four
abdominal segments rarely longer than the others; epicranial suture rarely
visible 42

35. Maxillary palpi absent; no movable segments; a specialized cremaster present;

pupa suspended and girt like that of a butterfly; tongue as long as fore
legs Cycnodiidae (p. 218 )

35. Maxillary palpi present, and body capable of dorso-ventral motion, except in

a few genera which have no cremaster; tongue longer than middle legs,
. reaching antennae, except in Ethmia 36

36. Antennae four-fifths as long as fore wings, meeting only at their apex; labial

palpi large, maxillaries minute, fronto-clypeal suture complete, strongly
sinuate of middle; most of setae hooked .. Yponomeutidas (Scythris) (p. 337)

36. Antennae reaching almost or quite to tip of wings, coming in contact at two-
i: . thirds length of wings, and often diverging again at apex; labial palpi con-
cealed unless fore femora are exposed : 37

37. Antennae not diverging after coming in contact 38

37. Antennae diverging at apex; three flexible incisures on abdomen 40

60 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

38. Tongue shorter than fore logs CEcophoridae (Ethmia) (p. 244)

38. Tongue longer than fore legs 39

39. Maxillary palpi large; labial palpi obsolete; ironto-clypeal suture complete;

femora concealed A few Gelechiidae (p. 255)

39. Maxillary palpi minute and fronto-clypeal suture interrupted; or maxillary

palpi lost, or large in primitive species with fore femora exposed.

Lavernidae (p. 318)

40. Fronto-clypeal suture complete, maxillary palpi large, in contact with both

fore and middle legs Gelechiidae (p. 255 )

40. Fronto-clypeal suture obsolete in middle 41

41. Maxillary palpi large, no hooked setae on venter of ninth abdominal segment.

CEcophoridae (p. 230)

41. Maxillary palpi minute, distant from maxillae; with hooked setae on venter of

ninth abdominal segment Xylorictidae (p. 250)

42. Labial palpi exposed, lanceolate 43

42. Labial palpi reduced to a minute area behind mouth, or lost 48

43. Body with more or less dense secondary setae (sometimes very minute) not

arranged around the larval warts Lasiocampidae (p. 679)

43. Body with primaries only, or with setae arranged around the larval warts. . . .44

44. Fore femora exposed 45

44. Fore femora concealed 46

45. A specialized cremaster or hooked cremastral setae present; or middle legs not

reaching to maxillary palpus or eye; or a special ridge developed on fifth
segment of abdomen Noctuidae (p. 42)

45. Abdomen ending in a group of pyramidal points, the setae obscure, middle legs

touching maxillary palpi; no special ridge on fifth segment.

Pyralididae (Diatrcea) (p. 590)

46. Body setae not arranged in circles about the scars of the larval warts.

Agaristidae (p. 42); Noctuidae (p. 42)

46. Body setae arranged in circles about the scars of the warts 47

47. Tongue less than half as long as fore wings Liparidae (p. 42)

Arctiidae (Halysidota) (p. 42); Euchromiidae (p. 43)

47. Tongue less than half as long as fore wings Liparidae (p. 42)

48. Maxillary palpi preserved, close to antennae; a dorsal crest on thorax and base

of abdomen; no specialized cremaster Pyralididae (Galleriinae) (p. 532)

48. Maxillary palpi lost; rarely with a mid-dorsal keel; usually with a cre-

master 49

49. Antennae distinctly swollen toward tip; cremaster obsolete.

Nymphalidae (CEneis) (p. 44)

49. Antennae not swollen toward tip; often pectinate; or cremaster well devel-

oped 50

50. Setae arranged in circles around the larval warts. . . 51

50. Setse not arranged in circles around the larval warts 53

51. Antennae more than half as long as fore wings 52

51. Antennae less than half as long as fore wings A few Liparidae (p. 42; 101)

52. A long cremaster, as long as ninth and tenth segments of abdomen together,

with hooked setae, abdomen without flanged plates.

Noctuidae (Pantheinae) (p. 42)

52. Cremaster rudimentary or without hooked setae, in the latter case with flanged

plates on abdomen Arctiidae (p. 42)

53. Body covered with rather coarse, short secondary setae, cremaster rudimen-

tary Bombycidae (p. 679)

53. Body covered with fine soft secondary setae; cremaster strong, with recurved

hooks : Notodontidae (Melalopha) (p. 42 ; 678 )

53. Body with setae simple, obscure, or mostly lost 54

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 61

54. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct at ends, resting on base of antennae; antennae
never a fifth as wide as long; spiracular furrows frequent 55

54. Fronto-clypeal suture lost or rudimentary; antennae almost always a fifth as

wide as long; spiracular furrows rare 59

55. Antennae extending beyond apex of wings; last four segments of abdomen with

hooked dorsal setae Dioptidae

55. Antennae not extending beyond apex of wings ; abdomen rarely if ever with

hooked dorsal setae 56

56. Antennae usually considerably broader near the base, their greatest width

usually greater than that of the prothoracic legs; antennae usually more
than three -fourths the length of the wings; if not, then the epicranial suture
is present, or the cremaster is wanting, or if present, bifurcate at the distal
end or bearing hooked setae; dorsum of the abdomen usually with a deep
furrow between the ninth and tenth segments; scar of a caudal horn never
present on the dorsum of the eighth abdominal segment; labial palpi some-
times visible as small triangular or polygonal areas caudad of the labrum. .57

56. Antennae rarely very much broader near the proximal end, usually filiform,

their greatest width seldom greater than that of the prothoracic legs; if
greater, then the cremaster is never wanting, nor bifurcate, nor with hooked
setae; antennae never more than three -fourths the length of the wings;
epicranial suture never present; dorsum of the abdomen never with a deep
furrow between the ninth and tenth segments; scar of a caudal horn usually
present on the dorsum of the eighth abdominal segment; labial palpi never
visible Sphingidaa (p. 42)

57. Maxillae usually more than three -fifths the length of the wings; if not, then

the caudal end of the body with hooked setae, or the spiracles of the third
abdominal segment concealed by the wings and those of the sixth segment
farther ventrad than those of the other segments; prothoracic femora often
exposed; a deep furrow usually present on the dorsum of the abdomen
between the ninth and tenth segments; posterior margin of mesothorax
never with a row of deep pits with smooth tubercle -like areas between.

Geometridae (p. 41)

57. Maxillae seldom exceeding three -fifths the length of the wings; if so, then the

posterior margin of the mesothorax with a row of deep pits with smooth,
elevated, quadrangular tubercle -like areas between them; or with the entire
body surface coarsely punctate; abdominal spiracles of the third segment
never concealed by the wings, and those of the sixth never farther ventrad
than ,the remainder; prothoracic femora never exposed; a furrow never
present on the dorsum of the abdomen between segments 8 and 9 except in
Datana, where the cremaster is T-shaped with recurved hooks 58

58. Maxillae rudimentary; abdomen with flanged plates, not telescoping, the ante-

rior one on each segment divided by transverse constrictions into the appear-
ance of a row of beads Eupterotidae (p. 678)

58. Maxillae developed; or abdominal segments not beaded, without flanged

plates Notodontidae (p. 42)

59. Body with primary setae only; iv and v distinct and approximated below

spiracle Lacosomidae (p. 656)

59. Body with rudimentary secondary setae; iv and v not recognizable 60

60. Pupae with flanges on movable abdominal segments, not telescoping when

dry 61

60. Pupae without flanges on movable abdominal segments, the posterior seg-

ments telescoping within the anterior ones when dry Saturniidae (p. 668)

HI. Cremaster distinct, bifurcate; metathorax with prominent subdorsal callosities;
• pupae in the ground Citheroniidae (p. 664)

61. Cremaster rudimentary, represented by its hooks only; no callosities on meta-

thorax; pupation at surface of ground, sometimes in a thin cocoon.

Saturniidae (Hemileucinae) (p. 669)

62 WILIJAM T. M. FORBES

Order LEPIDOPTERA
Suborder JUGATJE

Body and wings covered with minute spinules or aculese. Head
(fig. 32), with ocelli, when developed, separated by a wide, unsealed
space from the eyes; ocelli in the Hepialidse rudimentary (Sthenopis)
or absent. Antennae without sense-cones, with aculeae on their sur-
face; in the North American species proportionately small and simple,
but pectinate in exotic species. Clypeus separated by well-marked
sutures from both front and labrum. Thorax loosely constructed, the
metathorax fully half as large as the mesothorax and similar in struc-
ture ; the halves of the metascutum usually meeting on the middle line.
Fore wing (figs. 31, 36, 40) with subcosta more or less distinctly
forked ; humeral vein present ; base of media preserved ; jugum present,
supported by the rudiments of a fourth and a fifth anal vein ; with an
oblique vein from M to 2d A near base, which appears like a cross vein,
but whose upper half is in fact a portion of cubitus (fig. 41). Hind
wing with four or five branches of radius preserved, the venational
plan about as in the fore wing, but with the oblique vein in the base
of the anal region obscure. Jugum usually rudimentary or absent;
frenulum composed of a series of weak bristles or absent.

Caterpillar with dorsal setas placed similarly on mesothorax and
metathorax, and on abdomen (figs. 39, 42). Eyes, when six, in an
irregular group, when single, on face. Pupa with four or more
movable segments, with mandible set off by a suture, or articulated.

The three families seem relics of an earlier age, and are not closely
related.

Family 1. MICROPTERYGID-ffi

(Eriocephalidse)

Head broad (fig. 32) ; the ocelli widely separated by a bare space
from the small eyes; all sutures preserved; loosely hairy, with a naked
space above eyes. Antennas moniliform, with whorls of stiff bristles,
the scape and pedicel scaled. Mandibles large, functional; maxilla?
with a large, folded, five-jointed palpus, without a tongue, but with
a small, stiff lacinia which serves in handling food, as well as the two-
jointed galea (fig. 33) ; labium with a well-developed basal segment,
supporting the two palpi; the mouth parts as a whole exactly as in
ordinary biting insects; middle tibia with a tuft of hair at tip, but
without spurs; hind tibia with four spurs. Abdomen of female ending
in two retractile segments, without a trace of an ovipositor (fig. 34)..

Fore wing (fig. 31) bluntly lanceolate, R5 running to costa. Sc

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

63

forked shortly beyond middle, R
vein to Sc, accessory cell present.

forked or connected by a cross
2d A with large fork at base, con-

33

MICEOPTEBTX. MAXILLA

34

FIGS. 31, 32, 34, AND 35. MICBOPTERYGID^E

31, Epimartyria, venation

32, Micropteryx, head: Ant, antenna; Cl, clypeus; fr, front; Ga, galea; Lac,
lacinia; Lbr, labrum; md, mandible; MX, maxilla; MxPlp, maxillary palpus; Oc.
ocellus; V, vertex

34, Micropteryx, end of abdomen; viT to xT, inclusive, terga of sixth to tenth
segments of abdomen

35, One of the scales representing setae on the larva of Micropteryx (after Chap-
man). X120

nected across 1st A to Cu by an
apparent cross vein, no distinct
vein below the lower fork of 2d A;
jugum overlying hind wing. Hind
wing with similar venation but
with Scx lost, anal system reduced,
and no jugum.

Egg spherical, apparently of the flat type; studded with blunt-
tipped spines, white or yellowish; the eggs laid in small clusters in,
and under, wet moss. Caterpillar of a slug-caterpillar type, poly-
gonal in cross section, exceedingly thin-skinned, and soon shriveling
if allowed' to dry; with two double rows of socketed scales on each
side (fig. 35), irregular on prothorax and last segments; ninth abdom-
inal segment well developed. Prolegs represented by conical processes
on first eight segments of abdomen, with a large sucker on the ninth
and tenth. True legs normal. Head with mouth turned forward,
eye apparently single and dorsal. Antennae longer than head, the
second segment the longest. Food wet moss, the known species feeding
on Hypnum and liverworts. Pupa in a dense, parchment-like cocoon,
with large, crossed mandibles ; not well known. Hibernation probably
as larva in the cocoon.

Distribution probably world- wide; about 35 known species.

The imagoes feed freely on the pollen of various flowers, using both
mandibles and maxillae.

FIG. 33.

Abbreviations as in figure 32; art,
articulation ; st, stipes

64 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1. MICROPTERYX Hiibner
(Eriocephala Curtis)

Characters of the family. Fore wing with Rt simple.

Our species belongs to the subgenus Epimartyria Walsingham, with R4 and
Re stalked.

1. M. auricrinella Walsingham. Purple. Head with golden gloss; base of fore
wing with golden scaling; under side and hind wing mouse gray with purple
iridescence. 9 mm.

The moth may be found in partly shaded, wet places in May, and is extremely
local. It is commoner northward. It is nearly invisible in flight and is most
often picked up in sweeping for Diptera. Its life history is unknown. This
may be a synonym of M. luteiceps Walker, described from Nova Scotia as a
slightly larger form (6 lines = 12 mm.).

Distribution general in th'e northeastern States and Canada. New York: Mt.
Marcy (4000 feet).

Family 2 ERIOCRANIIDAE

(Micropterygidae, in part)

Head dorsally like that of the Micropterygidae, antenna filiform, with
sparse scaling on shaft; mandibles rudimentary, conical; maxillae with
long folded palpus, but with a short, spirally coiled tongue, and no
lacinia (fig. 37) ; basal joint of labium preserved. Fore wing (fig. 36)
with Sc shortly forked near tip, Rx forked, accessory cell variable, R5
running to apex, R4 stalked, one radial sometimes absent. Anals
similar to those of the Micropterygidas, but with an additional vein
below the fork of 2d A (fig. 36). Jugum as in the Micropterygidae.
Hind wing similar to fore wing; Scx rudimentary or absent, anal sys-
tem quite variable (the most complex arrangement known to me is
shown in figure 36). Frenulum rudimentary. Hind tibia normal,
hairy ; middle tibia with a single spur. Abdomen of female terminat-
ing in a horny, piercing ovipositor, with powerful muscles (fig. 38).

Egg ellipsoidal, soft, laid in the tissues of the leaf. Caterpillar of
leaf -miner type (fig. 39) with large head; flattened; body-setse much
reduced, but apparently with i and ii vertically placed on abdomen,
and ia and ib similarly on mesothorax and metathorax. Prologs
rudimentary, apparently present on first eight segments of abdomen;
true legs absent. Ninth segment well developed. Head with mouth
pointing forward, with a single ocellus on dorsal surface.

The caterpillar makes a roomy blotch mine, starting from a short;
linear one, in the hardly expanded young leaves of Amentiferje, which
are sometimes distorted in their further growth. It scatters its frass
loosely. It feeds quickly, in the spring, and then spins a tough cocoon
in the ground and summers and winters there, pupating in the spring.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

65

Pupa with enormous mandibles, crossed in repose, which it uses to
cut its way out of the cocoon and to dig up to the surface. All parts
loose (pupa lib era), there being some power of motion even between

c '

,X

I*

u

^

^ ,,/

/ Psp » Sp$

^

•I

yv

/ '/

n

O

T 39 VV

r. * 4^

A

V'

FIGS. 36-39. ERIOCRANIID^E

36, Mnemonica, venation; fore wing: c.v., crossvein, 1st
A to 2d A; hind wing: c.v., crossvein, 2d A to 3d A.

37, Eriocrania, maxilla: Ga, galea MxPlp, maxillary
palpus

38, Eriochania, end of abdomen: viiT to ixT, inclusive,
seventh to ninth tergites of abdomen; xT, tenth tergite
or ovipositor; viiS, viiiS, seventh and eighth sternites;
ten viii, ten ix, tendons of eighth and ninth segments;
Ov, oviduct; Vg, vagina

39, Mnemonica auricyanea: seta map (after Busck)

the thoracic segments; skin extremely thin, shrivelling on emergence.
All sutures distinct; labruin large, free, with six pairs of setae. First
seven abdominal segments free.

The imagoes are short-lived, and usually do not feed. The family is
apparently world- wide in distribution, with about 20 known species.

1. ERIOCRANIA Zeller

(Micropteryx, in part; Eriocephala Dyar, laps, cal.)

Characters of the family. Wings lanceolate. Our species belong to the sub-
genus Mnemonica Meyrick; with all veins present, accessory cell absent in both
wings, and R of hind wing 4 -branched.
3

66

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1. E. auricyanea Walsingham. Head and Ihorax with long, gray hair, with
slight iridescence. Fore wing golden with scattered, small, purple spots, each of
several scales, the spots denser toward base and inner margin. Larger blotches
along margin toward apex, and at anal angle, and a streak running up from
inner margin near base. 12 mm.

Moth in March and April. Larva in a large blotch mine on oak, chestnut, and
chinquapin, in April and May; extremely local, sometimes confined to a single tree.
District of Columbia. New York: Karner.

2. E. griseocapitella Walsingham. Similar to the preceding species but without
any purple blotches, the spots being all small and rounded; perhaps not distinct.
Described from the District of Columbia.

Family 3. HEPIALIDAE

(Swifts)

Head loosely hairy over whole upper surface, concealing the rudi-
mentary ocelli when they are present ; mouth parts rudimentary, mandi-
bles and maxilke recognizable under the microscope, basal joint of
labium present, bearing the small, hairy palpi ; antennas, in our species,
about as long as width of thorax, somewhat moniliform, pedicel large

42

I, vm

FIGS. 40-42. HEPiALin.E

40, 7/epioZus syZriw/s (Europe), venation; 41, same, detail of base of fore wing;
42, $f/ienopis humuli (Europe), seta map (after Fracker)

and scaled, but flagellum scaled at base only. Legs weak, without
spurs; the hind legs of many species with, a large tuft of hair in the
male. Fore wings (fig. 40) with humeral vein, with Sc more or less
distinctly forked but little beyond its middle, Rt simple, R, and R3
stalked, the apex below R3 ; base of M fully preserved, forming a large
intercalated cell. Oblique anal cross vein present, as in the Microp-
terygidae (fig. 41), but anal system more or less reduced, often writh
only 2d A fully developed. Jugum slender, with a long, free tip;
underlying hind wing in flying position. Hind wing with practically
identical venation, but anal region more reduced, with simple veins.
Thorax very loosely organized, leaving a distinct space between the

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 67

bases of the fore and hind wings. Abdomen long and clumsy, with-
out any modifications; in the female ending in complicated struc-
tures not yet fully understood.

Eggs of flat type, rounded, usually scattered broadcast in the neigh-
borhood of the food. Larva (fig. 42) a borer; slender, cylindrical,
with a rather long head. Ocelli six, the four anterior not in a cres-
cent, but in an oblong group, the other two close to them. Maxillae
of a peculiar type, the palpus with three free segments. Mesothorax
and metathorax with seta3 ia in front of ib, as on abdomen, v higher
than iii and iv. Abdomen with lateral setae high, iv higher than
spiracle, and the three arranged in an oblique row ; iiia and x well-
developed setaa, but ix minute ; ninth segment of abdomen large, with
setag normally arranged. Prolegs normal, with multiserial hooks in a
complete ellipse, the upper hooks rudimentary and grading into the
skin granulations. The caterpillars normally bore in roots and root-
stocks, and those of Sthenopis are practically aquatic; they are very
active.

Pupa slender, fitting the burrow ; mandibles rudimentary, but sharply
defined; all sutures of head preserved except the clypeo-labral, even
the gena being distinct ; antennae short, maxillae very short and widely
divergent, quadrangular, not covering the labium, the parts not dif-
ferentiated; abdomen with two series of spines on each segment, the
end of the abdomen roughly spined, without a cremaster; setae iv not
as high as in the larva. Abdominal segments 2 to 7 of male and
2 to 6 of female free. Pupa leaving burrow on emergence.

The moths are mostly dusk-fliers, although H. hyperboreus flies in the
daytime. The family is world-wide and largely developed in Aus-
tralasia, with nearly 200 species.

Key to the genera

Fore wing with marked apex and straight or concave upper half of outer

margin 1 . Sthenopis.

Fore wing with bluntly rounded apex 2. Hepialus.

1. STHENOPIS Packard
(Hepialus, in part)

The larvae, so far as known, bore in the roots of trees and shrubs growing parti-
ally submerged, and usually work below the water level. The moths have the habit
of swarming like midges, the males having a wavy, zigzag flight, and the females
apparently entering the swarm of males one by one. They are very short-lived
and do not come to light or sugar. The larvae feea at least two seasons, pupating
in early summer. The pupa has a peculiar comb of short spines on the venter of
the seventh segment of the abdomen, which also shows weakly in Phassus. The
genus is doubtfully distinct from Phassus.

(is \V n JJAM T. M. FORBES

Key t<> s/H'dcs

1. Pale yellow (fading to dirty white) 5. thulc.

1. Brown with broii7,y iridescence 4. auratus.

1. Oclire yellow, or brown and gray.

2. Hind wing salmon, brighter than the yellowish fore wing.

3. quadriguttatus.
2. Hind wing straw yellow, shading into ochreous toward border.

1. anjenteomaculatus^.
2. Hind wing mouse gray.

3. Median dark band not noticeably invading cell M3; post medial dark
band with a clearly marked outer defining line from Mj to below Cu-
at least; median and apical dark areas not suffused with yellow-
brown; hind wing normally shaded with ochreous at apex; lower

silvery spot usually enlarged, triangular 1. argenteomaculatus rf.

3. Median dark band most often with a triangular extension in cell M3
or else not extending below M3 at all, and usually suffused with yel-
low-brown; outer boundary of postmedial band distinct only below
M2; hind wing usually with rosy tinge, silver spots subequal or tend-
ing to disappear 2. purpurascens.

1. S. argenteomaculatus Harris. Grayish, with darker brown, pale-edged, con-
fused bands, the two principal bands converging from base and apex of costa
toward middle of inner margin, with two shorter ones between these, and a
dark marginal band. Hind wing mouse gray in male, yellowish in female, 65-100
mm (H 41:14).

Midsummer. Larva in rootstocks of alder.

Massachusetts to Pennsylvania and Minnesota; probably wider spread, but con-
fused with the next two forms. New York: Catskills, Glendale, L. I.

2. S. purpurascens Packard. Similar to 8. argenteomaculatus except as noted
in synopsis. 75-100 mm.

Var. los Strecker has a single silver spot near base and one or two at end of
cell; var. perdita Dyar is without silver (H 41:13).

This species is confused with the last in records. I have seen it from northern
Ontario and Canada.

3. S. quadriguttatus Grote. Fore wing ochreous, hind wing salmon, markings
exactly as in purpurascens, sometimes suffused. Hardly distinct from the last.

New England to northern Ontario and western New York. New York: Lan-
caster and Buffalo (VanDuzee), Albany.

4. S. auratus Grote. Grayish with a rosy tinge; bands yellow-brown, pale-mar-
gined, the submarginal and marginal often more or less completely fused, and
the basal markings confused and largely fused. Angular, brassy-yellow spots
at base, a discal spot, and a series of about three, subterminally. Hind wing

•mouse gray, tawny at margin. 50 mm.

July northward; end of June in North Carolina. Very lew specimens known.
Quebec; North Carolina. New York: Fentons (Lewis County), Lancaster,
Ithaca, McLean, Catskills (Summit).

5. S. thule Strecker. Pale yellow with obscure markings and a brown patch
from base to beyond middle of costa; a couple of silvery points.

July. Sometimes common where found at all. Larva in roots of willow.
Wisconsin; Hudson Bay; Montreal; New York. New York: Waddington.

2. HEPIALUS Fabricius

Similar to Sthenopis; antenna full as long as thorax and less moniliform.

The moths occasionally come to light. The larvae bore in herbaceous plants.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 69

Key to species

Yellow-brown 1. hyperboreus.

Brownish gray 2. gracilis.

1. H. hyperboreus Moschler. Yellow -brown; male with an irregular, silver
V-ma,rk extending across the wing or nearly so, and sometimes with silvery
terminal spots. Female similar to male or with an obscure blackish V only.
50 mm.

The species is hardly distinct from H. ganna of the Alpine regions of the
Old World, and the forms in this country are not well understood. The form with
silvery terminal spots flies by day, and is typical hyperboreus (Labrador, Alberta) ;
the one without is macglashani Henry Edwards (H 41:15) and is a dusk-flier
( Ontario, California ) .

Hymers, Ontario; Arctic America, and westward.

2. H. gracilis Grote. Fore wing brownish gray, mottled, the most distinct
marking being an irregular band from base to middle of inner margin, and one
from apex nearly to the same point, both with a gray central shade, and often
with a blackish shade where they meet. £ over 30 mm.; 5 over 40 mm.

The larva is likely to bore in ferns.

Maine to Massachusetts; Colorado.

Var. mustelinus Packard, is a more northern form of the species dominant in
Nova Scotia and Quebec, and also ranging to Colorado. It is smaller (^ under 30,
$ under 40 mm.) more decidedly brown, and more contrastingly marked than the
type, the female being as contrastive as the male of the typical form. Intergrades
are not rare.

70 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Suborder FRENATJE
( I fott'rocora, in part)

Aculeii1 present only in a few of the most primitive forms. Ocelli,
when present, close to the upper margin of the eye, placed directly
behind the antenna3, but often absent. Antennae with sense-cones except
in a few primitive forms, the second segment, or pedicel, usually pro-
portionately small. Vertex separated by sutures in the lower forms;
in the higher ones with practically all the head-sutures obliterated.
Mouth parts never of the mandibulate type, when not rudimentary
with the labrum three-lobed, the central lobe filling the gap between
the bases of the two maxillre, the lateral lobes forming the pilifers.
Maxillae with basal structures reduced; the lacinia absent, and the palpi
in the majority of forms reduced or absent. Labium usually rudimen-
tary or absent, except for its three-jointed palpi. Thorax with the
third segment smaller than in the Jugatse, often reduced dorsally to a
narrow strip, but always developed ventrally for the attachment of the
legs ; the two halves of the scutum usually widely separated. Abdomen
in primitive forms (Adelidas) with a horny, piercing ovipositor (fig.
50), which becomes lost in the higher types, though the two pairs of
strong tendons and muscles are preserved. In many of these higher
forms the ovipositor ends in two lobes.

Fore wing with humeral vein rudimentary or absent; Sc always
simple ; R! always simple, base of media and 1st A often lost, 2d A
always preserved, and usually apparently forked at the base, as a
result of the attachment to it of the tip of the upper fork of 3d A;
lower fork of 3d A usually lost; (sometimes the lower fork is free,
or 3d A wholly lost). Jugum never present, the inner-marginal cord
always running directly into the scutellum. (In the nonaculeate
forms, there is a small patch of minute spines on the inner margin
near the base, which may be a persisting remnant of the aculere).
Hind wing with the radius much reduced, typically with only one
free branch (Rs, usually spoken of merely as R) ; Rs once forked in
the lower Elachistidas, and in our genus Tinagma, in which latter genus
the dorsal venation is much reduced ; "R^ crossing over to Sc and fused
with it from its junction to the apex, except in a few Gracilariidas
with very narrow wings; if Sc and Rs remain separate, RL looking
like a crossvein, usually located near the base of the wing in those
forms where Sc and Rs remain independent, but often obliterated by
the fusion of Sc and R at the point where Rx should cross. Hind wing
usually with three apparent anals, or two by the loss of 1st A; for
the upper fork of 3d A has become almost completely fused with
2d A, in the Tortricidas and broad-winged Tineids (in the broad sense),
showing as a distinct basal fork of 2d A, as on the fore wing. Cross-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 71

veins between the anals very rarely present but obvious in a few Cos-
sidae and Psychidag between 1st A and 2d A of the fore wing, and
visible at the base of the wing in a few low Tineids. Secondary veins
rare, present on the inner margin of the fore wing of the Megalopy-
gidas, and near the base of the costa of the hind wing of most Lasio-
campidas (fig. 428), where they are known as numerals, one of them, per-
haps, being the true humeral. Humeral vein often present; when the
frenulum is present usually running across to its base. Costal edge
thickened out to the point of origin of the frenulum, being a rudiment
of vein C. Frenulum lost in several of the higher families, either in
part or all of the genera; when present, it is practically always single,
in the male, running through a membranous retinaculum attached
just below the costal edge of the fore wing; in the female, however,
usually multiple, formed of two to many bristles, and held in place
by stiff hair-scales projecting down from Sc and R, and up from
below Cu of the fore wing. Frenulum occasionally single in the
female also.

Caterpillar with the seta? ia and ib of the thorax vertically placed,
on the abdomen with i anterior to ii; thorax normally with v lower
than iii and iv; abdomen with iv level with the spiracle or lower,
and iv, v, and vi not lying in an oblique line; iiia and x minute; pro-
legs rarely either modified or absent; body often with tufted or
secondary seta?. Maxillary palpus with only two free segments; four
anterior ocelli, when present, arranged in a semicircle. When only
a single ocellus occurs, it is on the side of the face.

In boring larvae, the structures are usually normal; but leaf-miners
may be exceptions to most of the characters given in this definition.

Pupa with head-sclerites more or less completely fused; meta-
thorax smaller than in Jugataa and thoracic segments never free, but
in other particulars varying from forms with almost the structure
of the Jugataa, to forms with all the parts soldered together.

The Frena'taa have been derived from a Jugate type intermediate
between the three surviving families; the Rhopalocera are derived
from primitive Frenatas in the neighborhood of the Cossida3, as is
indicated bv a series of intermediate exotic forms.

72

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

SUPERFAMILY INCURVARIOIDEA
Family 4. INCURVARIID^E

(Adelidffi)

Vortex very rough-haired, front either rough or scaled; with a
distinct naked area above eye behind antennae, except when the eyes
are very large. Vestiture lightly attached. Eyes extremely variable

43, Adda ridinysella , venation

44, I'rodoxtis decipiens, venation

45, Eudarcia simidatricella, venation

46, Adela ridingsella, $;' section of antenna, ventrolateral view

47, Inourvaria, antenna

48, Paraclemensia, antenna

49, Teyeticttla yuccasella, 5, head: Ant, antenna; Ep, epicranium; Ge, gena;
LbPlp, labial palpus; MX, maxilla (tongue); MxPlp, maxillary palpus; MxTen,
maxillary tentacle; Pd, pedicel of antenna; Pil, pilifer; Sc, scape of antenna-,
V, vertex; (the segments of the maxillary palpus are numbered 1 to 5)

50, Tegeticula yuccasella, $, end of abdomen: abbreviations as in figure 38

51, Adela cuprella (Europe), seta map

LEPLDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 73

in size; in some western and exotic species nearly meeting on vertex,
with two sizes of facets in male. Antennae in some genera short,
in Adela the longest known in the Lepidoptera, several times as long
as fore wings; often shorter in female, and more densely scaled;
commonly with two equal whorls to a segment, or irregularly scaled
and bristled (figs. 46-48) ; maxillary palpi long and folded, short
and porrect, or rudimentary, — in Prodoxinse the longest known in
the Lepidoptera; tongue scaled at base. Palpi and hind tibiae often
densely hairy, especially in male. Fore wing with complete vena-
tion or a single vein lost, cell large, accessory cell and base of M
usually distinct, 1st A distinct at margin, 2d A forked at base. Mem-
brane aculeate over the whole surface of the wing. Hind wing with
Sc swollen at base, Rx normally forming a heavy basal fork of it,
though completely fused in Adela; base of Rs obsolete, R and Mx
stalked only in Nemotois, 3d A1 occasionally free at tip (fig. 43) ;
scaling often hair-like, and iridescent or metallic in many species.
Female, so far as known, with last segments heavily chitinized, with
strong, piercing ovipositor; laying its eggs in the tissues of the
food-plant.

Caterpillars, so far as known in the Adelinae, case-bearers; the case
typically lenticular and formed of a piece of leaf; borers in seeds
and stems of Yucca and related Liliaceae, in the Prodoxinae. Head
normal in form, the adfrontals reaching the vertex, the front about
two-thirds way, setae as a rule obscure ; iv and v rather close together,
and iv sometimes migrating far up behind spiracle, as' in the Hepi-
alidse. Prolegs normally with two areas of granulations bearing rudi-
mentary hooks, with a single line on sixth segment of abdomen, and
no anal prolegs; prolegs reduced to one or two rows of minute hooks
in Incurvaria, and all lost in the Prodoxinae; true legs also lost in
Prodoxus.

Pupa ' incomplete, chitinized, with a frontal beak; thorax, appen-
dages and terminal segments only lightly soldered; third segment of
abdomen free ; dorsal spines in a patch or pair of patches on each
segment, sometimes supplemented by a row of spines; maxillary
palpi distinct, extending from antennae to base of maxillae; prothorax
very narrow and more or less depressed; dorsal head piece conspicu-
ously widened (the "Adelid prothorax "). A few Incurvarias (of
group Lampronia) have only the series -of spines on abdomen, and
many genera are still unknown in the early stages.

This is a small and ancient world-wide family containing two or
three hundred known species. The genera Triptodema, Mea, and
Pelates have not been examined for aculeae or ovipositor, and so are
tentatively allowed to remain in the Tineidae ; in several other genera

74 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

the ovipositor has not been examined. The genera of this family
are repealed in the key to the Tineid;e for convenience in identification.

Key to the r/cncra

1. Antenna1 at least a fourth longer than fore wings.

2. R and M, of hind wing stalked 8. Nemotois.

2. M! free from R, sometimes closely associated with M. 7. Adela.

1. Antenna1 hardly if at all longer than fore wings.
2. Maxillary palpi very short and porrect, or absent.

3. Tongue strong, labial palpi moderate 7. Adela.

3. Tongue obsolete, labial palpi minute 4. Chalceopla.

2. Maxillary palpi well developed, folded, usually covering base of tongue.
3. Folded part or maxillary palpus two-thirds as long as width of head.
4. Females (with exserted ovipositor).

5. Maxilla with a long, thick, naked, coiled tentacle besides palpus and

tongue 2. Tegeticula.

5. Maxilla with a sharp angle on second joint of maxillary palpus only.

1. Prodoxus.
4. Males, (with large claspers).

5. Valve one-fourth as long as fore wing 1. Prodoxus.

5. Valve less than one-sixth as long as fore wing 2. Tegeticula.

3. Folded part of maxillary palpus half as long as width of head.

4. Venation complete 3. Incurvaria.

4. Fore wing with a vein lost.

5. Hind wing with 7 veins, lanceolate, with open cell 6. Eudarcia.

5. Hind wing broader, with complete, normal venation. . .5. Paraclemensia.

1. PRODOXUS Riley

Similar to Tegeticula, male with larger valves; female with only a rudiment
of the maxillary tentacle. Caterpillars boring in Yucca, our species in Y. fila-
inentosa; much like Pronuba but without thoracic legs or projections representing
the abdominal legs. Pupa fairly smooth, with spine-patches, and an anterior,
toothed ridge on each segment. Pupa transforming in a silk cocoon at the mouth
of its burrow ( fig. 44 ) .

1. P. quinquepunctella Chambers. Cream white, typically with about five black
points, but in var. decipiens Riley immaculate. 15-20 mm." (H. p. 438 f. 255-259.)

Common. The caterpillar bores in the flesh of the fruit and fruit-stalk
of Y. filament osa, emerging a little earlier than Tegeticula yuccasella.

Central New Jersey to Missouri and south.

2. TEGETICULA Zeller

(Proniiba Rile}- 1872, not Thomson 1860; Valentinia Coolidge 1909, not

Walsingham 1909)

Antennae smoothly scaled, the scaling not regularly formed of two whorls to
a segment; scales easily lost, uncovering the fine, chitinous spinules; palpi
rather small and slender, upturned, with scales and bristles, the basal segment
decidedly the longest; maxillary palpi folded, five-jointed, the first joint very
long; vertex roughly hairy. The female with a long, roughly spinulose, coiled
tentacle growing out from the junction of the first and second joints of the max-

LEPIDOPTEBA OF NEW YOUK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 75

illary palpus (fig. 49). Fore wing with normal primitive venation, with base of
M and R4+5 preserved, veins all arising separately from the cell, or one or two
shortly stalked.

Egg laid in the tissues of the ovary of a Yucca flower, larva feeding on the
developing seeds, but only damaging part of those in the capsule. Head not
depressed, small; front triangular, separated from the vertex by the adf rentals;
body stout, somewhat fusiform, strongly tapering behind, not flattened; with
small thoracic legs, the prolegs on the third to sixth abdominal segments repre-
sented by fleshy humps, but without crochets. Pupa with a strong frontal spine,
with a heavy, serrated ridge on each segment of abdomen, with very stout, sub-
dorsal hooks on eighth segment of abdomen pointing forward, but no cremaster.

The moth uses its tentacles to gather and carry a ball of pollen. After laying
each egg the moth inserts one of the tentacles into the ovary of the flower through
the stigma, and fertilizes the ovules with it.

1. T. yuccasella Riley, (Yucca borer). White, immaculate, usually with gray hind
wings. 20-25 mm. (H. p. 442, f. 262-263.)

The moth is common where Yucca is found, emerging during the flowering period
in May and June. Larva in Y. filamentosa.

New York to Ohio, Missouri, and south. New York: Long Island.

3. INCURVARIA Haworth

(Lampronia Stephens; Tinea, in part)

Similar to Prodoxus, but with smaller maxillary palpi, and, in our species,
black, or dark metallic blue in color. Typically with whole head rough-hairy, but
in group Lampronia with the face smooth and head sometimes not very rough.
Male antennae pectinate in some exotic species. The characters are superficially
much like Tinea, but the scaling of the antennae is smooth, and less regularly
arranged in two rows to a segment (fig. 47); if the scales are rubbed off, the
underlying spinules show, the antenna in either case appearing smooth and
velvety to a low-power lens, and commonly bristly under higher power.

Larvae sometimes borers in stems, like Prodoxus, sometimes leaf-miners when
young, and later cutting out a flat, lenticular case. Head as in Tegeticula, body
smoothe-, prolegs with one or two transverse rows of minute hooks, setae iv and v
rather close together, below and behind spiracl3. Pupa apparently like Prodoxus,
with dorso-anal spines.

Key to the spec les

1. Straight, antemeduJ fascia, no costo-apical spot 1. russatella.

1. An irregular, pale spot on costa before apex, besides the one three-fourths
way out.

2. Head dull white, antemedial fascia complete 3. aureovirens.

2. Head pale straw yellow, antemedial fascia angulate, or not reaching costa.

2. taylorella.

1. I. russatella Clemens. Deep brown; head ochreous, with rough face; antenna;
annulate, purple and gold; a pale golden fascia a fourth way out on fore wing,
slightly wider at inner margin, not always reaching costa; costal and dorsal spots
at middle and traces of a pale costal subterminal spot. Apical fringe white-tipped.
13 mm.

Apparently not common. May; July.

Both wings are normally scaled.

Canada to Pennsylvania and District of Columbia. New York: Ithaca.

2. I. taylorella Kearfott. Head pale straw yellow, darker above; antennae annu-
late, pale straw and brown; fore wing with fascia extending up from inner

7(> WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

margin, typically not reaching costa, but if so, narrow and angulate; spot beyond
middle of costa very large, and rather beyond the corresponding dorsal spot; sub-
terminal spot sending a spur down in dorsal fringe almost to anal angle. 18 mm.

May; July. The structure is as in russateHa, and the species is near capitella
of Europe, which bores in the stem of Kibes. It is doubtfully distinct from I. russa-
Iclla and occurs with it at New Brighton, Pennsylvania.

Mt. Washington, New Hampshire; Ottawa, Ontario; British Columbia. New
York: Newcomb.

.'1. I. aureovirens Dietz. Hind wing narrower than fore wing, ovate-lanceolate,
with hair-scaling. Markings about like 7. taylorclla. 6. mm.

Pennsylvania. This species is unknown to me.

/. labradorella Clemens, with fuscous head and markings much like russatella,
belongs here doubtfully; the type only is known, from Labrador.

4. CHALCEOPLA Braun
(Cyanauges Braun, not Gorham; Incurvaria; Tineola, in part)

Head very hairy, labial palpi minute, drooping, not extending beyond the front;
tongue and maxillary palpi obsolete. Venation as in Incurvaria; fore wing (in the
eastern species) overlaid with golden' hair-scales.

Key to the species

Ground purple 1. dietziella.

Ground blue-green 2. cyanella.

1. C. dietziella Kearfott. Face very rough; Mt and M2 stalked in hind wing.
Fore wing when fresh with golden hair-scales mixed with the normal scales. Head
old gold; body and antennae fuscous; fore wing with the normal scales purple,
with golden bases, which are exposed in rubbed specimens. Hind wing slightly
brower. 9 mm. (Incurvaria, Tineola.)

June. The larva possibly on Cornus.
Essex Co., New Jersey.

2. C. cyanella Busck. Mt and M2 free. Head brilliant orange-ochre, the antennae
contrasting, blackish; body and fore wings deep metallic green, the hair-scales
golden; hind wings purple. (Incurvaria Busck.)

Alleghany Co., Pennsylvania; Cincinnati, Ohio; doubtfully from Maryland.

5. PARACLEMENSIA Dyar

(Brackenridgia Busck 1903, not Aldrich 1902; Incurvaria, in part)

Similar to Incurvaria, with narrow sparse scaling on the lanceolate hind wing;
M... of fore wing lost, M! and M2 of hind wing short-stalked. Antennae irregu-
larly scaled (fig. 48). Larva at first a leaf -miner, later in a lenticular case, eating
crescentic paths in the tissue of the leaves. (Fig. 48.)

1. P. acerifoliella Fitch. Under-scaling deep purple-blue, densely overlaid with
peacock green; hind wing pale, translucent. Head orange, antennae black. 9 mm.
(iiidella Chambers; Ornix Fitch).

Larva (Maple case-bearer) on maple (normally only on rock maple) ; and more
rarely birch, oak, beech, and huckleberry (Braun); occasionally in injurious
numbers.

Massachusetts to British Columbia. New York: St. Lawrence County, generally;
Black Brook (Clinton Co.), Ithaca, McLean, Albany, Bolton (Felt), Deposit.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 77

6. EUDARCIA Clemens

(Meessia Spuler)

Face exceptionally rough; eyes extremely small, but prominent and visible from
above, behind the antennae, which are longer than fore wing. Fore wing (fig. 45)
with one medial lost; closing vein of accessory cell weak and arising before end of
discal cell, making R, and R3 appear stalked together; hind wing two-thirds as
wide as fore wing, with broad fringe; one medial lost, cell open above Cu and
base of media preserved.

The larva lives in a flat, ovoid, rough case, on lichens. E. simulatricella is
closely related to E. vinculella of Europe.

1. E. simulatricella Clemens. Blackish; head ochreous. Fore wing with a fascia
a third way out, costal and dorsal spots opposite each other at middle, an apical
spot, not reaching either margin, and extreme tip of fringe white. 9 mm. (bipuiic-
tella Walsingham).

Pennsylvania.

2. E. caemitariella Chambers. Similar to E. simulatricella,, no white in fringe,
markings generally much narrower and more oblique. 9 mm.

In the type specimen the fascia is broken; there are three median spots, the
middle one farther out and obscure, and two white spots beyond, on costa.

This species has been confused with the similarly marked Ornix gutted,, but
the type is undoubtedly Adelid. I have seen no other specimens.

Kentucky; Gulf States.

7. ADELA Latreille

Antennae (fig. 46) at least as long as fore wings, almost always several times
as long in male, but relatively short and roughly scaled toward base in most
females; with large basal joint. Eyes varying from very small to very large,
larger in male ; tongue strong, scaled at base ; maxillary palpi minute, porrect ;
labial palpi bristly; vertex with long, bristly hair, front variable. Hind tibire
in several species heavily bristled. Ovipositor of female strong, simpler than in
Tegeticula. Fore wings (fig. 43) with all ten veins arising from the cell, pre-
served, R6 running to costa; all veins free, or R3 and R^ shortly stalked; hind
wings with all veins free, or M, and M2 connate or stalked; Sc much swollen at
base, Rt not recognizable.

The larvae (fig. 51), when young, live, as a rule, in flowers or seeds; when older,
they form a lenticular case of two, flat, oval pieces of leaf, in which they pupate.
Their prolegs are extremely primitive, each consisting of two areas of hooks,
grading off into the normal skin-granulations, and separated by a narrow fold
of membrane. The leg on the sixth segment of the abdomen is reduced, and there
is none on the anal segment. The pupa is normal.

Key to the species

A patch of black spots near anal angle (speculum) 1. ridingsella.

No speculum.

A white postmedian fascia 2. purpura.

Immaculate blue 3. bella.

1. A. ridingsella Clemens. Antennae relatively short (in male twice as long as
fore wing, and one and one -fourth times in female); face hairy, palpi moderate,
eyes small; fore wing with R-, and R, stalked, hind wing with M, and M, stalked.
Head dark, antennae annulated with white, fore wing yellow-brown, with a pale
grayish patch beyond middle, covered with rows of black dots; with a silvery

78 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

fascia l>oforc its middle, and shorter ones beyond it near margins; speculum of
about (i black patches with silver scales between them. 13 mm. (sclilcegeri Zeller;
Dicte coruscofasciclla Chambers).

June, July.

Maine to mountains of North Carolina: northern Pennsylvania. New York:
Rock City (Cattaraugus Co.), Ithaca.

2. A. purpura Walker. Antenna; in male three times as long as fore wing; face
hairy, palpi very bushy, eyes of moderate size; all veins widely separate in fore
wing, M! and M2 stalked in hind wing. Greenish to purplish bronzy with a white
medial fascia, and a costal bar beyond the fascia, both edged with black. 14 nun.
(biviella Zeller).

The moth is found on willow bloom in April.

Nova Scotia to northern New Jersey and Manitoba. New York: Cranberry
Creek.

3. A. bella Chambers. Antennae four times as long as fore wing in male; one
aud one-half times as long and thickened with scales toward base in female; face
smoothly scaled, strongly oblique inward to mouth; eyes small, palpi small and
- -jakly bristled; hind tibia smooth. Venation as in A. purpura. Purple-green
with lines of brighter, blue-purple iridescence toward apex. Antennae black, with
outer half white. 14 mm. (chalybeis Zeller; oichroa Zeller).

This species may be the same as A. cceruleella Walker.

Southern New Jersey, and southern Ohio to Texas. New York : Crugers.

8. NEMOTOIS Hiibner
(Adela, in part)

Similar to Adela in all stages; eyes typically very large in male, though small
in our species; R and M: of hind wing stalked.

1. N. bellella Walker. Male antennae over twice as long as fore wings; female
short and thickened with black scales on the basal half. Fore wing dull, old gold,
striate with purple on veins, the inner margin and apex solidly purple; a broad,
golden fascia two-thirds way out, and a streak in base of fold. 16 mm.

Canada; Colorado.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 79

SUPERFAMILY NEPTICULOIDEA

Family 5. NEPTICULID^I

Annette F. Braun

Head and face tufted. Antennae not exceeding three-fourths of winp:
length, rather thick, with basal segment enlarged and concave beneath
to form an eye-cap. Labial palpi short, porrect or drooping. Maxil-
lary palpi long, filiform, folded. Tongue rudimentary. Posterior
tibiae with bristles above. Wing membrane aculeate. Fore wings
(fig. 52) with media coalescing with radius from base to beyond middle
of wing, so that all the branches of radius and media appear to arise
from one stem; or coalescing with cubitus for a short distance from
base, then, either passing obliquely outward to radius just beyond
RO+.,, and anastomosing with radius to beyond middle of wing, as
before, or remaining separate from radius, in which case (Trifurcula)
R4+5 is absent. R2i3 coincident. R4+5 separating beyond M, or coalesc-
ing to apex. Cubitus unbranched, sometimes coincident with M or
becoming obsolete beyond its point of separation from M. Second
anal vein very prominent. Crossveins absent. A fibula (jugum)
present in females of the more primitive genera. Hind wings (fig. 52)
with subcosta and Rx coincident ; Rs and M coalescing to about the
middle of the wing. Media one- or two-branched. Cubitus unbranched.
No crossveins. Frenulum of male consisting of a single strong spine;
of female, rudimentary, of several minute spines. The function of the
frenulum is performed, in the female, by a series of curved spines along
base of costa. Hind wing one-half to almost as broad as the fore wing.

The moths, because of their minute size and retired habits, and very
rapid and irregular flight, are not frequently seen. Early in the
spring, some species may be collected resting in the crevices of bark.
Later, moths may sometimes be found on leaves, usually those of their
food plants. Occasionally, because of the peculiarity of all the indi-
viduals of a single generation maturing and emerging at the same time,
great numbers of moths may be seen on leaves of the food plant and
neighboring plants. To secure an adequate representation of the group,
however, rearing of the moths from larvae is necessary.

With the exception of several gall-making species of Ectcedemia, the
larvae of all species of which the life history is known, are miners
within the tissues of leaves or in bark (rarely in fruits). They show
a preference for trees and shrubs, but not a few mine leaves of herb-
aceous plants. When full grown, the larva, with few exceptions, leaves
the mine, and, dropping to the ground, spins a dense, flattened cocoon
amongst the rubbish or in the loose surface soil.

so

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

FIGS. 52-61. NBPTICULID.E (Annette F. Braun)

52, Wings of Nepticula nyssaefoliella, female; 53, wings of Nepticula
nyssaefoliella, male; 54, wings of Ectoedemia kemrichi, female; 55, wings
of Obrussa ochrefasciella, male; 56, wings of Nepticula termvnella,, female;
57, wings of Glaucolepis saccharella, male; 58, mine of Nepticula pallida;
59, mine of Nepticula nyssaefoliella; 60, mine of Nepticula saginella; 61,
mine of Nepticula pomivorella

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 81

The egg is a minute oval body attached to the surface of the leaf
or bark by a minute, glistening speck of cement, which renders its
location visible even to the naked eye.

The larva of Nepticula upon hatching eats directly into the leaf,
and makes a very narrow, linear mine (figs. 58 to 61), which is at first
often difficult to discern, since in its early stages, the larva consumes
but a small part of the leaf tissue. This mine may continue as a linear
mine, gradually broadening throughout its course, or it may at some
period abruptly enlarge into a blotch. In the latter parts the mine is
semitransparent and easily visible. The mine of any one species is very
constant and characteristic in appearance, and, in most instances, serves
for immediate identification of the species. The species of Ectredemia
are gall-producers or bark-miners in forest trees.

The larva is slightly flattened, with the head deeply retracted into
the prothorax, due to the lengthening of the dorsal side of the head.
Locomotor organs are represented by mere roughened protuberances;
such rudimentary feet are present on segments three and four, on seg-
ments six to eleven, inclusive, and sometimes on the last segment in
Nepticula; in Ectredemia there are sometimes one or two additional
pairs of rudimentary processes.

The cocoon is spun of dense brown or yellowish silk, flattened oval
in general outline, but usually broader at its anterior end, around
which a fissure extends, guarded by the smooth projecting edges of the
two halves of the cocoon. Through this fissure the pupa is thrust
at emergence. In some species, the flat, projecting edges form a rim
extending entirely around the cocoon.

The pupa is flattened ovate; all the appendages are free and seg-
mented; and segments one to seven inclusive of the abdomen are free.
The pupa shows in some respects a resemblance to that of the primitive
Eriocraniidae.

The moth is active almost immediately after emergence, running
rapidly up and down the sides of the breeding jar, and in an incredibly
short time has the full use of its wings. When at rest, the wings lie
almost horizontal, meeting in a line down the middle of the back.

Key to the genera
(European genera in brackets)
A. RB of fore wing present.

B. Media of fore wing with three branches (Scoliaulai.
BB. Media of fore wing with one or two branches.
C. Media of fore wing two-branched.

D. Media of hind wing two-branched 1. Glaucolepis.

DD. Media of hind wing single-branched 2. Obrussa.

CC. Media of fore wing single-branched.

D. Middle spurs of posterior tibia in or above the middle .... 4. Nepticula.
DD. Middle spurs of posterior tibiae below the middle 3. Ectoedemia.

82 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1. GLAUCOLEPIS Braun

Eye-cap large. Middle spurs of posterior tibise in the middle. Fore wings
elongate ovate; hind wings nearly equaling the fore wings in breadth, in the
male; three-fourths of the width of the fore wing in the female. Fore wings
(fig. 57); cubitus coincident with media, which anastomoses with radius from
R..+3 to beyond middle of wing; M3 absent; M2 arising before separation of M and
R. Hind wings: media two-branched.

1. G. saccharella Braun. Tuft brownish ocherous, eye-caps bhiish white. Thorax
and basal fourth of fore wing blue or purple metallic; remainder of wing black
with a broad, bluish silvery fascia just beyond middle; cilia pale bluish. Hind
wings of male with oval, yellow patch of androconia. 4 mm.

Very long serpentine mines in leaves of maples.

2. OBRUSSA Braun

Eye-cap large. Labial palpi well developed. Middle spurs of the posterior
tibia1 alwve the middle. Fore wings elongate ovate, with fibula in the female;
hind wings a little over one-half the breath of the fore wings. Fore wings (fig.
55) ; media coalescing with cubitus at base, then passing obliquely to radius
beyond R2+3, and anastomosing with radius to beyond middle of wing. R4 separate.
M, and M, coalescing for a short distance beyond separation of M and R. M-
absent. Cubitus becoming obsolete beyond its separation from M. Hind wings:
media single-branched.

Represented by a single species whose early stages are entirely unknown.

1. 0. ochrefasciella Chambers. Tuft ochraceous; eye-caps buff. Fore wing
blackish brown with a pale ocherous fascia at basal third; scattered ocherous
scales at two-thirds, forming indistinct transverse line in female. Last row
of scales at apex and cilia pale ocherous. Underside of wing of male with
androconia. 6.5-8 mm.

3. ECTCKDEMIA Busck

Basal segment of antennae enlarged and concave beneath to form an eye-cap.
Labial palpi somewhat longer than in Nepticula. Middle spurs of posterior
tibiae below the middle. Fore wings elongate ovate, pointed; fibula present in
the female; hind wings two-thirds to three-fourths as wide as fore wings; nearly
as long as the fore wings. Fore wings (fig. 54) ; media coalescing with cubitus at
base, then passing obliquely to radius .beyond R2+3, and anastomosing with radius
to beyond middle of wing. R4 separate/ Media single -branched. Cubitus reach-
ing margin. Hind wings: media single-branched.

The position of the middle spurs on the posterior tibiae, the relatively smaller
eye-caps, and the broader wings will distinguish this genus from those species
of Nepticula which have identical venation.

The larvae of the species whose life history is known form galls on twigs or
petioles, or are miners in the bark of twigs. The egg is somewhat more circular
in outline than that of Nepticula. There is but a single generation of the moths
a year, as would be expected from the peculiarities of the life history.

In all but the unicolorous E. populclla, the fore wings are mottled* with fuscous
scales, or with dark-tipped scales. Ill-defined markings are formed by the group-
ing of these dark scales in patches. The markings differ from those species of
Nepticula which resemble Ectcedemia most in structural characters.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 83

Key to species

a. Fore wings unicolorous 1. populella.

aa. Fore wings mottled.

b. Dark-tipped scales evenly distributed 2. castanece.

bb. Dark-tipped scales more or less collected into patches.

c. Base of fore wing with scattered dusting, except near costa..5. obrutella.
cc. Dusting dense near base of wing.

d. A poorly defined, pale fascia at basal third 4. heinrichi.

dd. No fascia at basal third 3. phleophaga.

1. E. populella Busck. Tuft reddish ocherous, eye -caps pale yellowish. Fore
wings shining coppery brown, with green and violet iridescence. 7—8 . 5 mm.

The larvae form almost globular galls, of the size of a pea, on the petioles of
leaves of poplar. The larva is full-grown in October. The moth appears in May.

2. E. castaneas Busck. Tuft black above; eye-caps creamy -white. Fore wing
clothed with bluish white scales, which are mostly deeply tipped with blackish
brown, so that the wing is almost uniformily densely dusted. 7.5-8 mm.

The larvae form cylindrical galls encircling young twigs of chestnut.

3. E. phleophaga Busck. Tuft ocherous. Thorax and basal half of fore wring
dark bluish fuscous, outer half paler, bluish with dark-tipped scales; an ill-
defined, ocherous costal and an opposite dorsal patch at apical third. 9-10 mm.

Serpentine mines in bark of chestnut: larva full grown in April and May;
imago in September.

4. E. heinrichi Busck. Tuft black, eye-caps creamy-white. Fore wing pale ocher-
ous, densely dusted with blackish fuscous scales, which tend to form patches.
The dark dusting is usually absent or scattered at the extreme base of wing
"vcept along costa and on two poorly defined, transverse fasciae, one at basal
third, the other at apical third; the second fascia sometimes almost obliterated
by dusting. 9-10 mm.

The larva forms a characteristic, flattened-oval, spiral mine in the bark of young
branches of pin oak (Quercus palustris). The larva? are full-grown in October
and early November, producing moths in May and June of the following year.

5. E. obrutella Zeller. Differs from the two preceding species chiefly by the
scattered dusting of the basal half of wing. Food plant unknown, thus far
recorded only from Texas.

4. NEPTICULA von Heyden

Basal segment of antennae dilated and concave beneath to form a large eye-cap.
Middle spurs of posterior tibiae in or above the middle. Fore wings elongate
ovate, pointed; hind wings one-half to two-thirds as wide as fore wings. Fore
wings ( figs. 52, 53, 56 ) ; media coalescing with radius from base to beyond middle
of wing, or coalescing with cubitus at base and passing obliquely to radius
beyond R,+3 and anastomosing with radius to beyond middle of wing as before.
R, sometimes coincident with R5. Media single -branched. Cubitus usually reach-
ing nearly to margin. Hind wings : media single-branched.

As far as is known, the larvae of all of the North American species are miners
within the tissues of leaves. The egg is placed on either the upper or under sur-
face of the leaf, often along the side of a vein, and the larva passes directly into
the interior of the leaf. The larva usually mines just beneath the upper epider-
mis, consuming the palisade layer of cells, and in later stages, some of the spongy
parenchyma cells. In thin leaves, the mine seems more transparent, because of
the originally smaller number of these cells and the looseness of their arrange-
ment. Where the upper or lower surface is mined indiscriminately, as is done by
N. populetorum in the leaves of poplar, the cross section of the leaf shows palisade

84 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

cells on either side. Some species mine different sides of the leaf at different
periods of liirval life. The mine may be a linear tract, gradually increasing in
brendth to its end, or it may at some point suddenly enlarge into a blotch. A
change in -the character of the mine usually indicates the beginning of a new
instar. There are four larval instars. The mine formed during the first instar is
very short, rarely exceeding a few millimeters in length. The large, conspicuous
part is made during the last larval instar, in the few days preceding the escape
of the larva from the mine. The larva leaves the mine by a semi-circular slit
in the upper or the lower epidermis and spins the characteristic cocoon, usually
brownish, Imt occasionally yellowish or whitish, in the surface soil or amongst
rubbish, often near the base of the tree; occasionally it spins on the twigs or
branches. Pupation does not take place immediately; in the summer generations
it occurs a few days before emergence, in the overwintering generation it may be
delayed 'until spring.

A few species have but one generation a year; most species have two or three;
a few of the oak-feeding species may have as many as four generations. The length
of the life cycle is approximately six weeks, except in the single-generation
species, where several months may elapse between oviposition and the attain-
ment of full growth by the larva. The moths from the over-wintering generation
of larva- emerge in May and .June, a few species, however, appearing in April.

Key, to tl\c species

a. Fore wings with pale spots or fascire.

b. A silvery or pale golden metallic spot at, or very near, the base of the

wing,
c. A median fascia.

d. A costal and a dorsal spot at three-fourths 3. pteliaeella.

dd. No such spots at three-fourths.

e. Thorax and extreme base of wing purple 1. argentifasciella.

ee. Thorax and extreme base of wing golden 2. scintillans.

cc. No median fascia 4. quadrinotata.

bb. Without such a spot.

c. Basal third of wing bull' 9. cerea.

cc. Basal third of wing not bull.

d. A pale costal spot at one-third 5. trinotata.

dd. Without a pale costal spot at one-third,
e. Two pale fasciae.

f. Thorax creamy buff : 8. rhamnicola.

ff. Thorax dark.

g. Head black 7. intermedia.

gg. Head ochraceous 6. bifasciella.

ee. One pale fascia.

f. Fascia more or less interrupted.

g. Male with a chitinous plate from base to near middle of costa
of hind wing.

h. Fascia silvery 32. platanella.

hh. Fascia not silvery; male with long hair-pencil from base

of costa of hind wing. 34. similella.

gg. No such chitinous plate in male 33. clemensella.

ff. Fascia complete.

g. Fascia before the middle; wing lusterless.

h. Whitish costal and dorsal spots at three-fourths.

35. thoracealbella.
hh. No such spots at three-fourths 40. latifasciella..

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 85

gg. Fascia in or beyond middle of wing.

h. Apex white 24. apicialbella.

hh. Apex not white (sometimes with white apical cilia).

i. Fore wing almost lusterless; fascia not more shining than
remainder of wing.

j. Cilia, creamy white 31. ulmella.

jj. Cilia gray 30. fuscotibiella.

ii. Fore wing almost lustreless; fascia shining white, silvery,
or golden.

j. Collar white 25. tiliella.

jj. Collar not conspicuously paler than the head,
k. Apical cilia white; marginal line defined.

I. Expanse 4 mm . '. 26. rubifoliella.

II. Expanse 5 to 6 mm 27. nyssaefoliella.

kk. Apical cilia not white; marginal line not defined.

I. Head paler behind 28. slingerlandella.

II. Head not paler behind 29. rosaefoliella.

iii. Fore wing with a metallic luster; fascia silvery or golden.

j. Fascia preceded by a purple or deep golden brown band.

15. purpuratella.
jj. No such band.

k. Fascia the only pale marking.

I. Basal halt of wing metallic golden or bronzy; fascia

ill-defined internally.

m. Entire apical area deep purple. ... 14. unifasciella.
mm. Costal half of apical area purple.

13. resplendensella.

II. Fascia well-defined internally, contrasting with

ground color,
m. Wing purple before the fascia, brown beyond.

19. altella
mm. Wing not as above.

n. Fascia noticeably beyond the middle.

o. Fascia indistinct 16. obscurella.

oo. Fascia distinct.

p. Entire tuft ochraceous. . . . 17. ostrycefoUella.
pp. Tuft ochraceous behind only.. 18. paludicola.
nn. Fascia at or near the middle.

o. Tuft black 22. quercipulchella.

oo. Tuft reddish or ccherous.
p. Ground color bronzy.

q. Collar pale yellowish (usually).

21. opulifolieHa.

qq. dollar not pale 20. corylifoliella.

pp. Ground color purplish black.

23. }uglandifoliella.
kk. With additional silvery or golden markings.

I. A semi-elliptical, golden, metallic spot on dorsum
proximal to fascia 10. rhoifoliella.

II. Metallic markings along termen or at apex.

m. Termen margined with silvery scales from dorsum

to apex 11. terminella.

mm. Apex golden metallic, concolorous with fascia.

12. villosella.

S() WlLMAM T. iM. FOKHKS

aa. Fore \vinijs without pale spots or fascisc.
b. Ground color pale ocherous or yellowish.

c. A purplish fuscous Itund across apex of fore wing,
d. Fore wing dusted with fuscous scales.

e. A dark brown spot at base of dorsal margin 42. niyrircrticclla.

ee. No such spot 4.3. populetorum.

dd. Fore wing not dusted 41. cratu'gifoliella.

cc. No such band; wing dusted.

d. Tuft fuscous or blackish 44. saginella.

dd. Tuft ocherous • 45. pallida.

bb. Ground color, brown with purple or bronzy luster.
c. Fore wing with metallic bronzy or golden reflections.

d. Wing deep reddish or purplish bronzy 30. pomivorella.

dd. Wing paler, with greenish golden reflections 37. chalybeia.

cc. Fore wing dark brown, with faint purple reflections.

d. Tarsi of middle and hind legs pale ocherous 38. flavipedella.

dd. Tarsi of middle and hind legs whitish 39. castaneoefoliella.

1. Nepticula argentifasciella Braun. Tuft black behind, ochraceous in front;
eye-caps silvery white. Thorax and base of fore wings dark purple. Fore wings
dark brown, with metallic reflections. At the basal fifth of the wing is a brilliant
silvery fascia, sometimes broadening so considerably on dorsum as almost to
reach the base of the wing. At the middle of the wing a second fascia; at extreme
apex a silvery patch of scales of variable extent. 4 to 4.5 mm.

Larva in leaves of basswood (Tllla americana) . Mine narrow serpentine,
expanding into a blotch. Cocoon reddish.

There are two or three generations a year. The larvae become full-grown
toward the end of June, in August, and in the latter part of September.

2. Nepticula scintillans Braun. Tuft and collar black; eye -caps silvery white.
Thorax and base of fore wing golden. Fore wing, except at the base, very dark
purple with a silvery fascia across the middle, broadest on the dorsal margin.
A second silvery fascia across the apex of the wing. The cilia at the extreme
apex dark brown, elsewhere silvery gray. 3 mm. Ohio. Narrow serpentine mines
in leaves of haw apple (Crataeyns mollis) ; two generations.

3. Nepticula pteliaeella Chambers. Tuft dark brown; eye-caps white. Thorax
and base of fore wing at the dorsum silvery; a silvery fascia before the middle,
a costal and opposite dorsal spot at three -fourths, on a dark brown ground color.
Cilia silvery around the apex, becoming brown toward the dorsum. Hind wings
dark brown. 4 to 4.5 mm. Kentucky ; Ohio.

The larva is a miner in the leaves of the hop tree (Plelea trifoliata) ; the mine
(fig. 12), which is everywhere much contorted, is at first very indistinct, and some-
times blotch-like; later it becomes more distinct.

There are two generations a year. The larvae may be collected in July and in
August and September.

4. Nepticula quadrinotata Braun. Head dark brown; eye-caps silvery white.
Thorax and fore wings dark brown ; markings silvery white, consisting of an
elongate spot at base of dorsum, a small spot on the costa before the middle,
a larger triangular spot at the tornus, and a similar spot on the costa nearer
the apex. 4 to 5 mm. Ohio; Kentucky.

The larva mines leaves of horn bean (Carpinus caroliniana) and hazel (Corylus
americana ) . The mine is at first linear, usually closely following the midrib
or one of the lateral veins; later doubling on itself for a short distance before
it expands into an irregular, pale brownish blotch.

There are two generations a year : The larva mines in July and from late
August to the middle of October, but is never common.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 87

5. Nepticula trinotata Braun. Tuft ocherous, eye-caps whitish. Fore wings with
deep blue reflections in the basal third, velvety back Ijeyond, and somewhat irro-
rated in the apical third, the scales here having pale bluish iridescent bases. At
the basal third on the costa is a white spot of variable size, faintly tinted with
lilac in some lights. At the apical third there is a costal and an opposite dorsal
spot, each shining white and larger than the spot at the basal third. 4.5 to 5 mm.
Ohio.

The larvae form blotch mines on Carya cordiformis and occasionally on C. ovata
The mine is at first an extremely narrow, linear tract, expanding into a

broader tract, which, in turn, becomes a blotch.

There are two generations a year, the mines of the first appearing during the

early part of July and those of the second generation, at the beginning of

September.

6. Nepticula bifasciella Clemens. Tuft ochraceous; eye -caps shining, cream color.
Thorax and base of fore wings to the first fascia dark purple; beyond the first
fascia, wings dark brown with bronzy reflections; the fasciae silvery or golden
according to the light, the first fascia at one-third, the second at two-thirds of the
wing length. 4 to 4.5 mm.

The larva is a miner in leaves of wild cherry (Prunus serotina) , and occasionally
on wild plum (Prunus americana) . The mine is much contorted, especially at
first, often, by confluence, forming a blotch; later distinct. The leaf of wild
cherry is discolored and reddish around the mine.

This species is one of the earliest to appear in the spring, the larvae become
full-grown by the middle of May; later generations appear in June and July and
in September.

7. Nepticula intermedia Braun. Head black; eye -caps silvery white. Thorax
bronzy, base of fore wing plum -purple, followed by a shining silvery or golden
fascia. Beyond this fascia wing dark brown, with but faint bronze reflections.
A second silvery or golden fascia crossing the wing at two-thirds. 3 to 3.5 mm.

Ohio ; Kentucky.

This species makes serpentine mines on leaves of sumac (Rhus spp.). Usually
there are but two generations a year, the larvae maturing in July usually over-
wintering, but occasionally a third generation appears.

8. nepticula rhamnicola Braun. Tuft ocherous in the summer generation, black
in the overwintering generation. Thorax creamy buff, patagia dark brown. Fore
wings brown, the tips of the scales blackish. At the basal third of the wing
a cream-colored fascia with its edges often indented by dark scales. At two-
thirds of the wing length a more shining silvery fascia. 4.5 to 5.5 mm.

Ohio. ,

The larvae are found in the leaves of Rhamnus lanceolata; the mine is at first
linear, contorted, and on lower surface; later it crosses to the upper side where
it finally becomes a blotch. There are three generations; the mines are most
abundant in October.

9. Nepticula cerea Braun. Head buff; eye-caps a little paler. Thorax and
base of fore wings to just beyond one-third, creamy buff. From the base a few
fuscous scales extending along the costa to the middle of the pale area, where
they join a small, triangular, fuscous spot which is sometimes faintly connected
with the dorsum by a few scattered fuscous scales. Following the pale basal
area, a broad dark-brown band across the wing, succeeded by a narrower, silvery
white fascia. The apical third of the wing dark brown, except for the pure
white cilia at the apex. 3.5 mm.

Ohio; Pennsylvania.

10. Nepticula rhoifoliella Braun. Head black; eye-caps silvery white. Thorax
blackish purple. Fore wings very lustrous, base of the costa plum-purple. A
large, semi-elliptical patch of scales just beyond the base of the wing and resting
on the dorsum, but not reaching to the extreme costa, of deep, brilliant golden,

88 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

shading along its edges into reddish bronxe. Beyond this, wing deep purple
with bronze reflections; wing crossed at three-fifths its length by a straight,
shining, silvery or pale golden fascia. 3.5 mm.

Ohio; Kentucky; Missouri..

The larvae make' contorted, serpentine mines on the upper side of leaves of poison
ivy (Rhus toxicod endron ) .

There are three generations; mature larvae may be found in June, toward the
end of July, and in September.

11. Nepticula terminella Braun. Tuft on the face dull brownish, on the vertex
and head black; collar and eye-caps shining white, with a very faint yellow tinge.
Thorax bronzy. Costal half of the fore wing to the fascia, blue-purple, the blue
predominating at the extreme edge; below the costa the wing shading into a deep,
brilliant, golden color, becoming more bronzy as it nears the fascia. Fascia
situated just beyond the middle of the wing, almost straight, and with a brilliant,
silvery luster. Apical third of the wing blue-purple, blue predominating. Just
below the apex a double row of silvery scales margining the termen, becoming a
single row toward the dorsum, and sometimes connected with the fascia. 5 to
5.5 mm.

Ohio; Kentucky; Pennsylvania.

The mine is seen on various species of oak, though most commonly on red oak
(Quercus rubra) and pin oak (Q. palustris), it is a pale greenish, gradually
broadening, linear tract, 3.5 mm. wide at the end. The larva is yellow, even when
very young. Thus this mine can early be distinguished from the other linear
mines on oak.

There are three generations a year, and in favorable seasons, a fourth.

12. Nepticula villosella Clemens. Tuft orange -ochraceous; eye-caps pale golden.
Thorax and fore wings to the fascia brilliant, metallic bronzy, somewhat purple
at the base of costa; fascia at two-thirds golden. Wing beyond the fascia blue-
purple, with a large spot at the apex and the apical cilia golden, concolorous with
the fascia. 4.5 mm.

The larva is a miner in leaves of blackberry (Rubus spp.) and occasionally wild
raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) . The mine is a tortuous, brown, linear tract
scarcely broader than the pale brownish larva within.

There are three generations.

This is distinguished from all other species by the metallic golden apex.

13. Nepticula resplendensella Chambers. Palpi whitish, tuft pale reddish saf-
fron. Fore wings, including cilia, with a brilliant metallic luster, golden or silvery,
except the basal half of the costal margin, and a large spot extending along the
base of the costal cilia nearly to the tip and more than half way across the wing,
which is deep purple. Tips of tarsi pale yellowish. 6 mm.

Kentucky.

14. Nepticula unifasciella Chambers. Head orange -ochraceous; eye-caps silvery
white. Upper surface of thorax and basal two-thirds of fore wing brilliant metallic
bronzy or golden, except toward the costal margin where the color shades into
purple, so that a silvery or golden fascia at the apical third is scarcely defined
internally. Behind the fascia, wings deep purple. Cilia purple, golden at their
tips. 4.5 mm.

Kentucky; Texas; Ohio.

1*5. Nepticula purpuratella Braun. Tuft ochraceous or orange; eye-caps silvery
white. Thorax deep bronzy or golden. Extreme base of the fore wing concolorous
with the thorax, shading outwardly to a paler, lustrous, golden color, and this,
at the outer limits of the basal third, followed by a deep, bronzy band with purple
and reddish reflections varying in intensity, and occupying approximately the
middle of the wing. This followed by a -brilliant, silvery fascia. Apical area
beyond the fascia deep bronzy, usually suffused with brilliant purple. The purple

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING SPATE'S 89

reflections sometimes almost entirely absent, so that the dark band preceding the
fascia and the apical area are deep bronzy-golden. 4.5 to 4.8 mm.
Pennsylvania.

16. Nepticula obscurella Braun. Tuft ocherous, eye-caps whitish. Fore wings
shining golden brown, tinged with bronze along the extreme costa and in the
apex. Just beyond two-thirds of the wing-length, an indistinct, narrow, whitish
fascia, broadest in the middle of the wing and fading out toward the ends. Viewed
from some angles, this fascia scarcely visible. Cilia of the general hue, their tips
around the apex paler, however, and coricolorous with the fascia. 3.5 mm.

New Jersey; New York.

The mine is a narrow serpentine track on the upper side of bayberry (Myrica
carolinensis) . There are two generations a year.

17. Nepticula ostryaefoliella Clemens. Tuft ochraceo'us; eye-caps and collar shin-
ing cream-colored. Thorax and fore wings shining brown with faint bronzy and
purple reflections, which become deeper toward the predominantly purple apex.
At two-thirds of the wing length is a shining silvery fascia. Cilia tipped with
white around the apex. 4 mm.

Pennsylvania; Ohio; Kentucky; North Carolina; British Columbia.

The mine is a rather broad, serpentine track, gradually increasing in breadth
to the end, where it measures about 2 millimeters across; it occurs on various
species of birch (Betula spp. ) and on hop hornbeam (Ostrya).

18. Nepticula paludicola Braun. Distinguished from the preceding species by
the following characters: tuft clay-colored or fuscous on the face, shading to buff
or cchraceous on the head; fascia slightly nearer the base. 3.5 to 4.5 mm.

New Jersey; Ohio.

The mine is a serpentine track on leaves of cranberry (Oxyooccus macrocarpus) .

19. Nepticula altella Braun. Tuft orange -ochraceous in front, becoming pale
behind; eye-caps creamy white. Thorax dark purplish brown. Fore wings before
the fascia purple-brown, beyond it brown with purple reflections; general color
to the naked eye deep purple before the fascia and brown beyond it. A silvery
fascia crosses the wing at three-fifths, and is usually a little broader on the margins
of the wings. 6.5 to 7 mm.

Southwestern Ohio, locally in pin -oak forests.

The species has but one generation a year, the moths appearing in May. The
mines are found only on the first leaves of the pin oak (Quercus palustris) that
appear in the spring, never on the leaves that come later. The mine, which may
best be regarded as a lower-side mine, is at first much contorted, winding and
twisting within a small area, and causing a brownish discoloration of the sur-
rounding leaf. This part of the mine seems to be formed early in the season, and
the leaf around it is always dead when, in October, further feeding is resumed.
At this time the larva starts out to mine into the fresh, green part of the leaf,
where the mine is more distinct, due to the larva's partial eating of the leaf sub-
stance. The larva then becomes full-fed in a week or ten days and leaves the mine
to spin a dark brown cocoon. The mine is extremely long but measures only
1 to 1.5 mm. in width at its end. The larva is yellow, with a row of dark brown
dashes along the mid-ventral line.

This species may be separated from all other species by the fact that the wing
is purple before the fascia and brown beyond, the reverse being true in all other
cases where there is a difference in color before and behind the fascia.

20. Nepticula corylifoliella Clemens. Tuft ocherous to orange-ocjiraceous. Eye-
caps silvery white, spmetimes shading to fuscous outwrardly. Thorax and fore
wings bronzy brown, with blue-purple reflections toward the costa and in the entire
apical part of the wing beyond the fascia, the color being there predominantly
purple. The purple reflections sometimes entirely lacking proximal to the fascia.
Fascia situated just beyond middle of wing, rather broad, narrowing toward the
costa. Cilia silvery-tipped at the apex. 3.5 mm.

1)0 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

The food plants of A*, cnrylifolirlln include hazel (Corylus americana), hop horn-
beam (Ostrya virf/hiintin) , hornbeam (C'drphnia carolinina) , and black birch
(Itctula lotta). The mine is a long, very narnnv. winding tract, scarcely broader
than the larva. The larva- may lie found in .lime and early July, and from late
August until October.

21. Nepticula opulifoliella Hraun. Tuft ochraceous; collar usually pale yel-
lowish; eye-caps pale, shining bull', sometimes fuscous outwardly. Thorax dark
fuscous, with purple and blue reflections. Fore wings with pronounced purple
and blue reflections toward the costa and beyond the fascia, shading to bron/y
green below the fold. At three-fifths of the wing length a broad, very shiny,
silvery fascia with faint, golden luster. 3.5 to 4 mm.

Ohio: North Carolina.

The larv:v form brownish, much contorted, serpentine mines in leaves of Opulaster
( Pliysorarpus opulifoliiis) . There are two generations, the larva; appearing in
July and September.

This species is very close to N. corylifoliella, from which it is difficult to dis-
tinguish it. The pale collar, when present, is a reliable character. The more
yellowish eye-caps, -and the less lustrous wing, with the absence of reddish tints.
will aid in distinguishing this species from N. corylifoliella.

22. Nepticula quercipulchella Chambers. Head black; collar and eye-caps yel-
lowish white, silvery; thorax and fore wings deep blue-black, bronzed, and with
purple and violet reflections; the fascia behind the middle, silvery white and a
little the widest on the dorsal margin; wing behind the fascia darker than before
it, but cilia paler and less lustrous than wing. Under surface of wing, abdomen,
and legs cupreous black. 4 mm.

Kentucky.

The above description is essentially that given by Chambers. According to him
"the larva is bright green, with a deeper green line of contents; it makes a long,
narrow, winding, and gradually widening track, similar to that of 2V. quercicastn-
ticUa Chambers in leaves of Qucrcus alba." Chambers asserts that the larva from
which he bred the type specimen formed a new mine when nearly grown, a fact,
if true, at variance with all observations on this group.

23. Nepticula juglandifoliella Clemens. Tuft ochraceous, eye-caps and collar
shining creamy white. Thorax and fore wings deep purplish black, uniformly
purple beyond the fascia which is situated just beyond the middle; silvery white
and broadest on the dorsnm. 3.5 to 3.8 mm.

The mine is a serpentine track, usually whitish, and is found on various species
of hickory and on walnut and butternut. The larva is pale green (almost white
when feeding on walnut).

There are three generations. Full-grown larvao may be found in the middle of
June, the latter part of July, and in late August and early September.

The purple fore wings and white collar distinguish this species from its nearest
allies.

24. Nepticula apicialbella Chambers. Tuft ochraceous, collar creamy white,
eye-caps white. Thorax dark purplish brown. Fore wings dark brown, with a
faint, purple luster. Beyond the middle of the wing is a narrow, oblique white
fascia, convex outwardly and reaching the margin farther from the base on the
dorsum. The scales at extreme tip of wing white, forming, with the whitish
apical cilia, a very distinct pale patch. 4 mm.

Kentucky; Ohio.

The larva; make upper-side, serpentine mines on elm. The mine is brownish in
color, with a conspicuous line of frass through the middle.

There are three generations. The full-grown larvae are found in mid-June, late
July, and in August and September.

The oblique fascia and white apex distinguish this species from all others.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 91

25. Nepticula tiliella Braun. Tuft ochraceous, collar white. Antennae black,
eye-caps shining white. Fore wings almost black, with a very faint, purple luster.
At the middle of wing a shining, pure white fascia, slightly oblique and a little
convex outwardly. Cilia gray on the dorsum, shining white from the tornus to
the costa. 3.5 mm.

Ohio ; Kentucky.

The larvae make serpentine mines on the upper side of leaves of basswood
(Tilia am ericana ) . The mine is characterized by the tendency toward a spiral
form, with either the early or the later part inside, and by the frequency of angular
turns.

There are two generations, the full-grown larvae appearing in early July and
late August.

The pure white fascia and the white cilia, against which the outermost row
of black scales is sharply denned, distinguish this species.

26. Nepticula rubifoliella Clemens. Head ocherous; eye-caps silvery white.
Thorax and fore wings almost black, with a shining silvery, or faintly golden,
fascia at the middle of the wing; fascia convex outwardly and somewhat nar
rowed at its middle, sometimes almost interrupted. Cilia whitish, so that the
marginal line of scales is defined. 4 mm.

The larvae mine leaves of blackberry, forming at first very narrow, linear mines,
which closely follow a vein or • the margin of the leaf before enlarging into an
irregular blotch.

Mines containing the larvae may be collected in July and September.

27. Nepticula nyssasfoliella Chambers. Tuft ochraceous; eye-caps shining white.
Thorax and fore wings black with very faint, purple reflections. In the middle
of the wing a shining silvery, or pale golden, fascia, slightly convex outwardly.
Cilia around the apex white, with marginal line of scales defined. Hind wings
pale gray, with an oval patch of aiidroconia in the male. 4.5 to G mm.

The larvae mine in the leaves of sour gum (JVyssa st/lvatica) , forming narrow,
linear mines (fig. 59) which abruptly enlarge into blotches measuring 2 cm. or
more in length, with an average width of 5 or 6 mm. There are two or three
generations a year, the larvae of the first generation becoming full-grown in June.

This is one of the most abundant species; mgths may often be collected in great
numbers in the vicinity of the food plant.

From N. rubifoliella, its nearest ally, it is distinguished by its larger size and
the equal breadth of fascia throughout.

28. Nepticula slingerlandella Kearfott. Tuft ochraceous, becoming paler behind,
where it, merges into, the pale ocherous or whitish collar. Eye-caps white.
Thorax and fore wings black with a faint bronzy luster, somewhat irrorated beyond
the shining white fascia situated just beyond the middle of the wing. Cilia pale
gray. 3.5 to 5 mm.

New York; Ohio.

The larvae mine leaves of cultivated plums and prunes, wild plum (Primus
americana) , and occasionally sweet cherry, forming narrow, linear mines which
abruptly enlarge into irregular blotches. This species attains economic import-
ance in the plum orchards of northern New York, where its ravages have been
the subject of a bulletin by C. R. Crosby, in which are given further details of its
life history, together with numerous figures. There is a single generation of
moths in New York, and the larvae which are full grown in July do not produce
moths until the following year. Farther south, a second brood of larvae may
usually be collected in September.

29. Nepticula rosaefoliella Clemens. Tuft ochraceous; eye-caps shining creamy
white. Fore wings almost black, with a very faint, dark blue and bronzy luster.
Just beyond the middle of the wing is a rather broad, straight, silvery, or very
pale, golden lascia. Cilia of the general hue, scarcely paler tipped opposite the
apex. 4.5 mm.

92 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

The larva mines the leaves of various species of rose. The mine is serpentine,
usually much contorted, and frequently closely follows the edge of the leaf in its
early "course. A broad line of frass is visible. The mine at its end measures
1.5 to 2 mm. across. There are three generations, the larvae being full-grown
in June and early July, in August, and in October. Mines containing larvae may,
however, be found at almost any time during the summer and fall up to November.

This species may be distinguished from Ar. slingerlandella by the darker head,
dark cilia, and somewhat broader wings.

30. Nepticula fuscotibiella Clemens. Tuft ochraceous; eye-caps whitish. Thorax
and fore wings fuscous, faintly purple, with the scales before the fascia paler
at their bases, so that this part of the wing is somewhat irrorated and paler than
that beyond the fascia where the wing is dark fuscous purple. Fascia just beyond
the middle, dull white, sometimes a little convex and broadening on the dorsum.
CiKa gray, pale gray around the apex. 4 to 4.5 mm.

The larvae mine leaves of various species of willow. The mine is a gradually
broadening, linear tract, sometimes straight, but often bent back on itself toward
the end. Occasionally (on Sali-x discolor) its latter part is a more or less spiral
blotch. There are at least three generations a year. The larvae may be collected
from June until the end of October.

31. Nepticula ulmella Braun. Tuft ocherous on face, tinged with red above, and
sometimes with a few dark brown scales behind. Anten'nae creamy white, broadly
banded al)ove with dark brown, so that only a narrow line of the pale color appears
between the annulations. Eye-caps creamy white. Thorax brownish, somewhat
peppered. Scales of the fore wing creamy white, shading to dark brown at their
tips, except where they form a creamy white, oblique fascia at the middle of the
wing. The general color of the fore wing is thus a somewhat mottled, dark brown.
Fascia, from the middle of the wing on the costa, extending to dorsum somewhat
behind the middle, anu sometimes broken with a few, dark-tipped scales. Cilia
creamy white. 4 to 5 mm.

The larvae are miners in leaves of red elm and cork elm ( Ulmus fulva and
U. racemosa) . The mine starts as a very fine brown, or, rarely, whitish, line,
abruptly enlarging to a breadth of 1 mm., then increasing gradually in width,
until it attains a breadth slightly in excess of 2 mm. The broad portion of the
mine is usually so much contorted that it is not possible to trace the course of
the mine, the whole having the appearance of an irregular blotch.

There are two generations, the mature larvaj being found in July and in
September.

The creamy white fascia and cilia, together with the pale bases of the scales,
distinguish this species.

32. Nepticula platanella Clemens. Tuft pale ocherous to ochraceous; eye-caps
silvery white. Thorax and fore wings dark brown with a bluish luster. At
middle of costal margin a small oblique silvery streak, and opposite it on the
dorsal margin is a similar streak, usually larger than the costal streak and
broader on the margin. Rarely both spots are very minute. Occasionally these
two streaks meet, forming a more or less interrupted concave fascia. Last row
of scales around the apex pale yellowish at their bases, thus forming a dark line
in the whitish cilia. Hind wings yellowish fuscous, in the male with a sword-
shaped, yellowish, chitinous plate on the upper side from base to near middle of
costa, margined along the costa with bristly black scales. Beyond this costa
excised. 5.5 to 7 mm.

The mines are abundant on leaves of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and begin
as slender, linear tracks usually filled with frass. Several days before pupation,
the mine is abruptly enlarged into a large, usually almost circular blotch, which
in many instances covers the linear part of the mine.

There are three generations of larvae, the earliest being found during June.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 93

There is considerable variation in the size of the white spots ana it is but rarely
that they form a fascia. Females may be distinguished from specimens of N. clem-
ensella by their larger size, and the males from that species and all others except
A7, similella, by the peculiar chitinous plate along the costa of the hind wing.

33. Nepticula clemensella Chambers. Tuft ochraceous; eye-caps silvery white.
Fore wings bluish black. A narrow, oblique, silvery streak on the middle of the
costa (rarely inconspicuous) and an opposite dorsal streak, usually meeting in
the male to form a narrow, oblique fascia. Cilia silvery with a brown line formed
by the dark tips of the terminal row of scales around the apex. Hind wings
yellowish fuscous, similar in both sexes. 4.5 to 5.2 mm.

The larva mines in the leaves of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) , forming a
linear mine which gradually increases in breadth. Its terminal portion expands
into a small blotch, three or four times the diameter of the end of the linear mine.
There are three generations a year.

This species is much less common than N. platanella and uniformly smaller, the
largest specimens scarcely attaining the expanse of the smallest N. platanetla.

34. Nepticula similella Braun. Tuft ocherous to ochraceous; eye-caps silvery
white, occasionally tinged with ocher. Thorax and fore wings deep bluish black,
the extreme bases of the scales more or less iridescent blue, especially in the
apical half of the wing. At the middle of the wing an oblique narrow, costal
streak, shining white but not silvery, usually meets the apex of a shorter, broader,
dorsal streak. Tips only of the last row of scales around apex dark, thus forming
a dark line in the white cilia. Hind wings gray; in the male with a narrow,
chitinous . plate from base to one -third of costa, with a long, yellowish, costal
hair-pencil lying along it. 5 to 6 mm.

Ohio; Kentucky.

The larva makes a characteristic mine in the leaves of pin oak (Quercus palus-
tris) and occasionally of chestnut. The early part of the mine is very narrow,
completely filled with frass, and bent several times in close, S-shaped curves. The
larva next mines just above the lower epidermis, forming a blotch scarcely visible
above except for occasional spots here and there toward the edges of the blotch,
where the leaf substance is more fully consumed. During the last stage, a con-
spicuous large blotch is formed, where the mine is transparent and whitish, with
the frass accumulated toward the beginning of the blotch.

Females of this species can only be distinguished from those of N. platanella
by their less shining costal and dorsal spots; the males differ in the yellowish
costal hair-pencil of their hind wings.

35. Nepticula thoracealbella Chambers. Tuft ochraceous on the face, becoming
reddish brown on the vertex; eye-caps white. Thorax white, with a few, scattered,
dark brown scales in occasional specimens. Fore wings dark brown, slightly irro-
rated; a creamy white, irregular fascia just before the middle, concave toward
the base and usually wider on the dorsal margin; at the apical fourth a distinct,
creamy-white, costal spot, and an opposite dorsal spot, whose apices occasionally
touch; cilia creamy white, sometimes grayish on the dorsum. 4 to 5 mm.

Kentucky ; Ohio ; Pennsylvania.

36. Nepticula pomivorella Packard. Tuft orange -ochraceous; eye-caps and collar
shining pale buff. Thorax and fore wings shining bronzy, with strong purple and
blue reflections increasing toward the apex. 5 mm.

The larvae make long, narrow, serpentine tracks (fig. 61) in the leaves of apple,
gradually widening the mine to 2 or 2.5 mm. at the end.

37. Nepticula chalybeia Braun. Tuft ocherous, sometimes shading to reddish
brown above; collar yellowish white; antennae fuscous; eye-caps yellowish white.
Thorax steel-gray. Fore wings very narrow, steel-gray with faint, greenish golden
reflections. 3.5 to 4 mm.

Ohio.

Ill WILMA.M T. M. FORBES

The larv:e mine leaves of wild pear ( I't/rus communis) and cultivated pear,
making rather short, serpentine tracks, often 7iot exceeding 2 cm. hut sometimes
reaching 3 em. in length, and broadening to 1.5 to 2 mm. across at the end. There
are three generations a year. Alined lca\es may be collected in early .June, in July,
and during the last part of August.

Its paler color, with the absence of purple, the narrow wings, and its smaller
size distinguish this species from Nepticula pomivorella.

38. Nepticula flavipedella Braun. Tuft usually dark brown, collar creamy white;
rarely tuft reddish oelierous on the face, and brown on the vertex; eye-caps creamy
white, 'lliorax dark purplish brown. Fore wings dark brown, with dark blue
and purple rejections; cilia with silvery tips. Fore legs, except the femora.
dark brown; middle legs pale silvery, tarsi pale oc.hen us; hind legs silvery, tibi;e
dark brown, tarsi pale ocherous. 3.5 to 4.5 mm.

Ohio; Kentucky.

The mine is a very characteristic linear tract, found most commonly on pin and
swamp white oak, but occasionally on other species of oak. The larva, for the
first few millimeters, mines near the upper surface, making a very narrow* indis-
tinct mine. Then the mine is slightly but abruptly enlarged and for a length
of 8 or 9 mm., the leaf substance is entirely consumed and the mine rendered
transparent. Then follows another enlargement, and the mine, often much con-
torted, increases very gradually in breadth to the end where it measures 2 mm.
across. The latter part of the mine is not transparent, but the mine is distinctly
visible.

There are three generations a year. Mined leaves may be collected during early
June, the latter half of July, and the early part of September.

Though very distinct in larval work, this species in the imaginal state is almost
indistinguishable in appearance from JY. castancccfoliclla. The yellowish middle
and hind tarsi and the deeper purple suffusion of the fore wings are, however,
constant differences.

39. Nepticula castaneaefoliella Chambers. Tuft black; collar, eye-caps, and palpi
creamy white. Thorax and fore wing dark brown, with slight bronzy and purple
reflections; tips of scales somewhat darker, so that under a lens the wing is
slightly irrorated, especially toward the apex. Cilia silvery at the tips. Pos-
terior tibiae and fore legs, except the femora, dark brown; legs otherwise whitish.
4 to 4.5 mm.

Kentucky; Ohio; Virginia.

The larvae form very long, much contorted, linear mines in the leaves of chest-
nut (Castanea dentata) and oak. They measure but uttle over 1 mm. in width at
the end, and have a fine, central line of frass.

40. Nepticula latifasciella Chambers. Tuft on the face ocherous, dark brown
on the vertex; collar and eye -caps creamy. Thorax and extreme base of fore
wings creamy-buff. Remainder of fore wing deep purple-brown, with a very
broad, creamy -buff fascia just before the middle; two or three creamy-buff scales
at the extreme apex, forming with the creamy-white cilia around the apex, a
conspicuous pale spot. Cilia elsewhere gray. 4 to 4.5 mm.

The larvae mine leaves of oaks, and probably chestnut. Although the mine
varies in length from 3 to 5 cm. on different species of oak, with a breadth of
about 1.5 mm. at its end it has in general the same appearance. The frass is
at first deposited in a broad, blackish line through the center, later dispersed
across the entire breadth, and, toward the end, collected into a broad band.

This is one of the earliest species to appear in the spring; the moths may be
fcund resting on tree trunks during the latter part of April. Mines may be
found in June, the latter part of July, in September, and often during late
October.

41. Nepticula cratsegifoliella Clemens. Tuft ocherous, faintly tinged with red
above. Antenna? ocherous, partly suffused with fuscous; eye-caps ocherous. Thorax

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AXD NEIGHBORING STATES 95

and fore wings ocherous, the extreme edge of the costa near the base purplish fuscous,
and a broad, purplish fusci.us band at the apex of the wing. The cilia, beyond
this band, pale ocherous, giving the appearance of an ocherous apex preceded
by a dark band. Cilia opposite the ends of the band concolorous with it. 3.5 to
4.5 mm.

Pennsylvania; Ohio; Kentucky.

The mines occur on several species of hawapple. The mine is comparatively
short, rapidly increasing in diameter and measuring about 2 mm. in width in
the later part of its course.

There are two generations a year. Larva? may be collected in early July and
at the beginning of September.

This species is distinguished from all others with yellowish ground color by
its entire absence of dusting. The much broader mine and bright green larva
distinguish it, in its early stages, from N. scintillans.

42. Nepticula nigriverticella Chambers. Face ochraceous, tuft above dark brown;
collar and eye-caps pale ocherous, antennal stalk fuscous. Thorax and fore
wings pale ocherous, dusted with purplish black scales. At the base of the
dorsal margin a purplish black spot extending halfway across the wing, and
occasionally, as a narrow line, reaching the costa, which is often dark brown
near the base. At the beginning of the cilia a broad, purplish-black fascia;
beyond it cilia pale ocherous. 5 mm.

Kentucky; Ohio; Texas.

43. Nepticula populetorum Frey and Boll. Tuft ocherous, becoming dark brown
behind. Collar and. eye -caps pale creamy. Thorax and fore wings buff or
pale ocherous, more or less densely dusted with purplish fuscous scales. These
scales form a purplish fuscous fascia at the beginning of the cilia. Cilia pale
gray, whitish around apex. 5 mm.

Texas; Ohio; Kentucky; California.

The larvae mine the leaves of several species of poplar, commonly the leaves
of cottonwood (Populus deltoides). The mine is indiscriminately placed on the
upper or the lower side of the leaf. It is whitish, gradually broadening, linear
track, 2 .to 2.5 mm. in width at its extremity.

This species differs from the preceding in the absence of the dark spot at the
base of the dorsum.

44. Nepticula saginella Clemens. Face ocherous or pale buff, head, above, dark
brown; collar and eye-caps pale ocherous. Thorax and fore wings pale ocherous,
buffish, or even whitish, and dusted with fuscous scales, often more densely
dusted toward the outer half of the wing, where the dark scales are either evenly
distributed or collected into spots, but never form a band. Cilia pale ocherous.
4 to 5.5 inm.

The mine (fig. 60) is a whitish, linear tract on various species of oaks and on
chestnut; it varies in length and width, but is usually about 1.5 to 2 mm. wide
at its extremity. The larva? are found from June to October.

45. Nepticula pallida Braun. Tuft ocherous; the scales on the vertex tipped
with orange; antennae pale ocherous, eye-caps whitish. Fore wings very pale buff,
evenly dusted with purplish gray, a little more densely toward the apex of the
wing. Cilia very pale buff. 4 mm.

Cedar Point, Ohio.

The food plant of N. pallida is willow, Salix sp. The mine (fig. 58) is made
on the lower side of the leaf and is extremely narrow at first, extending along
the midrib, later doubling on itself once or twice, and gradually and evenly
increasing in breadth to its end, where it measures a scant 1.5 mm. across. The
entire length of the mine is approximately 4.5 cm.

The pale head distinguishes this species from N. saginella.

In addition to the above species, there are several species, namely N. amelanchi-
erella, N. anguinella and N. platea, which are still known only in the larval
state. Their mines are described in the Synopsis of species by food plants.

96 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Synopsis of species by food plants

spp., willow:

(1) A*. pallida; mine linear, narrow at the end.

(2) .V. fuscotibirlla ; mine linear, gradually broadening, club shaped at the

end, sometimes blotch-like toward the end.
Populus grandidentata, poplar:

( 1 ) E. populella ; globular swelling of petiole close to leaf.
Populus deltoides, cottonwood :

(1) N. populetorum; whitish mine, gradually increasing to a breadth of 2 to

2.5 mm. at end.
Myrica carolinensis, bayberry :

(1) A7, obscurella; mine serpentine, very narrow.
Juglans cinerea, butternut:

( 1 ) A7, juglandifoliella.
Juglans niyra, walnut:

(1) N. juglandifoliella; serpentine mine, very gradually increasing in breadth.
Carya spp., hickory :

(1) AT. juglandifoliella; serpentine mine, very gradually increasing in breadth.

(2) A7. trinqtata; linear track, expanding into a blotch.
Corylus americana, hazel :

(1) N. corylifoliella; very narrow, serpentine mine, scarcely broader than the

larva.

(2) AT. quadrinotata; narrow linear mine, expanding into an irregular blotch.
Ostrya virginiana, hop hornbeam :

(1) N. corylifoliella; very narrow, serpentine mine, scarcely broader than the

larva.

(2) A7, ostrycefoliella; linear track, gradually reaching a breadth of 2 mm.,

at the end.
Carpinus caroliniana, hornbeam :

(1) N. corylifoliella; very narrow, serpentine mine, scarcely broader than the

larva.

(2) A7, quadrinotata; narrow linear mine, expanding into an irregular blotch.
Betula spp., birch :

( 1 ) N. corylifoliella ; very narrow, serpentine mine, scarcely broader than the

larva. .

(2) A7, ostrycefoliella; linear track, gradually reaching a breadth of 2 mm.

at the end.
Castanea dentata, chestnut:

(1) AT. castanecefoliella; long, contorted mine, with central line of frass; larva

green.

(2) A7, saginella; shorter, whitish mine, with frass in a central line or dis-

persed; larva green.

(3) A7, latifasciella ; serpentine mine; frass at first in a broad line, later,

dispersed, and toward end gathered into a band; larva green.
('4) AT. similella; see under Quercus (8).

(5) E. castanece; larva makes a gall encircling twig.

(6) E. phleophaga; larva makes a serpentine track in the bark.
Quercus spp., oaks:

(1) N. terminella; mine a broadening, linear tract, 3.5 mm. wide at the end;

. larva yellow.

(2) A", saginella; whitish, linear mine with frass in a central line or dis-

persed; larva green.

(3) N. latifasciella; serpentine mine; frass at first in a broad line, later, dis-

persed, and toward the end gathered into a band; larva green.

(4) A7, flavipedella ; linear mine; a short, indistinct part followed by a trans-

parent area, and then a gradually broadening, serpentine track, not
transparent, but easily visible above; larva green.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 97

(5) N. anguinella Clemens, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 1, p. 85, 18(51; Tin.
No. Am., 17"). 1872. " May be found in the leaves of oaks early in
October and in the latter part of June. The mine is a very narrow
serpentine tract, irhieh is filled or discolored throughout its length
by blackish excrement. The larva fits the mine closely, in color lemon-
yellow, with ten square dark brown or blackish spots on the ventral
surface."

It should be possible to recognize this species, when found, from Clemens'
description of the larva.

(G) N. platea Clemens, Proc. Ent. Soc. Pliua., vol. 1, p. 85, 1861; Tin. No. Am.,
175, 1872. "Mines oaks early in October. The mine is a. moderately
broad, winding tract, with a broad line of dispersed grains of excre-
ment. The larva is purplish, with a pale green vascular line and a
row of reddish-brown dorsal dashes, ihe mine is much broader than
that of the preceding miner."

The statement that the larva is purple cannot be regarded as conclusive,
since such color is often produced in larvae feeding on leaves with
autumnal coloration.
Quercus alba, white oak:

(7) 2V. quercipulchella; long, narrow, winding and gradually widening track;

larva bright green.
Quercus palustris, pin oak:

(8) N. similella; linear mine, expanding into an underside blotch, followed

by a large, conspicuous, nearly transparent blotch; larva pale green.

(9) 2V7. altella; lower-side, very long, serpentine mine, not distinctly "visible;

larva yellow with row of dark brown dashes.

(10) E. heinrichi; flattened-oval, spiral mine in bark of young branches.
Ulmus spp., elms:

(1) N. apicialbella ; narrow, serpentine mine.

(2) N. ulmella; narrow, linear track, enlarging into an irregular blotch.
Platanus occidentals, sycamore :

(1) N. platanella; narrow, linear mine, abruptly enlarging into a large blotch.

(2) N. clemensella ; linear mine, gradually broadening with terminal portion

expanded into a small blotch.
Physocarpus opulifolius, Opulaster :

(1) N. opulifoliella ; brownish, contorted, serpentine mine.
Pyrus communis, pear :

(1) AT. chalybeia; serpentine mine.
Pyrus mains, apple:

(1) ft. pomivorella; serpentine mine, usually broadening to 2 or 2.5 mm.
Amelanchier canadensis, service berry:

(i) N. amelanchierella Clemens, Proc. Ent. Sec. Phila., vol. 1, p. 84, 1861;
Tin. No. Am., 174, 1872. " In the leaves of service-berry or June-
berry, Amelanchier canadensis, in June and July. The mine rather a
broad tract, sometimes much contorted, with rather irregular edges,
placed most often towards the base of the leaf and having a rather
broad " frass " line of a dark brown color."
This species seems to be distributed wherever its food plant occurs;

mines observed in Ohio, Kentucky, North Carolina.
Crattegus spp., hawapple :

(1) N. cratcegifoliella; serpentine mine, with a breadth of about 2 mm. at

the end.

(2) IV. scintillans : contorted, serpentine mine, scarcely exceeding 1 mm. in

breadth.

98 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Rubus spp., blackberry, raspberry :

(1) A7, villosella; narrow, serpentine mine.

(2) N. rubifoliflla; short, narrow, linear mine, expanding into a blotch.
Rosa spp., rose:

(1) N. rosvefoliella; serpentine mine.
Prunus serotina, wild black cherry:

(1) N. bifasciella; narrow, serpentine mine.
Prunus americana, wild plum:

(1) AT. bifasciella; narrow, serpentine mine.

(2) N. slingerlandella; narrow, linear mine, abruptly enlarging into an irreg-

ular blotch (also on cultivated plums and prunes, and sweet cherry).
Ptelea trifoliata, hop tree:

(1) N. pteliceella; very long, much contorted, narrow, serpentine mine.
Rhus toxicodendron, poison ivy:

(1) N. rhoifoliella ; narrow, contorted, serpentine mine.
Hints spp., sumac:

(1) N. intermedia; narrow, contorted, serpentine mine.
Acer saccharum, sugar maple:

(1) Glaucolepis saccharella; very long, linear mine.
Acer rabrum, red maple:

(1) Glaucolepis saccharella; very long, linear mine.
Rhamnus lanceolata, buckthorn:

(1) N. rhamnicola; linear mine, expanding into an irregular blotch.
Tilia americana, basswood:

(1) N. tilliella; serpentine mine.

(2) N. argentifasciella; indistinct, linear mine, expanding into a blotch.
Nyssa sylvatica, sour gum or pepperidge :

(1) A7, nysscefoliella; linear mine, abruptly expanding into a blotch.
Oxycoccus macrocarpus, cranberry:

(1) N. paludioola; serpentine track, in part following the margin of the leaf.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

99

SUPERFAMILY ZYG&NOIDEA

(Slug caterpillars)

This series, which seems to be derived from a stock intermediate
between the Hepialidse and the lowest known Tineidae, apparently
became adapted very early, in the larva, to external feeding. The

66

FlGS. 6a-66i ZYG^NOIDEA : PYROMORPHID.3:

62, Pyromorpha dimidiata, %, venation. (The asterisks indicate accessory
veins, the other abbreviations as in figure 19.); 63, Acoloithus falsarius,
venation ; 64, Harrisina texwna,, venation ; 65, Harrisina americana, venation
of fore wing; 66, Zygcena, trifolU (Zygcenicke, Europe), seta map

families Eucleidae and Megalopygids, with their extralimital relatives,
the Dalceridae and Aididae, are closely related; the Zygaenidse and Pyro-

FIGS. 67-71. ZYG^NOIDEA:
67, Phobetron pithecium, $, venation; 68, Adoneta spinuloides, venation; 69,
Euctea delphinii, venation; 70, Prolimacodes scapha, venation; 71, Packwdia
geminata, venation

100 WlU.IAM T. M. KoKHKS

morpida' form a second group, but the western and exotic family
Epipyropidrc is not closely related to either, and in fact seems more
closely connected with the Tineoidea.

The group is distinguished primarily by the larva (fig. 66) which
has tubercles i and ii united into a single wart and likewise iv and V;
but in 'most Eucleid* these warts have been lost, and the body may
be smooth. In the adult the venation is quite complete, including the
base of media (not always forked) and the entire
length of 1st A in both wings. The maxillary
palpi are rudimentary, and usually the tongue
as well. In the Zyga?nidaa and Pyromorphida>
the tongue is strong. The wings are ample, of
the macro type, with short fringes; the scaling
sometimes soft, but fairly firm in the otherwise
rather Yponomeutid-like Zyga?nida?. The frenu-
FIG. 72. zvc.'ExoiDKA: him of the female is a tuft of many bristles.

MEGAi.orYGii>.*: The <>„„ js aiwavs Of the flat type, and is verv

Lagoa cnspata, vena- ... j c /., . , " 1 '

tion thin and water-like in the Eucleidse (except

the primitive genus Monoleuca). The larva

is always more or less shortened and slug-like, with a retractile but
large head. The hooks of the prolegs, wrhen present, are in a single,
uniordinal band. The two epicrania only unite for a very short dis-
tance above the front, leaving a large, triangular, or more narrow,
slit-like space, filled with cervical membrane. Typically, the epicrania
extend internally into the neck, as in leaf-miners. The pupa is of a
low incomplete type, with thin skin and more or less movable
appendages. Abdominal segments 3 to 6 are free, and 7 also in the
male. The first abdominal spiracle is uncovered (as also in the Nepti-
culida?). The maxilla? have a strong, lateral extension at the base,
sometimes reaching the antenna?, but lack a separate maxillary palpus.
In Lagoa the maxilla? are reduced and divergent, much like those of
the Hepialida?. The abdominal segments are armed with scattered
spines. The cocoon is of silk, usually rather parchment-like, with a
more or less specialized trap-door at the anterior end for the emerg-
ence of fhe pupa. The larva hibernates in the cocoon, pupating in
the spring.

LEPIA>OPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 101

Family 6.
(Lagoidae; Liparidae, in part)
(The flannel moths)

Closely similar to the Eucleidae. Male, and sometimes female,
antennas pectinate to the tip; fore wing (fig. 72) with vestiture often
crinkly, of more or less hairlike scales. Hind wing in our species with
Sc and R fused most of the length of the cell, but free at base, unlike
the North American Pyromorphida1, in which also R4 and R5 of the
fore wing are stalked. Mouth parts much reduced, and buried in
dense hair.

Egg ellipsoidal. Larva with stinging hair mixed with dense, soft
hair, arranged in diffuse tufts, ventrally with 'a few subprimaries only.
Prolegs, without hooks present on abdominal segments 2 and 7, beside
the normal ones on segments 3 and 6 and the last segment, which
each have a uniordinal row of hooks, sharply angulated in the middle,
or interrupted by a more or less distinct sucker. Pupa with all abdomi-
nal segments free (except the usual terminal ones). Appendages free.
Maxillae rudimentary, divergent, quadrangular as in the Hepialidae,
leaving the labial palpi wholly uncovered. Abdominal segments 2 to 6,
inclusive, with conical tubercles behind the spiracles. Abdomen with
fine, spinulated bands on anterior part of segments and a tuft of
bristles on each side of dorsum behind them. Eyes and first spiracles
as in the Eucleidse.

This small family is a*lmost wholly American.

Key to the genera
Hind wing, with M3 and Cu, stalked; white ................................ Norape.

Hind wing with Mu and Cu, separate; cream or yellow .............. Megalopyge.

1. MEGALOPYGE Hiibner
Harris)

Fore wings with discolored, crinkly hair toward costa. Fremilum rudimentary.
Caterpillar with hair from tufts rather long and spreading so as nearly to con-
ceal the body.

Key to the species

1. Wholly orange ochre ........................................... pyxidifera.

1. Crinkly hair in part contrasting, brown and black.

2. Thorax ochre yellow to brown .............................. opercularis.

'2. Thorax cream color ............................................ crispata.

I. Male antennae half as long as fore wing, of female about a third as long
as fore iving ; cocoon with two transverse flanges on upper side.

( Megalopyge ) .
1. M. opercularis Smith and Abbot. Thorax and basal tuft of abdomen ochre;

102 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

crinkly hair, a mixture of light, chocolate brown and white, blackish on costa;
outer margin yellow; fore legs blackish with white at apex of tibia. 25-35 mm.
(H 38:25.)

Caterpillar with little, curled tufts on each side of tail.

The moth occurs normally from Maryland south. A stray has been found at
Ithaca, New York.

II. Male antennce tiro- thirds as long as fore iving, female orer one-third;
cocoon oval; larva without curled tufts of hair at tail. (Lagoa).

2. M. pyxidifera Smith and Abbot. Wholly ochre yellow. 25-35 mm. H 38:41.
Caterpillar grayish white when young, gray in last stage; on oak.

Southern States.

3. M. crispata Packard. Cream color; crinkly hair black and brown, most of it
along the costa. Fore legs pale with black tips. 25-35 mm. (H 38: 23).

Caterpillar cream white when young, dull red shading into smoky gray in
front in the last stage; on various shrubs and trees.

In aberration grisea Barnes and McDunnough, the ground color is mouse gray
with a contrasting pale fringe.

Massachusetts and southward. New York: Onteora Mountain, New Baltimore.
Bethlehem, Karner, Albany, Khinebeck, Poughkeepsie, New Windsor, Katonali,
Staten Island; Brooklyn, Woodhaven, and elsewhere, Long Island.

2. NORAPE Walker
(Carama Walker; Lagoa, subgenus Ulosota Grote)

Frenulum well developed.

1. N. ovina Sepp. Pure white, with a little crinklv hair. .30 mm. (cretata
Grote, pura Butler). (H38:22.)

Larva with sparse tufts of hair and contrastingly spotted body, on Celtis.
District of Columbia and southward.

Family 7. EUCLEID-ffi

(Cochlidiidae, Limacodidae)
(The slug caterpillars)

Normally small, stumpy-winged moths with deep, often woolly vesti-
ture. Head small and retracted, palpi fairly well developed, tongue
and maxillary palpi much reduced. Thorax of low type, with meta-
scutum narrowly continuous. Fore wing with two, and hind wing with
three, completely preserved anals, base of media preserved, sometimes
forked. Venation complete or nearly so ; Cu 4-branched, R3, R4, and R5
stalked or united in fore wings; Sc and R in contact or fused for a
short distance at or before middle of cell in hind wing, rarely merely
connected by the apparent crossvein R^

Egg of the flat type, very thin and waferlike except in Monoleuca.
Larva slug-like, with the prolegs replaced by suckers. Head large but
permanently concealed in the thorax, save for a slit in the under side of
the prothorax to allow feeding; head lightly chitinized, the vertex cleft
almost to the front. Labrum with ii much higher and smaller than i.
Larvae in primitive forms with long, hairy, more or less stiff lappets,

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 103

or with strong spines provided with stinging hair, in the specialized
forms with smooth bodies and practically all the hair lost. Thoracic
legs present but small. Pupa of a low incomplete type, apparently
with first abdominal segment free, as well as all appendages; diffuse
spinulation all over dorsum of abdomen; collar projecting over head
in a pair of subdorsal lobes, and mesoscutum extending back across
metathorax to abdomen. Maxillae with tongue-case extending along
labial palpi, but not to their end, with a lateral projection at base,
reaching in Prolimacodes under the eye to the antenna. Eye strongly
sculptured, and forming a movable cap, covering end protecting the
first spiracle, which is ventral, not dorsal as in most families.

The larva hibernates in the cocoon. The cocoon is oval, simple,
and has a hinged lid for emergence.

There are about 400 species, the Phobetron group being American,
the spined group, largely tropical in both hemispheres, and the group
with smooth larvae, north temperate.

Key to the genera (males)

1. Antennae pectinate at base, with serrate or simple outer half.
2. Fore wings lacking one vein (fig. 68).

3. Outer margin regularly convex 7. Monoleuca

3. Outer margin concave below apex 8. Adoneta

2. Venation complete, with 10 veins arising from cell.

3. Inner margin of fore wings somewhat sinuate 4. Sibine

3. Inner margin of fore wings evenly convex.

4. Thorax green -. 6. Parasa

4. Thorax in our species brown 5. Euclea

1. Antennae pectinate nearly or quite to apex.

2. Palpi reaching or exceeding vertex 2. Isochaetes

2. Palpi not reaching vertex.

3. Head strongly retracted, male smoky with translucent wings, wholly

unlike female 1. Phobetron

3. Head fairly prominent, sexes similar.

4. Hind tibiae with terminal spurs only 9. Sisyrosea

4. Hind tibiae with four spurs 10. Natada

1. Antennae serrate or simple.

2. Hind tibiae with terminal spurs only 14. Heterogenea

2. Hind tibiae with four spurs.
3. Palpi reaching beyond vertex.

4. Palpi extremely long, with third joint more than half as long as second.

3. Cnidocampa

4. Palpi reaching barely above vertex, third joint shorter.. 15. Lithacodes
3. Palpi reaching barely to vertex, or shorter.

4. Robust, with serrate antennae 11. Prolimacodes

4. More slender, with simple or laminate antennae.

5. Fore wing with rounded apex, but oblique outer margin.

13. Tortricidia
5. Fore wing with square apex and nearly straight costa.

12. Cochlidion
5. Fore wing broad and bluntly rounded 16. Packardia

104 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Artificial key to species
1 . Thorax green 2

1 . Thorax brown or yellow 3

2. Hind wing half yellow and half brown P. chloris (p. 108)

2. Hind wing nearly evenly colored, or with narrow brown border.

P. indetermina (p. 107)

3. Fore wing marked with green 3%

3. Fore wings without green 4

3l/2- Fore wings with all veins preserved, apex bluntly rounded

E. delphinii (p. 107)
3'X>. Fore wings with 11 veins, apex subfalcate. . A. spwiuloidcs (rarely) (p. 108)

4. Small; hind wings triangular, transparent except on inner margin.

P. pithecium (p. 105)

4. Hind wings more rounded, heavily scaled 5

5. A large, subtriangular, dark brown area, resting on costa. . . .P. scapha, (p. 110)

5. No such costal patch 0

6. With ocellate spots at anal angle 7

6. No such spots ' 9

7. Spots at anal angle black, pale ringed /'. clegans (p. 112}

7. Spots pale, dark ringed ^

8. Hind wings paler than fore wings P. gnninata (p. 112)

8. Hind wings blackish .../'. albipunctata (p. 113)

9. Marked with pure white I'1

9. No pure white, rarely a straight, diffuse, whitish, median band 13

10. An irregular, transverse, median band L. fa^ciola (p. 112)

10. Such a band on inner half of wing only 1 1

10. A minute streak on middle of inner margin and on costa before apex 12

10. Two subapical dots and a dot below cell only S. stimulea (p. 106)

11. Band extending into cell M. semifascia (p. 108)

11. Band sapping abruptly at Cu M. subdentosa (p. 108)

12. Ground light ochreous • A. bicaudata (p. 108)

12. Ground red-brown A . spiwuloides ( p. 108 )

13. Base of fore wing lemon yellow, contrasting with the buff ground

C. flavescens (p. 10(>)

13. Base of fore wing not contrastingly yellow 14

14. Fore wing straw yellow, contrasting with the dark brown hind wing; immacu-

late T. minuta (p. Ill)

14. Fore wing not contrastingly pale, or with complex markings l.~>

15. Hind tibiae with end-spurs only Ifi

15. Hind tibiae with 4 spurs 1 7

16. Expanse under 15 mm.; hind wing blackish ~H. shurtleffi (p. 112)

16. Expanse over 15 mm.; hind wing chocolate brown 8. iextula (p. 109)

17. Postmedial line distinct, wavy IS

17. Postmedial line even, or marks obsolescent 19

18. Palpi hardly exceeding front P. pitforium ( p. 105 )

18. Palpi extending above vertex /. beutenmulleri (p. 106)

19. A transverse band formed of brown, longitudinal striations on the veins.

T. testacea, (p. Ill)

19. No longitudinal striations on veins 20

20. Subterminal line straight across apex, meeting outer margin above Cu2 21

20. Subterminal line nearly straight, ending on inner margin; antemedial line

similar, more oblique N. nasoni ( p. 109 )

20. Subterminal line arcuate, running across apex, or markings obsolete 24

21. Subterminal line whitish, and cutting off a dark brown apical patch.

C. biguttata (p. 110)
21. Subterminal line dark, the *vving not dark beyond it 22

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 105

22. Antemedial line pale-shaded beyond; no median line parallel to it 23

22. Ground color even, ochre, a median line from M3 to inner margin, parallel to

the antemidial line. C. y-inrersa, (p. 110)

23. Hind wing blackish • • • • C. rectilinea (p. 110)

23. Hind wing straw yellow ' . .C. latomia (p. 110)

24. Clay color, markings obsolescent : T. pallida (p. Ill )

24. Fore wing orange, hind wing pale yellow, markings obsolescent.

T. flavula (p. Ill)

24. Yellow with well-marked, curved subterminal line 25

25. Hind wing nearly black, contrasting with the fore wing. . . .T. fiskeana (p. Ill)

25. Hind wing concoiorous with fore wing, or slightly paler 2t>

26. Subterminal line filled below with brown, and whole median area brown in

many specimens T. ccesonia (p. Ill )

26. With the slightly diffuse lines only T. flexuosa (p. Ill)

Tribe Phobetrini
(Tropic hairy type)

Larvae hairy; subventral space somewhat reduced; with more or less
deciduous, setose horns, the subdorsal one strong and laterals reduced ;
spiracle of first abdominal segment higher than the others, the tubercle
above it absent; three tubercles on mesothorax. First stage single-
haired, with tubercles i and ii united. Pupa not seen. Moth with
antennae pectinate to tip ; R2 stalked beyond the origin of RG.

L PHOBETRON Hiibner

(Economidea Westwood; Thy r id-opt eryx, in part, Packard; Limacodes,

in part)

Body very stout, especial!}' in male, and woolly ; male antennae with abou^
8 simple joints at apex. Fore wing of male triangular, the outer edge nearly
straight, and fully as long as inner; hind wing with apex acute, outer margin
strongly concave at middle, and anal angle lobed; wings translucent. Female
(fig. 67) wings normal, hind wing proportionately small. Hind tibiae short,
stout, and tufted like the Euclea group, with the upper spurs weak.

The larva has an irregular and variable set of curved, detachable lateral
processes, which are covered with fine stinging hair. These processes are
detached before pupation and are woven into the cocoon. A few additional
species occur in South America.

1. P. pithecium Smith and Abbot. Male translucent, smoky; veins and borders,
especially inner margin of hind wing, smoky gray ; with vague, darker, trans-
verse bands. Female with wings opaque, the fore wing mixed light wood-brown,
fuscous, and dull straw yellow, with a few blue scales, the border dark ; post-
medial une sinuous and scalloped; markings quite clean-cut. Hind wing dark.
<$ 20 mm. $ 25 mm. (abbotana Hiibner, T. nigricwis Packard, hyalinus and
tetradactylus Walsh). (H 47:6 <$, 7 $.)

The larva is a general feeder on shrubs. (H. 1:4).

Montreal, Quebec, and south. New York: Bolton (larvae), Niagara Falls,
Oswego, Lancaster, Bath, Hudson Valley, from Port Ewen south; Long Island.

106 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

2. HHOVlIsETES Dyar

(Sonyra, in part)

Body relatively smaller; palpi much longer and smooth; hind tibiae with end
spurs only Venation as in female Phobetron. Caterpillar very Huffy, with all
the subdorsal spines long.

1. I. beutenmulleri H. Edwards. (Similar to female pithecium; markings less
clean-rut, postmedial line not distinctly wavy; outer margin pale yellow; blue
scales more prominent. 20 mm. (H. 47:17.)

The larva is green.

Staten Island, New York, to Florida.

Tribe Eucleini
(Tropic spined type)

Larvae spiny, with subventral space reduced; tubercles tending to be
horn-like, not deciduous, poisonous in several species; 2 tubercles on
thoracic segments; first abdominal segment as before; first stage with
several hairs to a tubercle. Antennas of male moth normally pectinate
with simple tip ; hind tibia? usually with end spurs only, palpi mod-
erate, R5 stalked, R2 usually free. Pupa with lateral processes of
maxillas reaching to base of antennas.

3. CNIDOCAMPA Dyar

(Miresa)

Palpi stout, very long, with second and third joints equal; male antennae
simple, laminate. Larva similar to Sibine but with rudimentary subdorsal spines
on the middle segments, besides the long ones, and with a small, blue rectangle
in place of the saddle-marking; feeding on Japanese Ivy (Ampelopsis).

1. C. flavescens Walker. Fore wing with outer half light fawn, with two
oblique, brown lines; base lemon yellow, much more broadly on costa. 30 mm.

Boston, Massachusetts, introduced from Asia. Seldom injurious.

4. SIBINE Herrich-Schgeffer

(Empretia Clemens)

Similar to Euclea, except for the sinuous inner margin. R5 sometimes free but
closely connate with R3+4. Larva with strong anterior and posterior subdorsal
spines, but in middle segments rudimentary ones only, or, in our species, none.

There are several other species in tropical South America.

1. S. stimulea Clemens (Saddle-back caterpillar). Shining, deep seal brown,
shaded with blackish; with three white points. Hind wing paler. 30 mm.
(H 47:9.)

Larva with characteristic green saddle, and with brown central patch; feeding
on various trees. (H 1:6.)

Massachusetts to southern Illinois and southward. New York: Poughkeepsie,
Staten Island; Brooklyn, and Woodhaven, Long Island.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 107

5. EUCLEA Hiibner
(Limacodes, in part)

Antennae of male closely pectinate about two-fifths way out, then strongly
serrate for a short distance, but with simple apical half; antennae of female
nearly simple. Palpi moderate, curved, and a little rough. Wings broad, all veins
present. Fore wing (fig. 69) with outer and basal part of inner margin strongly
convex. R6 strongly, and R2 often shortly, stalked.

Larva stout and prismatic, not much smaller in front, subdorsal and lateral
spines irregularly but about equally developed; small pointed clusters of detach-
able spines between the terminal horns, the so-called caltrop spines.

The genus is not really distinct from Parasa, and P. indetermina is intermediate.

1. E. delphinii Boisduval. Brown, tending to shade into purplish brown and
tawny, more or less marked with green, the boundary often edged with white.
25—30 mm. (cippus, quercicola, tardigrade, etc.)

The larva feeds on various trees and shrubs. The moth flies in June.

Montreal, Quebec to Illinois and southward. New York: Plattsburg, Peru.
The typical form, with varieties interjecta Dyar and viridiclava Walker, is rather
common southward. Variety elliotii Pearson is recorded from Big Indian Valley,
Coney Island, and Glendale, Long Island, and variety pcenulata Clemens is reported
from New York State by Packard.

The following varieties are recognized, one or two of which may prove, on
breeding, to be distinct species.

Key to the varieties

1. Dominantly brown, the cell brown.

2. One large irregular green patch viridiclava Walker ( H 47 : 23 ) .

2. Two green spots connected by a row of dots interjecta Dyar.

2. Two green spots only.

3. Lower spot, below base of cell, small and triangular; upper spot some-
times broken into separate dots delphinii (H 47:24).

3. Lower spot large and forked, or running out below cell.

querceti Herrich-Schaeffer.
1. Dominantly green, cell green.

2. A large, brown, discal spot elliottii Pearsall.

2. No discal spot pcenulata Clemens (H 47:5).

6. PARASA Moore

(Euclea, in part; Callochlora Packard)

Similar to Euclea, R2 less frequently stalked; thorax green in our species.
Larva without caltrop spines.

1. P. indetermina Boisduval. Male antennae merely serrate at middle. Vertex
and thorax green, underside brown; fore wing green, with a brown patch at base,
and a brown, slightly irregular border, about one-fifth as broad as length of wing,
normally with a darker shade at middle of outer margin. 25 mm. (viridis Reakirt,
vernata Packard) (H 47:10 <$, 15 $ as chloris.)

This species and chloris have been much confused and even interchanged, making
published records uncertain. The caterpillar is not humped in front, and has
strong spines on the second, fifth, and last segments of abdomen. The caterpillar

ins WILLIAM T. M. FOKUKS

is rod <>r yellow, purple. ;md white. It feeds on a]i])le and many other trees and
shrubs.

Xe\v York to Illinois and southward. Xe\v York: Staten Island, Woodhaven.
etc.. Long Island.

2. P. chloris Horrieh-SchicU'er. Antennu- of male broadly pectinate rather beyond
middle. Similar to /'. hitfetcniiiiia. smaller; the outer border generally broader
and more even in outline, with the veins across it generally darker; no darker
patch at middle. 20-25 mm. (fratcrna Packard, A'rcrm Herrich-Schseffer. )
(H 47:20 c? 2ft ?.)

The larva is strongly humped anteriorly, with much-reduced spines and a
pointed tail. It is dead-leaf brown with a red, posterior patch.

Southern New York; and New Jersey to Western Pennsylvania. New York:
New Windsor. Staten Island. Forest Park. Brooklyn.

7. MONOLEIT-A Grote and Robinson
(Limacodes, in part)

Antenna1 of male pectinate beyond middle, palpi like Fuclea ; fore wings evenly
rounded, with R;1 and R4 completely fused; R., stalked.. I5uilt slighter than Kuclea.
Larva with spines short and subequal, the lateral ones on first segment of abdo-
men missing, replaced by the spiracle, a pair of spines at each end of body
somewhat longer than the others.

1. M. semifascia Walker. Fore wing red-brown with a narrow, somewhat wavy,
white fascia from about the middle of cell to inner margin. 20 mm.

The moth tlies in July. The larva is vermilion red with two pairs of ver-
milion stripes edged with yellow, running along the rows of spines. There are
also dorsal and lateral bands, each composed of three blue lines, and a subventral
band of two lines.

M. subdentosa is probably found only south of our area.

8. ADONETA Clemens

Similar to Euclea. Fore wing (fig. 68) with outer margin slightly con-
cave below apex, R., and R^ united, stalked with R5; R2 free. Larva with short
spines, without detachable caltrop spines between the terminal ones, spines on
abdominal segments 2, f>, and S longer than those between, but all very small.

1. A. spinuloides Herrich-Schacffer. Fore wing brown, of various shades, tend-
ing to be darker, and generally also dark-shaded on the veins toward the
margin. An irregular and broken dark postmedial line edged with white toward
costa and inner margin, or (in a single specimen seen) with small green patches
like E. delphinii. 20 mm. (H. 47:3 1.

The larva eats various shrubs. It is green, with a broad, irregular, purple
dorsal band, and yellow subdorsals, the terminal spines sliort. The moth flies in
July and August.

Montreal to Illinois, south to North Carolina. New York: Albany, New
Windsor, Staten Island. Pinelawn. Yaphank, Long Island.

A. leucosigma Packard is probably a variety of this species in which the dark
marginal shading is absent. It is reported from New York to Texas. I have
seen no specimens from a definite locality in New York.

2. A. bicaudata Dyar. Ground color light yellow, the border diffusely and
rather narrowly cinnamon brown. Markings as in .1. spinuloides, but often with-
out the dark discal bar. Larva with a pair of long spines at posterior end.

This form is known from the District of Columbia to North Carolina.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 109

9. SI8YROSEA Grote

(Isa Packard)

Male antennae broadly pectinate to apex; antennae of female simple. Palpi
in male obliquely truncate, reacning middle of front, in female smaller. Hind
tibiae with end spurs only. Moth quite stout. Fore wing with outer margin
decidedly oblique, bent at middle, and slightly concave above, R, given off from
radial stem at a sharp angle, beyond the origin of Rj. Surface of wing when per-
fect, showing wavy scaling in transverse striae, much as in the Megalopygidae.

The larva is strongly flattened. Its subdorsal spines are irregularly reduced,
and the lateral spines are very long, even, and feathery, and are held appressed
to the surface on which the larva rests.

Sisyrosea is a primitive genus, in some ways transitional to the Phobetrini.

1. S. textula Herrich-Schaeffer. Fore wing shaded pale gray, brownish, and
light flesh color. 20 mm. (Limacodes inornata Grote and Robinson.) (H. -47:14.)

Larva green; feeding on wild cherry and many other shrubs.

Massachusetts to Pennsylvania. New York: General from Plattsburg south-
ward. Larva more often seen than moth.

10. NAT AD A Walker

(Sisyrosea, in part)

Similar to the last genus; R2 free, wings rounded, with marked apex; scaling
normal; tibiae with four spurs. Larva high, prismatic, with short, subequal
horns, and no caltrop spines.

1. N. nasoni Grote. Clay color, somewhat dusted with fuscous; with two oblique
dark lines. 25 mm.

Larva green with yellow lines, and red tubercles; on oak and other trees.

The moth, though commoner in the southern States, seems rare. New York :
Ronkonkoma and Yaphank, Long Island.

Tribe Cochlidiini

(Smooth Eucleids)

Larva without tubercles or spines after first stage, spiracle of first
abdominal segment normal, and its lateral tubercle present. Pupa with
maxilla not extending out to antenna. Moth with R5 free, usually
arising about half way between R3+4 and Mx ; usually with all spurs
on hind tibia.

11. PROLIMACODES Schaus

(Limacodes; Eulimacodes Dyar, not Moschler)

Stouter than the following genera; male antennae serrate; R and M! of hind
wing normally stalked (fig. 70). Larva with broad dorsal and subventral areas
meeting in a sharp ridge, but without lateral area; in first stage with 2-haired
warts.

110 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

An aberrant genus representing a typically South American group, the " tropic
smooth type " of Dyar.

1. P. scapha Harris. Fore wing with a large triangular, deep brown area extend-
ing from a quarter way out on costa to apex, and down to A, with a narrow7
extension along costa to base; rest of wring pale brown, becoming silvery toward
the dark brown patch. 25 mm. (H 47:8.)

The moth appears in July and August. Florida and Arizona specimens repre-
sent very distinct races ( argentimacula Barnes and McDunnough and trigona
H. Edwards). The larva is green, brown, and yellow, and lives on various trees
and shrubs.

New York to Florida and Arizona. New York: Geneva, Ithaca, Florida, Rhine-
beck, Staten Island; Brooklyn, East New York, Newtown, etc., Long Island. Judg-
ing from the larvae seen, the species will prove much wider- spread.

12. COCHLIDION Hiibner
(Limacodes Latreille)

In this and the following genera, the male antennae are simple and laminate.
R and Mj of the hind wing are normally free. In the larva, the dorsal and lateral
areas are equally broad, and the subventral area reduced. The first stage has
simple setae. They are the " palsearctic smooth type " of Dyar.

Moth of Cochlidion with palpi upturned to about the middle of the front,
longest in C. biguttata. Vestiture composed of hair and narrow spatulate hair.
Hind tibia? with all spurs, less heavily fringed than in Prolimacodes, but more
than in some of the later genera. Fore wing \vith apex rectangular; outer part
of costa and upper part of outer margin straight; all veins present; R2 and R0
both free, but approximate. Larva with small, but sharp, depressed spaces; with
posterior end not extended. Skin spinulated. In the first stage setae i and ii are
very unequal, on the same wart.

1. C. biguttata Packard. Very pale gray, base and anal and apical spots wood
browTi, pale-edged, postmedial line nearly straight. 25-30 mm. (Limacodes
Packard. )

June and July.

The larva has been found on oak only. It is pale whitish green, with a white
sub-dorsal line, edged with dark, and no transverse yellow line on anterior margin
of thorax.

Montreal, Quebec to New York and Illinois. New York : Plattsburg, Ithaca,
Ronkonkoma and Yaphank, Long Island.

2. C. rectilinea Grote and Robinson. Yellowish or reddish brown, the median
area rather grayer, with base darker; antemedial line white, preceded by a dark
line; lines across apex and at anal angle straighter, and not cutting off well-
marked dark patches. Hind wing rather darker gray-brown. Over 20 mm.

The moth occurs in the South, perhaps not ranging as far north as Virginia,
northern records being based on C. latomia.

New York: reported in the vicinity of New York (Beutenmuller, Grote, and
Robinson ) .

3. C. latomia Harvey. Similar to C. rectilinea, but with paler fore wing and
pale, straw-yellow hind wing, no distinct spot at anal angle, and only a slight
dark shade before the antemedial line. (H 47:27.)

New York to Texas; commoner southward.

4. C. y-inversa Packard. Dull light ocherous, with pale or dark shades; lines
dark, even, sharply defined; antemedial from middle of costa to inner margin
at a third way out; a second line, parallel to it, below middle of wing; a line
across apex, and dark fringe; hind wing yellow. 25 mm.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 111

Larva on hickory and blue beech; similar to C. biguttata, but with a yellow
line across mesothorax.

Florida specimens belong to the variety parallela. Moth in July.

Gaspe", Quebec, to Illinois and Florida. New York : Batavia, Lewiston, Buffalo,
Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Poughkeepsie, New Windsor, New York City, Staten
Island, Long Island.

13. TORTRICIDIA Packard
(Heterogenea, in part, etc.)

Palpi obliquely upturned to well beyond middle of front; fore wing with outer
margin strongly oblique, apex rounded, costa more arched, and inner margin
less sinuous than in Cochlidion. Larva with depressed spaces large and sharp;
skin granulated but not spinulated; marked with red dorsally. In first stage,
with setae i and ii equal.

Kroncea minuta probably belongs to this genus or to Heterogenea.

1. T. fiskeana Dyar. Fore wing tawny yellow, with a straight, oblique median
line, sharply defined on its inner side, and a strongly curved one across the apex,
the space between them sometimes more or less filled with brown. Hind wing
nearly black. 14-15 mm.

This form is perhaps a variety of minuta. The lines are less diffuse than in
Heterogenea shurtleffi.

Durham, New Hampshire; Iowa.

2. T. flexuosa Grote. Similar to T. fiskeana, both wings pale yellow, the lines
not suffused. 15-25 mm.

In variety caesonia Grote (H 47:12) the medial area is suffused with brown.
Larva green with yellow subdorsal lines; the red dorsal markings, when extended
laterally in cross form, not reaching more than halfway to the lateral margins;
sometimes reduced to one or two spots.

Quebec to New Jersey and western Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca, De Bruce,
Big Indian Valley, Onteora Mountain, Ilion, Sharon Springs, /Rhinebeck, Pough-
keepsie, Windsor, Bronx Park, New York City, Long Island.

The dark form caesonia Grote, is known from Big Indian Valley, Coeymans, and
Poughkeepsie.

3. T. pallida Herrich-Schseffer. Fore wing light pinkish brown; hind wing straw
yellow, typically immaculate, in var. flavula Herrich-Schseffer showing traces of
lines. 10-18 mm.

The larva occurs on willow oak, and other shrubs. It is green, with the usual
two subdorsal yellow lines, with a large, red, cross-shaped mark extending from
end to end of the body, and from side to side at the middle, the anterior arm
of the cross narrow, but the posterior widening into a patch. The moth flies
in July.

Southern Maine to southern New York; probably more widespread but over-
looked. New York: Plattsburg, Keene Valley, Ithaca, Staten Island; Brooklyn,
and Bellport, Long Island.

4. T. testacea Packard. Dull, light brown with a broad, dark, median shade,
darkest along the veins. Hind wings paler. 15 mm. (H 47:11.)

Larva with the dorsal red patch as long and wide as the body, but symmetrical
from front to back ; feeding on oak, birch, wild cherry, and so forth.

Nova Scotia to northern New Jersey and Illinois. New York: Plattsburg,
Saranac Lake, Red Lake, Ithaca, McLean, Big Indian Valley, Staten Island;
Merrick, Long Island.

5. T? (Kronaea) minuta. Fore wings straw yellow, hind wings blackish, immacu-
late 10 mm.

112 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Larva with yellow lino across the front -of the thorax and a larger red patch
than in H. shurtlcffi.

Atlantic States. The type is lost, and no other specimens are known to exist.

14. HETEROGENEA Enoch

Similar to Tortrieidia. but with upper spurs of hind tibia lost, and palpi
woaker, hardly reaching the middle of the front.

1. H. shurtleffi Packard. Base of wings rusty, outer part brown, obscuring the
markings, which are brown, and much as in C. y-inrersa. 12 mm. (H 47:20.)

This species is apparently rare. The larva is similar to the Tortricidias, but
has a transverse yellow line across the mesothorax, and only a small red dot in
the middle of the dorsum.

Massachusetts to New Jersey. New York: Vicinity of New York City (Eliot
and Angus).

15. LITHACODE8 Packard

Similar to Packardia; palpi upturned beyond vertex, or, when obliquely held,
projecting strongly, and reaching level of antenna1. Larva similar to that of
Cochlidion, but with a mixture of granules and spinulcs on the skin.

1. L. fasciola Herrich-Schaeffer. Ochre yellow with a white, irregular, trans-
verse, median band, usually followed by a deep brown shade ; rarely all brown
except the terminal area, and with the white bands strongly contrasting. 20 mm.
(H 47:2).

Larva with a yellow subdorsal line, but no dark one. and no red markings.
Moth in July.

Common generally; Quebec to Texas. New York: Buffalo, Geneva, Ithaca,
Schenectady, and the southern C'atskills.

16. PACKARDIA Grote and Robinson
(Cyrtosi-a Packard, not Perris)

Slender moths with scaly vestiture. Antenna1 simple; palpi upturned beyond
middle of front, acute; tibia; with all spurs. Fore wing (fig. 71) with arched
costa, bluntly rounded apex and outer margin, Rn arising from end of cell nearly
midway between R3+4 and M,, R2 arising from cell.

Larva with depressed spaces small; end of body produced in a pointed tail;
skin granular and not spinose nor crested at any stage; no dorsal markings. First
stage with tubercles I and ii represented by simple, short spines.

1. P. elegans Packard. Typically dark bronze -gray (in var. fusca Packard
light buff) with a white band across end of wing to just above anal angle, and
two lesser pale bands to middle of inner margin; ground more or less dark-shaded.
(The two black dots at the anal angle replaced by a vague dark shade in var.

fusca:) 20 mm. (H 47:10.)

Moth in June and July. Larva translucent yellowish green, with a broken,
yellow sulnlorsal line and scattered patches of whitish green pigment. It feeds
on the thin, shaded leaves of trees in dense woods.

Southern Quebec to northern New York. New York : Goat Island, Ithaca,
Newburgh, New Windsor, Katonah, New York City, Long Island.

2. P. geminata Packard. Light straw or cream color, shaded with brown, except
at base and beyond the outer line, which runs as in P. elegans. Antemedial line
oblique and far out. Hind wings nearly concolorous. 25 mm. (H 47:1.)

The moth occurs in June. The caterpillar is densely pigmented, whitish green
with a nearly white, subdorsal line. It 'is found on very small shrubs only a few
inches high, especially on wild cherry. The female moth, unlike most Eucleids,
will often wait a few davs for fertilization before flving.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 113

Southern Quebec to New York and Wisconsin. New York: Forest Park.
Brooklyn.

3. P. albipunctata Packard. Similar to P. geminata but with blackish hind
wings. Fore wings typically much shaded with brown and ochre, but in var.
ocellata Grote as in geminata. 25 mm.

Larva unknown.

The moth occurs in New York (Karner, Dutchess County) but its general
distribution is unknown; it is probably confused with P.. geminata, of which it
may be a Mendelian form.

Family 8. PYROMORPHID^

(Zygaenidas, Anthroceridae in part;
Sphingidae, in part, of early Avorkers)

Moderately small moths, with smoky, translucent wings, in a few
species with metallic coloring. Male antennaa generally thickened and
shortly pectinate; head prominent, with small palpi and small or rudi-
mentary maxillary palpi, but a strong, naked tongue. Ocelli present,
well separated from eyes, sometimes very small. Fore wing (figs. 62
to 65) rounded with two fully developed anals, traces of base of media
preserved, but not forked ; no accessory cell ; all veins except R2 to R .
inclusive arising separately from the cell. Hind wings with Sc and R
fused beyond middle of cell, the basal part of R lost, or represented
by a short spur, so that Sc seems to spring from the outer part of
the cell; Sc much swollen or forked at base. (In the true Zygaenidas
or Anthroceridffi, Sc and R are not fused, but are connected by a
cross vein.) Hind wing with 1st A preserved, but 3d A lost in a
couple of genera.

Egg of flat type. Labrum of larva with seta ii higher 'than i but
not reduced; body with somewhat diffuse tufts representing warts
i+ii, iii, iv+v and vi, with two tufts representing vii, but with viii
simple ; hairs serrate, but not feathery as in some Arctiids. Prologs
with hooks in a straight, uniordinal band, without any additional
prolegs or suckers. Pupa incomplete but without motion between
appendages; third to seventh abdominal segments free, and eighth
in male also free from seventh. Tongue of macro type, reaching well
toward tips of wings, and covering labial palpi, tongue laterally
extended at base, but without a tooth to represent the maxillary palpi.
Abdomen diffusely spinulated above.

A small and wholly American family, of about 50 species.

Key to the genera

1. Fore wing with nine veins from cell, all separate 1. Acoloithus.

1. Fore wing with R3 and R^ stalked together, sometimes with 10 veins arising

from cell.
2. Hind wing with about same area as fore wing, with 3 anals

2. Pyromorpha.
2. Hind wing very small, with 2 anals only 3. Harrisina.

114 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1. ACOLOITHUS Clemens

(Harrisina, in part)

Wings bluntly rounded and somewhat translucent, hardly reaching end of abdo-
men. Fore wing (fig. 63) with 4 radials, all arising separately from cell, hind
wing with base of R represented by a spur in cell; Mj lost; 3 anals; anal angle
slightly lobed. Caterpillar with inconspicuous hair, with a broad dark lateral line;
found on grape and ampelopsis.

1. A. falsarius Clemens. Black with orange collar. 16-18 mm. (sanborni
Packard) (H 16:14).

The moth may be found on flowers in May and June.

New York to Louisiana, Florida, and Texas. New York: Syracuse, Ithaca,
Rhinebeck, Crugers; Centerport and Lake Ronkonkoma, Long Island.

2. PTROMORPHA Herrich-Schseffer
(Malthaca Clemens)

Wings (fig. 62) bluntly rounded, hind wing larger than in Acoloithus, usually
extending well beyond end of abdomen ; female with wings very slightly reduced.
Fore wing with all veins preserved. R3 and R4 stalked; hind wing with all veins;
base of R lost. Wings very thin, with hair-scales. Larva with inconspicuous hair,
dark, checkered with pale patches; on dead oak leaves.

1. P. dimidiata Herrich-SchaefFer. Smoky; basal half of fore wings except on
inner margin, and costal edge of hind wings, pale tawny, the tawny less extensive
in female. 25 mm. (Malthaca perlucidula Clemens). (H 47:33 j.)

The moth flies from the end of May to July.

New York to Florida; also reported from the Western States. New York: Coy
Glen (Ithaca), Staten Island, Brooklyn.

3. HARRISINA Packard
(Aglaope; Procris)

Fore wings four times as long as wide, outer and inner margins equal; R2
stalked, but R5 arising from cell, and widely separated from R243+4. Hind wing of
less than half the area of the fore wing, with Mt and 3d A lost. Wings more
heavily scaled than in other genera.

Caterpillar with black tufts contrasting with the pale ground; social on grape.

1. H. americana Gu6rin. Black, slightly greenish iridescent, with orange collar.
Fore wing ivith vevn R3 lost (fig. 65). 18-25 mm. (H. p. 372 f. 210.)

The larva is nearly white, with the black markings confined to the tufts. The
moth flies from May to August. Perhaps the species has a wider distribution, but
it has always been confused with H. texana.

Massachusetts to Virginia. New York: Troy, Poughkeepsie, Staten Island.

2. H. texana Stretch. Similar to H. americana, but with all veins preserved,
Rj, R, and R, stalked (fig. 64). 20-28 mm. (H. 43:34 as americana.)

Larva with black transverse bands, sometimes broken, and a reddish lateral
band.

New York to Texas. New York: Poughkeepsie; Woodhaven and Yaphank,
Long Island.

The southwestern variety australis Stretch, which has been taken in Florida and
Georgia, has orange on the base of the tegulse, as well as on the collar.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 115

SUPERFAMILY TINEOIDEA (restricted)

The Tineoidea, as represented by the typical Tineidas, are hardly
distinguished from the Adeloidea, save by the general loss of aculeae on
the wing surface. In a few genera, as in Solenobia and Opostega, a
few aculeae are still to be found about the base of the cell and along
the veins. I think I have also seen a few in Tischeria and Setomorpha,
but they are not present on the general wing surface. Another rather gen-
eral character for the genera of this series, which are otherwise closest
to the Incurvarioidea, is that the antenna is regularly provided with
two whorls of scales to a segment, one whorl being of sharply outstand-
ing scales, thus making the antenna roi^h and annulate (figs. 87 to 89).
This character holds in Tinea and the genera reduced from it, but fails
in most of the aberrant forms, in which the scaling is smooth and some-
times in more than two rows (Acrolophus, Psychidae). The more prim-
itive forms of Tineoidea are often case-bearers, but the lenticular
case typical of the Adeloids is rare.

The moths of the Tineoidea have the vestiture of the vertex vari-
able, though always rough in the lower forms; and there is no naked
area above the eye. The eyes are often small. The ocelli are variable,
and, when present, are as a rule near the edge of the eye. The tongue,
when present, is scaled at the base. The labial palpi typically are
long and folded, but often reduced, or lost. In the Gracilariidaa, which
may not really belong of this superfamily^ they are porrect. The
primitive forms have a complete primitive venation (fig. 19), the base
of 1st A fading out ; in higher forms, it is much reduced. In the hind
wing, R, as a rule, is closely parallel to Sc at the base, and they are
•connected by a cross vein, (RJ a short distance from the base. The
cross vein and the base of R often faded out together, but the cross
vein is never preserved when Rs is weak, as in the Incurvariidae. The
Lyonetiidae are an exception. The venation is sometimes extremely
reduced, but 1st A is preserved as long as 2d A. The female has no
piercing ovipositor.

The eggs are of the flat type. The pupa is incomplete. In the
larva, setae iv and v are usually widely separated (figs. 91, 92) as in
the Noctuidae, but there are three setae on the prespiracular wart.

The Tineoidea and the next four superfamilies have been somewhat
tentatively delimited and are not sharply defined, but the groupings
here made will roughly indicate the relationships of the families. This
superfamily, with the next three and the Incurvarioidea, forms the
Tineid series as usually understood.

The Psychidae have been widely separated by most workers, but there
is little besides the egg-laying habit to distinguish them from the true
Tineidae; some have winged females (as in the case qf. Kearfottia, in

1 Hi WILUAM T. iM. FORBES

Ilir United States), but in some the female is more reduced than in any
other known form of Lepidoptera, and never leaves the cocoon.

Family 9. TINEID^ffi (somewhat restricted)

Head usually "with high, rough, bristling vestiture; the vestiture finer
and more macro-like in Aeroloplms, and short in a few genera near
Amydria which have a strongly bristled palpus. Front often rough
and palpus often bristled on side, though but weakly in reduced forms
.-iiid not at all in Acrolophus. Maxillary palpus typically five-jointed,
folded, sometimes reduced or absent; tongue scaled, or rarely absent;
antenna never much longer than wing, but usually more than half as
long; often with a pecten, but without an eye-cap; typically with two
whorls of scales to a joint, one of them of divergent scales (in Acrolo-
phus the antenna is smooth-scaled, with several rows to a segment) ;
antenna in our species simple, but pectinate in a few exotic Acrolo-
phinas. Fore wing with all veins, or with one vein absent; accessory
cell usually present, separated from cell by a long, weak vein; base of
media present in lower forms; 2d A frequently forked at base; wing
always rather narrow and sometimes lanceolate; hind wing varying
from ample (Acrolophus) to linear (fig. 81) ; when broad, with R and
Mt well separated, but in some genera Mx and M2 stalked ; when nar-
row, often with an open cell; with most veins present, but frequently
extremely wreak. No aculere. Hind tibia usually with a mixture of
bristles and hair, never smooth-scaled.

Egg of flat type, oval. Larva with seta? iv and v well separated,
otherwise differing in the two subfamilies. Pupa incomplete, with
well-marked maxillary palpus; with Adelid prothorax; abdomen with
segments 4 to 7 inclusive, free, and 8 in male; but segment 2 fixed;
each segment with a single anterior row of spines; tongue shorter
than labial palpus.

The Tineidre appear to furnish the point of origin of each of the
higher tineoid superfamilies, and possibly of the macros as well, but
the macros seem a little closer to the Yponomeutoids. The two sub-
families are not closely related, and could well be treated as families,
as they often are.

Key to the genera of Tineidce and Adelidce

\ . Vestiture deep and spatulate on thorax, with well-marked anterior and
posterior tufts; palpus also with deep vestiture, not bristled ( Acrolophinte)

1. Acrolophus.

]. Vestiture mainly scaly, except on head; palpus small, usually bristled.
2. Only three short veins from cell to dorsal margin (fig. 106).

Tischeria (Tischeriidae) (p. 145).

2. At least four veins from cell to dorsal margin (Tineinse) .

3. R3 to R5 stalked (fig. 79) ; with a fovea in cell 20. Setomorpha.

3. R, free.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 117

FIGS. 73-92. TIXEID.E

73, Tinea peUioneUa, venation; 74, T. yranella, venation; 75, (Enoe hybromella.
venation; 76, Homostinea currilineella. venation; 77, Monopis rusticella, venation
of fore wing; 78, Trichophaga tapetsella, venation of fore wing; 79, SetomorpJia
insectella $, venation; 80, Homosetia costisiffnella,, venation; 81, Leucomele mvrin
mella, venation; 82, Dia-chorisia relalella, venation; 83, Hybroma chrysocomelln,
venation; 84, IsocorypJia mediostriatella, venation; 85, Hybroma servulella, vena-
tion; 86, Choropleca vesaliella, venation; 87, Acrolophiis arcanellus, male antenna,
side view; 88, Tinea, first group (Amydria and the rest are similar) ; 89, Cyan?
visaliella, male antenna; 90, Tinea (jranella, ocellar group of larva (typical of the
subfamily); 91, Acrolophus arcanellus, seta map (after Fracker) -, 92, Scardin
fiskeella, seta map (after Fracker)

HS WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

4. Second joint of palpus with a bushy mass of scales below, more or

less rounded in side view and very large; third joint long.
5. Antenna without a pecten ; tuft nearly spherical; maxillary palpus

porrect; vertex nearly smooth 19. Amydria.

5. Antenna with a pecten.

6. Tuft less developed; maxillary palpus small but distinctly folded.
7. Tuft compact and triangular; wings with all veins arising

separately 2. Scardia.

7. Tuft of loose spatulate hair.

8. Hind wing with all veins free (figs. 73, 74) ..4. A few Tinea

8. Hind wing with M, and ML stalked 3. Elatobia

6. Tuft and maxillary palpus like Amydria; vertex with high, bristl-
ing vestiture. Fore wing with small, raised scale tufts.

18. Xylesthia.
4. Second joint merely rough-scaled; third joint often short; palpus

often drooping.

5. Maxillary palpus, and usually tongue, obsolete.
6. Fore wing with ten veins arising from cell.
7. Antenna longer than fore wing.

(Adela and Nemotois-Adelidee) (p. 77)

7. Antenna shorter than fore wing 7. Tineola.

6. Fore wing with a radial lost; wings lanceolate 8. Tenaga.12

5. Maxillary palpus developed, folded.

6. Fore wing with complete venation (ten veins arising from cell).
7. M3 and CUj of fore wing stalked, sometimes Cu2 also (fig. 77).

6. Monopis.

7. MI and M, arising out of RB 14. Homostinea.

7. With only R4 and RB stalked, or all veins free.

8. Tips of R, to R3 fusing to form a stigma, with a thickened

lower edge (fig. 78) 5. Trichophaga.

8. No stigma.

9. Cell of hind wing open above Cu; venation incomplete

(fig. 85).

10. Antenna nearly as long as fore wing.... 17. Triptodema.
10. Antenna two-thirds as long as fore wing.

11. Hind wing broad-lanceolate, with convex costa and

separate medial stem 12. Hybroma.

11. Hind wing narrow, with sinuous costa, and M asso-
ciated with R-stem (fig. 81) 13. Leucomele.

9. Hind wing ample, trapezoidal, with closed cell, but one medial

lost (fig, 86) 11. Choropleca.

9. Hind wing normal, with all veins preserved (six arising
. from cell ) .
10. A of fore wing simple at base (fig. 82).

11. Fore wing smooth-scaled; Cu2 of hind wing more than

half as long as width of wing (fig. 84) . .9. Isocorypha.

11. Fore wing more or less distinctly tufted; Cu of hind

wing very short (fig. 82) 10. Diachorisia.

10. A of fore wing forked at base.

11. Each segment of antenna with a whorl of raised scales

(fig. 88); fore wing with R2 and Cu2 well back from

end of cell . . 4. Tinea.

12 Selenobla, with broad, bluntly rounded wings, likely to run out here (Psychidse p. 143).

11. Antenna smoothly scaled or hairy; fore wing with R2
and Cu2 nearer end of cell (Prodorus, Tegeticula,
Incurvaria; — Adelidse) .
6. Fore wing with one vein lost.

7. Mj and M2 stalked with R,, (fig. 75) 15. (Enoe.

7. M2 stalked with R6; Mj lost (fig. 76) 14. Homostinea.

7. Mj and M2 stalked with RB (fig. 75) • 15. (Enoe.

7. MS stalked with Rj; M, lost (fig. 76) 14. Homostinea.

8. Hind wing with 7 veins (counting the anals as one, as usual) ;

cell ope nabove Cu (fig. 45) (Eudarcia, Adelidse) (p. 77)

8. Hind wing with normal venation.
9. A of fore wing forked at base

(Paraclemensia, Adelidae) (p. 76)
9. A of fore wing simple at base.
10. Hind wing linear, with sinuate costa.

12. Hybroma in part.
10. Hind wing linear, with sinuate costa.

10. Diachorisia in part.

Subfamily ACROLOPHIN^

(Anaphorinae; Psychidse, in part, of Kirby and Tutt)

Head retracted; eyes medium-sized, usually hairy; ocelli absent; palpus large,
with the first joint large, upturned to the middle of the front, and, in the west-
ern genus Eule piste, as long as the other two together; the palpus as a whole
often upturned to vertex, or even far beyond, especially in the male; in the
female, typically porrect and shorter. Maxilla obsolete. Antenna with some-
what globular scape; the shaft smoothly scaled above, sometimes in more than
two rows, and finely pubescent with sense hairs below; in male, laminate, rarely
pectinate. Vestiture of head, including palpi, thorax and femora, reugh, but fine
and very dense, largely of spatulate hair; abdomen also rather hairy; R6 of fore
wing running to outer margin. Hind tibia hairy rather than bristled.

Larva (fig. 91) with front reaching only halfway to vertex, the adf rentals
very wide and reaching vertex; ocelli six, but not regularly arranged, the fourth
and lower being much closer together than the second and third are; head ven-
trally chitinized behind labium. Leg with trochanter one-third as wide as femur;
prothoracic legs separated by a distinct, chitinized sternum; thorax with setae
on large shields; tubercles iii to v apparently taking the place of pleural sclerites;
cervical shield extending the whole width of the prothorax and enclosing the
spiracle; prolegs with one complete ellipse of hooks, preceded by several (3-6)
rows of rudimentary ones; the anal proleg with a curved band.

The larva of one species is known to live in a tube near the surface of the
ground, feeding on grass and the like, and pupating in the ground.

Pupa heavily chitinized, suited for coming up through the earth; antenna
shorter than fore wing; fore wing bluntly rounded.

This group is entirely American, and predominantly tropical. Besides Acrolo-
phus there are a couple of other well-defined genera.

WILLIAM T. ,M. FORBES

.1. ACROLOPHU8 Pocy

ItK-huliiitr lly pod opus Walsingham, Anaphora Clemens, Pseudana-
pliura Walsingham, Euthcca Grote, and other genera)

Characters of the subfaiuiry.

The genus lias been divided into various genera, but Walsingham and Durrani
n include that then' arc no satisfactory distinguishing characters and there-
i'oiv reunite them.

FIGS. 93-98. MALE GEXITALTA OF SPECIES OF ACROLOPHUS

In each case the lateral view is shown, as seen after removing the
scales. The dorsal view of the uncus is also shown. 93, A. arcanellus;
94, A. mora : 95, A. popeanellus; 96, A. texanellus; 97, A. plumifrontellus;
98, A. mortipenncllus

Key to the species (males)

} . Uncus simple 10. griseus.

I . Uneus bifid.

•2. Valve with a lateral piece, overlying it, two-thirds as long as the main part

of the valve (fig. 97 ) 9. plumifrontellus.

2. Valve apparently simple in side view.

3. Valve strongly down-curved in side view; tips of uncus enlarged and

rounded ( fig. 98 ) 8. mortipennellus.

3. Valve straight in side view; tips of uncus not enlarged.

4. Dorsal edge of uncus sharply bent at a right angle near middle (fig. 95).
5. Valve two-thirds as wide as length of vertical part of uncus (fig. 95).

3. popeanellus.

5. Valve fully as wide as length of vertical part of uncus . . 4. confusellus.
4. Dorsal edge of uncus evenly curved.

r>. Spines of uncus fully one-third as long as valve, slender, separated by

one-third their length; eyes naked (fig. 94) 1. mora.

5. Spines of uncus less than one-third as long as valve or widely separated.

G. Body stout; palpus upturned, reaching just above the vertex

( fig. 93 ) 2. arcanellus.

G. Body more slender; palpus turned back over the vertex to the thorax.
7. Valve in the form of a large spoon, very wide and one-third as deep

as wide 5. tennis.

1. Valve narrow and slightly spatulate (fig. 96) 6. texanellus.

7. Valve slender and regularly tapering toward apex.... 7. hulstellus.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 121

I. Body rather slender; palpus of male extending back over middle of thorax
or beyon-d ' ; in female short and porrect; antenna, of male as in Pseudana-
phora or narrower, and subserrate; fore wing more pointed, that of male
being about like that of female arcanella. Eyes naked. (Sapinella Kirby,
Eutheca Grote, not Keisenw) .

1. A. mora Grote. Male blackish; female usually dull ochre yellow, or, rarely,
dull brown and obscurely mottled; a dark bar at middle of fold, and a slight
dark spot at end of cell. Male (fig. 94) with branches of uncus long, slender,
and parallel, not tapering to the bluntly rounded tip; valves also slender and of
even width. 25-30 mm. (arcanella of authors).

The moth flies in October and November. The larva has been bred from birch
by Pearsall. The egg is long, narrow, and strongly ridged.

Concord, Massachusetts to North Carolina, and western Pennsylvania.

II. Body stout, and, with vestiture, more than one-third as iride as length of
fore wing; palpus upturned to just beyond vertex, but not extending back
over thorax in male; palpus of female short and porrect; antenna smooth,
and, in male, with laminations one-half wider than length of segments;
eyes hairy. (Pseudanaphora Walsingham) .

2. A. arcanellus Clemens. Pattern and colors same as those of A. popeanellus;
rough, black, raised striations on fore wing; spatulate vestiture on thorax much
coarser than that of A. popeanellus; wing of female rather longer and more pointed
than that of A. popeanellus. (Fig. 93.) 25-28 mm.

The larva and pupa are described under the genus. The larva has been bred
on corn. The moth flies in late June and July.

I have seen the moth from New York, New Jersey, western Pennsylvania, and
Illinois.

III. Male antenna with laminations as long as, or eren longer than, wide; palpus
as in Sapinella, or even longer, extending well beyond thorax in male,
short in female; wings blunt; vestiture of fine, flattened hair; eyes hairy,
the hair short and easily lost in A. tenuis. (Anaphora Clemens).

3. A. popeanellus Clemens. Brownish luteous or dull reddish brown, rarely more
purplish; distinctly paler along fold and inner margin. Thorax often pale, especially
in female. Fore wing obscurely and irregularly striate with darker brown; scales
not noticeably raised; blackish patches at end of cell and at middle of fold, and,
normally, a dark antemedial bar across fold. (Fig. 95.) 25-30 mm. (scardina
Zeller, agrotipennella Grote, confusellus Beutenmiiller ) .

New Jersey to Missouri, Florida, and Texas.

A. busckella Haimbach, found at Brown's Mills, New Jersey, appears to be a black
aberration of this species, with a contrasting, pale inner margin.

4. A. confusellus Dyar. Markings similar to A. popeanellus. Ground normally
mottled with whitish or luteous, but sometimes wholly dark and purplish, as in
A. tenuis. Slightly smaller than A. popeanellus, on the average. Male genitalia
about as in A. popeanellus, but with the uncus shorter and weaker and the valve
markedly broader.

The moth occurs in July, in the northern part of its range.
Plummer's Island, Maryland, to Georgia and Texas.

5. A. tenuis Walsingham. Nearly uniform purplish, with obscure dark markings;
uncus curved over evenly, not angulated, and with more widely separated points
than in A. popeanellus; valve spoon-shaped, distinctly narrowed at base, and with
small supplementary process. 20-25 mm. (violaceellus Beutenmiiller).

This is a more southern species than A. popeanellus. It flies in June.
Florida; North Carolina; central Illinois; Iowa; and elsewhere.

6. A. texanellus Chambers. Moth smaller and rather slenderer than A. tenuis,
with more or less distinct traces of an oblique shade crossing the apex, as in

122 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

.4. hulstellus. Uncus (fig. 96) with points separate, down-curved; valves slender,
concave, uniform in width.

There seems to be some confusion as to the identification of this species. In
the Barnes collection, the name is represented by a form with scattered white
scales on the fore wing, and with valves as in A. hulstellus.

North Carolina, Texas.

7. A. hulstellus Beutenmiiller. Similar to A. texanellus but larger and coarser,
with a strong, oblique, dark shade across the wing two-thirds of the way to the apex.

Plummer's Island, Maryland, to Florida.

8. A. mortipennellus Grote. Pale, dull brown, usually patchily marked with
dark brown; the discal spot most persistent. Female longer-winged and more
evenly yellowish brown. Uncus of male (fig. 98) much as in A. popeanellus, but
with the points somewhat enlarged and bluntly rounded; valves very slender,
constant in width, and evenly down-curved. R3 and R, or R, and R5 are often
stalked. 25-30 mm. (Hypoclopus Dyar).

The distribution is uncertain. The material before me is from Missouri.

IV. Palpus of male as in group III, but lolth somewhat heavier vestiture;

palpus of female long, rather drooping, beaklike; thoracic vestiture as
in group III,' fore wing with all veins free; male antenna- with lamina-
tions hardly twice as high as the length of a segment. Male with long
supplementary process beside the valve. Eyes hairy. (Acrolophus) .

9. A. plumifrontellus Clemens. Usually light reddish gray, with irregular, dark
striation, gathering into patches at end and near middle of cell, and also, basad
of middle and near middle of fold; these patches sometimes connected to form a
zigzag mark, but sometimes partly or wholly absent, especially in the female.
Rarely with but little or no reddish tint. (Fig. 97.) 35 mm.

The moth flies in June and July. The southern race cervinus Walsingham
is somewhat smaller and more brilliant.

Southern New York to western Pennsylvania and Florida.

V. Fore wing with R3 and R4 invariably long-stalked; uncus simple. Eyes naked.

( Hypoclopus ) .

A. griseus Walsingham. Typically ashy white, often ranging from light blue-
gray to fuscous, with confused blackish markings. Hind wing brown. Valve broad,
oblique, narrow at base, squarely truncate. 22-25 mm.

July. The eastern record for this species is based on a related but quite dis-
tinct, undescribed species, differing in structure as well as in its darker color.

Texas; Arizona.

Subfamily TINE1NJE.
(Tineidse, in strict sense)

Head more prominent, though often with small eyes; eyes naked; palpus porrect,
or somewhat upturned in life, not large, clothed with scales and bristles, which are
regularly arranged in most cases; tongue usually present; maxillary palpus
usually folded, porrect in Amydria, absent when tongue is absent. Antenna typi-
cally with the basal whorl of scales on each segment reduced or replaced by a
whorl of bristles, often entirely concealed; the outer whcrl often raised at a sharp
angle, and when flat covering the whole surface of the segment, whereas the two
whorls (when there are only two) of the Adelidae and Acrolophinae are equally
developed and usually of contrasting colors. Outer whorl rarely somewhat inter-
rupted below, but antenna never laminate as in Acrolophinse. Head with rough,
bristly vestiture on both vertex and front, though comparatively smooth in the
Amydria group. Hind tibia often bristled, but not with a regular row of bristles.
Fore wing with Rj running to costa or apex.

Larvae with front not reaching vertex; prespiracular setae of prothora-. (fig. 92)

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 123

closely grouped; setae i of abdomen farther apart than ii; iv and v widely sepa-
rated, on separate tubercles. Prolegs with uniordinal hooks, in a complete ellipse
or shortly interrupted on inner posterior side; the anal prolegs with a short band.

The larvae are generally case-bearers, the case usually ending in a three-cornered
valve, as in the lower Coleophoridte and Psychidse; occasionally it is lenticular.
The larvae are often scavengers.

Pupa only lightly soldered together; wing lanceolate; antenna extending to wing
tip; in Tinea, at least, with two prominent spines at the end of the abdomen.
Cocoon of silk, usually in the larval case.

2. SCAEDIA Treitschke

Antenna moderate, with pecten and with raised scale-whorls. Maxillary palpus
small but folded; tongue strong and naked. Palpus long, porrect, with a large
tuft on under side of second joint and bristles on outer side; third joint long,
upturned. Head rough. Wings heavy, hardly lanceolate. Fore wing sometimes
with R3 and R4 stalked, hind wing with Mj and M2 connate; with fringe one-half
as wide as membrane. Hind tibia with long hair.
The larvae bore in fungi.

Key to the species
I. Blackish, with contrasting, pale inner and outer margins.

2. Fore wing broader 6. anatomella.

2. Fore wing narrower; with distinct, paired, pale costal striae 5. fiskeella.

1. Ground paler, often heavily overlaid with blackish; inner and outer margins

not pale.

2. A black discal bar (inconspicuous when the region about it is blackish).
3. Fore wing with a dark postmedial fascia, angled on outer, and erect on inner,

side. Expanse 25 mm 1. fuscofasciella.

3. Fore wing with the postmedial fascia rather evenly excurved. Expanse

18 mm 2. errandella.

2. No black discal bar.

3. A contrasting, pale antemedial fascia between the dark basal and medial

areas 4. pravatella.

3. No such pale, complete band 3. approximatella.

1. S. fiiscofasciella Chambers. Clay color, dusted and mottled with brown, with
more or less paired, dark costal striae; the dark postmedial fascia quite obscure
and concave below the angulation. 28 mm. (Euplocamus Chambers).

This species was described from Kentucky.

2. S. errandella Bnsck. Similar to 8. fuscofasciella, the ground more evenly
lutecus, the markings dull fuscous, with the usual purplish iridescence more
sharply contrasting. The paired costal striae distinctly pale; the darker post-
medial band as in 8. fuscofasciella, containing the slightly darker discal bar.
18 mm. (tessulatella auct., not Zeller).

July ana August in western Pennsylvania.

3. S. approximatella Dietz. Luteous, dusted and mottled with fuscous; the
dark fascia somewhat anterior to the middle; irregular on basal side, and often
running in below the cell to join an oblique fascia from base of costa, thus forming
a sort of W which is nearly erect on outer side. A subterminal dark streak
running to the costa before the apex. Antennal cilia long (2). 15 mm.

' The moth occurs in July. The larva has been found in a rotting sycamore log.
Massachusetts to western Pennsylvania and Georgia. New York: Ithaca.

4. S, pravatella Busck. Similar to 8. fuscofasciella, with basal third heavily
dusted and contrastingly dark except on inner margin. Wing narrow. 23 mm.

Western Pennsylvania.

124 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

.">. S. fiskeella Busck. This species is distinguished from fuscofasciella and prava-
trlla by the luck of transverse bands, from anatomella by the narrow wings and
the tendency for the pale outer margin to widen more opposite the cell. 25 mm.

North Carolina.

«i. S. anatomella (Jrote. Dull black, reticulate and mottled with intense black;
discal bars light. Slight pale spots on costa; outer and inner margins very irregu-
larly edged with a contrastingly pale, clay-colored area, dusted with dark fuscous,
and sometimes broken into spots. 2f> to over 30 mm.

The moth occurs in June and July in western Pennsylvania and is also known
from western Ontario. Diet/, records it from Xew York.

3. ELATOBIA. Herrich-Schaeffer
(Abacobia Dietz, not Lacordaire; Dietzia Busck)

Similar to Tinea; M, and M.. of hind wing stalked; tongue and maxillary palpus
smaller than usual but not absent. Antenna half as long as fore wing, with
pec-ten. Hind wing as wide as fore wing. Palpus with second joint clavate, third
with some bristles. Female ovipositor membranous.

Larva dirty white, with reddish head and anal plate and blackish cervical shield
and tubercles; boring in the bark of pine in early spring.

1. E. fuliginosella Zeller. Dark fuscous brown; hairs of head and palpi white-
tipped; discal spots darker. Hind wing paler. 14-19 mm. (martinella Walker,
carbonella Dietz).

The moth occurs in July.

Haxleton, Pennsylvania; Hudson Bay district; Colorado; Europe.

4. TINEA Linnaeus

Small moths, the largest hardly an inch in expanse. Palpus smallish, smooth-
scaled, and more or less distinctly bristled on outer side, occasionally with some
spatulate scales. Head, including front, with rotigh, bristling hair, often con-
trastingly colored. Maxillary palpus and tongue developed; 'antenna with whorls
of raised scales and pecten. Hind tibia with spurs above middle. All veins free.
Base of M more or less distinct; M.. and M3 of hind wing stalked in T. rileyi. Hind
wing lanceolate, about as wide as fore wing.

Argyresthia may be distinguished by the smoother face, and by R5 running to
outer margin ; Acrolepia, by the much smoother head.

In the following key I have only l>een able to include the species known to me
personally, and a few others of striking character. Inere are a good many other
described forms, some ot which may not be valid.

Key to the species

1. Hind wing (fig. 73) as broad as fore wing; subcosta extending three-fourths
its length or more, and cubital branches long, except in a few species
with yellowish head and simply marked fore wings; costa not sinuous.

2. Head dull ochre to fuscous. Fore wing usually nearly concolorous. or if

blackish, strongly mottled, and with dark discal dots (obscure in the
dark form of T. ca-mariella ) .
3. Eyes narrower than the distance between them below.

4. Eyes very small, half as wide as the distance between them ; fore wing

obscurely mottled in two shades of fuscous 2. obscurostrigella.

4. Eyes two- thirds as wide as the space between them; mottling contrasting,

blackish on luteous 1 . m isella.

3. Eyes wider than the space between them below.

4. Ground even, shining; each scale dark-tipped; discal dots distinct.

10. pellionella.

4. Fore wing mottled, with blackish scales in groups, or with scattered, con-
trasting, dark scales, at least toward apex.
5. A blackish longitudinal streak from base to apex 4. apicimaculella.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATER 125

5. No longitudinal streak from base to apex.

C. Head ochreous; scape of antenna with an ochreous dot.

7. Fore wing dominantly blackish, with contrasting yellow inner

margin 6. bimaculella.

1. Fore wing dominantly yellowish or fuscous.

8. Hind wing much narrower than fore wing, with a short Cu-
9. Expanse about 12 mm.; fore wing with a single (claviform)

black spot in fold 7. -

9. Expanse about 9 mm.; fore wing with a more. or less distinct

series of dots in the fold 5. straminiella

8. Hind wing fully as wide as fore wing, with long Cu2.

9. Fore wing with a conspicuous series of blackish bars in base

of fringe 9. grumella.

9. Fore wing without contrasting dark bars in fringe.

8. carnariella.
6. Head fuscous; fore wing dominantly fuscous; scape of antenna all

fuscous.

7. Ground dark purplish fuscous, either plain or mottled with black-
ish; tegulae unicolorous 11. grisseella.

7. Ground luteous, mottled with fuscous or brown; tegulae only half
fuscous , 3. fuscipunctella.

2. Ground blackish, without discal dots, or with pale ones; head frequently

yellow and strongly contrasting.
3. Fore wing without pale marginal spots.

4. Thorax with a central, yellow stripe 14. thoracestrigella.

4. Thorax solid dark brown 13. croceoverticella.

3. Fore wing with a series of contrasting, cream-white marginal spots.

15. ophrionella.

1. Hind wing (fig. 74) almost without exception decidedly narrower than fore wing;
the fringe wider than the membrane; Sc reaching margin three-fourths of
the way out; costa a little emarginate near the middle; discal spots gener-
ally obsolete; head white, as a rule, and. in broad-winged species, never
ochre yellow.
2. Fore wing with longitudinal stripes.

3. Fore wings white, markings dark; head white.

4. Two longitudinal stripes through the disc 16. roburella.

4. Numerous longitudinal lines 17. multistriatella,

3. Head and fore wings dark brown, streaked with white 18. rileyi.

3. Head brown and white, fore wing dark-striped on gray 17V2- atriflua.

2. Fore wing without strongly marked longitudinal stripes.
3. Scape of antenna blackish.

4. Fore wing with considerable areas of brown, often forming brown shades;

median fascia often confused.
5. Two oblique, dark, median fasciae, the outer half of the wing half

blackish 24. marmorella.

5. A single angulate, or broken, black median fascia.
6. Head white, slightly gray behind antennae.

7. Basal fascia extending across cell 26. granella.

7. Basal spot on costa only 27. fulrisuffusella.

6. Head cream color, with large blackish areas behind antennae;

larger 26. cloacella.

4. Fore wing lightly dusted with gray (the scale-tips dark) ; a square,

black patch at middle of costa alone contrasting 20. auropulvella.

3. Scape white; fore wing white.

4. Ground with a few gray-tipped scales; fascia of powdery gray.

21. acapnopennella; 21 ^ tylodes.

12(5 WILLIAM T. J\I. KOHIJKS

4. f! round white, contrastingly marked with black.

5. Median black fascia complete, or broken at middle; cosfa black on

basal fourth 10. a-n-clla

f>. Median black fascia not reaching inner margin; with but little black

at base of costa.
6. Strongest markings a square black patch on middle of cosla and a

dot at apex of membrane 22. apicisignatella.

(i. The strongest marking a broad median fascia crossing the fold.

23. angulifasciella.
See also: 12 in isrecll-a-, 25. fuscomacuJclla, 2!). nigratotnella, and 28. mctculabella.

1. T. misella Zeller. Eyes small, elliptical, separated by nearly twice their width.
Palpus rather longer than usual, with considerable, hair on the second segment.
Cu: of hind wing three-fourths as long as width of wing.

Clay color; shoulder fuscous; fore wing heavily mottled with fuscous stria;,
tending to gather into quadrangular spots, among these the inconspicuous discal
spots. Costal fringe barred. 12—23 mm.

The Pennsylvania specimens before me are darker, and appear to have less
loose hair on the palpi than the European ones.

June to August.

Europe; Minnesota; Pennsylvania; Texas; Florida.

2. T. obscurostrigella Chambers. Similar to T. misella. Eyes rather smaller,
fore wings more evenly and less contrastingly mottled (sometimes nearly even,
except for the discal dots). 12-18 mm.

May, July, and October.

Hazelton, Pennsylvania; St. Louis, Missouri.

3. T. fuscipunctella Haworth. Pale fuscous, tending to clay color, with a some-
what reddish head. Antennae blackish. Palpi and antenna? nearly concolorous.
A transverse, dark band across front of thorax and basal half of tegulae, extending
along the costa of the fore wings a tenth of the way out. Fore wing more finely
and less extensively mottled with fuscous than in T. obscurostrigella; costal and
dorsal fringes barred. Dorsal spots large, diffuse, contrasting, sometimes joined
by a dark shade extending to base of wing. Hind wing paler, hardly iridescent.
11-17 mm. (nubilipennella Clemens, GEcophora frigidella Packard).

The black bar at the base of the costa seems to be distinctive. The eyes are
normal in this and the remaining species of Tinea. This moth appears to be our
commonest Tinea, and flies in May and June, and again in August. The larva
breeds in the trash in pigeons' nests and similar refuse.

Labrador to Pennsylvania; Europe.

4. T. apicimaculella Chambers. Dull straw yellow or clay color. Outer side of
palpi blackish. Thorax dark with some clay color on the tegulse. Fore wing with
the costal region shaded heavily with fuscous, the shade extending to the blackish
streak on the outer part of the wing, and beyond it to the fold, toward the base.
A blackish streak from the base almost to the apex, interrupted around the black
outer discal dot. Reniform and claviform dots strong, blackish.

Basal half of fringe barred with blackish. 11-15 mm.

The moth has been taken in June northward, and from April to July in the
south.

New Jersey to Florida, Kansas, and Louisiana.

5. T. straminiella Chambers. Straw yellow. Sides of palpi and of thorax brown.
Fore wing dusted with brown toward apex, with a row of dark spots along the
fold and one at the end of cell. 8 mm.

This species was taken in June. No authentic material seems to be known ;
I believe it is a light variety of T. bimaculclla.
Kentucky.

6. T. bimaculella Chambers. Head pale yellowish, antennas fuscous; tegulae dark
brown. Fore wing narrow, lanceolate, light yellow, heavily dusted with fuscous,
or solidly purplish, most of the inner margin contrasting, clear light yellow. Outer

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 127

discal dot large, blackish when not lost in the dark ground. Three blackish spots
in fold, near base, and before and beyond middle. Hind wing narrow as in the
granella group. 9 mm. (mandarinella Dietz).

I have seen the types of both names, and they are the same species. The species
determined by Kearfott as bimaculella is not a Tinea.

June to August.

New Jersey to Ohio and Kentucky.

7. T. . Straw yellow. Head brighter yellow, with a black patch

behind each antenna. Antennae blackish, palpi blackish, except on inner side
toward apex. Disc of thorax and shoulders blackish. Fore wing with costal edge
nearly black on basal half, the costa more broadly dark at base. Wing sur-
face lightly dusted with fuscous, tending to leave the veins free. Three black
discal dots, the outer much the larger. Membrane of hind wing not quite so
yellow, three-fourths as wide as the fore wing. Cu2 short. 12 mm. (trimaculeUa
Chambers ? )

July.

St. Louis, Missouri; (District of Columbia; Kentucky). New York: Otto.

8. T. carnariella Clemens. Similar to the preceding species. Deeper ochre
yellow, the fore wing sometimes suffused with fuscous, leaving a contrasting
yellow inner margin. Head without a black spot behind antennae; palpi yellower
on inner face; disc of thorax mostly yellowish. Fore wing more or less dusted
with blackish scales, costal edge less contrastingly blackish, discal spots larger,
diffuse, the one in the fold obscure. Hind wing dirty white, broad. 15 mm.

June.

St. Louis, Missouri; Pennsylvania.

9. T. grumella Zeller. Head ochreous, darker than in T. pellionella. Yellowish,
shaded with fuscous, especially toward costa and beyond the discal dot, but leaving
the fold contrastingly pale. Usual spots dark, the one in the fold short. A series
of blackish terminal bars. Hind wing somewhat narrower than fore wing.
16-18 mm. ( ?)

The length of the fore wing is given as four lines, which is too large for any-
thing I have seen determined as grumella. The present description is condensed
from Zeller's.

July.

Massachusetts.

10. T. pellionella Linnaeus. (The old-fashioned clothes -moth.) Pale fuscous
gray, a little shining. Head yellower than ground, but not decidedly yellow as in
the preceding species. Antennae, including whole of scape, and palpi, blackish.
Fore wing with a good many scales darker toward apex, but with no definite
dusting; discal spots distinct, but blurred; no terminal bars. Hind wings light
gray. 10-15 mm. (H. p. 473, f. 253.)

The larva is white with a brown head and collar, and lives in a parchment-like
case of white silk. It is one of our clothes moths, feeding on woollen goods, furs,
and other dry substances of animal origin, but appears to be much less common
under American conditions than is Tineola bisselliella.

The distribution is said to be general; I have seen the species from Michigan
and Missouri, and, I think, from Alabama.

New York: Reported from Louisville, Canandaigua, and Alfred Center.

11. T. grisseella Chambers. Fuscous, head somewhat yellower than fore wing,
with ocherous and fuscous palpi. Fore wing heavily striolate on a clay-colored
ground. Outer discal dot distinct, and also two dark bars in the fold. 8 mm.

I have seen no authentic material of this species. The original description is
strongly suggestive of T. pellionella.
Kentucky.

12. T. misceella Chambers. Head and palpi pale yellowish; antennae pale fus-
cous; fore wings dusted with fuscous and saffron yellow in about equal propor-
tions; two discal spots, one two-fifths of the way out, in the fold, and a smaller
one at end of cell. 8 mm.

128 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

This species is unknown to me; it should be recognizable by the light palpi, and
the absence of the first discal dot, or its fusion with the claviform.

Kentucky.

l.'S. T. croceoverticella Chambers. Head bright ochre; antenna; blackish, with
some oehreous scales on scape; palpi dull ochreous, grayish on outer side, with
rougher, longer vestiture than usual, twice as long as the width of the joint,
but not spatulate as in Elatobia. Thorax dark mouse gray, the -apical half of
the tegnla* clay color, contrasting. Fore wing blackish, with slightly darker
shades in place of the discal dots, with obscure, pale marginal bars toward the
apex, and a pale streak at the base. Two dark lines in fringe. Hind wing dark.
10-15 mm.

The larva is a case-bearer and feeds externally on the flat, white bracket fungi
on beech, usually on small bits. The case tapers to a neck at each end and then
has a flaring mouth. It is covered externally with sawdust and grass. It has
been found in June and the moths emerge about the first of July.

Maryland to Kentucky, Kansas, and Saskatchewan (Regina) Canada.

14. T. thoracestrigelia Chambers. Similar to T. croceoverticella, smaller,
brighter, not bronzed, without lines in the fringe. 10 mm.

This species is definitely known only from Texas, but is doubtfully credited
to Kentucky in Dyar's list.

15. T. ophrionella Dietz. Deep purple-brown. Head yellowish white with some
black hairs behind. Scape silvery, inner side of palpi white. Fore wing with a
series of six or seven v;hite marginal bars, with a wider space between the two
middle ones, and several on the inner margin lying mostly in the fringe ; a single,
white discal dot and several white patches below the fold. 11-14 mm.

June.

Parry Sound, Ontario. New York : Uphill Brook ( Mt. Marcy ) .

If). T. roburella Dietz. Head white, a fuscous spot on vertex; thorax and
fore wing white, dusted and shaded with pale brown. A large, seal-brown spot
from middle of costa to middle of wing, crossed by two longitudinal, dark streaks.
Inner margin also narrowly dark on outer part of wing. Margin and fringe
barred with brown, the latter with a dark central line. 13 mm.

Essex County, New Jersey.

17. T. multistriatella Dietz. White, lightly dusted and finely streaked with
fuscous; with five or six partly confluent streaks, sometimes broken up into
dashes and dots, the costal spots smaller. 17 mm.

Bred from fungi on beech stumps.

Toronto, Ontario ; Maryland.

17%. T. atriflua Meyrick. Head white, shaded with fuscous on the sides;
thorax dark, with apex of tegulse whitish. Fore wing dark-dusted on a grayish
white ground, the margins narrowly white, also with dark scales. Two black-
dusted streaks, one from base of costa to apex, widening outwardly and occupy-
ing nearly half the width of the wing at the outer margin ; the other below the
fold; both edged with white. Some small bars on outer margin, and powdery
dark dots in the white fringe. Hind wing pale gray with paler fringe. 13 mm.
(unknown to me).

June.

Toronto, Ontario.

18. T. rileyi Dietz. Seal-brown, head nearly black, including outer side of palpi
and scape; tegulae white-dusted. Fore wing with about five fine, white lines
and white costal and dorsal edges. Fringe checkered, largely white.

The larvae feed on inngi. The moths emerge in June.
Pennsylvania; District of Columbia; Florida.

In the remaining species of Tinea, the hind wing is about three-
fourths as wide as the fore wing, with the costa noticeably sinuate and
Cu, no longer than Cux; the head and palpus are white, the palpus

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 129

t

being black on the outer side of the second segment and extreme base
of the third, except as noted.

19. T. arcella Fabricius. Head all white, tegulse with a black spot at base,
palpus occasionally all black on outer side, normally typical; scape white. Thorax
and fore wing white, fore wing with a little yellow shading and an angulate,
black, median band, sometimes broken; a spot covering the basal fifth of the
costa, and smaller blackish marks outwardly. 12 mm.

American specimens are not typical and may represent a new species. The
larva as known in Europe is yellowish white, with a bright brown head, and has
been bred on fungi under the bark of dead alder twigs.

July.

Europe; Connecticut to District of Columbia and Indiana; California (?),
New York: Ithaca (Dietz).

20. T. auropulvella Chambers. Head white; scape partly dark gray; second
segment of palpus outwardly all black, third segment all white. Fore wing white,
mottled with a little light golden brown, with a square, black spot on the middle
of the costa, continued by a narrow streak across the cell in dark specimens;
a black antemedial spot and sometimes a basal spot on the costa; some other
small black spots present, mostly on the margins. ] 1-16 mm.

June and July.

New Hampshire to North Carolina and Kentucky, westward to British Colum-
bia. New York: Ithaca.

21. T. acapnopennella Clemens. Head with some gray scales, thorax and fore
wing in some specimens considerably dusted with black-tipped scales, scape white,
palpi typical. Pattern of fore wing about as in T. auropulvella, but less con-
trasting; the spots at the base of the costa rarely conspicuous. 10-16 mm.
( minutipulvella Chambers ) .

June to August. Larva on Polyporus tulipiferus; whitish, with dark head
and cervical shield.

Canada to Louisiana. New York: Ithaca, Albany.

21%. T. tylodes White. Antenna light gray, palpus with a dark streak on
outer side of second joint; shoulder with a gray spot. Fore wing with some
irregular yellowish scaling, and gray dusting, especially toward outer margin;
markings blackish gray; some striae on margins; a streak along basal fifth of
costa; a semioval spot on middle of costa with a rhomboidal spot before it on
inner margin; an irregular outer spot on costa. Apical fringe with two more
or less distinct gray shades. Hind wing light gray with paler fringe. 14 mm.

Meyrick, does not compare this species, which is unknown to me, with any
other. It may be the same as acapnopennella.

July and August.

Toronto and Muskoka Lake, Ontario.

22. T. apicisignatella Dietz. Head and scape white, shaft of antenna light
brown; palpi typical. Fore wing dull whitish, spotted with black; a black square
at middle of costa, extending well into the cell, and an equally large, black, sub-
terminal spot separated by a narrow white band from the black apex; fringe
barred. 12-13 mm.

This species is very close to T. auropulvella but appears distinct.
New Hampshire; Pennsylvania.

23. T. angulifasciella Dietz. Head white with a gray posterior tuft, half of
third segment of palpus black; scape white; shaft of antenna pale; shoulders
black; fore wing white; markings all black; heavy basal line reaching the fold,
the base of the costal edge black; a small antemedial dot, a heavy angulate median
fascia, extending to below the fold and sometimes weakly even to the inner
margins; outer part of wing strongly mottled with black, forming a large, cen-
tral dark patch. R, and R5 stalked.

Plummer's Island, Maryland.

5

130 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

24. T. maimorella Chambers. Head and palpi yellowish white; second seg-
ment and half of third segment of palpi brown on outer side; antenna dark;
scape blackish. Fore wing white, spotted with black; basal fifth of costa black;
a little black toward inner margin; an antemedial, outwardly oblique, black fascia
crossing the cell and fold (apparently interrupted in the specimen before me) ;
a similar postmedial fascia covering the end of the cell; some other black mark-
ings on disc, and margins barred witli black. 10 mm. (not "three-sixteenths
inch" ! )

Toronto, Ontario, May 2~>.

2f>. T, fuscomaculella Chambers. Closely similar to T. marmorella; the basal
black streak on the costa running into an oblique fascia as in T. marmorella and
granella, but the markings on the outer part of the wing less confluent. 12 mm.

I am not sure that this form is distinct from T. marmorella; the Canadian
specimen of marmorella before me seems intermediate.

Kentucky.

26. T. granella Linnaeus. Head rarely yellowish, with some gray behind the
antenna. Scape black; palpi with only the tip of the third segment white out-
wardly. Fore wing white, more or less mottled with dark, bronzy brown, and
spotted with black. Disc of thorax fuscous, tegulse black with white tips. Fore
wing with a black basal bar, antemedial spot, median bar extending into the cell,
with a separate dot in the fold, and smaller outer bars, the two outermost some-
times as in T. apicisignatella. The markings often leaving clear a vague, white
discal dot. Fringe with dark center-line, crossed by two white bars. 12 mm.
( variatella Clemens ) .

The caterpillar is yellowish white, with a red-brown head and two curved,
brown stripes on the neck. It feeds in grain, dried fruits, bracket fungi, and
similar substances, breeding continuously when the temperature permits.

Europe. Distribution apparently general in the eastern United States. New
York : Albany, Batavia.

T. cloacella Haworth is very similar, but with a yellow head, more dark behind
the antennas, and sparser and paler brown mottling, contrasting with the black
spots. It is something of a pest in Europe but has not been authentically reported
from America.

27. T. fulvisuffusella Dietz. Very near T. granella, but smaller, with lighter
brown mottling, and less extensive black markings. 11% mm.

Hampton, New Hampshire.

28. T. maculabella Chambers. White. Antennae sordid yellowish white. Thorax
with three brown spots in a triangle. Fore wing white, lightly dusted with dark
brown, and marked with dark brown; a brown spot at base of costa, an ante-
medial spot and an oblique irregular streak from before the middle of the costa
to beyond the fold, interrupted on the fold; a small spot on middle of costa;
and a postmedial streak running into a large, longitudinal patch in the middle
of outer part of wing; a couple of subapical, longitudinal streaks. All the
markings more or less mottled and defined with reddish yellow. A series of
dark terminal spots. R4 and R5 stalked. 14-22 mm.

This species is unknown to me, but its large size appears distinctive, as well
as the longitudinal apical dashes.
Pennsylvania ; Kentucky.

29. T. nigratomella Dietz. Palpi, head, and antennae sordid yellowish white ;
palpi dusted with brown, antennae faintly annulate. Fore wing white, heavily
and almost evenly dusted with brown, gathering in two vague transverse bands,
the first erect and the other oblique.. Costa at apex barred with alternate dark
brown and white spots. Sy2 mm.

This species is unknown to me and may be a Diachorisia, like " Tinea " margini-
maoulella and " T" fuscopulvella, with which it is compared.
Montclair, New Jersey.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 13J

I have seen a specimen from Pennsylvania labelled Tinea defectella Zeller.
Its fore wing ia white, patchily mottled with fuscous, tending to form oblique
fasciae, and the head is fuscous and white. 8 mm. I am not sure it is rightly
determined.

T. uterella Walsingham, a blackish tropical species a good deal like
T. misella, but lacking the pecten, is likely to occur in the warmer States. The
larva is Tinea-like but with heavy thoracic sclerites, and forms a flat case like
a melon seed. The species is usually put in the genus Tineola, but the tongue
and maxillary palpi are preserved.

5. TRICHOPHAGA Ragonot
(Tinea, in part)

Tongue obsolete; but maxillary palpi preserved; costal veins as noted in key
( fig. 78 ) . Otherwise like the first group of Tinea. Antennae rather more smoothly
scaled than in Tinea, with only a narrow naked area at the base of each joint.

1. T. tapetzella Linnaeus (Case-bearing clothes moth). Blackish, outer half of
fore wing contrastingly whitish. 12-24 mm. (H p. 434 f. 254.)

This species is apparently nearly world wide. The larva is a clothes moth and
general scavenger, often breeding in owl-pellets ; it is pale, with a black head
and a dark brown shield.

Distribution general south of New York City. Xew York : Xew Dorp, Staten
Island.

6. MONOPIS Hiibner
Blabophanes Herrich-Schaeffei'

Body and head like Tinea. Antennae usually with rather strong sense bristles.
Fore wing (fig. 77) with a small fovea near middle; M3 and CUj stalked, R4 and RB
sometimes stalked, Cu2 often stalked with M3 and CUj. Hind wing with Mj and
M2 rarely stalked.

Spuler makes a separate family, Monopidae, for this genus; but the characters
are not unlike those of Tinea, and the larval habits are the same.

Key to the species

1. Disc of thorax and inner margin of fore wing contrasting yellow.
2. Thorax and inner margin bright yellow.

3. Fore wing blackish with violet iridescence 3. ferniginella.

3. Fore wing blackish fuscous, flecked with pale ochreous.

4. crocicapitella.

2. Thorax and inner margin yellowish white 2. dorsistrigella.

1. Disc of thorax concolorous, and inner margin slightly paler, or with con-

colorous inner margin
2. A pale spot on middle or outer part of costa.

3. Inner margin solidly dark or with a small dot at anal angle

5. monachella.

3. Inner margin paler or with a pale patch, at least half as large as the
costal one.

4. Costa without dark spots before the middle 6. biflavimaculella.

4. Costa with alternate clay-colored and dark striae

5. Tips of tegulae pale 1. irrorella.

5. Tips of tegulse concolorous 7. marginistrigella.

2. Xo pale areas on any part of wing 8. rusticella.

I. Cell half as long as fore icings: R4 and RB separate, as a rule; Cu2 free, Mi
and M2 of hind wing separate. Male valves icith straight ends and sharp (ingles.
Cell more than half the length of fore wing (Blabophanes).

1. M. irrorella Dietz. Equally mixed with whitish and dark brown; head saf-

132 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

fron yellow; anal angle dark brown, inner margin dominantly i>ale, except at
anal angle; costa also paler, especially toward middle. Thorax blackish; tips
of teguhe luteous. 11-14.5 mm.

.Tune.

Pennsylvania; New York: Otto.

2. M. dorsistrigella Clemens. (Cu2 rarely stalked). Head, disc of thorax, and
inner margin of fore wing white, sometimes tinted with yellow; streak on inner
margin widened before and beyond the middle; a triangular white patch in middle
of costa, reaching clown to the fovea; a few white flecks at the apex. Tegulaj
and ground color of fore wing dark purplish brown. 12-14 mm. (snbjunctella
Walker).

•June and July.

Massachusetts and North Carolina, to southern Ontario, Missouri, and New Mex-
ico; probably general. New York: Ithaca, Sea Cliff, Long Island.

3. M. ferruginella Hiibner. Black with violet iridescence, Dorsal streak light
cream-color, slightly widened before and beyond the middle; costal patch white,
usually reduced to a few scattered scales. Head bright ochre. A few silvery
flecks at apex. Hind wing pxirplish fuscous in male, darker in female. 11-15 mm.

The larva is a clothes moth and a general scavenger.

This species is definitely known only in Europe, but is to be looked for, mixed
with M. crocicapitella.

4. M. crocicapitella Clemens. Similar to M. ferruginella; the ground color some-
what purple-brown, paler and flecked with yellow along the costa and outer third
of the wing; the triangle not distinct; hind wing and fringes pale gray.
9-17.5 mm. (hyalinella Staudinger, lombardica Hering, heringi Richardson, fer-
ruginella Dyar, not Hiibner ) .

July to October.

The larva has been bred from Seeds of absinth and refuse, and the moth has
been taken in a cave, associated with bats.

New York to California, probably general; also in Europe and Hawaii. New
York: Morrisania (New York City); Clove Valley, Staten Island.

II. Fore wing with R4 stalked with R5, Cu2 with Cut and M3; fovea small.
Cell about half as long as icing. Hind wing with Mj and M2 separate.

5. M. monachella Hiibner. Mottled fuscous gray. Head and thorax white; a
large, trapezoidal, costal white patch, reaching the fovea. R4 and R5 stalked, Cu2
short-stalked. 11-17 mm.

Europe.

This species seems to have been introduced in Manitoba, and at St. Hilaire,
Quebec. It flies in June and July.

6. M. biflavimaculella Clemens. Head pale luteous. Thorax dark brown with
a pale spot in front. Fore wings mottled umber brown tinged with violet;
a strongly contrasting, triangular, cream-white patch on middle of costa, and a
smaller one farther out on inner margin. 15 mm. (insignisella Walker).

The moth occurs in June to September. I have seen a specimen with M, and
M, of the hind wing stalked, and one with R. and R6 of the fore wing completely
united.

Labrador to Texas and Washington. New York: Peru, Wilmington, Ithaca,
Big Indian Valley.

7. M. marginistrigella Chambers. Dark purplish brown mixed with white ; head
contrasting yellowish white. Pale spots as in the last species, the one on hind
margin more narrowly continued toward base. Apex largely pale. 9 mm.

June and September.

Kentucky; southern Ohio; western Pennsylvania.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 133

III. Fore wing with end of cell and fovea well before middle of icing; R< and R5
and Cu2 long-stalked, Mj and M, of hind wing long-stalked; valves of male rounded
oval (Monopis).

8. M. rusticella Hiibner. Almost evenly mottled with purplish fuscous; fovea
pale. Head whitish yellow. 14-20 mm.

The moth has apparently been introduced in the New World, and occurs only
sporadically in our territory. It flies from May to midsummer, and again in
autumn, having two broods.

Eurasia, Truro, Nova Scotia; Toronto; Hampton, New Hampshire. New York:
Ithaca (probably introduced).

7. TINEOLA Herrich-Schffiffer
(Tinea, in part)

Moth similar to Tinea but with rudimentary tongue and maxillary palpi. Pecten
present. Eyes of male very large.

There is a rudiment of the stigma of Trichophaga, the genus to which this seems
most nearly related. It comes from the old-world tropics.

1. T. bisselliella Hummel (the clothes moth). Pale straw yellow, head more
rusty. Fore wing occasionally with dark outer discal dot. 12-15 mm. (lanariella
Clemens). (H. p. 432 f. 252.)

The larva of this species is the commonest of the clothes moths, and is white
with a brown head. It forms slight silken galleries, but lives nearly free. It
pupates in a translucent cocoon. It will eat wool, fur, insect specimens and occa-
sionally other dried animal substances, but avoids cotton.

Common and general in distribution. New York: common everywhere.

8. TENAGA Clemens

Eyes very small with a naked space all around. Antennae nearly as long as
fore wing; palpi nearly concealed in the rough facial hair. No maxillary palpi
or tongue. Fore wing ovate-lanceolate; cell narrow, below middle of wing; one
radial lost; R, and Rr, stalked, Mj and M, stalked, but free from R4 and R5; acces-
sory and discal cells weakly closed outwardly. Hind wing lanceolate without well-
marked cell. Sc ending about two-thirds way out, but costa not sinuate; M, and
M2 stalked; M3 free; Cu: angulate where the discocellular vein usually is attached;
fringe wider than the membrane; anals reduced.

This genus apparently is related to Tineola.

1. T. pomiliella, Clemens. Yellowish ochreous, with three, irregular, broken,
brown fasciae and scattered spots. 10 mm.

June, August, and September.

Southern Ohio; Pennsylvania.

9. ISOCORYPHA Dietz
(Incurvaria Clemens, in part)

Similar to Diachorisia. Antenna smooth-scaled, with a single whorl to a seg-
ment. Fore wing (fig. 84) smooth-scaled and slightly shining; R4 and R6 short-
stalked, and A simple. Hind wing three-fifths as wide, with Cu2 two-thirds as
long as its width; and costa not sinuate. All veins separate; anals traceable.

I. mediostriatella Clemens. Antenna nearly as long as fore wing. Head yellow.
Shining brown; a large golden yellow patch two-thirds way out on costa; a broad
streak through middle of wing, almost or quite connecting with it, and half as
wide as the wing; and a patch at beginning of dorsal fringe, usually joining the
streak. Hind wing dark. Ccsta slightly sinuous beyond middle. 8 mm.

July to September.

Superficially, this form is extremely close to Hybroma chrysocomella, but it has
a brown thorax and paler antennae, besides the venational difference.

134 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

10. DIACHORISIA Clemens

(Homoseiia Clemens; Pity $ Chambers; Calostinea and StenoptineaDietz-,

P elates Dietz?)

Similar to the last group of Tinea but with some raised scaling on the fore
wings; wings often heavily tufted; or more reduced, the fore wing (fig. 82.) being
lanceolate and the hind wing sometimes linear, with cell nearly marginal. A of
fore wing, in the latter case, not forked at base, and wing-scaling sometimes
nearly smooth. Occasionally with metallic markings. Antennae usually smoother
than in Tinea, the outer whorl of scales covering nearly the whole of each segment.
.The species have not been fully studied and may not all be congeneric. Besides
the names listed in the synonymy above, Infurcitinea seems also to be a synonym
of this genus, being related to group Calostinea. Some of the species listed below
may even belong to the Adelidae.

Key to the species

1. With accessory cell; no definite scale-tufts; hind wing broader, with CU;.

nearly as long as width of cell, and with anals developed.

2. Male antenna1 distinctly pubescent; fore wing not metallic, R4 and RB
stalked; custa of hind wing sinuate (Diachorisia, fig. 82) ....1. velatella.
2. Male antennae smooth-scaled; fore wing with metallic markings; costa of
hind wing hardly sinuate, R4 and R5 free (Calostinea).

3. A transverse white fascia 2. argentistrigella.

3. Xo transverse fascia .3. argentinotella ( ?) .

1. Xo accessory cell; Cu of hind wing extremely short, the cell almost touching

the margin.
2. Both wings with all veins free; antennae long, normal; costa of hind wing

sinuate; fore wing with scale-tufts (Homosetia, fig. 80).
3. Fore wing dark brown or blackish brown.
4. Face white, vertex black. "

5. A large, well-defined silver spot near the base.

6. No white terminal dots : 4. cristatella.

6. Distinct white terminal dots on costa and outer margin.

3. argentinotella.

5. No such spot 5. obscurella.

4. Head orange 6. chrysoadspersella.

3. Fore wing suffused with tawny or golden brown.
4. White costal spots.

5. Spots toward the apex of the fore wing, perpendicular to the costa,

equal to the spaces between them 7. costisignella.

5. Spots narrow, distinct, and oblique 8. fasciella.

4. No white costal spots 9. maculatella.

3. Fore wing dominantly grayish fuscous on a white ground, with yellow-
ish spots, if there is any yellow.
4. Fore wing with golden dots.

5. Fore wing wider; subcostal tuft of median facia large.

11. miscecristatella.

5. Fore wing narrower, the tuft small 10. tricingulatella.

4. No yellow or golden 14. marginimaculella

2. Hind wing with Mj and M2 stalked, front with a conical tuft (Stenoptinea).

3. Apex of fore wing and fringe buff-brown 13. aiiriferella.

3. Apex of fore wing and fringe not pale 12. ornatella.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 135

1. D. velatella Clemens. (Fig. 82.) Head mixed brown and gray; palpi dark
outwardly. Fore wing white, dusted with fuscous; with four or five unequal spots
along costa and the usual three discals, which are rather large; the apex with
additional confused spots. 9 mm. Antennae with outer whorls of scales on each
segment nearly complete, but no longer than the inner whorls. Ventral surface
with strong pubescence, as long as a segment in male; shorter but of the same
character in female. Hind wing with cubitus and Cu2 running straight across to
inner margin, with a quarter of the width of the wing below it. Cu2 half as long
as width of wing. (In the rest of the genus Cu is closely parallel to the inner
margin, and the free part of Cu, is very short.)

July.

Maryland ; Pennsylvania.

2. D. argentistrigella Chambers. Rich, iridescent, maroon brown; face and
antennae below, silvery white; antennae annulate above. An irregular, silvery
fascia before middle, the wing beyond it dusted with white; six costal streaks
toward apex, the next to last being the longest, and two dorsal streaks. 12 mm.
(Semele Chambers.)

I have not seen this form.
Kentucky.

3. D. argentinotella Chambers. Similar to D. argentistrigella; the fascia on
the fore wing absent, or replaced by a costal patch, which typically reaches the
cell. 10-17 mm. (Semele Chambers.)

The cubit<tls in the hind wing are very short. In Florida and Texas the moth
flies in June.

Western Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas.

4. D. cristatella Chambers. Face white, sometimes suffused with fuscous ; vertex
black; thorax black, with more or less broken silvery or golden basal, antemedial,
postmedial, and subterminal bands, defined with raised scales; a heavy tuft beyond
the postmedial band on the costa, and a lesser one near the inner margin. Costal
fringe dark, dorsal white. 13 mm.

June.

In Illinois they have bred what I believe to be this species from fungus.

Kentucky.

5. D. obscurella Dietz. Similar to D. cristatella, the silvery markings weaker,
and absent at base of costa. 11 mm.

Probably this is a variety of the last species. I have only seen one type, which
was in poor condition.
July.
Nicholson, Pennsylvania; Kansas.

6. D. chrysoadspersella Dietz. Deep brown; head orange; vertex darker. Fore
wing dusted with silvery gray and sprinkled with golden scales; with irregular
silvery fasci* about like*Z>. cristatella, but the fringe heavily barred with white at
base. Tufts forming heavy transverse bars at a third and two-thirds way out.
8.5 mm.

Plummer's Island, Maryland.

7. D. costisignella Clemens. Head white; antennae dull tawny; palpi tawny yel-
low. Fore wing tawny; costa marked with about eight pale bars alternating with
dark brown and white, the markings extending into the base of the fringe; one
small scale tuft at end of cell. 12 mm.

The moth occurs in damp woods in July.

New York; New Jersey; Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca (Dietz).

8. D. fasciella Chambers. Golden bronze; tufts placed on two contrasting dark
fasciae, but themselves small, well separated, and easily overlooked; without the
brown, black, and white mottling of the last species 12 mm. (Pitys Chambers).

136 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

New Hampshire; Pennsylvania; New Jersey; Kentucky.

9. D. macula tella Dietz. Head bright ochre yellow; antcnnse three-quarters as
long as fore wing, fuscous above, and silvery below; thorax powdery; tegulse dark
brown anteriorly. Fore wing dull, powdery gray, tinted with yellow, with irregu-
lar dark costal spots and broken fasciae; tufts small, R4 and R6 stalked. 10-12 mm.

I have never seen this form.
Pennsylvania; California.

10. D. tricingulatella Clemens. Head blackish; face whitish. Antennae grayish;
palpi gray on outer side. Fore wings over six times as long as wide, gray, slightly
dusted with fuscous; a dark spot at base of costa; a band a third way out, hardly
reaching inner margin; a broad, irregular, brassy-brown band in middle of wing,
besides some brassy areas nearer base, and other irregular dark bands outwardly.
Fringe checkered black and white, pale outwardly. 10 mm.

This species and the next are easily recognized by their pattern, which is formed
of grayish white, blackish, and golden in about equal proportions.
Northern New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

11. D. miscecristatella Chambers. Differs from D. tricingulatella only as noted
in the key. Fore wing only five times as long as wide; yellow spots normally less
developed (fuscocristateUa Chambers).

Var. auricristatella Chambers is pale, with the head wholly whitish.
I have taken the moth in July.
Kentvicky; Worcester, Massachusetts.

12. D. ornatella Dietz. Face yellowish white; vertex and thorax dark brown;
antenna; silver gray. Fore wing dark brown with irregular, silvery and golden
patches and oblique bars; with raised, brown tufts. Hind wing more gray. 6.5 mm.

This is said to be the smallest Tineid with folded maxillary palpi. It occurs
in July.

District of Columbia.

13. D. auriferella Dietz. Similar, the golden and silvery markings on the fore
wing less distinct. 8 mm.

District of Columbia.

14. D. marginimaculella Chambers. Fuscous ash-gray; head lighter, dull clay
color; antennae gray. Fore wing neatly and regularly spotted with black; rough
looking, without any yellow or golden scales. Costa heavily black-marked at base,
with foiir large, black bars toward the middle and three small ones toward apex.
Fold with dark spots at middle and four-fifths way out, a dorsal spot toward apex,
and spots a quarter, half, and three-fourths way out on the cell, the latter, and
the outer one in the fold, larger. Hind wing gray. 10 mm. (maculimarginella
Chambers; Tinea Chambers).

I have seen the type and believe it belongs in Diachorisia. It is certainly no
Tinea. It came from Kentucky.

15. D. (?) heteropalpella Dietz. Silvery white, reticulate with golden brown;
with more or less alternating, dark costal and dorsal spots. Head whitish, mixed
with brown on vertex; thorax white; front of tegular brown. Maxillary palpi long,
folded, the first joint as long as the remainder. Eyes small, round; antennae three-
fourths as long as fore wings, with whorls of loose scales like Tinea; fore wing
apparently with R5 and Mj stalked; hind wing narrow, costa sinuate. 8 mm.

This species may belong to the Adelidae (subgenus Bathroxena Meyrick; Pelates
Dietz, preoccupied ) .

Plummer's Island, Maryland.

16. D. (?) afflictella Walker is a plain blackish species, 25 mm. in expanse, which
very likely does not belong here (Tinea Walker).

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 137

11. CHOROPLECA Walsingham and Durrani

(Cyane Chambers, not Felder)

Similar to Tinea (fig. 89, antenna). Fore wing ample (fig. 86), with Cu arising
out on the cell not unlike Incurvaria; all veins separate. Hind wing trapezoidal,
broad; one vein wanting, all veins separate.

1. C. vesaliella Chambers. Whitish, dusted, striate and mottled with blackish.
Head dirty white, mixed with brown behind. Antennae annulate, with groups of
darker segments near base, half, three-fourths, and seven-eighths way out. Fore
wing with costal area and base dark brown; black in patches, the dark area extend-
ing halfway across the wing at its middle as a large spot, and cut by several
white bars. Inner margin with a couple of brown spots, and smaller ones on the
disc. Apical fringe with white bars, dorsal fringe pale. 8.5-11 mm.

This species looks rather like a Tinea. It flies in June.

Parry Sound, Ontario; south to Florida and Louisiana. "New York" (Dietz).

12. HYBROMA Clemens
(With Isocorypha Dietz, in part)

Antennae rather more than half as long as fore wing; fore wing normal, typically
with all veins free (fig. 85) in E. (?) chrysocomella (fig. 83) with R4 and RB
stalked and Cu, lost. (H. servulella shows a^ trace of the basal fork of A.) Hind
wing with costa arched, Sc extending well beyond middle, R straight, running to
costa, M primitive, forking well before middle of wing, M1+2 connected by a trans-
verse vein to R but M3 free; M± running to apex. Cu forked, free.

In placing chrysocomella in this genus rather than in Isocorypha, I have put
more weight on the unique venation of the hind wing than on the fore wing, which
agrees with that of mediostriatella.

1. H. sen'ulella Clemens. Bright light yellow; antennae fuscous. Fore wing
with costal edge brown from base, widening into a patch beyond middle, which
may rarely extend across the wing; a second patch two-thirds way out; basal half
of inner margin with an irregular brown patch. Yellow ground when least
extended, appearing as four, partly confluent, rounded spots, besides the yellow
apex. 11 mm.

June and July.

Cohasset, Massachusetts, to western Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey, and
Missouri. 'New York: Ithaca.

2. H. (?) chrysocomella Dietz. Closely similar to H. servulella, but with brown
markings more extensive, usually cutting off a rounded yellow spot at the anal
angle. Ground rather darker, the markings more purplish. 7 mm.

Kansas and westward.

13. LEUCOMELE Dietz

Similar to typical Hybroma; wings (fig. 81) much narrower, hind wing with
sinuate costa, Sc extending less than half the length of the wing, with all three
branches of M connected to R by a short cross-vein, and base of M lost. Ovipositor
extensile, membranous.

1. L. miriamella Dietz. White; vertex and thorax dark purplish brown; fore
wing dusted with blackish, gathering to form streaks along costa and base of inner
margin; a couple of bars in fold, and several lesser spots. Apex darker. Fringe
checkered at base, outer part whitish with a dark dividing line. 9.5-14 mm.

The types were taken on the trunk of a cherry tree in June. The apical third
of the fore wing may be suffused with black except for the barred fringes; and the
bars in the cell may fuse into a heavy oblique fascia.

138 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

14. HOMOSTINEA Dietz

Antennae two-thirds as long as fore wings; fore wings (fig. 76') lanceolate, R«,
M,, and M; stalked; Mj sometimes lost, accessory cell present. Hind wings nar-
rower than fore wings, narrow-lanceolate, cell open below media; costa sinuate;
Sc only two-fifths as long as fore wing; one medial lost, and radius and M, often
barely traceable.

1. H. curvilineella Dietz. Pale yellow dusted with blackish; antennae blackish;
fuscous dusting variable, and sometimes very slight, gathering at base of costa
and forming obscure spots and streaks. First discal dot normally represented by a
black spot, and the outer one by a curved, oblique streak. 9-12 mm.

The moth flies in the Gulf Strip in June, and northward in July.

District of Columbia to Missouri, Kansas, and Texas. New York (?)

15. CENOE Chambers

Head normal; antennae three-fourths as long as fore wing. Fore wing lanceolate
(fig. 75); R5, M,, and M2 stalked; Cua lost; hind wing linear, with short Sc and
sinuate costa; M represented by a free, forked or trifid vein; Cu obscurely forked
at margin or simple.

1. (E. hybromella Chambers. Head yellowish white, dusted with brown; thorax
and basal third of fore wing maroon brown, ending at an erect silvery fascia.
Outer part pale green, easily fading to pale yellow, somewhat irregularly dusted
with brown. 8—9 mm.

Northward, the moth flies in July, and in the Gulf Strip in June.

Maryland; Pennsylvania; southern Ohio; Mississippi.

16. MEA Busck
(Progona Dietz, not Berg)

Palpi with second joint bushy, clothed with spreading, hair-like scales on its
apical half; leaving the upper edge free, third joint rough and blunt. Antennae
rough-scaled, two-thirds as long, or as long, as fore wings. Fore \ving lanceolate,
C^ lost, M2 and M3 stalked, R5 and Mj stalked; R2 arising well back from angle of
cell; hind wing with Sc ending two-fifths way out on costa; costa sinuate; cell
closed, M2 and M3 stalked. Fringe nearly twice as wide as membrane.

The venation is Tineid, but the sexually dimorphic antennae suggest the Adelidae.
I have had no opportunity to examine the structure fully.

1. M. skinnerella Dietz. Vertex white; palpi and face black. Antennae fuscous
brown, white toward the base. Thorax white; fore wing white, dusted with brown,
shaded with orange toward apex and on fringe; costa irregularly edged with dark
brown well toward apex, and with some smaller, ill-defined, brown spots. 7.5 mm.

July.

Northern New Jersey.

2. M. bipunctella Dietz. White; shoulders black; dark costal shading forming
only two projecting waves.

Florida; Ohio.

17. TRIPTODEMA Dietz

Fore wing with normal venation, all veins free; hind wing lanceolate, the costa
not sinuate, with M primitive, three-forked, with no cross-vein between the forks,
but one present between M3 and Cu. Fringe nearly twice as wide as membrane.
Ovipositor membranous.

This genus apparently is related to Hybroma.

1. T. sepulchrella Dietz. Dark brown, dusted with yellow, the yellow dominant
on the thorax. Head russet. Fore wing with yellowish streaks in cell and fold,
cut by the dark brown discal spots. A large dark brown spot near base. 8 mm.

August.

Plummers Island, Maryland.

139

18. XTLESTHIA Clemens

Head wholly rough, palpi with third joint very thin, half as long as second;
second joint with a large brush of hair as in Amydria. Antennae two-thirds as
long as fore wings, as in Tinea, with a very heavy pecten. Wings as in Amydria,
narrower, with rough scaling and scale tufts.

1. X. pruniramiella Clemens. Dull pale brown, usually with paired paler striae
and the scales largely black-tipped; sometimes nearly immaculate or with a darker
shade through the middle. Fringe barred in var. kearfottella Dietz. 12-15 mm.
(congeminatella Zeller, clemensella Chambers).

The moth is locally common from May to August. The larva is dirty white, with
a brown head and cervical shield. It mines in woody excrescences on plum. The
cocoon is made of frass and is placed near the mouth of the burrow. April and
May.

New Hampshire to Georgia, Kansas and Texas. New York : Ithaca, West Farms.

19. AMYDRIA Clemens

(Myrmecozela Meyrick, in part)

Head rough, though less so than usual in the Tineidae, with short flattened hair.
Antenna? whorled with scales, half as long as fore wings, pecten absent. Tongue
and maxillary palpi very small; the latter porrect; labial palpi upturned to vertex
with a spherical tuft on the second segment; the third segment about as long, and
slender. Venation like that of Tinea.

Almost all the moths are identical in
pattern, and are light straw yellow
with brownish markings and reticula-
tion; but they differ widely in the male

genitalia. The figures show the outline j+^j Y 99 ^J " ' 10°

of the valve as shown by denuding.

/. Head rougher, third segment of FIGS. 99-100. EIGHT VALVES OF MALE
palpi compressed laterally (Amydria). GENITALIA OF . SPECIES OF AMYDRIA

1. A. effrenatella Clemens. Fuscous 99, A. effrenatella; 100, A. brevipen-
shading usually forming a discal patch nella (from co-type in the United States
extending obliquely down and basad into National Museum)

the fold, a shade in the fold near the

base, spots about the outer margin, and a shade along the inner margin. 15-25 mm.

The male uncus ends in two long spines, the valve has a moderate spine on the
ventral edge (fig. 99).

June and August.

Massachusetts and Parry Sound, Ontario to New Jersey, Missouri and Pennsyl-
vania. New York : Ithaca.

2. A. brevipennella Dietz. Tuft on palpus smaller than in A. effrenatella; moth
usually paler with light reticulation, leaving the marginal spots and discal patch
strongly contrasting; sometimes differing from small specimens of A. effrenatella
only in structure. 14-15 mm.

The male is easily distinguished by the absence of the spine on the lower edge
of the valve. The uncus is only slightly cleft (fig. 100). A blackish variety of
this species is known.

Maryland; District of Columbia; Virginia.

//. Head smoother; vestiturc of fronl less prominent; third segment of palpus
flattened from front to back (Dysmasia Herrich-Schceffer).

3. A. dyarella Dietz. Gray to dark fuscous brown, inner margin with distincter

140 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

markings, fringe with nine dark bars. Dark markings contrasting and clean-cut
on a nearly evenly colored ground, tending to be transverse. 13-15 mm.

I have not seen this form, and nothing has been published as to its structure.
It was taken at Hazelton, Pennsylvania. It is darker than any of a large group
of related southern species.

Pennsylvania; Maryland.

20. SETOMORPHA Zcllcr
(Semiota, Apotomia Dietz)

Head smoothly scaled, palpi moderate, ascending, flattened, second joint thickened
with scales, and with lateral setae; tongue and maxillary palpi obsolete. Wings
rather narrow, ovate-lanceolate. Fore wing (fig. 79) with a more or less hyaline
fovea in the accessory cell, which is not wholly separated from the discal cell, the
fovea distorting the venation in both sexes; R3 to R5 stalked, CUj and Cu2 united in
mule, stalked in female. Hind wing with costa sinuate, Sc short, Mj and M, stalked,
M3 and Cu, united in male, separate in female. i»i3 and Cilj of fore wing stalked
in some specimens, in others, free. Fovea with fine spinules on the wing-membrane,
which may represent aculese.

1. S. insectella Fabricius. Dull luteous, dotted with light gray-brown. 8-20 mm.
(operosella, inamosnella, ruderella Zeller; multimaculella Chambers, majorella,
sigmoidella, transversestrigella, fractilineella Dietz).

If the species occurs at all in the northeastern States, it is a stray. It is an
important pest of stored food in the tropics.

Family 10. PSYCHIDJE

(With TineidsE, in part)

Mouth parts typically all rudimentary, the palpi usually reduced to
hairy tubercles, and the rest lost ; a little more developed in Kearfottia.
Head with loose, hairy vestiture, that on body variable ; ocelli absent,
with rare exceptions. Eyes small and retracted, often nearly buried
in vestiture; antennae moderate to very short, in higher forms broadly
pectinated, with scaling irregular and confined to the upper side ; in the
lower forms with the normal two whorls and some bristles.

Abdomen of female ending in a bushy tuft, whose hairs are mixed
with the eggs. Legs short, and in higher forms, hairy, the spurs tend-
ing to disappear. Typically with more or less translucent or transparent
wings. Fore wing with base of M quite distinctly preserved and often
forked; Cu apparently 2- or 3-branched; accessory cell separated from
cell by a fine vein, or fused with it as in other Tineoids, Rr,
always running to outer margin, near apex. At least the middle por-
tion of 1st A preserved, often connected to 2d A by a crossvein or
running into 2d A ; 3d A free at base and quite strong ; usually with
the tip very distinctly forked, and the upper fork joining 2d A.
Hind wing typically with R1 full developed, running across to Sc,
often with tip of Sc free, and often with an anastomosis between R
and 1^ farther out; two or three anals, none distinctly forked at

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

141

base. Very often a few veins are lost, or there may be secondary
veins developed, especially in the costal region of both wings, making
the homologies uncertain. The foregoing description applies fully only

FlGS. 101-105. PSYCHIDjE

101, Thyridopteryx ephemercvformis, male venation; 102, Eurycyttarus con-
federata, male venation; 103, Solenobia walshella, male venation; 104, Kearfottiu
albafasciella, venation; 105, Thyridopteryx ephemerceformis, seta map of larva

to the males of the more specialized genera; in the lower ones, the
venation is as in the Acrolophid Tineidse, from which only the tufted
abdomen of the female, and small first segment of palpi seem to differ-
entiate them in the adult. The females in the lowest forms are much like
the males, except for the abdominal tuft; but in the higher, they grad-
ually become reduced till in the most specialized genera the female is
maggot-like, without recognizable structures, and with only the per-
sistent abdominal tuft to show that it belongs to the Lepidoptera.
These last forms never leave the pupa shell, but are fertilized within
the cocoon by means of the long extensible abdomen of the male, and
lay their eggs within the empty pupa shell, shrinking as they lay them.
Even the lower forms that have preserved their legs and other append-
ages usually lay their eggs in or on the cocoon.

Eggs thin, of flat type, laid in a mass mixed with hairs. Larva (fig.
105) with the true legs strong, and the prolegs reduced practically to
their hooks, the prolegs all similar, with a single horse-shoe of uniord-
inal hooks, open on the inner posterior side, even .the anals being prac-
tically like the others. Head with adfrontals massive, typically not
reaching much above top of front, the front never reaching the ver-
tex. Cervical shield large, surrounding the spiracle, which is length-
ened horizontally ; meso- and metathorax also with dorsal plates. Body

142 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

with setaj i and ii unusually variable in position, normal in lower
forms, in higher with ii nearer the mid-dorsal line than i, or even
directly above it; iv and v adjacent. All the known larvae live in a
movable case, with a large anterior opening for feeding, and a smaller
posterior one through which the excrement is passed, through which the
pupa emerges, and, in the higher forms, through which the extensible
abdomen of the male is passed to fertilize the female. In the lowest
forms the case is flattened and ellipsoidal (very likely so in Kear-
t'ottia), in Solenobia tending to be triangular, with a three-valved pos-
terior opening, like that of many Coleophoridaa ; in the Psychinas fusi-
form, tapering strongly to each end and covered on the outside with
bits of foreign matter.

Pupa with second segment of abdomen more or less movable, dorsal
headpiece narrow and prothorax unusually wide for aTineoid; antennas
short, broad in those species whose imagoes have pectinate antennas;
niaxilhe rather quadrangular, not covering the labial palpi at all,
exactly as in the Hepialidae; the mandibles forming a distinct separate
sclerite. Abdomen with each segment armed with an anterior row of
spines and- a posterior one of bristles; female pupas of higher forms
larviform, intermediate between the larva and grub-like adult in appear-
ance, but brown and chitinized.

The family characters as given above are from the more typical
specialized forms ; the lower ones have not been fully studied, and show
an intergradation to the lowest Tineoids, the pupse having diffuse areas
of spines dorsally. In spite of the wide variation, the European
genera, which are many, form almost a perfect series from the lowest
to the highest. The position of Kearfottia is doubtful, in the lack of
knowledge of the early stages, but it seems related to the Lypusinae,
rather than to the Tineidas or Yponomeutidas. In many of its char-
acters it is an exception to the definition of the Psychidaa, but the
female has the characteristic, bristly anal tuft.

Subfamily Lypusinae. Female winged. Palpi distinct; vertex in our species
moderately roughened; antennae practically simple. Fore wing (fig. 104) with
Rs running to outer margin, with all veins preserved, in our species with all free;
accessor}' cell distinct, separated from, discal by a fine vein; base of M in our
species not forked. Cubitals rather short, and running squarely across to inner
margin; 1st A free, weak. Hind wing with Ra appearing merely as a crossvein
from Sc to R, cell much shorter on anterior side, the area above the base of M
in our species quite small; with complete venation, or (in Kearfottia) with CUj
lost. Anal region a little reduced, though fully veined. Larva in a usually
flattened case; normally a scavenger or carnivorous; pupa with cremastral spines
dorsal. Kearfottia.

Subfamily Talaeporiinae. Female wingless, but with normal eyes, antennae, legs,
and other appendages; leaving the cocoon for fertilization but laying its eggs
within it. Male structure as in Lypusvtice, antennae bristled; the fore wing in
Solenobia with a vein lost (fig. 10.3). Case somewhat flattened, but with triangu-
lar valve; the larva feeding on lichens. Solenobia.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 143

Subfamily Psychinae. Female wingless, legless, and naked except for the terminal
tuft; never leaving the pupal shell, or only after the eggs are laid; male antennae
pectinate; abdomen extremely extensible, conical when retracted; fore wing with
all radials preserved or, rarely, one lost, often with a medial lost (by union of
M3 and CUj ?), often with extra veins. Accessory cell not distinct, 1st A con-
nected to 2d A by cross vein, or running into 2d A. Hind wing with tip of Sc
free, as a spur, the veins toward the margin variable and anastomosing, often
with additional spurs, normal in Chalia; M3 stalked with M2 or lost. Larva of
northeastern species in a fusiform case; with true legs shorter and stouter than
usual, with ii higher than i on abdomen. Pupa with cremastral spines subventral
( save in Chalia rileyi ) .

Male with transparent wings, hind wing subtriangular and small; fore
wing more than twice as wide (fig. 101); abdomen conical. Larva with
tubercle ii directly over i (fig. 105). Thyridopteryx.

Male with opaque, smoky wings, broad and ample, the abdomen hardly
exceeding them (fig. 102) ; larva with tubercle ii on the annulet behind i.
Eurycyttarus.

Male with translucent smoky, hairy wings, intermediate in width, the hind
wing not lobed and relatively small. Fore wing with two veins lost, the rest
free; 1st A curving down into 2d A; hind wing with seven veins, all free;
the cell short in front. Chalia.

1. KEARFOTTIA Fernald

Front smooth, vertex with more or less rough scaling, leaning forward; much
as in the CEcophoridse ; palpi oblique, reaching middle of front, second segment
with long, loose hair-scales, third porrect; tongue minute; maxillary1 palpi
scaly; no ocelli; antennae rather less than half as long as fore wing, heavily
ciliate, the cilia as long as the segments. Fore wing (fig. 104) elliptical, three
times as long as wide; with complete venation, the veins from R2 to Cu, nearly
equidistant, Cu2 a little more widely spaced, Rt arising a third of the way out.
Hind wing about half as wide, nearly semicircular, Cu, arising two-thirds way
out on the cell, anals all present, 2d A forked at base, sinuate, CUj missing, mdcv
unusually long and oblique, the simple base of M continued as M14^; udcv short,
transverse. Female 'similar with a heavy body and large terminal tuft. Larva
unknown.

The genus would fit almost as well in the Tineidee (between the two sub-
families) or in the Yponomeutidse (in the broad sense) as here, but the resem-
blance to Narycia and Diplodoma suggest a position near the foot of the Psychid
series.

1. K. albafasciella Fernald. Head, thorax, and basal and apical thirds of fore
wing deep brown; middle third cream white, usually with four dark spots along
costal, and three along dorsal edge. <$ 8 mm., $ 12 mm.

July.

Maryland; southern Ohio; Missouri (?).

2. SOLENOBIA Zeller

Characters of the subfamily. No ocelli, M, (?) lost (fig. 103), M2 and M3
stalked or connate; hind wing with M, and M3 stalked. A small area of aculese near
the base of. cell. Female with a minute lanceolate rudiment of a wing.

The pupa is similar to that of Tinea, but the rows of spines are triple, ratjier
than single; and the maxillee are very short and widely separated, but have distinct
maxillary palpi, separated by a suture. The antennas are also shorter than in
Tinea.

144 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1. S. walshella Clemens. Male smoky; fore wing more or less contrastingly
mottled and dusted with whitish; translucent. 12 mm. Female smoky black,
rough, with sparse hair-scales.

The larva feeds on lichens on trunks of trees. The moth is not rare but is
easily overlooked.

New York and south. New York: Ithaca, Bronxville (Woodruff).

3. CHALIA Moore

Antennae short, broadly pectinate; abdomen conical and hairy, with large
genitalia exposed at the end. Fore wing triangular, with costa rather straight
toward base; apex rounded over, and inner and outer margins straight. Two
anterior radials lost; R, and RB connate or shortly stalked, forking over the apex,
M2 and M3 connate. Cua and Cu2 both arising from lower margin of cell. 3d A run-
ning into 2d A. Hind wing two-thirds as long as fore wing, but of only half the
area. Sc free; cell narrow in front; all the veins widely spaced, and one medial
lost.

The pupa has widely separated, quadrangular maxillae and distinct mandibles,
as in the Hepialidae. The cremastral spines are nearly terminal but above the
anus; the wings of the male less than half the length of the body, obsolete in the
female. The abdominal segments have two toothed ridges. The case is nearly
cylindrical but somewhat fusiform. It is 11 mm. long, and is covered with fine,
dust-like material (lichens ?).

This description is drawn up from C. rileyi, which may prove to be distinct
from the genus Chalia. It is more primitive than our other Psychinse.

1. C. rileyi Heylaerts. Translucent smoky, without markings. 10-12 mm.

The larva is flesh color; its thorax yellow, striate with dark brown, and shin-
ing. The moth emerges in September.

Missouri; Jefferson County, West Virginia.

4. EURYCYTTARUS Hampson

(Psyche, in part)

Male antennae very broadly plumose; tibial epiphysis quite small; one medial
lost in both wings (fig. 102).

1. E. confederate Grote and Robinson. Smoky, the wings thinly but evenly
scaled. 15 mm. (H 41:8; 1:16, larval case.)

The larvae feed on low plants, climbing up on the trunks of trees to pupate,
in the early spring. The case is fusiform; less than 25 mm. long. It is covered
with pieces of leaf, and so forth, running lengthwise, and, usually more than half
as long as the case.

New York to Colorado and south. New York: Ithaca, New Baltimore, Staten
Island; Newtown, Long Island.

5. THYRIDOPTERYX Stephens

Male antennae broadly but stiffly pectinate, with simple, serrate apex. Hind
wing rounded-triangular (fig. 101), extended at anal angle; wings transparent,
except costae and inner margin of hind wing.

1. T. ephemeraefonnis Haworth. Transparent and smoky. 25 mm. (H 41:12.)

The larva feeds on various trees and shrubs, even arbor vitse and other ever-
greens, and is sometimes injurious. The moths emerge in late fall, and the eggs
hibernate. The case of the full-grown female may be nearly 50 mm. long; that
of the male is always much smaller.

Connecticut to Florida. New York: Geneva (cases), Fort Edward, New Balti-
more, Mt. Vernon, New York City, Staten Island; general on Long Island. Not
hardy at Ithaca, but a pest on Long Island.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 145

Family 11. TISCHERIIDJE

(Tineidae, in part)

Vertex with a rather smooth, spreading, flat tuft covering base of
antennae; front smooth-scaled, high, tapering strongly below. Ocelli
absent; maxillary palpi obsolete; tongue weak, scaled; labial palpi
smallish to minute, somewhat roughly scaled, but without bristles, not
upturned. Antenna with scape smallish, a third the width of the eye,
with a small, modified, scaly pecten. Segments of shaft slender, and
ciliate below, with outer whorl of scales perceptibly raised. Eyes large
and naked. Hind tibiae hairy, the upper spurs well toward base. Fore
wing lanceolate (fig. 106) more or less caudate, with large discal and
accessory cells and all veins arising from them short. All radials pres-
ent; R], arising before the middle of the cell; R5 running to costa;
one or more dorsal veins lost, and those present very short; the last
cubital running directly across to inner margin. Hind wing normally

..u

,** \
Our \

FIGS. 106-107. TISCHEKIID^E
106, . Tischeria, venation ; 107, Tischeria malifoliella, seta map of larva

hardly half as wide as fore wing, in a few males about as wide, pointed ;
female frenulum of 2 bristles. Venation reduced and cell open.

Larva (fig. 107) less specialized than the Lyonetiidae and Opostegidae,
strongly flattened; epicrania with an obscure lateral keel, with the nor-
mal setae preserved, the epicrania extending a third their width behind
the vertex. Hypostoma well developed, with divergent lateral sutures.
Labrum with well developed pilifers; front reaching vertex, but some-
tunes narrowed to a point behind. Ocelli' preserved, equal in size.
Mouth parts small, normal. Mandibles of the biting type, the larva
eating the parenchyma. Thoracic legs wanting. Abdominal segments
slightly lobed laterally; prolegs with transverse bands of rudimentary
hooks.

The larva is a leaf-miner, usually making- a large blotch. Some-
times the feeding is all on one side, leaving the beginning of the mine

146 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

as a projecting point (trumpet-mine). The frass is ejected through
a small slit in the leaf.

Pupa incomplete, of a low type, with segment 3, and possibly segment
2 free ; fairly well chitinized. Setae sometimes very heavy, i and ii
approximate on the movable segments. Dorsal spines fine, in one
patch, or in two patches of spines of unequal size ; sometimes with a
row of larger posterior spines (oak species). Cremaster of two heavy,
upcurved hooks. Head with large dorsal piece ; prothorax small ; maxil-
la? long, nearly covering palpi; no maxillary palpi.

There appears to be only a single genus north of Florida. It is
rather like the Tineidas but the early stages are specialized for leaf-
mining, and at the same time have some primitive characters.

1. TISCHERIA Zeller
(With Copt of rich e Walsingham)

Characters of the family. In many species, the under side of the fore wing
is clothed with many fine spinules that may represent aculese, but they are too
coarse, and are more likely to be modified scales. Various sexual modifications
of the wing are common, the most extreme form being that of T. zelleriella, in
which the costa of the hind wing is notched, and the usual fringe replaced at the
notch by fine, short bristles.

Key to the species
1. Nearly even dark gray.

2. Scales evenly colored and quite purplish 2. aenca.

2. Scales merely shining fuscous, with paler tips; a smaller species.

1. malifoliella, 3. roseticola.
1. Fore wing powdered with blackish or with bands of powdering.

2. Scattered small areas of black dusting 6. solidaginifoliella.

2. Two oblique transverse fasciae 5. heliopsisella.

2. Heavily dusted all over 4. ambrosiceella.

1. Fore wing yellow, often broadly shaded with darker yellow, or with a very

little brown dusting; larvae on oak and chestnut.
2. Hind wing of male as wide as fore wing.

3. Male with apical fringe notched 16. zelleriella.

3. Male with fringe normal.

4. Hind wing regularly lanceolate 15. sulphured.

4. Hind wing widened at base, abruptly attenuate just beyond middle.

14. clemensella.
2. Hind wing of male half as wide as fore wing.

3. Male with a fuscous patch near base of fore wing below, and less marked

ones on both sides of hind wing 12. citrinipennella.

3. Male without such patches.

4. A patch of fuscous scales at anal angle of fore wing above.

5. Vertex deep brown; fore wing pale lemon yellow, apex reddish or

brown, sometimes dusted with black 11. badiiella.

5. Vertex concolorous; fore wing dull ochreous 10. tinctoriella.

4. No such patch.

5. Abdomen densely dusted beneath with fuscous brown on a pale yellow

ground " 9. cast aneceella.

5. Abdomen not dark dusted.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK ANp NEIGHBORING STATES 147

6. Fore wing dull ochre 8. concolor.

6. Fore wing reddish yellow, margined with purplish fuscous.

7. fuscomarginella.
6. Fore wing pale straw yellow, writh dark-dusted spots.

13. albostraminea.

1. T. malifoliella Clemens. Mouse gray, a little shining, the scale -tips showing
some golden iridescence. 6 mm.

Larva on apple, starting in a linear mine, which is gradually widened into a
large blotch; but is not tentiform until the formation of the cocoon, when a fold
is made, to contain the pupa. Larva in August; moth in May.

This moth, the " trumpet-miner ", is generally distributed.

New York: Menands (Albany Co.), Schenectady, East Greenbush. The larval
work is seen throughout the State, but I have seen no records.

2. T. aenea Frey and Boll. Similar to T. malifoliella, rather larger, distinctly
brighter and more purplish, with strong bronzy iridescence and purple apex; the
hind wing rather more nearly concolorous. 7 mm.

The larva occurs on Rubus. The mine is generally straight, and runs to the
edge of the leaf, usually between two veins. The mine is crumpled in parallel folds,
much like that of the oak -feeding species and Lithocolletis.

Massachusetts; Ohio; Pennsylvania; Texas.

3. T. roseticola Frey and Boll. Indistinguishable from malifoliella in the adult
stage, but usually a little smaller, duller, with broader wings, slightly more roughly
scaled toward the apex, and with a yellower face.

The larva is a trumpet miner on rose.

4. T. ambrosiaeella Chambers. Head powdery dull brown; fore wing luteous,
heavily dusted with blackish, showing traces of the transverse bands of T. heliop-
sisella, the dark markings leaving two or three lightly dusted and more distinctly
yellow areas toward the outer margin. Fringe mouse gray with some black-tipped
scales. Hind wing mouse gray. 6 mm.

The larva mines Ambrosia trifida and does not form a nidus.

Kentucky; Ohio; Missouri.

f>. T. heliopsisella Chambers. Deep ochre yellow. Fore wing with two oblique
gray fasciae from a third way out on costa to middle of inner margin and from
beyond middle of costa to three-fourths way out on inner margin; a costal streak
from the latter to the apex, and a streak in base of fold; all the black dusting
a white ground. 8 mm. (nolckenii Frey and Boll).

The larva occurs on Heliopsis and Ambrosia, in August. It spins a circular
white nidus for shelter within the mine, and pupates in it.

Southern Ohio; Kentucky; California.

6. T. solidaginifoliella Clemens. Cream color or light straw yellow; shaded
with bright yellow, becoming yellow -brown in the costal fringe. Head solid yellow;
fore wing w'ith scattered spots of black dusting. 7 mm.

August. Larva in a flat, white blotch on upper side of leaves of Solidago.
Pennsylvania to Texas. New York: Albany.

7. T. fuscomarginella Chambers. The larva is a miner on the under side of oak
leaves.

Kentucky.

8. T. concolor Zeller. This species is known only from Texas. The mine is at
the edge of a leaf of oak.

9. T. castaneaeella Chambers. Pale yellow, all the margins of the fore wing
strongly shaded and dusted with yellow brown ; the under side of the abdomen
contrastingly dusted with dark brown except at the apex. 8 mm.

The larva forms a narrow blotch mine along the edge of a leaf of chestnut. I
have never seen a male.
Virginia; Kentucky.

148 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

10. T. tinctoriella Chambers. Dull ochre, the margins noticeably dusted with
dark -brown, darker than badiiella. Fore wing of male gray-scaled below, except
at the apex and below the fold, (quercitella Clemens).

Larva in a blotch-mine on the upper side of an oak leaf, the mine extending out
into lobes and marked with zigzag purple lines.

Kentucky; Missouri. New York: Albany (New York State Museum).

11. T. badiiella Chambers. Light straw yellow, with contrasting, dark-brown
vertex; apex of fore wing usually dusted with black (var. pruinosella Chambers)
typically with the two dots only; fore wing more or less tawny-shaded from anal
angle to apex. A small dark spot two -thirds way out on costa as well as the
one on the inner margin, (citrinipennella Walsingham, not Clemens; purinosella,
pruinosella Chambers).

The larval mine is a crumpled blotch on oak like that of T. zelleriella. The moth
occurs in August and in March.
Quebec to Texas.

12. T. citrinipennella Clemens. Yellow; head and thorax yellow -brown; costa
and apical third shaded with yellow -brown; fringes much paler and duller. Hind
wing whitish, becoming umber brown at base. Abdomen dusted with brownish
yellow below, but much paler than in T. castaneseella. 8 mm. (quercivorella
Chambers; fuscomarginella Walsingham, not Chambers.)

Mine on oak; crumpled like that of T. badiiella. Moth in August.
Pennsylvania; Ohio; Missouri. New York: Crosby (Yates Co.), Ithaca.

13. T. albostraminea Walsingham. Pale straw color, not shaded with ochre;
with blackish-dusted spots two-thirds way out on costa, five-sixths way out on
inner margin, and over the apex, the latter the strongest. Apical fringe deep
ochre. Underside pale with deep-ochre apical fringe. 5 mm.

The larva forms a small blotch on white oak. The moth emerges in August.
It is our smallest species.

District of Columbia; Kentucky. New York: (type).

14. T. clemensella Chambers. Yellow, costal edge and some dusting toward apex
below browner. Basal half of fore wing, below, with yellow sex-scaling (bicolor
Frey and Boll).

Texas.

15. T. sulphurea Frey and Boll. Texas. This moth is unknown to me.

1(5. T. zelleriella Clemens. Light ochre, with a deep yellow shade in fringe over
apex, costal fringe of hind wing brown, dorsal pale. Hind wing whitish in the
male, gray in the female. Under side of fore wing with long, stiff hair, extending
obliquely up from near inner margin, nearly across to costa, and from base three-
fifths length of wing; cell clothed with dense fine scales. 9 mm. (Coptotriche Wal-
singham; complanoides Frey and Boll; latipennella Chambers).

The larva makes a trumpet-mine on oak, and is unique in Tischeria in leaving
its frass within the mine in a series of curved lines. The moth occurs generally in
March and April.

Distribution general.

New York. (Henry Edwards.)

Family 12 LYONETIHXffi

(Tineidae, in part)

Vertex either hairy or scaled ; face smoothly scaled, strongly oblique ;
tongue weak and naked or obsolete ; maxillary palpi usually obsolete ;
more rarely quite short, straight, and drooping; labial palpi short and
scaled, drooping or obsolete, best developed in Phyllocnistis, which only

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 149

doubtfully belongs to this family. Ocelli absent. Antennae with scape
enlarged and flattened; with eye-cap except in a couple of species of
Phyllocnistis. Shaft with two nearly equal whorls of scales to a seg-
ment. Hind tibiae with long bristly hair above, becoming a row of
strong bristles in Phyllocnistis; upper spurs attached well above the
middle. Fore wing lanceolate, often caudate (with a slender pro-
longation of the apical membrane), R5 running to costa; radials often
reduced to three; Rx leaving cell well toward base of wing, except in

FlGS. 108-112. LYONETIID^E

108, Paraleucoptera albella, venation (after Heinrich) ; 109, Bedellia
somnulentella, venation; 110, Bucculatria;, venation; 111, Lyonetia,
venation of fore wing; 112, Phyllocnistis, venation

Phyllocnistis, or lost. Not more than four dorsal veins. Vein 1st A
weak, free ; 2d A variable, even within the genus Cemiostoma. Hind
wing linear or lanceolate, its fringe much wider than itself, the mem-
brane abruptly narrowed near or before middle of costa. Sc short,
running close to costal edge, or even fused with it ; sharply diverg-
ent from the R-stem from the base as in the Elachistoidea ; R-stem
running, to apex, with one or two medials given off from its lower
side ; Cu separate, simple except in Philonome ; anal region extremely
reduced, often without distinct veins.

Egg flat. Larva with both true legs and prolegs present; 16 legs,
except in Phyllocnistis. Body nearly cylindrical. Head much flat-
tened in the normal series, with strong lateral keels and reduced mouth
parts. Ocelli, six, in two groups ; some setae lost. Front quadrangular ;
hypostoma as in the Tischeriidae. Setae iv and V on abdomen remote,
i nearer the middle line than ii; setae of prothoracic wart widely
separated ; setae of prolegs uniordinal in a complete ellipse ; rarely with
traces of a second row.

Pupa with all appendages soldered together and no free segments;
labial and maxillary palpi not visible; labrum a separate sclerite;
appendages nearly as long as the body; antenna} longer than wings;
prothorax narrow, especially on the middle line, the dorsal head piece

150 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

wide. Spiracles small, circular and slightly projecting. Dorsum of
abdomen not spinulated.

The larva and pupae of Bucculatrix and Phyllocnistis are aberrant
and are discussed under their genera.

The family is somewhat heterogeneous and has been divided by some
into four or five, in fact one for each really well-marked genus. Buc-
culatrix is quite isolated, but its imago agrees with the characters of
the family, wrhile Phyllocnistis is practically half way between the
Lyonetiidas and the Gracilariida3, showing a mixture of the characters
of both in all stages. European workers tend to separate a Lyonetia
group from a Cemiostoma (Proleucoptera) group, but there are North
American genera which connect the two so well that subfamilies can
hardly be made.

Key to the genera

1. Vertex rough, bristly, contrasting with lower face.

2. Eye-cap edged below with a row of strong bristles; cell entirely above middle
of wing; wing with a scale -tuft at middle of dorsal margin.

3. Front running down far below eyes in a blunt point 7. Bucculatrix.

3. Front short 8. Philonome.

2. Eye -cap smoothly scaled; cell central in the wing, which is smoothly scaled.
3. Four veins running from cell to inner margin.

4. Hind wing with R, M, and Cu represented by 5 veins 1. Corythophora.

4. Hind wing with R, M, and Cu represented by four veins. .2. Proleucoptera.
3. Three veins from cell to inner margin (figs. 109, 111).

4. Vertex with a small, fine tuft 4. Lyonetia.™

4. Vertex and upper part of front extremely rough 5. Bedellia.

1. Entire head smooth.

2. Palpi moderate; tongue obsolete; eye-cap tending to disappear; fore wing
with lanceolate discal cell and no accessory cell (fig. 112) . . .6. Phyllocnistis.
2. Palpi minute; tongue present in our species; accessory cell present, but open
outward so that R2 and R3 are stalked together; hind wing broader, lance-
olate (fig. 108) 3. Leucoptera.

1. CORYTHOPHORA Braun

Face smooth, with an erect tuft between antennae; antennae four-fifths as long
as fore wing; eye-cap pointed anteriorly below; palpi moderate, smooth, droop-
ing; maxillary palpi rudimentary. Fore metatarsi thickened with scales; hind
tibiae hairy. Fore wing sublanceolate ; Rj absent, R, and R3 as in Cemiostoma,
cell with four posterior veins; tip of 1st A distinct, 2d A simple; hind wing
lanceolate, two-thirds as wide as fore wing; veins obsolescent at base; cell open
both above and below M; Cu forked; anal region reduced.

1. C. aurea Braun. Golden yellow; head and appendages very pale, projecting
point of eye-cap rather darker; thorax nearly white, with golden tegulae; fore
wing becoming deep orange at apex; middle of costal and dorsal margins fading
to white; fore tibiae and tarsi dark brown externally. 9-9.5 mm.

July.

Southern Ohio; Balsam, North Carolina.

'* The Gracilariid genus Leucanthiza is likely to run to Lyonetia but is distinguished by its less perf ec t
eye-cap, moderately developed paloi. and orange coloring.

LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 151

2. PBOLEUCOPTERA Busck
(Leucoptera; Cemiostoma, in part)

Face smooth; vertex with a small fine tuft; antennae four-fifths as long as
fore wing; eye-cap good-sized, rounded, with regularly imbricated scaling, less
perfect than in Opostega. Palpi small, drooping; tongue weak but distinct. Fore
wing broad, with lanceolate, caudate membrane, with 10 veins, all separate,
2d A forked at base, M3 and Rj absent; hind wing narrow, without cell, with
M3 and CUj absent; fringe four times as wide as membrane.

This genus is very closely related to Leucoptera (Cemiostoma) but is slightly
more primitive.

1. P. smilaciella Busck. Similar to C. albella; larger; first fascia much nar-
rower, three times as long as wide, strongly oblique, and starting nearer the
base; the second fascia a mixture of yellow and white, ending outwardly in four
dark lines that converge on the apex; lead-colored spot smaller than in C. albella,
and completely surrounded before and above with the yellow band.

The moth has been obtained from June to September. The mine is a large,
dirty upper-side blotch on Smilax, beginning as a line. The cocoon is formed on
the leaf, under two bands of silk.

Maryland; District of Columbia; southern Ohio; Pennsylvania.

3. LEUCOPTERA Hiibner

(Cemiostoma Zeller)

Head smooth, with the usual large, vertical scales on occiput only. Eye-cap
well developed, apparently continuous with the head vestiture, when closed com-
pletely covering eyes; mouth parts obsolete. Hind tibiae with bristly hair; fore
wing oblong-lanceolate, caudate; Rt weak or absent. Only three veins running
from cell to hind margin, M1+2, M3+Cu1; and Cu2; hind wing linear-lanceolate.

In the American species (subgenus Paraleueoptera Heinrich,) R2 and R,, are
stalked, R5 stalked with M, but very short, and 2d A is forked at the base in the
fore wing; the hind wing has only one medial. Typically, R3 and R5 are lost, and
2d A is simple, but there are two medials in the hind wing.

1. L. albella Chambers. Sometimes with a few hairs to represent vertical tuft.
Snow white; antennae pale fuscous with white eye-cap and apex; fore wing with
a nearly square golden fascia from costa beyond middle, pointing toward anal
angle; a larger spot on costa beyond it, reaching apex, sometimes broken into
fasciae, both of which are edged with brown; and a silvery gray spot near anal
angle, preceded and followed with black spots; with a yellow line before it, pre-
ceded by fuscous-tipped scales. Fringe fuscous at apex and anal angle, paler
between. 6 mm.

Larva flat, lobed at sides, with pro- and mesothorax widest, then a couple of
relatively narrow segments, and abdomen wider again, with minute but normal
legs.

It lives, often socially, in a very dirty frass-filled mine, on poplar and willow.
The cocoon is like that of P. smilaciella.

Kentucky; Colorado and west.

152 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

4. LYONETIA Hiibncr

Vertex with bristling hair, intermediate between Proleucoptera and Bedellia,
and Bucculatrix. Antennas with a strongly developed eye-cap, about as long as
fore wings; palpi longer than eye, drooping, divergent; maxillary palpi minute;
tongue olisolete. Hind tibix1 with long, sparse hair. Fore wing narrow-lanceolate
(rig. Ill), caudate, with Rt arising from near middle of cell, cell narrow, without
accessory cell; with 4 to 6 veins arising from near its tip; 2d A strongly forked
at base. Hind wing linear, with M, and M., arising out of R, M3 lost, and Cu simple.

The larva normally makes a linear mine. Spuler puts Lyonetia as a separate
family from the preceding and following genera; but its characters do not seem
very important. The imago hibernates under bark.

Key to the species

1. Light brown with longitudinal white streak salioiella.

1. Ground white.

2. No distinct yellow area at apex 1. speculella.

2. A large, orange-yellow patch at apex 2. latistrigellu.

1. L. speculella Clemens. Shining white; antennae dark brown above, more
or less annulate, paler below; palpi fuscous outwardly; hind wings and fringe,
also a narrow band on hind edge of fore wings, mouse gray, bronzed with purple.
A brown streak from base along costal edge to beginning of fringe, typically very
weak; the streak then running obliquely to inner margin, enclosing a white spot
at inner margin. Another longitudinal bent streak in the middle of wing, meet-
ing the transverse part of the first; beyond this an orange-yellow spot. A black
apical dot. Fringe with three bars on costal side and one below, or sometimes
with five costal and three dorsal streaks. Typically witli blackish bars at middle
and three-quarters way out, below fold. The type form is fully marked, but var.
gracilella Chambers more lightly. 7 mm. (gracilella, apioistriijella Chambers.
nidificansella Packard ) .

The moth hibernates under bark. The larva occurs on grape, and, when com-
mon, on many other trees and shrubs. The mine at first is linear, with the frass
left in it; then it abruptly changes to a blotch, and the frass is then ejected
through a hole. The cocoon is slung like a hammock on the back of a leaf. I
have seen a specimen of the moth suffused with gray.

The distribution is probably general; I have seen it from Pennsylvania to British
Columbia.

2. L. latistrigella Walsingham. Similar; fore wing with a fascia running from
middle of inner margin to three-fourths way out on costa, followed by a fer-
ruginous patch; without the costal streak of L. speculella; apical black dot pre-
ceded by white scales. 9 mm.

Larva in soft young leaves of Rhododendron maximum; mine at first linear,
3 cm. long and black, then abruptly widening but still linear for 3 cm., then a
brownish blotch about 5 mm. by 4 mm. Pupa naked, suspended by a few silk
threads to a bent leaf.

Atlantic States (?) (locality not stated).

L. saliciella is known definitely only from the west but is to be expected in our
territory; its larva feeds on willow.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 153

5. BE BELLI A Stainton

Vertex and upper part of face with a large tuft of hair, smooth below; no ocelli;
antenna with an extremely large, massive pecten, practically an eye-cap; tongue
naked, weak; palpi small, hanging, appearing as if socketed in the face, as in the
Heliodines group; maxillary palpi absent. Hind tibiae with bristly hair. Fore
wing narrow-lanceolate (fig. 109), not decidedly caudate, cell narrow, in middle of
wing; four veins running from cell to costa and three (two in the Floridian
B. minor) to inner margin; A forked at base. Hind wing nearly linear, with
reduced obscure venation, and with very broad fringe.

The larva lives in a light web on the under side of the leaf of Ipomoea. I have
not seen an adequate account of its structure, but it is less specialized than
in the Proleucoptera group.

1. B. somnulentella Zeller. Dull light gray, sparsely and irregularly dusted
with fuscous. 11 mm. (staintonella Clemens).

The moth has two broods, one occurring in August, and the second from mid-
September to spring. The larva may be found from July to September.

This species is of general distribution in the northeast, and also occurs in
Europe. New York : New York City ( Lintner ) .

6. PHYLLOCNISTIS Zeller

Eye-cap variable in size, absent in P. insignis; no pecten; eyes small. Head
smooth, palpi rather well developed; hind tibiae with regular rows of long bristles.
Fore wing caudate (fig. 112), with smallish cell and no accessory cell; R, arising
well beyond middle of wing, RB running to apex; in some species all radials
present; A short, not forked.

Feeding larva of the flat, Gracilariid type, with similar, very thin, blade-like
mandibles and with hardly recognizable free portions of labium and maxillae, but
entirely without legs. Last-stage larva cylindrical; with rudiments of legs; with
head practically reduced to a spinneret; not feeding. Mine serpentine, white or
pale green, often shining (snail-track mine) with or without central frass-line;
parenchyma not eaten, but only the sap. Pupa within the mine, in a partly
folded edge of the mine; of Gracilariid, rather than Lyonetid type; rather heavily
chitinized; antennae and hind legs extending well beyond end of wings; segments
4 to 6 of abdomen movable and 7 in male, 3 fixed; segments 3 to 7 with dorsal
pits near the anterior margin, and heavily chitinized setae; segments 8 to 10 com-
bined, shorter than 7.

The moth occurs in May, July, September and October.

The genus is as near the Gracilariidae as the Lyonetiidse, but is a little less out
of place in this already rather heterogeneous family. Several entomologists make
it the type of a separate family, Phyllocnistida;. Smilacisella, once put in this
genus, is a Marmara.

Key to the species

1. Ground color orange, larva on Composites 1. insignis.

1. Ground color white.

2. A longitudinal golden streak from base to middle, connecting with the first

dorsal fascia; larva on Magnoliaceae.

3. Streak partly edged with black 2. liriodendrella.

3. Streak not at all edged with black 3. magnoliella.

2. No such streak.

3. Larva on sweet gum 8. liquidambarisella.

3. Larva on poplar 4. populiella.

154 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

3. Larva on grape or Ampelopsis.

4. Middle of apical region filled with a gray patch 7. ampclopsiella.

4. .Middle of apical region white or golden.

f>. Mine slender and broadly tilled with frass 5. vitifoliella.

~i. Mine broad, without central frass-line 0. vitiaenella.

1. P. insignis Frey and Boll. Head and thorax lead-colored; fore wing orange;
inner margin gray to middle, the gray area almost reaching coata at base, costal
edge- black, expanding into a black-edged, lead-colored triangle at middle; similar
costal and dorsal lead-gray spots beyond middle; fringe black-barred. Sometimes
with a little white* in the costal black streak.

Larva on Krechtites. Moth in July and September.

Southern Ohio; Missouri; Kentucky.

•2. P. liriodendrella Clemens. Similar to populiclla. Apex broadly yellow; with
a broad, yellow, longitudinal streak through middle of wing, joined by the tip of
the oblique, postmedial streak; all markings finely edged with brown. (5 mm.

The larva makes a convoluted tract-mine, with a central frass-line, in the smaller
terminal leaves of the tulip tree, in July.

X. P. magnoliella Chambers. Similar to P. liriodendrella; the brown edgings
weaker, and absent from the basal streak.

Larva like that of the last species on various Magnolias.

4. P. populiella Chambers. White. Antennae pale yellowish; eye-cap white; fore
wing somewhat silvery; a dark gray, fine and broken, excurved postmedial fascia,
with three slight dark bars in the fringe between it and apex. A strong black
apical dot, from which extend two or three dark lines, in apical fringe; also an
oblique streak before it in dorsal fringe; a slight, yellow shade before first fascia,
and at apex, (i mm.

The larva forms a broad mine of the shining, snail-track type, but with distinct
central lines of frass. .It feeds on aspen and other poplars.

Apparently common and general in distribution, but rare in collections. New
York: Hemlock Lake (bred).

5. P. vitifoliella Chambers. Similar to P. populiella; generally with black mark-
ings rather more distinct, the second fascia usually extending onto the wing mem-
brane, and yellow areas rather less distinct. 41X> mm.

Mine on grape, like that of P. populiella, with quite distinct frass line.

Generally distributed; the commonest of the grape Phyllocnistises. New York
( Beutenmuller ) .

0. P. vitigenella Clemens. Imago often indistinguishable from the other white
species, but usually with a gray, antemedial shade on inner margin and with
heavier and more extensive black markings; the second fascia, however, in the
fringe only.

The mine is a narrow, almost invisible snail-track, without a frass-line; some-
times it is formed on Ampelopsis, and then is much contorted.

7. P. ampelopsiella Chambers. Similar to P. populiella and vitigenella : with
bars heavier, and the postmedial one distinctly double; apical region with a good-
sized gray area on dorsal margin, in which the costal dark streaks often end;
and, in some specimens, with a distinct, longitudinal, gray streak on basal half,
and gray antemedial patch. Yellow shading distinct.

Mine a narrow and much contorted tract, often fusing into a blotch ; on
Ampelopsis.

8. P. liquidambarisella Chambers. Moth like populiella; slightly variable; the
markings typically reduced to a minimum, with hardly any yellow.

Mine of snail-track type without central frass-line; on sweet-irum.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 155

7. BUCCULATRIX Zeller

(The ribbed-cocoon makers)

Head rough on vertex; front smooth, extending far below the eyes in a point.
Antennae not long, with a well-developed eye-cap, fringed with stiff hairs; labial
palpi small, hanging; maxillary palpi minute; tongue very weak, naked, distinctest
in the niveella group, which also spin atypical cocoons. Fore wing lanceolate
(fig. 110) with cell' mostly in upper half of wing. Cu running nearly through the
center of the wing; with all radials; Rj arising near base, oblique; the others
running directly aeross to costa ; A not forked. Hind wing also lanceolate, with
broad fringe; with veins more distinct than in Bedellia, R running to apex; two
medials preserved; Cu simple.

The larva at first forms a serpentine mine with a central frass-line, much like
that of Nepticula; then leaves the mine, and skeletonizes the leaves, leaving one
epidermis uneaten; it then lives exposed on the leaf.

Larva with head normal, the front extending about two-thirds way to vertex.
Body cylindrical, stout, green; setae normal, iv and v distant; i farther from
middle line than ii, even on segments 8 and 9 of abdomen; prolegs strong, with
two transverse bands of hooks (the anal pair as usual with a single row). True
legs normal. Pupa in a silk coccon, as a rule attached longitudinally to a twig;
afidomen dorsally spinulated, with third segment free; a stronger row of spines
on anterior edge of each segment. Labial palpi covered, hind legs much longer
than antennae; abdomen ending in a pair of laterally directed angles or spines.

The species are closely similar, and numerous, and may not always run cor-
rectly in the key; I have been obliged to omit a couple from lack of material.
TJje cocoon is- almost always spun in a characteristic way, so as to form longi-
tudinal ridges with the silk threads in a regular pattern between them; in two
or three species it is simply oval, wTith irregularly arranged silk. Bucculatrix
is an aberrant genus, apparently nearest to the Lyonetiidae, but with the larva
modified for. external life.

Key to the species
1. Fore wing, head, ancl eye-cap dominantly whit* or cream yellow.

2. Cream yellow, with vague shaded markings ; no black ; very small, 4 mm.

1. luteella.
2. Always with black in tuft or apical fringe, and usually in both.

3. With black apical scales in fringe and a slightly yellow shade on vertex

and wing-tip only 5. niveella.

3. With more extensive markings.

4. Thorax white; fore wings brown, contrasting 6. errcms.

4. Thorax yellowish, wings shaded with luteous.

4. Thorax and ground color of wings pure white (the thorax rarely

tinted with straw yellow ) .
5. Expanse 8-12 mm., markings defined, pale yellow.

6. Three costal streaks besides the brown apical shading. . .4. montana.
6. Two costal streaks besides the brown apical shading.

7. First costal streak most distinctly connected to anal angle.

2. magnella.
7. First costal streak turning longitudinally in middle of wing,

second connected to anal angle 3. fusicola.

5. Smaller; markings brown, and when palest ill-defined; first streak
free at tip, second parallel to it and sometimes running to anal
angle.

6. Markings blurred, yellowish; apical dot circular, followed by two
bars 11. edbicapitetta.

156 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

0. Markings clean-out, gray -brown ; apical marks broken up.

7. Scales in outer transverse band all more or less bicolored;

duller brown 8. agnella.

7. Scales in outer band black-tipped toward costa but evenly

colored toward inner margin . 10. capitcalbella.

1. Fore wing dominantly brown or ochre yellow.
2. A white or silver basal dash.

3. Dash extending across thorax; ground brilliant yellow-brown.

(Philonome clemcnsella).
3. Dash not extending across thorax; ground often dark brown.

21. crescentella.

2. Xo defined basal dash; rarely with a pale longitudinal shade.
3. Light yellow-brown dominant.

4. Eye-caps mostly or wholly white; antennae annulate; markings blurred;
fore wing with basal third of the paler (lemon -yellow) color.

13. packardella.

4. Eye-caps and white bands of fore wing with white, brown-tipped scales.

12. litigiosella.

4. Eye-caps usually yellow; white bands clear. Larger. An tenure even
yellow-brown; markings of fore wing defined and more or less silvery,
basal third of the darker yellow-brown.

5. Tuft an isolated black spot 14. coronatella.

5. Tuft followed by an equally large, chocolate brown area.

15. quinquenotella.
3. Fuscous-brown dominant.

4. Light; markings mainly of oblique streaks, and largely cream white.

17. ambrosicefoliella.
4. With an oval spot over and beyond tuft, and a similar one opposite it

on costa; base mainly pale 10. pomifoliella.

4. Shining deep brown with yellowish-silver spots.

5. Six spots 18. canadensisella.

5. Only four spots 19. locuples.

4. Suffused powdery umber brown, the dorsal oval spot alone distinct,
and outlined with white; or with scattered white patches.

20. ainsliella.
Not in key: species C, copeuta, cuneigcra, angustata.

1. B. luteella Chambers. Cream white, most of head and eye-caps pure white,
shaft of antenna; and vertex pale yellow; thorax and fore wing shaded with pale
yellow, especially at middle and apex, contrasting with the white fringe. A very
small tuft at middle of inner margin ; no apical spot. 4 mm.

This diagnosis has been drawn up from the type at Washington.

March.

Kentucky.

2. B. magnella Chambers. White. A luteous band across eye-cap; fore wing
with a luteous stripe from middle of costa to lower half of apex, sometimes
extending farther toward base; another oblique costal streak meeting the first
at outer end; and a streak at middle of inner margin, with some raised black
scales at its inner end; scales toward apex with black tips. Costal fringe white;
apical fringe brown, dorsal pale yellow toward apex, with two black lines of
scale-tips. 8 mm.

The tongue and palpi are concealed by the overhanging face in this series.
June. Larva on Solidago; cocoon smooth.
Connecticut to Kentucky.

3. B. fusicola Braun. Near B. magnella; head with a few fuscous scales in
middle of tuft; outer part, only, of antenna fuscous. Fore wing with longitudinal
streak from base strong in female, weak in male; first costal streak more oblique

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 157

than second, its outer part longitudinal A line of black subterminal scales and
a black line in fringe. 12 mm. (magnella in part of collections.)

Larva in a spindle-shaped gall on Helianthus tracheliiformis, located in the
upper part of the stem; about 2 cm. long and 5 mm. wide. Cocoon grayish
brown, smooth, and strongly flattened. Larva in September; moth from end of
May to early July.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

4. B. montana Braun. Similar to B. magnella and B. fusicola. Vertex with
some fuscous scales; shaft of antenna all gray. Fore wing with three oblique
streaks from the costa, parallel and equidistant, besides the dark apical shading;
the first two streaks confluent below. 11 mm.

June.

Mountain Lake, Virginia.

5. B. niveella Chambers. White; slightly yellowish at tip of wing and vertex;
fore wing with some black scales in costal fringe, and two lines in dorsal fringe
only.

Magnella is probably a fully marked variety of this; in fact I have seen inter-
mediate specimens, bred from Solidago.
Kentucky. • New York : Rock City ( Cattaraugus County ) .

6. B. errans Braun. Head and thorax white, brown in center; shaft of antennae
brown. Fore wing dark brown, with longitudinal white streaks at base above and
below middle, leaving a brown longitudinal streak between them; two oblique
white streaks on costa, the more basal heavier, and a white costo -apical spot in
fringe; a streak, followed by two white dots, on dorsum. A dark line in fringe.
Sometimes with the white streaks so enlarged as to dominate over the brown
ground, and more or less fused. 10 mm.

Food Aster shortii. Larva forming a contorted linear mine in the fall, end-
ing in an enlargement in which is spun a silken wintering cocoon. Larva in the
spring boring in the tip of a growing shoot, killing it. Pupal cocoon whitish,
with faint longitudinal ridges. Moth in May.

Cincinnati, Ohio; Okefinoke Swamp, Georgia.

7. B. species C. Head dirty white; eye -caps white; antennas annulate, light
dull brown and dirty white; fore wing whitish and dull light brown, with a
quadrate, blackish patch in middle of fold; a short oblique brown shade before
middle, extending narrowly along costa to base; another from three-fifths way out
on costa, to outer margin above apex, ending in a black dot; and a subtriangular,
costal subterminal patch; the bands broader than the distance between them; a
contrasting, black, apical hook; tuft black, followed by a small brown area.
6-& mm. (ambrosicefoliella auct., apparently not of Chambers).

Doubtfully distinct from the next two species. Larva on Ambrosia; cocoon
ribbed.

Kentucky; western Pennsylvania; Missouri; and elsewhere.

8. B. agnella Clemens. Bands powdery black on light brown, not strongly con-
trasting; anal dot reduced to a few scales. Head mostly white. 6 mm.

Kentucky; District of Columbia.

9. B. copeuta Meyrick belongs to this group. It was described from Ontario.

10. B. capitealbella Chambers. Antennas annulate with yellow-brown; ground
color pure white and markings brighter yellow-brown; no black scales at anal
angle; first fascia not continued along costa to base. Otherwise like B. agnella.

I have seen the type.

11. B. albicapitella Chambers. Cream color, very sparsely dusted with fuscous,
no brown; center of tuft and somewhat blurred bands on wing yellow. 5^ mm.

This is luteella of collections, but not of Chambers.
Kentucky.

12. B. litigiosella Zeller. Pale straw yellow; the scales of the ground tipped
with contrasting dark brown; little or no brown on face; the brown more distinct

158 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

on eye-raps and very strong on the pale bands of the wing. Ant.onnne annulate
in yellow and two shades of brown; vertex yellow-brown. Fore wing with costa
before middle, and a transverse median band yellow-brown, and some brown
farther out ; fringe with black-tipped scales in basal half, without lines, (i nun.

Karly spring. Larva on white oak.

Pennsylvania.

I.'}. B. packardella Chambers. Head and eye-caps white; tip of vertical tuft
mixed pale golden and brownish; antenna: pale yellow, brown-dotted; thorax
white, brown-dusted; basal half of fore wing white, flecked with brown; a chrome-
orange streak on fold and one on costa, spreading into the chrome-orange outer
half of the wing, which is more or less brown-powdered on the costa; a faint
white streak from middle of wing to anal angle and one across apex beyond it ;
fringe yellow, with two lines. 0 mm. ( trifasciella Clemens, obscurofasciclla
Chambers) .

Larva on chestnut, oak, and beech; moth in April.

The name trifasciella will have priority if it really represents this form.

Distribution general, extending west to California.

14. B. coronatella Clemens. Head with tuft pale ochreous, face yellowish white;
eye-caps mainly pale yellow, more orange behind. Fore wings pale orange chrome
with a whitish patch near the base over fold, one nearly opposite and joined to it
on inner margin, and one near middle of costa; near tip, a whitish, transverse
band to middle of dorsal fringe; extreme tip whitish; the tuft and a black-
dot at apex and line in fringe being the only black marks. 6 mm.

Larva on black birch.

Pennsylvania to District of Columbia, and vicinity.

15. B. quinquenotella Chambers. Pale straw color, the eye-caps palest, and
wings darkest. Vertex brown-tipped; thorax yellow -brown, with straw-yellow
edges and tegula?; fore wing straw color, the ground nearly covered by a broad,
antemedial, yellow-brown fascia, and confluent outer bands, leaving pale spots,
much as in canadensisella. Tuft with blackish scales followed by a chocolate
brown area; an oblique, pale gold subterminal streak from costa, preceded by
chocolate brown ; all the markings but the last and the tuft, very diffuse. 7 mm.

This species has been bred from a ribbed cocoon on Ampelopsis.

16. B. pomifoliella Clemens. Head and eye-cap cream white, the tuft centered
with brownish; antennae pale ochreous, dotted with dark fuscous; fore wings cream
white, dusted and shaded with brown ; base with brown streaks on costa, fold,
and inner margin; patch on middle of margin large, oval; a streak -from middle
of costa to anal angle, ending in a black dot, broadest on costa; a dark brown
apical spot, and a dark line in fringe across apex. 7 mm. (pomonella Packard,
curvilineatella Packard.) (H. p. 432 f. 251.)

Larva on apple in September; dark yellowish green with brown head, with dis-
tinct, dark hairs; with the usual habits; cocoon ribbed, on the twigs. The moth
flies mostly in June and is generally distributed; common everywhere in New
York.

17. B. ambrosiaefoliella Chambers. Head white, with discolored tuft; antennae
annulated, dark brown and white; thorax ochreous yellow, faintly sprinkled with
brown (or with three yellow lines on a white ground) ; fore wings shaded, ochre-
ous and white ; an oval, brown, scaled area on inner margin containing the tuft,
and edged with white; a short, brown, antemedial costal bar; a postmedial bar
edged with white at the costa, extending across the wing to the anal angle, and
along the outer margin to the apex; one slanting black line in dorsal fringe;
and some scales in dorsal fringe. 7 mm.

Kentucky.

I think I have recognized the species mixed with B. pomifoliella. It eats
Ambrosia, but is not the better-known Composite-feeder (agnellal) .

18. B. canadensisella Chambers. Similar to B. pomifoliella, but darker; head
white; tuft centered with yellow-brown; thorax brown with a complete white

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 159

margin; fore wing brown, white at base; — the oblique, brown, antemedial area
followed by a white fascia, interrupted at middle of wing and erect below, with
the black tuft on its edge; white spots at middle of costa and anal angle; tending
to join a streak from costa. Much like augustata, but wholly lacking the silver
basal dash. A velvety brown apical spot, followed by a curved line in the fringe
(H. p. 431 f. 250.)

The larva feeds late in the autumn, in the usual manner on white birch, which
it may disfigure badly; but it does little real damage because the leaves are almost
ready to fall when it appears. The moth emerges in the spring.

This species is of general distribution south to Pennsylvania. Xew York.

19. B. locuples Meyrick. Blackish brown; head pale bronzy, with darker tuft.
Fore wing with triangular golden spots at middle and near apex of costa; a
larger transverse spot at middle of inner margin and a smaller spot at tornus.
Hind wings dark; fringes gray. 7 mm. (Unknown to me.)

July.
Toronto.

20. B. ainsliella Murtfeldt. Blackish, heavily dusted on a dirty white base;
vertex with fuscous tuft; eye-caps whitish, antenna? annulate. Fore wing with
ground color very largely blackish; the pale parts outlining an oval, blacker patch
on inner margin, parallel to whose upper, outer side there is a pale streak running
down from the costa (variabilis Braun).

The larva normally feeds on black oak, and has the habits and cocoon usual
in the genus; in an epidemic it attacks many trees.

B. ilecella Busck, a similar, holly-feeding 'species described from Texas, is to
be expected in the range of its food plant.

21. B. crescentella Braun. Head whitish; some dark hair in tuft; fore wing
ochreous or darker brown; basal dash white, faint in lighter specimens, extending
to middle of wing, with a dark shade below it; a costal streak at middle of wing,
oblique and concave outwardly; a less oblique streak three-fourths way out; with
a darker space between the two; a white streak over an irregular black spot at
apex; dorsal spot dark brown, edged with white. 7-9 mm.

The larva makes a trumpet mine, with a central frass-line, on .aster, Solidago,
and Erigeron, a single larva making several mines. But it never lives externally.
The cocoon is normal, white. The moth flies in July.

Ohio to Toronto, Ontario, and New Hampshire. Xew York : Otto, Florida.

22. B. cuneigera Meyrick appears to be similar to crescentella but with the
disc of thorax white. It was described from Ontario.

23. B. angustata Frey and Boll, of which crescentella may be a variety, is similar,
with a white head and brown thorax, and a dark brown fore wing, with white
markings. The thorax is typically white in B. crescentella.

8. PHILONOME Chambers

Hardly distinct from Bucculatrix. Face shorter, truncate below, exposing
the drooping labial, and minute, folded maxillary palpi. Only one species known.

1. P. clemensella Chambers. Palpi, face, and eye -caps white, the latter with
orange upper edge; antennae reddish orange at base, the rest nearly white; thorax
white, with broad pale orange area behind, and with orange spots on shoulders;
fore wing reddish orange, with broad white streaks below costa and • on inner
margin, the latter extending to a small tuft of brown scales, then turning
obliquely up and meeting the end of the other streak; an oblique streak from
costa, two-thirds way out, extended along costa toward base. Apex dusted with
dark brown; a brown hook in apical fringe, and two converging streaks in dorsal
fringe. 8 mm.

Larva on hickory and linden. Moth in July.

Northern New Jersey to Kentucky. New York ( Beutenmuller ) .

160 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Family 13. OPOSTEGIDJE

(Tineidae, in part)

Head covered with large, smooth scales, but with a strong tuft of long
hair between the antennae; palpi small, without bristles; maxillary
palpi small, but quite distinctly folded, tongue very small; antenna;
short, stout; with a large eye-cap, which is covered by regularly imbri-
cated scales, and ribbed on the inner side. Body small; middle and
hind tibiae with long, stiff bristles. Shaft of antennae with a single
whorl of scales to a segment. Fore wing in the American species with
no branched veins (fig. 113) ; with four or five simple ones tending to
join at base, only the one through the middle of the wing distinctly
tubular. Aculese present but abnormal, pointing costad; arranged in
regular rows, and confined to a small area about the base of wing.
Hind wing half as wide as fore wing, lanceolate; Sc and Cu simple,

with a single, three-branched vein
between them ; f renulum a diffuse
tuft of bristles, somewhat concen-
trated in male, of a lower type
than is elsewhere known in the
Frenatae.

Larva extremely slender, cylin-
14' drical, with the setae apparently

113, OOSTEGID.*:, Opostega snlactella arraT1,wi ]„ rpp-nlar pirolps about
(Europe), venation; 114, OINOPHILID^:, frrangw

Opogona aurisquamosa (Hawaii), vena- the body ; legs wholly absent. Head
tion flattened, with thickened lateral

keels on the epicrania; setae re-
duced. Front wider at back. Ocellus single, obsolete. Mouth parts
small and reduced; labrum modified and retracted into a notch in the
clypeus, mandible thin, but of biting type, with a membranous process.
Dorsal part of head not extending far into thorax, but extended by a
couple of heavy tendons; ventral side largely membranous, hypostoma
rudimentary.

The larvae mine in bast; the only known European species in flower-
stalks of Caltha, 0. albogalleriella in Ribes. The pupa has not been
studied.

The family is small, and almost entirely Oriental, where a couple of
other genera occur, as well as Opostega. The relationships are quite
obscure, but the group seems to represent, as near as anything, the point
of origin of the Lyonetiidae from the common Tineoid stem ; as it shows
characters that appear also in the Tineidae, Nepticulidae, Psychidae and
Lyonetiidae. The family Oinophilidae is hardly distinct, and some genera
of the latter show a nearly complete, normal venation; the genus
Opogona (fig. 114) is about halfway between the two families.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 161

OPOSTEGA Zeller

Eye -cap very large, covering tlie base of the wings, as well as the whole side
jf the head, in repose; fore wing caudate, without forked veins. Larvae bast-miners.

1. 0. albogalleriella Clemens. Silvery white, with a minute black dot at tip
of membrane of fore wing; apex of costa somewhat yellowish; two fine, dark lines
in costal and dorsal fringes (nonstrigella Chambers, accessoriella Frey and Boll).

Var. quadristrigella Chambers has a gray shade near middle of inner margin.

The larva is a bast-miner on gooseberry and red and black currant. The mine
often starts in a two-year-old stem and usually ends in it, running up and down
the canes, and leaving a scar which is usually visible before the larva leaves the
cane, late in June. The cocoon is seed-like and brown. It is spun in the soil, like
that of Nepticula.

Massachusetts to Texas. New York: Otto, Geneva.

It is possible that quadristrigella is a distinct species; it may feed on
Rancunculacese.

2. 0. cretea Meyrick. White; three lines in costal and two in dorsal fringe;
a minute black apical spot; an oblique gray dorsal spot at middle of wing. 8-9 mm.

Lake Muskoka, Ontario; July and August.

This species is unknown to me and indistinguishable from its description from
0. quadristrigella.

3. 0. scioterma Meyrick. Fore wing similar to 0. quadristrigella, with an addi-
tional gray antemedial band nearly meeting the dorsal one, and a gray border.
9 mm. (Unknown to me.)

June.

Toronto, Ontario.

Family 14. GRACILARIID^

(Tineidse, in part)

Vertex either rough or smooth; face of the northern species smooth,
at least below; ocelli usually absent; tongue well-developed; labial
palpi moderate or long, often upturned, but usually with the third
joint set on at a slight angle to the second, and the individual joints
not noticeably curved; third joint normally blunt; no bristles. Maxil-
lary palpi of porrect type, never folded across the front of the tongue,
moderate to rudimentary, sometimes practically absent. Hind tibiae
normally smooth-scaled, often with a series of bristles above ; the mid-
tibise also bristled in some exotic species. Antennas relatively long,
often as long as fore wing, simple, with two full whorls of scales to a
segment; eye-cap absent in our species.

Wings without aculese ; fore wing lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, with
lanceolate cell; the accessory cell rarely well-marked; Sc rather short,
Rx arising before middle of cell, or absent, R5running to costa (when
recognizable) ; when stalked it is stalked farther with M-L than with
R4 except in Cremastobombycia. The other veins short, and usually
running sharply across to margin, part of them lost in the
majority of forms. Apex of membrane very often drawn out in a
long point, which rarely projects beyond the costal and dorsal fringe
(caudate). 1st A a well-marked fold, 2d A simple, often strongly sin-
6

162

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

nous, without a trace of basal fork. Hind wing lanceolate (fig. 115)
or linear, usually abruptly narrowing before middle; often with
strongly sinuous costa; the fringe much broader than the wing.
Frenulum of female with two bristles. Venation of the hind wing
usually more or less obscure, the veins being mere thickenings and

FlGS. 115-122. GRACILARIID^E

115, Gracilaria alchimiella (Europe), venation; 116, Par&rnix anglioella, (Europe),
venation; 117, Marmara salictella, venation; 118, Leucanthiza amphicarpecefoliella,
venation (the asterisks mark inconstant veins) ; 119, Cremastobombycia solidaginis,
venation; 120, Lithocolletis emberizcepeiwella $ (Europe), venation; 121, Acro-
cercops strigifinitella, larva, seta map ( after Heinrich ) ; 122, Lithocolletis species
(from maple), seta map

difficult to trace either in denuded dry wings or in stained ones.
Sc and R closely parallel when the venation is best developed, and
connected by what appears to be an oblique crossvein about two-
fifths way out, which is much farther from base at its lower end;
Sc either stopping at that point or running well toward apex ; R
reaching apex; M! and M, arising from radial stem, or connected to
it by a short cross- vein; M3 from Cu-stem; cell always open between

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK 'AND NEIGHBORING STATES 163

Mo and M;!, Cu., and either M.s or Cu1 apparently always preserved.
The free tip of Hl is preserved in primitive forms, apparently arising
from the cross vein connecting Sc and R. Anal region obsolete.

The caterpillars (figs. 121, 122) always leaf (or bast) miners, at
least when young, often changing their habits when part grown and
forming nests in a folded leaf. Young caterpillar unique, specialized
for feeding on the sap of the cells, which it opens with its blade-like
mandibles ; much flattened ; lobed at the sides ; widest near the anterior
end. Head extremely flat; front widening toward the posterior end;
adfrontals not normally recognizable, perhaps obsolete; maxillag and
labium very narrow as a rule, strap-shaped, and almost wholly incorpo-
rated in the head capsule, the free part of the maxillae and labium
minute. Ocelli reduced in size or number (frequently to a single pair).
True legs sometimes absent ; body-setae much reduced, frequently unrec-
ognizable, iv and v well separated; prolegs more or less reduced, often
absent when the true legs are absent; hooks, when present, in one or
two transverse or curved series, uniordinal, but sometimes with one of
the series doubled. Prolegs always absent on sixth segment of abdo-
men (characteristic of the family). The caterpillar in this stage is
always a miner, forming a more or less opaque mine (because the paren-
chyma is not eaten), which is often invisible from one surface of the
leaf.

Full-grown larva strikingly different. Head but little flattened, with
normal mandibles and maxillae, and labium with spinneret. The bases
of the maxillae and labium long and slender. Prolegs always well
developed on third to fifth and last segments of abdomen, but wholly
absent on the sixth, the hooks as in the flat stage, but always more
or less developed. Body cylindrical, with minute but recognizable
setae.

This type of caterpillar feeds on the parenchyma, either in an
inflated mine, more or less lined and puckered with silk, or externally
(skeletonizing the leaf) in a shelter which, in the typical forms takes
the form of a cone, with the larger end closed by folding over the end
of the leaf. In some species the cylindrical larva does not feed, but
immediately spins the cocoon. The cocoon is usually of white silk,
and is not woven in regular meshes. The mining species spin, as a rule,
within the mine. The external cocoons of Marmara and some species
of Acrocercops are ornamented with four groups of white bubbles,
which are ejected as a froth through slits cut in the cocoon after it
is spun; and soon set hard.

The change from one type of larva to the other takes place at dif-
ferent stages in different genera, and even in members of the same
genus. In a couple of species of Acrocercops (Neurobathra Ely) the
change is gradual, covering two or three molts.

164 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Pupa incomplete, but specialized ; derived from an early or pre-
tineid type. Vertex very large, prothorax wide at sides, much narrowed
in middle; front often with a serrate cocoon-cutter; maxillary palpi
minute or absent; labrum well marked; antennae and tongue long, the
latter as. long as the hind legs and extending free beyond the tip of the
wings. Abdominal segments with fine, diffuse spining dorsally, with-
out a specialized structure at anterior edge of middle segments dorsally,
fourth segment of abdomen fixed, but eighth movable in male. Hiber-
nation in imago or pupa, (in the latter case, with the imago well
advanced inside).

The genus Phyllocnistis (fig. 112) might well be transferred to this
family, but is markedly aberrant, especially in having preserved the
legs of. the sixth abdominal segment and in having lost the mouth
parts in the cylindrical larva. The pupa is distinctly Gracilariid, but
has abdominal segments 8, 9, and 10 much reduced, and peculiar dor-
sal structures on segments 3 to 7. The family as a whole is closely
cognate with the Lyonetiidse, indicating its Tineine derivation; but in
its porrect maxillary palpi it shows relationship to the Yponomeutoidea,
and it is superficially convergent with the Lavernidse.

Key to the genera
Moth

1. Hind tibiae with a series of bristles above.

2. Bristles fully formed; maxillary palpi (in our species) distinct.

3. Acrocercpps.

2. Bristles imperfect, scale-like; maxillary palpi rudimentary . .4. Apophthisis.
2. Bristles very strong, maxillary palpi rudimentary; antennae often with

eye-cap (Lyonetiidae-Phyllocnistis).

1. Hind tibiae without series of bristles.
2. Vertex with rough bristly hair.

3. Fore wing with R, absent, first radial arising near tip of cell; maxillary

palpi obsolete (figs. 119, 120).

4. Fore wing with three veins running from cell to inner margin (fig. 119).

8. Cremastobombycia.
4. Two veins running from cell to inner margin. M3 absent (fig. 120).

9. Lithocolletis.

3. Fore wing with R, present, arising from middle of cell (fig. 116) ; maxil-
lary palpi conspicuous 1. Parornix.

2. Head all smooth scaled (the scales somewhat erectile).
3. Fore wing with R, absent (fig. 117).

4. Maxillary palpi moderate 6. Marmara.

4. Maxillary palpi rudimentary 5. Leucant hiza.

3. Fore wing with R, preserved (fig. 115).

4. Middle tibiae thickened irregularly with rough scales 2. Gracilaria.

4. Middle tibiae slightly thickened at tip, or smooth; often with a little

hair.

5. Hind tibiae smooth; fore wings with a definite pattern. .7. Parectopa.
5. Hind tibiae rough aTjove; fore wings without markings.

4. Apophthisis.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 165

Pupa

1. Prothorax crested, and four times as long on sides as on middle line.

2. Dorsum of abdominal segments with only one size of spines; the segments

not crested behind.
3. Spined areas the whole length of the segments.

4. Tongue extending seven-eighths way to apex of fore wing or farther;

spines obsolescent 3. Aqrocercops (venustella) .

4. Tongue one-third of the length of the fore wing; spines small but

distinct 5. Leucanthiza.

3. Spined areas a fourth as wide as the length of the segments.

4. Head without a prominent crest (cocoon cutter) ; tongue extending

more than half way to apex of fore wing 6. Marmara.

4. Head with a prominent crest (cocoon cutter) ; tongue extending less

than half way to apex of fore wing 8 Cremastobombycia.

2. Spines of two sizes; the posterior edge of the segments usually crested.

9. Lithocolletis.

1. Prothorax depressed and neck-like, not more than twice as wide on side as

on mid-dorsal line.
2. Spines A'ery coarse, sometimes with fine ones intermixed.

3. Head with a ventral cutting-plate, which is usually serrate; maxilla? as
long as mid-legs 2. Gracilaria.

3. Head prominent, but without cutting-plate; maxillae shorter than mid-
legs 1. Parornix.

2. Spines very numerous and all minute 7. Parectopa.

1. PARORNIX Spuler

(Ornix Treitschke, in part)

Vertex strongly roughened; front smooth; antennas as long as fore wing, with-
out pecten; palpi moderate, smooth; third segment somewhat shorter than second;
maxillary palpi fairly large, similar to labials. Hind tibiae smooth. Fore wing
lanceolate (fig. 116); five veins running to costa, and four to inner margin;
R! arising a third way out on cell; accessory cell usually preserved and RB and
Mj stalked. Hind wings narrow -lanceolate; tip of Rt free but Sc coincident for
a considerable distance with costal edge; venation nearly complete. M-stem
usually forked; fringe three times as wide as membrane.

Larva of cylindrical type with normal legs (except when very young) with two
curved bands of hooks, enclosing a straight row.

The larvae leave their mine when well grown and form a nest by folding over
the edge of a leaf, usually flatly. The pupa is formed in a similar nest. Most
species feed on Rosaceas and Amentiferae. The moths rest with head raised, and
fore and middle legs displayed. They fly freely in the afternoon. The species
resemble each other closely, and are indeterminable if at all rubbed. The pupa
hibernates.

Key to the species

1. Ground evenly brown, shining, with white or yellow marginal spots.

2. A complete fascia; head concolorous.

3. Five costal spots, outer half of apical fringe gray 3. preciosella.

3. Five costal spots followed by a white bar in apical fringe; longer fringe-
scales at apex pale, and black-tipped. 2. kalmiella.

166 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

2. No complete fascia; head yellow 1. gutted.

1. Fore wing powdery gray or brown (Parornix).14
2. Fringe at apex pale tipped.

3. Palpus with third segment banded with dark fuscous.

4. Ground nearly even ( 4. ) innotata.

4. Inner margin whitish, contrasting with ground.

5. Expanse 10 mm.; inner margin with blackish spots at base and before

anal angle 6. dubitella.

5. Expanse about 8 mm.; inner margin almost evenly pale.

5. cratccgifoliella.
3. Palpus with third segment bearing, at most, smaller fuscous spots.

4. Costal striae regular 9. melanotella.

4. Outer costal stria stronger and more conspicuous.

5. Last stria complete, crossing both fringes 7. conspicuella.

5. Dorsal portion of last stria obsolete H. arbitrella.

•2. Fringe at apex black-tipped.

3. Palpus with third segment broadly, but often obscurely banded.

4. Lines in fringe stopping abruptly at apex; costal fringe with two white,

radiating bars, with a fuscous bar between them 4. anglicella.

4. Lines in fringe extending around apex.
5. Ground color of fore wing uniform.

G. A slight yellow tint on head and base of fringe of hind wing.

16. inusitatumella.

6. No yellow tint 10. geminatella.

5. Ground toward inner margin mixed with white.

6. Plical spots not reaching inner margin 11. quadripunctella.

6. Plical spots large, reaching inner margin.

7. Costal striae moderate, extending a third way across wing.

12. ricinella.

7. Costal striae much reduced, mere spots 13. sorbivorella.

3. Third joint of palpus with faint spots or none.

4. Fifth costal stria, counting from apex, forming a long oblique line run-
ning to anal angle 14. arbutifoliella.

4. Fifth stria not characteristic.

5. Ground practically uniform 4. anghcelia.

5. Whitish areas on inner margin 15. obliterella.

1. P. guttea Haworth. First costal and dorsal spots opposite each other. Head
and collar pale. Fore wing dark brown, with pinkish gloss; typically with four
or more costal spots, but the outer ones sometimes minute, and two dorsal spots.
Variety solitariella Dietz has the fourth costal spot large; three dorsal spots
and a white sector in the fringe. 10—13 mm.

One brood, flying in May. Larva translucent, yellow, with black cervical marks
only, as usual in Parornix; narrowly turning under the edge of a leaf; on apple.
New Hampshire to District of Columbia; westward to the Pacific.

2. P. kalmiella Dietz. Golden brown; the three dorsal spots farther out tlian
the corresponding costal ones, and the one in fringe larger. 8 mm.

''Maxillary palpi whitish ; antennae brown above, annulate, paler below ; fore wing with
numerous striae, tbe costal striae often more obscure toward base, and more oblique than
the outer ones ; last stria curved, usually crossing both fringes and enclosing a blackish
apical spot; ground color toward costa usually dark; usually two antemedial and medial
dark patches (the plical spots) in the fold; inner margin whitish, mostly white at base;
three dark lines in apical fringe (rarely four). Fore and middle legs blackish fuscous,
displayed; femora white, spotted; tips of tibiae white; tarsi annulate; hind legs whitish,
the joints annulate with darker. There are two broods, the moths flying in May and in
August.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 167

Moth in May. Larva pale green, in a pale orange blotch on the upper side of
leaves of Kalmia any ust if alia: in the autumn.
Connecticut; Pennsylvania.

3. P. preciosella Dietz. Dark bronzy-brown; spots violet-silver, the first dorsal
joining the second costal spot, and the fourth dorsal minute but normally joining
the fifth costal. 8 mm.

May. Larva on swamp huckleberry. (V. corymbosum) in autumn.
Pennsylvania ; Connecticut.

4. P. anglicella Stainton. Dark gray, the inner margin not noticeably pale, the
third line in fringe ending abruptly at the lower of the two white rays. 10 mm.
(fragariw Stainton.)

The larva forms a slender, conical roll of the edge of a leaf; on thorn and
strawberry.

Europe; New England.

P. innotata Walsingham was not recognizably described, nor associated with
a definite food-plant or locality.

United States.

P. trepidella Clemens. Palpi annulated with dark brown near tip.

This species is unknown to me.

Pennsylvania.

5. P. crataegifoliella Clemens. Head intermixed dark brown and gray; antennae
faintly annulate with whitish. Fore wings dark brown with a purplish hue,
dusted heavily with whitish along inner margin; a dark brown streak in base of
fold, and a blotch near middle which almost reaches the inner margin. Whitish
costal streaks distinct near apex, the last pair enclosing the dark apex. Fringe
with two dark streaks and with white tips. 8 mm.

The larva is a miner on thorn; it is greenish white with reddish brown dorsum
and brown head. It pupates under the folded cage of a leaf.
The moth flies in iviay.
Pennsylvania; District of Columbia.

6. P. dubitella Dietz. Inner margin whitish, contrasting with ground; with the
blackish plical spots, and two or three smaller ones on inner margin. 10 mm.

The larva forms a tract-mine on an undetermined shrub.
Pennsylvania.

7. P. conspicuella Dietz. Inner margin white on basal two-fifths only. Ground
otherwise rather even. Striae white, contrasting; about eight striae on costa and
five or more on inner margin, the outermost ones crossing fringe and cutting off
the line in fringe, as in anglicella-, but distinctly above the apex. Occipital tuft
pale. 8 mm.

Caterpillar on black birch.
Pennsylvania.

8. P. arbitrella Dietz. No contrasts; costal striae rather distinct, dorsal ones
obsolete; a white discal bar. 8 mm.

Larva on Vaccinium.
Pennsylvania.

9. P. melanotella Dietz. Brown, with about nine equally strong, white streaks
on costa; two white spots on fold, on a blackish ground; basal half of inner margin
pale. 7 mm.

Larva on Crata;gus.
- Pennsylvania.

10. P. geminatella Packard. Fore wing dark brown and powdery gray, with
obscure costal striae and very obscure plical spots. 8 mm. (prunivorella Cham-
bers ?)

Larva in a tentiform mine on apple and quince.
Distribution general.

168 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

11. P. quadripunctella Clemens. Face fuscous; tuft dark brown; fore wing with
inner margin contrastingly whitish. 8 mm.

Larva on apple and chokecherry.
Eastern States to Kansas.

12. P. vicinella Dietz. Dark brown with a purplish tint, with dark and obscure
markings. 7 mm.

Larva on yellow birch.
Pennsylvania.

13. P. sorbivorella Dietz. Grayish brown; occiput and thorax creamy white;
markings mostly weak; plical spots black, contracting; a white discal bar. 10 mm.
(strobirorella Dietz, misprint.)

Larva in a cone like Gracilaria, on mountain ash.
Pennsylvania.

14. P. arbutifoliella Dietz. Gray with brown costa; inner margin mostly white,
with triangular black spots in fold. Head and thorax white. 9 mm.

Larva on Pyrus arbutifolia ( chokeberry ) .
Pennsylvania.

15. P. obliterella Dietz. Purple-brown; fourth and fifth striae widely separate;
inner third of wing half white and half black. Head and thorax with much
white. 8 mm.

Larva on Betula nigra.
Pennsylvania.

16. P. inusitatumella Chambers. Ground color uniform; three entire lines in
fringe; moth similar to prunivorella, but smaller, with more distinct striae, and
no semierect scales on inner margin. 7%-8 mm.

Larva in an upper-side mine on Cratcegus tomentosus and C. mollis, forming a
nearly circular, whitish blotch with scattered frass, later made tentiform.
Cocoon yellowish brown, spun on upper side of mine, outside.

Kentucky ; Ohio.

P. trepidella and f estinella Clemens are unknown to me ; for "Ornix " querci-
foliella Chambers and boreasella Clemens see Acrocercops.

2. GRACILARIA Haworth
(With Coriscium Zeller; EuspUapteryx Stephens, etc.)

Similar, to Ornix; head smooth: scape sometimes with the rudiment of an eye-
cap; palpi smooth, rough, or with a triangular tuft on second segment. Fore
wing with all veins (fig. 115) or with one dorsal vein lost; Rj arising close to base,
easily mistaken for Sc, which is inconspicuous. Hind wing lanceolate or linear;
venation weak and somewhat variable; typically with the tip of Rt free as in
Parornix.

The moth rests with head raised, and the two rough-scaled anterior pairs
of legs displayed. Larva, after an early stage, cylindrical; at first forming a
blotch-mine, later rolling a leaf into a conical nest. A few species are miners till
mature.

The species of this genus are difficult to identify without knowledge of the
food plants, as they are closely • similar and often highly variable. The key will
be a partial guide only.

Key to the species

1. Fore wing with a subtriangular, or larger, irregular, golden patch, normally
contrasting with the darker ground; well-defined, at least on its basal side,
and extending a third way across the wing, or more.

2. Upper part, at least, of face, and palpi dark.. 19. purpuriella, 20. stiffmatella.

2. Upper part of face and palpi not dark.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 169

3. Palpus with bands broad and fuscous-, the ground more or less dusted
with fuscous so that about half the total scales are dark; patch nor-
mally diffuse; ground of wing predominantly golden 21. negundella.

3. Palpus white or partly yellow with less than half of the third segment
contrasting black, and sometimes a narrow black ring on the second;
rarely dark, in which case the fore wing also is dark.
4. Base on inner margin concolorous, the whole ground dark purplish,

always with two well-marked golden spots.

5. Costa solid dark brown, not barred before apex; ground umber brown,
with a violet-purple iridescence. Third segment of palpus with more
black.

6. Brilliant royal purple; antenna pale; spots normally separated by
half their width, the first crescentic and the second long and

horizontal 11. burgessiella

6. Smaller; blackish with slight purple iridescence and blackish

antenna; the spots smaller and quadrate 12. comusella.

5. Costa beyond outer spot with three paler bars; ground and antenna
yellow-brown, with brilliant crimson-purple iridescence; palpus with
a small black spot near apex of third segment; spots large and nearly

in contact, the first triangular 13. bimaculatella.

5. Costa heavily and dorsum perceptibly barred toward apex; fuscous
without purple iridescence. Half of third segment of palpus black.

Spots small 14. Species A.

4. Fore wing dark purplish, with base of inner margin contrastingly golden.
5. Palpi strongly yellowish, markings usually suffused, the outer spot

often nearly obliterated 23. ostryceella.

5. Palpi white, markings clean-cut 15. vacciniella.

6. First spot large and triangular, and second one nearly in contact
with it, or with the spots fused into a large, irregular patch.

16. belfrageella.
4. Fore wing dark purplish, with middle of base contrastingly golden;

costal patch large and irregular 25. blandella, 26. juglandivorella.

4. Fore wing crimson, the base of the inner margin more or less contrast-
ingly paler.

5. A single, narrow, triangular, costal, golden patch, ending about at
middle of costa.

6. Head and thorax reddish bronze 27. glutinella.

6: Head and thorax light golden yellow 18. packardella.

5. A large, irregular patch extending well toward apex, often diffuse

except at base; or with two patches, the outer one suffused.
6. Vertex light golden, much paler than the ground of the wings; or

golden areas suffused with brown 23. ostryceella.

6. Vertex concolorous.

7. Thorax wholly golden; head predominantly golden.

24. superbifrontella.
7. Tegulae dark, vertex more extensively dark.

8. Vertex and tegulse rusty, with crimson iridescence.

24. alchimiella.
8. Vertex and tegulse duller grayish purple; patch diffuse.

22. azalece.
5. Two well-separated and sharply defined patches 17. coroniella.

1. Brown with numerous silver spots 33. serotinella.

1. No golden area with sharply defined, oblique, basal boundary, on costa of fore
wing.

170 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

2. Palpus with a small, triangular tuft on second segment.

3. Ground all pale luteous and white, with very fine, black scale-tips.

31. paradosca.
3. Ground darker, with considerable brown or gray.

4. Fore and middle tibia; and under side of wings red-brown, tarsi whitish.

32. quercinigrella.

4. Fore and middle legs powdery gray, with narrow white bands; under-
side gray.

5. Ground dominantly white, with complete, blackish fasciae; scales dark-
tipped 29. cuculipennella.

5. White ground reduced to scattered spots, the fore wing almost wholly
powdery gray and brown; fascite broken or obscure; scales white-
tipped 30. fraxiiiella.

2. Palpus smoothly scaled or nearly so.

3. Keddish, with costal third suffused with yellow.

4. Darker ground tan color 9. flareUa.

4. Darker ground suffused with crimson.

f>. Larger; darker; costal edge with two larger dark dots, hind tarsi con-
trastingly darkened at tips of joints 4. sassafrasella.

5. Smaller; paler; several black points on costa; hind tarsi evenly silver

gray 10. violaeella.

3. Reddish, with costal edge very narrowly, or not at all, yellow.

G. elongella.
3. Xot reddish; gray or brown.

4. Middle half of costal edge narrowly pale with dark dots.

5. Pale edge sharply defined below; ground darker and richer brown.

2. aceriella, 3. juglandiella.

5. Pale edge shading into the fuscous ground 5. rhoifoliella.

5. Fuscous gray, more or less violet-iridescent, the costal third faintly

paler and costal edge striate at middle 8. minimella.

4. With traces of the two golden triangles; costal edge wdth dark dots

23. ostryceella.

4. Costal edge concolorous, or nearly so.
5. Dark brown, spotted with yellow-brown.

I). Spots bright ochre and conspicuous, two on costa and two or three

on fold 7. flavimaculella.

G. Spots fine, irregular, dull, and scattered C. elongella.

5. Dark brown, powdered on a yellow ground, less heavily on costa.

(5. elongella.
5. Dark brown, powdered on a yellow ground; base darker.

28. atomosella.
5. Dusted with blackish on a white ground, more or less heavily.

G. elongella.
5. Blackish without noticeable markings 1. strictella.

Synopsis l>y foods

Willow and poplar (moths with a single golden triangle) :

Light red 20. stigmatella.

Dark purple 19. purpuriella.

Myrica :

Rusty, with yellower costa 9. flavella.

Walnut:

A large, golden, costal patch 25. llaiuleUa, 20. juglandivorella.

A aeries of yellow costal points 3. juglandiella

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 171

Ironwood (Carpinus and Ostrya):

Markings strongly variable 23. ostryceella.

Birch:

Two costal patches; ground yellow and crimson 17. coroniella.

Alder:

More or less distinct costal triangles .27. glutinell^.

No costal triangles 6. elongella

Oak:

Powdery gray 32. quercinigrella.

Crimson, with large golden patch 24. alchimiella.

Sassafras:

Dark crimson, with costal yellow shade bearing two dark dots. .4. sassafrasetin.
Witchazel:

Crimson, with large patch and golden thorax 24. superl>ifrontellr'.

Apple :

Powdery gray 30. fraxinella.

Cherry:

Black and silver 33. serotinella.

Desmodium:

Crimson, with yellow costal shade and minute dots 10. violacella.

Sumach :

Fuscous, with pale costa and dark points 5. rhoifoliella.

Maple :

Suffused, with golden costal patch often diffuse (on A. Negundo only).

21. neguitdella-.

Purple; two large triangles 13. bimaculatella.

Crimson ; one large triangle 18. packardella.

Purple ; four small spots 14. Species A.

Deep brown ; a series of costal points 2. aceriella.

Cornus (all species pxirple with two spots) :

Dorsal margin golden 10. belfrageella.

Spots approximate; first one crescentic 11. burge»siella.

Spots distant; first one quadrangular 12. cornusella.

Azalea:

Light crimson and golden 22. azalea.

Vaccinium :

Two small patches !•">• vacciniella.

Privet :

Gray and white 29. cuculipennella.

Ash:

Powdery gray : 3(>. fraxinella.

Unknown:

1. strictella, 7. flaviniaculella, 8. minimella, 28. atomosella, and 31. paradoxa.

I. Palpus smooth or nearly so (Gracilaria).

1. G. strictella Walker. Fore wings dark gray; with diffuse, blackish patches.
Hiid alxmt five inconspicuous black dots, two of them costal. 18 mm. (adaptclla
Walker.)

This species is unknown to me; Ely associates it with G. alnirorella Chambers.
This type was caught west of Hudson Bay.

2. G. aceriella Chambers. Similar to G. juglandiella, but slightly smaller; tip
of palpus more distinctly white; fringe divided hy two white lines.

This species was apparently discovered at Amherst, Massachusetts.
It is unknown to me. It was bred from maple.

172 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

.3. G. juglandiella Chambers. Deep purple-brown. Face whitish below; palpus
pale, with a narrow black terminal ring on second segment, and a narrow basal,
and very broad subapical, ring on third. Fore wing obscurely striate with blackish
along inner margin; middle half of costa cream-white, cut into about eight,
squarish spots by black bars. Apex and fringe with more or less distinctly pale-
tipped scales. 9 mm. ( juglandisnigracella Chambers.)

Moth in September. Larva in August on walnut, at first in a short, linear mine,
which is later converted into a blotch. Later folding down the edge of a leaflet
and feeding outside. Pupation in the nest.

South Ohio; Kentucky; Missouri(?).

4. G. sassafrasella Chambers. Ochre yellow; the dorsal two-thirds of the wing
heavily suffused with deep, dull rcse. Head and thorax more brownish; antennae
black-annulate except at base. Fore wing with somewhat diffuse, blackish dots at
middle and just below apex, and some scattered blaik scales. Apex brown, with
three blackish lines in fringe. 12 mm.

July. Larva first forms a serpentine mine on sassafras, which is later con-
verted into a tentiform one. Then it forms a clumsy case by rolling down the
tip of a leaf, usually a young leaf. The pupa is formed in a yellow cocoon on a
leaf. The larva is slender, lemon yellow, and with a light brown head. The larva
occurs in June.

Connecticut to Missouri. New York; Ithaca.

.">. G. rhoifoliella Chambers. Fuscous. Front white; inner side of palpus white
with blackish tips to second and terminal joints. Fore wing darker toward apex
and base of costa, with purple iridescence ( much duller than sassafrasella ) ,
costa with basal and apical sixths wholly blackish, the rest shaded with cream-
color and cut with dark striae, which are more numerous than in juglandiella,, and
thinner, with a single heavy one at the middle. Inconspicuous coarser stria? on
inner margin, and sometimes on fold. Apical fringe with a couple of pale bars.
12 mm.

Larva with the same habits as that of G. sassafrasella, feeding on Rhus toxi-
codendron and R. copallina. Moth in July and August.

New Jersey to Missouri and Minnesota. New York : East Aurora, Ithaca.

6. G. elongella Linnaeus. An extremely variable species, some of its forms
determinable only by breeding from its food, alder. Typically crimson, unmarked,
with red-brown fore and middle tibiae, and dirty whitish hind tibiae tinted with
brownish. Forms cccur with narrow, contrasting, yellow costal edge (inconstans
Stainton), or with more extensive yellow costal markings, which are sometimes
extended into a vague likeness of the costal triangle of the normal group of
Gracilaria; and there' may be also similar markings on the inner margin. In
var.' punctella (signipennella Hiibner) there are a couple of fuscous dots, and the
middle tibiae are blackish. Form inconstans and most of the mottled forms
have white hind tarsi ; var. signipennis has the white tarsi, and three blackish
dots on the fold; and the immaculate forms also occur with white tarsi. For
American forms (which some consider a distinct species, calling it alnivorella
Chambers) alnicolella Chambers represents the uniform red-brown form; var.
sanguinel'a Beutenmuller is the red and yellow one; pulchella Clemens, the brick-
red one; fuscoochrella Beutenmuller is suffused generally with fuscous; nigri-
strigella and ruptostrigella Beutenmuller are mottled, brown, yellow, and black
varieties, differing in slight details. Alnivorella Chambers is the pepper-and-salt
form and is the oldest American name; and shastaella Beutenmuller is the greenish-
white form with sparser black dotting. All the forms and a variety of inter-
mediates have been bred from alder in this country or Europe, and seem to
represent a single species. Many of the forms were described from definite locali
ties, but any are likely to occur anywhere in our area. The larva makes the usua
cone on alder.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 173

The species is evidently widespread but appears common only northward. New
York: Wilmington, Mt. Whiteface, McLean.

7. G. flavimaculella Ely. Brown; face overlaid, and vertex more or less scaled,
with pale yellow-brown; antennae annulate with dark brown and yellow-brown;
palpi straw color, the second segment heavily shaded with brown outwardly, and
the third brown except at base and apex. Fore wings with rather diffuse mark-
ings of pale yellow- brown, especially along the fold, dorsal margin, and costal
margin beyond the middle, forming two conspicuous yellow splashes on costa. Front
and middle tibiae dark brown; tarsi straw color, annulate with dark brown. 10 mm.

Moth from July to September. Larva unknown.
Southern Connecticut.

8. G. minimella Ely. Fore and hind wings each with a dorsal vein lost. Fore
wings dark mouse-gray with perceptibly paler costal third, cut by very faint
costal striations, especially on middle half of costa. Palpus on inner side white,
with a broad blackish band on third segment; second segment on outer side with
a blackish tip, third mostly blackish with a white tip. Unlike rhoifoliella in the
lack of a whitish costa and different palpi. 9-9^ mm.

July and August. Larva unknown.
Southern Connecticut.

9. G. flavella Ely. Yellowish tan; face and palpi pale yellowish; vertex with
purplish iridescence. Costa bordered with bright straw color; hind wings and
fringes yellow-gray, the apical fringe straw-color, intermixed with tan. Legs
as usual. 10 mm.

July. Larva on Myrica cerifera in June. Mine at first linear, then a small
blotch (up to 2 by 4 mm.). Cone formed by rolling the tip of a leaf downward.
Southern Connecticut.

10. G. violacella Clemens. Head and antennae purplish brown; face white;
palpi pale, with second and third segments each heavily dark-tipped. Fore wing
with costal third light yellow except at apex, the rest light brown; a dozen dark
points on costal edge. All the dark portions heavily shot with violet. 8 mm.
(desmodifoliella Clemens). There is also a darker phase with the yellow costa
extending only two-thirds way to the apex, and the third tarsi shaded with gray.

The larva feeds on Desmodium, at first in a small linear mine, then in a tenti-
form one; later rolling down the edge of a leaf from the tip. The moth emerges
in August. It is generally distributed.

The remaining species of this group all show more or less clearly a triangular
golden patch on the costa, before the middle, or a larger and irregular patch.

11. G. bufgessiella Zeller. Fore and middle tibiae dull black, contrasting with
the whitish tarsi and whitish hind legs, as in all this series. Face silver white
to level of antennae, vertex brown. Thorax brown; palpi white with a short black
tip. Fore wing umber brown, with purple iridescence, the more basal golden
spot comma-shaped or semicircular, with the straight or concave side outward;
marked with dark dots on costa. Postmedial spot nearly quadrate, twice as long
as wide. No subterminal bars on costa. Fringe fuscous with faint lines in apex.
11-14 mm.

Moth at the end of July and in August; apparently rare. Caterpillar on Cornus.
in July; at first in a linear mine, then a blotch, then a cone formed by rolling
the tip of the leaf downward. •

Cocoon formed outside the mine. This name has been frequently applied to a
variety of dark purple Gracilarias without a pale base to the inner margin, but
seems unquestionably to belong to the species described' above.

Massachusetts; Connecticut. New York: Ithaca.

12.G cornusella Ely. Similar to G. lurgessiclia, smaller; ground blackish,
with faint iridescence; first golden spot normally quadrate, extending to fold,
not large; second spot minute, separated from the first by twice its diameter. No
subapical costal dots. Fringe and apex immaculate dark brown. Antennae darker
than 6. burgessiella. 10 mm. (burgessiella of authors).

174 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

The caterpillar when young forms the mine usual in the genus; then lives in
;i cylindrical nest made by rolling do\vu cue si<!<> of a leaf. The cocoon is spun
in the roll. The moth has been obtained in April and in August.

Connecticut to Missouri. New York: Ithaca.

13. G. bimaculatella - Ely. Light brown with crimson iridescence, the antennae
yellow-brown. Head and thorax dark brown, darker than the wings; the face
silvery. Palpi with a little black at the tip only. Fore wing with first golden
spot large, triangular, practically reaching inner margin; and second nearly, or
quite, in contact with it, less perfectly triangular; or roughly semicircular, with
a few, obscure, dark spots between it and the apex. Apical fringe yellow-gray with
darker lines. 11 mm. (burgcssiella of collections; amphidelta, Meyrick?).

The caterpillar lives in a cone on red and soft maple. The species seems fairly
common but is usually taken for something else.

Ontario to Connecticut; New York; Missouri. New York: Ithaca.

14. G. species A. Similar, much smaller; first golden spot narrow, barely reach-
ing fold, crescentic, followed by four successively smaller, golden dots on costa,
< he last practically apical, and each defined on the outer side with a black line
Fringe mostly blackish, with the usual darker lines. 7-8 mm.

Moth in September and October. Larva on maple.
New York; Missouri.

15. G. vacciniella Ely. Dark purplish, including vertex and upper part of face;
palpi with brown tips; antennae annulate, as usual in the genus; fore wing with
two spots, the first triangular, with its basal margin rounded and its outer mar-
gin perpendicular, and reaching to fold; outer spot separated from the first by
about its width. Base of inner margin yellow. Fringe smoky gray, dark at apex
and with obscure lines in it. 11 mm.

The moth flies at the end of July. The larva feeds on Vaccinium.
Pennsylvania.

G. anthobaphes Meyrick is similar, but with a small additional golden spot at
anal angle. It occurs at Lake Muskoka, Ontario, in July and August.

16. G. belfrageella Chambers. Purple. Face and palpi white; a dark dot on
tip of second segment of palpi; costal triangle typically pale golden, truncated
on the fold, and extended as a wide band along the costa to the beginning of the
fringe; base of inner margin dark. 11 mm.

Rarely the costal patch is cut into two separate spots.

The larva feeds on Cornus asperifolia, at first in a linear winding tract on the
under side of a leaf, then in a blotch, which is crinkled later; finally in the
usual cone. It pupates in a fold of the leaf. Other specimens, which roll the
whole leaf in a long cylinder, appear to make the same moth, but more often
with separate spots. This name is often misapplied to one or another of the maple
species.

Southern Ohio; Texas.

17. G. coroniella Clemens. Dark yellowish, overlaid with crimson; head dark
yellowish; palpi with third segment dark on outer side. Fore wing with a tri-
angular patch at middle extending only to fold, and not running out on costa;
a couple of dark points on costa within it, and a small pale spot on costa beyond
it; apex pale; fringe yellowish, tipped with black. 10 mm.

Larva on birch.
Illinois.

18. G. packardella Chambers. Light orange with strong crimson iridescence,
strongly variable in brilliance; anteniue ringed with golden and fuscous as usua
in the group; occiput golden, face silver white; fore wing with a nearly equilatera
golden triangle, reaching nearly to the inner margin; and inner margin at bas
shaded with pale golden. 12 mm. (inornatella Chambers, in part; elegantellc
Frey.)

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 175

Larva on sugar maple. G. packardella has been confused with G. alchimiella,
which has an entirely differently shaped patch.
Generally distributed. New York: Ithaca.

19. G. purpuriella Chambers. Dull grayish brown with purple iridescence, the
face typically white below, but often only slightly paler; labial palpi blackish
on outer side, except at extreme apex, dirty white within. Fore wing with base
of inner margin concolorous, the triangle white, often scaled with fuscous, and
variable in size, but normally narrow with concave sides, ending in a point near
or above the fold; costa outwardly with faint pale and dark striae. Apical fringe
gray, barred with black. Tarsi with more dark scaling than usual. 12 mm.

This form is general in distribution; and is common in August, and from October
to April. The caterpillar feeds on willow and poplar, rolling the leaf down from
the tip, and sometimes using a whole leaf. The pupa is usually formed in the
roll, rarely in a web outside. Ely considers this form conspecific with G. stigmella,
but they appear distinct to me.

New York : Ithaca.

20. G. stigmatella Fabricius. Closely similar, but with paler reddish ground.
Face on the average more extensively pale; triangle with very little dark scaling,
and relatively larger, not pointed on the fold (upupoepennella) .

Larva on willow. Moth in July.

Wales, Maine; Framingham, Massachusetts; Cincinnati, Ohio; Xew Brighton,
Pennsylvania; Europe. Possibly introduced in America.

21. G. negundella Chambers. Light tawny browrn, suffused with crimson and
greenish; the costa patch not at all contrasting in light specimens. Palpi dirty
yellowish white, with tips of joints blackish; antennae brown, obscurely annulate.
Head and thorax dull, and rather greenish on the whole; face pale below. Fore
wing with costal patch large and irregular, extending nearly to apex, as in
typical belfrageella; apex with obscure yellow spots; fringe with three blackish
stripes. 13 mm.

The palest specimens show brownish spots in the ground, especially towrard the
apex. Eastern specimens are darker than the types (from Colorado) and show
black dusting on the palpi, and the basal half of the costal patch has some black
edging. 13 mm.

July and August ; October to early spring. Caterpillar at first in a narrow,
linear mine on under side; then crossing to upper side; then forming a large, whit-
ish blotch; and finally, the usual cone: on Acer negundo.

Ohio and west (probably also eastward where the food occurs.)

•I'l. G. azaleae Busck. Head, thorax, and base of fore wing, except on inner
margin, dark purple; costal half of fore wing golden almost to apex, dorsal margin
tawny with crimson iridescence; the boundary usually diffuse. 10 mm.

This species is a green -house pest on evergreen azaleas, and has apparently been
introduced from Japan via Holland. It has been confused with zachrysa Mey-
rifk. but appears distinct. The latter is an Indian species feeding on apple.

Massachusetts. New York : Rochester, Yonkers.

'23. G. ostryjeella Chambers. Autumn form: Antennae grayish, annulate with
dark brown; palpi yellowish white, the second and third joints with broad black
apical bands; maxillary palpi similar. Face golden below, more or less scaled
with brown and sometimes with a brown cross-line. Fore wing pinkish brown,
speckled with patches of blackish scales, with a more or less distinct elongate
patch near anal angle, leaving a few golden scales on the margin. Pale costal
triangle dark-margined and separated from the patch beyond the triangle; golden,
suffused with dark except at its boundaries on costa and inner margin; outer
spot- more or less suffused. 10 mm.

The larva feeds on Ostrya, in a linear, whitish mine on the upper side of a leaf;
then in a whitish, digitate blotch over a vein, which it eats out transparent before

176 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

deserting it, leaving a network of brown veins. Finally the larva forms the usual
cone.

Southern Ohio; Kentucky.

Supposed summer form: Antennae ochreous, broadly annulate with dark; darker
toward the apex; palpi yellowish white; third segment annulate with dark just
before the apex; maxillary palpi yellowish white. Face, head, and thorax pale
golden; vertex bronzy; fore wing suffused with purplish bronze; a pale golden
patch at base; triangle pale golden, large, truncated on fold, extended out on
costa, with very slight, dark points on the costal edge. Hind wing fuscous with
reddish fringe. Hind tibiae and tarsi mostly yellowish white. 10 mm.

The larva lives in a mine on the under side of Carpinus and Ostrya, the blotch
when finished becoming similar to that of the autumn form, as the parenchyma
is eaten out.

24. G. superbifrontella Clemens. Rose-violet, iridescent on a base of tawny
yellow; palpi yellow with brownish tip; antennae dull yellow, vertex shaded with
reddish violet; thorax wholly golden. Hind wing very dark. Fore wing with
large, irregular, costal patch, and base of inner margin suffused with golden.
11 mm. (alchimiella of authors).

June to August. Larva in a conical roll on Hamamelis; pale green with pale
brown cervical shield.

Distribution general. New York: Crosby (Yates County) ; Ithaca.

G. alchimiella Scopoli, a European oak species, has been reported from Essex
County, New Jersey. The golden spot on the inner margin is more sharply
defined; the head is lighter crimson rose; and the tegulfe and a spot on the disc
of the thorax are tawny. Packardella has sometimes been determined as this
species.

25. G. blandella Clemens. Dark purple; face yellowish; vertex with purple-
tipped scales; antennae strongly annulate; palpi yellowish with a brown spot on
outer side of second joint, and on tip of third. Fore wing with usual patch very
large and irregular; the wing strongly golden-iridescent at base, sometimes form-
ing a central, diffuse, basal spot. Fringe dark with a pale line in the middle;
hind wings pale fuscous.

This species is unknown to me.
Virginia.

26. G. juglandivorella Chambers. Closely similar to G. blandella; joints of
maxillary palpi purple-tipped; vertex largely purple; thorax with three lemon-
yellow stripes; yellow patch perhaps less extensive. 8 mm.

Larva on black walnut; at first in a linear mine, reaching an inch long, then
under a series of small flaps, eating the parenchyma, and pupating under the last
flap. The larva changes to the cylindrical form on leaving the mine.

I have not seen this form. The preceding species and this probably identical;
and are so considered by Ely.

Virginia.

27. G. glutinella Ely. Summer form. Reddish bronze, face yellow; palpi straw
color, shaded with dark brown just before the apex, darker outwardly; antennae
annulate. Fore and middle femora and tibiae reddish bronze; hind tibiae dark-
shaded at apex. Fore wing with some straw-yellow scales, especially toward
apex of costa; triangle shining golden, truncated shortly on fold; no outer spot.
Fringe gray, with two dark lines around the apex. 12-13 mm.

July-August. Larva in a roll on Alnus glutinosa, in July.

Southern Connecticut.

Supposed icinter form: Ground dark purplish, intermixed with straw-colored
scales; face pale yellowish, edged with brown on sides; vertex darker and more
straw colored; palpi shaded throughout with dark purple, third segment with a
heavy black ring at the tip; maxillary palpi also shaded with purple. Antennae

darker. Fore wing with costal triangle pale straw yellow, almost obliterated with
dark purple suffusion; fringe gray, almost concolorous at apex with two dark
lines. 13 mm.

The moth is distinguished from coroniella by the darker coloring. It flies in
September; doubtless wintering, and reappearing in April.

The larva occurs on alder in August, at first on the under side of a leaf, in
a linear mine; which ends in a small blotch, which is usually near the margin;
then later in one or two shelters formed by turning down the edge of a leaf;
and finally, in a cone at the apex of the leaf. The cocoon is formed outside the
mine.

28. G. atomosella Zeller. Thorax and fore wing heavily dusted and shaded with
blackish, on a pale ochreous ground; fore wing with pale striae toward costa and
inner margin; one of these, before the middle of the costa, being the most distinct
marking, and extending obliquely out almost to the inner margin. Base darker.
Head white, somewhat tufted behind. Palpi black with two white rings on second
joint, and base of third joint white. Maxillary palpi with white dots. 14 mm.
(atmosella Ely — 'misprint).

This species is unknown to me.
Texas; "Atlantic States" (Ely).

II. Palpus with a triangular tuft on under side of second segment (Coriscium).

29. G. cuculipennella Hiibner. White, with oblique fasciae formed of black-
barred scales, and mixed with brown scales, which concentrate at the edges of
the fasciae, forming brown lines; base powdery gray; basal half of wing with
two fasciae, extending obliquely outward, the first heaviest on inner margin, the
second stronger, and usually ending just above the inner margin; a similar medial
fascia. Outer half of wing with diffuse spots and short vertical fasciae; fringe
with dark-tipped scales, gathering in three or four lines. Head, thorax, palpi,
and tibiae powdery gray, barred with white, the tarsi hardly lighter. Inner side
of palpi white. 10—14 mm.

Larva on privet.
Europe.

American records probably apply to fraxinella, which may be only a race of
this species.

30. G. fraxinella Ely. Similar. Powdery gray areas more diffuse, the scales
mostly finely white -tipped; usually with the fasciae broken up, and obscure;
rarely with fasciae contrasting and black, but broken into spots. Fringes more
suffused with gray than in G. cuculipennella; head and thorax darker. The white
ground color is reduced to a large number of spots, many of them rounded.
12-14 mm. •

Moth in July and May, the latter doubtless specimens which had emerged the
preceding fall. Caterpillar on ash and apple, in the usual cone, in June. This
may be a synonym of G. paradoxa Frey and Boll.

Connecticut. New York: Ithaca.

31. G. paradoxa Frey and Boll. White, heavily and rather evenly dusted with
finely black-tipped, clay-eolored scales, leaving a white antemedian fascia across
the wing, and obscure, alternately light and dark mottlings along the margins
outwardly. Head rather more lightly dusted, and palpi more heavily, except
the tip of the second segment and base of the third. 12-15 mm. (Parectopa.)

Moth in April and early May. Larva unknown.
Boston, Massachusetts; New Brighton, Pennsylvania.

32. G. quercinigrella Ely. Similar to G. fraannella, powdery gray. Palpi only
lightly dusted; fore and middle tibiae red-brown; tarsi white, ringed with red-
brown; hind legs yellowish; the femora and coxae shaded with red-brown. Fore
wing with markings diffuse; base much paler below fold than above; anteme-
dial fascia oblique outward, pale gray; outer part of wing with obscure, con-

178 WILLJAM T. M. FORBES

cave fasciip. Under side red-browu. Hind wing pale-gray, partly red-brown
below. 10 mm.

The moth Hies in September. The cone is formed by bending down and under
a lobe of the food leaf (red oak. etc.). The leaf is eaten through in a series of
small holes where the edge of the liap is attached. The larva is whitish with
brownish incisures, and occurs early in July. Apparently there is only one brood.

Southern Connecticut.

33. G. serotinella Ely. I'alpi with a very small pointed tuft. Ground black -
brown; basal half of third segment of palpi yellow; tarsi pale. Fore wing witli
numerous, greenish-silvery spots, irregularly scattered and more or less fused,
especially so as tp form an outwardly oblique sub-basal fascia and a V-shaped
antemedial spot resting on costa (enclosing a spot of the ground color). Apical
fringe cut with four yellow bars. Dorsal fringe and hind wing mouse gray. 15 mm.

The moth occurs in July and August. The larva forms the tip of a leaf of
I'runus serotina- into a cone. The cocoon is boat shaped, fiat on top, and is spun
in a partly folded leaf.

Dublin, New Hampshire; East River, Connecticut. Xew York: Ithaca.

3. ACROCERCOPS Wallengron .
(Gracilaria, Coriscium, in part)

Similar to Gracilaria; hind tibise of the northeastern species with a couple
of rows of stiff straight bristles above, about a quarter as long as the length
of the tibia?, or somewhat less. Antenna; fully as long as the fore wings, palpi
typically with a slight tuft on second segment, large and triangular in A. quin-
questrigelln; maxillary palpi minute in some exotic species. Wings about as
in Gracilaria; in the fore wing with all veins present, or one dorsal (apparently
Cu) lost, as in A. onosmodiclla,. Hind wing often a little more reduced than in
Gracilaria, Rj regularly being lost, and M3 also in A. strifiifinitella. Resting posi-
tion with the fore and middle legs displayed as usual, but sometimes with the
head appressed to the object on which the moth is resting.

The caterpillar is of various types, but in all cases it feeds in the cylindrical
stage (fig. 121). The transformation to the cylindrical stage is sometimes
gradual. The larva- are usually blotch miners, the cocoon, typically, being formed
in the mine. Our species belong to various groups of the genus, which is very
large in the Orient.

Key to the species

1. Inner margin with two large, silvery patches 7. albinotcllc.

1. Inner margin with a slender silvery streak.

2. Streak ending a fourth way out; ground color golden .">. onosmodieUr.

2. Streak ending halfway cut 8. renustellf

2. Streak reaching to anal angle fi. qum'questriyellc

1. Inner margin with silvery spots or fasciip only.

2. Four rounded, white spots on margins 4. boreaseU;:.

2. Extremely slender white fascia*, alternating with heaver black cues.

3. Costal and dorsal series at right angles to each other 1. strigifinitell " .

3. Stripes running acrcss the wing, farther cut on inner margin.. . .3. strigosa.
2. Moderate white fasci;r and no black ones.

3. Ground dull brown; six or seven fasciae straight aerrss the wing. .3. strir/osa.

3. First two dorsal fasciae lying along the margin; four or five in all; gi- und

shaded with luteous. . 2. cis'er'.cola.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 179

I. Maxillary palpi very small, less than a fifth as long as labials; palpi
smoothly scaled; spining on hind tibia; moderate. M3 of hind icing lost.
Larva changing gradually from flat to cylindrical type (Xeurobathra Ely).

1. A. strigifinitella Clemens. Palpi yellowish white, barred with brown; head
and antenna dull brown; fore wings grayish brown, striate obliquely from both
margins with fine white striae, edged with black, alternating with heavier solid
black ones. An apical ocellus. 8 mm. (Dialect ica Walsingham; Ornix querci-
foliella, Gracilaria duodecimlinella Chambers.)

The larva feeds on chestnut, chinquapin, oak, and beech. In the first two stages
it is of the flat type, and makes a linear mine; the third stage larva is cylindrical,
with an essentially normal head, but with rudimentary legs and the head flatter
than it is later. It bores in a lateral vein. The fourth and later stages are of
the normal cylindrical type, and bore in the midrib. If the supply of food in
the midrib fails, the late larva forms a large, pufl'y blotch-mine, with scattered
frass. There is no non-feeding stage. Pupation is outside the mine, in a white
cocoon decorated with four separate masses of froth. The species breeds continu-
ously all summer.

Xew York to Missouri. The species is in the Robinson collection, presumably
from this State.

II. Maxillary palpi a fourth as long as the labials, which Itare a moie or less
distinct triangular tuft on the second segment; larva (so far as knomi)
changing abruptly to final stage ; tibial bristles variable. Fore icing with
traces, at least, of all dorsal reins ( Acrocercops I .

2. A. astericola Frey and Boll. Lutecus, more or less dusted with In-own; head,
with its appendages, white. Fore wing with a broad, oblique, more or less tri-
angular, white fascia two-fifths wray out, edged, especially inward, with black; not
reaching inner margin; two others, half as wide, beyond it, which have a heavier
black edging. Apex white, preceded with black and followed by a double bar in
the fringe; the outer fascue reaching the inner edge of the membrane. A short
antemedial costal fascia, and two on inner margin. 9 mm. (Gra-eilaria, Parectopa.)

May. August.

The larva forms a large, tentiform blotch mine on Aster corymbosus etc.; the
pupa is outside the mine, in a firm cocoon.

Massachusetts to western Pennsylvania. Xew York: Ithaca.

3. A. strigosa Braun. Dull brown, with seven slender, parallel, outwardly oblique,
white fas'cite across the wing, more or less edged with black, and somewhat broken.
10 mm.

The moth occurs in June. The larva is found on Quercus prinus, at first in a
narrow white gallery, then in a large, whitish blotch, from which the parenchyma
is gradually eaten out. The cocoon is dense and brownish, witli the usual globules.
The larva is full grown at the end of May.

Tryon, North Carolina; Powell County, Kentucky.

4. A. (?) boreasella Clemens. Fusrous, with nearly round, white, postmedial and
subterminal spots en costa, and medial and subterminal ones on inner margin, the
last extending into the fuscous fringe. 9 mm. (Orni-x ? Clemens, Gracilaria T of
authors.)

Labrador.

o. A. onosmodiella Busck. Golden brown; head, thorax, and appendages for the
most part silvery; antennae dark with silver line; fore wing with markings heavily
black-edged; a large, antemedial crescent on crsta, followed by three triangles;
two silver triangles on outer part of inner margin, alternating with two costal
ones; base of inner margin and apex silver white. Palpi wholly white. 9 mm.
(pnosmodiella Busck, lapsus calami).

180 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

July. The larva a blotch miner on Onosmodium, of the family Boraginacese.

District of Columbia to California.

C. A. quinquestrigella Chambers. Palpi white, second segment with a large, tri-
angular tuft, like that of Coriscium; two dark rings on the third. Fore wing
fuscous brown; inner margin narrowly and evenly white, with some dark scales,
running out at anal angle; with paired, whitish streaks running obliquely out
from costa and from upper edge of the dorsal streak, the outermost ones in the
base of the fringe, and meeting at a right angle over the apex; these streaks
are slightly edged with darker brown, and have dark streaks between them.
5 mm. (rhombiferellum Frey and Boll).

Kentucky; Texas.

7. A. albinotella Chambers. Head, palpi, antennae, and fore wing silvery white;
antennae annulate with brown ; palpus with second joint tufted, brown-gray, with
white tip. Fore wing shining, light olive brown; thorax with a silvery, central band
continued as a band on the inner margin of the wing, gradually narrowing to the
anal angle, and interrupted by projections of the brown area; three white, outwardly
oblique, costal fasciae, the first usually broken, and joining the white dorsal area; a
white apical spot covering the costal fringe, and edged below with a black crescent;
apical fringe brown, vaguely banded; dorsal fringe shaded with white. 9 mm.

Moth in April and June, and again in August. Larva in a large, tentiform mine
on under side of leaves of oak; at first in a linear mine. (Coriscium albinatella,
albonotella Chambers.)

New York to Maryland, Ohio, and Missouri. "New York" (Beutenmuller).

III. Fore wing with one dorsal vein completely lost; R4 and R0 stalked (Leuco-
spilapteryx Spuler).

8. A. venustella Clemens. Head and eye -cap silvery white; palpus with two
blackish spots; antennae dark brownish. Fore wing dark, purplish ash gray, with
a white streak along inner margin from base half way to apex; a small, white,
antemedial, costal spot, and three somewhat convergent white streaks beyond,
equidistant at costa, and extending obliquely outward. Apical spot white, with
dark margin, and containing a black dot. Fringe mouse gray, mixed with white.
8 mm. (eupatoriella, Chambers).

The moth occurs from late July to September. The larva makes several, suc-
cessive tentiform blotch-mines on Eupatorium. Apparently the same species occurs
on Ambrosia artemisice folia but I have seen only a rubbed specimen. Possibly it
is A. astericola.

Cincinnati, Ohio, and District of Columbia to Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and
Missouri.

4. APOPHTHISIS Braun

Similar to Acrocercops; antennae rather shorter than fore wing, with a pecten;
maxillary palpi rudimentary; bristles on hind tibia rudimentary, rather like stiff
scales. Fore wing with Rt weak, RB and Mt stalked, forking over the apex; M2
and M3 absent; hind wing as in Acrocercops.

The resting position is about as in Ornix.

1. A. pullata Braun. Dirty white; scales fuscous- tipped; head and palpi gray,
antennae lightly annulate. Fore wing with darker, streaks near base and beyond
middle of fold; a faint, darker line in fringe. 5%-6 mm.

The moth has been taken late in July and in May. The larva is a miner in
buckthorn, in July and October; the mine at first is obscure and linear, and later
becomes a large blotch, 5-8 mm. wide. Pupation takes place outside the mine,
in a flat, oval, yellow cocoon.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 181
5. LEUCANTHIZA Clemens

Front and vertex smooth, a small, loose tuft on occiput; antennae as long as fore
wings, basal joint small, not modified; palpi short, straight, drooping; maxillary
palpi rudimentary; tongue short, apparently naked; hind tibiae with long bristly
hair ( ?). Fore wing lanceolate (fig. 118), with four traceable veins running to
costa, Rj being lost ; two or three veins from cell to inner margin. Hind wing with
R and Mj closely parallel, but without forked veins.

Caterpillar of Gracilariid type, forming a large blotch-mine on upper side of a
leaf. Cocoon of white silk, outside the mine. At rest the moth holds the antennas
extended laterally, as do other members of the family. This is an aberrant genus,
which has not been fully studied, and may be misplaced in the keys. The short
palpi may cause it to be sought among the Lyonetiidse ; and there may be a real
kinship to Phyllocnistis.

Key to the species

Base of inner margin brown amphicarpecefoliella.

Base of inner margin golden dircella.

1. L. amphicarpeaefoliella Clemens. Head lead color; antennas golden brown, tips
silvery white. Fore wings deep orange, shading to golden brown toward the apex;
base deep brown, bordered by a strongly excurved, lead-gray line from costa to
basal angle; a large, irregular, triangular, golden patch on middle of inner margin,
extending up nearly to middle of wing ; a golden streak at beginning of costal
fringe, with two dots before it; fringe golden brown; hind wings gray. 6 mm.

May. Larva in an upper surface mine, on Amphicarpa monoica; green with
brown dorsal, and darker ventral, spots, after the last molt becoming wholly green.
Connecticut; Maryland; Pennsylvania.

2. L. dircella Braun. Orange yellow; head golden with darker hairs behind;
antennae dark brown, tips silver white; thorax golden, dark brown in front. Fore
wing with base dark brown, except toward inner margin; apical area dark brown;
antemedial golden fasciae straight. Base of inner margin orange; an oblique,
curved golden streak from antemedial region below costa to middle of costa; a small,
costal streak at beginning of fringe; a short, golden, dorsal streak margined
toward base by an oblique line, dark brown scales; a longer oblique streak at anal
angle, and a faint, golden, marginal line. Fringe and hind wing dark brown.
Legs golden with dark brown tarsi. 5-6 mm.

July. Larva in late June and in September, in a large, sometimes digitate, upper-
side blotch, on Dirca palustris; often social. Cccoon outside the mine.
Clermont County, Ohio.

6. MARMARA Clemens.
(Msyle Chambers; Gracilaria, in part)

Head smooth; antennae with pecten scaly and suggesting an eye-cap, or normal;
palpi moderate, smooth- scaled, ascending in life but usually porrect when dry;
maxillary palpi moderate, porrect; tongue naked. Tibiae smooth-scaled. Fore
wing (fig. 117) with only five veins arising from the cell, three running to the
costa and two to the inner margin, all free. Fringe as usual in the family. Hind
wing linear-lanceolate, with fringe four times as wide as membrane; Sc and R
obscure; a forked stem in middle of wing, free from Rs; Cu simple.

The larvae are of the flattened type in all the feeding stages, becoming cylindrical
just before pupation. They are "extremely broad at the anterior end and lobed
at the sides. They are leaf miners, or miners in the bast of twigs, usually form-
ing a tract. The cocoon is spun outside the mine and is covered with more or less
confluent masses of pearl-like, white bubbles. The genus is only definitely known
from North America, but has been generally confused with Gracilaria. Besides the

182 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

species mentioned in this work, there is an undescribed species of the light group,
on elm; and one of the dark group, on Hibiscus.

Key to the species
1. Dominantly pale.

2. A large, basal, blackish patch on costa 1. fulyidella.

2. Some blackish scales near base of costa only 2. elotella.

1. Dominantly dark.

2. Second fascia erect, complete, as wide as the dark space before it. .4. fasciella.
2. Second fascia outwardly oblique, bent, and half as wide as the dark space

before it, or broken.
3. First fascia twice as wide on inner margin ; the second offset its width

at middle 7. serotinelh.

3. First fascia even in width or broken.

4. Brilliant, golden brown, with silver markings 9. auratclla.

4. Dull fuscous brown, hardly shining.

5. Ground powdery, the pale scale-bases showing; palpus with heavy

band on third segment 5. opuntiella.

5. Ground even, palpi with third joint pale.
6. Ground nearly black.

7. Fasci* complete or nearly so.

8. Head silver white *. 3. salictella.

8. Head tinged with yellow 8. apocynella.

7. Fasciae broadly interrupted 0. smilacisella, (7) pornonella.

6. Markings edged with black, on a lighter brown ground.

4. quinquenotella.

1. M. fulgidella Clemens. Head and antennae yellowish white. Maxillary palpi
dark. Fore wing silvery white with a dark brown blotch at base, not extending
across the wing; a dark brown band rather below middle, sharply angulated just
above the inner margin, and darkest along its outer edge; outer part with two
broad, costal fascia? confluent in the middle of the wing, with a white costal spot
between them, and a white spot on inner margin opposite. Apex dark, with a white
costal streak before it. Hind wing dark fuscous. 7% mm.

Larva on Qucrcus prinus; with the habits of serotinella.
Pennsylvania.

2. M. elotella Busck. Paler than M. fulgidella; moth mostly white; antenna
yellow, darker toward the tip; palpi with black bars; tibia; mostly white. Fore
wing white, with yellow-brown bands edged outwardly with black; the first costal
spot slight and tending to break up. the two outer fascise markedly separate, diverg-
ing in the dorsal fringe, and followed by an apical dot. Hind wing clay color.

Larva under bark of apple twigs, leaving a winding scar.

South Connecticut. There is a . closely similar, possibly the same, species on
elm in Virginia.

3. M. salictella Clemens. Antenna? grayish fuscous; head and palpi white; occiput
(as in the following species) fuscous. Maxillary palpi dark; second joint of
labials touched with fuscous. Fore wing dark gray-brown, with silvery-white mark-
ings; a fascia at basal third; and a somewhat obliqiie one at middle, slight Iv
excurved and sometimes broken at middle; with two costal spots and one or more
on inner margin beyond it; the outermost spot sometimes forming a bar across the
apical fringe. Fringes paler, whitish at apex; hind wing grayish fuscous, <> mm.

June. July.

The caterpillar forms a long, linear mine under the bark of willow twigs in the
fall, which at that time is inconspicuous. In the spring it is revealed by the scarring
of the bark over it. The larva in early spring is pale yellow; later developing

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 183

transverse red stripes and two dark cervical spots. Pupation is outside the
mine. Occasionally this species is injurious by girdling the twigs and small
branches.

Connecticut to Virginia.

4. M. fasciella Chambers. Similar to M. salictella; ground lighter, and dis-
tinctly brown; each fascia black-edged on the inner side, the first two fasciae equal,
and as wide as the space between them; third fascia sometimes broken; second
tascia straight; maxillary palpi pale. (JEsyle Chambers, Acrocercops of authors.)

Quinquenotella Chambers is generally considered an aberration of this species.
In it the second fascia is broken into squarish costal and dorsal spots, the dorsal
one lying farther out than the costal.

o. M. opuntiella Busck. Paler and more mottled than salictella; distinctly black-
powdered on a whitish ground; first fascia obscure, second only nearly complete;
palpus with a black band on third segment; maxillary palpus pale yellowish.

'ihis species was described from Texas, but probably occurs as far north as the
prickly pear, its food plant. The larva makes a long, irregular, winding mine under
the epidermis of Opuntia.

0. M. smilacisella Chambers. Similar to M. salictella, but with the silvery mark-
ings more restricted, even the antemedial fascia being sometimes reduced to a bar
on inner margin. (Phyllocnistis Chambers.)

The larva makes a very complexly winding and anastomosing linear mine with
a central frass-line on leaves of Smilax hispida and glabra. The mine is about
2 mm. wide.

Cincinnati, Ohio; southern Kentucky.

7. M. serotinella Busck. Ground dark brown, slightly shining, not powdery.
Similar to J/. salictella, but with the first fascia nearly as wide as long, and much
widened on the inner margin, with a sharply bent outer boundary; twice as wide
as second fascia. Fasciae not black-edged.

Larva on Prunus serotina (type only seen).

M. pomonella, a dark species with small alternating spots only, similar to
opuntiella, is a western species feeding on apple; and is to be looked for in the
north of our territory.

8. M. apocynella Braun. Head whitish on face, more yellow above, fuscous, as
usual, on vertex; palpi whitish, second joint tipped with fuscous; antennae gray.
Fore wings black; antemedial fascia straight; an oblique fascia at middle, slightly
angulate above inner margin; a larger costal and a minute dorsal one two-thirds
way out; a white, costal streak before the apex; tip of fringe whitish. Legs black,
annulate \yith white; f(,ur outer segments of tarsi mostly white.

Larva in a long, whitish, serpentine mine on Apocynum cannabinum; cocoon
typical, with bubbles. Larva in early July, the moth later in the month.

The moth is smaller than salictella, with a yellower head and more oblique
median fascia.

southern Ohio.

9. M. auratella Braun. Golden bronze; face metallic lead-gray; including
antennae; tips of both palpi whitish; fore wing with brilliant, silvery markings;
antemedial fascia a fourth way out, wider below fold; an oblique costal streak
halfway out, and a more erect one just beyond it on inner margin; triangular
costal and dorsal streaks two-thirds way out, nearly meeting; and a fine streak
across wing near apex. Apical fringe white. 6% mm.

There are two broods, in early June and in early August. The larva is a bast-
miner in Rudbcckia laciniata (so far as known, only in the cultivated golden
glow) and in Dahlia. The mine is long, serpentine, usually tending downward,
in .the lower part of the stem. The cocoon is spun in a flap loosened from the
cover of the end of the mine, opening not directly outward but by a silk-lined
tunnel through the tissues of the flap; it is without pearl globules. This species
possibly was introduced, with its food, from Mexico.

Southern Ohio.

184 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

7. PARECTOPA Clemens
(Gracilaria, Coriscium, in part)

Similar to Gracilaria; the vestiture of the vertex often raised, but without a
definite tuft; middle tibia; with at most a small tuft at apex; hind tibia; smooth-
scah'd. Venation of fore wing slightly variable, one or two veins sometimes lost.
Hind wing with M3 lost; Mt and M2 and Cu, and Cu. stalked. Larva, when mature,
of the cylindrical type; the northeastern species making a digitate blotch-mine, but
some of the primitive species in a cone, like Gracilaria.

Key to the species

1. Inner margin white 1. salicifoliella.

1. Inner margin concolorous, with short, silver fascia;.

2. A black streak through the white apical fringe; head all concolorous; third
and fourth costal and dorsal bars opposite each other, forming broken

fascia; 5. plantaginisella.

2. Less black in apical fringe, otherwise marked; face white.

3. Most of vertex behind antennae light brown, white at edges; ground of fore

wing paler 4. pennsylvaniella.

3. The part of head behind antennae with front half white, posterior half
blackish, contrasting, ground of fore wing darker.

2. robiniella, 3. lespedezcefoliella.

I. Hind wing with traces of M3 preserved; fore wing with R! arising from new

base of cell; R5 and Mj stalked, and all veins preserved. (Micrurapteryx
Spuler).

1. P. salicifoliella Chambers. Apical fringe caudate, but with the tuft not con-
trastingly colored. Head and thorax white, with some gray scaling on head,
especially on the two fanlike tufts over the bases of the antennae; palpi with
second joint mostly blackish; third joint with black rings at base, middle, and
apex; maxillary palpi blackish. Legs black and white barred. Tegulae and fore
wing dull dark fuscous, lighter toward the margins. Two strongly oblique, white
streaks at middle of costa, and three short, strongly convergent ones toward apex.
Apex black, with a blackish bar around it in the fringe. Inner margin with a
somewhat irregular white fascia, edged above with black, and sometimes con-
taining a black bar near its upper edge, two-thirds way out, and scattered black
scales. 10 mm.

The species occurs in the latter half of the year, apparently breeding continu-
ously. The larva is a blotch-miner on willow, sometimes eating out the entire
leaf, and is usually confined to a single mine. The pupal stage is passed under
a silken carpet, on a leaf, and lasts two weeks.

Kentucky; southern Ohio; Missouri.

II. Hind wing icith M3 lost; fore wing with Rt arising a third way out on cell;

Mj free and one or two dorsal veins lost. (Parectopa.)

2. P. robiniella Clemens. Dark brown, somewhat shining, but less so than penn-
sylvaniella. Head white, occiput black, the black area covering the whole width
of the head. Palpi blackish, third segment white; antennae with scape white,
with a fine black line in front, shaft blackish, and feebly annulate. Legs banded,
black and white. Fore wings with three white fasciae strongly outwardly oblique
from costa toward middle, the first one shorter; an antemedial, white, dorsal
spot or fascia, not always reaching inner margin and nearer the base than the
first costal; a short oblique fascia before the second costal, and one nearly opposite

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 185

the third; a fine, vertical, white stripe across the apex, usually interrupted in
middle. Fringes white, the costal and dorsal each with two black lines, which con-
verge to the apex. Apex black, but not caudate; first dorsal line interrupted just
below the apex.

Larva in a digitate mine on locust. *

Pennsylvania to Missouri; New York: Ithaca (mines not rare).

3. P. lespedezaefoliella Clemens. Similar; first costal fascia absent; dorsal fasciae
reduced to spots (mirabilis Frey and Boll).

Larva on. Lespedeza and perhaps Desmodium, marking several small, digitate
mines; the frass thrown outside through a hole on the under side. Cocoon white,
outside the mine, often on the ground.

Pennsylvania.

4. P. pennsylvaniella Engel. Rich golden brown; head white; vertex light brown,
white above eyes; palpus white, with most of second segment and a spot on third
brown; apex of second segment white; maxillary palpi dark, with terminal joint
white. Scape of antenna brown above, white below, without fine stripes. Fore
wing with three strong silvery fasciae on costa, outwardly oblique; the first fascia
hardly if at all shorter than the other two ; and a short, triangular, white spot
before the apex. Dorsal margin with a strong, nearly longitudinal dash from
near base to fold a quarter way out; two oblique fasciae before and beyond middle,
and a white bar in fringe opposite the last costal spot. All fasciae edged with
black. A black and blue ccellate spot just below and before apex. Fringe with
a strong black hook in the apex, with a white area below it, preceded by a black
line across the extreme apex of the membrane; dorsal fringe below the white patch
gray, not barred. 9 mm.

May, August, October. Larva on Aster cordifolia; the mine large and inflated
when mature.

Connecticut to western Pennsylvania.

5. P. plantaginisella Chambers. Golden brown, lighter than P. pennsylvaniella,
the markings more heavily black-edged. Head bronze-brown, with a little white
above the mouth and along the eyes; palpi bronze on outer side, mostly white
within; thorax as in the proceeding species. Fore wing with the three costal
fasciae almost half as wide as the space between them; a subapical silver dot, with
a white bar in the fringe opposite it; inner margin with basal dash in fold; a short
silver bar at middle, and a longer one three-fourths way to apex, with its tip
almost touching the third costal one. A strong silver subterminal spot, opposite
the tip of, the third costal, continued by a white bar in fringe. Apical ocellus
with a large silver center. Fringe black, strongly caudate, with a white triangle
below the apex. 7 mm. (erigeronella Chambers, geiella Chambers).

September to November. Larva in a yellowish mine, which is at first slender
and frass-filled, but later becomes a large inflated blotch; on Erigeron and Plan-
tago. Pupa on the ground.

Kentucky; Missouri.

8. GREMASTOBOMBYCIA Braun
Annette F. Braun

Face smooth, vertex rough-tufted. Labial palpi moderate, porrected or drooping,
pointed. Maxillary palpi minute. Antennae about as long as the wings; basal
segment thickened; with slight pecten. Fore wings (fig. 119) lanceolate; Ra and R4
absent, M, absent, M2 and M3 short stalked; Cu single -branched; 2d A simple.
Hind wings about one-half as wide, linear-lanceolate; Mj and M2 stalked; the
base of M sometimes distinct; M3 absent; Cu single -branched; discal vein absent
between Cu and M2. Posterior tibiae with loosely appressed hairs.

18(i WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

The larva- are similar to those of the cylindrical larval group of Lithocolletis.
All of our species mine leaves of Composite, forming wrinkled, tentiform mines.
They pupate in an elongate, dense, white cocoon sometimes ornamented with longi-
tudinal ridges. This cocoon is suspended inside the mine by two slightly diverging,
silken threads at the posterior end, and by either one or two threads at the ante-
rior end.

The markings of the fore wings consist of a more or less distinctly developed
bascil streak, four white costal streaks, and two or three dorsal streaks. There
may be one or two more or less distinctly angulated fasciae, formed by the con-
fluence of opposite streaks.

Key to the species

A. Basal streak distinct, reaching almost to, or beyond, the basal fourth.

B. Basal streak narrow, pointed, unmargined'. 1. solidaynnt.

BB. Basal streak dilated posteriorly 2. ambrosiella.

AA. Basal streak minute or wanting; markings silvery. 3. ii/tiota.

1. C. solidaginis Frey and Boll. Fore wings reddish ocherous; a narrow, whitish
basal streak below fold; costal, oblique streak at one-third, oblique costal and
dorsal streaks at one-half, usually meeting in middle of wing; two posterior
costal, and one posterior dorsal, streak, all margined outwardly with blackish
scales. 7-9 mm. Underside miner in leaves of golden rod, Solidago sp.

Distributed over the entire United States.

2. C. ambrosiella Chambers. Fore wings reddish orange; a short, posteriorly
dilated, white basal streak; an oblique costal streak at one-fourth, a more or
less angulated median fascia; two posterior, costal, and one posterior dorsal, streak,
all dark margined externally. 5.5-6.5 mm. Mine on underside of Ambrosia and
Actinomeris; not projecting conspicuously on upper surface.

3. C. ignota Frey and Boll. Distinguished from the preceding by the silvery
luster of the markings and the very short, indistinct basal streak. 6.5-7.5 mm.
Tentiform mine on under surface of leaves of Actinomeris, Helianthus, and other
Compositae. Conspicuous as a tubercular swelling on upper side.

9. LITHOCOLLETIS Hiibner
Annette F. Braun

Face smooth, crown rough-tufted. Labial palpi porrected or drooping, moder-
ately long, pointed. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Tongue moderate. Antenme
nearly attaining the wing length; simple in male; basal joint thickened; bearing
a pecten (except in desmodiella) . Fore wings (fig. 120) lanceolate; Rt and R4
absent, M, absent, M2 and M3 coincident; Cu single -branched; 2d A simple. Hind
wings about one-half as wide, linear lanceolate; Mj and M2 coincident, M3 absent;
Cu single -branched; discal vein absent between Cu and MJ+2- Posterior tibiae with
loosely appressed hairs.

Our representatives fall naturally into two distinct and well defined groups,
identical, however, in the structural details of the imago. The first group, com-
prising those species having a cylindrical larva, agrees closely with the European
species in the early stages and in the type of markings of the imago. The second
group includes all those species having a flattened larva, and is characterized by
a definite type of wing marking.

The following characters will separate the two groups:

Larva cylindrical; white streaks and fascia? dark margined internally. . . .Group I.
Larva flattened; white streaks and fasciae dark-margined externally

(p. 195) . .Group II.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 187

Group I

The larva of the first group is cylindrical or subcylindrical in form, and has,
beside the thoracic legs, four pairs of prolegs, on segments 7, 8, 9, and 13. It is
usually of a pale . greenish or yellowish color.

The mine may be placed on either the upper or lower surface; but in either
case, the loosened epidermis is lined with silk, causing it to contract, and thus
producing a roomy, tent-like mine. The mine is at first narrow and somewhat
winding, but soon spreads out into a blotch, which sometimes includes the earlier,
winding part. The outline of the loosened epidermis represents the final size of
the mine, no further increase taking place. The mine may be oval or circular,
or, in rare instances, nearly rectangular in shape, sometimes limited by two veins.
Usually the larva feeds from the circumference inwardly; sometimes it begins
at one end and sometimes it feeds irregularly in spots.

With the exception of ostensackenella, which leaves the mine to pupate, the
pupa is formed within the mine, and may or may not be enclosed in a cocoon.
When not in a cocoon, it is usually suspended in the mine by a thin meshwork of
silken threads. When a cocoon is present, several varieties may be distinguished.
The cocoon may be rather small, ovoid, formed of frass and silk; or large, loosely
woven, semitransparent, occupying sometimes nearly one-half the mine; or an
oval ring with outlines formed of frass.

The fore wings of the imagoes are usually of some shade of yellow or brown,
sometimes, however, with the basal two-thirds almost pure shining white. Upon
this yellowish ground color, the more or less white markings appear. The trans-
verse markings consist of costal and dorsal streaks, usually curved and oblique,
and slightly curved or angulated fasciae, or combinations of these. These streaks,
or fasciae, are usually margined with darker scales toward the base; the internal
margins of some of the streaks are sometimes lacking. In a few species, some
or all of the streaks, or fasciae, may be more or less margined externally also;
but in no case is the external margin heavier than the internal one, or is an
external margin present, when the internal one is absent. Longitudinal markings,
when present, consist of a median streak from the base, sometimes accompanied
by streaks along the costal and dorsal margins. The apex sometimes contains
a well-defined, regularly shaped, black dot, formed of closely overlapping scales.
In other, species, these scales are more or less scattered. The hind wings are
unicolorous.

Key to the species

A. Ground color of the fore wings pure white, marked with fuscous, irrorated

bands and bars 2. bataviella.

AA. Ground color of the fore wings not entirely pure white.
B. Fore wings dusted with fuscous scales.

C. Costal and dorsal streaks large, conspicuous, and curved backward

26. salicifoliella.
CC. Costal and dorsal streaks narrow, straight, forming angulated fasciae

44. celtifoliella.
BB. Fore wings not dusted.

C. With an apical dot (indistinct in obsoleta) .
D. Without a complete median fascia.

E. One white dorsal streak before the tornus; basal half of wing mostly

white.
F. Three white costal streaks.

G. Golden basal streak parallel to fold 4. quercialbella

GG. Golden basal streak parallel and almost contiguous to costa

for half its length 3. trinotella.

188 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

FF. Four white costal streaks.

G. Basal half of fore wings pure white 5. clemensella.

GG. A golden busai streak from base to near middle.

H. basal streak margined with dark brown on its lower edge

6. argentifimbriella.

1111. Basal streak unmargined 7. lucidicostella.

KK. Two white dorsal streaks before the tornus.
F. With a median pale basal streak.

G. Basal streak extended across the fold to the dorsum....9. hageni.
GG. Basal streak not extended to the dorsum.

H. First dorsal streak short and broad, produced to base

8. albanotella.

HH. First dorsal streak extending more than halfway across the
wing.

I. A white costal streak from base to one-third 17. rileyella.

II. No such streak.

J. Basal streak dark margined toward costa.

K. First dorsal streak very long, reaching apex of second

costal 13. obscuricostella.

KK. Apex of first dorsal streak opposite that of first costal.

L. Head and thorax white 15. olivaeformis.

LL. Head and thorax reddish suffron 18. kearfottella.

JJ. Basal streak unmargined.

K. Thorax and basal portion of fore wings shining white

16. caryaealbella.
KK. Thorax and basal portion of fore wings not white

14. ostryaefoliella.
FF. Without a median pale basal streak.

G. Apex of first dorsal streak opposite the apex of second costal.

H. First dorsal streak very large 1. fitchella.

HH. First dorsal streak not larger than opposite costal streak

32. robiniella
GG. Apex of first dorsal streak opposite the apex of first costal.

H. Pale markings very indistinct 12. obsoleta.

HH. Pale markings well defined.

I. Apex of second dorsal streak opposite the space between

the second and third costal streaks; margins of opposite
streaks never uniting 11 sexnotella.

II. Apex of second dorsal streak opposite second costal; mar-

gins of opposite streaks uniting 10. ceriferella.

DD. With a complete median fascia.

E. Three posterior costal streaks 37. martiella.

EE. Two posterior costal streaks.

F. Dorsal half of the wing below the fold dark brown.

G. A silvery basal streak in the fold 30. morrisella.

GG. No basal streak 31. uhlerella.

FF. Dorsal half of the wings not darkened.

G. Fascia near middle 35. gemmea.

GG. Fascia at one-third; basal streak very short 36. diversella.

CC. Without an apical dot.

D. Oblique costal and dorsal streaks, rarely meeting; no straight fascia;
sometimes one acutely angulated fascia.

E. Basal streak very short and indistinct 29. auronitens

EE. Basal streak long.

F. A median angulated fascia of equal width throughout; white

marks dusted internally 33. celtisella.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 189

FF. Fascia, if present, formed by the meeting of opposite streaks.
G. With three, long, dorsal streaks before the tornus.

H. Five costal streaks 27. argentinotella.

HH. Two costal streaks, first opposite second dorsal streak

28. occitanica.
GG. With two dorsal streaks before the tornus.

H. Basal streak unmargined or margined toward its apex only.

I. Basal streak confluent with the upper edge of the first

dorsal streak.

J. Fore wings, pale, grayish 23. salicivorella.

JJ. Fore wings not grayish 24. deceptusella.

II. Basal streak not confluent with first dorsal streak.

J. First pair of streaks very oblique and extended along the

margins to base 34. basistrigella.

JJ. First pair of streaks not extended to base . . 22. scudderella.
HH. Basal streak dark margined toward the costa.

I. Costal margin white from base to near one-third. .25. populiella.

II. Costal margin not white from base.

J. Three costal streaks 21. malimalifoliella.

JJ. Four costal streaks.

K. First dorsal streak beginning much nearer the base

than first costal; expanse 8-9 mm. .19. propinquinella.
KK. First dorsal streak beginning nearly opposite first

costal; expanse 6.5-7 mm 20. cratcegella.

DD. Usually two complete fasciae; if but one, median and nearly straight.
E. A median fascia; two posterior costal streaks.

F. Basal portion of the wing shining white 39. lucetiella.

FF. Basal portion of the wing golden 38. symphoricarpella.

EE. Two complete fascise.

F. Head and thorax pure white 46. tiliacella.

FF. Head and thorax not white.
G. Two posterior costal streaks.
H. Fasciae nearly straight.

I. Ground color ocherous 42. tritcenianella.

II. Ground color of entire wing dark, reddish brown

40. desmodiella

III. Head and base of wings dark brown 41. osten&ackenella.

HH. Fasciae distinctly bent outward near the middle.. 43. mariceella.

GG. Three posterior costal streaks 45. fragilella.

1. L. fitchella Clemens. Head and thorax white. Fore wings reddish saffron with
five, white, costal streaks, the first produced along costa to base; three dorsal
streaks, the first before the middle, very large; the second opposite the third costal
streak; a black apical dot. 7.5-8 mm.

Tentiform mine on under side of leaves of oak, preferably Quercus macrocarpa
and Q. bicolor.

2. L. bataviella Braun. White, marked with angulated fasciae composed of
gray-tipped, golden-fuscous scales; a fascia at basal fourth produced along margins
to the base; an angulated fascia at middle of wingr, followed by a Y-shaped mark,
with its arms on costa, and its outer margin emitting a line of scales connecting
with a curved fascia near apex. Apex dark dusted. 7-7.5 mm."

Ohio, local.

3. L. trinotella Braun. Head, thorax, and basal two-thirds of wing white; apical

Larva on'oak (Murtfeldt, in Cornell collection) ]W. T. M. F.

190 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

third pale golden. A pale golden basal streak parallel and close to costa for one-
fourth, thence deflexed and passing into golden apical part. In apical part three
white costal streaks and two dorsal streaks, the first at tornus, opposite first costal.
Black apical dot. 5-6 mm.

Ohio; New Jersey.

An underside miner in leaves of red and silver maple.

4. L. quercialbella Fitch. Distinguished from the preceding by the straight basal
streak parallel to fold, darker margins to white streaks, and slightly darker color
and larger size. 7 mm.

An underside miner in leaves of oak.

5. L. clemensella Chambers. White; apical half of wings golden, with four costal
and three dorsal, dark-margined white streaks, the dark margin of the first costal
streak oblique and produced along costa toward base; first dorsal at tornus opposite
second costal. Black apical spot. 6-6.5 mm.

Underside miner in leaves of sugar maple.

6. L. argentifimbriella Clemens. Costal and dorsal streaks as in L. clemensella;
in addition, a long, golden, basal streak, margined with dark brown along its
lower edge. 6.5-7 mm.

An underside miner in leaves of oak, especially white oak.

7. L. lucidicostella Clemens. Differs from the preceding by the pale, unmargined,
golden, basal streak and the partial suffusion of the wing with gold below the fold.
6.5—7 mm.

An underside miner in leaves of sugar maple.

8. L. albanotella Chambers. Head white, with a few brownish scales; thorax
white. Fore wings pale golden brown with a broad, white, dark-margined, basal
streak; four white costal streaks, the first very oblique; opposite it, a broad
white dorsal streak, dark-margined on its upper edge, is continued as a broad
band along dorsal margin to base, where it is confluent with the basal streak ;
two posterior dorsal streaks; a black apical spot. 6-7.5 mm.

Ohio; Kentucky; Texas.

Rather small, tentiform mines on underside of leaves of oaks; usually at i\\<-
edge of the leaf; with the loosened epidermis in numerous parallel ridges.

9. L. hageni Frey and Boll. Head and thorax white. Fore wings saffron brown
four, small, white costal streaks, dark-margined on both sides; a large, dorso-basal.
white patch, outwardly concave, occupying the basal fifth of wing except alonjr
costa (this patch is rarely extended to costa) ; a large curved white spot at
middle of dorsum, and a triangular spot at tornus, both dark-margined on both
sides. Apical spot usually present. 7.5-10 mm.

An underside miner in leaves of oaks, especially Q. Mcolor.

10. L. geriferella Clemens. Tuft on head dark brown; wings reddish saffron,
with four white costal streaks, the first, in the middle of the wing, oblique:
three dorsal streaks, the first large and oblique, margined inwardly and around
the tip; margins of the second and third dorsal streaks, in the middle of the
wing, where they are dull leaden-colored, unite with the margins of the corre-
sponding costal streaks; margin of second dorsal streak usually heaw and con-
spicuous. A black apical spot preceded by bluish scales. 7-8.5 mm.

An underside miner in leaves of oaks, particularly chestnut oaks and shingle rak.
(Quercus imbricaria) ; distinguished by the dense, ovoid cocoon of frags and sMk.

11. L. sexnotella Chambers. Differs from the preceding in the following respects:
pale golden ground color; purer white costal and dorsal streaks, more posterior p^s<-
tion of the second dorsal streak, whose apex is opposite the space between the second
and third costal streaks; the margins of opposite streaks not uniting. 7-7.5 nun.

Kentucky; Pennsylvania.

12. L. obsoleta Frey and Boll. Wings ocherous, with markings as in the pre-
ceding species, but not clearly defined, and sometimes almost entirely obscured by
suffusion with ground color. 8 mm.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 191

Massachusetts.

13. L. obscuricostella Clemens. Hade white; forewings pale golden, with a white
basal streak dark margined above; four, dark-margined, costal streaks, the first
very oblique; three dorsal streaks, the first very long, reaching apex of second
costal; second dorsal obliquely opposite third costal; apical spot black. 6-6.5 mm.

Underside, slightly wrinkled mines between veins of leaves of hop hornbeam
( Ostrya mrginiana ) .

14. L. ostryaef oliella Clemens. Fore wings pale golden, with an unmargined,
median, basal streak, and a white streak along base of inner margin; four costal, and
three dorsal, white streaks, the first pair oblique with apices opposite. 0-6.5 mm.

Large wrinkled mines on underside of leaves of hop hornbeam; dense cocoon
of trass and silk.

15. L. olivaeformis Braun. Head and thorax white; fore wings pale- brownish
ccherous; a median, white, dark-margined, basal streak; base of dorsum narrowly
white; four costal and three dorsal streaks, first pair oblique with apices opposite;
margin of first dorsal bent backward on fold; small black spical spot. 0.5-7 mm.

Ohio.

An underside miner in leaves of hickory and pecan (Carya spp.) ; cocoon of
trass and silk.

16. L. caryaealbella Chambers. Head, thorax, and base of fore wings, before the
costal and dorsal streaks, white, except for a wide, golden streak along costal
margin to first costal streak and a partial suffusion below fold with golden; four
costal, and three dorsal, white streaks, on a pale-golden ground color; black apical
spot. 6.5 mm.

Kentucky ; Wisconsin.

Tent mine on underside of hickory leaves; cocoon of frass and silk.

17. L. rileyella Chambers. Wings golden; a white, unmargined, basal streak;
five costal white streaks, the first, before the middle, produced along the costa to
the base; three dorsal streaks, first large, with its apex opposite apex of second
costal; apical spot small. 7-8 mm.

Missouri; Texas; Ohio.

Tentiform mines on underside of oak; in Ohio, on Quercus imbricaria.

18. L. kearfottella Braun. Head, thorax, and fore wings reddish saffron; a dark-
margined, white, basal streak; first costal at one- third, produced along costa to
basal fourth; first dorsal large; apical dot large. 7 mm.

Elongate mines on lower side of leaves of chestnut.

19. L. propinquinella Braun. Tuft dark brown; thorax and fore wings brownish
golden; fore wings darkened with brownish scales in the middle, from second pair
of streaks, to apex, and in dorsal half of wing; basal streak long, dark-margined
above and around its apex; a short, dorso-basal, white streak; four costal, and
three dorsal, white streaks, the first pair very oblique, the dorsal one of the pair
leginning much nearer the base than the costal. 8-9 mm.

An underside miner on wild cherry, Prunus serotina.

20. L. crataegella Clemens. Similar to the preceding in color and markings,
but differing in the smaller size and less oblique first pair of streaks, of which
the dorsal streak begins nearly opposite the costal. 6.5-7 mm.

Small, underside mines on apple, Crataegus and Prunus.

21. L. malimalif oliella Braun. Color as in L. crataegella, from which it differs
by the three, equally spaced, costal streaks. 5.5-6 mm.

Underside miner on apple and quince; mine wrinkled, speckled above.

22. L. scudderella Frey and Boll. Head, thorax, and fore wings pale yellowish
brown. Basal streak long, margined around apex only; four costal and three
dorsal white streaks, first pair very oblique, blackish internal margining often
indenting first dorsal on fold; when this accumulation of dark scales is absent,
the first dorsal streak appears less oblique. A streak of black scales in apex,
margined above and before with white. 7.5-9 mm.

192 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Underside miner on willow, Sali& spp.

23. L. salicivorella Braun. Color pale grayish, with four costal, and three
dorsal, white streaks, and a white basal streak confluent with the upper edge of
the first dorsal streak. 7 mm.

New Jersey.

Underside miner on willow.

24. L. deceptusella Chambers. Color golden brown; four costal, and three dorsal,
white streaks, and a white basal streak confluent with upper edge of first dorsal;
an elongate patch of brown scales in apex. G mm.

Kentucky.

25. L. populiella Chambers. Head white; wings pale golden; three white basal
streaks, costo-basal, median, and dorso-basal, respectively; four costal, and three
dorsal, white streaks, large, broad, and but little oblique. 6-7 mm.

Ohio; Kentucky.

An underside miner in leaves of silver-leaved poplar, Populus alba.
.26. L. salicifoliella Clemens. Head white; tuft often with brown scales. Fore
wings golden or brownish-yellow with white streaks; both streaks and ground
color typically dusted with black scales (in some forms, dusting entirely absent).
A short, median, basal streak and dorso-basal streak uniting with a dorsal streak
at the basal fourth, enclosing a small patch of ground color; two oblique costal
streaks, curving backward along the midaie of the wing, and three, posterior,
less-oblique, costal streaks; first dorsal streak oblique, curving backward, and
usually confluent with the first two costal streaks; a triangular spot at tornus,
followed by a curved streak usually uniting with the opposite, costal streak.
7-8 mm.

An underside miner in leaves of poplar and willow. Moths appearing in August
usually lack the black dusting.

27. L. argentinotella Clemens. Wings golden yellow with a white basal streak
to one-fourth, five costal streaks, three dorsal streaks before the tornus and one
beyond. 6.5—8 mm.

An underside miner in leaves of elm.

28. L. occitanica Frey and Boll. Differs from the preceding only by the absence
of the first and last two costal streaks of that species and may not be distinct.
Reported only from Texas. An underside miner on elm.

29. L. auronitens Frey and Boll. Wings brownish golden; a very short basal
streak; a long oblique costal streak at one-fourth and an opposite dorsal spot;
a pair of triangular streaks in middle of wing whose apices meet; two poste-
rior costal, and two dorsal, streaks. 6.5-8 mm.

Massachusetts ; North Carolina.

An underside, rather large, much-wrinkled mine on alder. Alnus spp.

30. L. morrisella Fitch. Tuft dark brown; thorax and fore wing, below the
fold, dark brown; remainder of wing golden brown; markings silvery white. A
silvery basal streak uniting at one- third with a white dorsal streak; costal
streak at one -third; a convex iascia at middle; beyond this, two perpendicular
costal streaks, and opposite the first of these a dorsal streak. In the fold between
this streak and the fascia, a -velvety black streak. Apical spot large, velvety
blacK. 6-7 mm.

Underside whitish mines on hog peanut, Amphicarpa monoica.

31. L. uhlerella Fitch. Differs from morrisella by the absence of the silvery
basal streak and the less brilliant luster of the white markings.

Whitish, rather flat mines on underside of leaves of Amorpha fruticosa.

32. L. robiniella Clemens. Agrees with the two preceding in color and general
type of markings; no basal streak; first dorsal streak but faintly indicated;
median fascia replaced by opposite oblique streaks. 6-6.5 mm.

Under or upper side mines on locust, Robinia pseudo-acacia; white silken cocoon
within the mine.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 193

33. L. celtisella Chambers. Fore wing ocherous, with a long, white, basal streak,
dark-margined above; an angulated, median, white fascia; a straight fascia at
three-fourths, formed uy confluent streaks; both fasciae margined internally with
dense dusting; apex white, densely dusted with dark brown. 6-7 mm.

Ohio; Kentucky.

Mine on leaves of blackberry, Celtis accident alis ; at first linear on lower side,
then expanding to a blotch on upper side, made tentiform by a longitudinal ridge.

34. L. basistrigella Clemens. Fore wings golden yellow; a long, narrow, median,
basal streak; a pair of very oblique, linear, costal and dorsal streaks of eqxial
width throughout and produced along the margins to the base; three posterior
costal, and one dorsal, white streak. 8 mm.

An underside miner on leaves of oaks; mine scarcely wrinkled; cocoon flat,
outlined by a characteristic oval ring of frass.

35. L. gemmea Frey and Boll. Fore wings reddish saffron; basal streak to
one-third, dark-margined above and below, near middle a nearly straight fascia;
two posterior costal, and two dorsal, white streaks; a large brown spot in apex.
7-7 . 5 mm.

Massachusetts.

An upperside miner on leaves of locust.

36. L. diversella Braun. Thorax and base of wing sometimes deep, metallic
golden, wing elsewhere golden or reddish brown; markings silvery or white. A
very short basal streak; an almost straight fascia at one -third; two posterior
costal, and two dorsal, white spots; an irregular, dark-brown, apical spot, pre-
ceded by white scales. 5-7 mm.

Ohio; Kentucky;

Underside mines on huckleberry, Gaylussacia, and on sorrel tree, Oxydendrum
arbor eum.

37. L. m'artiella Braun. Fore wing reddish saffron; a white basal streak to
one- third; a slightly curved, white fascia just before middle; three posterior
costal, and two dorsal, white streaks; a black apical spot. 7 mm.

North Carolina; British Columbia.

Narrow, tentiform mines on under side of leaves of birch, Betula spp.

38. L. symphoricarpella Chambers. Fore wings brownish golden; a short, indis-
tinct, basal streak; a slightly curved fascia just before middle; at beginning of
cilia a second fascia, sometimes divided into opposite costal and dorsal streaks;
an indistinct costal streak preceding dusted apex. 5.5-6 mm.

Ohio; Kentucky; Texas.

Small, tentiform mines on underside of leaves of Symphoricarpos orbiculatus.

39. L. lucetiella Clemens. Head, thorax, and basal half of fore wings white;
apical part suffused with golden; a golden costal streak from base, not reaching
middle. At about the middle, a white fascia, bordered with golden inwardly;
and a black spot on costa inwardly; at beginning of cilia a pair of white streaks,
black-margined inwardly; an unmargined white streak encircling apex. 6-7 mm.

Rectangular transparent mines on underside of leaves of basswood, Tilia ameri-
cana; pupa contained in an oval cocoon.

40. L. desmodiella Clemens. Tuft dark brown; thorax and base of fore wing
ruby -tinted; ferruginous brown beyond, with two silvery fasciae, dark-margined
on both sides; two posterior costal, and one dorsal white spot. 3-5 mm.

Tentiform mines on underside of leaves of various leguminous plants, such as
Desmoditum, Lespedeza, and Phaseolus. Larvae often gregarious, in large, inflated
mines.

41. L. ostensackenella Fitch. Head, thorax, and base of wing dark brown;
remainder of wing brilliant golden brown. Two silvery, almost straight fasciae,
at one-fourth and one-half, respectively, shading outwardly into the ground color.
Two posterior costal, and two dorsal streaks. 5.5-6 mm. ••!

7

194 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Mine a yellow blotch on upper or under side of leaves of locust; cocoon flat,
oval, yellow, spun outside the mine.

42. L. tritaenianella Chambers. Thorax and fore wings pale reddish ocherous;
two straight white fasciae, a third, sometimes almost divided into opposite streaks,
and slightly angulated; an indistinct, whitish, costal streak near the apex.
7-8 mm.

Tentnorm mines on upper side of leaves of hop hornbeam; mine at first blotch-
like and speckled, later wrinkled.

43. L. mariaeella Chambers. Thorax and fore wings golden brown; two white
fasciae, one at basal fourth, the other in the middle of the wing; both bent out-
ward near the median line and margined inwardly with dark brown; at three-
fourths, a curved, white, costal streak meeting a similar dorsal streak; a white
streak encloses apex. 8-8.5 mm.

Missouri.

Tentiform mines on lower side of leaves of Symphoricarpos orbiculatus.

44. L. celtifoliella Chambers. Wings reddish saffron, with three, acutely angled,
white fasciee, densely dusted internally with dark-brown, which often obscures
the white; each of the first two fasciae sending a white streak from its angle
almost to the next fascia; the third running into a dusted costo-apical patch;
a dorso-apical patch of dark dusting on a white ground; a median basal streak,
densely dusted dorsally, this dusting often confluent with a dusted, dorso-basal,
white patch. 6 mm.

Ohio; Kentucky; West Virginia.

Tentiform mines on underside of leaves of hackberry.

45. L. fragilella Frey and Boll. Fore wings brownish or deep reddish saffron,
with two, outwardly angulated, narrow, indistinct, but complete fasciae at basal
fifth and at two-fifths, respectively; a third nearly straight at three-fifths inter-
rupted in the middle by a projection from its internal margin; two posterior
costal streaks, and a dorsal streak indicated by its margin. The fasciae and
streaks margined internally with dark dusting, the margins becoming broad on
the costa. Apex dusted. 8.5-9 mm.

Tentiform mines on underside of leaves of honeysuckle; Lonicera spp.

46. L. tiliacella Chambers. Head, thorax, and base of wings, except along
costa, pure white; middle part of wing to beyond beginning of cilia pale golden;
a few golden scales in apex; three white fasciae, the first two straight and dark-
margined internally, the third slightly bent and its dark margin interrupted in
the middle. 6-7 mm.

Circular tent mines on upper side of leaves of basswood; mine white, speckled
with brown.

47. L. lysimachieeella Chambers. Named from mine on underside of leaves of
Lysimachia lanceolata.

Group II

The larva of the flat group is very much depressed, almost flat, with the sides
of the segments projecting, thus giving the entire larva a beaded appearance. The
head is flat, somewhat triangular in shape, usually of a shining, reddish brown
color, with the mouth parts projecting in front. The first three segments of the
body are broader than the others and the body tapers toward the posterior end.
While the legs are of the same number and occupy the same position as in the
cylindrical larva, all are very rudimentary, appearing as small, tubercular pro-
jections. On the upper and lower side of most, and sometimes all, of the body
segments, are distinctly outlined, shining, darker spots — the maculae. These
vary in shape on the different segments, being elliptical or trapezoidal, but are
constant for a given species in each stage. After the seventh, or last, moult, the
larva assumes a more cylindrical shape; the legs are better developed; and the
dark maculae gradually disappear.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 195

All of the species are miners on the upper side of leaves, where they make a
flat, sometimes irregularly shaped blotch, or a rather broad, linear tract. The
larva feeds from the centre outwardly, thus gradually increasing the extent of
the mined portion of the leaf. The mine retains its flat, blotch-like character
until after the seventh moult. The larva then lines the loosened epidermis with
silk and by contraction produces from one to three narrow folds or ridges. Beneath
this folded portion, the floor of the mine is thinly covered with silk. Then the
larva, lying on its back, spins a flat, semi-transparent sheet of silk, oval or nearly
circular in shape, and attached around its edges to the floor of the mine. Beneath
this, along its long axis, the pupa is formed. The pupa, which is protruded from
the mine in emergence, is thrust through a transverse slit near one end of the flat
cocoon. Such a cocoon is formed in all but a few of the species of which the life
history is known.

In almost all of the species, however, this cocoon is only made in the brood of
which the imagoes are to appear in the same summer. In a later brood, the
hibernating period, with one or two exceptions, is passed in the larval state. In
a number of species, hibernation takes place beneath the folded epidermis. In most
cases, however, an especially prepared, silken-lined chamber is formed. After the
floor of the mine is loosely covered with silk, the upper epidermis is fastened down
in a circular or oval outline, and the whole cavity is then lined with silk. Ample
space is provided by a characteristic oval, or hemispherical, projection upon the
under side of the leaf. The change to pupa occurs in the spring. Except for the
absence of cremaster, the pupa is identical with that of the cylindrical-larval group.

The moths of this group may easily be recognized by the fact that the white
markings of the fore wings are always externally dark-margined, and often densely
dusted with black scales behind. In some cases there is, in addition, a slight
internal margin, consisting of a few dark scales near the costa. The markings
consist of white costal and dorsal streaks, usually oblique. Opposite streaks may
unite to form a fascia, either outwardly angulated or straight.

Key to the species

A. Oblique costal and dorsal streaks; fasciae, if present, distinctly angulated;
never two straight fasciae.

B. Ground color of the fore wings white 48. hamadryadella.

BB. Ground color of the fore wings not white.

C. An oblique white streak or patch at the base of the dorsal margin, rarely

indistinct (lentella, caryaefoliella) usually two, angulated fasciae.
D. No costal streak before the middle; a median fascia.. 51. saccharella.
DD. A fascia at one-fourth and one at one-half.

E. White streak at base of dorsum indistinct, or indicated by external,

dark scales only.
F. Third costal streak long and usually uniting with the third

dorsal 52. caryaefoliella.

FF. Third costal streak merely a spot 53. lentella.

EE. White streak at base of dorsum large and distinct.

F. A tuft of brown scales in the apical cilia 50. macrocarpella.

FF. No such tuft of scales 49. cincinnatiella.

CC. No such pale streak at base of dorsum.
D. Dorsal margin white from base to beyond middle.

E. Dorso-basal streak extending to oblique streak above the cilia.
F. Antennas annulate with brown for their whole length.

54. conglomeratella.

FF. Basal third of antennae pure white 55. ulmella.

EE. Dorso-basal streak extending but little beyond the middle of the
dorsal margin 56. quercivorella.

196 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

DD. Dorsal margin not white.

E. With two costal streaks or spots before the white streak or spot

forming the anterior edge of the apical dusting.
F. Ground color of wings pale, with a coppery lustre toward the

apex; marks very indistinct 58. cervina.

FF. Ground color saffron; marks white 57. platanoidiella.

EE. With at most one costal streak before the white streak or spot

forming the anterior edge of the apical dusting.

F. Median fascia but slightly angulatecl; other white marks small or
absent.

., G. Costal and dorsal streaks absent 64. fasciella.

GG. Costal and dorsal streaks present 65. castaneaeella.

FF. Median fascia sharply angulated; white marks conspicuous.

G. First dorsal streak long, oblique, curved 59. fietcherella.

GG. First dorsal streak perpendicular.

H. Marks dull white, faintly margined 61. betulivora.

HH. Marks shining white, strongly margined.

I. External dusting at angle of fascia produced backward;

apex densely dusted.

,T. Hind tarsi white 62. bethunella.

JJ. Hind tarsi spotted with black 63. picturatella.

II. External margin of fascia not produced 60. arcuella.

A A. Two straight, or nearly straight, fasciae, nearer the base on the dorsal margin.

B. No costal streaks beyond fasciae 73. tubiferella.

BB. A costal and a dorsal streak at three-fourths.

C. Without a paler streak at the base of the dorsal margin.

D. Apical dusting, black on a whitish ground, and extended to the

tornus 66. guttifinitella.

DD. Apex velvety black, dusting not extended to tornus . . 67. obstrictella.
CC. With a white streak or paler shade from inner angle to fold.

D. First fascia and its dark margin broken near the costa . . 68. cescuUsella.
DD. First fascia complete.

E. Color deep reddish 69. hamameliella.

EE. Color paler ocherous.

F. Dorsal streak at tornus very oblique and pointing toward apex.

G. Apex not dusted 70. aceriella.

GG. Apex dusted 71. ostryarella.

FF. Dorsal streak at tornus less oblique 72. corylisella.

4S. L. hamadryadella Clemens. Head, thorax, and fore wings white. Wing
markings as follows: a small patch of black scales at base of costa; a slightly
angulated band of black dusting on an ocherous ground, followed by an angulated
line of black dusting; an angulated ocherous fascia at one-third, broadly dusted
internally with black scales; a second, similar fascia just beyond the middle; the
space between these two fasciae marked by a line of black scales; a similar line
of scales between the second fascia and costal and dorsal patches, which are sep-
arated from one another in the middle of the wing by a patch of dark dusting;
apex ocherous. dusted with black. 6.5-8.5 mm.

Irregular, whitish blotch mine on upper side of leaves of oak, especially Quercus
alba, rarely (perhaps accidentally) on Magnolia, and Ostrya.

49. L. cincinnatiella Chambers. Fore wings shining ocherous; a curved white
streak from base of inner margin to fold, dusted outwardly with black scales; two
angulated fasciae, at one-third and one-half, respectively, dusted externally with
black scales, the dusting produced at the angle; at two-thirds a small, dusted.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 197

costal spot, beyond which is a white streak; an oblique dorsal streak irom just
before tornus sometimes extended to form inner margin of dusted apex. 6.5-7.5 mm.
Larvae gregarious, in brownish -yellow, blotch mines on leaves of oaks, principally
white oak.

50. L. macrocarpella Frey and Boll. Close to cincinnatiella ; differs by the fol-
lowing characters: a small tuft of brown scales in apical cilia (wanting in cin-
cinnatiella); larger size (8.5-9 mm.), darker, less shining ground color, more
oblique, and slightly curved, dorsal arms of fascia.

Upper side blotch on oak; each mine with a single larva.
Eastern, southern, and western United States, chiefly near coast.

51. L. saccharella Braun. Fore wings ocherous; an oblique, curved, white streak
at base of inner margin, usually uniting with an oblique dorsal streak at basal
fourth; an acutely angled, slightly interrupted fascia at middle, a white costal
spot beyond, and a long, oblique, dorsal streak opposite; apex densely dusted.
5-7 mm.

Small, irregular blotches on upper side of leaves of sugar maple, and occa-
sionally on other maples.

52. L. caryaefoliella Clemens. Fore wings reddish ocherous; an indistinct, oblique,
curved streak from base of dorsuni; two angulated fasciae, placed as in L. cincin-
natiella; a third angulated fascia formed by the meeting of two, opposite, slightly
oblique streaks; a small, white-dusted, costal spot beyond; apex black-dusted on a
white ground. G-7 mm.

Irregular blotches on upper side of leaves of hickory and, occasionally, of
butternut and walnut.

53. L. lentella Brann. Markings at base and two angulated fasciae as in pre-
ceding species; beyond second fascia, on costa, a broad white spot, margined on
each side and below with black scales; opposite it a long, oblique, dorsal streak,
opposite whose apex a second small, white-dusted, costal spot; apex of wing dusted
with black on a white ground, 6.5-7 mm.

United States west to Arizona.

Blotch mines on birch and hop hornbeam, often containing several larvae.
Epidermis much wrinkled, bending leaf into a fold.

54. L. conglomeratella Zeller. Fore wings reddish saffron; two oblique costal
streaks, at one-third and one-half, respectively; a costal spot at two-thirds; a
narrow, white streak from base along dorsal margin nearly to tornus, then
deflexed and passing obliquely toward apex, forming the inner margin of the
apical dusting and sometimes partially obscured by the latter; a tuft of brown
scales in the apical cilia. Antennae annulate with brown. 7.5—9 mm.

New Jersey to Ohio; south and west to Texas and California.
Blotch mines on oak, especially live oak (Quercus virginiana) .

55. L. ulmella Chambers. Differs from L. conglomeratella by the more oblique,
costal streaks, the absence of tuft of scales in apical cilia, and the white basal third
of antennae. 6.5-7 mm.

Blotch mines on upper side of leaves of elm.

56. L. quercivorella Chambers. Distinguished from both ulmella and conglome-
raiella by dorso-basal, white streak extending scarcely beyond the middle and not
connecting with the oblique, dorsal streak before tornus. 6.5-7 mm.

A small blotch mine on upper side of leaves of oak, especially red oak (Q. rubra) ,
and usually placed near the tip of a lobe.

57. L. platanoidiella Braun. Fore wings reddish ocherous; an oblique, costal
streak at one-third; angulated fascia at middle, its external dusting being pro-
longed backwards at angle; a pair of white streaks at apical third; a small, white
spot on costa between the costal streak of the pair and the white streak forming
the inner margin of the apical dusting. 6.5-8 mm.

198 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Blotch mines on upper side of leaves of oak, especially on Quercus alba, Q. macro-
carpa, and Q. bicolor.

58. L. cervina Walsingham. Distinguished from the preceding by the pale ground
color of wings, their coppery luster toward apex, and the indistinct markings. 6 mm.

New York.

59. L. fletcherella Braun. Fore wings reddish ocherous; a pair of costal and
dorsal streaks at one-third, the dorsal one long, oblique, curved, with its pointed
apex directed toward apex of costal streak; a median, angulated fascia; a pair of
opposite streaks at two-thirds; between these and a white streak before apex,
in middle of wing, a white spot. 8.5-9 mm.

Ottawa, Canada.

Blotch mines on white oak.

GO. L. arcuella Braun. Fore wing reddish orange with markings shining white;
first costal streak at one-third broader than long; first dorsal streak nearly
perpendicular, rectangular; median angulated fascia, with dark margin not pro-
duced at angle; costal streak at two- thirds strongly curved; an opposite dorsal
streak; a curved costal streak enclosing apex; apex dusted with blackish-brown
scales. 10 mm.

Virginia.

61. L. betulivora Walsingham. Wings pale reddish ocherous and markings
dull white, with faint margins; markings as in preceding, but streaks at two-
thirds very indistinct, and dusted apex not enclosed by a white streak. 7 mm.

North Carolina.

Small, round, blotch mines on leaves of birch.

62. L. bethunella Chambers. Fore wing reddish orange; markings as in two
preceding species, except that first pair of streaks are longer and the costal one
of the pair is decidedly oblique; the external dark dusting of the fascia produced
at the angle to the space between the streaks, at two- thirds; apical dusting pre-
ceded by a white spot. Tarsi white. 6.5—7.5 mm.

Blotch mines on leaves of various species of oak.

63. L. picturatella Braun. Distinguished from the preceding by the conspicuous,
black spots near the ends of the tarsal segments. 6.5-7 mm.

Connecticut; New York; New Jersey.

Brownish blotch mines on upper side of leaves of bayberry, Myrica carolinensis.

64. L. fasciella Walsingham. Fore wings reddish orange; a median, very
obtusely angulated fascia, its external, dark dusting being produced backward into
the apical dusting. No costal or dorsal streaks. 6-7 mm.

Ohio and Kentucky.

Oval blotch mines on leaves of various species of oaks.

65. L. castaneaeella Chambers. Fore wings reddish orange; a small, white,
costal spot at one-third; a median fascia very obtusely angled, its dustings extend-
ing backward to the costal streak at two-thirds; opposite this streak, a faint
dorsal streak; a small, white streak before dusted apex; dusting behind fascia
and in apex sometimes almost entirely lacking. 6-7.5 mm.

Oval, blotch mine on chestnut and oak.

66. L. guttifinitella Clemens. Reddish orange; two straight, or nearly straight,
fasciae, at one-third and one-half, respectively; a costal spot at two-thirds and
opposite it, a rather oblique, dorsal streak; apical dusting black on a white
ground and extended to tornus; a white streak along upper edge of dusting near
apex. 7 mm.

Mine a broad, tortuous tract, on poison ivy, Rhus toxicodendron.

67. L. obstrictella Clemens. Reddish brown; two, nearly straight, silvery fascise,
the second nearly perpendicular, opposite costal and dorsal streaks at two-thirds,

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 199

often uniting to form a third, nearly straight fascia. Apex velvety black, pre-
ceded by a few silvery scales. 7-8 mm.

Mine a broad, branched tract, usually Y-shaped, often crossing midrib, on leaves
of oaks, most commonly chestnut oak. Passes the winter in pupal state, con-
trary to the usual habit of species of this group.

68. L. aesculisella Chambers. Reddish ocherous; a faint, whitish streak from
base of inner margin to fold; two fasciae; the first fascia and its dark margin
broken near costa, slightly angulated, and its dorsal arm more oblique than the
second fascia, the latter being nearly straight. At two-thirds, a costal spot and an
opposite, longer, dorsal streak. 8-9 mm.

Central United States.

Mine a broad, linear tract, on leaves of buckeye, Aesculus glabra and A. octandra;
often containing several larvae.

69. L. hamameliella Busck. Deep reddish orange; an oblique white streak from
base of inner margin to fold; two straight, oblique, silvery fasciae; a silvery spot
at two-thirds; a long, very oblique, opposite, dorsal streak, parallel to termen,
uniting in apex of wing with a short apical streak. Marginal line in cilia dis-
tinct. 7 mm.

Mine a whitish blotch on leaves of witch-hazel, Hamamelis virginiana.

70. L. aceriella Clemens. Fore wings reddish ocherous; markings as in pre-
ceding species, except that dorsal streak at tornus is usually less oblique and
marginal line in cilia not denned. 7-9 mm.

Mine a flat, broad tract, in leaves of maple, most commonly red maple.

71. L. ostryarella Chambers. Markings of the general character of the three
preceding species, but distinguished as follows: first fascia concave outwardly on
fold, more oblique than second; dorsal streak at tornus oblique; apex dusted
with dark "brown. 6—7 mm.

Irregular blotch mines on hop hornbeam (Ostrya) and ironwood (Carpinus) ;
larvae sometimes gregarious; hibernating chamber of winter outlined by a raised,
circular ridge.

72. L. corylisella Chambers. Distinguished from the preceding species by the
erect, dorsal streak at tornus. 6.5—7 mm.

Blotch mines on upper side of leaves of hazel, Corylus americana.

73. L. tubiferella Clemens. Head white; wings deep ocherous, with two straight,
slightly oblique, white fasciae; no costal or dorsal streaks; sometimes a minute,
white spot in the apex. 7.5-8 mm.

Mine a very characteristic tract, gradually increasing in breadth, on leaves
of oaks. Larva placed transversely in the mine.

Synopsis of species of Lithocolletis ~by food plants

Saliva spp., willow:

L. scudderella. Tentiform mine on underside of leaf.

L. salidvorella-. Tentiform mine on underside of leaf.

L. salicifoliella. Tentiform mine on underside of leaf.
Populus alba, silver-leaved poplar:

L. populiella. Small, tentiform, underside mine.
Populus spp., poplar :

L. salicifoliella. Rather large, tentiform, underside mine.
Myrioa carolinensis, bayberry:

L. picturatella. Upper side, blotch mine.
Juglans cinerea, butternut:

L. caryaefoliella.
Juglans nigra, walnut:

L. caryaefoUella. Upper side, irregular, blotch mine.

200 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Carya spp., hickory :

L. caryaealbella. Tentiform, underside mine; dense, ovoid cocoon of frass and

silk.
L. olitacfonnis. Tentiform, underside mine; dense, ovoid cocoon of frass and

silk.

L. caryaefoliella. Upper side irregular, blotch mines, often confluent.
Corylus americana, hazelnut:

L. corylisella. Upper side, irregular blotch mine.
Ostrya virginiana, hop hornbeam:

L. obscuricostella. Small, slightly wrinkled, tentiform, underside mine; pupa

in a slight, silken web.
L. ostryaefoliella. Underside mine, larger than that of preceding species and

more wrinkled; ovoid cocoon of frass and silk.
L. tritcenianella. Upper side, blotch mine; epidermis of leaf white, speckled,

and later, much wrinkled and leaf folded.
L. lentella. Brownish, upper-side, blotch mines, often containing several larvae;

epidermis of leaf in numerous longitudinal ridges; leaf folded.
L. ostryarella. Irregular, flat, upper-side, blotch mines, usually containing

several larvae; hibernating chamber outlined by a circular ridge.
Carpinus carolvniana, ironwood:

L. ostryarella,. (Described under Ostrya.)
Betula spp., birch :

L. martiella. Narrow, tentiform, underside mine.
L. lentella. (Described under Ostrya.)

L. betulivora. Small, nearly circular, upper-side, blotch mine.
Alnus spp., alder:

L. auronitens. Underside, rather large, tentiform mine.
Castanea dentata, chestnut:

L. kearfottella. Rather small, narrow, tentiform, underside mine, between

veins.
Many upper-side miners on oak are also often found on chestnut. These mines

are described under Quercus.
Quercus spp., oaks :

Underside, tentiform mines :

L. fitchella. Large, tentiform mine; epidermis of leaf slightly and finely

wrinkled; most commonly on Q. macrocarpa and Q. bicolor.
L. hageni. Mine similar to that of fitchella.
L. rileyella.
L. quercialbella.

L. argentifimbriella. Especially on white oak, Q. alba.
L. albanotella. Small mine, usually near margin ; epidermis of leaf with

numerous, distinct, longitudinal ridges; especially on Q. bicolor and Q.

macrocarpa.
L. ceriferella. Tentiform, wrinkled mine; ovoid cocoon of frass and silk;

especially on chestnut oak and shingle oak (Q. imbricaria) .
L. basistrigella. Rectangular, transparent, scarcely wrinkled mine; flat

cocoon outlined by ring of frass.
Upper-side blotches or flat broad tracts.

L. liamadryadella. Whitish, irregular, blotch mine.

L. cincinnatiella. Large, brownish blotches; larvae usually gregarious; prin-
cipally on white oak.
L. macrocarpella. Blotch mine.

L. conglomeratella. Blotch mine, especially on live oak (Q. virginiana).
L. quercivorella. Small, blotch mine, usually near the tip of a lobe, especially

on red oak (Q. rubra) .

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 201

L. platanoidiella. Blotch mine.

L. fletcherella. Blotch mine on white oak.

L. bethunella. Small blotch mine.

L. castanecella. Small blotch mine.

L. fasciella. Small blotch mine.

L. obstrictella. Mine a broad, branched tract, usually Y-shaped; most com-
monly on chestnut oaks.

L. tubiferella. Mine a broad, linear tract, gradually increasing in breadth

and occasionally branched; larva placed transversely in mine.
Ulmus spp., elms:

L. argentinotella. Large, tentiform, underside mine.

L. occitanica. Tentiform, underside mine.

L. ulmella. Upper-side, blotch mine.
Celtis occidentalis, hackberry:

L. celtisella. Underside, linear mine, expanding into an upper-side blotch,
with a longitudinal ridge.

L. celtifoliella. Underside, tentiform mine.
Hamamelis virginiana, witch-hazel:

L. hamameliella. Whitish, upper-side, blotch mine.
Pyrus mains, apple:

L. malimalifoliella. Small, tentiform, underside mine; also on quince.

L. cratcegella. Small, tentiform, underside mine.
Cratcegus spp., hawapple:

L. cratcegella. Small, tentiform, underside mine.
Prunus serotina, wild black cherry:

L. propinquinella. Large, tentiform, underside mine.

L. cratcegella. Tentiform mine, smaller than that of L. propinquinella.
Amorpha fruticosa:

L. uhlerella. Whitish, rather flat mines on underside of leaves.
Robinia pseudoacacm, locust:

L. robiniella. Under- or upper-side, white mines.

L. gemmea. Upper-side miner.

L. ostensackenella. Yellow, blotch mine, on upper or lower side. Larva leaves

the mine to pupate.
Amphicarpa monoica, hog peanut:

L. morrisella. Large, white, tentiform, underside mine, sometimes containing

several larvae.
Desmodium spp., Lespedeza spp., and Phaseolus:

L. desmodiella. Tentiform, underside mine, sometimes inflated and containing

several larvse.
Rhus toxicodendron, poison ivy:

L. guttifinitella. A broad, tortuous, irregular tract on upper side of leaf.
Acer spp., maples:

L. clemensella. Underside, tentiform mine, on sugar maple.

L. lucidicostella. Underside, tentiform mine, on sugar maple.

L. trinotella. Small, underside, tentiform mine, on red and silver maple.

L. saccharella. Irregular, upper-side, blotch mine, chiefly on sugar maple.

L. aceriella. A flat, broad, tract on upper side; most commonly on red maple.
JEsculus spp., horse-chestnut, buckeye:

L. cesculisella. A broad, linear, upper-side tract, sometimes containing five

or six larva?.
Titia, americana, basswood:

L. lucetiella. Transparent, unwrinkled, underside mine; cocoon oval.

L. tiliacella. Circular, whitish, speckled, tent mine on upper side.

202 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

G aylussacia spp., huckleberry:

L. diversella.
Oxydendrum arboreum, sorrel tree :

L. diversella. Tentiform, underside mine.
Steironema (Lysimachia) lanceolatum :

L. lysimachiceella. Small, tentiform, underside mine.
Lonicera spp., honeysuckle;

L. fragilella. Rather large, tentiform, underside mine.
Symphoricarpos orbiculatu's, coral-berry :

L. symphoricarpella. Very small, underside, tent mines; half the mine parti-
tioned off to form a pupal chamber.

L. ma/ricEella. Tent mines, larger than those of L. symphoricarpella; an ovoid,
silken cocoon.

Family 15. COLEOPHORnXffi
Carl Heinrich16

Head .smooth. Antennae f to 1 ; thickened with scales toward base ;
basal joint with appressed scales, rough scaled, or with projecting
scale tuft. Labial palpi moderate or long; ascending. Maxillary palpi
absent. Posterior tibiae rough haired above or smooth. Fore wings
(fig. 124) elongate, narrow; never more than eleven veins; Ib (2d A)
furcate; 2 (Cu2) sometimes absent; 4 (M3) sometimes absent or united
with 3 (OuJ ; 6 (MJ absent; 7 (R5) to termen; 7 and 8 (R4 and EB)
approximate, connate, or stalked; pattern limited to irrorations of
darker or lighter scales, longitudinal lines, or dustings, or one or more
stigmata ; wings often unicolorous, never with transverse markings or
fasciae. Hind wings (figs. 124, 125) linear-lanceolate; narrower than
fore wings; 6 to 8 veins; crossveiiis between 5 and 6 (Mx and M2)
weak or absent. 3 (Ciii) sometimes absent; 4 (M3) sometimes absent;
5 and 6 (M^ M2) separate; 6 and 7 (R, M± closely approximate, con-
nate, or stalked. Male genitalia (fig. 123, A) with harpe partly
divided; costal arm of harpe free for half its length, weakly chitin-
ized ; arms of gnathos fusing and forming a complete ring about anus,
terminating in a more or less scobinate knob; gnathos occupying
place of, and apparently functioning as, an uncus; uncus absent.
JCdceagus rather stout, short or moderately long, hinged to vinculum.

Larvae inhabiting portable cases (figs. 126, 127, 127a, b) feeding on
leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds of various plants; external feeders
or miners; never boring into stems of plants or folding or rolling
leaves; with 3 setae on prespiracular shield of prothorax. II caudo-
laterad of I on abdominal segments 1 to 8, IV and V approximate on
abdominal segments 3 to 8 ; prothoracic spiracle vertically placed.

11 Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 203

;:: Gn

; 5-M, 6-M

125

FIGS. 123-125. COLEOPHORID.E

123, Male geuitalia of Coleophora atlantica Heinrich: H, harpe; Gn, gnathos;
T, transtilla; A, Aedoeagus and penis (lateral view)

124, Venation, fore and hind wings of Coleophora laricella Hiibner

125, Venation of hind wing of Coleophora vemowiceella Chambers

(Drawn by Ada F. Knfiale, of the Bureau of Entomology of the United States
Department of Agriculture)

204

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

126

127a.

127b

FIGS. 126-127b. COLEOPHORID^E : LARVAL CASES

126, Larval case of Coleophora atlantica Heinrich (typical "pistol case")

127, Larval case of Coleophora leucochrysella Clemens

• 127a, Larval case of Coleophora fletcherella Fernald: A, triangular compression
of posterior end

127b, Larval case of Coleophora laticornella Clemens (typical "cigar case")
(Drawn by Ada F. Kneale, of the Bureau of Entomology of the United States
Department of Agriculture)

LEPIDOPTERA OF 'NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 205

The family as here characterized includes, besides the typical Coleo-
phora Hiibner, two other small European genera, Goniodoma Zeller and
Metriotes Hubner (Asychna Stainton). Of the exotic genera, which I
have not seen, two of Meyrick's (the Australian Carythangela and the
African Platybathra) should probably also be included. Venational
and genital characters, namely the obsolescence of the fork in Ib
(2d A) of fore wing, the stalking or fusing of 5 and 6 (Mx and M2)
in the hind wing, and the presence of both gnathos and a large func-
tioning uncus, exclude Batrachedra Stainton which is usually asso-
ciated witH Coleophora.

In North America all our species belong to the genus Coleophora
Hubner, which may be defined as follows :

1. COLEOPHORA Hubner

Antennae %; porrected in repose. Labial palpi smooth or with slight tuft on
tinder side of second joint toward apex. Posterior tibiae rough haired above; ante-
rior spurs of hind tibiae from beyond middle. Fore wing with 7 and 8 (R4 and R«)
connate or stalked. Hind wing %; 6 to 8 veins; 3 (Cu^) rarely absent; 4 some-
times absent; crossvein between 5 and 6 (Mt and M2) nearly obsolete.

Larva with head elongate ovoid, longer than wide; frons extending nearly to
incision of dorsal hind margin; anterior and lateral setae and punctures crowded
forward on head, nearly in a straight line approximate to ocelli; ultra-posterior
portion of epicranium large. Body setse much reduced; thoracic tubercles enlarged,
usually fusing on dorsum of meso- and metathorax to form secondary shields.
Crochets uniordinal, in a flattened ellipse opening inwardly, or in two transverse
bands; frequently reduced in number; sometimes altogether absent.

Pupa incomplete; with appendages soldered together, but not to body, extending
nearly to or beyond caudal margin of body; caudal end of body with lateral exten-
sions ending in sharp spines; femora of prothoracic legs defined; maxillary palpi
absent; epicraniaL suture present; prothorax very short on meson, long on lateral
margin, forming a double triangle; abdomen not spined above; cremaster absent.
(This description probably applies to the entire family, but inasmuch as only
pupal representatives of Coleophora were seen, the description is given under the
genus. )

Coleophora is a very large genus, numbering between four and five hundred
described species, largely confined to the northern hemisphere, and reaching its
greatest development in middle and southern Europe and the United States. A
couple of species have been described from .South America, several from South
Africa and India, and a few from Eastern Asia. In the United States we have
some ninety odd described species, of which over half are found in the region
covered by this hand book. Several attempts have been made to divide this unwieldy
genus, but so far all have failed. The following table and arrangement of species,
while arbitrary, attempts to follow natural lines, as far as is consistent with con-
venience of identification, and to bring together related species. Group VIII
appears to be a natural one and on purely larval characters and habits should
have generic rank; but so far, no consistent adult characters have been found
to separate it from other Coleophora. The antennal character given (projecting
hair tufts on basal joint) holds for the described North American species; but
in Europe is also found on some species outside the free feeding group.

For the student of Lepidoptera, this family offers a fascinating study. There
are still many new life histories to be worked out and many species yet to be

206 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

described. The group as a whole, however, is such a difficult one and so many
of the species are similar, that accurate determinations can be made only by one
who has a large collection available and has had considerable experience with
the group. As it is, even he can not always be sure of his species unless he has
both larval case and food plant records as well as the adult. No one should think
of describing new Coleophora except from bred specimens carefully determined.
To describe from collected adult material alone is nothing short of a crime, as it
can only add to the inconvenience and confusion of future workers.

Key to the species

1. Antenna with basal joint simple, rough scaled, or with only slight tuft, never

with large projecting tuft; fore wing never pure white unmarked by longi-
tudinal lines 2

Antenna with large projecting tuft on basal joint; or, if tuft is absent or much
reduced, fore wing snow white unmarked by longitudinal lines 42

2. Fore wing metallic or gray brown, unicolorous, sometimes tinged with ochreous

or darker shades at apex but never striped or otherwise marked 3

Fore wing otherwise 12

3. Fore wing dark gray to grayish brown, semi-lustrous 4

Fore wing with shining, irridescent, metallic luster 10

4. Apex of fore wing distinctly tinged with grayish ochreous

( 1 ) cerasivorella. ( 2 ) zelleriella.
Apex of fore wing not distinctly tinged with grayish ochreous 5

5. Head with decided ochreous tinge (3) occidentis. (4) fletcherella.

Head gray or grayish brown 6

6. Entire insect shining steel gray ( 5 ) laricella.

Entire insect gray-brown or drab 7

7. Fore wing somewhat paler than hind wing towards apex ( 8 ) coiicolorella.

Fore wing concolorous with, or somewhat darker than, hind wing towards

apex 8

8. Legs and underside of moth with pale dustings grayish and largely obscured by

dark scaling ( 6 ) unicolorella.

Legs and underside of moth with pale dustings white and conspicuously pre-
dominating over darker scaling 9

9. Fore and hind wing a uniform, dark, smoky gray-brown ( 7 ) pruniella.

Fore and hind wing rather pale gray-brown. . . (9) cinerella.

10. Antenna simple, thickened at base only (10) cenusella.

Antenna clothed with rough scales for y2 or more 11

11. Antenna with rough scaling to ^; annulated beyond (11) coruscipennella.

Antenna writh rough scaling to %; apical % silver white (12) apicialbella.

12. Fore wing yellow to dark brown, more or less streaked with white 13

Fore wing white streaked with yellowish white (or yellowish white streaked

with white) 28

13. Fore wing golden to dark brown; costa white; otherwise unmarked 14

Fore wing yellow unicolorous; or yellow with white costal and dorsal margins;

or ochreous fuscous with the veins outlined in white; or brownish with two
or more white stripes 22

14. Fore wing dull blackish brown 15

Fore wing drab brown to golden brown 16

15. Antenna annulated ( 13 ) rosacella.

Antenna not annulated ( 14 ) albiantenncella.

16. Fore wing very dark (blackish brown) toward apex 17

Fore wing nearly uniform golden brown, scarcely darker towards apex 18

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 207

17. Head and scaling on basal joint of antenna grayish ochreous with little admix-

ture of white ( 15 ) carpinella.

Head and scaling on basal joint of antenna ochreous with considerable admix-
ture of white ( 16 ) umbratica.

18. Dorsal cilia on fore wing dull grayish fuscous 19

Dorsal cilia on fore wing ochreous fuscous 20

19. Larval case smooth ( 17 ) carycsfoliella.

Larval case with a notch on upper edge near posterior end (18) ostryce.

20. Alar expanse more than 10 mm ( 19 ) limosipennella.

Alar expanse less than 10 mm 21

21. Larval case rough; mouth deflected to 90 degrees; posterior end flattened to a

slightly curved edge (20) corylifoliella. (21) alniella.

Larval case smooth; mouth deflected to 45 degrees; posterior end flattened to a
straight edge ( 22 ) lentella.

22. Ground color of fore wing yellow 23

Ground color of fore wing brownish . . 26

23. Costa of fore wing dark ( 23 ) ochrella.

Costa of fore wing pale 24

24. Costal and dorsal margins of fore wing white 25 '

Costal and dorsal margins of fore wing pale yellowish, fusing with ground color

of wing ( 24 ) gaylussaciella.

25. Ground color of fore wing pale cream-yellow (25) cretaticostella.

Ground color of fore wing dark yellow (26) kearfottella.

26. Ground color of fore wing drab brown ( 27 ) polemoniella.

Ground color of fore wing grayish brown 27

27. Fore wing with two white longitudinal streaks (28) astericola.

Fore wing with four white longitudinal streaks ( 29 ) infuscatella,.

28. Fore wing with no. fuscous or dark ochreous dustings on white areas 29

Fore wing with white areas more or less dusted with fuscous or dark ochre-
ous 36

29. Alar expanse 10 mm. or over 30

Alar expanse less than 10 mm (30) quadrilineella.

30. Fore wing with a distinct dark medial streak and a dark spot at end of cell

(31) borea.
Fore wing without such 31

31. Longitudinal white and ochreous markings on fore wing sharply contracted .. 32
Longitudinal white and ochreous markings on fore wing not sharply con-
trasted 35

32. White median shade along upper margin of cell sending only two branches to

costa (32) biforis.

White median shade along upper margin of cell sending at least three branches
to costa 33

33. Only three ochreous lines on fore wing (33) coenosipennella.

More than three ochreous lines on fore wing 34

34. 'ihree ochreous lines above fold in fore wing distinctly separated by white

lines ( 34 ) cratipennella.

Three ochreous lines above fold tending to fuse (35) shaleriella.

35. Antennae distinctly annulated for basal half ( 36 ) ccespititiella.

Antennas not distinctly annulated for basal half (37) encodes.

36. Head and greater part of fore wing pure white; dark dustings limited to a

few scattered scales toward apex » 37

Head and greater part of fore wing ochreous 39

37. Outer margin of fore wing mostly white (38) veroniceella.

Outer margin of fore wing ochreous 38

38. Hind tarsi annulated with fuscous ( 39 ) duplicis.

Hind tarsi not annulated with fuscous ( 40 ) granifera.

208 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

39. Head whitish ochreous; white on fore wing distinct 40

Head dark grayisli ochreous; white on fore wing almost completely obscured

by ochreous or fuscous scaling 41

40. Fuscous dustings on white areas of fore wing slight, not forming conspicuous

spots or dashes ( 41 ) fagicosticella.

Fuscous dustings pronounced on white areas, crowded to form a blackish-brown
dash at end of cell ( 42 ) amaranthella.

41. Antennae distinctly annulated ( 43 ) vagans.

Antennae not distinctly annulated (44) lapidicornis.

42. Antenna simple or white; only slight basal tuft 43

Basal tuft on antenna well developed 44

43. Fore wing pure white, unmarked (45) argentialbella.

Fore wing pure white except apex which is strongly tinged with pale golden

yellow ( 4G ) leucochrysella.

44. Fore wing white at least at base 45

Fore wing without any white; ochreous at base 47

45. White on fore wing limited to basal half of wing 46

White on fore wing not limited to basal half of wing 49

.46. Fore wing shading from white at base to straw color; coppery at apex.

( 47 ) viburnella.
tore wing brown or clouded with brownish front middle to apex 48

47. Cilia of fore wing and hind wing ochreous fuscous, lighter than wings.

( 48 ) nigralineella.

Cilia of fore wing and hind wing dark smoky fuscous, concolorous with darkest
parts of wings ( 49 ) tiUcefoliella.

48. Head, thorax, and antennal tuft pure white ( 50 ) roscefoliella.

Head, thorax, and antennal tuft whit* sprinkled with grayish fuscous.

( 51 ) malivorella.

49. Fore wing faintly striped and dusted toward apex with 'ochreous and fuscous.

( 52 ) atromarginata.
Fore wing more or less dusted with ochreous fuscous but not striped 50

50. Dark dustings abundant and well scattered over fore wing. ... (53) elceagniseUa.
Dark dustings sparse and limited to apical half of fore wing 51

51. Apex of fore wing lightly dusted with blackish fuscous scales.. (54) querciella.
Apex of fore wing lightly dusted with ochreous or golden scales. . (55) atlantica.

I. Moths with fore wings gray-brown, unicolorous, sometimes tinged with ochre-
ous or darker shades but not striped or otherwise marked. Larval cases with
posterior ends flatly or triangularly compressed. Larvae leaf-miners or seed
feeders.

( 1 ) C. cerasivorella Packard.

Alar expanse: 9-9.5 mm.

Localities: Massachusetts; Wisconsin. (June).

Food plants: Cherry; apple.

Larval case : Unknown.

Moths in the United States Xational Museum, are without the larval case. They
were reared from apple in Bellingham, Wisconsin. Packard reared the moths
from larvae taken feeding on leaves of cherry, at Salem, Massachusetts, but he
gives no description of the larval case.

(2) C. zelleriella Chambers.

Alar expanse: 9 mni.

Locality : Kentucky.

Food plant: Unknown.

Larval case: Ochreous; slender; cylindrical; tapering slightly to each end;

posterior end triangularly compressed; 12 mm. long (From

Chambers' description ) .

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 209

This species is known only from Chambers' meager description. It is probably
a synonym of cerasivorella Packard.

(3) C. occidentis Zeller.

Alar expanse: 10 mm.

Locality : Massachusetts.

Food plant: Prunus serotina.

Larval case: Brown, cylindrical; upper edge serrate; mouth deflected to

45 degrees; posterior end triangularly compressed.

This species is known only from Zeller's description. It is placed in our specific
key with fletcherella only tentatively. If the two are one species, as is quite
possible, Zeller's name will take precedence over the better known fletcherella. In
our lists occidentis is wrongly listed as a synonym of pruniella Clemens.

(4) C. fletcherella Fernald.

Alar expanse: 10-12 mm.

Locality: Northern United States and Canada (June).
Food plants : Apple, pear, cherry, hawthorn.

Larval case (fig. 127a) : Brown; cylindrical; smooth; mouth deflected from
45 degrees to 60 degrees; posterior end triangu-
larly compressed; 7-8 mm. long.

This is the economically important " cigar case-bearer " on apple, and is easily
distinguished from other gray-brown, unicolorous species by its yellowish head.
It is probably a synonym of occidentis Zeller, but this can only be decided by
further and more extensive rearings. Zeller describes the larval case of occidentis
as serrate above. All cases of fletcherella in the United States National Museum
have the upper edge smooth.

(5) C. laricella Hlibner. (Fig. 124).

Alar expanse: 9-10 mm.

Locality: northeastern United States.

Food plant : Larch.

Larval case: Gray, with a yellowish or brownish patch on the outer side
extending from the mouth and formed by a part of the
leaf fiber woven into the case; mouth deflected from 45
degrees to 60 degrees; posterior end triangularly com-
pressed; 5 mm. long.

This species is commonly known as the " larch case-bearer," and often does
considerable damage to the trees.

(6) C. unicolorella Chambers.

Alar expanse: 8-9 mm.

Locality: Eastern United States (June).

Food plant: Seeds of Juncus.

Larval case : Dirty gray, ornamented with many small f rass pellets ;
stout; cylindrical; mouth deflected to 90 degrees; posterior
end broad, pyramidal, triangularly compressed; 4.5-5 mm.
long.

(7) C. pruniella Clemens.

Alar expanse: 12.5-13 mm.

Localities: Pennsylvania; Ohio. (June).

Food plant: Prunus serotina.

Larval case: A double affair, composed of a small curved, silken first
case, inserted into a later one cut from the serrate edge
of the mined leaf, thus resembling a pistol butt projecting
from a holster (in the spring often losing the silken pos-
terior part); mouth slightly deflected; posterior end
rounded and flatly compressed; 5-6 mm. long.

210 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

(8) C. concolorella Clemens.

Alar expanse: 10 mm.
Locality : Pennsylvania ( June ) .
Food plant: Unknown.
Larval case : Unknown.
A pale mauve species near cinerella Chambers but apparently distinct.

(9) C. cinerella Chambers.

Alar expanse: 10 mm.

Localities: Kentucky; District of Columbia. (End of May to July).

Food plants : Birch and alder.

Larval case: Similar to that of pruniella Clemens; dark rusty brown;
roughly cylindrical with a couple of serrate projections
on outer side; mouth deflected to 45 degrees; posterior end
rounded and flatly compressed.

II. Entire insect of a shining metallic luster; unicolorous, larval case with
apex triangularly compressed. Larvce leaf miners on low plants.

(10) C. aenusella Chambers.

Alar expanse: 11 mm.

Locality : Kentucky.

Food plant: Unknown.

Larval case: Unknown.

Known only by Chambers' description. Easily recognized, however, being the
only metallic bronzy species in the eastern United States with simple antenna
thickened at basal joint only.

(11) C. coruscipennella Clemens.

Alar expanse: 11-12 mm.

Locality: United States ( May- August ).

Food plant: Unknown.

Larval case: Unknown.

A very common species, found nearly everywhere in the United States. Has
been frequently identified as the European spissicornis Haw. (fabriciella Vill. ).
C. auropurpurella Chambers is a synonym.

(12) C. apicialbella Braun (apicella Braun).
Alar expanse: 9.5—11 mm.

Locality: Cincinnati, Ohio, (late May and early June).

Food plant: Silene virginica.

Larval case: Gray, darker on dorsal surface; cylindrical; mouth slightly

deflected; 7-9 mm. long.

Easily distinguished from other species of this group by the antennae. These are
clothed with rough, purplish scales for basal four-fifths, the apical fifth being
silvery white without annulations but with a black dot on underside of each
segment.

III. Moths with fore wings golden to dark brown; costa white, otherwise
unmarked; antenna thickened with scales near base, with very slight tuft on
basal joint. Larval cases cylindrical and with apices flatly compressed (The so-
oalled "cigar-case" type fig. 121b). Larvce leaf miners, mostly on trees and
shrubs.

(13) C. rosacella Clemens.

Alar expanse: 10.5 mm.

Locality: Pennsylvania (late May and early June).

Food plants: Rose and sweet briar.

Larval case: Brown; smooth except for one or more serrations on upper

edge; mouth deflected (from Clemens' description).

The darkest of the brown Coleophoras with white costal markings on the fore
wing.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 211

(14) C. albiantennaella Wild.

Alar expanse: 12-13 mm.
Locality: Buffalo, New York (late July).
Food plant: Cornus.

Larval case: Gray-brown; smooth; upper edge not serrate; mouth deflected
to 45 degrees; posterior end as broad as, or broader than,
middle of case; 11 mm. long.

This species easily distinguished from others of this group by the lack of
annulations on the antenna.-

(15) C. carpinella Heinrich.

Alar expanse : 7-7 . 5 mm.

Locality: Maryland (June- July).

Food plant: Carpinus caroliniana.

Larval case: Yellowish brown; slender; smooth; mouth deflected to 45

degrees; posterior end as wide as middle of case, flattened

to a straight edge; 6—7 mm. long.

(16) C. umbratica Braun.

Alar expanse: 8-9 mm.

Localities: Ohio; Virginia (middle to end of June).
Food plant: Prunus americana.

Larval case: Brown; rather slender; smooth except upper edge which is
strongly serrate; mouth deflected from 45 degrees to 60
degrees; posterior end as wide as middle of case, flattened
to a straight edge; 5-6 mm. long.

This species and carpinella are superficially very close. They may be dis-
tinguished from each other by the characters given in the table, the larval cases,
and the food plants; and from the other golden brown species of this group
(caryaefoliella and allies), by the distinctly darker shading of the fore" wing
towards the apex.

(17) C. caryaefoliella Clemens.

Alar expanse: 9—10 mm.

Locality: Eastern United States (Mav-June in the South; June- July in

the North).

Food plants: Hickory and pecan.

Larval case: Brown; smooth; without serration on upper edge; mouth
deflected to 45 degrees; posterior end as wide as middle
of case, flattened to a straight edge; 6-6.5 mm. long.

This very common species is found nearly everywhere that its food plants occur.
It is a rather important enemy of the hickory in the north and of the pecan in the
south. In economic literature it is referred to as the " hickory cigar case-bearer "
or the " pecan cigar case-bearer." In spite of its importance, comparatively little
is known about it, and it should be more intensively studied. There is quite pos-
sibly more than one species attacking the hickory, which would account for the
wide range of variation in the specimens now included under this name.

(18) C. ostryae Clemens.

Alar expanse : 7 . 5-8 mm.
Localities: Pennsylvania; Ohio (June).
Food plant: Ostrya virginica.

Larval case: Pale reddish brown; rather wide; smooth except for upper
edge which normally has a slight notch near posterior
end; mouth slightly deflected; posterior end as wide as
middle of case, flattened to a straight edge.

Miss Braun states that she has also reared this species from hickory and con-
siders it a synonym of caryaefoliella Clemens. Until the latter is better known,
however, it would seem better to retain the two as separate species.

212 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

(10) C. limosipennella Duponchcl (laticortiella, Clemens).
Alar expanse: 10.5-12.5 mm.

Locality: Northeastern United States (. Tune- July ).
Food plant: Elm.

Larval case: (fig. 127b) : Brown; rather broad; smooth except for upper
edge which is more or less serrate and slightly sinuate;
mouth deflected to GO degrees; posterior end a trifle wider
than middle of case, flattened to a slightly curved edge ;
10—11 mm. long.

Locally importan't in this country as a pest of the elm. In Europe also
recorded from alder and birch.

(20) C. corylifoliella Clemens.

Alar expanse: 8-9 mm.

Localities: Pennsylvania; Maryland; Virginia (June- July).

Food plant: Corylus americana.

Larval case: Dark brown; rather broad; rough and fibrous; upper edge
serrate; mouth deflected to 90 degrees; posterior end
narrower than middle of case, flattened to a slightly curved
edge; 6-6.5 mm. long.

(21) C. alniella Heinrich.

Alar expanse: 8-9 mm.

Localities: Maryland; Virginia (June and early July).

Food plant: Alnus.

Larval case: As in corylifoliella Clemens.

The only appreciable difference between reared specimens of this species and
coryifoliella is in the somewhat darker and more distinctly marked brown annula-
tions on the antenna of the latter. It is quite probable that it will eventually
prove to be a synonym of Clemens' species.

(22) C. lentella Heinrich.

• Alar expanse : 8 mm.

Locality: Long Island, New York (June).

Food plant: betula lenta.

Larval case: Gray brown; broad, smooth except for upper edge which is
markedly serrate; mouth deflected to 45 degrees; posterior
end narrower than middle of case, flattened to a straight
edge; 4.5-5 mm. long.

IV. Moths with fore wings yellow, unicolorous or golden yellow, more or less,
striped with white; not dusted or spotted. Antennae with basal joints thickened
or slightly tufted. Larval cases with posterior ends flatly compressed.

(23) C. ochrella Chambers.

Alar expanse: 12 mm.

Locality : Kentucky ( June ) .

Food plant: Unknown.

Larval case : Unknown.

A dull dark yellow, unicolorous species with basal third of costa a trifle darker
than ground color of fore wing. The only described species of this kind from
North America.

(24) C. gaylussaciella Heinrich.

Alar expanse: 10 mm.
Locality: Falls Church, Virginia (June).
Food plant: Gaylussacia baccata.

Larval case: Brown; cylindrical; widest just beyond middle; tapering
slightly to both ends; mouth deflected to 90 degrees;
posterior end rounded; 6-6.5 mm. long.

Close to cretaticostella Clemens but distinguished by characters given in the
table.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 213

(25) C. cretaticostella Clemens.

Alar expanse: 12.5 mm.

Localities: Pennsylvania; Canada; Ohio; Massachusetts; Maryland; (May,

June ) .

Food plant: Blackberry.

Larval case: Dark brown; of the pruniella type; composed of silk and leaf;
slightly irregular in outline but not appreciably curved;
posterior end rather abruptly tapering; mouth deflected to
45 degrees; 7-7.5 mm. long.

A very pretty species distinguished by the white costal and dorsal margins and
basal part of fore wing.

(26) C. kearfottella Barnes and Busck.

Alar expanse: 11-12 mm.

Locality: Essex County, Xew Jersey.

Food plant: Salix.

Larval case: Formed of silk and bud scales; very irregular; as broad as

long; mouth slightly deflected; 5-6 mm. long.

Close to cretaticostella Clemens but distinguished by the much darker yellow
ground color of the fore wings.

V. Moths with fore wings dark grayish broicn or drab, jointly striped with white.
Antennce with basal joints thickened but not appreciably tufted. Larval cases
flatly or triangularly compressed.

(27) C. polemoniella Braun.

Alar expanse: 13-14 mm.

Locality : Cincinnati, Ohio ( May and early June ) .
Food plant: Polemonium reptans.

Larval case: White with a grayish patch on dorsal surface adjacent to
mouth; rather slender, cylindrical; mouth deflected to 45
degrees; posterior end flatly compressed and flaring, con-
siderably broader than middle of case; 9-10 mm. long.

An easily recognized species. In some specimens the white markings nearly
obsolete except on costa.

(28) C. astericola Heinrich.

Alar expanse: 13 mm.

Locality : Boston, Massachusetts ( September ) .

Food, plant: Aster multiflorus.

Larval case: Grayish white; slender; cylindrical; mouth deflected to 45
degrees; posterior end rounded and flatly compressed, nar-
rower than middle of case; 13 mm. long.

(29) C. infuscatella Clemens.

Alar expanse: 11 mm.
Locality : Pennsylvania.
Food plant: Unknown.
Larval case: Unknown.

\ I. Moths with fore wings white, longitudinally streaked with yellowish white
or whitish-yellow streaked with white, with or without fuscous or ochreous dustings
on white areas. Antenna; with basal joints thickened but never appreciably tufted.
Larval cases with posterior ends triangularly compressed. Larvve seed feeders or
leaf miners on low plants.

(30) C. quadrilineella Chambers.

Alar expanse: 7 mm.

Locality: Eastern United States (June through August).

Food plant: Seeds of Junous.

214 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Larval case: Gray; covered with particles of frass on posterior fourth;
along upper anterior portion of three-fourths of its length
a shining shield formed from part of the seed capsule
of the food plant; cylindrical; slender; mouth deflected
to 90 degrees; 4-4.8 mm. long.

(31) C. borea Braun.

Alar expanse: 15-16 mm.
Locality : Cincinnati, Ohio.
Food plant: Polygonum scandens.

Larval case: Blackish brown; stout; cylindrical; mouth slightly deflected;
8-9 mm. long (From Miss Braun's description).

(32) C. biforis Braun.

Alar expanse: 11.5-12.5 mm.

Locality: Cincinnati, Ohio.

Food plant : Luzula campestris.

Larval case: "slender, cylindrical, tapering to the three-valved apex. The
sides of the obtuse apical angles of the valves are very
short; from the point of union of adjacent valves, a
gradually lowering ridge runs about halfway down the
case"; 8-8.5 mm. long. (From Miss Braun's description).

(33) C. coenosipennella Clemens.

Alar expanse: 11.5-12 mm.
Locality: Eastern United States.
Food plant: Stellaria p\ibera.

Larval case : Grayish ; " decorated with numerous dark reddish granules ; "
cylindrical; mouth strongly deflected; 6 mm. long.

(34) C. cratipennella Clemens.

Alar expanse: 14.5 mm.

Locality: Eastern United States (May and early June).

Food plant: Seeds of Juncus.

Larval case: Grayish ochreous, shading to reddish brown at apex; cylin-
drical; smooth; unornamented; mouth deflected to 45
degrees; 8 mm. long.

(35) C. shaleriella Chambers.

Alar expanse: 13.5-15 mm.

Localities: Kentucky; Ohio (August to September).

Food plant: Seeds of Polygonum punctatum.

Larval case: Pale straw color; elongate; slender; tapering gradually to
pointed apex; decorated from mouth with four or five
narrow strips of leaf extending backward four-fifths the
length of the case, and by seven or eight distinct lines of
frass extending backward about ^4; 10-11 mm. long.

(36) C. caespititiella Zeller.

Alar expanse: 11-12 mm.

Localities: Maryland; Virginia (May-June).
Food plant: Seeds of Juncus.

Larval case: Pale straw color to pale gray brown; cylindrical; smooth;
undecorated; mouth deflected to 45 degrees; 6-6.5 mm. long.

(37) C. encodes Braun.

Alar expanse: 12 mm.

Locality: Cincinnati, Ohio (September).

Food plant: Seeds of Aster ericodes.

Larval case: Pale straw color to ashy brown; rather densely covered with
pappus from flowers of food plant which extend beyond
the apex; mouth deflected; 4.5-5 mm. long.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 215

(38) C. vernoniaella Chambers (fig. 125) (veromceella of Dyar's list).

Alar expanse: 11-13.5 mm.

Localities: Kentucky; Missouri; Ohio; Virginia (late June to mid- July).

Food plants : Vernonia, Helianthus.

Larval case: Dark gray brown; slender elongate; tapering; needle-like;

mouth deflected from 20 degrees to 45 degrees; 13-20 mm.

long.

(39) C. duplicis Braun.

Alar expanse: 11.5-14.5 mm.
Localities: Ohio; North Carolina.

Food plants: Aster shortti, Aster cordifolina, Solidago casia, S. latifolia.
Larval case : Irregular, formed from bits of seeds and flowers attached to a
cylinder of silk; mouth deflected.

(40) C. granifera Braun.

Alar expanse: 12.5-14 mm.

Locality: Cincinnati, Ohio (June-July).

Food plant : Leaves of Aster shortii.

Larval case: Brownish red, paler towards apex, with a dark brown, granular

spot on upper side near mouth; cylindrical; mouth slightly

deflected; 10 mm. long.

(41) C. fagicosticella Chambers (synonym, C. lineapulvella Chambers).
Alar expanse: 8-10 mm.

Locality: Eastern United States (end of May, through June).

Food plant: Seeds of Juncus.

Larval case : Composed of silk and entire seed pod of food plant, braetlets
forming an outer scalloped enveloped for silk portion of case
protruding beyond; mouth deflected to 90 degrees; 5 mm.
long.
A very common species.

(42) C. amaranthella Braun.

Alar expanse: 12—14 mm.

Localities: Kentucky; Ohio (late July-August).
Food plant: Seeds of Amaranthus hybridus.

Larval case: Brownish, decorated with numerous, small, buff-gray parti
cles; moxith deflected; apex pyramidal. 6 mm. long

(43) C. vagans Walsingham.

Alar expanse : 12 mm.
Locality: New York City (August).
Food plant: Grass.

Larval case : Stone gray with brown patch on upper side near mouth
(similar to quadrilvneella Chambers) ; cylindrical, slightly
bulged in center; mouth deflected to 90 degrees; 7-7.5 mm.
long.

Distinguished from other grass- and Juncus-feeding species by the heavy fuscous
dustings nearly obscuring the whitish lines on fore wing.

(44) C. lapidicornis Walsingham.

Alar expanse: 11.5 mm.

Locality: Ohio (August).

Food plant: Peach.

Larval case: Dark, dusty gray brown; smooth; cylindrical; rather stout;

scarcely tapering; mouth deflected to 90 degrees; 7 mm.

long.

216 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

VII. Moths with fore wings white, unmarked, or shading to yellowish toward,
apex, not longitudinally striped or spotted; antennae simple or with slight tufts.
Larval cases formed of silk and leaf; posterior ends flatly compressed. Ijarvce leaf
miners in trees and shrubs.

(45) C. argentialbella Chambers.
Alar expanse: 10-11 mm.
Locality : Kentucky.
Food plant: Unknown.

Larval case: "Long and slender" (Chambers). Easily recognized, being
the only pure white species with simple antenna described
from the eastern United States.

(46) C leucochrysella Clemens
Alar expanse: 14-15 mm.

Locality: Eastern United States (June).

Food plant: Castanea dentata.

Larval case (fig. 127) : Irregular; of the pruniella type, with silken first

case inserted in later one cut from mined portion of leaf;

silken part grayish tinged with black; leaf part yellow or

brownish; mouth deflected to 45 degrees; posterior end

curved; 10-11 mm. long.
An easily recognized species; fairly common wherever its food plant grows.

(47) C. viburnella Clemens.

Alar expanse: 11.5 mm.

Localities: Pennsylvania; Ohio (end of May).
Food plant: Viburnum prunifolium.

Larval case: Of the pruniella type; upper edge with flattened, serrate, wing-
like projection rising about 2.5 mm. above the barrel of
the case; reddish brown; mouth deflected; posterior end
slightly curved; 10 mm. long.

The basal joint of the antenna is somewhat more tufted than that of the other
species in this group. The moth, however, is easily recognized by the characters
given in the table.

VIII. Moths with large projecting tuft on basal joint of antenna. Larval cases
of the "pistol" type (fig. 126), made of silk and frass; posterior ends never trian-
gularly compresssed. . Larvae external feeders on leaves or flowers of trees and
shrubs; never miners.

(48) C. nigralineella Chambers.

Alar expanse: 12-13 mm.

Locality: Kentucky (July).

Food plant: Unknown. Larval case found attached to stem of Juglans
nigra.

Larval case: Yellow; pistol handle brown on upper side, white underneath;
on upper side, near mouth, a small triangular projection
used for attachment of case during pupation (from Cham-
bers' description ) .

(49) C. tiliaefoliella Clemens.

Alar expanse: 14—14.5 mm.

Localities: Pennsylvania; New York; Ontario, Canada (June-July).

Food plant: Tilia (basswood).

Larval case: Uniform black; pistol handle turned down abruptly (at right
angle with upper edge) ; small toothed projections about
middle of under edge; upper edge straight; flaps present,
small, appressed; mouth deflected to 45 degrees; 6.5-7 mm.
long.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 217

(50) C. rosaefoliella Clemens.

Alar expanse: 12.5 mm.
Locality: Pennsylvania (end of May).
Food plant: Buds of common hundred-leaf rose.

Larval case: Of silk, covered with granulations; brown varied with gray;
posterior end (pistol handle) turned down like a hook;
mouth slightly deflected ( from Clemens' description ) .

I have never seen the case, and the species is therefore only tentatively placed in
this group. (C. H. )

( 51 ) C. malivorella Riley.

Alar expanse: 12.5-14 mm.

Locality: Atlantic States (early July).

Food plant: Apple.

Larval case: Black with large, whitish fibrous patch along upper edge;
handle short and evenly rounded; small, toothed projec-
tion on underside close to handle; flaps present, scalloped,
small, and closely appressed within angle of handle; mouth
deflected to 45 degrees; 8-9 mm. long.

This is the well-known " pistol case-bearer " on apple. The larva eat the buds,
leaves, and young fruit.

(52) C. atromarginata Braun (currucipennella Walsingham nee Zeller).

Alar expanse: 10.5-14.5 mm.

Locality: Eastern United States ( June- August ).

Food plants: Quercus platanoides and Quercus rubra.

Larval case: Black, with faint white V marking on underside of barrel;
handle turned down abruptly; flaps present, moderately
large, not closely appressed; mouth deflected to nearly 45
degrees; 5.5-8 mm. long.

(53) C. elaeagnisella Kearfott.

Alar expanse: 15-21 mm.

Locality : Ottawa. Canada ( July ) .

Food plants: Elceagnus argentea; Hippophoe rhamoides; Shepherdia
argentea.

Larval case: Grayish brown; elongate; without flaps; pistol handle reduced,
giving a -sort of scimitar shape to the case; upper edge
smooth; a slight projection from near middle of lower
edge; mouth deflected to 45 degrees; 10-12 mm. long.

(54) C. querciella Clemens,

Alar expanse: 12 mm.

Localities: Pennsylvania; Virginia, Long Island, New York. (June).

Food plants: Quercus prinus and Q. alba.

Larval case: Grayish, with conspicuous black, somewhat lumped patch on
back near posterior end; without flaps; handle much
reduced, turned down at 45 degrees angle with upper edge;
a slight projection back of middle on lower edge; mouth
deflected to 45 degrees; 9-10 mm. long.

(55) C. atlantica Heinrich (fig. 123).

Alar expanse: 11-15 mm.
Locality: Eastern United States.
Food plant: Prunus serotina.

Larval case (fig. 126): Black; handle evenly curved; flaps present, rather
small and appressed; mouth deflected to about 45 degrees;
8-9 mm. long.

This is the pistol case species wrongly identified by Kearfott as C. pruniella
and so listed in the New Jersey list.

218 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

SUPEBFAMILY CYCNODIOIDEA

(Tineina, in part)

The Cycnodioidea are a small group, composed of isolated remnants
of a primitive type which appears to have preserved R2+3 in the hind
wings, as an independent vein. In the African genus Cycnodia, (fig.
128) the vein is fully preserved, as well as all the normal veins of the
wing; in Aphelosetia, which is otherwise extremely close to Cycnodia,
it appears to be lost; in Tinagma (fig. 131) it is preserved, but several
dorsal veins are lost; while in the Heliozelidae the venation is so
reduced that the point cannot be settled. A distinctive character of
these reduced forms, not so well shown in Cycnodia, is the unusually
wide space between Sc and R, so that R forms the axis of the wing,
instead of M, which takes that place in some other narrow-winged
forms.

Head smooth ; first joint of antennae quite small ; palpi moderate and
slightly upturned or small, not bristled ; maxillary palpi minute ; hind
tibiae hairy. Fore wing with R5 running to costa when recognizable,
but generally lost ; with some dorsal veins usually lost also. Venation
extremely reduced in Coptodisca. 1st A free, 2d A usually simple,
but forked in Tinagma and some Aphelosetias. Hind wing narrower
than fore wing ; Sc and R strong, Rx usually not developed, but when
present located close to base of wing; stem of R running nearly
through axis of wing, in the narrow-winged forms with the outer
veins branching from it. Male genitalia complex and characteristic.

Eggs of flat type as far as known; larvas leaf -miners, at least
when young — the Heliozelidae making a flat case before pupation
exactly as in many Adelidas. Pupae various, never obtect.

Family 16.

(Elachistidaa)

Head smooth or slightly ruffled on vertex ; palpi slender and smoothly
scaled, somewhat upturned or porrect, often strongly divergent, third
segment well-developed; no ocelli; no maxillary palpi. Antenna with
scape small, with pecten, shaft scaled more or less roughly all around,
with two equal whorls to a segment. Tongue weak, scaled at base.
Eyes small. Fore wing broad-lanceolate, the cell located in the middle,
and cut off obliquely at its outer end (fig. 129) Rt arising from R-stem
at middle of cell, R4 and R5 stalked or united, Mx stalked with them,
sometimes with R5 beyond the point of separation of R4, R3 sometimes

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 219

also stalked; M3 and Cux completely united, sometimes lost (A. prae-
maturella). Hind wing narrower, lanceolate, with Rx strong, but

FIGS. 128-135. CYCNODIIDJE, DOUGLASIID.E, AND HELIOZELID.E

128, Cyenodia cygnipennella (North Africa), venation; 129, Aphelosetia argen-
tella (Europe), venation; 130, Douglasia ocnerostornella (Europe), venation; 131,
Tisnagma, dryadis (Europe), venation; 132, Douglasia balteolella (Europe), seta
map of larva; 133, Coptodisca species (on grape), venation; 134, Antispila treit-
schkiella (Europe), venation; 135, Heliozela stannella (Europe), venation (after
Spuler)

crowded to extreme base of wing; Sc and Rs widely separated, Sc in
Aphelosetia ending at middle of costa ; R2+3 lost in Aphelosetia, present
as a short spur in Cyenodia; R4+5 running to costa near apex, Mt (in
our species) stalked with it ; M2 lost in Aphelosetia ; M3 associated
with Cu-stem, the cell usually weakly closed. Anal region reduced.

This description is based on Aphelosetia, the only genus in eastern
North America; in Cyenodia all the veins are present, and Rs of the
hind wring is less widely separated from Sc. Superficially the moths
are like Cosmopterygidfe ; but can be distinguished by the radically dif-
ferent hind wing; the moderately long, divergent palpi are also rare
in the Cosmopterygidae.

The larvae of Aphelosetia are leaf-miners on various grasses and
sedges; they are flattened, with normal mouth-parts and sixteen legs.
The mines vary in character, and the frass, unlike that of Cosmopteryx,
is left in the mine. The pupa is formed exposed or in a mesh-work
cocoon, and is attached by a band around the middle. In several species
there are three longitudinal raised dark stripes. All its parts are fused,

220 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

the anteunffi nearly as long as the wings, not separated by the legs or
tongue; labial palpi covered and maxillary palpi absent. The head-
sclerites are of gelechiid type ; (-remaster without spines or hooks ; and
frontoclypeal suture absent. The body is roughened with rounded
tubercles.

APHELOSETIA Stephens

(Elachista Treitschke, in part; Cosmiotcs Clemens; Eurynome Cham-
bers, not Leach; Bitsckia Dyar, Pliigalia Chambers, not Duponchel;
Aphigalia Dyar)

The characters are given in the description of the family. There is some varia-
tion in structure, especially in venation, but it is not large, and as there is some
confusion in names no attempt is made here to divide the genus. Elachista con-
colorella Chambers is an Eriphia, but is not the Eriphia concolorclla described
by him on the same page. E. orichalcclla,, Dr. Braun informs me, is also a
Cosmopterygid.

Key to the species (Braun)

1. White 1 . orestella.

1. Ground color dark brown or gray, with white or silvery spots and fasciae.

2. A white streak along base of costa 2. brachyelytrifoliella.

2. A white, silvery, or leaden-metallic basal patch.

3. Veins Cu2, Ms+CUj, and M2 arising opposite the spare between R2 and R;;

in fore wing.
4. A silvery spot at tip of wing membrane.

5. Antennae black throughout in both sexes 3. enitescens.

5. Antennae silvery white at tip 4. madarella.

4. Costal streak at two-thirds way to apex, curving outward in middle

of wing to tip of membrane 5. argentosa.

3. Vein Cu2 arising proximad of origin of R2.

4. Apical fringe white 0. prcelvneata.

4. Apical fringe dark brown or gray.
5. Head entirely white.

6. Fascia not reaching dorsal margin 7. cucullata.

6. Fascia complete 8. albicapitella.

5. Head not white, or at most with a white patch on face.

6. Head silvery gray, apex of antennae white 9. sylvestris.

6. A white patch on face, antennae fuscous, annulate '. . 10. leucofrons.
2. No white or metallic patch at base of fore wing.

3. Scales at extreme apex of wing white 11. prcematuretta.

3. No apical white spot.

4. A silvery costal streak in fringe beyond the pair of costal and dorsal

streaks 12. illectella.

4. A costal streak only, beyond the fascia 13. maculosella.

4. Fascia followed by a costal and an opposite dorsal streak; no other
markings.

5. Fascia and streaks metallic white 14. unifasciella.

5. Fascia and streaks dull white 15. irrorata.

1. A. orestella Busck. White, slightly yellowish; antennse smoky on outer
half, fore wing with a slight yellow tinge in fold, with black dots at middle of
wing and at end of cell; abdomen and legs somewhat smoky. 11 mm.

Larva grayish or green, with two more or less prominent dark dorsal stripes
on prothorax, ending behind in a pair of spots. Mine on Hystrix, beneath the

LEPEDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 221

upper epidermis (which is turned down by a twist in the leaf), 3 or 4 cm. long,
gray for the most part, but with a wrinkled central stripe which remains green.
Larva wintering in the mine, sometimes moving to a new leaf in the spring.
Pupa in a very slight cocoon, stout, ovate, with four rather prominent mesothoracic
tubercles; smooth and shining. Moth in May to July and September.
Xew York to Ohio. Xew York: Peru, Perry, Ithaca.

2. A. brachyelytrifoliella Clemens. Dark grayish brown, apical half of fore
wing black-brown, base light; oblique white streaks from costa a third way, and
two-thirds way out, the second almost reaching one which rises up from the
dorsal margin. A white stripe along base of costa, joining the first transverse
streak; two white streaks edged with black in costal fringe; a black apical spot,
and a white dot in dorsal fringe. Head in front, and palpi, silver white. 6 mm.

Larva mining a grass, Brachyelytrum aristatum, early in July; mine at first
linear, then a blotch taking up most of the leaf. Pupa external, on a slight
web. Imago emerging in late July.

Easton, Pennsylvania.

3. A. enitescens Braun. Head and thorax metallic -leaden, the head nearly black;
antennae grayish black throughout; rest of fore wing dark brown. A silvery or
golden fascia a third way out, oblique inward on costal half, broader and erect
on dorsal half; two spots opposite each other at two-thirds, and a spot at apex
of membrane; base of inner margin sometimes with silvery or golden scales.
Metallic markings with some reddish or purple luster. Fringes and upper side
of abdomen dark gray; hind wing dark brown. 7-7% mm.

Larva on Scirpits atrovirens (bulrush), forming a long transparent mine in a
basal leaf, extending from the base upward; wintering in the mine, and moving
to a second leaf after some feeding in the spring. Larva yellow with a pair
of ill-defined dark patches on posterior part of prothorax; Pupa in a light flat
cocoon of rhomboidal meshes. Pupa stout, with dorsum of abdomen flattened, and
with a subdorsal series of short blunt spines; thorax with three or four prom-
inent lateral tubercles. Moths in May and early June.

The larva feeds only at night, retiring by day to the base of the leaf, some-
times beneath the water level.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

4. A. madarella Clemens. Similar to A. enitescens; head paler, tips of antennae
white, base of fore wing more golden and legs paler. 8 mm. (Cosmiotes Clemens).

Larva on Carex, especially C. pubescens and cristata, and on Scirpus; mines
similar to those of A. enitescens, several being made by a single larva, the
larva with the same habit of retiring to the base of the mine by day. Larva
pale green or whitish, with a pair of prominent, dark brown spots, sometimes
L-shaped, on the prothorax. Cocoon and pupa similar to A. enitescens, pupa
broader with rougher thorax, and a beaded ridge with a broad sinus at its
middle, across the vertex. Moth in late May and June, rarely flying into July.

Pennsylvania and Ohio; abundant in Ohio.

5. A. argentosa Braun. Thorax deep golden brown, shading into metallic gray
behind; head also metallic gray, antennae wholly black-brown. Fore wing nearly
black, with a fascia and costal and dorsal streaks as in A. enitescens; but bluish-
silvery, the fascia produced outward a little on the inner margin, and the costal
streak curving out at its lower end to the apex of the membrane, where it may
be broadened, and sometimes meets the dorsal streak. Legs silvery gray, middle
tibiae and all tarsi dark brown, with tips of segments silvery. 7-7% mm.

Larva in a narrow-leaved Carex, mine extending down from the tip of a leaf,
lying nearer the upper epidermis, the larva consuming most of the parenchyma.
Epidermis slightly wrinkled at point of exit of larva, which is not always at
the extreme base of the mine. Pupa in a slight cocoon of very irregular meshes;
stout, ovate, shining, and chitinous, with rows of minute tubercles on dorsum

222 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

and prominent tubercles on sides of mesothorax, faint lines of tubercles on wings,
and prominent tubercles on front of head. Moth in June.

The costal streak of this species corresponds to the fused costal streak and
apical spot of A. madarella.

Clermont County and Cincinnati, Ohio.

6. A. prselineata Braun. Black, face lead-colored, palpi fuscous, paler above,
with two bands on third segment; tips of tegulse and a few scales on disc of
thorax white; fore wing with white base, a slightly curved erect fascia two-fifths-
way out, and costal and dorsal spots nearly opposite each other, four-fifths-way
out; apical fringe white. 7 mm.

Mine on Hystrix patula, at first a line, then a blotch 4 to 5 mm. wide, usually
on the under side of the leaf. Mine in early July; moth in August. Pupa stout
and shining, heavily tuberculate.

Ohio

7. A. cucullata Braun. Black; palpi white,, second joint brown outwardly, third
sometimes with fuscous shading outwardly; antennae black; face and head white;
fore wing beyond base slightly brownish; a silvery fascia almost at base, broader
on dorsum, a second fascia just beyond middle, bent at middle of wing, and not
quite reaching inner margin ; a silvery subapical costal streak, and a dorsal
triangle a little before it. Fringe and hind wing dark. 8-9 mm.

Larva in Carex Jamesii; mine, in the fall, a narrow tract, which is widened
into a broad, inflated tract covering most of the width of the leaf, in the spring.
Larva red, with browner head; thorax with pinkish mid-dorsal line, and abdomen
with lateral pinkish lines also. Pupa elongate, tapering, with prominent dorsal
and lateral ridges, the former bifurcated in front and ending on a pointed hood
projecting over the face; pupa suspended by a girth and a few strands of silk.
Moth emerging from middle of May to early June.

Cincinnati, Ohio. New York : Ithaca.

8. A. albicapitella Engel. Dark brown with purple iridescence. Antennae dark
brown, tips gray; face silvery; under side of second segment of palpi gray; lower
edge of tegulae and back of thorax white. Fore wing with base and first fascia
as in A. praBUneata, and with costal and dorsal streaks four-fifths way to apex,
sometimes meeting; fringe powdery dark gray. 8 mm.

Larva in overwintering lower leaves of Poa sylvestris ; the early part of the
mine with parenchyma partly eaten, the later part somewhat inflated, and with
almost all the parenchyma eaten. Larva pale yellowish, with two dark dorsal
stripes on prothorax, widening and sometimes becoming confluent behind; mid-
dorsal line whitish. Pupa stout, ovate, with prominent tubercles on sides of
mesothorax, in a slight cocoon of transverse threads. Larvae leaving mine at end
of March, moths emerging in May or June (Ohio).

Pennsylvania and southern Ohio; Wisconsin.

9. A. sylvestris Braun. Blackish brown, with a faint golden brown luster.
Face and front of head silvery gray; palpi with outer side of second joint and
a little of apex of third blackish; apical fifth of antennae whitish; tips of tegulae
and of mesothorax silvery. Fore wing with a silvery basal patch, a nearly vertical,
slightly irregular fascia just before middle, and large subterminal dorsal and
costal spots, the latter farther toward apex.

Larva in stem-leaves of Poa sylvestris. Mine at first linear, at the margin of a
leaf, inconspicuous; later mine in a second leaf, white, extending the entire width
of the leaf and about 8 cm. long. Larva wholly pale yellow; pupa slender,
elongate, dull except toward the head, with irregular tubercles on mesothorax;
without cocoon. Mines in May; moths emerging in early June.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

10. A. leucofrons Braun. Blackish, slightly irrorated; face below antennae with
a white patch; palpi black below, with base of third segment white, white above
with tip of third segment black; antennae anmilate with gray and fuscous; tegulae

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 223

with white tips; fore wing with irroration sometimes forming faint longitudi-
nal lines. Base of fore wing white, fascia narrow and irregular, oblique on
costal and erect on dorsal half; a subterminal spot on inner margin, and a spot
further out on costa, rarely obsolescent. Fringe with a line of black dots in
base. Tibiae and tarsi blackish, tips of segments and basal half of hind tibia
white. 9-10 mm.

Mine on Hystrix and especially Elymus; whitish, on upper side of leaf, and
usually extending its whole width, the under side of the leaf remaining green. Larva
pale greenish or grayish, with narrow dorsal and broad lateral whitish lines, and a
curved brown mark at rear of prothorax. Pupa attached flat to the leaf, head
up; slender, elongate, not shining; with low rounded tubercles on sides of
mesothorax and small ones on head; yellowish gray. Larva overwintering, the
moths emerging in May.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

11. A. praematurella Clemens. Palpi white above, fuscous below. Fore wing
dull purplish black, dusted with white; head, thorax, and base of fore wing gray-
ish fuscous, somewhat contrasting; antennae darker. Fore wing with a white
fascia before middle, and costal and dorsal spots toward apex, almost meeting.
Extreme apex white, a row of dark scales in the fuscous fringe. 6-7 % mm.
(albapalpella and cristatella Chambers).

Larva on nodding wild rye (Elymus canadensis) ; mine linear, becoming a
blotch as wide as the leaf, 10-11 cm. long. Moth in April to June and August.
Late specimens tend to be suffused.
Pennsylvania, Ohio.

12. A. illectella Clemens. Fuscous, dusted with dark brown. Head and palpi
yellowish, antennae fuscous. Fore wings with the fascia located before the middle,
and spots nearly meeting four-fifths way out; a silver streak in costal fringe,
edged with black. (Cosmiotes Clemens.)

Pennsylvania.

13. A. maculosella Clemens. Blackish, suffused with dark golden brown; head
dark brown, palpi dull yellowish, antennae fuscous. Fore wing with fascia at
middle silvery; a spot on costa near apex; apex blackish, fringe grayish brown.

7 mm.

I have seen only the type, which is too poor to recognize.
Pennsylvania.

14. A. unifasciella Chambers. Brownish, iridescent with reddish purple. Palpi
white. Fore wing with fascia just before the middle oblique, white, the ground
much deeper beyond it; a small white spot just before the dorsal fringe begins,
with a narrow white streak nearly crossing the wing just. beyond it. Legs spotted
with yellowish white. 6 mm.

Canada.

15. A. irrorata Braun. Dark gray, heavily dusted with black; palpi black
beneath, gray above; antennas black. Fore wing with a narrow, irregularly
indented fascia just beyond one-third the wing-length; and costal and dorsal
white dots just beyond two-thirds. Fringe with a series of black dots in base.
Hind wing concolorous. Pale under side of abdomen less contrasting than usual.

8 to 11 mm.

Larva in leaf of Glyceria nervata (as a stray on Agrostis) in wet places.
Mine linear, very narrow, yellowish green; starting at the base and terminating
near the apex of the leaf, the larva retiring to the base by day, and feeding at
night; more rarely in a short, detached mine at apex of leaf, which is deserted
by day. Larva yellow when young, glaucous aoove when grown. Pupa attached
to the upper side of a leaf near its base, head downward, broader and flatter
than A. leucothoraa;, with more tubercles on mesothorax, and stronger lateral
ridges. Larva in early spring; moth in late May and early June.

Ohio ; common.

224 WILLIAM ^T. M. FORBES

Family 17. DOUGLASIHXffi

(Elachistidfe; Glyphipterygidce, in part)

Head about as in the other two families of the Elachistoidea ; palpi
intermediate in size, stout and drooping, the lower part of the face
rather more smoothly scaled. Ocelli very large. Fore wing lanceolate ;
R5, when present, free from R4, but stalked with M1? running to costa;
sometimes a radial absent; number of dorsal veins varying, but appar-
ently all present in our species; 1st A free, but weak; 2d A strongly
forked at base. Hind wing narrow-lanceolate, Sc ending about at
middle of costa; R-stem running through middle of wing, bearing
Ra+a on its anterior side two-thirds way out; one medial arising before,
and one beyond R2+3. Cu simple, free.

Larva a leaf-miner on Rosacese and related plants. Larva short
(fig. 132), fusiform, with normal head and eyes; front extending two-
thirds way to vertex and adfrontals reaching vertex. Cervical shield
with six setse, arranged in a hexagon; prespiracular wart with three
large setae, and subventrals of all three thoracic segments with two ;
ia and ib obliquely placed, much like i and ii of the abdomen. Abdo-
men with i and ii, iiia and iii obliquely placed, similar, approximate,
iv and v equal, approximate, and on a level; t\vo upper setas of vii
widely separated from the lower one, wrhich is on the leg base ; pro-
legs small, rather near midventral line, apparently without hooks;
proleg of seventh segment smaller than the others; ninth segment
with setas iv lower than ii, nearest to iii. Spiracles circular, pupa
not studied.

This larva appears as aberrant as the moth, and helps little in
placing the family, which is only tentatively associated with the
Cycnodiidaa.

TINAOMA Zeller
(Douglasia, in part)

Palpi rough-scaled below; wing scaling not shining. Antennal segments of
normal length, with single whorls of very slender scales (fig. 131). Larva on
Potentilla, Geum, and related Rosacese.

1. T. obscurofasciella Chambers. Blackish, dusted heavily on a dirty white
ground, the effect mouse-gray, the bands yellowish brown, lightly dusted and
more or less defined with black. A broad band, with slightly excurved outer
boundary at middle of wing, and extending almost to base, lightly edged with
white; and a more irregular diffuse fascia near apex, not reaching costa; apex
yellower. 7 mm. (crenulellum Engel; Douglasia Chambers.) Moth probably
generally distributed but overlooked; flying in May.

Ontario to southern Ohio. New York: Black Brook (Clinton County), Rock
City (Cattaraugus County).

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 225

Family 18. HELIOZELIDJE

(Elachi'jtidae, in part)

Head smoothly scaled, broad, with small eyes, like the Elachistidae,
but with the palpi shorter and drooping. Antennae short, with thick
joints, scape small, shaft with scaling as in Elachistidre. Tongue short,
with some scaling at base, the base covered over with a rough tuft of
scales between the palpi. Maxillary palpi absent. Hind tibiae with
stiff hair. Fore wings lanceolate, with four veins running to costa and
four to inner margin from the central cell; or venation more reduced,
without cell, R3 and Mt stalked, forking over the apex. Anal region
rather broad, the anals free and simple. Accessory cell never indi-
cated. Hind wing with R widely separated from Sc, the three medials
arising from it separately, or venation reduced, with a single free
medial. Cu separate ; forked, or simple ; anal region reduced.

Larva forming a blotch mine, which is small, apparently indicating
that the larva feeds largely on sap in spite of its mandibles being of
the biting type ; frass voluminous, sometimes nearly filling the mine.
Larva at pupation cutting out an oval piece of the mined leaf, of
which it forms a lenticular case much like that of the Adelidae. Legs
wanting ; front reaching vertex ( ? ) ; abdomen with setae iv and v
rather close together. Larva strongly flattened, as usual in leaf-
miners. Pupa with all appendages free and separate ; very lightly
chitinized, with spines on dorsum in obscure patches, hardly developed ;
abdomen with third to seventh segments free, and eighth in male. No
maxillary palpi ; labial palpi exposed ; antenna half as long as wings.
Labrum forming a well developed free lobe projecting over base of
labial palpi.

In habits and pupa the family is distinctly primitive, but in larval
and imaginal structure, more specialized than Aphelosetia.

1. Fore wing with lanceolate cell; hind wing lanceolate.

2. R! present, arising well toward base; hind wing with three medials.

(Fig; 134) Antispila.

2. R! absent; hind wing with a single medial, free from R. (Fig. 135).

Heliozela.
1. Fore wing without cell; hind wing linear. (Fig. 133) Coptodisca.

ANTISPILA Hiibner

Fore wing (fig. 134) with R3+4 and R« sometimes stalked with Mj. Hind wing
with Mj occasionally lost, R running to apex or just above.

The" species are dark brown, with more shining silvery face, the fore wing with
a fascia a third way out, and usually spots at two-thirds, the dorsal spot rather
nearer the base. The key may not apply invariably and the species are best indenti-
fied by breeding.

8

226 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Key to the species
1. A white apical spot.

2. Outer joints of antennae white 1. hydrangiceella.

2. Only the minute last two joints of antennae white 2. ampelopsiella.

1. No apical spot.

2. Costal spots extend into an angulated fascia 3. major.

2. Costal spot moderate.

3. Fascia curved, turning obliquely in to inner margin at basal angle;
narrow, half as wide on inner margin as the dark areas before and
beyond it.

4. Antennae wholly dark 5. isabella.

4. Apical joint of antennas white 6. viticordifoliella.

3. Fascia straight, rather beyond basal angle, at inner margin nearer to
silver spot than to base, and as wide as the dark areas before and
beyond it.
4. Antennae with white apical segment; ground usually coppery.

4. cornifoliella.
4. Antennae all dark, ground usually greenish 7. nysscefoliella.

1. A. hydrangiaeella Chambers. Similar to ampelopsiella, the apical spot bright
silver and as large as the pre-apical ones. 5 mm.

Mine and case like those of A. viticordifoliella on Hydrangea nivea. Moth in
August.

Kentucky; southern Ohio.

2. A. ampelopsiella Chambers. A small dot of silver scales at apex. 5 mm.
Larva on Ampelopsis. Moth in August.

Kentucky; Missouri; Ohio; New York: Fort Edward.

3. A. major Kearfott. Middle third of antennae silvery white; fore wing with
base broadly metallic; fascia very narrowly interrupted at middle; dorsal dash
narrow, extending up and out, about half in the fringe; a fascia across the wing
just before the apex, not extending into the fringe, nearly broken at the middle,
and zig zag like a thick S. 9 mm.

Moth in early June.

Black Mountains, North Carolina.

4. A. cornifoliella Clemens. Antennae dark brown, scape somewhat ochreous.
Fore wing not very bright, with a coppery hue; fascia rather narrow, not con-
stricted on the fold, less distinct, and suffused with copper toward costa. Ground
bright coppery toward apex, with the usual two golden spots. 7% mm.

The larva mines Cornus florida in September. It is white, with dark brown
head and neck, and series of dorsal and ventral dots.
I have seen material from Cincinnati, Ohio.

5. A. Isabella Clemens. Almost like A. viticordifoliella; sometimes with the
greenish iridescence of nysscefoliella. & mm.

The moth has been found in May. The larva mines grape, cutting out a cir-
cular case; it is yellowish white, with brown dots at the middle of the body dor-
sally and a single ventral one.

Pennsylvania ; Missouri.

6. A. viticordifoliella Clemens. Moth brown with a brillant coppery tinge and
silver fascia and spots; differing from ampelopsiella only in the lack of the minute
silver apex, and probably not a distinct species.

Larva yellowish green, without dorsal or ventral spots; cutting out a small
oval case for pupation.
Pennsylvania.

7. A. nyssaefoliella Clemens. Antenna dark brown with the scape yellow, as
usual; green tint of ground variable, and not strong; golden markings broad,

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 227

the fascia much broader at inner margin than at costa; outer spots more obliquely
placed than in the grape species. T1/^ mm.

Larva with dorsal spots rather fine, and a couple of ventral ones forming a
dark line; mining on Nyssa multiflora; case oval.

The moth emerges in May and can be certainly identified only by breeding.

Pennsylvania; New York; New Jersey; District of Columbia. New York:
Mohonk Lake (larvse) ; Glens Falls and New York City (Lintner).

There is also a species on sweet fern, which has not been distinguished from
A. Isabella.

HELIOZELA Hex-rich- Schasffer

Fore wing (fig. 135) with only three veins running to costa; hind wing with
only one medial. Our species has not been examined structurally, and may be
an Antispila, but the markings are rather as in Heliozela.

1. H. assella Chambers. Deep pur pie -brown, with two fasciae, starting from
inner margin near base and at middle of wing, tapering above, and only reaching
halfway to costa; the basal fascia broader and blunter. 6 mm.

Larva in a flattened gall on leaves of grape; the gall lying on both sides of a
vein, and almost completely eaten out before the maturity of the larva. Pupal
case cut from the epidermis of the gall, at first oval, but made over into a spindle
shape. Larva mature the middle of June; moth emerging about the first of the
following May.

District of Columbia to Ohio.

COPTODISCA Walsingham
(Aspidisca Clemens, not Ehrlich)

Head and body characters like Antispila; eyes very small and not visible from
above. Fore wing (fig. 133) without cell, the R-stem giving off Rj from its
anterior side near base, and two veins to inner margin near apex; the main stem
terminating in costa near apex (probably R4+5). Rest of M and Cu obsolete; A
simple. Hind wing narrower, linear-lanceolate, Sc simple, short; R-stem simple,
in middle of wing, forking over apex, with a branch from lower side at middle;
Cu long, simple.

Larva and pupa essentially like Antispila. Mine relatively smaller, often
almost entirely filled with frass, except the part cut out to form the case, which
is kept clean.

The various nominal species are described from specimens bred from different
food plants, but the imagoes are nearly indistinguishable; very possibly several are
merely slight food-varieties of a single species.

1. C. splendoriferella Clemens. Head bronzy; antennae fuscous, tinged with
golden; basal half, or rather more, of fore wings lead-gray, slightly metallic;
from middle to tip golden, with a broad, nearly straight, triangular, silvery streak
running from costa three-fourths way (near tip of broad part of wing) to
center of wing, dark-margined on both sides; nearly joined by a dorsal streak
opposite it, with converging dark margins, behind which is a dark brown blotch.
In costo-apical fringe a silver streak edged on both sides with black. A black
apical spot with bluish-silver center. Dorsal fringe brown with a black basal line
interrupted by the silvery streak. Hind wing leaden gray, fringe yellowish brown.
4-4% mm. (Aspidisca Clemens; pruniella Clemens; Lyonetia saccatella Packard).

Mine at first linear, then a small transparent blotch, the cocoon using almost
all- of the clean part; on Cratsegus, wild cherry, and apple.

The species is general. New York, Ithaca, East Greenbush, Albany, Fishkill.

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Some of the following species may be valid, or all may be food-varieties of
splendoriferella. Besides these species, larva; of the genus have been found on
several other food plants, but not distinctively named.

2. C. lucifluella Clemens. Larva, on hickory. Moth slightly grayer than splen-
doriferella, the golden area toward apex forming a broad band on costal third
only; -rest of ground of outer half solidly dark brown; the gray basal portion
somewhat less extensive, and the markings generally not quite so far out.

Cocoons may be found on the trunk under loose bark.

.'1. C. ostryaefoliella Clemens. Larva on iron-wood (Ostrya); the mine larger
than usual in the genus, and the case comparatively small.

The moth looks like a somewhat more richly colored splendoriferella, with some-
what more extended golden area.

4. C. saliciella Clemens. Larva on willow. Practically indentical with splen-
doriferella but with the brown patch less sharply set off from the yellow; with two
full rows of yellow scales between it and the black apical spot.

Missouri; Washington.

5. C. diospyriella Chambers. Larva on persimmon. Moth markedly variable,
being either more or less yellow than splendoriferella.

The moth flies in June in Ohio.

6. C. ella Chambers, from hickory, is probably a strict synonym of lucifluella.

1. C. juglandiella Chambers. Markings of moth like those of splendoriferella,
but larva feeding on black walnut; the case smaller; and the moth appearing
earlier.

8. C. magnella Braun. Larva on Gaylussacia in August, in the usual mine.
Moth with the blackish area beyond the dorsal spot reduced, not extending
beyond it toward costa, and sometimes practically confined to the fringe.

9. C. negligens Braun. Head, thorax and basal half of fore wings pale leaden-
metallic. Antennaj blackish. Apical half of fore wing bright oremf/e-yellow,
more orange than any other species of the genus. Black and silvery apical mark-
ings essentially as in C. splendoriferella.

Larva mining cranberry in May; working in the overwintering leaves. Moth
in June. One brood; apparently hibernating in the egg stage.
Buckeye Lake, Ohio.
Another rather distinct form occurs on white oak.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 229

SUPERFAMILY GELECHIOIDEA

Vestiture usually scaly even on the head (figs. 147, 148) which never
shows the high bristling vestiture of the normal Tineidae; ocelli small
or absent ; antennae normally with dorsal surface scaled, with two rows
to a segment; the outer row much longer than the other and often
encircling the antenna. Ventral surface bristled, the bristles very long
in some Blastobasida; and CEcophoridfe. Antennas pectinate in some
exotic forms (see Ptochoryctis). Palpi almost always upturned beyond
middle of front, the third segment long and pointed, regularly tapering
for most of its length (unlike the fusiform segment of most Tineoidea
and Tortricoidea) ; second joint frequently with a tuft, which is usu-
ally less ragged than in the Tortricidae; never bristled; third seg-
ment rarely tufted. Palpi rarely reduced (Pigritia group; fig. 179).
Tongue usually moderate, scaled at base ; maxillary palpi, when present,
characteristic, minute, but of folded type, and curving over base of
tongue; absent in forms with much reduced mouth parts. Epiphysis
large. Palpi and tarsi never bristled or spined; hind tibiae rarely
bristled, but almost always hairy.

The legs are not displayed as in the Heliodinidae, and habits of dis-
play are less common than in that family and the Glyphipterygidae,
but are shown, for instance, by Stomopteryx agrimoniella.

Wings highly variable in form and venation; but the fore wing
always with an ample cell, frequently writh a well-marked accessory
cell imperfectly set off from it. R5 often running to the outer margin,
but only in primitive forms with broad wings, R4 also terminating
in the outer margin in a few exotic Xylorictidw; 1st A commonly
lost (in the whole large family Gelechiidae) ; 2d A more or less forked
at base. Hind wing variable, normally oval, but also trapezoidal, or
even bifurcated in the Gelechiidae, narrowing in other forms till it is
linear in some Cosmopterygidas ; 1st A varying as in the fore wing,
and 3d A also often vanishing with it ; 2d A forked as usual. Costa
often sinuate and often bearing a tuft of bristles two-fifths way out.
Rt frequently distinct, becoming free in a couple of the most reduced
genera. Base of M obsolete in both wings. Female frenulum of
few (normally two or three) bristles.

The egg is of the flat type and is laid externally: so, far as I know,
always singly. The larva (fig. 150) always has three setae on the
prespiracular wart, and a single subventral on the meso- and meta-
thorax, and the prothoracic spiracle normal. On the abdomen, setae
iv and v are closely approximated, i and ii separated and usually
at nearly the same level; on the ninth abdominal segment, ii is not

230 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

much nearer the mid-dorsal line than the other subdorsals, and is
usually nearer to i than to its mate. Normally the prolegs have their
hooks arranged in a complete or broken ellipse; they are always
uniserial but often triordinal. Secondary hair occurs in Blastodacna,
a few subprimaries in Ethmia. The habits are various.

The pupa is also characteristic and is obtect; usually the abdomen is
capable of dorso-ventral motion only, at three incisures. The body
is depressed. The epicranial suture is present. The prothorax is
hardly narrower on the mid-dorsal line than at the sides. The first
four abdominal segments are usually longer than the others. The
antenna1 are usually adjacent for some distance on the midventral line.

The Gelechioidea form the most homogeneous of the subordinate
groups of Microlepidoptera, and the largest of those groups. The
Thyrididae show some points of resemblance but will better be treated
with the Pyralidoidea. Besides these only the genera Scythris and
Euclemensia might perhaps be placed in this superfamily.

Family 19. GECOPHORID^

(Depressariidae; Gelechiida3, in part)

Moderately small moths, rather larger than the average size of the
Tineoidea. Head, typically, smoothly scaled, often somewhat rough.
Labial palpi long, upturned, reaching or surpassing the vertex, the
third joint nearly as long as the second, which is normally closely
scaled, or with a longitudinal divided tuft. Tongue developed, scaled.
Antennae most often without pecten, never with eye-cap ; both rows
of scales on the segments broadly interrupted in Semioscopis, Ethmia,
and a few other forms, as in the Macrolepidoptera. Hind tibia with
long loose hair, sometimes rather bristly, the bristles gathering into
tufts at the spurs. Tarsi nearly smooth, the spinules covered with
scales. Fore wing with R4 and R- stalked, rarely united; the other
veins most often free ; never with more than one vein lost. Cu2 aris-
ing well out toward the end of the cell, which is normal. 1st A
preserved toward margin, 2d A forked at base. 1st A very rarely
appearing like a fork near tip of 2d A, as in many Cosmopterygidae.
Hind wing with R separate from Sc but closely parallel on the basal
part of the cell, often connected to it by an oblique cross vein (RJ,
which rarely is as strong as the other veins (Endrosis; Ethmia, in
part). R and Mx well separated at origin and parallel halfway to
margin, then divergent, but rarely more than twice as far apart at
margin as at origin; apex more or less rounded; the outer margin
not distinctly concave below the tip of R. M3 usually connate or
stalked with Cu1} M2 usually from below middle of end of cell, stalked
with Cu in Triclonella, arising from cell nearer Mt than M3 in Ethmia

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 231

150

-3

(i>

"©Sp

FIGS. 136-150. CECOPHORID.S:

136, Martyringa latipennis, venation; 137, Eumeyrickia trimaculella, venation;
138, Cryptolechia tentoriferella, venation; 139, Agonopteryx costosa (Europe),
venation; 140, Depressaria heydenii (Europe), venation of fore wing; 141, Semi-
oscopis avettana (Europe), venation; 142, Ethmia pusieUa, (Europe), venation of
hind wing; 143, Borkhausenia, species, venation; 144, Dasycera imitatrix (Europe),
venation; 145, Endrosis lacteella, venation of hind wing; 146, Eumeyrickia, trimacu-
lella, side view of head; 147, Cryptolechia tentoriferella, head; 148, Pailooorsis
species, head; 149, Depressaria heracliana, arrangement of larval ocelli; 150,
D. heracliana, seta map of larva

232

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

iuQ

•

•-

and Eumeyriclda. Hind wing variable in width, typically sublance-
olate, with the anal region a little reduced, but more commonly ample,
and fully as broad as fore wing; 2d A more or less distinctly forked
at base.

The family is close to the Blastobasidae, but the pecten is never as
heavy, there is no stigma at the termination of R17 the veins do not
show any distinct tendency to be grouped at the angles of the cell,
and Sc is free from R in the hind wing.

Larva (fig. 150) typical of the superfamily; — head normal in
form; all legs present and normal; normally with a biordinal ellipse

of hooks, broken on the outer side ;
typically without secondary setae; iii
of abdomen in front of spiracle and
slightly higher, single ; head with ad-
frontals reaching membrane of ver-
tex ; front reaching two-thirds way to
vertex; fourth ocellus much closer to
third than to lower, second much
closer to third than to first. Larvae
more or less concealed feeders; usu-
ally web or rolled leaf; Endrosis a
scavenger.

Pupa with epicranial suture pres-
ent, frontoclypeal imperfect or absent; maxillary palpi large, usually
in contact with maxilla?, but labials and front femora concealed ; anten-
nae in contact for some distance on the middle line, then normally diverg-
ing and exposing the hind tarsi. No hooked setae on venter of ninth
segment of abdomen.

The genus Ethmia (figs. 142, 151) is strongly aberrant in the early
stages and slightly so in the imago, and is sometimes made the type
of a distinct family, or transferred to the Yponomeutidae. M2 arises
from the middle of the end of the cell, much nearer to M! than to M;!.
R! when distinct, is near the middle of cell or beyond (one-fifth way
out normally) and the genitalia are distinctive. The larva has the
hooks of the prolegs in a single band; its front is shorter, ending
abruptly, and its adf rentals do not reach the vertex; sometimes there
are additional hairs in group vii of the abdomen. The pupa has not
been studied. The imago of Eumeyriclda shows essentially the same
characters.

The family is large, and primitive for the superfamily, being much
better developed in Australia than elsewhere. The Cryptolechia
group appears primitive, Depressaria leads to the Geleehiidas, which
are very closely related, and Endrosis, to the Blastobasidfe. Most
of the Cosmopterygidae appear to be reduced (Ecophoridae.

FlG. 151. ETHMIA PUSIELLA (EUROPE)
SETA MAP.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 233

Key to the genera

1. R3 and R4 stalked with R5, M., lost (fig. 136) ... 1 Martvrinffa

1. R3 free.

2. R5 running distinctly to outer margin; all veins present (fig. 138).
3. Palpi with a triangular tuft on under side of second joint (fig. 146).

2. Eumeyrickia.
3. Palpi smooth-scaled, slender (fig. 147).

4. CUi arid Cu, of fore wing closely approximate at origin 5. Psilocorsis.

4. CUj and Cu2 remote at origin.

5. Hind wing with R and Mj divergent, palpi not reaching vertex, pecten

present 3. Gerdana.

5. Hind wing with R and Mt parallel (fig. 138), palpi far beyond vertex,

no pecten 4. Cryptolechia.

2. R5 to costa or apex (figs. 139, 140).

3. Abdomen strongly flattened, palpi with divided tuft on second joint, pecten
present.

4. CUj and Cu2 of fore wing stalked (fig. 139) 6. Agonopteryx.

4. CUj and Cu, of fore wing separate (fig. 140) 7. Depressaria.

3. Abdomen cylindrical; second joint of palpi without longitudinally divided
tuft. The species with broad hind wings, which run here, lack the
pecten.
4. Hind wing with a median missing; M, stalked with CUj (fig. 145).

17. Endrosis.
4. Hind wing with all veins preserved.

5. M3 and CUj of hind wing separate at origin.

6. Fore wing with a radial lost 12. Decantha.

6. All veins present; costa concave (fig. 219, p. 356).

(Euclemensia : Heliodinidae. )
5. M3 and CUj connate or stalked.

6. Fore wing with one radial missing (R4 and R5 completely fused).

13. Fabiola.
6. All veins present; R4 and R5 stalked.

7. Antennae thickened with scales on shaft, toward base.. 14. (Ecophora.
7. Antennae not specially thickened toward base; the segments about
twice as long as wide.

8. M2 connate or stalked with M3+CUj 15. Triclonella.

8. M2 free (fig. 143).

9. Antenna with pecten 16. Borkhausenia.

9. No pecten.

10. Hind wing obtuse, as wide as fore wing.

10. Hind wing lanceolate, three-fourths as wide as fore wing.

11. Schiffermuelleria.

11. Hind wing with M2 nearest B^ (fig. 142) 10. Ethmia.

11. Hind wing with M2 rather nearer M3, rarely central (fig.

141).
12. Fore wing with Cllj and Cu2 approximate or stalked;

hind wing ample 9. Semioscopis.

12. Fore wing with Cut and Cu, widely separate at base.

8. Inga.

234 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1. MARTYRINGA Busck
( (Egoco n ia Walsingham )

Antennae heavy, ilatteued, strongly serrate ; no pecten ; no ocelli, palpus upturned
beyond vertex, second segment a little thickened, third about as long as second.
Fore wing (fig. 136) more than three times as long as wide, with rounded outer
margin; Mj arising well below angle of cell, M2 lost, M3 approximate to CUj and Cu,.,
which are stalked; 1st A apparently lost; R5 running to apex or costa. Hind wing
ample, M3 lost, M2 connate with Cut. M! from a third way down end of cell.

A curious form, looking like a Depressaria, but with some Gelechiid characters.
Early stages unknown.

1. M. latipennis Walsingham. Clay color, dusted with blackish, and with slightly
blurred blackish marks; middle half of costa dark-shaded; base also more broadly
shaded with dark. Orbicular and claviform spots oval, black, rarely fusing, reni-
form the larger, and squarish, the region beyond it darker almost to the margin,
defining a pale, irregularly sinuous postmedial line. Terminal line gray, narrow.
Hind wing paler and grayer. 15 mm.

July to August.

Known from southern Connecticut to North Carolina and Missouri; New York:
Ithaca.

2. EUMEYRICKIA Busck

Palpi with triangularly tufted second joint and much longer, very slender
third joint (fig. 146); antennae slender, normal, without pecten; no ocelli. Fore
wing (fig. 137) more triangular than usual, with subfalcate apex and arched
costa. R4 and Rg forking over apex, the other veins separate, Cu2 straight. Hind
wing ample, with veins R to M3 nearly evenly spaced, and M, almost connate
with Cu,.

Busck suggests that this genus is related to Ethmia. The moth favors hollow
trees, and struts about with wings elevated like some Glyphipterygidae.

1. E. trimaculella Fitch. Third joint of palpus blackish with two longitudinal
white lines, not quite reaching base; second joint white-tipped and with white
patches on inner side. Fore wing fuscous, dusted heavily on a luteous ground,
leaving two pale costal spots toward apex and other faint markings; fringe dark
with a double series of pale bars. Hind wings dark. 13 mm.

The moth flies in June southward, and in early July in the North.

Parry Sound, Ontario, and Megantic, Quebec, 'to North Carolina and Ohio.
New York: Upper Ausable Lake.

Eido albapalpella Chambers. (Venilia Chambers, not Duponchel) has never
been identified and may be the same species as the preceding; but as described
the palpus is paler, the third joint is white, except for the blackish base, and the
second white on its inner side.

Kentucky.

3. GERDANA Busck

Palpi somewhat loosely held, upturned nearly to vertex, with slightly rough
and thickened second joint, and somewhat shorter third; pecten present; abdomen
slightly flattened. Fore wing elongate, ovate, blunt; veins M2 to Cu, approxi-
mate at lower angle of cell; R5 reaching margin just below apex; Cu2 remote. Hind
wing with costa sinuate, R and M, distant but divergent. M, and CUj connate or
stalked. The habitus of this genus is rather like that of Depressaria.

1. G. caritella Busck. Straw to ochre yellow, suffused with darker brownish
yellow; palpi brown; face, head, and thorax lighter; fore wing with basal half of

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 235

costal edge somewhat dusted with fuscous; two obliquely placed dark dots at
one -third, and a series of three at end of cell, the discal largest; sometimes the
three fused into an oblique band. A strongly bent subterminal band parallel to tip
of costa and outer margin. Apex infuscated. Markings tending to disappear in
rubbed specimens. Hind wing whitish, abdomen and fringes straw. 13 mm.

The moth occurs in July and August.

Southern Massachusetts to Ohio, Maryland, and Texas. New York: Ithaca.

4. CRYPTOLECHIA Zeller
(In part; Machimia Clemens)

Similar to Gerdana; palpi much longer, second joint reaching vertex; wings
in our species more ample. This genus also occurs in Africa and Australia (figs.
138, 147).

1. C. tentoriferella Clemens. Light ochreous; when fresh, more or less shaded
with reddish and dusted with black; two contrasting discal dots, and a blackish
spot in fold halfway between them; a broken punctiform postmedial line parallel
to outer margin and a series of black terminal dots. Head pale, palpi nearly white,
with basal half contrasting blackish. Hind wing lightly infuscated. 22 mm.
(fernaldella Chambers).

General in distribution ; common in late August to October on trunks of trees.
Caterpillar in August on oak, cherry, maple ( ? ) , chestnut, etc., in a flat tent on
under side of leaf at one side of midrib, bending the leaf; feeding outside the tent.
Caterpillar dark green. Cocoon under a folded edge of the leaf; of dense silk except
at the point where the moth emerges.

New York: Potsdam, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Schenectady, Karner, Rhinebeck,
New Windsor, New York City; Moravian Cemetery, Staten Island.

5. PSILOCORSIS Clemens
(Cryptolechia, in part)

No pecten. Palpus very long and slender; third joint nearly as long as second
(fig. 148). Fore wing with squarish apex and more vertical outer margin than
in Cryptolechia; R5 rarely running to the apex, as in some Depressarias, from
which the, genus is distinguished by the lack of pecten, and by its smoother palpi.
Ground color luteous to light brown. Second joint of palpus with a black ventral
line edged on both sides with white; third joint white with three black lines, the
middle one continuous with the line on the second joint. Scape of antennae with
two black lines with a white one between them; shaft on upper surface normally
with two longitudinal black lines toward base, with white between them, becoming
transversely barred with brown outwardly; the under side evenly pale. Fore
wing transversely strigose with darker brown or black, usually with a black
terminal line and sometimes with a dark fringe, but without other sharply defined
markings.

All the species are very similar and are practically impossible to determine
without a knowledge of the larva.

The larva lives in a slight web between two leaves of the food plant, skeleton-
izing the leaves, which turn brown. It has rather distinct tubercles; on the eighth
segment of the abdomen, iii is directly in front of the spiracle, and iv and v, below
it. . Pupation takes place in the web.

1. P. quercicella Clemens. Luteous, strigoso with brown. Terminal line black,
broken, contrasting, variable in length; fringe lead gray. A dark shade across

236 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

wings beyond middle, or a patch in fold, which is rarely obscure. Fore tibia solid
brown, or with a complete, broad, longitudinal stripe. 12-15 mm.

Larva on oak and chestnut in September; pale yellowish or greenish; head and
entire thorax black. Moth in March and April; and in July.

Generally distributed. New York: New Windsor (Morton).

2. P. obsoletella Zeller. Closely similar to P. quercicella, but usually, slightly
larger (16 mm.), and more evenly strigose; usually without the postmedial shade
across the wing. Larva also on oak and chestnut, but with only prothorax black ;
mesothorax with some red on sides, and metathorax pale, like the abdomen.

Ohio. New York: Ithaca.

P. dubitatella Zeller appears to be a synonym of P. obsoletella, but without
knowledge of the larva this must be a little uncertain.

3. P. faginella Chambers. Mouse -gray, with the strigae less contrasting, deep
brown; the terminal line reduced to about four dots at apex, inconspicuous.
Longitudinal striping of antennae unusuallv long, obscure; white lines on palpi
very slender, broken. Fore tibia with a brown patch on anterior side. 13 mm.
(Hagno Chambers).

Larva on beech; whitish with ferruginous head, some ferruginous on prothorax
and a pinkish patch on each side of mesothorax.

4. P. cryptolechiella Chambers. Very similar to P. faginella,, rather evenly col-
ored, with slender, inconspicuous, broken terminal line and light fringe. Head,
thorax, and base of fore wing reddish orange. 15 mm.

This species is unknown to me. It was bred from holly. In the United States
National Museum it is identified with a species from Vaccinium, known from
Massachusetts to North Carolina.

5. P. reflexella Clemens. Fore wings dull straw color, strigose with fuscous,
appearing dull fuscous brown. Terminal dots obscure; fore tibia slightly dark-
ened. 20 mm. (quercicella Zeller, not Clemens; cressonella Chambers).

Larva on oak. Moth in June.

Massachusetts to Virginia. New York: Ithaca (determined by Chambers).

6. P. ferruginosa Zeller. Ground color and fringe, light ochreous, markings as
in P. reflexella, with distinct black discal dot. Fore tibia light. 18 mm. (con-
fertella Walker).

Maine to Ohio. New York: Otto.

7. P. fletcherella Gibson. Antennae black, annulate with light ochreous; fore
wing pale golden yellow, rather heavily dusted with pale brown, with purplish
reflections; discal dot black, conspicuous; fringe ochreous, shaded with brown.
Legs bright pale ochreous; fore leg sometimes dark; tarsal joints dark. 19 mm.

Larva on aspen poplar; yellowish green, head jet black, cervical shield blackish,
brown in middle, tubercles inconspicuous, a few blotches of crimson on eighth
segment of abdomen, above spiracles; anal plate black.

Ottawa, Ontario.

Members of the genus have also been bred from Ambrosia, Amelanchier, and
Carpinus, but not named.

6. AGONOPTERYX Hiibner
(Depressaria,-\n part; Agnopteryx]

Similar to Depressaria,, but with Cu^ and Cu2 stalked in the fore wing (fig. 139);
hind wing less strongly lobed, as a rule.

The imagoes of this genus and of Depressaria emerge in the fall, often as early
as August, and overwinter. They are otten found under bark or flying by day
in the early spring.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 237

Key to the species

1. Thorax and extreme base of fore wing black, contrasting 1. atrodorsella.

1. Base of fore wing not black.

2. Ground of fore wing pure white.

3. Ground heavily dusted with black, appearing ash gray 20. allenella.

3. Ground not noticeably dusted with black 2. canella.

2. Ground of fore wing not pure white.

3. Discal dot d with white or whitish scales in center much paler than

ground.17
4. Discal dot b wholly or part white, or replaced by a larger irregular white

dot; a and c often white also.

5. Ground grayish; extreme tip of palpi pale, tuft of palpi large and
widening strongly to tip of second joint; wing generally smoothly

scaled 7. nebulosa; 8. plummerella.

5. Ground reddish, extreme tip of palpi black (except in D. lythrella).
6. Xo trace of a pale or dark postmedial fascia; white scaling of discal

dots a and b often fused into a patch.

7. Black dots a and b also fused into a crescentic mark; discal dot d
a vertical bar; ground heavily shaded with blackish; third

segment of palpus rough, pale-tipped 16. lythrella.

7. Black dots a, b, and d, small, round; ground bright crimson, nearly
even; third segment of palpus smooth, black-tipped.

6. icalsinghamella.
6. A faint angulate postmedial line; discal dots all minute.

7. Fringe of hind wing reddish tipped (5.) cilieUa-.

7. Fringe of hind wing not reddish 5. applana.

4. Discal dots a and b without white scales; usually showing as black points.
5. A contrasting curved black line on disc.

6. Ground mouse-gray • 14. hyperella.

6. Ground pale gray, tinted with red in fresh specimens. . 13. curvilineella.

5. Xo such mark; fore wing often with a vague squarish dark spot on disc.

6. Ground reddish, discal dot d often with a single white scale or a

little transverse streak «. 12. fulva.

6. Ground clay-color to ochre, discal dot d with half a dozen white

scales in a rounded group.

7. A black patch in disc before discal dot d, usually obliterating c.
8. Patch larger; ground mottled on a bright ochre under-color.

3. pulvipennella.
8. Patch smaller; ground light, even clay-color; hind wing, below,

very pale 4. argillacea.

7. Xo black patch in disc; with raised scaling.

8. Palpi strongly tufted on outer half of second joint; hind

wing, below, dusted with 'blackish 8. plummerella.

8. Palpi nearly smooth 9. scabella.

6. Ground dull fuscous gray, with contrasting ochreous base.

11. nigrinotella.
3. Discal dot d without any white scales, or any scales noticeably paler than

the ground color.
4. With a continuous dark terminal line toward apex, and a curved black

spot on disc ......... '. 16. lythrella.

4. A series of terminal dots.

5. Fore wing straw-yellow 17. flavicomella.

17 In this- genus there are typically four dots in the cell. The first two are obliquely placed and
represent the orbicular, the outer two longitudinal, representing the reniform. I have indicated thesa
from the base outward with the letters a, b, c, d. Some authors speak of b as the inner and d as the
outer discal dot.

238 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

5. Fore wing bright yellow, mottled with red.

6. A triangular darker shade at end of disc 18. robiniella.

6. No such shade 19. lecohtella.

5. Fore wing dull red-brown, practically immaculate 12. fulva.

5. Fore wing dull yellowish or grayish.

6. Thorax pale; fore wing mottled and scaled with white, base con-
trastingly paler; fuscous patch in cell faint; fresh specimens with

slight pink suffusion 15. senecionella.

6. Brownish ochreous; thorax darker, with a little black behind.

9l/2. ptelecs.

6. Anterior half of disc of thorax gray; wings evenly clay-color, the
base hardly paler; patch in cell contrasting, small, nearly black,

no pink 10. —

6. Wings powdery pale luteous, but without white; with fuscous, and
raised black scales 9. scabella and 8. plummerella (see above).

1. A. atrodorsella Clemens. Cream color; most of thorax and costal half of
base of fore wing black; six or eight black costal dots; a rosy shade over end
of cell, running into streaks on the veins; a dark costal-apical patch; black
terminal dots, and rosv fringe. Upper part of face blackish, vertex rufous.
20-23 mm.

September to April. Caterpillar green, with darker dorsal and subdorsal stripes,
blackish tubercles and spiracles; yellow-brown head, and a light cervical shield
with a black dot at each side; feeding on Bidens, folding the leaf lengthwise.

New Hampshire to District of Columbia, west to Wisconsin. New York: Fen-
tons (Lewis County), Crosby (Lake Keuka), Ithaca, Delmar, Schenectady, New
Windsor, Staten Island.

2. A. canella Busck. White; palpi mottled with light brown, vertex brown;
fore wings lightly dusted with black and brown scales except toward the base.
Middle of costa with a black and brown shade. Discal dots a and b usually
distinct, black or fused into a bar. Hind wings light fuscous with pale fringes.
20 mm.

July to September. The related European species, D. alstrcemeriana, feeds on
Conium.

Southern New Hampshire; Connecticut; New York; Washington State. New
York: Wilmington, Ithaca, Catskills.

3. A. pulvipennella Clemens. Clay color, more or less shaded with reddish,
and heavily dusted and shaded with black-brown, the whole effect powdery wood-
color; base paler; costa with short black bars. Discal dots slightly raised in
perfect specimens; a and b black, d with a white center, c obliterated, clavifonn
indicated by a black dot; fringe reddish. Face and inner side of palpi whitish;
vertex rose-brown, 22 mm. (eupatoriella Chambers, solidaginis Walsingham).

September to May; July; the summer brood probably dropping out northward.
Very common. Caterpillar green, sometimes with darker dorsal and lateral lines.
Tubercles, head, and cervical shield nearly concolorous; head marked with brown;
cervical shield with lateral brown dots, anal plate brown-edged. Caterpillar fold-
ing the leaves of Eupatorium and Solidago lengthwise.

There is a rare coal-black aberration.

Massachusetts to Virginia, Illinois, and Missouri. New York: Fentons (Lewis
County), Ilion, Crosby (Lake Keuka), Ithaca, Schenectady.

4. A. argillacea Walsingham. Pale gray, hardly yellowish, lightly sprinkled
with black; a small blackish patch near end of cell; base of inner margin pale,
followed by a blackish shade. Terminal dots weak, outer discal dots inconspicuous,
the white centers dull and not contrasting. 20 mm.

This species is the American representative of A. yeatiana, which eats Umbelli-
ferae. It has been taken in March and in September.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 239

Connecticut; New Hampshire; central Missouri. New York: Ithaca.

5. A. applana Fabricius, race clemensella Chambers. Rose-brown, dusted and
mottled with fuscous and sometimes luteous. Head, thorax, and base of wings
more yellowish; the four discal dots white, black-ringed, the first with most
black. Postmedial line dark, parallel to the outer margin, angulated below costa,
obscure, and very easily overlooked. Costal edge heavily spotted with black
and luteous white, almost completely crowding out the ground, even at the base
of the wing. 18 mm.

August to April. Caterpillar on parsnip and wild parsnip ( Heracleum ) . The
European larva is green, with darker dorsal and subdorsal lines, black tubercles,
and gray-green head.

Connecticut to District of Columbia. New York: Ithaca, New Windsor.

A. ciliella Stainton, a slightly larger and smoother-looking species with yellow-
headed larva is to be expected, but not definitely recorded in the northeastern
States.

6. A. walsinghamella Busck. Crimson red, brighter than A. applana and A.
cttiella; middle half of wing toward costa sprinkled with whitish and black, leaving
the base of the costa red, contrasting with the cream white base of the inner margin ;
discal dots a, b, and c, with their white portions usually fusing into a spot, their
black portions distinct. 20 mm. (Depressaria fernaldella Walsingham, not Cham-
bers, hilarella of authors, not Zeller ) .

Caterpillar on Myrica.

Orono, Maine, to Connecticut and Wisconsin. New York: Albany.

7. A. nebulosa Zeller. Powdery fuscous, a little yellower than A. argillacea,
with inconspicuous raised black points, as usual in the group. The four ordinary
discal dots distinct, their white scaling tending to be suffused and to unite them in
pairs, (a and b being generally united) but dull and hardly paler than the ground
color. Under side of hind wing striolate toward tip. Second segment of palpus
with funnel-shaped tuft .toward tip. 18 mm.

Apparently general in distribution.

8. A, plummerella Busck. Closely similar to A. nebulosa. Discal dots very
inconspicuous, apparently separate; base of hind wing a little more whitish.
24 mm.

Plummer's Island, Maryland; Ohio. New York: Rock City (Cattaraugus
County).

9. A. scabella Zeller. Second joint of palpus nearly smooth. Markings as in
the last two species, the raised tufts, especially the one in the fold below discal
dot a, more distinct; no well-marked white scaling. Under side of hind wing
with scattered black dots toward apex, and a fine dark terminal line.

Ohio.

91/4. A', pteleae Barnes and Busck. Brush on second segment of palpus widest at
middle, tapering to both ends. Fore wing rough with raised scaling. Thorax
dark ochreous mottled with brown and black scales, the extreme posterior tip
black; head redder. Fore wing ochreous with a large nearly round blackish
shade over end of cell. None of the discal dots scaled with white. A series of
ill-defined dark spots along costa, and obscure terminal dots. Hind wing light
ochreous fuscous, the base and inner margin pale. Under side of abdomen with
two series of black dots. 20-22 mm.

Larva on hop tree.

Decatur, Illinois.

10. A. - - Clay -color. Palpus with two moderate dark rings on third
segment. Anterior half of disc of thorax powdery gray. Base of fore wing
paler, defined with a little blackish shading toward inner margin. Base of
costal edge black. Most of wing with scattered black scales, the costa more
distinctly barred. All discal dots black, a small black patch on disc. Under

240 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

aide of fore wing with scattered light fuscous flecks, and a broken black terminal
line. 19 mm.

The only specimen before me was taken in April.

New York : Ithaca.

11. A. nigrinotella Busck. Palpi light yellow -brown, the base black-shaded and
extreme tip black. Head light red-bi'own, thorax yellow-brown, - - the front,
back, and teguku darker. Base and basal half of costa yellow-brown, the rest
of the wing brownish fuscous, with scattered black scales. Discal dot d only,
white-scaled. Hind wing shining light yellowish fuscous. 22 mm.

Larva on hop tree, with A. ptelece.
Ohio; Illinois.

12. A. fulva Walsingham. Dull red-brown without yellow tint, with the usual
paler base followed by a dark shade. Costa interrupted with black and yellowish.
22 mm.

This form is easily distinguished from the other red species by the lack of
white discal dots. The locality was not reported, and the species is very prob-
ably western.

13. A. curvilineella Beutenmiiller. Head white, the fore wing grayish white,
shaded and mottled with pale pearl gray, with a more or less distinct pink tint,
leaving the base and costa pale, the wing lightly dusted with black scales, Avhich
gather into larger black spots along the costa; first three discal dots fused into
a black crescent, concave upward, the fourth one white, ringed with black. Hind
wing also pale, with white fringe. . 18 mm.

October to April.

New York to Missouri. New York: Ithaca, New Y"ork City.

14. A. hyperella Ely. Similar to A. curvilineella; most of the wing-surface
nearly evenly mouse-gray. Vertex dark gray, unlike even the darkest specimens of
A. curvilineella. 16 mm.

End of May. Larva on Hypericum prolificum in April. Possibly a seasonal
form of the preceding species, which however appears to be single-brooded in the
north.

Great Falls, Virginia.

15. A. senecionella Busck. Luteous, slightly shaded with pink, and strongly and
irregularly with dull gray, leaving the base pale and sharply defined except at
costa. Paler areas also over the discal dots a and b and beyond d, and a vague,
paler postmedial line. Third discal dot not distinct. Ground sometimes more
evenly gray. Hind wing pale gray, the veins darkest. 17 mm.

Larva in March; imago in May.
Plummer's Island, Maryland.

A. canadensis Busck, which is slightly more dusted with black, and has the
base of the hind wing paler, is likely to occur in the west of our area.

16. A. lythrella Walsingham. Tawny reddish, heavily shaded with mouse gray
and dusted with black and pale cinereous toward costa; a distinct dark spot in
the dorsal part of the whitish base, normally nearly covering the pale area; a
thick, black, oblique crescent, edged with the reddish ground and followed by a
group of whitish-cinereous scales. Discal dot d represented by a vertical white
bar. Terminal line continuous, fading out at apex. Fringe purplish gray. Hind
wings mouse gray. 16 mm.

Caterpillar on Lythrum alatum. Dull whitish green, immaculate; webbing the
leaves in June. Moth in July.
Illinois; North Carolina.

17. A. flavicomella Engel. Straw yellow, shaded with red-brown and flecked
and obscurely striate with blackish or umber brown. Outer discal dot black, in
a brown spot or shade; inner (b) a black point, or obscure; more or less distinct

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 241

traces of a postmedial fascia. Black bars on costa and terminal dots. Hind wing
whitish. Blackish shade near base and shade over the discal dots typically
strongly contrasting. 16 mm.

June and July.

Connecticut to North Carolina; Illinois. New York: Ithaca.

18. A. robiniella Packard. Yellow, heavily shaded and dusted with dull crimson
red and a little fuscous, the latter forming a series of terminal dots. A vague
triangular reddish shade over middle of wing, with a circular pale area before
it containing discal dot a, and with the small pale discal dot d on its outer edge.
A darker subterminal shade. Hind wing fuscous. Head and thorax concolorous
with fore wing; abdomen, with hind wing. 18-20 mm. (hilarella Zeller).

Caterpillar on Robinia in June. Moth in July.

General in distribution. New York: Schenectady, Bridgetown, Rhinebeck,
Crugers, Katonah.

19. A. lecontella Clemens. Head dull ochreous, with some fuscous on second,
and two dark rings on third joint of palpus. Antennae fuscous; thorax dull
ochreous with two black-brown -dots in front. Fore wings slightly darker, nearly
evenly dotted with dark, and somewhat washed with rufous; a slight dark shade
only on disc. Discal dots a and d distinct. Hind wing gray. 22 mm.

Caterpillar possibly on Sanicula and Pimpinella.

Vermont to Maryland and Ohio. New York: Ithaca, Schenectady, New Windsor;
Sea Cliff, Long Island.

20. A. allenella Walsingham. Fore wings broader with more arched costa. with
C\it and Cu2 sometimes only very closely approximate. Abdomen only slightly
flattened. Pecten weak, palpi practically smooth. Fore wing with rough scales
and a discal tuft. Pale gray; palpi powdery; fore wing minutely mottled and
dusted with blackish, with somewhat more distinct black points on costa, especially
toward base; a fuscous subterminal shade, more distinct on costa. and a slight
streak in base of fold. Two black discal dots at end of cell. Hind wing of the
paler gray ground-color. 18 mm. ( Semioscopis ) .

June. Larva on oak.

Maine to Virginia and western Pennsylvania. New York : McLean, Rhinebeck.

7. DEPRESS ART A Haworth
*

(In part; Schistodepressaria Spuler)

Head somewhat rough-scaled, with small ocelli and maxillary palpi; labial palpi
with a furrowed brush on under side of second joint, third joint long and smooth;
antennae with pecten. Abdomen markedly flattened, and wings folded flat over
the back at rest. Fore wing more or less oblong (fig. 140) with blunt or rounded
apex, Rj running to costa or apex, CUj strongly curved at base, Co. well separated
from it, often nearly straight. Hind wing broader, usually strongly lobed at
anal angle, with all veins present; R and Mj parallel, M3 and Cu! connate or short -
stalked, M, arising near M3.

The fore wings tend much more to longitudinal marking than in Agonopteryx.
The discal dots a and b usually fuse into a streak, and there is almost always a
blackish bar along the base of the inner margin, in place of the pale base of
most Agonopteryxes. The moths emerge in July and go immediately into winter
quarters, coming out and laying their eggs the following March or April. The
caterpillars (figs. 149, 150) live in webs on various plants, especially Umbelliferae.
The generic name Depressaria was formerly used to include a great variety of
(Ecophoridse and even Gelechiidse, mostly species with similar tufted palpi.

242 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Key to the species

1. Base and costal edge whitish 5. cinereocostella.

1. Base and costal edge not whitish.
2. With a pale fourth discal dot.

3. Fourth discal dot white, conspicuous, and preceded by a long white line.

7. emeritella.
3. Fourth discal dot less conspicuous, preceded by a heavy black bar.

3. maculatella, 4. symmochlota.

3. Fourth discal dot less conspicuous and not preceded by a longitudinal
bar.

4. Hind wing whitish, much paler than fore wing (1.) togata.

4. Hind wing light gray, paler at base 1. betulella.

2. No pale fourth discal dot.

3. A pale, acute-angled fascia 6. heracliana.

3. No such fascia 2. grotella.

1. D. betulella Busck. Fuscous, obscurely mottled, with the pale base of inner
margin most conspicuously contrasting; terminal dots present; black discal dots
obscure; head yellowish. 23 mm.

Caterpillar in a silken tube between leaves of black birch; pale green with
black tubercles. Moth emerging in June.

Vermont to Pennsylvania.

D. togata Walsingham, described from the Rocky Mountain district, is closely
similar but with rather darker fore wings and paler hind wings. It may enter the
northern part of our territory northward, and has been reported from Vermont,
though apparently in error for the preceding species.

2. D. grotella Robinson. Dull straw color, second joint of palpi blackish below;
fore wing nearly evenly colored, a little redder on the disc, with vague longitudinal
streaks of fuscous, the one in the outer part of the cell hardly more contrasting
than the rest, but present, the most distinct streaks being a postmedial series
between the veins. Fourth discal dot dark, terminal dots distinct; hind wing
pearl gray. 20 mm.

Caterpillar green, darkest dorsally; cervical shield green, unmarked; head
green with a black dot on each side above the jaws; on Corylus.
This species is unknown to me.
North Atlantic States. New York (Robinson).

3. D. maculatella Busck. Similar, crisply black-dusted on a chalk-white ground,
appearing light gray. Fore wing with fuscous streaks between the veins, more
or less interrupted by a faint, pale, dentate postmedial line; two pale discal dots,
with a heavy black bar in the cell between them, touching the first. 22 mm.

New Hampshire and Connecticut to Ontario and western Pennsylvania.

4. D. symmochlota Meyrick. Similar to D. maculatella, but ground mouse
gray or fuscous, with some pale shading and scaling, especially indicating the post-
medial line. Sparse black scaling on the dark portions. Bar in cell as in D.
maculatella, conspicuous. 20 mm.

Late July to early August. Perhaps the same as D. grotella.
Sebec Lake, Maine; Parry Sound, Ontario; Manitoba.

5. D. cinereocostella Clemens. Fore wing reddish-brown, marked with numerous
short black dashes; costa, head, and thorax normally much paler, whitish gray;
hind wing grayish fuscous. 18 mm.

Occasionally the costa is practically concolorous with the rest of the wing, but
such specimens are recognizable by their pinkish tint, distinct pale postmedial
line of whitish scaling, minute or wanting fourth discal dot, and absence of any
blackish shading in the cell.

Fresh moths occur in July The caterpillar is bright sulphur yellow with a

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 243

more ochreous cervical shield, and a dark ochre head, with black dots at the
eyes. The tubercles and hairs are black. It folds and ties together leaves of
water-parsnip (Slum) and caraway.

Massachusetts to Virginia. "New York" (Busck).

6. D. heracliana DeGeer. Luteous shaded with brown, forming longitudinal
stripes or shades. Longitudinal stripes in cell, fold, and near base of inner mar-
gin; the stripes in the outer part of the wing lying between the veins, and
interrupted by the angulate pale postmedial line; a dark discal dot. Palpus with
two dark rings on third joint. 25 mm. (umbellana Fabricius, pastinacella Dupon-
chel, ontariella Bethune. )

Caterpillar webbing together the flower heads and seeds, more rarely also the
leaves of wild parsnip (Heracleum) and other Umbelliferse, in June and July;
usually entering the hollow stems to pupate. Green-gray, paler and yellower
below, with head, plates, true legs, and tubercles black. Moth emerging in July
and immediately retiring till the following spring. Of general distribution and
decidedly common. New York: Crosby (Yates County), Ithaca, Albany, Rhine-
beck, New Windsor, West Farms.

7. D. emeritella Stainton, race alienella Busck. Fore wing red-brown, dusted
with white, with shaded, angulate, pale postmedial line, and white discal dot.
Hind wing with red fringe.

The typical species occurs in Europe.

Caterpillar on Artemisia and presumably other aromatic Compositae.

Oregon. New York : Ilion.

8. INGA Busck
(Cryptoleckia, Anesychia, in part)

Closely similar to Depressaria; no pecten; abdomen cylindrical. Fore wing
with Cu! and Cu2 subparallel and strongly curved at base. No ocelli or maxil-
lary palpi; labials long, upturned, and smooth. The black and white coloring is
shared by Depressaria canella.

1. I. sparsiciliella Clemens. White; a black dot at base of costa and bar near
base of inner margin, a squarish black spot near middle of costa, two black discal
dots; black subterminal dots tending to run together. Hind wings and under
side dark gray, head white with some black. 16 mm. (contrariella Walker,
atropicta Zeller).

Southward this species flies in May and June.

New York to Texas. New York: West Farms.

9. SEMIOSCOPIS Hiibner
(Enicostoma, in part; Epigraphia Stephens)

With ocelli. No distinct maxillary palpi. Labial palpi upturned in front of
face, the second joint with indications of a bifurcated tuft toward the tip, the
third shorter than in Depressaria and slender; tongue somewhat weak; no pecten.
Fore wing with marked apex and oblique outer margin, Cu2 more strongly curved
than Cut. (The two are stalked in 8. inomata [subgenus Epigraphia]). Of our
species 8. megamicrella also may be an Epigraphia, but I have no full notes
concerning it.

The caterpillars are found on deciduous trees in the fall; the moths flying in
the spring from April to June. Agonopteryx alienella, with but slightly flattened
abdomen, forms the transition to this genus, but may be distinguished by its pecten
and blunter wings.

244 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Key to the species
1. Black longitudinal mark reaching base of wing.

2. Line heavy, the basal part strongly curved, and running from extreme base

of costa across Sc and R 5. packardella.

2. Line more slender, running straight out in fold 4. aurorella.

1. Black mark, if present, not reaching base.

2. A heavy irregular black bar over disc 3. merriccella.

2. No definite black marking.

3. With conspicuous black terminal dots, and dots on disc.

2. megamicrella.
3. Evenly powdery gray; terminal dots absent, and dots on disc diffuse.

1. inornata.

1. S. inornata Walsingham. Powdery ash gray; outer half of fringe white with
gray-stained tips; usual marks indicated by a slight irregularity of the dusting.
Hind wing of the lighter ground color, the base of the fringe distinctly powdered.

This species is easily confused with the next, but is apparently the only one
A-hich normally has CUj and Cu2 stalked.
Ottawa, Ontario; Pennsylvania; Manitoba. New York: Ithaca, Karner.

2. S. megamicrella Dyar. Whitish, powdered with light brown; a double ante-
medial black dot on cell and a distinct black lunated discal bar, in some specimens
broken in the middle; a rather distinct series of dark subterminal dashes run-
tting parallel to outer margin. Hind wing nearly white, with a faint continuous
pale gray line in base of fringe. Cu^ and Cu2 of fore wing may be stalked.
18-25 mm.

April and May.

Massachusetts to Ohio. New York: Ithaca; East New York, Long Island..

3. S. merriccella Dyar. Closely similar to 8. packardella, but rather more dis-
tinctly striate, the black dash not reaching the base of the wing. 25-30 mm.
(H 48:38.)

May.

New Hampshire to western Pennsylvania. New York : Big Indian Valley,
Albany.

4. S. aurorella Dyar. Light gray, dusted somewhat irregularly with dull brown.
Black basal dash fine, nearly straight, starting at base of costa, but running
almost wholly in fold; its outer end attached to a curved line running up into
cell, and often connected with the crescentic discal bar. Obscure dark dashes
in the subterminal region, and a postmedial dash in fold. Terminal dots strong.
Hind wing pale gray. 25-30 mm.

New York to Manitoba. New York: Ithaca, Big Indian Valley.

5. S. packardella Clemens. Gray, slightly streaked and dusted with brown.
A heavy black bar running from base of costa out along base of R, then curving
down into fold, and then up across cell to middle of costa. A slender branch run-
ning toward base of wing in fold, and a thicker one from where it crosses R
to lower angle of cell; the latter bar convex outward. Hind wing pale gray.
25 mm.

June.

Northern Atlantic States. New York: Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Albany.

10. ETHMIA Hiibner
(Psecadia Hubner; Anesychia)

Molh similar to Semioscopis. 'Sensory area on antennae more extensive, cov-
ering half the antennae, even at the base. Palpus without any tufts on second
joint. Fore wing (fig. 142) narrower, with Cut and Cu2 widely, separated at
origin and nearly straight. Hind wing with R often preserved, M2 rather nearer

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 245

to M! than to M3 and nearly straight. Caterpillar with a single band of biordinal
hooks on prolegs; sometimes with additional setae in group vii of abdomen;
otherwise normal; alpha of prothorax nearer mid-dorsal line than beta. Pupa
obtect, with 5-6 and 6-7 capable of dorso-ventral motion; flattened and rounded,
without cremaster. Maxillary palpi large; labials minute; epicranial suture
present, but fronto-clypeal absent; tongue not nearly as long as fore legs, middle
legs separated. on midventral line by fore legs; hind legs concealed by the antennae,
which lie in contact for their posterior third. Wing cases hardly extending
beyond fourth segment of abdomen. End of body unarmed, rounded over. Anal
prolegs preserved, provided with hooks, and taking the place of a cremaster;
located on each side of the genital opening; apparently corresponding to the
anterior group of hooks in Stenoma.

The peculiar larva of this genus (fig. 151), which is most closely matched in
the Choreutis group, has caused some workers to place it in a special family,
Ethmiidse, of the Yponomeutoidea. The moth and pupa, however, are very close
to the more primitive (Ecophoridse. The typical group feed on Boraginacese,
enclosed in a light web.

Key to the species

I. Basal segment of abdomen blackish; the rest yellow, contrasting.

1. fiiscipedcUa.
1. Abdomen all gray.

2. Middle of wing broadly black from base to apex.

3. Expanse less than 20 mm., fore wing not streaked between veins.

2. trifurcella
3. Expanse 25 mm. or over; fore wing gray-streaked between veins.

3. macelhosiella.
2. No dark longitudinal stripe.

3. One short black dash in cell, and dot at lower angle. . . .4. longimaculella.

3. Two dashes in cell, sometimes connected into a slender streak, and no

dot 5. zellcriella.

1. E. fuscipedella Walsingham. Mouse gray; head, thorax, except tegulse, and
base of abdomen, concolorous gray; the rest of abdomen and hind tibiae, yellow,
immaculate. Two black dots on thorax. A black dot in middle of cell, one or
two at end, and antemedial dot in fold. Usually with strong black terminal
dots. Hind wing concolorous, immaculate. 25 mm.

The larva should be sought for on Thalictrum.
North Carolina; Iowa; Nebraska; Manitoba.

2. E. trifurcella Chambers. White, thorax with a black central stripe and a
dot on each side of it. Palpi annulate and tipped with black. Fore wing with a
black median stripe from base to apex, either trifurcate at apex or much nar-
rower and flanked by two black bars. With black terminal dots and two black
dots near inner margin (at % and % way out on wing). Antennae dark brown.
17 mm.

No authentic material is known of this species.
Kentucky.

3. E. macelhosiella Busck. White, lightly dusted with black; the black tending
to form streaks between the veins, especially toward costa, ending in heavier
terminal dots. A broad, irregular, and slightly diffuse black band from base
to apex, crossing apical fringe, and nearly interrupted by a white bar at end
of cell. Hind wing gray. Fringe paler. Thorax black and white. 25-28 mm.

Larva on Phacelia (Hydrophyllacese) at the beginning of May. With a tuft of
hairs on wart vii of ninth segment of abdomen only, the rest of the body with
the usual primary hairs. Head, tubercles, sets, cervical and anal plates, true

246 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

legs, and plates on prolegs black. Dorsum of body dull black, with a white
mid-dorsal stripe, extending onto the cervical and anal plates; a broad white
lateral band, more or less suffused with pinkish and sometimes with yellow;
under side grayish white. Pupa formed in a gallery in dead wood or bark, the
entire summer passed in the pupal stage. Pupa stout, somewhat flattened, dark
brown; with the anal prolegs preserving their hooks and taking the place of a
cremaster; located on the ventral surface well before the end of the body. Moth
emerging in September to November; and apparently hibernating.
Maryland; Missouri.

4. E. longimaculella Chambers. White, often slightly grayish. A black dot on
vertex and front of thorax, and two on disc of thorax; two black arinulations on
third segments of palpus. Fore wing with a rounded black spot at end of cell
and one below it and slightly farther out. Base of costal edge black; a strong
black dash on outer half of cell below middle, and shorter one on base of R; also
three at middle of wing below costa, one beyond cell, and one before middle of
fold; rarely with the second dash in. the cell, shown by the next species, trace-
able. Hind wing light gray. 22 mm. (Hyponomeuta Chambers).

Caterpillar in a very flimsy web on stoneseed (Lithospemnum) . Head dull black.
Body purplish black, cervical shield large, bright orange, bisected by a yellow line;
tubercles concolorous. Neck white; white or yellowish transverse bands behind
second and third segments of thorax and fifth and sixth segments of abdomen, the
anterior ones slender dorsally and expanded below. Feet all ringed with black.
Moth in May and July; larva in July.

New York to Kentucky. Xew York: Plattsburg. Ithaca.

5. E. zelleriella Chambers. Closely similar to E. lonyimaculella. A heavy black
bar on base of costa, one toward base, and one in outer part of cell, obliterating
the discal dot; one in subterminal region opposite the last, larger than in longi-
maculella; and several streaks toward costa. 18 mm.

Caterpillar on Phaoelia dubia, living almost completely exposed. Head black,
rounded, with a gray spot on upper part of front, and a rounded spot on each
side, separated from the frontal spot by the black adfrontal sclerite. Tubercles
of body, except vii, in large rounded velvety black spots; thoracic feet black,
prolegs white. Body white with diffuse yellow dorsal, and even less definite lateral
bands. Pro- and mesothorax and first segment of abdomen banded in front with
black; smoky ventrally. Abdomen with rounded black dorsal spots on segments
and smaller ones on incisures; with broad subdorsal gray shades, defined on lower
side, and joined by lateral obliqtie ones. Anal plate sooty. Caterpillar found
in May; moth emerging the following April.

Montreal, Quebec to Wisconsin, and south to Texas1, apparently rarer north-
ward.

11. SCHIFFERMUELLERIA Hiibner

((Ecophora, in part; Callima Clemens, not Kallima Westwood; Epi-

callima Dyar)

Palpi very long, recurved, smooth; second segment thickened, third slender,
shorter. Antenna without pecten; tongue developed. Fore wing rather narrow,
sublanceolate, with oblique outer margin, with all veins preserved, R4 and R8
stalked, both running to costa, the rest free, and Cu2 nearly straight. Hind wings
narrower, lanceolate but rounded at apex, with all veins preserved, M, rather
nearer to M3 than to Mjj M3 and Cut connate. Brilliantly marked species.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 247

Key to the species

1. Dark brown with yellow patches.

2. Yellow scales or streak in base of fold ((Ecophora neicmannella) .

2. Three or four rounded or irregular spots 4. dimidiella.

2. A comma-shaped, or semilunate spot two-thirds way out on inner margin.

<>. coloradella.
1. Tricolored.

2. Yeilow with red-brown markings 1. argenticinctella.

2. Mainly tawny yellow and black.

3. A longitudinal streak from before middle to apex 3. lucidella.

3. This streak broken up; square* cream-colored spots on costa and inner
margin toward base 2. edithella.

* Eyes large. Cilia on antennas half as long as segments (Schiffermuelleria).

1. S. argenticinctella Clemens. Head pale; thorax orange; palpi brown and white;
antennae black and white. Fore wing orange and yellow; base of inner margin
with a silvery band edged with black; an antemedial oblique bar, not reaching
costa; a bar along costa, well out, and a semicircular one opposite it, on inner
margin; all silvery and edged more or less fully with black. Base, apex, and area
enclosed by the line, deep orange or chocolate brown. A brown spot at apex and
some dark subterminal suffusion. Fringe pale. Hind wing fuscous. 12 mm.

End of June to August. Caterpillar under bark of elder.

Of general distribution and not verv rare. New York: Ithaca, Rhinebeck, New
York City.

** Eyes small. Cilia on antenna at least as long as segments.

2. S. edithella Busck. Dark bronze brown, with golden and silvery markings,
face white; palpi somewhat golden; antennae bronzy black; vertex and thorax
deep bronze; fore wing with a transverse, erect, silvery fascia at a fourth way
out, widening somewhat on inner margin; and an apical fascia two-thirds way
out, reaching the costa and interrupted at its middle by a golden streak; a fine,
silvery, subcostal streak in median area, and two close together in middle of
wing: all dark-edged. A longitudinal golden shade on and beyond cell, inter-
rupted by the silvery markings. Fringe, abdomen, and hind wings dark bronzy
brown, with silvery anal tuft. 9-10 mm.

Center Harbor, New Hampshire; Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania.

3. S. lucidella Busck. Palpi golden yellow. Antennae black with silvery white
tips. Head and thorax bronzy. Fore wing black on margins toward base, along
dorsum, and around apical edge; the rest a yellow area, covering costal half of
wing and sending .a long process toward apex; a narrow, black-edged blue fascia
a third way out, crossing the golden area and ending in a pale yellow discal
spot. Two pairs of black-edged longitudinal streaks in cell; a small pale yellow
spot at middle of costa; and a dash two-thirds way out. Fringe iridescent blackish.
Hind wing, abdomen, and legs black; tips of tarsi and spurs silver white. 12 mm.

Early June.

Western Pennsylvania.

4. S. dimidiella Walsingham. Dull brown, spotted with straw yellow. Face
white, antennae black and white, with white scape. Fore wing with a very large
yellow triangle resting on inner margin near base, and smaller spots on costa
at middle and before apex, the latter spot continued as a curved yellow post-
medial line to inner margin. 12 mm.

This moth can be superficially distinguished from (Ecophoi-a borkhausewii by
its fringe and thorax being mostly black; from Symmoca, novimundi, by its much
more extensively pale head; and from Triclonella determinatella, by the basal
spot not reaching the costa. It flies from the end of April till June.

248 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Toronto, Ontario. and west to British Columbia and California.

5. S. coloradella \Yalsingham (variety). Smoky gray -brown, somewhat powdery
and dull. Some yellow on vertex and thorax; a half-Innate spot on inner margin
extending a third way across the hind wing. (In the northern form there is a
narrow yellow dorsal edge extending from this spot to the base of the wing, and
continued as a pair of streaks on the thorax.)- 15 mm.

The typical form of this species occurs in Colorado and lacks the yellow dorsal
streak. It is very close to sulphurella, the type of (Ecophora; in fact all the
species here listed, except argenticinctella, might well be transferred to that genus.

My only date for this species is July 28.

Parry Sound, Ontario; British Columbia.

12. DECANTHA Busck
((Ecophora, in part)

Similar to Schiirermuelleria, but palpi not so long; antennae with strong
pecten; fore wing with R^ and R5 completely fused; hind wing with M3 and Cu,
separate.

1. D. borkhausenii Zeller. Blackish with yellow thorax, rounded patches near
base and middle of fore wing; a less regular transverse subterminal bar, and a
smaller postmedial spot on inner margin; the spots more or less white-edged.
Fringe yellow, hind wing brown. 15 mm. (boreasella Chambers).

Caterpillar translucent white, with yellow-brown head, cervical shield, etc.; under
bark of pine, in June; the moth emerging in June and July.

Europe. Cohasset, Massachusetts; District of Columbia; Arizona; British
Columbia. New York: Ithaca.

American specimens (boreasella) are aberrant, and may represent a distinct
species.

13. FABIOLA Busck

((Ecophora; Borkhausenia, in part)

Similar to Borkhausenia, but lacking one radial vein. No pecten; palpi .slender,
third segment nearly as long as second. Male antennae with long cilia; tongue
developed, M3 and Cut of hind wing connate.

1. F. shalleriella Chambers. Dark brown, broadly shaded with golden yellow,
but leaving the edges of the markings narrowly brown. A white antemedial
fascia, broadening regularly to inner margin, erect, and with brilliant blue
iridescence toward costa; three or four large, partly confluent, black spots in
lower half of median area, each centered with a metallic blue spot. An erect
blue subapical fascia across the wing, followed by a large cream-white spot on
costa. Fringe dark brown, whitish at base toward anal angle; hind wing and
body dark brown. 12 mm.

May southward, June in Pennsylvania.

Xew Jersey to western Pennsylvania and Georgia.

14. (ECOPHORA Latreille
(In part; Dasycera Haworth)

Similar to Borkhausenia; no ocelli; eyes small; antenna thickened more or less
with scales toward base, and heavily ciliate in male (cilia three times as long as
segment) ; palpi smooth, maxillary palpi distinct; tongue weak, scaled to its
tip. Fore wing broad toward tip and bluntly rounded; hind wing broad-lanceolate;
M2 quite variable, often nearer Mj than M3 in both wings.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 249

7. CE. newmannella Clemens. Bronze-black; second segment of palpi yellow;
a yellow streak in base of fold and one near base of cell of fore wing. Antennae
purple-black, white-tipped. 15-18 mm.

The moth flies in June in the North, in May in North Carolina. It is generally
distributed and not rare.

New York: North Elba, Batavia, Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Portage,
Ithaca, Trenton Falls, Albany, New Windsor.

Typically, both yellow spots are large, being separated only by the black vein,
and the terminal segment of the palpus is mostly yellow. I have seen a variety
from North Carolina with only a narrow basal yellow streak, or, at most, a
few yellow scales in the cell. This form -seems also to have far less rough scaling
on the male antennae, which makes the ciliation appear longer.

15. TRICLONELLA Busck

Similar to Borkhausenia, except for the stalking of M2 in the hind wing; M2
rising from near middle of end of cell in fore wing.

1. T. pergandeella Busck. Ochre yellow; head brownish black with a very
thin white line over eye; second segment of palpi with four broken silvery lines,
and third segment with one in front. Fore wing with a minute black point in
middle of cell. Outer two-fifths of wing purple-gray, the boundary edged with
white, and running out on costa. A little white scaling on the gray. Fringe
duller, pale-tipped. Hind wing and abdomen fuscous. 15 mm.

The moth has been obtained in late June and late August. It hibernates in the
imago. There are two or three broods. The caterpillar feeds on Desmodium, in
a case made of two leaflets. It is black, with the head and anterior half of pro-
thorax yellow; a black spot over the eye, and two on the vertex. There are a
dorsal and two lateral yellow spots on the meso- and metathorax, small dots
on the first three segments of the abdomen, and large patches on the fourth and
fifth segments. When young, the larva is predominantly yellow. The cocoon is
translucent and oval, and is suspended in a case of three leaflets. There appears
to be a form of this species in Arizona.

District of Columbia.

2. T. determinatella Zeller. Deep purple brown; a large, antemedial yellow
area, nearly as long as wide, and reaching both margins broadly, with straight
outer boundary; and an oblique postmedial area half as large, touching only
the costa. Fringe and body dark. 10 mm.

June.

Missouri to Louisiana and west.

16. BORKHAU8ENIA Hiibner
(CEcophora, in part)

Palpi moderately long, curved (but less so than in the preceding genera) ;
second segment thickened but smooth, and third, in ascriptella, about as long.
Tongue developed; pecten strong. Antennae ciliated in male, the cilia long in
ascriptella, which belongs to subgenus Crossophora Meyrick. Fore wing (fig. 143)
lanceolate, normal; hind wing with all veins present, R and M! parallel; M3 and
Cu, connate.

1. B. ascriptella Busck. Straw yellow, sparsely dusted with black scales. Palpi
light ochreous; fore wing with base of costal edge black; a streak or spot in
cell and one at end of cell. Hind wing pearl white with yellowish fringe. Fore
legs black in front. 10 mm.

The moth looks like a Tinea but is easily recognized by the smooth head.
It has been taken from June to August.

New York to western Pennsylvania and District of Columbia. New York:
Tthaca.

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

17. ENDROSI8 Hiibner

Palpi long, upturned, smooth; second and third segments equal; antennae
with large scape bearing a pecten. Fore wing with all veins present; lanceolate,
normal. Hind wing with M3 lost and M2 connate or short-stalked with Ciij; Rj
as strong as any vein, but close to base (fig. 145).

The genus seems transitional to the Blastobasidae, and in the past has also been
placed in the Elachistidse. The larva appears to be as in the Blastobasidae.

1. E. lacteella Schiffermiiller. Dirty white, mottled and dusted with fuscous.
Head, thorax, and extreme base of fore wing pure white, followed by a broad
fuscous band. Base, middle, and apex of costa also blackish. Three vague
blackish dots on disc, — in middle and at end of cell, and below and before the
first in fold. 15-18 mm.

A general household insect, feeding on fruit, fungi, meal, etc., Caterpillar yellowish
white with yellow -brown head and cervical shield. Inj\irious in Europe and on
the west coast of the United States. Only sporadic specimens have been reported
from the East.

Family 20. XYLORICTID,®

(Stenomidce; Uzuchidce]

Head smooth. Palpi smooth and upturned to vertex or beyond, with
second joint slightly thicker and squarely cut off. Thorax smooth-
scaled ; hind tibiae with loose hair. Fore wing typically with all radials
preserved (one lost in Ptochoryctis and Menesta), R5 often free,
running either to costa or to outer margin. Ci^ and Cu2 often stalked ;
completely united in Menesta; in the typical group widely separated;
M3 in some forms from the base of their stalk. The other veins all
present and free. 1st A strongly developed. Hind wing with Sc and

FIGS. 152-154. XYLORICTUXS;

152, Stenoma algidella, venation; 153, Stenoma humilis, venation; 154, Menesta
melanella, venation

R connected by a more or less distinct cross vein (RJ ; R and M!
long-stalked, the other veins normal; one medial lost in Menesta.
Fore wing normally much more than twice as long as wide; shorter in
Menesta and Setiostoma. Hind wing typically much broader, some-
times more than twice as broad.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 25 J

Caterpillar with front less than half height of head ; head held mere
or less horizontally; adfrontals narrow, and not extending much
above front. Body with primary seise only, above vii; vii represented
by 3 to 6 setae. Thoracic legs adjacent, prolegs normal, short, each
with a complete ellipse of bi- or triordinal hooks.

Ptochoryctis, with its case-bearing larva, and its multiple setae on
the prolegs, approaches the Lacosomidae, but differs in lacking the char-
acteristic, rough, enlarged head, and swollen abdomen thicker in the
middle. The pupa of Stenoma is short and flattened, and has minute
maxillary palpi lying close to the antennas. The clypeal suture is not
distinct. The antennae meet on the midventral line beyond the tip
of the tongue and then diverge again. The labial palpi are covered.
The ninth segment of the abdomen has a tuft of hooked setae on the
venter, besides the cremaster. In Menesta this tuft of setae is on a dis-
tinct lobe.

The family divides into two well-marked groups, sometimes con-
sidered to be separate families. The Xylorictinae (Ptochoryctis), which
are almost confined to the Old World, have R5 running to the outer
margin and long-stalked, and Cu2 widely separated from CTI^.
Their larvae are borers or case-bearers. The Stenominae are found
mostly in the New World; they have R5 most often running to costa
and almost always free, and Cu2 usually connate or stalked with Cu^
Their larvae are brilliantly marked and live exposed. The larva of one
neotropical species bores in fruit. Besides the species here included
in the family, some authors would add Strobisia, and perhaps other
genera from the Gelechiidae.

Key to the genera

1. CUj and Cu2 preserved, often stalked.

2. R3 and R5 long-stalked; R4 lost 4. Ptochoryctis.

2. R4 and R5 separate or hardly stalked; R3 free.

3. Fore wing less than twice as long as wide 2. Setiostoma.

3. Fore wing more than twice as long as wide 1. Stenoma.

1. CUj and Cu2 completely fused; a radial also lost (fig. 154) 3. Menesta.

1. STENOMA Zeller
(With Ide Chambers, Brachiloma Clemens, Harpalyce Chambers)

Palpi smooth, upturned beyond vertex; ocelli absent; male antennae heavily
ciliate, without pecten. Fore wing about two and a half times as long as wide;
costa arched, apex rounded, outer margin strongly convex, nearly erect and
short; inner margin more nearly straight. R0 normally free and mnning to
costa. in one of our species running to outer margin and connate or very shortly
stalked with R«, which in all the United States spcdies runs to the costa. M, and
M2 free, nearly straight; M3 nearly straight, rarely arising from base of stalk
of Cu. Cut stalked, connate, or barely separate from Cu2, varying somewhat
in a single species. Cu2 starting from cell or from Cu-stem almost perpen-

252 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

dicularly and then curving around parallel to CUj and M3; 1st A long. Hind
wing much broader than fore wing, folded under it in the resting position,
the wings rolled about the body. Hind wing with R and M! stalked, often very
shortly; M2 slightly separated from M3, or shortly stalked when M3 is long-
stalked; M3 stalked or connate with CUj, Cu: arising well back from end of
cell, and straight.

The genus is very large in South America, and varies enormously in structure
as woll as in pattern ; but has not as yet been successfully divided. We have
three main subgroups 1, Stenoma proper, with Cu2 normally free in the fore
wing, M3 and Cu, connate in hind wing, and white wings characteristically marked
with gray; the thorax with a metallic posterior tuft; 2, Brachiloma Clemen's
(Ide Chambers) with CUj and Cu2 stalked, M3 and Cut of hind wing typically stalked,
and no metallic tuft; 3, a group containing 8. mistrella Busck, with marked apex
and with R4 and R: forking over it.

The caterpillar is as noted in family description. It has primary setae only, and
tubercle iv+v of the abdomen directly below iii. The pupa is described under the
family.

Key to the species
1. White marked with gray.

2. Larger; terminal line light gray, continuous, followed by black bars in

base of fringe . . . 1. schlcegeri.

2. Smaller; a series of black terminal bars on membrane, not preceded by

a fine gray line 2. algidella.

1. White, practically immaculate 4. vestalis.

1. Gray with complex darker pattern 3. humilis.

1. Not white; with darker discal dot only.

2. R5 to outer margin, apex marked 8. mistrella.

2. R5 to costa; apex often bluntly rounded.

3. Ground light dull ochreous, with strong discal dot o. unipunctella.

3. Ground chocolate brown, hind wring cream, contrasting. .. .6. decorosella.
3. Ground gray 7. querciella.

1. S. schlaegeri Zeller. White; fore legs smoky; middle tarsi ringed with gray.
Fore wing with a double gray basal line from costa; a conspicuous, mixed gray
and black, somewhat raised patch on inner margin from basal angle almost to
middle of fore wing, formed of more or less confluent waved bands; discal bar
gray, edged finely with white, and then broadly and irregularly with gray, and
usually with a gray band running to inner margin; broad, even, pale gray post-
medial and subterminal bands, and a very narrow terminal one cut into spots.
A black line, usually broken, in base of fringe; much more contrasting than the
terminal line. Hind wing pale gray with white fringe. Thorax with prominent
lead-colored posterior tuft. Male with simple curved uncus and very broad sub-
scaphium broadly notched at tip. Fore wing with CUj and Cu2 usually connate,
separating at right angles; M3 and CUj of hind wing connate. 30 mm. (H 48:41).

General in distribution and not rare, in May and June. Caterpillar on oak.
New York: Mt. Marcy, Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Ithaca, McLean, Big
Indian Valley, Bethlehem, New Windsor.

2. S. algidella Walker. Very similar to 8. schlcegeri, with very little or no
black toward base of inner margin, but in the northern form with a large gray
patch. Terminal line broken into dots, dark gray and contrasting; dark dots
in base of fringe obscure, paler. Uncus of male with broadened bifid tip, sub-
scaphium simple, slender, ending in a sort of beak. Cu2 of fore wing well separated
from CUj (tig. 152) 15-23 mm. (leucillana of authors, not Zeller).

The distribution is general and the species is not rare in June and August. The
caterpillar is common on maple and various trees and shrubs, and has been found

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 253

boring in an apple. It is not certain that this name is correctly applied to this
species, but there seems to be no other available.

New York: Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Ithaca, Trenton Falls, Big Indian
Valley, Fort Montgomery.

3. S. humilis Zeller. Cu, and Cu2 stalked in fore wing; M3 and Cu, long stalked
in hind wing (fig. 153). Xo metallic tuft on thorax. Fore wing ash-gray, dusted
and shaded with white. Three diffuse blackish spots on costa and two transverse
fasciae resting on inner margin, the inner starting from a black dot in fold.
Three dark dots in cell, the middle one not so intense. A faint curved dark sub-
terminal line and a series of terminal dots. Hind wing browner than fore wing.
15 mm. (canusella Chambers).

March to May ; July and August.

Southern New Jersey, Missouri, and southward.

4. S. vestalis Zeller. White, with a few yellowish or black scales forming
a slight discal dot. Hind wing and under side slightly yellowish. 18 mm.
( albella Chambers ) .

This moth is well known in the Southern States but may not exist in our
territory.

5. S. unipunctella Clemens. Straw color, dusted heavily and evenly with pale
yellow-brown, producing an effect of deep ochre; the dusting gathering to form
a dark discal dot. Cu, and Cu, stalked. Hind wing yellowish white. M3 and Cu,
connate. 20 mm. (lithosina Zeller).

Maryland to Illinois, Missouri and southward. Larva on laurel oak.

6. S. decorosella Busck. Rich brown, rather like S. unipunctella, but more
deeply" colored. Palpi brownish ochreous, with tip of second segment and base
of third whitish. Head paler, in some lights yellowish white; antennae and
thorax light brown. Fore wing deep brown, silky; costal edge often showing
the yellowish-white under side. Discal dot darker. Hind wing whitish fuscous;
fringe yellowish. 22-24 mm.

Xew Jersey; Xorth Carolina.

7. S. querciella Busck. Anteryise as in 8. decorosella; palpi whitish, second
segment light gray on outer side. Thorax dark gray. Fore wing silky mouse-
gray, slightly darker on fold, with two obliquely placed dark discal dots. Hind
wing paler yellowish gray. 22-24 mm.

Caterpillar on oak in July.

New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Texas.

8. S. mistrella Busck. Fore wing dull light yellow-brown, slightly powdery,
with obscure dark discal dot and antemedial spot in fold, and obscure terminal
dots. Hind wing dark gray with light brown fringe. R4 and R5 usually connate
or slightly stalked, RS running to outer margin; hind wing with M3 and Cl^ per-
ceptibly separate. 18 mm.

Larva on timothy. Moth in July and September.
Western Pennsylvania to northern Illinois and Missouri.

2. SETIOSTOMA Zeller

Antennae -heavily ciliate; palpi very slightly thickened with rough scales, upturned
beyond vertex, with third joint a little longer than second; no pecten. Legs dis-
tinctly tufted at spurs. Fore wing but little longer than wide, with Cu, arising
well before end of cell; Cu2 at two-thirds way out on the cell; Re in some
specimens running to costa. Hind wing not large; M3 stalked, rarely united
with Cu,.

This genus was formerly placed in the Glyphipterygidae, but is obviously Stenomid.

1. S. xanthobasis Zeller. Basal third of fore wing lemon yellow, with black
costa and inner margin; the rest iridescent black, bounded by an iridescent blue
fascia. Hind wing black. 12 mm.

254 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

July. Larva shaded with green and crimson. Head, cervical shield, and true
legs pale brown; a dark spot on center of head; cervical shield narrow; anal
plate brown. Larva in a nest about 2 cm. in diameter, formed by an oval wall
of silk between two slightly separated leaves; feeding on the lower parenchyma
only. On Quercus stellata and related species, in May.

Massachusetts to Florida.

3. MENESTA Clemens
(Hyale Chambers; Strobisia, in part)

Male antennae heavily ciliate; palpi smooth, second segment thickened, third
a little shorter; fore wing (fig. 154) twice as long as wide, with square outer
margin; 10 veins, all separate; R< and R5 united, one dorsal vein absent, 1st A
well developed. Hind wing slightly broader, M2 absent, R and Mj stalked, M3 and
Cu, connate.

This is an aberrant and isolated genus, with the superficial appearance, genitalia,
and pupal characters of the Stenoma group. The preservation of 1st A in the
imago also shows that it belongs rather in this neighborhood than among the
Gelechiidae, where it is commonly placed.

Key to the species

1. A large white costal spot 2. melanella.

1. A minute costal point or none.

2. Fringe white-tipped at apex 3. albaciliella.

2. Fringe not white-tipped 1. tortriciformella.

1. M. tortriciformella Clemens. Black -brown, with a purplish hue; head and
antennae deep yellowish fuscous; face pale below; palpi fuscous, whitish toward
base. Fore wing with a small lunate white spot, convex outward, at end of cell;
fringes and hind wing fuscous; feet pale. 9 mm. (liturella Walker, coryliella
Chambers. )

Caterpillar white; on hazel, in September and October; under a thin silken
web placed in the angle between a vein and the midrib, on the under side of a
leaf. Pupa in a cocoon formed by crumpling up this web. Moth in April.

Massachusetts to Kentucky.

2. M. melanella Murtfeldt. Shining black; face, palpi, under side, a spot on
metathorax; a large spot on costa of fore wing at middle, and apical half of
fringe, pure white. 8 mm.

Caterpillar with the same habits as M. tortriciformella; on oak. Moth in
May and August.

Virginia ; Kentucky ; Missouri.

3. M. albaciliella Chambers. Purple-black; face, most of palpi, under side, a
small and variable irregular spot at end of cell (usually a short discal streak),
and outer half of fringe except at anal angle, contrasting white; thorax wholly
black. 9 mm. (argenticiliella Chambers, — lapsus calami, Strobisia Chambers.)

Caterpillar with the same habits as the other species; on under side of black-
berry leaf, in June ; skeletonizing the leaf and later eating holes through it. Two
broods; moth in July and in early spring.

New York to Pennsylvania and Ohio. New York: Peru.

4. PTOCHORYCTIS Meyrick

Fore wing with 11 veins, R3 and R4+r, stalked, both running to costa. Cu2 aris-
ing from cell four-fifths way out, straight; M3 and CUj short-stalked. Hind wing
hardly broader, with seven veins; M;.+3 and CUj connate; R and Mt connate. Ocelli

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 255

present; male antennae bipectinate, without peeten on scape. Larva a case-
bearer on evergreens, with six setae on prolegs; flattened, widest at first segment
of abdomen; setae iii of spiracle-bearing segments with a double annular tubercle,
apparently movable. Pupa in the cocoon.

1. P. tsugensis Kearfott. Silvery white, vemed with gray; with a narrow ter-
minal gray shade immediately preceded by a blackish line. Hind wing yellowish
white. 21-24 mm.

Larva on Tsuga ( Japanese hemlock ) ; cream- white, speckled with pink, with
blackish head and cervical shield; in a case covered with needles and frass.

New Jersey. Introduced from Japan ( ?)

Family 21.

Moderately small moths, sometimes minute. Head typically
smoothly scaled, clothed with long scales curving forward and down,
and sometimes ruffled. Labial palpi normally as described for the
superfamily; second joint often with a triangular tuft. The third
joint rudimentary in male of Anarsia only. Antennas as in (Ecophor-
idae; very rarely with peeten (Sitotroga, Symmoca ?). Fore wing
narrow, with rounded, rarely caudate (fig. 158) outer margin. Rg
running to costa, stalked, or, rarely, completely fused with R4; R3
usually free ; M! from near upper angle of cell or stalked with R5 ; Ci^
and Cu2 often stalked, never very widely separated; the other veins
mostly free, and hardly ever with more than one vein lost. M2 arising
nearer Cu-stem than R-stem. 1st A absent (except the extreme tip
in some exotic Symmocas) ; 2d A strongly forked at base. Hind
wing more or less trapezoidal, the outer margin more sharply bent
over M3 and Ci^ and often concave above, or with projecting apex;
rarely bifid; lanceolate in some Helices. Sc and R connected by a
well-developed Rx near base ; "R^ and base of Rs both lost in Helice ;
R and Mt approximate at origin or stalked, except in a few genera
with markedly concave outer margin; M2 various; M3 and Cu^ connate
or stalked, rarely separate. 1st A lost, and 3d A very weak. Mlf or
M2, or both, sometimes disappearing in forms with concave outer
margin; and M3 rarely fused with Ci^.

Larva (fig. 174) typical of the superfamily, as a rule; coxse often a
little separated, but by less than their width ; adfrontals reaching nearly
or quite to vertex ; and front two-thirds as far, or ending in an attenu-
ated point; prolegs almost always with biordinal hooks, either in an
ellipse or in two transverse bands; in the latter case with two groups
on anals. Second, third, and fourth ocelli not distinctly grouped. Pro-
legs lost and true legs rudimentary in a few genera. Pupa with clypeal
suture complete and usually straight; labial palpi concealed, or show-
ing a small triangle next to labrum; femora concealed. Antennae con-
tiguous for some distance behind tongue, and then again diverging
before apex; maxillary palpi present and usually large, reaching from

256

WILLIAM T. ]\I. FORBES

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 257

FIGS. 155-174. GELECHIID^E

155, Gelechia lugubrella, venation; 156, Stomopteryx tceniella (Europe), vena-
tion; 157, Trichotaphe femaldella, venation; 158, Polyhymno luteostrigella, vena-
tion ( the outline of the apical part of the fringe is also shown ) ; 159, Gnorimos-
chema, galUBSolidaginis, venation of hind wing (typical of the normal group of
the genus) ; 160, Gnorimoschema scutellariceella, or a closely related species (typi-
cal of the reduced group of the genus); 161, Glyphidocera species, venation of
fore wing; 162, Evippe leuconota, venation; 163, Telphusa longifastiella, venation
of hind wing; 164, Aristotelia disconotella, venation; 165, Paralechia pinifoliella,
venation; 166, Glance pectenalceella, venation (figured from a specimen from Rock
City, New York); 167, Recurvaria leucatella (Europe), venation; 168, Chrysopora
eppelsheimi (Europe), venation; 169, Epithectis subsimella, venation; 170, Metz-
neria carlmella, (Europe), venation; 171, Theisoa constriotella £, venation (after
Braun) ; 172, Theisoa constrLctella $, venation (after Braun); 173, Theisoa palli-
dochrella $, venation (after Braun); 174, Dichomeris verbascella (Europe), seta
map of larva

9

258 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

antenna to tongue. Cremaster present and sometimes with some hooked
setae on venter of ninth segment of abdomen as well.

The family is probably the largest of the Tineid series, and is especially
developed in the tropics. Most of the subordinate groups are wide-
spread, but the forms with a pecten are of Old-World affinity, and the
Strobisia type is South American, like the Stenoma group of Xyloric-
tidae, which they resemble.

Key to the genera

Moth

1. Fore wing with Mj stalked with RB beyond origin of R4, which is distinct
(fig. 170).

2. Pecten present 29. Sitotroga.

2. No pecten.

3. Fore wing with a vein absent.

4. RJ absent, the first developed radial arising from cell close to end.

32. Agnippe.
4. A dorsal vein absent; Rj from cell two-thirds way out. (figs. 171, 173).

5. Hind wing with R or Mj lost 34. Helice.

5. Hind wing with R and M! connate 33. Stereomita.

3. Fore wing with all veins preserved.
4. Hind wings with M3 and Cut widely separate (fig. 170).

5. Second joint of palpus with long spreading hairs or a triangular tuft.

31. Ptycerata.
5. Second joint of palpus rough-scaled; expanse over 12 mm.

30. Metzneria.
5. Second joint of palpus not very rough; expanse under 12 mm.

19. Glauce.
4. Hind wings with M3 and CUj connate, stalked, or barely separate (fig.

169).
5. Hind wings with Mj absent (R-stem apparently simple) (fig. 162).

28. Evippe.
5. Hind wings with Mt present, attached to R-stem.

6. Fore wings with M3 and Cu± stalked 27. Trypanisma.

6. MS not stalked with CUj.
7. Second joint of palpus with a long, expansible tuft on inner

side 25. Eucordylea.

7. No such tuft.

8. R and Mt of hind wing approximate at base 24. Recurvaria.

8. R and Mj stalked 26. Epithectis.

1. Fore wings with Mx arising from cell, or more shortly stalked than R« (or

with R4 absent).
2. CUi and Cu2 stalked (fig. 157).

3. Second joint of palpus with a long triangular tuft below.

9. Dichomeris, 11. Anorthosia.

3. Second joint of palpus without such a tuft; sometimes broad-scaled on
both sides.

4. Hind wings narrower than fore wings 12. Strobisia.

4. Hind wings broader than fore wings.

5. Fore wings with 11 veins (R8 united with R, as shown in fig. 161).

10. Glyphidocera.
5. Fore wings with all veins present; "8+ and RB stalked.

6. R, shortly stalked with R^s 8^. Brachmia.

6. R. free 8. Trichotaphe.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 259

2. Cu! and Cu2 arising from cell separately.

3. Fore wing with one vein lost; M3 and Cut stalked 6. Untomia.

3. Hind wings only, with one vein (M) lost (fig. 168) 23. Chrysopora.

3. Both wings with all veins present.

4. Hind wing with R and Mj parallel, or not more than twice as far apart

at tip as at origin.
5. Hind wings with M3 and Cut separate.

6. Costal margin of fore wings concave before apex 22. Enchrysa.

6. Costal margin of fore wings normal.

7. Fore wing smooth-scaled; hind wing with R and Mj parallel; M,
distinctly nearer to Mt than to M3 (fig. 164).... 21. Aristotelia.
7. R and Mj of hind wing divergent; M2 nearer M3 (fig. 166).
8. Fore wing with raised scale tuf te ; ground nearly white.

17. Arogalea.
8. Fore wing not tufted; ground dark gray 19. Glauce.

5. Hind wings with M3 and CUj connate or stalked.

6. Hind wings with large costal hair-pencil 4. Phthorimoea (male).

6. Hind wings without hair-pencil.

7. Second joint of palpus with divided scale-ridge, third joint thick-
ened with scales toward base.

8. Thickening of third joint, of appressed scales; fore wings
normally without black, white-tipped scales; larvae on Solana-

ceae 4. Phthorimoea (female).

8. Thickening of third joint reaching nearly to apex, leaving a
short fine apex; fore wing usually with a large proportion of
finely white-tipped scales; larvae almost always on Com-

positae 3. Gnorimoschema.

7. Second joint of palpus without divided brush; third joint thin.

16. Paralechia.
4. Hind wings with R and Mj approximate, connate, or stalked at origin

(figs. 155, 163).
5. Hind wings with M3 and Cut separate (fig. 163).

6. Second joint of palpi with projecting tuft 20. Autoneda.

6. Second joint of palpi without such tuft.

7. Male normal; Mj of fore wing free or barely stalked with R^.

18. Telphusa.
7. Male with large tuft on costa of hind wing; Mj often stalked

almost out to origin of RI 19. Glauce.

5. Hind wings with M3 and CUj connate or stalked (fig. 155).

6. Terminal joint of palpi short, concealed 7. Anarsia (male).

6. Terminal joint of palpi about as long as second.
7. Second joint of palpus with large triangular tuft.

7. Anarsia (female).
7. Second joint of palpus rough-scaled beneath, often with divided

brush 2. Gelechia.

7. Second joint of palpus smooth -scaled.

8. Hind wing with outer margin sinuate, concave below apex.
9. Fore wing not caudate.

10. Hind wing with Rj and M! approximate 13. Duvita.

10. Hind wing with R and MI stalked 14. Stomopteryx.

9. Fore wing candate (fig. 158) 15. Polyhymno.

8. Hind wing somewhat trapezoidal, but with outer margin not

concave below apex.

9. Hind wing much broader than fore wing, R and M, approxi-
mate 5. Anacampsis.

260 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

9. Hind wing hardly as broad as fore wing.

10. R and M! long-stalked 1. Symmoca.

10. R and Mt connate or approximate; M2 and M3 very widely
separated at margin 13. Duvita .(conclusella) .

Key to known genera

Larva (Fracker)
1. No prolegs.
2. Body swollen and strongly tapering to ends (in burdock heads).

30. Metzneria.

2. Body nearly cylindrical (on dried grain) 29. Sitotroga.

1. Prolegs present.

2. A complete circle of hooks.

3. Seta iii of eighth segment of abdomen in front of spiracle (rarely obliquely

above it) ; setse large, body striped.
4; Seventh and eighth segments of abdomen both with setae ii farther

from mid-dorsal line (and from its mate), than i 17. Arogalea.

4. Seventh segment of abdomen with seta ii closer to mid-dorsal line than

i, eighth segment normal.

5. Triangle formed by fourth, lower, and posterior ocelli, with a right
angle at the fourth; pattern wholly of transverse stripes.

18. Telphusa.

5. Triangle formed by the three lower ocelli with an acute angle at
fourth; the posterior as near the lower as the fourth; pattern
usually partly or wholly of longitudinal stripes.

24. Recurvaria, 2. Gelechia.
3. Seta iii of eighth segment of abdomen above, usually directly above

spiracle; body pale, not striped 5. Gnorimoschema, 4. Phthorimoea.

2. Two transverse bands of hooks, spiracle of eighth abdominal segment very
large 9. Dichomeris.

Key to the genera
Known pupce (Mosher)

1. Body-setae strong, often as long as a segment, and truncate at tip; second,
third, and fourth segments of abdomen each with a subdorsal projection
at its anterior edge and edged in front with a fringe of whitish hairs; and
behind this with a prominent hump tipped with a similar fringe of setae.
Clypeal suture strongly curved forward; cremaster always present.
2. Movable segments of abdomen each with a pit with chitinized edges, on

mid-dorsal line at front edge 8. Trichotaphe (flavocostella) .

2. No such pit; a deeply punctate band, followed by a groove, a band of short

spines, and a strong ridge 9. Dichomeris.

1. Body setse not modified; second to fourth segments not as described in the

alternative.
2. Pupa densely covered with white setae.

3. Maxillary palpi reaching tongue, antennae broadly in contact on middle
line; cremaster short and blunt, with hooked setae at tip. .5. Anacampsis.
3. Maxillary palpi not reaching tongue; antennae meeting at a point only;
cremaster sharply curved at tip, with spines on sides.

21. Aristotelia (salicifungiella) .

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 261

2. Pupa not setulose.

3. Seventh segment of abdomen with a dense fringe of setae on some portion.
4. The fringe on the front and sides of a prominent lateral cavity only.
5. Body smooth, not depressed; front edge of cavity trilobed. .28. Evippe.
5. Body strongly depressed, spinulated; front edge of cavity bilobed.

18. Telphuaa.
4. Fringe extending around the segment or nearly so.

5. Fringe extending around the segment in a straight line; body smooth

and not depressed 24. Recurvaria (apicitripunctella) .

5. Fringe extending around in a wavy line; body depressed; surface

with punctures or spines.
6. Fringe edging two very large lobes on dorsal surface; last three

segments of abdomen tapering 27. Trypanisma.

6. Fringe not edging two lobes; last three segments not tapering.

2. Gelechia.

3. Seventh segment without a fringe of setae.
4. Cremaster with short projecting spines.
5. One spine on mid-dorsal line; clypeal suture nearly straight.

4. Phthorimoea.
5. An additional spine on each lateral margin; clypeal suture strongly

curved forward 29. Sitotroga.

4. Cremaster with curved or straight setae.
5. With hooked setae.

6. Antennae reaching tips of wings; divergent at tips, uncovering tips

of legs.
7. Five pairs of long curved setae; body slightly truncate at

anterior end 24. Recurvaria (variiella) .

7. Two pairs or less of long curved setae, front end of body rounded.

21. Aristotelia (physaliella) .

6. Antennae not reaching caudal end of wings, nor diverging at tips.

3. Gnorimoschema (laverneUa) .
5. Short straight setae only 3. Gnorimoschema ( gallcesolidaginis ) .

1. SYMMOCA Hiibner
(CEgoconia Stainton)

No ocelli; head normal; antennae subserrate; palpi with second segment long;
smoothly but densely scaled below; third long, thin, and acute; wing form about
like that of (Ecophora, but hind wing very slightly trapezoidal; fore wing with
R5, in our species, running to costa, CUj and Cu2 free in the American species;
hind wing as wide as fore wing, R and Mt stalked, in 8. novimundi, halfway to
apex; Ma and CUi connate; 1st A distinct in both wings. Larvae hardly known,
apparently feeding on lichens. This is a primitive genus, transitional from the
(Ecophoridae, and by some authors associated with them. Our species is an
CEgoconia and very near to 8. (CE.) quadripuncta Haworth.

1. S. novimundi Busck. Dark fuscous; second joint of palpus dark brown, with
yellow inner side and apex; extreme tip of third ochreous. Face, tips of tegulae,
and two small posterior dots on thorax, ochreous. Fore wing with three ochreous
costal spots, the one at end of cell largest; sometimes these spots are lengthened
into irregular bands, and sometimes there is a fourth on inner margin opposite the
last costal. Hind wing and anal tuft lighter. 12—13 mm.

August and September.

Montclair, New Jersey; Roxborough, Pennsylvania.

262 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

2. GELECHIA Hiibner

(Cirrha Chambers; (Eseis Chambers; Pseudochelaria Walsingham;
Telcia Heinemann; Lit a Treitschke)

Palpi with second joint rou gh- scaled ; most often with a divided brush or tuft
which is sometimes very large; third smooth, more slender than in Gnorimoschema.
Fore wing (fig. 155) normal, oblong or pointed, variable in breadth; M3 and Cu,
sometimes stalked in G. bosquclla; hind wing never much narrower and usually
rather broader than fore wing, typically trapezoidal, strongly sinuate below apex
in subgenus Lita; R and Mt sometimes stalked, M3 and CUj connate or short-
stalked; M2 approximate to M3.

(Eseis Chambers includes the species with very heavy palpal tuft; Teleia those
without ocelli, and otherwise normal. This is a somewhat heterogeneous genus,
which should be subdivided. It includes forms transitional to several other
genera, notably Anacampsis, Gnorimoschema (or rather, the primitive aberrant
Gnorimoschemas which are themselves transitional to Phthorimcea) Telphusa, and
Duvita.

Key to the species
1. Ground color black (or dark brown or gray, with contrasting pale markings).

2. Inner margin yellow to rust red 10. bosquella.

2. With white or whitish markings only.
3. Head pure white.

4. White markings diffuse 7. continuella.

4. White markings clean-cut.

5. Two white f ascise and a triangular spot between them .... 9. viduella.

5. One incomplete fascia and several spots .1. cercerisella.

3. Head more or less mottled or dark.

4. A white oblique streak or fascia from costa a third way out.
5. A fascia also at two-thirds way out.

6. A triangular white spot at middle of costa 9. viduella,.

6. No spot at middle of costa 8. lugubrella.

5. No fascia two-thirds way out 2. coloradensis.

4. No such streak.

5. An angulate white fascia at apical third 6. Itimaculella,.

5. No such fascia.

6. A white posterior spot on thorax 3. argentipunctella.

6. No white spot on thorax.

7. Second segment of palpus white or yellow.

8. Ordinary spots white 4. trialbamaculella.

8. Ordinary spots black, hardly visible 4%. psiloptem.

7. Second segment of palpus dark 5. confusella.

1. Ground color not black or blackish with pale markings.
2. A contrasting brown-black bar or patch at basal angle.

3. An oblique light bar a third way out; patch larger 30. walsinghami.

3. No such bar; patch smaller 31. pennsylvanica.

2. No black patch at basal angle.

3. A black or contrastingly dark oblique bar running to costa near base;

the ground before it pale fuscous, luteous, or cream white.
4. Bar diffuse on outer side ; no decided outer fascia .... 29 mediofuscella.
4. Bar sharply defined on outer side; a similar black postmedial fascia.
5. Outer margin heavily edged with powdery black; the orbicular a
black point, well separated from the outer fascia . . 28. pseudofondella.
5. Outer margin without definite black border; orbicular large and fused
with outer fascia, or at least with renif orm 27. fondella.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 263

3. No black antemedial oblique fascia running to costa; or else with ground

powdery gray to base, and fascia diffuse.
4. Ground dominantly luteous; pale moths.

5. Ground very slightly mottled, with three to six black dots.

35. branella.

5. Streaked with a darker shade of light gray 34. arenella.

5. Dusted and mottled with yellow-brown and black; tending to diagonal

markings 33. nundinella.

4. Ground dark, or so heavily dusted as to appear dark gray.

5. Dorsum of thorax luteous, contrasting with the blackish tegulae.
6. Sides of disc of thorax and third joint of palpi black.

(12). ochreostrigeUa.
6. Disc of thorax wholly yellowish white; palpi yellow, banded with

black 12. hibiscella.

5. Dorsum of thorax evenly colored, or nearly so, dorsal half of fore

wing not contrastingly pale.
6. Outer discal dot black, ocellate with white or yellowish.

13. discoocellella.
6. Outer discal dot not ocellate, or else with the center pale.

7. Fore wing markedly darker-streaked on the veins, at least

outwardly, and not notably powdery.
8. Stripes black on luteous, and fine in the cell.

10. ochreosuffusella.
8. Stripes blackish on fuscous brown, not contrasting; usually

with a thick bar in outer part of cell 11. fluvialella.

7. Not dark-streaked on veins; ground often powdery.

8. A large part of scales with fine black tips and longitudinal
lines on a gray base, producing an almost evenly gray
effect; the wing under a lens apparently more finely pow-
dered than usual 13. anarsiella.

8. Scales mostly unicolorous, or broadly black- or white-tipped.
9. Crisply powdered with black or dark gray on light blue-
gray or white; often white-shaded toward costa; or with
broad areas of light bluish-gray.
10. A contrasting blackish longitudinal dash in outer part

of wing ( 35 ) sequax.

10. No such marking.

11. Antemedial line represented by two fine strongly out-
wardly oblique lines to costa, contrasting when costa
is whitish; very obscure or even obliterated when
costa is dark brown.

12. Costa heavily shaded with whitish; larva on Robinia.

25. pseudoacaciella.
12. Costa concolorous, or brown; larva on Prunus.

26. serotinella.
11. Antemedial line nearly transverse and thick; rarely

absent.
12. Postmedial line whitish, contrasting, nearly straight

( small species ) 32. tephriasella.

12. Postmedial strongly bowed out in middle, when dis-
tinct.

13. Second segment of palpi solid black, except extreme
tip; tuft in fold preceded by a well-marked yel-
low bar; ground suffused with blue-gray except
at costa 23. nigrimaculella.

264 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

13. Second segment of palpus powdery gray; tuft in
fold blackish, preceded by a few yellow scales
at most; wing with strong contrasts.
14. Moth whitish, the markings formed of black pow-
dering on a white base, without any gray; a
distinct, outwardly oblique median fascia.

17. lynceella.
14. More or less gray or fuscous scaling; the effect

less whitish.
15. Scutellum contrasting, light yellow.

19. macuUmarginella.
15. Scutellum concolorous, powdery gray.

18. bicostomaculella.

13. Second segment of palpus and whole wing nearly
evenly powdered black on blue gray.

15. inquilvnella.
13. Second segment of palpus contrasting, yellowish

white 20. vernella,.

9. Fuscous, nearly even or obscurely dusted and shaded.

10. A heavy but irregular black antemedial bar. .21. dyariella.
10. No such marking.

11. Heaviest black spots are first discal dot (orbicular),
which is a bar, and antemedial dots on costa and in

fold 24. gilvomaculella.

11. Outer discal dot most strongly marked, or the discal

spots obsolete.
12. Second segment of palpus deep black.

13. Fore wing with indistinct white markings.

14. albisparsella.
13. Fore wing with faint dark markings only.

16. unctulella, rileyella.
12. Second segment of palpus powdery gray.18

11. fluvialella, etc.

1. G. cercerisella Chambers. Velvety black; palpi, head, and collar white; third
segment of palpi white except at base; antennae dark. Fore wing with a few
ochreous scales, slightly bronzed; three costal spots, the first reaching fold, the
second and third on inner margin; and some white terminal points. Costal cilia
brown, dorsal white, with a brown line at base. Hind wing pale drab, faintly pink
tinged. 14 mm.

Two or more broods. Moth from May to September. Caterpillar on Cercis
canadensis, spinning the leaves together: white, a broken black band on face and
a bowed one on vertex; posterior half of each segment above, and true legs black.
Young larva wholly white; sometimes living in a single folded leaf.

Distribution general, north to central Illinois and Maryland.

2. G. coloradensis Busck. Deep black; antennae black; second joint of palpi
white with dark scales above; third mostly black with white tip. Face white;
fore wing with an oblique antemedial costal streak reaching to fold, an elliptical
white spot on disc, an angulate costal spot at beginning of fringe, a dorsal spot

J8 G. fluvialella will run to the last alternative of the key if the darker veining, which
is often obscure, is not noted. Its large size and broad wings distinguish it from most
of the plain Gelechias. O. discoocellella will also run there, in the case of specimens that
have lost the black dot in the reniform. It may be distinguished by its purplish overcast
and pale, dot-like reniform. There are several other smallish species which have never
been worked out.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 265

opposite the last, and one less than halfway out on fold. A few white scales near
apex. Hind wing dark fuscous. 15 mm.

May.

New Jersey ( Benjamin ) to Colorado, south to Florida.

3. G. argentipunctella Ely. Purple-black; antennae with a yellow ring at end
of scape, second joint of palpus flecked with white, and white in front; third joint
white at base and tip. Thorax with a white posterior tuft; fore wing with a
white costal spot two-thirds way out with black before it; two black, white-shaded,
discal spots, and a third before them in the fold. Abdomen dark, legs with yellow
annulations. Hind wing with fringe and hind tibial tuft yellowish; a large yellow
pencil on hind wing of male. 17 mm.

July.

East River, Connecticut.

4. 6. trialbamaculella Chambers. Black-brown. Second segment of palpus and
face yellow. Fore wing with small white spots opposite each other two-thirds
way out, and several minute white points, mostly in cell and fold. Hind wing
light fuscous. 15 mm.

Caterpillar on many shrubs (locust, oak, Comptonia, Epigtea, Vaccinium) in a
nest between two leaves, forming a frass tube, open at both ends, and skeletonizing
the leaves. Caterpillar dirty yellow, with head, cervical shield and six longitudinal
stripes darker yellow. Moth emerging in late July and early August.

I have specimens from Virginia in May and Massachusetts in June, indicating
an early brood.

Maine to Virginia and Missouri. New York: ( Beutenmiiller ) .

4%. G. psiloptera Barnes and Busck. Black-brown, the head and thorax with
a purplish sheen, and fore wings with contrasting yellow scale-bases visible under
a lens. Second segment of palpus yellow, dusted with black; third segment black
with a few yellow scales. Fore wing with ordinary spots black; almost invisible;
fringe blackish fuscous. Hind wing blackish fuscous with somewhat paler fringe.
16-17 mm.

Meach Lake, Laurentians, Quebec. New York: Peru (variety).

5. G. confusella Chambers. Similar, face whitish below only; palpus dark,
lightly dusted with white; fore wing with postmedial dot in fold. 15-18 mm.
(persicceetta Murtfeldt).

Larva on peach.
Michigan.

6. G. bimaculella Chambers. Dark purplish brown or black; extreme tip of
palpus yellowish white; a white spot 'beyond middle of wing and a bar from base
of costal fringe, not reaching inner margin. 12 mm. (ternariella Zeller, sylvceco-
lella Chambers).

Locally common.

New Jersey; Kentucky; and Texas.

7. G. continuella Zeller. Blackish gray, dusted with white, the white tending
to form a couple of oblique bands; the large black discal dots more or less ringed
with white or with the space between them white ; normally with a white spot in
fold beyond the first fascia, costal and dorsal ones opposite each other at beginning
of fringe, a small spot at apex, and a couple on margin below. Hind wing with
R and M,, M, and Cu, stalked. 18-19 mm. (trimaculella Packard, albomaculella
Chambers) .

July.

Labrador; Europe. New York: Lake Tear (Mt. Marcy), Ithaca.

8. G. lugubrella Fabricius. Black, face and second segment of palpus white.
Fore wing with an antemedial white fascia, running to fold, and a postmedial
fascia crossing the wing, less oblique than outer margin, and more or less con-
stricted at middle. 15 mm.

June.

266 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Circumpolar; south to Maine, northern New Jersey, and Manitoba. New York:
Peru.

9. G. viduella Fabricius. Black, amount of white on head variable; sometimes
with white on thorax also. Antemedial fascia as in lugubrella, postmedial par-
allel to outer margin, and often interrupted for a very short distance at middle.
Fringes white-tipped. Typically with the white covering about a fourth of the
wing surface; in var. labradoriella Clemens covering about half. 15 mm.

July.

Circumpolar; south to Mt. Washington, New Hampshire, and Alberta.

10. G. bosquella Chambers. Thorax and fore wing rich chocolate brown, face
yellowish white; antennae brown with extreme tip of scape white; palpi dark brown
with two pale rings each on the second and third joints. Fore wing mixed brown-
ish and bluish black, with a large, irregular, bilobed, yellow or orange dorsal patch,
normally extending to costa at a third way out, and a white, postmedial costal spot.
A jet black spot in cell. 12 mm. (costipunctella Moschler; Parastega Mayrick).

August and September. Caterpillar on Cassia chamcecrista, green, with head,
cervical shield, feet, and the small tubercles black; thorax mostly deep purplish
red.

District of Columbia to Chicago, Illinois; Kansas; and south.

G. ochreosuffusella Chambers may approach our territory on the southwest. It
is dark brown; third segment of palpus light, with two narrow brown rings;
thorax, base of fore wings, and a streak in fold yellowish. Fore wings finely
veined with dark brown, with four fine dark lines in the cell. 18 mm. July to
September.

11. G. fluvialella Busck. Brown, somewhat yellowish, the veins broadly and
diffusely lined with dull black; often with the blackish color suffusing considerable
areas of the wing. Discocellular vein marked with a blackish spot. Hind wing
somewhat paler gray; rather broader than fore wing; palpi with second joint
somewhat dusted with white, no darker than third, but darker than fore wing,
brush as wide as eye, widest about the middle. Wings relatively broad, with broad
fringes. 18-22 mm.

June to early July.

Pennsylvania. New York: Peru, Rock City, Ithaca.

12. G. hibiscella Busck. Dark Brown, antennas concolorous; palpi with large
spreading brushes on second segment, yellowish white with a few black scales
outside, extreme tip of second segment and an annulation of third black. Face,
head, and thorax yellowish white; shoulders and sometimes entire tegulae blackish.
Fore wing with brown or brown-black costal half, and ochreous dorsal half and
apex;, the boundary slightly diffuse. Dark part showing obscure pale spots and
pale part with dark bars and striae. Hind wing a little broader, light bluish
fuscous with yellower fringe. 16 mm.

May to June; August. Caterpillars on leaves and capsules of rose mallow
(Hibiscus), semisocial, when mature often cutting a leaf to make it wither, and
form a shelter for pupation. Head and cervical shield black; thorax reddish
brown with third segment and front of second white; abdomen white with three
pairs of reddish dorsal lines. Tubercles black. Two broods; the larva hibernating.

New Jersey to Illinois.

G. ochreostrigella Chambers is a western species, or western race of G. hibiscella,
which has been reported from the northeast.

13. G. discoccellella Chambers. Dark purplish brown, as a rule, shading into
wood-brown toward inner margin. Veins sometimes darker. Outer discal dot
yellow, usually with a black point in the center, at least in the female. Hind
wing pale and yellowish, palpus light dull yellow, with second and base of third
segment nearly black. 18 mm.

Caterpillar on yellow dock (Rumex), and Polygonum; green, with yellow-green

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 267

head and cervical shield; in a slight web on under side of a leaf; skeletonizing
the leaf. Moth Hying in late June and July and again in September.

Northern New Jersey and District of Columbia to Kansas and Texas.

A. anarsiella Chambers, an immaculate, powdery, steel gray species without any
definite markings, probably occurs in the northeast; its larva feeds on Ceanothus.

14. G. albisparsella Chambers. Brush on palpus long, ragged, but not distinctly
divided. Moth dark gray-brown, the head a little paler and somewhat iridescent.
Palpi and antennae dark brown. Fore wing with small pale spots at middle and
end of cell, and an indistinct, sometimes broken, whitish fascia beyond. 15 mm.
(platanella Chambers).

Caterpillar on Platanus, in a roll made of the down on the under side of the leaf.
Western Pennsylvania; Kentucky. New York: Ithaca.

G. fluvialella has been determined as the same as this species but it appears quite
distinct.

15. G. inquilinella Busck. Palpus with second segment white, dusted with black;
third, blackish fuscous, somewhat dusted with white. Antennae blue-black, with
white dots on segments below. Head dark gray, with black-tipped vestiture. Face
light steel gray; thorax blackish fuscous. Fore wing whitish, heavily dusted and
suffused with blackish fuscous, appearing dark gray. Discal dots obscure, normal,
black. Fringe light gray. Hind wing wider than fore wing, light shining fuscous
with paler and yellower fringe; with R and Mt short-stalked and M, and Ct^
connate. 14—15 mm.

Larva inquiline in brassicoides gall on Salix; moth in the spring.
Karner, New York.

16. G. unctulella Zeller. Evenly fuscous, including thorax. Orbicular and reni-
form blackish, not prominent; the other dots very faint; a row of black basal
scales in fringe. Head concolorous. Second segment of palpus deep black, with-
out a strong tuft. 15-18 mm.

Caterpillar webbing leaves of locust (Robinia), sometimes in injurious num-
bers. Gray; dorsum finely striped with dull red; head and cervical dull yellow;
cocoon between two or three leaves; pupa chestnut brown, very broad and flat.

North Carolina; Colorado; Texas; Arizona; and probably more generally
distributed.

17. G. lynceella Zeller. White, dusted with blackish; with parallel oblique black-
ish shades; 1, along base of inner margin, 2, usually obscure, from near base of
costa to inner margin, closely parallel to 1; 3, across middle of wing, strong;
4, more or less obscure, half way across .wing two-thirds way out, then zigzag to
inner margin. A chevron of black dusting over apex. Fringe pale, slightly dark
dusted; head, thorax, and palpi powdery, nearly concolorous. 15 mm.

May.

Texas; Cincinnati, Ohio.

18 G. bicostomaculella Chambers. Ground dark gray with a purple luster, formed
of heavy black dusting on a pale blue-gray ground. Palpus with second and third
segments dark, powdery, and with a few pale scales, leaving two darker bands on
second segment. Head, whitish; a few dark scales on face and many on vertex;
antennae dark. Thorax gray, evenly powdery, with only the usual basal hair on
metathorax yellow. Fore wing with small, fugitive, white tufts, with some yellow
scales, especially near the tufts. Most distinct marks of fore wing black spots
near middle and at end of cell, a bar from the first to the costa, with a spot in
the fold below it, and a pale postmedial fascia, all formed of the powdering and
evanescent under a lens. Hind wing with R and M, stalked, M, hardly connate with
Cuy, male with a strong hair pencil near inner margin. 14 mm. (Adrasteia
quercifoliella Chambers. )

Caterpillar pale yellowish ; head and thorax dark brown, with shining cervical
shield; in a web on either side of leaves of black oak; skeletonizing the leaf around
its web.

268 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

I have seen authentic material only from Missouri. It is doubtless general.
"New York" (BeutenmUller).

19. G. maculimarginella Chambers. Closely similar to G. licostomaculelle. Head
usually more dominantly white; scutellum with a contrasting yellowish white
tuft; fore wing more crisply powdered, usually with postmedial line represented
by prominent white spots on costa and inner margin. The yellow on fore wings
more distinct. 13 mm.

Caterpillar with head, feet, and cervical shield polished black; pro- and
mesothorax paler, white in front; abdomen with four purple stripes posteriorly on
segments, joining a purple transverse band in front. Two or more broods; on oak;
the first brood feeding in the buds, and emerging in May, the second between spun
leaves in June, emerging in July.

Distribution general. New York: Buffalo (Wild), Ithaca.

20. G. vernella Murtfeldt. Violet-gray, more or less dusted with blackish; each
scale of ground violet with black tip. Palpus with second segment yellowish with
a strong yellow brush, and third blackish, contrasting. Thorax with small yellow
posterior tufts. Fore wing with a strong black antemedial patch over cell and
fold, with yellow dots before and beyond it, connected by an oblique black bar to
costa. Outer part of wing blackish, with contrasting but diffuse white postmedial
costal and dorsal spots; extreme margin and fringe powdery gray like base. First
dorsal dot black, more intense than the patch in which it lies. No tufts. Hind
wing paler, with a weak pencil near inner margin. Easily distinguished from the
other species of this group by the yellow palpus. R and M, of hind wing separate.
15 mm. (formosella Murtfeldt, not Htibner).

Larva on laurel oak, in May, rolling the leaves. Head and cervical shield
black; body gray with six or eight purplish stripes; meso- and metathorax choco-
late, their anterior two-fifths white. Pupa in a folded leaf. Moth in July.

This species is perhaps nearest G. gilvomaculella, which has been confused with
it. It has been bred in New Jersey and Missouri and emerges in June.

New York: Ithaca.

21. G. dyariella Busck. Palpus jet black on outer side. Fore wing fuscous,
somewhat mottled; head and thorax concolorous. Fore wing marked with black as
follows: a dot or small streak on base of R and of A, a noticeably irregular, black
bar running obliquely out from costa a fourth way out, to fold, connecting with
the orbicular and claviform dots, which form extensions of its distal side, a black
bar at end of cell, connected to a vertical bar 'resting on the anal angle, and black
dots in cell before this. A fuscous subterminal fascia. Hind wing paler toward
base. 18 mm.

June; larva on poplar.

Western Pennsylvania to Colorado.

23." G. nigrimaculella Busck (Chambers ms.). Fuscous, sprinkled with dark
brown, black, and whitish; palpi with a well developed brush; head and thorax
largely brown, the face not pale. Fore wing with costal edge black, whitish below;
two short oblique dashes on disc; large black costal and dorsal spots at beginning
of fringe, with an obscure pale angulate fascia beyond. Abdomen white in middle
below. 13 mm.

July to August. Closely similar to G. vernella; most easily distinguished by
the dark face.

Southern Massachusetts to western Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca.

24. G. gilvomaculella Clemens. Ground fuscous, somewhat bluish, and a little
powdery, but less than in G. nigrimaculella. Head concolorous; face pale below;
second segment of palpus with large brush, blackish, lightly dusted with pale
yellow; third slender and mostly black. Fore wing somewhat shaded with yel-
lowish, especially on costa; the costa with broad obscure blackish bars, and a pale

19 Number 22 is vacant.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 269

streak from beginning of fringe nearly meeting one from inner margin. A large
blackish spot in cell and a smaller one before it in fold, both more or less flanked
with yellow scales and minute tufts. Second discal dot much smaller, incon-
spicuous. Abdomen mottled below. 18 mm. ( biminimaculella Chambers ).

Caterpillar on oak. Moth in July.

Pennsylvania ( ? ) ; Missouri ; Texas. New York : East Aurora, Ithaca.

25. G. pseudoacaciella Chambers. Dark purplish brown, somewhat powdery,
flecked and streaked with ochreous and white; head, antennae and palpi mixed
brownish and white. Fore wing with a pale subcostal streak from base to apex,
sometimes obscure, a pale spot at beginning of costal fringe and a dorsal one
opposite, sometimes joined into an obscure fascia. First three segments of abdomen
dorsally with finely toothed contrasting yellow scales. 18 mm. (ccecella Zeller).

The markings are strongly variable but the species may be distinguished from
most Gelechiidae by the yellow base of the abdomen (which occurs more often in
Gnorimoschema than Gelechia ) . Often the costal region is shaded or suffused with
brown, and the antemedial oblique bars may be absent.

Caterpillar on Robinia, often invading mines of other Tineids, especially when
young; later between leaflets sewed together. Green with light brown head and
cervical shield; abdomen with subdorsal and stigmatal stripes and addorsal and
lateral spots; larva, when young, black. Moth in May and June, and August.

Western Pennsylvania; southern Ohio; Illinois.

26. G. serotinella Busck. Very similar to G. pseudoacaciella and not always
distinguishable in the imago, but usually with the costa practically concolorous, or
brown; never whitish; less streaked looking. 16-21 mm.

Larva on Prunus serotina, in a nest formed of a folded leaf, the caterpillar
feeding in a chamber roofed with a heavy sheet of white silk, and living in a black
frass tube, much like Catastega. Cocoon within the frass tube. Caterpillar whitish,
with brown head and cervical shield, with brown narrow addorsal lines on body,
and four broader lines on sides; when young greenish white with black head and
cervical shield.

Moth in July and August.

District of Columbia; Virginia; Illinois; Missouri; Colorado.

27. G. fondella Busck. Powdery light fuscous. Antennae annulate black and
ochreous; palpus sprinkled with black; head and thorax concolorous; fore wing
with each scale darkening to tip, faintly roseate; two conspicuous black spots
trisecting the costa, and converging below, the outer strongly oblique, and covering
orbicular as well as reniform. Extreme apex dusted with black, not contrasting.
Hind wing light ochreous fuscous. Legs pale, with black bars on outer side.
Sometimes with the orbicular and reniform separate from the postmedial bar, but
the orbicular always very large and touching the reniform. 13-14 mm.

June.

Maryland to western Pennsylvania.

28. G. pseudofondella Busck. Dull ochreous, slightly dusted with black. Palpi
with slight black mottling and bar near tip ; head pale ; fore wing with black dots
on edges at extreme base and dot in fold near base; an outwardly oblique ante-
medial fascia from costa to fold; .a more diffuse postmedial fascia reaching inner
margin and covering the reniform; and a small blackish orbicular spot between
them. Apex heavily shaded with blackish. 14 mm.

June to July.

Northern New Jersey to North Carolina and Illinois. New York: Ithaca.

29. G. mediofuscella Clemens. Clay color, dusted in varying proportion with
dull black; antennae annulate with white and blackish; palpi dominantly dark.
Fore wing with base dominantly of the ground color, ending at a black oblique
fascia from costa to fold, defined on inner side. Outer part mottled and dusted
with black, gradually shading into the black fascia; usually without definite
markings.

270 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

This species is rather similar to some forms of the bicostomaculella group, but
with no blue tint, and with the hair pencil very weak. In dark specimens the
yellow base may be almost obliterated; in light ones it is continued by a band
along the inner margin to beyond its middle. This is one of our species which
come closest to the subgenus Lita, but its hind wings are too bror.d to oe typical.
10-15 mm. (vagella Walker, fuscoochrella Chambers, Lita liturosella Zeller).

Early spring; July. Larva in seeds of Ambrosia trifida.

General in distribution and not rare. New York : Peru, Rock City, ( Cattaraugus
County ) , Crosby, Potter Swamp ( Yates County ) .

30. G. walsinghami Dietz. Palpi ash gray; outer side of first and base of second
joints fuscous; tuft divided, dusted with fuscous; third joint dusted with fuscous,
with a broad dark ring. Antennae faintly annulate. Head, body, and fore wings
gray; a dark brown posterior spot on thorax. Fore wing marked with dark rich
brown; a triangular sub-basal patch, not reaching costa; a longitudinal stripe
through middle of apex, defined below and interrupted by a pale postmedial fascia
which is defined inwardly and preceded with brown at costa. Some raised white
scales in fold. 15 mm. (Pseudochelwria Dietz).

Late May to July. Caterpillar pale green, in a white web on under side of leaves
and along petioles of Rhus typhina in late August and September.
Western Pennsylvania; Anglesea, New Jersey. New York: Ithaca.

31. G. pennsylvanica Dietz. Similar to G. walsinfjhami. Dark basal area extended
outward toward end of cell, where it joins the longitudinal streak, and reaching
base of inner margin; the transverse fascia less conspicuous. 15 mm.

July.

Western Pennsylvania.

32. G. tephriasella Chambers. Pale gray, dusted with white; palpi dark brown,
second joint white-tipped, third white-dusted, with a white annulus; antennae light
gray and white, with three or four strong annuli towwrd tip (like Aristotelia
absconditella and Duvita conclusella). Fore wing with each gray scale white-
tipped; wing darker toward apex; a narrow, white fascia at beginning of fringe,
an oblique streak from costa before middle, and obscure darker terminal dots.
10 nun.

Kentucky. Type lot only known.

33. G. nundinella Zeller. Pale buff or cream, with yellow-brown shading and
sparse black dusting, tending to form longitudinal striation toward border and
oblique shading on disc. Palpus pale with two brown patches each on second and
third segments. Hind wing somewhat grayer. 20 mm. (beneficentella Murtfeldt).

Caterpillar on Solatium carolinense, the first brood webbing the terminal leaves
into a hollow ball, the second brood in the berries. Pupa in the nest. Larva with
head and cervical shield black when young, olive-brown when mature. Body yel-
lowish green with dark glaucous dorsal stripe.

District of Columbia; Texas; Missouri.

As the moth has R and Mt quite widely separate at origin, though divergent,
and the third segment of the palpus is rough, it would probably be better con-
sidered a Gnorimoschema or primitive Phthorimoea without pencil, but is usually
placed here. The pupa also is unlike other true Gelechias, though far from the
other Gnorimoschemas and Phthorimceas studied.

34. G. arenella Forbes. Pale clay-color, the veins perceptibly paler, with some
scattered black scales; black discal dots and a dot in the fold; black terminal dots.
20 mm.

May, June, and August.

Massachusetts, on the coast. New York: Rockaway Beach.
The species is not close to Gelechia petasitis, of Europe, with which it has been
confused.

35. G. branella Busck. Dull dirty ochreous, a little uneven; face paler; antennae
paler, annulate with black; palpi fuscous, the inner side and apex of second seg-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 271

ment pale. Fore wing with extreme base of costa black, and some scales on inner
margin; a black dot near base; two discal dots, and a contrasting dot in fold
before the first one. A series of diffuse black terminal dots. 13 mm. This moth
is superficially much like Aristotelia quinquepunctella and some Tineas.

G. (Teleia) sequax of Europe was reported by Zeller from Massachusetts. It
may be distinguished by the hind wing narrower than the fore wing and narrower
than its own fringe, and by the black dash in the apex.

The following nominal species are unknown to me. Many of them have not
been recognized since their description, and a fair proportion are likely not to be
true Gelechias.

G. a/mbrosiceella Chambers. Cincinnati Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 2, p. 239. 1875.

Kentucky.
G. angustipennella Clemens. Proc. Ent. Soc., Philadelphia, vol. 2, p. 119. 1864.

Pennsylvania ?

G. aurimaculella Chambers. Canad. Ent., vol. 4, p. 172. 1872. Kentucky.
G. badiomaculella Chambers. Canad. Ent., vol. 4, p. 192. 1872. Kentucky.
G. brackenridgella Busck (detersella Clemens, not Zeller). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

Philadelphia, 1860, p. 164. Pennsylvania.

G. brumella Clemens. Proc. Ent. Soc., Philadelphia, vol. 2, p. 416. 1864. Labrador.
G. capiteochrella Chambers. Cincinnati Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 2, p. 252. 1875.

G. cwycevorella Packard. Kept. U. S. Dept. Agr., 1885, p. 331. 1885. Rhode

Island.
G. cassella Walker. List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus., part 29, p. 594. 1864. North

America.
G. discoanulella Chambers. Cincinnati Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 2, p. 254. 1875.

G. flavicorporella Walsingham. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 10, p. 177. 1882-3.
Massachusetts.

G. flexurella Clemens. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1860, p. 163. Penn-
sylvania.

G. fuscoluteella Chambers. Canad. Ent., vol. 4, p. 106, 147. 1872. Kentucky.

G. fuscomaculella Chambers. Canad. Ent., vol. 4, p. 170. 1872. Kentucky.

G. fuscopunctella Clemens. Proc. Ent. Soc., Philadelphia, vol. 2, p. 12, 121. 1864.
Pennsylvania ?

G. griseaella Chambers. Canad. Ent., vol. 4, p. 88. Canada, (grisseella Chamb.
Bui. U: S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., vol. 4, p. 144. 1878.)

G. grisella Chambers. Canad. Ent., vol. 4, p. 171. 1872. Kentucky.

G. immaculella Kearfott. (Not published?)

G. labradorica Moeschler. Canad. Ent., vol. 4, p. 125. 1872. Labrador.

G. liturella Walker. List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus., part 29, p. 591. 1864. Nova
Scotia.

G. milleriella Chambers. Cincinnati Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 2, p. 253. 1875.

G. mimella Clemens. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1860. p. 163. Penn-
sylvania ?

G. obscurella Chambers. Canad. Ent., vol. 4, p. 170. 1872. Kentucky.

(?. obscurusella Chambers. Canad. Ent., vol. 4, p. 106, 128, 148. 1872. Kentucky.

G. ornatifimbriella Clemens. Proc. Ent. Soc., Philadelphia, vol. 2, p. 420. 1864.
Illinois.

G. palpialbella Chambers. Cincinnati Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 2, p. 253. 1875.

272 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

G. pullifimbrieUa Clemens. Proc. Ent. Soc., Philadelphia, vol. 2, p. 120. 1864.

Pennsylvania ?
O. punctiferella Clemens. Proc. Ent. Soc., Philadelphia, vol. 2, p. 119. 1864.

Pennsylvania ?

G. rileyella Chambers. Canad. Ent., vol. 4, p. 106, 147. 1872. Kentucky.
G. s-implid-ella Chambers. Cincinnati Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 2, p. 238. 1875.

Kentucky.

G. suffusella Chambers. Canad. Ent., vol. 4, p. 171. 1872. Kentucky.
G. thoraceochrella Chambers. Canad. Ent., vol. 4, p. 169. 1872. Kentucky.
G. unistrigella Chambers. Canad. Ent., vol. 5, p. 176. 1873. Kentucky.
G. versicolorella Chambers. Canad. Ent., vol. 4, p. 127, 147. 1872. Kentucky.

3. GNORIMOSCHEMAKnsok
(Lita; Gelechia, in part)

Closely similar to Gelechia. Third joint of palpus thickened with rough scales
except at extreme tip; second joint with distinct divided brush, variable in size.
Fore wing as in Gelechia, a considerable proportion of the scales usually finely tipped
with white. Hind wing (figs. 159, 160) with acute subfalcate apex, long-drawn-out
in the smaller species. R and Mj well separated at base, more than half as far
apart as at margin, but divergent. No hair pencil.

This is a medium-sized genus, composed of two well-distinguished groups. In
the large typical forms the hind wing is only subfalcate and is broader than its
fringe; their larvae are gall-makers in various Composites, cutting an exit hole just
before pupation and pupating in the gall. The smaller group have narrow, long-
drawn-out hind wings, with a fringe broader than the membrane. The biology of
this group is none too well known, but a couple of species, at least, feed on Solan-
acese like the Phthorimceas. Only members of the second group are known in
Europe, where they are not generally separated from Lita. The species run very
close, and the key will not be wholly trustworthy.

Key to the species

1. Scales practically all dark -tipped.

2. Fore wing almost evenly black, with a few scattered, white-tipped scales and

a considerable showing of white scale-bases 8. busckiella.

2. Fore wing powdery fuscous gray, without black .... 1. detersella.

1. A considerable proportion of scales with fine white tips (most prevalent in the
moderately light, grayer parts of the fore wing; practically confined to the
postmedial line and fringe in G. 'banksiella,) .
2. Fore wing with inner fourth distinctly paler than costal fourth.

3. Head and palpi whitish (except outer half of third segment of palpus).

4. Fore wing deep, rich, rusty brown 2. gallcediplopappi.

4. Fore wing light ochreous 3. pallidochrella.

4. Fore wing largely whitish, with a dark streak on fold . . 4. gallceasteriella.
3. Head and palpi rather dark powdery gray, about like the gray parts of

the wings 5. gallcesolidaginis. 6. saUnaris.

2. Costal and dorsal parts concolorous; mostly smaller species.

3. Fore wing heavily streaked with clay-color, leaving a broad, longitudinal

dark streak from base to apex 11. henshairiella.

3. No dark longitudinal streak.

4. Fore wing with three ocellate, brown, dark-centered discal spots.

10. triocellella.
4. With obscure ocellate spots or none.

LEPJDOPTEBA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 273

5. A heavy, blackish, oblique bar from costa near base, crossed by a more
or less distinct dark streak running from middle of costa toward

base of fold 12. lavernella.

5. No heavy, black, oblique bar in antemedial region.

ft. Expanse about 18-25 mm. Obscurely streaked longitudinally with

gray and blackish 18. ala'ricella.

6. Expanse about 12 mm., or ground brown and not streaked.

7. With yellow longitudinal streaks between veins 13. axenopis.

7. Yellow longitudinal streaks absent or rudimentary (about as

wide as a scale).
8. Ground white, lightly dusted with black-barred scales; antennae

with white annulations broader than dark ones.
9. Slightly yellowish, with very irregular powdering.

14. liatanella
9. No yellow shade; with even powdering; larger than G. bata-

nella * 15. petrelkc.

8. Fore wing not mostly white; white annulations on antennae

narrow.
9. Fore wing, thorax, head, and palpi suffused with pink.

9. braekenridgella.
9. Not suffused with pink.

10. Black-dusted on white; each scale with a heavy black bar

and only a few showing the white tip 8. busckiella.

10. A large, irregular, evenly colored, chestnut-brown area,

contrasting with the black ground 17. banksiella.

10. Broadly shaded with brown and powdery blackish; with
no contrasts at all and no sharp boundaries.

7. subterranea.
10. Nearly unicolorous fuscous (not seen).

16. scutellari&ella.

10. Evenly powdered dull fuscous with four black dots on
disc chenopodiella.

1. G. detersella Clemens. Head grayish fuscous; palpi pale yellowish white, with
two fuscous patches on second segment; a very narrow ring near base and a broad
one near tip of third segment. Antennae annulate, lighter and darker fuscous,
without any white. Fore wing grayish, each scale outwardly fuscous, without
any white tips; obscure darker dots at middle and end of cell and one in fold.
Fringes and hind wing pale ochreous gray; fringes of hind wing yellower. 11 mm.
(Not seen).

Pennsylvania.

2. G. gallaediplopappi Fyles. Deep Indian red, including thorax; unspotted, but
with a divided pale fascia near hind margin. Head white; upper part of palpus
brown, with a white ring on tip of second segment. 22 mm.

The caterpillar forms a gall well up in the main stem of Diplopappus umbellatus.
The pupa is suspended in the gall, but the exit hole is not plugged nor the gall
lined with silk. (This may be merely a stained specimen of G. galloEasteriella,.)

Canada.

3. G. pallidochrella Chambers. Pale ochreous all over; palpus with two dark
rings on third segment; antennae annulate at tip only, brown; fore wing sparsely
dusted with fuscous, and with an oblique line across base of wing; a second line
a fourth way out; apex fuscous. Hind wing duller. 19 mm. (Not seen.)

Kentucky.

4. G. gallaeasteriella Kellicott. White, spotted with brown and blackish, and
lightly dusted with black; with only the middle of the costal half dominantlv
dark, as a rule; a large central costa patch running down to a small bar in fold.

274 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Palpi white, second segment with a little gray, third with outer half except extreme
tip black. 22 mm. (asterella, in error).

Caterpillar in a more or less triangular gall on top of dwarfed stems of Solidago
latifolia, ccesia, cucillarfe, and Aster divaricatus, the forms of the gall differing
with the plant. Hole cut and plugged before pupation.

Canada to Pennsylvania and Michigan. New York: Ithaca.

5. G. gallaesolidaginis Riley. Powder y gray, including head and palpus; most
of the scales pale at base with a heavy black bar and fine white tip. Basal half
of third segment of palpus contrastingly pale; fore wing with middle half of
wing toward costa heavily shaded with brown or brownish black, contrasting,
and with the boundary toward base oblique and fairly definite. Some dark shading
also near base of inner margin and toward apex. 22 mm.

Caterpillar in stems of goldenrod, not stopping the growth of the plant, but often
slightly dwarfing it; forming a fusiform gall. Pupa in a silk hammock suspended
opposite the emergence -hole, which is plugged. Parasitized caterpillars (Copidosoma
gelechite) grow abnormally large and die before cutting the exit-hole. The moth
emerges in late August, and is said to hibernate occasionally. The eggs are normally
laid in the fall, and hibernate.

General in distribution and not rare. New York : Vicinity of Buffalo, Ithaca,
Big Indian Valley, Albany; Richmond Hill, Long Island.

6. G. salinaris Busck. Closely similar to G. gallcesolidaginis but averaging slightly
smaller and broader winged; band on third segment of palpus less definite; fore
wing with markings slightly more diffuse and tending a little to longitudinal stria-
tion. 20-22 mm.

The moth flies early in September. The larva hatches the same year, but does
not begin to form the gall till the following spring. The gall is similar to that of
G. gallcesolidaginis, but usually nearer the ground; in Solidago salmaris.

Coast of Massachusetts.

7. G. subterranea Busck. Body blackish, dusted with white. Antennae with
black, brown, and white; fore wing rich reddish to chocolate brown, irregularly
sprinkled with blackish, white-tipped scales; fringe whitish, brown-powdered.
Hind wings yellowish fuscous with grayer fringe. Abdomen as usual, with yellow
at base. 18 mm.

Early September. Galls small, about 15 mm. long, at the bases of the clustered
stems of Aster multiflorus; usually in a cluster.
Boston, Massachusetts.

8. G. busckiella Kearfott. Dull black, dotted all over evenly with the white
scale'bases; a few of the scales also narrowly white-tipped. Head, thorax, and
palpi also mainly black. Hind wing blackish fuscous. 18 mm.

The caterpillar forms a long, cylindrical gall in the side-branches of Aster patens
dwarfed by Thiodia radiatana, and stops the growth of these side-branches beyond
the galls. The larva may be found in July and August, the moth in November.

Northern New Jersey.

9. G. brackenridgella Busck. Moth similar to G. subterranea but with the whole
wing, including the fringe, brownish, and strongly suffused with pink, and also
the head, palpi, and thorax. No definite markings but traces of a longitudinal
shade rather below middle of wing outwardly. 20 mm.

Gall quite like G. gallcesolidaginis, but smaller; in stem of aster. Moth in
October. This may be the same as G. septentrionella Fyles.
Magnolia, Massachusetts.

10. G. triocellella Chambers. White, contrastingly shaded and dusted with black;
whitish ante- and postmedial white fasciae, converging toward inner margin, a
little diffuse, and defined with black shades. Large black antemedial and
discal dots, and a similar dot in fold, ringed with white and buff, and with some
buff shading near base. 12 mm.

Colorado ; reported by Dietz from New Jersey.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 275

11. G. henshawiella Busck. Whitish, with scattered fuscous -barred scales which
gather into a contrasting dark band from base to apex, a third as wide as the
wing or more, leaving the costal side of the streak much wider, and suffused and
streaked with brown. A couple of black dashes on the upper edge of this band
and one in the fold on its lower edge. Irregular, black terminal dots. Head and
thorax pale; palpi with four more or less distinct dark bands. 12 mm.

Eastern specimens are not typical and may represent a new species. Barnes
and McDunnough consider this a synonym of G. ochreostrigella.
May and June.
Hampton, New Hampshire; western Pennsylvania; also South Dakota and west.

12. G. lavernella Chambers. Fore wing black-powdered on pure white, shaded
and noticeably streaked with yellow-brown ; palpus yellowish with two dark rings
on third segment. Fore wing mottled with black; a heavy fascia from costa near
base obliquely out to fold, where it may enlarge into a patch, and is met by a
more or less distinct dark streak from costa near middle to base of fold. The
latter often broken, or partly obsolete. Postmedial fascia distinct, defined with
dark. 12 mm. (physalivorella Chambers).

Larva in fruit of Physalis.

District of Columbia; Ohio; Michigan; and west.

13. G. axenopis Meyrick. Palpus with second segment powdery gray, third
white with two slender, blackish bands. Shoulders tinted with yellow; fore wing
powdery gray, with several rusty yellow streaks between the veins, toward apex
breaking up into a series of oblique streaks between the veins. 11 mm. (artemisiella
Kearfott, not Treitschke).

Meyrick considers this a Phthorimoea. It will almost certainly be congeneric
with "Lita " wrtemisiella of Europe.

Caterpillar webbing together the young terminal leaves of Artemisia canadensis,
and eating back into the stem.

Atlantic States.

G. saphirinella Chambers is similar, but with nearly white second segment of
palpus, blackish shoulders, and more brilliant orange-red stripes on wing. Eastern
records should probably be credited to G. axenopis.

14. G. batanella Busck. Antennae annulate with black and white, the white
annulations as wide as the black; and without distinct brown ones. Palpi obscurely
annulate. Fore wing white, usually lightly dusted with black; the black gathering
into a shade at apical third, or defining an angulate pale postmedial line ; four small
yellow and light brown spots at middle and end of cell, and middle of inner edge,
and two. more farther out, all obscure and variable; fringe white, black dotted,
and with a broken black line. 12 mm.

June.

New Jersey to western Pennsylvania.

15. G. petrella Busck. Head, palpi, thorax, and wings white; almost evenly and
moderately dusted with fuscous, the white dominant. Antennae white, ringed with
black. Discal dots blackish, not contrasting. 17 mm.

May.

Hampton, New Hampshire.

16. G. scutellariaeella Chambers. Fore wing dark powdery fuscous, each scale
bluish at base and finely tipped with white; apex paler, with ill-defined whitish
costal and dorsal streaks; palpi yellowish within. 9 mm.

The caterpillar is white, with a pale yellow head; and lives in a flat, curved
case covered with frass, which it leaves to mine in a leaf of the food plant.
Apparently, a single case is used, which is permanently attached by the smaller
end. Food: Scutellaria.

Only the type is known.

Kentucky.

276 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

17. G. banksiella Busck. Blackish. Palpus light gray on dorsum of second
segment and extreme apex of third; antennae narrowly ringed with white. Fore
wing with white powdering at apex, and indicating a broken postmedial fascia;
disc of wing occupied with several rounded, even, chocolate or yellow-brown spots,
which are often confluent into an irregular patch; and a more diffuse band on
fold and inner margin. First two segments of abdomen yellow on dorsum (as
usual in the genus). 12 nun.

Moth in July and August. Caterpillar on Solidago.

Massachusetts to western Pennsylvania. New York: Essex County, Batavia,
East Aurora, Otto, Ithaca, Sea Cliff.

18. G. alaricella Busck. Powdery fuscous gray, the dominant scales with dull
luteous base and white tip; intermixed with yellow scales, which tend to gather
in numerous obscure longitudinal streaks. Discal dots black, rather elongate,
obscurely ocellate with the yellow. Costal edge blackish, contrasting. Palpi
powdery gray with a narrow basal and a broader outer ring on third segment.
Antennae annulate. 18-25 mm.

Western Pennsylvania.

4. PHTHORIM(EA Meyrick

(Bryotropha; Lit a; Gelechia, in part)

This genus is closely similar to Gnorimoschema. The white-tipped scales are
perhaps less frequent. The third segment of the palpus averages more smoothly
scaled. The male has a heavy pencil of hair at the base of the hind wing above,
distorting the venation. The known caterpillars all feed on Solanacese and appear
to be rather similar in habits. The names " potato tuber moth " and " tobacco
splitworm " apply especially to P. operculeUa, but some of the accounts of injury
seem to be based on other species. The species are close and difficult to recognize,
P. operculella and glochinella being often indistinguishable in the female.

Key to the species

1. Fore wing with a couple of longitudinal black stripes 2. striatella.

1. Fore wing not black-striped.

2. Strongly mottled with dark brown, with a series of dark spots along costa

outwardly 4. mamnorella.

2. With only the ordinary dots and a faint series of terminal dots dark.

3. Expanse 7 mm ( 1 ) minor.

3. Expanse over 10mm."

4. Normally larger, yellow scaling more distinct and forming well marked
longitudinal streaks; male with large dorsal and ventral flat lobes to

genitalia, covering the valves 1. operoulella.

4. Normally smaller; yellow scaling obscure and usually not gathering
into longitudinal lines, sometimes practically absent; male with dorsal
and ventral lobes small and tapering; valves slender, claw-like,
exposed 3. glochinella.

1. P. operculella Zeller. Powdery gray, streaked between the veins with pale
ochreous. Head pale, usually cream, white; palpi similar, with a few gray scales.
Antennae grayish, annulate with dull black. 12-16 mm. (Bryotropha solanella
Boisduval ) .

This species breeds continuously in the warmer season in stored potatoes, having
many broods a year. The caterpillar is whitish, often with some pink or green
shade, with a black head and cervical shield. Typically, when young it is a leaf-

20 See also Gnorimoschema axenopis.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 277

miner; later it enters the large veins of tobacco, or the shoots of potato. Eggs are
also, sometimes laid on the surface of potatoes if left exposed above ground in Ihe
field or in storage. In that case the young larva feed at first just under the skin,
and later bore through the potato in all directions. Pupation takes place in a
cocoon outside the burrow, as a rule. The larva also works in leaves, stems, and
fruits of other Solanacete.

The distribution is general southward.

P. minor Busck is an exactly similar, but much smaller, form, or species, from
the far South.

2. P. striatella Murtfeldt. Antenna blackish. Fore wing light wood-brown,
streaked with dark brown and with some powdery gray, especially at apex and in
fringe. A black streak from base through upper part of cell to apex, and a broader
irregular and diffuse one running above inner margin to anal angle. Genitalia
much as in the following species. 12 mm.

Larva in berries of Solatium nigrum; pale greenish yellow with five irregular
and interrupted crimson stripes, the lateral ones formed of series of spots; nead,
cervical shield, and true legs proportionately small, shining dark brown.

St. Louis, Missouri; California.

3. P. glochinella Zeller. Closely simitar to P. operculella. Fore wing pale yel-
lowish gray to the naked eye; under the lens the color made up of a mixture of
black-and-white scales and pale ochreous scales, the latter often very few and
usually scattered. Head usually powdery light gray, including palpi. Male
genitalia with a short, triangular, dorsal plate, a slightly larger, trough-shaped,
ventral one, and two slender, curved valves. Usually distinguishable from oper-
culella by the evener coloration, but occasionally indistinguishable in the female.
12-14 mm. (solaniellu Chambers, in part; similiella Chambers, in part, not
Ptycerata similiella ) .

Larva green, becoming almost blue when mature; in a dense, silken, frass-
covered tube, in a mine in leaves of Solanum carolinense. Pupa in a cocoon at
surface of ground.

Missouri; Texas.

4. P. marmorella Chambers. Light yellowish fuscous, irregularly spotted and
mottled with dark brown. 9 mm.

Types only known.
Kentucky.

5. ANACAMPSIS Curtis
(Tachyptilia Heinemann; with Compsolechia Meyrick)

Palpi with second segment smooth or slightly roughened above the middle;
third longer, slender, and pointed; fore wings long with blunt apex, rounded outer
margin, and well-marked anal angle above Cu2. Venation as in Gelechia. Hind
wing much broader (often nearly twice as broad as fore wing), rounded- trapezoidal,
not sinuate, with normal venation; R and Mt approximate; a fringe on Cu.

The moths of A. agrimomiella. and A. levipedella, at least, walk in a circle on
alighting, like the Choreutidae.

Key to the species

1. Fore wings without any markings on basal half; though usually with light

outer markings.
2. With a white transverse fascia.

3. Two or three longitudinal white apical dashes, sometimes fusing into a

white terminal bar 8- tristrigella.

3. Without white terminal dashes.

4. Markedly darker beyond fascia 7. agrtmontella.

4. Ground equally dark both sides of the fascia 6. Ivptnella m part.

278 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

2. No transverse fascia.

3. One white costal streak or none. .-,>*>...

4. Palpi yellow ,i6^. . . .5. nonstrigella.

4. Palpi dark brown 6. lupinella in part.

3. Two white costal spots 9. levipedella.

1. Basal half of fore wing more or less mottled.

2. Crisply dusted and marked with black on white. .2. niveopulvella.

2. Ground practically even.

3. Postmedial line indicated by a white dot at costa and a yellow one on
inner margin; palpi unicolorous whitish, more or less contrasting

4. crescentifasoiella.

3. Postmedial line all one color and continuous or nearly so, often faint.
4. Ground ash gray. Larger. Second segment of palpus blackish with

whitish tip 1. innocuella.

4. Ground gray-brown. Smaller. Second segment of palpus unicolorous,
about the color of the fore wing 3. rhoifructella.

I. Second segment of palpus with a loose tuft above (Anacampsis).

1. A. innocuella Zeller. Ash gray, postmedial line paler, transverse, well out,
waved, and followed by a blackish shade; three blackish dots in cell and one or
two in fold. Palpus somewhat paler, with basal two-thirds of second segment
blackish, contrasting. A slight tuft on upper side of second segment. 20-24 mm.

Common in July. The caterpillar forms a cylindrical roll of a leaf of poplar.
It usually cuts the petiole early in the last stage, and finishes its feeding in the
decaying leaf lying on the ground It may be found in June. It is transparent,
the white fat and green food showing through; head black or black-brown, cervical
shield brown, with black sides and posterior edge, true legs and tubercles black.

Massachusetts to Colorado. New York: Ithaca, Ilion, Pearl River. Cold Spring
Harbor, Long Island.

2. A. niveopulvella Chambers. Palpi blackish, white at tip of second and upper
side of base of third segments. Fore wing brownish black, heavily dusted with
white, the markings as in A. innocuella but strongly contrasting, formed of the
white powdering. 20 mm. Caterpillar on willow. Moth in July and August.
Probably a contrasty variety of innocuella.

Quebec to Wisconsin and British Columbia.

II. Second segment of palpus smooth above ( Compsolechia ) .

3. A. rhoifructella Clemens. Grayish fuscous, marked as in A. innocuella, the
dark discal spots variable in size and often a much warmer yellow-brown. Palpi
warmer yellow-brown, paler toward tip, but without any sharp contrast. 15-18 mm.
(consonella Zeller, ochreocostella Chambers, quadrimaculella Chambers 1874, not
1875).

General from May to August. Caterpillar in the spring in the fruit-spike's of
sumach (Rhus typhina) , feeding on the crimson hairs and exterior coat of the
drupes, living in a silken gallery within the cluster, and leaving strings of frass
outside. Cocoon in a slight silken web near the surface, in the frass. Caterpillar
immaculate, of various shades of brown with darker head and tubercles, and
blackish cervical shield. There is a species apparently the same as this on
Viburnum.

New York: West Farms (the Viburnum species).

4. A. crescentifasciella Chambers. Ash gray, finely dusted with brown; a very
indistinct, pale, crescentic fascia at beginning of fringe, strongly concave toward
base, and rarely absent. One or two minute dark spots in disc and One at apex.
12 mm.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 279

April and May. Caterpillar on Krameria. This species has been confused with
Duvita conclusella.
Kentucky; Texas.

5. A. nonstrigella Busck. Antennae black, annulate with silvery white; palpi
bright deep ochre, the joints black-shaded at tip; eyes dark red; face white,
iridescent, shading into the dark olive brown, iridescent vertex and thorax. Basal
two-thirds of fore wing dark olive, apex blackish with a few golden brown scales.
Hind wing dark purplish fuscous; fringe of inner margin white. Abdomen yellow
below, black and white annulate above. 15 mm.

July and August.

Northern New Jersey; western Pennsylvania.

6. A. lupinella Busck. Brown-black with a straight, dull white postmedial fascia,
sometimes interrupted or nearly obsolete. Wing sometimes streaked with brown;
palpi brown, shaded with black. 12 mm.

June and July. Caterpillar dull green; head testaceous with a black spot on
each side near eyes, cervical shield of the same color, partly edged below with
black; tubercles black; in a slight web between leaves of lupine.

7. A. agrimoniella Clemens. Similar to A. lupinella, the basal half of the wing
powdery ash gray; fascia apparently always complete, and palpi pale. 12 mm.

June and August. Caterpillar between leaves of agrimony; pink when young,
later dull green with black tubercles and pale brown head and cervical shield.

New York to Illinois and Georgia. New York: Otto, Taughannock Falls, Sea
Cliff, Long Island.

8. A. tristrigella Walsingham. Closely similar to A. agrimoniella with two or
three short, thick, longitudinal white dashes at outer margin, sometimes confluept
in a short bar.

Caterpillar on Corylus americana.
Connecticut; eastern Pennsylvania; Manitoba.

9. A. levipedella Clemens. Antennae dark brownish; head whitish beneath;
palpus with a brown exterior spot on third segment. Fore wing dark brownish,
coppery, paler toward base ; an oblique- white costal patch at middle with a longi-
tudinal dash in fold opposite, and a second more triangular costal ttreak three-
fourths way out, with two longitudinal dashes below it. Fringe with violet
iridescence. Below, with white costo-apical dots on all wings. 10 mm. (Strobisia
Clemens).

June.

Pennsylvania; District of Columbia.

6. UNTOMIA Busck

Palpi long, second segment slightly thickened, truncate at tip, third smooth,
longer. Fore wing with R, and Rj united, M, and CUj stalked. Hind wing about as
wide, slightly notched below apex; R and M1 short stalked; M, and CUj connate;
cell open.

1. U. albistrigella Chambers. Blackish brown, slightly bronzy; a small, oblique,
white costal streak before apex, running into fringe, and a few white scales at apex,
near dorsal fringe. Fringe pale fuscous with a dark line. Hind wing rather
darker. 8 mm. (Gelechia Chambers).

June.

Western Pennsylvania; Kentucky.

7. ANARSIA Zeller

- Talpus of female about like Dichomeris, with third segment hardly as long; in
male, with a more or less expansible ridge of long, loose hair on inner side of
second segment as well as the triangular tuft of Dichomeris, and third segment

280 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

rudimentary, concealed in the vestiture of the second. Fore wing normal; Ctt, and
Cu, remote, Mj out of base of stalk of R4 and Rj,; hind wing trapezoidal, normal, R
and M, short stalked. The male on account of its rudimentary third joint of the
palpus might run to the Phaloniid Tortricids, but is distinguished by the neater
triangular palpal tuft, and stalked R, and R .

1. A. lineatella Zeller (Peach bud moth). White, dusted and mottled with
gray; palpal tuft blackish on outer side. A couple of black spots on costa of
fore wing, and sometimes blackish streaks on disc on R, Cu, fold, and toward tip
of wing. 10-15 mm. Female larger (pruniella Chambers).

Caterpillar chestnut brown with white incisures, head, cervical shield, and feet
black, anal plate black and whitish. It works in the buds and tips of the young
twigs of peach and plum in the spring, killing the twigs; the later broods bore in
the fruit and eat the stone. (H p. 426 f. 245-6.)

General in distribution; injurious southward, and in many foreign countries;
probably introduced from the Old World, where there are several close relatives.
New York: Rochester, Lockport, Clifton, Jordan Station, Ithaca, Schoharie.

8. TRICHOTAPHE Clemens

(Begoe Chambers; Sagaritis Chambers [?]; Dichomeris; Brachmia;

Nothris, in part)

Like Dichomeris, but with second joint of palpus at most only moderately
thickened, and usually more strongly so above than below; without a triangular
tuft; the third segment apparently arising from its end; palpus sometimes evenly
curved as in Anacampsis; more often with the third joint set on at an angle. A
slight variant of Dichomeris (fig. 157).

Key to the species

1. Ground color nearly black.

2. Head and costal edge cream color, contrasting.

3. Costal cream-colored band sending a curved pointed process into the dark

dorsal region 1. flavooostella.

3. With a single broadly rounded process 2. inserrata.

' 3. With two minute sharp processes 3. serrativittella.

2. Costal edge not light.
3. With strong iridescence.

4. A light ochreous dot at apical third of costa 4. alacella.

4. No such dot.

5. Antennae thickened, rough-scaled 6. nonstrigella.

5. Antennae normal 5. purpureofusca.

3. Not iridescent.
4. Palpi yellow.

5. Three prominent yellow dots on fore wing 8. trinotella.

5. Yellow dots minute or absent 7. juncidella.

5. A single prominent yellow outer discal dot 7. leuconotella.

4. Palpi blackish 9. levisella, washingtoniella.

1. Ground gray, light clay color, or ochreous, without transverse markings.
2. No heavy black markings on disc.
3. Fore wing overlaid with dark scales.

4. An obscure dark and pale postmedial fascia, no longitudinal streaking,

terminal line broken into bars 11. inveraclta.

4. No postmedial fascia, powdering gathering in streaks on veins, terminal

line continuous, at least toward costa 10. chambersella.

3. Fore wing at most lightly sprinkled with dark scales.

281

4. With dark spot on fold 12. trimaculella.

4. No dark spot on fold; head whitish 13. fernaldella.

2. A heavy black V-mark on disc 14. setosella.

1. T. flavocostella Clemens. Palpi with second segment loosely hairy on upper
side (Begoe Chambers). Head and palpi light ochre; tegulse cream white, fore
wing purple-black, with costa cream white almost to apex, narrowing a little at
middle of wing, and broadening and sending a long spur toward anal angle at end
of cell. 15-18 mm.

June and July. Caterpillar on Solidago and Helianthus.

Maryland to Georgia and Missouri. New York: Ilion, Big Indian Valley,
Poughkeepsie, New Windsor. New York City.

2. T. inserrata Walsingham. Very close to the last species and perhaps a form
of it. but with the costal cream colored stripe narrowing more abruptly at middle
of wing, and widening roundly over end of cell without any spur. 15 mm.

May to July; Caterpillar in immature fruit of Solidago; olive green.
District of Columbia ; Missouri, and elsewhere.

3. T. serrativittella Zeller. Similar to T. flavocostella, the costal cream stripe
fully as broad, even in width almost to apex, except for two minute teeth, and
then abruptly running to a point just before apex. 10-15 mm. (plutella
Chambers).

May; July to September.

New Jersey to Florida, Colorado, and Texas.

4. T. alacella Clemens. Chocolate brown; palpi and face bright yellow. Fore
wing with terminal margin metallic lead colored or greenish. Costa also lead colored
out to a cream spot before the apex, the area extending down into cell in a tooth
at a third way out, narrowed beyond the tooth, and then with a second process
at end of cell running across wing to inner margin. Vertex and tegulse dark.
15 mm. (ochripalpella Zeller; goodellella Chambers).

July.

Massachusetts to District of Columbia; west to Missouri. New York: Ithaca;
Sea Cliff, Long Island.

5. T. purpureofusca Walsingham. Purplish black (becominsr brownish when
rubbed) ; face paler, steel gray; palpi and tongue bright yellow; immaculate.
Antennae normal. 18 mm.

June and July.

Ottawa. Ontario, to Wyoming .County, PennsvVvania; Manitoba.

6. T. nonstrigella Chambers. Antennas verv densely clothed on basal half with
overlapping scales, as in Dasvcera. Nearly black: a little iridescent; lower part
of face and palpi bright .vellow; outer side of third segment blackish. Hind wings
fuscous as usual but with narrow white costal edee.

June, one brood. Caterpillar spinning together terminal leaves of Aster shortii
in late April and early May; head black, cervical shield blackish, mesothorax and
front of metathorax plum-color; rest of hody grayish white with seven t>lum-
colored stripes as wide as the spaces between them. Dorsal tubercles of thorax
enlarg-ed. black: le<?s black.

Western Pennsylvania to Kentuckv.

7. T. "juncidella Clemens. Dull pu role -brown, with obscure darker postmedial
fascia and snot in fold near base. Discal dots (reniform, orbicular, claviform)
black, sometimes very lightlv defined with vellow. and with a few yellow scales on
costa before apex. Palpi and lower part of face contrasting, yellow. 15 mm.
f (Jii'biteHa Chambers).

June to September. Apparently two broods. Caterpillar a leaf-roller on Soli-
daeo. Aster, Artemisia, and other composites. Head and cervical shield polished
black; mesothorax velvety black, white on posterior half, with five linear 'black
marks; rest of body white and obscurely striped, tubercles small, black.

282 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Canada and Maine to Virginia and Kansas. New York: Ithaca, Rhinebeck.

T. leuconotella Busck, a slightly paler species with a single conspicuous, not
ocellate, canary-yellow dot at the end of the cell, and a faint light brown costo-
apical spot, has been determined by Busck from East Aurora, Xew York. It was
described from Washington State.

8. T. trinotella Busck. Antennae dark purple, palpi light ochreous, face ochreous,
thorax and fore wing brown, prominent ochreous dots at middle of wing, end of
cell, and in fold; a few ochreous scales at beginning of costal fringe. 15 mm.

May. Caterpillar, apparently of this species, on (Enothera in Missouri.
Western Pennsylvania.

9. T. levisella Fyles. Palpi fuscous with third segment paler. Fore wing
clouded brown, a little lighter than T. juncidella, with a darker postmedial band
tending to break into spots; and an obscure, pale brown, horse-shoe mark at end of
cell. 15-22 mm.

June and August. Caterpillar folding and crumbling basal leaves of Aster
macrophylhis in June and eating the parenchyma. Pale green, with darker dorsal,
subdorsal, and lateral lines; head and cervical shield glossy black; mesothorax
brown in front, behind with four conspicuous white patches; tubercles, spiracles
and leg-plates black. Cocoon capsule-like, open at one end.

Canada; New York.

T. washingtoniella Busck, described from Ambrosia, artemisicefolia, and reported
from the District of Columbia to Missouri, appears to be the same species.

10. T. chambersella Murtfeldt. Palpus nearly three times as long as head, sec-
ond segment smooth-scaled above. Outer margin more oblique than usual, nearly
straight. Fore wing clay-color dusted with light fuscous; head, thorax, and
palpi concolorous. Fore wing with dusting gathering in blackish streaks between
the veins; a blackish bar or streak in the cell beyond the middle, and a spot at
the end of- the cell sometimes also drawn out into a streak. Terminal line black,
continuous; fringe whitish at base. Hind wing pale gray with whitish fringe.
9-13 mm. (inasquepulvella Chambers).

End of May to September (2 broods?). Caterpillar in a fusiform case, on
Ambrosia artemisicefolia, webbing together the divisions of the leaf, and eating
the upper parenchyma from the inside. Head polished, dark brown; cervical shield
small, yellowish; prothorax otherwise dark brown; rest of thorax and third and
fourth segments of abdomen brown-black with a white fold on the posterior edge
of each segment; first two segments of abdomen wholly black; the rest with an
oblique anterior lateral band on each segment. Caterpillar making several nests,
and pupating in the last one.

Western Pennsylvania; Kentucky; Missouri; and south.

11. T. inversella Zeller. Second segment of palpus with a large loose tuft on
upper side; dark gray on outer side; third segment very short, with a black ring
beyond middle. Fore wing shaded powdery gray, with a diffuse whitish post-
medial band, and a longitudinal shade through cell. Slightly diffuse black spots
beyond middle and at end of cell, and near base and middle of fold; costal edge
blackish at base. 18 mm. (Epicorthylis Zeller).

Texas ( doubtful northward ) . There is a related but much smaller species
known from Maryland and Virginia in June.

12. T. trimaculella Chambers. Palpus with third segment only half as long as
second. Pale yellowish, minutely and sparsely dusted with reddish ochreous; head
and palpi nearly white; third segment of palpus tinged with fuscous. Two small,
nearly round, blackish spots at middle of wing, obliquely placed in fold and cell, a
larger one at end of cell, and a minute terminal series. 12 mm.

April and May. Almost identical with Dichomeris touceyellus, except for the
smoothish Trichotaphe palpus with short third joint.
District of Columbia to Texas.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 283

13. T. fernaldella Busck. Palpus very long, second segment smooth on dorsal
side. Cream white, including head and palpi. Fore wing lightly dusted with
light dull gray between the veins, which stand out pale. A small blackish spot
beyond middle and one at end of cell, sometimes with a few blackish scales in
fold below the first. Outer margin strongly oblique. 18 mm.

June. Very similar to T. chamber sella, but paler and much larger; also easily
confused with the Gelechias if the palpi are not noted.

Orono, Maine; Adirondacks; Manitoba. New York: Peru.

14. T. setosella Clemens. Almost exactly similar to Dichomeris eupatoriellus.
Fuscous gray; a costal cream-colored stripe, gradually narrowing to postmedial
line, where it runs out. Postmedial line yellow, slightly concave, edged beyond
with a blackish shade. A very heavy and widely open V-shaped mark in cell and
fold from close to base almost to middle of wing, filled with an extension of the
cream-colored costa. 18 mm. (Malacotricha bilobella Zeller).

July and August.

General and not rare. New York: Ithaca; Sea Cliff, Long Island.

8i/2. BRACHMIA Hiibner

Similar to Trichotaphe. Fore wing with R3 shortly stalked with R,^. Palpi
long, upcurved, and moderately thickened.

1. B. hystricella Braun. Brownish ochreous or fuscous. Face straw-colored;
palpi with two fine longitudinal lines. Antennae dark, banded beneath with whitish.
Fore wing with veins distinctly outlined with pale straw color, costal and inner
margins, and a streak in cell also whitish. Ordinary spots black, outlined with
white, the one corresponding to the claviform elongate. Costal fringe straw-colored,
dorsal fuscous, contrasting. Terminal line blackish, fringe with two dark lines.
Hind wing yellowish white or light gray. 14 mm.

Several broods a year; larvae in rolled leaves of Hystrix patula. Larvae of the
last brood wintering in the rolled leaves. Larva with head brownish ochreous,
the lateral margins dark reddish brown; prothorax whitish, with a continuation
of the lines of the head; next four segments dark brown, the anterior edges of
the first two whitish; rest of body whitish with a brown, subdorsal line and
oblique lateral stripes.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

9. DICHOMERIS Hiibner

'(Ypsolophus auct., not Fabricms; Nothris auct., etc.)

Palpus with a prominent triangular tuft on ventral side of second segment,
extending beyond the attachment of the third, which is longer than the second
without its tufts, and slender. Fore wing long, normal; R« and R6 stalked, CUj
and Cu2 stalked, the other veins free. Hind wing with R and Mj approximate or
shortly stalked; M3 and CUj connate or stalked; M2 associated with Cu-stem.

Key to the species

1. Fore wing very long and narrow (over four times as long as wide) ; hind wing

bluish, translucent between the veins 1. ligulella.

1. Fore wing usually about three times as long as wide and always less than
four; hind wing fully scaled.

2. Fore wing with dark dorsal spot two-thirds way out 8. citrifoliella.

2. No dark spot two-thirds way out on inner margin.

3. Two large black spots on disc 11. eupatoriella.

3. No large black spot on disc.

4. Margins concolorous with the ground.

284 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

5. Usual discal dots distinct (reniform and claviform at least).

6. These dots light brown 2. punctidiscella .

G. These dots not light brown.

7. Head and outer and inner margins blackish, more or less con-
trasting 7. vacciniella.

7. Head not contrastingly blackish.

8. Ground red-brown with coarse paler (pinkish) powdering.

6. trinotella.

8. Ground not red-brown.
9. Expanse about 12 mm.

10. Ground rather light brown with blackish dusting; black

terminal bars (Anorthosia punctipennella) .

10. Ground blackish brown.

11. Scattered black scales only in fringe 3. touceyella.

11. Regular blackish bars in base of fringe 4. hirculella.

9. Expanse about 20 mm.

10. More or less distinct longitudinal streaks. . .5. bipunctella.

10. Not streaked 10. ventrella, georgiella.

5. No distinct discal spots 9. carycefoliella.

4. Margins pale, contrasting 12. marginella.

1. D. ligulella Hiibner. Fore wing about four and a half times as long as wide;
hind wing notably shorter, with disc translucent; bluish between veins, the scales
reduced and not meeting each other. Fore wing normally fuscous brown, with discal
dots and postmedial band normally somewhat darker, but sometimes obsolete. Hind
wing bluish, with fuscous brown veins. 15 mm.

This is var. pometella Harris. In the typical form the costa is broadly cream-
white, contrasting with the ground color. (The names Chcetochilus contu'bernatellus
Fitch, pauciguttellus and flavivittellus Clemens, and reedella, ruderella, and quer-
cipomonella Chambers, mostly represent variant forms.)

Common and • generally distributed; often in injurious numbers on apple (the
Palmer-worm) but sometimes rare for years together. Caterpillar green, less often
brown, head yellow-brown, black-brown in dark specimens; cervical shield concol-
orous with head, often heavily marked with black in dark specimens. Tubercles
black; body with a narrow dorsal and very broad subdorsal diffuse dark bands,
separated by whitish stripes. A leaf-roller on apple and oak.

New York: Genesee County; Geneva, Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Ithaca,
Nassau, Byron, Albany.

D. malifoliella Fitch, of which no material is known to exist, is probably a form
of ligulella. It was described from New York.

2. D. punctidiscella Clemens. Obscure fuscous, varying in shade, with four broken
brown transverse bands, the second formed by the rounded orbicular and claviform
spots, the third including the discal bar. Hind wing fuscous, very slightly trans-
lucent between the veins. Wing about three and a half times as long as wide.
Second segment of palpus black on outer side, finely edged with white; third pale
ochreous; antennae annulate with pale yellowish brown and deep brown; head light
yellowish. 18 mm.

End of May to June.

Parry Sound, Ontario, to District of Columbia and Ohio. New York: Taughan-
nock Falls (Ithaca).

3. D. touceyella Busck. Palpi as in D. punctidiscellus ; head and thorax pale
ochreous, densely dark-dusted. Fore wing ochreous, dusted and suffused with
brown; a small dark brown spot on fold before middle, and larger ones at middle
and end of cell. Some scattered dark scales at base of fringe. 12 mm. (Anarsia
trimaculella Chambers, not Clemens.)

Kentucky; Texas.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 285

4. D. hirculella Busck. Wing form as in touceyella; hind wing fully scaled.
Palpus with second segment blackish on outer side, third ochreous. Fore wing
ochreous, heavily dusted and mottled with black scales, — in effect, blackish fuscous;
and with blackish spots in cell, at end of cell, and sometimes a postmedial series
of smaller ones. Fringe yellower with blackish bars in base. Hind wing lighter
fuscous. 11-12 mm.

East River, Connecticut.

5. D. bipunctella Walsingham. Dull brownish yellow. Discal dots well marked;
terminal points each at end of an obscure grayish streak, rarely obscure. Veins
sometimes distinctly streaked. 22 mm.'

April to July.

Digby, Nova Scotia, to Florida, along the coast. Hazelton, Pennsylvania.

6. D. trinotella Coquillett. Head pinkish brown; palpus with second segment
dark brown on outer side; tuft tipped with pale pinkish; third segment dark
brown. Antennae annulate; fore wing reddish brown, inclining to pink; sparsely
and coarsely dotted with black; often with three white spots near its center, the
outermost spot crossed by a black dash, the other two edged within with black,
sometimes with only the black spots. Hind wing dull leaden. 11 mm. (Nothris
Coquillett.)

Caterpillar on hazel, in a folded leaf.
Illinois.

7. D. vacciniella Busck. Tuft of palpus dark brown, its apex sprinkled with
white; third segment light brown, dusted with black, base white externally. Head
blackish. Fore wings wood-brown, shaded with dark brown on outer and inner
margins, and sparsely and irregularly strigose with black scales; three small,
round, black, white -ringed dots, or a few white scales at middle and end of cell
and in fold before the first dot; apex suffused with purple -black, becoming black
at margins; fringes dark fuscous, with light ochreous brown tips; thorax concol-
orous. 15-20 mm.

Larva on cranberry.
Pemberton, New Jersey.

8. D. citrifoliella Chambers. Ochre yellow, densely and evenly dusted with gray.
Palpus blackish, with tuft white tipped; third segment yellow. Thorax below,
shoulders, and costal edge at base, black. Fore wing with two antemedial dark
dots above and below fold; two dots in cell, in position of orbicular, and one dot
in fold just beyond them; a pair of blackish discal dots and a stronger blackish
shade on inner margin beyond them; postmedial line faint, pale, defined with dark,
irregular. Hind wing gray. 18 mm.

June. Larva yellow with black head and cervical shield; a leaf-roller and bud-
worm on citrus and prickly ash; sometimes injurious to orange in the South.
Cincinnati, Ohio, and south.

9. D. caryaefoliella Chambers. Palpi as usual; head and thorax golden or reddish
iridescent, suffused with fuscous; fore wing iridescent, silky, suffused, showing
golden, red-brown, and lead color; two or three minute dots on disc. Hind wing
lead color. 22 mm.

End of June. Caterpillar green with six interrupted longitudinal white stripes.
Head ferruginous; prothorax brown; true legs black. Sewing together leaves of
hickory in early June. At maturity it turns white, striped and suffused with pink.

Missouri; Kentucky; Texas.

10. D. georgiella Walker. (1866). Varying in color from light yellowish to dark
purple-brown, dusted with a darker shade, and with scattered black scales. Costal
edge pinkish, sometimes very narrowly; outer margin sometimes suffused with
pink. With antemedial; median, and discal dots, which sometimes run together
into three darker bands, parallel and slightly oblique inward. Orbicular and clavi-
form in the median band; almost always with some white scales; also with some

286 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

white scales, occasionally wanting, on inner side of discal dot. Fringe yellower;
hind wing mouse gray. 17-20 ram.

May to July. Larva a leaf-roller on oak, skeletonizing the leaf. (Described
from the same material as type of D. roseocostella Walsingham.)

Distribution apparently general.

D. ventrella Fitch (1854) appears to be the same species, so far as can be told
from the description; and in that case would have priority (unicipunctella
Clemens).

"New York" (Fitch).

11. D. eupatoriella Chambers. Male with a large expansible tuft, normally
hidden behind fore coxa. Dull purplish gray or fuscous; costa whitish and
lightly dusted with dull black, somewhat less contrasting than in Trichotaphe
setosella. Blackish patch on cell and fold of fore wing not quite reaching middle
of wing; its front edges with sharp angles near its tip and halfway between there
and base of wing, with a right angled emargination between; shorter than in
setosella. Postmedial line, whitish, fine, and nearly erect; the wing darkened
beyond it to outer margin. 16 mm. (dolabella Zeller, setosella Walsingham, not
Clemens.)

May to July; late September. Caterpillar on Eupatorium ageratoides and Ver-
nonia, when on the former plant folding a leaf so that a large side vein lies against
the midrib; greenish white. July.

New York to Florida and Manitoba. New York: Crosby (Yates County).

12. D. marginella Fabricius, a pale even pinkish brown species, with the fore
wing margined all around with cream color, has been introduced from Europe
at Westchester, Pennsylvania, and at Tarrytown and Plandome, New York. Larva
on Juniperus communis, social in a web; brown, longitudinally striped. (Nothris
auct. )

10. GLTPHIDOCERA Walsingham

(With Sceptea Walsingham)

Similar to Trichotaphe; palpus with second segment not swollen, evenly upturned;
fore wing (fig. 161) with R, and Re completely united, and often stalked with R3
or Mjj Cu-! and Cu2 stalked, M3 occasionally arising from the base of their stalk,
typically nearer M2. Male antenna in some species with a notch in the shaft
near the base, edged with rough scales, and running obliquely across several
segments. Obscure ochre yellow species, dusted more or less heavily, with the
ordinary dots alone indicated by a gathering of the dusting. G. lactiflosella only
is pale yellow without dusting.

Key to the species
1. R3, R4+5, and MI all free.

2. Antenna strongly notched ; ground dull ochreous 2. cequepulvella.

2. Antenna simple; ground cream color 1. lactiflosella.

1. R3 short-stalked with R4+0; notch rudimentary or absent.

2. MS stalked 5. dimorphella.

2. Ms free.

3. Antennae annulate with black; a moderately powdered species.

4. meyrickella

3. Antennae annulate in two shades of light brown 3. speratella.

1. R4+5 stalked with Mj 6. alerratella.

1. G. lactiflosella Chambers. Cream color. Thorax with three dark dots behind;
palpus simple; second segment dark on outer side, except apex. Fore wing with
a dot in base of fold, an antemedial dot in fold, dots opposite each other at
middle of wing in cell and fold, sometimes fusing into a bar, and a bar at end
of cell, all brown. Terminal line brown, at apex only. Ground lightly dusted
with brown. 12 mm. (Trichotaphe).

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 287

It flies in Louisiana in June.

Texas; Louisiana; Plummer's Island, Maryland.

2. G. aequepulvella Chambers. Fore wing with all veins well separated except
Cut and Cu2; male antennae with notch cutting nearly halfway through stalk.
Light dull ochre, dusted with fuscous in about equal proportions. Palpus with
third segment darker; head and thorax pale. 14 mm.

Virginia; Kentucky; Texas; Colorado; and Utah.

3. G. speratella Busck. Fore wing with R^ stalked with R3. Antennae light
ochreous, in male with a slight indication of notch. Palpi slightly sprinkled with
fuscous externally, face and head light ochreous. Fore wing thickly and evenly
sprinkled with fuscous, and with four darker dots (the usual three and one near
base). 18 mm.

Western Pennsylvania.

4. G. meyrickella Busck. Palpi ochreous, third segment slightly scaled with
black on inner side; antennae light ochre, annulate with black, simple. Fore wing
evenly and profusely dusted with black scales, sometimes mostly fuscous, with
the usual discal dots but no terminal dots. Venation as in G. speratella.

June in the South.

Maryland and to Louisiana and Mississippi. Xew York : Ithaca.

5. G. dimorphella Busck. R4+B stalked with R3 and M3 with CUj and Cu- Palpi
yellow, lightly mottled with black scales; antennae yellowish fuscous, not strongly
annulate, and without notch. Head and thorax clear straw yellow; fore wing
light straw yellow, lightly dusted with black, with two blackish discal dots in
cell and a well-marked terminal series. 10-11 mm.

Maryland.

6. G. aberratella Busck. Fore wing ivith R4+5 stalked u~4th M1( forking over
apex; Ms free (Sceptea Walsingham). Antennae dark fuscous and simple in both
sexes. Head and thorax dark; palpi heavily dusted; fore wing heavily overlaid
with fuscous scales, especially along edges and toward apex. The usual discal
dots nearly covered over. 14 mm.

June.

Maryland ; Virginia ; Missouri.

There is an undescribed species from New York, near aberratella.

•11. ANORTHOSIA Clemens

Male antenna with a deep oblique notch in shaft near base, the segments before
it much thickened. Palpi with a triangular tuft on second segment as in Dich-
omeris, but hardly as broad at tip, and in male with a large expansible tuft above.
Fore wing as in Trichotaphe and Dichomeris, Cut and Cu2 strongly stalked; outer
margin oblique. Hind wing hardly as wide as fore wing, with apex more drawn out
than in Dichomeris.

1. A. punctipennella Clemens. Rather dark ochreous. Palpi dark brownish
externally; antennae sharply annulate with dark brown. Ordinary spots dark,
somewhat diffuse, contrasting, and with an additional antemedial dot or pair
of dots. Fringe ochre yellow, with a series of black bars in its base. Hind wing
grayer. 12 nun.

June and July.

Distribution general, north to Pennsylvania. New York: Taughannock Falls,
Ithaca.

12. STROBISIA Clemens

Similar to Trichotaphe; palpi smooth, third segment as long as second or longer,
both smooth and slender. Fore wing typically with R4 and RB united, long-stalked
in emblemella (subgenus Holophysis Walsingham), CUj and Cu2 stalked. Hind wing

288 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

trapezoidal, without decided produced apex; hardly as wide as fore wing; R and
M! connate. Fore wing with metallic markings.

An exotic species has been bred from a fungus bed in a termite nest.

Key to the species

Narrow blue dots and dashes irridipennella.

Broad spots, and bands emblemella.

1. S. emblemella Clemens. Fore wing brown-black, with steel-blue markings:
a basal band, and antemedial band from costa across cell, a very irregular, narrower
medial band, partly fused with the discal dot and forked toward inner margin, a
costal spot four-fifths way out to apex, and a subterminal band reaching two-
thirds way to costa and very irregular on outer side. The bands easily become dulled
in old specimens. 9 mm.

June and early July. Caterpillar possibly on buckeye.

Western New York to District of Columbia, southern Ohio, and Kentucky. New
York: Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Taughannock Falls (Ithaca).

2. S. irridipennella Clemens. Shining deep brown. Fore wing marked with bright
iridescent blue. A strongly oblique line from costa a fourth way out across cell
and fold; a slightly more erect median line running into cell, and a longer one,
almost three-fourths way to apex. A short bar four-fifths way out and a bar
on inner edge near middle; the longer lines sometimes broken into dots (about
10 in all). 10 mm. (aphroditeella Chambers, proserpinella Frey. )

June to August.

District of Columbia to Missouri. New York: Robinson Collection (presumably
from New York).

13. DUVITA Busck

(Anacampsis, Aprocerema, Untomia, in part; with Battaristis Meyrick)

Similar to Stomopteryx and Anacampsis. Palpus with second joint smoothly
thickened and abruptly cut off, third slightly thickened. Fore wing normal, M!
not stalked, M, and Ctlj sometimes stalked, typically free. Hind wing about as
wide as fore wing, trapezoidal, with somewhat produced apex; R and Mj stalked,
Ma and CUi connate, discocellular vein imperfect. Palpus shorter and hind wing
less produced than in Stomopteryx. Fore wing in all our species with a black
dot immediately below the apex as in Epitheotis subsimella.

Key to the species

Deep rust-red, banded with gray 1. vittella.

White shaded with luteous 2. nigratomeUa.

Light fuscous.

A straight, oblique, white postmedial line 3. concinusella.

A curved, and often obscure, postmedial line 5. oonclusella.

Dark smoky gray 4. taha-vusella.

I. Ape® of hind wing strongly produced (Duvita).

1. D. vittella Busck. Palpus with second joint black-brown outwardly, tipped
with white; third whitish with broad black annulus; head and thorax whitish
fuscous; face pale. Fore wing bright brown with white bands, strongly dusted
with steel gray, much as in Paralechia pinifoliella, but without tufts; basal half
of costal edge dark brown; two transverse gray and white fasciae, the median
one strong, denned on basal side; outer margin and apex also gray and white,

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 289

with a black dash at middle of outer margin. Terminal line black, white-edged;
fringe gray, white- tipped. 10-11 mm.

Larva in " stunted cones " of Scotch and Austrian pine, and in "Cecidomyid
gall " on Pinus tceda.

Long Island, New York; Maryland.

2. D. nigratomella Clemens. Head whitish; antennae pale yellowish; palpi with
second joint fuscous on outer side except extreme tip, third with fuscous outer line.
Fore wing clay color, basal two-fifths of costa white, outer part alternately barred
black and white, with a long, nearly longitudinal, black dash at middle of costa.
Postmedial line white, straight, oblique outward, fading out below middle of
wing near apex. Apex white, with a black spot below it. Hind wing a little
darker. 9 mm. (apicistrigella Chambers, apicilinella Clemens).

May to July.

New Hampshire to Virginia and Colorado. New York : Rock City ( Cattaraugus
County).

3. D. concinusella Chambers. Evenly dull gray, head and costa paler, antennae
blackish; postmedial line white, the upper half as in the last species, then turn-
ing a right angle and running into inner margin, with white dots on costa and
outer margin near apex, and traces of oblique white striae at middle of costa,
all defined with dark. Apical dot in a gray shade. 9 mm.

Pennsylvania; Colorado; and Texas. New York: Rock City (Cattaraugus
County ) .

4. D? tahavusella21 Forbes. Antenna with a single bristle on scape, representing
a pecten. /Edceagus simple, spine-like. Palpus with second segment thickened, but
hardly brush-like; third decidedly longer. Hind wing with strongly produced
apex. Fuscous; inner side of palpus, scaling of tongue, and lower part of face
pale. Fore wing with scale-bases pale, but hardly showing in a fresh specimen;
with a whitish, diffuse, subterminal spot on costa, and a fainter one opposite it
on inner margin. Hind wing light gray, with fuscous fringe. 10 mm.

June 8, 10; July 10.

New York: Uphill Brook (Mt. Marcy), Peru (Adirondack Foothills).

II. Apex not produced, hind wing trapezoidal (Battaristis).

5. D. conclusella Walker. Gray, variable in shade, often shading into blackish
before the postmedial line, and heavily shaded with white. A fair proportion of
scales white-tipped. Antenna blackish, annulate with white, the outer third with
annulations on alternate segments only. Palpus with a black bar or two on third
segment, and second segment fuscous. Fore wing with a slender black dash
along middle of costal edge, and another at origin of postmedial line. Postmedial
line strongly curved out on upper half, then sinuous or obscure to inner margin.
Terminal dots often strong, the dot below apex often obscure, or only slightly
larger than the other terminal dots. Hind wing with apex marked but not extended,
R and Mj very shortly stalked or approximate ; M8 and CUj of fore wing occasionally
stalked. 9 mm.

June to August.

Canada to Pennsylvania. New York: Peru, Rock City, Ithaca.

14. STOMOPTERYX Heinemann
(Aprowrema Durrant; Anacampsis auct.)

Palpi smooth, slender, with third segment longer than second. Mt shortly
stalked with R, and R8 in fore wing (fig. 156), the other veins free; hind wing nar-
row, apex produced, R and Mj stalked, M, free, associated with Cu-stem. This

— 1 — i—

21Tahawus is the Indian name for Mt. Marcy.

10

290 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

genus is derived from the similarly marked group of Auacampsis, and differs
mainly in the reduced hind wing. Duvita is a parallel development.

Key to the species

1. Third joint of palpus longitudinally striped with white 1. palpilineella,

1. Third joint of palpus not striped.

2. Fore wing with a curved white fascia at middle 2. kearfottella.

2. Fascia two-thirds way out to apex, or obsolete ( 1 ) nigrella.

1. S. palpilineella Chambers. Fore wing, head, and body dull black; extreme tip
of second joint of palpus white, third joint jet black with fine, often broken, white
stripes. Sometimes with traces of a pale postmedial line at costa and inner
margin. 8 mm.

August. Caterpillar folding leaves of red clover.
New Jersey to Missouri and Louisiana.

A. nigrella is probably western only (east to Kansas). It is very like A. pal-
pilineella, but with the palpus not striped.

2. S. kearfottella Busck. Purplish black; antennae annulate with white; palpi
silvery white, third joint dusted with fuscous, darkening to tip. Face white; fore
wing with a slightly excuryed median white fascia. Fringe white-tipped at middle.
Hind wing slightly duller. Tibiae silvery white; femora black; tarsi dusky.

July.

New Jersey.

15. POLYHYMNO Chambers
(Copocercia Zeller)

Palpus with second segment hardly thickened, third much longer. Fore wing
narrow, rather oblong, caudate, the fringe strongly concave above and below the :
long-drawn-out apex. R« and Ra very long-stalked in our species; hind wings nar-
rower, a.pex much drawn out and almost caudate, R and M! long-stalked, M3 and
Cux short -stalked, M, low, discocellular vein weak. Larva on Leguminosse. The]
genus also occurs in Africa.

1. P. luteostrigella Chambers. Silvery white, thorax with four longitudinal
golden brown lines; fore wing with three brown lines from base to apex, and some
oblique ones at apex of costa, converging at apex of wing, and with anastomosing
dorsal lines, leaving inner margin white; dorsal fringe yellow. 9 mm. (fuscostri-
gella Chambers).

August.

Connecticut to South Dakota (Upper Austral Zone) and south.

16. PARALECHIA Busck
(Gelechia, Aristotelia, in part)

Palpi with third segment only three-fifths as long as second, blunt at apex
fore wing (fig. 165) with three pairs of raised tufts; Mi free; M2, M3, and C
long, approximate; Cu, shorter and* distant; with a reniform area of blackish se
scaling on under side, in male. Hind wing three-fourths as wide; long-trapezodia
outer margin a little waved; R and Mj very slightly divergent; Ma cubital;
and Cux almost connate, or stalked.

1. P. pinifoliella Chambers. Shining deep yellow-brown; inner edge of fore wii
toward base, apex and apical fringes, and three bands, dividing the* wing int
equal parts, white, dusted with gray; the bands rarely broad and suffused; th

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATED 291

raised tufts on inner edge of bands, black. Outer band narrowest and paler.
No apical dot. Hind wing fuscous. 9 mm.

June. Caterpillar a leaf-miner in pine needles.

General in distribution and common. New York: Round Lake, Ithaca, Karner.

17. AROGALEA Walsingham
(Paralechia, in part)

Hardly distinct from the European genus Stenolechia. Palpi with third segment
as long as second, and acute; second segment rough-scaled. Fore wing dull, with
slight raised tufts in fold at one-fifth and three-fifths way out, easily lost.
Venation much like Paralechia; hind wing with apex a little drawn out; R and
Mj well separated at origin, but strongly divergent; M3 and CUj shortly separated
at origin.

1. A. cristifasciella Chambers. White, palpus with four blackish bands, fore
wing with black dots near base. Black antemedial fascia from costa obliquely
inward to inner margin, including first tuft; black postmedial spots beyond middle
(the dorsal one including the second tuft) ; and some minute black dots. Hind
wing yellowish. 13 mm. (inscripta Walsingham).

April; July. Caterpillar on oak, skeletonizing leaves from under side, or
inquiline in galls.

General in distribution. New York : Crosby ( Yates County ) .

18. TELPHUSA Chambers
(Xenolechia Meyrick)

Closely related to the tufted mediofasciella group of Gelechia, and deriv'ed from
t. Fore wing (fig. 163) similar to Gelechia, usually with raised tufts; hind wing
as in Gelechia, except that M3 and CUj are well separated at origin; palpi as in
Gelechia. The species average smaller than Gelechia.

Key to the species

. With contrasting, oblique, white or whitish fascia at basal fourth.

2. Fascia narrower, outer half of inner edge white 1. longifasciella.

2. Fascia broader, inner edge not white 2. latifasciella (part) .

. No contrasting white fascia.
2. Ground, color of fore wing white, not heavily dusted with gray.

3. Markings black ; antemedial fascia stopping at fold 8. basifasciella.

3. Markings fawn-colored, diffuse 9. betulella.

2. Ground color of fore wing not white, or else heavily gray-dusted.

3. Nearly black 3. quinquecristatella.

3. Gray, often powdery.

4. An oblique black antemedial fascia, marked by two raised scale-tufts,

and often broken below costa.
5. A broad lighter antemedial fascia, completely defined on both sides,

and contrasting with the blackish base 2. latifasciella, in part.

5. Antemedial fascia defined toward base only, and of the same shade

as ground color and base.

6. Head and thorax light fuscous, not powdery. .7. palliderosacella.
6. Head and thorax, like fore wing, heavily dusted with blackish on

pale gray or white.
7. Fore wing dusted with purple-black on white; antenna annulate

with white 6. querciella.

1. Fore wing less contrastingly dusted, and more heavily tufted;
antenna gray 4. quercinigracella, 5. fuscopunctella.

292 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

4. No oblique antemedial fascia; wings smoothly scaled.

5. A sharply defined blackish spot on fold near middle. .11. glandiferella.
5. No such spot.

6. Palpus with third segment yellowish ; brown shades on fore wing.

10. belangerella.

6. Palpus with third segment pure white; fore wing dusted with
black and gray on a pearl-white ground. .. (Glauce pectenalceella) .

1. T. longifasciella Chambers. Dark purple -brown. Head white; palpi purplish
with white annuli on third segment at base and end; fore wing with a white fascia
from costa near base, running obliquely across to inner margin, then along inner
margin almost to apex, but constructed or interrupted at anal angle. 15 mm.
(curvistrigella Chambers, obliquefasciella Chambers).

April and May.

New York to Oregon and Texas. New York: East Aurora, Crosby, Ithaca.

2. T. latifasciella Chambers. Powdery gray, the base blackish; a broad paler
(typically white) antemedial fascia, as wide as breadth of wing, edged on both
sides with raised black lines. An irregular postmedial line, weak or broken in
middle, with a whitish shade beyond it toward costa, and typically a large white
patch between it and end of cell; a double black tuft at end of cell. 13 mm.

May. Larva on oak; a leaf-roller.
Massachusetts to North Carolina and Missouri.

3. T. quinquecristatella Chambers. Deep brown, with a little purple iridescence;
face dusted and shaded with whitish; palpi light powdery gray, with black bars;
legs dark brown with white bars. Fore wing with three pairs of somewhat darker
tufts; the anterior of each pair a little farther out, and each with some white-
tipped scales; apical region dusted with white, indicating the postmedial line at
the margins. No black spot at base of costa. 16 mm.

May; July; October. Larva a bud worm on huckleberry. Slender; yellowish
white; head and cervical shield pale yellow; body showing the green dorsal vessel.
What is apparently the same thing also occurs on Comptonia.

Generally distributed eastward.

4. T. quercinigracella Chambers. Powdery gray: palpi and antennae also banded
in two shades of gray; fore wing with a heavy black bar from costa to fold near
base, nearly interrupted in middle, and containing two large tufts. Black basal
spots at costa and in fold; a black spot at middle of costa, with an oblique spot
in cell and a streak in fold opposite;- a black postmedial spot on costa, connected
to a similar spot in fold by the black discal bar. Apex blackish, with an obscure,
sinuous, pale, postmedial fascia. Fringe powdery gray. 12 mm.

Caterpillar on black-jack and other oaks, in late June and July. White with
a black bar on each side of head; a yellow cervical shield with black posterior
edge and black tubercles; at maturity developing red transverse bands on the
middle of the segments.

Generally distributed. New York: Ithaca.

5. T. fuscopunctella Clemens. Very closely related to the last species and indis-
tinguishable when rubbed. Antemedial band usually broken, the tuft nearer
costa being weak and well separated from the other; ground slightly paler, and
base more contrastingly marked.

Caterpillar with T. quercinigracella, similar to it, but with two ocellar dots on
each side of head instead of a single bar, and incisures instead of mid-segments
striped with red at maturity.

Pennsylvania and District of Columbia.

6. T. querciella Chambers. Very close to T. quercinigracella; ground whiter,
antennas and palpi more distinctly ringed with white; posterior tuft of thorax
yellow. Fore wing marked as in the last two species; a large proportion of scale
white, with a gray bar only. 12 mm.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 293

Early June. Caterpillar whitish; head, cervical shield, and tubercles purplish
brown; body with fine purple addorsal and broader subdorsal lines. A leaf -roller
on oak in May. These three species are practically indistinguishable without
breeding.

New Jersey; Kentucky.

7. T. palliderosacella Chambers. Similar to the last three species but with more
purplish tint. Head hardly powdery, and pale in front. Fore wing with ground
a light rather pinkish fuscous; the black spots on the costa as in quercinigracella,
and antemedial bar strong, but tufts small, sharply defined, black, and well sep-
arated. 13 mm.

Larva in oak, sometimes inquiline in galls.

New York to Texas. New York: Rock City (Cattaraugus Co.).

8. T. basifasciella Zeller. White; fore wings with a little gray dusting, palpi
with two gray bands on second, and stronger ones on third segments; antennae
blackish. Fore wing with a black bar from costa at a fourth way out, running
obliquely outward to below fold and connected along costa to base; black spots on
costa before and beyond middle, with a dark gray spot on inner margin opposite
the outer one; a black discal dot and bar, and heavier gray dusting at outer
margin. Hind wing dirty white. 10-12 mm.

May to June; late July. Caterpillar on oak, skeletonizing the leaves from the
under side.

New Hampshire to Missouri and Texas.

9. T. betulella Busck. White, mottled with pale pinkish brown; antennae annu-
late with white, and pale and dark brown; fore wing with three obscure and broken
oblique transverse fasciae, including the large concolorous basal tuft, and with
smaller outer ones; base of costa black. Fringe and hind wing whitish. 12 mm.

August; early spring. Caterpillar in a rolled leaf of black birch, pupating in
the roll.

District of Columbia; Virginia.

10. T. belangerella Chambers. Fuscous, powdered on a slightly pinkish^ white
ground, with slightly raised brown bars on disc, and a brown streak on fold.
Terminal dots dark, obscure, diffuse. Antennae and legs brown; palpi with second
segment pale gray, third yellowish with brown rings. 14 mm. (oronella
Walsingham).

May to July. Caterpillar a leaf-roller on alder.
Canada; eastern United States.

11. T. glandiferella Zeller. Pale, hardly powdery, ochreous gray; a velvety,
sharply defined, dark brown spot in fold near base; a larger dark brown spot on
fold, or typically, a bar reaching to inner margin, beyond it; and usually a
small dot at end of cell: each spot lightly defined with paler brown. 12 mm.

July to September.

East River, Connecticut, to Kansas and south.

19. GLAUCE Chambers

Closely related to Telphusa, and probably a development of it. Palpus with
second segment somewhat thickened, but nearly smooth, third segment longer;
fore wing with R, and RB stalked, Mt normally stalked more or less with R5, some-
times to well beyond origin of R4, as in the Sitotroga group, rarely free, connate.
M, connate with M3 and widely separated from M1( even at margin; Cu, long and
parallel to M2, M8, and CUj. Hind wing with R and Mt stalked, approximate, or
widely separated, apparently varying locally; M2 twice as near M, as Mj. M3 and
Gil! separate. Male with a very large tuft of black bristles (fig. 166) projecting
forward from front of hind wing, attached below Sc; the venation distorted; and
with costal edge clothed with much-enlarged scales.

294 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1. G. pectenalaeella Chambers. Black, heavily powdered on a white base; head
and thorax almost solid black; antennae black, with a strong white ring at tip of
scape; fore wing mottled gray and black, without definite markings. 7 mm.

July; June, southward.

New York and District of Columbia to Kentucky and south. New York: Rock
City (Cattaraugus County).

20. AUTONEDA Busck
(Neda Chambers, not Mulsant)

Palpus with a very short, triangular tuft on under side of second segment;
third as long, slender. Fore wing with Mt approximate to R4+s; M2 separate; hind
narrower than fore wing, with M2 nearer Mt than M3; apex produced.

1. A. plutella Chambers. Brownish black; palpi above, head, thorax, and inner
margin of fore wing, cream white; shoulders black, shading into cream white;
costa white; fringe cream white except at apex. 11 mm.

September. Type only seen.

Kentucky.

21. ARISTOTELIA Hiibner

(Ergatis Ileinemann, with Eucatoptus Walsingham)
Palpi small, often quite rough. Fore wing broad, lanceolate (fig. 164). Mt
free; M2 and M3 occasionally stalked; the other veins free. Hind wing falcate, with
produced apex; cell large; R and Mj divergent but widely separate at base; M2
nearer Mt than M3; M3 widely separate from Cu^ Hind wing narrower, sometimes
much narrower, than fore wing. Male sometimes with a costal hair-pencil on
hind wing, not disturbing the veins (Eucatoptus).

The palpi in this group are strongly divergent, and the patterns described are
those of. the inner face; the outer face is usually similar but with a little more
black.

Key to the species

1. Ground bright cinnabar red 6. salicifungiella.

1. Ground not dull red (sometimes suffused with pink).
2. Ground nearly even, with small markings.

3. Ground white or yellowish to dull wood-brown.

4. Five black marks on disc 14. quinquepunctella.

4. Not so marked.

5. A light yellow or cream-white streak running from costa at begin-
ning of fringe.

6. Palpus with second segment and basal half of third segment black

15. robusta.
6. Palpus less extensively black.

7. Apex of palpus black; a paler species 13. angustipennella.

7. Apex of palpus not black 12. gilvolineella.

5. No light costo-apical streak. . . . ; 11. disconotella.

3. Ground black or fuscous.

4. Fifth and tenth joints from apex of antenna white above.

8. absconditella.
4. Antennae without white joints

5. With subterminal dots 9. minimella.

5. No subterminal dots 10. physaliella.

2. Fore wing broadly and contrastingly marked in two or more colors.
3. With metallic markings.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 295

4. Base of fore wing white 7. elegantella.

4. Base of fore wing greenish black (Enchrysa dissect ella) .

3. No metallic markings.

4. Fore wing with dark fascia at apical third 3. molestella.

4. No such fascia; usually roseate.

5. With pure white costal markings 1. roseosuffusella.

5. No pure white markings.

6. A costal hair-pencil at base of hind wing 2. rubidella (male).

6. No costal hair-pencil.

7. Fore wing strongly suffused with pink; third joint of palpus
with dark base and tip; three white bands, the first weak.

2. rubidella (female) and 4. pudibundella.

7. Fore wing with slight traces of pink or none; third joint of
palpus with broad blackish base, the first white band of the
other species obliterated 5. fungivorella.

1. A. roseosuffusella Clemens. Palpus with third segment black, imperfectly
banded with white on basal half, the extreme tip white. Fore wing white, lightly
dusted with gray, with three blackish bands about as wide as the spaces between
them. First band strongly oblique outward, from costa at base, crossing fold, and
fading out; second parallel to it, running from costa at a .third way out, abruptly
truncate in fold; third broader, transverse, at two-thirds way out to apex, with
pink spots before and beyond it at inner margin, and containing a large yellow-
brown spot or shade. Apical region nearly filled with a black patch, but leaving
a white spot at apex. Inner margin shaded with yellow-brown on basal half or
more. 10 mm. (bellella Walker).

May to October; commonest in July and August. Caterpillar a leaf folder on
clover, also feeding on the flowers; also reported from sumach by Clemens, most
likely in error.

Generally distributed and common. New York: Ithaca.

2. A. rubidella Clemens. Fore wing pink, dusted with fuscous, and somewhat
shaded with yellow; head yellowish; palpus with third segment relatively short,
with three white bands, near base, before middle, and 'before tip, the tip black.
Fore wing with oblique fuscous bands, much like those of A. roseosuffusella, the
first one ending at fold, the third dark fuscous toward the costa, shading into
brownish yellow below and fading out on inner margin. Apex wholly shaded
with blackish, leaving no apical spot. Inner margin broadly shaded with brown-
ish yellow to the middle, interrupted with pink at a quarter way out. Thorax
fuscous. Hind wing of male with a hair-pencil. 8 mm.

General in distribution; May.

A. rubensella Chambers, generally considered a synonym, was described as having
the palpus white-tipped (perhaps damaged), the underlying ground color white
instead of pink, tongue brownish (usually gray in this group), bands of fore wing
brown, and thorax pale ochreous. 8 mm. Kentucky.

3. A. molestella Zeller. Palpus with third segment as in pudibundella. Ground
of fore wing powdery gray, the paler scales white-tipped. Half of surface covered
by fasciae, which are even, chocolate brown; first fascia paling out to base, with a
couple of yellow dots; second broad, with a yellow spot in it below fold; third
parallel, nearly interrupted by a yellow spot over cell; two dark brown dots on
costa near apex; costal and dorsal fringe barred with pink in the base, the bars
invading the membrane, at least on the costa. First discal dot large, tangent
to second fascia; second obsolete; postmedial fascia followed by a black bar in
discal fold. 12 mm.

District of Columbia in September; Texas.

4. A. pudibundella Zeller. Hardly distinguishable from rubidella and the sev-
eral undescribed species closely related to it. Palpi pinkish white, with black bands

296 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

before middle and before apex of third segment. Antennae blackish, obscurely
annulate. Head and thorax variable, usually gray, with pale face; fore wing
with ground powdery brown-gray, suffused with yellow and shaded with pink;
markings blackish, about as in D. roseosuffusella, not distinct below fold, and with
a somewhat less distinct costal spot before the apex. Fore wing dark gray beneath,
with a longitudinal pale streak along middle of costa, and pale subterminal spot.
Hind wing with a streak of rough gray scales below costa. 11 mm.

July.

Massachusetts; Texas. New York: Rock City.

There are a number of undetermined species closely related to this, and which
will run to this in the key, but which differ in details of markings and sex-scaling;
one, usually considered the same, seems to differ only in the white-annulate
antennae, and eats apple. A. intermediella Chambers is a name belonging to a
member of this group.

5. A. fungivorella Clemens. General pattern as in roseosuffusella, etc. Head
whitish, tinged with fuscous; palpi white, second segment with three blackish
rings, third also with three, leaving the extreme tip white. Fore wing pale
luteous, the inner margin strongly dusted with testaceous brown from base to tip;
the costal half with bands of fuscous brown, on a brownish-dusted, luteous base;
second band ending in a point, opposite which is a blackish, white-ringed dot;
a couple of black terminal dots near anal angle. Fringe testaceous with a white
patch below apex crossed by a dark line, and a white patch near anal angle. 12 mm.

August. A leaf-roller on willow, often feeding in the various willow-galls.
District of Columbia; Illinois; and probably generally distributed.

6. A. salicifungiella Clemens. Very similar to A. fungivorella, of which it is
possibly a red variety. Head reddish, palpi pale red with two black rings on
second segment; third segment black-tipped; fore wings dark brick red, the outer
half almost solid red, the basal half marked with whitish; a whitish band near
the base, dusted with fuscous, and followed by a darker, red-brown band; three
small white spots on costa; ground dusted with fuscous, and inner margin with
whitish red and fuscous. Fringe red. 13 mm.

August. Caterpillar in a loose open web 'between leaves of willow, not drawing
them together; eating parts of the leaves. Pale green, with many fine broken lines;
head paler, straw yellow. July. Cocoon outside the web, in trash, etc.

Illinois; Texas, in June.

A. ivae Busck, a Florida species without any pink shading at all, is to be
expected northward where its food, Iva frutesoens, occurs.

• 7. A. elegantella Chambers. White. Four transverse, black-edged, rich brown
bands; a black bar on middle of disc containing four or five metallic lead-blue
spots. 13 mm.

June, in Texas.

Texas to Missouri, central Illinois, and west, doubtfully reported from
Pennsylvania.

8. A. absconditella Walker. Shining bronzy gray -brown; extreme tip of second
segment of palpus white; third segment white with blackish shading at base and
apex; fore wing with a black spot at end of cell and sometimes a less distinct
one at middle; a fine outwardly oblique subterminal line from costa, fading out
at middle of wing, and a similar line opposite it running from inner margin, the
two at right angles. Fringe with more or less distinct, blackish basal line, cut
with luteous. 8--10 mm.

May and June. Larva in stem of Polygonum, often causing a slight gall;
and apparently the same species in Ampelopsis. Larva hibernating.
District of Columbia; Kentucky; Missouri.

9. A. minimella Chambers. Dark fuscous, indistinctly sprinkled with white,
no annuli on antenna; face a little paler below; fore wing with obscure pale
postmcdial dots on both margins. 9 mm.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 297

July and August. Caterpillar on oak.

New Jersey; District of Columbia to Kansas and Texas.

There is a closely related species on Polygonum associated with A. absconditella.

10. A. physaliella Chambers. Practically identical with A. minimella, but with
the pale lower part of the face sharply defined, and contrastingly pale. 9 mm.

May; July. Caterpillar a leaf -miner on under side of leaves of Physalis. Green
with yellow head and cervical shield; at maturity becoming crimson with greenish
head and cervical shield; cocoon outside the mine. The moth of the second brood
emerging the next spring.

Kentucky ; Texas.

11. A. disconotella Chambers. Light dull ochreous, somewhat dusted with gray.
Palpus brown, apex of second segment pale, third with a broad blackish band
at middle, at least in outer side. Fore wing with a horizontal elliptical black
spot at end of cell, and a smaller spot below costa half way to base. 8 mm.

June. Larva in stem of raspberry.

District of Columbia; Kentucky; Mississippi.

12. A. gilvolineella Clemens. Superficially very close to Paltodora striatella,
but with simple palpi. Palpus with second segment dark on basal half and white
on outer .half within, mostly black . outwardly. Fore wing pale yellowish, over-
laid with fuscous brown, the outer part rather darkened. Apex crossed by a fine
pale line running to a pale shade on outer margin. Discal dot black, distinct;
fringe with a black basal line, cut by the pale terminal bars. Antennae dark.
There may be a black claviform spot also. 12 mm.

July.

Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, Hazelton, Easton.

13. A. angustipennella Clemens. Similar to A, gilvolvneeUa, head and thorax
and base of fore wing nearly white; outer part light brown. Antennae white on basal
two-thirds, fuscous-barred at tip; palpus white, with a black bar on second segment
and apical half of third segment black, except extreme tip. Fore wing with some
longitudinal brown streaks near base, dot at end of cell smaller than in the
preceding species, and claviform dot obsolete; postmedial line shorter and without
a pale spot at its apex. 12 mm. (kearfottella Busck.)

July.

New Jersey to Ohio.

14. A. quinquepunctella Busck. Antennae light fuscous, annulate with luteous.
Palpi with second segment fuscous with white apex, third white with fuscous
apex. Face whitish, head and thorax dull luteous; fore wing luteous, with gray-
ish dusting, becoming fuscous outwardly, with five black spots on disc, four in
a rhomb (the basal sometimes weak) and one beyond. Hind wing paler. 12 mm.

June.

Pennsylvania.

An apparently identical species occurs in southern California.

15. A. robusta Braun. Dull ochreous, rather densely overlaid with purplish fus-
cous dusting, especially toward apex of fore wing. Palpus blackish, apical half
of third segment, and sometimes extreme apex of second, white, extreme apex
of third sometimes black. Base of antenna fuscous, annulate with white, apex
blackish, with apical segment, and fifth and tenth segments from apex, white.
Fore wing with a pale costo-apical streak, an elongate black discal dot and faint
dark shades; fringe with a broken line in base. 11-12 mm.

Larva at first forming a small, transparent blotch mine in Bcirpus atrovirens;
then a linear green mine, and finally a broader transparent portion. Larva in the
spring; moth in June.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

298 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

22. ENCHRYSA Zeller

Similar to Aristotelia, but with the outer half of the costa distinctly concave.
Palpi entirely smooth, as long as head and thorax, and strongly divergent.

1. E. dissectella Zeller. Dark bronzy brown, nearly black. Basal half of fore
wing brown with decided green iridescence, the brown area ending in a vertical
yellow line. Outer half orange, with a large blackish patch, starting just beyond
middle of costa over half as wide as the wing, and gradually tapering to apex.
Fringes blackish. Apical fourth of antenna white. 11 mm. (Aristotelia youngella
Kearfott).

July. Eare.

Ontario to Ohio, west to Vancouver Island. New York: Wells (New York State
Museum ) .

23. CHRYSOPORA Clemens

(Aristotelia, in part; Nannodia Heinemann; Nomia Clemens, not

Latreille)

Very close to Aristotelia. Palpus hardly longer than head, with third segment
much shorter than second. Fore wing as in Aristotelia; hind wing narrow (fig.
168) with apex strongly produced, and Mj rudimentary.

1. C. lingulacella Clemens. Golden yellow; head and thorax blackish, iridescent;
palpi paler with fuscous third segment; antennae dark. A blackish, more or
less metallic, patch on base of costa; an elongate one on basal half of inner
margin, and a large trapezodial patch on middle of costa, all edged with brilliant
violet-silver. Costa edge brown outwardly. Fringe dark brown, with silver in its
base below apex. Hind wing dark. 7 mm. (hermanella Chambers, armeniella
Frey and Boll ) .

May; August. Caterpillar in September, in a large blotch-mine on Chenopodium
and Atriplex.

Pennsylvania and Kentucky to Michigan and Kansas.

2. C. hermanella Fabricius. Very similar, but with the silvery antemedial band
extending clear across the wing, and the ground deeper orange. Caterpillar like
lingulacella,.

Ontario; Minnesota; Iowa; Missouri; possibly introduced from Europe. New
York: Ithaca.

24. RECURVARIA Haworth

(Restricted, not Meyrick. Evagora Clemens; Eidothoa, Sinoe Cham-
bers; Aphanaula Meyrick)

Palpi slightly roughened beneath, third segment nearly as long as second. Fore
wing (fig. 167) with Mj stalked with R5 nearly to apex, CUj longer than Cu2 and
much more closely approximated to M3; usually with raised scale-tufts. Hind
wing typically nearly trapezoidal, male often with costal hair-pencil. R and MI
only moderately approximate at base.

The cat«rpillars of one group are miners in the needles of various conifers. In
the needle-conifers they pass from needle to needle in a thin silken tube along the
stem; in the scale-type they eat out the spray as a whole. The moths emerge in
June. The young larvae hatch in July and form a minute mine in a single needle
in which they hibernate, in the spring moving to a new place and feeding up
rapidly. The deciduous feeders live in a silken tube on the suface of the leaf,
and seem to have the same seasonal history. The species are close and not fully
understood; many can hardly be determined without the food plant.-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 299

Key to the species

1. Fore wing with a longitudinal stripe through the middle from costa near
base to apex.

2. Costa clay-color, contrasting; larva on juniper 6. juniperella.

2. Costal area about half covered with black mottling; on sweet gum.

12. dorsivittella.
2. Costa very dark, concolorous with median area, the black streak lying in

the fold; on alder 15. alnifructella.

1. Fore wing without longitudinal stripe, or (obliquistrigella) with a slight one

on the apical half only.
2. Blackish and black with a little white scaling and an angulate, white

postmedial band.
3. Head and inner margin dark-duster and shaded on a luteous ground.

5. piceaella, variety obscurella.

3. Head and inner margin blackish, concolorous 14. nigra.

2. Not dominantly brownish black.

3. Third joint of palpus white, immaculate 2. variella.

3. Third joint of palpus with two black spots, at least.
4. Fore wing more or less yellowish.

5. An oblique antemedial fascia running from costa to fold.

6. Ground decidedly tinted with yellow; head straw yellow. Larva

on spruce.

7. Fasciae broken, leaving the series of tufts in the cell showing
as black dots about as conspicuous as those in the fold.

3. coniferella.

7. Ground duller; fasciae covering the series of tufts in the cell.

4. piceaella.
6. Ground hardly tinted with yellow; head cream color.

7. Fasciae separate; on arbor vitae 5. thujaella.

7. Second fascia running out in cell to join third; on juniper.

7. gibsonella.

5. A slight yellowish-white antemedial shade only; cell-tufts minute
or absent; second segment of palpus yellowish white.

1. apicitripunctella.
4. Fore wing not tinted with yellowish.

5. Fore wing with a strong, oblique, white streak at a third way out.

13. cristatella.
5. No strong white costal streak one-third way out.

6. A black dorsal patch near base 10. robiniella.

6. No such patch.

1 7. Male with hair-pencil toward inner margin; palpus with second
segment mostly blackish; first antemedial fascia short; larva

on oak 11. quercivorella.

7. Hair-pencil not reported; palpus with second segment heavily

dusted with gray; first fascia reaching to fold.
8. Ground brown, suffused on a cream-colored base; larva on

arbor vitas 5. thujaella.

8. Blackish on cream; on juniper 7. gibsonella.

7. No hair pencil; palpus with two black bars on second segment;
larva on thorn 9. cratcegella.

I. Evergreen feeders, ground strongly yellowish.

1. R. apicitripunctella Clemens. Pale yellow, shading into white; palpus with
second segment banded with yellow and white, third white with two black bars.
Antennae annulate, pale yellow and blackish. Fore wing with a brown shade on base

300 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

of costa, some black scales before middle, and a slight oblique postmedial fascia from
costa, of darker yellow, scaled with black, and edged with white. A black tuft
in fold opposite this fascia. About five small black terminal dots, the apical largest.
Sometimes with a complete angulate white postmedial line. Male with hair pencil.
9mm. (abietiaella Packard).

June and July. Caterpillar webbing needles of hemlock in early June. Green,
with blackish head and cervical shield.

New Jersey to District of Columbia and Pennsylvania; probably more generally
distributed. New York: Wells.

2. R. variella Chambers. Yellowish white, apical half of fore wings suffused with
golden yellow or dusted with brown; three or four distinct black dots at base of
costal fringe, which has some scattered black scales; occasionally with a couple
of fine streaks along costa. Costa sometimes wholly brown or golden. Sometimes
with a white angulated postmedial fascia broken at middle; a raised black tuft
on fold at three -fourths way to apex. Head, including inner side of palpi and
antennae, white. Outer side of palpi yellow. 8 mm.

June and July. Caterpillar in a silk-lined tube between needles of bald cypress
and evidently other trees. Mississippi valley specimens are yellower than eastern
ones.

Montclair, New Jersey and District of Columbia to Kentucky. New York:
Yonkers.

3. R. coniferella Kearfott. Similar to R. apicitripunctella ; ground ochre, not lemon
yellow, and much mottled with white; antemeaial fascia nearly continuous as far
as fold, but all fasciae showing the tufts as partly or entirely separated dots. Apex
and fringe more heavily gray-dusted; second segment of palpus rather heavily scaled
with black, suggesting two fasciae.

June. Larva on pine.
Ottawa; Ontario.

4. R. piceaella Kearfott. Similar to R. apicitripunctella; dark, dusted with
fuscous on a straw-yellow ground; head straw yellow, concolorous with the ground.
Fore wing with three fasciae, like R. thujaella, the outer one white, and right-angled
at the middle; normally a black dash in the terminal area, extending to the apex.
Hind wing dark gray. Abdomen with dark dorsal patches. 10 mm.

Variety obscurella Kearfott (nigra Kearfott, not Busck), is suffused with blackish
except on the inner margin, and on the costa beyond the median fascia, where it
is powdery luteous; white postmedial fascia only, contrasting. Head luteous; the
face lightly and vertex heavily dusted with black.

Caterpillar webbing and mining needles of red and black spruce. Red, with
light brown head and cervical shield and dark green dorsal segmental patches.!
Crimson ventral spots on thorax between legs, and on fifth and sixth segments
of abdomen. Moth in June.

New Jersey. Apparently the same moth occurs in Ontario.

5. R. thujaella Kearfott. Palpus with first segment black, second with a black
streak below and dusted with black, third white with two black bars. Head cream
white, paler than in R. piceaella. Fore wing cream-white, heavily dusted with
blackish, appearing fuscous gray; with three oblique blackish fasciae, the firsl
reaching to fold, the other two shorter; apical region darker, with blackish streak*
running out to the strong costal terminal dots. Tufts well marked, in three pairs,
black. Hind wing light gray. Abdomen cream-white. 9 mm.

June. Caterpillar on Thuja, eating out the sprays from inside, in May. Head,
cervical shield, true legs, and anal plate black-brown; body dull red with greenisl
incisures, pinkish below.

New Jersey and probably rather generally distributed. New York: Westbury
Long Island.

6. R. juniperella Kearfott. Palpi with black on outer side; antennae annulate
scape white in front. Fore wing powdery gray, with a curved black band fron

LEPIDOPTEEA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 301

base of costa to costa near apex, defined above except at the tip with a white
streak; and containing three raised tufts. Costal area heavily mottled with
blackish, forming three oblique fasciae, the outer sometimes meeting the longitudinal
streak. Dorsal region lighter gray, with three raised black tufts and three minute
ones along outer margin. 10 mm. (obliquestrigeUa Chambers?).

June; August. Caterpillar on red cedar and ground pine (Juniperus), in a web
or eating out the sprays; pale green with light Drown head, cervical shield, and true
legs; segments dorsally with pinkish open rectangles, filled with the ground color.

Connecticut; New Jersey.

7. R. gibsonella Kearfott. Similar to R. thujaella. Ground yellowish white,
heavily overshaded with black; the first fascia reaching to fold or beyond, second
broadening at middle of wing and sending out a long spur to meet the third,
which is angulate and reaches inner margin. Head whitish; palpus with two
bands on third segment, sometimes fused into a broad area, leaving only the base
and tip white; always rather dark. 11 mm.

June. Larva on juniper in May. Head and cervical shield pale honey yellow.

Ottawa; Quebec.

(Number 8 is vacant.)

II. Larval deciduous feeders. Moths without yellow tint. Palpus with third seg-
ment more slender than in group I, twice as long as eye, more than half of
its surface covered with two broad black fasciae, second segment mostly brown.
Face and scape white. No hair-pencil.

9. R. crataegella Busck. No hair pencil. Wings shorter than usual; white,
dusted with black. Antennae annulate; palpi white, with two black bars on each
segment and white tip. Head powdery gray. Fore wing with two oblique dark
streaks from costa, the first reaching inner margin, but sometimes broken; the
second reaching to cell only; and a third angled on outer side and running to
below tip of second, in fold, followed by a white line; a broad blackish shade
running from its angle to the apex. Basal half of fringe powdered, outer half
pale, with a gray line. 12 mm.

May to July. Larva on Crataegus. Probably a race of R. nanella of Europe.
New Hampshire to District of Columbia and Ohio. New York: East Aurora,
Batavia, Albany.

10. R. robiniella Fitch. Powdery fuscous gray, somewhat mottled, with only
the angulate and incomplete postmedial line pure white. Palpi with outer side
of second segme_t fuscous, except at tip, inner side with two bands indicated; third
segment with two black annuli. Fore wing with a blackish bar extending up and
out from basal angle; a small blackish costal spot before middle, and a larger
one before the postmedial band; a raised black dot beyond middle of cell; another
in fold at three-fourths way to apex. Head pale. 7 mm. (robiniella Fitch, imago,
not larva; fuscopallidella, robini&foliella Chambers).

Caterpillar pale greenish; between two leaflets of locust.

Eastern United States south to Texas ana north to District of Columbia.

11. R. quercivorella Chambers. Very irregularly dusted and mottled with black
on white, leaving most of the white along costa and inner margin, and forming
a more or less distinct, but quite irregular, longitudinal median fascia, at least
toward base. Head powdery gray; male with a large, spreading, yellow pencil
at anal angle. 11 mm. (gilviscopella Zeller.)

Larva on oak, in a silken tube on the under side of a leaf; white with red spots.
Moth in June.

12. R. dorsivittella Zeller. Palpi annulate, tip white; face white; vertex darker,
powdery; thorax and fore wing powdery dark brown and white, the dark pre-
dominant; inner margin pale, a whitish streak near base of costa, a white spot

302 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

on costa beyond middle, white along costa outwardly and at apex, with a brown
costo-apical spot. Fringe pale. 12 mm. (rar/atioella Chambers.)

May. Caterpillar in a brownish frass-tube 1 mm. in diameter and 1 centimeter
long, along a vein on under side of leaf of sweet gum, skeletonizing leaf about the
ends of the tube. Tube with somewhat valvular openings at the ends, which are
closed before pupation. September.

13. R. cristatella Chambers. Rather heavily powdered with black and white,
more evenly than usual, leaving a broad, oblique, clear white, antemedial fascia
from costa to fold, where it fills the spa.ce between the first two tufts; a blackish
shade before it; three black tufts in fold; postmedial line pale, distinct, angulate.
7 mm.

Kentucky. Type only known.

14. R. nigra Busck. Black with a silvery glance; darker than obscureUa; head
dark, antennae obscurely annulate. Fore wing with traces of the silvery- white
ground color, and a V-shaped fascia at three-fourths way to apex, its two limbs
paralleled by a fine line beyond. Tufts black. Hind wings blackish. Legs with
white annulations and tufts. 11 mm.

May. Larva on Hypericum.

15. R. alnifructella Busck. Purple-black; the first two fasciae from costa absent,
or represented by a few white scales; inner margin below fold nearly white, con-
trasting; the outer margin as far as the apex also strongly mottled with white.
Fold defined with black; the iisual tufts black and white, the outer one showing
as a distinct pale spot. Postmedial line whitish, irregular and broken, the upper
half in part parallel to costa and outlining a pale patch, the lower half often lost.
Head and thorax contrasting, nearly white. 10 mm.

Caterpillar in catkins of alder in late fall, emerging in the spring. Pale; head
brownish yellow; cervical shield and anal plate dark brown; each segment with
a transverse pink band on dorsum and mottling below; abdomen with pink incisures.

25. EUCORDTLEA Dietz

Palpi with a dense expansible tuft on upper side of second segment; third shorter.
Fore wings slightly concave at Cu2, sinuate, apex rather obtuse, with all veins
preserved. Mj stalked beyond origin of R^ M2, M3, and Cut approximate, Cu4 dis-
tant, running to concavity ol inner margin. Hind wings about as wide as fore
wings, trapezoidal, with all veins preserved. R and Mt connate, M2 and M3 approxi-
mate, M3 and CUj nearly connate. A slight modification of Recurvaria.

1. E. atrupictella Dietz. Pale creamy yellow, palpi with dark base and two
bands each on second and third segments (as often in Recurvaria). Antennae
annulate. Fore wing blackish-marked, an oblique band one-fourth way out, shaded
inwardly; a heavy oblique band from middle of costa about to fold; and a thinner
erect one beyond, connected to it by a bar on disc. A series of small black dots
around apex. Hind wings cinereous. 12 mm.

August.

Hazelton, Pennsylvania; Ontario. New York: Ithaca.

26. EPITHECTIS Meyrick
(Taygete Chambers; Parasia, in part)

Similar to Recurvaria. Fore wing (fig. 169) with Cu2 as long as Cut and nearly
parallel to it; M3, Cu1; and Cu., evenly spaced at origin. Hind wing with R and Mt
stalked, R running to costa before apex, Mt usually to outer margin, rarely also
running to costa; M3 and CUj connate or short -stalked.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 303

Key to the species

1. A black terminal spot just below apex, as in Duvita 2. sub&imella.

1. No single black terminal spot.

2. Fore wing overlaid with dark scales.

3. A broken, oblique antemedial band, farther out on costa.

4. Band broken into contrasting spots; ground practically white.

3. saundersella.

4. Baud heavy ; ground fuscous 5. syvicolella.

3. Smaller; bands oblique out to inner margin; browner, with dark apex.

3. saundersella.
2. Fore wing whitish gray, with contrasting blackish spots 1. attributella.

1. E. attributella Walker. Hind wing with Mj running to apex, M2 almost con-
nate with M3 and Cut, which are long-stalked; cell open. Powdery pearl white
(each scale fuscous and white). Palpi fuscous, tip of second joint and two bands
on third white; antennae dark. Fore wing with a large costal spot at base and one
rather beyond middle, a small one between them, and two or three less intense
ones on inner margin. Raised dark dots at end of cell and in fold. Apex lightly
spotted with fuscous. 10 mm. (difficilisella Chambers.)

The moth is locally common, resting on the trunks of trees in July.
Massachusetts to North Carolina and Illinois. New York: Ithaca.

2. E. subsimella Clemens. R and Mj normal. Head and thorax yellowish
fuscous; palpus with second joint brownish with a white ring at tip, third joint
white with outer half black; antennae dark, scape striped with yellowish in front.
Fore wing dark yellowish fuscous, brown along costa from the middle and toward
the tip; ground much sprinkled with white outwardly, a short yellowish white
streak at middle of costa and an angulate line at two-thirds way out; a blackish
spot below apex; and a dark streak in fringe. 8 mm.

A southern species, doubtful in our territory.

3. E. saundersella Chambers. Pale creamy yellow. Palpi with the two terminal
joints brown with white tips, and a band on the third. Head and thorax dusted
with blackish. Fore wing densely dusted below the fold, with three blackish
costal spots and two on disc, sometimes partly confluent into two oblique bands.
Apex heavily suffused; a dark line in base of fringe. Hind wing pale slate color.
7 mm.

Kentucky. Types only known.

4. E. geminella Riley. Cream white; a basal, blackish fascia of two partly fused
spots, and antemedial and postmedial fasciae of about three spots each; all three
parallel, and farthest out at costa. Fringe with a series of dark bars in base, and
preceded by a fuscous terminal spot.

Larva on oak.

Only a single specimen seen, in National Museum, and marked " rileyella type."
This is possibly the same as E. gallcegenitella Clemens, of which I have not
studied any authentic material.

5. E. sylvicolella Busck. Fore wing dirty white, thickly dusted and shaded with
fuscous, and marked with black. No terminal dots. A raised, oblique, dark streak
near base, farther out on costa, and broken into spots on costa, fold, and inner
margin, sometimes obscure; another on costa two-thirds way out, denned out-
wardly by an outwardly oblique white line; and three bars along cell, sometimes
running together into a line or obscure. 9 mm.

New York (Busck); Kentucky; Texas.

304 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

27. TRYPANISMA Clemens

Body and hind wing similar to Recurvaria. Fore wing with Ma closer tr-
M, and Cua stalked. Hind wing with R and M, stalked, R running to apex

Key to the species

Head white 2. fv-nelui.}

Head suffused with fuscous 1. prudent.

1. T. prudens Clemens. Head pale yellowish white; vertex with large, biackish
spots on most of the scales; second segment of palpus with two dark browri spot*
on the outer side, or wholly dark, and third segment with rings. Antenna
slightly annulate. Thorax and fore wings powdery blackish, tinted with yello-
darker than T. fagella, with a small ochreous dot below base of costa; ft patch
on middle of disc, often reaching inner margin, preceded by black dots in the
and a postmedial band, strongly angulated or broken into costal and dorsal barg
as in T. fagella,. Hind wing fuscdus. 9 mm. (quinqueannulella Chambers.)

May. The caterpillar forms a web on the under side of an oak leaf nfir the
tip, communicating by holes with the upper side where the caterpillar foed*.
occurs in July and August. The pupa is formed in a slight cocoon in tbe ka,

District of Columbia; Pennsylvania; Ohio.

2. T. fagella Busck. Head white. Antennse annulate with fuscous. Palpi with
only one faint annulation on second segment, and two on third. Thorax and fore
wing powdery light gray. Two circular blackish spots (at middle and end of cell)
in a cream-yellow shade, which reaches the inner margin at the middle; a larger
diffuse oblique streak at base of costal fringe and a spot on the inner margin
opposite it, both edged beyond with cream. Hind wing, with fringe, and abdomen
light silvery gray. 9 mm.

Caterpillar similar to T. prudens; on beech.
District of Columbia.

28. EVIPPE Chambers
(Phaetusa Chambers)

Similar to Epithectis and Recurvaria. Fore wing with all veins present; M,
and Ms connate or more often stalked; CUj free, halfway between M, and Cu2, and
equally long. Hind wing (fig. 162) nearly as wide as fore wing, with slightly
produced apex, R sinuous and running to apex, Mj.lost, cell very weakly closed or
open. M2 close to Ms, which is almost connate with CUj.

The moths are superficially similar to Recurvaria dorsivittella, but have cleaner-
cut markings and lack the two black palpal bands of Recurvaria.

1. E. prunifoliella Chambers. Palpi white, with base of second joint and extreme
tip of third blackish. Head and thorax white, with a blackish shade above antenna,
and black tegulse. Fore wing black, shading into dark gray on costa, powdery
toward apex along outer margin. Inner margin broadly white, with a twice-waved
upper boundary, which becomes diffuse at apex. A subterminal costal spot, more
or less distinct. 9 mm.

May to June. Caterpillar under the folded tip of a leaf of plum or peach in
late fall; apparently a leaf -miner when young; rarely on soft maple.

E. leuconota Zeller, a much smaller species, without any trace of the costal pal«
spot, has been reported from Albany, New York.

LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 305

29. 8ITOTROGA Heinemann

Antenna with a sparse pecten, otherwise practically like Metzneria. We have
only one, probably introduced, species, of Oriental affinity; the Angoumois grain
moth.

1. S. cerealella Olivier. Fore wing silky luteous yellow; hind wing fuscous,
fringes brownish fuscous. Ordinarily without markings, though some moths show
a black discal dot and a streak in the fold, and some, streaky black scaling. 15 mm.
(Anacampsis; Oelechia).

Caterpillar stout, legless, white, with yellow head, breeding continuously in
stored grain. The moth flying at large in August.

New York: Geneva, Ithaca, Albany; Smithtown, Long Island.

30. METZNERIA Zeller
(Parasia)

R* shortly, and R6 long-stalked, with Mj (fig. 170) ; the other veins separate. Hind
wing with all veins widely separate, R and M! somewhat divergent, Mj and M2 twice
as far apart as the others; anal region much reduced.

This is a European genus of some size. We have one species probably intro-
duced with its food plant.

1. M. lappella Linnaeus. Fore wing dull olive brown with paler yellowish shades
and streaks. Hind wing dark fuscous gray. 12-15 mm.

May to August. Caterpillar stout, white, with black head and divided brown
cervical shield; legless; in burs of burdock, eating out the seeds and wintering as
larva.

Europe; Canada to Pennsylvania. New York: Peru, Newcomb, Lewiston,
Ithaca, Katonah.

31. PTTCERATA Ely

(Pyncostola Meyrick (?); Paltodora Meyrick, in part, riot typical;
Cleodora Curtis, not Peron and Lesueur, etc.)

Palpus typically with a long triangular terminal scale-tuft on second segment;
in subgenus Isophrictis Meyrick with a looser brush of spreading hair, very loose
in anteliella and busckiella. Hind wing with R and Mj approximate or connate;
otherwise like Metzneria.

Key to the species

1. A white oblique costal streak running down from beginning of costal fringe.

2. Head cream white . 1 • striatella.

2. Head and thorax brown 2. anteliella,.

1. No such streak.

2. Entire wing with white-tipped scales and longitudinal ochreous streaks.

3. similiella.

2. Whitish, with two or three blackish dots 4. busckiella.

1. P. striatella Hiibner. Brown; a fine white streak extending obliquely across
apex, with two white costal dots beyond it; an oblique whitish streak at anal
arigle, and more or less distinct pale longitudinal streaks. Fringe with a black
bar across apex. Hind wing fuscous. Head, including palpi and more or less of
thorax, contrasting, whitish. 12 mm.

306 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

September. Very likely this species is rather generally distributed with its
food, tansy, but I find no authentic records.
Europe.

2. P. anteliella Busck. Head and thorax pale fawn color; concolorous. Fore
wing darker reddish brown, two black streaks toward base, and a black discal dot;
a fine white line across apex and a white bar in fringe at apex.

When fresh, this species shows the triangular palpal tuft, but it is easily lost.
12 mm.

New Jersey; western Pennsylvania.

3. P. similiella Chambers. R and Mj of hind wing shortly stalked; palpus
rough. Fore wing with the yellow streaks irregular and anastomosing, leaving
a powdery band around the apex. Superficially, practically like the species of
Phthorimoea, but distinguishable by the venation and the more bushy palpus.
(Isophrictis Braun; solaniella Chambers, in part, not larva; piscipellis Zeller. )

The larva breeds in heads of Rudbeckia hirta; pupating in the stem. Moth,
June to August.

Kentucky; Ohio; Texas; Oklahoma.

4. P. busckiella Ely. Palpus with a triangular tuft; M3 of hind wing lower
than in the other species, arising from middle of end of cell. Antenna yellowish;
palpus with second joint brown, third white, brown-shaded; head and tegulae
white; thorax darker. Fore wing light clay-color; two or three small, more or
less elongate, brown spots; hind wing smoky with paler fringe. 12-15 mm.

June and July. This species looks like a Gelechia, but structurally belongs to
this series.

32. AGNIPPE Chambers

Palpi with second segment rough-scaled, third about as long. Fore wings with
10 or 11 veins, Rt absent, Mj long-stalked with M3, or absent, Cu2 long. Hind wing
slightly broader, trapezoidal, pointed at apex, Mj absent, cell open, M3 to Cu2
evenly spaced. Fore wing with a tuft of raised scales in middle of fold. Moth
resting with tail raised, like many other Gelechiids. A reduction-form of
Recurvaria.

Key to the species

Head dusted with black; M2 present 1. "biscolorella,.

Head all white; M, lost 2. fuscopulvella.

1. A. biscolorella Chambers. Antennae annulate. Head yellowish white. Vertex
dusted with brown at sides. Palpi mostly blackish, annulate. Thorax and base
of fore wings yellowish, with a blackish brown patch on front of thorax. Fore
wing blackish fuscous with bluish iridescence, middle to apex heavily dusted with
brown and some white. Tuft small, black and white. 12 mm.

May. Larva possibly on Gleditschia.
Southern Ohio and Kentucky.

2. A. fuscopulvella Chambers. Head white. Palpi yellowish fuscous at base
and near tip. Antenna; annulate. Thorax and wings whitish yellow, densely
dusted with fuscous, duller than in the other species, leaving the black tuft con-
trasting. 11 mm.

April. Rare, only one specimen seen.
Kentucky.

33. STEREOMITA Braun

Similar to Metzneria. Palpus with second segment thickened and slightly
tufted beneath; third equally long. Fore wing with one dorsal vein lost (M, or

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 301f

Cu, ? ) ; the remaining cubital widely separated from the other two, which are
connate. Hind wing with R3 widely separated from stalk of R, to M^ RI from
beyond middle. Hind wing half as wide, with M3 and CUj widely separated, Ma
nearest M^ Mj connate with R.

1. S. andropogonis Braun. Pale ochreous, dusted with dark brown. Head paler;
palpus with a brown spot on outer side of second segment, and annulus on middle
of third. Fore wing with the dusting denser at apex, gathering in longitudinal
streaks, and usually forming two oblique postmedial streaks on costa; costal fringe
ochreous, dorsal brownish, with brown terminal dots and a bar at apex. Hind
wing pale brown, fringes reddish ochreous. 9 mm.

Larva in inflorescence of Andropogon scoparius, showing its presence by a yel-
lowish patch in the flower-spike. Moths in August, flying at dawn and evening,
and resting head down.

Clermont County, Ohio.

34. HELICE Chambers
(Theisoa Chambers; Cacelke Busck)

Palpus with third segment very long, much longer than the second, which is
nearly smooth, curved, and fusiform. Fore wing lanceolate, with R3 lost in the
male, usually stalked in the female, M2 lost, Mx long-stalked, and Tfj and Cut
stalked, with more or less distinct gray scale-tufts. Hind wing half as wide or a
little more, lanceolate or notched below the apex, always very narrow. Sc two-
fifths length of wing, R often lost at base or entirely lost, and Ma running to just
below the apex, (male) or with R and Mj represented by a single free vein running
just above the apex (female); Mo lost; M3 and CUj stalked (male), or cell open
above M3 ( female ) .

The extraordinary sexual dimorphism in venation has had a curious effect on
the synonymy of this genus. It is the most reduced of the recognized Gelechiidae.

I. Female with apex of hind wing produced, and outer margin concave below it

(He lice).

1. H. pallidochrella Chambers (fig. 173 5). Light gray, powdery, a small costal
dot near base, a large dark antemedial spot, crossing the cell but not crossing A,
a third way out; usually with a smaller costal spot at three-fifths way out, a
subtenninal shade on costa and a complex of dark streaks across apex of mem-
brane. 9 mm. (gleditschiceella Chambers; £ Cacelice permolestella Busck).

Larva probably on Gleditschia. Moth in May and late summer.
Kentucky; Maryland; southern Ohio.

II. Female with lanceolate icings as in male (Theisoa).

2. H. constrictella Zeller (fig. 171 <$, 172 ?). Light wood-brown, shaft of
antenna lighter, annulate with dark brown. Fore wing darker at base, especially
before the antemedial line, which is excurved evenly, except for a sharp inward
turn in at costa, and followed by a paler shade. Sometimes with a black discal
dot; a blackish costal spot at two-thirds way to apex, followed by a pale one, the
boundary sharp and oblique, sometimes extending into a short fascia. Dorsal
fringe paler. 8 mm. (bifaciella Chambers).

May to July. Larva on elm, forming a web on the under side of the leaf, con-
nected by a whitish tube of silk and frass to the base of the petiole; spinning a
thin, oval, silken cocoon. July and September.

Massachusetts to southern Ohio and Texas.

308

WILLIAM T. M. FOKBES

Family 22. BLASTOBASID-ffi

(Gelechiida, in part)

Head smoothly scaled, with the scales long and curving down over
face, often diverging and covering the face and the base of the antennae
with a fanlike tuft (fig. 179). Antennae long, scape broad, with, a heavy
pecten more or less mixed with scales (fig. 178) sometimes forming a
definite eye-cap (Calosima). Shaft with two bands of scales to each
segment, one more broadly interrupted below than the other; sensory
hairs strong, especially in males. Many of the Blastobasinse have the
shaft notched at the base in the male. Palpi typically smoothly scaled
and upturned beyond the vertex (fig. 178) ; reduced in the Pigritiinae
(fig. 179), never reaching beyond the middle of the front, but smoothly
scaled or nearly so ; in the latter often modified, with a specialized sen-
sory area in the male. Tongue strong, scaled at base. Fore wing with
R! arising well toward base of wing, R2 near apex of cell, usually
more than nine-tenths way out on the cell and much shorter than
R! ; R3 arising from upper angle of cell ; R4 and R5 long-stalked, usually
arising from end of cell, and well separated from R3, Mt free, M2 to
Cu2 arising in a group from lower angle of cell, Cu2 starting off at

FlGS. 175-179. BLASTOBASID^E

175, Holcocera purpurocomella ( ? ) , venation ; 176, Blastobasis phycidella
(Europe), venation; 177, Pigritia species, venation; 178, side view of head
of Blastobasinse ; 179, front view of head of Pigritia, showing minute palpi
and imperfect eye-cap.

right angles, and usually running straight across to inner margin,
perpendicular to M,; M3 and Cux intermediate in direction. M2 and
M3 often stalked ; 1st A developed at margin, sometimes arising from
2d A near its tip; 2d A normal and forked at the base also. Fore
wing with a thickened stigma between Rj and costa. Hind wing
narrower than fore wing, Sc and R normally fused for a short
distance at base; R and Mt well separated, parallel; M2 closely
associated with Cu-stem; M3 often stalked with M2 or Cux or lost;
Cu2 normal, much farther from end of cell than in fore wing. Anal

309

region reduced, with more or less traceable veins. Fringe two-thirds
to one and a half times as wide as membrane. Hind tibiae with long
hair; tarsi normal, with weak spinules. Female ovipositor slender,
usually exserted.

Larvje known only in the Blastobasinae ; prolegs short, with a com-
plete series of uniordinal hooks; otherwise like the (Ecophoridae, and
not distinguished in any way from those of Endrosis ; tubercles i and ii
distant, iii of eighth segment of abdomen above and behind spiracle;
ocelli reduced. Pupa of Gelechioid type ; not studied.

A small family, derived from the scavenger group of the CEcophoridaa,
from which they differ only in the fusion of Sc and R of the hind wing,
the rather heavier pecten, the closer grouping of the veins at the end
of the cell of the fore wing, and the stigma. Endrosis is sometimes
also included here, but is CEcophorid in the characters named.

The species are all obscure and very imperfectly known; the few
known larvae are borers in nuts (often scavengers after other borers),
scavengers, and predaceous on scale-insects.

Key to the genera

1. Palpus not reaching beyond middle of front, often rudimentary; hind wing
with 7 veins, M8 completely fused with Cut ( Pigritiinae ) .

2. Fore wing with R8 stalked with H^s 9. Pseudopigritia.

2. Fore wing with R3 free.

3. Fore wing with M2 and M3 stalked (fig. 177).

4. Palpi minute in both sexes 7. Pigritia.

4. Palpi in male upturned to middle of front with a linear sensory area,

concealed in a groove in the front in life 6. Ploiophora.

3. Fore wing with M, and M8 not stalked; palpi minute in both sexes.

8. Dryoperia.
1. Palpus upturned beyond vertex; male, often with a notched antenna

(Blastobasinae).

2. Hind wings with seven veins.; M3 and (X fused (fig. 176) . . .5. Blastolasis.
2. Hind wing with all veins (fig. 175).

3. Mw M8, CUj, and Cu, all distinctly separate 1. Euresta.

3. M2 and M3 stalked; Cut free 2. Valentinia.

3. M3 and C^ stalked; M2 out of the base of the stalk or free.

4. Antenna with eye-cap 4. Calosima.

4. Antenna with pecten 3. Holcocera.

1. EURESIA Dietz

Male antenna; deeply notched, not heavily ciliate. Fore wing with all veina
present, all but R4 and RB free; hind wing much narrower, all veins free and widely
separate, lower discocellular vein nearly longitudinal and long, as well as m-cu.

1. E. pulchella Dietz. Fore wing light ochreous, trisected by two vertical whitish
shades, the first broader and the second followed by a strong dark shade. 8% mm.

June.

District of Columbia.

310 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

2. VALENTINIA Walsingham
(Holcoccra auct., not Clemens; Auximobasis Meyrick, in part)

Male antenna; in our species deeply notched at base, scape broad, with a weak
pecten. Fore wing normal, with ML and M3 separate; hind wing with M2 and M3
stalked; nearly as wide as fore wing, with fringe rather wider than membrane.

1. V. glanduella Riley (The acorn moth). Light gray, more or less powdery
and mottled; antemedial fascia moderately angled out on Cu, the following blackish
shade broken there, so that there appears to be an extension outward of the ante-
medial line between its two halves. A blackish dash toward base below fold; erect
costal and dorsal bars just beyond the distinct small black discal dots, and fairly
defined on inner side. Margins more or less edged with blackish at apex; first
discal dot also distinct in light specimens. Hind wing much yellower, olive gray,
15-25 mm.

July. Larva in acorns, apparently sometimes a scavenger after the acorn weevil.
Distribution general. New York: Ithaca.

2. V. quaintancella Dietz. Much smaller than V. glandulella; hind wings nar-
rower, fringes twice as wide as membrane. Duller, brownish, more evenly powdery ;
antemedial line followed by a strong continuous angulate dark shade, the middle
part formed of the large diffuse first discal dot; outer discal dots smaller and well
marked, the outer markings obscure. Moth resembling a Pigritia. 10-14 mm.

Larva in mummy apples.
Distribution uncertain.

3. HOLCOCERA Clemens (restricted)

Similar to Valentinia, except as noted in key. The notch varying in develop-
ment and n&t always present.
The following key is incomplete.

Key to the species
1. Ground white, marked with black.

2. A complete heavy black antemedial band including first discal dot.

3. confluentella.
2. Antemedial band separated from orbicular; or band lighter brown.

3. No black powdering; a distinct dark streak on R and no antemedial band.

17. melanostriatetta.

3. Heavily black-powdered; antemedial band present; dash, if present,
short, clean-cut, and confined to antemedial region.

4. All black and white; black dashes conspicuous 13. elyella

4. With brown base of costa and antemedial shade, or suffused with gray.

7. "busckiella.
1. Ground luteous; notch moderate.

2. With strong, complex, and contrasting marks 6. chalcofrontella.

2. Nearly evenly powdered 9. gibbociliella.

1. Ground reddish buff 10. villella.

1. Ground gray.

2. Male antennae with deep notch; cilia as long as width of shaft.

3. Wing-scales not white-tipped 1. dives.

3. Scales white-tipped 2. aphidiella.

2. Male antennae with moderate notch; cilia half as long as width of shaft.
3. Larva on apple; moth immaculate except for three discal dots.

8. maligemmella.

3. Larva on Rhus ; moth with marked mottling 6c. fwmereUa,.

3. Larva on chestnut; moth dark gray, but with ground contrasting luteous

on basal third and here and there outwardly 6a. minorella.

3. (H. quisquiliella also belongs in this group.)

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 311

2. Male antennae without notch.

3. Even, dark mouse gray, with faint darker dots 11. funebra.

3. Paler, more or less dusted with white.

4. Basal dash present 14. zelleriella.

4. No basal dash.

5. Evener, antemedial band distinct toward costa and inner margin,

and pointing well before orbicular spot punctiferella.

5. Rougher looking; antemedial band, when distinct, with its two halves
pointing directly to orbicular 16. tartarella.

I. Notch on male antenna: deeper than width of shaft, outwardly distorting the

shaft; cilia as wide as shaft.

1. H. dives Dietz. Mouse gray, the costa distinctly browner; black discal dots
only distinct; outer margin and fringe vaguely barred; no white-tipped scales.
16-19 mm.

July.

Toronto, Ontario; New York; Pennsylvania; Indiana.

Var. basipallidella Dietz has a distinctly paler basal two-fifths, with angled outer
boundary; and the first discal dot indicated at its angle.
New Hampshire; Cohasset, Massachusetts; Pennsylvania.

2. H. aphidiella Walsingham. Similar to H. dives, many scales white-tipped,
defining a vague pale antemedial region; base and middle of costa solid dark;
also orbicular and discal dots, some apical shades, and a vague bar on Cu out-
wardly. 13 mm.

July. Larva in a Phylloxera gall on Carya.
District of Columbia; New York: Rock City.

3. H. confluentella Dietz. Ground pure white, crisply dusted and mottled with
black. Base black, thorax with black anterior and posterior bars; antemedial
fascia broad, complete, covering orbicular, angled out at middle; discal dots and
postmedial bands fused into a Y-shaped black fascia, which may break into two
costal spots and a discal and dorsal bar, or form two anastomosing bands, enclos-
ing a pale spot beyond end of cell. Some black terminal suffusion.

June and July. Larva on pitch pine, associated with Rhyacionia frustrana and
Recurvaria.

Central New York; Pennsylvania; Massachusetts.

II. Notch moderate, not as deep as width of middle part of shaft; shaft stouter,

with cilia about half as long as width of segments.

4. H. purpurocomella Clemens. Mouse gray, dusted with paler and darker, with
distinct first and second discal dots only; very slight purple iridescence. 18 mm.

June.

Pennsylvania; Maryland. New York: Rock City, Vandalia.

5. H. ochrocephala Dietz. Mouse gray. Head and collar clay-color; strongly
contrasting; middle half of thorax clay-color; front and back grayish; tegulse
clay-color, with gray spot and dusting; base of fore wings clay-color, the wing
with obscure orbicular and outer discal dots, not defined with pale. 16 mm.

August. Type only seen.
Maryland; West Virginia.

6. H. chalcofrontella Clemens. Typically clay-color, more or less dusted with
blackish; orbicular a black dot, with a blackish shade before it on costa and two
obliquely placed and more or less confluent patches just beyond it on dorsal half,
below Cu; two black discal dots, a blackish patch between the lower one and its
anal angle; a curved blackish band half way between end of cell and apex, curving
in below along outer margin and reaching nearly or quite to the anal patch.
More or less distinct blackish terminal dots around apex. Fringe and hind wing

312 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

mouse gray. Outer markings sometimes replaced by a continuous, less-contrasting
postmedial line, and the inner by an antemedial one interrupted over the cell.
12-16 mm.

Var. fumerella Dietz is nearly even mouse gray, powdered in two shades, the
marks as in the type, with a continuous strongly curved postmedial line. Var.
quisquiliella Zeller is pale, more evenly and less contrastingly powdery; the marks
all obscure except the three discal dots (perhaps it is a good species).

General. Larva in sumac heads. Moth in July.

New York: Ithaca.

H. minorella Dietz is probably a good species. It is suffused with dark gray,
except in irregular patches and on the basal third, the three discal dots con-
trasting. The larva lives in chestnut burs.

7. H. busckiella Dietz. White, more or less dusted with black and suffused with
gray, but always with some pure white scales. Normally with base of costa light
brown, antemedial fascia blackish on costa, weak or broken on cell, light brown
and rather distinct below; orbicular a black dot, and rather beyond it a blackish
patch resting on costa between orbicular and reniform, often strongly contrasting.
Two normal discal dots; postmedial fascia with its ends just beyond the outer
discal dot, its middle curving out nearly half way to apex, the fascia normally
heavy and blackish. Terminal dots light. 16-20 mm.

July and August.
Plummer's Island, Maryland.

8. H. maligemmella Murtfeldt. Wings broad (fore wing less than four times as
long as wide), light yellowish fuscous, with the discal dots distinct; otherwise
practically immaculate. 14 mm.

Moth in July. Larva in buds of apple.
Columbia, Missouri.

9. H. gibbociliella Clemens. Luteous, lightly dusted with blackish, a little more
heavily on outer half, leaving costa paler at two-thirds way out, and outer margin
paler on both costa and dorsum; discal dots obscure, the orbicular rather more
distinct, rarely absent. Head and thorax concolorous. 11-15 mm.

Atlantic States.

10. H. villella Busck. Unicolorous light yellowish brown, immaculate; palpi
blackish on outer side, hind wings grayer, with yellowish fringes. Tarsi marked
with blackish on outer side. 15 mm.

Larva on Andromeda ligustrina.
Maryland. New York: Ithaca.

III. No antennal notch, cilia, normally short.

11. H. iunebra Dietz. Mouse gray, slightly powdery, showing the usual three
discal dots only. 12 mm.

Var. reductella Dietz is paler, less shining, and with the basal third slightly
paler. Manitoba.

May to July.

Maryland; Pennsylvania. New York: Rock City.

Dives, aphidiella, funebra,- and purpurocomella are very similar, practically
identical in the female, but funebra is rather strongly frosted with white-tipped
scales and the third joint of the palpus is notably shorter than the second (three-
fourths as long), while in the other three the segments are nearly even in length;
purpurocomella and dives are larger and noticeably stouter than the other two
(expanse normally over 15 mm. H. dives is the largest and purplest, and shows only
the faintest trace of discal spots.

12. H. boreasella Dietz. Fuscous, the inner margin below the cell somewhat con-
trasting, whitish, crossed by an oblique fuscous costal shade from the middle of
cell to the inner margin at a third way out. Usual dots diffuse and obscure. No

LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 313

other distinct markings. The antemedial brown shade bends at an angle on the
cell and is obscurely continued to the costa.

August. (One cotype only seen.)

Montreal, Canada; New Hampshire.

13. H. elyella Dietz. White, lightly powdered with black; black dashes near
base below Sc, and in fork of A, orbicular and discal dots horizontally elliptical,
contrasting, black; a blackish shade in fold below orbicular, and one before it
near costa; some dark gray shading outwardly near margin. Usually with dis-
tinct dashes between the radial veinlets beyond orbicular and upper discal dot.
Hind wing light. 13-16 mm.

July and August.

Dublin, New Hampshire, to Maryland.

14. H. subsenella Zeller (as determined in United States National Museum).
Pale powdery ash gray, the margins contrasting dark gray, especially outwardly;
antemedial fascia moderately excurved, interrupted over cell, running well before
the orbicular, which is a dot; two discal dots and one on Cu half way out from
orbicular to lower discal dot; no other definite marks. 11-14 mm.

August.

Pennsylvania; Texas.

H. zelleriella Dietz, described from Texas, Iowa, and Louisiana, may reach our
area. It is similar but with one or two dark dashes at the base, the stronger one
in the fold.

15. H. vestaliella Dietz. White; antemedial fascia indicated by dashes in cell
and fold, and shades on margins, angled out at middle or reduced, and pale brown,
sometimes nearly absent; a dash beyond it on lower side of cell. Discal dots con-
spicuous, with a black spot below them and a small dash above. Middle of costa
shaded with brown; outer margin somewhat shaded with black.

June and July.

Southern Massachusetts; Maryland; Pennsylvania.

16. H. tartarella Dietz. Mouse gray, somewhat powdered with white; occasion-
ally with contrasting whitish basal third; antemedial fascia angled out, formed
of separate shades running to costa and inner margin, and an orbicular dot;
sometimes also with a separate dot in the fold. Discal dots and dash on Cu
distinct; the other marks obscure. Thorax concolorous, light gray. Marks in the
darkest specimens denned with whitish.

End of May to July; September.
Plummer's Island, Maryland.

17. H. melanostriatella Dietz. Pearl gray, somewhat shaded with light gray,
but, not dusted with black; a dark gray shade, variable in distinctness, on base
of upper edge of cell, and sometimes at middle of wing. Orbicular black. Discal
dots, at least the upper, black; the other marks gray and slight. 15 mm. (melon-
ostriatella Dietz, misprint.)

August.

Southern Connecticut; Pennsylvania; Maryland.

The following species of Holcocera are wholly unknown to me; some may be
synonyms.

H. modestella Clemens. Ground even, fuscous; basal part of fore wing paler and
grayer; a dark fuscous orbicular and two discal dots. The outer boundary of the
pale base angled out but not reaching the orbicular (group II). 16 mm.

Atlantic States.

H. inclusa Dietz. Similar to H. modestella; gray with paler base, and excurved
antemedial fascia not reaching orbicular, but without antennal notch. No dot
outward on Cu. Ground nearly white, but heavily overlaid with gray; no basal
dashes. 15 mm.

Pennsylvania.

314 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

H. messelinella Dietz. Gray, sprinkled with whitish scales; thorax whitish,
dark brown in front; fore wing with antemedial fascia strongly angled, partly
breaking into costal and dorsal dashes; orbicular spot with two dashes before it,
above and below fold; postmedial fascia dark, angulate. 15 mm.

Maryland; Florida.

H. m. var. spoliatella Dietz. More glossy; marks less distinct; the basal streaks
obscure; front of thorax concolorous. 12-13 mm.

New Jersey ; Pennsylvania.

H. clemensella Chambers. The unique type is now greasy, but this seems to be a
white species.

Kentucky.

H. illibella Dietz. Gray, dusted somewhat with white and fuscous. Antemedial
fascia reduced to dots on margins; orbicular and discal dots more distinct; post-
medial fascia obsolete. 12-13 mm.

Maryland.

H. punctiferella Clemens. White, with five black bars, arranged 2, 1, 2; ground
dusted with gray toward apex, and shaded with yellowish flesh color in fringe;
and fringe at least of hind wing gray. (The five bars are the orbicular and
one nearly opposite it in the fold, a spot on Cu, and the two discal dots.) 12 mm.

Pennsylvania.

H. triangularisella Chambers. Grayish fuscous; third segment of palpus whitish.
Antemedial fascia a broad brown-powdered whitish triangle, resting on the inner
margin, followed by a dark brown triangle, resting on the costa. Outer part of
wing powdered on a whitish ground; discal dots minute. 18 mm.

Kentucky.

4. CALOSIMA Dietz

Like Holcocera but with fully scaled eye -cap in place of a pecten on the antenna.
Fore wing immaculate.

1. C. argyrosplendella Dietz. Yellowish white. Head white, shining; palpi dusted
outwardly with fuscous. Antennae gray; eye-cap white. Fore wing shading into
pale reddish brown outwardly; hind wing pure white, nearly as wide as fore wing.
11 mm.

July.

Pennsylvania; Louisiana; Florida.

5. BLASTOBASIS Zeller

(With Epistetus and Prosthesis Walsingham)

Similar to Holcocera, but with M3 and CUj completely united. Our species have
male antennae without a notch; cilia of male antennae as long as width of shaft;
fore wing with M2 well separated, M3, CUj, and Cu, connate; hind wing with M>
short-stalked (fig. 176).

1. B. plummerella Dietz. Ground powdery smoky brown, strongly shot with
purple; nearly even, but with a paler shade across the disc at two-fifths way out,
and one above anal angle. No definite markings as a rule; the most definitely
marked specimens with a small black orbicular and two discal dots. 10-14 mm.

July.

Maryland. New York: Rock City.

Var. fuscopurpurella Dietz is large and practically immaculate, with the purple
rather strong, and the dark element of the ground strongly predominant.

2. B. sagittella Dietz. Gray, speckled with dark brown; a pale antemedial
fascia, a little nearer the base at costa, angled out, and sharply extended along Cu
in a tooth; a heavy dark shade on its outer side. Base paler, edged along both

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YOBK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 315

margins with blackisli, and with a weaker streak below the fold. Outer part of
wing a little darker along costa, with distinct discal dots and terminal dots.
11 mm.

August. Unknown to me.

Hazelton, Pennsylvania. New York: Rock City.

6. PLOIOPHORA Dietz

Palpi of male closely upturned nearly to middle of front, lying in shallow
grooves on the lower part of the face, and roofed over by the long, overhanging
vestiture (usually falling forward at death) ; second segment with a large
obliquely oval sensory area on inner side; third segment small. Female palpi and
wing characters as in Pigritia.

1. P. fidella Dietz. Fuscous gray, smooth and shining; aritemedial fascia nearly
straight, diffuse, and very slightly inwardly oblique from cell to inner margin, bent
on cell and slanting in to costa also ; the fascia formed of pale dusting, and variable
in strength; discal dots dark, obscure; outer third of inner margin and outer sixth
of costa with scattered white-tipped scales, extending somewhat into fringe. 12 mm.

June.

I cannot distinguish P. ampla Dietz by the one rubbed type I have seen; fidella
is possibly a synonym of it.

Northern New Hampshire and Parry Sound, Ontario, to Pennsylvania. New
York: Rock City.

7. PIGRITIA Clemens
(With Epigritia Dietz)

Palpi of male practically obsolete (fig. 179), and of female short and porrect,
with third segment variable in length but generally shorter than the second.
Antenna? not modified. Fore wing (fig. 177) with cell set obliquely in wing, even
more noticeably than in the Blastobasinae ; Cu, short and running straight to inner
margin. Hind wing sharply lanceolate, half as wide, with R and M± decidedly
divergent, M3 connate with CUj, the cell very weakly closed, M3 and Cut rarely very
shortly separate at extreme margin, normally fused. The genus Epigritia was
based on the relative shortness of the female palpi, a character that has proved
intangible.

Key to the species

1. Base of wing, except costal edge, contrasting whitish (late July to August).

2. Its outer boundary distinctly excurved 11 a. heidemcmnella.

2. Its outer boundary straight, erect 11. ochrocomella.

1. With a base of ground color at least twice as wide as the antemedial fascia
(June).

2. Antemedial band with an outward tooth at middle 5. "basilwella.

2. Antemedial band even, usually straight.

3. Band very narrow, extending one-fifth way to base 8. tristella.

3. Band moderate, extending a third way to base.

4. With a complete dark discal bar; antemedial band broad and con-
trasting 4. mediofasciella.

4. Two discal dots, prominent in a white shade 3. laticapitella.

4. Discal marks obscure; antemedial band narrower, vague, and very

faint 1. confusella. 7. angustipennella. 9. spoliatella.

2. No antemedial band, or only faint traces

3. Head and palpi pale 10. olscurella.

3. Head and palpi dark ; wings purplish 2. jturpurella,.

316 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1. P. confusella Dietz. Fuscous brown, the antemedial band broad, pale, erect,
faint and diffuse; some pale scales at anal angle. No other distinct marks. This
form looks very much like P. fidella but is browner.

June.

Pennsylvania; New Jersey.

2. P. purpurella Dietz. Blackish, shot with purple; with more or less distinct
traces of the usual markings. Head and palpi concolorous. Male unknown. 12 mm.

June.

Pennsylvania. New York: Rock City.

3. P. laticapitella Clemens. Dull fuscous, about the color of P. fidetta; the
scales largely pale-tipped, especially on outer half of wing. Antemedial fascia
prominent, straight, erect, pale (the curve shown in Dietz's figure is probably an
artefact), fairly defined on outer side, but diffuse on basal. Base more solidly
fuscous; a broad shade of solid fuscous beyond the fascia to middle of wing. Two
blackish discal dots, sometimes obscure, with a bar below them in the fold, all
defined by a well-marked pale shade; the apex again darker. Some whitish dusting
in base of fringe. 12 mm.

June.

New Hampshire; Pennsylvania; Iowa; Kansas.

4. P. mediofasciella Dietz. Practically like the last form, the marks less con-
trasting antemedial fascia narrower, discal dots fused into a vague vertical bar,
only faintly defined with pale; white- tipped scaling at apex well marked. 12 mm.

July 1.

New Jersey; Pennsylvania.

5. P. basilarella Dietz. Pale silvery gray, dusted with pale fuscous. Head,
thorax, and costal half of fore wing at base with golden iridescence. Fore wing
with base paler, and a dark shade beyond the antemedial fascia; a dark streak on
fold at a sixth way from base; fascia with a curved projection at the middle; discal
dots strong, with a dot below them in the fold, and followed by a waved postmedial
shade. Female less iridescent, with third segment of palpus shorter than second;
first segment fuscous-dusted, second and third pale. 12 mm. (Not seen.)

Pennsylvania; Louisiana; Kansas.

6. P. ornatella Dietz. Similar to P. laticapitella and mediofasciella, the white
antemedial fascia striking, and perceptibly excurved on outer side, almost pure
white; discal dots separate, dark, faintly set off; the whole apical region with
white-tipped scales, paler than the base. 11-12 mm.

Hazelton, Pennsylvania.

7. P. angustipennella Dietz. Fore wing narrower (less than one-fifth as wide
as long). Lighter mouse gray with a slight violet tint; antemedial band erect,
vague, slightly paler. A vague pale area over end of cell with obscure darker
discal dots. 11 mm.

Pennsylvania.

The one type I have seen looks too similar to P. confusella.

8. P. tristella Dietz. Mouse gray. Antemedial band, of white-tipped scales, but
quite narrow; discal dots practically obsolete, vaguely defined by the well-marked
white-tipped scales on the outer half of the wing. All the scales with more or less
distinct pale tips. 11 mm.

Hazelton, Pennsylvania.

9. P. spoliatella Dietz. Identical with Dryoperia grisella (of which it may be a
venational aberration), except for the stalking of M2 and M3. 11 mm. (Unknown
to me.)

Hazelton, Pennsylvania.

10. P. obscurella Dietz. Fore wing broad, four times as long as wide, mouse
gray, immaculate, with ochreous bronzy head and pale palpi. 11 mm.

July 4.

Northern New Jersey; Pennsylvania.

317

11. P. ochrocomella Clemens. Basal third of fore wing nearly white, gray at the
extreme base, with contrasting blackish costa and thorax; outer two-thirds blackish,
more or less powdered with white and often heavily shaded over the end of the
cell, leaving the dark discal dots contrasting, and a darker bar halfway between
them and apex; the region beyond the antemedial fascia contrastingly dark. Dark
specimens have only the discal bar defined with whitish. The outer boundary of
the fascia is typically erect, but markedly curved in the usually darker var.
heidemannella Dietz. (Epigritia Dietz; E. palUdotincteUa Dietz.)

Late July and August.

Southern Connecticut to Pennsylvania. A pale form occurs in Missouri.

8. DRTOPERIA Coolidge
(Dry ope Chambers, not Desvoidy)

Exactly like Pigritia except for the separation of M, and Ms in the fore wing.
Palpi minute in both sexes, a little smaller in the male; first, and often second,
joint with a triangular tuft below, rough-scaled, third joint shorter, and some-
times very small.

Key to the species

1. Immaculate ochreous 6. ochreella.

1. A distinct antemedial fascia with zigzag outer boundary, followed by dark.

2. Fore wing gray 1. grisella. 2. tenebrella.

2. Fore wing more or less yellowish.

3. Orbicular represented by a distinct dot 5. discopunctella.

3. Orbicular obsolete 4. murtfeldtella. 3. fuscosuffusella.

1. D. grisella Dietz. Light powdery gray, the costa darker, especially toward
base, the dark showing as powdering on a paler ground. Base dark; antemedial
fascia zigzag, not reaching costa, diffuse inward, outwardly defined by a contrast-
ing blackish shade which is strong at costa and forms a patch in the fold, but is
practically interrupted in the cell. Ground outwardly pale, powdery; the two
discal dots formed of the powdering, distinct but diffuse, and followed by a blackish
shade across the apex. 12 mm.

April.

Pennsylvania; Missouri; South Dakota.

2. D. tenebrella Dietz is very close to the preceding species, of which it may be
a variety; apparently it is slightly paler, with the dark antemedial shade weaker
and not forming so distinct a spot below the cell. 12 mm.

Pennsylvania; Kentucky.

3. D. fuscosuffusella Dietz. Pale ochreous, with dark fuscous dusting and shading,
grayer than D. murtfeldtella. Antemedial fascia of white dusting followed by a
blackish patch on the costa, the patch rarely extended diffusely toward the apex;
a similar patch on inner margin. Outer part of wing normally dusted with white;
with weak discal dots. 11 mm. (Not seen.)

St Louis, Missouri.

4. D. murtfeldtella Chambers. Dull light ochre, shaded with pale brown; ante-
medial fascia pale, rather narrow, toothed at middle, heavily shaded with brown
except on the tooth, extending faintly across the brown costal edge. Base shaded
with light brown; subterminal region also shaded with light brown; and discal
dots faintly indicated by a red-brown shade, all somewhat dusted with whitish.
12 mm. (ochrocomella Dietz, not Clemens; erratella Dietz).

Pennsylvania specimens are duller clay color, with dark shading and dusting,
the discal dots distinct, the antemedial dark shade excurved, interrupted and

318 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

preceded by a longitudinal dark shade in the middle of the wing, the apical dark
shade most distinct on the margins.
New Jersey to Texas and Nevada.

5. D. discopunctella Dietz. Grayish ochreous; aiitemedial fascia moderately
excurved, faint, defined by a darker shade beyond it on costa; orbicular a strong
but diffuse dot; two fainter discal dots. 12 mm.

Hazelton, Pennsylvania. (Unknown to me.)

6. D. ochreella Clemens. Shining dull ochreous, dusted with reddish scales.
Antennae grayish ochreous; palpi dusted with brownish; fore wing with apex red-
der; costa reddish fuscous with traces only of the fascia (unknown to me).

Pennsylvania; Texas; Alabama; South Dakota.

9. PSEUDOPIGRITIA Dietz

Similar to Pigritia, with similar sexually dimorphic palpi. Fore wing with R3
shortly stalked with R, and RB.

1. P. dorsomaculella Dietz. Powdery gray; antemedial fascia transverse, pale
gray, broad, and vague, bent out a little at middle discal dots more or less distinct,
in a vague pale shade. Similar to spoliatella. 11 mm.

Dietz describes this species as having three darker diffuse spots along outer part
of dorsal margin.
June.
Pennsylvania; New Jersey.

2. P. equitella Dietz. Similar to P. dorsomaculella, but with, markings fainter
and without any dorsal spots. Fascia at a third way out from the base. 11 mm.

July.

Hazelton, Pennsylvania.

3. P. fraternella Dietz. Similar to P. equitella, but with the fascia farther out,
at two-fifths. 10 mm.

Hazelton, Pennsylvania. (Unknown to me.)

4. P. argyreella Dietz. Silvery white, tinged with ochreous; with the fascia
barely traceable, partially defined with darker. 11 mm.

Hazelton, Pennsylvania. (Unknown to me.)

Family 23. LAVERNID^ffi
(Momphidse; Cosmopterygidas ; Elachistidae, in part)

Head smooth, the vestiture curving down over the face ; eyes moderate
or smallish; ocelli variable. Antennas as in the Gelechiidee; scape long
and slender, often with a pecten, which is sometimes reduced to a single
bristle at its base ; never with eye-cap. Antennas sometimes as long as
the fore wing, never much longer or very short. Palpi divergent, with
second segment smooth or tufted below, but never with a triangular
tuft; third segment variable in length, smooth, upturned, slender, and
regularly tapering; the palpus always upturned and much longer than
the head.

Fore wing lanceolate, always narrow, the membrane rarely with a
blunt apex; with broad dorsal and costal fringe. Anal angle never
well marked; the apex occasionally caudate (fig. 183), as in the Lyone-
tiidaa, some Gracilariidas, and Polyhymno. Rx from cell less than three-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

319

fourths way to the apex (except perhaps in Synallagma), but rarely
arising before middle of the cell; R2 free, arising well before end of

FlGS. 180-194. LAVERNID^E

180, Wo?s7n'a amorphella, venation; 181, Isimncecia phragmitella, venation of
fore wing; 182, Perimede particornella, venation; 183, Lophoptilus eloisella,
venation and outline of apical fringe; 184, La-rerna species, venation of fore
wing showing 1st A and 2d A anastomosing; 185, Cosm-opteryx scribaiella
(Europe), venation; 186, Batrachedra prceangusta, venation (from a European
specimen) ; 187, Psacaphora species, venation; 188, Stilbosis tesquella, venation
of fore wing; 189, Stagmatophora graboviella (Europe), venation of fore wing;
190, Batrachedra trichella, venation of fore wing; 191, Eriphia albalineella,
venation; 193, Eriphia concolorella, venation; 194, Limncecia phragmitella, seta
map of larva

cell (unlike the narrow-winged Blastobasidae). R4 and R5 stalked, or
rarely, united; Mx often, and R3 and M2 rarely stalked with them.

320 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

M3, Cu1? and Cu2 almost always parallel and subequal in length, from
an oblique lower outer end of cell. 1st A rudimentary at the base,
but frequently developed as a normal vein at the margin ; this marginal
piece being sometimes very short, and often apparently wholly sepg*
rate from the rudimentary base, arising out of 2d A (fig. 184). 2d A
forked at its base, the lower fork occasionally rudimentary. Hind
wing narrower, lanceolate to linear, fringe one and one-half to eight
times as wide as the membrane. A costal tuft of bristles toward the
base, with the margin concave beyond it. Sc free from R, but occa-
sionally connected by a cross vein (Rx). (In a couple of exotic species
Sc is extremely short and Rx appears as a free vein running to the
costa) R and Mx more or less convergent at their origin; approximate
(usually closely), connate, or stalked; M! occasionally stalked with
M2, and the cell often open below them; M3 distinctly separated from
CUu usually connected by a long oblique cross-vein parallel to the
dorsal margin. The anal region reduced, usually with rudiments of
the normal veins; 2d A forked when distinct. (When the hind wing
is linear the veins are much reduced and their connections often
uncertain).

The caterpillars are quite insufficiently known; they include leaf-
miners, stem-borers, seed-eaters, and, more rarely, leaf-rollers.
Batrachedra and Pyroderces include some scavengers. A large pro-
portion are associated with the Onagraceae.

Caterpillar (fig. 194) with head small and depressed, adfrontal
sclerites not quite reaching vertex, ocelli close together; body-seta
small; ninth segment of abdomen with setae ii farther apart on mid-
dle line than they are from i, and i, ii, and iii in a vertical line;
thoracic coxae twice as far apart as their width, prolegs also far
apart, with hooks in a complete circle, normally biordinal. Pupae
various, but normally with the clypeal suture complete, a quad-
rangular prothorax not narrowed at the middle, the palpi and the
femora fully exposed, and maxillary palpi large, nearly or quite reach-
ing the tongue. Antennae meeting on the middle line well before the
wing-tip, but not again diverging; cremaster with stout spines.

In Chrysopeleia the characters are nearly those of Aphelosetia, throw-
ing some doubt on the position of the genus. In that genus the labial
and maxillary palpi and the femora are wholly concealed; there are
only a few short straight cremastral setae, and the wing cases etc., are
soldered to the body as far as the seventh abdominal segment, so that
there is probably no motion ; but the clypeal suture is as in the Laver-
nidae. Cosmopteryx has the prothorax narrowing in the middle line,
the maxillary palpi exposed, but the labials and femora concealed, the
clypeal suture lost, and a single movable segment. Its cremaster has
hooked setae.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 321

The family as it now stands is undoubtedly heterogeneous, being
comprised of various reduced Gelechioidea, with perhaps a couple of
genera which really belong to other superfamilies. The forms with
1st A preserved, or with a primitive pupa, are evidently correlated
with the CEcophoridffi ; others, like Ithome, seem to be derived from the
Gelechiidse by reduction; Batrachedra and Synallagma are most doubt-
ful in position. A few genera of other families have been added to the
key for convenience.

Key to the genera

1. Hind wing immaculate; maxillary palpi minute, close-scaled.
2. Fore wing with one or more veins lost.

3. Cell set obliquely in the wing (tig. 186), squarely truncate at end, between
R1+5 and Cu1; cubital branches almost invariably running straight across
to dorsal margin, much shorter than M3.
4. Fore wing with R! and R5 stalked; hind wing narrow -lanceolate.

12. Blastodacna.
4. R, and RG completely united; hind wing linear (figs. 186, 190).

13. Batrachedra."

3. Cell central in the wing, the closing vein strongly oblique and nearly
parallel to the dorsal margin from M3 to Cu2; M3 to Cu2 rather evenly
spaced, subequal, and parallel.

4. A radial vein lost; only four veins running to costa; fore wing falcate.

15. Synallagma.

4. One or more dorsal veins absent; Rj always present.
5. R3 more or less stalked ; Mj often stalked.
6. Wings broad; hind wing lanceolate and slightly trapezoidal, with

two M's lost, and M3 connate with Cu^ (Gelechiidee — Helice.)

6. Wings linear; hind wing with all veins preserved.

( Heliodinidse — Erineda. )

5. R3 free; Mj stalked 11. Chrysopeleia.

2. Fore wing with complete venation (cell always central, with oblique end).
3. M! stalked (fig. 185).

4. Scape of antenna as long as width of head, without a pecten; antenmp
longer, more slender. Fore wing with a silver streak in the apex; Cu-
arising less than three-fourths way out on the cell; M2 stalked (fig.

185 ) 14. Cosmopteryx.

4. Scape half as long as width of head, pecten variable; antennae usually
only four-fifths as long as fore wing, fore wing without a white streak
in the apex; with Cu2 arising more than three -fourths way out.
5. Fore wing with heavy, raised, metallic tufts; Mj stalked nearly to

apex ; M2 free 4. Stilbosis.

5. Fore wing with small, inconspicuous tufts, or none, M.i shortly stalked
unless M2 is also stalked.23

6. Wing dull, linear; pecten strong 7. Pyroderces.

6. Wing shining, lanceolate ; pecten absent.
« 9 Stagmatophora, 10. Ithome.

22 Coleophora may be sought here, but is distinguished by its antennae thrown forward
in repose, its slender fore tibia without epiphysis at the middle ; its upper spurs of the
hind tibia above the middle, and its more angular-looking palpi.

a3 Laverna sexnotella also normally has MI very short-stalked, but the second segment
of the palpus is much thickened, the wing has metallic tufts, and there is a weak pecteii.

11

:522 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

3. Mt free from R, (fig. 1S4>.

4. Hind wing with M! and M., stalked (fig. 18.'}). in our species a third way
to apex (when the cell is open, separating well beyond the separation
of M3 and CuJ.

5. Fore wing caudate .">. Lophoptilus (part I.

5. Fore wing not caudate.

(5. Palpi smooth, R of hind wing running to costa less than three-quar-
ters way to apex (i. Psacaphora.

6. Palpi with second segment slightly tufted below; R of hind wing

reaching almost to apex ;>. Lophoptilus.

4. Hind wing with M, and M2 separate, rarely connate.

5. Scaling coarse and heavy, with large raised tufts; palpus tufted.

fi. Pecten normal 1 . Laverna.

0. Pecten of a single bristle 3. Walshia.

5. Scaling fine and smooth ; palpus smooth.

(i. Scaling irregular; pecten weak 2. Limnaecia.

6. Scaling regularly imbricate; pecten absent 8. Perimede.

1. Hind wing linear with silver bars; maxillary palpi tufted.

( Heliodinidffi-Idioglossa ) .
For an artificial key to the species related most closely to Laverna, see Laverna.

I." LAVERNA Curtis
(MompJw- Herrich-Schaeffer ; Hiibner, in part; \Vilsonia Clemens)

Pecten well developed; palpi with a rough divided tuft on under side of second
segment, third nearly as long; scape, tongue, and maxillary palpi normal. Fore
wing (fig. 184) with R4 and Rr> only stalked; Ms, Cu, and Cu. equal, evenly spaced.
and normal, from an oblique closing vein. Tip of 1st A normally appearing as a
terminal fork of 2d A, more rarely free. A widely forked at base. Hind wing with
R and M/approximate at base, well separated from M._,, which is associated with the
Cu-stem; the wing lanceolate; hind wing, rarely, narrow with weak veins.

Caterpillars mostly associated with the stems and fruit of Onagrace^e.

L. cephalanthie1la Chambers is a Psacaphora. • ,

Key to the species
1. Head and thorax white.

2. White patch at base of wing continuous on inner margin to middle.

3. Apical fourth of fore wing mostly white 2. definitella.

3. Apical fourth of fore wing dark 1. circumscriptella.

2. White basal patch confined to inner margin and extending to one-fourth

only, followed by a smaller spot on inner margin 3. miirtfeldtella.

1. Head white, thorax blackish, contrasting.

2. Fore wing evenly blackish with contrasting white and silver spots.

3. Fore wing with three separate spots on inner margin (i. sexnoteUa.

3. Fore wing with the two outer s]X)ts connected 7. icyattella.

2. Fore wing lighter brown, the scales white-tipped.

( Psacaphora cephalanthiella.)
1. Head and thorax concolorous with fore wing.

2. Head and thorax, base of inner margin of fore wing, convergent fasciae, etc.,

pinkish white, scaled with black 4a.

2. Head, thorax, and general ground of fore wing wood brown.

3. Two black dashes on disc and smaller spots in fold o. brevivittella.

3. Tuft in middle of fold forming the largest black mark, no dashes.

4. stellelln.
2. Head and thorax blackish.. ..8. decorella.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 323

1. L. circumscriptella /eller. Head, including palpi, thorax, and basal half of
fore wing, white; antenine blackish, with tip of scape white. Outer half of fore
wing typically rusty-brown (gray-brown in the more northern race). Costal edge
brown all the way to the apex, broadly brown at base, the area widening into a
triangle at a fourth way out and then very narrow to middle; a White costal
fascia at three-fourths way to apex, typically connected by a curved white line
with the white at the middle of the wing, where there is a black tuft above and
below it. 9-12 mm.; larger northward.

June to October. Larva in seed-capsules of (Enothera, in August.
Southern States, north to southern New .Jersey, Illinois, and Missouri.

2. L. definitella Zeller. Similar to L. circumscriptella; scape white; palpus with
brown outer side of second segment; fore wing with the dark part fuscous brown,
apical fourth white, with erect denticulate inner boundary, crossed by a blackish
fascia from just below apex to anal angle, leaving a narrow irregular marginal
white band; fringe grayish, with some white scaling at apex. 1.1 mm. (unicrista-
tella Chambers; ruficristatella of the New Jersey list).

July and August.

Southern Xew Jersey; Texas.

3. L. murtfeldtella Chambers. Head, palpi, and thorax white, the palpus with
two narrow black bars on the third segment. Fore wing powdery gray (black on
white) and light wood-brown; a semicircular white patch on basal fourth of inner
margin, with a black tuft on its outer edge, a smaller patch before middle; with
a large black tuft, and a .small white and black tuft in fold at three-fourths way
to apex; small black and white tufts at middle and end of cell, the outer one
sometimes extended into a black streak, and a similar black streak in the discal
fold l>eyond it, opposite a white costal spot.

October. Larva in buds of (Enothera ; dull brownish green, shaded with red, with
brown head and plates.

Kentucky; Missouri; Colorado; Texas.

4. L. stellella Busck. Similar to L. breviriUella but more mottled looking;
antennae unicolored, dark brown ; palpi powdery, with a black ring near tip of third
segment. Head and thorax light ochreous; face silver white; fore wings light
ochreous mottled with brown and black scales, costal edge evenly mottled with
black and apical part evenly sprinkled with black scales; two indistinct oblique
light brown shades crossing the wing, from base and middle of costa; six raised
ochreous tufts, in cell and below fold, the middle one of the lower row the largest,
terminating in black scales, forming the most contrasting markings.

August to October, more rarely in the spring. Larva in (Enothera; in the buds,
flowers, and seed-capsules ; maturing in August. Light yellow, transversely banded
with pink; with brown head.

Ontario to District of Columbia.

L. — — . Head, thorax, and fore wing gray (black powdering on a

white ground. Palpus with second segment scaled with gray and black ; third
segment black, with fascia : the base lighter out to the first fascia, but half covered
with a larger triangular dark brown area resting on the costa. Antemedial fascia
defined beyond by a couple of black tufts; outer three-fifths of wing darker, and
heavily scaled with wood-brown and chocolate brown; with a black shade through
outer part of cell, and a vague one beyond the postmedial line to the apex; post-
medial line followed by black scales on the discal fold and a black tuft in the
submedian fold. 9 mm.

October to April.

New York: Ithaca.

.">. L. brevivittella Clemens. Wood-brown, the scales of fore wing and thorax
finely white-tipped, those of head mostly solid brown. Palpus grayish with a
heavy black bar on third segment and black tip. Fore wing nearly evenly colored,
but shaded with graver and yellower brown; short, longitudinal black dashes in

324 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

fold near base, in cell at middle, and in middle of wing toward apex, each with
some raised scales; with raised, black dorsal spots opposite the first two dashes,
and a little before the third. 11 mm. (oenotherivorella, cenotheriseminella
Chambers. )

October. Larva in seed-capsules of (Enothera.

New Jersey to Missouri. New York : Ithaca, Albany.

6. L. sexnotella Chambers. M, shortly stalked, but pecten and tuftings as in
Laverna, Brown-black; head white; palpus with gray at base, two black rings on
third segment; thorax with some white scales; scape white-tipped, and apex of
antenna; with five white rings on alternate segments. Fore wing with an oblique
white bar from the costa near base, an oblique triangle at middle, and a large
triangular white spot before the apex; raised dorsal silver spots opposite the first
two and just before the third; some white terminal dots, the largest at apex.
12 mm. (Stagmatophora.)

May to August. Caterpillar a gall-maker in stem of Trichostema dicholomitm
(a mint) .
Massachusetts to Ontario and south.

7. L. wyattella Barnes and Busck. Similar to L. sexnotella, larger; middle and
outer spots on inner margin of fore wing connected by white scaling; and white
markings as a whole rather more extensive; hind wing much darker, purplish
black with a purple sheen. 13-16 mm. (Stagmatophora Barnes and Busek. )

Chicago, Illinois.

8. L. decorella Stephens. Black -brown, with two narrow, broken, transverse,
white fasciae and some scattered white spots. 11 mm. (unifasciella Chambers).

August and September. Larva light gray -green,- with blackish head and brown
cervical shield ; in a stem gall on Epilobiurn, in July and August.
Quebec to West Coast. Eurasia.

2. LIMN^ECIA Stainton

(Lymnoecia auct. ; Laverna, in part)

Head smooth ; eyes large ; scape slender, almost as long as width of head between
insertions of antenna?; pecten of few bristles, fugitive. Palpi smooth; third seg-
ment twice as long as second. Fore wing lanceolate (fig. 181) as in Laverna, but
with rudimentary tufts in cell only; 1st A completely lost. Hind wing two-thirds
as wide; venation as in Laverna, but with cubitals relatively longer and closer
together at origin. Fringe nearly twice as wide as membrane. A very distinct
genus of Australian affinity; our species cosmopolitan with its food plant.

1. L. phragmitella Stainton. Clay-color. Palpus with two slender black lines on
third segment; scape with a black line; shaft of antenna with a series of black
dots. Fore wing with small black discal dots, ringed with white, and a weaker
black point or dash in the fold; fringe barred with cream. Hind wing light gray
with nearly white fringe. 20 mm.

Of general distribution, emerging in early July. Caterpillar whitish, with yel-
lower head and several longitudinal pink stripes; eating in the seed-heads of cat-
tail, and causing them to fluff out; wintering half grown. One brood.

New York: Lewiston, Ithaca.

3. WAL8HIA Clemens
(Mompha auct. ; Sorhagenia Spuler)

Similar to Laverna; pecten reduced to a single bristle. Palpus with second seg-
ment practically smooth, but fore wing heavily tufted. Fore wing (fig. 180) with
venation as in Laverna, but CUj nearer Cu2 than M3 at origin ; Cu2 partly lost, easily

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 325

mistaken for 1st A, which is absent. Hind wing normal; Cux and Cu2 somewhat
approximate. The European species (Sorhagenia Spuler) has apparently lost Cu2
completely, and is a twig-miner and later a leaf-roller on Rhamnus.

1. W. amorphella Clemens. Head, thorax, and basal third of wing smoky black-
ish, somewhat mottled. Antennae and palpi nearly concolorous. Fore wing with
outer boundary of the dark area oblique outward, with a moderate blackish tuft in
the cell and a very large one on the fold, just before it (unlike Laverna). Outer
] art of wing paler, mottled clay -color and light brown, with some black scaling,
tending to leave a somewhat paler, outwardly oblique median fascia, and a vague
broken angulate subterminal one. Median fascia with a large transverse tuft across
the cell, and a small one below the fold; a black dash in the fold just beyond them.
A small tuft at end of cell. Terminal dots black. Many^of the scales white-tipped,
most strikingly at the margin. 15 mm. (miscecolorella Chambers.)

Mav; July. The caterpillar forms a gall on Amorpha fruticosa, pupating in the
gall. (H. p. 430, f. 249.)

New Jersey to Minnesota and Missouri. New York: Ithaca.

4. STILBOSIS Clemens

Xo pecten, scape rather long and slender. Palpi long, smooth, and slender; third
segment as long as second. Fore wing heavily tufted, in our species with strongly
metallic vestiture, the tufts as in Walshia but larger, and tending to fuse in pairs.
Fore wing narrow (fig. 188) four times as long as wide; costa slightly concave;
M, stalked with R5 nearly to apex; Cu2 obsolescent at base, but not approximate to
CUjj 1st A lost. Hind wing a third as wide as fore wing, linear, with concave
costa; R obsolescent, apparently long stalked with Mjj the remaining veins sepa-
rate; fringe five to six times as wide as membrane.

1. S. tesquella Clemens. Shining dark lead-color; antemedial tufts black; median
and discal tufts in large straw-yellow patches, the latter connected with a straw-
yellow costo-apical spot. 9 mm. ( quinquecrist at ella 'Chambers. )

May to July; August. Caterpillar between leaflets of Amphicarpa monoica and
Lespedeza; light yellow, with concolorous head, black shields, tubercles and true
legs. July.

New York and North Carolina to Minnesota. New York: Ithaca; Sea Cliff,
Long Island.

5. LOPHOPTILUS Sireom

(Cyphophora Herrich-Schseffer ; Leucophryne Chambers; Laverna,

Mompha, in part)

Palpus nearly smooth, third segment three-fifths as long as second. Similar to
Laverna. No pecten; 1st A of fore wing (fig. 183) stalked or free, well developed;
hind wing three-fifths as wide as fore wing; R running to costa a short distance
before apex; Mj and M3 stalked, widely separated from M3; upper and lower dis-
cocelhriar veins transverse. Tufts on fore wing normally heavy; fringe normally
even.

L. eloisella and passerella are strongly aberrant in having minute raised tufts
and a strongly caudate apex, and perhaps should be separated generically. The
larvae, so far as known, feed on Onagrace*.

Key to the species

1 . Ground white, apex caudate.

2. An antemedial fascia ; smaller 3. passerella,.

2. Two antemedian black dots; larger 2. eloisella.

1 . Ground gray, apex not caudate 1. tricristatella.

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1. L. tricristatella Clianibors. Dull brown, slightly shining, the scales of the
paler portion pale-barred and tipped. Markings mostly indefinite. Inner margin
slightly paler toward base, apex distinctly paler, tending to show a pale sub-
terminal costal patch. The principal tufts are a median one below fold, and one
at end of cell. 20 nun. (graiidisella Chambers, siibiridescetis Walsingham.)

May and June.

Ontario to District of Columbia and Colorado. Xew York: Uphill Brook (Mt.
Marcy).

2. L. eloisella Clemens. White. Palpus with two black bars. Fore wing with
black dot at base, one on costa a fourth way out, and a small tuft on the fold
opposite it. Outer half heavily streaked with yellow-brown; two broad streaks
converging on apex from costa at three-fifths and four-fifths way to apex, each
sometimes divided into two lines; two finer lines beyond middle of disc, meeting
at the upper edge of a large brown, white, and gray tuft three-fourths way out.
A smaller black spot near middle of inner margin, followed by a brown triangle
just reaching this tuft; a powdery gray patch below apex. Fringe with a strong
black pencil projecting from apex; with two triangular teeth on costal side, each
edged with black. The yellow-brown may lie partly replaced with black. lv> mm.
(occasional dwarfs, S mm.)

Generally distributed; in .June. Larva yellowish white, with red-brown head;
in pith of (Knothera stems, wintering in the dry stems.

3. L. passerella Busck. Venation as in Psacaphora; wing-form and pattern as in
L. eloisella. Pet-ten present. White; palpus with a gray spot on second segment;
fore wing with two black dots at base, a streak on costa a third way out, a broad
light brown median fascia, and a postmedian one separated by a narrow white
area, both further out in the middle, irregular, and defined with black scales.
Apex with mixed brown and black-and-white-barred scales, with a longitudinal
black streak from the outermost dorsal tuft to the apex. A transverse black line
across fringe at apex. Basal two-thirds of hind wing black, the rest fuscous.
7 mm.

East River. Connecticut. Xew York: Xew Y'ork City (Watson).

6. FSACAPHORA Herrich-Schfpffer
(Lophoptilus, Laverna, Mompha, in part)

Pecten rudimentary. Palpi rather thick, but smooth, third segment much
shorter than second; venation as in Lophoptilus, but with R of hind wing reach-
ing costa only two-thirds way to apex, like R, of Tinagma. 1st A stalked (fig.
187). Fore wing typically with slightly raised metallic markings.

Key to I lie species

Ground orange 3. termlnella.

Ground powdery gray and brown 1. cephalunthiella, 1. luciferella.

Ground black, metallic bands contrasting 2. argen-timaculella.

Ground white '. . . (Lophotilus passerella} .

1. P. (?) cephalanthiella C'haml>ers. Powdery gray, obscurely mottled. Head
cream-white, contrasting. Fore wing with markings all obscure, the distinctest
being dark dashes in fold at base, and in middle of wing toward apex, of black
scales and an antemedian silvery white spot in cell, one in fold before middle, and
one at end of cell. Some of the dark scales also shining lead gray in some lights.
Black dorsal tufts at two-fifths and three-fourths way to apex. 7 mm.

September and Octol>er. Caterpillar on button-bush in September and early
October, in a blotch mine; piipating and emerging very soon. Larva with light.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 327

dull-brown head, and body with crimson dorsal line and spots. Hibernation appa-
rently in the imago.

This is probably a synonym of luciferella Clemens, described from New York
and Pennsylvania, in June.

Southern Ohio.

2. P. argentimaculella Murtfeldt. Shining dark brown, with a good many of
the scales toward apex finely \vhitejbarred ; a broad lead gray antemedial fascia
across middle of cell, with a large blackish tuft in fold beyond it; a strongly
irregular postmedial fascia, sometimes Y-shaped, or with a separate costal spot
before it, and sometimes broken in middle, with a large ttift beyond it on inner
margin; with a small yellow area before it, or in the fork, if it is forked; a nar-
rower strongly irregular subterminal band, produced out at middle. Fringe
white-tipped. 7 mm.

End of August; December (forced?). Caterpillar a leaf-miner of CEnothera, in
August and October; mine a winding tract, often recrossing itself and sometimes
becoming confluent into a blotch, with scattered frass; larva pale green with three
indistinct pink dorsal stripes. Pupa in a dense white cocoon, usually outside the
mine in a wrinkle of the leaf.

St. Louis, Missouri.

3. P. terminella Westwood, race engelella Busck. Deep bronzy brown; palpi
pale powdery gray; antenna' with a white band before apex. Fore wing bronzy on
basal fourth, the rest bright yellow (metallic and changing from green -gold to
copper), shading into dark brown at apex. An oblique silvery fascia at base,
curving out to meet the antemedial fascia, one at a fourth way out below fold,
and an equally long one at three-fourths way out; two large black tufts on dorsal
half of wing, just beyond the two fasciae, with a silver dash between them ; a white
costal dot before apex. Orbicular silver, slightly raised. Base of dorsal fringe
lead gray. 8 mm.

May; June. Larva (Europe) whitish with yellow-brown head, in a greenish
blotch mine on Circa'a lutetifina.

Connecticut to District of Columbia and western Pennsylvania. New York:
Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Hemlock Lake, McLean.

7. PYRODERCEti Zeller
(Batrachedra, in part)

Pecten. strong, scape short; fore wing narrow-lanceolate and subfalcate; R, to M.^
stalked, R5 and M, farthest; M3, Culf and Cu2 parallel and equal; 1st A free, 2d A
forked at base. Hind wing half as wide as fore wing, with concave costa and some-
what weakened veins; R and M, long-stalked; Bl, somewhat approximate to them.
Caterpillars various. Palpi with second segment somewhat roughened, third a
little longer.

1. P. rileyi \Yalsingham. Bright yellow-brown, palpus with third segment pale
with three black rings. Fore wing with irregular and incomplete black bands at
one-fourth and one-half way to apex, typically followed by luteous, and with a
similar rudimentary mark on the costa before the first band, sometimes joined to
it. Terminal region with two pale patches, each followed by a black one running
out toward apex. A couple of black bars in fringe. Markings sometimes more
obscure, the luteous being masked by a powdery extension of the black. Black
powdering rarely gathering in a broken longitudinal streak.

Larva feeding in mummy fruits of loquat, rotten cotton bolls, stored corn, etc.
-District of Columbia to Arkansas and south; common in the tropics.

328 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

8. PERIMKDK Chambers
(Mompha, in part)

Similar to Laverna; scape rather long, without pcctcn; palpi smooth, with second
segment slightly thickened, and third a little longer. Fore wing lanceolate (hardly
four times as long as wide, fig. 182), normal, obscurely tufted, with 1st A lost;
hind wing half as wide as fore wing, with R and M! and M, and M3 connate.

Key- to the species

1. Antenna white-tipped 1. particornella,

1. Antenna dark.

2. Fringe wholly dark 2. erra-nsella.

2. Fringe below apex white 3. falcata.

1. P. particornella Busck. Shining lead gray; immaculate; terminal eight or
ten segments of antenna white. No other pale scaling. 12-15 mm.

End of May.

District of Columbia and vicinity; Texas.

2. P. erransella Chambers. Dark lead gray (with slight purple iridescence),
the tufts very slightly defined with yellow or whitish scales; sometimes with a
costal subterminal spot.

July and August.

New Hampshire to District of Columbia and Missouri. New York: Ithaca.

3. P. falcata Braun. Fore wing purplish fuscous, powdered, on a shining grayish
white base. Similar to P. erransella and P. particornella, but with a contrasting
white patch in fringe below the apex, and with antennae wholly dark. Hind wing
mottled with white beneath, ll1/^ to 14 mm.

June and July.

Cincinnati, Ohio; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; New York : Ithaca.

9. STAGMATOPHORA Herrich-Schreffer

Similar to Perimede; palpi more slender in our species, with second segment
slender and as long as third. Fore wing with Mt short-stalked (fig. 189) ; narrow-
scaled and green-iridescent, with very obscure, practically obsolete tufts. For
8. sexnotella see Laverna.

Key to the species

M2 stalked ( Cholotis ) 2. ceanothiella.

M2 free (Stagmatophora) 1. gleditschiteella.

1. S. gleditschiaeella Chambers. Dark bronzy, with some greenish, iridescence
on thorax and fore wing; immaculate, the rudimentary tufts slightly duller. Anal
tuft and hair on hind tibia orange in male. 12-15 mm.

May. Larva boring out thorns of Gleditschia.
District of Columbia; Ohio; Kentucky.

2. S. ceanothiella Cosens. Practically identical, except for the venation, with
K. gleditschiceella. Basal joints of antennae long and enlarged at tip (Pyrodei-ces ;
Cholotis Meyrick ) .

End of May. Larva in a gall in a distorted terminal bud of Ceanothus
(Ontario) ; also in a slight gall in the stem (Texas). In the former case winter-
ing in the gall. Light yellow, with black head and two light brown triangles on
neck.

Vicinity of Toronto, Ontario; Texas.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 329

10. ITHOME Chambers
(Eriphia Chambers, in part; not Latreille, Meigen, or Felder)

Similar to Stagmatophora. Fore wing shorter, short-lanceolate pecten appar-
ently present but fugitive. Venation apparently unstable in the number of
medials preserved and in degree of stalking of M!. Cu2 arising near angle of cell.
Hind wing with R and Mj long-stalked.

1. I. unimaculella Chambers. Dark smoky; a small subterminal pale spot on
fore wing. Third segment of palpus with a series of pale dots on under side.
7 mm.

This species has been confused with /. (f) concolorella and even with the usually
much larger Perimede erransella, but is distinguished by the palpi.

Southern States; porthern distribution uncertain.

11. CHRYSOPELEIA Chambers
(2E(K,a, Chambers)

Palpi rather long and slender, somewhat rough, third segment shorter than
second. Wings with small tufts; fore wing with Mj long-stalked with R5; M2 lost;
Cu normal; cell central; hind wing linear-lanceolate; Sc obsolete; Mt long-stalked
with R, which runs to apex; the other veins present, apparently arising from
Cu-stem.

The larva forms a large blotch mine between two veins, starting usually with
a tract along the midrib. It forms a frass tube along the midrib, with two walls
of frass extending from it to the margin of the leaf.

This genus is perhaps a reduced Gelechiid, and appears related to Helice.

1. C. ostryaeella Chambers. Face, palpi, legs, and under side pale hoary gray;
vertex, antennae, thorax and fore wings dark powdery steel gray; base of inner
margin paler. A paler fascia before the middle, farther out and wider toward
inner margin, and a nearly parallel, doubly curved fascia beyond apical third;
apex pale, with minute dark tufts in dorsal fringe. Four principal tufts on wing
surface, arranged in a diamond, the two basal ones lying along the inner side of
the first fascia, and the dorsal one farther out. 6 mm.

May to August; commoner later. Larva yellowish-white, with brown dorsal
spots in front, and a spot on mouth parts; on iron wood (Ostrya) in September.
Kentucky; southern Ohio.

2. C. purpuriella Chambers. Very close to C. ostryceella, the two basal tufts
equidistant from base, the antemedial fascia weaker or absent, and the apical one
more solidly pale. 6 mm.

June; end of July. Larva in July and late September; with habits like C.
ostryceella, but the mine less regular in form; on red oak.
Kentucky.

12. BLASTODACNA Wocke

(Mompha, in part)

Similar to Laverna; pecten present, palpus with second segment a little rough-
ened. Fore wing unlike all the preceding genera and like Batrachedra in having
the cell squarely truncate ; CUj and Cu, connate from its lower angle. Two large
dorsal tufta., 1st A stalked from 2d A. Hind wing with MI and M2 stalked.

The larvae are bud-worms and fruit borers on Crataegus and related Rosaceee,
and have dense secondary hair besides the usual setae.

.1. B. curvilineella Chambers. Rather even, powdery, light gray, with two black
tufts; sometimes with a dark dash beyond the first, but with no yellow shading.

:!:{() WILLIAM T. M. FOKBES

Larva densely liairy. Platyptilia-like, in berries of Crala-gus. The pupa hiber-
nates and the moth emerges in the spring.
Kentucky. New York: Ithaca (Wellhouse).

13. HATRACHEDRA Stainton.

Fore wing typically almost linear (h'g. 18(i) ; but lanceolate in some of our
species; palpi long, second and third segments equal; no pecten (except in some
aberrant species) ; fore wing with cell oblique in wing, at its outer end separated
from dorsal margin by only half its width, the end perpendicular; R4 and R5 com-
pletely fused. M! typically stalked with them, free in B. placeiidiella. One medial
lost, Cu, and Cu. typically connate, and sharply divergent, Cu2 running directly
across to inner margin; Mn closely approximate or connate, and much longer. (In
B. trichella Cu2 is well back from the end of the cell, and M2, M;1, and Cu, arc
longitudinal, parallel, and more nearly equal than usual. M, is long-stalked.)
Hind wing in B. placeiidiella as in Blastodacna ; in the others linear, with reduced
venation. Larvae variable in habits, frequently scavengers. Epiphysis of fore
tibia, in the typical group very small, at middle of tibia, and strongly prominent;
more normal in B. placeiidiella.

The genus is heterogeneous and of doubtful relationship; it is sometimes
associated with the Coleophorida>. B. placendiella- is clearly related to the Laver-
nidae, but may not be very close to the other species.

I. Winffs lanceolate; M, free, M, lost; epiphysis normal; pec-ten- stro-ng; anteiuuc

with raised whorls of scales; palpi not strongly divergent; oripositor exseried.

1. B. placendiella Busck. Palpi blackish fuscous, third segment with an ochreous
annulation at base, and extreme tip ochreons. Antennae dark fuscous with narrow
black annulations. Thorax dark fuscous; head light and iridescent; fore wing black-
ish fuscous, nearly evenly powdered with pale; without a pale central stripe; small
black tufts in fold at middle, on inner margin at three-fourths way to apex, and
at end of cell; a black terminal line around apex, fringes light with a black line
in them. Abdomen concolorous, with yellow tip. 11 mm.

June.

Western Pennsylvania.

II. Fore wing lanceolate (fig. 190) with Mt apparently stalked, M._, present, M3 and

Cut longitudinal; hind wing linear icith croirded venation; maxillary palpi
turned l-aterally ; antenna^ smooth, scape short, no pecten.

2. B. trichella Busck. Palpi light ochreous with a small dark spot on side of
second segment; antennae rather darker; head and thorax light ochreous. Fore
wing light ochreous at base, shading into purplish brown at tip, basal third of
costal edge black; a short longitudinal black streak in middle of wing at three-
fourths way to apex, and an obscure oblique one at base of fringe; the wing
sparsely dusted with black. Fringe, hind wing, and legs light ochreous; abdomen
fuscous. 1.1 mm.

August.

Western Pennsylvania; southern Ohio.

Til. Fore wing practically linear (fig. 1M6) ; Cu-, very short and transverse; hind

wring linear with renation almost obsolete and the scale tuft prominent.

one-fifth ivay out from base; epiphysis small and prominent; palpi turned

laterally; antenna' smooth, without pecten; maxillary palpi porrcct

( Batrachedra ) .

3. B. salicipomonella Clemens. R. and M, separate; antenna1 dark fuscous, with
white annulations except at tip; palpi dark fuscous; second segment with a white
ring at tip and sometimes at base; third with a more or less distinct central ring
and whitish tip. Head fuscous, face white. Fore wing powdery fuscous, with a

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 331

paler, sometimes obscure stripe through the middle to outer margin and apex, with
the blackish discal dot on its upper edge, and a larger black spot on its lower
edge at two-fifths way from base to apex. 10 mm.

Caterpillar inquiline in willow galls, especially the saw-fly gall on the leaves.
White with a broad transverse black hand on the front edge of each segment, the
first band placed on the mesothorax. and interrupted in middle; eighth segment
of abdomen with a band 011 posterior edge also. Head yellowish, venter pale;
immaculate; legs normal. Hibernation as larva; imago emerging in May. The
larva apparently destroys the maker of the gall.

Generally distributed; a paler race (striolala Zeller ) in Texas. Xew York:
Larva: at Ithaca.

4. B. praeangusta Haworth. Lnteous; head, body, palpi, and fore wings heavily
dusted with blackish: not forming a distinct pattern, hut distinctly darker on
inner half of basal half of fore wing. Typically with scattered spots of plain
luteous, which are obsolete in our race.

June. Larva (Europe) white, with ocellate brown spots on sides, and a white-
marbled brown subdorsal band: dark brown head and black cervical shield; in the
catkins and between leaves of poplar.

Western Pennsylvania.

IV. fore iriny rery narrow eloiigate-la-iiceolate ; M, free from R.-,.

•"). B. concors Meyrick. Head, with palpi, and abdomen whitish ochreoiis,
antenna1 and thorax somewhat darker; with teguhp tinged with reddish. Fore
wing pale ochreous, suffused and sprinkled with fuscous, the third fourth of the
costa reddish brown, and apical part paler, more or less tinged with reddish; costal
fringe with three dark basal dots, apical fringe with a dark basal line and a dark
shade outwardly. Hind wing pale gray; fringe yellower. 10 mm. (Unknown to
me.)

July.

Parry Sound, Ontario.

14. COSMOPTERTX Hiibner

Antennae practically as long as fore wing, more slender than in the other species,
and quite smoothly scaled toward base. Scape as long as entire width of head,
and only a sixth as thick; without pecten ; palpi as long as head and thorax,
turned laterally, smooth, and very slender. Hind tibiae with very little loose
hair. Fore wing subfalcate (fig. 185) with apex of membrane produced, almost
linear ; with a silver streak in the apical fringe. Mt long-stalked with R4+3, and
usually M._, also, lower discocellular, and m-cu strongly oblique; Cu2 long and
longitudinal. Hind wing 'linear, with more or less rudimentary veins; R running
to apex, long-stalked with M,; the cell open below them; fringe five times as wide
as membrane, or more.

Larva with strongly flattened head but otherwise fairly normal; forming a
blotch mine with a hole in it through which the frass is ejected.

C. delicatella and ferualdella belong to the subgenus Lienigia Spuler, with eyes
larger and rounded, front less prominent, scape and palpi rather shorter, spurs
of hind tibia rather above than below its middle, and larva not always ejecting
its excrement. The larva- are to be sought in rush-like marsh plants.

Key to the species

1. Fore wing with fine longitudinal white lines toward base.

2. Lines short, centering at one- fourth the length of the wing; ground dark

brown .
3. Inner margin verv narrowly white toward base.

332 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

4. Tip of antenna black 5. pulchrimella.

4. Tip of antenna white 6. magophila.

3. Inner margin not edged with white.

4. Outer silver fascia of two obliquely placed vertical bars

4. gemmiferella.

4. Outer silver fascia oblique, continuous 3. clemensella.

2. Lines extending out to middle of wing; ground light brown.

3. Expanse usually under 8 mm.; apex of antenna white 2. delicatella.

3. Expanse usually full 10 mm.; apex of antenna black 1. fernaldella.

1. Fore wing with a double silver spot at one-fourth way out; but no lines.

7. clandestinella.

1. C. fernaldella Walsingham. Light brown. Head and thorax with three fine
white lines; antennae outwardly dark, with the fourth and tenth segments from
apex white, and sometimes other isolated segments also. Fore wing with costal
edge, at basal third, and dorsal edge, toward base, finely white; three white streaks
on disc, the first running from costa, well out from base, and the lower reaching
middle of wing. A yellow fascia covering third fifth of wing, bounded on each side
with two silvery bars; the upper, inner one followed by a black spot; the outer two
separated by a longitudinal yellow streak, which becomes white outwardly, is edged
with dark brown, and runs through the fringe to the extreme apex. 8-10 mm.
(floridnnella Beutenmuller, nigripunctella Busck.)

Southern States; New Jersey; Ottawa, Ontario.

2. C. delicatella Walsingham. Similar. Antennae, with last four segments white,
and normally also the sixth and tenth from apex. Fore wing with yellow fascia
broader than in C. fernaldella; the upper anterior silver bar located farther toward
the base; and the following black dot small, the yellow extending basally below the
bar and touching the lower white streak. 8 mm.

Southern States, north to District of Columbia.

3. C. clemensella Stainton. Very similar to C. gemmiferella ; ground of fore wing
darker, orange fascia paler, less reddish, its bordering fascia pale golden rather than
violet, the more apical one oblique and continuous. Antennae with apex broadly
white, and a broad white area about three-fourths way out, sometimes interrupted
by a couple of black rings.

Larva on Ipomoea.

Massachusetts to Virginia and western Pennsylvania; "New York" (United
States National Museum).

4. C. gemmiferella Clemens. Antennas with apical three or four segments white,
then four black ones, and one or two narrow white bands. Fore wing and thorax
dark greenish brown; three longitudinal white lines on body; fore wing with three
short white streaks at a fourth way out, the upper resting on the costa; and no
white on inner margin; a broad orange fascia rather beyond the middle, with a
large, oval, violet-silvery fascia before it, extending almost across the wing, and two
separate spots beyond, the upper offset outward about its width and edged above
with white; all the silver spots partly edged with black; a long silvery streak in
apical fringe, starting from a silver-blue apical dot. 11 mm.

June and July. Larva a miner in Ipomcea.

New York to Texas. New York: Sea Cliff, Long Island (Busck).
C. hermodora Meyrick (Exotic Microlepidoptera ii, 282) must be closely similar,
but with one broad subapical band on the antennae.

5. C. pulchrimella Chambers. Antennae outwardly black, with fourth apical joint
white, and a second group of two or three white rings at three-fourths its length.
Fore wing much like C. gemmiferella; inner margin very narrowly white at base,
yellow band duller and shading into brown toward base, rarely chocolate brown ;
silver fasciae bluish, the outer one continuous, oblique, starting from a white costal
streak; apical white streak not reaching halfway in to the apical blue dot. 8 mm.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

333

June. Larva yellowish white with black head, and finely divided cervical shield,
a miner .on richweed (Pilea), making several successive mines and twisting and
crumpling the leaves.

Minnesota to southern Ohio.

6. C. magophila Meyrick. Similar to C. pulchrimella; apex of antenna white,
then five black segments, and two narrow white bands; dorsal edge rather strongly
white; orange fascia rather pale, its silver outer boundary offset out on the costa.
7-8 mm.

August.

North Carolina ; southern Ohio. Xew York : Ithaca.

7. C. clandestinella Busck. Antennae blackish brown, last four joints white, then
five black and two or three white joints. Fore wing blackish brown, with two or
three short, longitudinally oval and usually confluent silver spots at basal fourth,
orange area shortly and abruptly produced along costa. edged within by a narrow,
complete, violet-silvery fascia, followed by a band of the ground color. O*uter silvery
fascia normal, its dorsal half stronger; streak in apical fringe small. 9 mm.

Late July. Larva a miner in grass (Panicum clandestinum) , forming a clear,
irregular blotch, and ejecting the frass through a hole at the end. Light green
with yellow head and cervical shield; at maturity developing three brilliant wine
red longitudinal stripes. Cccoon made of a liit of epidermis folded lengthwise.

District of Columbia, etc.

15. SYNALLAGMA Busck

Palpus with third segment about half
as long as second and smoothly curved.
Antenna with scape elongate. Fore wing
lanceolate, with apex drawn out into a
strongly sickle-shaped hook, and the outer
margin below it nearly erect. Eleven
veins; R, lost, R4 and R- stalked, running
to costa, M, free, ending at the apex, 2d A
strongly forked at base, 1st A doubtful.
Hind wing half as wide as fore wing,
lanceolate ; fringe twice as wide as mem-
brane, with all veins preserved; Sc and R
approximate at base, R and Mt connate, M3
and Cu! connate, M2 free, with the cell open
below i£, Cu2 well separated. Fore wing
with slight raised tufts. Maxillary palpi
apparently absent. Hind tibia? with short
bristles above.

This genus is of very doubtful position;
perhaps it is Heliodinid.

1. S. busckiella Engel. Dark brown. An-
tenna annulate, dark and silvery gray; fore
wing with coppery green iridescence; two
dull white streaks in middle of wing, the
upper one "caching the base; a double dark
silver spot beyond a silver bar across base
of hook, with two white spots in cqstal
fringe near its end; apical fringe pale, fus-
cous-tipped. Hind wing dark. 9-10 mm.
. June to September.

Western Pennsylvania.

FIGS. 195-197. THTBIDID^E
195, Dysodia oculatana, venation;
196, Thyris maculata, venation of
hind wing; 197, Thyris fenestrella,
seta map of larva, ninth segment of
abdomen (after Fracker)

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

ibO-

;^

BbC

•Sp

*«,

fs

Tiif <^

•*Jv

208U

5"kTi

r, TUi9'

A.

205

200

-s

206

Qsp

/<

I'lCS. 19.3-209. YPONOMEUT1U.«

198, Atlei-ti- diirea, venation; 199, ) ponomenta padellus, venation (from a
European specimen); 200, I'lutella. annulatella (Europe), venation; 201, Plu-
tellu maculipennis, venation; 202, Argyresthia oreasella, venation; 203, Scythris
eboracensis, venation; 204, Epermenia illigerella (Europe), venation; 205,
Y ponomenta, cagnagellus (Europe), seta map of larva; 206, Swanvmerdamia
species (Europe), seta map; 207, Atteva <wrea, seta may after Fracker) ; 208,
Mieza species (Georgia), seta map: 209, Pliitella porrectella, seta map (from
a European specimen).

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

335

st PERFAMILY YPONOMEUTOIDEA

Head smooth, or nearly so, with a more or less distinct tuft on the
vertex in Argyresthia, Zelleria, and Acrolepia, but with shorter vesti-
ture than in any of the true Tineida?. Eyes moderate or small; ocelli
usually present and often conspicuous ; antennae with pecten in some
cases, without eye-cap, the scape of moderate size, as a rule ; shaft
with tAvo roAvs of scales to each segment, the more basal ahvays and the
other sometimes interrupted A'entrally, varying from the condition of the
loAver Tineids to that of the Macrolepidoptera. Palpi normally upturned
(minute and drooping only in Heliodines) with third joint nearly as
long as second, smooth scaled, long and conical or fusiform, neArer
drooping; second joint smooth-scaled or Avith A'arious ventral tuftings,
but never Avith the roughly triangular vestiture usual in the Tortricidse;
without bristles. Maxillary palpi typically moderate and porrect,
rather bristle-like, often minute, folded in Acrolepia. Tongue normally
scaled, often strong. A'ery rarely absent. Hind tibia? various. No
aculea? or ovipositor. Fore Aving Avith R- running to outer margin
(except in the Ileliodinidre), but doubtful in some genera Avith reduced
venation ; R4 and R- usually separate ; 1st A free, usually distinct
toAvard margin ; 2d A usually forked at base ; hind Aving Avith Sc and R
closely parallel at base, usually connected by Rj, but sometimes sepa-
rate ; never anastomosing. Female Avith tAvo bristles in frenulum.
Venation complete or nearly so.

LarA'se and pupa1 various, though ahvays shoAving the three prespira-
cular seta1 in the larva. Cocoon A'ery frequently lacelike of open meshes.

T

FlGS. 210-211. YPONOMEUTIDvE

210, Argyresthia nitidella (Europe), seta map; 211, Epermenia- illigerella
(Europe), seta map

This superfamily, as here delimited, is a rather heterogeneous series
of forms AA'hich do not definitely belong to any of the other recognized
groups; and the family separation here giA'en is largely arbitrary

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

(aside from the ^geriida?) ; but I believe it represents natural points
of division. The whole series of isolated genera has been put here
in the Yponomeutidte ; some of them are nearly Heliodinid while others
would go as well in the neighborhood of the Tineidse.

Key to genera of Yponomeutoidea (except ^Egeriidae ) 2*

1. Venation complete or nearly so.

2. Fore wing with five radials preserved, all running to costa (fig. 219).

3. Wings lanceolate, hind wing immaculate .HI. Euclemensia.

3. Wings linear; hind wing banded H 4. Idioglossa.

3. Wings linear, hind wing immaculate H 3. Erineda.

2. Fore wing with only four radials running to costa.
3. Hind wing with Mj and M2 long-stalked (fig. 201).

4. Palpi with a triangular tuft on second joint; maxillary palpi porrect and

often large ' " Y 6. Plutella.

4. Palpi nearly smooth.

5. Head with a few erect hairs behind; maxillary palpi folded.

Y 9. Acrolepia.
5. Head with a large tuft on vertex; maxillary palpi obsolete.

Y 10. Argyresthia.
3. Hind wing with M, and M., separate; or a vein wholly lost.

4. Rj arising beyond middle of cell, which is lanceolate ; without accessory

cell * Y 12. Scythris.

4. Cell ample, with large accessory cell; Rt almost always arising before

middle of cell.

5. Palpi very short, drooping (fig. 222); hind wing lanceolate; M3 long-
stalked or united with Cu, (fig. 218) H 2. Heliodines.

5. Palpi upturned at least at middle of front; or wings ample, usually

both.

0. Hind wing with complete venation (6 veins arising from cell).
7. With M:. and Cu, separate or connate.

8. Vestiture hairy; palpi obsolete (Psychidse-Solenobia).

8. Vestiture mostly scaly, palpi well developed.
9. Hind tibia- bristled.

10. Hind tibine bristled both above and below; R of hind wing

ending at or above apex (fig. 204) Y 8. Epermenia.

10. Hind tibiae bristled above only; R running to outer margin

(fig. 220) H 6. Schreckensteinia.

9. Hind tibiip with long loose hair.

10. Palpi short, hardly exceeding front Y 5. Urodiis.

10. Palpi upturned to vertex (XylorictidavStenoma).

9. Hind tibiae smooth-scaled.
10. Palpi nearly smooth.

11. Hind wing with M3 and Cu, separate (fig. 198); fringe
less than half as wide as membrane; ocelli small.

Y4. Attev.
11. Hind wing with M3 and C^ approximate (fig. 214); ocelli

very large.
12. Palpi with second and third joints equal (brown).

G 4. Glyphipteryx.

-•'In this key the letters prefixed to the genus numbers indicate the families: Y —
Yponomeutidse ; G = Glyphipterygidse ; H = Heliodinidae.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 337

12. Palpi with third joint as long as first two togethei

(steel blue) ' G 1. Abrenthia.

10. Palpus with a triangular tuft; hind wing with R and Mj

stalked Y 7. Cerostoma.

7. M3 and CUj stalked; ocelli present.
8. R and Mj parallel (figs. 214, 215).

9. Hind wing oblong, only about half as wide as fore wing.

G 4. Glyphipteryx.
9. Hind wing broader and rounded or triangular; nearly as wide

as fore wing (fig. 213).
10. Second joint of palpus with long hair below (fig. 216).

G 3. Choreutis § Millieria.
10. Palpus smooth or somewhat rough.

11. R4 and R5 of fore wing stalked halfway to apex

(fig. 242) G 2. Simaethis § Allononyma.

11. R4 and R5 separate.

12. Palpus with blunt truncate apex.

Or 2. Simaethis, typical.
12. Palpus with acute apex..G 2. Simaethis § Brenthia.

8. R and Mj of hind wing stalked (Xylorictidae, Setiostoma).

6. Hind wing with a vein lost.

7. Hind wing ample, with broadly rounded apex.

8. Ocelli large and conspicuous G 3. Choreutis, typical.

8. No ocelli.

9. Palpi smooth-scaled; (ground white or gray).
10. Fore wing with all veins preserved (fig. 199).

11. A transparent spot at base of Cu of hind wing.

Y 2. Yponomeuta.

11. No transparent spot Y 1. Prays.

10. Fore wing with one vein lost Y 3. Swammerdamia.

9. Palpi very rough; (two-thirds of fore wing black).

(Psychidffi, Kearfottia).

7. Hind wing lanceolate; ocelli present but not always large (fig.
215).

8. Apex rounded ; palpi smooth G 4. Glyphipteryx.

8. Apex of membrane falcate; palpi rough, ending in a loose, trun-
cate tuft. Y 11. Zelleria.

1. Wings linear with three or four obscure veins (fig. 221); palpi with terminal
bristles H 5. Cycloplasis.

Family 24. YPONOMEUTHXffi

(With Plutellidce, Argyresthiidce, Acrolepiidw, Scythrididoe, etc.)

Head smooth, except sometimes on vertex; ocelli small or absent;
antennae moderate, without eye-cap ; scape moderate ; each segment of
shaft with two rows of scales, of which the outer is usually a complete
whorl; the inner interrupted more or less broadly below, exposing an
area of sensory setae (in Argyresthia with both whorls complete as in
some Tineidae; in some specialized genera with both interrupted, and
the sensory area continuous; as in Scythris etc.) ; but with the outer
row always distinctly better developed than the inner, and the inner
always present and well-exposed dorsally. Maxillary palpi various;

338 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

labials moderate to long, upturned, without bristles, with the third
joint long, and smoothly sealed ; almost always straight and fusiform ;
tongue present, sometimes naked. Eyes good-sized. Thorax with scaly
vestiture; legs various, typically smooth-scaled. Venation but little
reduced ; fore wing with R. running to outer margin ; usually with all
veins separate, and usually with a stigma along costa from tip of
Sc to R! ; hind wing with R and Mt well separated, except in Ceros-
toma ; Ma and M., often stalked ; 1st A distinct in both wings.

Larva quite variable (figs. 205-211) but always with seta beta on
the cervical shield farther from the middle line than alpha, seta? iv
and v widely separated on the abdomen, and the prespiracular wart
bearing three seta1.

Egg, so far as known, of fiat type and normal. Pupa obtect ; with
maxillary palpi distinctly preserved ; with pilifers represented by dis-
tinct lobes only in the genus Atteva ; front femora exposed except in
Scythris. The pupa? are less heterogeneous, apparently, than the larva?,
except for Scythris and Atteva.

The family as here limited is far from homogeneous: Yponomeuta,
Prays, and Swammerdamia form the Yponomeutina?, and are close rela-
tives ; Plutella, Cerostoma, and Trachoma form a second group : Plutel-
lina?; and Argyresthia and Zelleria, a third. The remaining genera are
entirely isolated. Acrolepia partly fills the little gap between Argyres-
thia and the Tineidae; Atteva is a fair Pyralid in the pupa, though
nearly a normal Yponomeutid in the adult, and with several exotic
genera may constitute the transition from the Tineids to the Pyraloids
and Macros. Scythris shows characters of the Gelechioidea, and may
not belong here ; Epermenia seems to belong in this region but is gen-
erically isolated.

Besides our miscellaneous assortment, several other types occur in
Europe and in the tropics, some of the latter hardly to be distinguished
from the Zyga?nida?, and others connecting the ^Egeriida? and Heliod-
inida? with this family (Tinsgeriidnp). The Tina?geriida?, as usually
delimited, are mostly placed by Meyrick in the Heliodinida?.

1. PI? AYS Hubner

(Yponomeuta, in part)

Similar to Yponomeuta, Imt with fully scaled wings. Rt and R5 of the fore wing
typically stalked, and basal fork of A very large ; our species with the venation of
Yponomeuta, R, and R5 being either stalked or closely approximated.

1. P. atomocella Dyar. Much like Y. multipunctella, black dots larger; abdomen,
fringe, and hind wing dull salmon color, duller in male. 20 mm. (diaphorus Wal-
singham; Yponomeuta Walsingham and Dyar.)

April. Larva on Ptelea.

Southern Ohio; Illinois; Texas.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 339

2. YPONOMEUTA Latreille

Vestiture of head, body, palpi, and hind tibiae entirely smooth, that on the head
being of even, fine hair. No ocelli ; male antennae with the outer rows of scales
raised, the sensory areas good-sized; scape large, cylindrical, with pecten; palpi
reaching about to middle of front, slender, often drooping; maxillary palpi minute.
Metathorax very large; scutum undivided. Fore wings (fig. 199) broadest four-
fifths way out; with rounded, nearly erect outer margin, and well-marked anal
angle at Cu, ; accessory cell large ; M3 and CUj arising rather close together, the
other veins well spaced out. Hind wing about as broad as fore wing; oblong,
with a transparent sj>ot at base of Cu; M3 lost; the other veins well separated.

Larva? (fig. 205) social, in a loose web. With primary setae ouly; posterior
dorsal setae on cervical shield farther apart than the anterior ones; ia "and b
obliquely placed on metathorax; iv and v widely separate on abdomen; prolegs
with several complete circles of hooks. Pupa without fronto-clypeal suture; with
prqthorax much narrowed on middle line; antennae shortish, and not meeting
on middle line; maxillary palpi large, touching antennae, middle legs, and tongue-
case; abdominal spiracles produced and tubular, but not the thoracic ones; cre-
master represented by four divergent setae.

1. Y. multipunctella Clemens. White. A black spot on collar and a few on
thorax; fore wing with rows of black spots, those on A and above fold quite
regular. Male with hind wing gray except toward inner margin, base of costa,
and under side; female with ground color wholly white; fringes all white; in
aberration leucothorax Meyrick without dots on thorax. 20 mm. (orbimaculella
Chambers, euonym-elfa Chambers, ordinatelhis Walker. <$ semialba Meyrick
(H 48:44).

Larva social on Euonymus.

» Y. leucothorax Meyrick was described as a male with white hind wing.
General but local in distribution. New York (Edwards and Angus Collections).

2. Y. padella Linnaeus, with fore wing lightly suffused with gray, or at least
with a pale gray fringe, arid wholly darker gray hind wing in both sexes, has been
introduced at Rochester, Geneva, and Schoharie, New York, and is somewhat
injurious to apple and other trees of the Rosace*.

3. SWAMMERDAMIA Hiibner

Closely related to Yponomeuta; palpi short, projecting, rough, not unlike Argy-
resthia; no maxillary palpi; head slightly roughened, but less so than in Argyres-
thia. Wings narrower than Yponomeuta and more lanceolate, but with the same
translucent patch. Larva (of European species, fig. 206) much like Yponomeuta,
with seta ib behind ia on metathorax, and the anterior seta of the prespiracular
wart lower (instead of higher) than the other two.

1. S. castaneas Busck. Head and thorax cream-white, becoming gray behind; fore
wing shining violet gray, heavily dusted on a luteous ground, leaving the costal
fringe mostly pale, and pale striae on the inner margin; wings becoming strongly
coppery toward the apex. 12 mm. (pyrella, Busck, not Villiers).

Larva solitary, in a loose open web on upper side of chestnut leaves. Green,
shaded with darker; tubercles very dark in pale yellowish areas; i and ii in line,
forming a broken subdorsal band. Head yellowish; cervical shield pale. Early
July. Cocoon white, spindle-shaped, suspended in web. Moth emerging in
August.

Dubb'n, New Hampshire; Connecticut; Pennsylvania.

There is a closely related, undescribed, oak -feeding species, with only a white
bar in the fringe and the thorax wholly white.

340 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

4. ATTEVA Walker

(CKta- Grote; P&ciloptera Clemens)

Palpi closely upturned to vertex, and smooth-scaled; ocelli absent; tongue
strong, naked; maxillary palpi obsolete; antennae smoothly scaled, with short
segments. Wing form much like that of Yponomeuta (fig. 198) ; the hind wing
more or less translucent at the base, more ample than usual. All veins present
and well separated. Hind tibia; smooth in female, hairy in male.

Larva; (fig. 207) social in a we!) on Simarubacese; much like those of Yponomeuta,
but with two seta; instead of one on the leg-base of the mesothorax. Pupa aber-
rant, Pyraloid, with strong lobes representing pilifers, meeting in the middle line,
so as to leave a suture running forward from the base of the tongue; labial and
maxillary palpi almost completely covered; antennae reaching tip of wing, sepa-
rated by hind legs and tongue; frontoclypeal suture partly preserved, but epicranial
suture absent; seventh segment of abdomen free in male, but no deep suture
between ninth and tenth segments.

Atteva is a tropical genus of both hemispheres; our species was probably intro-
duced from South America. It has been put in various groups, and even made the
type of a family, Attevidse.

1. A. punctella Cramer. Fore wing with alternate pale yellow and bright
orange, rarely brown, bands; the yellow bands wider and cut into rounded spots
by a fine black network. Hind wings translucent, smoky. 25-30 mm. (aurea
Grote). (H 48:36.)

Larva social; in a web on Ailanthus.

New York to Illinois and south.

5. URODUS Herrich-Schsjffer
(Trichostibas Zeller)

Antennae without pecten, no ocellus; eyes very large; front strongly tapering
below, the palpi hardly extending beyond it; tongue weak. Hind tibia? with some
loose hairs above, at base. Fore wing narrow, oblong; costa arched, apex bluntly
rounded. All the veins preserved and free; R5 running to apex; accessory cell
cutting off the upper angle of the discal cell obliquely; with R, arising from
beyond its middle, CUj and Cu2 somwhat approximate and strongly curved at base,
starting off from the Cu-stem at right angles; 2d A forked. Hind wing ample,
translucent; anal angle slightly lobed; all veins present and well separated; Sc
and R parallel, not closely approximated. CUj and Cu2 curved and widely separated
fro mthe rest. (H 29:66, as Cydosia majuscula) .

The genus is a good sized one in South America, and looks more like a Pyro-
morphid than a Tineid.

1. U. parvula Henry Edwards. Blackish, immaculate. 20-25 mm. (calligera
auct. )

Larva on Persea. With stiff bristles and yellow head. Cocoon oval, formed of
regular, open trapezoidal meshes in oblique series; suspended by a thread which
extends down along the side of the cocoon. The cast larval skin is ejected through
a hole in the bottom; the pupa emerges through a similar hole in the top, before
eclosion.

District of Columbia; Florida. The northern record is based on a single speci-
men which may have been a stray.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 341

6. PLUTELLA Schranck

Head somewhat rough, but less so than in Argyresthia; ocelli present, small;
maxillary palpi porrect, small in our species; labial palpi with a long triangular
tuft on second segment; third smooth-scaled and sharply pointed, upturned;
antennae with pecten; more roughly scaled than in Ypoiiomeuta; hind tibi<e
smooth; wings broad-lanceolate, not distinctly falcate; Mj and M2 of hind wing
approximate or fused on basal third (figs. 20.), 201) (fused in our species), then
separating; the other veins separate.

Larva (fig. 209) forming a slight web on Cruciferse. Prolegs slender, with a
single circle of hooks at the enlarged end; seta vii of metathorax single; abdomen
with setae iv and v remote. Pupa in a cocoon of regular, open meshes, which does
not at all conceal it. Pupa similar to that of Ypoiiomeuta, but with the thoracic
spiracle tubular, as well as the others, the cremastral setae hooked, and the tongue
more than three-fourths the length of the wings.

1. P. maculipennis Curtis (The diamond-back moth.) Wings narrower and
more lanceolate than P. porrectella; with Mj and M2 of hind wing fused two-thirds
way to the margin. Fore wing of male with upper two-thirds mouse gray, lower
third pale, the boundary usually marked by a darkening of the upper and a whiten-
ing of the lower ground color, with three sharply marked teeth. Female paler,
without contrasts, but with the markings, so far as traceable, like those of the
male. 13 mm. (cruciferarum Zeller; xylostella in part; male limbipennella, female
mqllipedella Clemens; female dubiosella Beutenmuller) .

Caterpillar green with black head. On various Cruciferae; often injurious to
cabbage.

% Generally distributed; probably introduced from Europe. New York: Ithaca,
Albany, West Farms.

•2. P. porrectella Linnaeus. Wings broader; Mt and M2 fused only one-third way
to margin; fore wing paler; luteous, \vith only traces of the diamond-back markings.
Outer margin and fringe contrastingly blackish (vigilaciella Clemens). 14-15 mm.

Larva on the more slender Cruciferae, such as Hesperis. Similar to P. maculi-
pennis, but with brown head.

Europe; New Jersey; also on Pacific Coast. Probably introduced in the East.

7. CEROSTOMA Latreille

(With Trachoma, Harpipteryx. Periclymenobius, Credemna. etc.)
Similar to Plutella. Wings in our species falcate; R and M! of hind wing, and
sometimes R4 and R5 of fore wing, stalked; Mj free and well separated from M2;
palpi with triangular tuft decidedly larger, and third joint proportionately quite
small, but of the same character. Of the numerous subgenera which have been
formed, our falciferella belongs to Trachoma, with R4 and R5 separated, and
dentiferella and xylostella to Harpipteryx ( Periclymenobius ) , with R, and R0
stalked.

Larva similar to that of Plutella, with the hooks of the prolegs in a single row.

1 . C. falciferella Walsingham. Wings very long and narrow, of almost even
width, with falcate tip and nearly erect outer margin. Powdery grayish brown
with two darker parallel oblique shades, (ordinalis Meyrick.)

Larva to be expected on Rosaceae. Moth in August.

Highlands of the Hudson, New Jersey; Ithaca, New York; Pacific States.

2. C. dentiferella Walsingham. Wings with extended falcate apex. Fore wing
pinkish buff on costal two-thirds, pale yellow along inner margin; with a broken
darker shade along the boundary, black in California specimens. Hind wing pale.
(frustella Walsingham.)

Known from California; Douglas Lake, Michigan; and Ontario (where the
pale form canariella has been taken in July).

342 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

3. C. xylostella Linnu-us. Similar to T. <lentiferell<t in structure. Fore win;;
very strongly falcate, dark hrown. with inner margin contrastingly light yellow, its
white edging sending a fine spur up to beyond end of cell. Hind wing dark hrown.
Head and top of thorax white.

June to July. Larva on Lonicera.

Hyde Park, 'Massachusetts (Haimbach). New York: Ithaca (\V. T. M. F.).

8. EPERMENIA Hiibner
(Chauliodus Treitschke)

Head smoothly scaled, rounded, without ocelli; antenna? a little over half as
long as fore wing, with pecten ; palpi upturned to middle of front or beyond, with
the second joint slightly rough-scaled; the third joint similar and rather shorter,
broadly scaled to the apex; maxillary palpi very small, folded across the tongue;
tongue weak and naked. Hind tibisv stiffly bristled above and below; spurs above
middle; tarsi and mid-tibiae also bristled. Wings lanceolate (fig. 204). more or
less falcate, almost as in Cerostoma; fringe broad at anal angle and sometimes
making the falcation much more marked. Fore wing with Sc reaching to middle
of costa; R, arising from before middle of cell, twice as long as R,; normal, with
all veins present and well-marked accessory cell ; R4 and R5 sometimes stalked, but
separate in imperialella, forking over apex; with small scale-tufts in dorsal fringe.
Hind wing with Sc reaching well toward apex, typically longer than A of fore
wing, R and Mj approximate at origin or stalked; the rest free; but the medials
typically closely approximate; m-cu longish and parallel to outer margin; hind
wing lanceolate, narrower than fore wing.

Egg rough, oval, horizontal. Larva (fig. 211) with setae iv and v on a single
large plate; prolegs with 16 hooks in a single circle; the anals with 12 hooks.
Pupa perhaps the most primitive of the Obtectae, with seventh segment of abdomen
free in male, but third fixed ; not progressing, with a large head and a narrow
prothorax; a small maxillary palpus not reaching the tongue; and a specialized
cremaster with about 10 hooked seta?; antennae reaching to tip of wing but tongue
falling short; two deep pits on sides of ninth segment of abdomen.

The genus is apparently of the same stock as the Yponomeutidse, but is quite
isolated and doubtful in position. Superficially it may be mistaken for Acrocercops.
but differs in the tufted wing and more extensively spined legs, as well as in the
family characters.

Key to the species

1. Yellow, fringe falcate, more decidedly so than membrane G. imperialella.

1. Grayish, membrane lanceolate, fringe less falcate.
2. Base of wing not noticeably paler.

3. A white discal dot, preceded by a heavy black bar 1. albapunctella.

3. No white discal dot ; at most, with some whitish scales outlining a black
dot.

4. Ash gray with yellowish streaks 2. ramapoella.

4. Reddish with sparse, irregular, white dusting only 3. pimpinella.

2. Basal third somewhat paler gray 4. cicutaella.

2. Basal half whitish 5. canicinctella.

I. Fore wing with a series of about six tufts on inner margin ; the first one
the largest, and the last ones in the fringe; R4 and R-, stalked; hind icing linear,
more acute, a fourth as wide as its fringe, with M,, M.j, and M3 approximate
or stalked (Epermenia).

1. E. albapunctella Busck. Blackish gray, irregularly powdered with grayish
Avhite; two white dots on disc, the outer one contrasting; a thick black bar
between them, which spreads out into a transverse bar at its anterior end. 12 mm.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 343

Early spring.

Oak Station (Alleghany County), Pennsylvania.

2. E. ramapoella Kearfott. Palpi gray, dark-dusted on outer side, as usual;
head paler. Fore wing somewhat streaked with luteous; black points at middle
and at end of cell, more or less denned with pale yellow, and a slight dark
oblique streak running up from inner margin to beyond the more basal black point.
Wing outwardly blackish-dusted; the a'pical fringe quite dark gray. 13 mm.

Lighter than E. pimpinella and larger, shaded with luteous instead of the
peculiar reddish gray of E. pimpinella.

Ramapo, New York ( type ) .

;{. E. pimpinella Murtfeldt. Powdery reddish gray; becoming almost chocolate
brown on costal half; with a couple of unpowdered areas on the middle of the
wing; sometimes with these areas extended, leaving the powdery ground only on
the inner margin toward the base and an irregular, dominantly white, apical area
and costal fringe. Three ocellate discal dots in a series. Five or six blackish tufts
on the dorsal margin, regularly increasing in size toward the base. 9 mm.

Bred from Umbelliferae.

Missouri.

4. E. cicutaella Kearfott. Ground luteous; basal third of fore wing largely so,
but lightly strigose with black; outer two-thirds a mixture of brown, luteous, and
black, the brown mostly in the middle of the wing. Dark specimens showing the
brown more generally, especially toward base of costa. Base usually contrast-
ingly pale to the naked eye, its outer boundary aligning with the largest dorsal
tuft. Two longitudinal, barlike, ocellate discal dots.

* Larva in flowers and seeds of Cicuta (Umbelliferae).
New Jersey.

5. E. canicinctella Clemens. Basal half of fore wing whitish; outer half fuscous;
the boundary slightly oblique outwardly; a postmedial, slightly irregular, whitish
band, better-defined on the outer side, followed by a raised black spot toward inner
margin. Fringe broad without tufts in it.

1 have seen only the unique type of this species; it probably does not belong
here, but to the Lavernidaa (possibly to the genus Blastodacna) .

II. Fore wing with only one really distinct scale tuft on inner margin; antennce
heavily pubescent, with reduced scaling; hind wing broad-lanceolate, with blunt
apex; fringe only twice as wide as membrane, M,, ML,, and M3 separate. R short-
stalked. Fore wing with R4 and R5 separate.

(>. E.' imperialella Busck. Straw yellow. Thorax and head darker; palpi fuscous
on outer side. Fore wing with a broad, oblique, ochreous shade extending from
a third way out on inner margin to middle of costa; some less objique streaks
before apex and a more or less double blackish line in fringe beyond anal angle.
Hind wing pale gray with yellower fringe, lo mm.

June.

Western Pennsylvania.

9. ACROLEPIA Curtis

Head moderately rough above; with ocelli; palpi upturned about to vertex,
slightly tapering, the end joint long; maxillary palpi apparently rather longer than
eye, slender, folded. Hind tibiae smooth-scaled. Venation as in Argyresthia; acces-
sory cell strongly marked; our species with fore wing a little falcate; Sc long;
hind wing rather trapezoidal, nearly as wide as fore wing; M! and M2, M3 and CUj
stalked. Early stages not studied structurally.

The genus is sometimes put in the family Tineidae or Argyresthiidae, sometimes
in the Yponomeutida; or Plutellidae, and sometimes given family rank. It seems

344 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

a little lower than Argyresthia but closely related to it. The wing-form makes it
look like a minute Cerostoma.

1. A. incertella Clemens. Fore wing gray-brown, somewhat iridescent with red
bronze; with vague darker streaks and patches, especially one at middle of costa;
an oblique white streak extending up from inner margin near base, to about
middle of wing; hind wing pale. 12 mm. (Adela flamensella Dietz, not flammeu-
sella Chambers).

April; July and August; October. L#rva tying and skeletonizing leaves of
smilax, or boring in bulbs of Lilium. Pupa in a lace cocoon, like those of the rest
of this series.

New Hampshire to Kentucky; west to California.

10. ARGYRESTHIA Hiibner
(With Blast ot ere Ratzeburg)

Vertex rough-hairy, though less so than that of Tinea; front smooth-scaled; no
ocelli; antennae normal; the shaft with two nearly complete circles of scales to a
segment; pecten strong, sometimes almost an eye-cap. Labial palpi moderate and
porrect, or upturned nearly to vertex, smooth-scaled or a little roughened; maxil-
lary palpi obsolete; hind tibiae with spurs near middle, usually rather sharp edged
above, with some rough, bristly hair, which may also extend on the metatarsus,
but otherwise smooth-scaled. Fore wing lanceolate ( fig. 202 ) , with Sc short,
JR, arising from middle of cell or before; R4 and R5 typically free (stalked in
group Blastotere) ; M2 and M3 free, stalked or rarely united (annettella, rileiella) ;
accessory cell and usually base of M distinct; 1st A distinct; 2d A shortly forked
at base, long; a stigma on costa before Rl5 as in many Yponomeutidae; hind wing
with costal cell abruptly narrowing before the middle; Sc ending at middle of wing
or before; M! and M2 stalked, widely separate from R; M3 and Cilj free, stalked,
or, in one western species, united; hind wing lanceolate, narrower than fore wing.
The imago differs from the typical Tineidae mainly in the lack of palpal bristles,
and in the fact that R5 runs to outer margin, in both of which points it agrees
with the Acrolophinae.

The larvae (fig. 210) bore in twigs, buds, and fruits, or occasionally are leaf-
miners; the cocoon is of white silk, often spun in the tunnel. The pupa is obtect,
with maxillary palpus reaching from antenna to the maxilla, which is extended
laterally to meet it; middle leg not reaching maxillary palpus; tongue short;
antennae reaching to tip of wings; cremaster unspecialized, with eight hooks and
setae.

The moths of this genus rest with the head appressed to the substratum, and
the tail held up at a sharp angle.

Key to the species

1. Fore wing silvery and golden or bronze brown.
2. With definite markings.

3. Ground wholly golden, with brown markings; head white. .10. alternatella.
3. Part of ground, at least, white.

4. Disc of thorax golden; head more or less yellowish; fore wing silver

with golden fasciae 1. goedartella.

4. Head and thorax white.

5. Markings outlined with dark brown ; median fascia broader on inner

margin, rarely reaching costa 3. oreasella.

5. Markings black-brown on silver 4. media.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 345

5. Markings golden, not outlined.

6. Apical marks of three or four confused striae; or suffused with

golden.

7. With a black apical spot; sometimes a single scale.
8. The golden area dominant; markings slightly diffuse.

6. freyclla.
8. White ground color predominant; markings clean-cut.

9. A forked median fascia 7. annettella.

9. No forked median fascia 8. apicimaculella.

7. No black apical spot.
8. Dorsal margin white.

9. Inner margin narrowly white, with dark spots.

13. belangerella.
9. Inner half of wing white.

10. Xo dorsal dark spot 9. aubreticulata.

10. A dorsal spot or dot near middle of inner margin.

11. caslaneella.
8. Dorsal half barred with silver, white, and golden.

5. pygmceella.
6. Apical marks simple, enclosing only three silver spots.

2. calliphancs.

2. Immaculate pale golden 12. laricella.

1. Not metallic; markings brown or blackish.

2. Expanse 12 mm; white dorsal area narrow, not extending up to fold toward
base.

3. Spot on middle of inner margin rounded, separate 13. belangerella.

3. Spot on middle of inner margin, broadly connected to dark costal region.

14. conjugella.
2. Expanse 9 mm. ; white dorsal area often, covering half of wing.

3. Ground color of fore wing light brown except basal half of inner margin.

15. rileiella.

3. Ground color white, more or less marked with black-brown.
4. A complete oblique transverse fascia.

5. A large, dark streak preceding the fascia 17. austerella.

5. At most, a small dot preceding the fascia 16. iindulatella.

4. Median fascia broken below costa 18. thuiella.

I. Fore wing ivith metallic markings.
*R4 and R5 -free; apical markings coarse ( Argyresthia ) .

1. A. goedartella Linnaeus. Thorax bright golden; fore wing white and coppery
golden; first band running from costa at base to a quarter way out on inner
margin; median band a widely forking upright Y; outer band similar, but inverted
and sometimes joining the dark terminal patch. 11-13 mm.

April; June to August. Larva green or reddish, with dark brown head and
cervical shield marked with black ; in catkins and under bark of twigs of birch
and alder.

Europe; reported from various places in United States, in part, at least, in
error for A. calliphanes.

2. A. calliphanes Meyrick. Head white; thorax white, slightly gray-stained;
wing markings exactly like those of A. goedartella, but on the average slightly
more extensive.

Larva on alder.

Toronto, Ontario, and Maine, to British Columbia and California. New York:
Albany.

346 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

.'$. A. oreasella Clemens. Head and thorax \vliite; fore wing silvery; marks
golden, edged with brown, except the yellow shade at base of costa. Median band
a half-crescent, somewhat irregular and rarely reaching costa; sometimes with two
small dots opposite it on costa; outer third with an irregularly forked golden
figure, enclosing four white spots, of which the one two-thirds of the wTay out on
the costa is the largest; or with the three outer spots fused into one. 10-13 mm.
(andereggiella of American authors).

July. Larva possibly on oak.

Distribution general. New York: Wells Rock City (Cattaraugus County),
Ithaca, Poughkeepsie, West Farms.

4. A. media Braun. Silver; palpi, face, and front of tuft pale golden; antennae
annulate golden and pale brown, rather less contrastingly than in .4. oreasella;
tegulae golden. Fore wing with costal edge suffused with pale golden ; markings
dark bronzy brown ; a rather broad fascia from middle of dorsum almost to
costa, widening upward, with a spur running obliquely outward to join the eleventh
or twelfth of a series of dark costal striae ; apical third dark bronzy, extended
inward acutely toward middle of wing and enclosing two white costal spots and
three smaller dorsal ones. 9 mm.

This species is transitional to the following group.
Late May.
Cincinnati, Ohio.

5. A. pygmaeella Hiibner. Silver white, slightly yellowish; antennae annulate;
tegular golden ; fore wing with golden fascia? fading out above, the first one meet-
ing a dash in the base of the fold, connected by suffusion to the base of the costa ;
the second fascia outwardly oblique and fading out at costa; the third confused
and running out into the mottled apex. Costal region lightly strigose with golden.
12-14 mm.

July.

Ottawa, Ontario, to British Columbia; Europe.

If the American form is distinct, its name will be chalcochrysa Meyrick.

**R4 and R-, stalked in fore wing; irith fine apical strice.

6. A. freyella Walsingham. Golden yellow and silvery white. Base of the fore
wing streaked, the rest marbled, tending to form wavy anastomosing transverse
bands; tegula? golden; antenna? annulate. 8 mm. (abdominalis Zeller, in part,
thuiella auct., not Packard.)

June. Larva on red cedar and arbor vita?.

Ottawa, Ontario, to New Jersey and Texas. New York: Ithaca (United States
National Museum).

7. A. annettella Busck. Tegula? white; fore wing silvery white; a golden
antemedial band; costa golden from it to base; a median band, wider on costa
and enclosing a small white spot ; the outer third with about three broken
golden stria?. 9 mm.

June and July. The larva mines about four leaves at the tip of a juniper twig,
passing through the stem from leaf to leaf, completely emptying the leaves, and
scattering the frass. It hibernates in the mine; it pupates in May, in a cocoon
of open meshes, formed outside the mine.

Connecticut to southern Ohio.

8. A. apicimaculella Chambers. Silvery white; fore wing with a more or less
triangular dark brown apical spot, and with indistinct brownish streaks across
the apex before it; a bright ochreous streak below base of costa, or suffusion on
costa. 9 mm.

July. Larva possibly on oak.

New Jersey to western Pennsylvania and Kentucky.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 347

9. A. subreticulata Walsingham. Costal third light bronzy brown, outwardly
reticulate on a white base; the rest of the wir.g pure white. 9 mm.

June. Larva on red maple.
New Jersey to Pennsylvania.

10. A. alternatella Kearfott. Head white; palpi golden; antennae golden fuscous;
scape paler; thorax white; posterior part and teguls golden. Fore wing golden
ochreous, with oblique and anastomosing brown fascia, terminating in five evenly
spaced costal and three dorsal patches. Fringe yellowish toward apex; fuscous at
anal angle. 10—12 mm.

May; July. Bred from juniper berries.

Essex County, New Jersey. New York: Ithaca.

11. A. castaneella Busck. Xear .4. aubreticulata ; antennae annulate, golden and
brown ; base of tegulae pale golden ; fore wing with costal edge golden, gradually
widening beyond middle into the golden brown apical region, which is slightly
reticulate with white. A golden brown spot at end of cell and one on middle
of inner margin.

May and June. Bred from bark of chestnut infested with Sesia.
New Hampshire; Virginia.

12. A. laricella Kearfott. Head and palpi whitish ochreous; second segment
of palpi somewhat fuscous toward tip; face, antennae, and thorax white, the
latter yellowish. Fore wing very pale shining ochreoxis, the basal half of the
costal edge and fold narrowly darker.

Larva in terminal twigs of Larix americana, forming a burrow sometimes 15 cm.
long; in injurious numbers at the Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, Ontario. Moth in
July.

II. Without metallic lustre.
*R4 and R3 free.

13. A. belangerella Chambers. Head and thorax white, with brown tegula?;
costal half of fore wing brown, the costal edge with darker dots, alternating with
whitish ones. Dorsal third white, interrupted by a couple of dark spots. 13 mm.

The type sho\vs considerable gloss and might possibly be put in the first group
of the genus.
June.
Canada ( Montreal and Ottawa ) .

14. A. conjugella Zeller. Closely similar to A. belangerella, but with the blackish
spot near the middle of the inner margin squarish and broadly connected with
the brown general surface of the wing. 12-13 mm.

July. Larva on fruit of apple and mountain ash.

New York to British Columbia; Europe. New York: Mt. Marcy (3000 feet),
Trenton Falls.

A. belangerella may be only a variety of this species.

15. A. rileiella Busck. Light brown, somewhat shining; head and thorax, except
tegulae, white; dorsal margin on basal half white, at middle cut by a heavy brown
bar, and outwardly more or less striated ; apex striated as in freyella and its rela-
tives, but less strikingly. No black apical dot. 9 mm. (mendica Walsingham,
not Haworth ) .

This species may possibly be a dwarf form of A. conjugella.
District of Columbia.

** R4 atid R0 stalked ( Blastotere ) .

16. A. undulatella Chambers. White; antennae annulate with black and white.
Fore wing dusted with dull brown except on inner margin; base white except at
costal edge, forming a white triangular area. An oblique, slightly irregular, dark
median fascia, weaker at margins, and an apical patch formed of three partly
fused fasciae. 8 mm.

348 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Larva a bast miner on trunks and larger branches of elm; maturing early in the
spring. Cocoon on the bark. Moth in .hint1; sometimes abundant.

Massachusetts to Kentucky and Missouri.

The stalking of R< and R5 in this species is inconstant, in fact the Cornell Univer-
sity collection has a specimen in which R4 and R5 are stalked on one side only.
Meyrick has based the name mesocausta on specimens in which R4 and R5 are
separate. This appears to be the more usual condition.

17. A. austerella Zeller. White, with four, parallel, oblique, slightly irregular,
dark fascia?; the first usually not reaching the inner margin, the second complete,
the third and fourth near the apex, obscurely forked at costa and lying in a
fuscous-dusted area. Some brown also on base of costa. Fringe dirty white.
9 mm.

June.

Maryland to North Carolina, and Kansas to Texas. New York: Otto, Rock City
(Cattaraugus County).

18. A. thuiella Packard. Similar to A. undulatella ; the median band not s«
black, and broken into costal and dorsal spots, not oblique; an erect postmedial
band. Oblique apical striation grayer, best-marked on the costa. 8 mm.

June. Sometimes injurious to arborvita?, eating out the tips of the shoots.
Canada and Maine to Pennsylvania. New York : Ithaca, Hicksville, Westerly,
Long Island.

11. ZELLERIA Stainton

Much like Argyresthia. Ocelli present; third joint of palpi broadly scaled,
somewhat blade-like in Z. celastrusella ; vestiture spreading in Z. retiniclla and
haimbachi, the second joint also quite rough scaled; venation as in Argyesthia;
Sc of hind wing short; M3 wanting, M2 free.

In Z. celastrusella the palpi are very rough and the wing has rough scales and
tufts as in Xyrosaris Meyrick, but in the latter the antenna is as long as the fore
wing, in our species much shorter. Neither of our species is typical of the genus.

1. Z. celastrusella Kearfott. Grayish, powdered with brown on a pale gray base;
the wings loosely scaled and with scattered black dots formed of a single long
scale each; head paler; palpi pale in front. Fore wing with a dark fascia at a
fourth way from the base; white patches well toward the apex, and opposite each
other on costa and on dorsal margin. Terminal line black, fringe dark. A long
pencil of dark hair arising from base and extending along the under side of costa.
13-16 mm. (Xyrosaris Meyrick.)

End of May to June. Larva vivid green, cervical shield concolorous, shining;
head olive; legs yellower. Webbing leaves together and feeding in terminal
twigs of Celastrus scandens, in early spring. Moth resting with the head appressed
to the substratum and tail raised, as in Argyresthia.

New Jersey; New York (Kearfott) ; Texas.

2. Z. haimbachi Busck. M2 of hind wing distinctly nearer CUj than M,. Wings
smooth. Palpi ending in a large loose tuft of spatulate scales. Yellow ochre;
head white; a broad, somewhat diffuse, white longitudinal band through fore
wing. Hind wing pearl gray. 10 mm.

July. Larva on short-needle pine, in June.
Wenonah, New Jersey.

3. Z. retiniella Kearfott. Structure much as in Z. haimbachi. Antenna? much
shorter than fore wing. Fore wing bright golden, with confused white stria? on
the disc, the stria? formed of scales some of which have yellow-brown and light
gray -brown spots and bars. Fringe white, gray-brown at apex. Hind wing white,
gray-brown at apex, with white fringe. Head and thorax white, tegula? golden.
15 mm.

July 4.

Lakehurst, New Jersey.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 349

12. SCTTHRIS Hiibner
(Butalis Treitschke ; Arotrura Walsingham)

Head smoothly scaled; eyes small, ocelli and pecten variable, the latter typically
present, but absent in our species (group Apostibes Walsingham ) . Palpi smoothly
scaled, upturned about to vertex, or somewhat shorter, maxillary palpi extremely
small and folded over base of tongue, as in the Oelechioidea. Shaft of antenna
much as in Yponomeuta; scaled dorsally only; with strong bristles on sensory
area; hind tibia hairy. Body stout. Fore wing lanceolate (fig. 203) ; R, arising
from well beyond middle of cell and short; cell narrow; without accessory cell;
R4 and R5 more or less stalked, forking over apex; Rr, running to outer margin;
M3 fused with Cu1; and 1st A completedly free, 2d A long, with the lower leg of
its basal fork strong. Hind wing nearly as wide; costa not sinuate; Sc long; R
and M, nearly parallel; anal region small but fully veined, as usual; M2 and M3
connate or stalked in the typical group, but separate in our species.

Larva with tufted hair from small warts; with from foxir to eight setae on the
ventral leg plates; prolegs not especially long, with a complete circle of bi- or tri-
ordinal hooks. Pupa with parts practically completely soldered ; wings extending
to the seventh segment of the abdomen; antennae meeting in the middle line, not
reaching the end of the wings, which also meet; epicranial and frontoclypeal
sutures complete. Prothorax Gelechiid, rather wide; maxillary palpi minute;
labials exposed; fore femora concealed. Abdominal spiracles tubular; sets mostly
hooked, including the cremastral ones.

This genus represents a small group with a curious mixture of Gelechiid and
Yponomeutid characters in pupa and adult, which is sometimes placed in the
Gelechiidae, or made a separate family. There are but few genera, though
Scythris has a large number of species in Europe. Most of our species will probably
be removed on venational characters, but for the present the series had better be
treated as a single genus. Colinita is very close, but has Rj in its normal position
and M3 preserved.

Key to the species

1. With erect postmedial and oblique antemedial pale bars 1. impositella.

1. With a spot in fold and a bar at two-thirds 2. graminivorella.

1. No pale bars.

2. Apex with golden scales; typically, with a golden streak in base of fold also.

5. basilaris.

2. Dorsal third dusted with yellow 6. pilosella.

2. Solid blackish 3. fuscicomella, 4. eboracensis.

1. S. impositella Zeller. Head, thorax, and forewings blackish, with some purple
iridescence; tegulae pale; two greenish white, somewhat diffuse fasciae, the more
basal one oblique and curved, with the lower part longitudinal, the outer erect
and oval. A pale dot at base of wing. 12 mm. (matutella Clemens).

General. New York : Rock City, West Farms.

S. trivinctella Zeller, a related species with more white at the base and with a
x.igzag postmedial fascia, is to 'be expected in the west of our territory.

2. S. graminivorella Braun. Dark brown, faintly brassy; palpi slightly paler
inwardly and at bases of segments. Fore wing streaked with paler scales that
gather to form distinct dots, the first in the fold at one-third, the second an
oblique bar at two-thirds, and a third at the apex. Antemedial spot defined with a
vague darker area, lacking the pale scaling, and a similar area between the outer
bar and the apex. Hind wings darker, purplish. Abdomen pale below. 11 mm.

Larva a leaf- miner in grasses (Hystrix, and more rarely, Poa), making several

350 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

mines, whose entrance is guarded with a broad tube of silk. Larva in May;
moth in early June.
Cincinnati, Ohio.

3. S. fuscicomella Clemens. Black-brown, slightly iridescent, with a slight
yellowish iridescence except on fringe.

This is probably the same species as the next. It was taken in -Tune. Larva;
with 8. eboracensis.
Pennsylvania.

4. S. eboracensis Zeller. Wholly blackish. Base of palpi whitish on outer side.
9-12 mm.

June and July; end of August and September. Larva' in webs in tops of thistle.
Maine to Texas. New York: Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Portage,
Crugers, Sea Cliff, Long Island.

5. S. basilaris Zeller. R, and R3 wholly united, running to apex. Purplish
fuscous. Face ochreous at the sides in variety flavifrontella Clemens. Fore wing
with a few golden bronze scales, forming a spot at the apex of the membrane, and
often a streak in the base of the fold. 12 mm.

In variety flavifrontella the apical spot is also enlarged.

Distribution general in June and July. New York: Keene Valley; Cold Spring
Harbor, Long Island.

6. A. pilosella Zeller. Brown. Palpi yellow-brown: inner third of fore wing
with scattered, slender, yellow hairs. No iridescence. 10 mm.

This species is unknown to me.
Massachusetts.

7. S. aferrimella Walker, a plain blackish species from west of Hudson Bay, is
unknown to me; it is possibly the same as 8. eboracensis, but the mala genitalia
would have to be studied to make sure.

S. charon Meyrick, described from North Carolina, has a pale streak in the fold.

Family 25. GLYPHIPTERYGID^

(ChoreutidcK ; Hemerophilidce; Yponomeutidce, in part)

Head smoothly scaled; ocelli in our species large and conspicuous;
tongue scaled at base ; maxillary palpi minute ; labial palpi upturned to
middle of front or beyond, sometimes beyond vertex; normally smooth
scaled, but often with long loose hair on second joint or rough hair on
second and third joints. Antennae without pecten ; with the outer row
of scales of each segment usually complete, but narrow, and the inner
row broadly interrupted below and replaced by conspicuous sense-hairs
(minute in the Florida genus Tortyra). Middle and hind tibiae with
more or less hair above, which tends to be stiff and to gather opposite
the spurs; or else smooth scaled. Wings exceptionally broad; macro-
like in shape ; sometimes with the fringes not wider than in some macros,
and but little lengthened at the anal angle ; only in Glyphipteryx, lance-
olate with broad fringes, and even in this genus wTith rounded apex.
Fore wing with a large accessory cell, and often with base of M more
or. less preserved ; cell normally almost squarely cut off at end ; R4
and R5 stalked only in Allononyma, R5 running to apex, or, usually,
to outer margin ; Cu, arising close to angle of cell ; 1st A rather weak,
free; 2d A with a large basal fork. Hind wing usually somewhat

LEPIDOPTEBA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

351

smaller, ample except in the more reduced Glyphipteryxes ; Sc con-
nected to E by a more or less. distinct crossvein; R and Mj separate,
parallel or divergent ; M., and Cu^ approximate, stalked, or united. Cu2
farther from angle of cell than in fore wing, and without a fringe of

FIGS. 212-217. GLYPHIPTERYGID.*:

212, Simaethis diana, venation; 213, Choreutis pretiosana (Europe), venation;
214, Glyphipteryx loricatella (Europe), venation; 215, Glyphipteryx impigritella,
venation; 216, Choreutis species, side view of head; 217, Himaethis fabriciana
(Europe1), seta map of larva

hair on base of Cu ; 1st A and 3d A sometimes weak ; 2d A strongly
forked at base, more so than in any other frenate known to me.

Egg of upright type. Larva (fig. 217) with front acute, extending
well toward, but not reaching, vertex ; ocelli normal ; upper anterior
seta of cervical shield farther from middle line than upper posterior
seta ; abdomen with seta i nearer middle line than ii, even on the eighth
segment ; iv and v close together ; prolegs slender, with a complete,
but often weak, circle of uniordinal hooks. Pupa (described by Miss
Mosher as Heliodinidae) incomplete, with some motion even between
the second and third abdominal segments; with some cremastral setae,
but no true cremaster. Abdominal segments with anterior rows of
fine spines only; wings reaching the fourth segment of abdomen;
spiracles not distinctly tubular; maxillary palpi, labial palpi, and front

352 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

femora all exposed; antennae not meeting in the middle line and not
reaching the end of the wings; tongue moderate or reaching end of
wings; prothorax and dorsal head piece both rather narrow, distinct,
and sub-equal; niesothorax extending back as a long lobe in mid-dorsal
line, nearly cutting the metathorax in two.

The Grlyphipterygidae are a small and homogeneous family, with a dis-
tinct relationship to the Tortricidae with which they have sometimes been
united. They are very close to the Yponomeutidas in adult characters,
but well separated from them in the early stages, especially by the nor-
mal incomplete pupa. There are about 550 species, largely Oriental.
ISetiostoma, formerly placed here, belongs near Stenoma.

Key to the genera,

1. Third joint of palpus twice as long as second, smooth 1. Abrenthia.

1. Third joint of palpus but little if at all longer than second.

2. Second segment of palpus with long hair below, about as long as the
segment 3. Choreutis.

2. Palpus not reaching vertex; with rough-scaled second joint.. 2. Simaethis.

2. Palpus smooth, upturned beyond vertex 4. Glyphipteryx.

1. ABRENTHIA Busck

Wings ample; venation as in Glyphipteryx; fore wing with cell two-thirds as
long as wing; hind wing widening outward, as in Glyphipteryx, with cell half as
long as wing. Palpus with third segment longer than first and second together;
smooth.

1. A. cuprea Busck. Deep purple; head and tegulse golden bronze, thorax
darker. 11 mm.

Late June and July.

Quebec; Pennsylvania; Virginia.

2. SIMAETHIS Leach

(With Brenthia Clemens, Orchemia Guenee, Hemerophila Hiibner
(Tentamen), Allononyma Busck)

Fore wing (fig. 212) triangular with moderately short outer margin and marked
anal angle; hind wing rounded-triangular, with anal region broad, and all veins
developed; 3d A long. Cells of moderate length. Wings marked with metallic
scales. Palpi with second and third joints slightly thickened with rough scales.

Our four species represent three different groups. The first three occur also
in Europe, most of the relatives of the fourth are tropical.

T. Fore icing more perfectly triangular, with marked apex; outer margin concave
above and below middle, the fringe marked there with white. Palpus with
third joint cylindrical; thick in side view. Fore wing with R4 and R5 normally
separate ( Simaethis ) .

1. S. fabriciana Linnaeus. Mottled dull brown, with obscure markings suggest-
ing a small noctuid; the two white streaks in fringe covering two-thirds of the
width of the fringe, contrasting. 12 mm.

June. Larva on nettle," etc. Dull yellowish; head black; clypeus and a couple
of spots on cheeks pale; cervical shield, anal plate, and true legs black; the shield

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 353

divided. In a web at tip of leaf in April, July, and August. Cocoon dense, white.
Ottawa, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; Europe. A paler form occurs in Colorado.

2. S. pariana Clerck. Similar to 8. fabriciana, but with the markings even more
obscure, and the white in the fringe confined to the tips of the outermost scales.
10 mm.

August. Larva on apple : a leaf -roller.
Tarryiown, New York, introduced from Europe.

II. Fore wing triangular with marked apex, but even and slightly convex outer

margin; the fringe wholly and evenly fuscous. Palpi as before. R, and R5
stalked halficay to apex (Allononyma) .

3. S. diana Hiibner. Gray, powdery, and mottled with fuscous; with three
obscure, broken, and irregular transverse bands, partly denned with white. Some-
times distinctly greenish. 15 mm. (Hemerophila vicarialis Zeller; betuliperda
Dyar.)

Larva translucent greenish yellow. Head pale reddish with a black line on
sides behind; tubercles black; body with a clear white dorsal, and blurred lateral
lines; under a web on upper side of leaf of birch; eating upper parenchyma only.
Cocoon fusiform, with truncate ends, tinder a carpet, denser than the larval web

Xova Scotia to White Mountains, New Hampshire; west to British Columbia
and Utah.

The status of this species is uncertain. The green (diana) and gray
(betuliperda) forms are rarely found together, but each coders the range of the
species. Ticarilis was described as largely light brown. I have seen no such
specimens and it may be stained betuliperda. Variants of both green and gray
forms occur in Europe. If these European types prove to be a distinct species,
diana will have to be used for them and vicarilis is available as the name for our
species.

III. Fore wing with costa more a,rched, apex rounded, outer margin evenly convex,

more upright than before, with metallic scaling. Palpi with third joint
chisel-shaped, appearing pointed in side view, but as broad as second, to its
apex, in front view (Brenthia Clemens).

4. S. pavonacella Cle«iens. Fuscous. Lower part of face pale; palpi white with
three fuscous rings; antennae barred above; fore wing mottled with whitish,
especially about the middle; a broad black terminal band, containing a streak of
bright iridescent scales, often broken into spots, and with a few such scales at
middle of costa. Hind wing fuscous, not powdery; shaded with whitish, with a
short metallic band near apex. 8 mm.

May; July and August. Larva on Desmodium and Amphicarpa. The moth
struts about on alighting, with hind wings displaj"ed like Glyphipteryx, the smaller
Anacampses, etc.

New York and Pennsylvania to Brazil, west to Kansas. Xew York : Ramapo.

3. CHOREUTIS Hiibner
(Porpe Hiibner)

Costa strongly arched (fig. 213), apex more or less marked; anal angle marked
only in C. inflatella. Hind wing rounded, the first two anal veins not closely
parallel. Palpi with long acute third joint; and long stiff hair-scales on the under
side of the second joint (fig. 216), sometimes in two slightly divergent sets.
Antennae sometimes with a triangular mass of projecting scales on lower side of
scape.

12

354 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Key to the species

1. Fore wing with two silvery streaks from costa; hind wing with a silver

bar 1. inflatella.

1. Fore wing with silver broken into spots; hind wing with white only.

2. Fore wing white at base 6. leucobasis.

2. Fore wing ochreous and brown at base.

3. With silver markings in specular region only 5. extrincicella.

3. With silver markings on costal half of wing outwardly.

4. Fore wing with little or no yellow at base, but with two prominent trans-
verse white fasciae 2. onustana.

4. Fore wing with more yellow at base, and without white fascia.

5. 9 mm. Medial area powdery like ground 3. gnaphaliella.

5. 13 mm. Median area even chocolate brown 4. carduiella.

I. Fore wing triangular, with marked anal angle; hind wing with all veins pre-

served; R running to apex (Choreutis).

1. C. inflatella Clemens. Dark brown, with some ochre toward apex; disc dusted
with white; some silvery marks near base; a curved postmedial band and a
straight subterminal one converging toward anal angle; a couple of white spots
on costa. Fringe pale, with fuscous center-line. Hind wing fuscous, with a silver
subterminal bar, and dot at anal angle. All the silver typically greenish but
violet in the commoner variety virginiella Clemens. 9 mm.

June and July; September. Larva skeletonizing Scutellaria lateriflora, in a
slight web bending the leaf up and the edges together; in early September. Cocoon
usually in an uneaten leaf.

Toronto, Canada, to North Carolina and Washington. New York : Wilmington,
Batavia, Ithaca, West Farms.

II. Fore wing blunter, with- more arched margins, and anal angle not marked;

M- of hind wing normally lost; R running to costa (Porpe).

2. C. onustana Walker. Brown; yellowish at base of cell, with two lead-gray
streaks at base of wing and several spots outwardly in black patches; terminal line
double, fuscous. 9 mm. (ohioensis Zeller).

June and July.

Canada to Pennsylvania, British Columbia, and California. Xew York: Mt.
Whiteface, Uphill Brook (Mt. Marcy), East Aurora, Ithaca.

3. C. gnaphaliella Kearfott. Light brown or fuscous, with bright ochre yellow-
patches at base, defined by the lead-colored streaks on costa, Cu, and inner margin.
Outwardly, with lead-colored and black patches as in C. onustana. With white-
dusted areas, tending to form a band across apex from middle of costa to middle
of outer margin, and a broader and less regular one from before middle of costa
to anal angle, the two often connected along lower edge of cell. Hind wing fuscous,
with a short white line. 9 mm.

Generally distributed. May to July; September and October. Larva on Anten-
naria and Gnaphalium polycephalum ; a leaf miner when young later in 0 sticky
web mixed with frass; gregarious in spinning its cocoon.

4. C. carduiella Kearfott. Closely similar to C. gnwplialieUa ; the white dash
on the hind wing, on the average, weaker, sometimes wanting; the two powdery
areas almost always entirely separate; the median area, and the subterminal
region before the black mark, even bright chocolate brown. 13 mm.

Larva pale yellow. Head, cervical shield, and true legs light brown; a black
spot low down on side of head; tubercles black, stronger on thorax. Social, in
pith of stems of Carduus spinosissimus, in June. Two broods. Moth in July
and in November. Very close to C. pretiosana of Europe.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 355

5. C. extrincicella Dyar. Light brown. Head paler, fore wing with a broad
whitish antemedial band, edged outwardly toward costa with silver, and filled
with silver below. Outer half, . except extreme margin, cream, shaded with
ochreous and light brown; above, with black streaks; below, with a large black
patch containing two silvery spots; a yellow-brown terminal band. Hind wing
whitish. 12 mm. (MilUeria,).

June.

Western Pennsylvania; Wisconsin; Regina, Canada; California.

6. C. leucobasis Fernald. Head, thorax, and base of fore wing white; or pale
gray with a white antemedial band. Outer two-thirds of wing dark fuscous,
dusted with white, and shading into a white central patch; three oblique white
streaks near apex of costa, the largest at apex. With scattered metallic spots,
especially below the white patch. Hind wing fuscous. 12 mm. (MilUeria,).

June to September.

Vermont, Massachusetts, and Ontario to British Columbia.

4. GLYPHIPTERYX Hiibner

Palpi upturned about to vertex, smooth; ocelli present. Fore wing long and
narrow, with strongly oblique outer margin and sometimes with marked anal
angle (figs. 214 and 215) ; the apex tending to be subfalcate, but rounded off.
Hind wing narrower, and much shorter; typically oblong; sometimes lanceolate,
but with rounded apex; R sometimes running to apex. Cell very small in ample-
winged forms. M3 connate, stalked, or united with CUj. Hind tibiae smooth-
scaled. Quinqueferella of California is not a Glyphipteryx but a Hilarograpna.

1. G. saurodonta Meyrick. Dark bronzy gray. Head with a white line above
eyes; palpus with three whorls of white-tipped black scales; apex of third segment
black with white lateral lines. (Wing form and venation not stated.) Fore wing
with a semioval white dorsal spot before the middle; six white, dark-defined costal
striae, the first two oblique, extending half way across the wing, the first at a
third way out, and the second at the middle; the others shorter and erect, the
last two being approximated. A wedge-shaped dorsal streak beyond the middle,
nearly meeting the second costal, and a shorter erect subterminal streak with a
whitish area before it. Two lead-colored metallic spots on disc and three" on
dorsal half of outer margin. Apex blackish with a silvery dot. Fringe gray, dark
at the base; apical hook black, with a white streak below it. 10 mm.

September.

Toronto, Ontario. This species is unknown to me.

2. G. circumscriptella Chambers. Hind wing narrow and short, but trapezoidal;
the fringe wider than the wing; venation normal; M, and CUj connate.

Dull grav-brown with slight iridescence; a large white dorsal triangular streak
with straight outer, and slightly bent inner, edge; hardly dark-edged, and running
two-thirds wav across the wing; beyond, with two erect silvery costal streaks,
extending half way across wing, and one dorsal one. Speculum black, extending
to a rudimentary second outer dorsal streak, interrupted by two silver spots,
containing also a couple of silvery and several yellow spots, and with a black-
dusted, straw-yellow patch above it. A curved blue streak from middle of outer
margin to three-fourths way out on costa and a white subterminal bar beyond it.
12 mm.

Fdbiola shalleriella has been mistaken for this species, but can be easily dis-
tinguished by its much longer palpi and hairy hind tibia.

July.

Mt. Wachusett and Amherst, Massachusetts; Essex County. New Jersey. The
species is in the "Robinson collection, presumably from New York.

3. G. quadragintapunctata Dyar. Palpus apparently like that of Abrenthia, but
wing with markings of Glyphipteryx. Fore, wing dark brown; the median area

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

darker, sprinkled with golden dots on the dorsal three-fifths; apex ochreous, a
series of yellowish white, more or less opalescent dots on costa, the second and
fifth continued into complete transverse lines, the fifth extending to the anal
angle, the fourth oblique to the middle of the wing, the seventh a short line, and
the eighth to the middle of the outer margin; no spot at middle of inner margin.
Hind wing brown. 14 mm.

This species may fit better in the South American genus Machlotica Mevrick.

Onaga, Kansas.

4. G. impigritella Clemens. Fore wing (fig. 215) with sublanceolate subfalcate
membrane; cell nearly two-thirds of the length of wing; 1st A wholly lost; basal
fork of 2d A obscure; hind wing half as wide as fore wing, lanceolate, with fringe
wider than membrane and reduced anal region; with base of R wholly lost; R and
M, connate; M:1 lost. Olive brown; fringe paler, grayer, and glistening; apex of
membrane with a black spot. Markings silvery white, edged more or less witli
black, especially on their inner sides; basal half of costa immaculate; outer half
with five transverse bars, the first two converging at the middle of the wing and
nearly meeting a very large crescentic one from before the middle of the inner
margin and another running directly across from the inner margin; third costal
bar smaller, solitary, opposite a small one at anal angle; fourth and fifth bars
close together, near the apical spot, with a single corresponding one in the dorsal
fringe. Fringe white with a heavy black line in the base. 7 mm. (exoptatella
Chambers) .

The moth flies in June in Xorth Carolina.

Xew Hampshire to Texas and California.

Family 26. HELIODINHXffi

(Lavernidce, Elachistidce, in part; Tincegeriida, in part, etc.)

Head smooth-scaled, with rather small eyes; antennae normally about
as long as fore wing, (short in Cycloplasis), with small first joint and

FIGS. 218-222.

218, Heliodines rrcsella (Europe), venation; 219, Euclemensia, bassettella, vena-
tion; 220, Hchreckenstemia species, venation; 221, Cycloplasis panwifoliella, vena-
tion; 222, Heliodines species, side view of head

annulate shaft; palpi varying from very short to moderate, sometimes
drooping, apparently socketed in face ; maxillary palpi obsolete ; tongue

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 357

normally strong and naked; ocelli variable; hind tibias smooth-scaled
or with stiff bristles; hind tarsi with more or less distinct groups of
bristles at ends of segments. Fore wing lanceolate or linear; hind wing
narrower; cell usually open below M; and usually reduced in venation.

In delimiting this family, I have blindly followed Meyrick's revision.
It appears homogeneous except for Euclernensia, which lacks the
enlarged tarsal spmules and may prove to be a new family type.
The most characteristic feature of this family is the resting position,
the middle or hind legs being always, so far as known, conspicuously
displayed, either raised, or held out laterally. Heliodines, Stathmo-
poda (Erineda), Schreckensteinia, and Cycloplasis are known to do this,
as well as various exotic forms. Meyrick admits about 225 species.
Stathmopoda is the only considerable genus.

The early stages are various. The egg of Schreckensteinia is upright ;
those of the rest I think are unknown. The larvas are various (see
Euclemensia, Schreckensteinia, Heliodines, Cycloplasis). The pupa of
Schreckensteinia (q. v.) is known. It is formed in a lace cocoon. The
parasitic Euclemensia pupates in the host.

Key to the genera

1. Hind wing banded with silver 4. Idioglossa.

1. Hind wing immaculate.

2. Fore wing with R5 preserved, running to costa (fig. 219).
3. Hind wing nearly as wide as fore wing; hind legs unarmed.

1. Euclemensia.

3. Hind wing linear; hind tarsi heavily spined 3. Erineda.

2. Fore wing with four veins or less running from cell to costa.

3. Venation reduced to three or four veins 5. Cycloplasis.

3. Venation fairly complete.

4. Hind wing lanceolate ; M3 lost 2. Heliodines.

4. Hind wing \vith all veins preserved, or linear and very narrow with all
veins obsolescent G. Schreckensteinia.

1. EUCLEMENSIA Grote
(Hamadryas Clemens, not Hiibner, etc.)

Head smooth; palpi upturned to vertex, smooth; maxillary palpi very minute,
porrect. Tongue small, scaled; antenna slightly rough-scaled. Tarsi with spinules
very weak, tending to gather at tips of segments. Fore wing (fig. 219) with
costa concave at middle, dorsal margin arched; hind wing nearly as broad,
bluntly lanceolate, without emargination on costa; all veins widely separate. Rt
obsolete.

Caterpillar an internal parasite on the oak soft scale, Kermes; forming a cres-
centic chamber in the body of the host, which finally becomes very hard and
gall-like. Caterpillar white, with brown head, very plump, and strongly concave
dorsally. Setae minute, not yet worked out. Prolegs rudimentary, with a circle
of uniordinal books. Pupa in the infested gall; not studied.

The caterpillar cuts a sort of lid in the Kermes for the moth to emerge.

This is a curious and entirely isolated genus, being the only known internal
parasite in the order. It is usually placed in the family (Ecophoridse, as its

358 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

venation would indicate, but the wing form and maxillary palpi are not (Ecophorid.

1. E. bassettella Clemens. Bronze -black; palpi yellow. Base of fore wing orange-
red, bounded by a raised bar on inner half and a dot on costa, and marked with
a black bar from base of costa, and streak on inner margin. Outer two-thirds
nearly black with an orange-red band running through the middle of the wing to
the costa before the apex, leaving only a slender black streak. 15 mm.

July and August.

New Hampshire, and Ontario to Texas. New York: Ithaca (Howard, W. T.
M. F. ), Nyack (Zabriskie) ; Flatbush, Long Island.

2. HELIODINES Stainton
Chambers)

Palpi smooth, third joint pointed (fig. 222), antennae about as long as body:
hind tibiae smooth-scaled; fore wing lanceolate (fig. 218); our species with 10
veins, the two apical forking over the apex, Cu, apparently lost. Hind wing nar-
rower, lanceolate, with R and Mj long-stalked, forking over apex; M, free, con-
nected by a short cross vein to R-stem; cell open below it; our species with Cu-stem
simple. Ocelli present. Larva of European species in a slight web, on
Chenopodiacese.

1. H. bella Chambers. Fore wing deep orange; base marked with mouse-gray;
also, with two gray spots on costa and two on dorsal margin; costa, outwardly.
and inner margin, from beyond middle, edged with mouse -gray; fringes, body,
and hind wings mouse-gray. The fore wing with the small gray spots raised, and
with similar raised tufts in the gray border. 7 mm.

The moth has been taken on Chinquapin bloom.
Kansas and Kentucky to California and Texas.

2. H. nyctaginella Gibson. Similar, larger; costa with gray edge at base only,
followed by four raised spots; inner margin with no separate spots; the ante-
medial tuft connected to the base, and the postmedial tuft to the apex by gray
stripes. 10 mm.

August. Larva on Oxybaphus nyctagmeus.
Madison, Wisconsin; Manitoba; Ames, Iowa.

3. ERINEDA Busck

(Stathmopoda, in part)

Antennae two-thirds as long as fore wing, without pecten, but with whorls of
long hair in male. Palpi upturned, slightly thickened, third segment rather
shorter than second. Scales small, slender, and smooth. Tongue small; maxillary
palpi apparently absent; hind tibiae with tufts of spines above the spurs, the outer
end-spur as long as the inner, and both long. Tarsi also with whorls of spinules.
Fore wing slender, but wider than in the European genus Stathmopoda; lanceolate;
with 11 veins; R\ and R2 approximate; Rs short -stalked with R,+s all running
to costa ; Mj absent, Cu, arising well back on the cell ; M2, M3, and Cut equidistant.
Hind wing half as wide, lanceolate; veins all free but crowded; cell open above
M2. Rj apparently free from the short Sc in the hind wing, as in Stathmopoda.

This genus is most probably Heliodinid, but will ordinarily be sought in the
Lavernidae. The moth of Stathmopoda rests with the middle legs extended later-
ally and the tufted hind legs raised.

1. E. elyella Busck. Brilliant golden bronze; the costa and inner margin con-
trastingly pale golden in most lights. 9 mm.

East River, Connecticut.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 359

4. IDIOGLOSSA Walsingham

(Metamorpha Frey and Boll, not Hiibner, Walker, or Stainton;
Idiostoma Walsingham)

Vertex and front smooth scaled; the front strongly narrowed below, as in
Coleophora. No ocelli; scape of antennae very long; pecten apparently absent;
a notch in base of shaft. Palpi widely divergent, second segment slightly thick-
ened, third as long as second. Maxillary palpi drooping, clothed with a con-
spicuous tuft of hair-scales; tongue scaled; hind tibiae with two or three regular
series of bristles. Mid-tibiae smooth. Wings linear; R^ running to costa; cell low
in wing, oblique, like Coleophora; one dorsal vein lost. Hind wing linear.

This is a very striking genus, distinguishable from all our other narrow-winged
Tineina by the metallic bands on the linear hind wings. The relationship is
entirely uncertain. The genus shows resemblances to Coleophora, Cosmopteryx,
Batrachedra, and the Gracilariidae. There is another species in South Africa, and
two more in India.

1. I. miraculosa Frey and Boll. Straw yellow. Palpi and maxillary tuft nearly
white. Fore wing with an oblique brownish fascia a third way out, nearer the
base on dorsal margin, sending a point outward along the middle of the cell, and
edged with violet-silver. Another fascia running obliquely outward from the
beginning of the costal fringe, edged within with silver; and brownish fuscous
streaks in the fringe below. Extreme apex silvery. Hind wings nearly con-
colorous, with three silvery fasciae, somewhat edged with brownish, the outer one
followed by a stronger brown shade which extends into the fringe. Two brown
scale-tufts in dorsal fringe of fore wing and one on hind wing. 10 mm.

Caterpillar on Panicum clandestinum, in a translucent white silken tube on the
under side of the blade, attached through a hole to the upper side of the leaf,
which the larva skeletonizes. Pupation in the tube, which is trussed up and
enclosed in loose silk.

Southern States, north to southern Ohio.

5. CTCLOPLASIS Clemens

Antennae very short, hardly more than half as long as body; palpi short, diver-
gent, oblique in life, slightly curved, with terminal bristles; with flat scale-masses
beside the tongue, possibly representing the maxillary palpi; Tongue somewhat
longer than face. Fore wing linear-lanceolate (fig. 221) ; R near costa, simple,
fading out at base; a vein through middle of wing, furcate over apex (represent-
ing Rs and M); Cu very short and simple. Hind wing linear, abruptly broadened
at base, with a simple vein running to apex, and a fragment of Cu in the basal
lobe. Middle and hind tibiae and tarsi heavily spined; hind legs elevated in the
resting position.

The larva lives in a long linear mine, which is later enlarged into a blotch.
When mature, it cuts out an oval piece of the mine, and folds it lengthwise to
form a cocoon, in which it drops to the ground and anchors itself. A. mass of
white froth is ejected from the end of the cocoon. I suspect the pupa is obtect.

This isolated genus is placed here by Meyrick; the peculiar cocoon would sug-
gest rather the Heliozelidae, but the food and maxillary palpi may indicate more
direct kinship with Idioglossa.

1. C. panicifoliella Clemens. Head and thorax lead-color; antennae brown, with
silver toward base ; fore wing umber brown, more or less violet, with a broad
straight bright silvery fascia a third way out, and suffused with silver in apical
half, especially toward costa; fringe and hind wing violet brown; fringe of hind
wing fuscous.

360 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

The larva works in Paiiii-inti eland cstinuni early in July; the mine begins at the
base of the leaf and runs to the tip and part way back before the enlargement
begins to be formed.

Distribution probably general; moth in late July and August.

Xew York(Y); Pennsylvania; Ohio.

6. SCHRECKENSTE1NIA H-iibncr
(Chrysocoris Curtis)

Rather similar to Epermenia and possibly related .to it. Head similar; no
pecten ; fore wing similar (tig. 220), with Sc much longer than 2d A, not dis-
tinctly falcate, but lanceolate; without dorsal tufts; all veins present; Rr, ending
just below apex. Hind wing with R running to just below apex and never stalked
with M,. Hind tibiaj with a single series of bristles above; palpi short, divergent.

Egg of upright type. Larva with setae iv and v separated only in first stage,
then on one tubercle; setae i and ii glandular, as in some Pterophorids, adjacent
at base. Prologs long and slender, with only 4 to 6 hooks in a circle at the tip.
Cocoon of regular meshes; the larval skin thrown out through a hole. Pupa incom-
plete ; emerging from the cocoon ; with segments 3 and 6 free, and 7 in male ; with
heavy dorsal spines and recurved hairs on fifth to ninth segments of abdomen,
and small ones on the third segment also; spiracles on high cones; maxillary palpi
very small, dehiscing with legs; palpi and femur exposed; first legs toxic-hing
antennae at base; the others reaching tip of wings; prothorax minute; headpiece
larger.

The genus curiously combines Yponomeutoid and Pterophorid characters, and
was for a time placed in the Pterophorida?. Meyrick puts it here, however, but
Spuler, in the Scythrididae, with Epermenia.

1. S. erythriella Clemens. Reddish fuscous, with a more or less distinct green-
ish brassy hue; palpi ochreous with a fuscous tip; fringes fuscous. Hind wings
reddish fuscous with concolorous fringes. 9 mm.

August. Larva in July in fruit racemes of sumac. Strongly moniliform, with
raised tubercles; dark green, with rather small, pale brown head. Cocoon of large
meshes; pupa green; on outside of raceme.

Distribution probably general. New York : Ithaca, Albany.

2. S. feliciella \Yalsingham. Deep bronze brown; browner and darker than
8. erythiella; palpi with dark third joint. 9 mm.

This species was bred from Orthocarpus. The eastern record is very likely in
error for an aberration of S. erythriella.

Pacific Coast; Hazelton, Pennsylvania.

• 3. S. festaliella Hiibner. Fore wing light olivaceous and brown, with a slight
golden iridescence; contrastingly veined with dark brown. 12 mm.

April and May ; July and August. Caterpillar green . with brown head, on
Rubus leaves, in a slight web; the cocoon as in 8. erythriella.

Known from Massachusetts to western Pennsylvania and Michigan; Europe.
New York: Ithaca, Rock City.

Family 27. ^EGERIID-ffi

(Sesiidce; Sphingidce, in part)

Head rather small; body often stout; mostly smooth-scaled; some-
times with rather finer hair-scales; ocelli present; palpi moderate,
upturned often to vertex, normally smooth-scaled, without bristles.
Antennas usually fusiform, tapering to both base and apex, the terminal

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 361

segment (fig. 230) ending in a minute tuft of bristles (terminal joint
in Bembecia enlarged and pubescent only, fig. 231) ; sometimes pectinate,

227

'0

hi* fi

"V.

•N,o

>0Q.

XuL

232

\

FIGS. 223-233. JS.GERUDIE

223, sEgeria apiformis: costs, of hind wing, showing recurved spines on vein R;
224, Melittia cuourbitce, venation. (In this and the following figures the costal
region of the hind wing is shown a little more spread out than it is actually on
the wings.); 225, JZgeria apifoi-mis (Europe), venation of fore wing; 226, Conopia
(Sanninoidea) exitiosa $, venation; 227, Conopia (Chamwsphecia) tipuliformis,
ve'nation of fore wing; 228, Albuna pyramidalis, venation; 229. liembecia marginata,
venation; 230, tip of right antenna of Algeria apiformis; 231, tip of right antenna
of Bembecia marginata; 232, arrangement of ocelli of larva of JEgeria apiformis,
penultimate stage, typical of the family; 233, Memythrus tabaniforme (Europe),
seta map

362 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

and when pectinate, with dorsum evenly scaled, with two widely over-
lapping rows of scales to a segment, often with only the tips of one
row exposed; when not pectinate, with base usually fully scaled, middle
of shaft with the outer wrhorl of each segment continuous, and the inner
interrupted by a broad sensory area below; in both forms with most
of the swollen tip covered by a sensory area, which bears only scat-
tered scales. Maxillary palpi minute, of porrect type; tongue strong,
naked ; legs often with stiff bristly hair gathering in tufts at the spurs ;
sometimes with fine hair also. Fore wings (figs. 224-229) very nar-
row, with short outer margin, and well-marked anal angle ; often trans-
parent ; R5 stalked or united with R4 ; accessory cell and base of medial
lost; CUo arising well out toward apex of cell; anal region extremely
reduced, the anal veins weak or rudimentary. Hind wing usually
broader, but narrow ; more or less extensively transparent in our species,
often with only the margins and veins scaled; costal edge (fig. 223)
with Sc and R closely parallel, becoming coincident outwardly, and
bearing a series of recurved spines, which interlock with a similar
series on the inner margin of the fore wing. Cell usually squarely
closed ; anal region fully veined. Frenulum simple in both sexes. The
sex is most easily determined by counting the number of visible abdom-
inal segments, there being six in the female and seven in the male;
or by the larger male antennae. The body markings on the basal part
of the abdomen are usually alike in both sexes, but the last band
is very generally a segment farther toward the apex in the male than
in the female. Anal tuft always conspicuous in male, simple or rudi-
mentary in female.

Egg of the flat type, oval. Larva (figs. 232, 233) white; without
markings; boring. Front nearly or quite reaching vertex; tubercles
usually moderate (obsolete in Melittia). Posterior addorsal setae on cer-
vical shield nearer middle line than anterior; abdomen with tubercles
i and ii separate, iv and v adjacent ; spiracle of eighth segment above
the level of the others; spiracles elliptical. Ventral prolegs with two
transverse rows of uniordinal hooks; anals with a single row. Pupa
incomplete, usually formed in the tunnel; with only a couple of basal
segments immovable, and even these loosening on dehiscence. Labial
and maxillary palpi exposed; tongue and antennas not reaching the
tips of the wings ; the antennas normally swollen toward tip ; prothorax
wider than dorsal head-piece. Last segment with ventral spines, but
cremaster not even represented by specialized setaa. Two rows of
spines to each segment dorsally.

The connection of this family with the Yponomeutoidea is unmistak-
able but, at least as represented in the United States, it is clearly defined
both in adult and pupa.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 363

Key to the genera

1. Antennae with last segment minute,- bearing a tuft of bristles (fig. 230).

2. Cut in hind wing much nearer Cu, than M.3 at origin (fig. 224) . .2. Melittia.
2. CUj approximate, connate, or stalked with M:!.

3. M- and M3 of fore wing strongly downcurved; CUj and Cu, straight (fig.

225 ) 7. JEgeria.

3. M2 and M3 practically straight (fig. 226).

4. M3 and CUj approximate at origin in hind wing 1. Memythrus.

4. M3 and CUj stalked.

5. Fore wing with Rj absent, indicated only by a slight fold and thick-
ening 8. Alcathoe.

5. Fore wing with all veins preserved.

6. Palpi with loose bristling hair below 3. Podosesia.

G. Palpi smooth, or somewhat rough-scaled below.

7. Hind tibi;c nearly smooth throughout . . . 5. Parharmonia.

7. Hind tibiae tufted at the spurs, smooth between 6. Conopia.

7. Hind tibiae wholly rough-haired 4. Sannina.

1. Antennae not ending in a tuft of bristles; last segment large and pubescent
(fig. 231) 9. Bembecia.

Key to the known larvce
(After Dyar)

A. Segments 3-annulate; tubercles distinct.
1. First annulet the highest.

2. A black band across bottom of clypeus Memythrus dollii.

2. A brown shade instead ; black spots on the sides.

Conopia exitiosa, JEgeria apiformis.
1. Second annulet highest.

2. Crotchets on abdominal feet 6 to 9, in a row.

3. Brownish, with distinct, paler tubercles Parharmonia pini.

3. White, tubercles indistinct Conopia pyri.

2. Crotchets 9 to 14 in a row.

3. Slender; head small 6. C. tipuliformis.

3. Stotiter; head larger.

4. Lower ocellus developed, though light.

5. Crotchets normal Alcathoe caudata, C. scitula.

5. Crotchets very small, reduced Bembecia marginata.

4. Lower ocellus replaced by a pale spot C. albicornis, C. rutilans.

2. Crotchets 15 to 18 in a row (epicranial lobes meeting in a point).

C. pictipes, Podosesia syringcc.
2. Crotchets 18 to 22 in a row; epicrania broadly touching.

Memythrus S-cinctus.
1. Third annulet higher than the others C. acerni.

B. Tubercles absent; annulets absent. .• Melittia satyriniformis.

SYNOPSIS OF FOOD-HABITS OF THE LARVA25
Boring in trees :

Under bark of trunk some distance from the base or in the branches:

Maple Conopia acerni.

' Maple Conopia corni

Apple, Pear Conopia pyri.

25 Bemitenmiiller, William. Monograph of tho RosiidfR of America, North of Mexico.
American Museum of Naturnl History. Mem. I" :21."i 352 (Reference <>n p. 229-'230).
1901.

364 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Dogwood. Oak, Cliostnut Cotwpia scitula.

Aider Coiwpia americana.

Cherry, Plum, Juneberry Conopia pictipes.

Pine and Spruce I'arharmonia pini.

I'nder bark at base of trunk or main roots:

Peach, Cherry. Plum, Apricot, etc Conopia exitiosa.

Tn solid wood of trunks and branches :

Ash Podoscsia syringce.

Oak . Memythrus simulans.

Poplar Memythrus dollii.

Willow and Poplar Memythrus tricinctus.

Willow Conopia bolteri.

\\ illow Conopia albicornis.

In solid wood at base of trunks and roots of trees :

Persimmon Sannina uroceriformis.

Willow and Poplar /Egeria apiformis.

Willow /Egeria tibialis.

Boring in shrubs.
In solid wood :

Lilac Podosesia syringa\

Rhododendron Conopia rhododendri.

In pith of stems :

Currant, Gooseberry Conopia tipuliformis.

In roots :

Blackberry and Raspberry .Conopia rutilans.

Blackberry and Raspberry Bembecia marginata.

Boring in vines and creeping plants.
In the stems :

Squash, Pumpkin, and other Cucurbs Melittia satyr inif or mis.

In roots:

Grapevine Memythrus polistiformis.

Clematis Alcathoe caudata.

Herbaceous perennial plants.
In roots:

Strawberry Conopia rutilans.

Heliopsis Conopia ithacce.

In borings of other insects :

Oak-gall (Andri-cus cornigerus) Conopia scitula.

Oak-gall (Andricus cornigerus} . . . Conopia rubristigma.

Gall of Saperda concolor Conopia albicornis.

Gall of Saperda concolor Memythrus tricinctus.

1. MEMYTHRUS Newman

(Sciapteron Staudinger; Parantlirene Hiibner, in part; Tarsa Walker;
Fahia Henry Edwards; Al~biina Henry Edwards)

Palpi upturned, normally with long hair below. Antennae fusiform, normally
bipectinate in male, the pectinations clavate. Tongue weak. Hind tibiae with a
little longer hair, but not tufted. Abdomen with a bunch-like anal tuft, and short
spreading side tufts, or four pencils. Fore wing with R, sometimes shortly stalked,
closure of cell oblique, hind -wing with mdcv more oblique and longer than Idcv,
and M2 arising below middle of cell.

The two known American larva have brown-mottled heads with a black band
across the face.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 365

Key to the species

1. Fore wing outwardly transparent below R-.

2. Antennae pectinate 1. asilipennis.

2. Antennae serrate or simple 8. pyramidalis.

1. Fore wing opaque, at least above Mt.
2. Fore wing entirely opaque outwardly.

3. Hind wings with an even, brown border (at least as broad as fringe),

or mainly brown 7. dollii.

3. Border in places not broader than fringe, but extended along branches of

Cu as far as cell . 4. scepsiformis.

3. Hind wings transparent (except for the usual black fringe, terminal
edge, and veins).

4. Palpi mostly black above; abdomen with short tufts G. tricinctus.

4. Palpi yellow above; abdomen of male ending in four pencils.

5. polistiformis.
2. Fore wing with a transparent area at anal angle.

3. Abdomen yellow toward apex 2a. simulans, var. luggeri.

3. Abdomen with narrow yellow bands 1. asilipennis.

3. Abdomen with second to fourth segments yellow, apex darker. .2. simulans.
3. Abdomen orange 3. palmii.

I. Male antenna; Itipectinate except on the club (Tarsa Walker).

1. M. asilipennis Boisduval. Body, veins, and borders of wings dull brown;
reddish in cell. Tegulaa rufous; segments of abdomen narrowly edged with yellow;
legs orange; all wings of male and hind wings of female transparent; bar at end
of cell oblique and rather heavy. Fore wings of female deep brown, with a
transparent triangle at anal angle and a streak at base. 32-40 mm. (female
larger ) .

Larva in ash and alder roots.

Xew Hampshire and Minnesota to Florida and Texas. Xew York : Rochester
Junction. Buffalo, Staten Island; Brooklyn and Amagansett, Long Island.

2. M. simulans Grote. Blackish ; face with two yellow stripes ; front of palpi
yellow; scape yellow; collar partly yellow; two yellow spots on tegular; and
scutellum yellow. (In the type form the base of the abdomen is black, the next
three segments yellow, narrowly black at base of each, the fifth and sixth black,
overlaid .with loose greenish-looking yellow hair; and the apical tuft yellow and
reddish. Legs yellow, becoming orange on tarsi, the tibia concolorous. Fore wing
brown, strongly reddish in middle of wing, with outer third transparent below M2 and
with two transparent streaks on basal half. Hind wing transparent. This extreme
form is little known and was described from Algonquin, Illinois, in June.)
(H 46:10.)

a. M. simulans, var. luggeri Henry Edwards. Similar; male with transparent
areas often meeting below cell. Abdomen black at base, with a narrow stripe on
second segment only; the middle segments yellow on sides, and the tail solidly
yellow; scape black, except below; fore tibia with considerable black hair above;
middle and hind tibia? with small spots. 27-32 mm.

Late May to July. Larva in wood of black and red oaks; very rarely in white
oak or chestnut. (The single specimen I have seen bred from chestnut has the
yellow replaced with orange.)

The larva takes two years to reach maturity; the moth flying in the vicinity of
Xew York in odd-numbered years. Forms intermediate between variety luggeri
and the type are not rare.

Maine to Maryland. Xew York: Staten Island; Jamaica, Long Island (all
of variety luggeri).

366 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

3. M. palmii H. Edwards. Similar to M. simulans, but usually with a larger
extent of more orange-yellow on the body. Spot on tegulae inverted-comma-shaped,
nearly reaching collar. Larva on oak.

New York City to Florida and the Pacific Coast. New York: Flatbuah and
Yaphank, Long Island.

4. M. scepsiformis H. Edwards. Dull black; antennae in part, neck, palpi, legs
in part, and base of hind wing rufous. Legs banded with black; second segment
of abdomen with a yellow stripe. Border of hind wing very narrow, deeply extended
in, along Cu, 1st A, and 2d A. 25-30 mm.

Male not seen; possibly a variety of polistiformis.
Maryland; Kansas; Texas.

5. M. polistiformis Harris. Brown, more or less iridescent with purple; with
orange markings, as in M. scepsiformis, and also normally with orange bands on
abdomen and almost wholly orange legs. A yellow band on fourth as well as
second segment of abdomen; male with a transparent streak at base of fore wing,
and with abdomen ending in five pencils, as in Sannina. 22-40 mm. (H 46:11^
12$.)

Larva boring in grape roots, and sometimes injurious.
Vermont to Minnesota, South Carolina, and Missouri.

II. Male antennce subpectinate and fasciculate; palpi hairy, but less so than in the

simulans group.

6. M. tricinctus Harris. Brownish; front of palpi and neck yellow; legs black
and orange; abdomen with yellow bands on second, fourth, and sixth segments,
and in male on seventh also. Fore wing black with transparent streaks at base, the
anal angle becoming transparent in rubbed specimens; hind wing transparent.
Abdominal tuft short and massive. 25-28 mm.

June to July. Larva boring in willow and poplar branches.

Quebec to New York and Michigan. New York: Buffalo, Lancaster, Big Indian
Valley, Karner, Long Island generally.

7. M. dollii Neumcegen. Thorax and wings deep brown; abdomen deep brown,
becoming more or less chestnut brown toward apex; the whole thorax and abdomen
chestnut in variety castaneus Beutenmuller. Palpi dark. Fore wing a little
transparent at base; hind wing with a broad brown border, somewhat diffuse, but
with no special tendency to fill cell CUj. Legs dull orange; hind tibia dull fuscous
below. Strongly variable both in size and markings. 20-38 mm.

Larva in solid wood of young poplars.

Southern New York ; New Jersey ; Pennsylvania ; Illinois. New York : Brooklyn.

III. Male antennce somewhat servate, and less heavily fasciculate; palpi hairy;

terminal tuft bifurcated (Albuna Henry Edwards).

8. M. pyramidalis Walker. Fore wing transparent, with reddish and black-
brown markings; margin extending about a third way into cell, rather wider
toward apex, as in many Conopias. Bar at end of cell heavy and oblique. Border
of hind wing narrower than fringe. Abdomen more or less striped with yellow.
Palpi yellow in front. Legs black and yeilow. 25 mm. ( mont ana Henry Edwards. )

June to August.

Newfoundland and New York to the Pacific Coast. New York: Axton, Big
Indian Valley ; Brooklyn, and Bayshore, Long Island. The record for " morrisonii "
from Watkins Glen doubtless refers to this species.

The female form coloradensis Henry Edwards, with a solid black body and legs,
appears to be generally distributed with the species.

9. M. fraxini Henry Edwards (J morrisonii Henry Edwards), with solid black
fore wings, abdomen, and legs, occurs east to Missouri. It may be distinguished
by a bright red bar at the end of the cell.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 367

2. MELITTIA Hiibner
(Trochilium, in part)

Antennae strongly flattened, with bristles along anterior edge; palpi like those
of Memythrus, rather hairy.' Hind tibiae and tarsi heavily clothed with hair.
Fore wing (fig. 224) with R5 terminating below apex; hind wing with m-cu long,
and set at an angle to base of Cu, so that the lower side of the cell appears curved.
Larva boring in Cucurbitaceae ; leaving the burrow to pupate in the ground.
Segments not distinctly annulate; tubercles lost, and setae minute.

The genus also occurs in Africa and India. Some western species are fully
scaled.

1. M. satyriniformis Hiibner. Black with green iridescence; palpi and fore coxae
with orange and white markings; fore wing transparent at base; hind wing trans-
parent; tibiae and hind metatarsi orange and black; the rest of tarsi black and
white. 25-30 mm. (H 46:1.)

Often injurious to squash, pumpkin, and other Cucurbitacese ; but the imago
rarely seen. June to August.

Generally distributed, New York : Wells, Albany, New York City, Staten Island,
Long Island.

3. PODOSE8IA Mosehler
(Grotea Mosehler, not Cresson)

Head normal; antennae fusiform and fasciculate in male; normal. Tongue
strong; abdomen with a short terminal tuft in both sexes; hind tibiae slightly
tufted at the spurs; tarsi extremely long, with rough bristling hair the whole
length, becoming erect scales on the metatarsus. Fore wing with R5 terminating
rather above the apex; hind wing with M3 and CUj stalked for a variable distance.

1. P. syringae Harris. Deep brown, with more or less tawny, especially on palpi.
An oblique yellow streak on side of abdomen at base, and a small lateral spot at
middle; fore wings with purple iridescence, and often a red streak above R3; hind
wing transparent, yellow, with a narrow, diffuse, scaled edge. Tibiae black and
orange; tarsi yellow and black. 25-35 mm. (Mgerw, Harris.) (H 46:17.)

Larva in solid wood of ash and lilac.

Canada to Colorado and Texas. New York: Albany, Long Island.

4. SANNINA Walker

Palpi scaled, somewhat roughly; antennae lightly fasciculate. Tongue moderate.
Hind tibia with rough hair, which is longer at the spurs; metatarsus only with
rough raised scales like Podosesia. Abdomen of male ending in five pencils, the
two lateral short and stout, the middle one slender and easily lost. Wings almost
fully scaled (unlike the few Conopias which have nearly the same hind tibiae) ;
fore wing with R5 running to outer margin, normal; hind wing with Ms and Cut
rather long-stalked; cell short.

1. S. uroceriformis Walker. Deep blue -black; palpi and base of tegulee some-
times orange. Fourth segment of abdomen red dorsally, with a narrow blackish
center line. Wings opaque, except for a small transparent area at base between
Cu and 3d A of hind wing, the transparent spot in the female divided by a
scaled area between 1st A and 2d A. 30 mm. (quinquecaudata Ridings). (H 46:7.)
. Boring in roots of persimmon, well below the ground.

District of Columbia to Kansas, and south. New York: Albany.

368 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

f>. PAIUIARMONIA Beutcnmiillcr
(Harmonia II. Edwards, not Mulsant or Ilaswell)

Palpi almost straight, close -sea led; antenna1 finely pubescent below. Abdomen
flattened and rough-haired at sides; hind tibia1 slightly tufted at spurs; Rr, run-
ning to apex, hind wing with Idcv long and oblique. Hardly distinct from Conopia.
but with the tibia less rough; our only species easily recognized by the orange
under side of the abdomen. Larva1 boring in conifers, with the skin darker than
the tubercles.

1. P. pini Kellicott. Deep brown; fore wing slightly translucent; hind wing with

scattered smoky scales; the cell and cell 1st A not specially darkened. Abdomen

.brown above; fourth segment, above, sides, and under side mostly orange. 28 mm.

July. Larva? boring in trunk of pine, usually in groups; a good deal of pitch
oozing from the borings; the larva keeping an air-hole open through the pitch.
Pupa in a cell in the mass of pitch. On pitch pine, white pine, and spruce.

Canada and Xew Hampshire to Xew Jersey. New York: Oswego County, Buffalo,
Portage, Ithaca, Hudson. Hastings Center.

6. CONOPIA Hiibner

(Sesia Fabricius, in part; Trochilium Meyrick, etc., not Staudinger;
JUgeria- Walsingham, not Beutenmiiller, Meyrick, etc.; Synan-
thedon Hiibner; Pyrrhotania Grote; Carmenta Henry Edwards;
with Sanninoida Beutenmiiller and Ckamcesphecia Spuler)

Palpi normal, with rather rough bristling vestiture; sometimes flattened below.
Abdomen with terminal tuft of male moderate, spreading fanlike, simple, bifid
as in Albuna. or spearhead shaped (exitiosa) ; when simple, sometimes with small
side-tufts; quite variable in appearance in most species, according to the state
of expansion, and so hardly usable for the subdivision of the genus. Hind tibia4
with well-marked bristly tufts at middle and end spurs; smooth-scaled between,
and at base; tarsi smooth-scaled. Fore wing with Rt and R, typically free (fig.
226), becoming concident near margin in C. tipuliformis (Chamaesphecia, fig. 227);
RS running to rather above the apex; hind with Idcv more transverse than
in Parharmonia, often short. Several attempts to divide the genus have not been
very successful, especially as some of the aberrant species are only known in one
sex. C. (Sanninoida) exitiosa is perhaps most distinct, and shows the strongest
se.vual dimorphism; but each sex can be closely matched elsewhere in the genus,
and there are no decided structural characters. Chamaesphecia represents a natural r
group, but many of the species have not been examined as to Rj and R2.

Key to the species
1. Fore wing wholly fuscous.

2. Abdomen with a single red band.

3. Hind wing almost wholly transparent 2. rubrofascia.

3. Hind wing with black cell, and a shade between 1st A and 2d A.

1. exitiosa.

2. Abdomen with one or more yellow bands 4. pyralidiformis.

1. Fore wing fuscous, with a small hyaline spot o. sanborni.

1. Fore wing with a larger patch, and cell also hyaline 6. rutilans.

1. Fore wing largely hyaline, with the space below Cu hyaline.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 369

2. Terminal tuft red.

3. Interspaces near apex of fore wing light yellow 8. acerni.

3. Margins of fore wing wholly black 7. corni.

2. Terminal tuft black, or black and yellow.

3. Palpi and middle and hind tibia? wholly bright orange.

4. Tarsus with metatarsus only orange; wing with smoky fringe only.

9. fulripes.
4. Tarsus wholly orange; fore wing with fairly broad dark tip.

10. saxifragcc.

3. Hind tibia? at least largely black or light yellow.
4. Abdomen with a single red transverse band.

5. Band on one segment; hind tibia with yellow band — (2.) culiciformis.
o. Band covering two segments.

6. Ground color of tip of fore wing red 3. bolteri.

6. Tip of fore wing wholly black 2. rubrofascia.

4. Abdomen more or less striped with yellow, or wholly black.

5. With seven hyaline interspaces toward margin, cell CUj being hyaline.
6. Stigma black, narrow.

7. Sides of front yellow; vertex between antennae black.

11. pictipes.
7. Sides of front concolorous, black; a yellow tuft between

antenna? 1. exitiosa.

6. Stigma largely red, contrasting 12. rubristigma.

5. With six hyaline spaces, or fewer (Cux scaled, with rare exceptions);

border- of fore wing broader.
6. Discal stigma concolorous.

7. Yellow bands on fourth and fifth segments of abdomen, both

strong and equally strong 14. rhododendri.

7. Fifth segment with a very weak band, or with none.

8. Hind metatarsus yellow; palpi yellow, or with some fuscous

on upper side; abdominal tuft yellow at edges.
9. Abdomen with stripes on first and second segments nearly
equal; also third and seventh of male, and sixth of female.

15. bassiformis.

9. Abdomen with first segment not striped; a very strong
stripe on fourth segment; and a weaker stripe or none on

sixtli or seventh segment 16. scitula.

8. Hind metatarsus black.

9. Abdomen with three strong yellow stripes, on second, fourth,
and sixth segments of female, and on seventh of male.

17. tipuliformis.
9. Abdominal stripes weak or absent; never very strong on

alternate segments.
10. Border extending more than half way in to end of cell.

20. ithaccc.
10. Border narrower.

11. Abdomen striped more or less with yellow, at least with
a yellow bar on side of second segment; palpi largely

yellow 18. pyri.

11. Abdomen wholly black above; palpi yellow below in

male; wholly black in female 19. albicornis.

6. Discal bar contrastingly red, at least in large part.

7. Stripes on second to sixth or seventh abdominal segments, equal
or nearly so; hind tibia) yellow or largely so.... 21. rileyana.

370 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

7. Stripes on segment 4, or on 2, 4, and 6, much stronger; hind
tibiae largely black.

8. Metatarsus black; moth smaller 13. decipiens.

S. Metatarsus yellow; larger 22. sigmoidea.

1. C. exitiosa Say. Male with palpi black above and yellow below; antennae
black ; a yellow tuft on vertex, as a rule ; front black. Abdomen with variable
fine yellow stripes. Hind legs black, narrowly yellow-ringed at spurs, and on
segments of tarsi. Fore wing with border, aside from fringe, much narrower
than an interspace; all cells below R, hyaline. Scaling wholly black. Anal tuft
lanceolate, the scales narrowly white-tipped. Female with fore wings, costa of
hind -wings, including base of cell, and body and legs purple-black. A red band
across middle of abdomen, typically covering one segment (but two in var.
edwardsii Beutenmiiller). 20-30 mm.; female larger ($ fitchii H. Edwards).

July and August. Larva (the peach-tree borer) in the sap wood of peach,
plum, and other Rosacese, usually close to the surface of the ground; often inju-
rious in peach orchards. Pupation in a cocoon, rarely outside the burrow.

Generally distributed in the range of its food plant. New York: Buffalo, Ithaca
and vicinity, Albany, New Windsor, Staten Island; Brooklyn, and Jamaica, Long
Island. Var. edwardsi Beutenmiiller is commoner than the typical female about
Ithaca and also occurs at Phelps (Ontario County).

In aberration luminosa Neumcegen, the head, most of the abdomen, and the costa,
and part of the veins of the wings are bright golden yellow.

In the remaining species the sexual dimorphism, though often marked, is never
as striking as in exitiosa.

2. C. rubrofascia H. Edwards. Blackish; mid-tarsi and last four segments of
hind tarsi whitish; abdomen with two middle segments dull red. Fore wing of
male hyaline, with blackish discal bar, and border extending halfway in to cell,
leaving five hyaline cells. Hind wing with only the extreme edge blackish; the
cell all hyaline. Anal tuft lanceolate. 22 mm.

South Carolina; Georgia; also very probably in our area. New York: reported
from New York City.

C. culiciformis Linnaeus, from birch, and the very similar C. americana, from
alder, are definitely known only from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast.

3. C. bolteri H. Edwards. Almost like male of C. rubrofascia; tip of fore wing
red between veins; hind tarsus wholly blackish on outer, and paler on inner, side;
sexes similar. 15-21 mm.

Larva in solid wood of willow, well above ground.
Illinois. New York: Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Mosholu.

4. C. pyralidiformis Walker. Blackish. Palpi yellow; fore wing obscurely hyaline
at base and beyond cell in male, but not forming distinct spots; wholly opaque
in female; hind wing like C. rubrofascia. Body fuscous, with a broad yellow band
on fourth segment, and fine bands on second and sixth or seventh segments some-
times (usually in Illinois) with the three bands nearly equal. Legs blackish; a
yellow spot at upper spurs, and last four joints of tarsus pale. Tuft as before, or
spread f anlike ( nigella Hulst ) .

Long Island, New York, to Illinois and Texas. New York: Fairport, Batavia,
Staten Island; Amagansett and Woodhaven, Long Island.

5. S. sanborni H. Edwards. Blackish; palpi largely yellow; fore wing with a
nearly round hyaline spot beyond cell, covering three cells, and a slight trans-
parency at base. Border of hind wing rather wider than usual. Body with yellow
stripes on segments 4 and 6. Female type only known; without hind legs. Pos-
sibly an aberration or a northern form of pyralidiformis.

Massachusetts.

6. C. rutilans H. Edwards. Palpi, occiput, and two stripes on thorax yellow.
Segments 2 and 4 of abdomen with posterior half yellow, 6 a little more nar-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 371

rowly striped, and the other segments narrowly striped if at all. Tuft, when
perfect, bilobed, Albuna-like; largely black. Hind legs yellow, black between
spurs of tibiae. Fore wing normally with small hyaline areas in and beyond cell,
fully scaled below cell in many females, and always with the outer part of the
cell Cu fully scaled. Scaling of fore wing mixed black and yellow. Male usually
with more hyaline and black, and less yellow. Border of hind wing wider than
usual, with yellow and red scales. 15-22 mm. (lupini, washingtonia, perplexa,
hemizonice, impropria Henry Edwards). (H. 46:31 tf, 32 $•)

Light specimens are very close to C. bassiformis var. sexfasciata, but differ in
that the stripe on the first segment is much weaker than on the second. Scitula
may be distinguished by the much narrower black bar at the end of the cell (it
is as wide as high in rutilans, and more than twice as high as wide in the scitula
group) ; ithacae may be recognized by the black hind legs.

Larva in roots of Veronica, blackberry, raspberry, and strawberry; probably a
general feeder.

Nova Scotia to New York and the Western States; doubtless also in interme-
diate localities in Canada.

7. C. corni H. Edwards. Black, slightly marked with yellow; hind tibia with
a black patch ; anal tuft contrasting, 'bright red, with a black center, often spread
fanlike. Fore wing with scaling black, border extending only a third way in toward
cell. 20 mm.

Larva in small branches on silver and red maple, causing a gall-like swelling.
Massachusetts to Parry Sound, Ontario, and western Pennsylvania. New York:
Sharon Springs, Karner, Staten Island; Brooklyn and Newtown, Long Island.

8. C. acerni Clemens. Head and body shading from light tawny to straw yellow
and light fuscous; anal tuft wholly light red, normally paler than in C. corni. Fore
wing with border light yellow between veins (rarely with only a few yellow scales)
extending two-thirds way in to the large black discal bar ; hind wing also with discal
bar large. 25 mm. (acericolum Germar).

Larva boring under bark of the larger branches and trunk of maple. Moth in
June and July.

Montreal, Canada, to Long Island, New York, western Pennsylvania and Illinois.
New York: Buffalo, Rock City, Ithaca, Ilion, Speculator, Schenectady, Albany,
Staten Island; Brooklyn and Newtown, Long Island.

9. C. fulvipes Harris. Anal tuft lanceolate; hind tibiae rough-hairy the whole
length and only slightly more so at the spurs; transitional to Sannina. Black;
fore wing with terminal edge, only, scaled; a few red scales beyond discal dot.
Front of palpi, all tibiae, and most of hind metatarsi orange. An orange band on
under side of abdomen. 22 mm.

Hymers, Ontario, to Massachusetts. New York: Big Indian Valley, Catskills.

10. C. saxifragas H. Edwards. Similar to 8. fulvipes; border of fore wing extend-
ing in a third way to cell; middle and hind tarsi almost wholly orange; abdomen
apparently solid black. 20 mm. (henshawi H. Edwards).

Labrador; Colorado.

11. C. pictipes Grote and Robinson. Sometimes like male exitiosa, except as noted
in the key; typically smaller, and with outer half of most of the scales in the anal
tuft yellow; palpi more yellow, R3 and R4 of fore wing normally more shortly
stalked. Female like male, but usually with hind tibiae and terminal tuft almost
wholly black. 15-25 mm. (H 46:24.)

General in June. Larva usually under bark of trunk and large branches of
cherry, plum, June-berry and other Rosaceae ; also on chestnut ( castanece Busck ) .
Not so common on peach nor so injurious as C. exitiosa, but much confused with it.

New York: Buffalo, Ithaca, Catskills, Schenectady, Albany, Poughkeepsie, Hast-
ings Center, New York City, Staten Island, Brooklyn.

12. C. rubristigma Kellicott. Palpi black, the scaling in front yellow; antennae
black, and more strongly clubbed than usual; abdomen irregularly striped, the

372 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

stripes on base and fourth segment strongest; and tuft black and yellow, more
broadly spreading than usual. Legs contrastingly banded with black and yellow,
the hind metatarsus variable in proportions. Fore wing hyaline, like male exitiosa
and pictipes, but with the black costal edge broader, because of the wider spacing
of the costal veins; discal bar rather thick, and almost wholly bright red. 15 mm.

Larva imjuiline in oak galls.

New York to Illinois. New York: Mosholu, Brooklyn. ,

13. C. decipiens II. Edwards. Similar to C. rubristigma; border of fore wing
extending in a third way to cell, yellow between the veins. 15 mm. Probably a
variety of C. rubrisiigma or its female, (nicotiaiuc H. Edwards, imperfecta H.
Edwards. )

Mosholu. Xew York; Colorado; Texas.

14. C. rhododendri Beutenmiiller. Palpi black above, straw yellow below; body
black, with strong transverse stripes on segments '2. 4, and 5; anal tuft, in male,
large and mostly black. Legs blackish bronze, pale at spurs and joints. Eore wing
with scaling almost all black (a few yellow scales) ; outer margin extending two-
fifths way in to cell, leaving five hyaline spots; discal bar narrow, black. 9-13 mm.
Our smallest Sesian.

Larva on Rhododendron.

Xew York; Pennsylvania. Xew York: Ithaca, Brooklyn.

15. C. bassiformis Walker. Purple-black; palpi yellow with some dark on upper
side of terminal segments; vertex with yellow line; female antenna;, as generally
in the following species, with the apical half largely Avhite, but extreme tip black.
Abdomen with fine yellow stripes on segments 1 to 4 and typically on 6 and 7;
the anal tuft narrowly edged with yellow; in the female, with the stripes on
4 and 0 heavy, on 3 and 5 light. Hind tibia? yellow below, often mostly black
above; the tarsi mostly yellow. Eore wing with border broad, and more or less
yellow-scaled; typically with five hyaline cells. 20-25 mm. (lusirans, eupatorii,
etc., H. Edwards). (H 46:21.)

In variety sexfasciata H. Edwards (bollii H. Edwards) there are only four
hyaline cells, and the outer border is broader. Variety consimilis H. Edwards has
segment 6 as well as segment 5 without yellow.

August; September. Larva in stem and root of Eupatorium.

Massachusetts to Wisconsin and Texas. Xew York: Tuckahoe, Staten Island;
Sea Cliff, Long Island.

10. C. scitula Harris. Antennre and palpi as in (7. bassiformis; abdomen with
the yellow band on segment 4 typically much heavier than the others, often cover-
ing the whole segment ; segment 2 with heavy band, but those on 1 and 7 very weak
or absent. Hind tibiae yellow, with a black band between spurs; metatarsi con-
trasting, yellow. Wings as in C. bassiformis. 15 mm. (H 46: 29.)

June and July. Larva reported from under bark of Cornus, oak, hickory, chest-
nut. Crata?gus (Wellhouse). and in oak galls; but perhaps mixed with other
species. — certainly from Andricus galls on oak.

Distribution uncertain; much confused with pyri. bassiformis, and other species
in collections. Glen House, Xew Hampshire. Xew York: Hudson, Long Island.

17. C. tipuliformis Linna?us. Palpi black on outer face, yellow within. Abdomen
with bands on segments 2, 4 and 0, and on 7 of male, that on 6 of male weak; anal
tuft black. Hind legs black, with yellow at spurs and joints only. Fore wing like
that of C. bassiformis. 20 mm. '(H 46: 20.)

June. Larva in pith of currant and gooseberry stems: rarely injurious. This
appears to be the only northern species which belongs to Chama>sphecia.

Generally distributed. Xew York : Plattsburg. Buffalo, Ithaca. Kendall, Albany,
Staten Island; Pinelawn. Long Island.

IS. C. pyri Harris Black; palpi yellow, with outer side mostly black; neck
black; abdomen with a slender yellow line above, expanding on lower part of side
into a patch which reaches base of body ; segment four of abdomen narrowly yel-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 373

low above and broadly so, below. Legs black; yellow at spurs and joints. Fore
wing with border reaching about a third way in to cell; more or less yellow-scaled;
discal bar narrow; black. Small, expanse typically about 12 mm., but quite
variable in size, (kcebeli H. Edwards). (H 46:25, enlarged.)

May; late July. Larva boring under bark of trunk of apple, pear, etc.

White Mountains, Xew Hampshire, to California. Xew York : Honeoye Falls,
Buffalo (Kellicott), Ithaca, Staten Island, Brooklyn.

19. C. albicornis H. Edwards. Black. Neck narrowly yellow ; palpi black, yel-
low in front in male, but usually wholly black 'in female; face as in pyrl. Antennae
black in male, with a white bar in female, as in related species. 15 mm.

June and July. Larva in solid wood of willow and poplar; also in galls.
Generally distributed. Xew York: Catskills, Karner, New York City, Brooklyn.

20. C. ithacse Beutenmiiller. Fuscous (probably black when fresh) ; palpi black
below, at least in female; border of fore wing extending half way in to cell in
male, and farther in female, leaving four or five hyaline spots; legs with a little
pale at spurs and segments; abdomen apparently wholly fuscous (type lot only
seen, all of them in bad condition). 15-20 mm.

End of June to early August. Larva in Heliopsis. Piipa in the ground.
Pennsylvania. Xew Y'ork: Ithaca.

21. C. rileyana H. Edwards. Antennae of male blackish, of female reddish at
base; palpi yellow, the outer face black in male. Fore wing with four to six
transparent cells beyond the discal bar, which is bright orange red outwardly.
Inner margin of fore wing also with red scales. Hind tibiae yellow, black between
spurs; metatarsi yellow; abdomen with yellow stripes on all but first segment.
Border of fore wing quite variable, linear in var. hyperici H. Edwards. 20-30 mm.

In female aberration brunneipen-nis H. Edwards, .the border reaches more than
half way to the cell, leaving only three hyaline spaces.
July and August.
District of Columbia to Xorth Carolina, and west.

22. C. sigmoidea H. Edwards. Palpi mostly yellow; hind tibiae with black
outer side; metatarsi yellow, contrasting with tibiae and rest of tarsus; abdomen
with bands stronger, on alternate segments; the terminal, tuft narrowly tipped
with yellow, as in exitiosa. Fore wing with discal dot red, largely mixed with
black; border not reaching halfway to cell; sometimes very narrow. 20 mm.

August. Larva in stems of black willow. A seaside species.
Walpole, New Hampshire, to Long Island, New York. Xew York: Amagansett,
Long Island.

7. 2EGEEIA Fabricius

(Sphecia Hiibner; TrochiHum auct., Hiibner, in part)

Palpi as usual, hairy below toward base; male antennae unipectinate and
laminate below; female antennaa simple. Tongue weak, completely covered by
palpi when coiled; hind tibiae loose-hairy, without tufts at spurs; abdomen with
a small short tuft. Fore wing normal (fig. 225) ; R5 running to outer margin. M2
and M3 more curved, and less widely separated from Cu^ than usual; hind wing
with M3 and Cu, shortly stalked or rarely connate; the genus distinguishable from
Memythrus in the latter case, by the erect discocellulars of the fore wing, and
the strongly oblique and very long Idcv of the hind wing.

1. JE. apiformis Clerck (The hornet moth). Sides of face, front of palpi, sides
of back of head, vertex, front half or more of tegulse, and metathorax, yellow; the
rest of head and thorax dark brown. Abdomen banded with blackish and yellow;
with segments two and four normally with more black than the others. Tibiae
'and tarsi more orange. Wings transparent, fore wing scaled along costa to middle
of cell R4, and with slight streaks in middle of a few lower cells; otherwise with

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

scales on edges and veins only. Scaling brown; discal bar red in part. 30-40 mm.
(H 46:8.)

Larva boring in base of trunks and roots of poplar and willow.

Europe; various stray records in United States (Michigan, Syracuse, New
York, etc.) : s^on only from Long Island, New York, and Nevada.

2. IE. tib'r _j Harris. Similar to JE. apiformis; yellow on vertex more limited;
tegulae with front quarter only, yellow, and part of that covered by collar; with
a strong yt'llow stripe along dorsal edge. Fore wing scaled above R3 only.
Rarely, with thorax and abdomen more extensively black; with narrow yellow
lines only.

June to July. Larva like that of M. apiformis.

Montreal, Quebec, and New York to the Pacific Coast. New York: Plattsburg,
Goat Island (Kcllicott).

8. ALCATHOE H. Edwards

Palpi rough scaled only; male antennae lightly fasciculate; tongue weak. Vena-
tion normal, except for loss of one radial. Hind wing with Idcv erect. Hind
tibia with a heavy tuft at end, and an equally large tuft on metatarsus. Abdomen
of male with a long hairy process, as long ad the abdomen, besides short side
tufts.

1. A. caudata Harris. Black. Fore wing scaled, except in and below cell in
male; hind wing transparent, with a small black spot on mdcv. Antennae, palpi,
and neck orange; hind legs orange, with a black tibial tuft. Long process on tail
orange; side tufts black. Female with hind legs black, except outer joints of
tarsus. 25 mm.

June to August. The larva bores in the crown of clematis.

Canada to Florida, west to Michigan. New York: New York City, Brooklyn
and Newtown, Long Island.

In variety walkeri Neumoegen, the antennae are mostly black, the palpi are
black, and also the whole of the hind legs and the process on the abdomen.

Long Island, New York.

9. BEMBECIA Hiibner

Antennas bipectinate in male, with oblique pectinations, and no terminal tuft
(fig. 231); palpi with hair below. Abdomen stout, rather cylindrical, with short
terminal tuft and a well-marked dorsal tuft on segment 3. Hind tibiae loose-hairy.

Fore wing normal (fig. 229) except for loss of one M; cell square at end; hind
wing with M3 and Cut stalked half way to apex; Idcv transverse and more than
twice as long as mdcv. Tongue moderate.

1. B. marginata Harris. Body black; palpi, neck, some markings on thorax,
and a stripe on each segment of abdomen yellow; the abdomen becoming solid
yellow at rear; fore wing with a mixture of brown and rusty scales, leaving cell
and anal space clear, as well as three interspaces toward margin; the boundaries
of the scaled areas not quite sharp. Hind wing with 'brown fringe only. Male
25 mm.; female mostly over 30 mm.

August to mid-September. The larva in blackberry and raspberry, at first in
roots, then working up into the canes.

Generally distributed. New York : Wilmington, Lancaster, Ithaca, Staten Island,
Long Island.

In variety albicoma Hulst the yellow is very pale cream color, except on the
hind legs, where it is as dark as usual. I have seen it in recognizable condition
from Big Indian Valley and Brooklyn.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 375

SUPERFAMILY TORTRICOIDEA

Moths varying from very small to very large, some exotic Cossidas
being the heaviest known moths. Head with short erect hair, usually
rough, but not high and bristling as in the Tineidse; in a few exotic
genera of Tortricidae smooth-scaled. Ocelli usually present. Antennae
as in the Yponomeutoidea ; palpi characteristic (figs. 240-243, 271-283),
more or less rough, projecting forward, the second joint usually rough-
scaled or with a rough triangular tuft, and the third fusiform, porrect,
often short, and rarely as long as second. Palpi in a few forms (for
instance, fig. 272) upturned more as in the Tineoid series; but then never
reaching the vertex and always with the third joint short. Palpi some-
times with roughly bristly vestiture, but never with the definite bristles
of the Tineidae. Maxillary palpi rudimentary or absent; the pilifer
large, and concealing them in any case. Tongue usually developed, but
often absent. Thorax with vestiture varying from simple scales to
deeper spatulate scales or hair; the vestiture of the legs similar. Hind
tibiae hairy, even when the legs otherwise are scaled. Spurs weak and
sometimes lost in the Cossidae. Upper spurs of hind legs well below
middle. Fore wing writh all veins preserved or with a single vein lost;
ample; R5 running to outer margin with rare exceptions, and free or
stalked with R4 ; the other veins usually free ; accessory cell distinct,
with its broad side resting on discal cell; the separating vein often
weak, but strong in the Cossidas and other primitive forms; 1st A
distinct, at least at margin, in the Tortricidae and Cossidas, but not in
the Phaloniidae and Carposinidas ; complete in the Cossidae; and, in
some western and exotic Cossidae, connected with 2d A by a crossvein;
2d A usually forked at base. Hind wing nearly as wide as fore wing
.but short in the Cossidae; Sc and R separate, or connected by Rx ;
often differing in closely related species. R and M! often stalked; M3
and Cux often stalked or united, but with two veins lost only in Car-
posina ; 1st A as in fore wing, always free ; 2d A forked at base, but
less markedly than in the Choreutis group.

The wings rarely if ever show the typical macro maculation with
ante- and postmedial lines and orbicular and reniform spots; in
the lower forms the marks are usually a system of irregular spottings
and anastomosing strise.

Egg normally of flat type, that of the Cossinse upright. In
all the families, the larva typically is boring; but many of the
'Tortricidae have come to live externally, protected in some sort of
shelter, usually of a rolled or folded leaf, whence the name leaf-

376 WILLIAM T. 31. FORBES

rollers. The larva1 (figs. 245, 284-287) never have conspicuous mark-
ings, except for the shields and tubercles. Head always exposed and
fully chitinized, with normal mouth-parts (as in all the higher groups).
Mandibles tending to point more forward than those of external feed-
ers, but not different in structure. Front extending from one-fourth to
three-fourths way to vertex ; adfrontals almost always touching the
vertex, sometimes very large; ocelli normal. Prespiracular wart with
three seta1. Abdomen with setas i and ii well separated, and iv and v
approximate usually on one tubercle; prolegs with hooks in a com-
plete circle, which is often broken in. front and back, — except in a
couple of (/ossida1; often with tubercles ii of ninth segment of abdomen
approximated or united in mid-dorsal line, and often with a special-
ized multiple supra-anal spine. Many species are injurious as borers
or external feeders, — probably a larger proportion than of any other
superfamily.

Pupa of a normal incomplete type, with segments 3 to 6, and 7 of
male, movable, with two rows of spines on each segment, as in the
higher Tineoidea and ^Egeriidaj. Head often with a cocoon-breaker ;
prothorax convex and wider than dorsal headpiece; maxilla distinct,
not divergent as in the Hepialidas, but sometimes almost as small, and
completely separated by the labial palpi, which are always exposed.
Mentum well developed. Maxillary palpi distinct, separated by a
suture ; but in Zeuzera, at least, remaining with maxilla? on dehiscence.

Antennae varying, following their character in the adult; rarely if
ever as long as wings. Fore femora exposed. Cremaster of various
types.

The four families are quite clean-cut ; in fact, are united mostly by the
combination of specialized micro larva with typical incomplete pupa.
The Eucosmina3 (Olethreutina?) are often made a separate family, but
have no clean-cut characters to distinguish them from the Tortricina?,
though certainly a well-marked group in the imago. Several workers
separate the Zeuzerina? also as a family Zeuzeridre. In this case inter-
mediate forms are rarer if they exist, and the separation is very pos-
sibly justified; it has not generally been made by American workers.

Family. 28. TORTRICID^

(With Eucosmidce, Grapholithidce, Epibleniidce, Olethreutidce)
Ocelli present (so far as looked for) ; antenna? rarely pectinate (never
in our species) ; the scaling confined to dorsum of antenna, but the outer
row stronger and longer than the inner ; ventral surface pubescent, more
strongly so in male ; palpus moderate, upturned to middle of front, or
rough and porrect, often triangular; tongue present, usually rather

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 377

weak. Body slender ; hind tibia hairy, the others smooth-scaled. Wings
broad, the fore wing often abruptly widened at the base, giving the
family its name of "bell moths," from the shape of the moths with
their wings folded. Fore wing (fig. 252) with R3 rarely running to
costa; base of M simple (representing M3) crossing the cell obliquely,
or, more rarely, absent; accessory cell often ill defined; Cu2 arising
two-thirds way out on cell, or less ; distant from Cut ; 1st A free and
weak at base, absent in a fewr reduced forms. Hind wing ample, with
fringe markedly widened at anal angle ; scaling soft.

Egg flat, Larva (figs. 244-246, 284-287) with hooks of prolegs
multiordinal, except in a fewr reduced forms; ninth segment of abdo-
men with tubercles ii usually united, always approximate ; iv and v
on abdomen obliquely or vertically placed; vii of seventh segment,
of two or more setae. Pupa with hooked spines either on last segment,
or on the specialized cremaster, tongue well developed ; maxillary palpi
separating from tongue on dehiscence ; antennae reaching nearly to tip
of wings.

This is one of the large world-wide families, and very nearly repre-
sents one of Linnaeus' subgenera of Phalaena (Tortrix). Several of the
genera recognized here are based on secondary male characters only and
have been rejected by Walsingham and Durrant, and others. Our series
of forms is so unwieldly and other clean-cut characters are so scarce
that I have retained them here with some modifications. The venational
characters vary a little, and in some cases a series will be necessary to
make sure that a specimen is not a venational freak. The costal fold in
the male, when it occurs, is often very tightly closed, especially in
Eucosma and Epiblema, and is easily overlooked ; when it becomes rudi-
mentary, as in some Archips, it is usually open and more easily seen.

Key to genera; imago

I. No fringe on base of Cu of hind wing (often with loose hair below Cu, or

with a fringe on base of 2d A).

2. Fore wing with R4 and R-, stalked half way to apex; R5 running to outer
margin ( fig. 235 ) .

3. R3 arising from the same stalk , 30. Coelostathma.

3. R., arising from cell 37. Adoxophyes.

2. R+ and R-, very shortly stalked or free.

3. M3 and Cu, of hind wing united 30 %. Tortricodes.

3. M3 and Cut separate, rarely stalked.

4. Fore wings with Rs running to costa; apex more or less marked (fig.

236) 3!). Peronea.

4. Fore wings with R- running to outer margin, or to the bluntly rounded

apex (fig. 237).
5. Palpi ascending (fig. 242) ; hind wing with R and M, approximate at

base.

G. Thorax with posterior crest; M3 and CUi of hind wing usually
slightly separate at origin. 41. Harmologa.

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

.

A

vi\

.,.,>©-.

FIGS. 234-246. TORraicnxai

234, Spwrganothis sulfureana, venation; 235, Coelostathma discopunclanum, vena-
tion of fore wing; 236, Peronea, species (Europe), venation of fore wing; 237, To-r-
trix pallorana <$, venation; 238, Archips podanu $ (Europe), venation; 239,
Cnephasia vvrescana, venation of hind wing; 240, Sparganothis (Cenopis) diluti-
costana, ventro-lateral view of head of male with palpi drawn down, showing the
frontal vestiture characteristic of the subgenus; 241, Peronea variant, side view
of head; 242, Archips rosaceana, head; 243, Tortrias dohmiana (Europe), head;
244, Peronea species, seta map of larva; 245, Archips magnoliana, seta map of
larva; 246, Archips magnoliana,, dung fork of larva

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 379

».

FIGS. 247-2G2. TORTBICID.E

247, Ilemimene bittana, venation; 248, Laspeyresia interstinctana, venation of
hind wing; 249, Carpocapsa pomonella <$, venation and sex marks; 250, Ecdytolopha
insiticiana <$, venation and sex pouch; 251, Gymnandrosoma punctidiacanum
<$, venation and sex marks; Melissopus latiferreanus, $, venation and sex marks;'
253, Charlotta r&tzeburgiana, venation; 254, Epinotia nanana, $, venation of
fore wing; 255, Thiodia parmatana, venation; 256, Exentera, spoliana, venation;
257, Thiodia striatana, venation of fore wing; 258, T. rarac<vn<i, venation; 259,
T. formosana, venation; 260, Oretchina deludana, venation; 261, Exentrra mara-
cara, venation; 262, Episimus aryutamta, venation.

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

FIGS. 203-283. TORTRICID^:

263, Rhopobota ilicifolia-na, venation ;. 264. Anchylopera nubeculana rf, venation
and anal fold; 265, Epiblcma scudderiana, $, venation and costal fold; 266, Ole-
threutes fuscalbana rf, venation and anal fold; 267, Cymolomia species J1, vena-
tion and lobe; 268, Bactra lanceolana, venation; 269, Polyclirosis species, cubital
stem and branches of hind wing; 270, lihyacionia bushnflli, venation; 271, Hcmi-
mene dana, side view of head; 272, Laspeyresia caryana, head; 273, C&rpocapsa
pomonella, head; 274, Gypsonoma fnsciolana, liead; 275, Thiodia aspidiscana, head;
276, Charlotta ratzcburgiana, head; 277, Kcdytolopha insiticiana, liead (the left
l)ali>ns drawn do\vn) ; 278, Epiblcma ocell-a-na (Europe), head; 279, E. scudderiana,
head, 280, Encosma dorsisignatana, head; 281, Olethreutes bipwtitana, liead; 282,
Polyclirosis vitcana, head ; 283, Ithyacionia comslockiana, head.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

381

4

,

0

287

«,fl-

e,

"9k,

•KSL

FIGS. 284-287. TORTRICID.E

284, La&peyresia interstinctana, seta map of prothorax of larva; 285, Carpo-
capsa pomonella, seta map; 286, Tmctocem oceUana, seta maj); 287, Aitcliylopera
nubeculana, seta map.

6. Thorax smooth-scaled; M3 and CUj connate or shortly stalked.

44. Archips.
5. Palpi porrect, rough above as well as below (fig. 243).

6. Hind wing with R and M! stalked (fig. 239) ; thorax normally smooth

40. Cnephasia, 42. Eulia.
6. Hind wing with R and Mj approximate.

7. Fore wing with tufts of scales 38. Argyrotoxa.

7. Fore wing smooth-scaled.

8. Male antennae with notch near base 4o. Pandemis.

8. Male antennae not notched.

9. Thorax with posterior crest 42. Eulia (Argyrotaenia).

9. Thorax without crest.

10. Veins nearly evenly spaced at margin of fore wing (fig.

237 ) 43. Tortrix.

10. Mj and IfL of fore wing somewhat approximate at tip.

2. Laspeyresia (lautana).
1. Cu of hind wing with a fringe or tuft of hair on upper side at base, besides

the scattered hair below Cu.26
2. Fore wing with R4 and R- stalked.

3. Apex of fore wing subfalcate with a notch just below it, above M, (fig.
203) 11. Riiopobota.

26 For females of this group, see supplementary key, page 384.

382 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

3. Apex of fore wing not falcate.

4. Ma, M3, and CUj closely approximate at margin of fore wing (like fig.
260).

5. Fore wing with raised scale-ridges or tufts 22. Gretchina.

5. Fore wing smooth-scaled 23. Exentera (and a few Epinotia).

4. M2, M3, and Cut evenly spaced at margin.

34. Sparganothis, 35. Amorbia $

2. Fore wing with R4 and R5 completely united; 11 veins only.
3. M2, M3, and Cut approximate at margin of fore wing.

4. Hind wing with M3 and CUj completely united 19. Suleima.

4. Ms and CUj stalked.

5. Costal fold present 18. Sonia.

5. Costal fold absent •. 12. Kundrya.

3. M2, M3, and CUi not approximate at margin 35. Amorbia <^.

2. Fore wing with R4 and R5 separate or connate.

3. Hind wing with R and M., remote at origin (fig. 247), more than half as

far apart as M2 and M3 when the latter are also remote.
4. R separate from Sc in hind wing; eyes a little reduced, with a scaled

band behind them (fig. 271 ) 1. Hemimene.

4. R of hind wing becoming coincident with Sc iy2- Pammene.

3. Hind wing with R and Mj closely approximate or stalked.

4. Fore wing falcate, with a distinct point between R4 and RM broadly
concave below.27

5. Hind wing with M3 and Cut stalked, rarely separate 8. Ancylis.

5. M3 and CUj united (fig. 264) 9. Anchylopera.

4. Fore wing not really falcate.

5. Hind wing with M;, M3, and CUj all remote at origin from cell (fig.

269 ) 33. Polychrosis

5. Hind wing with M?, M3, and CU! equally and very slightly separate ;
on superficial view, all connate; thorax smooth (fig. 268).

32. Bactra.

5. Hind wing with M3 and CUj connate; M, slightly separate (fig. 262).

28. Episimus.
5. Hind wing with M, and CUj connate, or stalked; M2 remote; male

without costal fold.
6. Thorax with a posterior tuft.

7. Male hind tibiae with metallic scales above, near base.

5. Gymnandrosoma.
7. Male hind tibiae with normal loose hair.

8. Hind wing with a thickened area above base of 3d A only

(fig. 250) 6. Ecdytolopha.

8. Male with a fold on inner margin, normally containing a hair
pencil, or a pencil arising from base of hind tibia, or,

usually, both 29. Olethreutes.

6. Thorax smooth.

8. Male hind tibia and tarsus with coarse, divergent hair.

4. Melissopus.
8. Male hind tibia with loose hair; tarsus scaled.

9. Male with base of hair pencil on Cu covered with large
shining scales; a groove along 2dA, containing the usual

pencil arising from base of 2dA 3. Carpocapsa.

9. Male without sex scaling toward inner margin of hind
wing. 2. Laspeyresia.

27 In a few members of other genera the fore wing is more or less falcate, hut the
outer margin is hardly concave, or the apex is rounded over.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 383

a. Hind wing with M, and Cut connate, M2 strongly curved and approxi-
mate to Ms+CUj at base; thorax crested; inner margin of hind
wing sexually modified; male without costal fold; hind tibia
almost always with a hair pencil at base.
6. Inner margin of hind wing with a thickened free lobe. •

31. Cymolomia.
6. Inner margin of hind wing with a more or less distinct fold and

hair pencil.
7. Hind metatarsus of male with a tuft above .... 30. Phsecasiophora.

7. Hind metatarsus of male smooth scaled 29. Olethreutes.

5. Hind wing with M3 and CUj stalked or united; M2 strongly curved
and approximate to their base; thorax rarely crested; male often
with costal fold, but rarely with other sexual modifications.
6. Fore wing with, M3 and M2 connate; M2 straighter than usual;

no costal fold28 20. Rhyacionia.

6. Fore wing with M2 separate at origin from M3 and curved.
7. Male antenna with a notch near base.

8. Fore wing with a large raised scale-tuft in fold.

17. Strepsicrates.
8. Fore wing smooth.

9. Costal fold present Griselda (p. — ) .

9. Costal fold absent 16. Spilonota.

7. Male antenna without a notch.

8. Black sex-scaling toward costa of hind wing above.

21. Proteoteras.

8. No black sex-scaling on costa of hind wing.
9. Male with costal fold.

10. Sc absent 14^. Hendecaneura.

10. Sc present... 7. Epinotia, 13. Epiblema and 14. Eucosma.29
9. No costal fold.

10. Outer margin of fore wing evenly excurved; the veins

evenly spaced.
11. Uncus slender, sometimes bifid at tip.

7. Epinotia, in part.

11. Uncus rudimentary 25. Zeiraphera.

10. Outer margin concave toward costa; M3 somewhat up-
curved toward margin; apex often with an ocellate
black dot, making the apex appear more falcate than
it is; Rj normally arising from cell before com-
mencement of accessory cell.

11. Hind wing with R and Mt stalked 24. Gypsonoma.

11. Hind wing with R and Mj approximate 10. Norma.

10. Outer margin more or less distinctly notched near mid-
dle; M3 strongly curved up to margin.
11. Fore wing with more or less distinct raised scale-
ridges 22. Gretchina.

11. Fore wing smooth-scaled.

7. Epinotia, 15. Thiodia, 23. Exentera.10

28 In occasional specimens Mg and MS are perceptibly separate ; they can generally
be distinguished by the palpi, which have the vestiture of the second joint abruptly cut
off at the end; the third joint well denned and projecting free (fig. 283).

29 For a key to these species see Eucosma.

so These genera are distinguished only by the male genitalia. For a key to the species
that may run here, see Thiodia.

384 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

10. Outer margin evenly incurved, but veins not approxi-
mate; apex marked; male with eighth segment
modified.

11. Fore wing with R, arising from accessory cell, approxi-
mate of R3; valves divided 27. Hystrichophora.

11. Fore wing with R., arising from before accessory cell,
halfway between R! and R3; valve simple.

20. Pseudogalleria.

Partial key to females of Eucosmince

1. R and M, of hind wing widely separate (fig. 247) 1. Hemimene.

1. R and Mj approximate or stalked.
2. Fore wing falcate.

3. R, and R5 long-stalked • 11. Rhopobota.

3. R4 and R5 separate.

4. Hind wing with M3 and CUj stalked 8. Ancylis.

4. Hind wing with M3 and CUj united 9. Anchylopera.

2. Fore wing not falcate.

3. Mo, M3, and Ci^ of hind wing widely spaced at origin 33. Polychrosis.

3. M.,, M~, and CUj very shortly but equally spaced at origin, under low

magnification appearing connate 32. Bactra.

3. M2 separate ; M3 and Cut connate.
4. Thorax tufted.

5. Fore wing with ground striate transversely ; with speculum.

6. Fore wing more than twice as long as wide 0. Ecdytolopha.

6. Fore wing less than twice as long as wide 5. Gymnandrosoma.

5. Fore wing not striate transversely; without speculum; usually with
" Exartema pattern " or transverse fasciae.

29. Olethreutes, 30. Phaecasiophora, 31. Cymolomia.

4. Thorax smooth-scaled 28. Episimus.

3. M, widely separated and nearly straight; M3 and CUj more or less dis-
tinctly stalked; wings with metallic bands.

2. Laspeyresia (fig. 248), 3. Carpocapsa (fig. 249), 4. Melissopus

(fig. 252).
3. M3 and Cu, stalked or united; M2 separated but curved and approximate

to them at base.
4. Fore wing with 1 1 veins ; R4 and R5 united.

5. Hind wing with M3 and CUj united 19. Suleima.

5. Hind wing with M3 and Cu, stalked 18. Sonia, 12. Kundrya.

4. Fore wing with R., and R5 stalked.

5. Fore wing witli raised scale-ridges or tufts .22. Gretchina.

5. Fore wing smooth-scaled. . 23. Exentera.

4. Fore wing with R4 and R5 separate or connate.

5. Fore wing with a large tuft in outer part of fold. ... 17. Strepsicrates.
5. Fore wing with small tufts.

6. Some green scaling 21. Proteoteras.

6. Gray 22. Gretchina.

5. Fore wing smooth ; thorax sometimes tufted.

6. R3 arising from discal cell; accessory cell short.

7. Fore wing with a contrasting marginal lunulate fascia.

26. Pseudogalleria.

7. Fore wing with a dot at the slightly produced apex only.
8. Hind wing with R and M, stalked

14%. Hendecaneura, 24. Gypsonoma.
8. Hind wing with R and M! approximate 10. Norma.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 385

0. R2 arising from the large accessory cell.
7. Apex and outer margin evenly rounded (figs. 253, 254).
8. M2 of fore wing connate with M3 and nearly straight.

20. Rhyacionia.
8. M2 and M3 of fore wing approximate and curved.

7. Epinotia, 14. Eucosma, 23. Exentera, 25. Zeiraphera.
7. Apex marked; outer margin evenly concave; the veins not con-
verging toward margin 27. Hystrichophora.

7. Apex rounded; the outer margin concave or notched at middle;
and veins Mj to M3 approximating toward the concavity
(figs. 255, 256).

7. Epinotia, 13. Epiblema, 14. Eucosma, 15. Thiodia,
23. Exentera.

Key to genera: larva (after Fracker)

1. Ninth segment of abdomen with seta i close to iii and usually on the same

tubercle; not associated with ii.
2. Seta vi absent on ninth segment; tubercles black; crotchets uniordinal.

40. Cnephasia.
2. Seta vi present on ninth segment, usually associated with iv and v.

3. Adfrontal sclerites reaching vertex, and front reaching about two-thirds

way.

4. Arms of epicranial suture concave above, meeting in an attenuate point.
5. Abdomen with setae iv and v on first segment in a diagonal line,

horizontal on seventh.
5. Abdomen with setae iv and v on first segment nearly vertical, oblique

on seventh.
6. Seta vi of ninth segment of abdomen on the same tubercle with iv

and v 16. Spilonota (fig. 286) , 31. Cymolomia.

6. Seta vi normally on a separate tubercle.

3. Carpocapsa (fig. 285), 4. Melissopus.
4. Arms of epicrania straight above.

11. Rhopobota, 13. Epiblema, 21. Proteoteras.
3,. Adf rentals extending two-thirds, ana front one-half, way to vertex.

26. Pseudogalleria.
1. Ninth segment of abdomen with seta i as far from iii as from ii; iv-vi on one

tubercle.
2. Wart vii of two setae on seventh segment of abdomen and often one only on

segment eight 39. Peronea (fig. 244).

2. Wart vii with three setae on seventh, and two on eighth, segment.
3. Middle seta of prespiracular wart dorsal of the other two.

34. Sparganothis.
3. Middle seta of prespiracular wart in line with, or lower than, the other

two.

4. At least three times as far from posterior as from anterior seta.
5. Meso- and metathorax with vii single.

6. Second ocellus much farther from first than from third.

34. Sparganothis (group Platynota) , 44. Arcbips in part (figs.

245, 246).
6. Second ocellus as near first as third.

9. Anchylopera (fig. 287), 28. Episimus, 29. Olethreutes,
34. Sparganothis in part, 43. Tortrix.

13

386 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

4. Middle seta ot prespiracular \v:irt not more Limn twice as far from

posterior as from anterior.
5. Fourth ocellus much closer to third than to sixth, and behind the

line joining third and sixth (5. Ecdytolopha.

5. Fourth ocellus about halfway between third and sixth and in line
with them 2. Laspeyresia ( fig. 284 ) .

Key to genera: pupa (after Mosher)

1. With seta; on anal rise; without a distinct cremaster.
2. Two long distinct setee on each side of anal rise.

3. One row of long strong flat seta; inserted along the row of spines at last

segment.

4. Dorsum of abdominal segments covered, more or less, with short tri-
angular spines; the spines of the anterior row alternately of two

lengths . . 13. Epiblema.

4. With the two regular rows of spines only, the anterior all of one length.
5. Exposed part of fore coxae more than half the length of the mid-
coxae; body often stout 3. Carpocapsa.

5. Exposed part of fore coxae shorter; body always slender.

10. Spilonota.
3. A second row of setae at caudal end of body, the first row consisting of

four setae.
4. Second row also of four seta;; maxillary palpi touching maxillae.

5. Second row with middle setse much slenderer than lateral ones;
maxillae less than a third the length of the wings; labial palpi about
two-thirds the length of the maxilla?; maxillary palpi touching

front legs 1 . Hemimene.

5. Setae of caudal row all similar; maxilla; at least one-half the length
of the wings; palpi about one-half the length of the maxilla;, maxil-
lary palpi touched by middle leg also 9. Anchylopera.

4. Second row of two seta;; maxillary palpi reaching maxillae.

7. Epinotia, 24. Gypsonomu.
2. Never with two long distinct seta; at each side of anal rise.

3. Lateral spines of last segment noticeably enlarged; seta; at caudal end
very weak and obscure; usually with two pairs of obscure setee on

anal rise 7. Epinotia (Catastega).

3. Lateral spines of last segment not noticeably larger than the others;
setae at caudal end long and heavily chitinized, on a distinct papilla on

each side of anal rise 2. Laspeyresia.

1. With a well-developed cremaster.

2. Ninth segment of abdomen with a distinct row of spines, strongest in male;
last segment sometimes with spines; cremaster broader than long,
always with setae on anal rise.

3. Cremaster not curved ventrad; the corners not produced into prominent
hooks, but usually ending in three short lobes; second segment of
abdomen with anterior row of spines present, and posterior row
strong; setae on anal rise lateral to anal opening.
4. Last segment with spines, usually three or four crowded rows.
5. With strong seta; on anal rise.

6. Two seta; on each side, much like those of cremaster. .28. Episimus.
G. One seta on each side, smaller than those on cremaster.

29. Olethreutes in part.

LEPIDOPTEKA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 387

5. No seta; on anal rise; spiracles at the bottom of deep pit?.

33. Polychrosis.
4. Last segment without spines.

5. Well-developed setae on each side of anal rise.

6. Maxillary palpi reaching maxilla- 29. Olethreutes in part.

6. Maxillary palpi short, not reaching maxilla-. .31. Cymolomia in part.

5. No set* on anal rise 31. Cymolomia in part.

3. Cremaster curved ventral, the posterior angles ending in prominent

hooks; second segment of abdomen with anterior row of spines

absent, and posterior weak; set« of caudal rise attached farther back.

4. Maxillary palpi present; anterior spines of segments seven to nine on

distinct ridges which show on lateral margin of body, the spines on

some segments extending below spiracles 3S. Argyrotoxa.

4. Maxillary palpi absent externally; anterior spines of segment nine not

on distinct ridges, the spines not extending as low as spiracles; setae

on ventral side of cremaster short and heavily chitinized . . 39. Peronea.

2. Ninth segment of abdomen with a few scattered spines, in male; no setae

on anal rise ; cremaster nearly always longer than broad ; last segment

never with spines.

3. Segmental membranes showing prominent dark brown spines scattered

over a light brown surface.

4. Cremaster much longer than broad, not flattened.
5. With four setae at end of cremaster.

6. Anterior spines of segment two of abdomen weak in male and
absent in female; head without an anterior projection.

41. Harmologa.
G. Anterior spines of segment two of abdomen well developed ; head

often with an anterior projection. 44. Arcbips in part.

5. Two setse at end of eremaster 34. Sparganothis (group Cenopis).

4. Cremaster broader than long, flattened 30. Phaecasiopbora.

3. Conjunctiva smooth and evenly colored.

4. Cremaster longer than broad, not flattened; palpi considerably "more

than half as long as maxilla 34. Sparganothis.

5. Cremastral setae flattened; anterior spines of second segment of

abdomen wanting in female group Platynota.

5. Cremastral setae not flattened; anterior spines of segment two present

in female . . group Epagoge.

4. Cremaster broader than long, distinctly flattened; palpi not more than
half a* long as maxilla. . . .44. Archips in part.

Subfamily EUCOSMINJE
iGraphvlithintE, Epiblemince. Olethrcutinte}

This subfamily appears to represent a fairly marked group, though defined 'by
no single character at any stage. The genera are in part ill-defined, or distin-
guished mainly by genitalic characters revealed only by dissection. Heinrich's
recent study (United States National Museum. Bulletin 123) has been followed,
but externally visible characters have been used as far as possible. In some
rases it has been necessary to treat two genera as a unit for the sake of the
specific key.

Valves strongly chitinized : with narrow basal articulation, articulating with
the juxta: inner face of valve chitinized except at base; anellu* consisting of a
triangular plate with an external central arm supporting the afdneagus. Larva with
s*"tar i and iii of ninth segment of abdomen normally on a single plate.

388 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1. HE MIME NE Hubner
(Dichrorampha Guenee; with Lipoptycha, in part)

Antennae simple; palpi moderate (fig. 271), porrect, long-hairy, with the third
joint almost as long as the second but mostly concealed in its hair; head nearly
smooth; eyes small, with a naked area behind them (fig. 271). Thorax smooth.
Fore wing rather broad for a Eucosmid (fig. 247); the otiter margin not notice-
ably oblique ; more or less concave above the middle ; tending to form a slight
notch at M,; veins all present and distinctly separate; the base of M3 and R,+s
usiially distinct. Cu running through middle of wing or rather above; R3 arising
at least 2% times as far from R2 as from R4. Hind wing proportionate; with
R and Mj well separated, more than a third as far as M! from M2, and more
than half as far as M2 from M3. which are separated more than half as far from
each other as Mt from M:; M3 and CUj connate or short-stalked.

This is the genus as defined by Busck. Meyrick and others have excluded
the species without the costal fold, referring them to Lipoptycha. The larvae arc
usually borers in stems and roots of Compositse. This genus and Laspeyresia
dispute the position of lowest of our North American Tortricidee.

Key to the species

1. Fore wings with cream-white dorsal spot 6. incanana.

1. Fore wings with a yellow dorsal spot 5. simulana.

1. Fore wings with a vague yellow dorsal shade, or none; rarely, with short,
well-separated, yellow striae.

2. Apex purplish, contrasting with the tawny base 1. plummeriana.

2. Apex not purplish and contrasting.

3. Fore wing with undulating black transverse lines 2. leopardana.

3. Fore wing without such lines.

4. Light golden yellow 4. bit tana.

4. Dark fuscous, without yellow 3. dana.

* No costal fold (Lipoptycha auct.) .

1. H. plummeriana Busck. Palpi clay-color, with a good many black hairs mixed
with some pale ones. Fore wing with base to middle of costa and three -fourth;*
way out on inner margin dull clay-color, strigose, dusted with black; the outer
half contrasting yellow-brown, with confused fasciae and marbling of lead-gray.
and some black scales, which tend to gather as a lead-and-black fascia along the
inner margin of the dark part. Some partly confluent black terminal dots, fol-
lowed by a fine yellow line, below the notch, and a single black dot above it ;
with clay-colored costal stria? on outer part of wing. Terminal dots and costal
striae repeated on under side. Hind wing light gray. 10 mm.

April to June. Larva in flowers of pawpaw.

District of Columbia; Cincinnati, Ohio; Urbana. Illinois.

2. H. leopardana Busck. Bright orange-ochre, contrastingly marked with a
mixture of lead -gray and brown -black streaks and partly confluent spots, tending
to became oblique streaks along the costa. Terminal dots distinct and separate ;
below tne notch. Fringe gray, cut with yellow at notch; hind wing dark. 8 mm.

May to August. Larva on Eupatorium.
Maryland to Cincinnati, Ohio.

3. H. dana Kearfott. Fuscous, with the usual yellow patch on side of palpi,
but no other vellow. Fore wing with slight leaden lustre, tending to become

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 389

brighter on outer half; outwardly with many of the scales luteous-tipped, giving
a frosted appearance; leaving several lead-gray bands of the ground, which are
strongly oblique toward costa, parallel to outer margin below, and confused in
the middle; with a few black spots and streaks in the yellow-dusted portion;
with a series, usually of four strong terminal dots, below the notch, and some-
times one small one above it. Hind wing solid dark. 12 mm. (Enarmonia
Kearfott. )

This species has been determined as Laspeyresia nigricana, but may be dis-
tinguished by the generic characters and by the terminal spots. Very close to
H. plumbana Scopoli of Europe, and H. sedatana Busck, of Colorado, of which
it is likely to prove the eastern race.

Late May and June.

Xew Hampshire to western Pennsylvania; common and generally distributed.
Xew York: Black Brook. Batavia, Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Crosby,
Ithaca, McLean.

** With costal fold (Hemimene).

4. H. bittana Busck. Fold large, extending a third of the length of the fore
wing. Fore wing golden or orange -ochre, more or less suffused with brown; the
base almost always paler or darker brown; the outer half, especially toward inner
margin, very rarely wholly brown except for a portion of the postmedial region.
The markings tend to be black striations on the veins in the middle of the wing
and curved transverse striae at the middle of the inner margin; base almost evenly
colored; a lead-colored postmedial band well out toward margin, sharply bent
opposite notch and parallel to margin below, with a short lead-gray bar beyond
it on costa; normally with fine broken black striae between them. Black terminal
dots conspicuous, at least below notch. 12-15 mm. (alpinana Fernald in part,
not Treitschke).

June and July.

Rather common and general in distribution. Xew York: Ithaca.

5. H. simulana Clemens. Second joint 01 palpus with yellow body and brown
hair. Fore wing gray-brown, with a large, half-crescent-shaped, bright yellow
patch on middle of dorsal margin; outer haii with grayer shining bands, sepa-
rated by areas of yellow-tipped scales, and a few subterminal black dots as well
as the terminal ones. 10 mm. (alpinana^ auct., not Treitschke).

End of May; end of August.

Parry Sound, Ontario, to southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and District of
Columbia. New York: Ithaca, West Farms.

6. H. incanana Clemens. Blackish, varied with dull white; with an oblique white
dorsal patch, formed of two pairs of fused striae ending on the ochreous speculum,
which has three black bars and lies at the middle of the subterminal region.

I have seen only the type. (Halonota Clemens).
Pennsylvania?

iyz. PAMMENE Hiibner

Similar to Laspeyresia. Male with R of hind wing arising widely separate from
Mj, running directly across into Sc, as in some Pyralids. Female as in Laspeyresia.
. 1. P. felicitana Heinrich (Kearfott, ms.). Purple-black, varied in median area
with shining purple-gray, and sometimes with some whitish scaling toward base;
the two outer lead-colored fasciae showing a distinct purple shade, and the speculum
narrow, with a few black spots rather than bars. Outer part of wing
sometimes shaded with brown; sometimes with a brown terminal line; and usually
with the ground in the speculum lighter, sometimes luteous. Inner margin to
beginning of speculum broadly and irregularly cream-white, sometimes with a

390 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

couple of spots of the ground color; the white area extending nearly to the
costa at base. Hind wing mouse -gray. 13 mm.

June ; August and September.

Western Pennsylvania; Montreal and St. Hilaire, Quebec.

2. LASPEYRESIA ILiibnei-

(Grapholitha Rebel, etc.; Enarmonia, Fernald, etc.; Ephippiphora, of

the earlier writers)

Palpus with second joint merely rough scaled below (fig. 272), the vestiture
not concealing the third joint, which is usually about a third as long as the
second, and scaled. Thorax and fore wing like Hemimene; hind wing with
R and M! more approximate at base (fig. 248), usually somewhat sinuous, and
diverging abruptly about a third way to margin. ML, strongly curved but well'
separated from M3 which is connate or stalked with CUj. No sexual modifications,
except for some dense scaling on the hind wing of L. pyrlcolana.

The species are numerous and close and the following key may not be always
successful.

Enarmonia dana Kearfott is a Hemimene; L. lautana is strongly aberrant,
and represents a new subgemis Sereda Heinrich: L. shamana. is a Hendecaneura.
Aside from the slight difference in venation and palpi, the genus may be distin-
guished from Hemimene by the absence of terminal dots just back of the outer
margin, below the notch; usually there are no terminal dots at all, but in L. lautana
they are present exactly on the margin of the wing membrane, and are strongest
on the apical part of the wing.

Key to the species

1. Two terminal dots at apex noticeably larger than the others 1. lautana.

1. A single larger terminal dot at apex, or none.
2. Hind wing half or more pure white.
3. Fore wing blackish.

4. Fore wing with a white crescent at middle of inner margin.

21. albimaculana.
4. Fore wing with only n faint gray crescent at middle of inner margin.

10. eclipsana.

3. Fore wing gray 18. multilineana.

2. Hind wing fuscous to blackish: sometimes with more ">r less of base dirty

white.
3. Ground of fore wing dull white.

4. Outer half contrasting dark, largely blue 20. flctcherana.

4. Base of inner margin and outer third spotted with blackish.

22. gallcBsaliciana.
3. Ground of fore wing blackish.

4. Two strongly irregular silver-white striae clear across the wing. .16. rana.
4. A contrasting white crescent or group of striae on middle of inner margin,
reaching up about to middle of Aving, but entirely separate from
the costal stria.
5. Dorsal white extended in along inner margin to base.

(Pammene felicitana.)

5. Dorsal spot a group of four rr more line, more or less fused stria?,
costa strongly striate with white 1.1. iristriganu-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 391

5. Dorsal spot composed of two or three more or less fused striae; or
single and reaching well above fold, but not extended toward base;
if of three striae, costa not striate with white.
f>. Speculum represented by a single lead-gray band; ground wholly

black-Drown 6. interstinct ana.

C. Speculum yellow-brown, regularly barred with black, the ground

otherwise black-brown 9. fana,.

4. No contrasting white mark at middle of inner margin.

5. Even blackish with white spotting; tending to form broken trans-
verse bands albolineana.

5. Not evenly blackish without speculum.

(i. Light gray 19. garacana.

(>. Blackish.

7. Speculum absent; represented by a single lead-gray bar.

8. saundersa/na.
7. Speculum present; normally of two lead-gray bars, with a yellower

area between them containing black markings.
S. With contrasting white costal striae from a quarter way out on

costa to apex 7. angleseana.

8. No white costal stria; before middle of wing.

9. Ground mottled with yellow-ochre :>. prunivora.

9. Ground brown, with scattered, luteous-tipped scales, at least
on outer part of wing; denser outwardly; the speculum
often nearly solid luteous.

10. Speculum higher; its uppermost bar above or hardly below
the notch on the outer margin; hind wing pale on

basal half • 2. caryana.

10. Speculum of four black bars, distinctly farther from
costa than the notch; hind wing solid blackish,
except on covered part of costa.
1 1. With well-marked costal white striae. ...... 14. candana.

11. No distinct white costal striss 13. dandana.

9. Fore wing with white-tipped scales 17. molestn.

9. Ground solid black-brown, or nearly so.

10. Two median lead-gray fasciae, nearly in contact, and so
bread as together to be more than a third jis wide

as the breadth of the wing 11. t/oiingann.

10. ^Median fasciae narrower and obscure or absent.

11. Hind wing very pale gray at base and beneath; black

dots in speculum nearly obsolete '•>. packardii.

11. Hind wing not paler at base; black dots distinct.

12. First line of speculum parallel to outer margin;

fringe of hind wing gray 23. pyricolana.

1:2. First metallic line of speculum erect; fringe of hind

wing white except at base 12. nigricana.

Omitted from key: 4. nigromaculana.

* Outer margin strongly oblique, hardly notched at Mj: R., running to apex or very
slightly below; hind wing irith fringe on Cu very weak and almost always lost'
head rough, with strong hair on palpi; eyes smallish, but round (Sereda
Heinrich ) .

1. L. lautana Clemens. Powdery light gray, the outer half noticeably strigose
with white, which tends to gather in a patch at middle of inner margin. Anteme-
dial line strongly bent on cell, and oblique above; the base up to it more solidly

392 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

dark; outer and costal parts of wing with lead-colored stripes, the next to last
usually running to anal angle; all starting from paired white costal striae. Five
or six terminal dots on upper part ol wing, the two at apex decidedly larger and a
little separated from the others. 12 mm.

April and May.

This species is side-specialized in the direction of the Tortricinse and Eucosma.

New York and Pennsylvania to Manitoba. New York : McLean, Ithaca, Ramapo.

** Outer wary in of fore wing nearly upright, with well-marked notch; R-, termin-
ating well below O'pexj hind iring with strong fringe on Cu; hea-d and palpi
f/CHCKilli/ smoother, the eyes normally large (Laspeyresia) .

t Male without sexual modifications.

2. L. caryana Fitch. Palpi whitish. Dee]) brown, with lead-colored stripes, not
strongly contrasting, and distinct only on costa, except the last two, which enclose
the speculum. Ground dusted in two or three areas with cream color; the dusting
in the speculum dense; speculum with four or five black bars of unequal size, the
first strong one pointing directly to the notch in the outer margin. White costal
stria? distinct outwardly, but not prominent. Hind Aving fuscous, whitish on basal
half; fringe whitish, with fuscous basal line. 10-12 mm.

May, July and August. Larva on hickory and walnut; the second brood eating
out the young nuts; also inquiline in galls.

Canada to Missouri and Georgia. New York: Easton (type).

3. L. prunivora Walsingham (lesser codling-worm). Face and palpi whitish.
Black-brown varied with ochre yellow; the outer margin below costa almost solid
yellow in some specimens, except for some black bars and the two lead-colored
bands; middle of wing more or less striate with black; middle of inner margin
with confused oblique streaks. Costal edge outwardly with some white dots.
Speculum of the yellow, with black bars, decidedly lower than the notch, as usual
in the genus. Hind wing like L. caryana. 9 mm.

In dark specimens the yellow is reduced to some few scales on the disc of the
fore wing, in the upper part of the speculum, and just before the apex.
Larva in young plums, Crat:egus fruit, and crab apples.
Generally distributed. New York: Crosby (Yates County), Ithaca.

4. L. nigromaculana Kearfott. Palpi more than half luteous, with dark tips.
Fore wing cream color on basal half, the ground more than half covered with
wavy brown transverse bands, which leave a vague pale area in the middle
of the inner margin; outer half mixed bright ochre and black-brown, not con-
trasting to the naked eye; with some black dots and striae, and with strong black
terminal spots. 9 mm.

June.

Black Mountains, North Carolina.

Superficially very close to Laspeyresia prunivora, with which Kearfott has con-
fused it. Types only seen.

5. L. packardii Zeller. Dull blackish; head and palpi gray (unlike L. caryana
and prunivora,) ; fore wing with lead-gray fasci.T leaving a distinctly defined but
not contrasting brownish erect median fascia, and a similar subtriangular patch
at anal angle. Speculum with a couple of faint dots only. Hind wing very
pale gray, with dark border and veins.

This species can apparently be distinguished by the partly pale hind wings
and gray palpi. I have no notes on authentic material. L. pyricolana has been
determined as this, in error.

Texas; doubtful northward.

LEPIDOPTERA or NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 393

6. L. interstinctana Clemens. Deep brown, about eight white costal striae, on
the outer three-fourths of costa; two larger curved striae at middle of inner
margin, reaching about up to cell; a lead-colored bar before anal angle. Hind
wing solid black-brown. 9 mm.

Common in May and June; and again in late July and August. Larva (the
clover seed caterpillar) in flower heads of clover, damaging the seed.

Generally distributed. New York: Newport, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, New
York City.

7. L. angleseana Kearfott. Basal half chocolate brown; outer half brown with
strong golden iridescence. Costa with nine white striae, the first two, fourth,
seventh, and ninth forming the end of short lead-colored bars; the third weaker.
Three lead-gray bars on inner half of wing, the area between the first two strigose
with black; the speculum lying between the outer two, barred with black. Outer
margin blackish. Hind wing solid dark. 10 mm.

End of May to June; August. Locally common.
Anglesea, New Jersey; Massachusetts.

8. L. saundersana Kearfott. Black-brown. Costa with about 10 white striae,
more oblique than in L. angleseana; several of them ending in lead-colored bars.
A vague pale crescent beyond middle of inner margin, extending half way to
costa, formed of four pale striee which end above in a lead-colored spot. A single
lead-gray bar in position of speculum. 10 mm.

Toronto, Ontario. New York : Karner ( Forbes ) .

9. L. fana Kearfott. Black-brown; costal marks about like L. angleseana. Mid-
dle of inner margin with a white spot, formed of two thick and partly fused
white striae. Speculum chocolate brown with four black bars, the lead-gray bar
beyond it much shorter than the one before, being cut off below by the edge of the
wing. 7^-10 mm.

May to August. Larva amber colored; a bud- worm on Meibomia (Kearfott).
New Jersey to Ohio.

10. L. eclipsana Zeller. Deep brown; costal striae as in L. angleseana, but all
distinct, strongly oblique, the lead-gray stripes silvery and conspicuous, and the
striae which do not end in lead-gray streaks, running into shorter luteous ones.
Speculum with the lead-colored bars rather close together, the black showing as
spots rather than bars; or, speculum filled largely with black; with faint traces
of a pale half-crescent on middle of inner margin, ending in a lead-colored spot
at middle of wing. Hind wing white; the apical third blackish. 12 mm.

April to May. Larva on grape.

New Jersey and Ohio to Texas. New York: Ithaca.

11. L. youngana Kearfott. Fuscous, broadly banded with lead-color except
toward base. The two median bands complete but irregular, and very broad, the
outer ones narrower and more or less broken; all starting from slight pale costal
spots. Speculum hardly paler, with four black bars, and with a lead-gray spot
below it, as well as the bars before and beyond; a distinct narrow yellow terminal
line before the black line in the fringe, but no other yellow. Line in fringe
heavily cut with white at notch. 8-11 mm. (perstructana Walker?).

Larva in center of cones of Picea alba, hibernating as a larva and emerging in
the spring.

Ottawa, Ontario.

12. L. nigricana Stephens. Black-brown, with some pale striation on outer
part of costa; the two lead-colored stripes narrow and broken, the upright part
outlining the speculum perpendicular to the inner margin, and separate from
the costal part, which runs obliquely across the apex. Speculum with black
bars, the series quite obscurely continued to costa, forming an oblique series
between the two lead -colored stripes. Hind wing blackish brown, hardly paler
at base, the fringe contrasting, white, with a gray line in the base. 12 mm.
(novimundi Heinrich).

:5!)4 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Almost identical in appearance with Ueiniineuc dunu, Lut differing in the palpi,
the venation, and the sulmmrginal, instead of marginal, position of the series
of black dots.

June to August. Larva in pods and seeds of peas and other Leguminosae; some-
times injurious.

New Jersey and western Pennsylvania to Manitoba; also reported as injurious
in Nova Scotia.

13. L. dandana Kearfott. Dull dark brown, with some slight pale scaling on
costa, and scales outwardly showing pale tips in some lights. Two oblique bluish
iridescent stripes running down and out from costa toward apex, with a fine black
line half way between them; two purpler and duller bands before anal angle enclos-
ing about lour black spots, to form speculum. Hind wing concolorous. 10 mm.

End of August to September.
Essex County, New Jersey.

14. L. candana Kearfott. Much like L. dandana but larger; the metallic bands
narrower and more broken; the black line between them obscure or lost; pale
scaling more distinct, but more nearly confined to speculum. Hind wing with
contrasting white fringe; without dark basal line. Possibly the spring brood
of L. dandana.

May.

Western Pennsylvania; Virginia.

15. L. tristrigana Clemens. Dark brown, sometimes varied with black; speculum
represented by a lead-colored bar only; about 10 or 12 closely crowded but clean-
cut white costal striae, leaving only base of costa free; a group of four to six
partially fused striae on middle of inner margin, each one curved out in a quarter
circie; their tips followed by some luteous scaling. Hind wing concolorous; outer
part of fringe contrasting whitish. 12-15 mm.

Larva on " Tinctoria " (perhaps Baptisia tinctoria) .

Massachusetts to Florida, Kansas, and Oregon.

1C. L. rana Kearfott. Deep brown; a strong double medial, strongly waved
but not distinctly broken, silvery band; and a single postmedial band, each of
these starting from a pair of white costal dots. Another single white subterminal
dot on costa, and a pair before apex. Speculum preceded by the postmedial band,
followed by a vertical dark-silver bar, and crossed by four black bars; the ground
concolorous. Hind wing dark. 14 mm.-

May.

Black Mountains, North Carolina.

17. L. molesta Busck. Dark fuscous, with some white-tipped scales; head dark,
including palpi. Fore wing with traces of the dorsal crescents showing as a
gathering of the white -tipped scales. Speculum strongly white -dusted, with from
three to six blackish dots. Hind wings blackish, with fringe whitish except at
apex. 10-15 mm.

Two or three broods, breeding more or less continuously. Larva injurious to
stone-fruits, especially peach; boring out or gnawing the surface of growing twigs,
and boring in the fruit. Cocoon in any sort of shelter, that of the last brood often
under bark.

Vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia; probably introduced from Japan.

18. L. multilineana Kearfott, with the fore wing powdery gray, and the hind
wing white, has been taken at Jamestown, New York, in June.

19. L. garacana Kearfott. Light gray; the ground being made up of luteous
mottling and dusting on a dark gray base, leaving the dark as a series of parallel
but unequal and broken streaks. Base slightly darker; a distinct narrow dark
median fascia running from middle of costa to before middle of inner margin, bent
at a right angle on cell, the lower part more oblique than the outer margin. A

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 395

similar straight subterminal bar on inner half of wings only. Speculum obscure,
high in the wing; black line in base of fringe clean-cut, and 'cut with white at the
notch. 15 mm.

July. Types only seen, male and female.

Trenton, Ontario; Chicago, Illinois.

20. L. fletcherana Kcarfott. Basal half of wing and body dirty white; outer
half a mixture of blackish and steel-blue, with some wood-brown and a little
whitish scaling; the terminal line normally brown. Line in base of fringe con-
tinuous, black, interrupted at notch with white. Hind wing fuscous, palor at base.
13 mm.

•Tune.

Ottawa, Canada. A paler variety occurs in Washington.

21. L. albimaculana Fernald. Fuscous gray; costal edge black, irregularly
barred with white, the white bars fading into the grayish ground below. Inner
margin heavily shaded with black, especially beyond the white dorsal patch, which
is moderate in size, rarely divided into two striae, and extends obliquely out and
up to middle of wing. Outer part of wing with some yellowish tint; the lead-
colored stripes broken and irregular, with irregular black spots between them
representing the speculum. 8-12 mm. (artirulatana Kearfott).

April 30.

Maine to Manitoba.

22. L. gallassaliciana Riley. White. Head and thorax white ; abdomen dark
gray. Fore wing irregularly spotted with gray, shading into yellow brown or
golden at the apex; the gray gathering to form a patch on outer margin, a third
the length of the wing on the inner margin, but often hardly reaching the costa;
and an antemedial patch toward inner margin. Speculum with heavy lead-
colored bands, with some heavy black dots before and within it. Hind wing light
gray, paler, and striate with dark gray beneath. 12 mm.

June and July. Larva in a slender twig-gall on willow, perhaps inquiline.

This species lias been generally confused with a western Epinotia which has a
costal fold in the male. The hind wing has R and M,, and M3 and Cut short-
stalked and M2 more curved than usual in Laspeyresia.

Mt. Washington. New Hampshire, to Missouri. New York: Peru, Big Indian
Valley.

ft Male inth a patch of rough scaling on upper side of hind wing and one on

under side of fore unng.

23. L1. pyricolana Murtfeldt. Dark fuscous; head and palpi dark; fore wing with
several transverse lead-gray fasciae, the median ones nearly complete. Speculum
with two lead-gray bars, parallel to outer margin, and also connected with oblique
fasciae running down from the costa. A distinct series of black dots or short
bars in the speculum, and between the speculum and the costa. extending most of
the width of the wing. Basal line in fringe unbroken. Hind wing in male light
gray, no darker at the margin, with a blackish sex-patch covering most of cell
and extending a little beyond it; in female blackish. Fringe gray. 10 mm.
Male usually smaller. (Penthina cyanana Murtfeldt in part, by type lot; packardi
of collections; Steyanoptycha, Epinotia.)

May and June; August; - — . Three broods. Larva green. (?) the spring

brood boring into the buds of rose and blasting them; the later broods normally
feeding on the leaves. Pupa under the edge of a leaf folded over, or borincr into
pith. Also with similar habits on apple and peach. The larva is a little doubtful
on account of confusion with O. ci/n-nann, but the dates and food plants are certain.

396 WII.LTAM T. M. FORBES

'.}. CARPOCAPSA Treitschkc
(Cydia; Laspeyresia, in part)

Antenna- smooth; palpi almost smoothly scaled (fig. 273), obliquely upturned,
with short third segment, as in the smoothest species of Laspeyresia. Thorax
smooth. Venation as in Laspeyresia, the notch at M hardly visible. Hind wing
of male (fig. 249) with the fringe on Cu very strong, dark, and deflected down-
ward by a mass of shining scales in the lower part of the cell, which turn down
across the base of the fringe. A broad groove along 2d A, containing the pencil
arising from the basal fork of the vein; anal region with slightly modified general
scaling. Larva without anal fork.

The genus is of moderate size; the larva feeding in fruits and seeds. It is well
represented in the West and in Europe, but has only a single introduced species in
the Northeast, the famous codling worm. The sexual characters are different in
almost every species and the genus is hardly distinct from Laspeyresia.

I have placed C. toreuta and eroiella here temporarily, following Heinrich. They
are not true Carpocapsas. but so far as I know they have no valid generic name.
The whole group they represent are feeders on conifers. Laspeyresia, youngana,
also, should probably be grouped with them.

1. C. pomonella Linnaeus (the codling-worm). Gray, with fine striation, show-
ing under a lens as white tips to blackish scales; base, or a broad antemedial
band, slightly darker, with excurved and scalloped outer boundary; speculum of
two bronze-brown bars, the outer one more or less broken up. filled in with choco-
late brown, the brown extending to form a large oval area almost reaching costa
and outer margin; costa and extreme outer margin striate and gray like the base.
No black in speculum, but speculum preceded by a heavy vertical black bar.
ending in a point halfway to costa. Fringe with a black line, and sometimes cut
with white at M,. Hind wing brown; the enlarged scales covering Cu in the
male lead-color; the hairs of the fringe on Cu blackish. 15-20 mm.

The codling moth is generally distributed and injurious wherever apples are
grown ; occasionally it feeds in the fruits of a few other Rosacea, especially pears.
Northward there is but a single brood, the moths emerging in the spring (soon
after the blossoms fall) and laying their eggs on the outside of the young apples.
The larvoe enter by the calyx-cup and feed on the inside of the fruit, including the
growing seeds, growing slowly. They leave the fruit late in summer and form
their cocoons under the bark or, more rarely, in trash on the ground, hibernating
as larvae and pupating in the early spring. Southward there is a second brood,
the moths emerging in July and August, and laying their eggs on the well-grown
apples. The larvae of this brood often enter the side of the apple and feed less
systematically, leaving the apple late in the fall and hibernating like the single-
brooded forms. They are sometimes known as " side-worms."

2. C. toreuta Grote. Dark gray; basal fourth, medial, and postmedial fasciae
lead-gray; also two subapical dots" and a marginal line half as wide as the fasciae.

Larva in cones of yellow pine.

Falls Church. Virginia: North Carolina: and west. The moth is perhaps wide-
spread in the East, but is rarely obtained save by breeding.

3. C. erotella Heinrich. Lead-color. Two shining fasciae before and beyond
middle of wing, each starting from a double pale stria at costa, excurved, and
farther out on inner margin; a short bar on costa at three-fourths, also starting
from a double stria; and an irregular and broken subterminal line, preceded by
one or two black spots below middle of wing. Fringe with black basal line, cut
with whitish below apex; outer part of fringe shining lead-gray. Hind wing
concolorous. 9-10 mm.

March (perhaps forced): August. Larva in pitch nodule or gall on Pinus
t&da, the type bred in association with Rhyacionio* cnmstocki-atia,
Maryland; Mississippi.

LEI'lDOi'TEKA OF N'ENY YoKK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 397

4. MELISSOPUS Kiley

Metallic scaling more extensive than in Carpocapsa pomonella. Hind tibia of
male with very long hair below and above toward its tip, and metatarsus with
heavy hair above; hind wing (fig. 252) roughly and thickly scaled on inner
margin and at base of Cu and 2d A, but without hair pencils. Otherwise like
Carpocapsa and Laspeyresia.

1. M. latiferreanus Walsingham. Light red-brown, with a heavy erect median
lead-colored fascia; a slightly narrower one three-fourths way out; and a slender
and broken submarginal one, strongly curved below costa. Between the two outer
fasciae there are some broken black bars and streaks. Fringe lead-colored, with
a reddish line in the base; hind wing mouse gray. 15 mm.

Two broods in Missouri, the second perhaps partial; July and August; late
September. Larva on young acorns; cocoon formed between a leaf and a nearly
circular piece cut out of another.

Our eastern form, as described above, is var. orichalceana Walsingham. Typi-
cally the second fascia is rudimentary (California).

Generally distributed north to Montreal. New York: Ithaca, Karner.

5. GYMNANDROSOMA Dyar

Similar to Ecdytolopha; palpi with third segment porrect, slightly more beak-
like. Wings (fig. 251) more than half as wide as long, and rough-scaled; thorax
tufted behind. M, of hind wing more curved than in Ecdytolopha. Abdomen of
male with a naked patch above, flanked by a couple of pale hair-pencils; hind
tibia with a fanlike tuft of hair, with metallic scales at its base. Hind wing with
heavy tufts of hair and enlarged spatulate scales on inner margin; the fringe
on Cu extremely heavy, but not modified.

1. G. punctidiscanum Dyar. Irregularly mottled and strigose with fuscous,
blackish, and some lead gray, the outer part often largely dirty white and con-
trasting. Discal dot small, white, sharply denned in a black shade. No definite
line in fringe. Hind wing mouse gray. 18-25 mm.

The moth has been taken from May' to July.

New Jersey and northern Illinois to South Carolina. New York: Ithaca, New
York City; Maspeth, Long Island.

6. ECDYTOLOPHA Zeller

Palpi rough-scaled; upturned to middle of front; with short third joint (fig. 277).
Thorax .tufted behind; wing rough with transverse ridges of slightly enlarged raised
scales, two and one-half times as long as wide; with rounded outer margin and no
distinct notch; all veins separate and normal. Hind wing (fig. 250) with R and
Mj approximate, M2 widely separate, and parallel to M3, nearly straight; M3 and
CUi connate; the male with a thickened patch above 3d A at base, but not other-
wise modified. Tibiae with the usual hair only.

This genus seems intermediate between Laspeyresia and Olethreutes, and together
with Gymnandrosoma, has been sunk to the latter by Walsingham and Durrant.

1. E. insiticiana Zeller. Basal half fuscous, mottled with dull black; outer half
dirty white, striate and mottled with fuscous and some black; the boundary some-
what oblique and nearer base on inner margin; sharply defined below, diffuse
above; the outer markings usually forming a small triangular largely black anal
spot. Hind wing mouse-gray. 25 mm. (H 48:29.)

May to August. The larva may be found in August, in twigs of locust, making
a fusiform gall which is sometimes very slightly swollen when in stout twigs.
.The passage to the exterior is kept open and the frass thrown outside. The larva

<'UKS WlMJAM T. M.

loaves the gall to pupate, tnul forms a cocoon between two fallen leaves. It cuts
a kidney-shaped pieee nearly out of each leaf and sews them together at the
edges, but leaves the cocoon suspended by a few uncut veins.

(ienenilly distributed from Northern Vermont southward; replaced by a closely
related species in Mexico. New York: Peru, Lewiston. Baldwinsville, Rochester
Junction. Ithaca, Karner, Ehinebeck, and New Windsor.

2. E. islandana Kearfott. Tale dull brown, evenly and coarsely strigose with
fuscous gray and blackish; the inner edge black toward the base, and usually with
the somewhat darker base ending in a distinct black stria at the middle of the
inner margin. Hind wing gray, paler at base. 15 mm. (Oletlireittes Kearfott. )

May. Types only seen; in poor condition.

Plumr.'.er's island. Maryland.

The generic position of this form is not yet certain, as it lacks the secondary
sexual characters of Fcdytolopha. It is certainly no Olethreutes.

7. Kri. \OTIA Hiibiier

(With Zcirapl: cm: Enarmonia; Steganoptycha; Thiodia: EKCOSIIIU, in

part)

Fore wing with outer margin evenly excurved; more or less concave or notched,
apex blunt; ccstal fold sometimes present. All veins present, Mj to Clli convergent
at margin in firms with a notch; Rj from before middle of cell; R2 slightly
nearer R3 than R,, arising from accessory cell. R5 rarely short-stalked (fig. 254).

Valve simple; cncnllus and anal indentation variable; the latter not densely
spined. and usually narrow; saccu'us with spines. Uncus strong and simple, or
bifid, or reduced and simple; socii large, chitini/ed when slender; typically tri-
angular and hairy.

This genus would appear to contain the most primitive of this series of
Eucosmina\ It is heterogeneous, but all the characters seem to intergrade. The
species are not keyed separately, but are included in the keys to the genera
Thiodia, Charlotta, and Eucosma, which they resemble in venation.

I. Outer margin evenly rounded out ; the, re/Ins almost evenly spaced at outer
margin; cell CUj less than tic-ice as 'wide as the others. Costal fold absent.

1. E. nanana Treitschke. Dark smoky brown; the head and thorax somewhat
lighter fuscous. Fore wing with dcuble whitish striic, with paler fuscous areas
between them; the stria* sometimes so broad as almost to obliterate the pale
areas, and sometimes reduced to a narrow edging of single scales. Base per-
ceptibly darker, bounded by an excurved line. An oblique median fascia, of the
ground color, from middle of costa to inner margin, before anal angle; much less
oblique than in Z. pinicolana. Outer margin also solidlv of the ground color.
A continuous black line in fringe, sometimes cut with white at Mj. Hind wing
ne:irly concolorous. !) mm. (domonana Kearfott; piceafoliana Kearfott).

June. Larva webbing terminal needles of spruce.
Maine to Ohio. New York : Portageville.

2. E. cruciana Linnaeus. B'ack-brown, more or less heavily overlaid with clay-
color or dull light ochre (in the Quebec specimen before me, mostly ochre). Two
parallel oblique light fascism, cue from middle of costa to outer third of inner
margin, the other from cuter fourth of ccsta to anal angle, both edged with heavy
but broken silver lines. Two silver dots at apex. Base of fringe mixed black,
brown, and white; cuter part gray, white below apex. Hind wing mouse gray.
15 mm. (auf/ustana Hiibner).

July 6, 1916.

Megantic, Quebec; Europe.

The American form described above appears to differ a little from the European,
and is probably a valid race.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 399

3. E. septemberana Kearfott. Tawny brown with pink iridescence. A dull li^lit
gray area dusted with dark gray on inner margin from antemedial line to outer
margin, over a third the width of the wing, into which projects a lobe of darker
brown, covering the end of the cell. Fringe of the darker brown, with a pale
basal line in the middle of wing; solidly pale at anal angle. The pale gray some-
times extending narrowly to the base. * 18 mm.

September. The larva of a closely related western species feeds on crab-apple.
Essex County, New Jersey; Scranton, Pennsylvania.

4. E. lindana Fernald. Costal half of wing black-brown ; dorsal half pale
powdery gray, as in E. septemberana; the boundary clean-cut from the base nearly
to the apex, forming two large rounded projections of the dark area with a pale
one between them. 20 mm.

September. Larva on Cornus.

New Brighton, Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca.

II. Outer margin concave or notched at middle, the veins converging to the con-
cavity. No costal fold (Catastega).

5. E. signatana Clemens. Rt and R5 separate. White dusted with gray; in
effect, very powdery light gray; head light, with outer side of palpi gray; thorax
strongly mottled with gray. Fore legs blackish with white bars on tarsal seg-
ments and two bars on tibiae. Fore wing with markings formed by gatherings
of the dark dusting. Antemedial line obscure above, extended and strongly angled
at lower angle of cell, and a little concave and irregular or straight below, pre-
ceded by a strong blackish shade, and ground nearly white beyond. Numerous
oblique costal white and gray stria from base to apex; the extreme base and
apex gray. (The stria extend a third, the width of the wing toward the base, but
outwardly are no longer, and hardly enter the cell.) Some more nearly solid
gray shades below the tips of these stria;, extending from the tip of the blackish
antemedial shade to the outer margin below the apex. Speculum obscure, pre-
ceded by a couple of black spots: often suffused into a blackish triangle on inner
margin. Fringe cut with white below apex; with two gray lines, distinct toward
apex. Hind wing ash-gray. 15 mm. (Hedya Clemens, Catastega aceriella Clemens.)

Sometimes this moth occurs in large numbers on the bark of trees in June. The
larva forms a frass-tube in which it lives between two principal veins on the
under side of a leaf of maple, and a silken web extending between the two veins,
more or less crumpling the leaf. It eats onlv the parenchyma in the area covered
by the web.

The name aceriella has priority but was base:l on the larva alone. This species
and the next would form the genus Catastega Clemens, d:stinguished primarily by
the peculiar larval habits.

Quebec to Pennsylvania. New York: Rock City (Cattaraugus County), McLean,
New Windsor.

0. E. timidel'a Clemens. R, and R, separate. Fere legs banded as in T. sig-
natana. Thorax powdery jrray. Fore wing blackish: a large whitish area along
inner margin, extending from basal angle to speculum, sharply denned above:
quite narrow at base, to a third way out: where the boundary extends obliquely
up to the middle of wing, then longitudinal in general direction, but sagging down
in the mirlle, to the upper angle of the speculum, where it becomes ill-defined:
the line defined above in the median area with black and below with very slightly
raised silver-white scales. Costa outwardly striate as usual, the last stria almost
cutting off a dark apical dot from the rest. Speculum whitish, dusted with light
gray; with two broad, vague, silver bars, the outer one small; the whole preceded
bv two or three more or less confluent black spots, usually heavier than in
.T. signatana. A clear blackish line in fringe, cut here and there with white.
18 mm. (Catastega Clemens; Gelechia.)

400 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

May. Larva on oak in September; with the habits of T. signatana. Pupa in
the ground.

Minnesota; Manitoba. New York: Crosby (Yates County), Ithaca (Cornell,
bred ) , Bellport, Long Island ( Dyar ) .

III. Outer margin evenly rounded or stright; cell CUj less than twice as wide as
the others. Costal fold present in male (Epinotia).

7. E. solandriana Linnaeus. Ground varying from pale gray, sometimes coarsely
striate with whitish, to fuscous or wood-brown. Antemedial right-angled at middle
of wing; strongly oblique to costa and to inner margin; normally denned by a
blackish bar before it on dorsal half (obscure in many specimens but always
traceable) ; postmedial fascia perpendicular to this, from middle of costa to before
anal angle; its dorsal half often filled with blackish and the rest obscure (it is
regularly twice as wide at middle as above and below, but only part of the
enlargment will be dark-filled) ; often a dark shade in apex. Space on inner
margin between the two bands often filled with white, with a few dark points on
the inner margin; or the two bands and the space between them may be covered
by a black patch; or more rarely with a contrasting white ray from base almost
to outer margin. Outer half of costa, below, ochreous with four or five squarish
fuscous patches. 20 mm.

Caterpillar a bud-worm on various trees and shrubs, especially Amentiferaj.
Ottawa, Ontario to British Columbia; Europe.

8. E. similana Hiibner. Dull brown, mottled with blackish ; with some black
dots toward apex. A rounded white patch at middle of inner margin; speculum
white with a yellowish shade in middle. Fringe with a brown line, slightly cut
with white. 20 mm.

September. Larva in hazel and birch. Our specimens are distinctly yellower
than European ones and are possibly distinct.

New Jersey and north; Europe. New York: Pearl River.

9. E. medioviridana Kearfott. Light dull gray, shaded with apple green; the
median area almost solid green, especially toward inner margin; a blackish
excurved basal line; antemedial line nearly erect, nearer base at costa, contrasting,
black; wing outwardly with broken and confused fuscous striae. Speculum obscure.
Line in fringe faint, gray. 16 mm.

August and September.

Ottawa, Canada; western Pennsylvania.

10. E. madderana Kearfott. Ground pale mottled gray, shaded with old rose;
nearly covered by three large rounded patches; the basal one slightly darker
and yellower brown, from a third way out in costa to middle of inner margin,
with evenly excurved outer margin; a large transverse oval patch over end of
cell, reaching costa; and a contrasting bright yellowT-brown patch resting on
apex and outer margin, reaching almost to hind angle, with its inner boundary
even, defined with white, and bent at a right angle below costa. 15 mm.

June and July.

Ottawa, Ontario; Illinois; Manitoba.

11. E. laracana Kearfott. Light gray, somewhat strigose; base darker, bounded
by an angulate antemedial line which is practically obsolete above the middle,
and concave on the lower half, where it is defined with blackish. A blackish
shade in base of fold. A blackish oblique fascia from middle of costa to middle
of disc, followed by a spot in the subterminal region. Costa blackish, with
paired white striae, outer margin gray with a dark spot at anal angle, but the
rest of the inner margin strigose on a white base. Line in fringe black, cut with
white opposite the cell, and weak below. Hind wing light gray. 15 mm.

April.

Cincinnati, Ohio. Types only seen. Probably the same as E. ccltisana.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 401

12. E. vertumnana Zeller. Wings unusually narrow; fore wing pale gray with
a slight bluish tint, lightly flecked with fuscous gray; rarely blackish. A slight
blackish antemedial streak on dorsal half of wing, fading out above; perpendicular
to inner margin; rarely heavier and practically reaching the costa. A similar
heavier streak at two-thirds way to apex; oblique and a little excurved from
just beyond middle of costa to inner margin at three -fourths way to anal angle,
much thickened in the fold, and usually not quite reaching either margin; rarely
thickened into a more even fascia, or sending a branch up from its outer side
at Cll;. Speculum with a few fuscous scales ; line in base of fringe obscure, gray,
and broken. 15 mm. (celtisana Riley, xandana Kearfott).

March. The type with thickened bands is much smaller (9 mm.) than the
others, and may be distinct.

Cincinnati, Ohio; Missouri; Texas.

13. E. yandana Kearfott. Wing form as in E. zandana, of which it may be a
darker variety. Ground crisply dusted and shaded with chalk white; blackish
flecking conspicuous, clean-cut, and in the outer part of the wing forming sparse,
but strong, striae, especially toward the costa. Antemedial band often a thick
bar toward inner margin; postmedial band much thickened on outer side at
fold, and usually sending off a spur toward the apex. 15 mm.

March.

New Brighton, Pennsylvania.

IV. Outer margin more or less concave, with ve-ms converging to the concavity.
Costal fold present in male.

14. E. zandana Kearfott. Closely similar to E. yandana; cell CUj twice as wide
as the others, but notch in outer margin obsolete; slightly smaller; oblique fascia
rarely distinct; ground rather duller, dark smoky gray, dusted somewhat irregu-
larly with black. Line in base of fringe broad, blackish, not contrasting. Hind
wing dark mouse gray. 13 mm.

March. In this form the concavity of the outer margin is very slight, and it
may be only a variety of E. yandana; in the remainder of the genus the con-
cavity is marked.

Western Pennsylvania to Ohio.

15. E. nisella Clerck. Crisply powdered with brownish gray on bluish white;
sometimes nearly evenly, showing only light and dark striation to the naked
eye; usually with the base more or less contrasting, dark, its outer boundary
sharply bent out at middle. Inner margin often brown in median area; speculum
with a group of black dots or bars at middle of wing, and preceded by some
black bar's nearer inner margin; both sets obscure in the more evenly powdery
specimens, and contrasting in luteous areas in the more contrasty ones. Lines
in fringe obscure. 16 mm.

Larva in early spring on catkins of poplar, alder, birch, etc., falling to the
ground with them, after which it is said to become a general feeder on the trash
on the ground.

July and August. Extremely variable. Variety pavonana Donovan is the one
with the brown patch on inner margin; in variety decorana Hiibner the whole
median area is yellow-brown, leaving the gray only on the base, apex, and
speculum.

Generally distributed in Canada; western Pennsylvania. Europe.

16. E. walkerana Kearfott. Basal two-fifths blackish; with slightly excurved
outer boundary, nearer the base toward the costa; median fifth white, toward
costa filled somewhat strigosely writh gray; outer two-fifths lighter brown with
some short thick pale costal striae; speculum a vague silver-gray area with
some black dashes in its upper part, preceded by a black spot or two. A con-

402 WIJ-LIAM T. M. FORBES

tinuous dark line in fringe, cut with white below apex, brown rather than black.
10 mm. (hamptonana Kearfott, in part).

Late July to September. Larva in catkins of hazel.

Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca.

17. E. hamptonana Kearfott. Ground wood-brown, without any white patch; ;i
slightly darker patch before the speculum in place of the black dots; costal stria'
duller, and not continued by distinct gray lines; gray lines of speculum narrower
than the enclosed space, which is heavily barred with black; line in fringe obscure,
and not crossed by a white stria.

Hampton, New Hampshire (types only known).

18. E. momonana Kearfott. Similar to E. transmissana, but smaller; white
dorsal patch shaped almost as in E. otiosana, but not denned with black. Ground
gray, varied outwardly with dull yellow -brown. Dark base with oblique outer
boundary on lower half of wing. Speculum with two broad lead-gray bars, both
regular and subequal in width (unlike E. transmissana and otiosana) ; filling of
speculum- ochreous, with four or five black bars. Costal and marginal markings
and fringe as in E. transmissana. 13 mm.

July-
Ottawa, Ontario. I have seen a type.

19. E. transmissana Walker. Base dark brown or blackish, striate, with excurved
outer boundary, median area white or with a white patch; clouded and striate
with fuscous toward costa ; followed by a rather triangular brown area resting
on the inner margin before the speculum. Outer part of costa narrowly brown,
with geminate white stria>, defined with black; oiiter margin narrowly brown
above, with a line below apex, running out through the fringe. Speculum con-
fused, centering high up near the middle of the wing; mainly lead gray and white,
with black bars; a black line in base of fringe. 15 mm.

July. Larva perhaps on birch.

Northeastern States ; Nova Scotia to Illinois. New York : Saranac Inn, Sum-
mit of Alt. Marcy, Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Albany.

20. E. solicitana Walker. Dull brown, striate with violet-gray; with a slight
golden lustre at apex. Base mostly brown, witli slight gray striation, its outer
boundary markedly angulate at the middle; medial area broadly gray to middle
of costa, and to beyond the second third of the inner margin, followed by an
irregular oblique brown fascia. Costa outwardly with paired whitish striae. Specu-
lum of two more or less double silver-gray striae, the ground between them brown
with several black dots. Line in base of fringe black, cut with white. 12-15 mm.

Alay and June. Larva on white birch.

Seen from New Hampshire and Pennsylvania; type from Nova Scotia. "New
York" (Fernald).

21. E. rectiplicana Walsingham. Head, thorax, and basal half of fore wing
pure white; the fore wing with some gray flecking, especially along inner margin,
and a large blackish splotch in fold. Outer half of wing mingled yellow -brown
and blue-gray; the blue-gray shining in the speculum, where it takes the form of
two broad, vertical bars. Filling of speculum yellow-brown, with black dots.
Outer part of wing also with some white inottlings, especially along costa.
Fringe fuscous with black basal line, white at apex. 13 mm. (gallcesaliciana
Kearfott in part).

June in New York; November in California. Larva on willow.
Rocky Mountain and Pacific States. New York : Peru ( Forbes ) .
A very distinct form which will prove to have a wide range in the North. The
costal fold is slender and very long.

22. E. signiferana Heinrich (eastern form). Head and shoulders dark brown;
thorax lighter, fore wing ash gray; the base somewhat darker, with oblique and
exourved outer boundary; median fascia oblique out from middle of costa to

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 403

before anal angle; rich dark brown above, fading out below; its middle connected
to apex by another less regular brown shade. A longitudinal black bar in outer
part of cell and beyond, crossing the two brown fasciae. 14-18 mm.

September 1.

New York ; western States. New York : Hemlock Lake.

23. E. heucherana Heinrich. Black-brown -. fore wing with some white streak-
ing on the basal patch, a moderately broad, angulate antemedial fascia, and some
white streaks on outer part of costa. Fringe with a black basal line; smoky
fuscous, cut with white below apex. Hind wing very dark brown, with paler
fringe. Head with white face, and base of palpi. 10-13 mm.

This may be a race of the western E. ruidosana Heinrich, from the same food,
but it shows a genitalic difference.

Larva in a digitate mine in leaves of Heuchera americana; deep red, with
black head and cervical shield. Moth in May and June.
. Rosslyn, Virginia (near Washington).

8. ANCYLIS Hiibner
(Ancylopera, Phoxopteris)

Eyes moderate; palpi porrect, somewhat rough-scaled, or more rarely quite
hairy, often clavate, large. Wings smooth-scaled. Fore wing falcate, the outer
margin usually concave from above Mt to CUi ; the concavity variable in character,
but sharp and deep, as in Eudemis. All veins free; M2-CUj more or less approx-
imate at margin. Hind wing with M3 and CUj connate or stalked.

Valve slender; cucullus sharply defined, slender; anal indentation usually broad
and smooth; sacculus only sparsely spined; costal hook weak or absent. Uncus
variable, bifid when present; socii very broad and hairy; gnathos slight, fused.

I use the names Ancylis and Anchylopera as indicated by Walsingham and
Durrani. In this country they have sometimes been interchanged, or, more often,
the genera have been united.

Key to the species of Ancylis and Anchylopera

1. Fore wing with costa white from base to apex G. albacostana.

1. At least apical part of costa brown or gray.

2. Fore wing with a white triangle on outer part of costa, enclosed by a

heavy angulate blackish band 8. toron-tana.

2. White outer costal patch not edged on lower side with blackish, or

absent.31
3. F,ore wing evenly brown to the speculum, which is contrastingly pale.

1. tineana.
3. Fore wing blue-gray and brown, with only costal striae whitish.

3. carbonana.

3. Fore wing dull fuscous with only costal striae whitish .... 4. unguieella.
3. Basal or medial part of wing with contrasting markings.

4. A longitudinal dark shade from base to apex; the wing light gray

below it.
5. Shade sharply defined on lower side, forming two shallow scallops.

2. diminutana.

5. Shade diffuse on both sides, broken at middle of wing . . 5. goodelliana.
4. No shade from base to apex; base of inner margin dark.

5. Base of wing dark from costa to inner margin, with a well-marked,
transverse, excurved or angulate outer boundary; ground of outer
part of wing yellow or yellow-brown.

" A few Thlodias are likely to be sought here. They are distinguished by the white
streak on the base of Ctu

404 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

(i. Speculum absent; outer part of wing broadly yellow, with yellow

fringe 12. divisana.

6. Speculum a vertical lead gray bar; fringe dark gray. . . .11. apicana.
6. Speculum a broad lead gray patch with a tooth on inner edge and

enclosing a brown spot at margin 10. —

fi. Speculum a narrow angulated lead gray band, followed by mottled

cchreous 9. cornifoliana.

5. Base of costa at most moderately paler than inner margin; the
boundary diffuse; dark base below cell with strongly oblique outer
boundary edged with a fine white line.

G. Yellow-brown . . - ._ 13. fragarice.

G. Chocolate brown 14. floridana.

G. Umber brown 15. comptana.

.1. Base of inner margin ochre-yellow, contrasting with the whitish base

of costa, but not sharply set off from it 7. platanana?-

r>. Inner margin gray, contrasting with the whitish costa, but with the

boundary not sharply defined 7. media fasciana.

."). With a contrasting brown or blackish patch on basal half, more or

less, of inner margin, with sharply defined boundary on upper and

usually on outer side; the costal region pale and contrasting with

it.

G. Basal patch followed by dark gray markings extending it almost to

anal angle; median fascia on costa weak 1. nubeculana.*2

6. Basal patch ending abruptly about middle of outer margin.

7. Fore wing without a marked oblique fascia from middle of
costa, rarely with a pale clay -colored one; outer part of wing
without any bright yellow or brown; basal patch gray-brown,
lobed at its upper outer angle, extending far into cell.

2. subceqiMna"

7. Fore wing with a conspicuous oblique median fascia from costa,
or outer part of fore wing strongly shaded with ochre, or with
a reddish basal patch.

8. Basal and outer markings of fore wing concolorous and black-
ish fuscous.

9. Median fascia broadening below into a fuscous blotch cover-
ing whole region of speculum, followed by a trapezoidal

white patch on costa 3. semiovana.™

9. Region of speculum not suffused with a fuscous, the medial

costal fascia followed by a pair of striae.

10. Basal patch and fascia chocolate brown, with clay color
between them; small (10 mm. )....6 angulifasciana.*3
10. Markings light fuscous on a whitish ground, only slightly
tinted with clay-color; larger (15 mm.)

13. .«

8. Median fascia largely ochreous or paler, when the basal patch

patch is blackish, noticeably paler than it is.
9. Basal patch blackish, contrasting with outer markings.

9. burgessiana,32 10. murtfeldtiana.3*
9. Basal patch ferruginous brown or paler.

10. Specular region of fore wing typically with a small dark
dot, sometimes even light gray; median fascia with its
lower boundary sharply defined and rounded over, not
containing distinct black dashes 5. pulchellana.33

32 These species belong to Anchylopera.

8 1

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 405

10. Speculum without a dark dot. but frequeiitly with more
complex markings; median fascia normally diffuse he-
low, and containing black dashes beyond cell.
11. Costa luteous toward base, concolorous with ground of
outer part of wing: basal patch edged with black
above, its outer boundary meeting inner margin in

a long slant ". 4. maritima.32

11. Costa whitish toward base, much paler than outer part
of wing; outer boundary of patch meeting inner mar-
gin at right angles, the patch not outlined with
black.

12. Basal patch on its basal half without defined bound-
ary, fading into the cream-white costal area.

7. platanana.**

12. Basal patch defined, except sometimes at extreme base.
13. Fringe of fore wing below apex cream white,
faintly suffused with ferruginous ochreous.

1 1 . laciniana. c

13. Fringe of fore wing below apex dominantly fer-
ruginous ochreous 12 fuscociHana."

Omitted from key: Ancylis loricana; Anchylopera spirceifoliana, metamelavw, dis-
eoferana, dnbiana-, Jamiana.

I. Hind icing 'with M~ and Cul connate or barely stalked; fore icing with apex
rough/ drawn out: the outer Margin iritli a deep concavity, centering on J&_

1. A. tineana Hiibner. Brown with some silvery striation toward apex on
costa; speculum white, shaded with light gray: terminal line dark brown; fringe
below apex whitish. Hind wing dirty white. 1.5 mm.

April to July. Two broods. Larva dull gray-green with yellow-brown head;
on poplar and various Rosacese, in June and late fall.

Labrador to Massachusetts and Manitoba; also in Europe.

2. A. diminutana Haworth. Dull brown, shading into whitish on costa, espe-
cially toward base. Inner margin and outer margin below notch dull pale powdery
gray; the upper boundary defined, and running in two shallow waves from base
almost to outer margin, where two lead-colored lines converge to its tip from
costa. Apex wholly brown. 15 mm.

April to July. Larva on willow. The American records for A. uncana are
probably 'in error for this species. Unco-no, is a little larger and has M3 and Cu,
stalked.

Montreal, Quebec, and Vermont, to North Carolina and British Columbia;
Europe. New York: Peru, Black Brook (Clinton County), Crosby (Yates County).

II. Hind icing irith M3 and CUj more or less stalked,, rarely stalked half way to*,

apex.

3. A. carbonana Heinrich (Kearfott ms.1. Dark brown with patches of somewhat
shining dark gray; a large area on basal half of costa. diffuse below; a band of gray
along inner margin, abruptly widened at middle of wing, and there ending; two
or three small gray patches in speculum; some smaller oblique bars beyond middle
of costa; leaving the brown ground as an oblique fascia at middle of costa.
Costa with many short blackish striae, becoming silvery white toward apex.
Fringe dark, with two heavy white bars below apex. 12-16 mm.

'Mav and June.

1 These species belong to Anchylopera,

406 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Maine to Virginia, west to White River, Ontario.

4. A. unguicella Linmcus. Eyes smaller and palpi larger and more hairy than
in any other Ancylis. Shining violet-gray, strigose with blackish; basal third
more finely strigose, its outer boundary moderately excurved; a barely traceable
darker fascia from middle of costa to before anal angle; fringe with whitish
base, and cut with two white bars below apex. Hind wing paler fuscous, (playo-
sana Clemens.)

May; July. Larva on heath.

Labrador, Manitoba, and probably general in cooler parts of Canada; Ml.
Washington, New Hampshire, at 1,600 feet; Europe.

5. A. goodelliana Fernald. Whitish, dusted with light brown, with a diffuse
but contrasting brown shade from base to apex; usually nearly interrupted about
a third way out, where it crosses from the fold into the cell; broadening gradually
to three-fourths way out where it abruptly narrows and is thence narrow and
sharply defined to the apex. Costal striation light. Fringe pale except at apex.
Hind wings slightly browner. 15 mm. (Fernald says 28 mm., perhaps a misprint
for 18 mm.)

May.

Maine to North Carolina and Washington.

6. A. albacostana Kearfott. Dull gray, becoming lighter blue-gray toward outer
margin and blackish below the white costal stripe, which runs quite uninterrupted
from base almost to apex, and is widest at about two-thirds way out. Outer
margin white, except toward apex; fringe gray-tipped. 19 mm.

May.

Tryon, North Carolina; Colorado, in May. New York: Black Brook (Adiron-
dacks, June).

7. A. mediofasciana Clemens. Ground a mixture of dull gray and light blue-
gray, more or less mixed with white, especially toward outer margin. Costal
third white, without definite boundary below, crossed by a blackish fascia at
middle, as in torontana (which is perhaps an aberration of this species). Apex
and apical fringe blackish; rest of fringe white.

May and June.

Maine to California. New York: Karner, Normaskill.

8. A. torontana Kearfott. Fore wing mottled gray (badly stained in the type,
which is the only specimen I have seen). Costa white from base practically to
apex, with blackish dots along the costal edge; crossed by a broad oblique fascia
at middle, and with a blackish shade below it, at least on outer part. 19 mm.
(Proteoteras Kearfott.)

There is some superficial likeness to Proteoteras crescentana, but the strongly
falcate apex definitely places this species in Ancylis, where it appears very close
to mediofasciana.

Toronto, Ontario.

9. A. cornifoliana Riley. Basal half of wing dark gray-brown with some lead-
gray iridescence; the otiter boundary of the dark portion right-angled at middle
of wing; median fascia dark chocolate brown at costa, where it runs along the
edge of the dark base and is strongly oblique ; much broader below cell ; separated
from the dark base by a paler grayish patch, upright, and composed of a mix-
ture of yellow-brown and chocolate, forming a marked chocolate patch on inner
margin. A gray band beyond the median fascia, strongly oblique in on costal
half, and angled in below. Outer part of wing ochreous, with some golden lustre;
the costal edge dark brown with paired whitish stria;. Fringe lead gray. V-12 mm.

May and June. Not rare. Larva on blackberry, cornel, and birch.
General in distribution. New York : Ithaca, McLean.

10. A. . Similar to A. cornifoliana: ground more evenly black-
brown, the markings largely finely edged with clay-color; base strongly suffused
with purplish gray, median gray fascia broad and fusing with the basal gray

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 407

toward custa; custal half of pustmedial gray line almost longitudinal, the ground
chocolate brown above it; lower half expanding into a broad diamond-shaped patch,
enclosing a blackish marginal spot, and leaving only a narrow clay-colored mar-
ginal line beyond it. Fringe deep ochre, contrasting. Hind wing blackish, (corni-
foliana Murtfeldt).

May. Larva a leaf-folder on rose.

Hazelton. Pennsylvania ; Missouri.

11. A. apicana Walker. Deep yellow-brown, becoming chocolate brown on basal
third and toward middle of costa. Thorax brown, head paler. Base of costal edge
«.f fore wing gray; a broad lead-gray fascia just before middle, of almost even
\vidth and moderately angled at middle of wing; a lead-gray line from just beyond
middle of costa, obliquely out two-thirds of the way to the outer margin, then
sharply angulate and straight, almost paralleling the outer margin, to the inner
margin; the angulation preceded by a few black bars. Costal edge outwardly
blackish, with double white striae. A black terminal line along middle of outer
margin. Fringe dark gray. Hind wing mouse gray with pale fringe. 10 mm.

May and June. Larva on raspberry.

Nova Scotia and Pennsylvania to British Columbia. New York: Ithaca, McLean,
Trenton Falls, Wellsville.

12. A. divisana Walker. Base deep red-brown, shading into violet-gray toward
costa, and followed by a broad violet-gray fascia. . Fore wing outwardly shading
from light ochre to dull orange on costa, the speculum at most a slightly duller
pale brown or cream area. Costa toward apex finely striate with gray, with a
couple of white striae close to apex. Fringe pale brown. Hind wing pale grayish
brown. 12-15 mm.

May. Larva a leaf-roller on oak and sycamore.

Generally distributed. New York: Crosby (Yates County), Trenton Falls.

13. A. fragariae Walsh and Riley. Ground tawny brown, cut into oval patches
by bands of powdery violet-gray, which are narrowly edged with white. Base,
as far as antemedial line, brown; the line fine, even, white; preceded by a blackish
shade; strongly outwardly oblique from just below costa to A; then abruptly
curving and meeting inner margin at right angles, beyond middle. Outer part of
the dull violet-gray with a long brown streak from middle of costa tapering to a
point just before the concavity in the outer margin; and with an oval longitudinal
patch below it, more or less defined with white, the two often fusing into an
irregular patch. Fringe light brown; outer part of costa obliquely striate. 9 mm.
(amblygona Zeller).

July. Larva on blackberry.

District of Columbia to Louisiana and Colorado.

14. A. floridana Zeller. Deep reddish or chocolate brown; the basal patch and
antemedial line as in A. frayaria'; costa at base and band beyond the antemedial
line blue-gray, somewhat iridescent; outer part of wing toward costa chocolate
to tawny brown, finely striate with double white lines; middle of wing shading
into blackish; dorsal part lighter blue-gray or blackish. Fringe pale brown with
darker tips. Hind wing mouse gray. 10 mm.

Larva on bearberry, and doubtless on other swamp Ericaceae.

I have seen specimens typical of this form from New Jersey, Illinois, Missouri,
and Iowa; and it is doubtless wide spread, but generally confused with .4. comptana
or some undescribed species. It is injurious, at least in Iowa.

15. A. comptana Froelich. Dull umber brown, the basal patch as in A. fragarice,
but not as clearly defined with white. Ground outwardly lighter fuscous, without
blue iridescence, the markings dull brown, without any yellow tint. Besides the
oblique costal bands separated by paired pale striae, as in A. floridana, there is a
rather comma-shaped dark patch on the middle of the outer part of the wing, and
a dark spot at the anal angle, the outlines of the two forming a well-marked double

408 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

whitish oblique stria toward the anal anglr. Fringe fuscous, cut with two white
bars at notch, below which it is crossed by a blackish shade, pale below.

Larva injurious to strawberries in Europe, Moth in May, in New Jersey.

New Hampshire; northern New Jersey; and perhaps widespread. New York:
reported from Glens Falls. Nassau, and West Farms.

It is uncertain to what extent the injurious strawberry leaf-roller of this country
is comptana or floridana, or one of two or three undescribed forms of the group
which appear to exist. Specimens from Lakehurst, New Jersey, in the region of
injury, are apparently constant and represent an intermediate form with practi-
cally the coloring of floridana, a little dulled, but with the outer patches of
comptana distinctly marked. The same form occurs in Vermont and Manitoba and
Colorado and has been confused with Anchylopera angulifasciana.

A. loricana Grote. Shining bronze brown, with bright yellow markings on outer
part of costa and outer margin.

This species was described from Dayton, Ohio, but has not been rediscovered, and
is probably exotic.

9. ANCHYLOPERA Stephens
(Restricted; Ancylopera auct. ; Ancylis, in part; Phoxopteris in part)

Similar to Ancylis, but with M3 and CUj completely united (fig. 264). Palpi
never as hairy as in some Ancylis. The falcation of the fore wing is always broad
and well marked. Markings characteristic, a little modified in A. nubeculana.
Fore wing with a dark basal patch not reaching the costa, .and with its upper
boundary curving into the oblique outer boundary; costa contrastingly pale. An
oblique median fascia from costa to middle of outer part of wing, where it is
usually somewhat widened and abruptly truncate, outlined on upper side with
white, and usually also on lower outer side by a fine line which is often partly
lead colored. Costa outwardly with white striae, more or less distinctly paired;
usually ending a little above the oblique fascia. Fringe usually dark at apex and
pale below.

The genus is quite homogeneous and derived from the comptana group of Ancylis;
for a key to the species, see Ancylis.

1. A. nubeculana Clemens. White; outer part of wing shaded with light gray;
a short oblique bar at middle of costa. Apex shaded with brown, with a couple
of black subterminal dots before the notch. A blackish patch on inner margin,
with quite irregular upper boundary, extending nearly across cell at a third way
out; ending at middle of wing, but followed by a patch of dark blue-gray which
is hardly distinguishable from it. Fringe broadly fuscous tipped, cut with white
below apex, and broadly white at anal angle. 15 mm.

Common and general in distribution in May and June. The larva a leaf-roller
on apple and other trees, but rarely in injurious numbers.

New York: North Elba, Peru, Palmyra, East Bloomfield, Rock City (Cattaraugus
County), Crosby (Yates County), McLean, Ithaca. Niverville.

2. A. subaequana Zeller. Ground white, slightly tinted with clay-color outwardly
and especially toward costa. Basal patch brown-black, irregular, its outer part
extending up into cell as a more or less obvious lobe. Median fascia from costa
weak or obsolescent; when strongest, clay-color. Speculum frequently incon-
spicuous, sometimes defined by clay shades before, and beyond, and above it, the
former crossed by some black lines. A black apical dot; fringe sometimes cut
with dark gray at middle. Hind wing light gray. 15 mm.

June and July.

Nova Scotia to the West Coast, south in the mountains to Virginia; in the
Northwest replaced by a grayer form, kincaidana Fernald. New York: Black
Brook (Clinton County).

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 409

Easily distinguished by the peculiar form of the basal patch, and lack of yellow
coloring.

3. A. semiovana Zeller. Markings gray-brown with a slight golden iridescence,
on a white ground. Dorsal patch large, extending two -thirds way out on inner
margin, evenly rounded, and followed by a white fascia. Outer half brown, from
middle of costa and from about three -fourths way out on inner margin; a large
trape/oidal white costal fascia at two-thirds way to apex, containing a very slight
brown costal stria; the costal striae following it not distinctly in pairs. Speculum
not distinct. Fringe contrasting, pale. 13 mm.

May and June.

Canada to North Carolina. New York : Ithaca.

4. A. maritima Dyar. Clay-color, with a slight olivaceous tint, the markings
edged with white. Dorsal patch long and narrow, the outer side strongly oblique,
and ending at the tip of the anal vein, where the spot shades into the ground.
Costal end of median fascia clearly denned, and lower end denned by a curved white
line; the fascia longitudinal in general course near middle of wing; the two black
dashes in the outer angle of the fascia distinct. Costal striae normal; apex
dark; fringe concolorous. Hind wing mouse gray. 10-12 mm.

Larva in summer on beach pea; moth the following spring and again in August.
The species will probably occur generally along the coast.
Kennebunkport, Maine, to Speonk, New York.

5. A. pulchellana Clemens. Ground whitish, shaded with light fawn; median
fascia hardly darker, clearly denned on outer side by a silver-white line which
forms a sharp angle opposite the notch; where it contains a couple of obscure
brown dashes. Costal striae fine, silvery, defining slightly darker yellow-brown
bars. Speculum typically represented by a dark dot. Apex yellow -brown; dorsal
patch yellow-brown, large and rounded. 13 mm.

May to July.

Massachusetts to Virginia and Illinois. New York : Ithaca.

6. A. angulifasciana Zeller. Ground dull luteous; dorsal patch and fascia blackish,
the former rather short and wide, ending rather squarely on inner margin ; the
fascia broad, defined on outer side with an angulate dull silver line, with a couple
of black dashes in the angle. Costa outwardly with irregular pale and dark short
striae, the ground of the whole outer part brown, but paler than the fascia. 8 mm.

May to July; late August. Larva on clover.

I have seen this species confused with A. floridana, from which it can be readily
distinguished by the contrasting pale costa. It is easily recognized by its small
size and heavy, sharply contrasting markings.

Generally distributed and not rare, westward to Illinois and Manitoba. New
York: Crosby (Yates County), Ithaca.

7. A. platanana Clemens. Ground cream-white, including thorax and whole
base of wing. Dorsal patch defined only on its outer half, which is rusty ochre.
Median fascia ochre, often interrupted by the cream-white ground, below costa;
with two or three heavy black dashes in the angle, and often another in the
speculum, which is more or less suffused with ochre. Costal striae light ochre, in
a cream-white area; all the markings tending to become diffuse. 10 mm.

Other specimens are larger and more diffuse in markings, with the dorsal patch
almost completely lost, and with the black striae lighter. They may belong to
A. platanana, but I suspect they are suffused forms of the burgessiana group.

June.

Apparently general in distribution. New York : Rock City ( Cattaraugus County ) ,
Big Indian Valley, New Windsor.

The remaining names have been used more or less interchangeably for specimens
in which the basal patch is well defined, of moderate size, and varying from yellow-
brown to black in color; the fascia yellow-brown, usually markedly paler than the
basal patch, defined on the outer side by an angulate silver or gray line, and con-

410 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

taining a couple of gray streaks in the angle; the costal striae all paired, tine
and short, on a yellow-brown ground, much darker than the whitish basal half
of the .costa. The specular region is yellow-brown or yellow, and is darker than
the region just beyond the dorsal patch, but not sharply set off either from it or
from the lower end of the costal fascia. The apex is a little darker, the fringe
a little paler and duller brown. The hind wing is pale fuscous. I suspect that
only one species, with a tendency to form numerous local strains, is represented
in this series, but give the points of distinction as noted by their describers.

8. A. spiraeifoliana Clemens. This is the oldest name of the series. As described,
the fascia is slightly paler than the dorsal patch, both, however, being dark brown.
The patch hardly enters the cell, and its outer boundary is but slightly sinuous.
Larva on Spircea opulifoUa, folding a leaf longitudinally and living on the paren-
chyma within the fold.

Described from Pennsylvania.

9. A. burgessiana Zeller. Dorsal patch broad, variable in shape, brown, with
some golden gloss. Median fascia dark rusty brown, the whitish area before it
more or less dusted with gray. Outer part of wing rusty. Hind wing typically
blackish; nearly white in var. pruni Heinrich. 15 mm.

Type locality, Massachusetts. June and July. Larvae on oak and plum (pruni).
New York : Rock City ( Cattaraugus County ) , Ithaca, McLean, and Karner.
Generally identified with murtfeldtiana.

10. A. murtfeldtiana Riley. Small. Dorsal pat«h black-brown; median fascia
yellower, reaching inner margin (though much paler below and diffuse on inner
side), followed the whole distance by a whitish line, which is waved toward the
inner margin. Speculum usually with a heavy black dash, preceded by a lead-
gray patch in the fascia. 12 mm.

May. Larva on oak.

Described from Missouri.

A. metamelana Walker is considered a synonym of spirceifoliona, by Fernald.
The dorsal patch is blackish, the fascia red-brown, apparently not reaching the
inner margin. 17 mm. Type locality unknown.

A. discoferana Walker. Dorsal patch and fascia both brown, costal striae black.
This is also considered a synonym of spiraeifoliana, but the dark coloring and
small size (10 mm.) suggest rather angulifasoiana.

11. A. laciniana Zeller. Patch and median fascia both ochre yellow, the wing
toward apex heavily shaded with ochre yellow; with distinct black dashes in the
angle of the fascia and some black scales in the speculum. 15 mm.

Described from Massachusetts.

This form seems identical with the following:

A. dubiana Clemens. Cream white, with all markings ochre yellow except the
two black dashes.

This form was described from Virginia. I have seen similar specimens from
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and elsewhere.

12. A. fuscociliana Clemens. Ground cream to light ochre; paler toward base
of costa; dorsal patch large and rounded. Fascia hardly darker on costa, quite
concolorous below, and shading into the ground color; defined on outer side with
an angulate gray line, formed by the fusion of the first two costal striae. Black
dashes in angulation of median fascia strong. Inner margin generally suffused
with dull brown beyond the patch; this suffusion slight in some females. Fringe
brown, duller than ground color. 16 mm.

June. Larva on chestnut and elm.

Generally distributed and not rare. New York: Rock City (Cattaraugus
County), Crosby (Yates County), Ithaca, McLean, Trenton Falls.

This is hardly more than a guhvariety of burgeseicma, but appears to have a
different range of food-plants.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 411

13. A. — — . Light gray-brown, with some faint yellow tint over paler

portions of outer half of fore wing. Markings as in A. burgessiana and A.
fuscociliana, but easily distinguished by the lack of yellow or tawny. Costal
striae double, the first pair only moderately enlarged; fringe mixed whitish and
ash gray. 15 mm. (spir&ifoliana Heinrich. not Clemens; discigerana, Walker ?).

June and early July.

Parry Sound, Ontario, to Pennsylvania. New York : Newcomb, Rock City
(Cattaraugus County), Ithaca.

The specimen now standing as type of spirceifoliana is this, but as Clemens'
supposed types were not labelled till long after his death I prefer to give more
weight to his description, which is of a yellow-marked species.

A. lamiana Clemens appears to be Ancylis floridana Zeller. A. parmatana
Clemens is not an Anchylopera but the species more generally known as crispana.

10. NORMA Heinrich
(Epinotia Kearfott, in part)

Similar to Ancylis; fore wing with apex strongly produced, but not actually
falcate, outer margin strongly concave. Rj of fore wing arising from cell.

Valve simple, with several long ventral spines from margin of cucullus; sacculus
spinose. Uncus of two widely separated, weakly chitiriized points. Socii long and
broad, ribbon-like.

1. N. dietziana Kearfott. Basal third blackish, median area white; outer two-
fifths heavily shaded with light blue-gray. Antemedian line only a little excurved,
the dark base more or less strigose with pale gray. A dark gray spot in middle
of wing two-thirds way to apex, often connected to inner margin by .a lighter
gray shade; some oblique gray striae on costa; and apex shaded with dark gray,
with a black apical dot. A dark gray terminal line below notch, not reaching
anal angle. Fringe mixed gray and white. 15 mm. (Epinotia Kearfott.)

May and June. Larva on Cratsegus.

New Hampshire; Pennsylvania; Arizona. New York: Rock City (Cattaraugus
County ) .

11. RHOPOBOTA Lederer
(Eudemis auct., not Hiibner)

Similar to Ancylis; palpi large, porrect, and clavate; as in some Ancylis.
Thorax practically smooth. Fore wing smooth, with R4 and R6 long-stalked (fig.
263 ) . A deep notch below apex, to which Mx to M3 converge. Cu, widely separated
in the typical forms; convergent, but not actually running to the notch in R.
ilicifoliana.^ Hind wing ample, with R and Mj approximate; Ms and Cut stalked;
in male, with a patch of black sex-scales over costa and cell. Larva a leaf-roller;
with black head.

Valve of male with a row of stout marginal spines; uncus bifurcate, weak;
socii large, with ends fusing in a hairy knob.

1. R. naevana Hiibner. Dull brown with two very broad bands of lead-gray and
a shorter narrower one near outer margin. Costa outwardly with heavy, paired,
lead-gray striae, often connected with the transverse bands, especially in the
female, but in the male usually separated by a streak of the brown ground.
Almost always with a narrow antemedial gray band, 8 mm. (vaccinicma
Packard ) .

Larva on cranberry and other dwarf shrubs; sometimes injurious to cranberry,
where it is known as the " black-head," to distinguish it from Peronea minuta.

Common, especially in peat-bogs; south to Pennsylvania, at least; also in
Europe.

U'2 WILLIAM T. M. FOKHES

2. R. ilicifolana Kearfott. Dull fuscous, somewhat powdery and strigose.
Inner margin contrastingly pale beyond middle; the boundary erect. Costa, pale
at second fourth, then more or less suffused with dark in the form of a broad tri-
angle whose apex is formed by a black spot at the end of the cell; this shade
reaching from the middle of the costa to the apex. 10-13 mm.

June. Larva on terminal leaves of Ilex.

Xew Jersey, North Carolina, British Columbia. Ileinrich considers this a food-
variety of R. ncevana.

12. KUNDKYA Ileinrich .

Similar to Norma. Fore wing with R4 and RG completely united. R2 arising
from discal cell. Male with only one long ventral spine oil cucullus of valve.

1. K. finitimana Heinrich. Fuscous brown, more ferruginuous toward apex of
fore wing. Base dark; a fairly broad antemedial and a median pale fascia, some-
what scaled with lead color; speculum pale, with the inner bar leaden. Usually a
black dot in apex; fringe fuscous with a black basal line. Hind wing dark.
9-10 mm.

Larva on Ileae verticillata-. Moth in June and July. Pupa with large pro-
truding orange spiracles.

New Hampshire; Virginia.

13. EPIBLEMA Hubner

(Eucosma, Pcedisca, etc., in part, with Notocelia Hiibner)

Similar to Eucosma. Fore wing (fig. 265) normally with Rj arising well before
middle of cell. Hind wing frequently thickened at inner margin, with a more or
less distinct hair pencil; strong in E. suffusana (Notocelia Hubner). Thorax often
tufted (figs. 278-279).

Male with valve bearing a small but distinct clasper; no strong anal or lateral
spines on cucullus; anal indentation sometimes densely hair-spined. Costal fold
always present.

A few of the larva; are gall-makers.

This genus merely represents the more primitive portion of the Eucosma series,
and is possibly the most primitive of the Eucosmina?, rather than Hemimene; as
the spined abdomen of the pupa would indicate. As there is no superficial
character to separate the species from Eucosma, they are included in the key to
that genus.

Key to the species

1. Fore wing with two or more contrasting blackish patches on a paler ground.
2. A triangular patch on outer margin, broader at costa, and an antemedial

one on inner margin 8. tandana.

2. A triangular patch on outer margin, narrowing to 'both costa and inner

margin 6. culminana.

2. A rounded patch resting on inner margin at one-third, and a smaller one

at two-thirds 7. brightonana.

2. A rounded patch at anal angle only; base dark with oblique outer boundary.

4. boxcana.

1. No contrasting blackish patch along outer margin or at anal angle.
2. Dark brown with contrasting pale speculum only.

3. Smoky brown 1. strenuana.

3. Purple-gray and brown 2. abruptana.

2. Otherwise marked.

3. A clean-cut, irregular, oblique, white patch at middle of inner margin.

3. otiosana.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 413

3. No sucli patch.

4. Deep purple-gray and umber brown, with a clean-cut, contrasting
median white patch.

5. Patch covering a third of the area of the wing 9. iripartitana.

5. Patch half as large 10. walsinghami.

4. Lighter, at least outwardly; patch rarely well-defined.

5. Fringe concolorous, powdery gray; a small species.. 5. albreviatana.
5. Fringe contrasting and dark, at least toward apex; anal angle often

white like speculum.
6. Hind wing and outer third of fore wing whitish; the base of fore

wing contrasting, blackish 16. illotana.

6. Hind wing dark; fore wing darker, with much blue-gray, at least

in postmedial region.
7. Speculum mostly white, connected with dorsal patch.

11. dorsisuffusa/na.
7. Speculum with broad blue-gray bands.

8. -Fringe all powdery fuscous ; base of wing white-scaled ;

speculum with a contrasting dark spot 12. carolinana.

S. Fringe white at anal angle; base not white-scaled; specular

region whitish.
9. Median area pure white; normally large species.

14. Tcennebecana, 13. scudderia/na.
9. Median area pinkish white with scattered dark scales;

speculum obsolescent 17. desertana.

9. Median area somewhat pinkish or dirty white, with several

strong gray striae; speculum obsolete 15. obfuscana.

9. Median area mixed white and gray, without pinkish tinge;

speculum strong 18. suffusana.

Unplaced: E. hirsutana, E. ochraceana.

1. E. strenuana Walker. Base of antenna sometimes black. Fore wing smoky
brown, lightly and rather evenly dusted with luteous-tipped scales, except the
dorsal part of the median area; which is sometimes much less dusted or clear.
Antemedial line obscure, rarely fine; distinct and pale on dorsal half. A tri-
angular area along outer half of costa and extending down on outer margin to
Mj; striate with whitish, lead -gray, and often light brown; a pair of apical
striae palest, and often contrasting. Speculum a mixture of white and lead-gray,
the white mostly in the upper outer portion, and containing some black dots;
speculum preceded by a fine broken black line or a couple of dots. Fringe broad,
the basal half powdery. 10-17 mm. (flavocellana Fernald, minutana Kearfott).

May to .September." Larva boring in Ambrosia; typical specimens especially
in A. trifida, and small ones (minutana Kearfott) in A. artemisi&folio.

General in distribution and not rare. New York: Stanley, Poughkeepsie (New
York State Museum), New York City (Watson).

2. E. abruptana Walsingham. Base of antenna inky black. A mixture of dark
purple-gray, brown, and black, without contrasting markings on the general
surface. Costa with some white stria?, a strong one just before apex. Speculum
strongly contrasting, white and silver, with a suggestion of black streaks. A
little yellow iridescence in the speculum and between it and the apex. Fringe
above blackish and obscurely banded; white at anal angle. 13 mm. (probably
orispana Clemens).

June.

Northern New Jersey; Virginia; Texas.

3. E. otiosana Clemens.. Gray, shaded with blackish: the base blackish: with
postmedial patches towards costa and on inner margin, separated by a narrow
paler oblique gray band, as in Ftonia constrictana ; but often obscure, and, more

414 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

rarely, partly filled with white; the outer boundaries of the dark base inwardly
oblique to the dorsal margin ; a white dorsal patch, filling the space between the
dark base and portmedial patch, usually irregularly quadrangular, with anterior
sides roughly parallel and cut off squarely in the middle of the wing; sometimes
with a narrow extension between the two postmedial patches. Speculum light
gray with some black in the middle; costa with double striae toward apex.
15 mm. (Moiwsphragis Clemens.)

June to September. Larva boring in pith and wood of stems of Bidens; hiber-
nating as a larva in the dead stalks.

Common and general in distribution. New York: Peru, Ithaca, Big Indian
Valley.

4. E. boxcana Kearfott. Dull gray-brown, shading into deep brown on inner
margin, especially between the median dorsal patch and the speculum. Outer
half of costa with paler gray and darker brown oblique striations, fading out
below. Middle of inner margin with a contrastingly paler, sometimes whitish
patch, made up of four or five whitish striations, converging to their tips near
the middle of the wing, and more or less fused; practically as in several
Laspeyresias. Speculum contrasting, pale blue-gray, with a couple of black dots.
Rase of fringe more or less powdery. Hind wing concolorous. 15 mm.

May.

New Hampshire to Texas and Iowa.

5. E. abbreviatana Walker. Pale gray, dusted with blackish, with a slight blue
tint; base and outer part a little darker. Antemedial line obscure toward costa.
erect, and a little irregular, below. A few geminate white strise toward apex.
Speculum of two vague lead -gray bands, with some black dots between them,
preceded by a brown area containing black dots. Fringe powdery gray. One
of the smallest of the genus. 10 mm.

May and June.

New Hampshire to Toronto, Ontario, and Missouri; south to the District of
Columbia.

6. E. culminana Walsingham. Light gray; strigose; the base slightly darker.
A rounded, triangular, deep brown patch resting on costal two-thirds of outer
margin, enclosing a pale gray marginal spot, and a small, subtriangular black-
brown spot on inner margin before the anal angle, the space between the two
more shining. Fringe deep brown, contrasting, with black basal line; white at
the anal ansrle. Hind wing pale gray. Head and collar deep brown. 16 mm.

August and September.

Massachusetts to District of Columbia, Manitoba, Washington, and Colorado.

This species approaches Rhyacionia picicola closely in appearance, but is smaller.
with browner patches, and has a strong costal fold. Its dark head is also
distinctive.

7. E. briehtonana Kearfott. Wings broad. Grayish brown, with dark brown
patches; the one near the base of the inner margin large, as wide as high, and
stronorlv contrasting; a narrow oblique fascia from middle of costa to end of cell,
followed bv some double pale costal striae with dark streaks between them. Apical
reerion brown, more widely on the costa where it contains a double pale stria.
the brown tapering to a point near anal angle. A small spot on outer part of
inner margin. Speculum obscure, somewhat shining, with a vertical darker streak
in the middle. 12-15 mm.

August.

New Brighton, Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca.

8. E. tarda«a Kearfott. Wings rather broad, dull gray, like dorsisianatana.
A triantnilar blackish antemedial patch on inner margin, reaching ut> to the fold:
and a triangular apical patch; extending, on the costa, from four-fifths way out
to apex, and down to Cu on the outer margin; but separated from the outer

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 415

margin, except at apex and lower end, by a narrow strip of the ground color.
20 mm.

June and July.

Montclair, New Jersey, to Plummer's Island, Maryland; west to Illinois.

9. E. tripartitana Zeller. Dark purple gray, mottled with blackish; the dis-
tincter black spots more or less clearly edged with brown. Median area white
except for the costal fold of the male, which extends two-thirds way to the apex.
Antemedial line erect, a little wavy, and rather nearer base on inner margin;
outer boundary of median white area oblique and irregularly excurved, nearer
base on costa. Speculum a vague blue-gray area, preceded by black dots in the
blue-gray ground. 20 mm.

August. Larva in a gall on Rudbeckia laoiniata and on Solidago.
Southern New York to Texas and Florida.

10. E. walsinghami Kearfott. Eyes rather small. Ground a confused mixture
of deep brown, purplish, and black scales, the specular region rather tending to
lead-color, and sometimes with light brown striae toward apex. Middle of inner
margin with a large semi-elliptical white patch, formed of four partly fused striae.
Fringe of fore wing coal black, with the usual black basal line not contrasting.
15 mm.

May.

Hemlock Falls, New Jersey (type); Oak Station, Pennsylvania; Alabama. New
York: Rock City (Cattaraugus County).

11. E. dorsisuffusana Kearfott. Black, somewhat shaded with dark gray.
Dorsal half of wing white from a third way out, contrasting; the boundary some-
what irregular and indented above at two-thirds, where the white area is divided
by a group of black dots; a few black dots on middle of inner margin; outer part
of costa brown, with paired white striae; upper half of outer margin narrowly
brown, cut with white at Mw where the brown is preceded by a black dot; fringe
gray above, whitish at anal angle. 20 mm.

In the male type, the black dots in the white area are almost lost.
June and July.
Cincinnati, Ohio.

12. E. carolinana Walsingham. Base and costa gray, with a slight blue tint,
striated with blackish; medial area below middle of cell white or pale; outer part
a confused mixture of blue-gray and white, with a group of black dots at apex,
and two irregular vertical rows before the region of the speculum, finely defined
with white. Fringe slightly powdery fuscous gray, without basal line. Hind
wing mouse gray. 16-25 mm.

July and August.

Northern New Jersey to western Pennsylvania; south to North Carolina. New
York : Ithaca.

13. E. scudderiana Clemens. Base dark purple-gray and blackish, the area
darker and less extensive than in illotana, with sharply defined somewhat irregular
outer boundary about a quarter way out; median area white, with a few gray
stria, light gray on costa; postmedial area mixed dull gray and light blue-gray,
with some white; the speculum confused and slightly more white; preceded ^by a
few black dots, one of them good-sized, and with a couple of fine black dots in its
upper portion; a brownish area between speculum and apex. Fringe white toward
anal angle only. Hind wing mouse gray. 20 mm.

Rather common. The larva bores in the crown or forms a slight fusiform gall
in goldenrod; emerging the following June.

Generally distributed. New York: Lewiston, Buffalo, Ithaca, Albany, New
Windsor.

14. E. kennebecana Kearfott. Fore wing white, shading into gray along costa;
base dark gray, strigose with black; the antemedial line moderately angulate in

416 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

cell. Costa outwardly with paired lino white striae; the ground toward apex
shaded with yellow-brown. Speculum silver and cream-white, with some black
scales; preceded by a region striate with black, and followed by a black bar;
fringe light; the basal series of scales narrowly black-tipped, but "hardly forming
a line. Hind wing mouse gray, paler at base between veins. 13 mm.

August. Type only seen. The veins in the fore wing are distinctly approxi-
mate at the margin, which is concave.

Kennebunkport, Maine.

15. E. obfuscana Dyar. Base gray, transversely striate with blackish, its outer
boundary about one-third way out, erect, and very slightly excurved; somewhat
diffuse. Outer part of wing white, striate with light gray, slightly more densely
in the postmedial region. A black apical dot, and terminal bar at middle of outer
margin; fringe dull black, whitish at anal angle. Hind wing dark gray. 16 mm.
(obfuscata Riley, undescribed).

May to September. Larva in Solidago.

General in distribution. New York: Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Ithaca;
Clove Valley, Staten Island.

16. E. illotana Walsingham. Wings broader than in scudderiana. Base black-
ish, mottled with dull black on blue-gray ; outer part nearly white, the boundary
diffuse and farther out on costa; wing shaded with light gray toward apex, and
before anal angle; speculum represented by two or three black dots before outer
margin; fringe gray on costal half. Hind wing nearly white. 15 mm.

May and June.

Probably generally distributed. New York : Kinderhook.

17. E. desertana Zeller. Basal third of fore wing blackish; strigose; with
waved, erect, outer boundary; rest of wing white, with some gray striae, gathering
to form a distinct gray and black triangular patch before the speculum, which
is a mere silvery patch, with an oblique gray line bounding it above, resting on
the outer margin. Terminal line and fringe blackish except at anal angle. Hind
wing gray. 15-20 mm.

Larva in Solidago. Moth at end of May.

New York and District of Columbia to Texas. New York: Peru, Ithaca, New
Windsor, Ramapo.

18. E. suffusana Zeller. Hind wing with a deep fold on upper side, below 3d A;
a thickening between it and the inner deep margin, containing a hairy pencil aris-
ing near the base of the wing. Base, a postmedial patch toward anal angle, and
apex dull gray; the medial area and speculum white, rather heavily shaded with
light blue-gray, more heavily than in Eucosma scudderiana; costal edge dark gray
with double white striae on outer two- thirds; some small black dots in speculum,
and a transverse series of stronger ones just before it; fringe gray toward apex,
white below; hind wing mouse gray. 16 mm. (Notocelia Hiibner).

European specimens usually show considerable brown shading toward the apex
and before the speculum, but more rarely are quite like the American strain, which
is probably introduced.

June. Larva a bud-worm on rose (fig. 278).

Maine; northern New Jersey, Maryland; Pennsylvania; Europe.

14. EUCOSMA Hiibner

(With Pcedisca, Steganoptycha, Halonota, Spilonota,, etc., in part;
Euryptychia; Monosphragis Clemens, etc.)

Palpi somewhat rough and beaklike (fig. 280) ; head rougher than in Las-
peyresia and Hemimene, normal. Thorax smooth or tufted. Hind tibiee with
a moderate amount of loose hair only. Fore wing normally rather long

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 417

and oblong, the outer margin typically smoothly rounded, but often concave
in the middle, with Mj to CUj approximate toward margin. Apex rounded or acute,
never strongly falcate, but occasionally subfalcate. All veins separate, the separa-
tion between MS and M3 at base well marked. Male with a well-developed costal
fold; so far as examined, containing a hair pencil. Hind wing trapezoidal, normal,
without sexual modification; R and M1 normally approximate at base, never
separate; M2 almost connate at origin with M3 and Ci^, which are stalked, or rarely
united.

Larvae usually borers in the stems or roots of herbaceous plants, especially
Composite.

The genus is too large and rather heterogeneous, but attempts to divide it
have, so far, not been very successful. Presumably several genera are derived
from it by the loss of the costal fold.

The following key to species must be used with caution, as many species,
especially of Epiblema, run very close. Females of Thiodia and related genera
must also be watched for; a few of these are included in this key for convenience.

Key to the Eucosmince with costal fold

1. With extensive silver or pure white areas 2.

J . Not largely silvery or pure white 6.

2. Fore wing silvery with a brown St. Andrew's cross. . . .6. Eucosma adamantarM.

2. Fore wing with more complex markings 3.

3. A transverse median or antemedian silver fascia 4.

-3. A longitudinal silver streak from base to end of cell 5.

3. Basal half white, with an incomplete brown fascia 29. Eucosma grotiana.

4. With an upright silver bar between the small basal spot and the fascia.

8. Eucosma robinsonana.

4. No spot between the basal one and the fascia .... 7. Eucosma quinquemaculana.

5. A single silvery costal median spot, extending beyond the end of the streak

along lower edge of cell 9. Eucosma ridingsana.

">. An antemedial spot, almost reaching the base on the costa, as well as the

medial one 11. Eucosma hipeana.

o. A single median costal patch, joined before the middle of the wing to the

streak 10. Eucosma argentifurcatana.

6. Ground color largely bright green 9. Epinotia medioviridana.

8. Without green ' 7.

7. Speculum with a group of regular rows of black spots 8.

7. Speculum with three ofr four streaks or spots, or absent 13.

8. Area above speculum evenly buff 1. Eucosma circulana.

8. Area above speculum dusted with black or brown 9.

9. Base df fore wing evenly yellow, not dusted 10.

9. Base of fore wing, at least along inner margin, dusted with brown 12.

10. With transverse silvery gray bands toward base 5. Eucosma fraudabilis.

1 0. Base wholly yellow . 11.

11. The area above the speculum, enclosed in a broken lead-colored circle, almost

wholly dusted with brown Thiodia annetteana.

H. Less than half of this area dusted with brown Thiodia refusana.

12. Ground of apical half, and a streak in cell almost to base, yellow, not dusted.

2. Eucosma scintillana.
12. Wing almost wholly dusted with brown 3. Eucosma dodecana.

12. Basal fourth dusted with brown, contrasting 4. Eucosma fratruelis.

13. M, and Cu! of fore wing becoming coincident at outer margin.

19. Eucosma cataclystiana.
13. Ma and Cut separate 14-

14

418 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

14. Ground color bright yellow, almost without marks. . . .22. Eucosma bipunctella.

14. Ground pure white, but marked with blackish 29. Eucosma grotiana.

14. Ground pure white on basal half of wing, contrasting with the brown apical

half 21. Epinotia rectiplicana.

14. Ground color varying from cream to buff or bright ochre, with black scales on

speculum only 15.

14. Ground brown, gray, or orange; or, if whitish, witli considerable black scaling

on general wing-surface, or black marking 20.

15. No speculum; fore wing lightly strigose with pale brown on pearl gray.

25. Eucosma engelana.

15. Speculum distinct, containing two or three black streaks or dots 10.

16. Base and most of costa whitish, contrasting with the brown area about the

speculum 32. Eucosma giganteana.

16. Ground color usually yellowish, the outer part not much darker 17.

17. Base, except toward costa, with scattered silver dots 18.

17. No silver dots on basal half of wing 19.

18. Bright ochre yellow, all white markings clean-cut and contrasting.

18. Eucosma graciliana.

18. Pale ochre yellow, shading into cream, the marks in part ill-defined.

17. Eucosma albiguttana.

19. Cream-color; longitudinally strigose with pale gray.

20. Eucosma pergandeaiut,.
19. With rounded pale yellow areas separated by hands of powdery light brown.

21. Eucosma pallidipalpana.

19. Buff with diffuse clay-color flecking 20^. Eucosma comatulana.

20. With a distinct speculum, containing two or more black dots or streaks in a

pale area between two silvery or lead-gray bars, or with the speculum
represented by a silvery patch, preceded by distinct black dots, toward the
inner margin 21.

20. No special marks at anal angle; at most, with a couple of silvery or lead-

colored bands in species which have such markings on other parts of the
wing also; white anal patch, if present, not preceded by black dots 54.

21. A white patch on middle of inner margin; sometimes lightly streaked with

gray, but contrasting with the general surface; or with a larger whitish
area extending to anal angle 22.

21. No white at middle of inner margin; the patch sometimes traceable but so

covered with gray striae as not to contrast at all 36.

22. Patch more than a third as long as wing, extending at least to the costal fold,

and with sharply defined boundary 9. Epiblema tripartitana.

22. Patch smaller or ill-defined on upper side 23.

23. Speculum also a large and clearly defined whitish patch, separate from the

one on the middle of the margin 8. Epinotia similana.

23. Speculum not marked by a clearly defined patch 24.

24. Outer part bright brown . 16. Epinotia loalkerana.

24. Ground color all gray or dull brown, or with a very little brown at outer

margin 26.

[25. Vacant.]

26. White patch pure white, with clean-cut boundary all around, mostly defined

with black; oblique and quite irregular -3. Epiblema otiosana.

26. Patch more or less ill-defined; when most contrasting, meeting the light

brown shadings of the wing without any dividing line 27.

27. Line in base of fringe black, clean-cut, and reaching (less intensely) to anal

angle < 28.

27. Base of fringe powdery or diffusely gray, rarely fuscous; fringe often white
toward anal angle 29.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 419

28. Antemedial line running obliquely in to inner margin; inner lead-colored band
of speculum definite 18. Epinotia momonana.

28. Antermedial line perpendicular to inner margin; inner lead-colored band

irregular and broken 19. Epinotia transmissana.

29. A triangular blackish patch more than 1 mm. wide at the middle, resting on

outer margin 6. Epiblema culminana.

29. No triangular marginal patch 30.

30. Whole outer two-thirds whitish -.31.

30. Whole outer two-thirds not whitish 32.

31. A squarish blackish patch before the speculum, as dark as the base; fringe

blackish 17. Epiblema desertana.

31. Area before speculum hardly darker than the ground; fringe blackish toward

costa 16. Epiblema illotana.

32. Dorsal area, between white patch and speculum, of the fuscous ground color,

somewhat shaded with black 4. Epiblema boxcana.

32. This area scaled with blue-gray and white; with clearly defined black

dots 33.

33. Speculum mostly white, connected with dorsal patch.

11. Epiblema dorsisuffusana.

33. Speculum with broad blue-gray bands 34.

34. Fringe all powdery fuscous; base of wing white-scaled.

12. Epiblema carolinana.

34. Fringe white .at anal angle; base not white-scaled 35.

35. Base deep brown and blue-gray; median area strongly contrasting, white, with

a few gray striae 13. Epiblema scudderiana.

35. Base of a less intense smoky gray and blue-gray; median area, half gray, less

contrasting 18. Epiblema suffusana.

36. Dorsum wood brown, contrasting with the blackish costal region; speculum

of the lightest wood brown, with a single clear black dash in its upper
portion 15. Eucosma rusticana.

36. Dorsum not broadly wood brown, contrasting with a blackish costa 37.

37. Wings blackish, the speculum a contrasting pale patch 38.

37. Wings not solid dark with pale speculum 39.

38. Terminal joint of palpus and second joint of antennae black.

2. Epiblema abrupt ana.

38. Terminal joint of palpus not black 1. Epiblema strenuana.

39. Deep brown, the speculum very obscure 40.

39. Usually light grayish brown or gray; never brown with obscure markings. . . .41.

40. Costal stria? at middle of wing blackish; region above speculum not dusted

with white .12. Eucosma mandana.

40. Costal 'stria? all geminate, whitish; region above and before speculum usually

with pale-tipped scales 14. Eucosma fulminana.

41. With sharply defined evenly colored dark patches 42.

41, No such patches . 44.

42. Patches dark brown on a light brown ground, a third way out on inner margin

and near anal angle 43.

42. Patches at anal angle and along outer margin; blackish on a pale gray

ground 6. Epiblema culminana.

43. Somewhat less defined ones also at end of cell and along outer margin toward

costa 7. Epiblema brightonana.

43. With the two dorsal patches only 19. Thiodia tomonana.

44. With a clear black line in base of fringe, usually interrupted with white

opposite end of cell . . . '. 45.

44. Fringe powdery gray toward base, or, rarely, with a continuous light-gray
line . 47.

420 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

45. Gray; the scaling wholly black and white, or with a brown patch on middle
of inner margin 1.1. Epinotia nisella.

45. Brownish, with considerable brown scaling, especially along outer margin.. 40.

46. Costal striae conspicuous; oiiter two-thirds of wing pale gray.

20. Epinotia solicitana.

46. Costal striae obscure; some lead color toward apex.. 17. Epinotia hamptonana.

47. With central area of speculum luteous, and a luteous irregular patch along

base of inner margin 27. Eucosma eumcca.

47. Without luteous markings along iniu-r margin or in speculum 48.

48. Ground nearly evenly blackish ; speculum surrounded by three dark lead-gray

patches 28. Eucosma icomonaiia.

48. Paler 49.

49. Head and thorax conspicuously hoary 50.

49. Head and thorax nearly even brown 5:5.

50. Outer margin convex with a couple of black dots before speculum

5. Epiblema abbreviatana .

50. Outer margin concave ; a dark vertical line or larger shade before speculum. .51.

51. Outer margin evenly concave on upper half 52.

51. Outer margin with a small notch, as in Proteopteryx . . . .2. Exentera improbana.

52. Ash gray with contrasting dark base and oblique median fascia.

28.1. Eucosma patobundana, 28.2. Eucosma fiskeana.

52. Not so marked 52^.

52%. Speculum large, conspicuous; antemedial line concave below.

31. Eucosma zomonana.
52%. Speculum obscure;; antemedial line all convex 30. Eucosma gomonana.

53. Postmedial patch on inner margin obliquely truncate and clean-cut above,

separated by a narrow even oblique stripe of the ground color, from the
postmedial patch at the end of the cell; or with the two patches fused into
a fascia which is sharply indented on its basal side at the fold.

1. Sonia constrictana.

53. Otherwise marked 4. Epiblema boxcana.

54. Hind wing bright orange 26. Eucosma graduatana.

54. Hind wing not bright-colored 55.

55. With sharply denned contrasting dark brown patches, but the base of the wing

of the paler ground color 56.

55. Without such patches 59.

56. Two subequal dorsal patches only 19. Thiodia tomonana.

56. A patch near base of dorsum and one along outer margin toward apex.

8. Epiblema tandana.

56. A large median patch like an inverted V, clearly denned on its lower part and
strongly contrasting, but tending to fade out toward costa.

24. Eucosma similana.

56. A conspicuous patch toward base of inner margin, and a dark, but not always
clearly defined, patch over end of cell; the one at anal angle small or
absent 24. Eucosma dorsisignatana, 58.

56. A large patch on outer margin and a small one at anal angle 57.

57. Expanse 16' mm 6. Epiblema culminana.

57. Expanse 30 mm 10. Rhyacionia picicolana.

58. Height of antemedial spot more than one and a half times its width.

var. diffusana.

58. Antemedial spot wider, often as wide as high Typical form.

59. With a straight oblique shade from middle of costa to anal angle.

23. Eucosma juncticiliana.

59. A broad brown oblique median fascia, meeting another from apex at middle
of wing 22. Epinotia signiferana .

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 421

59. No such shade 60.

GO. Ground color rusty orange 61.

60. Ground color not orange . . 62.

61. With a broad, evenly colored apical area 10. Epinotia madderana.

61. With transverse pairs of gray stria;, as in Evetria. ..33. Eucosma monitorana.

62. With a white basal dash shaded below with black 35. Eucosma bilineana.

62. No black and white basal dash 63.

63. Ground largely whitish, or strigose with light blue-gray; the base darker.. 64.

63. Not dominantly white or heavily striated with white 66.

64. Fringe dark on upper half of wing or toward apex only; hind wing of male

mostly white 16. Epiblema illotana.

64. Fringe and hind wing darker 65.

65. Medial area nearly pure white; hind wing paler; fringe of fore wing almost

solid dark 17. Epiblema desertana.

65. Medial area with two or three strong gray striae; fringe white on lower
third; hind wing mouse gray in both sexes 15. Epiblema obfuscana.

65. Median area with a white fascia in basal portion; hind wing dark brown.

23. Epinotia heucherana.

66. Fringe with a continuous black basal line 67.

66. Fringe usually powdery gray toward base, without black basal line 69.

67. Wings broader, ground deep brown; contrasting with the black line in the

fringe 1 . Epinotia nanana.

67. Yellow brown with ochreous fasciae 34. Eucosma tocullionana.

67. Wings narrower; ground gray, not contrasting with the line in the fringe. . . .68.

68. Dark smoky gray 14. Epinotia zandana.

68. Light gray 11. Epinotia laracana.

69. With an oblique lead-colored line running toward anal angle, converging with

a similar subterminal one 16. Eucosma sombreana.

69. No oblique lead-colored line 70.

70. Ground blue-gray under a lens, appearing usually as two paired bands and

an odd one '. *. . 30. Eucosma gomonana.

70. Ground not blue-gray 71.

71. Apical third of costa, and outer margin to anal angle contrasting, pale, with

an even, straight, dark-gray subterminal line Hystrichophora kokana.

71. No even dark subterminal line 72.

72. Brownish, flecked with little groups of white-tipped scales; expanse about

25 mm 13. Eucosma nandana.

72. Much smaller, not hoary-flecked 73.

73. Ash-gray, nearly evenly mottled 68.

73. Whitish, with contrasting blackish transverse shades trisecting the wing. . . .74.

74. Ground flecked with black . . . , 13. Epinotia yandana.

74. Ground nearly even pale gray to blackish 12. Epinotia vertumnana.

1. E. circulana Hiibner. Fore wing light brown on basal half, light ochre on
outer. With some small silver streaks and spots in middle of wing and near apex;
a silver streak from costa at three -fourths of the way out to outer margin, curving
in its outer part so as to leave a clear yellow semicircle above the speculum.
Speculum of two horizontal rows of alternate black and silver spots, the upper
row normally containing five or six spots and the lower reduced. Fringe powdery
gray. 15 mm.

North Carolina and Louisiana to Florida. New York: Staten Island (?)
This species presumably occurs northward, but northern records, so far as I

have seen the specimens recently, are based on other species of the group. The

type is said to have come from Pennsylvania.

2. E. scintillana Clemens. Whitish, heavily dusted with brown, on basal half;
light yellow on outer half. Base of inner margin less powdery than the general
surface. A streak without the powdering, on the cell from base to middle of

422 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

wing. A silver bar across cell near end, and some smaller silver spots, but without
a distinct silver circle on outer part, of wing. A silver subterminal line ending
at middle of outer margin. Speculum with four vertical series of three black
spots each; with three vertical silver bars, one before them, one between the two
middle rows, and the other beyond; the region abrm> the speculum heavily dusted
with black, and often in longitudinal streaks. Hi nun.

June ; August.

I have seen this form only from Cincinnati. Ohio. Illinois, and westward. It was
originally described from Pennsylvania. 1 suspect this is the •' circulana " of must
eastern records.

3. E. dodecana Zeller. Dull powdery brown -gray, with only slight yellow streaks
along the outer margin. The pale streak in the cell faint or absent. Markings
as in E. scintillana. 18 mm.

June. This is very probably a variety of E. scintillana; E. randana, from the
Rocky Mountains, appears to be a larger race.
New York to Texas.

4. E. fratruelis Heinrich. Basal fourth powdery gray; second fourth deep
ochreous, bisected (toward costa) by a vertical lead-gray fascia; the ochreous
fascia beyond it very narrow on the inner margin; outer part powdery gray; a
lead-gray median fascia from costa perpendicularly to top of speculum with a
little yellow beyond it at costa; speculum of five rows of partly fused black dots
(normally 2, 2, 3, 3, 2), the first and second separated by lead-colored bars, and
likewise the third and fourth. Apex ochreous, bisected by a lead-colored fascia.
Hind wing blackish. Head, body, and fringe powdery gray.

July to September. Described from the types in the United States National
Museum.

Southern Pines, North Carolina; Georgia.

5. E. fraudabilis Heinrich. Ochre yellow or yellow-brown, including head and
thorax. Complete antemedial and medial lead-colored fasciae, the antemedial at a
third way out; three silver dots beyond, the second outwardly oblique and running
down along upper outer 'side of the very large speculum, which almost reaches
the costa; a lead-colored fascia on outer margin. Lower half of speculum with
six rows of black dots and three lead-colored bars; the upper part of the speculum
with alternate cream-colored lines and series of ulack scales. Hind wing paler
than in E. fratruelis.

June and July.

Skyland, Virginia; Southern Pines, North Carolina.

6. E. adamantana Guenee. Fore wing silver white, marked with golden brown;
fold in male brown; a brown fascia from middle of costa to outer part of inner
margin, crossed by one from inner margin at a third way out, to apex, reaching
the outer margin near the middle and running along it to the apex; dorsal half
of outer margin narrowly brown-edged; base of inner margin brown. 18 mm.
September.

Coastal marshes from New York to Florida.

7. E. quinquemaculana Robinson. Fore wing gray-brown; a silver-white spot
at middle of base; a broad irregular transverse fascia at a third way out, twice
as 'wide at costa as at inner margin; a rounded-trapezoidal patch on costa at two-
thirds way to apex, and a smaller spot before the apex; a rounded spot opposite the
postmedial patch, close to inner margin, but not quite reaching either the margin
or the costal spot. 18 mm.

June; August and September.

Lucaston, New Jersey, to central Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Florida.
New York: Wells (New York State Museum); Bellmore, Long Island.

8. E. robinsonana Grote. Gray -brown; silver spot at base less distinct than in
E. quinquemaculana. An antemedial fascia a fourth way out not quite reaching the
costa; a similar, broader one just before, the middle of the wing, rarely reaching

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 423

the costa, irregular on the outer side, and rarely widening toward the inner margin.
The two outer spots on the costa much as in E. quinquemaculana, more nearly
equal, squarer, and each containing a minute brown dot on the costa ; spot on inner
margin further out, reaching the outer margin below, and less evenly rounded. A
minute white streak on middle of outer margin. 13-18 mm. (quintana Zeller).

June and August.

New Jersey to Kansas, Alabama, Louisiana, and Florida.

Var. tryonana Kearfott, from North Carolina, is a variant with each of the
two outer costal patches almost divided into a pair of bars, and the anal patch
divided into a group of four partly fused spots. The antemedial fascia is even in
width and does not reach the costa. I have only seen the types, which were taken
in May.

9. E. ridingsana Robinson. Varying from pale ochreous to pale brown; the mark-
ings finely edged with black. A silver streak through middle of wing from base
to end of cell, ending in a point; a silver streak along middle third of costa, leaving
costa at two-thirds and ending in a point between the end of the first streak and
the apex; a small costal dot beyond it; and a larger triangular patch before apex;
an irregular silver mark at anal angle, and inner margin silvery; a small silver
triangle on costal half of outer margin. 20 mm.

A specimen from Illinois differs only in the silver costal streak extending prac-
tically to the base, and outwardly joining the two outer costal spots (Conchylis
Robinson) .

August; September.

Manitoba to Illinois, Louisiana, and west.

Besides the two following, there are several other well-marked forms of this
group, which may be new species, or more local strains of ridingsana.

ij. E. argentifurcatana Grote. Usually considered a variety of E. ridingsana,
but at least a constant and clearly defined form. Similar to E. ridingsana; median
stripe deeply notched on lower side; basal end of costal stripe curving down and
joining it at the point where it is notched below. 40 mm. Xot seen.

A form of this group from Southern Pines, North Carolina, and Texas agrees
with this, except for its much smaller size. (20 mm.) It has been taken from
August to October.

Ontario.

11. E. hipeana Grote. Markings mostly as in ridingsana; costal streak divided
into a bar on basal two-fifths of costa, fading out just before reaching base, and
an oblique outer fascia starting at middle of costa, and running out obliquely
across the end of the cell, like the outer part of tho costal stripe of ridingsana,.
37 mm. This is also a possible form of ridingsana.

Port Stanley, Ontario.

A dwarf variant of this form also occurs in Nan tucket, Massachusetts, North
Carolina, Illinois, and Texas; it flies in August and September.

12. E. mandana Kearfott. Dull brown, not powdery, lighter than E. fulminana.
Costa faintly striate with blackish on basal two-thirds and with lead-gray and
dirty white toward the apex; the last stria at the apex distinctly whitish, large,
and a little contrasting. A lead-colored line from costa at three-fourths way out,
to outer margin about at M2. Speculum somewhat paler, with two lead-colored
bars, more nearly parallel than in E. fulminana; the outer bars broken, enclosing
three black longitudinal streaks. Fringe powdery white on blackish. Hind wing
mouse gray; the extreme apex striate. 18 mm.

June.

New Jersey to Texas.

13. E. nandana Kearfott. Fore wing broad; outer margin slightly concave, but
not notched. Fuscous, regularly dotted with little groups of white-barred scales;
base slightly darker, its outer boundary oblique inwardly to innef margin ; a

424 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

suggestion of oblique dark shades over end of cell, and opposite it at anal angle.
Fringe concolorous; hind wing slightly paler. MO mm.

September.

North Carolina to Manitoba.

14. E. fulminana Walsingham. Deep dull brown, practically the same shade as
in E. sombreana and mandana; more or less, though usually only slightly, mottled
in two shades; often with an area of narrowly white-tipped scales below and
beyond the end of the cell, and some scattered white scales. Costa with geminate
paler striae, becoming distinctly whitish toward the apex; the last one nearly
1 mm. back from the apex. Speculum composed of two broad, vague, irregular,
lead-gray bars, the outer one normally broken in two, with, as a rule, some black
scales between them. Hind wing mouse gray. 27 mm.

Late July.

Illinois and Wisconsin to Texas.

15. E. rusticana Kearfott. Fore wing luteous on dorsal half and toward outer
margin, including apex; shading into blackish on costa, except at the apex; the
darker parts more or less streaked with black. Speculum a vague, paler, and
grayer area, with a couple of long black streaks. Fringe luteous and light brown.

June; August.

North Carolina to Illinois and south.

16. E. sombreana Kearfott. Dull gray-brown, mottled faintly, and becoming a
little warmer brown toward the outer margin; with geminate pale costal striae;
base slightly darker, with oblique outer boundary; a lead-colored line along outer
margin, nearly meeting a shorter one at anal angle; with some black scales in
the space between, but no definite speculum. Fringe powdery. 16-22 mm.

July and August. Larva in Helianthus.

New York to Manitoba, North Carolina, and Arkansas. New York: Ithaca,
Brooklyn.

17. E. albiguttana Zeller. Pale ochreous, with scattered silvery gray spots of
a few scales each; costa obliquely striate with whitish, the outer striae lightly
edged with black; speculum of two vertical silver bars, connected by three con-
trasting fine black streaks. Base of fringe dusted, black and white. Hind wing
very pale gray. 12 mm. (ochraceana Fernald).

June and August.

New Hampshire to Virginia, Texas, and Kansas.

18. E. graciliana Kearfott. Doubtfully distinct from E. albiguttana; ground
brighter cchre yellow; silver spots clean-cut and sharply gray-edged, as well as
the stria; on the 'costa ; one stria from the costa reaching practically to the outer
margin, curving around the upper side of the speculum at a little distance. Hind
wing darker gray.

July to September.
North Carolina.

19. E. cataclystiana Walker. M3 and Cu! of fore wing becoming coincident at
margin. Fore wing dull ochre, somewhat mottled, or more rarely, yellow -brown ;
costal striae pale, somewhat silvery, distinctly denned with dark, the last one
running along the outer margin, which is drawn out and subfalcate, about as in
the lowest species of Ancylis. First silver bar of speculum slightly oblique,
preceded by a brown shade and followed by two strong black dots; outer bar short,
marginal. Base of fringe powdered, black and white. 16 mm.

Aberrant specimens have a brown ground color and the area above the speculum
crisply dusted with white. In western specimens, the anterior bar of the speculum
is more oblique.

August. Larva in Ambrosia.

Maine and Trenton, Ontario, to New Jersey, Colorado, and Utah. New York;
Peru, Ithaca-, Poughkeepsie; Clove Yalloy, Staten Island.

LEPIDOPTERA or NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 425

20. E. pergandeana Fernakl. Pearl white, with pale gray striation, mostly longi-
tudinal, but oblique on the costa except toward the apex, where the striae converge
toward the top of the speculum as usual, and are finely defined with black.
Speculum of two vertical rows of two or three black points, with faint vertical
silver bars before, between, and beyond them. Base of fringe dusted with black.
Hind wing concolorous. 16 mm.

June and July.

Massachusetts to North Carolina, west to Colorado. Xew York : Peru ; Lynbrook,
Long Island, Gay Island (Long Island Sound). The paler race Havana Kearfott,
occurs in Arizona.

20%. E. comatulana Zeller. Buff -brown, coarsely necked with clay -color; costo-
apical portion of wing vertically barred, and speculum filled with the clay-color.
Lines mostly obscure; a strong lead-colored line from beyond middle of costa to
below apex, separating the vertically barred region of the wing from the speculum.
Speculum with three black bars, partly broken into dots, but not crossed by a lead-
colored bar, the speculum with a vertical lead-colored bar on inner side and an
oblique one on outer. 15-18 mm.

May and August.

Woods Hole, Massachusetts, to southern California; rare in the East.

21. E. pallidipalpana Kearfott. Light brown, more or less mixed with white;
with brown and white costal striae; and several round, pale yellow patches on
basal two-thirds, two or three of them at the base fused into a larger irregular
patch; all edged with white; speculum a silvery patch, divided by an irregular
broken black line. Line in fringe nearlv continuous. 10 mm.

July.

Connecticut to North Carolina, west to Iowa.

22. E. bipunctella Walker. Bright yellow; a brown dot at end of cell; fringe,
abdomen, and hind wing brown. The yellow portion occasionally is suffused with
pale dull brown except along the costa toward the base. Probably the largest and
heaviest of our Tortricidae. 35 mm. (ivorthingtoniana Fernald).

June and July. Larva in roots of Silphium.
Chicago, Illinois; Kansas and vicinity.

23. E. juncticiliana \Valsingham. Light dull gray-brown; a nearly straight
line from middle of costa to inner margin just before the anal angle; the ground
before it much darker than beyond; sometimes with a blackish dot on this line
at end of cell. Outer part with a large vague triangular dark shade resting on
the outer margin. No definite line in fringe. 15 mm.

July and August. Larva boring in goldenrod.

Maine to Florida and California. New York: Otto, Ithaca.

24. E. dorsisignatana Clemens. Dark ash-gray, with r very slight violet gloss.
Markings, dark brown, even-edged, and finely outlined with a narrow pale line.
Dorsal antemedial patch strongly contrasting, half -elliptical, and reaching up to
the cell. Postmedial patch contrasting and sharply defined below, but vague on
the inner side at costa, elliptical; almost reaching the innef margin where it
.sometimes joins a brown dot on the inner margin just before the anal angle. A
faint brown fascia from costa to outer margin above anal angle, and a slight
brown apical dot. No speculum. Line in fringe faintly darker. 12-20 mm.

September. Larva in roots of goldenrod.

New Hampshire to British Columbia and Texas. New York : Essex County,
Dansville, New Windsor, Pine Island, New York City, Staten Island.

Variety diffusana Kearfott is on the average smaller and darker, with the ante-
medial dark patch alone contrasting, narrow, about twice as high as wide, oblique,
and in many cases concave on the outer side.

Massachusetts to Illinois, North Carolina, and Tennessee. New York : Coram,
Long Island.

426 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

E. similana Clemens is evidently locally constant and may be a good species.
Antemedial and medial patches are fused into a thick L-shaped mark, which is
sharply defined all around, except on the inner side at the costa. The small spot
on inner margin before the anal seems to be always absent, (confluana Kearfott).

August. This form or species occurs with the type in New Jersey, but is appar-
ently earlier.

Massachusetts to District of Columbia, Illinois, and Missouri. New York: Big
Indian Valley.

25. E. engelana Kearfott appears to be a distinct species of this group, but the
type is so rubbed as to be almost imrecognizable. Apparently it is rather narrow -
winged; dull gray-brown, with a dark antemedial spot on the inner margin as
the most contrasting mark. It is likely to prove a synonym of confluana, Kearfott.
15 mm.

August.

Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.

The female "type" from New Jersey is another species.

26. E. graduatana Walsingham (?). Fore wing dull gray; wings broader than
in K. dornisigiiatana; an antemedial lialf-oval spot resting on inner margin, and
a large postmedial ellipse, reaching the wholo width of the wing, from costa two-
thirds way out to near anal angle. Outer margin dark brown. All the markings
darker and finely defined with pale, as in E. dorsisignatana. Hind wing orange;
abdomen brown.

May and June. The form here described is quite distinct from typical gradu-
atana from Texas, and may be a new species.
Vermont to Manitoba.

27. E. eumaea Meyrick. Umber brown, more or less scaled with pale fuscous;
the type with the basal half apparently largely pale fuscous, leaving a patch of
brown in the fold. Costa with geminate whitish striations, becoming silvery
below the costal edge; one of the striae extending obliquely out almost to the
outer margin, about at M1; then sharply bent and running rather parallel to outer
margin, to the inner margin; forming the outer line of the speculum. Inner line
of speculum also narrow, silvery, and contrasting, the space between the two
lines of the paler fuscous, crossed by strong black streaks. Fringe powdered; hind
wing dark gray. 16 mm. (wandana, Kearfott, not vandana Kearfott).

July. Type only seen, now in bad condition.
Cincinnati, Ohio.

28. E. womonana Kearfott. Black-brown, a little duller than E. wandana;
vaguely mottled with areas of lighter fuscous dusting, the most definite one on
irregular antemedial fascia, distinctly traceable only at the inner margin. Costa
with paired striae outwardly; speculum of three thick lead-gray patches, enclosing
a narrow inverted Y-shaped portion of the ground, on which lie a couple of black
spots. Base of fringe finely powdered with white. 15 mm. (wandana Kearfott,
in part).

Maryland to Ohio and Texas.

28-1. E. palabundana Heinrich. Fuscous, powdery, and coarsely striate. Base
dark, with some pale striae, its outer boundary excurved, but strongly retracted
in the cell below the dark costal fold. Antemedial area broadly pale, typically
contrasting. A narrow, somewhat irregular and excurved, dark postmedial fascia,
its upper part extending in obliquely to costa before the middle, its lower part
lying along the speculum. Speculum with three broad, dull, lead-gray bars, leaving
a small fuscous area between them, and perceptibly pinkish in some lights. Fringe
powdery. 15 mm.

July and August. Described from an atypical specimen from Ithaca, probably
representing a good race.

New York to Manitoba. New York: Ithaca.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 427

28-2. E. fiskeana Kearfott. Ash gray, marked with darker gray-brown, some-
what mottled. Antemedial a broad dark shade resting on inner margin, defined
on outer side; postmedial oblique out and excurved, preceded by contrasting brown
shades over cell, and in and below fold. A blackish, diffuse, subapical patch.
Speculum of three very broad, dull, lead-colored patches, with some black and
luteous scaling between them. Fringe powdery gray, preceded by a white line
above, and a black line opposite speculum. 20-29 mm.

June.

Virginia and Illinois to South Carolina.

29. E. grotiana Kearfott. Pure white; head yellowish; shoulders and disc of
thorax blackish. Markings of fore wing dark brown; a brown band along the
costal edge, from the base to the apex, heavier on the costal fold of the male.
Antemedial fascia running obliquely up from the basal angle across the fold, very
irregular and broken, and enclosing more or less white. Some dark brown striae
toward base. Postmedial fascia oblique from middle of costa to upper angle of
the speculum, then widening to inner margin; with its outer boundary erect
and inner boundary oblique inward. Speculum slightly shining, with three black
points in its upper part. Middle of outer margin brown, with two pairs of white
striae. Fringe dark, its base powdery. Hind wing gray.' 15 mm.'

July.

Chicago, Illinois, and west.

30. E. gomonana Kearfott. Costal fold long. Fore wing dark gray-brown, in
some lights with yellow-brown iridescence; with broad, partly confluent, light
blue-gray, somewhat shining bands. A narrow basal band; antemedial fascia
excurved, broad, and defining a darker base, partly confluent with the smaller,
more erect medial one; postmedial band narrower, outwardly oblique, almost
straight, leaving a high rectangular area of the ground before it on the dorsal
half; a short gray bar across the apex, and a similar oblique bar at the middle of
the outer margin; speculum indicated by two broad gray bands, sometimes with
some black scales between them. 9 rnm.

May.

Northern New Jersey to Virginia.

31. E. zomonana Kearfott. Light gray, slightly bluish, dusted with blackish.
A blackish antemedial bar on dorsal half, more distinct than in E. gomonana, with
a well-defined, sinuous outer boundary, and more diffuse inner and costal bound-
aries. Speculum paler than that of E. gomonana, composed of a group of three
thick silver-gray bars, separated by a Y-shaped blackish powdery mark; with heavy
blackish shades before and above it, the latter reaching half way to the costa.
Rest of wing with the black dusting gathering into vague dark gray striations,
leaving the apex blackish. 10—15 mm.

August. Very closely related to E. yomonana.
Pennsylvania to Illinois, Missouri, and Tennessee.

32. E. giganteana Riley. White, with a little gray toward base of inner mar-
gin and along costal edge. A large gray patch on inner margin from just beyond
middle to apex of wing; the more basal portion of the patch with thick raised
lead-colored bars; speculum finely dotted with black on a mixture of light brown
and white, with a region above it of mixed powdery gray and white; above this
a triangular region, extending up to the apex, of mixed gray and brown; fringe
powdery. Hind wing light fuscous, with white fringe. 25-35 mm.

June to August. Larva in roots of Silphium.
North Carolina to Illinois and Missouri.

33. E. monitorana Heinrich. Deep brown, with a blood-red overcast. Head
dirty white, fuscous behind antenna'; palpi fuscous. Fore wing with basal fourth
of the ground color, scaled and shaded with lead gray, its outer Iwundary waved
and farther out on inner margin; second fourth of wing broadly pale, mixed

428 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

silver and pale gray; median fascia of ground color, twice as wide at inner margin
as at costa, normally enclosing a lead gray spot on inner margin, and interrupted
on lower half of cell. Subterminal region pale, obliquely out from two-thirds
way out on costa to anal angle, followed by a red-brown area with some whitish
barring, especially on outer margin. Fringe with a weak dark basal line. Hind
wing dark with a pale fringe. 15 mm.

Larva on pine, boring in the cones; moth emerging in May.

Pennsylvania; Virginia.

E. cocana Kearfott, described from North Carolina, can apparently be distinguished
by the darker brownish yellow head, heavily scaled with gray; and darker median
fascia.

34. E. tocullionana Heinrich. Smoky violet-gray. Head ochreous, light in front :
thorax brown in front. Ground of fore wing striate with black and shaded with
brown; markings deep ochre or yellow-brown, broadly edged with dark silver, and
broken into double striae at costa; antemedial band of even width, oblique out
from a third way out on costa to inner margin at two-fifths, narrowed or inter-
rupted on fold, and tending to form two rounded spots. Postmedial band diffuse
on costal half, on dorsal half with a nearly round silver and ochre spot repre-
senting the spetfulum, without any black scales. Fringe dark, barred with white,
and with a black-and-white checkered basal line, hind wing dark. 15-18 mm.

Larva on Picea. boring in the cones; the moth emerging in May.
Connecticut ; Pennsylvania.

35. E. bilineana Kearfott. Fore wing gray, powdery, and varying strongly in
shade, dark specimens tending to be strigose with blackish and white. Base of
Cu white, with a strong black shade below it; a finer black streak running up to
apex; and often a diffuse streak in outer half of cell, with some whitish above
it. A series of dark terminal dots. Fringe concolorous. 25 mm.

July.

Hessville, Indiana, to Manitoba and Colorado.

14y2. HENDECANEURA Walsingham

(Enarmonia, in part)

Similar to Eucosma. Sc of fore wing completely absent in male; K^ arising
from cell close to base, easily mistaken for Sc; female with Sc and Rj normal.
Mo, M3, and Cut slightly approximate at margin, Cu3 straight. Costal fold short.
Hind wing normal, with R and Mj stalked.

Male genitalia similar to Zeiraphera, but with the neck of the valve longer.

1. H. shawiana Kearfott. Deep brown, with some ochreous spotting; a more
or less distinct white antemedial stria on inner margin; three irregular and
more or less confluent stria? at middle of inner margin, continued above as a bluish
metallic double fascia which reaches costa, ending in a few white scales on costal
edge. Outer part of wing largely ochreous, but with a blackish subterminal shade
between the two lead-colored lines above the speculum (opposite the notch).
Speculum yellow with broken black bars. Costal edge outwardly barred black
and white. 13 mm.

June. The larva is to be expected on the cone-scales of some conifer.

Hampton, New Hampshire; Newark, New Jersey.

Kearfott treats as a variety of this a form from Essex County, New Jersey,
which is smaller (9 mm.), without decided ochreous areas, with the dorsal white
spot less distinctly broken up into striae, and the speculum quite obscure on
account of the lack of yellow. Early July.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 429

15. THIODIA Hiibner

(Pcedisca, in part; loplocama Clemens; Semasia, Hedya, Cydia, Epi-
notia, Enarmonia, in part)

Similar to Eucosma; R2 generally -nearer Rt than R3; costal fold absent; hind
wing frequently with M3 and CUj completely united.

Valve not strong, and shorter than in Eucosma; anal indentation usually with a
pronounced cluster of hairlike spines.

The venation varies, but there is always at least some slight trace of the emar-
gination of the outer margin, and R4 and R5 are normally separate. The genus is
perhaps heterogeneous, being derived from more than one source in Eucosma
and possibly also from Epiblema. The usual food, as in those two genera, is the
Compositse.

Key to the species

1. Speculum of four rows of two black dots each.

2. Area above the speculum (enclosed in a broken lead-colored circle) wholly

dusted with brown 1. annetteana.

2. Less than half the area above the speculum dusted with brown . . 2. refusana.
1. Speculum less complex.

2. With a rounded central dark patch on fore wing, defined belowr.
3. Base of fore wing pale.

4. Ground dull pale gray, with some darker dusting and brownish shading.

6. Exentera virginiana.

4. Ground light ochreous 5. Exentera costomaculana.

3. Base of fore wing, at least toward costa, dark.

4. Base of inner margin below fold contrasting pale gray, sharply sepa-
rated from the black-brown costal portion 4. Epinotia lindana*

4. Base of inner margin concolorous, or gradually shading into the light

red-brown costal portion 3. Epinotia septemberana.

2. No such patch.

3. With a contrasting longitudinal white stripe in cell.

4. Basal half of costa solidly white 13. striatana.

4. Basal half of costa finely striate with brown ' 14. clavana.

3. Costal fchird broadly white and more or less contrasting 15. kiscana.

3. No longitudinal white stripes.

4. Inner margin contrastingly pale, the pale area sharply delimited in

the median area 6. Epinotia timidella.

4. With a contrasting white antemedian or median fascia, preceded and

followed with blackish.
5. Fascia broad and complete.

6. Followed by a blackish fascia, the ground outwardly pale.

1. Gypsonoma fasciolana.

6. The whole outer half of wing dark. . . .2. Gypsonoma substitutionis.
5. Fascia confined to dorsal half of wing, and sometimes narrow and

diffuse on outer side.
6. Apex of fore wing with bright yellow-brown overlay or iridescence.

5. marmontana.-

6. Apex blackish, concolorous with other dark portions of the wing.
7. Median dorsal white patch small and well defined, separated from

patch at anal angle by more than its width 3. parmatana.

7. Dorsal white patch, larger and more diffuse, separated from
patch at anal angle by less than its width 4. alterana.

430 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

4. Antemedial region not white; ground, if white, heavily dusted with

blackish, appearing gray.
5. Dark, with more or less fontrastingly pale speculum.

6. Ground red-brown, extending along costa to apex.... 18. raracana.
6. Ground black-brown.

7. Apical region contrasting, yellow -..IG. ochroterminana.

7. Speculum only with deep yellow filling, not conspicuous.

17. perfuscana.
.">. Without contrasting pale speculum; or, if the speculum is somewhat

paler, ground either powdery gray, or strigose.

G. Wing longitudinally striate with paler and darker, or tawny brown,
and becoming darker toward apex; or moth large with almost
evenly dull brown ground.

7. Speculum with three distinct black streaks between two lead-
colored bars 6. formosana.

1. Speculum less distinct or absent; sometimes with red-brown

streaks.
8. Males (with single frenulum).

9. Tawny brown, shading into chocolate brown . . 7. ferrugin&na.
9. Ground luteous.

10. Speculum obsolete, the region crossed by the uninter-
rupted luteous and brown striation of the wing.

12. radiatana.

10. Ground darkening and becoming solid brown toward

outer margin; the outer silvery bar continuous, and

lying in the solid brown portion, or interrupting the

striations.

11. Ground outwardly yellow-brown, streaked and shaded

with chocolate brown 9. umbristriana.

11. Ground outwardly bright rusty orange, streaked with

rusty brown 8. roseoterminana.

10. Speculum with well-marked basal and outer lead-colored
lines, and preceded and followed by distinct blackish
areas.
11. Blackish area at anal angle clean-cut above, stopping

about at CUj ...... 10. essexana.

11. Blackish area extending up to middle of wing and there
joining the dark area above the speculum.

11. awemeana.
8. Females ( frenulum multiple ) .

9. Speculum indicated by lead-gray bars before and beyond it,
usually distinctly paler and preceded by a dark shade.

10. essexana, 11. awemeana.
9. Basal lead-colored line of speculum absent, its ground con-

colorous.
10. Ground even-colored, a little deeper at anal angle only.

12. radiatana.
10. Ground of outer half decidedly deeper than base.

11. Fringe contrastingly powdered with blackish and white.

9. umbristriana ( ? )
11. Fringe concolorous with ground of wing.

8. roseoterminana, 1. ferruginana.

6. Fore wing heavily marked with green ( Proteoteras ) .

6. Fore wing pale yellowish, shaded and dusted with gray or brown.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 431

7. Ground pale lemon yellow.

8. Costa appreciably barred with fuscous only on outer half.

21. olivaceana.

8. Costa barred from base to apex 22. verniochrana.

7. Ground light ochre 20. imbridana.

6. Gray, with two contrasting blackish patches on inner margin.

19. tomonana.
6. Ground gray, powdery; or dark fuscous, without brown or yellow

markings; expanse over 10 mm.
7. Two prominent, obliquely placed raised tufts in fold.

6. Gretchina bolliana.
1. At most with a small continuous scale-ridge in fold.

8. A gray line in middle of fringe 23. tarandana.

8. Dark line in fringe, when present at its base.

9. A clearly marked, curved, angular, black marking above
speculum, shaped like a bird's beak.

5. Gretchina deludana.
9. No such markings; with several blackish shades when there

is any decided black marking above speculum.
10. Fore wing shaded with brown, at least in certain lights.
11. Smaller (14 mm.); hind wing white at base.

3. Gretchina watchungana.

11. Normally larger (18 mm.) ; hind wing all light fuscous.

Exentera species.
10. Fore wing dark gray or blackish, heavily dusted with

white, and without brown scaling or iridescence.
11. Face contrasting blackish; posterior tufts blackish.

1. Gretchina amatana.
11. Face concolorous or pale.

12. Thorax whitish, contrastingly but diffusely spotted
with dark gray; fore wing powdery looking to
naked eye; face whitish .... 5. Epinotia signatana.
12. Thorax light, white-mottled; face darker, fore wing
light, powdery-looking, and with an indication of
the Laspeyresia lunule at the middle of the inner
margin (Laspeyresia garacana) .

1. T. annetteana Kearfott. Basal half of fore wing dull ochre, shaded with light
brown; outer half powdered with light brown and white, with some ochre and lead-
gray streaks extending down from white points on the costa; the boundary between
the base and outer part also marked by a lead-colored fascia. Outer half of wing
nearly covered by a large circle, brokenly outlined with lead-gray; its upper
half filled with the white-dusted ground, the lower with four rows of black spots;
each row composed of two large spots, and often a third spot below them; with
a short, lead-gray bar between the second and third rows. Base of fringe also
dusted with white. Hind wing light brown. 15 mm.

April.

Rhode Island; Ohio; Texas.

For points of distinction from the similar species of Eucosma, see the key to
Eucosma.

2. T. refusana Walker. Light ochre -brown, shaded with gray; with pale streaks
along costa, on Cu, and in cell. Outer part of wing with a large lead-gray broken
circle, as in annetteana, and with some lead-colored costal striae on the ochre
ground. Upper half of circle with an area of brown, white-tipped scales, but only
half filled with them; lower half with four rows of black spots, each row con-

432 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

sisting of two or three spots; and a lead-gray bar between the second and third
rows. 15 mm.

April and May; September. Perhaps not rare, but confused with members of
the circulana group.

Hudson Bay district to Virginia, west to Manitoba. New York: East New
York, Long Island.

3. T. parmatana Clemens. Dull blackish, sometimes with some scattered whitish
scales and with obscure black marks. Costa with some paired white striae on
outer half. Middle of inner margin with a white patch or a group of strong
striae, the most basal being strongest and denning the dark basal area. Speculum
mixed white and silver, with a couple of black dots, its inner boundary erect :
much straighter than iisual. Base of fringe dusted with black and white. 10 mm.
(crispana Kearfott etc., not Clemens).

June to September.

New Jersey to Missouri and probably generally distributed. " New York "
(Edwards).

4. T. alterana Heinrich. Similar to T. parmatana. Ground somewhat paler
fuscous; white markings more extensive, the median patch frequently diffuse on
upper and outer side, its inner side and the speculum sharply denned. Apical
region concolorous fuscous, cut, as usual, by fine paired white striations. 9-12 mm.

August.

Massachusetts to Maryland. New York : Ithaca.

5. T. marmontana Heinrich. Similar to T. parmatana. Fore wing with ground
perhaps slightly richer brown, the costal edge toward apex and upper part of
outer margin overlaid witli shining yellow-brown in favorable light, interrupted
by the paired white striae, which are denned with black.

July and August.

Manitoba. New York : Ithaca.

6. T. formosana Clemens. Male clay-color, striate or heavily shaded with brown; .
costa obliquely streaked with silver on outer two-fifths, the last streak parallel
to outer margin and at a sharp angle to the others. Speculum well marked,
yellow, almost surrounded with silver, and with three black streaks. Basal line
in fringe weak. Hind wing mouse gray with outer part of fringe white. Female
with the same markings, but almost wholly suffused with brown; with slight
or no pale striation. Costal silver streaks weaker, and fringe more tinted with
brown than in male. 20 mm.

End of May to June; locally not rare. This species is closely related to the
type of Thiodia (aspidi$cana) .

Quebec to New Jersey. New York: Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Ithaca,
McLean, Karner, Ramapo, Watchogue.

7. T. ferruginana Fernald. Sexes similar. Rusty brown, shading into chocolate
brown outwardly; fringe concolorqus with outer portion of wing. Speculum repre-
sented only by a couple of streaks of rather more shining scales. Hind wing
chocolate brown, with paler fringe. 13-if> mm.

May and June.

The male of this species is easily recognized, but the female cannot be certainly
distinguished from T. roseoierminana ; it is iisually smaller and brighter than the
latter.

Maine to New Jersey. New York: Black Brook (Clinton County), Rock City
(Cattaraugus County). Ithaca, McLean, Staten Island.

8. T. roseotenninana Kearfott. Male clay-color, lightly and irregularly streaked
with light brown; the strongest streak below the cell. Outer part of wing shading
into rusty orange, streaked with rust-brown. A continuous chocolate-brown ter-
minal band, not contrasting, preceded below by a slight lead-gray streak. Fringe
• •oncolorous with outer part, or a little paler. Female with basal half rusty
orange shading into chocolate brown outwardly, with the same marginal mark

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 433

ings as the male; fringe yellow-brown. Hind wing dark mouse-gray, with pale
fringe. 18 mm.

Late May. This species of this group are hopelessly confused in all collections;
especially the females.

Certainly known only from Cincinnati, Ohio.

9. T. umbristriana Kearfott. Closely similar to T. roseoterminana, but a little
duller and darker in both sexes. Base of fringe dusted with black and white in
both sexes. 16-18 mm.

May and June.

I believe Kearfott had the females of these two species exchanged, to judge by
the cotypes before me.

Western Pennsylvania to Manitoba.

10. T. essexana Kearfott. Male clay-color, streaked with brown, the streaks
emphasized and partly fused in such a way as to form a dark streak from base
to outer margin above speculum, roundly notched by the pale speculum. Outer
two-fifths of costa with an irregular pale-outlined patch, containing three well-
marked darker pale-outlined costal spots. A heavy brown-black terminal line
and a patch at anal angle before speculum, extending up to Cut but not joining
the central shade. Speculum almost completely outlined with silver, and with some
brown streaks. The female will probably show similar markings, but not con-
trasting, on a deep brown ground. 20 mm. (radiatanu Kearfott, 1903, not
Stephens ) .

The larva bores in stems of aster, hibernating as a larva and emerging in May.
New Jersey.

11. T. awemeana Kearfott. Similar; the longitudinal streak stopping short
before the middle of wing; the shade before speculum not decidedly blackish,
extending up, though paler, to costa, before the peculiar outer costal mark, and
joining a dark shade between the speculum and the costal mark. The latter
shade, as seen under a lens, is formed of a couple of dark streaks. Speculum
fairly well denned, but crossed by brown streaks. Terminal band brown, not
blackish as in most specimens of the preceding form. Female chocolate brown,
decidedly strigose with yellow-brown ; base not much paler, but with the shades
much as in the male, less contrasting, more diffuse, and often connecting to form
a dark cross. 18 mm.

May and June.

New Ha.mpshire ; New Jersey ; Manitoba. New York : Crosby ( Yates County ) ,
McLean, Ithaca.

12. T. radiatana Stephens. Male clay-color, strongly striate with brown, form-
ing a mora or less marked darker shade from base to middle of outer margin.
Speculuin obsolete, marked by a few shining scales. Dark streaks heavy and
tending to fuse on outer margin, and especially at anal angle. Fringe also dark
gray. Female deep yellcw-brown, with similar markings in black-brown. 20 mm.

End of May to June; not rare, being probably the commonest species of this
series.

Generally distributed. New York: North Elba, McLean, Big Indian Valley,
Ramapo, Bronxville, Oyster Bay.

13. T. striatana Clemens. Light gray; costa white from base to apex, only the
outer half cut by light gray lines. A white streak shaded below with blackish,
covering the lower edge of the cell to its end; a more or less distinct blackish
streak on Cu2, shaded above with pale. Speculum with a white spot, edged above
and below with black streaks. Fringe powdery gray. 15 mm.

End of May.

Common and generally distributed in grassland; flying up by day, about like the
similarly marked species of Crambus. New York: Peru. Oswego, Portage, Crosby
{ Yates County), Karner, Nassau. Ramapo, New Windsor, Katonah.

434 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

14. T. clavana Fernald. Fore wing light powdery blue -gray, the basal half
light brown except on the inner margin ; costal edge white, more narrowly so
toward the base than in T. striata-na, and cut by brown bars its whole length, those
on the basal half finer and shorter than those outward. A white band along lower
edge of cell, outwardly broken into streaks extending to the speculum, and with
a black dash below it ending abruptly at the middle of the wing. Speculum pale
yellow, preceded by a fine black line and containing a couple of dots. Apex drawn
out as in T. striaiana. Hind wing brownish gray; fringes pale. 15 mm. (I have
seen this species labelled tenuiana Walsingham).

Hampton, New Hampshire; Truro, Massachusetts. "New York" (Heinrich).

1;3. T. kiscana Kearfott. Nearly even, pale gray. Wing form as in T. striatana
Fore wing with costa broadly but a little diffusely white; outwardly strigose with
luteous and blackish; the white extending halfway across the cell on the basal
half, but narrower outwardly. Inner margin more or less shaded with whitish;
speculum white or pale yellow, preceded by a broken black line and containing
two black bars. Fringe powdery. Hind wing with dark veins. 12 mm.

End of May. and June.

Cincinnati, Ohio; New Jersey; District of Columbia.

16. T. ochroterminana Kearfott. Dull black; roughly scaled; outer fifth, includ-
ing fringe, contrasting ochre yellow, somewhat mottled, preceded by a yellow -
brown streak on dorsal half of wing. 10-15 mm.

August and September.

Kennebunkport, Maine, and Maryland to Manitoba and- Illinois. New York:
Potter Swamp (Yates County). Ithaca.

17. T. perfuscana Heinrich. Deep brown, mottled, made up of black-brown,
chocolate brown, and some flecks of paler gray-brown; speculum lighter, deep
ochre, flanked by two vertical lead-gray bars, and containing three black lines.
Antemedial band broad, strongly excurved, formed of a gathering of the fuscous
flecking; postmedial traceable at costa only. 12 mm.

August.

New York and western Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca.

18. T. raracana Kearfott. Red-brown or, more rarely, chocolate brown, shading
into light red-brown toward base, especially on costa. Costa with light gray-
white striae. Speculum contrasting pale yellow, with broad silvery bars and some
broken black markings. Fringe powdery gray at apex, light yellow-brown below.
12 mm.

This form can be distinguished from the similarly marked Eucosmae by its brown
or reddish, rather than fuscous, color. In pattern it is very near T. formosana.
It has been taken in August, and. southward, in May also.

New Jersey and western Pennsylvania to Texas and Florida.

19. T. tomonana Kearfott. Pale gray, somewhat strigose with duller light gray;
the speculum represented by some black dots. Two contrasting blackish spots on
inner margin, the basal one half-crescentic, the outer half -elliptical or more
irregular, extending less than a third way across wing, but broad. 12 mm.

August and September.

St. Johns, Quebec; New Jersey; western Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca.

20. T. imbridana Fernald. Ground pale yellow, overlaid, except toward base of
costa, with rusty ochre; mottled irregularly with dark brown, with a strong
purple iridescence in some lights; the purple -brown gathering to form a band from
the middle of costa to inner margin before speculum, and another from this band
where it crosses the cell to inner margin at a third way out, both sometimes broken
up "or obscured by brown siiffusion. Outer part of costa also showing the yellow
ground, and striate with brown. Speculum luteous with three broken black bars.
Hind wing light gray.

General in distribution; flying in August.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 435

21. T. olivaceana Riley. Light lemon yellow, with a slight green tint, marked
with light chocolate brown, so overlaid with yellow as to appear gray; the markings
are largely longitudinal streaks, the principal ones being a broad one along lower side
of cell to middle of wing, one below basal third of costa, a narrow and clean-
cut oblique one from middle of costa to speculum, a small spot on inner margin
a quarter way out from base, and a large patch at anal angle; besides some small
streaks on costa and a vague dark shade through outer part of wing. Speculum
yellow, with some black dots. Fringe concolorous.

June to August.

New Hampshire to District of Columbia and Illinois. New York: Rhinebeck.

22. T. vemiochrana Heinrich. Similar to T. olivaceana; palpus with a fuscous
spot on outer side of second joint. Fuscous bars on costa of fore wing distinct
from base to apex. 10-13 mm.

August.

Massachusetts ; New Jersey.

23. T. tarandana Moschler. Light gray, powdered on a white base, with clear
white streaks, and with the pattern more or less denned with silvery white. Ante-
medial band strongly oblique outward from beyond basal angle to middle of cell;
light gray -brown, shaded with blackish on the fold; postmedial irregularly excurved
and widening toward inner margin, running from middle of costa to outer third of
inner margin, where it connects more or less distinctly with a similar narrow and
irregular terminal band, three fuscous spots on costa outwardly, denned by white
striae. Speculum enclosed by the irregular silver lines defining the postmedial
and terminal bands, filled with slightly yellowish white, mixed with gray, and
with a few black scales. Fringe white with a gray center line. Hind wing darker
gray. 25 mm.

August.

Manitoba, Labrador.

16. 8PILONOTA Stephens
(Tmetocera, Lederer; Eucosma, in part, Walsingham and Durrant)

Male without costal fold. Palpi beaklike, triangular, with third joint concealed
in scales. Thorax smooth. Fore wing practically smooth-scaled, with outer margin
concave at middle and M3 and CUj somewhat approximated toward the margin.
Antennae with notch more widely open than in Strepsicrates and nearer base; the
segments concerned in it almost completely fused and difficult to count.

Valve very long and narrow; cucullus with a large apical spine. Uncus absent;
socii short and broadish; gnathos weak.

A development of Thiodia.

1. S. ocellana Schiffermtiller. Dull grayish brown, somewhat mottled; the median
area typically contrasting dirty white, in variety lariciana Heinemami hardly paler.
Basal area with outer boundary roundly and moderately angled. Outer margin
shaded with gray-brown near apex; below, with about three black bars, followed
by a gray streak; a black spot before anal angle, made up of partly fused dots,
with a well-marked gray shade between it and the three black bars. Dark line in
base of fringe grayish and not contrasting. 12-15 mm. (pyrifoliana Clemens).

Often injurious, the larva webbing together the opening buds of apple in early
spring. Moth in June to early August.

General in distribution; also in Europe. Possibly introduced in this country.
New York : Common and general.

436 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1-7. STREPSICRATES Meyrick
(Phthinoloplms Dyar, Eucosma., in part, Walsingham and Durrant)

Palpi rather clavate, scaled, with prominent short porrect third joint. Thorax
smooth. K(ire wing with outer margin rounded, the cell with a heavy scale-tuft
in fold at one-third way out. Costal fold of male very large. Hind wing with
M. markedly separate from M, and Cu, which are stalked, R and M, approximate.
Male antenme with basal segments of shaft more or less fused and distorted,
about the sixth to tenth joints forming a notch, partly covered by a scale tuft.

Male genitalia similar to those of Spilonota. Pollex present ; anal angle spinulose;
cucullus with several marginal spines. Socii small and slender.

1. S. indentanus Dyar. Normally with costal two-thirds of wing brown, quite
variable in shade, and the dor al third paler gray, often contrastingly pale, especially
in males; the boundary wavy and more or less defined with black. Hind wing
mouse gray. 12 mm.

July. Larva a leaf roller on Myrica. The Florida species on guava appears to
be distinct.

Canada to Florida. "New York" (American Museum of Natural History).

18. HONIA Ileinrich
(Eucosma, in part)

Fore wing with costal fold present in male. R4 and Rr, completely united; outer
margin concave, with M.j to Cu, approximated; Cu. straight; R.. arising near R; from
the normal accessory cell; R, from before middle of cell. Hind wing with R and M,
often anastomosing and sometimes stalked.

Male genitalia similar to tho-*e of Suleima; clasper rudimentary; socii short
and broad.

The single species is almost identical in pattern with E. perplexana Fernald.
from the Gulf strip, but the latter has R4 and R- separate.

1. S. constrictana Zeller. (iround light brown-gray; when fresh, with distinct
violet iridescence; markings dee]) brown. Base deep brown; antemedial line per-
pendicular to inner margin, except toward the costa where it often fades out;
straight or slightly excurved below cell; an irregularly quadrangular dark brown
patch on inner margin toward anal angle, with its upper boundary oblique and
parallel to the lower boundary of a similar patch over end of cell; typically with
the two patches fused, and the point of fusion marked by a strong notch on th >
anterior side of the combined patch, at the fold; postmedial patch on cell sharply
defined on basal and lower sides, but above shading into a brown outor costal
shade, which surrounds the upper sides of the speculum; <-osta with pale paired
striae outwardly; speculum blue-gray with some brown in cmt.r. Fringe powdery.
12-15 mm.

Jujie to August.

Northern New Jersey to Florida, west to South Dakota and Texas.

19. FULEIMA Heinrich
(Thi-ndia. Remaxia, in part)

Similar to Soiiia. RS arising from middle of cell or slightly beyond; costal fold
absent; notch on outer margin variable. Hind wing with R and Mj always stalked,
Ma lost. Clasper absent.

1. S. helianthana Riley. Whitish gra\ . Fore wing with two quadrate blackish
patches on inner margin, and a black dash and white triangle at the apex. Base

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 437

somewhat darker, with a paler space between it and the first blackish patch;
speculum white, containing a black dot, and on its costal border two longitudinal
black lines, and partly defined with brown. Fringe sometimes dusted with
blackish. 15-20 mm.

Caterpillar forming a gall on Heliantlnis. Moth flying in Texas in August.

Maryland to Texas, west to California.

2. S. cinerodorsana Heinrich (Kearfott ms.). Fore wing with costal two-thirds
blackish, dorsal third grayish white, the boundary irregular and diffuse; outer third
light wood-brown. Speculum white, with some small black spots, between two
very broad silvery bars, edged before, above, and beyond, except at anal angle,
with the wood-brown. Some dark gray and whitish striation on outer part of
costa; one stria extending obliquely across the apex, the rest short and unequal.
Fringe powdery gray, darkening to the apex. 13 mm.

July and August.

Maryland, Pennsylvania. »

20. RHYACIONIA Hiibner
(Evetria of authors, not Hiibner; Retinia Guenee)

Palpi short, roughly clavate, with long, scaled, porrect third segment (fig. 283) ;
thorax smoothly scaled. Fore wing rounded (fig. 270). with oblique, excurved
outer margin; the radials all separate, Rt from middle of cell, R, rather nearer R,
than R1; M2 straight, connate or shortly stalked with M2, except in the comstockiana
group, in which it may be perceptibly curved and well separated at origin; M3
curved. No costal fold. Hind wing as in Eucosma. Valve simple, pollex present,
uncus absent, socii and gnathos weak or absent. Markings characteristic, formed
of slightly raised shining silver gray transverse lines, edged with white, at least
at the costal edge, in most of our species on an orange ground.

R. comstockiana may run by the key to Charlotta, but oy its genitalia, habits,
and pattern belongs here. The palpi also are normal for Rhyacionia, and slightly
aberrant for Charlotta.

The larvae are of three types. Typically they bore in terminal twigs of pines,
very often working in the leader. Some species kill the shoots outright, often
causing the tree to fork; others, like the introduced R. buoliana, distort it,
resulting in a tree with a crooked trunk. Some are seriously injurious, especially
in nurseries, where the only remedy seems to be hand-picking the affected shoots,
which show an exuding mass of pitch. The second group, Petrova Heinrich, live
in pitch-nodules on the twigs; and the third, Barbara Heinrich (which contains
no described eastern species) bore in the cones of spruce.

Key to the species
1. Ground dark gray.

2. Head gray; fore wing evenly strigose 9. gemistrigulana.

2. Head orange; fore wing with two rounded blackish patches.. 10. picicotona.
1. Ground gray out to end of cell, the terminal third, more or less, yellowish.
2. Male antenna heavily ciliate; gray area on inner margin reaching almost

out to anal angle 4. busckana.

2. Male antenna lightly ciliate; a tawny patch in fold below end of cell, the
solid gray extending only about to the middle of the inner margin

5. adana.
1. Ground red-brown or orange, at least on outer half of wing.

2. Terminal space gray (except toward apex), or at least crossed by three

heavy oblique gray striae 2.

2. Terminal space red.

4:58 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

.'!. Transverse linos .single, narrow, covering less than a third of the surface

of the wing 1. buoliana.

.1. Transverse lines strongly doubled, covering more than a third of the
surface of the wing.

4. Tormina! band with a yellow band before it 3. rigidana.

4. Terminal band preceded immediately by the outermost gray stria.

.1. Base heavily striate with gray 6. comstockiana.

5. Base red-brown with a few whitish strise.

6. Basal line in fringe red 7. virginiana.

6. Basal line in fringe black 8. albicapitana.

I. M2 straight, connate or stalked unth M3. Larvce in buds; group vii with three

setae (Rhyacionia).

1. R. buoliana Schiffermiiller. Bright orange, typically irregularly shaded with
yellow, with six or eight narrow anastomosing pale silver-gray transverse lines,
slightly edged with white at costa only. Fringe light gray-brown, with a blackish
line formed by bars near the tips of the first row of 'scales. Hind wing light
gray-brown, with pale fringe. Head yellow and tegulse red with powdery gray
tips'. 18-26 mm.

The larva bores in the tips of pine shoots, causing them to grow crooked.
Europe ; occasionally introduced in nurseries. New York : Great Neck, West-
brook, Nassau, and Lynbrook, Long Island.

2. R. frustrana Comstock. Ground deep red, changing from crimson to red-
brown, the thorax and base of wing shaded with blackish. Outer part of wing
with four broad bands of silver-gray, obscurely divided by series of blacker scales,
the last series terminal, except toward the apex, where it forks and one branch
runs subterminally to the costa, the other remaining terminal, but falling short
of the apex; sometimes with whole apical region gray, or with the gray broken
into three bands, the uppermost one crossing the apex. Ground mottled with
yellow patches, the dorsal half of the median area usually solid yellow, but with
a narrow antemedial band toward costa. 10-13 mm.

Larva boring in terminal and lateral shoots of scrub pine and dwarfing them.
Nantucket, Massachusetts, to Florida and Texas; a larger race in the south-
west. New York: Ithaca (Comstock). Karner (Felt).

3. R. rigidana Fernald. Fore winjj similar to R. frustrana, the gray bands nor-
mally more extensive, the whole medial area whitish. Last gray band subterminal,
followed by a yellow stripe and then a red terminal line. Fringe reddish purple.
18 mm.

April. Larva with the habits of R. frustrana, and apparently commoner inland,
on Pinus rigida.

This species can be certainly separated from R. frustrana only by the genitalia.
New York to North Carolina. New York: Ithaca (Fernald).

4. R. busckana Heinrich. Grayish fuscous barred with gray -white. Head and
thorax concolorous, the head with some reddish in vertex. Fore wing with outer
fourth red, less on inner margin than at costa; a red terminal line and gray fringe.
Hind wing smoky. 15 mm.

April.

New York to Pennsylvania. New York: Bellmore and Central Park, Long Island.

5. R. adana Heinrich. Similar to R. busckana; but with the reddish outer part
invading the outer half of the inner margin, especially the region of the fold.
17 mm.

End of March and early April.
Massachusetts to Virginia,

LEPIDOPTERA or NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 439

II. M2 well separated from M3, and normally curved. Larvae nodule-makers with
an extra seta on proleg (Petrova).

6. R. comstockiana Fernald. Head white; thorax light powdery gray, including
whole of tegulse. Fore wing light orange, striate with shining light' gray, with
dense antemedial and medial groups of striae, covering most of the surface' on the
basal half of the wing. Fringe pale gray-brown. Hind wing very pale gray-brown,
often nearly white, with whitish fringe. 16-22 mm.

Larva boring in younger twigs of Pinus rigida, forming masses of pitch.
Nantucket, Massachusetts, to Virginia. New York: Ithaca (Comstock), Karner
(Felt).

7. R. virginiana Heinrich. Head more or less yellow ; thorax pale orange, shaded
in front with whitish. Fore wing light rusty orange, without any yellow, and
heavily striate with somewhat yellowish silvery double striae; somewhat irregu-
larly striate, but as heavily on outer as on basal part of wing. Fringe very pale
brownish, practically concolorous with the striae; with an orange basal line cut
with white; hind wing white, shaded with pale wood-brown. 16-22 mm. (wenzell,
Kearfott ms.).

May. Larva forming a large pitch nodule on Pinus virginiana.
Southern New Jersey to Virginia.

8. R. albicapitana Heinrich. Light reddish brown. Head and front of thorax
cream white; base of tegulse and rest of thorax orange. Fore wing with striae
a mixture of silver and lead-gray, leaving a larger area of the ground free at
end of cell; some black on ccstal edge, and black dusting on the striae. Fringe lead
gray with black basal line. Hind wing dark. 16-19 mm.

Larva in young branches of Pinus divaricata.

Fort William, Ontario, to Wisconsin and Saskatchewan.

9. R. gemistrigulana Kearfott. Black, with most of surface covered with pairs
of pale gray striae, about 16 in all. Thorax gray with blackish collar; hind wing
lighter brownish gray. 18 mm.

The larva bores in slender shoots of Pinus virginiana, the infested shoots being
marked in the winter by a ring of pitch.
North Carolina and south; in May.

10. R. picicolana Dyar. Head and front of collar rusty ochreous; thorax and
abdomen light brown. Fore wing mottled and strigose in two shades of gray;
outer margin and fringe dark, cut with white at anal angle. Base of costa darker;
a round blackish spot on inner margin before anal angle and a patch* along the
outer margin from the costa nearly to the anal angle, with regularly curved inner
boundary. Hind wing dark gray with white fringe. (Male not seen.) 30 mm.
( Eucosma Dyar ) .

Larva in a pitch mass on trunk of Abies.
Wisconsin to Washington.

21. PROTEOTERAS Riley

Thorax tufted. Fore wing tufted; outer margin with a notch, and Mj to Cut
closely approximated, except in P. claypoleana, where the emargination is slight;
accessory cell and venation otherwise normal; costal fold absent. Hind wing with
a black area of sex scaling near the costal margin, except in P. claypoleana where
there is perhaps a slight suggestion of thicker scaling.

Valve characteristic, with a series of long, flattened, blunt spines on the outer
face of the sacculus, near the margin, continuous with the usual marginal spines,
and very weak in P. claypoleana, where they are about as in C. ratzeburgiana.
Socii short and stout, finger-like, with a long hair pencil; gnathos free, as in
Eucosma.

The known larvae all bore in petioles and twigs of Sapindacese; in fact, that is

440 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

the principal reason for putting /'. rlaypolcaim in this yciins ratlier than in Char-
lotta. Most of the moths are scaled with green.

Key to the species

1. Ground nearly white 7. obnigrana.

1. Ground gray or greenish.

2. A blackish angulate bar from middle of costa to end of cell, and thence to

apex 3. crescentana.

2. No continuous heavy dark bar.

3. Costa and speculum white 4. naracana.

3. Without broad areas of white.

4. Bright green, marbled with black toward base as well as outward; male

without sex-scaling on fore wing 6. moffatiana.

4. Duller green or gray; male with black scaling on fore wing; very little

black at base of wing above.
5. Costa cut with an oblique dark gray fascia at middle; sex-scaling of

fore wing below a small black patch 5. cesculana.

5. Costa evenly powdery dull gray; sex-patch on fore wing below more

diffuse, fuscous 2. willingana.

4. A black dash in basal two-fifths of fold; no black sex-scaling.

1. claypoleana.

1. P. claypoleana Riley. Pale brownish gray, shaded heavily with sage green.
Inner half toward base green, with a well-defined outer boundary, crossed by a
black dash, which fades out at base; a black bar at base of inner margin. A green
shade from tip of basal area to below apex, crossed by one from middle of costa
almost to anal angle; both irregular and diffuse, and shaded with blackish where
they meet; the blackish area extending outwardly almost to the outer margin.
Hind wing mouse gray, with pale fringe. 16 mm. (Epinotia, Enarmonia) .

This is the most primitive species of the series, having very slight wing-tufting,
and the notch at the wing margin indistinct; but its appearance and larval habits
place it here. The sex-scaling is present on the parts of the fore and hind wing
which overlap, but it is concolorous and hardly visible.

Typically the young larva bores in the petioles of expanding leaves of buckeye;
then deserts them, and feeds on the withered leaves; sometimes also in the flower.

Mississippi Valley.

2. P. willingana Kearfott. Pale dull gray, with a faint green tint showing
under the lens; shaded and mottled with contrasting dark shades. Wing-tufts
well marked; notch on outer margin strong. Fore wing with an area of fuscous
scales beneath, from Sc to R4; hind wing with black scales on upper surface above
the hair pencil on^y; below, with a black costal streak almost reaching from base
to apex. 16 mm.

June. Larva forming a gall in twig of Negundo, in May.
Maryland to western Canada and Kansas.

3. P. crescentana Kearfott. Dull light gray, with a contrasting blackish band
which runs from middle of costa to end of cell, then turns abruptly, running to
the apex; half as wide at apex as at middle of costa. Sex-scaling slight, at
middle of costa of hind wing above and below. 17 mm.

June. Larva with P. willingana in box-elder.
Maryland to Iowa.

4. P. naracana Kearfott. Fore wing rather smoothly light olive green, with
some black and brown toward apex. Costa with a broad and irregular white area,
tapering to a point at apex; speculum mostly white. Sex-scaling on under side
of fore wing at middle of costa slight; hind wing without black scales, but with
a heavy brown hair pencil on upper side. 16-20 mm.

End of May to June.

Western Pennsylvania to Ohio.

5. P. cesculana Riley. Darker olive green, more or less mottled with yellow
and gray, and with some small black markings. The most distinct gray areas
being a darker fascia from middle of costa toward anal angle, becoming diffuse
below, and a shade running to apex; often with a fine longitudinal black streak
at their junction. Fore wing below with black sex-scaling in a contrasting patch
a third the length of the wing; hind wing with sex-streak, below, lying well away
from costa; above, with one on each side of the costal hair pencil. 12-18 mm.

June. The larva bores in the tender terminal twigs of maple and buckeye, in
May, causing them to wither.

The distribution is uncertain, as a large part of the records for the genus have
been reported under this name. The species appears to be general. New York:
Ithaca.

6. P. moffatiana Fernald. Bright green, mottled with black, heavily on basal
third and in the form of a curved band from middle of costa to apex. Sex-scaling
only along costal edge of hind wing, below; hair pencil concolorous and incon-
spicuous.

June. Larva in petioles of maple.

Canada to Pennsylvania. New York: Ilion, Lancaster, East Aurora, Ithaca,
Big Indian Valley.

7. P. obnigrana Heinrich. Fore wing dull white, with olivaceous basal patch, a
fascia from middle of costa to anal angle, and a shade below costa near apex. A
thin black line from apex to near middle of wing, curving as in P. cesculana. Sex-
scaling of male diffuse, on under side of both wings, dark and fairly conspicuous.
16 mm.

Dublin, New Hampshire; type only known.

22. GRETCHINA Heinrich
(Thiodia; Proteopteryx, in part)

Thorax with dorsal tufts; fore wing with more or less distinct tufts or
transverse ridges, at least in the fold. Outer margin concave, normally strongly
notched, with Mj to Cua closely approximate at margin; R4 and R<s stalked or
separate; R, from middle of cell; Cu2 sinuate; costal fold absent. Hind wing
with R and Mt approximate. Fore wing gray, largely formed of a mixture of
black and white, with a characteristic cusped black mark, more or less suggestive
of a bird's beak, below the apex.

Valve simple; cucullus moderate; spiued area reduced and lateral and anal
spines strong; sacculus densely hairy on outer side. Uncus absent; socii markedly
chitinized, triangular, porrected; gnathos reduced and partly fused with socii.

This genus is well marked superficially, really resembling only the Catastegas;
but in the forms with R4 and R5 separate, the only real diagnostic characters are
in the genitalia.

Key to the species

1. R4 and R6 stalked (fig. 260); tufting stronger as a rule.

2. Hind wing white on basal half, contrasting with the blackish fore wing.

3. watchungana,.

2. Hind wing darker, pale only when fore wing is equally pale.
3. Gray without any brown tint.

4. Fringe with 3 or 4 light and dark bars at apex; otherwise mostly pale;

a pale species 5. deludana.

4. Fringe with a single, strongly contrasting, oblique black liar in apex; a
dark species with mouse-gray hind wing 0. bolliana.

442 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

3. Outer part of wing shading to ferruginous brown 4. dulciana.

1. R4 and R-, separate; hind wing not white.

2. Dark basal area complete to costa 1. amatana.

2. Subcostal region pale to base, cutting off the darker basal area.

2. delicatana.

1. G. amatana Heinrich (Kearfott ms.). R« and Rr, approximate; R5 to Ma
markedly curved; M, associated with the notch (unlike Kxentera). Blackish,
shaded with whitish, the dorsum beyond the antemedial band tending to show a
rounded or broad triangular pale (whitish) patch, suggesting that of Epinotia, timi-
della. Speculum of two very broad and dull bars, with a narrow line of the ground
between them, often obscure, but normally pale, very often separated from the
central patch by a distinct blackish bar. Fringe dark and obscurely barred, the
longitudinal line in it usually more distinct. Hind wing dark gray, as in G. bolliana.
18 mm.

Moth locally common on tree trunks, in May and early June.
Forest Hilis, Massachusetts, and south. New York: Ithaca, Crosby (Yates
County ) . McLean.

2. G. delicatana Heinrich. Similar to G. amatana. Fore wing with R, and Rr,
connate. Fore wing narrower, with the powdering more whitish gray, extending
along the costal and subcostal region to the base, cutting off the darker basal
patch; a tendency to a nearly continuous dark line from apex to upper side of
cell, without the subterminal spot or hook of G. amatana. Hind wing paler toward
base. 15 mm.

April and May.

New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

3. G. watchungana Kearfott. R4 and R5 very shortly stalked; fore wing a little
rough scaled. Blackish gray, in some lights shot with brown, especially at apex;
irregularly mottled with whitish. Costa with fine irregular oblique striation;
inner margin with coarser and rougher oblique streaks and bands; with two
strong pale streaks at middle of inner margin, lusing into a vague patch, as a rule;
but when distinct, with the outer one decidedly shorter than the more basal.
8peculum pale, a mixture of white and dull silver, with some black scales. Apex
black, preceded by two strong white striae on costa. Fringe with a broad gray
line, breaking up toward anal angle, and cut with white below apex. Hind wing
white, shaded with fuscous outwardly and on veins, with pale fringe. 15 mm.
(Thiodia).

May.

New Jersey to Pennsylvania.

4. G. dulciana Heinrich. Similar to G. watchungana, with the same contrasting
pale speculum ; ground more ferruginous brown, especially on the outer half of
wing. Hind wing dark smoky. 14 mm.

June and July.

New Jersey and Maryland.

5. G. deludana Clemens. Tufts more distinct than in the preceding species, much
weaker than in G. bolliana, the outer part of Cu2 with a tuft like the others.
Similar to G. bolliana, but with the ground more crisply powdered with white,
and the brown areas small and crisply dusted with the yellowish scale-tips;
blackish shades not obvious, but black lines strong; antemedial evenly concave
up to the cell and then abruptly ending; the dorsal half of the base, when dark-
ened, with an even straight upper boundary, not extended by an antemedial spur;
black bar in end of cell not as strong as the one just beyond it, connected with
the "bird-beak" marking; lower line of the "bird-beak" marking usually firie,
and curved parallel to the antemedial line, and reaching down to the anal vein.
Hind wing paler than that of bolliana,, whitish at base. 15 mm.

Mai. Found in similar idaces to G. amalana and the Cataste«a».

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 443

New Hampshire, to Plummer's Island, Maryland. New York: Crosby (Yates
County).

6. G. bolliana Slingerland. R4 and R, stalked halfway to apex; tufts at and
along base of Cu2, a second obliquely in and below this one on fold and anal
vein, and on inner edge of speculum. Fore wing powdery gray, suffused with black
on basal third below fold, as far as the first tuft, sometimes sending a spur up
across the cell near the base; a black area in outer part of cell, bounded above by
a black bar along upper edge of cell, and a blackish crescent, convex up, covering
the bird-beak marking, and connected by a narrow black bar to the apex of the
fringe. Upper part of face blackish, overhung by a large gray tuft between
antennae; lower face gray. 18 mm.

Caterpillar injurious to pecan in the South; moth flying northward in September
and southward in April.

New Jersey to Wisconsin, Florida, and Texas. "New York" (Kearfott).

23. EXENTERA Grote
(With Thiodia, in part)

Similar to Gretchina; fore wings smooth (figs. 256, 261).

Cucullus normal; anal indentation with short black spines; no strong lateral
spines; anal spines weak. Socii as in Hulda.

The genus is close to both Gretchina and Thiodia, and the species which have
R« and RB separate differ from Thiodia only in their genitalia and appearance.
They are narrow -winged forms that mostly fly in the early spring (whence the
name of the type species). While the genus is easily recognized, after a little
practice, the species are very close and not all are surely distinct.

1. E. maracana Kearfott. Notch well-marked. Fore wing whitish gray; dark
basal patch extending a quarter of the length of the wing on costa and inner
margin, and running out in a right angle at middle; a blackish shade extending
out from middle of base; an oblique dark fascia from middle of costa to inner
margin at anal angle, with a brown shade crossing it in the middle. Median
area also shaded with light brown. A large horizontal triangular dark spot
below costa, its base resting on costa and apex on outer margin; speculum
with or without a few black dots; costo-apical white spots conspicuous; fringe
blackish outwardly. Hind wing light smoky brown. 13-16% mm.

End of March to April.

Cincinnati, Ohio; western Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca, McLean.

2. E. improbana Walker. R4 and R8 normally barely stalked. Fore wing normally
nearly immaculate gray, often with a strong purplish or greenish iridescence, or
duller fuscous gray without contrasts; the antemedial line marked as the boundary
of the darker base, more oblique on the dorsal half than in E. spoliana, and usually
straight or evenly and gently curved. 18-20 mm. (cressoniana Clemens, apriliana
Grote).

The moth flies in early spring and is sometimes very common. The various
forms seem more or less constant locally, and would represent distinct strains.
Larva on hickory and perhaps apple (another species?).

Eastern States : exact distribution uncertain on account of confusion with the
following species; the race oregonana extending west to the Pacific.

3. E. spoliana Clemens. Typically gray, with strong whitish contrasts ; a blackish
area before antemedial line, and one on inner margin before anal angle ; the
antemedial line on dorsal half of wing normally strongly excurved or waved, and
more erect in general course. The commoner form with strong reddish shades,
at least over costal half of wing. Genitalia distinct from those of E. improbana.
18 mm. (haracana Busck, not Kearfott).

444 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Caterpillar on chestnut, rolling the tip of the leaf. Moth in early spring, locally
very common.

Northeastern States : exact distribution uncertain.

4. E. haracana Kearfott. R4 and R5 not stalked. Head and thorax blackish.
Fore wing blackish with obscure coarse violet-gray striae; becoming finer paired
whitish ones at costa. An irregular black line from outer part of cell to apex,
evanescent under high magnification. Speculum composed of two long lead-gray
bars, the outer one broken; filled with clay -colored powdering, which also covers
the region above it, below the dash. Three or four black bars in speculum. Fringe
with faint longitudinal lines; the dash in the apex obscure. Hind wing rather
pale. 15 mm. (faracana Kearfott?)

I have seen no decent material of this species; some specimens determined as
faracana appear to show the longitudinal black streak in the axis of the wing.
New Jersey ; Pennsylvania ; Missouri ?

5. E. costomaculana Clemens. Fore wing light pinkish ochreous or cream color,
paler about the edge of the dark patch; a few scattered black scales. A large
rounded brown patch, extending down from middle of costa, sharply defined below,
but somewhat diffuse above and shading into the pale ground. Patch shaded
with black. Fringe grayer than ground, dark at apex. 16 mm.

This species and the next differ from the similarly marked Epinotias in the
pale base of the fore wing.

Common and general in distribution, April and May.

New York: Gowanda, Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Portage, Crosby (Yates
County), Ithaca.

6. E. virginiana Clemens. Closely similar to E. costomaculana but averaging
a little larger; ground light violet-gray, shaded with brown, especially below
apex; not paler than hind wing. Patch rather darker brown than in E. costo-
maculana. Speculum indicated by well-marked black dots in the brown outer
shade. 18 mm.

April and May.

Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca, Pearl River, Albany.

24. GYPSONOMA Meyrick
(Epinotia, Hedya, in part)

Fore wing with apex rather marked, but not distinctly falcate, usually marked
by an ocellate apical spot; outer margin concave, but more broadly than in the
preceding genera; in //. haimbachiana. suggesting Anchylopera ; M, to M3 slightly
approximate at margin; R, arising from cell at middle: R., halfway between Rj
and R3; accessory cell short, commencing before the point of separation of R2;
Cu2 straight; no costal fold. Hind wing with R and M, stalked. (Fig. 274).

Valve club-shaped; cucullus moderate; clasper riidimentary ; anal indentation
smooth; sacculus sparsely hairy. Uncus wanting; socii as in Charlotta, articu-
lated on a stem, the gnathos partly fused with them.

1. G. fasciolana Clemens. White, shaded with gray toward outer margin; a
few black scales in position of speculum. Outer part of costa dark gray, crossed
by paired white striae. Base blackish, the outer boundary oblique outward and
a little convex; a broad fascia of the same color from middle of costa to before
anal angle. 15 mm. This is very similar in markings to some species of Exartema
and Olethreutes, but may be distinguished by the stalked M3 and Cu, of the
hind wing as well as by the lack of the fold on the inner margin in the male.
There is a good deal of variation in the details of markings and the species
should probably be divided. This species and the next represent Meyrick's genus
Gypsonoma, but there do not seem to be any really tangible characters. (Epinotia
auct., Anchylopera Clemens; blakeana Grote. )

Jubr.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 445

A northern species, ranging from Nova Scotia to Manitoba, and south to Penn-
sylvania. New York: Peru, McLean, Karner, and New Windsor.

2. G. substitutionis Heinrich. Blackish. Head grayish fuscous; fore wing with
a moderately broad white median area, its inner margin regularly excurved and
outer margin outwardly oblique and a little irregular; outer part of costa with
four pairs of white striae; the first and third pairs lying at the commencement of
irregular excurved lead -colored bands, which approach and become broader- toward
inner margin, forming the speculum. Speculum enclosing a few black dots or
bars. Fringe dark, with a blackish basal line. Hind wing dark. 12 mm.

July.

Manitoba; New York: Ithaca.

This is the American representative of G. incarnana, and may stand as it in
some collections, but as a rule that name has been used for specimens of the
transmissana group of Epiblema.

3. H. haimbachiana Kearfott. Dull gray, less brownish than H. salicicolana.
Basal third blackish and strongly contrasting toward inner margin, becoming
lighter toward ccsta, its outer boundary angled at Cu, often forming nearly a
right angle. Often with a slight gray shade, but little darker than the general
color, from middle of costa to inner margin, three-fourths way out, bent some-
what at middle, and somewhat irregular, twice as wide at inner margin as at costa;
also with some vague striation. Apical dot black, contrasting, but a little
blurred; line in fringe distinct toward costa. Concavity on outer margin a little
shallower and broader than in H. salieicolana. 15 mm. (Epinotial Kearfott).

June to August. Superficially H. haimbachiana is rather like Rhopobota ilici-
foliana, but it is easily distinguished by the shallower notch in the margin as
well as by the free R* and R5, and the lack of sex-scaling.

New Jersey to Wisconsin and southern Ohio.

4. H. salicicolana Clemens. Notch well marked and well above middle of wing.
'Dull gray -brown, when fresh with a slight purple gloss; the basal third con-
trastingly darker, obscurely mottled, the outer two-thirds sometimes frosted with
whitish; outer boundary of dark base strongly outcurved at middle. A dark
streak from costa beyond middle to middle of wing at two -thirds way to apex,
sharply bent there, and very obscurely continued to inner margin. Dark apical
dot obscure, preceded by a pale stria; dark line in fringe obscure below, distinct
toward costa. 12 mm. (Epinotia,, Hedya; saliciana Clemens).

June. Larva a leaf roller on willow; also in "pine-cone" gall.
New Hampshire to Pennsylvania, and probably generally distributed. New York :
Ithaca.

25. ZEIRAPHERA Treitschke

• (Epinotia, in part)

Thorax and fore wing smooth. Fore wing (fig. 253) with outer margin evenly
excurved, the veins not at all approximate at margin. R4 and R3 sometimes con-
nate, not stalked; Cu2 slightly bent 'up toward margin; no costal fold.

Valve sickle-shaped; anal indentation densely spined; cucullus large; sacculus
reduced, not strongly spined, but practically always with a series of bristles
homologous with the enlarged ones of Proteoteras, but far less conspicuous. Uncus
rudimentary; socii broad, triangular; gnathos free, weak.

This is a homogeneous genus, and perhaps more primitive than its position
would appear to indicate, as it closely resembles the species of Epinotia which
have a similar wing form. P. claypoleana is put in this genus by Heinrich, but
differs markedly in wing form, and I would put more weight on the characteristic
larva than on the small difference in genitalia.

446 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Key to the species

1. Costal half brown, contrasting with the pale dorsal half; the boundary on

middle of wing sharply defined, forming a rounded lobe.
2. Base of inner margin below fold contrasting pale gray, sharply separated

from the black-brown costal portion 4. Epinotia lindana.

2. Base of inner margin concolorous, or gradually shading into the light

red-brown costal portion 3. Epinotia septembcrana.

1. Costal half not contrastingly dark.
2. No silvery fasciae.

3. Whitish gray with oblique darker pattern. . . 23. Thiodia tarandana.

3. Ground not whitish.

4. With broad areas of yellow-brown 3. ratzeburgiana.

4. At most, dusted with yellow-brown.

5. Expanse 10 mm.; blackish with dirty white striation.

1. Epinotia nanana.
5. Expanse 15 mm.; base of fringe cut with white.

6. Blackish with ash-gray striation . . . : 1. diniana.

6. With white fasciae and striations 2. fortunana.

3. Conspicuous bright silver fasciae 2. Epinotia, cruciana.

1. Z. diniana Guenee. Ash gray, powdery-strigose in two shades; fore wing
with antemedial line right-angled in middle of wing, defining the darker base;
a fascia from costa, just beyond middle, to anal angle; a little irregular, and
widening slightly to inner margin ; clearly defined below, but sometimes connected
at costa to the dark base and outer margin by blackish suffusion. Outer margin
dark shaded, with this shade not forming a definite fascia. Fringe cut with
white twice below apex, and twice at anal angle. Hind Aving somewhat browner.
18 mm. (pinicolaua Zeller, pseiidotsuflana Kearfott).

August. LarA-a green-gray, with black head, dark brown cervical shield, and
dark tubercles, between needles spun together of various conifers; fir, larch, and
others. Pupa in the ground.

Arctic -alpine; Mt. Washington, New Hampshire, and north. "New York"
(Fernald).

2. Z. fortunana Kearfott. Black -brown, sometimes dusted with wood -brown ;
with a broken double white fascia at base; an irregular but strong and complete
excurved fascia just before middle; irregular white markings outwardly, the most
distinct usually a fascia starting from costa at three -fourths way to apex and
running two-thirds way across to anal angle, with a patch on outer margin at
its lower end. A few additional white strias at costa. Black basal line in fringe
cut with white at fold and anal agio. Hind wing mouse gray. 15 mm.

End of June to July.
Ottawa, Ontario.

3. Z. ratzeburgiana Saxesen (in Ratzeburg). Yellow -brown, or light wood-
brown; antemedian band dark brown, and defining a darker base, sharply angled
at lower side of cell, and bent in, in cell; oiltwardly, w,ith a fascia from middle
of costa to anal angle, wider above; normally broken into three toward costa,
and sometimes crossed by a black bar along lower side of cell. With a shade
of mixed black and dark brown, extending obliquely down from apex, often pre-
ceded by a white snade and followed on middle of outer margin by a white stria.
A dark brown line in fringe. This moth is variable in details of markings.
12 mm.

Larva webbing together the terminal needles of spruce in early spring. Pupa-
tion outside the nest. Moth in July and August.

Ottawa, Ontario, to Washington, and probably general where its food plant
occurs; also in Europe.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 447

26. PSEUDOGALLERIA Ragonot

Palpi porrect, clavate; the tip formed by the third joint but markedly set off
only in rubbed specimens. Thorax tufted. No sexual modifications. Fore wing
with all veins separate, and evenly spaced at margin; wing rather long and
narrow, as in Thiodia; apex marked; outer margin with a strong concavity center-
ing on Mj and M2; R2 arising from discal cell. Hind wing normal, with R and
Mx approximate, M2 close to M3 at origin, M3 connate or shortly stalked with Cu^

Eighth segment of abdomen somewhat chitinized and modified. Valve simple.
Uncus and socii absent. Gnathos weak.

An isolated genus. The wing form and the modification of the eighth segment
suggest Hystrichophora, but in the remaining genitalic structures there is no
likeness.

1. P. inimicella Zeller. Dull gray, more or less shaded with brown; the notch
in the margin edged with a brown band. Costa heavily shaded with blackish.
Hind wing practically concolorous. 13-20 mm.

June. Apparently rare. Larva boring in rootstocks of Smilax.

New Jersey to Manitoba and Texas. New York : Ithaca.

27. HY8TRICHOPHORA Walsingham

Fore wing similar to Pseudogalleria ; Accessory cell normal.

Male genitalia with eighth segment of abdomen modified. Valves asymmetrical;
a strong dorsal process arising from the upper articulation of the valve and
extending out parallel to it; cucullus and sacculus not denned. Uncus long
strong, triangular, bifid; socii and gnathos absent.

Three species of this genus are likely to occur in the territory considered.
H. vestaliatia Zeller is white with black points, and is known from Iowa;
H. ochreicostana Walsingham is brown and yellow, and has been taken in Missouri
and west; H. kokana Kearfott, a smoky species with contrasting pale border,
occurs to the southward.

28. EPISIMUS Walsingham

(Enarmonia Walsingham and Durrant, in part)

Similar to Thiodia, but with M3 and CUj of hind wing connate (fig. 262) instead
of stalked. . Fore wing smooth, with all veins free.

A transitional genus, connecting the Eucosmini and Olethreutini.

1. E. argutanus Clemens. Costa thickened, but not folded, in male. Dull red-
dish or grayish brown, the color made up of fine mottling in wood-brown, gray-
brown, and blackish, overlaid when fresh with purple. Costa shaded with black-
ish along middle; speculum confused, dark gray toward base of wing, paler out-
wardly, and more brown in the upper part, where there are a couple of black
dots. 13 mm. (B'actra Clemens).

May. Larva on various shrubs, especially Rhus and Hamamelis; on Euphorbia
in the south. The larva lives between two leaves sewed together, or rolls a leaf
into a cone. ( Possibly Catastega hamameliella Clemens ) .

New York to Florida. New York: Speculator, Crosby (Yates County), Ithaca,
New York City.

2. E. tyrius Heinrich. Whitish gray, tinted with ochre, and shading into
orange ochre and reddish toward outer margin. Costal part on basal half dark
brown, contrasting, the boundary sharp toward base, and strongly curving down
in antemedial region, diffuse outward. Hind wing dark gray. 12-15 mm.

Larva on maple, with nearly the habits of E. argutanus.
Long Island, New York to Mississippi.

448 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

29. OLETHHEUTES Hiibner
(Argyroploce; Penthina; Sericoris; Eucosma, in part, etc.)

Palpi porrect (fig. 281), clavate or triangular, with short porrect third joint.
Thorax tufted behind; fore wing smooth or with slight tufts or ridges at end
of cell and near base of inner margin. Fore wing (fig. 266) with all veins free
and well spaced at the margin, which is evenly rounded, M2 a little spaced from
Ms and Cut at origin; no costal fold. Hind wing with R and Mj approximate or
stalked; M2 distinctly separate from M3, but rarely as widely as in Laspeyresia
(0. hebesaiia) ; M3 and CUj connate, rarely stalked, or very slightly separate.
Inner margin in male thickened and variously folded or rolled up; sometimes with
a lobe as in Exartema, but if so, with the lobe concealed in the fold, and quite
small; usually with a hair pencil. No thickening or dense scaling except on dor-
sal margin. Hind tibia of male with a hair pencil arising from base (rather
fragile, and lost in rubbed specimens) but without long dense hair. Rarely, the
dorsal fold or tibial hair pencil are rudimentary, but never both in the same
species.

This is a large and well-defined genus (at least in the male) from which. Phav
casiophora is derived; it is closely related also to Cymolomia and, to judge
by the occasional occurrence of a free lobe on the inner margin, is perhaps derived
from it; more probably it is heterogeneous, composed partly of older and partly
of newer species than Cymolomia. Bactra is also considered related, but lacks
the thoracic tuft. The male is easily distinguished; the female is like that of
Cymolomia and Phaecasiophora, but can be distinguished from other genera by the
combination of tufted thorax, practically smooth wings, approximate R and M1;
and M2 shortly but distinctly separate from M3 and Cuv Ecdytolopha and
Gymnandrosoma have nearly the same combination of characters, and are united
to it by Walsingham and Durrant, but M2 is more widely separated, the palpi are
smooth, and the general appearance is different.

Key to the species

1. Fore wing dark, with moderate, clearly-defined white costal patch.

2. Patch a third the length of the wing, its edge sharply defined and even.

33. chionosema.

2. Patch less than a quarter length of wing, irregular -or diffuse on the lower
outer side.

3. Patch pink 31. roseomaculana.

3. Patch white 32. costimaculana

1. Fore wing whitish with dark shade toward middle of costa 30. albeolana.

1. Median area evenly yellow, contrasting.

2. Outer part of wing almost evenly purple-black 39. ochromediana.

2. Outer part of wing with darker, pale-defined patches ( " Cymolomia pat-
tern " ) 38. osmundana.

1. Median area with a large, evenly colored patch of greenish or olive-gray.
2. Patch on inner margin, between two black patches.

3. Base and middle of costa pale 35. griseoalbana.

3. Base and middle of costa blackish 34. impudens.

2. Patch not resting on inner margin; outer part of wing deep rose.

36. malachitana.

1. Ground yellow and yellow-brown or yellow-brown and black-brown, separated
by brilliant blue metallic lines or series of dots.

2. Ground two shades of dark brown; small ( 12 mm.) 19. coronana.

2. Paler portion of ground ochre yellow; large (18 mm.)

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 449

3. Hind wing beneath dark, concolorous with fore wing 16. coruscana.

3. Hind wing beneath contrastingly pale, somewhat darkened at costa only.

4. Hind wing below all pale; wings rounded 18. astrologana.

4. Costa of hind wing below darkened; hind wing more or less quadrate,
with the outer margin at an angle to the dorsal and outer margin

of fore wing nearly straight 17. constellatana.

1. Fore wing with base dark gray, contrasting with the whitish apical third or

half.
2. Outer boundary of gray area, located near middle of wing, diffuse and

farther out on costa than on inner margin (Ecdytolopha islandana.)

2. Outer boundary clean-cut, more transverse, and farther out.

3. Smaller, ground of apical part pinkish; outer boundary of dark base
usually striking inner margin well before anal angle; often followed

by a separate blackish stria 27. separatana.

3. Larger; ground pure or cream white; outer boundary running almost to
anal angle, the stria being sometimes traceable, but fused in with the
blackish base.

4. Apical white ground extended as a hook in apex of cell, partly outlining
a black dot in lower angle of cell.

5. Expanse over 18 mm 23. capreana.

5. Expanse 15 mm.; apical white region less sharply denned.

22. apateticana.
4. No white hook in end of cell, and usually no obvious black dot in

lower angle.

5. Outer boundary of black area distinctly excurved at middle; sub-
apical gray streak small 25. nimbatana.

5. Outer boundary of blackish area nearly straight and erect, the apical
markings dusted with black, instead of being 'smoothly gray.

6. Dorsal half of pale apex suffused with gray 26. tertiana.

6. Apical region almost wholly clay-color 28. montanana.

5. Outer boundary of blackish area drawn in at cell, with a well-
marked notch, surrounded with black.

6. Eyes reduced 21. frigidana.

6. Eyes large; a large mottled species 24. youngana.

1. Fore wing with ante- and postmedial costal spots on a blackish ground; eyes

small 6. mengelana,.

1. Fore wing with a clear white antemedial fascia, sometimes lightly scaled
with gray, or with whole middle costal area suffused with white, and the
fascia distinct only toward inner margin; eyes large.
2. Blackish median fascia only narrowly reaching costa, or falling short;

very broad at inner margin 29. duplex.

2. Median fascia broad at middle, tapering strongly to costa and inner margin.

15. aspasiana.
2. Blackish median fascia of nearly even width, and on costa about a fourth

as wide as length of wing.

3. Apical portion of tegular and bands on disc of thorax white.. 3. carolana.
3. Thorax and tegulae blackish.

4. Postmedial fascia forking, and enclosing a triangular blackish dorsal
spot (the inner fork gray, only the outer one white) dark markings

overlaid with slender yellow scales 5. campestrana.

4. Median area solid blackish; no triangular patch cut off on its outer

side.

5. Fore wing broader, the blackish median fascia normally nearly
twice as high as wide, median area with large lead-gray flecks.

1. bipartitana.

15

450 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

f>. Fore wing narrower. the median fascia almost as wide as high,

median area not Hooked witli lead-gray.

0. White disoal dot obvious, connected with postmedial line and
flanked above and below with black teeth, as in Cymohprnia.

4. polluxana.

0. White discal dot obsolescent, not connected with postmedial white;
the postmedial line nearly straight opposite cell.

2. fuscalbana, 3. carolana.

1. With antemedial fascia yellowish, gray-filled, or dull lead-gray; less con-
trasting, on a dark brown ground; sometimes reduced to costal and dorsal
groups of striae.
2. Fascia yellowish, not shining.

3. Median dark area about of equal width throughout 14. instrutana.

3. Median dark area half as wide at cost a and inner margin as at middle.

If), {ispaswna.
2. Fascia lead-gray, or replaced by shining strhc.

.'!. Expanse !(>• mm. Fascia, when complete, of throe or four partly fused

stria;.
4. Ground mostly dark brown.

5. Brown terminal dots in base of fringe 9. scptentrionana.

5. No such marking 8. intermistana.

4. Ground overlaid with tawny yellow 10. schulziama.

3. Expanse 10 mm. Fascia of two striae 11. abietcma.

2. Fascia hiteous, but outlined with faint silver 20. major.

1. Ground even rich dark brown, with narrow darker median fascia.

2. Fascia obscure, Cu2 normal 49. infuscata

2. Fascia clean.-cut, Cu2 arising three-fourths way out on cell. . . .41. hemidesma.
\. With " Cymolomia pattern." S3

2. Small; ground whitish or suffused with dull gray 34. impudens.

2. Ground rusty orange, marked with dull red; discal dot white.

( Phcecasiophora niveiguttana. )
2. Dull rose, shading into hiteous; a black longitudinal dash in outer part of

wing 37. interruptolineana.

2. Dark wood-brown, the subterminal and lower end of the median patch

markedly triangular 48. nulnlana-.

1. Markings dark, dull, and confused, without a clean-cut subterminal patch;
lead-gray marks, if present, not gathering into antemedial fascia; no white or
pale colors.
2. Fore wing all of dull colors (or with some slightly shining scales irregularly

distributed).
3. Clear powdery ash-gray; scales bicolored.

4. Individual scales gray and fine white tips 13. rcmovana.

4. Individual scales black with white bars 12. deceptana.

3. Not clear powdery gray; the powdering, if present, yellow; individual

scales unicolored.

4. Lighter markings composed of paired lead-gray striae and yellow scaling;
larger forms.

5. Fringe with brown dots in its base 9. septentriotiana.

5. No brown dots in base of fringe 8. intermistana.

4. Fore wing with metallic scaling, if present, in broad areas; no yellow
scaling.

33 Ground of a lighter shade, usually brown; the markings mostly clean-cut, finely
pale outlined, outwardly consisting of a strongly irregular median fascia, sometimes
interrupted.; an oblique subterminal spot resting oil the middle of the outer margin,
and a subtriangular spot at the anal angle, all rather evenly colored in a darker shade;
tne subterminal patch alone of these really distinct in interrnptolineanu.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 451

5. Ground purple-black, not darker at middle of costa .... 43. daeckeana.
5. Ground brownish, with a blackish shade at middle of costa.

42. hebesana.
5. Lighter dull fuscous with a vague transverse luteous band.

40. murina.
2. Fore wing with some brilliant blue iridescence.

3. With a well-defined, vertical, blue-gray bar before anal angle.
4. Sparsely dusted with ochre.

5. Head light ochre 46. auricapitana.

5. Head fuscous; only palpi paler.

6. Fringe almost entirely dark 45. agilana.

6. Fringe on costal half of outer margin mostly cream-white.

47. albiciliana.

4. Heavily dusted with cream and whitish 7. turfosana.

3. With a large blue patch before anal angle, ground blackish . . 44. cyanana.

0. conditana is probably confined to California : eastern records are based on
dwarfs of hebesa'na, and specimens of Polychrosis.

1. 0. bipartitana Clemens. Fore tibia with faint pale bands; mid-tibia usually
all black, and hind tibia whitish. Palpus with more fuscous than in 0. fuscalbana.
Fore wing rather less than twice as long as wide; mixed dark shining blue-gray
and black; a white antemedial fascia, with some black scales, a sixth as wide as
length of wing, erect and of even width, its boundaries slightly irregular. Beyond
this a blackish fascia, slightly broadening toward inner margin, reaching out to
end of cell. The rest of wing white, shaded with gray on the apical half, more
or less, or with a separate gray margin and subterminal patch. Costal edge gray,
with paired white striae. Hind wing typically whitish, gray in variety ccesialbana
Zeller; fringe whitish. 10 mm. (Antithesia Clemens).

May and June; August.

Common everywhere. Xew York: Xorth Elba, Fentons (Lewis County), Oswego,
Jamestown, Rock City ( Cattaraugus County ) , Millerville, Otto, McLean, Ithaca,
Big Indian Valley, Albany. Ramapo.

2. 0. fuscalbana Zeller. Fore tibia with three heavy white bands; mid-tibia with
two or three weaker ones; palpus heavily mottled with white. Wings slightly
narrower than O. bipartitana: antemedial fascia somewhat narrower, hardly more
than half as wide as the blackish area following it, which is more or less dusted
with broad yellow scales. Apical region more distinctly blackish, especially the
apical dot; subterminal bar conspicuously dark. 15 mm.

June to August: common.

Generally distributed, south to Xorth Carolina. Xew York : Peru, Xorth Twin
Brook (Mt. Marcy), Xewcomb, Peru, Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Ithaca,
Trenton Falls, Fort Edward.

Gypsonoma fasciolana is near this species in appearance, but differs in the
stalking of M3 and Cu,. the wing-form, and the narrower, decidedly oblique median
dark fascia, preceded by a broader and purer white antemedial fascia. Cymolomia
fasciatana has similar tibiae, but the palpi are almost wholly whitish; and the
antemedial fascia is considerably stronger than the postmedian.

3. 0. carolana McDunnough. Tegulse white, with a dark patch at the base;
thorax banded with white. Blackish and olivaceous brown; antemedial white band
slightly irregular; subterminal white band narrow, the terminal area being broadly
suffused with olivaceous brown; anal spot fused in with the dark median area,
with a point of the white color running between them above; two olive-brown
costal spots, sometimes connected by hair-lines with the brown terminal area.
14 mm. (Xot seen.)

June.

Ottawa and Trenton, Ontario.

452 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

4. 0. polluxana McDunnough. Similar to 0. fuscalbana. Ground blackish, with-
out any yellow overscaling. Antemedial fascia about as in 0. fuscalbana; post-
medial more irregular, and broken into by patches of the black ground; the
blackish medial area extending in two strong teeth at the end of the cell with a
white indentation between them. Outer markings almost entirely brown-black and
white, without the gray subterminal band of 0. fuscalbana. 25 mm.

.June and July.

New York to Alberta. New York: North Twin Brook (Mt. Marcy), Peru.

5. 0. campestrana Zeller. Similar to 0. fuscalbana. Ground overlaid with
slender yellow scales. Antemedial band more distinctly made up of two pairs of
fused white striae. Postmedial white band on costal half formed of two pairs of
white striae; below the middle the anterior pair becoming gray and turning abruptly
in to the middle of the inner margin, while the outer pair becomes a broad white
band extending to the anal angle; the two enclosing a triangular blackish patch
between them. Outer part of wing blackish, with strong paired white costal
strise, and a couple of longer white striae, defining the usual subterminal patch. A
white subterminal line toward apex. 15 mm. (dealbana Walshingham, not
Walker).

June. Larva on cherry.

Generally distributed and not rare, but generally confubed with 0. fuscalbana.
New York: Peru, Rock City, Ithaca, Trenton Falls, Albany (New York State
Museum ) .

6. 0. mengelana Fernald. Eyes very small. Ground powdery black on a blue-
gray base; antemedial whitish fascia distinctly composed of a group of three or
four coarse strise, fading out below; postmedial white fascia broad and distinct
toward costa, of two pairs of strise, becoming obscure below the middle of the
wing. Outer margin with the blue-gray dominant. Outer half of fringe cut with
white. 15 mm.

July.

Greenland. This is probably a widespread arctic species, but I have seen no
other specimens.

7. 0. turfosana Herrich-Schaeffer. Fore wing with nearly even, broken, trans-
verse striation of blackish, clay color and lead gray, but with the pale strise more
or less paired, especially at the costal edge. Outer part of wing normally more
heavily shaded with the yellow. A white spot at end of cell, partly defined with
blackish. Fringe blackish, irregularly cut with white. Hind wing dark gray.
16 mm.

June and July.

Labrador ; Maine ; Europe.

8. 0. intermistana Clemens. Blackish gray with a variable amount of yellow
and white scaling. Fore wing with confused paired white or light blue-gray
double striae, cutting up the ground into patches toward the outer margin, but
leaving fairly definite narrow antemedial blackish bands, or with the strise toward
base confined to costal and dorsal edges. Scaling sometimes gathering to form a
pale shade at anal angle. A white discal dot. Fringe black and white. 18 mm.
(lessellana Packard).

August.

Labrador to Alberta; Mt. Washington, New Hampshire.

9. 0. septentrionana Curtis. Blackish brown, somewhat variegated with gray,
leaving a darker oblique fascia as in 0. intermistana; costa with six or seven
pairs of white strise; fringe pale, spotted with brown at the base. Hind wings
apparently variable. 15 mm. (Sciaphila primariana Walker; Penthina fulvi-
frontana Packard ) .

Arctic America south to Labrador.

10. 0. schulziana Fabricius. Fore wing black, heavily overlaid with narrow
bright yellow scales, with somewhat confused and broken paired white strise, the

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 453

subterminal ones not anastomosing as in 0. intermistana, but leaving a clear
postmedial band of the ground. A white spot at end of cell, partly edged with
blackish. Fringe checkered black and white. 18 mm.

The larva is said to feed on pine or Vaccinium.

Europe; also reported from Arctic America.

11. 0. abietana Fernald. Fuscous brown, marked with shining gray. A slight
gray basal facia; a broad antemedial fascia, starting from two pairs of costal
striae. A postmedial fascia, also starting from two pairs of striae, with a small
dark dot between them, its outer side somewhat wavy and its inner side with two
deep notches (above and below the cell), into which run teeth from the brown
median area. (Two pairs of costal striae toward the apex, from which runs a bfoken
irregular subterminal fascia. Hind wing dark. 10 mm. (picece Busck).

Larva on spruce.

Maine to the Western States; generally distributed northward. New York:
Ithaca, Woodmere, Long Island.

12. 0. deceptana Kearfott. Finely dusted with white, gray, and black, the
gray scales white-tipped; no yellow or other colors. Head and thorax concolorous.
Fore wing with costa arched, transversely strigose; base slightly darker, with
excurved irregular outer boundary; median fascia bluntly two-toothed, barely
traceable; the notch between the teeth white-filled, but not forming the definite
spot of the intermistana-grouip. A slight narrow fascia across apex. Hind wing
duller; brownish gray. 18 mm.

June to July.

Peru, New York; Dickinson, Michigan, and westward.

13. 0. removana Kearfott. Ash gray; each scale finely pale-tipped as seen
under a lens; superficially similar to 0. deceptana, but actual ground color much
paler, with faint transverse bands; an oblique band at a fourth way out and one
at middle of costa, and a distincter subterminal bar, sometimes defined with
distinct black striae. Hind wing a little browner. 17-21 mm.

When most distinct, the darker gray shows the Exartema pattern, with sub-
terminal and anal patches, and with median band rather narrow and deeply
dentate on the outer side, but all in shades of ash gray.

New Jersey to Manitoba.

. 14. 0. instrutana Clemens. Dark brown mixed with blackish, heavily overscaled
with rusty ochre; antemedial fascia of a group of broken luteous striae; post-
medial band a double, lead-gray stria, strongly and broadly curved out over mid-
dle of wing, and a little concave toward inner margin. Discal dot pale, well
within the postmedial bands. Three pairs of white striae on costa outwardly; an
oblique lead-gray line across apex and a confused patch at anal angle. Hind
wing dark. 15 mm.

Common and generally distributed. Larva reported on clover and buckeye.
Much like species of Cymolomia, but distinguished ,by the browner color with
yellowish antemedial line and discal dot, and continuous gray postmedial band.
Moth in August.

New York: Peru, Saranac Inn, Newport, Fen tons (Lewis County), Batavia,
Otto, Ithaca, Schenectady, Rhinebeck, New Windsor.

15. 0. aspasiana McDunnough. Similar to 0. instrutana. Dark olivaceous
brown, with a double whitish antemedial fascia, and some whitish scaling at base.
Medial dark area twice as wide at middle as at costa and inner margin, its
outer boundary strongly bowed out at the middle, and scaled there with black.
Snbapical band extending from costa to outer margin, and containing a leaden-
colored patch opposite the cell; anal spot long, narrow, triangular, brown. Apex
also brown, cut off by a silvery streak. 11 mm. (Not seen.)

Early July.
Ottawa, Ontario.

16. 0. coruscana Clemens. Fore wing ochre yellow, marked with bands and

454 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

patches of brown (formed of blackish dusting on an ochre ground), the markings
edged with series of silver-blue raised dots, which form continuous lines on the
outer part of the wing. Basal markings confused; median band broad, not quite
reaching the inner margin, which is yellow with a few black scales; the band
deeply notched on its inner side, at the cell; and opposite cell and on Cu, on the
outer side; a good-sized spot at anal angle; a larger band across apex, and a
small apical spot. Fringe mixed, yellow, brown, and gray, quite variable. Hind
wing fuscous brown; fringe white with a brown line in base; below dark fuscous,
concolorous with fore wing. 10 mm. (aryyroi'lana Zeller).

June and July.

Common and generally distributed south to Pennsylvania. Xew York : Fentons
(Lewis County), Newport, Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Portage, Big Indian
Valley, Albany, Poughkeepsie, Xew Windsor, Xew York City; Lynbrook, Long
Island.

17. 0. constellatana Zeller. A little larger on the average than 0. coruscana;
the black mottling covering the whole surface except on the apical third, and
even there somewhat encroaching on the yellow ground, but leaving at least the
subterminal patch distinct. Hind wing a little paler on the average; whitish
below, strongly contrasting with fore wing. 20 mm.

With 0. coruscana; not quite so common. X'ew York: Otto, Rock City, Portage,
Ithaca, McLean, Trenton Falls, Big Indian Valley, Schenectady.

18. 0. astrologana Zeller. Ochre, almost evenly strigose with blackish on the
basal two-thirds, becoming pale ochreous with light dusting on the apical third.
Blue dots on basal part of wing evenly scattered; on apical part arranged in
three oblique series, which indicate the outer side of the median fascia, and the edges
of the subterminal fascia of corusca/nsi, but with these fasciae no darker than the
ground. Fringe largely ochreous. Hind wing a little lighter than that of corus-
cnna. 10 mm.

Valve l>elow with a rough tubercle in place of a ventral spine.

Illinois; Texas. Xew York: Mt Marcy, Xewcomb.

O. albiciliana approaches this group in the- scattered blue spotting, but is much
darker without any areas of clear yellow, and the hind wing is contrastingly
paler at the base.

19. 0. coronana Kearfott. Closely similar to small specimens of 0. astrologana;
fore wing almost wholly sutfused with black, leaving only some broken ochre fascia;
in postmedial and subterminal regions, especially Unvard costn. 1'2 mm.

•June.

Canada; Trenton Falls, Xew York.

20. 0. major Walsingham. Fuscous, similar in color and wing form to 0. con-
stellatana, but with the pale portions duller. Fore wing with a dull luteous,
erect antemedial fascia, and a parallel postmedial fascia running from two-thirds
of the way out on costa to anal, both evenly edged with slightly brassy or silvery
continuous lines. Outer half of costa with four pairs of pale stria}, the first two
connected with the postmedial fascia, the third free, and the fourth running down
into a rather pale subterminal fascia, which runs out at the middle of the outer
margin. Hind wing fuscous with pale fringe. 22 mm.

July.

Xorthern United States and Canada. Xew York: Xorth Twin Brook (Mt.
Marcy ) .

This species is easily recognized by the faint continuous silvery or pale golden
borders to the pale fascia, visible only in a favorable light. Eastern specimens
are much darker than the typical form from the west coast.

21. 0. frigidana Packard. Basal two-thirds dark gray, with obscure and con-
fluent blackish and fuscous striae and some scattered brown scaling, the outer
boundary oblique from costa at two-thirds way to apex, to just before anal angle,

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 455

running in distinctly to end of cell, and excurved or irregular from there to inner
margin. Outer third white, shaded with blue-gray, and with a few black scales.
Hind wing light fuscous gray. 15-18 mm.

July.

Labrador and White Mountains, New Hampshire, to British Columbia.

The Labrador form has perceptibly smaller eyes than the Mt. Washington race,
and has also more solidly dark palpi and a more contrastingly pale apical third
of the fore wing.

22. 0. apateticana McDunnough. Fore wing with base bro\vn, with scattered
white scales, making a more or less distinct dash through center of wing. Basal
side of white outer part not quite sharply defined, but with a white hook in end
of cell outlining a black dot, as in 0. caprcana and separata-nn. Apex shaded with
brown; a distinct black subapical bar. Anal spot partly cut off from dark base
by whitish scaling. 15 mm. (deceptana McDunnough, not Kearfott). (Not seen).

June.

Meach Lake and Ottawa, Canada.

23. 0. capreana Hiibner. Similar to 0. frigid-ana, but with basal part of fore
wing mottled, rather than striate, the brown and black tending to gather in the
antemedial and medial region, and the intermediate portions typically shaded
with whitish, gathering in two squarish patches on basal half of costa and a
vague shade in base of cell. Outer boundary of the blackish base rather less
indented at end of cell than O. frigid-ana, where the white forms a comma-like hook,
and regularly convex from there to inner margin, (funerea Meyrick).

Typical capreana is European, and appears always to have the pale costal
areas.

Labrador to Duluth. Minnesota, and British Columbia.

24. 0. youngana McDunnough. Similar to O. <-a preana . Costa of fore wing on
basal half heavily shaded with white, leaving a squarish dark antemedial spot.
White apical area strongly angled in at end of cell, and more or less defined with
black, but not extending hooklike around a black dot. 19-20 mm.

July and early August.

Laurentians, Quebec, to New York. New York: Wilmington.

25. 0. nimbatana Clemens. Base solidly dark, a mixture of bluish and brownish
black; apical third white with three or four light gray stria; on costa and a
stronger gray subterminal streak. Outer boundary of the dark base sometimes
regularly excurved. sometimes with a tooth projecting upward at fold, running
from a little beyond the middle of the costa to just before the anal angle; fringe
pale; hind wing light gray, or whitish with light gray border. 1C mm. (H 48:24,
as Platynota flavedana.)

June to August. Common. Larva on rose.

General', at least from New Jersey northward. New York : Ithaca, Albany,
Rhinebeck, Scarsdale.

26. 0. tertiana McDunnough. Base of fore wing purplish brown, dusted with
bright brown, and mottled with darker; a few white antemedial scales. Boundary
of pale outer half oblique and rather irregular. Outer part shaded with bright
brown toward apex; with a dark subapical bar, the region between the inner
margin and the subapical bar largely filled with a grayish shade. 16 mm. (Not
seen. )

June.

Ottawa, Ontario.

27. 0. separatana Kearfott. Fore wing with basal three-fifths, mixed gray
and blackish; the outer boundary nearly straight from costa, rather before two-
thirds, to inner margin, rather beyond two-thirds; followed by blackish spots
at end of cell and on inner margin. Outer third pale pink, shaded with light gray.
Basal half, except on base of inner margin and on middle of costa, also sometimes

456 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

shaded with pale pinkish gray. Hind wing fuscous gray. 13 mm. (O. dimidiana,
auct., not Sodofsky).

May, July, and August. Larva on rose and blackberry.

Hampton, New Hampshire, to Missouri and Arkansas. New York: Ithaca, Big
Indian Valley.

28. 0. montanana Kearfott. Similar to 0. nimbatwiM, the outer boundary of
the dark base erect, nearly straight, and somewhat diffuse. Pale portion duller
and more clay colored.

Ithaca, New York; North Carolina.

29. 0. duplex Walsingham. Base light gray, striate with blackish; the outer
Itoundary oblique on costal two-thirds, sharply bent in on A and out again to
the inner margin. Antemodial area white, a large mottled blackish patch resting
on inner margin from middle almost to anal angle, more or less divided by irregu-
lar whitish marks, a more or less distinct gray or blackish fascia extending from
the upper side of the patch obliquely to the middle of the co'sta. Outer part of
wing white, the apical region shaded with gray and sometimes some brown,
usually leaving the costa, except at extreme apex, and a band extending to anal
angle, white; more rarely, with only the costa white, and the dorsal region strigosc
or suffused with gray or brown. Hind wing light gray. 18-27 mm.

June and July. Larva a leaf roller on poplar, forming a roll very much like
that of Anacampsis innocuella.

New York to Pennsylvania, and west to California. New York: Peru, llion.
Portage, Ithaca.

This species is intermediate between the nimbatana and bipartita-tia groups and
is possibly nearer the latter, with which it is almost always confused in collections.

30. 0. albeolana Zeller. White, marked with dark gray. An oblique bar on
costa at a fourth way from base; a much larger rounded patch at middle of costa:
a gray shade along inner margin to middle, defined by a black dash in base of
fold, but outwardly diffuse or breaking up into striae; a black dot at lower angle
of cell, and some lighter -gray shading on outer third of wing. Hind wing brownish
gray. 18 mm. (Jiartmanniana auct., not uiniueus. )

June and July. Larva a leaf roller on white birch.

Maine to New Jersey. New York: Big Indian Valley, Karner, New Windsor.

31. 0. roaeomaculana Herrich-Schseffer. Fore wing deep blue-gray, mottled with
black, with an irregular pink fascia of moderate breadth from third quarter of
costal margin to outer margin at anal angle, sometimes broken into costal and
anal patches by a gray shade. Hind wing mouse gray. 15 mm.

Larva on Pyrola.
Europe; Labrador.

32. 0. costimaculana Fernald. Blackish, shaded with blue.-gray and whitish.
Base, and especially second fourth of costa, strongly dusted with whitish ; a
large square white patch on costa at two-thirds way out and some white striae at
anal angle. Hind wing gray. 11-14 mm.

Maine; Massachusetts: Manitoba.

33. 0. chionosema Zeller. Blue-gray, somewhat shaded with duller gray. A
large half-pear-shaped white patch from middle almost to apex of costa, with
smooth clean-cut boundary; the dark part of the wing blackish around it. Hind
wing dull gray. 15 mm.

Larva on thorn and apple.

New Brunswick, and Montreal, Quebec, to Virginia and Western Pennsylvania.
New York: Ithaca, Schenectady, Albany.

34. 0. impudens Walsingham. Typically cream-white, rarely dull gray; base
blackish, with outer boundary angled on cell; costa usually diffusely shaded with
blackish to beyond middle, obscuring the antemedial fascia, and toward the apex
more narrowly dark, cut with paired white striae. A broad, typically white,
antemedial fascia, in gray specimens distinctly composed of about four striae,

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 457

followed by an irregular olivaceous patch on dorsal half of wing, beyond which
there is a blackish spot on end of cell, and one farther out on the dorsal margin;
middle of costa also with a dark pateh, obscured by the blackish shading. Fringe
dark; hind wing pale in the typical form, gray in the dark phase. 12 mm.

June and July.

New Hampshire to North Carolina and Manitoba. New York: Newcomb, Rock
City (Cattaraugus County), Batavia.

35. 0. griseoalbana Walsingham. Whitish; costal edge dark gray, cut with
white toward apex; outer edge blackish, preceded by white striae. Base dark
gray, except at costa; a pale rounded gray patch at middle of dorsal margin, and
a smaller black one before hind angle, with some black striae on the white ground
between them. Hind wing dark. 15 mm. (Exartema).

June to August.

New Hampshire and Massachusetts to southern Ohio.

36. 0. malachitana Zeller. Dull crimson, a little powdery, thorax and base
of wings dull powdery gray. A large olive patch reaching from end of cell almost
to base of wing and down to below A, striate with whitish on costa, and denned on
the whole lower side by an evenly curved whitish line. A horizontal brown crescent
from end of cell to outer margin, concave downward, and a spot at beginning of
dorsal fringe. Fringes concolorous; hind wing mouse gray. 15 mm.

Larva on persimmon.

Virginia and Pennsylvania to Quincy, Illinois, and south.

37. 0. interruptolineana Fernald. Wood-brown, shaded with dull rose and violet.
Basal half light grayish toward costa, ending abruptly at a square brown median
costal patch, and edged below with a sharply denned dark brown bar extending
from inner margin near base a third way to apex. An irregular brown patch
extending from cell opposite the median costal spot to middle of outer margin,
constricted so as to appear composed of three partly fused patches, of which the
first may fuse with the median costal spot, and the middle one may be hardly
darker than the ground. Apex often brown, cut off by a pale stria. 13 mm.

May; July and August. Larva on Vaccinium.
New Hampshire to District of Columbia.

38. 0. osmundana Fernald. Dull gray-brown. A large yellow-brown patch
extending from middle of inner margin two -thirds way to costa; a dark brown
patch, half as large, at anal angle; a subterminal bar and a short oblique bar
from middle of costa, all fairly clean-cut and finely pale-edged. Hind wing mouse
gray. 10 mm.

Larva on Osmunda regalis; also reported from seeds of Ambrosia.
Maine; District of Columbia.

39. 0. ochromediana Kearfott. Base chocolate brown; the outer boundary irregu-
lar and farther out on costa; median area even ochre yellow, twice as wide on
inner margin as on costa; outer two-fifths chocolate brown, a little mottled and
shaded with gray, but without clearly defined patches. Hind wing mouse gray.
10 mm.

July. One New Hampshire specimen is suffused with ochre yellow, with the
usual marks just traceable.

New Hampshire to Pennsylvania.

40. 0. murina Packard. Mouse color, dusted thickly with luteous scales. Head
and thorax darker; fore wing with small obscure pale luteous costal spots, becom-
ing paler toward apex; forming a very vague fascia from beyond middle of costa
to anal angle; iringe also pale. Hind wings pale, dusky toward apex. 20 mm.

Of this species I have seen only a single fragmentary specimen. It appears to
be a suffused form of the capreana group.

Straits of Belle Isle, Labrador. Reported as common.

458 . WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

41. 0. hemidesma Zellcr. Cu2 leaving cell three-fourths way out, deep red-brown,
with a slight pink iridescence. A short fragment of an oblique antemedial choco-
late-brown fascia on inner margin; a complete narrow median fascia, slightly
irregular on outer side, from middle of costa, the band narrowing and fading out
toward inner margin. Hind wing fuscous brown. 16 mm. (Euchromia Zeller).

July. Larva webbing leaves and flower heads of Spiraea.
Maine to Pennsylvania and California.

42. 0. hebesana Walker. Dull fuscous brown, somewhat mottled; the ground
with a slight purple tint, the bands perceptibly darker, and not iridescent, mixed
with some black scales. Base of the darker duller brown, its outer boundary
irregularly excurved; median fascia narrow at costa and especially at inner
margin; broad above the middle, where it extends out in two broad blunt teeth at
upper and lower sides of cell. With traces of gray strife outwardly and usually
a faint grayer subterminal patch; often with a suffused blackish area over
middle of costa. 9-16 mm. (Penthina fullered Riley.)

June to end of September. Larva on Tigridia, verbena, Antirrhinum, Stachys,
pitcher plant, and iris; doubtless a general feeder. Dwarf specimens of this
species have been determined as conditana Walsingham, which apparently is really
purely a western species.

Maine to North Carolina and California. New York: Crosby (Yates County),
Ithaca, Nassau, New Windsor.

43. 0. daeckeana Kearfott. Deep shining blue-gray, almost black; the markings
a mixture of deep dull brown and black; so far as traceable as in 0. hebesana.
Hind wing blackish. 16 mm.

June. Larva on pitcher plant. This may be a variant form of 0. hebesana,
which has been bred from the same food.
Southern New Jersey and Chicago, Illinois.

44. 0. cyanana Murtfeldt. Brownish black, heavily scaled with shining deep
blue. Base largely blue, with groups of blue scales and striae before and beyond
middle of costa; a large patch near anal angle, more than half the width of the
wing, formed of two or three partly confluent blue spots or streaks; a few blue
striae at apex. Hind wing blackish, paler toward base in male. 15 mm.

May to July. Larva on rose.
Quebec to Missouri and Pennsylvania.

45. 0. agilana Clemens. Blackish, irregularly scaled with yellow-brown and a
little chocolate brown, leaving a vague darker shade at middle of costa, and an
oblique subterminal band resting on middle of outer margin. A vertical lead-
gray stria, perpendicular to costa, resting on anal angle and extending half way
to costa; also with some scattered lead-gray dots and striae on outer half of
wing. Fringe dark gray, with black basal line; hind wing blackish with pale
fringe, becoming pale on basal half. 10-12 mm.

May to July. Larva not rare in stem of Impatiens.

General. New York: Portage, Potter Swamp (Yates County), Ithaca.

46. 0. auricapitana Walsingham. Similar to 0. agilana; head and collar con-
trasting ochre-brown; fore wing with rather more ochre scaling, especially at apex.
Lead-gray scaling coarser and sparser, the principal marks being oblique ante-
and postmedial costal bars, a broken bar across the apex, and the one at the
anal angle (which is heavier than in 0. agilana). No black line in fringe, but
with a contrasting series of alternating black and yellow terminal dots.

June; August 1.

New York and New Jersey. New York : Ithaca.

47. 0. albiciliana Fernald. Crisply mottled with bright ochre yellow and black,
more coarsely than in the coruscana group, which it approaches. Numerous
coarse scattered blue spots, partly defined with yellow; two oblique streaks toward
apex on costal half of wing, tending to slightly overlap two parallel erect streaks

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 459

on dorsal half of wing. Fringe on costal half nearly white, with faint basal line;
on dorsal half dark gray, cut with white at anal angle. Hind wing dull gray
with broad white fringe; basal half whitish. 12 mm.

June and July. Larva purple, a leaf roller on Spirsea.

Maine and Ontario to Pennsylvania.

48. 0. nubilana Clemens. Dull fuscous, sometimes with a distinct reddish tint;
with clearly denned but not contrasting darker brown markings. Basal markings
slight, the most distinct a streak in fold; median band broad, deeply dentate on
outer side, ending in a right-angled point between fold and A; a subterminal
spot rather above the middle of wing; usually also a right triangle in shape,
but sometimes oblique and narrower; a slight spot at anal angle. Outer margin
of the fore wing often perceptibly concave. Hind wing concolorous. 15-20 mm.

June to August.

Distribution uncertain. There are one or two closely related undescribed
species, one of which has been taken at Ithaca, besides the following.

49. 0. infuscata Heinrich. Wing form as in 0. const ellatana, with outer margin
of fore wing nearly straight, but apex more rounded than in 0. nubilana; hind
wing more or less trapezoidal, with outer margin sharply bent near middle. Dark
fuscous brown, a little powdery looking. Median fascia vague and slightly
darker; subterminal bar across apex darker, a little more distinct; some dark
shading at apex; and a series of dark spots along costa, separated by short paired
pale striae, all inconspicuous. Hind wing concolorous, with slightly paler fringe.
22 mm.

Ithaca, New York.

30. PHsECASIOPHORA Grote
(Sciaphila; Sericoris; Olethreutes, in part)

General structure and pattern as in Olethreutes. M3 and Cu, of hind wing con-
nate. Hind tibia of male with dense masses of long hair above, and between
spurs below; hind metatarsus with long dense hair above.

1. P. confixana Walker. Ground light olive-brown, rarely red-brown, striate with
pale luteous; typically blackish with longitudinal pale striae toward the base.
Antemedial band a bundle of striae, strongly excurved, and breaking up toward
inner margin; postmedial usually of two stronger partly fused striae, outwardly
oblique to beyond the cell, tangent to a white spot at the end of the cell, then
sharply curved and inwardly oblique to the fold, and curving out again to the inner
margin; some paired subterminal striae on costa, and blackish terminal dots.
Hind wing fuscous brown. Fore wing sometimes, especially in the female, of a
warmer red:brown tint, with the basal portion concolorous. Outer striae of the
antemedial, and basal striae of the postmedial line meeting just above the inner
margin, in clearly marked specimens separating the darker median area from
the margin. 18 mm.

May to August.

New Hampshire to Virginia and western Pennsylvania. "New York" (Grote).

2. P. niveiguttana Grote. Hind tibia but little enlarged. Ground red-brown,
cut into irregular spots and patches by bands of pinkish ochreous edged with
yellowish white; the brown areas denned with black. The most continuous brown
area a median fascia, deeply notched on the outer side above the cell and on the
inner side below the cell, and extended out at end of cell, where it con-
tains a white discal bar. Subterminal patch usually large and forked below,
patch at anal angle small. Hind wing mouse gray. 17 mm. (Olethreutes auct.).

Late May. Larva on sassafras and hamamelis.
Massachusetts to Florida. "New York." (Fernald).

460 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

31. CTMOLOMIA Lederer

(Exartema Clemens; Eccopsis, in part)

Similar to Olethreutes; hind wing with a thickened and specialized folded lobe
on inner margin (fig. 267) projecting beyond the general outline of the wing,
but quite variable in size. Hind wing with LI2 strongly curved, but often well
separated from M3 and CUj, which are connate at origin.

The numerous species as a whole show excellent genitalic characters, but they
have not been fully worked out, and the present arrangement is tentative, await-
ing Heinrich's revision of the Olethreutes group. On the whole a single species
seems to prefer a single food-plant, but the rule is not absolute, and too little
breeding has been done.

The pattern in most of the species is characteristic. The ground is of a
somewhat lighter shade, usually becoming quite pale along the edges of the
markings and tending to be dusted with paler scales and broken into strise. It is
usually slightly shining or iridescent. The markings are usually laid on in
broader shades and have definite boundaries, often edged with dark; they are
often shaded with yellow, or paler brown or gray, but rarely powdery, and
hardly ever striate. The thorax and basal third usually show a confused mixture
of the two colors, ending in an excurved antemedial line, which may run to the
costa, or turn in to the base below the costa; the median band is typically broad
in the middle, where it extends out in two long teeth along the upper and lower
edges of the cell; and is usually deeply constricted or divided below the lower
tooth, often cutting off a large dorsal spot. The upper tooth and costal portion
are also often cut off as a separate oblique patch. There is an oblique subterminal
patch or fascia, running from below the costa to the middle of the outer margin,
and also a series of small costal spots beyond the median band, the second one
often joining the subterminal fascia, and the fifth one apical. There is a patch
at the anal angle, sometimes connected with the dorsal end of the median
patch, especially if the latter is separate from the rest of the median band. The
hind wing is almost constant, being mouse-gray with a pale fringe. The basal line
of the fringe on the fore wing is continuous, often fading out toward the anal
angle; the outer part is usually blackish at the apex and at the end of the sub-
terminal fascia, and pale between and at the anal angle, but is often wholly dark.

The genus is almost wholly North American, with a couple of species in
Europe.

Key to the species

1. Fore wing rather evenly marked with numerous wavy transverse lines.

1. monetiferana.
1. Fore wing irregularly marked.

2. Large smooth brown patches on basal fourth and near apex of costa.

34. ferriferana.
2. Without two large smooth brown patches.

3. Thorax red-brown, contrasting with ground color of wings; rarely, with
only the posterior tuft brown.

4. Base of costa contrastingly pale 31. ochrisuffusana.

4. Base of costa grayish.

5. Fore wing with stem of cubitus and three or four veins subterminally

pale ; base of inner margin not brown 32. quadrifida.

5. Fore wing with a broad pale shade on Cu only; base of inner margin

with a red-brown patch 33. inornatana.

3. Thorax concolorous.

4. Most of wing almost evenly blackish, contrasting with the pale, clearly
marked outer margin 10. conoinnana var. terminana.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 461

4. Basal three-fourths not suffused with blackish.

6. With a distinct pale fascia of even width, formed of a group of

striae.
6. Ground black-brown or yellow-brown, lightly shaded with pale

brown; the antemedial fascia white and strongly contrasting.
7. Fascia to anal angle lead-gray, not contrasting.

2. fasciatana.

7. Fascia running to anal angle, white, broader and strongly con-
trasting 4. micantana.

6. Ground brown, with pale ochreous ante- and postmedial fasciae.

7. Bright tawny brown 3*£. electrofusca.

7. Dull umber brown 3. rusticana.

6. Ground half olive and half blackish, with no yellow or brown.

9. appendicea.

6. Ground light brown with olivaceous tint, often heavily flecked
or suffused with cream; the fasciae hardly paler than the rest.

8. olivaceana.
5. Antemedial fascia concolorous with outer markings generally, or

absent.
6. Ground pure white, the borders irregularly blackish, except on

outer part of inner margin and base of costa 21. malana.

6. Ground not white.

7. A black apical dot and sometimes an oblique bar at basal angle

the only contrasting markings 24. exoleta.

7. Apical dot minute or absent.

8. Dorsal margin contrastingly dark, the boundary sharply denned,

at least on basal half.

9. Dorsum black or brown, reaching to anal angle . . 29. nigrana.
9. Dorsal shade gray, fading out at middle of wing.

30. clavana.
8. Dorsal margin not contrastingly dark.

9. An oblique blackish patch at basal angle; the other markings

mostly diffuse 23. cornana.

9. Patch at basal angle, if present, no more conspicuous than

costal markings.
10. Basal patch not reaching costa, and sharply defined on

upper side.
11. With a narrow streak in base of cell Sc, separate from

the basal patch.
12. Ground rusty orange, shot with purple.

28. nitidana.
12. Markings light olive on basal half, bright ochre and

contrasting on apical half 27. fagigemmeana.

12. Markings bright ochre, with a slight olive tint,
ground paler and scaled with gray.

26. ferruginana.
12. Ground varying from ochreous to gray with slight

olive tint (like C. permundana).

13. Dorsal part of median fascia contrastingly
smoother-looking and paler than other markings.

25. tiliana.
13. Dorsal part of median area not contrasting.

29. nigrana.

462 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

11. Patch simple and extending at least up to R.

12. Median fascia blackish at costa only, ground pale.

22. punctana.
12. Median fascia blackish, as a whole.

13. Fascia almost, but not quite, reaching inner margin.

35. footiana.
13. Fascia enlarged into a squarish patch at inner

margin, narrow above 20. •

10. With dark base reaching costa, or a dark antemedial line

running through to costa.

11. Median dorsal spot separate from rest of dorsal fascia,

united with anal spot to form a thick bilobed patch.

10. concinnana (part), 11. foedana.

11. Median dorsal spot separate from anal one, the median

fascia usually complete.

12. With strong black bars in the two teeth on the costal
half of the median fascia, the dorsal half pale and

obscure; ground pale 12. atrodentana.

12. Without contrasting black streaks across the median

fascia.

13. Gray-brown; median fascia broken into spots, and
most markings somewhat suffused, but sub-
terminal spot large, dark, and a little contrast-
ing 19. merrickana.

13. Subterminal spot not more prominent than other

markings.
14. Fringe rusty orange toward base, contrasting

with the gray ground 14. corylana.

14. Fringe concolorous, or gray, black, and white.
14%. Costal half of median fascia blackish, con-
trasting 18%. meUmome&a.

14%. Costal half of median fascia not blackish.
15i Bands bright rusty ochre, much brighter than

the gray ground 17. sericorana.

15. Bands lighter ochre, with a slight olive tint;
in darker specimens showing as an overlay

over dark brown 8. olivaceana.

15. Ground and bands two shades of deep red-
brown ; rough-looking 13. zelleriana.

15. Nearly eyen deep rusty brown, interrupted by
narrow streaks of the lead-gray ground.

7. quebecensis.

15. Leaden purple, with chocolate brown markings.

brunneopurpurata.

15. General effect grayish brown, variable in shade.
16. A distinct fine dark wavy stria just before
outer margin, from apical dot to anal
angle, interrupted only by the oblique sub-
terminal bar 15. hippocastana.

16. No continuous stria close to outer margin.

17. Thorax and dark bands of fore wing,

especially the antemedial one, mottled

with little groups of clay-colored scales.

10. concinnana.

LEPIBOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 463

17. Thorax more evenly colored; dark bands
more smoothly overlaid with the
pale/ color, or evenly colored.

18. Olive, with contrasting blackish base
and middle of costa ... 9. appendicea.

18. Fuscous, with a slight olive tint, the
dorsal half of the median area only,
contrastingly paler 25. tiliana.

18. Fuscous, more or less olivaceous, but

with the markings mottled and all of

one color . . 5, furfurana, 6. fraternana,

16. permundana, 18. sciotana.

I. Palpi closely upturned to beyond vertex; not clavate; hind wing with a, well-

developed process but not lobed at 2d A; fore wing without Cymolomia
pattern.

1. E. monetiferana Riley. Wood-brown, with clay-colored thick double striae,
separated by wood-brown lines, and edged with black; the bands basal, antemedial,
postmedial and subterminal, all irregular and broken. Palpi with a gray longitu-
dinal streak or a shade at base only and dot at base of second segment. 15-20 mm.

End of May to June.

Western Pennsylvania to Alabama.

II. Palpi clavate and obliquely upturned, the second joint rather tufted at the end

above and below; hind wing often notched at 2d A; always with more or less
complete Cymolomia pattern.

* Not notched at 1st A and lobed below.
t Pale or gray antemedial fascia most prominent.

2. C. fasciatana Clemens. Black -brown; a transverse white antemedial fascia
more or less distinctly made up of striae, nearly even in width, but widening to
the costa, its inner boundary sharply bent above cell, and running in to costa, or,
more rarely, continued to the base along R, leaving the base of the costa white.
Median area broadly blackish, the anal spot fusing in with the median band, sepa-
rated from it by an obscure lead -gray bar, visible only in certain lights; sub-
terminal fascia lighter brown, its upper part fusing with median area; the region
between these two and anal angle nearly filled by a vertical lead-gray bar. Apical
region whitish, with a black apical dot. Line in fringe brown -black. 15 mm.

June and July. Larva on Rumex.

Common and generally distributed. New York: Otto, Rock City (Cattaraugus
County), Ithaca, New Windsor.

This species is easily confused with Olethreutes of the fuscalbana group, they
are duller fuscous and black, and have the outer fascia much sharper and more
contrasting.

3. C. rusticana McDunnough. Similar to C. fasciatana and the fuscalbani group
of Olethreutes. Blackish ground overlaid here and there with ochre-yellow scales,
but dominantly chocolate or umber brown; antemedial fascia composed of four
clay-colored striae, not nearly as white as in C. fasciatana; postmedial similar,
running to anal angle; the spot of the ground color before it on the inner margin
cut off from the median area by a lead-gray band. Median band two-toothed oppo-
site cell with a deep notch between, as in 0. polluxana, and the other Cymolomias.
15 mm.

July.

Northern States. Xew York: Peru, Ithaca.

464 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

3}4. C. electrofusca Heinrich. Similar to C. rusticana; but with the darker
portions evenly overlaid with ochre, giving a bright, tawny brown effect; the
pale ground with a suggestion of pinkish iridescence.

End of May to July. Larva oh sweet fern.

New Hampshire to New Jersey. New York: Ithaca.

4. C. micantana Kcarfott. Similar to 0. fasciatana. Ground nearly even dark
brown, the gray band between the anal spot and the median fascia, and the gray
band at the anal angle both replaced by powdery whitish fasciae which join the
whitish apical suffusion and separate the subtenninal fascia widely from the
median area.

June. Larva on dogwood.

Apparently more common northward. New York: Ithaca.

5. C. furfurana McDunnough. Color and appearance as in 0. permundana;
genitalia as in C. rusticana. Slightly more greenish olivaceous than C. p&inundana,
with the pale areas more strigate with darker lines and dashes, the markings
distinctly outlined with pale ochreous. Teeth of the postmedial band very long, the
upper one almost touching the subterminal band, which does not reach the costa.
16 mm. (Not examined.)

June.

Vicinity of Ottawa, Canada.

6. C. fraternana McDunnough, another species with the appearance of permun-
dana and genitalia of rusticana, is unknown to me.

tt Almost wholly "brown.

7. C. quebecensis Heinrich (Kearfott ms.). Rather bright deep tawny brown
( the " Vandyke brown " of Smith's glossan ) ; evenly colored ; antemedial band of
two narrow dark lead-gray striae; median, subterminal, and anal spots separated
by an irregular narrow lead-gray marking, the subterminal fascia not separate
from the costal region, and reaching the anal angle, with only a short stria
between it and the concolorous brown apex. The usual costal striae hardly
visible; fringe and hind wing unusually dark, mouse gray. 13 mm.

Quebec; type only seen.

ttt With normal Eatartema pattern; a part of the markings sometimes somewhat
suffused. Dark base reaching costa, or gradually fadvng out toward oosta^
without definite upper boundary (Exartema).

8. C. olivaceana Fernald. Markings almost completely overlaid with slightly
duller ochreous, the fascia narrower, silver-gray and cream, not contrasting; outer
markings similar, a little narrower, yellower, and less contrasting than in C. Imei-
fasciana. 15 mm.

June and July. To the naked eye the whole Cymolomia pattern is more dis-
tinct than in other members of this group.

General in distribution. New York: Ithaca, New Windsor (Morton).

9. C. appendicea Zeller. Ash gray with a slight olivaceous tint, unlike all the
similar species of the fasciatana and permundana groups by the complete lack
of any yellow or brown tint. Base and median fascia above fold and apical dot
blackish, strongly contrasting with the olive subterminal and anal markings, and
the olive or obscure dorsal part of the median fascia.

June. Larva on oak.

Kearfott considered this a synonym of versicolorana Clemens. McDunnough
calls attention to the whitish base of the costa mentioned in the original descrip-
tion of versicolorana, and treats it as distinct. I have not seen versicolorana as
identified by McDunnough. Presumably it belongs to the malana or nigrana groups
as defined by the pattern.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 465

Canada to North Carolina, west to the Pacific. New York: Rock City (Cattar-
augus Country; aberration with pale antemedial fascia), Trenton Falls.

10. C. concinnana Clemens. Pattern typical. Median band interrupted below
lower tooth and, rarely, above it also; its dorsal portion normally attached to the
anal patch, forming an M-shaped spot. Ground light gray -brown, somewhat shaded
with blue-gray and, heavily mottled with luteous, in little groups of scales, the
markings rather broadly edged with the same luteous; markings shading from
fuscous brown to blackish, not contrasting, except usually for the blackish upper
end of the median fascia. Palpi shaded on outer side with fuscous. Fringes of
fore wing generally darker than in C. permundana. 14 mm.

In variety terminana McDunnough (doxcana Kearfott ms.), the fore wing is
blackish with contrasting pale margin.

June and July. Larva on blackberry.

New Jersey to Ohio. New York: Ithaca, West Farms (Angus).

C. mediopartita Heinrich is a similar species described from Virginia. It
appears to lack the dark shade at the middle of the costa.

11. C. foedana Clemens has not been certainly recognized. It is purple-gray,
marked with dark brown, like C. permundana,, and is even smoother looking, not
even showing the usual darkening at the middle of the costa, but has the pattern
and size of C. concinnana. The costal spots are blackish, and the subterminal
fascia is usually crossed with fine black lines. The fringe is dark, with a blackish
line. 18 mm.

August. Something like this in the National Museum has been bred from alder
in Virginia.

Toronto, Ontario?, Manitoba?, western Pennsylvania.

11%. C. brunneopurpurata Heinrich. Ground metallic leaden purple; markings
rich dark brown, narrowly edged with white; pattern as in C. permundana.
Antenna with blackish spots on upper side of first four or five joints. 14 mm.

August. Larvae on alder in July; tying the young terminal leaves. Pale green-
ish yellow, with segments transversely banded with pink. Head and cervical
shield pale yellow.

Virginia.

12. C. atrodentana Fernald. Ground pale clay-color, somewhat striate with
black. Markings light gray-brown, with a slight olivaceous tint; basal third
heavily shaded, striate, and mottled with blackish on the clay-colored ground.
Median band normal, but very narrow, and olive at the inner margin; the olive
part sometimes a separate spot, its upper half, and especially the two teeth which
are long and narrow, suffused with black, contrasting.

13. C. zelleriana Fernald. Ground dark shining gray, heavily mottled with red-
brown, of the same shade as the markings; basal area strongly mottled with the
ground color. Markings orange-brown with crimson iridescence, the base strongly
mottled, the outer markings rather even. Median fascia with inner side more
irregular than usual, teeth blunt and roundca off, the lower one usually scaled
with black. Outer markings extensive and tending to join, cutting the ground
into irregular streaks and spots, but sometimes normal. 16 mm.

July and August. Larva crumpling leaves of white birch, in May (Kearfott).
East Eiver, Connecticut; New Jersey; Pennsylvania. New York: Portage.

14. C. corylana Fernald. Light clay-color, with a slight greenish tint, dusted
and shaded with light gray, obliterating the basal markings and most of the
median fascia, the gray shade running from the base to the middle of the costa,
leaving the base of the costa and the middle of the wing light. Dorsal part of
median fascia, and anal and subterminal patches evener, pale dull gray, not at all
contrasting, but finely defined with pale; last three costal dots dark, the apical
one contrasting. Fringe with strong pinkish-to-rusty iridescence in basal half.
15 mm.

June to July. Larva on hazel.

466 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

New Hampshire 'to New Jersey, Manitoba, and Missouri. New York: Ilion,
East Aurora.

15. C. hippocastana Kearfott. Luteous, rather striate with gray, a little
shining. Markings brown, shaded with blackish, well contrasted, and all about
alike. Thorax with well-marked transverse banding; median band strongly
indented, rarely broken, narrow toward inner margin. Palpi of the lighter ground
color, with base of second segment black. 20 mm.

June. Larva on buckeye, in May.

Distinguished by its coarse mottling, and tendency of the markings to break
up, especially toward the base, as in Pluucasiophora.

Black Mountains, North Carolina

1(>. C. permundana Clemens. Markings normal. Ground shining gray, some-
what mottled with brown and luteous, the markings edged with luteous, decidedly
smoother looking to the naked eye than C. concinnana; the general appearance
dull brown. Markings rather dark brown, with a slight olivaceous or tawny tint;
even, occasionally, with the lower tooth a little shaded with blackish. Thorax
mottled, but less strikingly than in the last two species. 16 mm.

This name has been generally used to include forms not distinctively named, and
even after the removal of Kearfott's recent species, is still a little heterogeneous;
but the differences are probably of strain rather than of species. Sciotana, hippo-
castana, and merrickana coxild be united with this species with very little violence.

Larva on raspberry and Opulaster (Rosaceae) and on huckleberry. Moth in
July.

Generally distributed and not rare. New York : Ithaca.

17. C. sericorana Walsingham. Shining gray, marked with bright rusty orange,
the marks covering fully two-thirds of the wing surface, and finely pale-edged.
Base mixed gray and orange, the area reaching costa. Some black scaling in
lower tooth of median fascia and in subterminal and anal spots. Occasionally
with the blackish dominant, and orange only in the median fascia. Hind wing
and palpi as in C. permundana. 16 mm.

July. This species appears to intergrade with C. permundana.
. New Jersey and Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca.

18. C. sciotana Heinrich (Kearfott ms.). Outer part of second segment of palpus
heavily dark-shaded. Ground dark blue-gray, nearly even, the markings narrowly
pale-edged. Markings dark brownish gray, not strongly contrasting, nearly normal;
the base as usual a mixture of the colors of ground and markings; the median
band deeply constricted on cell, and normally broken by extensions of the luteus
edging, also quite obsoiirc toward the inner margin, where the pale edging dis-
appears. 20 mm.

June and July.

Southern Ohio.

C. subnubila Heinrich, a similar species from hazel, is not now before me. It
is described from New Jersey and Maryland.

ISy?. C. melanomesa Heinrich. Light wood-brown, the ground somewhat gray
and with a slight, pink iridescence. Markings essentially as in G. permundana;
darker brown, the median fascia at the costa, the teeth, and the middle of the
subterminal fascia, strongly suffused with blackish; the lower tooth especially
prominent and almost cut off from the medial fascia. 16 mm.

The darkening of the upper part of the median fascia is the most conspicuous
character for this species. It is superficially intermediate between permundana
and merrickana,, and according to Heinrich has genitalia of the •permundana type.

July.

Maine to New Jersey. New York: Ithaca.

19. C. merrickana Kearfott. Light fuscous gray, the markings hardly darker
than the ground. Base fuscous, less mottled than usual, the autemedial line bent
at a right angle over the cell, and strongly oblique to the costa and inner margin.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 467

Medial fascia normally broken up into three separate spots, the costal one quad-
rate and brown, the medial one much farther out and shading into blackish, usually
widely separated from the other two, and the dorsal one rounded, light fuscous,
and not always reaching the inner margin. Apical portion of wing usually shaded
with brighter brown, the subterminal fascia normal, chocolate brown heavily shaded
with black, contrasting. 20 mm.

June and July. Larva on witch-hazel.

The breaking up of the median fascia would group this form with corylana,
which is smaller and paler, and has the outer reddish shade contined to the fringe.
The records for " Black Mountains, Xorth Carolina," were apparently based on a
misidentification which has since been corrected, as there are no specimens so
labelled in the series at Xew York.

General, west to Wisconsin and south to Virginia. New York: Crosby (Yates
County), Ithaca, Portage (red variety).

tttt With normal Exartema pattern. Base of costa of the ground color, with a
contrasting dark basal patch resting on inner margin and usually sharply
defined on upper side ( diffuse in exoleta ) .

20. C. . Grayish brown, with a distinct pink tint; rather smoothly

colored. Markings black-brown and strongly contrasting. Basal third of ground
color, with an oblique blackish bar running up from basal angle to middle of
wing one-third way out; normally sending a spur back toward the base along
the fold. Median fascia black-brown, the inner boundary sharply bent at Cu,
where a pale line crosses it along the lower edge of the cell and separates it into
a costal and a dorsal portion; lower tooth long and narrow, arising from the point
where the two portions meet, typically connected narrowly with the lower por-
tion, which is a large squarish patch. Anal patch very small and not contrasting;
subterminal fascia normal. Palpus largely dark. (zclleriana Kearfott, not
Fernald ) .

21. C. malana Fernald. Pure white, somewhat inottled with fuscous and a
little blue-gray. Inner margin shaded with fuscous to two-thirds, with a rough-
looking black bar resting on basal angle; .middle of costa shaded with fuscous,
with costal part of median fascia showing darker; apex and outer margin shaded
with fuscous. Usual marks obsolete. A dark dot at end of cell. 12 nun.

Larva on apple and plum, in terminal buds and on leaves. Moth in July.
Apparently general, but rare and local.

22. C. punctana Walsingham. Light clay-color, shading into whitish; a large
blackish' patch resting on base of inner margin, extending up over fold and base
of cell to middle of wing at a third of the way out; connected by a vague dark
shade to a quadrate blackish patch on middle of costa, this patch representing
the costal end of the median fascia and the region just beyond it on the costa.
Middle of median fascia obsolete, dorsal part, and anal patch represented by
rounded smooth pale olivaceous patches, hardly darker than the ground. Apical
part of wing suffused with fuscous, obscuring the subterminal fascia. Hind wing
distinctly lobed, but not nearly as strongly so as in C. footiana. Black dot at
end of cell contrasting in the typical race from California; often obscure in
eastern specimens.

June to July. Larva on Cornus.

California; southern Connecticut; Xew Jersey. New York: East Aurora.

23. C. cornana Heinrich (cornutana Kearfott ms.). Clay-color, a little duller
and more even than in C. punctana. A strong oblique black bar from basal angle
to fold a third of the way out; a black dot at angle of cell; median band indicated
by a faint darker shade, not forming a defined patch on the inner margin; anal

468 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

and subterminal patches also obsolete, the latter, when at all traceable, round
rather than barlike. Hind wing distinctly paler at base. 16 mm.

July. Larva on Cornus.

Northern New Jersey. New York : Ithaca.

24. C. exoleta Zeller. Clay-color, with a more or less distinct oblique fuscous
shade resting on basal angle; powdery at edges; without definite boundary. A
contrasting round black dot at apex, twice as large as the usual apical dot, and
only preceded by very faint paired striae. 16 mm.

June and July; late August. Larva reported from hazel and gooseberry.
Generally distributed and not rare. New York: Ithaca.

ttttt Markings of usual Cymolomia pattern; basal area formed of a patch below R,
and a slender dark stripe in base of cell Sc, separated by a distinct pale line ;
costa pale

25. C. tiliana Heinrich (Kearfott ms.). Ground blue-gray with a slight violet
tinge, flecked with brown, the markings slightly olivaceous brown and edged with
clay-color, exactly as in C. permundana. Median patch usually with costal por-
tion, including the long upper tooth, separated from the second tooth and dorsal
portion. Fringe of hind wing white. 18-20 mm.

June and July. Larva on basswood.

The basal patch in this species is sometimes as in C. permundana, but it is dis-
tinguished by the even and finely white-edged dorsal part of the median fascia,
normally contrastingly paler than the other markings.

Northern New Jersey to Missouri. New York : Ithaca.

26. C. ferruginana Riley. Bright ochre, with a slight olive tint; the ground a
little grayer, paler, and more powdery than the markings, which are crisply pale-
outlined. Median fascia broken into costal and median streaks and a dorsal patch,
the latter fused with the anal patch. 15 mm.

Originally reported as bred from Hydrangea; but the type in the United States
National Museum is labelled " plum."

New Jersey to Missouri.

This form and the next two are very possibly mere color-varieties of a single
species.

27. C. fagigemmeana Chambers. Like C. ferruginana, and with similar pattern.
Markings on basal half of wing light olive, including the dorsal half of the
median fascia and anal spot; costal part of fascia and apical spot light ochre,
contrasting. Ground grayish, also paler in the apical region.

Larva a bud worm on beech.
Pennsylvania; southern Ohio; Kentucky.

28. C. nitidana Clemens. Ground rose, strongly shot with violet; markings
bright tawny brown. Markings mostly normal; lower end of median band usually
separated and fused with anal patch to form a large M-shaped patch. Hind
wing of male with anal angle markedly lobed, though less so than in C. footiana.

July.

Pennsylvania and southern Ohio; doubtless widespread.

29. C. nigrana Heinrich. Ground varying from light pinkish brown to dark
purple-gray, with dark chocolate brown to black-brown markings, clean-cut and
strongly contrasting. Markings normal, mostly as in permundana; anal patch
triangular, often fusing with lower end of the median fascia, which touches the
inner margin beyond, leaving a narrow triangular area of the ground color along
the inner margin beyond it. Dorsal third of wing frequently contrastingly darker.
Hind wing markedly paler toward base. 20 mm.

July and August.

Generally distributed. New York: Geneva, Ithaca.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 469

C. ornatana Kearfott, reported from New Jersey in Smith's list, is unknown
to me. It is presumably a manuscript name, and equal to one of the other names
in this group.

30. C. clavana Walker. Clay -color, a little powdery; a contrasting fuscous
shade along whole costa, becoming wider and blackish at middle; a fuscous shade
along basal two-thirds of inner margin, sharply limited at fold toward base,
becoming diffuse outwardly. Outer margin less strongly dark-shaded, but with
dark fringe. Usual markings obsolete, the subterminal fascia only denned, but
very slightly darker than the ground. Thorax blackish, but less intensely so than
in the preceding form. 16 mm.

July and early August.

Quebec; New York; New Jersey; Kansas. New York: Ithaca.

tttttt Thorax partly or wholly bright "brown, contrasting with the greater part of
the fore wing; the brown also appearing along costa, and at "basal angle of
fore wing. Usual markings not contrasting, and medial band incomplete, or
wholly obliterated.

31. C. ochrisuffusana Heinrich (Kearfott manuscript). Ground light gray -brown,
markings dark mustard yellow • or ochreous toward base, brighter ochre-brown
toward margin. Head and thorax yellow-brown. Basal patch large, diffuse toward
costa, when most distinct forming an oblique shade resting on basal angle. Base
of costa down to cell and out to two-fifths, the palest part of wing. Medial fascia
obscure, represented by spots at costa, end of cell, and on fold; subterminal and
anal patches normal. 18 mm.

June.

There is also a dull brown form distinguished by the pale base of costa and
obsolescent median fascia.

Southern Ohio, Illinois, Kansas.

32. C. quadrifida Zeller. Thorax dull gray anteriorly, becoming bright brown
(burnt sienna) on the tufts, or all brown. Fore wing pale dull gray, somewhat
powdery, with strong pale veins, especially on disc, costa, apex, and inner margin;
shaded with rusty brown; the costa cut with fine paired striae, but the other
normal markings lost. Hind wing whitish at base. 18 mm.

June and July. Larva on Cornus.

Massachusetts to Illinois. New York: Peru, Ithaca.

33. C. inornatana Clemens. Thorax mostly rich red-brown, usually showing the
gray ground only at the base of the tegulae. Fore wing gray, shaded with a
vague paler streak through the middle of the wing and running into a large pale
area at' the anal angle. Veins not paler. Costa a little shaded here and there
with brown; basal angle with a large fleck of bright brown, extending up to A.
Usual markings often indicated only by partial pale outlines, the pale, excurved,
and waved antemedial line most distinct. Anal patch often perceptibly paler
than ground. Median band, when traceable, broken up into spots. 18 mm.

June to August. Larva on wild cherry.

New Jersey to western Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca.

ttttttt Antemedial patch contrasting, bright brown, with straight outer boundary;
Cymolomia pattern lost.

34. C. ferriferana Walker. Ground powdery light gray; thorax and base of
fore wing mahogany brown; the outer boundary straight, or nearly so, from
cell to inner margin; usually bent in toward costa. A large trapezoidal brown
patch on outer half of costa, half as wide as the wing, not quite reaching apex,
but touching outer margin at middle, enclosing a gray apical triangle. Sometimes
with the dark patches black-brown. 16 mm. (gratiosana Clemens).

June. Larva on Hydrangea.
Pennsylvania to North Carolina. •

470 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

** Hind icing of male markedly notched at 1st A, with a strong lobe below, whose
apparent length is increased by its much longer fringe; outer margin more
oblique, and apex more extended than usual.

-'>,'). C. footiana Fernald. Fore wing- fuscous, marked with black-brown. Thorax
fuscous; basal patch large, prominent, not reaching costa; medial band broad
toward costa, and especially over cell, the teeth well marked but not very long,
then abruptly narrowing, and usually not reaching inner margin; the lower end
lighter, chocolate brown. Anal patch narrow and normal, or absent; subterminal
bar normal. 20 mm.

June to August. Larva on witch-hazel.

New York to western Pennsylvania and Virginia. New York: Hemlock Lake,
Ithaca.

32. BACTBA Stephens

Palpi large, broadly hairy, and beaklike, about as in Ancylis; eyes normal;
thorax smooth. Fore wing smooth scaled; outer margin oblique, slightly arched,
or straight. All veins separate and evenly spaced; M^ perceptibly separate from
M.T at origin; Cu2 nearly straight. Hind wing normal (fig. 268), R and Mx stalked
at origin, then usually approximate a third way to margin; space between MI
and Mo wide, as usual; M... M:;. and Cut close together at origin, but perceptibly
spaced. No secondary sexual characters.

The genus is nearly world-wide, and perhaps, like Limnaecia, Australasian in
origin. All the known larva; are borers in rushes (Juncus), but seem to stray
to other marsh plants.

1. B. verutana Zeller. Clay -color to dark wood-brown; costa and dorsal mar-
gin with fine blackish dots and striae, and slightly heavier bars representing the
antemedial and postmedial bands. Wing surface with some fuscous flecking, a
blackish shade or spot in fold at one -third way out and one over lower angle of
cell, often enclosing a pale discal dot. Frequently a pale longitudinal stripe below
the costa. Terminal line usually continuous and perceptibly wavy, followed by a
series of very short white scales in extreme base of fringe. Fringe often showing
several parallel gray lines. Wing often longitudinally streaked toward margin.
9-15 mm. (lanceolana of American authors.)

May and June; August and September. Larva normally in Juncus, but reported
also from Cyperus and Scirpus.

Indiana to North Carolina and south.

2. B. furfurana Haworth. Wings a little narrower, with more oblique outer
margin; fore wing clay-color to wood-brown, the markings tawny to gray -brown;
base dark, with outer boundary abruptly bent in cell; an irregular postmedial
fascia, sharply bent on cell or lost below middle of wing, enclosing a pale or white
discal dot; the markings frequently barely traceable. Usually with a spot at
anal angle; almost always with a shade running to the apex. Terminal line as
before. 10-16 mm.

Larva on Juncus and Scirpus.

General in distribution; also occurring in Europe. New Y'ork: Ithaca.

3. B. priapeia Heinrich. Larger than B. verutana and furfurana, costal striae
fine and obscure, not much emphasized at middle; fore wing frequently all dark
brown, typically with a longitudinal blackish shade from base to apex, leaving
the anal angle contrastingly pale. Palpus with a fuscous spot on second segment
and dark third segment. 1C mm.

July ; September.

Woods Hole, Massachusetts, to Utah.

4. B. maiorina Heinrich. Similar to B. priapeia, biit paler. Ochreous; head
and front of thorax paler, the palpus whitish; fore wing with a -fuscous shade

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 471

from base to apex; costa faintly barred with fuscous; a small white discal dot.
Fringe dusted with fuscous. 13-20 mm.

June and July; September. Larva on Scirpus and grass.

Virginia; Indiana; Utah.

33. POLYCHEOSIS Kagonot
(Eudemis auct., Chrosis Guenee)

Similar to Olethreutes; no secondary sexual characters; hind wing (fig. 269)
with M8 and Cut distinctly separated at origin.

The moths are three-brooded, typically leaf rollers in habit, and also feed on
flowers and fruits when in season. The moths of the various species are very
similar to each other and difficult, sometimes impossible, to name without the food-
plant. They show the Cymolomia pattern, but the base is more consistently of the
ground color, with a brown antemedial fascia only; the median band has only the
lower tooth on the outer side, and is broad, gradually narrowing to the inner
margin; the upper tooth is usually replaced by a small separate spot. The sub-
terminal patch is usually very large and broadly oval. It is doubtful if- all these
names will stand as species; some of them are perhaps rather food-varieties.
Polychroses have also been bred from several other plants, but have not been
described as distinct (figs. 269, 282)..

Key to the species

1. Hind wing white, fuscous at apex only; fore wing irregularly mottled and

shaded with white 1. yaraccma.

1. Hind wing fuscous, sometimes darker toward margin, or blackish; no white.
2. Subterminal patch evenly broad-elliptical, with only a few black scales on

outer margin, resting broadly on outer margin (8) botrana.

2. Subterminal patch separated from outer margin by a streak or patch of the
ground, except at upper side, where it sends a spur obliquely down to
margin; more rarely, entirely separated from margin.
3. Basal half of fore wing blue-gray, with narrow dark brown antemedial

and broken basal lines only.
4. Fringe light brown, concolorous with paler parts of wing.

5. Pale edging of lines gathered to form a pale dot above tooth of

median fascia 9. magnoliana.

5. Area above tooth of median fascia mostly dark gray.

9. liriodendrana.

4. Fringe dark blue-gray, sometimes with light spots in its outer portion.
5. Hind wing contrastingly pale, whitish, at base.... 10. cypripediana.
5. Hind wing dark gray, hardly paler at base.

6. With a dark postmedial patch or short fascia 7. rhoifructcma.

6. With confused markings beyond upper end of median fascia, in

part longitudinal streaks 8. viteana.

3. Base of fore wing with blue ground, crossed by a strong basal line and a

broad dark brown antemedial fascia.
4. Dorsal third or half of pale antemedial fascia heavily shaded with light

luteous, showing to naked eye as a pale spot 4. carduana.

4. Antemedial fascia of ground color, wholly gray, or with the luteous

only finely edging it.
5. Dorsal half of median fascia ochreous, a third as broad as width

of wing, showing as a contrasting pale patch o. aruncann.

5. Median fascia all dark, or narrowing to a point at inner margin.

472 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

6. Median fascia markedly paler dull brown toward dorsal margin,
. the markings edged or suffused with wood-brown (larva on Com-

positse, etc. ) 2. slingerlandana, 3. ambrosiana.

6. Median fascia evenly black-brown, the markings very narrowly
and incompletely pale-edged (larva on Rosaceae)

6. spir&ifoliana.

Polychrosis has also been bred from clematis, Kalmia, Amorpha, raspberry, sassa-
fras, rose, Circium, and Monotropa. Some of these records are doubtless of stray
larvae, but some may represent new species or strains.

1. P. yaracana Kearfott. Ground blue-gray; markings blackish, broadly edged
with white; basal third largely blackish. Costal part of median fascia nearly
black, contrasting, followed by a darker blue-gray area toward costa, forming a
patch visible to the naked eye; dorsal part of fascia obliterated by a white spot.
Hind wing white, the fuscous apical shade only reaching half way to cell. 9 mm.

May and June. Larva unknown.

New York to Cincinnati, Ohio. New York: Gowanda.

2. P. slingerlandana Kearfott. Shining dark blue-gray; markings black-brown,
heavily edged with wood-brown, and more or less suffused with the same wood-
brown, especially on outer two-thirds of dorsal half. Base markedly grayer, but
still heavily marked. Apical spot blackish, fringe dark gray; hind wing blackish,
with dark fringe. 9 mm.

Larva on Eupatorium, working especially in flowers and seed.
New Jersey, etc.

3. P. ambrosiana Kearfott. Dark blue-gray, marked with blackish; the marks
finely pale-edged, but antemedial space not contrastingly pale; base less darkened
than in P. carduana. Markings normal, subterminal patch well set back from the
outer margin, which bears a strong blackish streak, usually joined at one point
to the subterminal patch; postmedial costal patch normally broken into a couple
of oblique striae. 9 mm. (vernoniana Kearfott).

Larva in flowers and seeds of Ambrosia trifida, and on Vernonia.
New Hampshire to District of Columbia, and west to Kansas.

4. P. carduana Busck. Dark blue or purple-gray; markings normal, black-brown,
finely pale-edged, with a well-marked postmedial costal patch. Base almost solidly
blackish, contrasting with the antemedial area, which is light clay-color on the
dorsal half; median band a little paler toward inner margin and of moderate
width; subterminal patch large and dark; fringes and hind wing dark gray.
9-12 mm.

Larva in the heads of thistle; semisocial.
Maryland; Normal, Illinois.

5. P. aruncana Kearfott. Dark blue-gray, marked with dark brown, the markings
mostly normal and finely pale-edged. Base dominantly blue-gray, but with a broad
antemedial fascia. Median fascia broad and light wood-brown to ochreous on dorsal
half; more than a fourth as broad as wing at dorsal margin. Postmedial patch
broken into striae; brown. Fringe and hind wing dark gray. 7 mm. (Specimens
perhaps dwarfed by breeding.)

Larva on Aruncus (Spiraea).
Maryland.

6. P. spiraeifoliana Heinrich (Kearfott ms.). Larva on Spiraea salicifolia. Mark-
ings normal, black-brown on a dark blue-gray ground, with only slight traces of
pale edging. Terminal fascia heavy. Median fascia wholly black-brown, the tooth
not very strong; subterminal patch very high, joining one of the black-brown costal
striae (which are all thick bars) and reaching nearly or quite to anal angle.
Fringe and hind wing dark. 9 mm.

May ; August.

New Hampshire to Pennsylvania.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 473

7. P. rhoifructana Kearfott. Normal in markings with dark base, closely similar
to viteana, but with a vertical postmedial bar resting on the costa, and dorsal half
of the median fascia much browner than the costal end. 11 mm.

The first brood in May. Larva in seed heads of Rhus, and on Cornus and
Kalmia.

Kennebunkport, Maine; Ohio. New York: near Rochester.

8. P. viteana Clemens. Normal in markings. Base blue-gray, with basal line
hardly distinct, and antemedial brown band narrow and weak and broken. Mark-
ings dull umber brown, shaded with blackish, the subterminal patch dark brown or
blackish, markedly darker than the ground. Markings finely edged with luteous.
the dorsal end of the median fascia narrow, and somewhat suffused with luteous,
or wood-brown. Costal region beyond median fascia w;th confused markings,
more or less defined by pale longitudinal streaks; without a distinct costal patch
but with a couple of minute costal dots instead; apical dot black-brown; fringe
deep shining blue-gray, hind wing fuscous, a little paler at base. 10 mm.

The larva lives on grape. The first brood usually works in the flower clusters,
the other two, in the grapes (for this reason it is called the " grapeberry moth").
Usually the larva works in two or three grapes, webbing them together, or attaching
a leaf to the hole. It may also live as a case-bearer, eating out the Anthonomus
gall and utilizing it as a case (Clarke).

Generally distributed and injurious. New York: Chautaucjiia County (Felt),
Ithaca, Karner, and Orient Point.

P. botrana Schiffermiiller is probably confined to the Old World. It is a much
paler species, with the costal half of the antemedial fascia whitish, leaving a gray
dorsal antemedial patch. American records are based on various species of this
genus.

9. P. liriodendrana Kearfott. Similar to P. viteana: the outer part of the wing
with pinkish suffusion on the ground, and' the markings, including the apical dot,
light brown. Postmedial costal spot well defined; fringe light wood-brown. Hind
wing rather light, with whitish fringe. 9-12 mm. Larva on Liriodendron and
magnolia.

New Jersey to District of Columbia.

The variety magnoliana Kearfott has the pale edging of the markings heavier
and forming a distinct pale spot al>ove the tooth of the median fascia. This
variety occurs with the type on both food-plants.

10. P. cypripediana Kearfott. . Basal half mostly 'dark blue-gray, with the ante-
medial band of moderate width; markings dull fuscous, dominant on outer part
of wing, with fine pale edging, but hardly any pale shading. Markings normal,
postmedial costal spot distinct, subterminal spot narrow, mostly well separated
from outer margin. Hind wing dirty white, noticeably darker than in P. yaracana,
with the fuscous apical shading extending in to the end of the cell. 10 mm.

Larva on Cypripedium.

Seen from Manitoba only, but doubtless to IK- found in our area when- its food-
plant is found.

Subfamily TORTRICINAE

The arrangement of this subfamily follows approximately that of Meyrick in
the Genera Insectorum.

474 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

34. SPARGANOTHIS Hiibner

(CKnopthera Duponchel; (Enectra Guenee, not Hiibner; Ccnopis Zeller,
etc.; with Platynota, Leptoria Clemens, Epagoge auct.)

Front with a projecting tuft, leaving a more or less circular, naked or close-
scaled area covered by the palpi (fig. 240) ; which are beak-like and typically as
long as head and thorax together. Fore wing (fig. 234) normally with some raised
scales, becoming regular tufts in group Platynota; R, and R5 forking over apex;
Cua arising beyond middle of cell. Hind wing with a distinct tuft or fringe of
hair-scales on base of Cu. weaker than in most Eucosminae; R and Mt approximate,
and often shortly stalked; M, closely grouped with M3 and Cu1; and widely sep-
arated from M,.

Key to the species
1. Ground white.

2. Immaculate 19. pettitana var.

2. A large brown patch 16. niveana.

1. Ground lemon yellow.

2. A brown spot on middle of inner margin 20. albieaudana.

2. No such spot.

3. Reticulate with orange or red-brown.

4. Hind wing blackish 10. lycopodiana.

4. Hind wing light gray 9. sulfureana.

4. Hind wing pale orange or white.

5. Fore wing with narrow bands of rod-brown 14. reticulatann.

f>. Fore wing with large areas of red-brown 15. ferreann.

3. Not reticulate with orange, or with only a few brownish scales.

4. Hind wing ochreous white 18. karacana.

4. Hind wing pure white.

5. A broad curved band, both ends of which run to costa. .17. groteana,.

5. Narrow broken bands, or none 19. pettitana.

4. Hind wing gray.

5. Fore wing with three rusty stripes 11. tristriata.

5. Fore wing with an oblique rusty band 8. puritana.

1. Ground duller or darker.

2. Base of fore wing pale orange, outer part dark.

3. Base defined by a blackish band; with a blackish triangular apical

shade 2. flavibasana.

3. Markings wholly diffuse; no blackish 1. violaceana.

2. Hind wing dull orange or orange brown, or white suffused with orange.
3. With obscure dull purplish reticulation only, not contrasting.

22. testulana.

3. With well-marked dark reticulation 21. chambersana (female).

3. Light yellow, with light brown patches 12. saracann.

3. Dull light tawny and darker brown; sexually dimorphic. . .26. flavedana.

2. Dull orange, hind wing white 21. chambersana (male) .

2. Base concolorous with medial or terminal region; hind wing not orange or

pure white.
3. Ground bright yellow or orange.

4. Not reticulate; with oblique dark band 8. puritana.

4. Yellow, reticulate with orange; or orange, reticulate with yellow.

5. Fore wing with narrow bands of red-brown 14. reticulatann

5. Fore wing with large areas of red-brown 15. ferreana.

3. Cream yellow, reticulate with purple-brown.

4. Patchily shaded also ; 4. irrorea.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 475

4. Evenly reticulate 7. caryce.

3. Ground duller brown or gray.

4. Pale brown, with blurred antemedial and postmedial costal patches, or

immaculate in female 5. xanthoides.

4. Very small; brown, with darker, rather even and sharply defined

bands 13. diluticoslana.

4. Dull dark gray, heavily tufted, and marked with blackish.

5. Blackish with luteous outer margin 24. semiustana.

5. Blotched with whitish 25. exasperatana.

5. No pale areas 23. idceusalis.

4. Pale powdery gray.

5. With brown inner margin (A.mor'bia humerosana, female).

5. No brown inner margin 6. cana.

I. Fore icing with isolated scales or raised striations only, sometimes practically

smooth.

* Front normal, the enclosing tuft of long, incurved hairs, not quite regularly

arranged (Spar'ganothis) .

1. S. violaceana Robinson. Fore wing with basal two-fifths light yellow, edged
with copper-red iridescence; the next two-fifths dull gray with purple iridescence;
and the apex brown with green and red iridescence, all shading into each other.
Hind wing dark. 20 mm. (Tort rice, (Enectra}.

May to July.

Quebec to Pennsylvania and British Columbia. New York: Peru, Rock City
(Cattaraugus County), Ithaca, Schoharie, Earner (Forbes).

2. S. flavibasana Fernald. Base coppery, notched by a very large square fuscous
patch a third way out on costa ; most of wing dull brown ; apex triangularly
blackish, and also hind wing and fringe. Normally with the square costal patch
connected by a fuscous band to inner margin near base, crossing the coppery area.

June. Larva on Lonicera.
Ottawa, Ontario; Illinois; Texas.
[Number 3 is vacant.]

4. S. irrorea Robinson. Typically light straw yellow, much less brilliant than
the sulfureana group; with a large purple-brown patch beyond middle ofc inner
margin, a smaller one opposite it on costa, often connected to it by a curved line,
and costal edge and fringes dark; the patches not sharply defined. Ground often
dotted with purple-brown. Hind wing pale. 22 mm.

June to early August.

Quebec to Pennsylvania and British Columbia. New York: Otto, Ithaca.

5. S. xanthoides Walker. Pale brown, typically reticulate and finely veined with
dark brown; in variety breviornatana Clemens, with orange-tinted ground, and
more heavily reticulate; male with two distinct costal patches of the brown, the
basal one tending to become an oblique fascia across the wing, or to join a patch
over Cu at the middle of the wing. Female with the patches obscure. Hind wing
variable, dirty white to gray. Very near S. irrorea, and perhaps intergrading with
it, but more buff-brown, with the patches less clean-cut on inner side when present,
especially the lower one.

New Hampshire and Ottawa, Ontario, to Pennsylvania and British Columbia.
New York: Newcomb, Portage. Potter Swamp (Yates County), Liberty, Big
Indian Valley, Putnam County, New Windsor.

G. S. cana 'Robinson. Pale gray, with dark shading forming more or less dis-
tinct quadrate patches on base, before and beyond middle of costa, and rather
beyond middle of inner margin; ground striated with black, the striation more
definitely transverse than' in A. humerosana, and defining the antemedial costal,

476 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

and the dorsal, patch with black. Hind wing slightly browner. 20mm. (Tortria),
Cenopis. )

This species is superficially very like Tortrix afflictana.

Pennsylvania. New York (Fernald).

7. S. caryae Robinson. Cream color, regularly reticulate with red-brown; not
forming oblique bands; hind wing lighter red-brown. 22 mm.

June to September. Larva a general feeder.

Maine; Illinois; Missouri; Alabama; Texas. New York: Lewis County.

8. S. puritana Robinson. Bright ochre yellow, with an oblique even red-brown
fascia from costa before middle of inner margin; a spot on costa at two-thirds
and one at middle of outer margin. Fascia usually broken in the fold, especially
in the large western race, vocaridorsana Kearfott. Expanse typically 18 mm.;
the race vocardidorsana often over 25 mm. (Crcesia.)

End of June; August.

Quebec to Massachusetts and west. New York: Newport, North Creek, Wells,
Ithaca, Trenton Falls, Karner.

9. S. sulfureana Clemens. Lemon yellow, more or less reticulate with orange;
the reticulation sometimes almost completely lost; base of costa, two rust brown
or black fasciae meeting at middle of inner margin at an angle of 60°, the outer
one often angulate or forked, and often an irregular outer margin; hind wing
gray, or more or less shaded with orange, never pure white. Quite variable and
tending strongly to break up into strains. 10—15 mm.; southern specimens (variety
belfrageana Zeller) averaging very small. (Epagoge.)

Generally distributed, flying from June to September and the commonest of the
genus. Larva a general feeder.

New York : Newport, Honeoye Falls, Buffalo, Portage, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley,
Liberty, Pearl River, New Windsor; East New York, Long Island.

10. S. lycopodiana Kearfott. Markings similar to 8. sulfureana, heavier, the
red-brown often suffusing the whole outer half of the wing, and the bands cen-
tered with dark brown (as in some specimens of 8. sulfureana). Hind wing dark
mouse-gray. 12-13 mm. (Epagoge.)

July and August. Larva on Lycopodium.

This form is fairly constant; it may be an extreme strain of 8. sulfureana, but
is quite distinct from its ordinary forms.

Ottawa, Ontario; Hampton, New Hampshire; Sebec Lake, Maine.

11. S. tristriata Kearfott. Lemon yellow, all margins, and a band through cell
from base to outer margin, red-brown. Outer margin rarely yellow, merely reti-
culate with orange. Hind wing reddish gray. Fore wing rarely rusty orange,
with grayish streaks.

September. Very rare.
Minnesota; New York; Maryland.

S. bistriata Kearfott ranges north to North Carolina. It has two wide stripes,
and a weak one on the inner margin, and a light brown hind wing.

* * Front in male flattened or slightly concave, close-scaled, and produced into a
point between the palpi; un,th the hair overhanging it all cut off even, forming
a regular horseshoe-shaped tuft, so as to make the front appear deeply con-
cave (fig. 240) ; female with the same structure less developed, much as in
some males of the typical group (Cenopis).

12. S. saracana Kearfott. Very dull light ochre with a square light brown patch
a third way out on costa, and a band from outer third of costa to beyond middle
of inner margin, widening into patches at the ends and sometimes broken at the
middle, or broken into three spots. Hind wing browner. 18 mm.

July. Larva on sassafras.
Essex C6unty, New Jersey.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 477

There is a closely related undescribed species from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

13. S. diluticostana Walsingham. Red-brown, with even, alternating bands of
faint purplish and golden iridescence, denned by narrow lines which are not
iridescent; the bands of moderate width toward outer margin, about as broad as
long toward base. Hind wing reddish gray. 13-16 mm. (quercana Fernald).

June and July. Larva on oak, cherry, and syringa.

New York to Texas. New -York : Newark, Batavia, Otto, Ithaca.

14. S. reticulatana Clemens. Anterior half of tegulae red-brown; front of thorax
with a transverse orange bar. Fore wing lemon yellow, reticulate with orange,
sometimes almost entirely orange; a dark band from costa at one quarter way
out to beyond middle of inner margin, more oblique than in sulfureana; a costal
patch at two-thirds way out, sending a forked line from its lower side; one leg
of this line joining the lower end of the first band, and the other running to near
the anal angle and usually fading out; margin with a dark stria. Hind wing
white, typically suffused with orange. Very close to some forms of sulfureana,
but apparently distinguishable by the outer patch on the costa and the pale hind
wing; also rather like Eulia quadrifasciana, which has separated orange dots
instead of reticulation. 15 mm.

Not rare in July and August. Larva a general feeder.

The dark, dominantly orange form is typical, the yellow one is variety gracilana
Walsingham.

Generally distributed. New York: Wilmington, Fentons (Lewis County), Hope,
Newport, Otto, Hemlock Lake, Ithaca, Albany (variety gracilana), North Creek
( typical ) .

15. S. ferreana Busck. Near 8. reticulatana. Ground reticulate with rusty
brown on pale straw yellow, suffused with brown except on basal third; a large
semicircle on middle of costal margin, leaving a narrow oblique . antemedial band
and a terminal band. Hind wing white with ochreous tint.

July.

Ilion, New York.

16. S. niveana Walsingham. Reddish brown with bright purple iridescence; a
basal patch, a conspicuous spot on middle of costa, and outer margin, white.
Hind wing pale ochreous brown, with white margin and fringe. 23 mm.

The type is unique and is possibly an aberration of 8. groteana.
Canada.

17. S. groteana Fernald. Lemon yellow; a large triangular patch on middle half
of costa, extending down to fold arid enclosing a semicircular yellow spot; some-
times with a series of brown postmedial striations. Rarely, with middle half of
wing suffused with yellow-brown, except the costal spot, or with the brown reduced
to a couple of strise on costa, which tend to converge, unlike maculate forms of
pettitana and karacana. 30 mm.

Western Pennsylvania to Manitoba.

18. S. karacan'a Kearfott. Lemon yellow with transverse water-lining like that
of 8. pettitana, of which it may be "a maculate variety, but unlike 8. groteana;
•A narrow brown fascia from one-third way out on costa to beyond middle of
inner margin, and a patch on costa at two-thirds way out tending to send out
lines toward inner margin. Normally not at all striate. Fore wing rarely suffused
with tawny brown, showing the yellow only on the basal half of the inner margin,
the outer margin, and a couple of spots toward base of costa. 20 mm.

Bay berry and scrub oak.

New Jersey. New York: Batavia.

19. S. pettitana Robinson. Pale lemon yellow, water-lined with raised scales,
typically immaculate, sometimes with two more or less complete parallel oblique
lines. Ground, rarely, pure white or shaded with pale brown. 20-27 mm.
(H 48:35.)

478 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Common and general in distribution. Larva on various plants, especially maple.
New York: Rochester, Batavia, Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Little Falls,
Sclienectady, Pine Island : Great River, Long Island.

20. S. albicaudana Busck. Lemon yellow, mottled with slightly darker yellow;
antemedial line fine, pinkish brown, starting from a small triangle on costa a
third way out, and running to the inner angle of an irregular pinkish brown
patch on middle of inner margin. Postmedial line two-thirds way out, irregular,
but roughly parallel to antemedial as far as Cu-. then fading out, or curving in
and joining the outer end of the dorsal spot. A little brownish reticulation out-
wardly. Fringe pinkish brown. Hind wing cream-white, slightly shaded with
orange. 15-18 mm.

July. Larva on maple. This form is doubtless the extreme maculate variety
of S. pettitana.
Notch, Pennsylvania.

21. S. chambersana Kearfott. Dull orange, reticulate with dull red-brown, the
reticulations gathering into a broken fascia from before middle of costa to beyond
middle of outer margin,- and a vague spot at end of cell. Hind wing white in male,
orange in female. 20-25 mm.

June. Larva on Ccrcis. This -form is superficially very close to 8. axtnthoides,
but is distinguished most easily by the lack of grayish tint on the hind wing.
It seems to n't rather better in group Cenopis than in typical Sparganothis. It
also resembles »V. leshilana, but is brighter, and has a paler hind wing.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

22. S. testulana Zeller. Bright orange, reticulate with light brown ; with a
slight purplish iridescence, not at all contrasting. Indications of an oblique
median fascia, and a discal spot. Hind wing light orange. 10-22 mm.

June to August. Larva on oak and walnut.
Missouri to New Jersey and south.

II. Fore icing with heavy tuffs and scale ridges and a conspicuous costal fold, the
strongest tufts being tico in the fold and one at the end of the cell. Eyes large
in male (Platynota).

* Costal fold moderate.

23. S. idaeusalis Walker. Ash gray, irregularly shaded with blackish and dull
brown; the stria1 markedly raised and black; male tending to have the outer
margin paler, with two or three fine striae; female rather paler on the basal half,
out to an oblique black stria across the middle of the wing. Hind wing fuscous.
12-25 mm.; female averaging much larger. (Hypena- Walker; scntama, Clemens).

General in distribution; June to August; not rare. Larva on Solanum, golden-
rod, clover, and other herbs; in a folded leaf or between two leaves; cutting
the petiole of one leaf and feeding on it when withered and dry.

New York : North Creek, Otto, Itnaca, McLean, Big Indian Valley, New Windsor,
Clove Valley, Long Island.

24. S. semiustana Walsingham. Basal part of wing almost solid blackish, con-
trasting with the luteous margin, which has two black striae. Some yellow
brown, mixed with the blackish base. Hind wing a little browner than in
8. idoeusalis.

Male only seen. Possibly a variety of 8. ida-usalis.
New Hampshire; North Carolina.

25. S. exasperatana Zeller. Similar to 8. idantsalis, but with costal half and
outer margin of male whitish, except for a semicircular dull black patch on outer
half of costa. Female with basal half whitish, and middle of costa also frosted
with whitish; hind wing whitish in male, mouse gray in female. 12-15 mm.

July and August.

New Hampshire; Texas. New York: Ithaca.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 479

** Costal fold extending beyond middle of wing.

26. S. flavedana Clemens. Male black -brown, with contrasting reddish-ochreous
outer fourth; female red-brown, almost evenly marked, as in 8. idaeusalis; hind
wing red-brown. 10-20 mm.

Larva a general feeder.

Common and generally distributed. New York: Putnam County, New Windsor,
New York City; Clove Valley, Staten Island, Jamaica, Long Island.

35. AH ORB I A Clemens
(Hcndecastema Walsingham)

Similar to Sparganothis; R4 and R5 united in male, running to costa; palpi
exceeding head by less than twice the width of the eye, even in female. Larvae leaf-
rollers, like Sparganothis, etc., general feeders.

1. A. humerosana Clemens. Whitish gray, slightly mottled in two shades, and
dotted with minute black scale-tufts; inner margin brownish. 21-30 mm
(H 48:23.)

Rather common in May and June.

General in distribution. New York: Ilion, Crosby (Yates County), Ithaca,
McLean, Big Indian Valley, New Windsor, Long Island.

36. CfELOSTATHMA Clemens

(Amphisa)

Male antennae heavily bristled and fasciculate; palpi moderate, beaklike; no
costal fold. Fore wings with R3 shortly stalked (fig. 235); CUj well separated from
M3 and both CUj and Cu2 strongly curved; base of M and of R4+5 lost. Hind wing
with R and M! stalked; M2 and M3 connate; CUj widely separated from M3. An
isolated genus, resembling both Sparganothis and Capua.

1. C. discopunctanum Clemens. Fore wing distinctly falcate; dull luteous,
typically with outer and inner convex fine brown lines, somewhat outwardly oblique
and shaded beyond with dull light brown; the inner line tending to break into
costal and dorsal patches, the outer to become diffuse. Sometimes with large
brown shades beyond the inner line at costa and inner margin, and beyond the
outer line at the costa. 15 mm.

June to August; apparently two broods with maxima in July and in August.
Larva on 'clover.

Quebec to Florida and west. New York: Newcomb, Ilion, Otto, Ithaca, Schenec-
tady, Rhinebeck.

37. ADOXOPHYE8 Meyrick
(Capua, in part)

Male antennae ciliate; palpi beaklike, the third joint moderate and down-
curved; thorax with a slight crest behind; fore wing of male with large costal
fold; R< and R5 stalked, forked over apex;' Cu, arising well before angle of cell;
hind wing in our species with R and Mj stalked; M3 and Cu, separate.

This genus is rather close to Sparganothis, both in structure and markings;
but the peculiar frontal scaling is not suggested, the frontal vestiture being
smooth.

1. A. furcatana Walker. Pale straw yellow, reticulate with golden brown; a
light brown, oblique and quite irregular fascia from before middle of costa to
before anal angle, about as wide as two interspaces on the cell; below which it

480 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

sends off a fine branch toward the basal angle; a second oblique and nearly even
fascia from three -fourths way out on costa to anal angle, obscurely joining the first
one below; well defined on inner side, but gradually shading into the pale apex.
Hind wing white. 18. mm.

•June to September.

Mississippi Valley; east to western New York: Ithaca.

Eastern race. Paler; the ground between the reticulations very nearly white;
oblique fascia much narrower, and darker brown, practically reduced to a couple
of anastomosing lines, with a strong branch extending to inner margin about a
third of the way out; outer fascia farther out, excurved and connected to the inner
one by irregular brown reticulations.

Maine to western Pennsylvania.

38. ARGYROTOXA Stephens
(Tortrix, in part)

Similar to Tortrix, but with scale tufts on the fore wings, the tufts being only
a little raised, the one at the end of the cell perhaps most prominent; R, running
practically to the apex.

Argyrotoxa is closely related to Peronea, which differs only in RS running clearly
to the costa; and which has a similar pupa. The species are superficially very
close, but have perfectly distinct genitalia. Larvae of the genus are known from
rose, oak, huckleberry and other foods.

Key to the species

1. Fore wing with a raised yellow discal spot 3. curvalana.

1. Fore wing with discal spot inconspicuous.
2. Fore wing with a subterminal band.

3. Subterminal band closely parallel to outer margin, leaving a narrow yel-
low margin • 1. bergmanniana.

3. Subterminal band more strongly curved, drawing away from margin
toward costa, where it is about as far from the apex as twice the width

of an interspace 2. albicomana.

2. No subterminal band 4. semipurpurana.

1. A. bergmanniana Linnaeus. Bright lemon yellow; a brown transverse band
from a third of the way out on costa to before middle of inner margin; one from
two-thirds of the way out on costa to before anal angle, these two breaking into
orange reticulations below costa; a third contrasting dark band closely parallel to
the outer margin, leaving a narrow yellow margin; the wing sometimes suffused
with dull orange, leaving the margin and costal region pale. Hind wing white or
yellowish. 10-12 mm.

Larva greenish white, with black head, cervical shield, and true legs; webbing
together the terminal leaves of rose.

I am not quite sure this species really occurs in America, as the records may be
based on specimens of albicomana, which is very close.

2. A. albicomana Clemens. Closely similar to A. bergmanniana, save for the
greater curvature of the subterminal band.

Larva on rose.

Distribution uncertain, from confusion with the other species. New York: North
Elba, Batavia, Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Ithaca, Albany, Rhinebeck,
Crugers, New York City, Staten Island.

3. A. curvalana Kearfott. Rich tawny brown, leaving the base and outer margin
yellow, and a conspicuous longitudinally oval discal spot at lower angle of cell.

Mississippi Valley.

LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 481

4. A. semipurpurana Kearfott. Typically purplish gray, with the base, outer
margin, and a patch at middle of costa yellow; varying to forms that are wholly
yellow, with the usual markings showing as a different shade of yellow, or merely
as waterlining. Sometimes with whitish markings, or with orange bands.

Larva on rose and oak.

General, and somewhat commoner, as a rule, than A. albicomana. New York:
Ithaca, common.

Variety dorsipurpurana Kearfott. Mostly pale yellow, but with a narrow con-
trasting blackish shade along inner margin, widening more or less distinctly into
teeth ante- and postmedially.

With the typical form. New York: Ithaca.

39. PEEONEA Curtis

(Aclerift, Teras, Acalla, Rhacodia, Teleia Hiibner; CheimatophUa
Stephens; Alceris Fernald, in Dyar's List)

Similar to Tortrix; as shown by the pupa closely related to Argyrotoxa. Fore
wing with all veins separate, R5 running to costa (fig. 236), Cu2 arising from well
before middle of cell; the lower boundary of the cell beyond it strongly upcurved;
hind wing with R and M, approximate, M2 low, M3 and Cux connate or shortly
stalked. Thorax sometimes tufted ; costa normally nearly straight, sometimes
arched, notched at middle in subgenus Rhacodia (emargama, effractana), especially
in the female.

Variation in some of the species is extreme; and the key can apply only to the
more usual forms. There are two or more broods, the adult hibernating. For the
larva see figure 244.

Key to the species

1. Fore wing with a broad notch in middle of costa, and apex strongly falcate. .

24. effractana.
1. Fore wing with costa not notched, or slightly so in female; in the latter case,

with rounded apex.
2. Fore wing smooth-scaled.

3. No localized markings; the wing regularly spotted or reticulate, or plain.

1. minuta.
3. With a well-marked longitudinal stripe from base to apex. . . .2. angusana.

3. A dark triangle on middle of costa 11. comandrana.

3. An oblique dark line or shade across cell.
•4. With clean-cut lines or boundaries of dark shades at two-fifths and

three-fifths way out on costa 3. fishiana.

4. With such a line at two-fifths but none at three-fifths; normally with

dark base 18. maccana.

2. Fore wing with tufts, at least small ones in fold and beyond middle of cell.
3. Head and front of thorax contrastingly blackish.

4. Five large tufts, two antemedial, two at middle of wing, and one near

end of cell; the pale parts white.
5. With contrasting white or whitish base or broad antemedial fascia.

14. variegana.

5. With a large Mack costal triangle 13. nivisellana.

4. With more mimerous or minute tufts, or one or two rather large ones;

pale parts yellow or buff 21. permutana.

3. Head and front of thorax not dark; or somewhat darkened (loaiana) ,

but shading into the ground color.
4. With a clean-cut diagonal scale-ridge clear across wing.

16

482 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

5. Ground white, lightly dusted with gray 7. trisignana.

5. Ground pearl gray 10. chalybeana.

4. With the scale ridge abruptly offset inward at lower edge of cell, and
less below Cu2, outward; ground white, lightly dusted with gray.

9. nigrolinea.
4. With the scale ridge usually absent in cell Cut (next below discal cell) ;

ground pure white 8. niveana.

4. With separated tufts; when more tlian four in line, quite small and

clean-cut.

5. Most distinct mark a triangular patch on middle of costa.
6. Ground white.

7. With connected brown reticulation and brown terminal line.

12. americana.
7. With separated brown dots, or a very little reticulation toward

margin 4. subnivana.

G. Ground gray or brown.

7. Inner boundary of dark costal patch clean-cut; head light, ground

broadly grayish 16. schalleriana.

7. Inner boundary of dark costal patch blurred; head deep brown.

15. logiana.
7. Head, body, and ground of wings concolorous, dark fawn color.

23. ferrugana.

7. With some slightly darker reticulation, or raised black points,
or both; buff forms with the base of the wing distinctly

grayer 11. comandrana

7. Evenly brown, varying from pinkish cream to deep yellow-brown,

or narrowly reticulate with white 5. cervinana.

7. Not placed 6. heindeliana.

5. Most distinct mark an oblique antemedian fascia or a longitudinal

stripe.
6. With a distinct tuft in cell Cut, below those lying beyond middle

of cell, and with outer part rough-scaled or with raised tufts.
7. Tuft in cell CUj in line with the others.

19. maculidorsana, 18. maccana.
7. Tuft in cell Cu, basal of the others.

8. Contrastingly marked with black, gray, white, and sometimes

yellow 20. variana.

8. Ground pearl gray 15. logiana.

8. Ground violet-gray, with a small yellow spot beyond discal

tufts only 22. pulverosana.

8. Ground reddish brown or reddish gray 23. ferrugana.

8. Ground dull fuscous, or yellower, with red-brown markings.

15. logiana.
6. Outer part of wing, and usually cell CUj, quite smoothly scaled.

17. hastiana.

I. Fore icing with smooth scaling, rounded apex, and convex to straight costa.

1. P. minuta Robinson. Typically orange, the scales shining, but reticulate with
dull scales; often yellow, reticulate with orange.

The moth becomes darker later in the season, successive specimens passing
through red and crimson to gray with only a few scattered red dots and striae
( variety Cinderella Riley, probably the same as oxycoccana Packard ) . The area
of the dull scaling becomes less at the same time and finally disappears. 9-18 mm.;
the early yellow and orange specimens usually the smaller.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 483

Several ill-defined broods, from June on; hibernating as imagoes in the form
Cinderella. Larva with yellow head; a leaf roller in habits, injurious to cran-
berry; also on apple.

Quebec to New Jersey, and perhaps generally distributed. New York: McLean.

2. P. angusana Fernald. Varying from light yellow to tawny brown, with inner
margin below A always grayish, and in dark specimens with other gray shades
below the stripe. Stripe darker than ground, red-brown to blackish, running from
middle of base to apex; more or less edged below, and often above, with slightly
frayed and irregular white lines. 13-15 mm.

End of July to September.

Meach Lake, and Ottawa, Quebec; Massachusetts; New Jersey. New York:
Ithaca.

3. P. fishiana Fernald. Dull gray, more or less distinctly dotted with brown.
Two parallel fine lines from two-fifths and three-fifths way out on costa toward
anal angle, each defined with slightly paler before 'and with a brown shade beyond.
Hind wing whitish, more distinctly dotted with dark. 25 mm.

Montreal, Quebec; Franconia, New Hampshire; Maine.

II. Fore wing with more or less raised scale tufts; the wing rounded or with
subfalcate membrane only; the costa smooth-scaled, or with rough bristling
scales, tending to form tufts before and beyond middle, especially in female
( Acleris )

4. P. subnivana Walker. White, sometimes tinted with cream, especially in
female; a triangular dark patch resting on middle half of costa, tending to be
broken up into three spots in very lightly marked specimens, but usually solid
or with a small central pale spot; a yellow shade extending from it to middle
of inner margin, at least in female. Hind wing gray, markedly darker than
ground of fore wing. Costa of female concave and strongly rough-scaled both
before and beyond the concavity. 13-15 mm. (peculiana Zeller, deflectana Robin-
son). In "a variety the lower two-thirds of the wing is regularly spotted with
brown between the veins.

The tufts are moderate but well marked; the costal notch of the female is the
only definite difference between this species and the next. Larva on Vernonia
( Cacalia ) .

Common and generally distributed in late fall and early spring.

New York: Wilmington, Ithaca, Albany.

5. P. cervinana Fernald. Similar, the ground pinkish cream to bright buff-
brown, or buff-brown reticulate with white, the dark color covering a larger area
than in spotted forms of P. subnivana. Hind wing paler, whitish, almost always
paler than ground of fore wing. Wing form similar in the two sexes, without
costal concavity or decided rough scaling; costal patch tending strongly to be
weak below or to break into spots. 13-15 mm.

General all season; wintering as adult.

6. P. heindeliana Fernald. Ash gray, slightly shaded with brown below the tri-
angular costal patch, which extends from a third to four-fifths way out on costa,
and is spotted with black tufts (galUcolana Clemens).

Larva in " pine-cone " gall on willow.
Illinois to Manitoba. New York: Ithaca (?)

7. P. trisignana Robinson. White, irregularly dusted with gray, appearing pale
gray, with the costal triangle often indicated by three partly confluent light gray
spots. Fore wing with antemedial tufts on cell and in fold, and with rough scal-
ing which tends to form a very irregular and broken postmedial band. A scale
ridge running obliquely almost across the wing from before middle of costa to
beyond middle of inner margin, narrowly interrupted on the veins, but not offset
on Cu, or Cu2. 15-20 mm.

484 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

This form is doubtfully distinct from boscana Fabricius of Europe, which is not
close to our so-called boscana (placidana Robinson). Larva fastening together
two overlapping leaves of white birch, living in a small white tube. Pale dull
green; head and cervical shield black; also with blackish prespiracular and sub-
ventral warts on prothorax.

This may be merely a gray winter form of P. niveana.

Montreal to New Jersey and western Pennsylvania. New York: Big Indian
Valley, Bronx (New York City), Staten Island, Long Island.

8. P. niveana Fabricius. Pure white, with a few gray scales; the tufting as in
/'. trisignana, but interrupted in cell Cu^ 20 mm.

Larva on birch.

Europe; reported from Ontario.

9. P. nigrolinea Robinson. White, irregularly dusted with gray, often gathering
into spots at middle of wing; typically, but not usually with a fine black longi-
tudinal line from base to middle of wing. Tufts numerous, the outer ones forming
parts of three series; the median series strongly broken at Cu,, and less so at Cu2.
25 mm.

This form is very probably a mere variant of P. trisignana.

Montreal, Quebec, to western Pennsylvania, Missouri, and British Columbia.

10. P. chalybeana Fernald. Tufts somewhat reduced, with wider spaces between
them, but with the one in cell CUj in line with the others. Costa not so roughly
scaled as in P. hastiana. Dull gray, normally with darker shades, especially with
traces of the costal triangle ; sometimes with costal triangle well-marked, and a
heavy blackish patch at base of inner margin. Tufts often defined with black.
22 mm.

August; October to May.

Maine to western Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca, McLean.

11. P. comandrana Fernald. Tufts almost obsolete. Pale brown, with obscure
striation and a darker terminal line; costal patch normally strongly contrasting,
dark brown, with central triangle of the ground color, rarely suffused and broken
up. 13 mm.

June; November. Larva on Comandra bellardi; light green with whitish pro-
tuberances, and black head and cervical shield; in early June.
Massachusetts to Texas.

12. P. americana Fernald. Head reddish white. Fore wing white, reticulate
with bright brown, the transverse bars of the reticulation much stronger than the
veining, which is only partly traceable. Costal triangle bright brown, slightly
suffused below, with pale center; fringe deep brown at base, yellow-brown out-
wardly, contrasting. Hind wing mouse gray. 15 mm.

October.

Ontario and New Hampshire to western Pennsylvania.

13. P. nivisellana Walsingham. Light gray; costal part toward base and a
shade about the contrasting black triangle white; apex coppery orange, with a
couple of black spots. Five large transverse tufts of whitish scales and several
small ones, partly black. Markings variable in extent but unusually constant for
the genus. 15 mm.

Larva on Cratsegus.

Generally distributed, west to British Columbia and south to Pennsylvania. New
York : Ithaca.

14. P. variegana Schiffermuller. Head grayish or black, contrasting with the
white thorax; fore wing white or yellow at base; typically, with the antemedian
tuft below cell blackish, and the area between it and the inner margin gray; in
the only specimen seen from this region, nearly solid white. Outer half of wing
contrastingly dark, yellowish to nearly black. 13 mm.

July; larva on various trees and shrubs.
British Columbia; Europe. New York: Clinton.

LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 485

15. P. Ipgiana, Schiffermiiller. Typically pearl gray, with a contrasting brown
costal triangle, which extends nearly to apex, and tends to run down a little along
the outer series of tufts; a double point below. Tufts small. Fringe darker in
pale specimens, concolorous with hind wing. Fore wing in variety gennarana
Frolich gray, shaded with brown, the costal triangle not contrasting with the
other brown shades; in variety famula Zeller, dull fuscous with the triangle
barely traceable; the fuscous ground, under the lens, showing as gray, more or
less flecked with red-brown. Fore wing in other specimens strongly shaded with
yellow on the outer half (variety viburnana Clemens).

This complexly variable species is best determined by breeding from its food
plant, Viburnum.

General in distribution. New York: Ithaca, Karner, New Windsor.

P. stadiana Barnes and Busck is unknown to me. It is described as similar to
P. viburnana, but smaller (16 mm.) with the costal triangle relatively smaller,
ground light reddish brown, rather heavily overlaid toward the apex with dark
brown, and terminal edge dusted with black. It was described from Ottawa,
Canada.

16. P. schalleriana Linnaeus. Light dull gray; with scattered small black tufts.
Costal patch a clean-cut triangle, twice as long on outer as on inner side, and
truncate parallel to the costa along the middle of the cell; costal patch bright
brown, with some black scaling on its edges, and with two blackish bars in the
fringe at its apex. 18-20 mm.

Two broods, August to April; June and July. Larva green with darker side-
stripes, head and cervical shield yellow-brown, with blackish spots on sides of
shield; in flowers and young leaves on Symphytum, Salix, and Vaccinium.

Quebec to Massachusetts, West to British Columbia; Europe.

17. P. hastiana Linnaeus. Fore wing with moderate antemedial and medial
tufts in cell and in fold, the medials about three-fourths way out in the cell;
with no corresponding tuft in cell Cu\. Outer part of wing smooth scaled. Mark-
ings extremely variable, and of two principal types: either with a longitudinal
stripe, which may run through the middle of the wing or rather toward the costa.
or may be represented by a broad pale costal area; or with mainly transverse
markings, either contrasting or obscure, of which the most distinct is an oblique
fascia between the two pairs of tufts in the cell. Ground usually violet- to brown-
ish-gray, duller than in P. variana. 20 mm. (celiana Robinson).

Larva much like P. schalleriana, on Vaccinium and Andromeda.

Generally distributed and not rare, but thoroughly confused in collections with
various of the following species : New York : Hemlock Lake, Ithaca, McLean,
Albany. • (Variety inana Robinson occurs at New Windsor, and variety ftavivittana
Clemens is also reported from New York by Robinson. A black strain occurs
at McLean.)

The principal named varieties are the following:
coronana Thunberg, with whitish antemedial fascia,
byringerana Hiibner, with a yellowish fascia on a red-brown ground,
psorana Frcelich, variable in ground color, with striation on the veins, and traoes_

of dark costal triangle,
autumnana Stephens, immaculate yellowish gray to dark brown, with the dark

raised tufts only.

aquilana Hiibner, dark, with veins finely pale and pale head and thorax.
albistriana Haworth, with fewer or no pale veins, and a pale dorsal stripe,
combustana Hiibner, with yellow dorsal stripe,
radiana Hiibner, dark, with pale veins on dorsal half, pale yellowish on costal

half, with traces of dark veins,
divisana Hiibner, costal half contrastingly pale, white, or yellow, separated from

the brown dorsal half by a dark line,
apiciana Htlbner, light brownish yellow, with a dark line from base to apex.

486 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

mayrana Hiibner, the reverse of apiciana, being blackish brown, with a fine, clean-
cut yellow or white stripe from base to apex.

centrovittana Stephens, with the yellow or tawny longitudinal stripe crossing the
typical transverse pattern; which is rather clean-cut and moderately contrasting
in shades of brownish gray, as in the typical form.

The forms in this list were all described from Europe, but most or all are repre-
sented in America; besides these, the following were originally described from

American specimens :

llavivittana Clemens, with a yellow dorsal stripe below the fold: it may be con-
sidered the representative of combitstana.

perspicuana Robinson, pale gray with contrasting blackish base.

celiana Robinson, red-brown with normal pattern in violet-gray; and yellowish,
rather than black, tufts.

hudsoniana Walker, from west of Hudson Bay; described as blackish, with a paler
quadrate patch in the cell and no other decided markings. (I have not seen
it, and Kearfott notes that it is not a form of hastiana. A black form of
hastiana occurs, however, at McLean, New York.)

ptychogrammos Zeller, perhaps also a distinct species, described from Texas;
dwarf (15 mm.); gray, with well-marked brown costal triangle; a longitudinal
black streak in fold to three-fourths, and the black triangle edged inwardly with
black.

albilineana Kearfott, violet-gray, with a white stripe from base to apex, leaving
a gray costal edge, and edged below with blackish. (I am not at all sure that
this is a variety of hastiana. Very possibly the tufting is unstable and several
of these nominal species should be united.)

18. P. maccana Treitschke. Tufts almost obsolete, but with the antemedial one
in the fold distinct; a black dot or streak, sometimes slightly raised, in ceil Cu,,
almost directly below the lower tuft in cell; unlike the hastiana series, where the
tuft or dot if present is well basad of the discal ones. Dull brown, somewhat
shaded and frosted with pale violet-gray; usually very slightly, but in the only
specimen seen from the United States, heavily, except for the dark base and the
triangular patch on costa. Two fine, somewhat irregular, oblique lines from costa,
the inner at two-thirds way out, much as in P. fishiana, which however is per-
fectly smooth-scaled. 20 mm.

Larva on Vaccinium and Lcdum.
Europe; Winchendon, Massachusetts.

19. P. maculidorsana Clemens. Light violet -gray, shaded with brown beyond the
principal row of tufts, which are all practically in line. A triangular dark patch
on inner margin near base, with the black tuft in the fold at its apex, as in some
specimens of hastiana. 17-20 mm.

Variety inana Robinson is all light dull gray, and wholly without contrasts.
New Hampshire and New Jersey to Nevada; apparently only the variety in
Nevada.

20. P. variana Fernald. Outer tuft in fold directly below the outer discal ones,
which are more erect than in the hastiana group; tuft or black dot in Cut far
basad of them, resulting in a long inward-projecting tooth on the outer boundary
of the pale antemedian fascia. Markings white, gray, and black; or often with
yellow, either as a basal patch or a longitudinal stripe; antemedial fascia broad,
paler, often pure white, preceded and followed by narrow blackish irregular bands,
which often are contrasting.

New York to British Columbia; the larva on spruce and often very common
northward. New York: Mt. Whiteface, just below the tree line.

21. P. permutana Dupouchel. Reddish wood-brown, shaded with yellow, especi-
ally toward base of wing; with a blackish patch near base of inner margin; and
shading at apex and beyond the antemedial fascia. Tufts strong, the one toward

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 487

the base of the fold, practically filling the space from Cu to A; the outer tufts
strong, well separated, and not very numerous; the one in cell Cu, typically much
out of line with the others, but variable. Fragariana Kearfott applies to speci-
mens with the tuft in cell.CUj practically in line. 15 mm.

Larva on Prunus, rose, and strawberry; also reported from willow.

New Hampshire to British Columbia.

P. robinsoniana Kearfott appears from the tufting to be a variety of permutana.
The inner margin is contrasting light yellow, widening to half the width of the
wing at outer margin; the rest wood-brown, shading into black on basal half toward
apex.

Specimens seen from New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Manitoba.

P. clemensiana Kearfott is another probable variety; it is suffused with black-
ish except the large tuft on the disc and a patch at the anal angle, which are
ochreous.

Hampton, new Hampshire.

P. flavivittana of Robinson, not Clemens, is another form of very different appear-
ance; red-brown frosted with gray and white; with the inner margin from base
to anal angle heavily dusted with white and marked by a fine white line.

Several other unnamed forms occur. '

New Hampshire.

22. P. pulverosana Walker. Violet-gray, with a good many small groups of black
scales, rather loosely and roughly scaled, but with small tufts. Tuft in Cu, hardly
out of line, but moth distinguished from maculidorsana by its even gray color,
with a contrasting yellow-brown spot in the end of the cell, defined inwardly by the
black tufts. (When yellow-brown is present in ntaculidorsana, it is more extensive
and diffuse.) 18 mm. (brewsteriana) .

Massachusetts ; Manitoba.

P. hypericana Ely is closely similur. The base before the tufts is grayish white,
with a strong blackish patch on the base of the inner margin, covering the first
tuft. The oblique series of tufts is normally followed by a strong yellow shade.

Larva on Hypericum.

Connecticut.

23. P. ferrugana Schiffermiiller. Brown, often shaded with pale dirty gray or
blackish; rarely, almost wholly of the pale gray, with scattered browner scales.
Costal triangle never complete, but often marked in blackish. Tufts normal, small
and clean-cut, usually of black and white scales; that in cell Cu, out of line. Dis-
tinguished from the hastiana series by its brown or brownish color, and lack of
contrasting gray or yellow marks, from the comandrana group, by its less clean-
cut costal .triangle, arid usually by its more decided yellow-brown tint. 15 mm.

Larva on white birch.

Semiannula Robinson is the extreme, light form; pale gray with only scattered
brown scales. P. gallicolana Clemens, I am unable to place, but from its food
habit it is more apt to be an earlier name for heindeliana Fernald than a synonym
of this species; the description also agrees. If so, the supposed type at Philadel-
phia is incorrectly labelled.

Generally distributed. New York: Wilmington, Ithaca (United States National
Museum), Taughannock.

III. Fore wing ivith costa strongly concave, even in male, and roughly scaled
before and beyond the concavity in both sexes; apex strongly falcate. Tufts
as in the preceding group, (Rhacodia).

24. P. effractana Fro?lich. Gray, more or less shaded with reddish; sometimes
largely pale reddish. 18 mm.

August. Larva green, with yellow-brown head; on poplar, willow, and birch.
Europe; Ottawa, Ontario; etc.

488 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

39J/2- TORTRICODES Guenee

Similar to Peronea. Palpi somewhat weaker and down-curved; tongue weak in
our species, typically obsolescent. Fore wing with R5 running to apex. Hind wing
with M3 and Cu, completely united; R and Mt long-stalked.

1. T. fragariana Busck. Ash gray; base somewhat darker, its outer boundary
strongly excurved and angled over cell ; median fascia but little darker, strongly
oblique, its inner boundary strongly extended in, in fold, and its outer boundary
dentate. Hind wing smoky. Wings narrower and more lanceolate than in Peronea,
though less so than in the type of Tortricodes.

August. Larva on strawberry.

New York to the Pacific coast. New York: Ithaca.

40. CNEPHA8IA Curtis
(Sciaphila, etc.; Tortrix, Capua, in part)

Very close to Tortrix; fare wing usually more pointed, with extended apex and
convex costa, smoothly scaled; palpi beaklike, often long. Venation like that of
Tortrix, but with R and Mt of hind wing stalked (fig. 239).

As defined here this is a heterogeneous group, apparently related to the lower
members of Tortrix. Venational aberrations occur with R and Mj free, but they
can generally be identified by having longer and more pointed wings than Tortrix.

Key to the species

1 . Silvery white, immaculate 1. argentana.

1. Cream white, a little shining, immaculate 2. osseana.

1. Tawny brown to olivaceous, with a more or less distinct oblique fascia.

2. Expanse over 18 mm. Arctic-alpine 3. mceschleriana.

2. Expanse under 15 mm. Generally distributed.

3. A transverse subterminal fascia 4. listerana.

3. A subterminal spot on costa only.

4. Male with a brown costal fold; female with costal edge narrowly brown

below, not transversely striate toward base 6. virescana.

4. No costal fold; the costal edge pale, and. with a few slight transverse
striations in both sexes; smaller 5. peritana.

1. C. argentana Clerck. No costal fold. Fore wing and thorax silver white, on a
fuscous base, becoming fuscous gray when rubbed; hind wing duller and yellower.
25 mm. (Argyroptera Duponchel. )

July.

Europe ; Truro, Nova Scotia ; Quebec ; Colorado, and west. New York : Trenton
Falls.

2. C. osseana niveosana Packard. No costal fold. Cream white, somewhat shin-
ing; the wings less pointed then in A. argentana. 20 mm. (Ablabia Hilbner).

The larva forms a tube under stones and trash, and feeds on various low plants.
The moth flies in June.

Labrador to Alaska, and southward in the Rocky Mountains. New Yprk : Lewis
County (Hill, determined by Fernald).

3. C. moeschleriana Wocke. No costal fold; usually with R4 and R5 free; rarely,
shortly stalked. Sometimes with R and M, of hind wing free. Light yellow, usually
suffused with dull olive, red-brown, or reddish fuscous; with a strongly oblique
brown median fascia and a spot on the costa near apex, obscure in suffused speci-
mens, (ffelidana Moeschler; Tortrix, Capua).

April; August.

Arctic; and on Mount Washington, New Hampshire, and other alpine summits.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 489

4. C. listerana Kearfott. Brown with distinct pink iridescence; not strigose.
Markings very slightly darker; golden brown with fine paler edging. A narrow
excurved basal fascia; median fascia narrower on costa, covering whole outer third
of inner margin; a convex subterminal fascia from costa almost to inner margin,
much narrower toward inner margin. Hind wing chocolate brown. 10-12 mm!
(Phalonia Kearfott).

July.

Nicholson), Pennsylvania.

5. C. peritana Clemens. Dull ochreous brown, sometimes with a slight greenish
tinge, slightly striate with fuscous; a blackish band from costa at two-fifths way
out to before anal angle, usually complete; and a small costal patch at four-fifths,
somewhat extended down by dark striations. Female not always distinguishable
from C. virescana,. 8 mm. (Smicrotes Clemens).

May and June; September. Generally confused in collections with C. virescana.
Probably general. New York: NewcomB, Otto, Ithaca, Ramapo, West Farms.

6. C. virescana Clemens. Similar; the male costal fold well marked, and con-
trasting brown; the costal edge more or less brown in female, and not striated.
Ground color more constantly olivaceous; oblique fascia usually reduced to a costal
patch in male, and rather diffuse in female. 13-17 mm. (Archips, Caccec-ia,
Smicrotes) .

The larva of a related California species eats mealy bugs ( Pseudacoccus ) .

Common and generally distributed, a variety occurring in British Columbia.
New York: Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Portage, Crosby (Yates County),
Ithaca.

41. HARMOLOGA Meyrick
(Tortrix, in part)

Vestiture rough; the thorax with a low posterior tuft; pulpus upturned to mid-
dle of front, but rough above as well as below; clavate, with short third joint.
No costal fold; wings loosely scaled, but without the definite raised scaling of
Argyrotoxa and Peronea.

This genus was proposed by Meyrick to include a primitive group from New
Zealand. Our species is aberrant in having M3 and CUj connate or stalked, and com-
bines characters of Tortrix, Eulia, and Archips.

1. H. fumiferana Clemens. Mottled with clay-color and fuscous or reddisli
brown, the western race strongly reddish; reticulate with black. Hind wing gray.
20-25 mm. (nigridia Robinson.)

The larva is the spruce bud worm, and is often injurious.

Generally distributed in the spruce zone; south to Massachusetts and northern
New York in the East. New York: Common in the Adirondack and Allegany
Highlands.

42. EULIA Hiibner
(Lophoderus Stephens)

Like Tortrix, but more generally with convex costa; with a well-marked posterior
tuft on thorax.

Key to the species
1. Ground cream.

2. Whole middle of wing occupied by a large brown patch 9. alisellana.

2. Fine brown dots, and two parallel fascia H. quercifoliana.

1. Ground yellow, with red dots and fasciae 7. quadrifasciana.

1. Broadly shaded, red-brown, yellow, and olive 1. ministrana.

"1. Ground pale gray; a triangular blaclcish costal patch !>• mariana.

490 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1. Ground dark brown, with two darker fasciae 6. juglandana.

1. With complex clean-cut markings, including a broad oblique fascia.
2. Pale triangular area resting on outer margin merely striate . . 4. gloverana.
2. This pale area containing a large dark patch, or broken up.

3. Dark markings reddish only 3. pinatulana.

3. Dark markings largely deep purple-gray 2. velutinana.

I. Hind wing with R and Ma stalked (Eulia).

1. E. ministrana Linnaeus. Light yellow, dusted with gray so as to appear
olivaceous; with vague shaded markings of orange, red, and brown, the outer
margin shading into red, the most prominent brown mark a patch on middle of
inner margin. Hind wing gray. 20— 25 mm. (ferrugana Hiibner).

June. Larva green with brown head; in a folded leaf on many kinds of trees
and shrubs; wintering full-grown and pupating in the spring.

Generally distributed south to New York; Europe. New York: Summit and
North Twin Brook (Mt. Marcy), North Elba, vicinity of Indian Pass (North Elba
Township), Ithaca, Big Indian Valley.

Variety, subfasciana Stephens, which I have not seen from America, is more
evenly colored, darker brown, and frosted with whitish.

II. Hind wing with R and Mx separate (Argyrotsenia Stephens).

2. E. velutinana Walker. Ground nearly white, striate with gray and shaded
with pale reddish; markings red-brown, striate with black, and shaded with purple-
gray. A fascia from middle of costa widening to inner margin and covering the
outer third of it; a blackish triangle beyond it on costa and a more or less dis-
tinct oval gray patch in the pale apical area left by the two markings. Base
varying from the ground color to dark gray; when dark, defined by a well-marked
excurved antemedial line; the inner margin on the basal half often shaded with
gray. 12-16 mm. (triferana Walker, lutosana, incertana Clemens).

April to October. Two or three broods, with maxima in May, July, and late
August. Larva a leaf roller on almost any plants except conifers; and even
reported from balsam fir.

Common and generally distributed. New York: Newark, Lewiston, Honeoye
Falls, Ithaca, Delmar, Albany, New Windsor, Florida.

There is a closely related, but somewhat larger undescribed species without any
brown scaling. It occurs at Ithaca in May.

3. E. pinatubana Kearfott. Similar in markings; but with the dark marks light
tawny brown or Indian red; hardly ever with gray or purplish scaling. Outer
costal patch connected with the outer oval spot, so as to divide the ground into
an oblique postmedial fascia, and a terminal one narrowing toward inner margin.
10-15 mm. (politana auct. ).

Seasons as in E. velutinana. Larva on pines, making a cylindrical tube out of
a couple of clusters of needles and feeding on the tips of the same needles, deserting
the tube and forming another when the needles are eaten down to about an inch
long. Pupation in the last tube or in another formed for the purpose, but with-
out a cocoon; the pupa easily falling out.

General in distribution. New York: Peru, Portage, Ithaca. Probably common
all over the State but overlooked.

Politana Haworth has the ground dull red-brown, and the fascia breaking into
a small costal and a large quadrate dorsal patch; and the larva is a general feeder
on deciduous plants. It is probably not American.

4. E. gloverana Walsingham. Similar to E. velutinana, larger, wing rather more
acute. Ground whitish, shaded with pale red, especially toward costa, and lightly
and almost evenly striate with gray. Fascia light brown, even in width; costal

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 491

triangle also light brown; and brown base, when distinct, of the same shade the
whole width of the wing. No subterminal dark area. 15 mm.

May. Probably mixed with females of E. velutinwna, in collections.

Winchendon, Massachusetts; Pacific States; not seen from the Central States.
New York: Lewis County.

5. E. mariana Fernald. Whitish, shaded with light gray and ochreous, with
a large blackish triangle on outer two -thirds of costa; often breaking into two
spots, representing the fascia and spot of the preceding forms. 20 mm.

May. Larva on Vaccinium.

Nova Scotia to Florida. New York: Ilion, Jamestown, Ithaca, Ramapo.

6. E. juglandana Fernald. Wings rather broader; the outer half of the costa,
straight, as in some Archips. Dark brown, crossed by two narrow parallel
oblique blackish fasciae, the second pointing toward the anal angle, but not
always reaching it. Hind wing mouse-gray. 15-25 mm.

June and July. Larva on hickory and Viburnum, in May. The thoracic tuft
is well marked, but very easily lost.

Quebec to Pennsylvania and Minnesota. New York: Batavia, Ithaca, New York
City, Brooklyn.

7. E. quadrif asciana Fernald. Lemon yellow, heavily dotted with orange ;
with two narrow oblique red fasciae, and outer margin often shaded with brownish
red. Hind wing gray or orange. 15-20 mm.

May to July.

Quebec to Pennsylvania and Missouri. New York: Lewis County, Batavia,
Albion, Ithaca.

8. E. quercifoliana Fitch. Cream yellow, dotted with brown; with two narrow
oblique brown fasciae, and a curved subterminal streak, sometimes connected
by a streak in the discal fold to the outer oblique fascia. Hind Aving white.
16-20 mm. (trifurculana Zeller; Tortrix).

June and July. Larva on oak and buckthorn, greenish white with amber-
yellow head, and pale legs.

Quebec to Texas. New York : Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Albany.

9. E. alisellana Robinson. Light brown with a series of more or less con-
fluent cream -white patches all around the margin. Hind wing white. (H 48:39.)

June.

Quebec to Illinois. New York: Ithaca, Bethlehem.

43. TORTRIZ Linnasus
(Restricted; with Archips, etc., in part)

Head (fig. 243) smoother scaled than in Eulia; thorax smooth-scaled, with
scutellum rounded out, but no posterior tuft. Palpi with second joint porrect,
more or less clavate, rough-hairy on upper side, and third joint porrect or
beaklike. Fore wing with all veins separate (fig. 237), CUj arising close to M3,
strongly curved, Co, from middle of cell, nearly straight. Hind wing with R
and Mj approximate at origin, M2 close to M3 and Cu1; which are connate at
origin. Cu2 straight, arising two-thirds way out on cell. Costal fold usually
absent.

The type of the genus (T. viridana Linnseus) is bright green, and, except in
palpi and lack of costal fold, resembles Archips; our species are all aberrant
in one way or another.

Grisea and fractivittana, placed in Tortrix by Meyrick, are included here in
Ar-chips; for peritana see Cnephasia, and for quercifoliana, see Eulia.

492 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

•

Key to the species

1. Asli gray, obliquely banded and reticulate 1. afflictama.

1. Yellowish.

2. Reticulate with dark and obliquely shaded.

3. Ground olivaceous to light ochre 5. alleniana.

3. Ground brown 6. symphoricarpana.

"2. Not reticulate.

3. Male with costal fold; shading on under side of fore wing and upper

side of hind wing light brown; wings more acute 3. clemensiana.

3. No costal fold; hind wing shaded with gray, or pure white; fore wing
with costa more arched and apex blunter 4. pallorana.

I. Male icith a short costal fold, hardly reaching base of wing, and bearing a fan-
shaped tuft of long scales at middle, extending doivn over costal part of wing.

1. T. afflictana Walker. Pale gray, with base, an oblique fascia across middle,
a costo-apical triangle and a vague shade on outer margin darker; defined with
fine black strife. Antemedial line angled at middle. Ground more or less dis-
tinctly reticulate. Hind wing slightly duller gray. 18-22 mm. (fuscolmeana) .

May. Caterpillar on fir.

Newfoundland to Texas and California. New York: Ithaca, Albany, New
Windsor.

2. T. packardiana Fernald. Fifth report United States Entomological Com-
mission (Forest Insects) 849. A black, gray, and white species from fir, which
I have not seen.

3. T. clemensiana Fernald. Fore wing long and narrow, nearly three times as long
as wide, and falcate in the female. Fore wing plain straw yellow, in variety
nervosana Kearfott lightly veined with gray. Hind wing and under side of fore
wing white, shaded, at least in male, with pale brown, leaving the costa white.
16-20 mm.

Common in May and June, and in August. Female somewhat narrower-winged
than pallorana.

Generally distributed. New York : Peru, Newport, Lewiston, Honeoye Falls,
l\ock City (Cattaraugus County), Potter Swamp (Yates County), Ithaca, Big
Indian Valley, Utica, Albany, New Windsor, Staten Island, Brooklyn. Variety
nervosana Kearfott occurs at Peru and Ithaca.

II. No costal fold.

4. T. pallorana Robinson. Similar to T. clemensiana, but without costal fold;
on the average little larger, especially in female (30 mm.) ; hind wing a little
grayer in male, normally white in female; fore wing a little duller, not veined
with gray. 20 to 25 or 30 mm. (Male lata, female pallorana Robinson.)

June and July. Larva on cherry, Silphium, and Verbena.

Massachusetts to Illinois, Missouri, and Texas. New York : Newport, Honeoye
Falls, Batavia, Potter Swamp (Yates County), Ithaca, Albany.

5. T. alleniana Fernald. Light yellow-brown, crisply reticulate with brown;
with a vague darker oblique fascia and a costo-apical patch, the fascia tending to
lie lost in the middle, and both clean-cut only on the eosta; sometimes suffused with
dull gray. 20-25 mm. (Caccecia) .

July. Larva a general feeder.

This species is superficially an Archips, but the palpi are markedly beaklike.
and the costal fold is completely absent.

Maine to Manitoba. New York: Peru, Newcomb.

LEPIDOPTEBA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 493

44. ARC HIP 8 Hiibner (Tentamen)
(Cacoecia Hiibner; Ptycholoma Stephens; Tortrix, in part, etc.)

Similar to Tortrix, with the same venation (fig. 238) and vestiture; palpi close-
scaled except for a little loose hair near the tip of the second joint; second joint
strongly upcurved (fig. 242) and concave on upper side; costal fold almost always
present, but in several species reduced to a tiny pointed flap which does not
fold over; absent in .conflictana, extremely rudimentary in purpurana. R« and R-
frequently short-stalked in G. rileyana, especially in the male.

Key to the species

1. Ground color white; marked with black 15. dis»itnna.

1. Ground color not white.

2. Streaked longitudinally with blackish between veins 13. sttriaiia.

2. Transversely marked or spotted.

3. A triangular pure white costal patch 14. persicniia.

3. No pure white markings.

4. Costa cream colored, except for a patch toward apex.. 23. melaleucana.
4. Whole wing cream colored, with faint ochre reticulations and mark-
ings 19. negundana.

4. Ground dark, with a quadrate or triangular cream patch beyond

middle of costa, and usually other patches.
5. Ground yellow-brown, of a mixture of contrasting brown, yellow, and

cream scales 16. argyrospila.

5. Ground gray-brown in broad shades 17. mortuana.

5. Ground light red to pinkish gray, the costal spot triangular.

18. semiferana.

4. No cream color on fore wing; the quadrate patch beyond middle absent,
or of the ochre or darker ground color, and not contrasting with
the general surface of the wing.
5. Hind wing yellow or orange, at least on costal half.

6. Fore wing with sharply defined red-brown dots 12. rileyann.

6. Fore wing with irregular powdery red-brown patches, or all rusty

orange 11. cerasivorarui.

6. Fore wing with the oblique fascia bounded by fine dark striae.

at least at costa 7. rosaceana.

6. Fore wing with a narrower blurred dark fascia .... 2. obsoletana.
5. Hind wing not largely yellow or orange.
6. Males (frenulum simple).

7. Costal fold absent or represented by a slight roughness and

curvature of the costa.
8. Hind wing fuscous, concolorous with fore wing.

1. conflictana.
8. Hind wing pale.

9. Fore wing reddish, with a distinct outwardly oblique ante-
medial line; median band complete, contrasting; subter-
minal band continued by a shade and stria on its inner

side to anal angle 4. parallela.

9. Fore wing reddish, with a dark spot at middle of costa and

other faint markings, or immaculate 2. obsoletana.

9. Fore wing with distinct olivaceous tint, the median hand
above cell, and subterminal spot distinct; large.

3. zapulata.

494 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

7. Costal fold represented by a small point ending in a tuft of

hair-scales, folded back on wing.
8. Hind wing dark gray, median fascia represented by a large

dark shade below 6. fractivittana.

8. Hind wing light on costal half.

9. Striation in antemedial region distinct, nearly transverse;

fore wing light wood-brown 7. rosaceana.

9. Striation strongly excurved or angulate on the fold, often
lost in the dark purplish ground color; ground not usually

wood-brown 5. purpurana.

7. Costal fold slender, extending nearly to middle of wing and

fringed below with long hair-scales.

8. Ground purple, banded contrastingly with chocolate brown.

9. infumatana.
8. Ground dark olive-brown, the median fascia usually clean-cut,

but not contrasting 8. rosana.

8. Ground yellow-brown, with a dark gray patch in fork of Cu.

10. fervidana.
7. Costal fold broad and clean-cut.

8. Wings evenly mottled in two shades of rusty orange.

20. georgiana.

8. Fore wing with a dark bar from below middle of cell to basal
angle.

9. Gray 21. grisea.

9. Brown 22. magnoliana.

C. Females (frenulum of three bristles).

7. Ground color gray, with clean-cut markings 21. grisea.

7. Both wings dull fuscous, marks blurred 1. conflictana.

1. Ground brown, varying in shade.
8. Hind wing gray (except costa).

9. Fore wing with an oblique dark bar below middle of cell

to basal angle 22. magnoliana.

9. No oblique bar running to basal angle.

1 0. Fore wing purple with brown fasciae .... 9. infumatana.
10. Fore wing olivaceous, with clean-cut, but not contrasting

fascia 8. rosana.

10. Fore wing yellow-brown, with patch in fork of Cu.

10. fervidana.

10. Fore wing evenly mottled in two shades of rusty orange.

20. georgiana.
8. Hind wing with dorsal half shaded with light gray.

9. Costa nearly straight 6. fractivittana.

9. Costa deeply sinuous 5. purpurana.

8. Hind wing pale 2. obsoletana, 3. zapulata, 4. parallela.

I. No costal fold.

1. A. conflictana Walker. Dull light gray, velvety looking; all the marks, even
the reticulation, a little diffuse; an obscure darker shade from costa just before
middle, reaching inner margin two-thirds way out, with a paler patch following
it; less oblique than usual. Indications of a postmedial patch and curved sub-
terminal shade. Hind wing concolorous. 25-35 mm.

June and July.

Labrador to Alaska, south to New York and Utah. New York: Peru, Batavia,
Ithaca; Woodhaven, Long Island.

2. A. obsoletana Walker. Fore wing in male with costa convex except near apex,
not sinuous; outer margin convex; very pale fawn color, striate with darker; the

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 495

fasciae represented by two darker fawn patches on costa. Hind wing dirty white.
Female similar, the hind wing usually yellow, and fore wing almost immaculate.
20 mm. (vesperana Clemens, sanbornana Robinson, female transiturana Walker).

A. obsoletana has a tendency for the inner half of the hind wing to darken,
especially in the female, as in rosaceana, but it may be distinguished by its lack
of clearly defined fasciae. The next two species are practically the same in struc-
ture and may not be distinct.

The larva is a general feeder and is sometimes injurious to strawberries. Moth
common in August, rarer in July.

General in distribution. New* York: Peru, Essex County, Ithaca, Albany, Putnam
County, Katonah, Clove Valley, Staten Island.

3. A. zapulata Robinson. Larger; generally a little lighter and less yellow;
fascia clearly defined on the costa, and represented by a slight vague patch in
fold. Hind wing entirely cream color in both sexes. 25 mm.

This is probably merely the western form of A. obsoletana. Many eastern speci-
mens show the same color and pattern but they are never quite as large.
Hlinois and west.

4. A. parallela Robinson. Costa of fore wing distinctly sinuous, as well as outor
margin, forming a small lobe at apex. Fore wing dull reddish brown, the fascia
contrasting blackish, but not always sharply defined; base also dark, or indicated
by a dark antemedial fascia; postmedial spot strong. Hind wing with more or
less gray, never yellow. 20-25 mm. (H. 48:31.)

Superficially, very like forms of purpurana, but distinguishable in male by the
lack of costal fold.

Apparently general in distribution. New York: West Albany; Clove Valley,
Staten Island.

II. Costal edge folded over in a small lobe, tlie fold not reaching the base, and
ending in a more or less marked tuft of Jiair-scales.

5. A. purpurana Clemens. Costal fold with shorter hair-scales than in A. rosa-
ceana. Varying from light dull wood-brown to umber brown, with a slight purple
iridescence in male; frequently leaving the outer margin contrastingly light; less
distinctly purple than infumatana; costa and outer margin more or less sinuous,
extremely variable; fore wing with well-marked reticulation in pale phases, the
brown antemedial line fine, and strongly excurved or bent at almost a right anglo
in the fold, the upper part parallel with the fascia, which is usually well defined
and contrastingly dark except in the cell, where it is represented by the dark out-
lines only; in very pale or very dark specimens, the fascia is obsolete. Sub-
terminal patch not defined below, lying at the foot of the costal notch. Hind wing
gray on dorsal half, cream above. Female similar, rarely so dark as to obscure
the pattern; with the median band. marked by strong striae but only a little darker
than the ground; costa outwardly and outer margin above very strongly concave,
cutting off a round apical lobe. 23-30 mm. (gurgitana Robinson; lintneriana
Grote).

Larva on geranium.

New Hampshire to latitude of New Jersey. New York: Fentons (Lewis County),
Ithaca, Schoharie, vicinity of Albany.

6. A. fractivittana Clemens. Dull olivaceous, paler on costal half; fascia fairly
well defined on costa, interrupted by a pale shade on cell; enlarged into a large
patch below; postmedial costal patch small, distinct, and often with an ante-
medial costal patch besides. Reticulation weak, often absent in male; hind wing
gray with pale costa, in male; in female with costal half pale. 18-28 mm.
(fumosa Robinson.)

June.

Western Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca, Trenton Falls.

496 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

7. A. rosaceana Harris. Costa and outer margin somewhat sinuous, but less so
in male than in male of A. purpurana, and strikingly less so in female, the sexes
being nearly alike in wing form. Strongly reticulate with brown; median fascia
clean-cut but not strongly contrasting, postmedian patch likewise; basal striation
transverse, or rarely, parallel to fascia, and not strongly curved. Hind wing of
male cream, somewhat shaded toward the inner margin with gray; in the female,
yellowish to bright orange, with the dorsal half contrasting gray. 20-28 mm.
'(H. 48:32.)

Common. Larva general on trees and shrubs; rarely, even on clover; sometimes
injurious to apple.

General. New York : Common everywhere.

A. hewittana Busck is unknown to me, and from the description I cannot dis-
tinguish it from A. rosaceana. It was described from Nova Scotia.

III. Fold narrow, gradually fading out near middle of wing ; fringed more or less
with hair-scales below; generally forming a distinct flat tuft a third way out
on costa.

S. A. rosana Linnaeus. Wings slightly sinuous before apex; sexes similar. Dull
brown, with slight greenish gloss; hind wing mouse gray, not contrasting; fascia
not strongly oblique, well marked, sharply defined on inner side; postmedial patch
continued by a strong subterminal stria toward anal angle. Striation sparse.
15-22 mm.

Not very common. Larva a general feeder.

Massachusetts to Missouri and Europe. New York: Thousand Islands, Albany,
West Farms.

9. A. infumatana Zeller. Purple (as a strong iridescence on a blackish under-
color) ; base, a broad, well-defined fascia, and a subterminal streak reaching nearly
to anal angle, contrasting dark chocolate brown; all often defined with light
yellow brown; wing form of male like that of A. rosana; the female with more
strongly sinuous costa. 18-25 mm.

July. Larva on hickory. "^

Connecticut to Missouri and Wisconsin.

10. A. fervidana Clemens. Brown on basal half, gray on outer half, with heavy
and sparse ochre-yellow striae, partly edged with cream, and, especially outward,
centered with blackish, giving a general yellow-brown effect; dark patches on costa
at middle and three-fourths way to apex, with yellow between them; a curved
blackish patch below outer end of cell, defined on inner side. Hind wing gray.
15-22 mm. (paludana Robinson.)

July and August. Larva on oak; somewhat social; in small webs full of frass.
Generally distributed. New York: Ithaca.

11. A. cerasivorana Fitch. Fore wing dull orange and when fresh, with purple
iridescence; hind wing immaculate bright orange. Male irregularly spotted and
speckled with dark red-brown, gathering into patches at middle and three-fourths
way out on costa, and below end of cell; female with more reduced speckling, or
nearly immaculate. 18-25 mm. (H. 48:21.)

Larva social : in a large nest of mixed silk and frass ; on wiH cherry ; pupating
in the nest. Imago in July.

Generally distributed. New York: Peru, Essex County, Fentons (Lewis County),
Honeoye Falls, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Schenectady, Albany, New Windsor.

12. A. rileyana Grote. R4 and R5 stalked in male and sometimes in female. Dull
orange, tending to be suffused somewhat with grayish brown; with small deep
orange-red spots; two larger spots on costa; a spot a third way out, and a pair
two-thirds way out, on fold; and a broken series of small spots near outer margin;
often with part of the spots wanting, or with additional spots at a third and two-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 497

thirds way out, forming short series. Hind wing light orange. 20-28 mm. (Homona
Meyrick. )

June. Larva social, on horse-chestnut in early June; also reported from hickory,
walnut, snowherry, and Vernonia.

Pennsylvania; North Carolina; Washington.

13. A. striana Fernald. Umber-hrown, with a broad luteous ray over cell from
base to apex; a similar streak below A to three-fourths way out on inner margin;
and broad, partly confluent streak on veins toward outer margin; blackish? streaks
between veins. Hind wing gray. 25 mm.

Rare.

Quebec; Ontario; New Hampshire; Manitoba.

IV. Fold not reaching middle of costa; rather thick, and, on the outer half, fringed

heavily with hair-scales.

14. A. persicana Fitch. Basal half of fore wing orange-ochre; outer half bright
brown, with a silver-white costal triangle, concave on the outer aide. Margin
sharply denned, contrasting pale yellow with a couple of brown striae. 20 mm.
( olandana Clemens ) .

June. Larva on various plants.

Maine to Manitoba; a race with a smaller silver spot, in British Columbia.
New York: Peru, North Elba, Fentons (Lewis County), Newport, Rock City
(Cattaraugus County), Ithaca, Liberty, DeBruce, Big Indian Valley, Balleton,
Schenectady.

V. Fold well formed, but only one-fifth of the length of the wing, rough-scaled on

the edge.

1.5. A. dissitana Grote. White, with irregular angular black patches, the two
largest forming a fascia from costa to before anal angle, interrupted over the
cell. 20-25 mm.

July. Apparently rare. Larva probably on conifers.

Maine to Ohio. New York: Uphill Brook, Mt. Marcy, Ilion, Buffalo, James-
town, Ithaca.

"16. A. argyrospila Walker. Irregularly mottled with a mixture of cream, straw
yellow, red-brown, and often black-brown, scales, leaving a series of cream-colored
quadrate patches on costa, the one just beyond the middle being the largest and
most constant. Hind wing mouse gray. 20 mm. (furvana Robinson, signatana
Packard). (H 48:34.)

Larva a general feeder, and often injurious to apples, being the commonest of
the many apple leaf-rollers. Moth in June, rarely with a few stragglers in July.

Very common and generally distributed. New York: Common and general.

17. A. mortuana Kearfott. Brownish gray, irregularly mottled with cream and
darker gray or blackish; with two contrasting quadrate cream-white spots on
middle of costa, and sometimes considerable cream striation on outer margin.
18 mm.

June. Possibly a variety of A. argyrospila, which is markedly variable.
Western Pennsylvania to Wisconsin. New York: Ithaca. .

18. A. semiferana Walker. Light Indian red, more or less shaded with gray;
somewhat mottled with straw yellow, especially on basal fourth; costa with straw-
yellow patches at one-fourth way out at middle, and before apex, the middle one
neat and triangular, and the other two irregular and broken up into spots. Female
generally paler. Very pale specimens shading into cream color on the inner margin
and apparently intergrading with A. negundana. Hind wing concolorous. 20 mm.

Common, the larva a general feeder, but most common on maple and Negundo.
Generally distributed. New York: Newport, Ithaca, Albany.

498 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

19. A. negundana Dyar. Light cream-yellow with a slight pinkish tinge, faintly
reticulated with ochreous; the cream pattern of A. semiferana more or less
traceable.

The larva occurs with A. semiferana on Negundo and maple.
New Jersey; Utah; Manitoba; Florida; etc.

20. A. georgiana Walker, a bright orange species, striate with red-brown, with
cream-colored areas between the striations, especially toward the costa, and dark
gray hind wing; has been taken at Lakehurst and Whitesbog, New Jersey, in July.

VI. Fold reaching practically to middle of wing, broad, thick, and scaled along

the edge.

21. A. grisea Robinson. Light ash gray, a little powdery. A contrasting black-
ish streak from middle of lower side of cell to inner margin near base. A blackish
patch in outer part of cell, extended as a yellow-brown shade toward anal angle;
a contrasting blackish patch on costa at three-fourths way out and a dark brown
oblique subterminal lunule. Hind wing gray. Female similar, larger, the dorsal
markings all obsolete, or barely traceable, and with an additional short oblique
blackish bar from costa at two-fifths way out. £ 18 mm., $ 23 mm. (<$ brauniana
Kearfott).

Larva on oak and Rudbeckia.
Maine to Missouri.

22. A. magnoliana Fernald. Typically, fawn colored, with purple reflections on
disc; varying to dark purple-brown; the markings much as in A. grisea, cinnamon-
brown, faintly outlined with white; outer part of wing dull whitish, the oblique
subterminal streak smoky brown. Hind wing pale fuscous. 20 mm.

Larva on Magnolia acuminata.
New York: Rock City, Ithaca.

VII. Fold thick and broad on basal half, as in group V, but narrowly extended to

middle of wing.

23. A. melaleucana Walker. Costal third or more cream white, cut by the
blackish costal fold and a vague postmedial patch. Dorsal half of the base gray,
mixed with yellow -brown, followed by a very large rounded patch of mixed black -
brown and purple-gray, which extends nearly to, anal angle, the dark marks all
edged with yellow-brown. Outer margin usually cream, sometimes suffused with
dark gray, especially in the female. Hind wing whitish, shaded with gray. In
the darkest specimens, the fore wing almost all suffused with gray, leaving only
the middle of the costa cream color. 20 mm.

May and June. Larva on Trillium and Polygonatum.

Very common south to New Jersey. New York: Peru, North Elba, Batavia,
Vandalia, Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Portage, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley,
Sclrayler, New Windsor, Staten Island.

45. PANDEMIS Hiibner

Appearance and venation as in Archips. Palpi triangular, beak-like; thorax
smooth; male antennae with a few joints near base of shaft partially fused and
notched on inner side.

1. P. limitana Robinson. Pale reddish brown, with some fine darker and grayer-
brown striations. Three fine, rather contrasting pale lines from before middle of
costa, running to one-third and two-thirds way out on inner margin, and to anal
angle; the base and the space between the two outer lines perceptibly darker. A
semicircular or somewhat pear-shaped subterminal costal patch, which also has a
fine pale outline. Hind -wing paler, with some light reddish brown striation
toward apex, "becoming gray toward inner margin. 20 mm.

LEPIDOPTEBA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 499

June; August. Larva a general feeder, especially on trees.
Generally distributed. New York: Ithaca, Schenectady.

2. P. lamprosana Robinson. Slightly yellower, the darker base, medial fascia,
and spot near apex more contrastingly dark, and edged with dark instead of pale.
Hind wing of male all dirty white.

Rarer than P. limitana. June to August.

Quebec to Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca, Schenectady, Albany, Staten Island.
P. albaniana Walker, described from Hudson Bay, is unknown to me, and I
cannot distinguish it, by the description, from P. lamprosana.

3. P. canadana Kearfott. Darker reddish brown, the three lines strongly waved,
especially the inner two, which are practically straight in the other two species;
the lines themselves not notably darker or paler, but serving as the boundaries of
the contrasting, fuscous gray base, median fascia, and apical patch. Hind wing
almost wholly gray.

July and August.
Quebec and Manitoba.

Family 29. PHALONIID^E

(Conchylidce; Tortricidce, in part)

Small, rarely medium-sized, moths. Head somewhat roughly scaled.
Ocelli normally small, antennae as in Tortricidse ; tongue weak or absent,
when strongest about like the weakest tongues in the Tortricidse. Palpi
varying from moderate to long, porrect, beak-like; rough-scaled, the
third segment long and porrect. Body small, scaled; thorax usually
with a slight posterior tuft. Under side scaled. Legs scaled, the hind
tibise with some rough scales or hair. Wings (figs. 288, 289) most
often rather long and narrow; rounded; usually bent down at the
apex. Usually with a distinct accessory cell, of Tineid type, and the
base of M, when traceable, running obliquely across the cell as in the
Tortricidae. R5 running either to costa or outer margin, stalked or free,
but free in our species ; the other veins all free. Cu2 from three-fourths
way out on cell or beyond; 1st A absent (distinguishing the family
from the few Tortricidae in which Cu2 arises about three-fourths way
out on the cell), 2d A with a large basal fork, with both branches
equally strong. Hind wing trapezoidal; Sc normal, connected with
R by a weak vein before middle of cell; R and Mx approximate or
stalked ; M, free, rather close to M3, which is separate or stalked with
Cu^ Cu2 arising farther from end of cell than in fore wing; 1st A
weak or absent, 2d A with a rather strong basal fork, 3d A very weak
or absent.

Larva3 (fig. 290), so far as known, borers, or feeding in seeds, usually
in herbaceous plants. Prothorax with seta delta (subdorsal posterior)
below and in front of beta (addorsal posterior) and close to it;
iv and v of abdomen in a nearly horizontal line ; seventh segment of
abdomen with vii of a single seta; prolegs poorly developed, with
uniordinal hooks. Pupa of Phalonia approximating the Cossid type.

500

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Vertex narrower than prothorax, very narrow on mid-dorsal line;
front only slightly roughened, in P. rana with small eye spines ; maxil-
lary palpi not separate from tongue; indicated by a lobe at base of

290 P J

T_±L —

•gp

"'"V

FIGS. 288-290.

288, Hysterosia termmana, venation and costal fold; 289, Phalonia dubitana,
venation; 290, Phalonia, posterana, (Europe), seta map of larva

tongue; labial palpi fully exposed but shorter than the tongue; tongue
shorter than the fore legs. Antennas long, not quite reaching to the
end of the wings. Abdomen with two rows of spines on each segment
from the first or second to the sixth or seventh ; with single rows on the
eighth to the tenth or the seventh and eighth segments; the anterior
row on each segment heavier. Tenth segment without cremaster;
obliquely truncate; sometimes with a circle of setae around the edge;
with the addorsal, subdorsal, and lateral pairs stronger, but knobbed
rather than hooked; sometimes with a few weak setaa only; the edge
also with angulations or short spines, of which a subdorsal pair is most
prominent, or is alone present. Early stages studied mainly in Phalonia.

In Hysterosia birdana the pupa is rougher, rugose, and with the
posterior portions of the movable segments shagreened with rough knobs.
There are two rows of spines on the second to sixth segments of the
abdomen inclusive, and one only on the seventh and eighth segments.
The circle of spines at the end of the bo.dy is composed of three pairs
on the supra-anal plate, and four ventral pairs. The setiferous tubercles
are somewhat elevated. The front has an even-edged ventro-apical plate
curving up at the ends and down at the base of the antennas, and no
eye spines. The maxillary palpi are more definitely indicated than in
Phalonia.

This family is closely related to the Tortricidae, but with definite
points of distinction in both larva and imago.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 501

Key to genera: imago

1. Fore wing with R8 running to costa, or, rarely, to apex.
2. Hind wing with M3 and Cux separate; wings nearly smooth (fig. 289).

4. Phalonia.
2. Hind wing with M3 and CUj connate or stalked; wings with scale-tufts.

3. Commophila.
1. Fore wing with Rj running to outer margin.

2. Hind wing with R and Mx stalked 2. Pharmacia.

2. Hind wing with R and Mj approximate (fig. 288) 1. Hysterosia.

1. HT8TER08IA Stephens)
(Idiographis Lederer)

Rather large, ample-winged moths with long beaklike palpi. Colors dull browns
or grays; antemedial line running up obliquely from basal angle to cell at one-
fourth way out, then obscure, or curving in to costa; postmedial line running
obliquely across apex, with a dark shade beyond and a pale shade before it. Gen-
eral wing surface obscurely mottled; hind wing light, distinctly reticulate.

Key to the species

1. Postmedial band contrasting, clearly defined, and followed by a blackish shade;
antemedial line less distinct.

2. Head, except close to eyes, contrasting pale luteous 2. terminana.

2. Head concolorous dark smoky gray ; fore wing with slight purplish tint.

1. bird ana.
1. Postmedial line inconspicuous or absent; if present, diffuse; antemedial line

often distinct.

2. Head luteous, fore wing shaded or dusted with yellowish, especially in fold.
3. Smaller; 'base of fore wing dull clay-color ;* ground gray-brown.

5. baracana.
3. Larger; base of fore wing bright ochre, followed by a yellow-brown

shade 6. cartivrightiana.

2. Head concolorous; fore wing all dark.

3. With a clearly defined, but not pale-edged, dark apical patch. . . .3. riscana.
3. Apex concolorous 4. modestana.

1. H. birdana Busck. Dark fuscous gray, slightly purple-iridescent, dusted with
black-brown. Head and palpi concolorous. Antemedial band fairly defined in
inner side, showing as a dark shade not reaching costa. Postmedial band slightly
concave outward, from costa at three-fourths way to apex toward outer margin
just above anal angle, but not quite reaching margin; formed of a fine pale line
followed by a heavy blackish shade. A fine black discal dot in a blackish shade,
the dot partly defined with pale, not conspicuous. Hind wing much paler, reti-
culate with fuscous. Fore wing below dark, with reticulate costal edge; hind wing
light, crisply reticulate, with a bar in outer part of discal fold. 22-27 mm.

August. Larva boring in roots of Helianthus, accompanying Papaipema nelita.
New York to Delaware, especially along the coast. New York: Ithaca, Rye.

2. H. terminana Busck. Duller lighter fuscous, without purple tint; the mark-
ings about as in H. birdana, but head, except above eyes, contrastingly pale.
Beneath about as in H. birdana, but without the blackish bar in the discal fold,
a character which is perhaps more distinctive than the color of the head. 18-22 mm.
(merrickana Kearfott).

Apparently general in distribution ; usually reported as inopiana Haworth, which
does not occur in the New World.

502 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

New York: Ithaca, Slaterville, Catskills (Pearsall).

3. H. riscana Kearfott. Ash gray, dusted with fuscous; antemedial band con-
spicuous, edged above with whitish, running from basal angle to upper side of
cell, at one-third way out, fading out to costa. A distinct darker apical patch,
its inner boundary running as in H. birdana, but not at all defined with pale or
blackish. Hind wing hardly paler, reticulate; head and thorax hardly paler.
Under side with costal edge of fore wing, and whole hind wing whitish, sharply
reticulate with fuscous. 16 mm.

July. Types only seen.
Glenburn, Pennsylvania.

4. H. modestana Busck. Dull fuscous, mottled, but without any clean-cut powder-
ing or markings, the two bands sometimes indicated by blurred dark shades. Discal
dot black, in a pale spot. Hind wing grayish fuscous, not reticulate above, and
obscurely so below. 16 mm.

Maine; Iowa. New York: Ithaca.

5. H. baracana Busck. Fore wing a crisp mixture of fuscous, blue -gray, and
luteous or ochre-yellow, with the ochre often predominant in the fold and above
the antemedial shade, where there is usually a yellowish streak. Postmedial band
indicated by a gathering of the dark fuscous powdering, not sharply defined. Discal
dot distinct, black. Hind wing pale, not distinctly reticulate. 12-16 mm.
( tiscana Kearfott ) .

July and August.

Maine to Pennsylvania and Manitoba. New York: Ithaca.

6. H. cartwrightiana Kearfott. Wood-brown, shaded with bright tawny or deeper
yellow-brown beyond the antemedial band. Basal area bright ochre, shaded with
dark brown along costa, antemedial shade blackish, conspicuous; postmedial a
vague darker area merely. 18-21 mm.

July.

New York to Manitoba. New York: Slaterville, Ithaca.

2. PHARMACIS Hiibner
(Euxanthis Hiibner)

Like Phalonia, except for the termination of R in the outer margin, and the
connate or stalked M» and Cut of the hind wing; superficially exactly like Phalonia.

Key to the species
1. Dull ochreous to gray.

2. Antemedial fascia complete, reaching inner margin 2. sartana.

2. Antemedial fascia stopping at A 1. bimaculana.

1. Bright lemon yellow 3. vitellinana.

1. P. bimaculana Robinson. Varying from light dull ochreous to dull grayish
brown. Two thick dark brown crescents, of equal size, one running from below
middle of costa to vein A at one -fourth way out, the other from below apex
to lower angle of cell; both with the convex side down, and placed in paler areas.
Hind wing light brown to mouse gray. 10-14 mm.

August and September.

Southern States north to St. Louis, Missouri.

2. P. sartana Hiibner. Similar to P. bimaculana. Antemedial fascia running
from middle of costa to inner margin at one-third way out, about twice as wide
at inner margin as at costa, with irregularly excurved outer side.

August. I have seen no northern specimens.
Pennsylvania (type locality) ; Florida; Louisiana.

LEPIDOPTEEA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 503

3. P. vitellinana Zeller. Lemon yellow, with transverse silver striae or series
of dots; ground sometimes shaded with red-brown, or with the silver markings
outlining red-brown bands; when most 'developed, with a brown oblique bar to
the basal angle, one at right angles to the first from the middle of the costa
to the inner margin at two-thirds way to the apex, and a couple of mixed brown
and silver streaks across the apex. Bind wing dark gray, contrasting. 10-14 mm.

June. Sometimes very common locally.

New York to Illinois and north. New York: Peru, Black Brook (Clinton
County).

3. COMMOPHILA Hiibner
(Phtheochroa, in part)

Similar to Hysterosia, but wings narrower, heavily scale- tuf ted ; Rj running to
costa. No costal fold (normally present in Hysterosia).

1. C. contrastana Kearfott. M3 and CUj of hind wing connate. Head and fore
wing white; thorax and base and dorsal half of fore wing two-thirds way to
apex, contrasting, black, mottled with blue-gray; with a coupte of black dotg.
Hind wing pale brown, with white fringe. 20 mm.

End of May to June.

Connecticut ; western Pennsylvania.

2. C. bana Kearfott. M3 and Ciij separate. Dark wood-brown, considerably
scaled 'with black; the scaling as a whole rough, with larger rounded tufts at end
of cell and before and beyond middle of A. Tufts more shining, slightly pinkish,
and in most lights paler than the ground color. Hind wing a little duller and
paler, with pale fringe. 13 mm. (Phalonia Kearfott).

Chicago, Illinois ; in September. ( The type has the date " June " corrected to
"September," the description says "June.") Woods Hole, Massachusetts; in
August.

4. PHALONIA Hiibner
(Conchylis Treitschke ; with Dapsttia, Eupcecilia,, etc.)

Palpi beaklike but moderate, shorter than in Hysterosia and Commophila. Fore
wing rounded, rather narrow, with all veins separate and Rj running to costa or
apex; hind wing with R and M! stalked, Ms and CUj well separated.

The species of Phalonia are often strongly marked in contrasting colors, some-
times with silver, and are among the most brilliant of the Tortricids; but a few
are dull-colored. The genus is already large, but probably a good many species
are yet to be discovered, as in the other larger boring genera.

Phalonia listerana Kearfott is a -Cnephasia, P. vitellinana, is a Pharmacis.
•

Key to the species

1. Fore wing with a sharply denned, nearly terminal darker band, more or
less distinctly pale-edged; the median fascia rarely silver-edged, and in that
case broken into spots.
2. Yellow, with four red bands; the two outer ones joining toward the inner

margin 1- rutilana.

2. Without red bands.

3. Base solid dark, its outer boundary even, nearly straight, and only a little
inwardly oblique to inner margin 21. Louisiana.

504 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

3. An oblique antemedial fascia resting on basal angle, or dark base with

angulate outer boundary.

4. Apex sharp, forming an angle of over 60 degrees; ground, especially of
antemedial area, normally shaded with yellow-brown, never dark.

11. obliquana.

4. Apex blunt, hardly forming an angle of 60 degrees, even in female.
5. Antemedial pale area toward dorsum evenly pale cream; markings

also very pale 10. promptana.

5. Antemedial area dusted with fuscous or shaded with brown.

12. angulatana, 13. bomonana.

1. With dark base, a median band, rarely broken, and subtermlnal darker fascia,
all distinctly edged with silver (the silver very faint in P. labeculana).

2. Ground of thorax and fore wing white 3. argentilimitana.

2. Ground dirty white dusted with gray 2. labeculana.

1. With a fine contrasting dark subterminal line, parallel to the strongly oblique
outer margin.

2. Expanse over 15 mm. ; darker 8. biscana.

2. Expanse under 15 mm.; paler variety giscana.

1. Terminal, or subterminal, dark band absent, or represented by scattered scales

or a vague shade; markings rarely defined with silver.

2. A triangular or rounded dorsal postmedial patch, not reaching the cell;
antemedial oblique fascia running up from basal angle to cell.

3. Ground cream 9. dorsimaculana.

3. Ground wood-brown 4. interruptofastiata.

3. Ground dark gray 14. rana.

2. An oblique antemedial fascia, extending up to cell, starting from inner
margin at a point well beyond the basal angle, the upper part of
the cell wholly of the ground color.
3. Ground pale gray; fascia extending into cell.

4. No costal spot opposite fascia; fascia mottled with yellow.

40. temerana (cincinnatana,) .

4. Costal spot present; dark markings wholly gray 47. lavana.

3. Ground light yellow; fascia not entering cell.

4. A small costal spot opposite fascia 15. smeathmanniana.

4. No costal spot; a series of subequal costal streaks 16. seissana.

2. A dark median fascia with clearly defined edge, reaching from costa to

inner margin, sometimes interrupted part of the width of the cell.
3. Base and outer third of wing at least suffused with bright pink, median

fascia brown 28. aurorana.

3. No pink iridescence at base; sometimes a little outwardly in species

with a blackish fascia.

4. Ground yellow; fascia H-shaped, enclosing squarish costal and dorsal
patches; the costal ends of the fascia cream-colored, paler than the

ground, but shading into the brown dorsal part 7. sublepidana.

4. Fascia cut by a pale spot; bar in cell ne*arly or completely inter-
rupting it.

5. This spot yellow 17. fuscostrigana.

5. This spot pale gray 18. deutschiana.

4. Fascia complete, simple, and wholly dark.

5. An oblique antemedial fascia resting on the basal angle; median
fascia yellow-brown, followed by an oblique black streak.

22. romonana.
5. No oblique antemedial fascia; median fascia, when yellow-brown,

not defined with black.

6. Median fascia brown, edged with blackish below; base yellow-
brown 6. lepidana.

LEPIDOPTEBA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 505

7. Fascia wholly yellow-brown, not very much darker than ground.

21. louisiana.

1. Fascia dark brown or heavily shaded with blackish.
8. Basal and outer thirds bright yellow; fascia brown.

9. Fascia black below the cell; outer third darker than base.

43. gunniana.
9. Fascia all brownish; basal and outer thirds concolorous.

23. hospes.

8. Base cream white; outer part dull ochre, at least on terminal
margin and fringe, more or less distinctly shaded with pink.

29. hollandcma, 30. bunteana-.
8. Ground all luteous; a very small species with a distinct dark

subterminal bar across apex 42. maiana.

8. Base straw yellow, except along costal edge; outer part gray
and smooth looking to naked eye; without distinct sub-
terminal bar.
9. Apical third yellowish, darkening to red-brown; hind wing

white 25. plummeriana.

9. Apical third olivaceous; hind wing light gray.

24. straminoides.
8. Base with white ground but mottled with luteous and gray;

outer part heavily mottled with gray.' 47. lavana.

'2. Fore wing with confused markings; with a more or less distinct diffuse

median fascia; outer part of wing darker than base.
3. Base pale gray, shading through chocolate brown to the pink apex.

27. viscana.

3. Base and outer part more or less suffused with pink 28. aurorana.

3. Outer part of wing not suffused with pink.

4. Fore wing heavily tufted, the tufts whitish on a brown ground.

( Commophtta bana ) .
4. Fore wing smooth, or with small hardly raised tufts.

5. Basal third or half of fore wing whitish, more or less contrasting.
G. Base broadly ash gray to a fourth way out on costa, leaving a

pale antemedial band.

7. Antemedial band partly white; markings gray. . . .41. leguminana.
7. Markings partly yellow-brown, and slightly brassy.. 2. labeculana.
(». Paler basal third extending almost to base of wing, at least in cell.
7. Ground of medial and outer areas light olivaceous gray, dusted

and outwardly shaded with black 46. marloffiana.

7. Ground of medial area brown (or light yellow in lavana. )

8. Outer part with light black striae only 47. lavana.

8. Subterminal region with a large black patch.

9. Black patch extending from just beyond cell almost to outer
margin, and from below costa two-thirds-way to anal

angle 45. zoxcana, 46. toxcatM.

9. Black patch about half as large, and mixed with brown.

44. hoffmanana.

8. Snbterminal region with a .arge brown patch, concolorous with
the paler scaling of the median fascia; markings all very

indistinct and powdery 40. temerana.

5. Base of wing concolorous.

6. Ground mottled, yellow-brown 35. elderana.

6. Ground wood-brown, mottled with areas of bla^k, finely white-
tipped scales 36. discana.

6. Ground mottled fuscous brown, with a darker, more or less dis-
tinct, median fascia 37. foxcana.

506 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

2. Ground whitish, strigose, with contrasting blackish base and outer margin,

fringe, and some dark shading at middle of wing 47. lavcma.

2. Ground strigose, light gray, with a large square darker patch resting on

middle of costa, extending more than halfway across wing 39. ednana.

2. Strigose, light gray on whitish, with a contrasting curved blackish fascia

across the apex 38. wiscana.

2. Basal half contrastingly paler, and usually yellower, than apical half.

3. Base ochre yellow, or olive green, apex pink 34. aenotherana.

3. Base cream, outer two-thirds yellow 26. zaracana.

3. Base yellow on luteous; outer part dark, with brown, gray, and blackish

markings 5. aureana.

3. Base cream; median region blackish; outer part shaded with pink (hol-

landana, etc., see group with median fascia ) .
2. Base and thorax gray; medial area dark; outer part light pink or yellow.

3. Medial area brown, outer part pink ; head concolorous 27. viscana.

3. Medial area blackish, outer part yellow-brown; head whitish, contrasting.

32. albidana.
2. Yellow without definite markings; inner margin and base paler than apex

and costa 19. floccosana.

2. Yellowish (a little gray-powdered) ; with a black discal dot, and a spot
below it in the fold, as the only distinct marks 20. atomosana.

1. P. rutilana Hubner. Bright yellow, with four even deep red bands, the outer-
most not quite terminal, turning inwards at right angles just above inner margin
and joining the third band; also often broadly connected with the third band at
costa, enclosing a yellow patch. First band basal. Hind wing gray with a slight
reddish tint. 9-12 mm.

June. Larva brownish yellow, with darker yellow-brown head and cervical
shield. In a tubular web between needles of juniper, sometimes injurious.

Maine; New Jersey; Europe. New York: Long Island (introduced about 1878).

2. P. labeculana Robinson. Cream white, with a few fuscous scales. Bands
yellow-brown mottled with fuscous, sometimes dark-edged. Base fuscous, followed
by a broad area of the white, extending two-fifths way out, and a little shining
at the edges of the markings. Median fascia strongly constricted, and, almost cut
in two at Cu2; the lower part forming a more or less distinct triangular patch;
outer part cream color, mottled with light and dark fuscous scales, the dark parts
tending to form a subterminal costal spot and a nearly marginal fascia. Hind
wing gray. 12 mm.

May. Described from a type at Philadelphia.
Pennsylvania; New Jersey. New York: Ramapo.

3. P. argentilimitana Robinson. Similar to P. labeculana; the bands distinctly
brassy, with well-marked silver edging, much more shining than the ground, which
is typically purer white. Median band broadly continuous across the cell and fold.
11 mm.

These two species are generally confused, and, in fact, may not be distinct.
The type of argentilimitana is in very bad condition, leaving the possibility of
incorrect identification.

Early September.

Pennsylvania to South Carolina and Missouri. New York: Ithaca.

4. P. interruptofasciata Robinson. Light ochreous, markings yellow-brown, the
medial ones darker. Base brown more than a third way to apex, with clean-cut,
slightly excurved outer boundary; median fascia represented by a large rounded
dorsal spot and a less definite costal one, broadly separated from each other. A
broad subterminal fascia from costa to dorsal margin, separated from the apex
.by less than its width, and gradually approaching the outer margin below. Disc
sometimes shaded with gray. Hind wing mouse gray. 10-15 mm.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 507

June and July.

Northern New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

5. P. aureana Busck. Pattern as in P. interruptofasciata; basal area blackish,
heavily overlaid with olivaceous on lower half of wing, pale in cell and dark along
costa; median spots dark brown, the dorsal one smaller than in P. interrupto-
fasciata, subterminal band more curved, narrow, and silvery; preceded by a large
blackish shade nearly connecting it with the median spots. 12 mm.

June; July.

The markings are obscure, giving the effect of a blackish species with a large
yellowish patch covering the base, except the costa, and a narrow yellowish outer
margin and fringe.

Western Pennsylvania.

6. P. lepidana Clemens. Deep ochre; median band a little darker, yellow -brown,
sharply denned; extreme base light yellow. An antemedial light transverse line
denning the median band, which is edged with somewhat powdery black scaling
toward the inner margin; a similar edging on the outer side, both widening toward
the costa, but narrower than in P. sublepidana. (The median band is oblique and
even in width.) A pale line from lower angle of cell to before anal angle, cutting
off a triangular spot of the ground color; this line often heavily dusted with
blackish; a vertical subterminal line of blackish on a cream base, lying about in
the middle of the yellow-brown outer region, its upper end sometimes joining the
costal end of the~ postmedial line. 10 mm.

Intermediate between P. sublepidana and romonana. Described from the types
at Philadelphia.
Pennsylvania.

7. P. sublepidana Kearfott. Fore wing bright ochre; broad antemedial and post-
medial dark gray bands, both pale-edged, and becoming whitish toward costa; the
two connected by a longitudinal band equally broad, in middle of wing, reducing
the ground to costal and dorsal spots. Base and terminal margin and fringe much
paler than median and subterminal areas. Hind wing fuscous brown. 9 mm.

July.

Northern New Jersey.

8. P. biscana Kearfott. Dull tawny brown to gray-brown, often dotted witli
cream or reticulate on a cream ground; a strongly oblique dark gray streak to
basal angle, sometimes bent at right angles at middle of wing and faintly con-
tinued to costa; median line narrow, a little diffuse, bent at right angles at middle,
where it may send lines to costa at three-fourths way out and to anal angle, form-
ing an oblique cross; subterminal line narrow, parallel to outer margin below,
running to apex, or, more rarely, fading out toward costa. Hind wing paler, dirty
white. 15-23 mm.

July; August.

Maine to western Pennsylvania. New York: Peru.

Variety giscana Kearfott is dwarfed, with almost wholly cream-colored ground
and markings heavy and dark gray, strongly contrasting. Intermediates are
relatively common.

9. P. dorsimaculana Robinson. Luteous, with some scattered dark scales, especi-
ally with a dot or group of dots at lower angle of cell. A gray-brown streak
extending obliquely up from basal angle, denned on outer side, but on inner side
often gradually fading out toward base; a blackish irregular dorsal triangle on
inner margin two-thirds way to apex; some black subterminal scales, normally
grouped as a series of double dots between the veins, but rarely extending either
to apex or dorsal margin. Fringe concolorous, hind wing grayish white to pure
white. 10-16 mm. (angustana Clemens, not Hilbner).

July to September.

508 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Nova Scotia; Quebec; Pennsylvania; and probably general. New York: Ithaca,
Trenton Falls.

P. fernaldana Walsingham. Ground light yellow, including base of wings; mark-
ings yellow-brown; an angulate antemedial fascia; an oblique bar to middle of
costa, not joining a large triangular patch on middle of inner margin; and con-
fused outer markings, much as in P. dorsimaculana, but typically lighter. 17 mm.
Described from the Pacific Coast and not certainly known from the East. Eastern
records should probably be credited to P. promptana.

10. P. promptana Robinson. Pale cream, the markings darker; straw yellow
with some black scales but not contrasting. Basal mark as in P. dorsimaculana,
normally extending up from very close to base of wing on inner margin, or even
touching base. Median triangle more rounded and not contrasting, with very few
black scales; a well-marked oblique fascia from middle of costa two- thirds way to
anal angle, extending down on the outer side of the dorsal triangle; a continuous
subterminal band from near the apex almost to the inner margin, with consider-
able black scaling, which sometimes indicates the double dots of the preceding
species. Hind wing nearly white. 15 mm. (angustana auct., not Clemens; dnrsi-
tnaculana auct., in part).

June to August.

Canada to Texas. New York : Ithaca.

11. P. obliquana Kearfott. Light yellow, heavily shaded with yellow-brown,
leaving well-defined pale edges to the markings, and a pale yellow fringe. Mark-
ings yellow-brown; an oblique streak in fold extending a third way to apex, ending
in a point on Cu, strongly pale-edged; a large median dorsal triangle, a broad
oblique fascia extending down from middle of costa, ending just beyond the tip
of the dorsal triangle, more or less broken by pale shades on the veins. A costal
triangle three-fourths way to apex and a yellow terminal band, finely edged with
golden yellow; base of inner margin shaded with yellow-brown, without golden
edging. Hind wing brownish white. 20-22 mm.

The fore wing is very acute, the costa and outer margin making an angle of
less than 60 degrees, even in the male.

Florida; northern distribution uncertain, but described from North Carolina and
Manitoba. I have seen a variety from Virginia in early June.

12. P. angulatana Robinson. Light clay-color, more or less dusted with gray,
or, more rarely, with red-brown; markings grayish or reddish brown, nearly
concolorous with the dusting. Basal area dark, its outer boundary bent at nearly
a right angle at middle of wing, and running to inner margin well beyond basal
angle; often with the lower part emphasized by a darker shade corresponding to
the oblique" band of the obliquana group. A broad contrasting median oblique
fascia to costa, and spot on inner margin, the former not distinctly cut by pale
veins; marginal dark band clean-cut, set back a little from the margin, a little
irregular, running from apex to inner margin. Hind wing gray. 10-15 mm.

Not rare from July to October.

This species is strongly variable in ground color and slightly so in pattern.
One specimen is suffused with fuscous, with the darker fuscous markings not at
all contrasting.

Generally distributed. New York : Peru, Slaterville, Ithaca.

13. P. bomonana Kearfott. Similar to P. angulatana, ground light, lightly
dusted with blackish; the markings only partly dark-shaded, partly of the ground
color, and only defined by their paler edging; the median fascia cut by pale shades
on the veins, and the subapical patch and subterminal fascia hardly paler than the
ground, but with distinct pale defining lines and some black scaling. 15 mm.

The type has the basal markings of the same form as in P. dorsimaculana, of
which it is probably a dark variety, showing the coloring of P. angulatana.
With this Kearfott has associated a Florida specimen which seems rather to be

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 509

a pale angulatana, with the normal angulatana pattern but with the coloring of
dorsimaculana.
Chicago, Illinois.

14. P. rana Busck. Dull fuscous, with a slight purplish tint, mottled and dusted
with dull black; base blackish with strongly excurved or almost right-angled outer
boundary; a median oblique fascia running down from costa and a rounded spot
on inner margin, about as in angulatana; subterminal spot on costa less distinct,
and subterminal fascia barely traceable or absent. Hind wing nearly concolorous.
15-20 mm.

August and September. Larva on ironweed.
Connecticut^ western Pennsylvania. New York : Rye.

15. P. smeathmanniana Fabricius. Straw yellow; markings deep brown, narrow
and clean-cut, vaguely pale edged. A slight olivaceous shade near base of inner
margin; a narrow brown oblique bar from inner margin at one-third way out to
middle of cell two-fifths way out, with a small spot opposite its tip at middle of
costa; three postmedial brown spots, forming a series parallel to this bar, the
middle one sometimes diffuse and sometimes connected to the one on the outer
margin. 15 mm.

July and early August.

Sherbrook, Quebec; Maine; New York; California. New York: Newcomb, Ithaca.
The California record may belong rather to the closely similar P. parallelana
Walsingham.

16. P. scissana Walker. Light yellow; costa with numerous oblique light brown
striae, but no rounded spots; inner margin with an oblique bar near base, and a
rounded triangular spot beyond middle, with some gray shading between them.
15 mm.

Nova Scotia. Unknown to me.

17. P. fuscostrigana Clemens. Olivaceous, marked with darker olivaceous brown;
the markings broadly edged with shining pale yellow. Base somewhat darkened.
Median fascia from inner margin at one-third way out to just before middle of
costa, less oblique than in P. scissana; dark brown, suffused with ochre yellow
in the cell. A small blackish spot on inner margin at two-thirds way out; a nearly
erect olivaceous subterminal fascia from costa to inner margin, less oblique than
the outer margin, and narrowing toward the inner margin. Fringe checkered in
lighter and darker gray. Hind wing gray. 15 mm.

Labrador; northern New Jersey. Distribution uncertain.

This species is usually confused with deutschiana. of which it is probably only
the eastern form.

18. P. deutschiana Zetterstedt. Similar in coloring to P. fuscostrigana, but
without the bright yellow in the cell; the antemedial band more strongly oblique,
reaching costa at middle, interrupted by a vague pale shade in cell only; spot on
inner margin at two-thirds concolorous with it; subterminal fascia obscure, repre-
sented by a strong dark spot on costa only; pale edging of markings not silvery.
15 mm.

Europe; Colorado. Eastern records are probably based on fuscostrigana, if the
two are really distinct.

19. P. floccosana Walker. Straw yellow, shaded with bright ochre on inner
margin and disc of wing to two-thirds, and on costal edge to one-third, leaving
a narrow yellow streak extending along cell to base. Hind wing almost white.
15 mm. (confusana Robinson).

June.

Nova Scotia to southern Ohio. New York : Ithaca.

20. P. atomosana Busck. Straw yellow; duller than P. floccosana, dusted or
shaded with light wood-brown, and more or less dotted with black. A black dot,
or usually a group of dots, at lower angle of cell, and a dot below them in the

510 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

fold; usually with a more or less complete subterminal series between the veins.
Hind wing nearly concolorous. 15-20 mm.

August. This species looks like a Bactra, superficially.

New Jersey to Wisconsin.

21. P. louisiana Busck. Larger than P. romoncma. Straw yellow, brighter thai'
P. r&manana; markings deep ochre or yellow-brown. Base somewhat dark-shaded,
especially at margins; median fascia running from middle of costa to inner margin
one-third way out; somewhat bent and widened at cell, where it is paler, some-
times hardly darker than the ground; a small brown spot on inner margin at two-
thirds; subterminal fascia narrow, irregular, and broken, sometimes suffused,
sometimes with its lower end connected with the outer spot on inner margin;
set well back from outer margin. Fringe pale. Hind wing gray.

May to July.

Illinois; Missouri, Utah; New York: Ramapo (Kearfott).

22. P. romonana Kearfott. Straw yellow, marked with light olive brown; base
somewhat darkened, or with an oblique bar extending up from basal angle; median
fascia narrow on costa and at inner margin; more than twice as broad at middle
of wing; the inner boundary nearly straight except at costa; the outer boundary
outwardly oblique to end of cell, then angled or sharply bent and inwardly oblique
to inner margin. An oblique fascia from costa at three;fourths way gut toward
outer margin, fading out below. Some confused marks on inner margin, and
sometimes a distinct spot at two-thirds way to apex. Fringe concolorous; hind
wing gray. 8-14 mm.

August.

New Jersey to Maryland and Manitoba.

23. P. hospes Walsingham. Ochre yellow; median area mixed yellow-brown and
deep purple-gray, in varying proportion, especially toward the costa, forming a
large triangular patch, starting narrowly at middle of costa and covering middle
half of inner margin. Outer part with a curved yellow-brown shade starting from
costa half way between the median patch and the apex, and joining the patch just
below the cell. Fringe paler yellow. Hind wing brownish gray; the fringe a
little paler, with a distinct dark line in its base. 10-15 mm.

August.

This form is straminoides, as identified by Busck, hut Grote's original descrip-
tion applies better to the following form.
New Jersey to North Carolina and Wisconsin.

24. P. straminoides Grote. Ground light straw yellow; median fascia broad,
oblique, narrowing somewhat to costa, from rather before middle of inner margin
to rather beyond middle of costa; typically red-brown on dorsal half, becoming
olivaceous and tending to fade out toward costa; sometimes entirely gray-brown.
Outer part of wing broadly shaded with brown or olivaceous, with some blackish
striae along costa. Hind wing light gray. 9-15 mm. (schwa,rzi<ma Busck, zaracana
Kearfott) .

Both names seem to apply to the form with the red-brown median fascia.

New York to Maryland and Illinois. New York: Buffalo, Ithaca, Trenton Falls.

25. P. plummeriana Busck. Similar to P. straminoides ; rather brighter yellow,
with apex of fore wing shading into a distinct red-brown patch. Hind wing white,
nearly immaculate. Probably an extreme form of straminoides. 13 mm.

June.

Maryland to Illinois. New York: Peru.

Number 26 is vacant.

27. P. viscana Kearfott. Base of wing powdery gray; middle of costa fuscous;
a chocolate-brown median shade, not reaching the costa; outer half of wing bright
pink, crossed by a red-brown fascia a«ross the apex; fringe bright ochre yellow,

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 511

yellow-brown at apex. None of the markings quite sharply defined. Hind wing
light brownish gray. 12 mm.

May. Type only known.

Northern New Jersey.

28. P. aurorana Kearfott. Fore wing light ochreous with pink iridescence;
median fascia somewhat oblique from middle of costa to inner margin at one-
third way out, nearly even in width, somewhat excurved, and shaded with black
on both sides at inner margin; outer part of wing with a triangle on inner margin,
a fascia across apex and a large central patch lacking the pink iridescence, but
not contrasting. Fringe concolorous, hind wing dirty white. 12 mm.

August to early September.
Maine and northern New Jersey.

29. P. hollandana Kearfott. Similar to P. aurorana; the outer part of the wing
suffused with gray, leaving most of the pink along the costal edge; the median
fascia more solidly blackish. Hind wing mouse gray. 13 mm.

September. Not improbably a dark variety of P. bunteana.
Western Pennsylvania.

30. P. bunteana Robinson. Basal third cream white, median fascia even, oblique,
fairly broad, abruptly narrowing to costa; mixed yellow -brown and black; outer
part of wing yellow-brown, heavily shaded with pink; a brown fascia across apex,
shaded with black, and with some black scaling between it and the end of the cell,
often gathering in a distinct spot. Often with & mixed black and brown triangle
beyond the middle of the inner margin, which may fuse with the fascia. 13 mm.
(voxcana, Kearfott).

June to September. Larva on Lactuca scareola.

Common, south to North Carolina and west to Manitoba. New York: Wells,
Ithaca, Poughkeepsie.

Number 31 is vacant.

32. P. albidana Walker. Head white, contrasting with the dark gray thorax.
Base strigose blackish gray, the strigae much stronger toward the inner margin
usually crossed by a well-marked white antemedial shade and with some yellow
scales in median area. Outer two-fifths ochre yellow, becoming white just beyond
the gray base and on the costa, with a blackish area beyond it, wider on the costa
and running out toward the anal angle, and crossed by a whitish transverse stria
or band. Fringe yellow. Hind wing gray. 10-12 mm. (icinniana Kearfott; nana
auct., not Hiibner. )

May to July.

New Jersey and north. New York: Rock City, Ithaca, Trenton Falls.

Number 33 is vacant.

34. P. cenotherana Riley. Base of fore wing ochre or olive yellow, outer half or
rather more, deep rose pink; sometimes enclosing a patch of the ground color;
the boundary nearly perpendicular to costa. Hind wing dark fuscous brown.
10 mm. General.

April; July; September. Larva a bud worm on evening primrose in June, and
feeding on the rosette leaves in late fall.

Generally distributed. New York: Vicinity of New York City (Watson).

35. P. elderana Kearfott. Bright yellow-brown, shaded and reticulate with
darker brown; a distinct but diffuse darker median shade, and bar across apex;
fringe concolorous. Hind wing grayer brown. 12 mm.

July. Larva in pith of swamp elder, in June.
Southern New Jersey.

36. P. discana Kearfott. Fore wing wood -brown, mottled with finely white -
tipped black scales, sometimes forming a vague darker median shade. Fringe
concolorous; hind wing brownish gray. 12 mm.

August.
Maryland to Ohio.

512 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

37. P. foxcana Kearfott. Dull fuscous brown, mottled with blackish, forming a
vague darker median shade and band across apex. Hind wing nearly concolorous.
12 mm.

I suspect this is merely rubbed material of P. discana.
With P. discana.

38. P. wiscana Kearfott. Fore wing white, striate with light gray; the base
of the costa darker; stria forming a dark shade along middle of inner margin.
A large lenticular postmedian gray, patch from just below costa to inner margin,
with a brown and blackish band curving around its upper end, running from
costa to outer margin below middle. Apex with some brownish shading. Hind
wing gray. 18 mm.

Type only seen.

Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.

39. P. ednana Kearfott. Pale gray, sparsely reticulate witli dark gray. Basal
fifth of wing darker, often contrastingly blackish ; with somewhat excurved outer
boundary; costal half of medial area occupied by a large, rounded, darker, often
blackish, spot, covering end of cell. A stronger dark subterminal stria, starting
from a distinct patch at costa; somewhat more sharply curved than the outer
margin; typically reaching the inner margin well before the anal angle, but often
fading out. Hind wing light gray. 12 mm.

June and July.

Mount Washington, New Hampshire, and Ottawa, Canada, to Pennsylvania; the
specimens showing strong contrasts apparently commoner northward.
This is probably a Cnephasia near virescana.

40. P. temerana Busck. White, strigose with gray; the base paler than the
median area; a mixed yellow-brown and black oblique fascia from inner margin
at one-third to outer part of cell, slightly diffuse in outline, and fading out above;
costal edge shaded with gray; outer third, beyond cell, heavily shaded with yellow
brown, with a darker brown fascia across apex. Hind wing light gray. 9-15 mm.
( cincinnatana Kearfott ) .

Western Pennsylvania to southern Ohio.

41. P. leguminana Busck. White, base light gray, middle third light gray on
dorsal half of wing, defined with black on basal side, leaving a narrow white band
between it and the gray base; costal part of median area somewhat shaded with
gray. Outer part of wing mixed white, gray, fuscous, brown, and blackish; the
white clear at end of cell, and usually also subterminally beyond an irregular and
broken subterminal dark band, which is roughly parallel to the outer margin.
Fringe gray with two darker lines. Hind wing brownish gray. 10-15 mm.

Larva in seed pods of Gleditschia.
Pennsylvania to Missouri and Texas.

42. P. maiana Kearfott. Dull straw yellow; median fascia contrasting, red-
brown mixed with black, starting as an oblique fascia at costa, on reaching cell
becoming a large triangular patch, almost as broad as its height on inner margin ;
the outer boundary on the whole transverse, the inner one strongly oblique, turn-
ing a right angle at R. Outer part of wing heavily shaded with fuscous and
scaled with blackish, leaving a clear quadrate cream patch on costa behind the
median fascia, and an obscure one on dorsal margin. Fringe with two obscure
darker lines. Hind wing brownish gray. 8 mm.

May.

Northern New Jersey.

43. P. gunniana Busck. Similar to P. maiana; ground bright ochre yellow; base
paler on inner margin and with a slight pink tinge beyond the median fascia;
median fascia light yellow-brown, the part below Cu overlaid with black, forming
a contrasting rounded patch. Outer part with blackish scaling heavier, and a dis-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 513

tinct largely black band across the apex. Fringe with basal line stronger, but
outer line weaker; outer part of fringe barred with gray. 10-12 mm.
New Jersey to Maryland.

44. P. hoffmanana Kearfott. Base cream, its outer boundary oblique from middle
of costa to inner margin one-third way out; outer part a confused mixture of
yellow-brown and black, with a white postmedial spot on costa, preceded and
followed by chocolate brown; the outer chocolate brown bar tending to continue as
a fascia across the apex. Fringe mixed dull yellow and gray. Hind wing dark
gray. 12 mm.

May and June.

Black Mountains, North Carolina.

45. P. zoxcana Kearfott. Base of fore wing cream, the boundary running from
before middle of costa to inner margin at one-third way out; outer part yellow-
brown, mixed with blackish; forming a large blackish subterminal patch, with a
cream-white postmedial costal spot, and a pale streak at middle of inner margin.
Fringe with distinct dark basal line. Hind wing dark gray. 8-11 mm.

May and June; August.
Cincinnati, Ohio.

46. P. toxcana Kearfott. Base cream white, more or less scaled or shaded with
dark gray; a vague yellow-brown median fascia, shaded with gray, nearer base
on inner margin; outer third of wing heavily shaded with yellow-brown on a
silvery gray base; the brown principally in two oblique fasciae, the upper crossing
the apex and partly filled with a small black patch; considerable white scaling in
postmedial region. Fringe dark gray and dull white, with considerable yellow-
brown in its base. Hind wing light gray, paler at base. 10-12 mm.

August and September.

Northern New Jersey to western Pennsylvania.

P. marloffiana Busck (nonlavana, Kearfott) I am unable to distinguish from
P. toxcana. The type differs only in the greater extension of the black and gray
at the expense of the yellow-brown; but toxcana Kearfott is included in Busck's
conception of marloffiana. Busck's name has a few weeks' priority.

April; August.

Western Pennsylvania; Maryland, southern Ohio. New York: Ithaca.

47. P. lavana Busck. Similar to P. toxcana, but lighter and apparently broader-
winged. Head pale; costal edge with black points, base much shaded with light
gray; extreme base blackish; median oblique fascia narrow, blurred, and often
obscure, mixed ochreous and light gray, the gray dominant; median fascia fol-
lowed by a well-marked whitish area; outer part of wing mixed light gray and
ochreous, with some black scaling; the bar across apex rather distinct and largely
black-filled; Fringe dark gray with a little yellow in base (nonlavana Kearfott;
dubitanu auct., not Kearfott). 10 mm.

June; August. Larva on Pentstemon.

I have seen this species determined as campicolana Walsingham. Some speci-
mens show practically no yellow.

Nova Scotia to British Columbia, and south to southern New Jersey and Missouri.
New York: Ithaca.

30. Family CARPOSINID^E

( Tortricidae, in part)

Head as in the Tortricidae. Ocelli absent. Tongue rather weak;
antennae heavily ciliate in male. Palpi strongly dimorphic in the
sexes; in male (fig. 292) upturned, with second joint heavily scaled
on lower edge and a short close-scaled third joint well set off; in

17

514

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

female, long and oblique, the second joint straight and smoothly
scaled on the lower side but with long vestiture on the upper; the
third joint short, nearly smooth, and porrect. Thorax and legs scaled,
the hind tibiffi more or less hairy, as usual. Wings thin and soft, with
long fringe (fig. 291) ; with arched costa and curved, oblique outer
margin, as in the broad-winged (Ecophoridae (Semioscopis). Fore wing

heavily tufted, with all veins preserved;
R4 at origin, running to outer margin;

R5 widely separated from
arising well out on cell;

Mo to Cu2 inclusive, closely crowded at lower angle of cell; M3 and
perhaps closest together; Cu2 leaving cell almost at right angles,

N

V

FIGS. 291-293. CABPOSINID^;

291, Carposina fernaldana, venation; 292, Bondia crescentelld, male, side view
of head; 293, Carposina fernaldana, seta map of larva.

and then curving, as in many (Ecophoridas. 1st A lost, 2d A shortly
but strongly forked at base. Base of R4+5 and of M obsolete. Hind
wing with cell closed. Sc normal, apparently free, but closely approxi-
mate to R at base ; R normal ; Mj lost in the American species, repre-
sented by a fold running from just above the middle of the cell; M2
from, or from just above, lower angle of cell; M3 lost (perhaps com-
pletely fused with CuJ ; Cux from lower angle of cell; Cu2 from two-
thirds or three-fourths way out on cell, normal, straight ; the American
species with a weak fringe of hair on Cu. Veins 1st A and 3d A rather
weak ; 2d A with a well-marked fork at base.

Larva (fig. 293) with only two setse on prespiracular wart; vii of
two setse on prothorax, one on meso- and metathorax and eighth seg-
ment of abdomen, two setse on first and seventh segments, and three
on second as well as on the leg-bearing segments. Abdomen with

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 515

setse iv above V; prolegs with a small complete ring of uniordinal
hooks. Eighth segment much reduced dorsally, with spiracle enlarged,
dorsal, on a level with setse iii; ii rather higher than i. Ninth segment
with setse ii well separated, but on a single plate. Pupation in a cocoon
of brittle silk, covered with sand, in the ground. Pupa not described.
The larvae, as far as known, are borers in fruits, and one is injurious
to peaches in Japan. The family is small and probably very old. It is
of uncertain relationship but perhaps cognate with the Phaloniidaa.
Most of the hundred known species are from Hawaii and Australasia.

Key to the genera

M2 and Cut of hind wing separate 2. Bondia.

M2 and CUj connate 1 . Carposina,.

1. CARPOSINA Herrich-Schseffer

Male with a heavy tuft on lower side of second segment of palpus; the palpi
closely upturned. Wings broader; fore wing (fig. 291) with an oblique series of
three tufts near base, an antemedial series parallel to it, the middle one located
on cell Cu, and very weak, the ones below costa and above A strong; strong tufts
below Cu farther out, above and below cell, and a couple at end of cell. Hind wing
translucent, with strong fringe of hairs on base of Cu; M2 and CUj connate or
shortly stalked; costal margin strongly sinuate in female. Postmedial shade of
fore wing wavy and indented opposite lower angle of cell.

1. C. fernaldana Busck. Palpus of male with tuft moderate and rounded at
end; fore wing powdery gray, the costa concolorous, mottled with darker .gray.
Tufts blackish -tipped; a black bar or patch in end of cell; postmedial line diffuse,
excurved, indented opposite lower angle of cell, and slightly dentate on veins.
A series of fine black terminal dots. Hind wing translucent, pale gray. 18 mm.

Late July and August. Larva in nearly ripe currants.
New York to Illinois and Missouri. New York : . Ithaca.

2. C. nicholsana Kearfott. Palpal tuft in male much larger, and triangular;
fore wing with practically the same pattern, but with the base of the wing and
the costa above Sc contrastingly dark, sometimes almost wholly dark gray.
Blackish patch in end of cell in a dark shade. Terminal dots larger, lighter, and
diffuse, often partly confluent. 15 mm.

Nicholson, Pennsylvania.
July.

3. C. ottawana Kearfott. Wings narrower, though broader than in B. crescent ella.
Palpal tuft triangular. Fore wing duller fuscous, powdery, but not contrastingly
so; antemedial region, from the first row of tufts to the middle, broadly shaded
with white; blackish patch in end of cell and postmedial line nearly lost in the
general fuscous ground; terminal dots obscure. Hind wing more opaque, darker
gray. 16 mm.

June.

Ottawa, Ontario.

2. BONDIA Newman
(Carposina, in part)

Xear Carposina. Palpi of mule witli a slight tuft at end of second segment
only (fig. 292); wings narrower, scaling coarse, hind wing with M: and Cu,
distinctly separate.

516

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

I. B. crescentella Walsingham. Powdery gray; markings much like C. fernal-
dana; the postmedial shade strongly and evenly excurved; the larger tufts with
contrasting yellow scales on their upper and outer sides, the one at the end of
ths cell showing as a yellow and white crescent to the naked eye. 13 mm.

May.

General in distribution, South of Pennsylvania. New York: Rock City (not
rare), Big Indian Valley.

Family 31. COSSIM1 (Zeuzeridse)

Head with erect vestiture, sometimes forming a- distinct tuft on
vertex; no ocelli; male antennae, in the North American species, pecti-
nate, at least toward the base. Shaft scaled on the upper side, the scales
irregular and often ephemeral. Palpi upturned to middle of front
(Cossinge) or very short (Zeuzerinae) ; the other mouth-parts rudimen-
tary. Thorax with spatulate vestiture, usually rather close, with a
posterior tuft in the Cossinag; vestiture loose and woolly in the Zeu-
zerinaa; pleuraa, lower side of femora, and abdomen also with spatulate
vestiture, mixed with loose hair in the Zeuzerinae. Legs stout, often with
short spurs. Body very stout, far exceeding the hind wings, as in the
Sphingidas, but somewhat more clumsy. Fore wing (figs. 294, 295) with
a large accessory cell, separated from the discal cell by a strong vein;
R3 to R5 stalked from its tip, R4 and R5 the farthest; base of media
well developed, forked, enclosing an intercalary cell in our species;

-.

FIGS. 294-297. COSSID^E AND CASTNIID^C

294, Primwxystus robwiiw, venation; 295, Zeuzera, pyrina-, venation; 296, Cossus
cossus, seta map of penultimate stage of larva (Europe) ; 297, Castnia harmodius
( Castniidae ) , fore wing (South America).

1st A fully developed; 2d A strongly forked at base. Hind wing
proportionately small; frenulum ordinarily well developed, rarely
lost; humeral vein sometimes distinct, running across to base of
frenulum; Rx variable; when present, arising near middle of cell or
beyond; exceptionally long and strong in Prionoxystus, where it is
well beyond the middle of the cell, sometimes supplemented by a

L/EPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 517

secondary cross vein beyond end of cell; base of M developed, forked;
all three anals strong and complete ; the second shortly forked at base.
Egg of upright type, with longitudinal ribs and reticulate micropyle
in the Cossinae ; of flat type, oval and smooth, in the Zeuzerinre. Larvae
boring, usually in solid wood, the smaller species more often in her-
baceous perennials; as a rule spending two or more years in the larva
stage. Larva (fig. 296) stout, with a relatively small head, held hori-
zontally; shields and tubercles large and heavily chitinized; labrum
hardly notched, mandibles very large, and projecting forward. Ocelli
normal. Front not reaching more than half way to vertex; adf rentals
short in Zeuzera, reaching to the slightly cleft vertex in Cossus. Body-
setae as in other Tortricoidea ; setae ii of ninth segment of abdomen at
least as far apart as on other segments ; setae iii of abdomen duplicated
in Cossus. Prolegs with hooks variable.

Pupa incomplete, with second segment of abdomen fixed ; mandibles
separately chitinized; head sutures mostly distinct; dorsal headpiece
rudimentary but carrying the eye pieces on dehiscence; front with a
specialized cocoon-breaker in the Zeuzerinae; maxillary palpi separate
in Cossus, imperfectly separated in Zeuzerinae; antennas not reaching
end of legs, widely separated; tongue very short, the two halves sepa-
rated by the labial palpi in the Cossinae.' Base of labium well developed,
and palpi fully exposed. Cremaster not developed; end of abdomen
more or less truncate, with a group of angulate projections. Early
stages of Hypoptinae not studied.

This is in many ways, notably in venation, one of the most primitive
families of Lepidoptera, and at the same time is the base of a series
leading directly to the butterflies. The only definite butterfly character
in this family is the upright egg of the Cossinae. In the Castniidae
(fig. 297) the tongue, which is lost in the Cossidaa, is preserved; the
habits have become butterfly-like; the upper fork of M is lost; the
wings have become ample and the cell relatively small; and the
antennae are clubbed. In the Neocastniidae, which are in other ways
aberrant, Rx has become stalked beyond the origin of R4+3, as in pupae
of butterflies. The Euschemonidaa have lost the base of M and 1st A
in both wings, differing from our local skippers only in the more woolly
vestiture and the presence of the frenulum. They also have the skipper
type of larva, with secondary hair, and well-set-off head.

Key to the genera

1. 1st A and 2d A connected by a cross vein near margin 1. Givira.

1. 1st A and 2d A free.
2. Lower fork of base of M running across to dorsal margin of cell; male

antennae pectinate halfway to apex 4. Zeuzera.

2. Both branches of base of M ending in outer margin of cell; male antennae
pectinate to apex.

518 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

3. Sexes similar; male with rounded hind wings; female with simple or
laminate antennae 2. Acossus.

3. Sexually dimorphic; male with outer margin of hind wing nearly straight;
female with pectinate antennae 3. Prionoxystus.

Subfamily HYPOPTINJE

Smaller species, the larvae probably normally in roots of perennial herbs; moth
tending strongly to lose tibial spurs and frenulum. A strong cross-vein near outer
margin, between 1st A and 2d A; other characters as in Cossinee; larva not well
known.

1. GIVIRA Walker
(Inguromorpha; Hypopta, in part)

Male antennas pectinate to apex, in female normally very narrowly pectinate;
palpi moderate, upturned; accessory cell small, but well set off from discal cell;
intercalated cell inconspicuous. Hind wing with Rt rudimentary, R8 and MI
stalked. Vestiture spatulate.

1, G. anna Dyar. Gray, evenly recticulate with lines of black powdering, discal
lunule white; inner margin narrowly white at base. Hind \ving darker, unmarked.
25 30 mm.

Florida; St. Louis, Missouri; and probably in intermediate country.

The St. Louis race is darker than the type.

Subfamily COSSINJE

Egg upright; strongly ribbed; with well marked micropyle. Larva with cervical
shield moderate and smooth, spiracles in line; crotchets in our two genera trior-
dinal, in a complete circle; in the genus Cossula (which is transitional to the
preceding subfamily) crotchets uniordinal in two transverse rows. Pupa with
maxillae not meeting in middle line beyond end of labial palpi; maxillary palpi
separately chitinized; head smooth. Imago with male antennae pectinate to apex,
or entirely simple, laminate; palpi moderate; intercalated cell triangular, normal;
1st A and 2d A free; hind wing with R and Mj connate or stalked; M2, M3, and
CUj more or less approximate.

2. ACOSSUS Dyar
(Trypanus, Cossus, in part)

Vestiture of thorax deep, spatulate, but regularly imbricated, with posterior
tuft; male antennae pectinate to apex; female antennae laminate below; palpi
moderate, upturned. Fore wing with large accessory cell; Rj arising from discal
cell, R2 from accessory cell, R3 connate with R4+3, which are stalked less than half-
way to apex. Intercalated cell triangular, not reaching posterior margin of discal
cell; anals not connected. Hind wing relatively large, with Sc and R connected
by a strong vein about two-thirds way out on cell; R and Mt shortly stalked;
M2, M3, and Cux approximate at base.

1. A. centerensis Lintner. Thorax and basal half, or rather more, of fore wing
blackish; collar often partly light gray; thorax spotted with whitish. Outer
part of wing contrasting, pale gray; the whole wing dusted and heavily reticulate
with black. Hind wing translucent, very lightly reticulate, with blackish fringe.
Hair in base of anal region blackish. 50-60 mm. (H 12:1.)

Larva boring in poplar. Tubercle iii of metathorax fully as large as ii

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 519

Montreal, Quebec, to New Jersey and Illinois. New York: Peru, Batavia,
Lestershire, Karner (type), Brooklyn.

2. A. populi Walker. Fore wing light gray, strongly reticulate, the reticulation
a little denser in the antemedial region. Hind wing strongly reticulate on outer
half of wing, with checkered fringe. No dark hair at the base. 60 mm.
July-
Hudson Bay; Hymers, Ontario.

3. PRIONOXYSTUS Grote
(Xystus Grote, not Hartig; Xyleutes, in part)

Similar to Acossus; sexes unlike; the male much smaller, with the outer margin
of the hind wings nearly straight; female with bipectinate antennae; vestiture
slightly shorter, practically of plain scales on top of thorax. (Fig. 294.) Larva
with tubercle iii of metathorax decidedly smaller than ii a+b.

1. P. robiniae Peck. Fore wing nearly white, slightly translucent, irregularly
striate with black; the middle of the wing covered by an irregular darker patch,
especially in the male. Hind wing of male bright yellow, the basal half and costa
above RI blackish; outer margin narrowly black. Female with hind wing smoky
gray, the reticulation of the under side showing through faintly. 50-75 mm.

(plagiatus Walker). (H 41:11, $; 10, ?.)

Female variety reticulatus Lintner lacks the blackish patches in the median
area of the fore wing, which is only a little more heavily reticulate there; is a
little smaller and more translucent and is commoner southward. In female aber-
ration quercus Ehrman, the female hind wing is almost as bright yellow as that
of the male.

Generally distributed. New York: Plattsburg, Peru, Ogdensburg, Brockport,
Buffalo, Ithaca, Oneonta, Albany, Staten Island; Long Island, common at Brooklyn.
One Ithaca specimen is practically var. reticulatus Lintner.

Not very rare, but easily overlooked,- the moth being short-lived and not flying
to sugar, or often to light. It is most easily found resting on the trunk of its
food plants. Larva boring in many trees, preferring soft woods; perhaps most
often in poplar and locust; often doing serious damage to unhealthy trees.

2. P. macmurtrei Guerin. Fore wing with reticulation mostly transverse, in
the female with one well-marked stronger stria from costa to anal angle just
beyond the cell; no dark shading in median area. Hind wing of male nearly trans-
parent, with a very slight yellow tint, blackish along the inner margin. £ 30, $
60-75 mm. (querciperda Fitch).

June. Larva boring in oaks. Rare in collections.

Widespread but apparently quite local in distribution, west to Minnesota.

New York: Buffalo, Ithaca, Schoharie, Crugers, Newburgh, New York City,
Staten Island; Brooklyn, Woodhaven, and Newtown, Long Island.

The two species have been much confused, especially in the larva, making food
records a little uncertain.

Subfamily ZEUZERINJE

Egg ovate, flat, smooth; larva with cervical shield extremely large, rough; last
spiracle raised, as in Carposina; crochets slightly irregular, but nearly uniordinal,
Pupa with maxillae meeting in middle line beyond end of labial palpi; maxillary
palpi not separately chitinized, separated by a partial suture; head with a charac-
teristic toothed projection. Imago with male antennae pectinate only on basal por-
tion, the pectinations curved and forming a sort of eye-cap; vestiture deeper; base
of M3 transverse, and intercalated cell rectangular. Veins of hind wing, especially
R and M,, widely spaced. •

520 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

4. ZEUZERA Latreille

Male antennae broadly bipectinate on basal two-fifths, the rest simple. Female
antennae simple; vestiture woolly, largely mixed with long spatulate scales and hair;
both wings (fig. 295) with stem of M3 running directly across to the lower side of
the cell, making the intercalated cell nearly rectangular. Hind wing with Rt rudi-
mentary, but visible in a well-bleached wing, functionally replaced by a secondary
crossvein at end of cell; all veins arising well separated, from end of cell. Frenu-
lum strong; palpi rudimentary; hind tibiae with end spurs only. Larva white,
cervical shield very large, rough, and black; tubercles black, skin white; last
spiracle raised. Larva boring in the twigs the first fall, then moving down to
the trunk or larger branches (fig. 295).

1. Z. pyrina Linnaeus (Leopard moth). White, regularly spotted with blue-
black; the hind wings sometimes nearly all white; abdomen blue-black. 45—70 mm.
(cesGuli Linnaeus) (H 9:9.)

Larva a general feeder on trees, but really attacking perfectly healthy ones;
often a serious pest under city conditions.

Vicinity of Boston, Massachusetts, and New York City; introduced from Europe.
New York : Vicinity of New York City, and north to Kensico, Westchester County.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 521

SUPERFAMILY PYRALIDOIDEA

Slender, usually moderately small moths. Head prominent, usually
with ocelli; antennas almost always simple, ciliate, with two dorsal rows
of scales on each segment; the reticulation of the unsealed surface
usually (except Orneodes) forming hexagonal meshes. Male antennae
frequently with a process on the scape (Phycitinae, Epipaschiinae,
Omphalocera) or a notch and tuft on the shaft (Desmia) . Palpi usually
moderate or long, very often projecting beak-like (whence the name
' ' snout-moths ' ' for the group ) ; much reduced in males of Galleriinae.
Tongue almost always scaled at base. Wings usually close-scaled, the
scales attached more firmly than in most of the lower families. Fore
wing varying from narrow to ample ; the discal cell always well-formed,
but accessory cell always absent. Cu apparently 4-"branched, base of
media lost; 1st A usually lost. Hind wing with Sc and R closely
parallel to beyond end of cell; often fused for a greater or less dis-
tance, Base of R often lost by atrophy, the tip of Sc very rarely lost,
leaving the basal part of Sc and the tip of R to form the most anterior
vein of the \ving. 1st A almost always preserved. Legs usually
long, sometimes extremely long.

Eggs of flat type. Larva with prespiracular wart 'with only two
setas, except in the few forms \vith tufted hair. Setas iv and v approxi-
mate on abdomen, usually on the same tubercle. Barely with tufted
or secondary hair, and only in forms with round spiracles. Larvas of
almost all the species concealed feeders. Pupae obtect, with apex of
labrum bilobed (indicating the pilifers) ; '-aid antennae long, not swollen
outwardly. Eighth segment of abdomen free from seventh in males of
Pterophoridae only.

This large group is formed mostly of the family Pyralididas. The
Pterophoridae are undoubtedly related, though more specialized in some
ways and more generalized in others. The Orneodidas are of doubtful
affinity, and are placed here mainly for convenience.

Family 32. THYRIDID-flE3 la

(Thyridce; Sphingidce, in part, of the older authors)

Ocelli absent ; eyes small ; tongue and labial palpi strong ; maxillary
palpi obsolete. Hind tibiae of male enlarged with a pencil of hair.
Fore wing with all veins present, in the northeastern species all aris-
ing separately from the cell, or with R, and R;! very shortly stalked.
No distinct patch of spinuJes near base of inner margin ; 1st A abse t.

The figures for this family are on page 333.

!S22 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Hind wing with Sc and R wholly independent, but approximate
(Thyris, fig. 196) ; or fused (Dysodia, fig. 195) beyond middle of
cell; the other veins normally all arising separately; 1st A lost but
A strong. Cells open.

The species of temperate climates agree with the preceding descrip-
9,ion, and are small, heavy-bodied moths with thick vestiture and
^transparent discal spots. The tropical Rhodoneurinae are more slen-
<$er, with ample wings. They frequently have some radial branches
Sc and R of the hind wing are approximate beyond the end
the cell; and the cells normally are closed. They link the typical
.jtaembers of the family with the Pyralididae.

ij(r Caterpillars (fig. 197) superficially Pyraloid, but more primitive
M.£han any Pyralid in having three setae on the prespiracular wart of the
rothorax at least in some specimens (Fracker). Primary setaa only,
ead smallish, and normal; front reaching more than half way to vertex.
esothorax and metathorax with tubercle vii bearing two setas. Abdo-
with setse iv and v on a single tubercle, vii of two setas on first
seventh segments, and single on eighth. Ninth segment with a pre-
plate bearing setae i in front of, and slightly above, ii. Prologs
rather long, with a complete series of biordinal hooks. Spiracles
'oval. Caterpillars concealed feeders; immaculate, except for the
0 black chitinous parts. Pupa solidly obtect, not studied.

The family is a wholly isolated and very strange one, combining

I characters of the Pyralids and Macrolepidoptera with primitive feat-

•( ures. Its nearest relatives seem to be the tropical Hyblseidae. Fracker

..has placed the group in the Tineid series; but it appears on the whole

nearer the Pyraloids.

"to 1. THYRIS Laspeyres

,. Palpi obliquely upturned, with broad, bladelike second joint; male antennae
^•'prismatic and thick. Hind tibiae stout, with large, crowded spurs. Abdomen
odie'avily tufted at sides toward rear. Fore wing with R2 and R3 well separated.
jrHind wing with Sc and R separate (fig. 196). Larva with adfrontal sclerites even

in width.

Key to the species

Fore wing marked with yellow 1. maculata.

Fore wing black and white 2. lugubris.

1. T. maculata Harris. Outer margin strongly wavy. Black. Stripes on abdo-

YTH-en, a subterminal series of spots on wings, and scattered spots, all bright tawny

.'yellow. A large, squarish, hyaline patch in the end of the cell of each wing, and

a similar patch on inner margin of hind wing, sometimes fusing with the discal

' one. 12-15 mm. (H 47:30.)

./)'; End of May to July; not common and quite local in occurrence. Larva probably
ja stem borer or leaf-roller on clematis.

Montreal, Ontario, to Montana; south to District of Columbia. New York:
Lancaster, Newport, DeBruce, Kingston, Poughkeepsie, Esopus, Long Island.

LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 523

2. T. lugubris Boisduval. Black, with translucent white markings; pale patches
on tegular; two or three white bars on body; a hyaline patch below the cell on fore
wing, as well as the one in the cell, often fused with it; hind wing with a broad
median fascia; and a very irregular series of subterminal white spots, one opposite
the cell of the fore wing largest. 15-23 mm. (H 47:31.)

June. Larva on grape.

Southern States, north to Ithaca, New York. New York : Ithaca ( Ever ) , Karner,
Bronxville, Staten Island; Brooklyn, and Wading River, Long Island.

2. DYSODEA Clemens
(Thyris, in part; Platythyris Grote) t

Similar to Thyris. R2 and R3 of fore wing at least somewhat approximate; Sc
and R of hind wing anastomosing (fig. 195). Larva with adfrontals wider toward
the top. , , A E>° '/ <•

1. D. oculatana Clemens. Yellow, reticulate with brown, wiin ^p^'nie'dial, post-
medial, and subterminal darker brown bands. Transparent' cljsc'al spot .small and
rather triangular. Hind wing similar, less obviously tjamlecL wili a large, 'lunate,
discal spot. 20 mm. (fasciata Grote and Robinso^ . ', ',fH'3rfd.) 7

The moth flies early in July. The larva appears, to 'Ve'a ra't^ie^ IgengraV feeder

' '

,

and lives in a dirty and foul-smelling nestv -.i\ rhas' o'^ex.ar^{U'i(4 'firov^cririjuri
by eating into beans, and is easily recognized b!ir. its""sinefl//
The distribution seems general W&ffiTO *llX- W^&$fo£h
Pennsylvania; West Virginia; and sou^rn Canada'. >T To f5i "nfi

2. D. vitrina Guenee. Brown(iwith reddish, areas near ati8err°]|nfLrgin and on hind
wing only. Transparent spots"as V'Oc^a^'''- r>™

'1'1

Lrva a stem borer and leaf roller
Georgia.

This species or form appears, not to .have been taken, since its original description.
>o rtsriv/ iqniq 9nj vu D9Riir>noo ^TSfhsmtDin augnoj »

A

.qlartltrm o'nrn9>FaBiiijy.T.S8. iPyRALIDID^nf.! In ![•?:> .0

(Snout moths) .hM>i[(«t« ,a r-.nr; ,H n

. ., .f .

never divided ;iat$f three; '©r &iiX(|eather&;; divided in two
stesIA1SfaTi ^enM' Fore'^iiig -effltfirev e'scepft hi the same
win^ ^h Is^^Miallf ite^. ffin3'Wi%Avithout special

o BiRl n /HTTijJ^sTljOg TO81P3 r'jtTj •uni'.1.* giPi \ _ r _

Cu beneath. Lary^. Afithr.prpjLnxajpy rSetise,- and moder-
dr'rfprol'dgs;«fWitl(L'ubi-" oir'trioirdmalt h«oks -'^Koft^f in the

CViT'ircai-|}»l?fP<K»|Tirl^B(!rrR RTHWIB ^eomlft 3fti7/ hniH to S? hn i; n?, ; ( <V;F.
**i*- .Y od UK Jk4~ic\7* r . ,

i> ''.UI/.1 olrjxui i,i I ^V1"' iir''-'''--'''n "' Vi'l!" jLti'4-"" UJLiOO "aMIlitt •'• ci

suDiammes GIaphyrima3, Pyratistmae, Nyrn^jfhulmae, Scopa-
n|l»«aj / tAnerastiioae,/ r«a»d . pjbycitiaae^ ,th«vgn,te»nEl.: socket is
normally separated from 'the" eye1 by ' a! • to-v*1 •of- scales ^ih1 the Pyralidinas,
EpipaschiM1 £nW M^ 'oth'eW/'they 'te ^dMlfffftf^it&t.

Ti%,lp ^JUj'l rSowTTiaTrf "o iit^iii.tf' roirm, iBan .JiRrT. f»TOQl ->m.>t-, yi

^ia^e.TS^QiidHl^^gestMQf jl^ft famMjes, of Lepidoptera,
10,000 9p€cies.n'>rPh^ •sabfamdlyiffl'i^iijstinas is predom-
"ttttpical, th^';<Phy«itm^nnr*^iy-feltoeh1^^^ zone. The

^K^^^a^^jrfWy jffiPw to the New

B^otrie^nsie and sewrajtsjnal^ groups are almost
cowftned to Dhe-'Oid'aWxjri-d, .-» "'"^ i"»«™q<>« n?v; .M

' IHC - -£M raoi> BJ? ^efl lo ;«»€>

524 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Key to subfamilies; imago

1. Vein 1st A preserved in fore wing (fig. 298) ; tongue weak or absent; fringe

on Cu weak or absent, p. 525 Schoenobiinae.

1. Vein 1st A absent in fore wing.

2. Vein 3d A of fore wing running into 2d A near base of wing (figs. 306 to

308, 312, 315).

3. Tongue and ocelli absent ; male with third segment of palpi rudimentary.
4. Front with a conical tuft; general vestiture deep and mixed, p. 532.

Galleriinse.

4. Front .and thorax smooth-scaled, p. 535 Macrothecinae.

3. Tongue and ocelli present, palpi normal.

4. Maxillary palpi rather well developed; Sc of hind wing free (fig. 362).

p. 584 Pyralidinae

4. Maxiliary palpi absent; Sc and R of hind wing anastomosing, p. 528.

Chrysauginae.
2. Vein 3d A of fore wing free, or curving into 2d A near middle of wing (fig.

320), forming a wide loop, often rudimentary.

3. MI in hind wing arising from closing vein of cell, widely separated
from Sc (fig. 367) ; R more or less weakened; cell finely closed. Labial

palpi beak-like and maxillaries triangular, p. 588 Ancylolomiinae.

3. M, closely approximate to R.

4. RB stalked with R3+4; one free vein only, below the forked vein running

to the apex from the radial stem.
5. R3 and R4 of fore wing completely united; fringe on Cu of hind wing

strong.
6. Cell of hind wing closed by a fine but nearly complete vein;

frenulum of female simple.
7. Tongue strong, separating the palpi toward the base. p. 608.

Phycitinae.
7. Tongue rudimentary, concealed by the palpi when coiled, p. 637.

Anerastiinae.

6. Cell of hind wing" widely open, frenulum of female multiple, p. 604.

Crambinae ( Raphiptera ) .
5. R3 and R4 stalked.

6. A heavy fringe on base of Cu of hing wing; labial palpi beak-like

and maxillary palpi triangular, p. 589 Crambinae.

6. Fringe on base of Cu very light or wanting; maxillary palpi
plumose, or small and concealed.

7. Fore wing with raised scale-tufts, p. 604 Epipaschiinse.

7. Fore wing smooth, p. 584 Pyralidinae.

4. R5 free; two free veins from radial stem below the forked one (fig.

320) ; Sc and R of hind wing almost always anastomosing.
5. Fringe on Cu heavy; palpi beak-like, with trangular maxillary palpi.

p. 589 CrambinjB.

5. Fringe light or absent; palpi rarely beak-like; maxillary palpi usually

moderate or small and not triangular.
6. No loose spatulate scales on dorsal part of hind wing.
6. 'Some loose hair near inner margin of hind wing, part of it
forming a weak fringe on Cu which runs into a group of spatu-
late hairs or scales below Cu. p. 536 Glaphyriinae.

7. Rj stalked with R,, and R, (fig. 346) p. 574 Nymphulinae.

7. Rj free.

8. Labial palpi beaklike; maxillary palpi large and triangular

(fig. 354) ; fore wing usually slightly r ough- scaled ; with

Mj well separated from R3 at origin, about as far from

base of R3+4 as from M2. p. 581 Scopariinae.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 525

8. Labial palpi often upturned; maxillary palpi (fig. 339, etc.)
very rarely large and triangular (Loxostegopsis), and in that
case with R3^,, R0, and Mj closely approximate, p. 541.

Pyraustinae.
Subfamily SCHGENOBIIN^E

(Crambince, in part)

Male antennae simple, laminate, except in a few exotic species; palpi long, almost
always porrect; maxillary palpi large, triangularly tufted; tongue very weak or
absent. Thorax often with vestiture of fine loose hair. Fore wing (fig. 298) with
outer margin curving more evenly into inner margin than in most Crambinse; R with
all five branches preserved; R5 free in our species, and R2 frequently free; 1st A
a developed tubular vein at margin, with interspaces of the normal width between
it and the veins above and below it; usually curving down to inner margin; 2d A
almost always ending in inner margin; 3d A short and free, obscure. Hind wing
with a slight fringe on base of Cu, or none; female with frenulum of several
bristles; Sc and R anastomosing beyond end of cell; Mj from upper angle of
cell or shortly stalked with R; dorsal veins all present and normal.

FIGS. 298-305. PYRALIDITXE ( SCHCENOBIIN^: )

298, Rupela albinella, rf, venation; 299, Schcenobius melinellus, venation of costal
half of fore wing; 300, Patissa pwthenialis, venation of costal part of fore
wing; 301, 8. sordidellus, $, genitalia (right valve removed) seen from ventral
view; 302, 8. nitidellus, <$, genitalia; 303, 8. unipunctellus, d, genitalia; 304,
8. mellinellus, rf, genitalia; 305, S. longirostrellus, rf, genitalia.

The Schosnobiinse are a small group of more or less aquatic moths, much like
the Crambids, but weaker-winged. The wings are normally more loosely rolled in
repose. The moths are locally common in wet places. The larvae are hardly
known, structurally, and are borers in marsh and aquatic plants. In one European
genus, Acentropus, the larva is completely aquatic and the female of the summer
brood is wingless and lives under water.

526 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Key to the genera

Palpi upturned; fore wing with R. to R4 stalked 1. Rupela.

Palpi porrect, beak-like; R2 free 2. Schcenobius.

1. RUPELA Walker
(Scirpophaga, in part)

Palpi upturned, loosely held. Thorax with loose soft hair. Fore wing (fig.
298) with R, shortly stalked with R, and R4; R, anastomosing shortly with Sc in
our species and hind wing with M2 and M3 stalked. M, long stalked with Sc + R.

1. R. albinella Cramer. White, immaculate. 25 mm. (nivea Walker).

June. Northern specimens are small.

New York, Snake Hill, New Jersey, and south. New York: Staten Island.

Patissa xantholeucalis Guenee ranges north to North Carolina. Its palpi are
beak-like but not long, R is stalked, and Rt nearly obsolete (fig. 299). The wings
are white, with two yellow bands.

2. SCHCENOBIUS Duponchel

(Chilo, in par.t)

Palpi beaklike, as long as head and thorax, and down-curved at apex. Thorax
without long loose hair; fore wing (fig. 299) with R, joining Sc, R and Rj free.

The species are both close and variable and not fully understood. Some species
are sexually dimorphic, the female being paler, and often narrower winged than the
male. There appear to be good structural characters, but they have never been
worked out. The following key is incomplete but may be of some use as a
guide. The genus is a very difficult one in the South and is not well understood,
but in New York and the North generally only the well-characterized 8. sordi-
drllus, melinellus, and longirostrellus seem to occur.

Key to the species

1. Hind wing infuscated, fore wing fuscous (males).

2. Expanse 25 mm 3. nitidellus.

2. Expanse 40 mm 2. sordidellus.

1. Hind wing white.

2. Expanse over 50 mm.; yellow with brown markings 1. maximellus.

2. Smaller.

3. Postmedial line straight, running from apex to a dot in the fold two-
thirds way to margin; wings broader; sexes similar.. 6. longirostrellus.
3. Postmedial line fading out, or running into a longitudinal streak; wings

narrower, especially in females.
4. Males.

5. Fore wing smoky 4. unipunctellus.

5. Fore wing yellow 5. melinellus.

4. Females.

5. Expanse over 35 mm 2. sordidellus.

5. Expanse under 35 mm.

6. Smoky or straw yellow 4. unipunctellus.

6. Bright ochre, or overlaid with brown, leaving at least a yellow
costa 5. melinellus.

1. S. maximellus Fernald. Male unknown. Dull ochre with a blackish longi-
tudinal shade from base to apex; an oblique series of blackish postmedial dots

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 527;

on veins, the uppermost 1 mm. before the apex; those on Cu,, Cu2. and A obscure;
sub-basal, antemedial, and postmedial black dots in fold, the latter well beyond ,
the series on the veins; and black terminal points. 55 mm.
Southern States in June.

2. S. sordidellus Zincken. Male with blunt squarish wings; dull fuscous; fore
wing with black discal and terminal dots; a postmedial series from just before,
apex to three-fourths way out on inner margin; obscure below. Hind wing con-,
colorous, slightly paler at base. 30-25 mm.

Uncus pointed; gnathos emarginate; bearing a spine nearly as long as theK
uncus; transatilla with rudimentary free lobes; juxta with a short, pointed ven-';
tral spine. (Fig. 301).

Female with narrow, lanceolate wings, the postmedial series reaching inner
margin three-fifths way out, normally obscure, or replaced by an obscure dark
line, irregular below. Fore wing with ground sometimes heavily dusted on an
ochreous base. Hind wing white, shaded with gray toward margin. 35-48 mm.

August; June in the South. .

Southern States; Illinois, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (dwarf). )

3. S. nitidellus Dyar. Male superficially like that of S. sordidellus, but smaller; ,
fore wing striate in two shades of fuscous ; practically immaculate otherwise. /
25-30 mm. Gnathos not emarginate, running into a short broad spine, half as ;
long as the uncus; transatilla with two heavy backward-directed hooks, juxta
with a large blunt spine swollen at the tip. ( Fig. 302 ) .

Female rather larger than male with narrow lanceolate wings, fuscous, or, .
rarely, clay-color, dusted with fuscous; with a blackish shade from base to apex, t
Postmedial line represented by an obscure shade, and a more distinct dot in the '
fold. Terminal dots weak. 35 mm. (dispersellus Robinson in part?). I

Hampton, New Hampshire, to Texas.

S. clemensellus Robinson is unknown to me; as described, it must be closely
similar to the preceding species, but perhaps with more distinct pale streaks on
the veins. (Size and locality not given).

S. roscidellus Dyar, from the Gulf Strip, is also blackish with pale yellow veins,
but the hind wing is almost wholly white. If I have it correctly determined the
uncus is blunt, the spine on the gnathos almost as long as the uncus and well
set off, the hook on the transatilla strong, and the spine on the juxta even in
width for most of its length.

4. S. unipunctellus Robinson. Unicolorous dark fuscous, with a conspicuous
black discal dot. Uncus shorter than spine of gnathos, which is even . in width
and arises from a deep notch in the gnathos. Spine of juxta very large and
pointed; t'ransatilla with a pair of large rounded lobes notched at the apex.
The female appears to be dimorphic, as both fuscous and straw-yellow females
have been taken with males • of this appearance. (Fig. 303). Male 20 mm.,
female 25 mm.

Southern States.

5. tripunctellus Robinson. Powdery fuscous on a cream-colored base, show •
ing two distinct blackish dots in the fold as well as the discal dot. Uncus short,
blunt, and very broad; gnathos deeply emarginate, with a short tapering spine;
transatilla bearing very large hooks, and spine of juxta swollen toward the tip.
Female straw yellow, apparently indistinguishable from the yellow form of
8. unipunctellus. 20-25 mm.

Southern States.

5. S. melinellus Clemens. Male straw yellow, with a faint grayish postmedial
line extending down from apex, and fading out below; slightly narrower winged
than 8. longirostrellus, but not constantly distinguishable on superficial characters.
A discal black dot and two dots in fold. Genitalia similar to those of 8. tripunc-
tellus, but uncus narrower toward the base, spine of gnathos stouter, hooks of
transatilla hardly as large, and spine of juxta more swollen at the tip. (Fig. 304).

528 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Female variable. Very narrow-winged. Ground normally light yellow, with a
more or less distinct brown shade through the middle of the fore wing from the
base to the apex 20-28 mm. Hind wing white in all forms; rarely, with black
terminal points.

Typically, the longitudinal shade is moderately developed and diffuse; in
variety albocostellus Fernald, it is defined on the upper side, setting off a clean-cut
pale yellow costal stripe from base to apex; in variety dispersellus Robinson, the
ground is more or less dusted and suffused with fuscous ; variety pallulellus Barnes
and McDunnough is immaculate pale yellow; and variety uniformellus Dyar is
fuscous, immaculate except for the blackish discal dot.

June to early August.

Northern States; Nova Scotia to Virginia. New York: Buffalo, Otto, Ithaca.

6. S. longirostrellus Clemens. Light straw yellow, more or less dusted and
shaded with fuscous. A grayish postmedial dot in the fold; a blackish ante-
medial dot in the fold; and discal dot. Hind wing white. Unciis bluntly truncate,
somewhat heart-shaped in posterior view, with a small nodule in place of a spine
on its ventral side, transatilla bearing a pair of very large circular lobes; penis
much more coarsely spinulated than in the rest of the genus, and containing a
very heavy spine. Juxta apparently unarmed. Gnathos much modified, without
a spine. '(Fig. 305).

Female similar to male, the wings slightly narrower.

This species is easily distinguished by the blunt uncus in the male, which is
almost always visible without dissection, and by broad blunt wings in the
female. It is superficially close to the European 8. forficellus, for which it has
been commonly mistaken, but shows no resemblance in structure. I cannot tell
by the description whether S. amblyptepennis Dyar is the same.

June and July.

Northern States; Canada (Montreal and perhaps Quebec) to Pennsylvania.
New York : Newport, Newcomb, North Creek, Niagara Falls, Otto, Ithaca, Little
Falls, Albany, New Windsor.

Subfamily CHRYSAUGINJE

Antennae normally laminate and fasciculate in male, rarely with any special
modification. Palpi various, not strikingly dimorphic in the sexes, third seg-
ment normal, fully scaled; maxillary palpi completely absent; tongue developed.
Ocelli most often present. Fore wing in female with R3_6 stalked, typically similar
in male, but almost invariably more or less modified sexually; with distorted
venation and costal lobes, tufts, etc.; often with a funnel-like structure at base of
costa (fig. 306). Male retinaculum often modified into a loop. M.J and M3 free,
stalked or united; 1st A completely absent, 3d A primitively forked, the upper
branch becoming coincident with 2d A. (In specialized forms 3d A runs up into
2d A, and then the lower fork separates again from 2d A as a free spur.) . Hind
wing with no fringe on base of Cu; Sc and R anastomosing in our species; 1st A
completely lost, and frenulum often thickened and modified in male, multiple in
female.

Larvae normally leaf rollers, with uniordinal hooks in two transverse bands, on
prolegs; adfrontal sclerites reaching vertex, and front, nearly to vertex; vii repre-
sented by a single seta on meso- and metathorax; ninth segment of abdomen
with seta i about midway between ii and iii; with three well-separated and well-
developed lateral setee. Pupa not fully studied.

Key to the genera

1. Hind wing with all eight veins preserved.

2. Fore wing with CUj and Cu2 stalked; M2 and M3 arising from cell sepa-
rately (fig. 308) 5. Galasa.

2. Fore wing with M2 to Cu2 all arising separately from cell 4. Tosale.

2. Fore wing with M2 and M3 stalked.

LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

529

3. Outer margin irregular, all veins present (fig. 306) 3. Clydonopteron.

3. Fore wing with even margins; 11 veins only (fig. 307) 6. Arta.

1. Hind wing with M2 and M3 completely fused; 7 veins.
'2. Hind wing with Sc and R fused halfway to apex (fig. 310).

7. Condylolomia.
2. Hind wing with Sc and R completely fused 8. Polloccia.

FIGS. 306-311. CHKYSAUGIN^E

306, Clydonopteron tecomce, <$, venation; 307, Arta, statalis, <$, venation; 308,
Crala-sa, rubidana, rf, venation; 309, G. rubida/na, 5 fore part of wing; 310, Condylo-
lomia participialis, <$, venation; 311, Polloccia alticolalis, <$, venation of fore
wing.

3. CLYDONOPTERON Biley
(Salobrena, in part)

Palpi oblique, as long as head and thorax together; second segment heavily
tufted above and below, toward tip; third segment blade-like, long and heavily
tufted above and below. Middle and hind tibia; and metatarsi tufted. Fore wing
(fig. 306) sexually dimorphic; male with a hollow cone at base of costa;
retinaculum modified into a ring; costa with a deep triple notch at middle; apex
subfalcate, and outer margin bent at M3; wings very broad; Sc short, but well
developed, free ; Rj running to the middle notch on the costa ; R, arising near end
of cell; R3 to Mj stalked, R4 and R5 the farthest; M, and M3 stalked (unlike Salo-
brena) ; 3d A strongly forked, the upper fork distinct and running into 2d A;
cell half as long as wing. Female without the cone; costal notches and falca-
tions of apex weaker, venation much like that of the male. Hind wing in both
sexes with Sc and R shortly fused, M2 and M3 stalked, otherwise normal; 1st A
obsolete. The genus is hardly distinct from the South American and Texas genus
Salobrena.

1. C. tecomae Riley. Fore wing with basal two-thirds mottled with yellow and
brown, and shaded with orange; postmedial line a short fine white streak at

530 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

costa, then evenly and slightly concave, slightly paler and fine, to inner margin ;
defined by a heavy dark shade before and a fine line beyond it. Wing beyond
postmedial line more nearly even purplish fuscous. Hind wing dark. (H 48:11.)

Larva a leaf roller on trumpet creeper.

District of Columbia, Illinois, Missouri, and south.

4. TOSALE Walker

(Siparocera Grote)

Palpi obliquely upturned to middle of front, short; tibiae tufted as in Clydon-
opteron, but the hind tibiae less heavily so; fore wing of male with a very large
hollow cone at base of costa, retinaculum ring-like, and frenulum thickened and
modified, the outer margin nearly even and apex not falcate; R2 stalked in female,
free in male ; Mj from cell ; M2 and M3 connate ; 3d A swinging up to meet 2d A and
obliterating 3d Aj. Hind wing with Sc and R shortly anastomosing; all the other
veins free. Female similar, without the cone and modified frenulum and retinaculum.
In T. oviplagalis the male has a large oval patch of black sex scales on upper side of
hind wing and one on under side of fore wing.

1. T. oviplagalis Walker. Antemedial space yellow-brown to olive, bounded by
a white, evenly excurved antemedial line; basal sixth pinkish, the rest of the
wing dull light brown; median area paler and grayer, especially toward costa;
postmedial line twice as far from apex as from anal angle, convex in the middle
and concave toward the margins; even. Some gray shading before postmedial.
line and some brown beyond it toward costa. Hind wing fuscous, with a large
black patch in male. 16 mm. (8. nobilis Grote, Asopia anthoecioides Grote.)
(H 48:33).

May to July.

New York to Illinois, and south to South America. New York : Ithaca, Long
Island.

5. GALASA Walker
(Cordylopeza Zeller)

Palpi rather short, beaklike, second segment tufted on upper side. Middle
tibiae and metatarsi very heavily tufted with black scales; hind metatarsi very
heavily tufted, and tibiae and second joint of tarsi more lightly; fore wing of male
(fig. 308) without a cone at base of costa (a rudiment visiole on bleaching),
retinaculum large but normal, buried in loose scaling; Sc weak, normal; Rt and R3
lost (Hampson figures Rt as present, but I cannot find it), cell two -fifths length
of wing, M! free; M2 and M3 connate or shortly separate; Cu\ and Cu2 long-stalked;
2d A and 3d A anastomosing at a point, obliterating 3d At. Hind wing with
frenulum not modified; Sc and R anastomosing, lower part of discocellular vein
closely parallel to lower edge of cell, and BL and M3 more or less distinctly stalked.
Fore wing with two shallow notches, with a curved pencil of hair (concealed by
the scaling) curving down across the surface of the wing from the second one.
Female with palpi longer, curved down at tip, tibiae and tarsi less heavily tufted;
fore wing (fig. 309) with a single broad shallow notch; R: arising near the tip
of the cell; R-j stalked; R3 lost; 3d A connected to 2d A by a short section of
3d Ajj frenulum triple.

1. G. nigrinodis Zeller. Fore wing orange-red, at base, dull crimson outwardly;
the concave part of costa finely gray-edged; antemedial and postmedial lines white,
normally defined with fuscous, sometimes distinct at costa only. Antemedial line
waved, postmedial finely dentate. Hind wing dirty white, shaded with fuscous,
often with a distinct postmedial gray shade. 15-18 mm. (rubidana auct.. not.
Walker).

June and July; Sectember.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 531

New Hampshire and Ontario to Illinois. Missouri, and south. Xew York:
Buffalo, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Schenectady. Nassau, Highland, New Windsor,
Florida, Katonah, New York City.

/

6. ARTA Grote
(Heliades Ragonot)

Palpi quite short and porrect or drooping; front smooth- scaled, tibiae practically
smooth-scaled; fore wing (fig. 307) triangular, and without striking sex modifica"-
tions ; - Sc long, normal, reaching well beyond middle of costa ; one branch of R
free, three stalked, one lost; Mj free; M, and M3 stalked; 2d A and 3d A becoming
coincident. Hind wing with Sc and R anastomosing more than half way from cell
to apex; CUj shortly stalked with M2+3, and 1st A lost.

1. A. statalis Grote. Light pinkish brown, with a fine straight pale line at
three-sevenths, and a similar slightly waved one at five -sevenths; hind wing
grayish, with traces of postmedial line. 15 mm.

The moth flies about Myrica in July and August, and is locally common in
Massachusetts. The southern distribution is uncertain on account of confusion
with A. olivalis and other related species.

New Hampshire to Illinois and south. "New York " (Grote).

2. A. olivalis Grote. Light olivaceous, with faint white lines. 14 mm.
July and August.

Maryland; North Carolina; Texas.

7. CONDYLOLOMIA Grote

Front slightly tufted; legs with thick scaling but without definite tufts; palpi
short, porrect, and hairy below. Fore .wing (fig. 310) narrower than in Arta;
in male, with a small portion folded over a third way out on costa, bearing a black-
ish hair-tuft, and with a rudiment of a basal cone; retinaculum heavy, frenulum
normal; fore wing with cell minute, one -fourth length of wing, very short toward
costa; R! lost; TJ2 running into Sc, which bifurcates, both branches running to
costa; M! widely separated from R3_0; M2 from lower angle of cell; Cu, shortly
stalked with Ms+Cu^ 3d A fused xor a short distance with 2d A; with a strong
free tip. Hind wing with Sc and R moderately anastomosing; M, arising from
the free sector of R, CUj short -stalked with M2+3. Female with R, becoming coin-
cident with Sc; the other three radials stalked; one lost; M2 and M3 long-stalked.

1. C. participialis Grote. Pale grayish olivaceous, darker toward the margin;
with a diffuse darker antemedial fine, and a darker, followed by a pale luteous,
postmedial line, both slightly irregular. Hind wing darker gray. 12-15 mm.

Moth flying over Myrica in July and August.

Massachusetts to Pennsylvania and Illinois. New York: Rock City (Catta-
raugus County), Ithaca, Katonah.

8. POLLOCCIA Dyar

Palpi much longer than head, beaklike, drooping, legs slender. Wings (fig. 311)
not much modified sexually; fore wing with Sc free, one R from tip of cell, three
stalked and one lost; M! separate; M2 and M3 stalked; Cu, and Cu3 approximate
from lower angle of cell; cell one -third length of wing. 3d A shortly anastomosing
with 2d A, with free tip. Hmd wing with Sc and R completely fused, Mt moder-
ately stalked with them; C^ and Cu2 free; 1st A preserved.

• 1. P. alticolalis Dyar. Clay-color, more or less suffused with pinkish, and shaded
with light gray, partly defining the ante- and postmedial lines; antemedial line

532

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

dentate, black, preceded with luteous, and rather broad at costa, interrupted by
a fovea in cell of male; postmedial line blackish, followed by luteous; perpen-
dicular at costa, then strongly excurved opposite cell, and sinuate below. Hind
wing pale. 13 mm.

July and August.

New Hampshire to Virginia and northwestern Ontario. New York: Jamestown
(McElhose, Dyar det.), Ithaca (W. T. M. F.).

Subfamily GALLERIINJE

Male antennae simple, not modified; ocelli always absent, maxillary palpi obsolete
in male ; often distinct but small, in female ; tongue very weak or obsolete. Body
normally stout, with deep vestiture. Palpi sexually dimorphic, except in a few
primitive exotic species, upturned in male, rather short, with third segment more
or less rudimentary; upturned or porrect in female, and normally developed, some-
times long and beaklike. Fore wing with R3 to R5 stalked, 3d A forked, with the
upper fork joining 2d A, or simple (the lower fork lost) and becoming coinci-
dent with 2d A. 1st A lost, llmd wing with male frenulum normal, female
multiple; Sc and R usually very shortly anastomosing; middle discocellular vein
curving far in toward base of wing, the upper and lower parts nearly parallel
with R and Cu, the middle part short and transverse, sometimes nearly obsolete.
Base of M usually preserved as two thickenings connected with the deepest part
of the curve of the discocellular. Mo and M3 stalked or fused; Cut sometimes
stalked; 1st A preserved; a strong fringe on base of Cu.

The larvse (fig. 314) are normally scavengers, or inquilines in bee and wasp
nests. They include a few species injurious to dried food, and the well-known
bee moths, which sometimes do a good deal of damage by eating the wax, etc.,
and destroying and dirtying the comb in ill-tended beehives.

FIGS. 312-315. GALLERIIN^E AND MACROTHECIN.E

312, Galleria, mellonella, <^, venation and sex patch; 313, Aphomia sotiella, £,
venation of fore wing; 314, Galleria mellonella, seta map of larva; 315, Macrotheca
flexilinealis, venation

Prolegs with uni- or biordinal hooks, in a complete ellipse ; prespiracular setae
of prothorax and iv and v of abdomn in a horizontal line; vii of meso- and meta-
thorax of two setae; i to iii of ninth segment of abdomen forming an equilateral

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 533

triangle, with iii directly below ii. Pupae with tongue short, and pilifers rudimen-
tary, maxillary palpi present, small; dorsum of body with a prominent median
ridge, and segments covered with small spines.

The subfamily is a small one, widely separated from the other Pyralids (except
the Macrothecinse). Our few genera are closely related and do not fully represent
the group. It has been suggested that Linnaeus' name " Tinea " should be applied
to this group, as the bee moth was included in his genus, and was the form best
known as " Tinea " by the ancients ; but I have preferred to keep to familiar usage,
especially as Tinea was regularly used in an inclusive sense for a variety of stored
food pests and clothes moths.

Key to the genera

1. Hind wing with all veins (fig. 312) 9. Galleria.

1. M2 lost (fused with M3).
2. Fore wing with all veins; R2 from cell.

3. Cell about two-thirds length of wing in both sexes; M2 and M3 stalked.

10. Melissoblaptes.

3. Cell nearly reaching outer margin in male; with M2 and M3 well separated
and often rudimentary; in female, M2 and M3 connate from lower
angle of cell.

4. Cell in male almost reaching outer margin (fig. 313); base of costa
with a pocket below; female with palpi projecting two and a half

times the width of the eye 12. Aphomia.

4. Cell in male not quite so long; pocket located near middle of wing
and associated with a hyaline spot; palpi of female projecting one

and one-half times the width of the eye 11. Paralispa.

2. Fore wing with one radial wanting; M2 and M3 separate; no frontal tuft;
hind wings acute, with longer fringe; with discocellular vein barely extend-
ing in to middle of cell; fore wing in male with cell almost reaching

outer margin 13. Achroia.

2. Fore wing with a dorsal vein lost; no sex scaling hi cell (12) Corcyra.

9. GALLERIA Fabricius

Antennae simple with a scale-tuft on scape in both sexes; palpi of male upturned,
minute, hidden in frontal tuft; palpi of female forming a short beak, with third
segment short; fore wing (fig. 312) in male with a slight thickening at base of
costa, cell thickened and with sex scaling below, three-fourths length of wing;
middle discocellular distinct and angled in; M± and M2 well-developed, free; R,
free; apex bluntly subfalcate (at R5 and M,) ; outer margin produced at Cu,,
concave above and below; tip of 3d A free. Hind wing with M2 and M3 long-
stalked; CX free; discocellular extending more than half way to base of wing.
Female without thickenings or sex scaling, the tooth on Cu2 and concavity of the
outer margin less distinct; cell rather broader and shorter. A row of small raised
tufts in the fold.

1. G. mellonella Linneeus. Dull gray, strigose; inner margin, below fold, yel-
lower; tufts on fold often blackish; postmedial line represented by a series of
obscure blackish bars. Hind wing fuscous, pale at base. 25-35 mm., female larger.
(Tinea, Linnaeus; Tortrix cerewna Linnaeus.) (H p. 406, f. 226.)

The larva is a serious pest in ill-kept beehives, eating and webbing up the comb;
also a scavenger in waste wax, etc.

World-wide in distribution. New York: Fentons (Lewis County), Vicinity of
Buffalo, Ithaca, New Baltimore, Flatbush. A common species wherever looked for.

534 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

10. MELISSOBLAPTES Zeller

Palpi much as in Galleria; scape large, but smooth-scaled; fore wing with a large
costal pocket in male, but cell not enlarged; Rj and R, free, R3 to R5 stalked; R4
and R5 the farthest; Mj arising distinctly below angle of cell; M2 and M3 in our
species connate, typically stalked; Cu2 arising well toward base. Free tip of 3d A
lost. Hind wing with cell extremely short in middle, M2+3 stalked with CUj. The
larva lives in a sand tube at the surface of the ground. The normal food is
unknown, but it will eat dried insects, etc.

1. M. fuscolimbella Ragonot. Whitish, shaded with brown; marginal area
darker brown; lines fine, dark, defined, the antemedial line edged before, and post-
medial line beyond, .with pale; antemedial line obtusely angled below cell; post-
medial dentate; discal spots fusing into an irregular triangle. Hind wing fuscous,
dark at apex. Female unknown. 24 mm.

North America.

11. PARALISPA Butler
(Paralipsa, by misprint)

Similar to Melissoblaptes; scape somewhat tufted; palpi moderate, porrect,
about as long as the- large frontal tuft. Fore wing rounded-lanceolate, with con-
vex costa; cell long, broad in male, and extended out below well toward margin;
scaled as in Galleria; large but normal in female.

This genus is hardly distinct from the preceding and following, which are com-
bined with it by Hampson. The three nominal species are not well known and
may be only varieties.

1. P. terrenella Zeller. Cell two-thirds length of wing (5). Brownish gray,
somewhat streaky; with a large blackish basal dash, more than one-third length
of wing, and stronger in the male; a fine irregular outer line, deeply rounded out
on middle half, the wing shaded with brov/n before it, and grayer beyond. Reni-
form represented by a black stria. Hind wing fuscous in male, pale in female.
28 mm. (Melissoblaptes furellus Zeller.)

End of June to August.

New York; Georgia. New York: Ithaca, vicinity of Albany.

2. P. decorella Hulst. Similar to P. terrenella; described as having a distinct
dentate antemedial line, but postmedial line obsolete. 28 mm.

Unknown to me.

Southern Ontario. New York: Buffalo (Grote).

3. P. fulminalis Zeller. A more contrasty form than the two preceding, the
markings as in terrenella, but strong on a pale luteous ground; more or less
emphasized with dark gray; the cell often filled out with a dark gray blotch, and
outer margin more or less shaded with dark gray. Hind wing darker and grst^em*
c' 22 mm. •-»! mnr>'T

Maryland to Pennsylvania. niynsm f.tiro

•'•I ->ill rti *.lltit

-in ATtTT^HfTA TT"1 B! f 9(10 ! [6/T1 .0 .1

12. APHONIA Hubner Mri1 flp ,li(rt .7,'woJ

Male palpi as in Galleria, those of female rather lon^f, pdWeci^1 i;lTeWg¥ie"
maxillary palpi relatively well developed. Fore wiri£ '6f ' male ^%?''3'f3)VA
medials and cubitals all well separated; the cell e"xte1iHlnl£' alntoSt "to0 mafgil1! r at
M, and M3, nearly obliterating them. Cell, vety' bro^'d."1 Hind" wl'fig1 Ve'f y brtfatt-
trapezoidal. Otherwise like Melissoblaptes, ' '

1. A. sociella Linnams. Male white to p'al'e'^ray'.'li&litlv1 marked- 5w{th

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 535

female pale gray shaded with olivaceous aiid russet; the lines strongly dentate,
close together, black when distinct; discal dots strong and black, or lost in »
blackish shade; hind wing gray in both sexes. 30 mm., the female usually larger.
(colonella Linnaeus.)

Larva in nests of bumblebees and wasps, but not with honey bees; more rarely
in dried stores, cotton, books, borings of wood-borers, etc.

Nova Scotia; Massachusetts; probably generally distributed; introduced from
Europe.

Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Tineopsis theobromte I3yar) is a common European
dried-food pest, to be expected in our territory.

13. ACHROIA Hiibner

Easily distinguished by the want of the frontal tuft. Antennae long, with a
scale- tooth on scape; palpi minute in male, shorter than eye in female; legs
slender. Fore wing of male oval; broadest toward base; 11 veins, one radial lost,
all the others free; Rt arising opposite Cu2, Ciij as near Cua as M,, M, well sepa-
rated. Female with fore wing more evenly elliptical, with M, and M3 stalked; hind
wing with M2+3 stalked with CUj.

1. A. grisella Fabricius (The lesser bee moth). Pale gray-brown; the head light
yellow, contrasting; immaculate. Hind wings pale, with gray fringe. £ 17,
$ 21 mm.

Caterpillar with the habits of G. mellonella and associated with it. It will also
eat dried apples, raisins, crude sugar, and apparently also dried insects.

World-wide in distribution.

Subfamily MACROTHECIN-ffi

Near the Gallerinse, but slender species with close-scaled bodies. Palpi in male
very short, with a heavy tuft oh second segment above and below; third segment
very short, naked, and turned inward; palpi in female very long and beak-like;
maxillary palpi and tongue absent. Fore wing (fig. 315) narrow and thin, with
arched costa and rounded apex and outer margin. Macrotheca has Ra shortly
stalked with R3_ji, I^ and R, the farthest; Mx widely separated; M2 and M3 stalked;
cell about two-thirds length of wing; 1st A not chitinized, but with a wide space
in its position; 3d A anastomosing with 2d A but with a strong free tip, reaching
margin. Hind wing with cell extremely large, two-thirds length of wing; Sc
and R strongly anastomosing; the base of R reduced to a short spur; mdcv,
sharply right angled in middle, with a single rudiment of the base of M running
to its angle; M2 lost; M3 and CUj nearly connate; fringe on Cu obsolete; anal
region reduced, especially toward the base, and the veins very weak.

The only known larva of the group is predacious on scale insects.

14. MACROTHECA Ragonot

1. M. unipuncta Dyar. Powdery gray; antemedial line far out, sometimes obso-
lete, black and dentate when distinct; postmedial obscure, irregularly sinuous,
followed by an imperfect second line. Discal dot a large black irregular spot.
Hind wing fuscous in male; female not seen.

July.

Western Pennsylvania. Apparently a form of this species occurs in Arkansas,
but its discal dot is small. It is not known from the intervening territory.

536

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Subfamily GLAPHYRIIN^E
(Hoinophysidse ; Pyraustinae; Crambinac, in part)

Head smooth (fig. 318); ocelli well developed; antennae of male not modified,
with a rather small smooth scape; tongue normal, scaled at base (absent in the
western genus Chalcoela; labial palpi moderate or rather long, the segments
almost equal in length, the first two broadly scaled, the third much more slender,
often pointed, upturned in the eastern species, porrect in Chalcoela. Maxillary
palpi typically as long as a segment of the labials, obliquely porrect and rough
scaled; rarely rudimentary. Wings usually broad and ample, coarsely scaled,
sometimes with metallic scaling at the margin of the hind wing, as in some
Nymphulinae. Fore wing with Rt and R2 free, or stalked with each other (figs. 316,
317), rarely united; R3 and R4 stalked, R^ free, divergent from R3+4; rarely with

319

„;

FIGS. 316-319. GLAPHYRIIN.*: •

316, Lipocosma fuliginosalis, venation; 317, Glaphyria glaphyralis, venation of
costal part of fore wing; 318, Dicymolomia, julianaUs, head; 319, D. julianalis,
seta map of larva (ex coll. Claassen)

R2 stalked with R3+1. 1st A lost; 3d A free, weak. Hind wing ample, with a large
broad cell; Sc and R strongly anastomosing; Mj connate with R; M2 and M3
closely approximate or shortly stalked; middle discocellular long and moderately
bent, not tubular; frenulum of female multiple. Upper side of hind wing with
a more or less defined fringe of long hair just below Cu, ending in a larger or
smaller number of spatulate hairs or scales in the fold, near or below end of
cell; a similar series of hairs on 2d A, also usually ending in a group of scales.
The spatulate hairs or scales are more or less deciduous, bul distinct in fresh
specimens of all species; the characteristic palpi will distinguish them from the most
similar Pyraustinae, the broad rounded wings from all our Nymphulinse, to which
they are probably most closely related. The Crambinse and the Ancylolomiinae are
not, in fact, close relatives, and all the species known to me may be distinguished
by the open cell or widely spaced R and M, of the hind wing. (Larva, fig. 319.1

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 537

Key to the genera

1. Fore wing with Rj and R2 stalked, rarely united (fig. 317); no metallic

scaling 15. Glaphyria.

1. Fore wing with R, free from Rj (fig. 316), rarely short-stalked with R3+4.
2. With metallic scaling on margin of hind wing; maxillary palpi as long

as third segment of labials \1 . Dicymolomia!

2. No metallic scaling; maxillary palpi shorter, or rudimentary.

16. Lipocosma.

15. GLAPHYRIA Hiibner
(Homopkysa Guenee)

Characters of the subfamily. Palpi with slight projecting angles formed by the
vestiture of the first two joints, third joint obliquely upturned. Hind wing with
M2 and M3 approximate. Fore wing with apex rounded or marked. Maxillary
palpi always moderate in size, rough-scaled, and porrect. Fore wings with a
yellow or yellowish ground color, with two white transverse lines; the antemedial
line usually waved, the postmedial one denticulate, and both normally finely
dark-edged.

Key to the species

1. Antemedial space below costa, at least, and sometimes whole disc brown or
fuscous.

2. Basal sixth contrastingly pale 5. fulminalis.

2. Basal sixth concolorous with antemedial space, or slightly paler at extreme

base 6. peremptalis.

1. Ground color ranging from straw to ochre yellow; without a darker ante-
medial area.

2. -Outer half of fringe pure white 4. lentiflualis.

2. Outer half of fringe only slightly paler.

3. Fringe mixed fuscous and white, appearing striate in perfectly fresh

specimens 3. psychicalis.

3. Fringe evenly, or nearly evenly, ochre yellow, concolorous with win? or

somewhat darker 2. sesquistrialis.

3. Fringe cream-white 1. glaphyralis.

1. G. glaphyralis Guenee. Lemon yellow, more or leas marked with cream-white:
sometimes cream-white with the yellow only defining the markings. Antemedial
line waved; postmedial sinuous and denticulate; white terminal dots. Fringe
somewhat paler. Sometimes lightly shaded with pale brown. Hind wing similar
on the dorsal part, toward the costa shading into cream-white. 15-18 mm.

July and Augrust. Florida specimens are usually bright yellow; northern ones
mostly cream-white.
New York to Illinois and southward. New York: Otto. Ithaca.

2. G. sesquistrialis Hiibner. Ochre-yellow; duller than G. glaphyralis. the lines
similar, distinctly defined with light brown, and the ground somewhat shaded with
light brown, but without whitish shades. A distinct broken black terminal line,
preceded by white dots; fringe ochre to light brown. 15-18 mm.

Jime to Augrust; October.

Massachusetts to Illinois and south and west. New York: Ulster County.

3. G. psvchicalis Hulst. Bright ochre yellow; lines very fine, normal, sometimes
partly defined with brown, and more or less broken; more wavy than in the last
two species. Terminal dots strong, black and white; fringe mixed fuscous and
white. Hind wing frequently more or less suffused with light fuscous. 12 mm.

July and August.

Massachusetts to Ontario, Illinois, and Florida.

4. G. lentiflualis Zeller. Ochre: antemedial line obscure, not dentate in the fold;
postmedial line rather evenly sinuate, only slightly paler, and preceded by a darker

538 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

line; terminal dots obscure; fringe fuscous on basal half, white-tipped. Hind wing
similar toward margin, pale at base. 15 mm.

June. Perhaps a synonym of G. mvisalls Guenee, of South America.

Central Illinois; North Carolina; Iowa; Texas.

5. G. fuhninalis Lederer. Disc of wings yellowish to dark umber brown. Base
of wings contrasting, pale yellow, brighter than in L. fuliginosalis, the paler area
extending out to the antemedial line along the costa. Outer margin yellow to
postmedial line, except at anal angle. Costal edge sometimes wholly yellow. Lines
normal, white, denned with brown. Hind wing pale, with a brown patch crossed
by a white line toward the inner margin. 10-15 mm.

Late June and July.

Connecticut to Illinois, Florida, and Texas. "New York" (Grote. )
I have examined a specimen in which the radial veins were reduced to three:
RJ+2, R3+4 and R6.

6. G. peremptalis Grote. Similar to G. fulminalis, the fuscous area extending to
costa, almost to base, and diffusely shading into the lighter brown outer third.
12 mm.

July.

Western Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Texas.

16. LIPOCOSMA Lederer

(With Symphysa Hampson, in part; Egesta Ragonot)
Intermediate between Glaphyria and Dicymolomia. Maxillary palpi moderate to
rudimentary; labials oblique, with the three segments equal, or with the first two
segments decidedly longer; closely upturned beyond the vertex. Tongue and wing
form as in Glaphyria; R2 well separated from Rj (fig. 316), sometimes stalked
with R3. Spatulate scale-tufts on hind wing well developed. Ocellus larger than
in Nymphula.

Key to the species
1. Ground even fuscous brown.

2. Reniform a large white lunule 1. reniculalis.

2. Reniform obsolete 2. eripalis.

1. Base white; apex at least whitish.

2. Median area wholly white 3. adelalis.

2. Median area yellow to fuscous, between cell and inner margin .... 4. sicalvs.
2. Median area wholly fuscous 5. fuliginosalis.

1. L. reniculalis Zeller. Powdery dull brown; antemedial line dentate, post-
medial sinuous, white, defined with dark brown; a large white discal lunule, with
a small white spot below it in the fold; terminal line black, broken, with some
white before it. Fringe concolorous. Hind wing similar, becoming whitish at
costa. Palpi closely upturned, maxillary palpi obsolete; spatulate tufts on hind
wing weak. 15 mm. (Homophysa Hampson, Symphysa Hulst. )

June and August.

Central Illinois and North Carolina to Texas; a race in Arizona.

2. L. eripalis Grote. Similar to L. reniculalis, with a slight violaceous tint when
fresh ; lines finer, antemedial extended far out in cell, and more dentate. No
reniform spot or dot below it. Hind wing with only part of outer line visible.
Fringes with a strong white line in outer part. Palpi obliquely porrect, rough;
maxillary palpi rough and well developed; raised tufts on hind wing slight. Front
more oblique than usual. 18 mm. (Symphysa Hampson; Effesta Barnes and
McDunnough.)

Late June.

Virginia to central Illinois and Missouri, south and west.

3. L. adelalis Kearfott. Raised tufts of spatulate scales on hind wing large and
black; palpi rough, oblique, beak-like, with large maxillary palpi. Ground white.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 539

Fore wing with obscure dark ante- and postmedial lines, running about as usual;
slight gray shades before antemedial line and beyond postmedial. Discal dot
black, strong; one or two black terminal dots near apex. Hind wing white, with
a small gray subterminal shade near the black tufts. 15 mm. (Symphysa
Kearfott.)

Late July and early August. Larva in a flat oblong case; constricted near each
end; on lichens.

Anglesea, New Jersey.

4. L. sicalis Walker. Palpi oblique, maxillary palpi very small: tufts strong.
Fore wing cream-white, shaded with clay color in outer part, leaving some white
along postmedial line and on margin; medial area largely clay-color, more or less
suffused with fuscous, but leaving the region beyond the cell pale. Lines fine and
dark; postmedial line, when complete, with a long tooth in the fold running up
toward the lower angle of the cell. Hind wing similar, with a distinct black post-
medial line; median area dusted with black, usually leaving a distinct white discal
dot. 18 mm.

May to July.

New York to Illinois, Iowa, and Texas. " New York " ( American Museum of
Natural History.)

5. L. fuliginosalis Fernall. Maxillary palpi distinct, labial palpi oblique; tufts
on hind wing strong, whitish, heavily shaded with fuscous, leaving only the base half-
way out to the antemedial line, apex, and sometimes outer par.t of costa and outer
margin, white; lines blackish as before, usually with broken terminal line. Hind
wing normally with blackish below the end of the cell to the inner margin, and a
marginal shade toward inner margin; sometimes mostly fuscous. 12 mm.

June and September.

Southern New Hampshire to Michigan, south to New Jersey and Missouri.
New York: Otto.

17. DICYMOLOMIA Zeller

Venation as in Lipccosma; tufts on upper side of hind wing strong; labial palpi
upturned (fig. 318), with more or less rough hair, as in Lipocosma; maxillary
palpi decidedly longer than third joint of labials, rough-scaled, and truncate. Hind
wing more or less distinctly notched opposite cell, with brilliant metallic scaling
along outer margin below the notch.

Larva (fig. 319) with setae vii on meso- and metathorax single; prolegs with
crotchets biordinal; in a circle, shortly open on the outer side. Seta v of abdomen
directly above iv; the tubercles much reduced; a single lateral seta on segment 9.

This genus; and the related western Chalcoela, have generally been put in the
Crambinse", but they are very closely related to Glaphyria and Lipocosma in every
way. The larva also appears to be near that of the Pyraustinae, but wholly unlike
the Crambinse.

Key to the species

A single row of black dots on outer margin of hind wing 1. julianalis.

Two rows of alternate black dots 2. pegasalis.

1. D. julianalis Walker. Light brown, shading into bright yellow at the base;
median area white, dusted and suffused with fuscous brown; lines white, rather
obscure, except as a definition of the median area; running as in Glaphyria; discal
lunule white, followed by black dusting; some white before terminal line; fringe
brown. Hind wing similar on inner half; median area dusted with black; with
two strong raised tufts; the basal and costal portion shading into white. A bril-
liant lead- colored marginal line below the notch opposite the cell, cut by four black
dots in interspaces. 15-18 mm. (decora Zeller.)

• Late June and August. Larva in cat-tail heads ; stout and unicoloroua whitish,
with dark head.

540

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

FIGS. 320-344.
(See bottom of opposite page for descriptions)

LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 541

New York: Portage, Ithaca, New

Connecticut to Illinois, Florida, and Texas.
Windsor, Riverdale, Bronxville.

,lnL?VPi^Ti?8,iW*lker' BaSe ^nd °uter marSin more «venly chocolate brown-
dorsal half of hind wing more evenly dusted with black, the tufts weaker Mareina
line cut by five or six black spots, and with a series of black dots on the veins
along its inner edge. 20 mm. (principialis Walker.)

July and August.

Central Illinois to North Carolina and south.

Subfamily PYRAUSTIN^E

Head smooth; ocelli present. Male antenn.ne normal with a few exceptions (the
most striking ones in our fauna are Pilocrocis and Desmia). Front very often
oblique (fig. 344, etc.), extending out
below, in a few genera conical (fig. 339),
and in some western and exotic forms with
a specialized process. Tongue strong,
scaled; maxillary palpi small but distinct,
rarely if ever as long as second segment
of labial palpi. Labial palpi of various
shapes (figs. 326 to 344), usually with
short third joint. A distinct row of scales
between antennal socket and eye. Hind
tibiae sometimes with the outer spurs in
the male rudimentary. Fore wing usually
triangular, ample, " rarely as bluntly
rounded as in the Glaphyriinae. narrow
in Nomophila (fig. 323). ' Hind wing of
moderate size, ample in Nomophila. Fore
wing with Rj and R, free, R3 and

FlG. 345. HYMENIA PERSPECTALIS

Seta map of larva

stalked except in a couple of exotic genera; R5 free, often approximate to R3+4 at
the base, Mj approximate to R5. Hind wing with Sc and R anastomosing except in
some specimens of Loxostegopsis (fig. 325) and a few exotic forms; M\ arising from
upper angle of cell; Cu with a very slight fringe at base, or none; frenulum of
female multiple. All veins present in both wings.

This is the largest and the most varied subfamily of Pyralididse, but very few

FIGS. 320-344 PYRAUSTIN^E
(See opposite page for figures)

320, Desmia funeralis, <$, venation; 321, Glyphodes unionalis (Europe), venation;
322. BJepharomastix stenialis, venation; 323, Nomophila noctuella, venation; 324,
Pyrausta insequalis, venation; 325, Loxostegopsis polle, venation; 326, Hymenia
fascialis, side view of head; 327, Desmia funeralis, side view of head; 328, Samea
ecclesialis, side view of head; 329, Pantograpta limata, side view of head; 330,
Glyphodes quadristigmalis, side view of head; 331, G. hyalinata, side view of
head; 332, Blephuromastix stenialis, side view of head; 333, Pilocrocis ramentalis,
side view of head; 334, Diastichtis argyralis, side view of head; 335, Evergestis
straminalis, side view of head; 336, Hellula undalis, side view of head; 337, Titanio
pollvnalis, side view of head; 338, Nomophila noctuella, side view of head; 339,
Loxostege obliteralis, side view of head ; 340, Tholeria rerersalis, side view of head ;
341, Crocidophorv, serratissimalis, side view of head; 342, Autocosmia (?) helian-
thales. side view of head; 343, Phlyctcenin ferrugalis, side view of head; 344,
Pyrausta pertextalis, seta map of larva.

542 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

of the genera show striking structural characters. Superficially, the species often
resemble Noctuidse, Geometridse, or even Pterophoridre ; but can generally be recog-
nized by their thinner, more ample hind wings, besides the different venation. The
venational characters used in this key are somewhat unstable, and the palpal
characters are often almost intangible, so a certain proportion of specimens may
run to the wrong genus. The " oblique " front is less convex than the "rounded "
one, and gets steadily farther from the eye clear to its lower edge; the " rounded "
front is strongly convex, and its lower half, at least, parallel to the curvature of
the eye. (Larva, fig. 345.)

Key to the genera

1. Labial palpi (figs. 332, 348) obliquely upturned, with segments sharply set
off, the third segment nearly as long as the second and closely scaled;
maxillary palpi rough-scaled, with truncate tip, almost as long as second
joint of labial palpi and much longer than third.

2. Tongue. very strong, much wider than palpi. .21. Blepharomastix (stenialis).

2. Tongue weak, much narrower than palpi.. (50. Nymphula — Nymphulinae).

1. Labial palpi with third joint usually smaller, sometimes very small, attached

to upper side of end of second joint; sometimes lying along the tuft when

the second joint is tufted, but never forming the end of the tuft; maxillary

palpus smaller, not broadened at end, sometimes minute (fig. 326).

2. Third segment of palpus long, upturned, and pointed, almost as long as

second 18. Hymenia.

2. Third segment of palpus short, lying along upper side of tuft on second

(fig. 334).
3. Maxillary palpus reaching to tip of labial on upper side (though not to

the tip of its tuft) and more or less truncate 21. Blepharomastix.3"'

3. Maxillary palpus shorter.

4. Third segment of palpus well set off. truncate, and broadened or with
a triangular tuft at tip (fig. 334) ; R6 well separated from R3+v

20. Diastichtis.
4. Third segment of palpus not broadened at tip.

5. Second segment of palpus, with its vestiture, almost as large as eye,

in side view (fig. 330, 331) 27. Eudioptis, 28. Condylorrhiza.

5. Second segment of palpus rarely half as large as eye in side view.
6. Fore wing with R5 approximate to stem of R3+4 at origin; palpus

with second segment rounded, third well set off at its tip.
7. Male with a tuft at a notch at middle of antennae, and with
distorted venation in hind wing; both sexes with Cu of hind
wing curved up and approximate to M3 at base (figs. 327,

320 ) 19. Desmia.

7. Male without modification at middle of antennas ;Cu, usually

nearly straight.

8. Palpus projecting the width of the head beyond the head, with
a long third segment; front rounded; wings blunt.

37. Polygrammodes.
8. Palpus shorter, with shorter third joint.

9. Palpus with third segment shorter than wide, buried in the
short vestiture of the second.

10. Ground yellow 38. Pachyzancla (bipunctalis) .

10. Ground dark brown . .25. Pilocrocis.

~- Eudioptis quadristigmalis may run Lerc, l>nt is distinguished by RB being closely
approximate to R< at base.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 543

9. Third segment of palpus longer.
10. Front oblique.

11. Third segment of palpus conspicuous, well set off,
squarish; with a more or less distinct tuft in front

.(% 328) 33. Samea.

11. Third segment of palpus lying along the upper surface

of the tuft on the second 34. Sameodes.

10. Front rounded (larger species).

11. Maxillary palpi small, shorter than width of tongue;

second segment of labials broader 24. Sylepta.

11. Maxillary palpi moderate, fully as long as width of
tongue; second segment of labials narrower (fig.

329 ) 23. Pantograpta.

6. Fore wing with R5 divergent from R3+4, lying about half way between

R3+4 and MI; somewhat approximate to R3+4 in Pachyzancla,

which has a triangular second segment of the palpus, unlike

Sylepta.

7. Second segment of palpus trapezoidal, the third lying along the

upper side on the tuft.

8. Male with a fold on inner margin of hind wing; ground dark.

38. Pachyzancla (perfusalis).

8. Male without fold on inner margin of hind wing; sometimes
with sex scales on costa of fore wing; ground light yellow

or pale brown 21. Blepharomastix.

7. Second segment of palpus rounded ; the third well set off but

small.
8. Third segment a third as long as second, fine-scaled and

rounded.

9. Maxillary palpi distinct; cell of hind wing at its lower angle
reaching decidedly more than half way to outer margin

(fig. 336) '. 30. Hellula.

9. Maxillary palpi obsolete; cell of hind wing reaching hardly

half way to outer margin 26. Lygropia.

8. Third segment of palpus broad and coarsely scaled, triangular.

22. Conchylodes.

1. Palpus more or less beaklike, porrect or oblique, with third joint porrect, and

lying in the center of its terminal tuft, not on the upper side (figs. 339

to 344); upper side of second joint always convex; R5 usually divergent

from R3+4.

2. Eyes much narrower than front; truncate behind, with a wide hairy and

scaly area of the head behind them (fig. 337) .41. Titanic.

2. Eyes fully as wide as front, round, reaching practically to back of head.

3. Apex of hind wing angulate, subfalcate 40. Diasemia.

3. Apex of hind wing rounded.
4. Front conical (fig. 339).

5. Maxillary palpi as long as second joint of labials, broadly triangular,

as in Scoparia 49. Thelcteria.

'5. Maxillary palpi small and pointed 39. Loxostege.

4. Front oblique or rounded, without a point below; maxillary palpi_never

as long as second joint of labials, triangular.
5. Palpi twice as long as head (figs. 340, 343).

6. Hind wing yellow, contrasting with fore wing 42. Tholeria.

6. Hind wing not yellow 46. Phlyctaenia.

5. Palpi projecting beyond head by less than its length (fig. 344).

544 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

6. Front rounded out half the width of the eye, or nearly so (fig.
342) ; male with a blister between R4 and RB of fore wing.

43. Autocosmia (helianthales) .
C. Front moderately rounded out or ilat and oblique.

7. Hind legs twice as long as body 49. Lineodes.

7. Hind legs moderate.36

8. Maxillary palpi triangularly scaled, filling space between

labials and front 48. Loxostegopsis.

8. Maxillary palpi slender but widened by rough scaling at the

tip; more or less triangular (tig. 335) 31. Evergestis.

8. Maxillary palpi small and slender.

9. Fore wing half as wide as hind wing; outer margin half as

long as inner; M3 and CUj separated at margin by from

a third to half an interspace (fig. 323) ... .36. Nomophila.

9. Wings proportionate, fore wing nearly as wide (fig. 324) as

hind wing.
10. Male with a bulla on fore wing and distorted venation.

32. Crocidophora.
10. Male with fore wing pointed, much more than twice as

long as wide . 35. Stenophyea.

10. Male with outer tibial spurs minute, at least the upper

one 46. Phlyctaenia.

10. Male and sometimes female with a hyaline discal spot;

brown with falcate fore wing 44. Perispasta.

10. Male without sexual modification.

11. Fore wing falcate; both wings half orange.

45. Cindaphia.
11. Fore wing with marked or rounded apex.

12. Male antennae broadly laminate 29. Metrea.

12. Male antennae single 47. Pyrausta.37

18. HYMENIA Hiibner

(Zinckenia Zeller)

Palpi upturned (fig. 326) with the three segments nearly equal in length, the
first two well set off and broadly scaled, the third much slenderer, upturned beyond
vertex, smooth-scaled and acute. Male antennae somewhat thickened and obliquely
notched at base. Maxillary palpi long and fusiform. Fore wing with R2 approxi-
mate to R3+4, RB divergent from base; M2 and M3 somewhat approximate, Cut well
separated. Hind wing with cell, measured on the costal side, hardly a third the
length of the wing, extending out below as usual; M2 and M3 approximate.

Key to the species.

A continuous white fascia from within cell to inner margin 2. faseialis.

Median fascia starting below cell; the spot in cell separate, often obscure.

1. perspectalis.

1. H. perspectalis Hiibner (Spotted beet worm). Brown, somewhat mottled with
ochre yellow. Fore wing with a squarish spot in cell; a weak antemedial line
across the wing; a postmedial fascia from costa at three-fourths way to apex,
extending a third way across the wing, with two small dots below and beyond

38 A few members of the first group with triangular palpi, may run out here, but may
be distinguished from most of the following genera by Re which is curved and approxi-
mate to R344 at base.

57 Sameodes may run here, but differs by its close-scaled palpi with well-set-off third
joint.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 545

its lower end; a nearly straight, but waved, fascia from below the spot in the cell
to the middle of the inner margin; hind wing with a median fascia, entirely very
narrow, or irregular and widened to twice its width above and below cell. All
the markings either translucent white or obscure yellowish, defined with dark
brown. 22 mm. (animalis, exportalis, Guenee, primordialis Zeller).

Late autumn. Larva on beet and chard; in greenhouses also on Alternanthera.
Green with black tubercles. Several broods, breeding continuously in greenhouses.

New York to Illinois and south; also world-wide in the warm-temperature and
tropical regions. New York : Ithaca.

2. H. fascialis Cramer (Hawaiian beet webworm). Brown, not varied with yel-
low; antemedial line obsolete; a broad white patch running up from middle of
inner margin to middle of cell, obliquely truncate above, and often sending out a
tooth toward anal angle; a large, white bar from costa, at three-fourths, halfway
to anal angle; with two white dots beyond its lower edge. Hind wing with a broad,
nearly straight, white median fascia, slightly broadened at the middle. 20 mm.
( recurvalis Fabricius J . ( H. 47 : 28. )

Larva on beet, chard, mangels, Amaranthus, and various weeds; sometimes
injurious. The moth is taken in the North, late in the fall.

Subtropical, straying north to New York and western Pennsylvania.

19. DESMIA Westwood

Palpi with first two joints broadly scaled (fig. 327), the second rounded at end;
third joint short, with a more or less triangular tuft in front (less marked than
in Diastichtis) well set off, attached to upper side of second joint. Fore wing of
male (fig. 320) with outer margin oblique and about as long as inner; hind wing
relatively small, with lobed and sinuate costa and more or less extended anal
angle; female more nearly normal; fore wing with marked apex; hind wing with
waved outer margin. Fore wing with R3 and R4 very long-stalked. Hind wing with
M3 and Cut closely parallel for a greater distance than usual. Male antennae with
a notch at middle of shaft, preceded by a scale tuft. The species are black with
white markings.

1. D. funeralis Hiibner. Black, fringe white; fore wing with two large oval
spots; hind wing with a broad oval transverse band in middle, not quite reaching
costa or inner margin ; in the female partly or completely divided into two spots.
20-28 mm. (H 47:37.)

Rather common. Moth from May to October, with two or three broods. Larva
(grape leaf folder) sometimes injurious to grape; more rarely on (Enothera and
Cercis.

Generally distributed. New York: Fentons (Lewis County), Lewiston, Buffalo,
Niagara Falls, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Onteora Mountain, Schenectady, Rhine-
beck, New Windsor, Pearl River, Katonah.

20. DIASTICHTIS Hiibner
(Botis, in part; Bocchoris Moore)

Front flat, oblique (fig. 334) ; palpi obliquely porrect, with a triangular tuft on
second joint; third joint well set off, set on upper side of second, with a distinct
terminal triangular tuft, rarely appressed against the tuft of second joint. Fore
wing pointed, broad; R5 moderately curved, divergent; hind wing ample; Cu,
divergent; fringe on Cu more distinct than usual; cell nearly two-fifths of length
of wing.

1. D. argyralis Hiibner. Bright ochre yellow (leather-brown in the northern
variety ventralis Grote), usually with an irregular series of dark brown ringed,

18

546 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

silver-white postmedial dots, the three middle ones much farther out than the
others; rarely, with markings obsolete. Hind wing a little duller, usually immacu-
late. 25 mm.

July.

The two varieties overlap widely and intergrade. Westward the species seems
also to intergrade with D. fracturalis.

Generally distributed, north to New Hampshire and Wyoming. New York:
Albany, New Windsor, Poughkeepsie, Crugers, Pearl River, Clove Valley, (Staten
Island) East New York (Long Island).

2. D. talis Grote. Crimson ; median area translucent yellow, divided hy a
squarish crimson spot over the end of the cell, reaching the costa, and also touch-
ing the crimson base at the costa. A minute, hyaline antemedial spot. Hind
wing with the crimson confined to the base; a small quadrate spot on end of cell,
only a third way out, touching the basal crimson area, and a broad irregular
border. 18 mm.

June.

Virginia; south to the tropics.

21. BLEPHAROMASTIX Lederer
(Nacoleia, in part ; Lamprosema, in part)

Typically with male antennae simple and ciliate, smooth in B. rivulalis; front
somewhat rounded out; palpi trapezoidal, beak-like, the third segment lying along
the upper surface of the second, or somewhat prominent, obliquely divided in two
colors by a line running to the tip of the tuft; maxillary palpi slender, slightly
truncate at tip when perfectly fresh, extending to the tip of the upper surface of
the second joint of the labials. Fore wing fully twice as long as wide, with marked
apex and anal angle, and even, slightly excurved outer margin. Venation normal
( fig. 322 ) , R3 divergent from R3+4. Hind wing with all veins divergent.

Ranalis is our only typical species. Magualis and rivulalis are transitional to
Lygropia; stenialis is apparently a Xymphuline, near Nymphula, but R2 is con-
stantly free and it is usually placed in Blepharomastix.

Key to the species

1. Evenly luteous to light brown 1. ranalis.

1: Ground yellow and white.

2. Median area yellow 2. magualis.

2. Median area white, except toward costa 3. rivulalis.

1. Ground yellow, heavily shaded with limber brown 4. stenialis.

1. B. ranalis Guenee. Clay-color, occasionally light brown, especially in western
specimens; markings darker dull brown; costa shaded with brown; antemedial line
excurved, often followed 'by a dark dash (claviform) in fold; orbicular a well-
marked ring; reniform a double bar or oblong outline; postmedial line in male
normally of two parts, the upper part running straight from the costa to the outer
margin at Cu2, the inner from the discal dot to the anal angle; the two sectors
sometimes connected by a line along Cu2- Female normally with a continuous line,
strongly sinuate on Cu2. A broken brown terminal line. Hind wing similar, with
a single dark discal bar. 20 mm.

Larva webbing leaves of Chenopodium.

New York to Missouri and south. New York : Buffalo, Ithaca, Poughkeepsie,
New Windsor, New York City.

2. B. magualis [sic] Guenee. Yellow, base pale toward inner margin; sub-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 547

terminal space contrasting, white; lines fine, nearly black; orbicular and reniform
as before, heavy, and nearly filled with brown ; antemedial line excurved from
orbicular to inner margin, an oblique basal line before it; postmedial line as in
B. ranalis, but heavier, the horizontal part slightly oblique above Cu, and touching
the lower side of the reniform; subterminal line nearly parallel to postmedial,
often touching the outer margin at Cu2, and the postmedial at its angle; twice as
far from postmedial below the horizontal part as above. A continuous brown
terminal line and a broken line in fringe; a brown bar across the terminal space,
opposite the cell. Palpi less beaklike at the tip than in B. ranalis, the entire tip
brown; third segment short and blunt; maxillary palpi rather shorter. This
species and the next might go better in Lygropia. 15 mm. (magnalis auct. )

June.

Central Illinois and southward.

3. B. rivulalis Hampson. Fore wing with a fringe of rough hair on under side
of costa, fore coxa and femur with expansible tufts, head as in B. magualis. White;
more or less of base, costa, and whole outer margin pale yellow; markings brown-
black. Hind wing similar, base with four irregular and more or less interlocking
lines; -the first and fourth typically complete and excurved, fifth line running to
orbicular; postme'dial line much as in />. magualis, the offset running along Cu2
and not touching the reniform, the space beyond it not white; subterminal line
well separated, except the horizontal portion, which is fused with the postmedial on
Cu2. Reniform a double brown bar ; a brown bar beyond it in the postmedial space%
below which there is an oval white patch above Cu2 (this region is yellow in 5*
magualis). Terminal line strong. 20mm.

Rare; in June and in late August.

Quebec and Illinois, south to Pennsylvania and North Carolina.

4. B. stenialis Guenee (figs. 322, 332). Light yellow, shaded heavily with brown;
the yellow ground most constant before the postmedial line, and the brown filling
the terminal area, except for a narrow line just beyond the postmedial line and
the costa toward the apex. Lines as in B. ranalis, thicker, but broken; orbicular
and reniform thick, obscured by the brown shading; basal line represented by a
brown shade. Hind wing similar. Palpi obliquely upturned with segments well
set off; the third segment a third as long as the second and broadly scaled;
maxillary palpi truncate, subtriangular, and as long as second segment of labials.
18 mm.

Not rare; in swamps in June and July. Larva unknown, possibly aquatic.
Closely related to Geshna primordialis, and very near the point of separation of the
Nymphulinse and Pyraustina^.

Generally distributed. New York: Gowanda (Wild), New Windsor.

22. CONCHYLODES Guenee
(Spilomela Guenee)

Labial palpi thick and smoothly upcurved; the first two joints rather marked,
.not triangular, and third joint short and triangular. Maxillary palpi minute;
antennae prismatic, front flat, oblique, prominent. Fore wing with R5 slightly
approximate to R3+4; hind wing with M, shortly stalked, M2 and M3 approximate.

The southern species C. diphteralis eats pecan.

1. C. ovulalis Guenee. White, abdomen with fifth to seventh segments yellow,
second and fourth with black bands. Fore wing with straight basal and ante-
medial lines; postmedial line excurved from costa at four-fifths to inner margin at
four-fifths, fine except on costa; orbicular a black patch; reniform a heavy black
ellipse with a white line in the center; subterminal excurved, parallel to outer
margin, much heavier than postmedial line. Terminal line rather strong, black.

548 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

A black line from inner margin at one-third up to cell beyond orbicular, then
along lower side of cell to reniform, then much finer and running to inner margin
at lower end of postmedial line (of which it is morphologically a part) ; more
rarely, with its lower end joined to the lower end of the postmedial line and not
going below A. Hind wing with black discal bar, postmedial. subterminal, and
terminal lines, and loop, much as in fore wing. 25 mm. (platinalls auct., not
Guenee). (H 47:00.)

June and July; September. Larva probably on sycamore. In C. plalinalis.
which was described from Missouri but has since only been taken in South America,
the subterminal line is irregularly thickened, and the postmedial line joins the
looped line above the fold.

North Carolina to central Illinois, Missouri, and south.

23. PANTOGEAPTA Lederer
(Sylepta, in part)

Similar to Conchylodes; front less prominent below (fig. 329) ; R5 more strongly
curved and approximate to R3+4. Hind tibia of male of our species clothed with
long hair on outer side.

P. limata Grote and Robinson. White, shaded with pale yellow; marked with
dull brown. Basal line excurved, much nearer to base than to antemedial; ante-
medial line excurved and slightly wavy; orbicular higher than wide; a brown
outline, constricted in the middle; claviform a brown ring, separate from ante-
medial line, with a line running from it to inner margin; reniform a strongly
irregular brown outline; postmedial line heavy, distinct on costa, obscured below,
but when traceable, wavy and parallel fo outer margin ; subterminal wavy and
parallel to outer margin, even at costa. Terminal line even, continuous. Outer
third from M, to inner margin, and inner margin beyond middle suffused with
dull brown, obscuring the marks. Hind wing somewhat suffused with brown; with
a pale spot beyond the double discal bar, and a strong deeply serrate double post-
medial line. 37 mm. (H 47:38.)

Moth in June to August. Larva a leaf roller on linden.

General in distribution. New York: Vicinity of Buffalo, Ithaca, Big Indian
Valley, Ilion, Poughkeepsie, New Windsor, Long Island.

24. SYLEPTA Hiibner

Similar to Pantograpta; male hind tibiae normal; maxillary palpi and third
segment of labials rather smaller.

1. S. penumbralis Grote. Light fuscous, shaded with slightly darker fuscous
toward margin and slightly paler beyond the postmedial line. Palpi wholly concolor-
ous. Lines diffuse, a little darker; antemedial strongly oblique outward, obsolete on
costa; discal mark a vertical bar; postmedial line subdentate, excurved a little
below cell, running far in on Cu2. but rarely as far as opposite the discal bar.
Hind wing similar; discal bar less than a third way to apex, postmedial line much
as in fore wing. 30 mm. (siUcalis Guenoe.)

May; September and October.

Ohio to Illinois, Missouri, and Florida.

2. S. obscuralis Lederer. Identical in markings with ft. pcnumbralis, but ochre-
ous, veined and shaded with fuscous, the shading especially beyond the reniform
along the outer margin ; rarely nearly even fuscous. Orbicular a small dark circle,
reniform a lunule. both pale filled; dark terminal bars more distinct.

Larva on Phytolacca, decandra.

St. Louis, Missouri; Florida; an orange race in Arizona, with intergrades in
Texas.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 549

25. PILOCROCIS Lederer
(Zinckenia, in part)

Similar to Pantograpta and Sylepta. Third joint of palpus rather smaller, in
some species with a tfiangular tuft, but smooth in the typical group (fig. 333).
Antennae of male in our species (typical Pilocrocis), with a notch at the base of
the shaft, and thickened and roughly scaled beyond. Fore wing with a thick
fringe on basal half of costa above.

The known larva? eat Convolvulacea;.

1. P. ramentalis Lederer. Fuscous brown; lines as in Sylepta penumbralis, clean-
cut, whitish, slightly defined on the side toward the median area, with darker
brown. 25-28 mm. (perfuscalis Hulst.)

Northward this species has only been taken in the fall.

New York to Central States and south. New York: Ithaca.

26. LYGROPIA Lederer

Palpi similar to those of Pantograpta, upturned^ somewhat broadly scaled, with
marked first and second segments; third segment small, scaled, and attached to
upper side of second. Fore wing with R5 divergent from R3+4. Moths slighter
than in the preceding genera; normally yellowish with contrasting markings;
similar on both wings. No secondary sexual characters in our species.

A large tropical genus to which octonalis doubtfully belongs; nymphulalis and
magualis, treated as Blepharomastix, might be better placed here.

1. L. octonalis Zeller. Pale lemon yellow; fore wing with a rounded light red
patch at base of costa; antemedial patches on costa and inner margin, median
ones on costa and cell, and sometimes a terminal bar on costal half of wing, all
finely edged with black. Traces of black transverse lines. 15 mm. (Eustixia,
Orobena; sexmaculalis Grote. )

Southern States; doubtful in our area.

27. EUDIOPTIS Hiibner

(Margaronia Hiibner; Phakellura Poey; Glyphodes Guenee; Marga-
rodes Guenee, not Guilding)

Male antennae normal in our species; palpi oblique, the second joint in hyalinata
and nitidalis (fig. 331) rounded, practically as large as the eye; third joint
minute but distinctly set off. Second joint of palpus in quadristigmalis (fig. 330)
rather smaller, trapezoidal, with triangular terminal tuft, the third nearly con-
cealed in the vestiture of its upper side and not reaching the point; the vesti-
ture at the tip of the palpus wholly borne by the second joint. Palpus obliquely
divided into brown and white, the line of division running almost to the tip of
the tuft. Abdomen of male, in our species, with large fanlike terminal tuft.
Maxillary palpi large, triangular, almost as in Blepharomastix stenialis. Wings
(fig. 321*) very finely scaled, translucent; R5 curved and approximate to Rs+4- Mar-
gins even.

Key to the species

Fore wing white with narrow dark costa 3. quadristigmalis.

Fore wing white With broader black costa and outer margin 2. hyalinata.

Fore wing brown with yellow median patch 1- nitufahs.

1. E. nitidalis Cramer. Fore wing brown, with a translucent irregular yellow
patch extending from beyond and below end of cell to inner margin. Hind wing

550 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

translucent yellow, with marginal third brown. Anal tuft yellow and brown.
30 mm. (H 47:43.)

August. Larva in stems and fruit of the melon family.

Massachusetts to .Missouri and south to the tropics. New York: Albany.

2. E. hyalinata Linnaeus. White. Costa with an even black-brown band reach-
ing inner margin at base, and covering cell; outer margin with an equally
broad band; hind wing with blackish band evenly tapering to anal angle, the
fringe whitish. Tuft of male black and yellow (in aberration niveocilia Hampson
wholly black). 28 mm. (H 47:39.)

Larva with E. nitidalis; sometimes injurious.

Quebec to Colorado and south. New York: Buffalo, Brooklyn.

3. E. quadristigmalis Guenee. Almost transparent; white, costa brown above R;
two black discal dots, and one representing orbicular, rarely absent. Tuft white.
25 mm. (H p. 394 f. 217.)

Not rare.

Quebec to Colorado and south. New York: Ithaca, New Windsor.

28. CONDYLORRHIZA Lederer

Similar to Eudioptis; palpi beaklike, the third joint rather long and lying along
the upper face of the second, reaching its tip.

Perhaps E. quadristigmalis would be better transferred to this genus.

1. C. vestigialis Guenee. Typically very pale brown; in variety tritealis Walker,
translucent light lemon yellow, with lines brown; antemedial strongly oblique out
toward inner margin; orbicular a dot, reniform a short bar. Postmedial line
strongly excurved at middle, sinuous, bent at a right angle below cell, and then
ending perpendicular to inner margin. Terminal line and fringe brown. Hind wing
concolorous, with discal bar, an irregular postmedial line, and partly fused sub-
terminal and terminal lines, most distinctly separate toward costa. Anal tuft
fanlike, black. 30 mm.

Larva on willow.

Subtropical, straying in late fall north to New York and western Pennsylvania.
New York: Ithaca.

29. METREA Grote

Palpi upturned and not very broadly scaled, with porrect third joint, smoother
than usual in Pyrausta; maxillary palpi filiform; venation normal, RB divergent;
wings more rounded than usual.

1. M. ostreonalis Grote. White, a little translucent, especially the hind Wing.
Fore wing with a diffuse dark gray patch at end of cell (rarely absent) enclosing
a diffuse blackish discal dot. Two large, partly confluent, obliquely placed gray
patches in fold and below A, below end of cell; a gray subterminal shade below
M!, resting on inner margin. 30 mm.

July. Rare.

Quebec to Connecticut and western Pennsylvania. New York: Peru (Everett).

30. HELLULA Guenee
(Cabbage web-worms)

Palpi .obliquely upturned ( fig. 336 ) , the first two joints marked, the third fairly
long, closely scaled, oblique, well set off; maxillary palpi filiform. Venation nor-
mal, the veins well spaced; the scales on the discal bar very slightly raised, and
often slightly metallic.

The species are not well understood.

1. H. undalis Fabricius. Pale luteous, usually heavily shaded with fuscous;
lines white, wavy, defined with blackish; basal line fragmentary; antemedial com-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 551

plete, transverse; postmedial complete, strongly sinuous, and distinct, sharply bent
in on R4 and on Cu, and A; a series of black terminal dots, immediately preceded
by an even whitish line, defined on inner side with darker. Discal luiiule black,
with grayish white center kidney-shaped, concave on outer side, with more or less
distinct blackish shades before and beyond it. Hind wing cream-white, with a
broad, even but diffuse, darker border, and dark gray terminal line. 15 mm.
(rogatalis Hulst.)

Apparently introduced from the Old World. Larva most often on Cmciferse
and sometimes injurious in warm countries.

Southern States, probably not quite reaching our area.

2. H. phidilealis Walker. Similar to H. undalis; clay-color; hardly, if at all,
shaded with blackish ; the lines not quite so irregular and defined with slightly
darker clay-color; the region about the reniform con^olorous ; reniform rounded-
trapezoidal, oblique; rather smaller than in II. undalis, not concave on outer side
and strongly iridescent with violet. Hind 'wing whiter, its border less distinct.

This form appears to be the native representative of H. undalis, and possiblv
interbreeds with it. Intermediates appear to be rare.

Southern States and southward; doubtful in our area.

31. EVERGESTIS Hiibner
(Pionea, Mesographe)

Similar to Pyrausta ; maxillary palpi extending fully to end of second segment
of labials, rather truncate at tip (fig. 335). Labial palpi rather more closely
scaled, the third joint porrect. moderate, pointed, its base hardly concealed in the
vestiture of the second joint.

1. E. straminalis Hiibner (Pur pie -backed cabbage worm). Straw yellow, some-
what dusted with brown ; basal line obscure, angulate at middle when ' most
distinct; antemedial line from costa at two-fifths, perpendicular to cell, deeply
concave across cell, forming a sharp tooth on Cut, the tooth touching the lower
end of the reniform. then strongly oblique to its inner margin; postmedial line
excurved above; below, parallel to outer margin and slightly waved; reniform a
brown outline, deeply constricted at middle, normally 8-shaped. Subterminal
region shaded with brown, outlining a triangular yellow patch on upper part of
outer margin; terminal line brown. Hind wing translucent whitish, yellower
toward margin, with traces of a fine brown postmedial line, and a narrow brown
terminal band. 20-25 mm. (H 49:45.)

May to, September; two broods, flying mainly in June and August. Quite variable
in the amount of brown shading. Larva dark green or violet, shaded with yellow
on sides and paler below; with black head and tubercles; on Cmciferse in
September; rarely injurious.

Very common northward; also in Europe. Xew York. Common everywhere.

2. E. rimosalis Guenee (Cross-striped cabbage worm). Fore wing rather longer
than E. straminalis; hind wing with marked apex, less falcate than in Diasemia,
Fore wing light yellow, shaded with brown along the costa, over end of cell, and
more heavily on outer third; the upper boundary of the latter shade forming an
oblique streak running to the apex ; antemedial and postmedial lines browit, weak,
subparallel to outer margin, wavy, nearly trisecting the wing; with faint lines
between them; reniform spot dark, obscure. 27 mm.

Eggs in a cluster, overlapping. Larva bluish gray with three or four trans-
verse black stripes on each segment, and a bright yellow stigmatal band. Prob-
ably three broods; pupa in the ground; the third brood wintering and emerging
in April.

West Virginia to Illinois, Colorado, Washington, and south, Xew York : Long
Island.

552 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

32. CROCIDOPHORA Lederer

Similar to Evergestis and Pyraxista; the palpi typically with the hair on the
second joint longer, covering base of third (fig. 341), but short in C. tuber-
culalis. Fore wing with a Imlla at end of cell, between R» and R-,, R5 curved
down to make room for it in males; sometimes with highly developed sexual
modifications. Antennae normal in our species.

The style of markings associates this genus with Pyrausta rather than with
Evergestis; but it is customarily put here.

Key 1o the species

Subterminal a dentate line 1. serratissimalis.

Subterminal a broad even shade 2. tuberculalis.

1. C. serratissimalis Zeller. Male retinaculum formed into a large blackish
scale tuft, covering a f ovea ; the base of Cu curved up around it ; no distinct
fovea in cell Cu1; but with wing rathej thinly scaled. Fore wing pale straw
yellow with " some light brown on veins ; antemedial line somewhat waved and
oblique, obscure in male, postmedial line sinuous, rather broad and even, deeply
bowed in opposite cell and across Cu? and A; with more or less distinct brown
shades before it; renifornl a dark bar; subterminal deeply denticulate, nearly
parallel to outer margin ; terminal line fine, continuous, brown. Hind wing with
postmedial and subterminal lines as in fore wing, but the postmedial less
sinuous. 18-25 mm.

Superficially this species is very near P. penitalis, but is distinguished by the
serrate subterminal line on the hind wing.

June to September.

New Jersey. New York : Newport, vicinity of Buffalo, Otto, Potter Swamp
( Yates County ) , Ithaca, Schenectadv, Poughkeepsie, New Windsor, New York
City.

2. C. tuberculalis Lederer. Male with fovese much larger, tuft representing
retinaculum much larger, covering a fovea; a large fovea. in cell Cu at base,
distorting Cu2 and lower edge of cell; which runs almost transverse from Cu2 to
Cu,. Light straw yellow, no dark on veins; translucent. Antemedial line about
as in C. serratissimalis, less wavy; postmedial sinuous below cell, but evenly
convex opposite cell; subterminal shade much broader, even, sometimes suffused
out to outer margin; terminal line obscure; discal dot faint, vertical. Hind
wing with even excurved postmedial line, and broad subterminal shade. 15 mm.

June and July.

New York to central Illinois and south. New York: vicinity of Buffalo, Lan-
caster, Ithaca, New Windsor, Long Island.

C. pustuliferalis Lederer has narrower wings, a dentate postmedial line, and
sometimes an inconspicuous dentate subterminal line. It occurs in North Caro-
lina and southward in May. 25 mm.

33. SAME A Guenee

•

Palpi moderate (fig. 328), upturned, the first two joints well marked off and
broadly scaled, the third small, close scaled, and lying on the upper surface of
the end of the second; maxillary palpi small, porrect. Fore wing subfalcate,
somewhat translucent; RB curved and somewhat approximate to R3+4. Hind wing
subfalcate; a prominent tuft of scales at base of Cu above, representing the
usual fringe.

S. ecclesialis Guenee, a widespread tropical species, may possibly occur in our
area. The abdomen of the male has lon£ curved tufts on the sides of the

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 553

fourth segment. It certainly occurs north to the coast of North Carolina.
(H. 48:2.)

34. SAMEODES Snellen
(Pyrausta, in part)

Palpi nearly as in Pyrausta with very little loose hair, the third joint practically
terminal. Fore wing with R5 curved and more or less approximate to R3+4, apex
marked. Markings as in Samea, but without the tuft on hase of Cu of hind
wing.

1. S. adipaloides Grote. Abdomen brown, in the female with some yellow scales
on the base and white ones at the apex of the segments, the first segment often
yellow. Male without a dorsal tuft. Straw yellow. Costa gray-brown above
R; outer margin broadly gray -brown, with sharp inner boundary two-thirds way
in to the postmedial line and roughly parallel to it; orbicular, claviform, and
reniform spots represented by large gray -brown patches, the first, two broadly
in contact, antemedial line fine, gray-brown, excurved, running shortly before
the orbicular and claviform; postmedial deeply sinuate below cell, extending in
along Cu2 to below end of cell; scalloped on veins; the veins more or less defined
with brown; hind wing similar, without brown patches in disc; postmedial line
confluent with border at Cu2. 20 mm.

July to September.

Generally distributed. New York: vicinity of Buffalo, McLean Bogs, Big Indian
Valley, Schenectady, Rhinebeck.

I have seen S. elealis Walker from North Carolina and south (adipaloides
Barnes and McDunnough, but not of Grote's original figure and description ) .
The costa is mostly yellow; the male has a black dorsal tuft on the abdomen,
which is more largely yellow.

35. STENOPHYES Lederer
(Crocidophora, in part)

Palpi trapezoidal, closely and a little roughly scaled, with third segment ter-
minal; maxillary palpi moderate; front oblique. Fore wing with R5 approxi-
mate to R3+4; costa practically straight; fore wing more than twice as long as
wide, much more in male, with apex marked; outer margin strongly oblique and
nearly as long as inner; hind wing much longer to apex than to anal angle;
abdomen long and conical. Wing translucent. Markings as in Sameodes.

1. S. huronalis Guenee. Yellowish white; lines fine, light brown; orbicular,
claviform, and reniform large, squarish orange -ochre patches, edged with brown;
a yellow 'basal shade; antemedial line erect, wavy, nearly meeting lower angle
of claviform; postmedial oblique, but less so than outer margin, offset inward
on Cu2, and then oblique to inner margin. Outer margin light brown, sending
an extension to the postmedial line opposite the cell and at the anal angle. Hind
wing with two broken gray transverse lines, the outer meeting margin near Cu2;
outer margin broadly gray at apex, tapering off to anal angle. Male 25 mm;
female 20 mm. (serinalis Walker).

September and October.

Described from Canada but only seen from North Carolina and southward.

36. NOMOPHILA Hiibner

Palpi as in Pyrausta, rather closely scaled (fig. 338); fore wing over 2% times
as long as wide ( fig. 323 ) ; the outer margin less than half as long as the
inner; hind wing ample, nearly twice as wide.

•1. N. noctuella Schiffermuller. Fore wing dull gray, orbicular, reniform, and

554 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

claviform large, darker, but rarely contrasting, outlined with black; orbicular
and claviform horizontally oval and often slightly separated; postmedial finely
dentate when distinct ; subterminal space finely strigose, with two streaks to an
interspace. Hind wing contrasting, pale luteous at base. 28 mm.

June to October.

The narrow wings and dull coloring make this species look like a Phycid. It
is one of the commonest Pyralids. The larva is a general feeder on low plants,
and has been reported definitely from Polygouum. It is yellowish green, with
darker tubercles.

Distribution world-wide. New York : common everywhere.

37. POLYGRAMMODES Guenee

Wings ample, the fore wing less than twice as long as wide, with strongly
curved outer margin, stumpy looking. Wings translucent; R6 strongly curved up
and approximate to R3+4; hind wing with a black scale tuft at base of Cu, as
in Samea. Body stout, showing a strong tendency to grease; palpi as in
Stenophyes.

1. P. capitalis Grote. White with some violet iridescence; with white fringe.
Fore wing overlaid with brown wool at base and inner margin. A fine, incom-
plete, black, antemedial line, a rather irregular postmedial; basal line sometimes
visible; orbicular a small ring; reniform a double black bar with a blackish patch
below it; a blackish patch at apex. Hind wing similar. 37 mm.

June.

Mississippi Valley.

Variety posticata Grote and Robinson is practically immaculate, with yellowish
fore wing and white hind wing. The typical P. hirtalis Guenee. from Texas and
south, is much smaller. The names have sometimes been interchanged in collec-
tions, but I think the present use is correct.

38. PACHYZANCLA Meyrick

Structure much as in Xomophila and neighboring genera. Palpi rather smooth-
scaled, somewhat beaklike, with third segment very small, on upper side of second.
Fore wing triangular, twice as long as wide; Mo concave up at base, and closely
approximate to M3. (I very much doubt u this genus is either natural or in the
right place here.)

1. P. perfusalis Walker. Fore tibia with a terminal tuft. Inner margin of hind
wing distorted; anal angle lobed in male, with a short, stiff tuft, and an area of
black raised scales above Cu2, which is distant from CUj at margin. Dark fus-
cous, antemedial line darker, excurved; postmedial running in a broad sweep
from costa, far out toward outer margin, then in below cell to opposite reni-
form, then nearly erect to inner margin. A blackish discal bar. Hind wing duller,
with a slight postmedial line only. 22 mm.

Larva on eggplant.

Southern States; not seen from our area.

2. P. bipunctalis Fabricius. No secondary sexual characters. Ground color
dull luteous, darkening on costa and outer margin, and on apical half of outer
margin of hind wing ; with a short thick solid black reniform spot hardly higher
than wide, and smaller round orbicular dot. Subterminal line absent, and post-
medial indented opposite the cell. 25 mm.

Larva (southern beet webworm) on beet and a great variety " of other her-
baceous plants; injurious in the Gulf Strip.

Decatur, Illinois, and south. The eastern records, so far as traced, are in
error for species of Phlycta^nia and Pyrausta, especially Pjjrausta vertextali*.

\ believe this sDecies would go better in Sylepta.

LEPIDOPTERA OF XE\V YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 555

39. LOXOSTEGE Hiibner
(Phlyctcenodes Guenee, Eunjcrcon Ledererj

Similar to Pyrausta, but with the lower part of the front drawn out into
a sharp cone, or, in some western species, a more complex process (fig. 339).
Hind wings usually more simply marked than fore wings. Eyes normal in our
species, reduced in some western ones.

Key to the species

1. Expanse 10 mm 10. ophionali-s.

1. Expanse 15 mm. or more.

2. Fore wing falcate 1. externalis.

2. Fore wing with apex at most marked.

3. Fore wing mostly white, with yellow costa 7. dasconalis.

3. Fore wing yellow, nearly or quite immaculate.

4. Hind wing concolorous 8. marculenta.

4. Hind wing white 3. similalis, variety posticata.

3. Fore wing contrastingly marked, or fuscous.

4. Fuscous with a contrasting light yellow terminal band and square

between orbicular and reniform.
5. Postmedial line denticulate and fine in its upper course.

4. sticticalis.
5, Postmedial with its outer side even, often represented by a series of

black wedges 5. commixtalis.

4. Less mottled, terminal space and space between orbicular and reniform

not contrastingly pale.

5. Cream-white, with contrasting gray or olivaceous veining, and dentate
postmedial and subterminal lines, checkering the outer part of the

wing 6. chortali#.

5. Veins concolorous; postmedial line evenly sinuous; ground not cream-
white with contrasting dark markings.
6. Lemon yellow, with broad contrasting rusty marks, including a

terminal line on hind wing but no subterminal 2. helrali-s.

6. Straw yellow, with light brown to obsolescent markings, and sepa
rate subterminal and terminal lines on hind wing, or with the
subterminal line only.
7. Postmedial line strongly denticulate; hind wing with postmedial

line distinctly curved above Cu2 8. marculenta.

7. Postmedial very slightly denticulate or even, on hind wing

straight to below Cu2 9. mancalis.

fi. Fuscous to ochreous, hind wing with, at most, slight diffuse mark-
ings, usually immaculate in pale forms 3. similalis.

I. Fore wing falcate; hind icing with M2 and M3 closely approximate. Frontal
prominence broad at the end, somewhat chisel-shaped.

1. L. externalis Warren. Front with white side-lines. Light dull brown; lines
fine, single, dark; antemedial irregular, excurved; postmedial sinuous, denticu-
late, not bent in opposite cell; orbicular a dot and reniform a curved vertical
line, all faintly denned with paler; no subterminal line. Hind wing slightly
paler, with obsolescent postmedial only. 22-25 mm. (maclura; Riley).

Larva on Osage orange.

Plummer's Island, Maryland; western Pennsylvania, Illinois, and St. Louis,
Missouri, south to Xorth Carolina and Texas.

556 WILLIAM' T. M. FORBES

II. Fore wing not falcate, front definitely conical, usually with a, sharp point;
hind wing M2 and M3 closely approximate.

* Hind tibice with outer spurs about half the length of the inner.

2. L. helvalis Walker. Bright yellow; lines clean-cut, yellow -brown, single
and not denticulate; costa yellow -brown; antemedial excurved; postmedial
broadly excurved above, with a blunt inward tooth on fold; orbicular a dot,
reniform a curved line; no subterminal. Hind wing paler, with a short straight
postmedial line pointing toward anal angle; both wings with even terminal
lines. 15-20 mm. (citrina Grote and Robinson.)

September.

Coast of Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. New York: Long Island.

3. L. similalis Guen6e. Typically dull ochre, somewhat shaded with fuscous;
lines diffuse, dark, shading imperceptibly into the median area, usually more
sharply denned on the side away from the median area, and denned with pale.
Terminal line waved, postmedial somewhat sinuous and denticulate, when dis-
tinct. Orbicular a blurred spot; reniform an oval spot or lunule, both dark
and diffuse. Hind wing somewhat paler, dark toward margin, translucent at
base; in fully marked specimens, with broad, vague, dark border, and sometimes
a faint dark postmedial line. 20 mm. (licealis Walker, communis Grote,
caffreii Flint and Malloch.

Variety intractella Walker is the dark, fuscous form; rantalis Guenee is prob-
ably the same form; crinitalis Walker is brighter rusty orange, and posticata
Grote and Robinson ( miserulata Grote and Robinson ) is nearly immaculate
yellow with an immaculate white hind wing. Intergrades are common.

Larva (the garden webworm) a general feeder, rarely injurious. Dull green
above and yellowish below, with a double pale dorsal, and whitish lateral, line.
Tubercles black. Four or more broods.

Generally distributed. New York : Saranac Inn, Ithaca, Albany, Nassau ;
Woodhaven, Long Island.

4. L. sticticalis Linnaeus. (Sugar-beet webworm.) Superficially very close
to L. commixtalis; upper outer spur of male hind tibiae nearly half as long as
lower one. A little smaller than L. commixtalis and more lightly built. Fore
wing with basal dash and streaks on veins nearly obsolete, light fuscous;
orbicular thicker and more obscure; postmedial line distinctly and finely denticu-
late; yellow terminal shade widened opposite the cell, followed by a single
dark terminal line. Hind wing nearly concolorous, with a vague pale post-
medial shade; yellow marginal shade evener; terminal line single. 25 mm.

Larva gray-green, yellower on sides, with black head and pale, dark-ringed
tubercles; a general feeder and sometimes injurious in gardens.

Nantucket, Massachusetts; Madison, Wisconsin; Western States; Europe;
probably introduced in the East. New York : Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, East
New York.

f* Upper outer spur of male hind tibia reduced, less than a quarter the length

of the inner spur.

5. L. commixtalis Walker. Middle tibise with a groove and pencil. Luteous,
heavily streaked with fuscous, especially on veins; terminal space yellow,
not broadened opposite cell; a long black basal dash with a pale shade above
it; antemedial line far out, deeply dentate, the longest tooth in the fold;
orbicular a horizontal ellipse when distinct, often confused with antemedial
line; followed by a yellow patch; this patch sometimes divided by a black
dash connecting the orbicular and reniform spots; postmedial line represented
by a series of black wedges, conspicuous beyond the cell, where their outer
sides form an even line, and their points extend in along the veins to the

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 557

reniform, which is confused; black postmedial line deeply dentate below and
finely so toward costa. A fuscous subterminal shade; terminal line double,
the outer line in the fringe. Hind wing paler fuscous, sometimes with blackish
veins on disc, sometimes with a vague yellowish postmedial shade, and nar-
rower irregular yellow terminal band; blackish terminal line double. (A
specimen from Newfoundland has all the yellow shades on the fore wing, except
the terminal band, replaced by light blue-gray. ) 25-28 mm. ( cereralis Zeller. )

Usually rare; sporadically injurious; usually confused with L. sticticalis,
but easily distinguished in the male, by the hind tibiae. Larva about like that
of L. sticticalis.

General in distribution. "New York" (Grote).

6. L. chortalis Grote. Pale yellowish, marked and shaded with light gray,
appearing greenish on account of the yellow underlay. Veins contrasting • gray ;
postmedial line serrate; subterminal gray, normally serrate; basal markings
confused, largely lost in gray shading; hind wing whitish, with wavy sub-
terminal and variable, often obscure, postmedial lines; terminal line dark gray.
25 mm.

Not rare from May to August.

General, north to Northern Ontario and west to California. New York :
Black Brook, Uphill Brook (Mt. Marcy), Clayton, Buffalo, Ithaca, Big Indian
Valley, Onteora Mountain, Karner, Albany, Rhinebeck, New Windsor.

7. L. dasconalis Walker. White, with traces of the markings of L. chortalis
and a faint light gray terminal line; front of thorax and base of costa bright
yellow.

Apparently rare. June to August. Larva on Baptisia.
Massachusetts to Illinois and south. New York: New Windsor.

8. L. marculenta Grote. Upper outer spur minute. Pale lemon yellow; head
deeper ochre; markings pale brownish gray, very slightly diffuse; antemedial
line excurved and somewhat wavy; postmedial sinuous and moderately dentate,
most deeply on Cu2; subterminal a vague shade; terminal fine; orbicular and
reniform small and diffuse. Hind wing similar toward margin, nearly hyaline
white toward base; postmedial straight or curved; subterminal close to margin,
sometimes fused with terminal line or absent in pale specimens. Markings
often nearly obsolete. 20 mm. (probably obliteralis Walker.)

May to August. Larva on Solidago.
Massachusetts to Texas. New York: General.

9. L. mancalis Lederer. Upper outer spur one-quarter the length of the
inner. Similar to L. marculenta and usually confused with it. Rather duller
straw yellow; rarely, with brown veins as in L. chortalis; postmedial line
almost evenly sinuate on fore wing; on hind wing straight from below costa
to fold, and stopping there. Subterminal distinct, close to margin. Front
brown with whitish shades; palpi light brown.

June; August. Caterpillar on Convolvulus, Rumex, and mint.
Maryland to Missouri and south ("Maine" in error).

III. Very small species; costa and outer margin nearly straight, meeting at
a sharp angle; front as in L. externalis; palpi twice as long as heAd;
maxillary palpi large, triangular, truncate at tip, hind wing with M2
and M3 tvidely separate, parallel at base.

10. L. ophionalis Walker. Light yellow, suffused with tawny and brown;
with a single straight red-brown and yellow subterminal band. 10 mm.

North Carolina and south.

A closely related form, with crimson ground-color, occurs on the sand bar-
rens of Illinois. It may be a race of ophionalis.

558 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

40. DIASEMIA Guenee

Palpi about as in Loxostege; rather short. Maxillary palpi large, trian-
gular; male antenna* broad and typically subserrate in male. Fore wing
typically with falcate apex; venation normal, witli R. divergent. Hind wing
with apex snbfalcate, outer margin excavate below it; M:1 and Cu, approximate;
cell two-fifths length of wing; front rounded.

Only the type species is normal in structure, junassialis is probably not really
congeneric.

1. D. ramburialis Duponchel. White, striate with yellow and dusted and mottled
with brown-black; the white showing especially as a very irregular postmedial line,
widened on costa and forming a contrasting patch on inner margin. Fringe cut with
white. Hind wing with white mostly in broad antemedial and medial bands,
with a solid black band between them. 15 mm.

Europe; Atlantic States; seen only from Florida.

2. D. janassialis Walker. Male antennae strongly annulate, with rows of raised
scales; hind wing excavate opposite cell, but not falcate; venation as in Pyrausta;
palpi long, beaklike. Black, with heavy white postmedial line, discal spot, partial
antemedial line and other usual markings; not at all powdery or striate.

Southern States, north to North Carolina; not known in our territory.

3. D. magdalena Fernald occurs north to North Carolina. It is yellow, with
fine silvery ante- and postmedial lines converging to the inner margin, and with
a similar terminal line and confused discal marks.

41. TIT AN 10 Hiibner

(Botis, in part)

Similar to Pyrausta; front more prominent, rounded out and rough-hairy
(fig. 337); gena a third as wide as eye, pale and conspicuous in pollinalis; eye
narrower than front, with a chitinized band behind it ; vestiture rough and
more hairy than usual ; with tufts on the tips of the large maxillary palpi.

This is a subarctic development of Pyrausta, and apparently intergrades with
it. Two or three species placed here in Titanio have been generally considered
Pyraustas, but have the characteristic small diurnal eyes of this genus.

Key to the species

1. Black with two white spots on fore wing 1. poltynalis.

1. Gray.

2. Postmedial line straight, whitish 4. marginalis.

2. Postmedial line dark, denticulate and sinuate 2. ephippiatis.

2. Markings obsolete 3. torvalis.

1. Ground of hind wing yellow (insequalis group of Pyrausta).

1. T. pollinalis Schiffermiiller. Black; two white spots on fore wing and a
broken median fascia on hind wing. 20 mm.

May and June; August. Larva on broom and other Leguminosae.
Europe; reported from Pennsylvania.

2. T. ephippialis Zetterstedt. Gena black, naked. Dark ash gray, somewhat
powdery, especially the darker base; antemedial line wavy, oblique outward,, dark;
postmedial well out; excurved above, extending far in below cell, enlarging into

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 559

dots between veins; median area sometimes paler; ordinary spots small, solid, dark.
Hind wing dark gray with more or less distinct dark and* pale postmedial line and
pale costa. 20 mm.

July.

Holarctic, south to Labrador.

3. T. torvalis Mceschler. Dark fuscous, with some white scales, markings almost
obsolete, so far visible like T. ephippialis. Hind wing much paler. 20 mnV.

Greenland to Labrador.

4. T. marginalia Walker. Powdery mouse gray; blackish toward base and beyond
postmedial line; under the lens showing blackish, white, and orange-brown scales.
Antemedial line obscure, outwardly oblique, waved, postmedial line nearly straight,
white, contrastingly defined with blackish; orbicular a black spot, and feniform a
small black patch; median area slightly paler, grayer, and more powdery. Hind
wing with black-brown powdering on a luteous base; with a short straight post-
medial line. 18 mm. (stenopteralis Grote.)

May.

Maine to Alberta.

42. THOLERIA Hiibner

(Mecyna Guenee)

Structure as in Phlyctaenia, the third segment of the palpus not well set off.
somewhat down-curved (fig. 340) ; midtibia with a groove and tuft of hair in male.
Hind tibia normal; M2 and M3 more closely approximate than normal in Phlyctaenia
and Pyrausta.

1. T. reversalis Guenee. Fore wing brown with faint markings; hind wing bright
yellow, with blackish apex. 30 mm.

June and July. Larva on Baptisia and Lonicera.

New York and Illinois to Florida and Colorado. New York: Ithaca. Oneonta.
New Windsor, Staten Island: Glencove, Long Island (in a conservatory).

43. AUTOCOSMIA Warren

(Titanio; Metasia, in part)

Front typically conically prominent, in oxir species (fig. 342), which l>elongs
doubtfully to the genus, oblique and rounded out. Our species with a bulla
between R< and R-. of the male, as in Crooidophora ; palpi moderate, beaklike, the
third segment not well set off; hairy, normal; eyes wider than front; maxillary
palpi larger, triangular; no veins approximate, not even M2 and M, ; wings rounded,
with costa more arched than usual; normal.

1. A. heliant hales Murtfeldt. Ash gray, shaded with whitish, especially over the
end of the cell, and costa opposite; postmedial line fine, white, convex above, more
oblique than outer margin below, even, nearly touching terminal line opposite cell;
a more or less irregular streak on A out to postmedial line, forked near its tip;
a white line in base of fringe, preceded by a dark terminal line. Hind wing pale
gray, with a white postmedial line far out, but receding toward anal angle. Upper
tibial spurs more than three -foiirths way to apex of tibia, very small. 12 mm.

April to July. Larva forming a large blotch mine in leaves of sunflower, the
scattered frass mostly on one side. Whitish green, sometimes shaded with rosy.
Head mottled brown, with whitish front; cervical shield whitish green with two
large brown spots covering most of its surface. Tubercles dark. Pupa usually
in the mine. Three broods, the last hibernating as larva; in the cocoon.
•Northern and central Illinois; St. Louis, Missouri; Texas.

560 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

44. PERISPA8TA Zeller

(Pionea, in part)

Similar to Pyrausta; fore wing in male with R, divergent from R3+4, running
through the middle of a large hyaline patch beyond the cell, Mj in male below
the hyaline patch, near lower angle of cell; in female from middle of end of
cell; fore wing falcate.

1. P. caeculalis Zeller. Dark fuscous, with a faint excurved and sinuous darker
postmedial line; fringe white in notch; hind wing nearly concolorous, with
faint postmedial line and fringe white toward apex.

Not common. June to August.

Quebec and New Jersey to Manitoba, Colorado, and Texas. " New York "
(Grote).

I have taken this species within two miles of the New York boundary, at
Ramsey, New Jersey.

45. CINDAPHIA Lederer
(Phlyctcenia, in part)

Similar to Pyrausta ; fore wing subfalcate ; abdomen rather long. Hind tibiae
of male much swollen, with both outer spurs reduced; mid-tibiae slender.

1. C. bicoloralis Guenee. Orange; outer two-fifths brown, the boundary marked
by the sinuous darker brown postmedial line. Hind wing similar. 18 mm.
(H 47:40.)

May and June; late July to September.

Generally distributed. New York : Lancaster, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Albany,
Rhinebeck, Poughkeepsie, New Windsor, New York City.

46. PHLYCT2ENIA Hiibner
(Pionea Guenee; Udea Guenee)

Similar to Pyrausta; palpi usually longer (fig. 343); middle tibiae usually
swollen ; hind tibise usually with upper outer spurs rudimentary.

The genus is hardly distinct from Pyrausta. For key to species see Pyrausta.

* Upper outer spur of hind tibia much reduced.

1. P. ferrugalis Hiibner (Celery leaf tier). Palpi twice as long as head. Hind
tibia with upper outer spur obsolete. Dull light brown, sometimes reddish, or
dusted with black; orbicular a slightly darker circle, reniform an hourglass-shaped
spot; postmedial line parallel to outer margin from R3 to Cu2, somewhat offset
in on R,, and deeply looped in on Cu2 and fold; with fine dark terminal dots and
a double gray line in fringe. Hind wing much paler; fuscous toward outer
margin, with a fuscous bar on upper half of discocellular; a spot on crossvein
m-cu, distincter below, and a fine dark gray postmedial line. 18 mm. (rubigalis
Guenee).

Common all the year. Larva transparent green, with a white subdorsal stripe,
and a pair of black spots on cervical shield. Head and tubercles pale. A general
feeder on herbs, often injurious in greenhouses. Several broods.

Massachusetts to Missouri and south. New York : Rochester, Brockport, Buffalo,
Crosby (Yates County), Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Albany, Pearl River, New
Windsor.

2. P. acutella Walker. Straw color, somewhat shaded with pinkish, broadly

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 561

streaked on the veins and more or less suffused with pale brown; no transverse
markings, not even terminal dots. Hind wing yellowish, unmarked. 25 mm.
(venalis Grote).

June to August.

Quebec to Wisconsin, south to southern Xew Jersey and Colorado. Xew York :
vicinity of Buffalo, Potter Swamp (Yates County), Ithaca. Earner, Nassau, Xew
Windsor.

3. P. terrealis Treitschke. Palpi as long as head. Pale fuscous, heavily pow-
dered on a luteous ground ; markings darker, faintly denned with pale, diffuse,
obscure. Antemedial line excurved, postmedial sinuous, running in to below the
cell at Cu and then obliquely into inner margin at two-thirds way to hind angle ;
orbicular a vague dot, reniform a dark bar. Hind wing paler and translucent,
except at margin, with diffuse darker postmedial line. A distinct gray ter-
minal line and two dark lines in fringe on both wings. 25 mm.

Two broods, flying mainly in May and August. Larva green, with black-
dotted head and small black tubercles; on Solidago.

Quebec, south to northern XTew Jersey, west to British Columbia and Cali-
fornia; Europe. New York: Peru, North Creek, Lancaster, Jamestown, Crosby
(Yates County), Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Onteora Mountain, Fort Edward,
Schenectady, Rhinebeck, New Windsor.

4. P. extricalis Guenee. Cream color, dusted with dull brick-red, more coarsely
than in P. terrealis. Antemedial line dentate, postmedial deeply and sharply
dentate, drawn in below cell on Cu2, as usual. Subterminal absent. Orbicular an
obscure point, and reniform a vague lunule. Hind wing similar, postmedial line
far out across JiL, to Cu,, as usual in the obscure Pyraustas; nearer outer margin
than end of cell, then sharply angled in at Cu2; usually strongly dentate; often
distinct only opposite the end of the cell. 25 mm. (dionalis Walker, oppilalis
Grote).

May and June; July; September. Larva a leaf roller on alder.

Generally distributed. New York : Peru, Xewcomb, Big Indian Valley,
Schenectady.

The coarser, less regular dusting, obvious to the naked eye, will distinguish this
species from P. terrealis and theseusalis.

4%. P. helvalis Walker. Similar to P. extricalis; normally more powdery,
rougher looking, with orbicular a ring and reniform at least a double bar; hind
wing paler, with more dentate postmedial line.

This species is only certainly distinguishable from extricalis on genitalic char-
acters, and I am not at all sure I have credited the various Xew York records to
the right species. Both tend to be redder in the southern part of their range and
grayer in the north. The caterpillar of helvalis is a leaf roller on poplar, emerging
in July.

Nova Scotia to Missouri. Xew York: Black Brook, Ithaca, Xeversink.'

5. P. theseusalis Walker. Palpi exceptionally short. Wings dull ochreous,
shaded with dull light brown, or, more often, almost wholly light brown, except
narrowly beyond the postmedial line. Lines contrasting, hardly diffuse, dark
brown, antemedial excurved, practically even; postmedial waved and sinuous;
orbicular a dot, and reniform a brown bar. Terminal line continuous. Hind wing
similar. Discal dot of hind wing below obscure. 25 mm. (feudalis Grote).

July. Larva rolling the tips of various ferns, in June.

General in distribution: Canada to Florida. New York: Mt. Marcy, Lewis
County, Lewiston, Ithaca, Earner, Rhinebeck, Eatonah, Xew Windsor.

6. P. tertialis Guenee. Pale straw yellow or luteous, marked with dull brown;
lines single, contrasting, brown; antemedial excurved, postmedial sinuous and
strongly bent in below end of cell, strongly dentate; subterminal in light speci-
mens deeply dentate, the teeth touching the postmedial and terminal lines alter-

562 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

nately, enclosing yellowish lunules beyond the postmedial and a fine dentate
yellowish line before the terminal dots, which are triangular and alternate with
the teeth of the subterminal line; a continuous brown line in base of fringe;
hind wing similar. Orbicular and reniform usually suffused brown patches. 15-20
mm. (plectilis Grote and Robinson; syringicola Packard). (H 47:47.)

In dark specimens the wing suffused with brown, the yellow only showing in
small spots and streaks, except a postmedial patch on the costa, one between
the orbicular and reniform, and a larger one between the reniform and post-
medial line beyond cell.

May to July; August. Larva in pith of elder.

Generally distributed; very common northward. New York: common every-
where.

** Outer upper spur of hind tibia of male almost half as long as inner, about as in
female; palpi beaklike, exceeding the head by tirice its length.

t Fore wing exceptionally broad and squarish.

1. P. f umalis Guenee. Fawn to chocolate brown ; lines dark, not strongly
dentate, single and contrasting; antemedial convex; postmedial somewhat excurved
above/ well out, nearly parallel to outer margin; angled on CU], and sharply con-
cave to inner margin, but only running halfway into cell; reniform a In mile or
obscured by a blackish patch. Hind wing grayer, with a slightly wavy post-
medial line parallel to outer margin, the disc often suffuse with dark gray.
22 mm. (H 47:55.)

June to September.

Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania and west. New York : Wilmington, Saranac Lake,
Old Forge, Newcomb, North Creek, Fen tons (Lewis -County), Honeoye Falls, Oak
Orchard Swamp, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Karner, New Windsor.

ft Fore wing narrow, with short outer margin and arched costa.

8. P. itysalis Walker. ' Luteous, the costa shaded with blackish, and orbicular
and reniform large and blackish; hind wing with obscure markings, whitish,
with a black dot on m-cu, as in P. ferrugalis. 28 mm. ( P. turmalis Grote,
hyperborealis Moschler, tillialis Dyar.)

July.

This species is transitional to Nomophila, but is easily distinguished from
N. noctuella by its light ground color and its less exaggerated wing 'form.

Labrador; Mt. Washington, New Hampshire (5000 feet). Widespread in the
Western States.

wing narrow, trianguUir, with straight er costa.

9. P. roseopennalis H.ulst. Fore wing with oblique outer margin and subfalcate
apex; hind wing rounded; antennae annulate with rows of raised scales; front
oblique, palpi fully twice as long as head; hind wing with M2 and M3 well sepa-
rated, as in the last group of Loxostege. Fore wing pale yellow, with pink
costa, except sometimes in the subterminal region ; with the orbicular and reniform
partly confluent with it; pink outer margin, and a large patch on outer part of
inner margin, sometimes touching the reniform. Hind wing white, slightly yel-
lowish at the apex. 18 mm.

May, June, and September.

Virginia; North Carolina; New Brighton, Pennsylvania; Arizona.

P. radiosalis Moschler, from Labrador, is unknown to me.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 563

47. PYRAUSTA Schranck
(Botis, etc., in part)

Palpi beak-like, exceeding head by rather more than its length, usually more
or less hairy (fig. 344); the third joint not well set off; eyes normal or* nearly
so; maxillary palpi porrect; front oblique but not conical or chisel-shaped. Hind
tibiae of male with spurs normal. Wings ample (fig. 324). Fore wing with all
veins normal, divergent ; M2 not at all concave at origin, hardly approximate to
M3; frenulum-hook often absent; hind wing with M™ and M3 only shortly approxi-
mate. No decided secondary sexual characters. Markings various.

In the first group of the genus the markings are, except as noted, single, dark,
on a somewhat lighter ground, with a more or less distinct paler shade beyond
the postmedial line ; antemedial line excurved, more or less waved, from costa at
a quarter way out to inner margin before a third way out; the postmedial waved
or dentate, well out, and concave opposite cell; excurved from Mt to Cu,, then
running in deeply to below end of cell above Cu2; nearly perpendicular to inner
margin; the subterminal line distinct, diffuse, or absent. The orbicular and
reniform are normal in position, the former circular and the latter kidney shaped.
The hind wing is similar or somewhat paler, with the antemedial line absent;
a curved discal bar confined to the discocellular vein; no dark spot on m-cu;
postmedial line running much as in fore wing, nearer outer margin than end of
cell across M2 to Cu1; concave above and retracted below Cu2; subterminal as in
fore wing. The under side is much like the upper side, but with the markings
more diffuse and the fore wing shaded with fuscous. The species are very
close and some are doubtful. Of the Phlyctaemas, P. teiTealis, extricalis, theseu-
salis, and helvalis have similar patterns except as noted, also the Croeidophoras,
Pilocrocis ramentalis, Pachyzancla perfusalis and bipunctalis, the Syleptas, etc.

Key to species of Pyrausta and similar forms

1. Both wings with basal half yellow and outer half brown.

( Cindaphia bicoloralis ) .

1. Basal half of wings not contrastingly paler than outer half.
2. Ground black; rarely, somewhat grayish on fore wing.

3. White fringe only, or a faint postmedial shade also 30. niveicilialis.

3. Grayish black, with darker postmedial line (Perispasta cceculalis).

3. Two white spots on each wing 29. funebris.

3. A white sinuous postmedial line and other markings.

(Diasemia janatsiaUf).

2. Immaculate dark lead gray; base dusted with white 32. demantrialis.

2. Ground not black (rarely, purple-black marked with yellow).

3. Fore wing with longitudinal streaks only (Phlyctuenia acutella) .

3. Fore wing with transverse markings, with spots, or immaculate.

4. Hind wing nearly immaculate yellow, contrasting with the brown fore

wing * ( Tholeria reversalis ) .

4. Hind wing not yellow and contrasting with the dark fore wing.

5. Hind wing orange-red, without pattern 23. tyralis.

5. Hind wing bright orange to bright yellow; if yellow, marked with

black or blackish.
6. Hind wing with dark border and fine postmedial line only; fringe

of fore wing dark.

7. Fore wing with a yellow patch beyond cell, before the post-
medial line, which is often obscure above, but always distinct
and strongly excurved on under side 20. ochosalis.

564 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

7. Fore wing with yellow postmedial markings beyond the post-
medial line, which is always distinct.
8. Hind wing with two yellow bands parallel to outer margin.

28. subsequalis, borealis.
8. Hind wing with one ' broad yellow band, and black border,

parallel to outer margin 21. generosa.

8. Hind wing with postmedial yellow band straight as far as
Cu2,. and pointing to anal angle.

9. Ground black-brown rulricalis (western ) .

9. Ground light red-brown 17. phcenicialis.

5. Hind wing pale yellow, without broad and clean-cut contrasting
markings, or not yellowish (sometimes with a pattern of fine lines
or dots ) .
(5. Fore wing marked with pink, crimson, or purple (reduced to

slight shades in some acrionalis ) .
7. Fore wing dominantly light yellow, with pink borders and a

large patch at anal angle ( Phlyctcenia roseopennalis ) .

7. Fore wing half pink and half yellow, the pink not forming an

anal patch or postmedial fascia 22. laticlaria.

1. Fore wing olive, more or less shaded with purple.

22. laticlavia, variety cvtierosa.
7. Fore wing varying from pink to violet; sometimes suffused with

gray; often with a pale yellow terminal band and fringe.
8. Hind wing with a diffuse gray shade at border, or all gray;
yellow postmedial spot beyond the postmedial line.

19. acrionalis.
8. Hind wing with a definite dark border, suffused with purple;

yellow postmedial spot beyond the postmedial line.
9. Under side of cell with a square yellow patch surrounded on
three sides with gray; a similar larger patch beyond cell.

17. phcenicialis.
9. Larger; markings diffuse below; the patch in the cell hardly

indicated 18. onythesalis.

1. Fore wing with small white markings only.

8. Postmedial line reduced to a costal bar ; antemedial absent.

( 24 ) . angustalis.
8. Antemedial line distinct; postmedial practically reduced to a

bar on costa 25. inveterascalis.

8. Antemedial line more or less distinct; postmedial complete.

24. signatalis.
6. Fore wing without pir^k, crimson, or purple markings.

7. A contrasting, sinuate, yellow postmedial line, sometimes inter-
rupted on the middle third 26. nicalis.

7. A large pale yellow postmedial patch only 27. unimacula.

7. Markings more complex, with distinct dark postmedial line, or

ground pale.

8. A contrasting pale yellow spot beyond postmedial on costa,
and a larger one at lower angle of cell, with the postmedial

line between them ( Phlyctcenia, tertialis ) .

8. No contrasting pale spots on fore wing, or with both spots

beyond the postmedial line.
9. Outer margin broadly and evenly fuscous beyond subterminal

line.

10. Subterminal line deeply dentate, forming strong teeth;
or (nubilalis) overlaid with the marginal shade.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 565

11. Ground straw yellow, shaded with reddish and choco-
late brown 10. mibilalis (male) .

11. Ground cream-white 2. thestialis.

10. Subterminal line slightly irregular, sinuous, clean-cut

( Sameodes species ) .
9. A broad subterminal band, contrasting with the yellowish

outer margin; ground yellowish.
10. Subterminal band much broader than margin, clean-cut

and irregular 5. langdonalis.

10. Subterminal band straight and quite diffuse, always
strong on costal half of hind wing; sometimes lost
on fore wing when all the markings" are obscure.

16. fodinalis.

9. No subterminal band; ground broadly dark beyond the post-
medial band, which is near the margin. . . .31. inquinatalis.
9. Not yellow; or white with a broad dark terminal or sub-
terminal band.

10. Fore wing with white ground, more or less heavily dotted
with black; often with large brown or black orbicular
and reniform spots.

11. Palpi twice as long as head . . . . ( Phlyctcenia itysalis).
11. Palpi projecting beyond head by a little more than its

length 11. illibalis.

10. Fore wing not white and dotted or suffused with black.
11. Palpi twice as long as head, reniform constricted at
middle, hourglass-shaped. .. (Phlyct&nia ferrugalis).
11. Palpi shorter; reniform not hourglass-shaped.

12. Hind wing with postmedial line even and nearly
straight, from near costa to Cu close to lower
angle of cell, tending to become obsolete; ground
pale yellow.

13. Postmedial evenly sinuate, almost always with dark
brown spots before it opposite cell and over the

roots of M, to Cu, ( Crocidophora species ) .

13. Postmedial regularly dentate; at most with a

diffuse brown shade before it.

14. Ground bright yellow; in male, overlaid with
brown ; with clear white stripes on sides of

front 10- nubilalis.

14. Ground paler straw yellow; male dusted with
rusty or shaded with light brown; stripes on
sides of face paler straw yellow, obscure.

8. penitalis, 9. ainslei.

12. Fore and hind wings with similar complex markings;
the hind wing often paler, with the markings
somewhat simplified, but postmedial line at least
distinct, and offset out. or running far out, as
near margin as to cell, opposite lower angle of cell.
13. Straw to lemon yellow, marked with brown.

14. Subterminal line much heavier than postmedial.

more or less diffuse, and suffused with the

red-brown terminal shading. . . . (0). oxydalis.

14. Subterminal line not heavier than postmedial;

margin yellow <*• flaridalis.

13. Not bright yellow.

566 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

14. Keniforni a solid bar, sometimes nearly obsolete;

subterminal line obscure or absent.
15. Subterminal a distinct dark shade; median
area more or less suffused with fuscous,
leaving the space between orbicular and

reniform contrastingly pale 4. ceglealis.

16. Postmedial line strongly and evenly den-
tate (Phlyctcenia extncalis) .

16. Postmedial line obscurely or not at all den-
tate.

17. Wings very broad; postmedial line in fore

wing crossing Cu, nearly at right angles,

well beyond cell. . (Phlyctcenia fumalis) .

17. Wings normal; postmedial line retracted

in on Cu2 to below end of cell.
18. Ground dull brown or ochreous to light

fuscous.

19. Discal dots and lines blackish, con-
trasting. : (Phlyctcenia thcseusali-s) .
19. Discal dots and outer line obscure.

( Phlyctcenia terrealis ) .

18. Ground cream color 7. siibmedialis.

14. Keniform more or less distinctly double, with pale
center; always thick and squarish; subter-
minal line distinct, dentate.
15. Markings very delicate and broken into series

of dots 3. fissalis.

15. Postmedial line continuous, subdentate; subter-
minal continuous, dentate, delicate; ground
yellow.
16. Expanse under 25 mm.; less iridescent.

1. pertextalis.

16. Expanse over 25 mm.; markings coarser;
ground whiter, with bluish iridescence.

2. thestialis.
14. RenLform double; subterminal line completely

absent Phlyctmiia helvalis.

12. Hind wing hardly, or not at all, marked.

13. Immaculate ochreous, or with normaj markings
somewhat ill-defined and light red-brown.

14. Hind wing concolorous 13. inconcinnalis.

14. Hind wing nearly white 12. futilalis variety.

13. Fuscous; nearly immaculate, or with inconspicuous

darker markings.
14. Hind wing evenly dark fuscous, or with a pale

postmedial shade 15. unifascialis.

14. Hind wings whitish 12. futilalis.

14. Hind wings paler fuscous, with an even diffuse

darker border 14. fumoferalis.

13. Dull olive, immaculate; small, with pointed fore

wing 22. laticlavia, variety cinerosa.

13. Dark olivaceous, with diffuse pale postmedial band.

15. unifascialia.
13. Violet-gray with yellow costo-apical bar.

24. anaustalia.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AXD XEIOHUOKIXC STATES f>(i7

1. P. pertextalis Lederer. Cream -white; markings li<_rht grax -hrou -n, clean-cut;
postmedial line hardly waved, sinuous; subterminal clean-cut, contrasting, deeply
dentate; orbicular a distinct ring, reniform a double bar (unlike Crocidophora serrd-
tissimalis, which is superficially very similar) ; some light brown streaks on veins,
and also between them along outer margin; terminal line continuous, dark brown!
Hind wing closely similar. Discal dot practically obsolete on under side distinct
above. 20-28 mm. (H 47:54.)

Two broods, flying mainly in June and August.

General in distribution; not rare. New York: Fentons, Honeoye Falls, vicinity
of Buffalo, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Albany, New Windsor, New York City; Lyn-
brook, Long Island.

P. gentilis Grote appears to be the name for the smaller yellower specimens,
with clean-cut markings; feeding on Erigeron. Large variants of this type,
approaching P. thestialis and P. fissalis, have been bred from Ilex and Clethra.

2. P. thestialis Walker. Markings as in P. pertextalis, ground paler, with decided
violet iridescence; orbicxilar and reniform often filled with brown, contrasting; ter-
minal space often suffused with brown, slightly paler than the subterminal line.
Hind wing with a blackish discal spot, contrasting below as well as above.
28-35 mm.

Very close to the preceding species but apparently distinct. June and July.
Larva on Corylus, linden, and Euonymus.

Generally distributed. New York: Mt. Marcy, Lewis County, Lewiston, Ithaca,
Karner, Rhinebeck, Katonah, New Windsor.

3. P. fissalis Grote. Ground nearly pure white. Pattern as in P. pertextalis,
but more or less broken up into arrowhead marks on the interspaces. Discal
spot on hind wing distinct above, completely absent below, except as it shows by
transparency. 25-30 mm.

Larva on sassafras and goldenrod in late May; long, fusiform, grayish yellow,
shining; tubercles large, shining, brown-stained around the edges; ia and ib of
thorax partly fused. Head and cervical shield pale brown. Pupa in a slight web
in crumpled leaves. .Moth from June to August; commonest in July.

Atlantic States north to Maine. New York: Otto, Ithaca, Utica, Little Falls,
Catskills.

4. P. aeglealis Walker. Cream color, heavily shaded with dull brown; often with
only the space between the reniform and orbicular spots pale, and a rather clearly
defined pale shade beyond the postmedial line; in light specimens with the subter-
minal line represented by a vague dark shade. Veins more or less dark-streaked;
terminal line usually marked by a series of darker dots. Discal dots of fore wing
above simple, of hind wing below nearly obsolete. 30 mm.

Larva on Phytolacca; also reported from Osmunda, possibly confused with
P. theseusalis. Moth from June to August; common in July.

General in distribution. New York: Buffalo (VanDuzee), Liberty (Morton),
Ithaca; Bucks Hollow, Staten Island.

5. P. langdonalis Grote. Cream color; antemedial line obscure; postmedial line
merely the boundary of the very broad dark brown subterminal space, normal in
course. Reniform a thick spot. " Outer margin narrowly cream color. Hind wing
with a similar smaller discal dot, and equally broad border. (H 47:52.)

Late June and July.

New Jersey to central Illinois, south to Tennessee.

6. P. flavidalis Cuenee. Pale lemon yellow, shading into cream color, usually
bright yellow along the margins; sometimes with only the costal margin bright
yellow; markings red-brown, sometimes mixed with blackish; normal, tending to
break into spots; the horizontal part of the postmedial line usually absent, and
the part of the postmedial from Cu2 to the inner margin apparently continuous with
the reniform. Subterminal line thick, irregularly offset on veins; terminal line fine.
28-35 mm.

568 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Late July to August. Larva a root borer in Vernonia, usually pupating in stubs
of plants of the previous year in June.

Long Island, New York, to Illinois and south. New York: Florida, New Windsor,
Long Island.

P. oxydalis Guenee, which is similar to P. flavidalis, but with heavy, suffused,
red-brown marginal markings, is probably confined to the Southern States.

7. P. submedialis Grote. Cream color; markings normal, pale grayish, faint;
orbicular a small circle, reniform when most distinct, with pale center; no traces
of subterminal line. Hind wing whitish with distinct broken postmedial. Under
side with a broad gray subterminal band on fore wing; discal dot of hind wing
obscure. 25 mm. ( dissectalis Grote, pilalis Hulst. )

Canada; Illinois; Florida; Texas; Arizona.

8. P. penitalis Grote. Pale yellow, with contrasting and not very diffuse rusty
ochre, rarely grayish, markings and dusting; antemedial line erect, sharply dentate,
not running out to inner margin; reniform a slight vertical bar, followed by more
or less obvious rusty or grayish streaks or shades; postmedial line fine, moderately
dentate, sometimes obscure in female, drawn in below cell as usual, produced out
roundly in submedian space, but running in again to inner margin. Subterminal
a broad but distinct dentate shade, or, more rarely, a deeply dentate line; hind
wing not dark at base; with slight discal bar and even postmedial and terminal
shades, the latter slightly paler on the margin, or with the postmedial shade
indicated only as the outer boundary of a darker discal area; in the female often
with only traces of the middle part of the postmedial line, which is near the
end of the cell, unlike the similar, nearly immaculate yellow specimens of
P. inconcinnalis and futilalis. Male with a patch of sex-scaling on inner margin
of fore wing below. Juxta with a single, stout, ventrally projecting spur. 25 mm.
(nelumbialis Smith.)

The larva is aquatic, on water lily and Nelumbo; rarely in other aquatic plants.
Pupa without a frontal hump; with cremaster broader than long.

Apparently general in distribution, but obscure and usually misidentified. New
York : Lynbrook, Long Island.

9. P. ainslei Heinrich. Similar to P. penitaUs; fore wing without reddish shading
and powdering, no sex-patch on inner margin, on under side. Juxta with two slender
dorsally projecting arms embracing the sedceagus; apex of uncus rounded. 20-27
mm. (obumbratalis Lederer ?)

Larva boring in marsh plants, normally only in Polygonum, but frequently stray-
ing to other foods. Pupa with a prominent projecting frontal knob.
Generally distributed; widespread in New York, but local.

10. P. nubilalis Hiibner (European corn borer). Pattern exactly as in P. pern-
talis; ground brighter straw yellow; male heavily overlaid with brown, leaving
yellow areas in the antemedial region, between the ordinary spots, and beyond the
postmedial line. Under side of fore wing with a sex-patch, as in P. penitalis. Juxta
with two dorsal arms, embracing the aedoeagus. Uncus trifurcate. Female not
certainly distinguishable from the two preceding species without dissection; nor-
mally slightly brighter in coloring. 30 mm.

Larva a serious pest in corn and other coarse herbaceous plants; easily distin-
guishable from the other corn-pests by the tubercle pattern of the genus, with
ii much smaller and farther lateral than i; distinguishable from the two preceding
species only with the microscope. Massachusetts strain with two broods, and
showing a strong tendency to eat a great variety of plants; western strain single-
brooded in normal seasons, and practically confined, so far as now known, to corn.
Hibernation in the well -grown larva, in the stubble. Pupa without a frontal hump;
with cremaster longer than broad. Probably the most serious known corn pest.

Eurasia; recently introduced in eastern Massachusetts; and in the vicinity of
Albany, New York, and the Lake Erie basin.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 569

For a full account of these three species see the Journal of Agricultural Research •
vol. 18, p. 171.

11. P. illibalis Hiibner, race arsaltealis Walker. White, sometimes suffused with
fuscous; shaded and spotted with blackish; orbicular a black spot, larger than in
those species of the preceding group where it is solid; reniform a narrow vertical
blackish bar, often forming the center of a blackish shade; both rarely obsolescent.
Ordinary lines absent, terminal line broken into black bars, with a gray bar in
the fringe opposite each. Hind wing usually a little suffused with clay color, and
normally very lightly dotted with blackish and shaded with fuscous* at margin;
rarely, with a dark discal bar. 25 mm. (H 47:48.)

The typical form, with both wings almost pure white, with very little black or
brown dotting, except for the broken black terminal line, and with contrasting
large brown orbicular and reniform spots, appears to be confined to the South.

May and June.

Generally distributed north to Hymers, Ontario. New York: Buffalo, Ithaca, Big
Indian Valley, New Windsor.

12. P. futilalis Lederer. Typically powdery dull fuscous; in the Mississippi
Valley race, powdery ochre yellow ; markings obscure ; postmedial, when distinct,
moderately dentate and sinuous, fine and dark; sometimes followed by a paler
shade; terminal line often showing two dots to each interspace. Hind wing white,
sometimes with traces of the postmedial line far out toward the margin, lightly
shaded with fuscous (in the western race ochreous) along the outer margin. 30 mm.
(erectalis Grote. The yellow form is penitalis Hulst, not Grote. )

June.

General in distribution. New York : Peru, Mt. Marcy, Lewis County, Lewiston,
Ithaca. Karner (yellow form), Albany, Poughkeepsie, New Windsor.

13. P. inconcinnalis Lederer. Orange-ochre, practically immaculate; fore wing
and margin of hind wing powdery; base of hind wing slightly paler. 28 mm.
(crocatalis Grote, festalis Hulst.)

Western States; reported from Illinois, probably in error for the yellow form of
P. futilalis.

14. P. fumoferalis Hulst. PowTdery ash gray; lines deeply dentate, antemedial
erect, postmedial moderately sinuous and followed by a dentate pale line or shade;
the margin beyond perceptible darker. Terminal line black, usually broken. Hind
wing light fuscous, with an even, slightly diffuse, darker border, often preceded
by a pale shade. Veins more or less distinctly darker, often darkening into a
series of short postmedial streaks; rarely, with a wavy postmedial line. 30 mm.

Cocoon under bark of hickory; characteristically formed of a fusiform central
cocoon enclosed in two or three oval walls. Larva presumably on hickory. Moth
in June.

Generally distributed; south io Pennsylvania and Illinois and west to California.
New York: Mt. Marcy, Lewis County, Ithaca, Schenectady.

15. P. unifascialis Packard, race subolivalis Packard. Dull olivaceous, powdered
with cream-white on dark brown, with a more or less distinct, light, moderately
sinuous postmedial band, parallel to outer margin, not bent in at all below cell,
defined on inner side, diffuse on outer; sometimes obsolete, and sometimes very
conspicuous. Sometimes with a more or less distinct pale patch in outer part of
cell, the other markings obsolete. Hind wing duller, without greenish tint; with
or without an irregular pale postmedial shade or bar, .sometimes defined with a
darker line on inner side. 20-25 mm. (hercynalis Grote, obnigralis Hulst,)
(H 47:51.)

June to July.

Maine to Illinois, and south to New York; the typical form in California. New
York: Peru, Axton, Fen tons (Lewis County), Lancaster, Lit>erty, Portage, Potter
Swamp (Yates County), Ithaca. Big Indian Valley, Karner, Nassau, Rhinebeck,
New Windsor.

570 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

10. P. fodinalis Lederer. Outer margin straighter than usual in the larger
Pyraustas, often a little concave ; apex marked. Fore wing light ochre, often shaded
with olivaceous or reddish; orbicular a gray dot, reniform an oblong patch. Ante-
medial excurved, and waved; postmedial finely dentate, running in along Cu2 to
before end of cell, very fine, gray; a broad gray subterminal shade from apex to
anal angle, concave on outer side, sometimes wanting. Hind wing with a straight
subterminal shade from near apex, usually fading out toward anal angle; post-
medial line usually short and straight or absent. 20 mm. (socialis Grote. )

Wisconsin and west; rare eastward. New York: Lewiston, Lancaster, Buffalo,
Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Onteora Mountain.

17. P. phoenicialis Hiibner. Bright straw yellow. Fore wing with a nearly mar-
ginal light brown or crimson border, reaching in almost, but not quite, to post-
medial line, nearly even in width; postmedial very fine, deeply sinuous, and
curving in below end of cell, but not dentate; brown, with a brown shade between
it and end of cell and usually before it to inner margin; orbicular a gray dot; reni-
form a vertical lunule; antemedial line fine, excurved, with more or less brown
shading before it. Fringe gray, or more or less yellow. Hind wing concolorous;
border similar; postmedial nearly straight from costa at two-thirds to near anal
angle, sometimes preceded by a brown shade. Beneath, with costa gray or crim-
son, extending across cell on basal half and at end, leaving a square yellow patch.
Outer margin also dark. 15 mm.

Larva on apple.

Hemlock Falls, New Jersey; Florida. "New York" (Walker).
Variety flegialis Walker is larger and more deeply and richly colored, with a pale
costa below. Various other varieties occur.

18. P. onythesalis Walker. Fore wing about as in P. phccnicialis, the brown usually
lighter and grayer; the fringe, and often a little of the outer margin, pale yellow,
often crossed by a deep red, broken terminal line. Hind wing pale yellow with a
fine straight postmedial line running to the outer margin near the anal angle,
and a broad purplish terminal band, tapering off below. Fringe yellow. 20 mm.
(probably insignatalis Guenee; phcenicialis auct., in part, not Hiibner.)

Larva perhaps on Salvia.

Illinois; Missouri; Texas; Arizona.

19. P. acrionalis Walker. Base mixed rose or light violet and light yellow, the
lines and orbicular and reniform spots violet, partly obliterated by the violet
shading; postmedial region from postmedial line almost to margin, solidly rose or
violet, leaving a narrow pale yellow terminal band, and yellow fringe, sometimes
separated by a broken red terminal line. Under side dark. Hind wing typically
whitish, shading into gray toward outer margin; with some violet iridescence; in
variety rufifimbrialis Grote mostly or wholly gray, usually with a fine clear yellow
postmedial line; in variety haruspica Grote and. Kobinson with a dark fringe.
18 mm. (phcenicialis auct., in part, not Hiibner.)

July to September.

General in distribution. New York: Old Forge, Newport, Speculator, Lancaster,
Otto, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Utica, Rhinebeck, New York City, Fort Montgomery.

20. P. ochosalis Holland (Fitch ms.). Deep purple-brown, with obscure pale mark-
ings, defining more or less distinctly the antemedial and postmedial lines; a con-
spicuous round yellow postmedial patch, not reaching costa; usually with a separate
yellow costal dot at its upper outer angle. Margin and fringe dark. Hind wing
blackish with a broad postmedial yellow band. 18 mm. (H 47:57.)

June to August.

Quebec to Arizona; a yellower variety in California. New York: North Elba,
Oak Orchard Swamp, Ithaca.

21. P. generosa Grote and Robinson. Deep brown; postmedial yellow patch
higher than wide and running through to costa, and sometimes narrowly to inner

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 571

'margin; sometimes with a narrow postmedial line and a distinct yellow spot in
cell. Hind wing about as in P. ochosalis. 10 mm.

Western Pennsylvania to Illinois and Manitoba. New York: Fentons (Lewis
County), Newport, Lancaster, Buffalo, Karner, Sloatsburg. I have verified none of
these records, which may belong wholly or in part to the preceding species.

22. P. laticlavia Grote and Robinson. Yellow, with a broad even rose-colored
border; costa rose, down to R; and with a broad median area, of moderate width,
constricted somewhat at fold, and containing a small yellow spot in cell. Hind
wing duller luteous, with purplish border. 15 mm.

In variety cinerosa Grote and Robinson, the yellow is replaced by olive, and the
rose by dark purple, or sometimes the whole moth is dull olive.

August.

Southern States, north to Five-mile Beach, New Jersey. "New York" (Grote).

•23. P. tyralis Guenee. Fore wing typically deep crimson, sometimes fuscous
suffused with crimson; an excurved antemedial fascia, and a somewhat sinuous post-
medial one, yellow in crimson specimens, edged with crimson or wholly crimson in
dark ones; sometimes with a small yellow spot at end of cell. Hind wing orange-red
at base, shading into crimson at margin, rarely with a yellow postmedial bar.
15 mm. (H 47:44.)

September.

Southern States, north to Missouri ana Illinois.

24. P. signatalis Walker. Rose pink; the ante- and postmedial lines narrow, pale
yellow, and often partly obsolete ; antemedial line erect, dentate ; postmedial line
sinuous and somewhat dentate, the strongest tooth on A; sometimes with yellow
spots in median area; median area sometimes suffused with gray. Fringe ochreous.
Hind wing pale yellowish, with a brownish shade toward margin. 18 mm. (viru-
lenta Grote and Robinson.)

May, August and September. Larva on horsemint.

Southern New Jersey and central Illinois to Texas. New York: Lewiston, New
Windsor (Morton).

P. angustalis Grote is rather darker crimson, shaded with brownish gray; the
ordinary lines are more reduced; usually with only a short straight whitish post-
medial bar on costa at three-fourths way to apex. The hind wing is mostly
brownish gray, with dark fringe. This species appears to be purely western.

25. P. inveterascalis Barnes and McDunnough. Evenly powdered with blackish on
a dull crimson base. Costa more solidly crimson, antemedial line fine, pale yellow,
zigzag, stopping at vein R; postmedial perpendicular to costa, parallel to outer
margin below, fine, yellowish, often reduced to scattered scales except for a yellow
bar at costa. Margin and fringe narrowly yellow. Hind wing duller, without red;
with a pale postmedial line from middle of M, to near outer margin at Cu2, then
angled and faintly extended toward anal angle. Below, dark fuscous with a pale
margin and a postmedial costal dot on the fore wing; and with a postmedial shade
and basal shading on hind wing. 15 mm. (angustalis of collections, not Grote.)

June and July. Only types seen.
New Brighton, Pennsylvania.

26. P. nicalis Grote. Fore wing fuscous, with a slight dull purple tinge; post-
medial line narrow, contrasting, whitish, moderately sinuous, twice as wide at costa
and at inner margin as at middle, sometimes practically interrupted at middle,
antemedial usually absent. Hind wing duller tuscous, with somewhat darker outer
margin; postmedial line somewhat waved, erect, approaching outer margin near anal
angle. 22 mm.

July.

Hymers, Ontario, to Colorado and California.

27. P. unimacula Grote and Robinson. Mouse gray, with a large pale yellow post-
medial patch, resting on costa; sometimes with a trace of the postmedial line on
its outer side. A small yellow dot in fold. Hind wing similar, the whole median
area yellowish. 18 mm. (H 47:56.)

572 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

End of May to August.

New York to Illinois and Florida. New York: Ramapo, Brewster's (Grote).

28. P. subsequalis Guenee. Typical female: fore wing ranging from ochre yellow
to dull orange; antemedial line wavy; postmedial sinuous, and widened into a series
of black wedges; both lines rather thick and somewhat irregular; large black
orbicular and reniform spots; subterminal a broad shade, narrowed or interrupted
in middle; often with a blurred blackish median line, or the median area somewhat
suffused with blackish. Hind wing bright orange, with a large black discal dot;
two outer black bands parallel to outer margin, and some longitudinal streaks on
basal half of wing along Cu and the anals. Fringes black. Typical male: fore
wing suffused in two shades of fuscous, and scaled with dull red; with traces of the
markings of the female; the hind wing black, with short postmedial and terminal
orange lines only. 20 mm. (insequalis Guenee.)

Larva ou thistle. Moth in June and late July.

Northern New York to Illinois and south. New York: Black Brook (male).

The northern variety borealis Packard, is a little smaller than the female of the
preceding form, with the same markings: fore wing light ochreous and fuscous;
hind wing yellow, with the basal half almost solidly fuscous, obscuring the discal
dot; outer markings rather light. Nova Scotia to British Columbia.

Specimens from Massachusetts, New York, etc., are generally intermediate, with
the sexes similar, but with the base of the hind wing orange with gray streaks as
in subsequalis. These are var. madetisalis Walker (efficitalis Walker.) (H 47:41.)

April to July.

Generally distributed and not rare locally. New York : Black Brook, Saranac
Lake, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Ilion, Schuyler, Nassau, Rhinebeck, New Windsor,
Suffern, New York City; Tottenville, Staten Island.

29. P. funebris Strom. Black. Tegulse yellow. Two large rounded pure white
spots on each wing. Fore wing often with a third small spot below the costa
between the two large ones; abdomen finely striped with white. 20 mm. (octo-
maculata Linnaeus.) (H 47:50.)

June and July. Larva light yellow -green, with yellowish head; living on the
under side of the basal leaves of Solidago.

Generally distributed northward, south to New Jersey at least; Eurasia. New
York: Common and generally distributed.

30. P. niveicilialis Grote. Dark, smoky gray, nearly black, with a pale postmedial
shade, usually distinct only near the costa; fringe white, contrasting. Hind wing
black, with white fringe. 22 mm.

May and June; August.

Canada to northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Colorado. New York : Crosby
(Yates County), Ithaca, Albany, Poughkeepsie, and New Windsor.

31. P. inquinatalis Zeller. Palpi moderate., tibial spurs normal. Pale pow-
dery gray, shaded heavily with dark gray at base and outer margin. Antemedial
line hardly one-fourth way out, slightly outwardly oblique and dentate; post-
medial line blackish, finely dentate, and slightly excurved from costa to Cu± then
in to below end of cell, where it forms' a dark bar, and out again on A; below
A, about in line with its position above, two-toothed. A pale shade between the
postmedial line and the dark border. Costa more or less gray shaded; orbicular
a gray patch, reniform kidney shaped, and dark gray, separated from orbicular
by its width. Hind wing paler toward base, with a waved weak postmedial
line; discal bar and dot at lower angle of cell, and dark border. 20 mm.
(glaciaUs Packard; Phlyotoenia, auct.)

May to July. Male unknown to me.
Ottawa, Ontario; Labrador; Europe.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 573

32. P. demantrialis Druce. Antennae rather thick and rough-scaled at base.
Front strongly oblique, but without a cone; palpi rather long; fore wing with
Rs more curved than iisual, the wings narrow and subfalcate. Upper outer spur
of hind tibia of male only one-fifth the length of the inner.

Fore wing shining lead gray, immaculate, the basal half overlaid with black-
tipped whitish scales. Hind wing somewhat paler toward base, not powdered.
20 mm. (Blepharomasti'X Druce; B(£otarcha Hampson; chalybcalis Fernald
manuscript. )

July and August.

New York, to Arizona, south to Central America. Xew York: Ithaca.

P. singularis Lederer, from " North America," is probably a stray from the
tropics. It is described as flesh color with a black tuft at basal angle. 33 mm.

P. venalalis Hulst and abdominalis Zeller are unknown to me; by the original
descriptions the first suggests Loxostege helvialis, and the second P. fissalis.
Torvalis and marginalis have been treated as Titanios.

48. LOXOSTEGOPSIS Dyar

Wings as in Pyrausta ; Sc and R of hind wing rarely approximate, instead of
anastomosing ( fig. 325 ) . Palpus beak-like, extending barely its length beyond
the head; maxillary palpi large and triangular, filling the space above the labials.
Tongue weak, typically obsolete.

This may be the primitive genus of Pyraustinae, but in our present uncertainty
as to Pyralid evolution, I shall not disturb the customary order to put it at the
head.

1. L. merrickalis Barnes and McDunnough. Brown -black; ante- and postmedial
lines darker, obscure on the dark ground, the postmedial sinuous. Head and top
of palpi clay yellow, contrasting. 15 mm. (Pyrausta Barnes and McDunnough).

July.

New Brighton, Pennsylvania. Xew York : Ithaca.

49. THELCTERIA Lederer
(Eustixia Hiibner?)

Palpi rather long and porrect obliquely, the third segment not long but well
marked and porrect; much shorter than in Scoparia. Maxillary palpi very large
and broadly triangular, as in Scoparia; front with a conical prominence; wings
broad with normal venation; all veins spaced.

This genus is possibly an aberrant Scopariine.

1. E. pupula Hiibner. White with about ten jet-black dots, some of them,
rarely, partly fused into ante- and postmedial lines; one spot basal, two terminal,
and one representing the reniform. Hind wing white, or with slight fragments of
postmedial and subterminal lines. 15 mm. (H 47:58.)

Locally common all season.

Massachusetts to Texas. New York: Poughkeepsie, New Windsor; Brooklyn,
and East New York, Long Island.

Octonalis appears wholly unrelated, and is removed tentatively to Lygropia.

Lineodes Integra Zeller, easily recognized by its entirely Pterophorid appear-
ance of wings, body, and legs, is a western species ranging east to Missouri. The
larva is pale green with a pale brown head and black spots on either side of
the prothorax. It webs the leaves of Solatium nigrum and other Solanaoeae.

574

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Subfamily NYMPHULIN>£
(Hydrocampinse)

Similar to the Pyraustinae, except for the usual stalking of R, with R3+4 (fig.
346). Maxillary palpi always wrell developed (figs. .348 to 351); labial palpi
normally upturned with well-marked segments, and a good-sized third segment.

Caterpillars of all our known native species aquatic, forming some sort of a
case or shelter; frequently with tracheal gills, and spiracles reduced. Lateral
setse on ninth segment of abdomen obscure, and i close to iii; hooks arranged
in a complete ellipse, alternately of two lengths.

Those caterpillars without gills show no single difference from the Pyraustinae.

FIGS. 346-351. NYMPHULIN^;

346, Nymphula icciusalis, venation; 347, Elophila fulicalis, venation; 348, ATj/m-
phula gyralis, side view of head; 349, Elophila fulicalis, side view of head; 350,
Geshna (?) primordialis, side view of head; 351, Diathrausta reconditalis, side
view of head

The pupae are very thin-skinned, and often with spiracles of two sizes, only
the larger ones being functional. The cocoon is filled with air even in those
species that breathe water in the larva; but is often completely submerged.
So far as known to me the species are two-brooded, hibernating under water
as part-grown larvae. Some may feed a little through the winter.

Key to the genera
( Imago )

1. Hind wing with a vein lost (M2).

2. Palpi porrect (fig. 351) (black species) 52. Diathrausta.

2. Palpi upturned (fig. 349) (light species) 51. Elophila, in part.

1. Hind wing with all veins preserved.

2. Palpi porrect, with scaling continuous on second and third joints; ter-
restrial 54. Eurrhypara.

2. Palpi obliquely porrect, with well-set-off segments (fig. 350) ; tongue
extremely stout, much thicker than palpi; in wet places, but probably not

aquatic 53. Geshna.

2. Palpi upturned, with strongly curved second joint, and close-scaled third,

well set off; aquatic.

3. Maxillary palpi regularly tapering to apex (fig. 349); outer margin
of hind wing with a metallic and black border extending to Cu2.

51. Elophila, in part.

3. Maxillary palpi somewhat broad-scaled at tip (fig. 348); outer margin
of hind wing with, at most, a few small black dots opposite lower angle
of cell 50. Nymphula.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 575

(Larrce)
1. Aquatic.

2. Without tracheal gills.

3. Case ovate, on Lemna 51. Elophila.

3. Case sharp-edged, on other plants 50. Nymphula.

2. With simple traclieal gills, under a web on rocks 51. Elophila.

2. With branching tracheal gills, in a floating case

50. Nymphula (Parapoynx).
1. Terrestrial, on nettle 54. Eurrhypara.

50. NYMPHULA Schranck

(Hydrbcampa Latreille, Parapoynx Hiibner, Paraponyx auct., Oligo-

stigma Guenee, etc.)

Palpi obliquely upturned, with second joint well set off and rather broadly
scaled, third conical, much slenderer, and nearly as long (fig. 348); maxillary
palpi rough-scaled, and truncate at tip or triangular; large, except in N. ekthlipsis;
tongue not very strong; ocelli small, but present. Antennae usually annulate,
with the outer rowr of scales on 'each segment raised; legs long and slender.

Fore wring (fig. 346) with Rj-free, R, usually stalked, free in odd specimens of
several species; RS free, divergent; hind wing with Sc and R fused a considerable
distance, the other veins free; M, and M3 approximate at base. Sexes often
strongly dimorphic in size and markings. Female with exserted ovipositor.

Caterpillar aquatic, in a case, or under a piece of a leaf cut out and attached
to the surface of the leaf (when a case is made, it is of two pieces of leaf, and
has sharp edges). Larva often with branched tracheal gills, and breathing water.
Pupa in the case, which is more heavily lined with silk than while used by the
larva, and in the species whose larvae breathe water, is emptied of the water.

Key to the species

1. Hind wing wholly white, or with one or two faint lines.
2. Fore wing yellow or brown, markings on hind wing more distinct.

4. gyralis, in part.
2. Fore wing mouse gray, or white, or gray and white with a contrasting

pattern; hind \ving usually immaculate 5. maculalis.

1. Hind wing with diffuse gray lines, with diffuse grayish discal spot.

4. gyralis, in part.

1. Hind wing with two fine, closely parallel, wavy black lines 9. allionealis.

1. Hind wing with two even and parallel mesial bands.

2. Fore wing dominantly white .8. badiusalis.

2. Fore wing coppery and gray, with broad even white postmedial fascia.

G. seminealis.
2. Fore wing dull fuscous brown, with a narrow wavy postmedial white

line 7. obscuralis.

2. Fore wing largely coppery, with obscure pale postmedial band, or none;
with four black enlarged dots on outer margin of hind wing.

6. seminealis $.

1. Hind wing with two irregularly waved black lines, with a yellow discal
spot between them.

2. Discal spot edged with black 1. ekthlipsis.

2. Discal spot not dark-edged • • 2. icciusalis.

1. Hind wing blackish with obscure markings 3. obliteralis.

576 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Larva;
1. With tracheal gills.

2. Anterior and posterior infrastigmatal gills with the same number of fila-
ments (five when full-grown) 5. maculalis.

2. Posterior subdorsal and infrastigmatal and pedal gills with the same

number of filaments; anterior infrastigmatal with one less.
,3. Maximum number of filaments in last stage six; usually feeding on

Vallisneria 7. obscuralis.

3. Maximum number of filaments four; usually feeding on Limnanthemum.

G. seminealis.
1. No tracheal gills; second abdominal spiracle decidedly smaller than third;

caterpillar stout and flattened, with head darker than body.
2. Head dark chitin-yellow; case nearly circular.

3. Body whitish; .thoracic tubercles more distinct than abdominal ones;

head with a lateral brown stripe; on Potamogeton 3. obliteralis.

3. Body pale yellow; tubercles all similar; head with dark spot confined to

mouth parts ; on Nuphar 4. gyralis ( ? ) .

2. Head dark brown, body dirty gray; in an oblong case on Potamogeton and

probably Menyanthes 2. iccmsaUs.

2. Head not noted; larva on sedge 1. ekthlipsis.

I. Larva, without tracheal gills, 'breathing air ; the case full of air; pupa
with first open spiracle smaller than the other two; moth with fore wing
typically subfalcate; Sc separating from R halfway between cell and apex,
the free part at least two-thirds as long as free part of R; palpi normally
hairy below; antemcdial line of hind wing crossing cell perpendicularly
( Hydrocampa, Nymphula ) .

1. N. ekthlipsis Grote. Maxillary palpi smaller than in the other species; half
as large as third segment of labials; fore wing subfalcate. White, with three
confused bands on basal half, the outer one angled out on Cu, and touching the
lower end of the large kidney-shaped reniform; postmedial band yellow, its inner
margin running in a curve from costa to lower outer angle of reniform, and in a
shorter curve from inner angle of reniform to inner margin, with the lower part of
the antemedial band enclosing a circular white spot. Subterminal band white; all
the markings heavily edged with brown, sometimes largely covering the yellow;
subterminal line brown, closely parallel to margin, followed by a light brown
and yellow stripe and white fringe. Hind wing similar, the basal marks replaced
by a straight antemedial band, edged outwardly with dark brown. 18-25 mm.

Larva in an oblong case on sedge.

General but local, south to New York and Illinois. New York: Ithaca, Mich-
igan Swamp (Tompkins County), Albany.

2. N. icciusalis Walker. Yellow or brown, shaded with silvery white; base with
considerable white; a white triangle at middle of costa with a black bar on its
front edge; a white discal crescent, edged outwardly with black; a white circle in
middle of fold, strongly outlined with black, and variaole in size; subterminal
line strongly irregular, sometimes edged outwardly with black, at least toward
apex; fringe barred, brown and white. A fine white postmedial line following
the outer edge of the reniform lunule and the circle on the fold. Hind wing
similar; antemedial band as in N. ekthlipsis, postmedial line irregular, edged
before, and sometimes beyond, with black; discal spot large, yellow; subterminal
line as on fore wing. Ground of basal two-thirds white, of outer third, yellow
or brown. Ground rarely both yellow and brown, the region beyond the cell,
and the base of the fore wing being contrastingly light; white and black mark-
ings of the fore wing sometimes suffused. 12-20 mm. (formosalis Clemens,
genuialis Lederer. )

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 577

Caterpillar in an oblong case on Potamogeton, sedge, Lemna, Menyanthes, and
other aquatic plants. Cocoon sometimes anchored under water. Moth in August.

Common everywhere, flying over the water and along the shore of ponds. New
York: Saranac Lake,. Saranac Inn, Lancaster, Otto, Potter Swamp (Yates
County), Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Nassau, Rhinebeck, New Windsor.

3. N. obliteralis Walker. Fore wing not falcate. Dull black, obscurely marked
with ochre and a little white, with obscure light blue iridescence; hind wing
similar, or almost completely suffused with black; discal oinule white on both
wings. Female lighter, browner, with more diffuse markings, and much larger;
discal lunule often very weak. 10-16 mm.

Larva on water lilies ( Nymphaeacese ) ; sometimes a minor pest in greenhouses.

Quebec, and south; common southward. New York: Hemlock Lake, Rhinebeck.
(Usually a greenhouse pest northward, but the Hemlock Lake specimens, at least,
were taken outdoors.)

4. N. gyralis Hulst. Male fuscous or light brown; base a little darker, bounded
by a waved white line; costal triangle a white outline, filled with blackish and
edged with white, the outline often broken; reniform lunule a curved black line,
edged with white and often connecting with a short black and white subter-
minal streak on costa; subterminal line white, irregular, edged with brown. Hind
wing white, with vague fuscous ante- and postmedial lines, often fusing on dorsal
half of wing; postmedial line followed with white, and strongly irregular; discal
spot vague, grayish; subterminal line as in fore wing, in a brownish or yellowish
shade. Female with markings the same as far as traceable; ground lighter
brown, or dirty yellow, the markings often suffused; hind wing white with slight
gray markings. 20 mm.

General, but relatively rare; larva on water lily.
New York: Big Tupper Lake, Saranac Lake, Lewiston.

In southern specimens portions of the ground are light ochre yellow; northern
ones are usually wholly fuscous brown and white.

II. Larva with tracTveal gills, two subdorsal, two subventral, and a pedal
pair on most segments; the subventrals with an equal number of filaments;
second and third abdominal spiracles equal, all very small; case filled with
water; pupa with the three open spiracles equal in size, with a median longi-
tudinal carina on ninth segment of abdomen. Imago with venation as in the
last group; palpi merely rough-scaled; hind wing immaculate, or with a faint
postmedial line only (Nymphseella Grote) .

5. N. maculalis Clemens. Normal male. Fore wing not falcate; maxillary palpi
rough and larger than third segment of labials; fore wing white, marked with
dark gray, leaving the white mostly as ante- and postmedial patches in the fold;
a vaguer one in the outer part of the cell, and two confluent ones near the outer
margin. All the patches connected in light specimens; in dark ones only the
two on the fold contrasting. Hind wing white, sometimes with a gray post-
medial line on dorsal part. Normal female. Fore wing immaculate mouse gray,
and hind wing white; much larger. 18-25 mm. (seminivella and dispar Walker.)

Caterpillar on the water lilies, and rarely on Brasenia; in the last stage, with
five filaments on the posterior subdorsal and all subventral gills of most segments,
the anterior subdorsals usually with four. First stage without gills, and the
intermediate stages with smaller numbers of filaments. Caterpillar immaculate,
transparent till just before pupation, then turning yellow; pupa generally under
a piece of leaf on a floating lily pad.

Common and generally distributed, flying over water. New York: Saranac Lake,
Big Tupper Lake, Lewis County, Spencer Lake.

19

578 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

The male variety f eminalis Dyar, is dark gray, with obscure markings, much
like the' female ; the female variety masculinalis Dyar is white with only traces
of dark markings; the female is rarely brown, and often has a pale costa.

III. Larva as in the last group, "but with one less •filament on anterior
than on posterior infrastigmatal gills; pupa as before. Imago with palpi
merely rough-scaled; Sc and R of hind wing fused decidedly more than half-
way to apex; the free part of Sc not more than half as long as R and some-
times very short; apex of hind wing more or less distinctly truncate. Ante-
medial line of hind icing strongly oblique, parallel to postmedial line, cutting
across end of cell. (Parapoynx, Oligostigma. )

6. N. seminealis Guenee. Male whitish, powdered with dark brown, giving a
chocolate brown effect. Outer line broad, even and white, strongly contrasting,
nearly straight from costa to fold, then turning inward almost to middle of
wing; preceded by an equally wide band of brilliant bronze. Subterminal space
bronze, terminal space tawny; subterminal line grayish white and black. Female
similar, but less brilliantly bronzy; postmedial line gray, inconspicuous. Hind
wing with a narrow inner and broader outer line, and a bronzy band; several
small black marginal dots in a group, below apex. 20—30 mm.

The caterpillar feeds on Limnanthemum, and perhaps Potamogeton. In the
second stage it forms a trumpet-shaped mine on the lower surface of the leaf;
and then has simple gills; the number of filaments gradually increasing to four
in the last stage. The caterpillar eats more or less of the parenchyma within
the case. This species doubtfully distinct from the South American N. juncealis
Guen4e.

Massachusetts to Florida.

7. N. obscuralis Grote. Ground color whitish, powdered with black -brown,
as in the male of N. seminealis, but much less brilliant, the powdering forming a
darker median shade; postmedial line white, narrow in female, broader in male,
more or less toothed in, below cell in female, and often obsolete below M3. Sub-
terminal space a little warmer brown, hardly contrasting. Hind wing marked
as in N. seminealis, but entirely without bronze reflections; the black marginal
points not emphasized below the truncation. 20-38 mm. (H 48:10.)

Caterpillar with a maximum of six gill-filaments; on Potamogeton and Val-
lisneria.

Generally distributed. New York: Waddington, Potter Swamp (Yates County),
Ithaca.

8. N. badiusalis Walker. White; base of costa blackish; a short oblique dark
antemedial band ; a postmedial band running from costa two- thirds way out,
perpendicularly down to Cu, then in along lower edge of cell to before middle of
wing, and obliquely into inner margin; the band grayish, normally partly filled
with yellow. Subterminal band yellow, edged with brown, roughly parallel to
outer margin, running almost to inner margin, then turning in along the inner
margin a quarter way to the base; marginal band yellow, edged within with
brown; fringe pale. Hind wing with parallel antemedial, subterminal, and terminal
bands, of nearly equal width, the two outer heavily filled with yellow. Male
usually smaller, the subterminal band of both wings usually black, emphasized
and contrasting; only the marginal band yellow. 15-20 mm. (albalis Robinson).

Moth in August. Early stages unknown.
Common north of West Virginia and Illinois.

New York: Saranac Lake, Waddington, Lake Bluff, North Fairhaven, Buffalo,
Hemlock Lake, Ithaca, Rhinebeck, Ulster County (Dyar).

9. N. allionealis Walker, race itealis Walker. Fore wing white to luteous, with
fine fragmentary black markings; hind wing white or slightly shaded with lute-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 579

ous; with from two to four fine irregular parallel black lines, the outermost when
present, parallel to outer margin. 14-18 mm.

The typical form, from Florida, is much darker.

The caterpillar is unknown. The moth is near to the European N. stratiotata,
which eats submerged plants and has one more filament in the posterior sub-
dorsal gills, than in the infrastigmatals.

Massachusetts to Florida.

51. ELOPHILA Hiibner : Tentamen
(Cataclysta Hiibner, Chrysendeton Grote, Anydraula Meyrick)

Labial palpi about as in Xymphula; maxillaries more slender, tapering to a
point (fig. 349); antennae annulated; ocellus obscure or absent. Fore wing (fig.
347) subfalcate, with oblique sinuous outer margin; R2 always stalked in the
American species (free in group Anydraula). Hind wing with Sc and R fused
halfway to apex; M2 free and normal or obsolete (not fused with M3, as the
position of the spots shows). Hind wing always with a marginal chain of
metallic and black spots, from apex to Cu2 in our species. Caterpillar typically
an air breather; in an ovate case of Lemna leaves; feeding on Lemna; cylindrical
and moniliform; with head yellow, paler than the grayish body; with spiracles
functional, and those of third to fifth segments of abdomen enlarged. Larva of
E. fulicalis under a silk web, on the surface of stones in swift-flowing brooks:
feeding on the diatoms and other microscopic forms, growing in the neighborhood
of its web or caught in it; with simple tracheal gills, and breathing water.
Pupa in E. fulicalis in the web, which is strengthened, and whose openings are
arranged to catch the air bubbles carried down by the water.

Key to the species

1. Hind wings with one or two black lines beyond cell 3. bifasc-ialis.

1. Hind wings with a black-dusted area beyond cell, and no lines.

2. Fore wing with a crescentic submarginal spot, not reaching apex, and two

or three rounded spots 2. medicinalis.

2. Fore wing with a submarginal streak broadening toward costa, without con-
trasting rounded spots.
3. Black spots of the terminal series on hind wing opposite each other in

pairs, between veins 1. magnificalis.

3. Black spots alternating, the inner series on the veins 4. fulicalis.

1. MI preserved; larva air-breathing; on Lemna (Elophila).

1. E. magnificalis Htibner. Fore wing silver white, with light gray-brown lines;
costal region shaded with gray; with a waved diffuse antemedial band and irregu-
lar postmedial lines, leaving a rounded or quadrate white area on middle of inner
margin; three outer gray streaks, converging to a gray patch at anal angle.
Hind wing with a gray antemedial shade and bar across cell; postmedial region
broadly dusted with black-tipped scales; five marginal ocellate spots between
veins, enclosed with yellow, and with a gray marginal streak below the last
one. 18-23 mm. (lamialis Walker, helopialis Clemens.)

July.

Quebec to Pennsylvania. "New York" (Grote).

2. E. medicinalis Grote. Brownish gray; a large obliquely oval antemedial patch,
resting on inner margin; a more rounded oval median patch, its apex resting on
inner margin, frequently with a small white streak beyond it on inner margin; a
white postmedial streak from costa at two-thirds, almost to anal angle; and a
crescentic submarginal white streak, narrowing more or less to costa, and usually

580 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

not reaching it; a yellow marginal stripe, edged with gray, and sometimes other
yellow streaks and shades between the white spots. Hind wing white on outer
half, fuscous on basal half, the boundary a straight perpendicular brown band
followed by a lead-colored line; postmedial region irregularly black-dusted. Ocel-
late marginal spots confluent, with excentric blue pupils, lying below the veins;
preceded by a white band and followed by a series of bright yellow bars. 12 mm.
(claudialis auct., not Walker.)

July.

District of Columbia to Illinois and Missouri, and south.

II. M2 lost, cell longer (fig. 347) ; larra in a iceb on submerged stones; with tracheal
gills (Argyractis Hampson, in part).

3. E. bifascialis Robinson. White, lightly dusted with black; base of costa dark-
shaded; a broad dark vertical fascia just before middle, followed by a parallel dark
line; apical .region with three broad dark fasciae, tapering and converging to anal
angle, the first broader, darker, irregular, and bisected by an oblique white or silver
crescent. Markings sometimes almost wholly yellow, sometimes gray-brown, with
more or less yellow scaling, especially in the two outermost bands. Hind wing
with a broad transverse lead-gray fascia in the middle, ending abruptly at the fold,
preceded by a shorter yellow fascia, and the latter usually by a lead-gray bar; an
oblique black bar halfway between cell and apex; in the variety kearfottalis Dyar,
divided into two striae. A marginal waved lead-colored line, partly broken into
spots, preceded and followed by alternating black spots; the inner on the veins and
much the larger, the outer alternating with yellow liars. 12-15 mm.

August and September.. The variety is only known from the Southwest.
New York to Wisconsin and south. New York : Waddington, Honeoye Falls,
Ithaca.

4. E. fulicalis Clemens. Fore wing gray-brown ; an antemedial shade, oblique
inward, and a median line parallel to it; a short white bar before anal angle; a
pale shade in end of cell; a white perpendicular line from costa at two-thirds, and
a similar subterminal line, converging to a point above anal angle; a bright yellow
terminal line, edged with brown. Median area more or less powdery. Hind wing
white with a broad curved blackish antemedial band, followed by a finer line
parallel to its outer edge; postmedial region broadly dusted with black scales;
marginal markings as in E. bifascialis, preceded by a fine line of black scales.
10—18 mm. (angulatalis Lederer, confusalis Walker).

Larva on rocks, as described under the genus; moth in June and early July.

Common and general in distribution. New York: Peru, Waddington, Lan-
caster, Niagara Falls, Jamestown, Honeoye Falls, Ithaca.

There is considerable variation in detail, and more than one species may be
included. The names fulicalis and angulatalis apparently apply to large, rather
pale and evenly brownish-gray specimens, with a continuous fine black line before
the marginal lunules of the hind wing; and confusalis, to a small form with much
yellow shading, a fine black line on the hind wing, widely broken in the middle,
and a straighter dark median fascia.

52. DIATHRAUSTA Lederer

Palpi porrect, fairly long, triangularly scaled (fig. 351); maxillary palpi
triangular, hind wing with one median absent; otherwise like Nymphula.

1. D. reconditalis Walker. Brown-blacK; faint yellowish antemedial and sinuous
postmedial lines (white on lower half of hind wing) apparently running directly
from the discal dot to above the anal angle; the reniform, orbicular, and clavi-
form, and the discal dot of the hind wing represented by quadrate hyaline white

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 581

spots. Fringe with a dark line near base, dark-shaded below middle and at apex
15-18 mm.

June and July; September.

General. New York: Niagara Falls, Ithaca (aberration with R2 free), Albany,
Pearl River.

2. D. daeckealis Haimbach. Similar to D. reconditalis; differing in the unbroken
median line of the hind wing. Black; a faint white line from costa to middle
of wing at three-fourths way to apex, and another evenly curved line across
both wings; a large white spot in fringe of fore wing. 13 mm.

June.

Brown's Mills, New Jersey.

53. GESHNADyar

Our species (which belongs doubtfully to this genus), with palpi oblique,
shorter than those of the other Nymphulinse, the third joint well set off and
rather blunt (fig. 350); tongue much thicker than palpi; maxillary palpi large
and triangularly scaled; fore wing with R5 free. Outer margin about as in Elophila.
(Typically with RB stalked, and the outer margin rounded.)

1. G. (?) primordialis Dyar. Fuscous, with the exact pattern of Blepharomastix
stenialis, but usually without any yellow, or with very little; distinguishable, at
last resort, only by the stalking of R2. 10-15 mm.

Very common in damp places in June and early July.

Generally distributed. New York: Vandalia, Crosby (Yates County), Ithaca,
Big Indian Valley.

54. EURRHYPARA Hiibner

E. urticata Linnaeus (Palpita hortulata), a black and white European species
with yellow thorax; has become established at MacNab's Island, and at Truro,
Nova Scotia. The larva is found on nettle.

Subfamily SCOPARIIN^

Similar to the Pyraustinse, but with labial palpi porrect and beak-like, and
maxillaries large and triangularly scaled, as in the Crambinae (fig. 354). Fore
wing (figs. 352, 353) with more or less distinct raised scaling; with 'Ra^, RS, and
M! more widely spaced at origin than usual in the Pyraustinae.

55. SCOPARIA Haworth

Front flat; antennas cilate, more or less distinctly annulate; fore wing (figs.
353, 354) oblong with short outer margin, R5 divergent; hind wing with Sc and R
fused, but often for a very short distance, R and M! shortly stalked, M, stalked.
Slender forms with moderately long legs.

Caterpillars (fig. 355) not well known; the group Eudoria found under moss,
etc., on trunks of trees; the typical group apparently in roots of Compositse.

Key to the species

1. Expanse over 15 mm., typically over 25 mm. Fore wing dark, sometimes shaded

with gray 1- centuriella.

1. Expanse under 15 mm.

2. Wings fuscous; markings diffuse, partly pale . .2. penumbrali*.

2. Wings light powdery ash gray, with contrasting dark markings.
3. Orbicular, clavifofm, and reniform represented by longitudinal black bars.

5. strigalis.

582 . WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

3. Reniform hourglass-shaped, or broken into two wedges; rarely, reduced to

a dot at lower angle of cell.
4. With a broad, contrasting paler median area.

4. cinereomedia, 1. truncatalis.
4. Median area less contrastingly pale (not at all pale in male).

5. Larger; blackish shade beyond antemedial line evener; Cu black

before reniform 6. lugubralis.

5. Smaller; blackish shade beyond antemedial line broken below Cu, Cu
not black before reniform 3. basalis.

I. Ventral edge of valve not thickened, but bearing a pointed projection near middle;
unous tapering, with blunt apex (Scoparona Chapman).

1. S. centuriella Schiffermiiller (fig. 352, 356). Varying from light ash gray to
nearly black; lines dark, diifuse; the outer one convex opposite cell, pale edged;

FIGS. 352-360. SCOPAKIIN.E

352, Scoparia centuriella, venation; 353, 8. basalis, venation; 354, 8. basalis, side
view of head; 35.5, 8. truncicolella (Europe), seta map of larva; 356, 8. centuri-
ella, left valve of male, side view; 357, 8. penumbralis, left valve of male, side view;
358, 8. basalis, left valve of male, side view; 359, 8. cinereomedia, left valve of
male, side view; 360, 8. lugubralis, left valve of male, side view. (These five figures
are drawn to the same scale from average-sized specimens of the species.)

the inner line often indented on costa; claviform black, linear; orbicular linear or
a narrow ellipse; reniform irregular, or broken in two. Dark subterminal shades
toward costa and inner margin, sometimes narrowly connected. Hind wing clay
color, with blackish border and veins. Female usually darker, sometimes wholly
blackish, with obscure markings. 17-27 mm.

Common locally. End of June and July. Caterpillar unknown.

Massachusetts and north, southward in the Eocky Mountains to Arizona. New
York: Plattsburg, Peru, Newcomb, Essex County, Saranac Inn, Fentons (Lewis
County), Rochester, Buffalo, Ithaca, J»ew Windsor.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 583

II. Ventral edge of valve with a> strong chitinized ridge, ending in a heavy spine;

uncus broad, membranous, and hoodlike, but pointed; larvce apparently roo+
feeders (Scoparia).

2. S. penumbralis Dyar (fig. 357). Dull powdery gray (black on clay color), the
markings formed of the black powdering, diffuse, and evanescent under a lens; ante-
medial line pale, followed by dark, transverse, well out; postmedial line slightly
dentate on veins, excurved opposite lo\ver angle of cell; followed by a distinct
pale line, and a vague darker subterminal shade. Reniform a blackish X; orbicular
and claviform obsolete; blackish terminal dots, alternating with pale ones.
12-15 mm.

June.

Ontario to Pennsylvania. New York: North Creek, Rock City, Vandalia, McLean.

III. Valve simple with a slight and slender ventral thickening, usually ending in a
less prominent spine, somewhat trapezoidal; uncus membranous, hoodlike, with
a blunt, and sometimes bifid apex; larvce moss-feeders (FAidoria Chapman).

3. S. basalis Walker (figs. 353, 358). Powdery ash gray, on white; a blackish
basal dash; a strongly excurved antemedial line, with a pale shade before it, and
an irregularly developed darker shade beyond; claviform a black dash; orbicular a
short bar, separated from the antemedial line by its length; reniform a black cross,
sometimes imperfect, more or less shaded with brown ; postmedial line strongly and
sharply excurved opposite lower angle of cell, almost angled, pale, defined with
gray shades, especially on outer side at costa and inner margin; a gray shade along
middle of outer margin. Hind wing grayish white. Male with a short small valve,
convex on its dorsal side, with a weak, but distinct, spine on its ventral edge, rather
near its apex than its base (% mm. from apex). 11-16 mm.

June to August.

Generally distributed; common on tree trunks. New York: Niagara Falls, Lewis-
ton, Hemlock Lake, Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Otto, Crosby, Ithaca, Big
Indian Valley, Rhinebeck, New Windsor, New York City. I have also unverified
records from Essex County, Old Forge, Newport, Fentons (Lewis County), Buffalo,
Wells, and Albany, most of which are doubtless correct.

4. S. cinereomedia Dyar (fig. 359). Powdery ash gray without any brown; the
median area, except beyond the reniform, more or less distinctly paler, sometimes
white. Lines as in 8. basalis, the postmedial perhaps a little less irregular. Ante-
medial line with its dark outer shade more nearly continuous; the dash in the fold
rarely distinct. Male with valve much longer than in S. basalis; concave on the
upper edge, with the spine weaker, and much further from the apex (nearly % mm).
15 mm.

Found with 8. basalis, in July.

New York and western Pennsylvania. New York : Otto, Ithaca.

5. S. strigalis Dyar. Light powdery gray, much like male basalis; orbicular,
reniform, and claviform nearly equally large, heavy black bars, the orbicular
touching the obscure antemedial line, and the reniform a little thicker; a series
of black terminal bars, those at apex, opposite cell, and in fold, much heavier;
basal dash long. Genitalia not studied. 10-17 mm.

July and August.

Ontario and southern New Hampshire to Georgia. New York: Ithaca.

6. S. lugubralis Walker (fig. 360). Very close to 8. basalis. Outer dark shade
of antemedial line continuous, and entirely separate from the rounded claviform
spot. Frequently a black bar just above Cu, connecting orbicular and reniform.
Postmedial line less deeply angled, but just as sharply. Male with valves long
and slender, without a distinct spine on ventral edge. 18 mm.

June to early August.

Bretton Woods, New Hampshire; Canada; Western States.

584

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

7. S. truncatalis McDunnough. Similar to 8. basalis, but without any brown
markings, the scaling wholly black and white. Claspers much broader than in
8. basalis. 15 mm.

July.

Norway Point, Lake of Bays, Ontario.

This form is obviously distinct from Itasalis, but not distinguishable (on the basis
of the single specimen before me) from dark specimens of 8. cinereomedia, with
which McDunnough does not compare it.

There are probably several other undescribed species of this genus in our terri-
tory, but they need a full study of the structure and variation, to be worked out.

Subfamily PYRALIDINJE

Antennae rarely with modification; ocelli variable, normally concealed or absent;
antennal socket rarely separated from eye by a line of scales; front nearly smooth
(fig. 365) ; maxillary palpi good sized, but not triangular, and well developed even
when tongue is rudimentary; tongue variable; fore wing (fig. 361) with R5 stalked
with R, and R^; R2 free; 1st A lost, but represented by a wider space between Cu,

FIGS. 361-366.

361, Pyralis farinalis, venation; 362, Hypsopygia, costalis, venation of fore wing;
363, Aglossa pinguinalis (Europe), venation ; 364, Omphalocera dentosa, venation
and costal fold of male; 365, Aglossa cuprealis, side view of head; 366, Cledeobia
angustalis (Europe), seta map of larva.

and 2d A; 3d A usually obsolete, becoming coincident with 2d A in Hypsopygia
(fig. 362). Hind wing without a fringe on base on Cu; Sc and R parallel, some-
times no closer beyond the cell than along it.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND . NEIGHBORING STATES 585

Larva essentially as in the Phycitinae (fig. 366); pupa with a dorsal furrow
between ninth and tenth segments of abdomen, with crenulate margin; thoracic
spiracles slit-like and inconspicuous; end of abdomen with a transverse row of six
or eight hooked setae, without a specialized cremaster.

Key to the geiiera
1. Palpi upturned.

2. Tongue very weak (about as long as eye or shorter) .57. Aglossa.

2. Tongue well developed.

3. R3 and R4 stalked farthest 56. Pyralis.

3. R« and R6 stalked farthest 58. Hysopygia.

1. Palpi obliquely upturned, with porrect third joint 59. Herculia.

1. Palpi long, porrect, beaklike 60. Omphalocera.

56. PTRALIS Linmeus

Tongue strong, scaled at base; palpi typically upturned to vertex; antennae
typically with short ciliation (shorter than length of segments); fore wing
normal (fig. 361), M2 and M3 stalked; hind wing with M2 and Ms stalked; Sc and R
typically very closely parallel.

The second group is transitional to Aglossa.

Key to the species of Pyralis and Aglossa

1. Fore wing evenly colored, with white ante- and postmedial lines only.

P. 1. farinalis.

1. Fore wing more or less mottled; no pure white; usually with discal spots.
2. With a blackish discal spot, and usually costal spots at base and before

apex.
3. Basal blackish spot broad, usually reaching fold; subapical spot strong,

dorsal two-thirds of wing contrasting, pale P. 2. costiferalis.

3. Basal blackish spot usually a mere bar along costa, the apical spot tending
to obsolescence; lines normally completely defined with dark; discal

patch usually prominent P. 3. disciferalia.

2. Ground dark with paler markings; discal spot pale when distinct.

3. Ground pinkish coppery; antemedial tooth on fold strong, and usually
filled with blackish; reniform usually a broad, pale, horizontal ellipse,

strongly contrasting; tongue as long as eye A. 1. cuprima.

3. Usually without red tint; blackish, with confused luteous markings only;
the reniform and tooth of antemedial line not especially prominent;
tongue very weak, not coiled A. 2. cuprealis.

1. P. farinalis Linnaeus. Brown, somewhat olivaceous when fresh; median area
paler, twice as wide as basal and terminal areas, the latter shaded with gray.
Lines white, defined, the antemedial strongly excurved; postmedial concave on
upper two-fifths and in the fold; curved far out between. Terminal line pale;
fringe grayer. Hind wing with obscure antemedial, and fine, clear postmedial,
lines on a ground shading from white to fuscous gray. 15-25 mm. (H 47:53.)

Larva injurious to meal etc. Dirty white, with a dark brown head; hooks on
prolegs biordinal, the shorter ones a quarter as long as the longer ones; prothorax
with posterior setae on cervical shield approximately in a vertical line, but with
the uppermost well in front of the others (nearer to them than to the anterior
series); front extending halfway, and adfrontals three -fourths way to vertex
(unlike Plodia) ; the three ventral ocelli in a right triangle.

Common and generally distributed. New York: Generally distributed and tot

586 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

2. P. costiferalis Walker. Clay color, shaded and dusted with dull rose; with
contrasting blackish base (above fold), patch on cell, and subapical costal patch;
postmedial line excurved and serrate, diffuse, clay color; often defined on inner
side with a blackish shade. Antemedial line similar, zigzag, or obscure. Hind
wing pale, with a faint darker postmedial and rarely a subterminal line. 15-24 mm.

July to August.

In this and the next species, the antennal ciliations are longer than the seg-
ments, the tongue is very weak and half as long as the thorax, and Sc and R are
farther apart in the hind wing. These species approach Aglossa.

July.

Ontario to Pennsylvania. New York: Saranac Inn, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley,
Albany.

3. P. disciferalis Dyar. Shining dull rose, much darker than P. costiferalis.
Costa barred with black on basal two-thirds, heavily toward base. Lines broad,
pale, diffuse, heavily edged toward median area with blackish; the antemedial
line zigzag and the postmedial excurved opposite the cell and concave toward the
costa and in the fold. Hind wing much as in P. costiferalis, but darker, with a
pinker costa. 15 mm.

July.

Maryland to Missouri. New York: Ithaca.

57. AGLOSSA Latreille
(Grease moths)

Similar to Pyralis, and only differing from the latter group of Pyralis in the
weaker tongue (fig. 365). Antennal ciliation longer than the segments, fasciculate;
tongue shorter than eye; M2 and M3 sometimes approximate only (fig. 363), but
stalked in our species; Sc and R well separated beyond cell in hind wing; scaling
shining, greasy looking.

1. A. cuprina Zeller. Tongue coiled and as long as eye. Clay color, heavily
shaded with dull rose; the median area, and frequently the base and outer margin,
shaded with dark gray. Antemedial line zigzag and postmedial line strongly
dentate, both edged with blackish toward the median area ; tooth on antemedial
line on fold often strongly contrasting, filled with a blackish patch, and capped
with a blackish arrow-head mark. Reniform horizontally oval, often with a
diffuse black spot beyond it. Hind wing luteous, nearly immaculate. 18-23 mm.

June to September.

Generally distributed. New York: Ithaca. Rhinebeck.

2. A. cuprealis Hiibner. Tongue reduced to two scaly lobes; fore wings dark lute-
ous gray, marked with luteous, with little or no pinkish shading; lines as in A. cup-
rina; the antemedial, on the average, less deeply dentate, not defined with darker;
reniform irregularly invaded by the dark ground, or obsolete. 18 mm.

Caterpillar gray, with brown head; a scavenger.

General; also in Europe. New York: Mt. Marcy (Hill), Ithaca, Poughkeepsie
(New York State Collection), New Windsor (Morton), Brooklyn.

58. HTPSOPYGIA Hiibner
(Pyralis, in part)

Like the typical group of Pyralis, except for the longer stalking of RI and Rj
(fig. 362) ; 3d A preserved, running into 2d A. Caterpillar as in Pyralis farinalis.

1. H. costalis Fabricius (Clover-hay worm). Light dull rose; fringe very broad
and pale yellow; lines rather fine, pale yellow, enlarged into large patches on
costa of fore wing. 13-18 mm.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 587

Very common, and generally distributed, sometimes injurious to stored hay

May to September.

New York: Ogdensburg, Lewiston, Sherwood (Cayuga County), Ithaca Bie
Indian Valley, Onteora Mountain, vicinity of Albany," Rhinebeck, 'North Hilisdale
and New Windsor.

Variety hyllalis Walker has the ground pale yellowish, the lines almost lost.

59. HERCULIA

(Py rails, in part)

Similar to typical Pyralis, except as noted in the key; M2 and M3 free; 3d A
preserved.

Key to the species

Outer line finely dentate, dark, far out 1. intermedialis.

Outer line even, nearly straight, often obscure.

Pinkish to violet-gray 2. olinalis.

Clay-color 3. thymetusalis.

1. H. intermedialis Walker. Wings narrower, suggesting Aglossa. Dull red-
brown; terminal space distinctly redder and paler. Base pale; antemedial line
strongly irregular, toothed far out on Cu, and less on A; pale followed with black;
postmedial four-fifths way out, black, offset in to costa. and followed by a dis-
tinct pale patch; below, narrowly pale shaded. Hind wing paler, grayer, with
the faint darker inner and outer line widely separated, and the outer nearly even.
22 mm. (cohortalis Grote. )

June and July.

Generally distributed. New York: Mt. Marcy, Fentons (Lewis County), vicinity
of Buffalo, Ithaca, Hastings, New Windsor, Katonah.

2. H. olinalis Guenee. Dark gray with more or less violet tinge, and pinkish
fringe, tipped with yellow; marked like H. costalis, but the lines straighter, and
often obscure below the costa. Outer line on hind wing hardly beyond middle of
wing. The ground sometimes much paler, rose pink ( himonialis of authors, but
not of Zeller, who had the typical form). 22 mm. (H 47:46; 48:13.)

June and July.

New York: Lancaster, Peru, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Schenectady, New
Windsor, New York City; Clove Valley, Staten Island.

Variety infimbrialis Dyar is ochreous with only a slight pinkish tinge, almost
as light as H. thymetusalis. It oceurr in southern Massachusetts, and is probably
somewhat general in distribution.

3. H. thymetusalis Walker. Simil i1 to H. olinalis; pale luteous, dusted and
shaded with dull light gray, emphas: ing the luteous lines on the side toward the
median area, where there are distinct gray lines. Lines slightly dentate; ante-
medial excurved, broad; postmedial sometimes shortly interrupted, starting from
a triangular costal patch. Hind wing paler, the lines close together; antemedial
slightly irregular, and postmedial excurved. 22 mm.

Perhaps a variety of H. olinalis, with which it seems to intergrade.
A northern species, ranging south to the Adirondacks.

New York: Saranac Inn, Mt. Marcy, Fentons (Lewis County), Albany, New
Windsor.

60. OMPHALOCERA Lederer

Palpi beaklike, clavate, the second joint long, straight and blade-like, the third
long and porrect, sharply marked off. Antennae simple, with scape long and
modified. Abdomen tufted dorsally. Fore wings triangular (fig. 364), moderate,

588 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

broad at base. R3, R4, and RS forking at nearly the same point; M2 and M3 free and
well separated in both wings. Moths large and Noctuid-like in appearance.

Caterpillar exactly as in the Phycitinse.

An aberrant genus, perhaps nearer to the Epipaschiinse and lower Phycids than
to the true Pyralina;.

1. 0. cariosa Lederer. Dull dark red-brown; base paler, and median area usually
davker, or even blackish; usually concolorous to the inner margin; bounded by a
rather evenly excurved antemedial line, whose upper part is oblique outward,
and by a sinuous postmedial. Terminal space practically even, without the streaks
and wedges of 0. dentosa. Hind wing darker and more fuscous. 30 mm.

Larva a borer in fruit of papaw; blackish, with a broad red band on dorsum, and
a lateral red band, separated by an equally wide black subdorsal area from the
dorsal; red bands mottled with brown; tubercles white.

District, of Columbia, southern Illinois, and southward.

2. 0. dentosa Grote. Clay color, dusted and streaked outwardly with dark red-
brown; a large, nearly square, dark-brown patch on middle of costa, extending half-
way across the wing, shaded with black, and running out into teeth on the veins.
Ordinary lines obscure, bordering the patch. Hind wing blackish, redder at margin.
35-40 mm.

June. Caterpillar black, dotted with white; without red bands; on barberry.
Southern Connecticut to Ohio, Iowa, and south.

Subfamily ANCYLOLOMIINJE

Similar to the Crambinse. Fore wing very frequently notched at the middle,
and twisted in the resting position. Hind wing (fig. 367) in female with a simple
frenulum; cell closed by a weak but distinct, middle discocellular vein; Mj more or
less weakened; widely separate from R at origin. Basal portion of Sc and R also
widely separated in some cases.

This is a primitive type, related to the common stem of the Crambinae and
Phycitinse. There are only a few forms in all, the majority in the Old World.
The early stages are but little known.

61. PRIONAPTERTX Stephens

Front slightly conical, ocelli absent; male antennae serrate; palpi about twice
as long as head; tongue well developed. Fore wing with apex rectangular, abruptly
offset inward at middle of outer margin, between M, and M3, and crumpled at
that point in the resting position. Rj becoming coincident with Sc in our species.
R, connate or short-stalked with Mj in our species, but completely fused with it in
the western P. achatina; M^ and M3 short stalked. Hind wing with Sc and R
moderately anastomosing; the upper discocellular erect, middle discocellular com-
plete, but rather weak, and oblique outward, but not strongly angulate, M2 and
M3 fused in our species.

1. P. nebulifera Stephens. White, base blackish, costa shaded with fuscous;
median area blackish, crossed by the zigzag white median line; subterminal
line fine, white, defined on outer side with a fine dark line, and on inner with
a blackish shade, with a tooth opposite cell; waved and concave below. Apex
white; with a blackish ray running to the tooth of the outer margin, and with
a black bar below it. Terminal line fuscous, and fringe pale, except on the tooth.
Hind wing pale gray. 25 mm.

May to August; October.

The larva lives on the ground and forms a tunnel of sand and silk extending

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 589

p the stem of its food-plants to near where it feeds. It may he found e
anous sand-barren Ericaceae.
Massachusetts to Texas, along the Coast. New York: Karner, Yaphank.

FIGS. 367-373. ANCYLOLOMIIN^: AND
367, Eufernaldia cadarella ( Ancylolomiinae), venation of hind wing (Western
States); 368, Crambus girardellus, venation; 369, C. luteolellus, venation of fore
wing; 370, Argyria nivalis, venation; 371, Platytes multilineatella, venation of fore
wing; 372, Ommatopteryx ocelleus (Texas), venation; 373, Grampus species, seta
map of larva

Mesolia incertella Zincken reaches north to North Carolina. It has the same
notched Wing and a rather similar pattern ; but a more conical front, and the
subcostal cell of the hind wing nearly as wide as the discal — MI arising oppo-
site the tip of the base of R, so that the upper discocellular is almost obliterated,
but well separated from the stalk of Sc+R.

Subfamily CRAMBINJE

Antennae simple or pectinate, without modification at base; their sockets
separated from the eyes by a band of scales. Ocelli most often present. Tongue
variable; labial palpi beaklike, porrect; maxillary palpi large and triangularly
dilated with scales. Tibiae with all spurs. Fore wing (figs. 308 to 372) narrow,
except in Argyria; with short outer margin; usually with all veins preserved;
Rj often anastomosing with Sc, R3 and R4 stalked; and R2 and R0 almost always
stalked with them; 1st A completely lost, the distance between 2d A and Cu,
at the margin being hardly wider than between any two veins. 3d A free, weak.
One or two radials or one median rarely lost. Hind wing ample, much folded ;

590 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Sc and R strongly anastomosing beyond the cell; female frenulum multiple, cell
open, M2 most often stalked, sometimes lost; a heavy fringe of simple bristles
along base of Cu. Wings always smooth -scaled. Larvae and pupae of two radi-
cally different types, as described under Crambus and Diatraea.
The subfamily is fairly homogeneous.

Key to the genera

1. Fore wing with all radials preserved; Rt sometimes very short and becom-
ing coincident with Sc.

2. R2^ stalked 64. Eoreuma.

2. R^_B stalked.

3. Male antennae uni- or bipectinate 68. Thaumatopsis.

3. Male antennae laminate, simple > 69. Crambus.

2. Rj and R4 only stalked.

3. RI becoming coincident, or anastomosing, or connected by a crossvein

with Sc.

4. Palpi twice as long as head; front more or less conical. .. .66. Argyria.
4. Palpi much longer.

5. Ocelli present 67. Haimbachia.

5. Ocelli absent 62. Diatraea.

3. R, free.

4. Ocelli absent 62. Diatraea.

4. Ocelli present.

6. Front conical 63. Chilo.

5. Front rounded.

6. Palpus projecting its length beyond head 66. Argyria.

6. Palpus projecting twice its length beyond head 65. Platytes.

1. Fore wing with two radials and a median lost 70. Raphiptera.

62. DIATR^A Guilding

Palpi beaklike, extending two or three times the length of the head; antennae
nearly simple, ocelli absent. Front usually conical. Body normally rather stout.
Fore wing moderately broad; R4 typically becoming coincident with Sc; R3 and R4
stalked; the rest free. Hind wing somewhat broader, with Sc and R rather
strongly anastomosed; subcostal cell narrow, normal; Mj from upper angle of
discal cell, and M2 and M3 connate.

Caterpillars, so far as known, borers in Graminese, and most commonly in wet
places, slender, with strong tubercles; prolegs with an ellipse of triordinal hooks;
vii with two setae on meso- and metathorax, as in the Galleriinae; setae iv and v
of abdomen obliquely placed, i and iii of ninth segment of abdomen approximate,
and ii of eighth and ninth segments forming single dorsal plates. Pupa usually
cylindrical, truncate at anterior end; tongue short.

The first group is ancestral to both Chilo and Diatrsea, and the species have
been variously treated in the .past.

Key to the species

1. Wings narrower; fold with alternating pale and dark shades.

2. Hind wing white 2. forbesellus.

2. Hind wing clay-color or brown 1. comptulalis.

1. Wings broader; fold evenly colored or streaked longitudinally.

2. Fore wing mouse gray, with traces of postmedial dots or immaculate.

3. idalis.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 591

2. Fore wing yellow or brown.

3. Fore wing with a terminal dark line 4. alleni.

3. Fore wing with dark terminal dots 5. zeacolella.

I. Sc and Rj merely approximate.

1. D comptulalis Hulst. Male dull brown, with grayer margin; a diffuse pale
crenate and broken antemedial line; a finely dentate postmedial line roughly
parallel to outer margin, toothed inward on A, and running in to costa, and a
pale discal spot. Hind wing fuscous. Female light clay color, shaded lightly
with brownish, leaving the whole cell pale, but with dark patches in the base and
middle of the fold, and near the middle of the inner margin. Discal dot dark.
A diffuse pale subterminal line, preceded by a well-marked dark band, defined on
the outer side only. A slight, dark terminal shade. Hind wing slightly paler,
with a corresponding terminal shade. 25mm. ( Chllo auct. )

Michigan to Missouri and west. New York: Ithaca.

2. D. forbesellus Fernald. Similar to D. comptulalis. Fore wing with more or
less white scaling on disc, setting off the black discal dot; a streak of white scales
in fold, interrupted by black bars near base and middle of fold; subterminal mark-
ings and terminal dots obscure. Hind wing white, in the male light fuscous
apically, and with a distinct dark terminal line; in the female almost immaculate.
Fore wings in some specimens much paler, light ochre yellow. 23-38 mm.
(Chile auct.)

Larva a borer in Scirpus.

Illinois ; Missouri ; New York : Buffalo.

3. D. idalis Fernald. Fore wing gray, obscurely or not striate, with traces of
markings or none; hind wing white in female, pale gray in male. 25-34 mm.

New Jersey; Georgia.

4. D. alleni Fernald. Clay-color to brown, finely dark-streaked on and between
the veins, the venular streaks even in width. A distinct discal dot. Terminal line
obsolescent, but not breaking into dots. Inner margin sometimes contrastingly
pale. Hind wing fuscous outwardly. 30 mm.

Maine. New York: Newport, Big Indian Valley.

II. Sc and Rj anastomosing.

5. D. zeacolella Dyar. Clay color, finely streaked with dark on and between the
veins; the venular streaks enlarging to form a very oblique series of postmedial
dashes, and a subterminal series which is very oblique below; a dot at lower
angle of cell, and slight terminal dots in interspaces; slight dark shades in upper
part of cell, below cell, and extending obliquely to apex. Female with markings
nearly lost. Hind wing white. 25-30 mm. (saccharalis auct., not Fabricius.)

Larva a borer in corn (not normally in cane) ; sometimes injurious.
Virginia and south.

63. CHILO Zincken

Similar to Diatrsea. Ocelli prominent, front always conical, R, closely approxi-
mate to Sc for a distance, but free. Larvae borers in water plants.

1. C. plejadellus Zincken. Whitish yellow; fringe, a broken lino before it. a short,
irregular, oblique median band, and scattered scales on disc, all lead-colored or
silvery; black terminal dots. Hind wing white. 22-32 mm.

July.

Larva a borer in stems of rice, and presumably other swamp grasses: yellowish
white, head dark brown, cervical shield light brown, body with four vague purplish
stripes. Pupa with conical front.

New York to Wisconsin and Georgia. New York: Ithaca.

592 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

64. EOREUMA Ely

(Chilo, in part)

Similar to Diatrsea and Chilo. Ocelli present; palpi as long as head and
thorax, tongue weak. R2 stalked with R3<.4, instead of approximate; front only
slightly rounded out.

1. E. densella Zeller. Yellowish, dusted with brown, veins white, and with
clearer yellow line halfway between the veins, alternating with brown lines;
a strong black discal dot; black terminal dots and dark streaks opposite the cell
and in the fold. Hind wing nearly white. 15-18 mm.

June and July; September.

Connecticut to Florida, Illinois, and Texas.

65. PLATTTES Guenee

(Chilo, in part)

Similar to Argyria; fore wing longitudinally marked, and typically narrower
(fig. 371), palpus as a long as head and thorax. M2 and M3 of hind wing some-
times approximate (varying in our species). The only known larva in moss.

1. P. panalope Dyar. R2 sometimes partly fused with the stem of R3 and R<
Cream color, with contrasting fuscous streaks. Outer side of palpi fuscous; fore
wing with fine dark streaks on veins and heavy ones on interspaces, leaving white
lines in the middle of the cell and on the fold. Discal dot black in a white ring.
Terminal dots black. Hind wing nearly white. 12-15 mm. (multilinear ella auct.,
not Hulst; densellus Fernald, not Zeller, at least in part).

Early stages unknown. Moth in June.
Southern States; Connecticut.

2. P. vobisne Dyar. Silvery white, with several dark brown lines, those in basal
part of wing nearly longitudinal, and two zigzag postmedial and subterminal
ones; a dark terminal area, and some dark postmedial shading. Hind wing
blackish; fringe white with a dark line. 13 mm.

June ; August.
Connecticut; South Dakota.

66. ARGTRIA Hiibner
(Platytes, in part)

Ocelli present. Rj normally straight, and parallel to Sc and R, (fig. 370), R,
and R< only, stalked; M2 and M3 separate. Fore wing twice as long as wide, with
moderate, somewhat excurved outer margin. Hind wing but little broader, with
Sc and R strongly fused; M2 and M3 more or less stalked, often strongly. Front
normally nearly flat. Palpi variable, normally projecting beyond head for a dis-
tance about equal to its length, rarely, nearly twice its length. Larva unknown,
probably much like those of Crambus.

The tiny subtropical species C. lacteella, has been reported from Saranac Inn.

Key to the species
1. Fore wing with a yellow median fascia.

2. Inner margin yellow on outer half 3. auratella.

2. Inner margin white on outer half 4. critica.

1. No yellow fascia.

2. Inner margin finely edged with yellow 2. argentana.

2. Inner margin white.

3. Head white 1. nivalis.

3. Head and palpi deep yellow rileyella.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 593

I. Front nearly flat, rounded; palpi as long as head; tongue stronger; R, free.

1. A. nivalis Drury. Silver white. Palpi yellow on outer side, except on upper
edge, sides of occiput yellow; a longitudinal stripe on thorax. Base of eostal edge
brown, terminal line black; fringe yellow at base, with whitish tips. A black dot
at middle of inner margin, rarely lost. 20 mm.

Very common in grass land in June and July.

Generally distributed. New York: Newcomb, North Creek, Newport, Locust
Lake, Lewiston, Lancaster, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Utica, Schenectady, Little
Falls, Albany, Rhinebeck, New Windsor, Katonah, New York City.

2. A. argentana Martyn. Silver white; head, palpi, scape, and pedicel wholly
brownish yellow; antennae otherwise gray. Thorax with a yellow central stripe,
fore wing with costal edge narrowly yellow, inner edge a little more broadly so,
especially at middle; terminal line black, followed by a fringe shading from brown
at base to pale yellow at apex. Hind wing straw color. 20 mm.

July.

Southern New Jersey ; Pennsylvania ; and south.

A. rileyella Dyar ranges north to North Carolina. It has a faint, slightly waved,
dark postmedial line.

II. Front distinctly conical; palpi twice as long; tongue weaker; 'Rl anastomosing

with Sc.

3. A. auratella Clemens. Silver white; head and palpi white above, golden
yellow on sides; thorax yellow, with white tegulse, except the shoulders, which are
yellow. Fore wing with a broad yellow median fascia, widening to inner margin,
and fringe yellow, connected to the median fascia by a fine yellow line along outer
half of inner margin ; terminal dots black. 18 mm.

July.

Maine to California and south. New York : Ithaca, Albany, Rhinebeck, Katonah.

The southern race, pulchella Walker, is much smaller.

4. A. critica Forbe's. Similar to A. auratella; front much less prominent (one-
fourth width of eye in side view) ; fore wing with the median band not widening
toward the inner margin, which is white between the median and the yellow
terminal band. 18 mm.

July. (April, in Florida.)

Trenton, Ontario, and New Jersey, to Florida. New York: Utica, Ithaca.

67. HAIMBACHIA Dyar
(Cr ambus, in part)

Similar to Crambus. R anastomosing with Sc, R, and R5 free, Cu2 widely sep-
arated from CUj. Hind wing with M, and M3 connate or very shortly stalked;
Sc and R stalked almost to apex.

1. H. placidella Haimbach. Front rounded. Cream white, dusted with blackish
out to the subterminal line; a darker pale brown medial shade, angulate on the
cell, and a fine, sinuous, double subterminal line reaching almost out to the
margin, filled with a slightly paler cream white. Terminal line continuous above,
dots below; fringe lead colored. 16 mm.

July.

Northern New Jersey.

A second species of 'this genus ranges from New Jersey to Florida; it is closely
similar to the Texan H. squamulellus Zeller, with a largely white fringe, and
with yellow bars in the terminal space, but has a conical front. It appears to be
undescribed.

594 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

68. THAUMATOPSIS
(Propexus Grote ; Crambus, in part)

Closely related to the mutabilis group of Crambus, but with antennae of male
pectinate, or at least with slender laminations on the lower side twice as long
as the segments. Fore wing normally with a slender longitudinal white streak
on Cu, and sometimes on its branches toward margin, unlike all our species of
Crambus. R, free.

T. repanda is reported from Saranac Inn and Newport, doubtless in error.

Key to the species

1. A contrasting white streak on Cu, the wing more or less darkened above it.

2. Fore wing dark brown 5. dceckella.

2. Fore wing clay color.

3. A denned black streak running obliquely to apex 4. fernaldella.

3. No such streak 1. pexella.

1. No white.

2. Mouse gray 2. gibsonella.

2. Yellow '. 3. edonis.

* Male antennce bipectinate.

1. T. pexella Zeller. Dull clay color, shaded below and outwardly, and somewhat
striate with gray. A fine, somewhat sinuous white streak along lower side of cell,
to end, fading out at base and rarely obsolete, with a dark, sometimes partly
black, shade below it at base, and above at middle; an irregular series of oblique
shades from opposite cell to inner margin, continued by a vague shade to apex.
Terminal dots fine, dark. Hind wing nearly concolorous. 30 mm.

New Jersey; Connecticut; Illinois, and west. New York: New Windsor
( Morton ) .

2. T. gibsonella Kearfott. Powdery mouse gray, strongly yellowish toward costa
and base, with slightly paler Cu, and with traces of the dark shading of the last
species. Subterminal markings obsolete, terminal dots minute or lost. Traces of
an oblique median shade at inner margin. Hind wing nearly concolorous, with
paler base. Female rather narrower-winged, with much paler and slightly yellower
fore wing. 26-33 mm.

September.
Ontario.

3. T. edonis Grote. Closely similar to T. gibsonella but light ochreous yellow
(when fresh, strongly pinkish). 35 mm.

Nan tucket, Massachusetts; North Carolina; Kansas.

** Male antennce unipectinate.

4. T. fernaldella Kearfott. Similar to T. pexella. Brighter yellowish, with
obsolete subterminal markings; the black streak above the white line on Cu extend-
ing to the subterminal region and separated by a narrow longitudinal pale line
from a fine curved oblique streak that runs to the apex. Black streak defined
below, and pale edged below outwardly. 25 mm.

A western species reported doubtfully from Anglesea, New Jersey, and from
Florida.

5. T. daeckella Kearfott. Fore wing rather dark brown, hind wing blackish
gray; a longitudinal whitish streak on Cu, fading out near end of cell. 22 mm.
(Crambus haytiellus Hart, not Zincken.)

Lucaston, New Jersey; Havana, Illinois.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 595

69. C RAMBUS Fabricius

Tongue moderate; palpi projecting as far as length of head and thorax; male
antennae simple, laminate below, the laminations usually in contact; rarely more
slender (mutabilis, etc.), but always more than half as wide as the length of a
segment. Front nearly flat. Ocelli present. Fore wing (figs. 368, 369) narro\s
(normally about two and one-half times as long as wide), Rt free or anastomosing
with Sc; R2 free; R5 stalked, in our species shortly, with R3+4; M2 and M3 free or
short-stalked. Hind wing much broader, with Sc and R fused about three-fourths
way to apex. Mj from upper angle of cell, M, and M3 almost always stalked.

Caterpillar (fig. 373) usually with good-sized tubercles, vii double on prothorax,
single on meso- and metathorax; only a single lateral seta on ninth segment of
abdomen; prolegs with an unbroken ellipse of the triordinal hooks.

The caterpillars live mostly in tubes of silk and earth, and feed on the roots and
leaves of grass and other low plants. Several species have appeared from time to
time in injurious numbers, and many are very common.

Pupa smooth, maxillae reaching almost to tips of wings, but with the mid-legs
meeting behind them; dorsum of thorax and abdomen not spined; sides of last
segment with deep longitudinal furrows; labial palpi often largely exposed, normal.
Caudal end usually truncate, with blunt angular spines; without a developed
cremaster.

Key to the species

1. Ground color silver-white (including cell and costa, and outer and inner
margins ) .

2. Wholly silvery-white (or shining silver-gray) 21. perlellus.

2. With yellow below cell, and a black line on Cu 12. girardellus.

2. With black terminal, and usually subterminal, dots only.... 20. turbatellus.
2. At least with a complete and regular subterminal line.

3. Subterminal evenly excurved; seven terminal dots 19. elegans.

3. Terminal line above, and dots below.

4. Subterminal line slightly curved opposite end of cell.. 16. lyonsellus var.
4. Subterminal line sharply angulate.

5. Expanse under 20 mm; no bright yellow 17. allellus.

5. Expanse over 20 mm.; a bright yellow streak.. ..12. girardellus var.
1. Terminal space silvery; subterminal line erect, curved; median shade angulate.

19. elegans.

1. Inner margin, or terminal area, or both, dark; the ground not white.
2. A fairly broad, white, more or less silvery stripe in cell from base, cover-
ing most of the width of the cell.

3. White stripe practically reaching outer margin, but cut into trapezoidal
patches by median and subterminal brown bands; the outermost patch

almost terminal 2. myellus.

3. Postmedial silver trapezoidal patch absent, or not an even continuation

with the silver stripe.
4. Silver stripe continuing uninterrupted, and hardly narrowed to outer

margin 11- unistriatellus.

4. Stripe at least constricted to half its width in subterminal region.
5. Fore wing strongly falcate, with apex drawn out; an oval silver

spot above tip of silver stripe •_• 18. satrapellus.

5. Fore wing rectangular or subfalcate; no oval subapical spot.

6. Terminal space crossed by fine black lines from subterrainal line
to margin; a strong costal silver streak, well separated from the
subcostal one; ground cream color 1- laqueatellug.

596 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

6. Terminal spots with black dots or short bars, longest in C. quin-
quareatus, which lias only a single silver streak and dark
brown ground.
7. A white costal streak, separated from the subcostal one by a

fine brown line on R3 3. agitatellus.

7. White streak broad, divided by a broad brown ray in upper part

of cell C. bidens var.

7. White streak simple, leaving at least the costal edge brown.
8. A white or silver patch in middle of wing before the sub-
terminal line, below or beyond the tip of the streak.
9. Apex forming an angle of GO0, the upper part of the outer
margin at an angle to the lower; inner margin white,
ground pale and streaked with lead color; brown ter-
minal line and white in base of fringe ending abruptly
at the angle of the outer margin; terminal dots marginal.
10. Inner margin pure silver white, with contrasting black
edge, outwardly; expanse 28 mm.; lines on veins all

lead-gray 13. dceckellus.

10. Inner margin powdery and less contrasting, lines on veins
a mixture of silver and blackish; expanse 22 mm.

14. floridus.

9. Apex more nearly a right angle, except in C. exsiccatus;
outer margin even, the blackish terminal line and white
base of fringe fading out gradually below.
10. Part of inner margin white, contrasting (sometimes only
a small spot in C. labradoriensi$, which is distinguish-
able by its very dark ground-color ) .

11. Ground dark brown, normally with a diffuse silver
area on middle of inner margin, often cut in two by a

blackish bar 5. labradoriensis.

11. Ground bright yellow-brown, with a narrow silvery

streak on inner margin 7. youngellus.

10. Inner margin at most pale straw yellow, and in that case
shading into the darker yellow ground. .4. alboclavellus.
8. No such patch; ground continuous to subterminal line.

9. A contrasting pale spot in middle of terminal space; tooth
on lower side of silver streak strong, and more than two-
thirds way out 6. bidens.

9. A pale spot below apical dash only, obscure in C. lyorisellus;
tooth usually three-fifths way out, running into a slender
line or obsolescent.
10. Silver patch only covering a little of costal region (above

R), toward base.

11. Streak in cell as wide as costal brown area; terminal
dots in the form of short bars, reaching the terminal

line ; grayish 15. hamellus.

11. Streak in cell, beyond the tooth, twice as broad as the
dark costal stripe; ground brown; terminal dots
short and independent of the terminal line.

8. prcefectellus.
10. Silver stripe broader, toward the base covering all but

the costal edge, and covering R to end of cell.
11. Ground cream and yellow; silver streak lying along

costa three-fifths way to apex 16. lyonsellus.

11. Ground dark brown; streak gradually diverging from
costa.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 597

12. A silver stripe on inner margin ; apex more acute.

10. quinquareatus.
12. Inner margin concolorous, brown; apex blunter.

9. leachcllus.

2. A fine white line on Cu only (Thaumatopsis species).

2. Cell without a white or silver streak.

3. Terminal line continuous on costal half of wing, contrasting with the
yellow terminal space, represented by three black dots below.

27. hortuellus.
3. Terminal line all broken into dots, or obscure.

4. Eyes less than one-half as wide as front; palpi hairy; a heavy oblique

black median fascia 33. trichostomus.

4. Eyes about as wide as front; palpi less hairy; a slight dark median

fascia, or none.

5. Fringe bright golden bronze; six or seven black terminal dots.
6. Subterminal line even, silvery, and nearly parallel to outer margin ;

terminal space yellow 23. decorellus.

6. Subterminal line diffuse, more or less irregular, strongly sinuate,
and rapidly diverging from margin below; terminal space brown-
dusted 25. ruricolellus.

6. Subterminal line completely absent 24. vulgivagellus.

5. Fringe dull, or dark lead-gray, rarely shining.

6. Subterminal line even, more or less metallic, and roughly parallel
to -outer margin; terminal space powdered with fuscous on whit-
ish 22. teterrellus.

6. Subterminal line irregular, diffuse, and much more oblique than

oiiter margin, or obsolete.
7. A distinct blackish spot or oblique streak in fold below end of

cell; a longitudinal pale shade through middle of wing.
• 8. Male antennae with laminations narrow, separate; fore wing
with six or seven terminal dots; pale shade whitish.

26. mutabili*.

8. Male antennae with laminations in contact; fore wing with
three or four terminal dots on dorsal half; pale shade ochre

yellow 28. trisectua.

1. Median shade but little darker than ground, or obsolete; no dis-

colorous longitudinal shade through cell.
8. Three or four terminal dots on dorsal half of wing; ground

pale gray 29. laciniellus.

8. Terminal line very weak and continuous, or enlarged into slight
dots on all the veins.

9. Ground yellow 32. luteolellus.

9. Ground fuscous, sometimes heavily dusted with fuscous on a
dirty white ground 30. caliginosellus, 31. zeellus.

Thaumatopsis gibsonella will run to near luteolellus, but the Subterminal line
is obsolete, edonis may be distinguished by its large size (35 mm.), also.

I. Palpi moderately hairy, eyes about as wide as front (Crambus).
A. Fore wing icith Sc and R, separate, normally approximate (fig. 368).

* Fore icing irith a silrery stripe.
t Fore wing normal in form.

1. C. laqueatellus Clemens. Straw color, costal and cellular silver stripes
rather widely separated; a large triangular costal subterminal streak. More
or - less silver on veins, edged with black ; terminal space pale, with five fine

598 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

black lines across it. Terminal line black on costal half of wing, preceded
with silver, subterminal line also silvery. 23 mm.

Common and generally distributed, in June. Larva on moss; refusing grass,
at least when young. New York: common everywhere.

2. C. myellus Hiibner. Chocolate brown, shading into ochre yellow at mar-
gins; three silver-white patches in middle of wing, separated by brown fasciae,
the first running to the middle of the wing, obliquely triangular, the second
half as long and rather trapezoidal, the third a narrow subterminal bar. Ter-
minal line obscure, continuous; fringe gray, cut with white opposite the cell.
22 mm. (luctuellus Fernald, not Herrich-Schaeffer ) .

July. Caterpillar under moss; brown, with black head and cervical shield.
Labrador to Carbondale, Pennsylvania, and west to British Columbia. New
York : Karner.

3. C. agitatellus Clemens. Fore wing broader than that of C. laqueatellus, of
the same pale yellow, becoming darker along the markings, and nearly white on
the inner margin. Silver streaks broader and separated only by the fine, often in-
complete line along R; the longer streak less than three-fourths of the length
of the wing. Middle of wing silver white from cell to outer margin, cut by the
silver and yellow subterminal line. Apical marks as in laqueatellus; terminal
line fine and bla<-k on costal third, replaced by five thick dots along outer margin
below; base of fringe silver white toward costa, the rest silver gray. Hind wing
cream white, lightly shaded with gray. 20 mm. (saltuellus Zeller.)

Generally distri-buted and common, especially northward; flying mostly in July.
New York: North Elba, Summit of Mt. Marcy, Newcomb, North Creek, Rock
City (Cattaraugus County), Ithaca, Trenton Falls, Scheneotady, New Windsor,
Crugers; Lynbrook, Long Island.

4. C. alboclavellus Zeller. Identical with C. agitatellus except for the lack of
the brown line on R, probably a variety of it. Ground color usually a little
darker, and sometimes a little shaded with dark brown; trapezoidal patch beyond
the silver streak usually brighter silver and standing out more distinctly (cam.
linellus Haimbach ) .

July and August. Larva on grass.

Common and generally distributed. New York: Newport, Nevvomb, Lewiston,
Potter Swamp (Yates County), Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Utica, Schenectady,
New Windsor, Fort Montgomery, Katonah.

5. C. labradoriensis Christoph. Dark brown, diffusely shaded with whitish,
especially opposite the cell, over M, to CUj, and ih areas extending to the inner
margin before and on the middle of the wing; a silver bar in the cell, broad
outwardly, but hardly reaching beyond middle of wing, separated from the whitish
area beyond by a broad zigzag median band, the tip of the silver streak forming
two teeth, the lower of which is only a little smaller than the upper; costa
broadly brown; subterminal line normally silvery, a little enlarged at costa. A
triangle before and one beyond it at costa. A terminal line above, and dots below,
preceded narrowly with white. Hind wing fuscous. 20 mm. (luctuellus auct.,
not Herrich-Schaeffer.)

This species may prove to be a race of C. luctiferellus, of Europe, which has
Sc and R\ anastomosing. I have not examined the venation. C. dissectus Grote
appears to be the same, both names applying to light forms.

New York (type of dissectus) and Mer Bleue, Ontario, to Oregon, and north.

6. C. bidens Zeller. Similar to C. alboclavellus and C. agitatellus; silver streak
three-fifths length of wing, its tip bluntly angled, reaching costa, leaving only a
fine brown costal edge, and strongly toothed below, at origin of Cu2. Ground
brownish ochre; no silver patch in middle of wing beyond cell; but middle of
terminal space white; black terminal line extending below middle of wing; the
dots somewhat elongate and distinctly farther from the margin than the terminal

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 599

line is. Sometimes with a broad brown ray in the silver streak. Hind wintr
white, or cream with a white fringe. 18 mm.

This species is usually found in peat-bogs.

Quebec to Massachusetts, New York, and northern New Jersey. New York-
Niagara Falls.

7. C. youngellus Kearfott. Closely similar to C. Udens, but smaller; brown
costal edge slightly wider, ground yellow and somewhat dusted with light brown;
a silver postmedian patch and a silver stripe on inner margin; terminal line stop-
ping above middle of wing, and dots only below; more or less silver alon« the
veins. Apical markings as in the preceding group; the terminal line and white
streak in the fringe not ending abruptly as in C. floridus. Subterminal line
broader than in C. alboclavellus. 18 mm.

Mer Bleue, Ottawa, Ontario.

American records of C. hamellus appear to belong in part to this species.

8. C. praefectellus Zincken. Chocolate brown; inner margin hardly paler. Silver
streak covering cell, and extending well beyond it, but not reaching the sub-
terminal line, and separated from the costa by half its width; a slight silver
streak above its apex, but the veins on the disc hardly, or not at all, marked
with silver; subterminal line silvery, as usual; moderately bent opposite cell,
but little widened at the costa. Terminal space brown, with silver triangles above
and below an oblique apical dash; a few white scales in lower part of wing, but
no spot. Terminal line brown, hardly darker; dots below oval, and set well back
from margin. Fringe shining brown-gray, becoming white in its base, toward the
apex. Hind wing cream white. 2 mm.

Two broods, flying mainly in June and August; common. New York. Common
everywhere.

Generally distributed.

Hardly distinct from C. leachellus. In the Colorado race, oslarellus Haimbach,
the hind wing is dark.

9. C. leachellus Zincken. Like C. prcefectellus, but with the costal edge only
very narrowly brown toward the base; apex normally slightly more acute; region
beyond tip of silver streak distinctly yellow. Frequently larger; expanding up
to 27 mm.

June and July.

Common and generally distributed, flying with C. prcefectellus. New York:
Wilmington, Saranac Lake, Newport, Ithaca, New York City, Yaphank.

This species is probably the true hastiferellus of Walker, rather than the fol-
lowing, which may be a southern race of it.

10. C. quinquareatus Zeller. Closely similar to C. leachellus, the light area
beyond the tip of the silver stripe nearly white, and connecting it with the sub-
apical silver triangle, which is a little larger than in C. leachellus. Apex a little
more strongly pointed, but terminal line and white streak in fringe not ending
abruptly; terminal dots replaced by slender bars nearly as long as those of
C. laqueatellus, on a fuscous ground. No silver line above the tip of the streak
in cell, (extorralis Hulst; hastiferellus auct., not Walker.)

Southern States, north to Pennsylvania; northern distribution uncertain on
account of confusion with G. leachellus (hastiferellus Walker.)

11. unistriatellus Packard. Chocolate brown; a broad silver white stripe from
base to costal half of outer margin, leaving a brown costal stripe which IB
extremely narrow at the base and apex, but reaches down to the cell between,
and is widest at three-fourths way out. Terminal line and dots very weak;
costal half of fringe white. 25 mm. (exesus Grote.)

Apparently rare.

Labrador to Pennsylvania; west to California. New York: Saranac Inn, North
Creek, Newport, Trenton Falls, Schenectady.

600 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

12. C. girardellus Clemens. Silver white; a bright yellow stripe from base to
postniediul region, below cell, in typical specimens widening and then fading out
at outer end; defined with a black line above; a little yellow on base of costal
edge ; and sometimes beyond middle also, rarely forming an angulate fascia,
bounded by fine black postmedial and subterminal lines; terminal line fine, black,
preceded by black dots on dorsal half. 25 mm. (nivihumellus Walker.)

Common in June and July.

Generally distributed south to Pennsylvania and Ohio. New York: Saranac
Inn, Newcomb, North Creek, Fentons (Lewis County), Batavia, Rock City (Cat-
taraugus County), Otto, Ithaca, Trenton Falls, Liberty, Big Indian Valley, Schenec-
tady, Nassau, New Windsor, Katonah, New York City, Fort Montgomery.

13. C. daeckellus Haimbach. Near C. floridus, but much larger, deeper yellow-
brown, the veins streaked with lead-gray only; the brown line between the silver
cell and postmedial patch, twice as wide as a vein; terminal space more evenly
yellowish in color, and narrower, even, than in floridus; inner margin, below
A, pure white, though with diffuse upper boundary; the outer half of the inner
edge narrowly blackish. Terminal markings as in floridus. 27-31 mm.

September.

New Jersey generally; perhaps elsewhere confused with C. floridus.

14. C. floridus Zeller. Closely similar to C. alboclavellus (and agitatellus) ;
apex a little more acute, with a distinct inward angle opposite the cell, at which
the black terminal line stops abruptly. Silver streak diverging gradually from
costa, and acute, as in leachellus. Inner margin silver white, but not contrasting
nor sharply defined; apex more contrastingly white. 22 mm.

June and July. Caterpillar on grass.

Atlantic States (apparently not common) to California. New York: Ithaca.
Very close to both alboclavellus and the European C. pascuellus, of which latter
it is probably a race.

15. C. hamellus Thunberg. Fuscous; apex a little produced; silver stripe very
narrow, being not wider than the brown costa, outwardly; terminal dots on dorsal
half of wing a little elongate, followed by a fine terminal line. Hind wing grayish ;
inner margin not pale. 20 mm.

August.

Our form is very dark on the costa above the silver streak.

Kamouraska, Quebec; Maine; Mt. Wachusett, Massachusetts (Forbes) ; Europe.
New York: Saranac Inn and Albany. (New York State Collection.)

16. C. lyonsellus Haimbach. Similar to C. floridus; apex squarish; silver streak
almost touching the costa to beyond the middle, then abruptly leaving it, as in
C. bidens; no distinct silver postmedial spot; subterminal line regularly curved,
meeting the costa almost at right angles; terminal line not ending abruptly at
middle of outer margin. Subterminal and terminal spaces typically filled with
bright ochre. 21 mm.

Late June.

Ottawa, Ontario; New Jersey.

17. C. albellus Clemens. Wliite, very rarely pale gray; outer margin some-
what shaded with pale yellow. Medial line dark brown, fine, strongly angled out
on discal fold, forming an acute tooth, obsolete on dorsal half of wing, or repre-
sented by some black scales. Postmedial line indicated by a costal stria; sub-
terminal line double, light brown, silver-filled, angled opposite the cell, where its
outer line may touch the margin. Fringe silver gray, with a white base on the
costal third, ending abruptly at the tooth of the subterminal lines. Hind wing
gray. 15 mm.

June and July. Larva on grass.
Common in wet places.

New York: Trenton Falls, Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Ithaca, Big
Indian Valley, Schenectady, Poughkeepsie, New Windsor.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 601

ft Fore wing with long-drawn-out, falcate apex.

18. C. satrapellus Zincken. Silver streak broad, but widely separated from
costa; ending in a sharp point seven-eighths way to outer margin, with a large
oval silver spot above its tip, and with a slender spur from its lower side.
running along Cu2. Ground yellow, becoming: brown along tlio veins and ed<res of
the markings. Terminal space powdery fuscous, cut by short hlaek streaks below;
terminal line obsolete below; subterminal line lead gray, running across the apex,
obsolete below; fringe white, brown-tipped on costal half. A white oblique streak
running to the apex. Hind wing pale gray. 25-3.") mm.

July.

Southern States, north to New Jersey; South America.

** Fore wing icithout a silvery stripe.

19. C. elegans Clemens. Ground white; more or less shaded with dull brown,
always brown before the subterminal line, and more or less so along the costa
toward the base, and on the outer margin; sometimes dominantly brown, but
always with a large part of the terminal space white. A brown median oblique
shade to beyond middle of costa, often forming the inner boundary of a brown
area; and a blackish oblique shade running to the middle of the inner margin;
the two sometimes connected by a brown line which forms a long tooth opposite
the end of the cell, and is preceded by a white line. Subterminal line character-
istic, white, followed by brown, nearly erect, but slightly excurved. Seven black
terminal dots. 12-15 mm.

Larva on grass. Moth from July to September.

Common and generally distributed. New York: Wilmington, Speculator, Otto,
Ithaca, Katonah, New Windsor, New York City, Staten Island.

This is a broad-winged primitive species of doubtful affinity, superficially very
closely resembling albellus, but apparently not related. Sc and R, are closely
approximate but not fused.

A form of C. polingi Kearfott has been taken a few times at Ithaca, New York,
in July. It is grayer than (7. elegans, with the double dark subterminal band
markedly angled opposite the cell, and inwardly oblique to costa, filled with white
at costa, but below more or less definitely dentate, and suffused; with the black
crescent on the inner margin constricted on A; the terminal dots enlarged, and
typically fusing into a line; and the labial palpi heavily banded with white. It
was described from Arizona.

. 20. C. turbatellus Walker. Silver' white; a black dot at lower angle of cell:
one below cell beyond middle, and a subterminal series; a sinuous postmedial
series, very often lost, and a terminal series of seven dots. All the dots except
the terminal ones and the one below the cell frequently obsolete. 20-25 mm.
Cbipunctellus Zeller.)

July.

Canada to Pennsylvania and Illinois. New York: Otto, Rock City (Cattarau-
gus County), Ithaca, Bis: Indian Valley.

21. C. perlellus Scopoli. race innotatellus Walker. Silver white, without mark-
ings; the female often silver-gray; hind wins sometimes pale gray in the male
also. 20 mm. (sericinellus Zeller, inornatellus Clemens.)

July and August. Larva on grass.

Northern States, south to northern Pennsylvania. Illinois, and California; com-
moner northward. New York: Wilmington,' North Elba, Raranac Inn, Neweomb.
Newport, Otto, Big Indian Valley, Onteora Mountain.

The typical form from Europe is darker.

22. C. teterrellus Zincken. Fuscous brown, strongly shaded with violet-gray
between the veins; fresh specimens often dominantly violet-gray. Median line

602 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

brown, running across the end of the cell and bent at a right angle on the cell;
irregular and black across the fold, where it usually forms a short tooth; sub-
terminal line dark brown, followed by lead gray, and then again with brown
toward the costa, somewhat excurved, bending away from the outer margin toward
the costa. Terminal space powdery fuscous, each scale pale with a broad brown
tip; seven black terminal dots; fringe shining lead-gray, without golden tint.
15-21 mm. (camurcllvs Clemens, terrcllus Zeller.)

June and July. Larva on grass; yellowish or greenish white, with darker
dorsal vessel; tubercles and setae large; head rough, dull light brown; cervical
shield darker, inconspicuous.

Common north to New York; rarer in Maine. "New York" (American Museum
Natural History.)

23. C. decorellus Zincken. Clay color, broadly shaded with shining ash gray
between the veins, much more conspicuously streaked in appearance than the last
species. Median line brownish yellow, a little irregular and excurved, partly black
in the fold; subterminal line brownish yellow, followed by lead gray; evenly
excurved, very closely parallel to outer margin except at costa; the terminal space
ochre yellow, often containing a gray streak toward the costa, but not powdery.
Seven black terminal dots; fringe golden bronze. 19-27 mm. (polyactinellus
Zeller, goodelliamis Grote, bomisculalis Hulst.)

July and August.

Massachusetts to Georgia and Texas. New York: Ithaca and New Windsor.

24. C. vulgivagellus Clemens. Clay color, broadly striped with dull gray between
the veins; no transverse markings; seven black terminal dots; fringe golden
bronze. 20-39 mm. (usually 25 mm.).

Late August and September. Larva on various grasses and grains, brown with
darker tubercles, and a deep brown cervical shield. Head black. Hibernation in
the half-grown larva; cocoon spun in May; pupation in July.

Common and generally distributed. New York: Common and general.

25. C. ruricolellus Zeller. Clay color, shading into ochre at costa and outer
margin; lightly dusted with deep brown, usuallv leaving the costa nearly clear;
median and subterminal lines indicated by a gathering of the dusting; the median
short, thick, oblique, in the middle of the disc, sometimes weakly continued to
the costa and inner margin; the- subterminal oblique, sinuous, nearest outer margin
opposite the cell; veins toward the apex often streaked with pale gray and edged
with the brown scaling. Seven terminal dots; fringe golden bronze. 20 mm.

Larva on grass and sorrel. Moth in August and September.

Common south to Pennsylvania and Missouri. New York: Ausable Lake,
Wilmington, Saranac Inn, Honeoye Falls, Batavia, Hemlock Lake, Ithaca, Liberty,
Big Indian Valley, and Onteora Mountain.

26. C. mutabilis Clemens. Male antennae with narrow, well-separated lamina-
tions, almost appearing unipectinate. Fore wing dull ash gray, with whitish
streak from base, through cell to costal half of outer margin; streaked outwardly
with the ground color; and with scattered black scales. Median line usually
reduced to a black patch in upper part of fold near end of cell, irregularly oblique
when more distinct; subterminal line usually reduced to dots, nearly parallel to
outer margin, and regularly dentate on the veins when distinct. Seven minute
black terminal dots; fringe powdery fuscous, hardly shining. Hind wing light
fuscous.

Larva on grass. Moth in August.

Common and generally distributed. New York: Peru, Newport, Lancaster,
Otto, Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, New Windsor,
New York City.

LEPJDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 603

B. Fore wmg with Rj anastomosing, or becoming coincident, with Sc (fig. 309).
* Terminal line continuous above, replaced by black dots below.

27. C. hortuellus Hiibner, race topiarius Grote. Clay color, becoming clear yel-
low toward the outer margin; with dark fuscous, more or less shining stripes
between the veins, leaving a clear yellow space before tlie subterminal line; two
such stripes in the cell, and three oblique ones running clown from the costa out-
wardly, the first nearly longitudinal and extending along the costa to the base;
subterminal line silver gray, angled moderately opposite the cell, often edged
with brown, and followed by a second silver streak at the costa; terminal line
and dots contrasting on the yellow ground; fringe shining, somewhat bronzy.
Hind wing gray, with a pale fringe as usual in the genus. 18 mm.

Very common in June and July. Larva on various low plants; sometimes
injurious to cranberry. Larva dirty gray with light yellow-brown head, and with
black clypeus and labrum; cervical shield inconspicuous.

Generally distributed. New York: Common and general.

** Terminal line formed of dots or inconspicuous.

28. C. trisectus Walker. Light grayish luteous, shaded with dull gray between
veins, leaving fine pale streaks on the veins, and outwardly in the middle of the
interspaces; costal region more or less streaked with yellowish, sometimes clear
light ochre. Median and subterminal lines represented by blackish oblique shades
across the middle of the wing; terminal dots weak, often obsolete; fringe fuscous,
strongly cut with white between the veins. 28 mm. (biliturellus Zeller, exsiccatua
Zeller, interminellus Walker.)

Larva on grass. Two broods, the moth flying in June and August.

Generally distributed and not rare. New York: Newport, Fentons (Lewis Co.),
Newcomb, North Creek, Honeoye Falls, Batavia, Lewiston, Otto, Ithaca, Big
Indian Valley, Little Falls, Schenectady, Nassau, Rhinebeck, New Windsor, and
Lynbrook, Long Island.

Inomatellus Walker may be a pale or rubbed specimen of this species.

29. C. laciniellus Grote. Fore wing pale cinerous ochreous, especially on the
costal and outer portion of the wing; a few scattered brown scales. Median and
subterminal lines faint, of ochre scales, partly overlaid with brown; three terminal
dots on dorsal part of wing; fringe evenly gray, pale at base. 27 mm.

Maine.

30. C. caliginosellus Clemens. Smoky brown or fuscous; somewhat powdery
and showing traces of a luteous ground. Median and subterminal lines blackish,
underlaid with yellow-brown, irregularly dentate, and roughly parallel; often
broken and obscure, the median line sometimes obsolete; terminal line faint,
widening into dots between the veins in some specimens. Fringe and hind wing
concoloroua. 13-25 mm.

Larva pinkish white, tinged with br.own; with a dark brown ,or black head;
sometimes injurious to young corn, girdling it and eating out the growing point;
also on grass. Two broods, June to end of August.

Common and generally distributed. New York: Lancaster, Otto, Ithaca, Nassau,
Greenwich, New Windsor.

31. C. zeellus Fernald. Closely similar to C. caligmosellus, of which it may be
a pale variety; ground luteous, considerably overlaid with smoky brown; with
the markings of C. caliginosellus in blackisji brown. 18-24 mm.

Larva like C. caliginosellus; likewise injurious to corn.

Maine to West Virginia, Illinois, and Missouri. New York: Batavia, Ithaca,
Big Indian Valley, Little Falls, Albany, Rhinebeck, Katonah, Staten Island.

604 • WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

32. C. luteolellus Clemens. Pale ochre yellow, marked with tawny brown; the
markings exactly as in caliginoscllus, but weaker, and often nearly obsolete.
Fringe pale brown, not shining. Valves more slender than in caliginosellus and
zccllus. 23 mm.

Common and generally distributed. New York: Peru, Newcomb, Ithaca, Little
Falls, Katonah.

The variety ulae Cockerell, from Colorado and Arizona, is much more contrasty,
and has black terminal dots.

II. Eyes half as wide as front, or slightly lessj palpi very hairy • venation as in

the first group.

33. C. trichostomus Christoph. Powdery dull light gray; head and thorax
blackish; a broad oblique blackish antemedial band from middle of costa to a
third way out on inner margin, followed by a white shade; a similar, but usually
narrower, subterminal band, roughly parallel to the outer margin, but sinuate
below the costa, followed by a stronger white shade. Terminal line practically
continuous, heavy, black; fringe gray, cut with white. Hind wing slightly
browner. 20 mm.

Labrador.

70. RAPHIPTERA Hampson

(Crambus, in part)

Similar to Crambus; Rj lost and R3 and Rj completely fused, also M2 and M,,
leaving no stalked veins in the fore wing. Hind wing with M2 and M3 completely
fused; fore wing strongly falcate.

1. R. minimella Robinson. Mouse gray; cell white, slightly silvery, the streak
ending in a point five-sixths way to apex, with a white chevron over its apex, and
a triangular patch running to tip of wing; costa shaded with luteous as far as
the postmedial line; postmedial line oblique outward to opposite cell, then brown,
nearly even and parallel to outer margin, across to the inner margin. Hind wing
fuscous, sometimes pale at base. 12 mm.

Southern States and Illinois.

2. R. argillaceellus Packard. Similar, slightly larger; costal region not con-
trastingly pale, there being strong dark stripes both above and below R, the
lower one noticeably narrowing the stria in the cell. 10-15 mm.

This is probably a northern race of R. minimellus.

Labrador, Mer Bleue; Ontario; Wisconsin; Connecticut. New York: McLean
Bogs.

Subfamily EPIPASCHIINJE

Antennal socket more or less completely surrounded by scales, in the type
genus with a wide gap on the lower side of the circle, leaving the socket in
contact with the eye, but more often with the antenna and eye wholly separated
by a scaled area. Ocelli present; antennae normally fasciculate in male, often with
a long plume-like process on scape. Labial palpi large, upturned, in many males
hollowed out, and enclosing the plume-like maxillary palpi. Maxillary palpi
of females and of a few males normal, somewhat triangularly scaled; always
well developed. Tongue developed. Fore wing with Rt free, R5 stalked with
R3 and R^ Male often with fovea and distorted venation; 1st A absent; 3d A
free and weak. Frenulum simple in both sexes. Hind wing with Sc and R
approximate or anastomosing; Mj from near upper angle of cell; cell distinctly

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND Nni<;iinoKiNf: STATES

605

closed by a strongly curved vein, M, from lower angle m- stalked; Cu will, W,...
fringe or none.

FIGS. 374-376. EPIPASCHIIN.E

374, Epipaschia superatali-s, venation; 375, Tetralopha asperatella, venation, and
sex characters of male; 376, T. militella ( ?), seta map of larva

This is a small group, transitional between the Pyralidinjc and Phycitinae. The
larvae (fig. 376) are normally leaf rollers much like those of the Phycitinae; one
Indian species, at least, is social.

Key to the genera

Sc and R t»f hind wing approximate (fig. -374) 71. Epipaschia.

Sc and R fused for a distance beyond end of cell (fig. 375).
Raised scale ridge extending up uninterrupted, across wing from just below

costa almost to inner margin 72. Oneida.

With separate raised tufts in cell and fold, and sometimes below A.

73. Tetralopha.

71. EPIPASCHIA Clemens
(Macalla, in part)

Male with fasciculate antennae; process on first joint very long and heavily
fringed with hair below, turned back over thorax; palpi not modified; fore wing
(fig. 374) with R, and Mt free, M2 and M3 closely approximate at base or stalked;
hind wing with M, and M, closely approximate or stalked; M, when approxi-

606 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

mate appearing to be a continuation of the discocellular vein, as in many
Phycitinae.

1. E. superatalis Clemens. Clay color, often more or less dusted with gray
and black; antemedial line dentate and broken, or reduced to dots; postmedial
oblique above, triangular and sinuous below, black, subdentate and tending to
break up into dots, followed by a narrow pale area; the outer margin largely or
wholly dull red-brown to gray. Black terminal bars. Hind wing fuscous, some-
what paler at base. 20-2,1 mm.

Generally distributed. New York: New Windsor; Chappaqua, Long Island.

2. E. zelleri Grote. Base dull gray, ending in a broad, straight, erect, ante-
medial line, slightly dentate in female; postmedial line sinuous, meeting costa
and inner margin at right angles; with a little whitish beyond it on costa.
Median area whitish, more or less suffused with gray, especially in the female;
a more or less distinct blackish discal bar. Terminal space concolorous with
base. Hind wing gray. 23 mm.

July.

New Jersey to Florida and west.

72. ONEIDA Hulst

(Tioga, in part)

Similar to Tetralopha, except as noted in the generic key. The position of MI,
which has been used for the separation of Oneida from the Tetralopha group,
is variable in both genera. The male maxillary palpi and wings are apparently
not modified.

1. 0. lunulalis Hulst. Bluish gray, rather pale before the scale ridge, which
is of brown-tipped scales. Antemedial line far out, excurved, double, obscure. A
small whitish tuft toward end of cell, and a pale brown raised discal bar. Post-
medial concave on upper half of wing, contrasting, pale, folloAved by a series of
blackish streaks on a brown patch, and preceded by a dark brown line; rest of
the line very weak and nearly parallel to outer margin. A broken dark terminal
line and a pale line in base of fringe, followed by a gray shade. Hind wing light
fuscous. 22 mm.

June to August.

Massachusetts to Illinois; Canada. New York: Ithaca.

73. TETRALOPHA Zeller

(Pococera, in part; Lanthaphe Clemens; Benta Walker; Batona, Saluda,
Loma, Wanda, Attacapa, Tioga Hulst; etc.)

Scale ring about socket of antenna complete; male antenna fasciculate, with a
more or less developed process on the scape; maxillary palpus of male plume-
like, enclosed in a groove in labial palpus. Fore wing (fig. 375) with small
separated antemedial tufts; venation unstable, but normally with R2- stalked, Mt
free, M2 and M3 approximate or shortly stalked; male with a more or less hyaline
area in the cell, with a large tuft of enlarged scales projecting down from costa
on the under side and partly covering it. Hind wing with Sc and R fused beyond
cell, M2 and M3 approximate, or normally stalked.

The species are almost hopelessly confused, and the analysis below may not
be wholly correct.

Key to the species
1. Antemedial and subterminai spaces suffused with light reddish brown.

5. baptisiella.
1. Outer part without strong pale red suffusion.

2. Thorax and base mostly white 6. humerella.

2. Head, collar, and base of wings suffused with pinkish 4. militella.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 607

2. Head, thorax, and base of wings powdery gray.

3. Thorax and base of wings brown; black scaling of wing with purple

iridescence 7. robustella.

3. Thorax and base paler luteous or gray; purple iridescence, when present,

on the paler scales of outer part of wing.
4. Ante- and postmedial lines both more or less diffuse; the ground

almost evenly powdery gray 1. asperatella.

4. Postmedial line clean-cut, black, similar to the outer antemedial line

which is followed by a whitish shade 3. melanogrammos.

4. Postmedial line more diffuse, less contrasting than the outer ante-
medial, which is followed by a whitish shade 2. subcanalis.

1. T. asperatella Clemens. Rather even powdery gray (black on white). Outer
half of wing sometimes distinctly paler, especially in female; tufts small, well
contrasted, black; antemedial line doubled, darker gray, outwardly oblique, inter-
rupted in cell by the translucent area in male; postmedial irregularly sinuous,
denticulate, followed by a paler shade, inconspicuous. Process on antennae longer
than scape; normal; plume variable, yellow or blackish. 20-25 mm.

Larva green, granulated with yellow; on oak, maple, elm, and beech. Moth in
June and July.

Generally distributed. New York: Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Ithaca,
New Windsor (Morton).

In var. nephelotella Hulst ( clemensalis Dyar ) , the thorax and base of wings
is pale and pinkish, almost as in platanella, but the darker, rather than paler,
outer part of the wing and the narrower wing will distinguish it. Var. expandens
Walker is transitional.

2. T. subcanalis Walker. Similar to the preceding species, antemedial line con-
trasting, blackish, preceded by a heavy blackish shade covering the tufts and the
first antemedial line. Plume blackish. 22 mm. (militella Hulst, not Zeller. )

Illinois to Texas.

This is probably merely a variety of T. asperatella.

3. T. melanogrammos Zeller. Plume variable in color. Ground of thorax and
base and outer part of wing dull gray, somewhat suffused with reddish and
dusted with black; of median area white, dusted with black. Antemedial line
double, black, white-filled, contrasting, a little irregular and a little farther out
on inner margin; interrupted by the translucent patch in the cell of the male.
Postmedial similar and equally distinct, its outer line suffusing into the gray
outer region; somewhat sinuous and a little irregular, but not dentate; ante-
medial tufts black-tipped; medial tuf^ts white, with some black scales at end
of cell. 20 mm.

Larva on shrubby Leguminosse ( Gleditschia, Prosopis).

New Jersey, south and west. New York: New Windsor (Morton).

In the typical form, from the Southwest, the contrast between the dark base
and pale median area is not striking, only the antemedial space being distinctly
pale. Our specimens are variety diluculella Grote (talleolalis Hulst).

4. T. militella Zeller. Wings broad; plume black. Head, thorax, and base of
wings dull red-brown, with a pinkish tint, and much darker than the outer part,
which is also a little pinkish; many scales, especially on the under side, .crimson-
tipped. Antemedial line blackish, separated from base by a white line; straight
and erect; no nearer the base on the costa. Tufts mostly brown; median area
nearly white, especially toward the antemedial line; postmedial line a little
paler gray and more diffuse, somewhat sinuous, and, when most distinct, dentate
in the middle, followed with white, but with the outer part hardly darker and
not contrasting. Tufts in median area pale; no distinct discal dot. 22 mm.
(platanella Clemens.)

Larva on Platanus.

608 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES '

Generally distributed. New York: Ilion, Rhinebeck (Dyar), Onteora Mountain.

5. T. baptisiella Fernald. Wings not very broad, plume blackish or yellow.
Thorax and basal half of wing white, somewhat shaded with light red, especially
the anti-medial region; antemedial line white, dentate, mostly lost in the male;
outer half of wing light red; postmedial deeply dentate, the teeth defined on the
inner side with blackish, on the outer with white, especially in the middle of the
wing; all tufts white, black-tipped; the antemedial one below A absent. Terminal
line practically complete. Fore wing sometimes more or less suffused with
gray, but the species always distinguishable by the deeply dentate postmedial
line and the dentate antemedial, ending near the middle of the inner margin.
Xo distinct process on male antenna; a small scale-tuft only. 20 mm.

Larva on Baptisia.

Seen from New Jersey, West Virginia, and west. "New York" (Fernald).

6. T. humerella Ragonot. Shining powdery gray. Postmedial far out, pale,
defined with gray, with a blackish shade on the costa beyond it; antemedial less
distinct and far out; tufts white, heavily black-tipped, contrasting, the base of
the wing before them contrasting, whitish. Terminal dots heavy, sometimes con-
llueiit, alternating with heavy dark gray bars in the basal half of the fringe.
18 mm. (formosella Hulst).

Missouri.

7. T. robustella Zeller. Wings broad. Basal segment of antenna much enlarged,
without a process; maxillary plume yellow in male. Basal third purple black,
paler at extreme base, followed by an even, usually concave, fine, whitish ante-
medial line, cut by a small blister in the cell in the male; antemedial space pale
gray, shading into the darker gray outer half. Postmedial strongly sinuous, pale,
dill'use, terminal fine, broken; tufts black and white. 22 mm. (scortealis Lederer,
diluculella Grote.)

Larva on pine.

Apparently general but rarely taken.

Coenodomus hockingii Walsingham (Dyaria singularis Neumoegen), a heavy
Noctuid-like species with pectinate antennae, from India, has been taken but
once and is doubtless a stray introduction.

Subfamily PHYCITINJE

(Phycinae)

Head with antennal socket separated from eye by a complete line of scales;
ocelli present; male antennae often fasciculate, with the base of the shaft often
curved and bearing a tuft of scales on the concave side ( fig. 390 ) ; scape very
rarely with a projection; antenna? often normal. Palpi often upturned, always
large; maxillary palpi always well developed, in the male of some genera with long
hair scales on the outer joints, forming a plume-like structure, concealed in a
groove in the second segment of the labial palpus, which is in that case almost
always closely upturned; tongue well-developed; the palpi curving out a little
near the base, to make room for it. Fore wing with one radial lost, R3 and Rj
stalked, Ra usually free; rarely, with R3 and RO completely united; 1st A lost,
3d A weak and free. Hind wing with Sc and R usually fused for a distance
beyond the end of the cell, rarely closely approximate only; base of R as far as end
of cell, often lost, making Sc appear to rise from the end of the cell; the free
tip of Sc occasionally lost, and often very short, running directly across to the
costa. Frenulum of female simple. Hind wing with a strong fringe of straight
stiff hairs on base of Cu above; in many genera with one or two medials lost;
middle discocellular typically strongly curved, the lower part often very closely
approximate with the lower side of cell (base of CUj and M-Cu), always formed
as a normal tubular vein at the two ends; in the middle, sometimes very weak
but never lost. M! usually stalked with R before R joins Sc, M2 usually stalked

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

3«S

FIGS. 377-390. PHYCITIN^E

377, Rhodophcea hystriculella (Western States), venation of hind wing; 378,
Aorobasis zelleri (Europe), venation of hind wing; 379, Dioryctrla species, vena-
tion of hind wing; 380, Laodamia fusca, venation; 381, Salebria contateUa, vena-
tion of hind wing; 382, Etiella zinckenella, venation of hind wing; 383, Elasmo-
palpus lignosellus, venation; 384, Euzophera species, venation; 385, Canarsia vlmi-
orrosorella, venation; 386, Moodna ostrinella, venation; 387, Plodia interpunctella,
venation; 388, Homceosoma masinella (Europe), venation of hind wing; 389, Aero-
basis, base of male antenna; 390, Laodamia, fusca, base of male antenna

20

610

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

with M3; Mj occasionally continuous with the outer part of the middle discocellular,
and running closely approximate to M3 for a considerable distance, but not fusing
with it.

The "lame (figs. 391 to 396) are very generally leaf rollers and crumplers, often
living in a tube of silk mixed with frass, within the folded leaf; several species
eat stored food etc., and become serious pests. They are distinguished from most

FIGS. 391-3961.

391, Myelois cribrella (Europe) seta map of prothorax of larva; 392, Acrobasis
sodalella (Europe), seta map of thorax of larva; 393, Dioryctria zimmermanni,
seta map of thorax; 394, Etiella zinckenella,, seta map of thorax; 395, Vitula
edmandsii, seta map of thorax; 396, Homceosoma, nimbella (Europe), seta map of
thorax

other Pyvalid larvae by tubercle iii of the metathorax, which is normally enlarged,
black with a white center.

The subfamily seems to be derived from the Pyralidinse, perhaps through the
Epipaschiinae; the genus Omphalocera is a synthetic one, with the venation of
the Pyralidinae, the sex-scaling on the wings most characteristic of the Epipa-
schiinae, and a common Phycid type of male antenna. Its larva is also rather
Phycid than Pyraline.

The middle discocellular of the hind wing is of four principal types:

( 1 ) Discocellular curved strongly above middle, the lower part long, oblique,
meeting lower side of cell at a sharp angle, well beyond the origin of Cu!, so that
M2 and M3 appear connate. This type is represented by the genus Trachycera in
Texas, but appears not to reach our area.

(2) Discocellular strongly curved, the lower part somewhat longer, meeting
lower side of cell at a sharp angle not far from origin of CUj (normally a little

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 611

beyond), not running closely parallel to lower side of cell. M, and M3 more or less
stalked. Cell moderate (for example, Acrobasis, fig. 378).

(3) Discocellular very strongly curved, its lower part approximate to the lower
side of the cell for a greater or less distance before the origin of Cu,. making Cu,
appear stalked (for example, Dioryctria; Xephoptervx) . The group may he divided
into two subtypes; a, in Dioryctria (fig. 379), Ulophora, and Monoptilota, Cu, sepa-
rates from the cell at a third of the length of the wing; b, in most of the other
genera it separates two-fifths way out (fig. 380).

(4) Discocellular practically straight and transverse, a little broadened, and
not tubular (M2 lost) (fig. 388).

Many genera which have lost M, show a condition intermediate between types
(2) and (4) (fig. 386).

Key to genera,

1. Hind wing with all veins present, or with Sc weak (Cu apparently 4-branched) ;
fore wing with all veins present (except the missing radial characteristic
of the subfamily).

2. Male antennae notched and unipectinate . , 78. Monoptilota.

2. Male antennae not unipectinate.

3. Palpi upturned or recurved, the last joint rarely porrect.
4. Discocellular of type (2) (fig. 378).
5. Male antennae simple.

6. Fore wing with M2 and M3 stalked 74. Myelois.

6. Fore wing with M2 and M3 separate 74. Rhodophaea.

5. Scape of male antenna strongly dilated or angulate at apex; rarely

with a process much as in the Epipaschiinae 75. Acrobasis.

4. Discocellular of type (3) (figs. 379, 380).

5. Eyes small; palpi with first two segments long-hairy below.

81. Polopeustis.
5. Eyes normal; palpi scaled.
6. Male antennae practically straight, but a little thickened with

scales; palpi scaled, maxillary palpi without plume.
7. Cu2 of hind wing arising one-third way out (fig. 379).

8. Maxillary palpi of male flattened, closely appressed against the

front 76. Ulophora.

8. Maxillary palpi of male filiform 77. Dioryctria.

7. Cu2 of hind wing arising two-fifths way out.

8. Maxillary palpi flattened, closely appressed against the face.

79. Glyptocera.

8. Maxillary palpi filiform 82. Ambesa.

6. Male antennae more or less, usually strongly, curved at base, with
a tuft of scales filling the concavity; maxillary palpi usually
plume-like; Cu2 arising from cell two-fifths of the way to margin
of wing.
7. Maxillary palpi filiform; labials without groove.

8. Fore wing with M, and M3 stalked 80. Tacoma.

8. Fore wing with M., and M3 approximate.

9. Fore wing smooth-scaled 83. Nephopteryx.

9. Fore wing with a scale ridge 84. Tlascala.

7. Maxillary palpi plume-like; rarely, forming a scaly tuft, enclosed

in a groove in labial palpi.

8. Fore wing with It, shortly stalked, M2 and M3 stalked or con-
nate; hind wing usually with Cut apparently stalked.

85. Meroptera.

612 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

8. R, from cell; M2 and M3 often separate.

9. Middle discocellular curved far in, so that the lower part of
it is continuous with the general direction of Cu2; male
antenna; curved at base.

10. Fore wing with basal scale-ridge 87. Immyrla.

10. Fore wing smooth 86. Salebria.

9. Discocellular decidedly more transverse than Cu;.

10. Male antennae flattened, with a strong tuft; front gener-
ally smooth ; M2 and M3 of fore wing often closely
approximated.

11. Palpi reaching barely up to base of antennae. .88. Myrlaea.
11. Palpi strongly overlapping base of antennae.

89. Laodamia.

10. Male antennae hardly flattened, with a weak scale-tuft;
front with a strong tuft; M2 and M3 well separated

(fig. 383) 90. Elasmopalpus.

3. Palpi oblique or porrect, with porrect last joint.
4. Second joint oblique, without a plume in male.

5. CUj apparently from angle 01 cell in hind wing 90. Pyla.

5. Cu2 from very close to angle of cell 91. Epischnia.

4. Second joint very long and straight, with a groove enclosing a plume.

92. Etiella.

1. Hind wing with M2 lost (completely fused with M3) ; Cu therefore apparently

trifid.

2. R3 and R6 of fore wing stalked; Sc of hind wing generally distinct.
3. Hind wing with Cu2 arising well back from angle of cell (.five-sixths way

out).
4. Palpi porrect or oblique, the third joint drooping or porrect.

5. Maxillary palpi large, scaly, exposed; basal joint of labials with a
projecting tuft; tongue hidden; male antennas pectinate, female

subpectinate 93. Melitara.

5. Maxillary palpi cylindrical; basal joint of labial palpi not projecting;

male antennae simple 94. Zophodia.

4. Palpi ascending, sometimes recurved.

5. Hind wing with cell long, veins short (fig. 384) 95. Euzophera.

5. Hind wing with cell short, veins long 96. Vitula.

3. Hind wing with Cu2 arising very near angle of cell.
4. Fore wing with Cu apparently quadrifid.

5. Palpi ascending, curved, with ascending third joint.
6. Fore wing with M2 and M3 not in line with Cu.

7. R2 from cell, M2 and M3 stalked; hind wing with Sc short.

97. Laetilia.
7. R2 stalked with R3_6, Sc of hind wing moderate, parallel to R.

8. M2 and M3 of fore wing stalked (fig. 385) 98. Canarsia.

8. M2 and M3 separate 99. Psorosina.

6. Fore wing with M2 and M? in line with Cu, stalked 101. Hulstia.

5. Palpi oblique or porrect, third joint drooping.

6. M, and M3 in line with stem of Cu 102. Honora.

6. M2 and M3 distinctly out of line with stem of Cu, long-stalked.

100. Valdivia.
4. Fore wing with Cu trifid 103. Diviana.

2. Fore wing with two radials completely lost; hind wing with Sc weaker,

usually obsolescent.
3. Middle discocellular vein of hind wing of type (4) (fig. 388).

104. Hoinoeosoma.

LEPIDOPTEBA oV NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 613

3. Middle discocellular of hind wing more normal, oblique and not flattened.
4. Hind wing with Cu2 from angle of cell; Cu: and M, long-stalked.

10(5. Ephestiodes.

4. Hind wing with Cl^ distant from angle of cell; cell mostlv short- M,
mostly free (fig. 386).

5. Fore wing with Cu quadrifid 107. Moodna.

5. Fore wing with Cu trifid.

6. Palpi recurved 10,-,. Ephestia.

6. Palpi drooping.

7. Cell of hind wing short (fig. 387) 10s. Plodia.

7. Cell half the length of the wing 10!). Caudellia.

74. MYELOIS Hiibner

Antennae simple, pubescent; front smooth, palpi smooth, upturned to vertex,
tapering; maxillary palpi slightly rough, normal. Fore wing smooth, M, and M3
distinctly stalked, not in line with Cu; hind wing with long cell; middle dis-
cocellular meeting lower side of cell at 30 degrees, just beyond origin of Cu,.

Key to the species

1. Sc of hind wing long, nearly parallel to R.
2. Fore wing blackish; the base- a little paler; markings obsolescent.

1. obnupsclla.
2. Fore wing blackish, with distinct lines.

3. Hind wing pale, transparent 3. bilineatella.

3. Hind wing dark 2. zonulella.

2. Fore wing gray, phaded with dark brownish; the first line dilated into a

large pale patch on the inner margin 4. bistriatella.

1. Sc of hind wing very short, at a sharp angle to R.

2. Antemedial line straight, continuous, almost perpendicular 5. alatella.

2. Antemedial line oblique, dentate 6. ceratonice.

1. IS., obnupsella Hulst. Gray, hardly brownish, lightly dusted with white;
gathering to form a distinct, upright, antemedial pale shade, followed by an
equally wide shade without any dusting. Fringe similar. Hind wing whitish, with
dark veins, outer edge, and costa. 20 mm. (subtetricella Ragonot. )

May.

Canada to Florida.

In many specimens the postmedial line is distinctly indicated by a gathering
of the white dusting.

2. M. zonulella Ragonot. Blackish gray; lines pale, edged with blackish; ante-
medial oblique, straight, reaching almost to middle of inner margin; the dark
edging on outer side heavy; base of wing and outer margin paler. Postmedial
line oblique, sinuous and denticulated; discal dots distinct, black; no terminal
dots. Hind wing dark brown-gray, but paler than fore wing. 22 mm.

May. (Not seen.)
Northern Illinois.

3. M. bilineatella Ragonot. Fore wing blackish gray; antemedial line whitish,
followed by a dark shade, nearly straight and erect; postmedial line sinuous and
denticulate, toothed out at middle; discal dots forming a slight blackish bar;
terminal dots obscure. Hind wing translucent with a little gray, like obnupsella.
21 mm.

June. (Not seen.)
New York.

4. M. bistriatella Hulst. Fore wing dark brownish gray, almost even; lin<-s
whitish, diffuse; antemedial line somewhat outwardly oblique, and widening to the

614 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

inner margin; base dusted with white; postmedial line diffuse, nearly parallel to
outer margin, distinct; discal dots of the ground color, large, defined by white
dusting. Hind wing like that of M. obnupsella. 20 mm.

Xew York to Florida, Wisconsin, and Colorado.

5. M. alatella Hulst of California has been reported from New Jersey, probably
in error for some species of Homceosoma. It is powdery gray, with dentate ante-
medial and zigzag postmedial lines; oxiter part of cell whitish, with a dark shade
below it.

(5. M. ceratoniae Zeller is injurious to dried figs and other stored food, in the
Old World, and is to be expected in our territory. It is gray, with the usual pale
lines, shaded with blackish; the inner line straight except for a large inward angle
on A. 22 mm.

The last two species have more pointed wings than the typical group.

Rhodophaea exulella Zeller approaches our area on the south. It is near Aero-
basis, but without the modified male antennae. It is gray with crimson base;
black discal dots; antemedial line pale and far out; and postmedial line heavily
edged on both sides with fuscous.

75. ACROBASIS Zeller
(With Mineola Hulst)

Male antenna; with scape enlarged, with a pointed process or angle on inner
side (fig. 389), sometimes produced as a short spur; shaft pubescent in male,
sometimes sinuous at base, and slightly thickened with scales, often normal. Fore
wing normal in venation, often with a heavy raised scale-ridge a short distance
before the antemedial line, the space between it and the antemedial line often
tinted with red. Hind wing (fig. 378) with discocellular vein of type (2), meeting
the lower side of the cell at a sharp angle, but not always opposite the origin of
CUj. . Under side in many species with patches of black sex-scaling in the male.
Palpi as in Myelois.

Acrobasis is a very difficult genus to work with. Several .of the species are
misidentified more often than not, and some may not be correctly placed in the
analysis below.

Key to the species

1. Fore wing with a transverse antemedial scale ridge.
2. Fore wing of male, beneath, with a small black dash at base of costa

(above Sc), or a larger streak not reaching the base.
3. Hind wing with black sex-scaling beneath.
4. Hind wing with two black streaks (on R and Cu, sometimes partly

confluent) .
5. Patch on R extending irom base to beyond middle of wing, the

outer half rather thicker 1. angusella.

5. Patch on R not connected to base, or with the basal half represented

by a very fine line ; streak on Cu heavier 2. demotella.

4. Hind wing with the streak on R only.

5. Fore wing with a streak on R from base to middle.... 3. minimella.
5. Fore wing with a short bar at base only.

6. Black streak on hind wing from base to beyond middle . . 4. eliella.
6. Hind wing with an oval spot at middle of costa.

7. Outer part of wing dark blue-gray 6. stigmella.

7. Outer part of wing pale pinkish gray, contrasting with base.

5. aurorella.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 615

3. Hind wing without black markings below in male.

4. Fore wing with a subcostal streak from base to middle

5. Larva on hickory 7. caryivorella, 8 mrtpr

5 Larva on oak 9 hebescella]

4. lore wing with a short subcostal bar at base only.

5. Fore wing whitish to about three-fourths way out on the custa, cross-
ing the antemedial band 10. kearf'oltella

5. Fore wing whitish at base only, out to the antemedial band, or all

. Sray 11. palliolella.

2. Fore wing without any sex mark below.

3. Cell broad; M, and M3 distant from CUj and Cu2 19. malipennclla.

3. Venation normal in both sexes.

4. An oblique white band from middle of wing beyond antemedial lino
to costa before postmedial line, containing the contrasting black discal

dots 13. normcUa.

4. Medial area all gray, only somewhat dusted with white at middle of

costa.

5. Thorax, base of wing, antemedial area, and postmedial area toward
inner margin all shaded with red. Larva on hickory

12. latifasciella.
5. Red practically confined to antemedial space; sometimes replaced

with chocolate brown, or absent.

6. Larva on Comptonia; postmedial line almost obsolete; antemedial
space usually bright Indian red in northern form.

15. comptoniella.

6. Larva on alder; antemedial area usually bright brick red; post-
medial line distinct but a little diffuse; discal dots distinct.

14. rubrifasr-iclla.

6. Similar; larva undescribed 18. irrnbrielln.

6. Larva on birch; moth like rubrifasciella, but usually with the ante-
medial space deep brown; and the dark areas of the ground

deeper brown, with distinct purple iridescence 16. betnlella.

6. Larva on hazel; moth nearly uniform gray, not shaded with white;

antemedial space somewhat browner 17. corylielln.

1. Fore wing smoothly scaled, the tuft replaced by a blackish first antemedial

line.
2. Antemedial area with a red band.

3. Discal points united into a black lunule 20. tricolnrrlla.

3. Discal points separate, obscure 21. rubescevlcUa.

2. Antemedial area gray-brown and white only.

3. Dark gray, the discal points separate, in a contrasting white patrli,

forming a sort of ocellus 22. amplexella.

3. Lighter; the discal spots not in a small patch, but often in a broad

whitish area.
4. Antemedial lines starting from a heavy black triangle on posta; larva

on Rosacese 24. indigintlla.

4. Costal black spot trapezoidal; larva on Vaccinium 23. raccinii.

I.. Fore icing with an antemedial scale ridge (Acrobasis).

* Male with black sex scaling beneath.

1. A. angusella Grote. Head, thorax, and base of fore wing pale reddish. Scale
ridge partly blackish. Antemedial line excurved, oblique outward to inner margin.
Median area dark grav; marginal area shaded with reddish. Disoal dots ^pparato.
darker; postmedial line fine, pale, excurved in middle, and indented in discal and
submedian folds. Hind wing smoky, somewhat translucent. 22 mm.

616 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Larva eating into growing points of hickory in the early spring, causing them to
wither. Moth in June.

New York: West Farms? (type), Brooklyn.

This species has been called nigrosignella, and the species here discussed under
the name of cliclla, angusella; but in each case the sex-scaling of the under side
of the hind wing was mentioned in the original description, making the present
determination fairly certain.

2. A. demotella Grote. Similar to A. angusella; head white, thorax very pale;
base of fore wing contrastingly paler than median area. Tuft gray, the gray area
shading into the red about it. Antemedial band outwardly oblique, light red
followed with cream color. Median area less mottled than in A. angusella; discal
dots obscure; postmedial line fainter and marginal area less tinted with red.
20-24 mm.

Larva on black walnut, killing the buds as 4.. angusella does; dark olive brown;
head, cervical shield, and tubercles shining dark brown. Moth in June and Jtily.

Ontario to North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Missouri. New York: Ithaca,
West Farms.

This species is regularly correctly determined.

3. A. minimella Ragonot. Front and palpi reddish; thorax dark fuscous. Fore
wing heavily overlaid with blackish on a light gray base; the blackish gathering in a
large triangular costal patch beyond the antemedial line, which is pale gray,
preceded by a black-centered, reddish ridge. Discal dots distinct; postmedial line
obscure. 13-1(5 mm. ( $ nigrosignella Hulst. )

August.

Texas; also reported from North Carolina.

I suspect that northern records under these names are based on other related
species.

4. A. eliella Dyar. Gray, powdered on a white base. Thorax and base of fore
wing shaded with red; tuft blackish, followed by a broad orange-red and white
antemedial band, followed in turn by a slight blackish shade on the costa. Discal
dots joined; postmedial offset out in the middle, and finely denticulate, followed
by a red shade concolorous with the antemedial one, except at the apex, where
there is a weak oblique gray shade. 18 mm.

June and early July; August.

East River, Connecticut; New Brighton, Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca.

5. A. aurorella Ely. Head and thorax gray. Basal third of fore wing blackish,
strongly contrasting, its outer boundary but slightly oblique outward, reaching
Inner margin only a third way out. Outer part of wing pale gray, a little shaded
with pinkish, and darkening to the outer margin. Discal dots small, blackish;
postmedial line faint, paler. 20 mm..

July.

New York : Ithaca, Ilion.

6. A. stigmella Dyar. Purple-gray, much darker than A. aurorella. Head and
middle of collar white. Scale-ridge slightly darker, followed by a faint reddish
shade. Discal dots double. Postmedial line faint, paler in a darker shade. Disc
of hind wing, below, overlaid with yellow scales. 18 mm.

May to August. Caterpillar a bud worm on hickory; gray green, with black head,
cervical shield, and true legs; and with brown tubercles and anal plate.
East River, Connecticut; Fort Lee, New Jersey.

7. A. caryivorella Ragonot. Dark blue-gray, rather even, without any reddish
or yellowish shading. Lines diffuse; paler, defined with dark, especially toward
the median area; the antemedial bent at the middle. Discal dots strong, separate.
23 mm.

The caterpillar is found on hickory in early spring; at first working in a
petiole, then in the top of a twig. It lives in a frass tube, the earlier, slender
portion of which is serpentine; and transforms in a large oval cocoon.

LEPIDOPTEEA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 617

Caterpillar dark gray or greenish black, with granule red -brown head and
yellow-brown cervical shield, and a large black and red subdorsal plate (ib) on
the mesothorax. Moth in June.

East River, Connecticut, to Illinois, Missouri, and Texas.

8. A. caryse Grote. Dark fuscous; thorax concolorous; base of fore wing some-
what paler. A slender pale-pinkish antemedial band beyond the scale ridge, but
no other pinkish or yellowish shading. 18 mm.

June. Caterpillar a bud worm on Carya porcina in May, living in a slender
frass tube; greenish gray, with dark brown head, shining yellow-green cervical
shield, and light brown subdorsal plate on mesothorax.

Illinois. " New York " ( Grote ) .

The original description and Ragonot's notes on the type make no mention of
sex scaling. As determined in the Barnes collection, the male has a short black
bar below the costa, followed by yellow scaling, and a streak the whole length of
the cell, its base overflowing the cell and touching A. The species should be bred
again from the characteristic larva.

9. A. hebescella Hulst. Dull yellowish gray-brown; head and thorax concolorous;
scale ridge black; the other markings obscure. 18-20 mm.

Larva on oak (apparently in a folded leaf), pupating in a large egg-shaped
cocoon.

East River, Connecticut, to Texas.

10. A. kearfottella Dyar. Similar to A. palliolella, with a large whitish basal
area, extending across the antemedial line to the middle of the wing, giving a
suggestion of A. indiginella, but without the black antemedial costal triangle.
Some reddish scaling about the scale ridge.

July and August. Larva leathery, brown; in a somewhat flattened case of
grayish silk with some pellets of frass. Cocoon at the end of the case, oval, 2C
mm. by 6 mm. by 4 mm. Food, hickory.

Distribution uncertain. New York: Ithaca.

11. A. palliolella Ragonot. Dark mouse gray, becoming blackish on the middle
of the costa. Head, thorax, and base of fore wing typically white, somewhat
shaded with some buff or orange shading; the outer boundary nearly straight and
strongly oblique, to middle of inner margin. In a variety which commonly passes
for nebulella the base is nearly concolorous, leaving a reddish antemedial area on
the inner margin. 20 mm. (juglandis LeBaron; albocapitella Hulst, nebulella
Hulst, etc., not Riley).

July. Larva on walnut and pecan.

Ontario to Florida, Illinois, and Texas.

The gray form of this species may be A. sylviella Ely, which is unknown to me.

** Male without black sex-scaling below.

12. A. latifasciella Dyar. Superficially exactly like A. eliella, but without sex
scaling below. 19 mm.

This species has passed for caryce in some collections.

June and early July 4 August. Larva on hickory.

New Brighton, Pennsylvania; Maryland; Virginia; Missouri.

13. A. nonnella Dyar. Pale gray with a slight reddish suffusion; scale ridge
large and dark, with a slight pale reddish shade beyond it; a diffuse antemedial
costal gray triangle; costa and cell shaded with white before and beyond it, as far
out as the postmedial line, which is normal; discal dots black, contrasting,
separate. 19 mm.

End of July and early August.
East River, Connecticut.

14. A. rubrifasciella Packard. Closely similar to A. comptoniella, but on the
average a little smaller, narrower-winged, with rather brighter markings, and
more frequently (but not always) with a red antemedial band. 21-24 mm.

618 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Caterpillar brown with a rosy tint; with rough darker head, and shining black
mesothoracic plates; on alder and hazel, living between two or three leaves in a
conical case oi frasa lined with silk.

Distribution unknown, indistinguishable except by breeding.

15. A. comptoniella Hulst. Fuscous gray, rather lighter and bluer toward the
base, and on the costal half of the median area. Tuft blackish-brown, followed by
a dull Indian-red shade, and sometimes by a pale antemedial line. Discal dots
separate and black; postmedial line faint. 25 mm.

Caterpillar blackish, with broad dill'use pale reddish dorsal and lateral bands;
head dark red, black in the sutures; cervical shield pale red, contrasting; feet
black. It feeds on sweet fern and on bayberry; in an oval case with a soft slender
neck; lined with silk and covered more or less with bits of leaves, etc.

Maine to New Jersey. There is a race, or closely related species, on Myrica in
Florida. This form is doubtfully distinct from A. rubrifasciella, and determinable
only by breeding.

New York : Rhiuebeck.

16. A. betulella Hulst. Similar to A. comptoniella. General wing surface shaded
with reddish and dusted with white, but without a red antemedial band.

End of July. Caterpillar on black and white birch, in a case similar to that of
comptoniella but almost wholly of silk.

Maine to New York; Colorado; California. Probably a food variety of A.
comptoniella. New York: Ithaca.

17. A. coryliella Dyar. Gray, not shaded with white, nearly even; antemedial
band slightly browner, pale-edged, with a darker shade beyond it at costa. Post-
medial line a little more distinct, finely crenulate.

June to August. Larva in the usual case on hazel (Cory his) ; pupa in a dense
hard oval ichneumon-like cocoon.

18. A. irrubriella Ely. Similar to A. latifasciella; head and thorax not so
reddish; band beyond the scale ridge narrow; only slightly marked with orange-
red; outer line more even, not followed by an orange-red shade. 19 mm.

July.

East River, Connecticut.

19. A. malipennella Dyar. Male fore wing short and broad, with distorted
venation and m-cu very long. Gray thorax tinged with copper-red; scale ridge
short and black; a white triangular shade in median area, as in A. normella,
containing a single black discal dot. 12 mm.

East River, Connecticut.

This type is unique, and may be a monstrosity of A. normella.

II. Fore wing smooth-scaled (Mineola).

20. A. tricolorella Grote. Wings irregularly black-dusted on a white base,
appearing mottled gray. Antemedial line black, forming a triangular shade on
costa; a triangular reddish patch before it on inner margin, deepening to black,
basally, and preceded by a white line. Discal lumile contrasting, black, in a pale
shade; a darker medial shade joining the postmedial line at the discal fold; post-
medial line pale, edged within with black, and followed by a chestnut band. A
blackish apical streak to costa. Head and collar dark red; thorax grayer.

Quebec and Maine to California. New York: Catskills.

21. A. rubescentella Hulst. Gray, shaded with reddish, with two inconspicuous
darker discal dots, and a reddish antemedial band. 25 mm.

Tennessee.

22. A. amplexella Ragonot. Blackish gray, with a large well-defined white patch
at middle of costa, containing the sharply defined black discal points. Antemedial
line single, diffuse, white, oblique outward; postmedial black, indented in the
discal fold as usual, followed by white scales, and with a little white scaling just
before the margin. Hind wings and body browner. 15 mm.

Quebec to Texas.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 619

23. A. vaccinii Riley. Similar to M. indiginella ; rather smaller; under side of
costa of male with yellow sex scaling. Upper side more contrastingly marked,
with considerable white on costa, and inner antemedial band heavily black, the
costal black antemedial spot not so neatly triangular. Discal dots we'll separated.
Red shading more diffuse than in A. indiginella. 16 mm.

August. Larva variable in color, with shining yellow head, and paler cervical
shield and anal plate; in berries of Vaccinium (blueberries and huckleberries) ;
often injurious. The moth flies over the bushes, and is easily flushed in the
daytime.

Massachusetts to Texas.

24. A. indiginella Zeller. Pale gray, dusted on a white base; a broad ante-
medial black triangle on costa, with two fine divergent lines running from it to the
inner margin, enclosing a red-shaded area. Base also shaded with red. Median
area shaded with dark gray below, and toward the postmedial line; which is pale,
defined with dark gray and moderately irregular. A black discal bar, in variety
nebulella Riley broken into two dots. A small triangular subterminal black shade
at costa. 17-22 mm. (Phycita nebulo Walsh). (H. p. 409 f. 228-229.)

Caterpillar dull olive, with dark red-brown head and blackish shields; webbing
the leaves together in the spring, and living in a frass tube. The young cater-
pillar hibernates. The species is sometimes injurious to apple, and eats most
other Resales also.

Moth in July.

Generally distributed. New York : Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Schenectady,
Albany.

76. ULOPHORA Ragonot

Similar to Dioryctria. Antennae simple, a little thickened toward the base, not
curved; palpi upturned beyond vertex, maxillary palpi in the male rough, flatly
scaled, compressed against the smoothly scaled front. Fore wing with a scale-tuft
before the antemedial line.

1. U. groteii Ragonot. Fore wing brown at base, shaded with dark gray-green,
especially beyond the tuft; outer part light gray, powdery, heavily shaded or
overlaid with blackish; lines concolorous, heavily edged on both sides with dark
slate gray; the antemedial convex, at the middle of the wing, the postmedial
strongly bent out at middle, concave above and below, located far out: raised tuft
very heavy, blackish; discal dots black, the lower one contrasting. Hind wing of
male bright coppery luteous, with dark margin, of female, dull and darker. 18 mm.

July and August.
North Carolina; Florida.

2. U. tephrosiella Dyar. Base powdery light gray, shaded with dark gray: a
brown band before the antemedial line, which is at the middle of the wing, and is
paler, followed with blackish ; outer half deep gray, with paler normal postmedial
line, both lines defined with blackish. 15 mm.

Larva on Tephrosia.
North Carolina.

U. brunneella Dyar, also from North Carolina, the area before the antemedial
line is black.

77. DIORYCTRIA Zeller
(With Pinipestif Hnlst)

Male antennse nearlv straieht, usually with a little raised scaling on the inner
side at the base of the shaft; sometimes serrate; scape rounded, curved, with a
slight scale tuft only. Palpi upturned to bevond vertex; mnxillarv palpj cylindri-
cal, porrect, rough-scaled. Fore winsr normal: in group Pinipestis with Drained
•caling, normally forming antemedial and medial rough ridges. Hind wing of

620 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

type 3a (fig. 379) ; discocellular approximate to lovvef side of cell from near
origin of Cu.>, or just beyond. Sc and R approximate.

The larvae (fig. 393) so far as known are all borers in Coniferae, usually under
the bark of the twigs, or in the cones; causing more or less exudation of pitch.
Sometimes they feed externally, concealed in a tube formed of pitch and frass.
Several are serious pests.

Key to the species

1. Fore wing smoothly scaled (Dioryctria) 4. reniculella, 5. abietella.

1. Fore wing with raised scale ridges or tufts; gray shaded with reddish

(Pinipestis) .
2. Postmedial line with indentations in discal and submedial folds nearly

equal; small with slight median scale ridge (18 mm.) 3. pygmceella.

2. Postmedial line with discal notch slightly deeper; a very heavy median

scale ridge ; large ( 25 mm. ) 1. zimmermanni.

2. Postmedial line deeply toothed in opposite cell ; antemedial line reaching
margin at middle of wing, strongly oblique ( 25 mm. ) 2. clarioralis.

1. D. zimmermanni Grote. Gray, shaded with reddish, especially toward the
base, and with blackish; the two scale ridges blackish, the median one very
heavy. Lines pale gray, defined on both sides with blackish, more strongly toward
the median area. Antemedial line zigzag, hardly farther from base on inner
margin than on costa; discal dot pale, diffuse, but contrasting; postmedial line
denticulate, moderately angled in opposite cell, and very slightly so on fold.
Terminal space rather paler and more gray; terminal line somewhat broken, black.
28 mm.

August.

Larva injurious to pine, working by preference under the bark of small branches,
causing the pitch to ooze out. Cocoon usually formed in a mass of pitch. Some-
times seriously injurious. July. Doubtless there is a second brood in the fall,
emerging the following spring.

Hampton, .New Hampshire, to Pennsylvania. New York : reported from Oswego
County, Gowanda, Cheektowaga, Hamburgh, Clarence Center, Buffalo, Schenectady,
Karner, Hastings.

2. D. clarioralis Walker. Similar to D. zimmermanni; antemedial line strongly
oblique, only a little sinuous, and not angled on fold, reaching inner margin at
middle; outer line with tooth in discal fold almost as deep as wide, merely
dentate below. Discal spot obscure. 28 mm. (zimmermanni Hulst, not Grote.)

"United States" (Walker). Seen only from Florida, and probably confined to
the South.

3. D. pygmaeella Ragonot. Similar to P. zimmermanni; much smaller, median
scale ridge hardly raised; a distinct blackish shade between the discal bar, which
is pale, and the costal end of the outer line; antemedial line zigzag, erect, pre-
ceded by a broad deep orange band toward the inner margin. 18 mm.

North Carolina; Florida.

4. D. reniculella Grote. Ash gray, crisply powdered with black on white, with a
slight brown tint to the darker parts; especially in rubbed specimens; base and
terminal space paler; antemedial space solidly dark gray; the lower half of the
median area also with a dark patch. Lines whitish, somewhat dusted with gray,
heavily defined with dark gray; antemedial line erect, somewhat dentate; post-
medial line diffuse, notched in the discal fold, and slightlv concave below; discal
dot a distinct upright oblong spot. 25 mm. (obietella of Hulst, in part.)

Larva injurious to spruce: its habits much like D. zimmermanni; very often
working in the young cones. Moth in August.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 621

White Mountains, New Hampshire, to Colorado and south. A variety in Florida.
New York: Ithaca.

5. D. abietella Fabricius. Closely similar to D. reniculella, but averaging a
little larger. 25-28 mm.

Distribution uncertain; well-known in Europe, where it has the habits of the
preceding.

Two broods, the second perhaps partial.

Our records are partly based on the preceding species; part are correct. I can
give no tangible differences between the two species.

78. MONOPTILOTA Hulst
(Dioryctria, in part)

Similar to Dioryctria; maxillary palpi small, but slightly plumose; male
antennae with scape enlarged, shaft strongly curved at base, the curvature filled
with scales on the inner side, unipectinate on outer side nearly to apex. Fore
wings smooth.

1. M. nubilella Hulst. (Lima-bean vine borer). Fuscous, shaded with whitish,
especially over and beyond the cell, and somewhat streaked with blackish; ante-
medial line indicated by blackish streaks; postmedial line normal, very faint, pale;
discal dots a little lengthened, not contrasting. Hind wing translucent in male,
dark in female. 23 mm.

Larva producing gall-like swellings in the stems of lima beans, usually about
two or three feet above the ground. Stout, blue-green, with a pinkish overlay on
the dorsum; head brown, shading into black on the mouth parts; cervical shield
olive brown; anal plate pale yellow, with four black dots. Tubercles pale. Pupa
in the earth. Larva mature in July; moth in August and September. There is
a partial second brood late in the fall.

Maryland to Florida and Arizona.

[ 79. GLTPTOCERA Ragonot

(Nephopteryx, in part)

Male antennae with shaft toward base slightly hollowed, forming a longitudinal
groove, edged on both sides with scales. Labial palpi normal; maxillary palpi
quite large, rough and thick; appressed to the frontal tuft. Venation normal;
hind wing of type 3b. .

1. G. consobrinella Zeller. Tuft represented by a few raised scales. Fore wing
pale ash gray; base whitish, more or less overlaid with Indian red; a strong
blackish shad'e before the antemedial line; which is pale, bidentate irregularly,
and denned with black, two-fifths way out. Postmedial line similar, somewhat
sinuous and crenulate, at four-fifths the length of the wing; a heavy black discal
bar, with some blackish and dull red shading below it. 20 mm.

End of May to August.

Quebec to Texas. Newr York: McLean.

80. TACOMA Hulst

Wings normal; male antenna with a curve in the shaft, filled with a large
scale tuft; scape simple. Palpa upturned to vertex; maxillary palpi large, filiform.
Fore wing with M2 and M3 stalked; discocellular vein bent before origin of Cu..

1. T. nyssaecolella Dyar. Powdery gray; antemedial line whitish, offset a little
on Cu. with a more evenly gray patch before it on inner half, and beyond it on
costal half, the, rest of the line defined with dark ; a pale shade beyond it on inner

622 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

margin. Fostmetlial line pale, denned with dark, normal, with a large dark patch
before it on inner margin. Hind wing paler. 20 mm.

May; July and August. Larva black, with a yellow head; in a loose web con-
taining suspended frass, in a folded leaf of Nyssa.

Southern New Jersey to western Pennsylvania.

81. POLOPEU8TI8 Ragonot

Male antennae rough and obscurely dentate, pubescent; palpi relatively short,
upturned, not exceeding the vertex; first two joints long-hairy, the third short,
and cylindrical; maxillary palpi slender. Fore wing more triangular than usual,
with M, to Cu, free and parallel; hind wing with moderate cell (Cu2 at two-
fifths), M2 and M3 very long-stalked, angle of discocellular between Cu! and Cu2-
Moth diurnal.

1. P. annulatella Zetterstedt. Black, dusted with white, appearing light gray;
lines pale, defined with dark, converging toward inner margin; antemedial line
nearly straight; postmedial irregular. Hind wings very pale brownish, darker in
female. Male 24, female 20 mm.

Arctic Eurasia ; Altai ; Labrador ( ? ) .

The Labrador specimen, determined as annulatella in the Hulst collection, is a
Nephopteryx, and apparently a small eastern race of N. fasciolella.

82. AMBESA Grote

Like Nephopteryx, male antennae flattened and slightly thickened at base, but
without the notch and tuft of scales.

1. A. busckella Dyar. Powdery gray, slightly reddish, especially at base and on
thorax. Base pale, followed by a diffuse blackish band, wider on the inner margin,
the band lying before the antemedial line toward the inner margin and beyond it
at costa, sometimes obliterating it. Lines doubled, dentate, antemedial line fully
two-fifths way out, and farther out on inner margin; postmedial line well out,
normal, its blackish edging somewhat wider on costa. A black reniform, and some
blackish postmedial shading. Hind wing translucent at base. 22 mm.

July.

Maryland"; western Pennsylvania.

83. NEPHOPTERYX Hiibner

Male antennae simple or serrate, with a more or less developed curve in base
of shaft, rilled with a mass of large- scales. Front swollen, rough-scaled; palpi
upturned beyond vertex, normal, the maxillary palpi normal, or with a flat tuft of
scales applied to the face as in Ulophora. Wings smooth-scaled. Fore wing with
RZ free in our species, M2 and M3 separate but rather approximate, not in line with
Cu. Hind wing with Sc and R closely parallel; MI stalked, M2 and M3 stalked;
dcv of type 3b, becoming approximate to lower side of cell at or beyond origin of
Cu2, which is at two-fifths the length of the wing. Prothorax below with large
scales, as in Ambesa, but unlike Dioryctria.

Key to the speoies

1. Ground dusted with white on clear black, appearing bluish ash gray.

2. Each scale with a white base and a fine white tip; apparently very finely
powdered 2. rhypodella.

2. Most of the scales either wholly black or wholly white 1. ovalis.

1. Ground fuscous, dusted with black, and broadly white-tipped, scales.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 623

2. Antemedial line very obscure and even 3. inquilvnella

2. Antemedial line obscure and diffuse, but distinctly dentate .... 4. modestella
1. Ground largely bright brown 5. rubrisparsella.

1. N. ovalis Packard. Tuft on male antennae twice as large as scape in front
view. Powdery ash gray, rather coarse; the antemedial space typically, but not
always, brown or yellowish; antemedial line waved, denned on inner side by the
brown antemedial area, on outer side mostly by a blackish bar at costa and dots
on veins; postmedial line normal, pale, only partly denned with blackish before it
and fuscous beyond, but with heavier black edges at costa; some blackish shading
near middle of wing; two black discal dots. Hind wing fuscous, not paler. 25 mm.

Late July and August.

Maine to California. New York: Rhinebeck, Delmar.

Variety geminipunctella Ragonot, with ground largely white, was described from
Washington.

N. fascicolella Hulst, described from British Columbia, is similar to N. ovalis,
but without any brown shading, and with only a little blackish shading along the
antemedial line. Tuft on antenna no larger than scape. 30 mm. A small form
of this (22 mm.) appears to occur in Labrador, and has been mistaken for
Polopeustis annulatella.

2. N. rhypodella Hulst, another western species, almost evenly and very finely
powdered black and white, with traces of markings; has been reported from
Illinois.-

3. N. inquilinella Ragonot. Similar to 2V. modestella; the markings more diffuse,
antemedial band nearly erect and even. 18-24 mm.

Larva in willow galls ( Solids nodum ) .
Wisconsin.

4. N. modestella Hulst. Tuft on antenna large. Fore wing fuscous, somewhat
dusted with white, especially about the end of the cell, and with a few black scales,
antemedial line pale, diffuse, well out, reaching the inner margin almost at the
middle of the wing, twice dentate, defined with blackish on outer side, especially
on the veins, and with a broad brownish band before it. Discal dots black, distinct
but not strong; postmedial line pale, normal, hardly defined with dark. Outer
part of wing slightly reddish shaded. 20 mm.

Massachusetts.

5. N. rubrisparsella Ragonot. Ochreous brown, more or less suffused with pinkish;
base solidly light; antemedial region suffused with blackish; antemedial and post-
medial lines luteous, black edsred; median area more or less shaded with black; discal
dots black, strong; terminal space evenly pale, with black terminal dots, and a
line in the fringe. 18 mm.

The typical form, from Texas, has the blackish shadings replaced with lighter
ash gray. I have not seen the male.
Ausrust. Larva on Celtis.
Jefferson County, West Virginia; Texas.

84. TLASCALA Hulst
(Nephopteryx, in part)

Similar to Nephopteryx. Fore wing with a more or less developed ridere or
scale-tuft before the antemedial line, sometimes with other markings more or less
raised.

Key to the species

Base of fore wing concolorous 1 • finitclla.

of fore wing redder and darker 2. reductella.

624 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1. T. finitella Walker. Dark powdery gray, somewhat brownish; antemedial
line raised, blackish, obscure; tuft heavy, blackish; a series of small median
blackish tufts; discal dots black and tending to be confluent; postmedial line
normal, pale, denned with dark, not conspicuous. A broken black terminal line
as usual. Tuft on antenna very large, much more than filling the notch. 25 mm.

May.

Nova Scotia to Florida and Colorado.

2. T. reductella Walker. Wings pale gray, in part often almost white; post-
medial line slightly paler, normal, dentate, defined by slightly darker gray on outer
side. Base of wing and thorax brown (in variety gleditschiella Fernald, mouse
gray); the tuft black, and not strong. Antemedial line heavy, black, outwardly
oblique, and a little wavy, preceded by a pale line; discal dots black; no raised
median tufts. 22 mm.

The larva webs together leaves of Gleditschia in September, emerging in late
fall or the following May. Cocoon in rubbish on the ground.
New York to Ohio. New York : New Windsor.

85. MEROPTERA Grote

Like Salebria, our species with R2 stalked, M2 and M3 clearly stalked; wings
smooth-scaled.

1. M. pravella Grote. Ash gray, base contrastingly pale gray, with an even,
slightly oblique outer boundary, followed by a strong blackish shade. Basal angle
reddish. Discal dots blackish, tending to fuse, in a paler area; postmedial line
pale, defined with darker gray, distinct but not contrasting. Terminal line con-
tinuous, black, weak. 20 mm.

March to May. The larva is said to be brown, with dorsal and lateral green
lines, plain brown cervical shield, and head green, brown, or reticulate with black;
in a web between two leaves of willow, or on Rhus Cotinus, in September.

Maine to British Columbia and Texas. New York: Lancaster, and New Windsor.

2. M. unicolorella Hulst. Mouse gray, slightly violaceous; markings obscure, but
normal so far as traceable; antemedial line darker; postmedial paler, both diffuse.
22 mm.

Late May to August.

Montreal, Canada, to Florida and Texas (not Washington, as stated by Ragonot).
New York: Ithaca.

3. M. uvinella Ragonot, as described, is paler than M. pravella, with the post-
medial line white, clear, and straighter in the middle part. 16 mm.

United States.

Probably a mere variant of M. pravella. M. cviatella Dyar appears to be a
Salebria.

86. SALEBRIA Zeller

(Meroptera, in part; with Pempelia)

Similar to Nephopteryx. Maxillary palpi yellow, plume-like, enclosed in a
groove in the second joint of the upturned labial palpi. Fore wing normal; hind
wing (fig. 381) with moderate cell, Cu, apparently from angle. Wings smooth
in our species. Antenna? in our species smooth beyond the tuft.

Key to the species

1. Antemedial line followed by a pale patch on inner margin (obscure in some
specimens of contatella) .

2. Wholly blackish otherwise 3. engeli.

2. Basal area contrastingly darker gray, at least toward the inner margin.

2. annulosella:

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 625

2. Markings very clean-cut; extreme base blackish, with a red shade before

the antemedial line 1 . turpidella.

2. Whole basal area reddish 0. vctustclla.

2. Base mostly light gray, reddish at basal angle 5. contatella.

1. Antemedial line not followed by a pale patch on inner margin.
2. Base distinctly paler.
3. Base yellow or reddish.

4. Followed by a strong antemedial line, outer part blue-gray.

5. Costa and inner margin broadly brown 11. cviatella.

5. Outer two-thirds entirely gray 10. ba&ilaris.

4. Antemedial line obscure,

5. Base mostly yellowish 8. lavigatetta.

5. Base yellowish toward inner margin only 7. celtidella.

3. Base lighter gray without any yellow or brown.

4. Antemedial space blackish 9. semiobscurella.

4. A double black antemedial line toward inner margin only.

13. purpurella.
2. Base not paler than outer part of wing.

3. Antemedial region, and dark shades defining the postmedial line, strongly

shaded with crimson 12. cameella.

3. At most, with crimson streaks between the veins.

4. Pale antemedial line strongly waved on fold and on A 5. contatella.

4. Antemedial line almost straight on lower half of wing 4. afflictella.

1. S. turpidella Ragonot. Powdery gray, the lines hardly paler, sharply edged
on both sides with black; the first line zigzag, normal, the second normal, rather
more irregular than usual. Discal bar continuous, black; a blackish median shade
below it toward inner margin; terminal line continuous, black; a slight brownish
shade in the fold before the antemedial line. 18 mm.

Massachusetts and Colorado.

Distinguished from all other species in the genus by its absolutely clean-cut
markings.

2. S. annulosella Ragonot. Mid-tibia blackish with a contrasting pale tip, basal
segments of abdomen transversely banded with black. Scale tuft on antenna twice
as long as scape. Fore wing light gray, with blackish shades beyond the antemedial
line at costa, before it at inner margin, over costal end of postmedial line, and
sometimes covering most of the base; antemedial line obscurely paler; postmedial
faint, normal, preceded by a slight darker shade. Discal dots separate, black,
contrasting; terminal dots separate. 18 mm.

The pale patch beyond the antemedial line is often obsolete in light specimens,
but the species differs from afflictella, in the nearly obsolete, diffuse, antemedial
line, and the much fainter postmedial.

Massachusetts to Texas and Colorado.

Northern records are possibly in error for S. engeli. The form with the base
shaded with brown is variety pumilella Ragonot: the type form has a blackish
base, while those with concolorous base are variety nubiferella Ragonot.

3. S. engeli Dyar. Abdomen not banded with black. Dark fuscous, the markings
more or less obsolescent, except for a large whitish dorsal patch over and beyond*
the antemedial line, sometimes continued across to the costa. Some pale scaling
about the discal dots. Postmedial line traceable, pale. Tuft on antenna hardly
larger than scape. 18 mm. (annulosella, in part).

May to July.

Xew Jersey to Texas.

4. S. afflictella Hulst. Base fuscous, out almost to the middle of the wing;
crossed by a strong whitish basal line; antemedial line whitish, fine, a little waved,

626 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

followed by a clean-cut fuscous line. Median area whitish, outer third fuscous,
crossed by a fine wavy normal postmedi-1 line, tlie outer margin gray. Discal dots
black, distinct. Terminal line black, almost continuous. Tuft on antenna more
than twice as long as scape, not very broad. 16 mm. (Uquidambarella Dyar).

The fuscous areas all show a slight reddish iridescence.

Larva on sweet gum.

Northern New Jersey to Florida.

5. S. contatella Grote. Middle tibiae pale, with a dark annulus toward tip. Fore
wings powdery gray, base shading into reddish near basal angle, median area
typically suffused with mouse gray, leaving a vague pale patch on inner margin
beyond the antemedial line; in light specimens, concolorous with the base, with
only a vague gray median shade from the discal dot to the inner margin. Ante-
medial line whitish, zigzag, preceded by a heavy blackish shade and followed by
a fine blackish line, thickened on Cu and A; or reduced to black wedges on Cu
and A; postmedial line normal, doubly defined with darker gray; discal dots a
little diffuse and tending to fuse. A broken black terminal line. Ordinary lines
often nearly obsolete. Hind wing pale yellowish. 20-28 mm. (Probably subccesi-
ella, Clemens.)

In variety quinquepunctella Grote (vvrgatella, Clemens) there are brown, reddish,
or yellowish streaks between the veins, cutting up the blackish markings into dots
or streaks on the veins.

May to early July; August. Larva green, head black or reticulate with brown;
cervical shield black or spotted with black; body turning red before pupation. On
locust and wistaria between two leaves, in June and July.

Maine to West Virginia and west to Colorado; the variety with as wide a range
as the type form. New York: Peru, Ithaca, Albany, New Windsor.

6. S. vetustella Dyar. Gray, somewhat paler on the inner margin beyond the
antemedial line. Base dull orange-brown; a large blackish fascia before the ante-
medial line, narrow on costa, separated from the brown base by a narrow pale band.
Antemedial line outwardly oblique, a little dentate, pale filled, its inner line fused
with the black antemedial space. Wing beyond cell a little reddish, with an
obscure normal, pale postmedial line, two darker discal dots, and nearly continuous
terminal line. 22 mm.

New York and Maryland to Illinois.

7. S. celtidella Hulst. Ground light ochreous, the whole middle half suffused with
fuscous gray; base toward inner margin shaded with tawny, followed by a luteous
shade; antemedial line fully put to middle of wing, pale, defined with blackish,
abruptly offset in, and defined by black dots on each vein. Discal dots black, well
separated, the lower one in the upper part of a vague area of the pale ground color ;
postmedial line irregular and deeply dentate, defined on inner side by black dots
and on outer by strong black wedges; terminal space contrastingly pale; a strong
broken black terminal line. 18 mm.

August. Larva joining leaves of Celtis; not forming a tube. Body striped evenly
in two shades of green; head and cervical shield piceous black, with two whitish
stripes on each; tubercles black.

New England and central Illinois to Florida.

8. S. laevigatella Hulst. Almost even fuscous, slightly powdery, with a few white
scales at lower angle of cell; antemedial line indicated by a double or triple blackish
shade on inner margin at one -third way out, separated by whitish scales; base
before it reddish; discal dots, postmedial line, and terminal line obscure. 25 mm.
Male not seen.

Quebec; MassachuF^tts; Wisconsin.

9. S. semiobscurella Hulst. Slightly smaller than Meroptera, pravella, but prac-
tically identical in markings; the blackish shading a little lighter, and the ante-
medial line usually distinct. Base of inner margin distinctly reddish. 20 mm.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 627

July. Larva on sumac. Perhaps one of the two very different larva described
for M. pravella belongs to this species.
New York and Texas.

10. S. basilaris Zeller. Bluish ash gray, base light wood-brown or orange, shading
into blackish along the inner margin, or followed by a black shade; antemedial line
strong, whitish, a little wavy, denned on outer side with a black line, fading out
at costa. Outer margin shaded with brown, the brown varying a good deal in
amount; discal dots and postmedial line obscure; terminal line distinct, broken,
black. 25 mm.

July.

New Hampshire and northern Ontario to Colorado and Texas.

11. S. cviatella Dyar. Base, costa, and inner margin broadly bright reddish
brown, disc and outer margin bright purplish gray with paler veins; a broad black
inner band, cut by a fine white irregular line; discal dots confluent, clouded; outer
line whitish, diffuse, sharply bent opposite cell and in fold. Black terminal dashes.
22-25 mm.

Chicago, Illinois.

12. S. carneella Hulst. Powdery gray; the thorax, base of wing, antemedial
band, and postmedial region suffused with crimson; median area with crimson
shades between the veins; lines normal; antemedial excurved and hardly dentate,
gray, defined mostly by the lack of crimson suffusion; discal dots obscure, blackish,
terminal line obscure and fine. 22 mm.

Larva on willow.

Maine and Massachusetts.

13. S. purpurella Hulst. Paler powdery gray, almost wholly suffused with light
red, leaving a whitish band before the antemedial line, which is pale, heavily
defined with blackish on both sides, toward inner margin, and erect; outer part
of costa also without red; postmedial line obscure, indicated by the lack of red
shading. 24 mm.

New Mexico, the Illinois record probably in error.

87. IMMTRLA Dyar

Similar to Salebria, with an antemedial scale tuft.

1. L nigrovittella Dyar. Dark gray, median area slightly paler; ridge deep black,
farther out toward costa, not reaching costa; antemedial line just beyond it and
parallel, faint; postmedial line pale, faintly bowed at middle, dark -edged and
running in a darker shade. 20 mm.

,May and June.

Western Pennsylvania. New York: Ithaca.

88. MYELJEA Ragonot

Similar to Laodamia; palpi shorter, fore wing much broader, with strongly
arched costa.

1. M. vetustella Dyar. Light ash gray; head, collar, and base of fore wing
Indian red, contrasting; antemedial line defined on the outer side with a blackish
line; within, by a heavy blackish shade, the two fusing on the costa and obliterat-
ing the antemedial line. Discal dots gray, obliquely placed; postmedial line
faint, emphasized by dark shades before it on the veins. 25 mm.

May.

Ithaca, New York, and south.

628 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

89. LAODAMIA Ragonot
(Pinipestis, in part)

Venation (fig. 380) and habitus practically as in the genus Dioryctria; Cu2 of
hind wing just about at one-third, discooellular vein separated by a distinct space
from lower side of cell, approaching it on a long slant. Male antennae (fig. 390)
and palpi about as in Salebria, but male palpi longer, and shaft of antennas more
laminate than in our Salebrias; front rougher.

1. L. fusca Haworth. Blackish, lightly powdered with gray except on veins
and lines; lines gray, normal, inconspicuous; antemedial zigzag. Discal dots
large, black. 28 mm.

In variety frigidella Packard, the ground is gray, black only along the lines.

Locally common in July and August, especially on burnt-over heaths. The larva
eats Vaccinium and willow.

Arctic America, south to Northern New Jersey and British Columbia. New
York: Waterville, Rochester Junction, Ithaca.

90. ELASMOPALPUS Blanchard

Hind wing (fig. 383) with Cu-j arising about a third way out on the wing,
the discocellular vein well beyond it, and well separated from the lower side of
the cell. Palpi as in Salebria, more oblique and straighter, with well-developed
plume. Male antennae strongly flattened, with hardly any notch, but a well-
marked scale tuft not reaching the base of the shaft.

Key to the species
1. Fore wing with raised scales before the antemedial line; gray, with a

blackish tuft 1. decoloralis.

1. Fore wing smoothly scaled.

2. Markings distinct, normal, gray 2. petrellus.

2. Markings strigose and broken; or obsolete; male light wood-brown; female
dark 3. lignosellus.

1. E. decoloralis Walker. Pale gray with a paler postmedial line; antemedial
indicated by a few dots, with a small, slightly raised black patch before it toward
the inner margin; black discal and terminal dots. 26 mm.

Not seen.

United States (Florida?)

2. E. petrellus Zeller. Head, thorax, base of fore wings, antemedial and sub-
terminal spaces light wood-brown, the rest white, dusted and shaded with light
dull gray, darker toward the inner margin; fold suffused with wood-brown in the
median area; lines whitish, dentate, defined with dark gray dots, or broken den-
tate lines; discal dots partly confluent, darker gray, with some brown scales
around them. Black terminal dots. <£ 20 mm., $ 25 mm.

In variety hapsella Hulst the areas normally brown are only slightly browner
than the rest.

New Jersey to Colorado, and south.

3. E. lignosellus Zeller. Male typically ochre yellow or light wood-brown, less
rusty than the brown parts of the last species; costa and outer and inner mar-
gins normally shaded with fuscous brown, dusted with white, but sometimes con-
colorous; the borders disappearing at the base of the wing; ante- and post-
medial lines of a few dots; only lower discal dot distinct, black; Cu sometimes
narrowly shaded with powdery fuscous. Hind wing translucent white, with fus-
cous border. Typical female blackish, varying in details, and sometimes with a
yellow bar on the disc. 15-25 mm.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 629

The antenna is as in normal Salebria, with a large scale tuft, but the venation
places the species here, and the palpi are even longer and more oblique than in
E. petrellus.

The female variety tartarella Zeller is dwarf and wholly dark gray (carbonclla
Hulst). Female variety incautella Zeller is similar to the normal male. The
amount of the whitish powdering on the fuscous border varies from practically
none to a complete suffusion.

Southern States, south to Chili, straying north to Maine.

Pyla aeneoviridella Ragonot was described from New York in error; the type
was from Wyoming.

91. EPISCHNIA Hiibner

Palpi with stout oblique second segment; third segment long and porrect;
maxillary palpi moderate, scaled; male antennae, in our species, dentate, with a
slight sinus at the base of the shaft. Fore wing exceptionally long and narrow,
with normal venation, smooth; hind wing with discocellular closely parallel to
lower side of cell from origin of Cu2 to origin of Cut.

1. E. boisduvaliella Guenee. Fore wing typically pinkish ochreous, a little
shaded with blackish and dusted with blackish along outer margin. Costa con-
trasting, white, from just beyond base to apex, the lower boundary practically
straight and running through upper discal dot. Postmedial line usually indi-
cated by a few blackish stria; lower discal dot black; the other markings obso-
lete. 18-26 mm. (farrella Curtis, lafauryella Constant, etc.)

In variety albocostalis Hulst, the ground is dark fuscous, heavily dusted with
white toward inner margin and apex, and the white costal stripe becomes diffuse
and fades out at the apex.

Larva russet, with a greenish tint, and with obscure lateral reddish striae;
yellow-green beneath; in pods of Leguminosae (Ononis, Anthyllis, Lotus, Astraga-
lus), hibernating full-grown; moth in July.

New Hampshire and Massachusetts to British Columbia and Texas; Eurasia.

92. ETIELLA Zeller

Palpi with second joint very long, the lower side, and upper side except at
extreme base, straight and regularly converging; third segment rather short, fine,
and porrect; maxillary palpi with a plume, concealed in a groove in the second
joint of the labials. Male antennae hardly notched, with a heavy tuft of dark
gray scales on inner side of shaft near base, and a tuft of finer pale hair scales on
outer side, lying against it. Fore wing very narrow, with a slightly raised golden
antemedial bar; hind wing ample, discocellular of type 3 (fig. 382) angulate at
a point halfway between Ciij and Cu2, then approximate to lower side of cell.

1. E. zinckenella Treitschke. Light gray, dusted heavily with light pinkish
ochreous; a white costal stripe from base to apex, leaving the costal edge gray in
the middle of the wing; antemedial band yellow, just beyond the deeper orange
raised ridge; both cut off by the white costa. 18-25 mm. (exiella Treitschke, etc.).

Larva (fig. 394) in pods of Leguminosae, sometimes injurious. Apple-green, red-
dish, or brown; tubercles yellow, with a black setigerous puncture; no enlarged
one on mesothorax. Head amber yellow with a brown posterior line; prothorax
green with three .pairs of black dots, the lateral ones in a reddish shade.

World-wide, but rare in this country.

93. MELITARA Walker
(Megaphycis Grote)

Tongue short, weak, not always exposed between the bases of the palpi ; antennae
not modified at base, pectinate in male, subpectinate in female; palpi massive,

630 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

porrect, the joints with separate short tufts on under side, that on the first the
largest. Maxillary palpi large, flattened against the face. Fore wing rather
narrow, with short erect outer margin- venation normal; M2 and M3 stalked. Hind
wing with Sc approximate to R; M2 wanting; M, shortly stalked, discocellular of
type 2 (meeting lower side of cell at 60 degrees; Co, given off at two-fifths length
of wing).

Very large species, the larva boring in the phyllodia of Cacti, and more or less
social. Ours works in the prickly pear, Opuntia.

1. M. prodenialis Walker. Whitish, shaded with mouse gray, except toward the
costa; antemedial line with outer component strong, blackish, with a long tooth
out on fold, the inner line faint, but traceable at the inner margin; postmedial
line double, blackish, fading out below, strongly ,dentate except toward costa. A
vertical black discal bar, and black terminal dots. 27--40 mm. Female larger.

End of July.

Southern New York to Florida and Texas; on the barrens northward.

94. ZOPHODIA Hiibner
(Pempelia, in part; Dakruma Grote)

Front rounded out; antennae nearly simple; tongue strong; palpi porrect,
thickly and evenly scaled; more oblique in female. Maxillary palpi simple; vena-
tion about like that of Melitara; the fore wing narrower, with more oblique outer
margin.

1. Z. grossulariae Riley. Brownish gray, whitish toward costa; antemedial line
erect, dentate, forming a W ; postmedial line oblique and nearly straight to M2, then
dentate to inner margin. Wing more or less striate, especially toward base.
Male much less contrastingly marked than female. 25 mm. (turbatella Grote.)
(H. p. 411 f. 230.)

Larva injurious to currants and gooseberries, feeding on the berries and webbing
them together.

Canada and Maine to Illinois. New York: Lancaster (VanDuzee).

2. Z. bella Hulst. Similar to Z. grossularice, powdery pale gray; more strigose;
antemedial line represented by a diffuse dark shade, running out at middle and
on inner margin; postmedial line strongly oblique with a single large tooth at
M2. 28 mm.

Massachusetts.

Typically the two lines of the postmedial line are about equal, but the inner is
much stronger in the Colorado form.

95. EUZOPHERA Zeller

Palpi erect, second joint scaled, third erect and acuminate; maxillary palpi
broad-scaled and appressed to front. Fore wing (fig. 384) with arched costa and
rounded apex, CUj well separated, M2 and Ms long-stalked; R2 rarely stalked. Hind
wing with Sc strongly anastomosing with R, discocellular vein moderately curved;
M2 stalked or connate with CUj.

Key to the species

1. Lines represented by blackish dots 5. inornatella.

1. Lines, at least the postmedial one, clear and continuous.

2. First line well before middle of wing; nearly straight and vertical, almost

obsolete 1 . franconiella.

2. First line close to middle of wing, distinct, pale; the wing reddish before it.
3. Median area broadly fuscous, shaded with red ; 28 mm .... 2. ostricolorella.
3. Median area crisply dusted with black on white ; 22 mm . . 4. semifuneralis.
3. Median area blackish, or suffused with red-brown; 12 mm.

3. ochrifrontclla.

LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 631

1. E. franconiella Hulst. Light gray, strigose, dusted, and shaded on a white
base, the costa paler; antemedial line obscure; discal spot rather H-shaped (turned
on its side), postmedial line oblique, obscure, and coarsely toothed; terminal dots
blackish, a little diffuse. 25 mm.

Franconia, New Hampshire.

2. E. ostricolorella Hulst. Dark gray, suffused with dull Indian red; the base
mostly reddish; antemedial line at middle of wing; diffuse, pale, nearly even,
a little bent out at inner margin; postmedial line rather beyond three-fourths,
more erect than outer margin, pale and diffuse, somewhat toothed opposite lower
angle of cell; terminal line blackish, almost continuous, discal spot obscure.
28 mm.

Larva mining in the bark of the trunk of tulip tree, usually near the ground,
and only where the bark is damp; maturing in the spring. Moth from May to
July.

New York ( Hulst ) . Was described from the State. Type only seen.

3. E. ochrifrontella Zeller. Fuscous gray, the lines luteous or indicated by
white powdering; ground a little powdery at end of- cell and along outer margin;
base and sometimes median area suffused with reddish. Antemedial line broad-
ened and more diffuse; postmedial line clearer, a little wavy, a little more oblique
than in E. ostricolorella. 12 mm.

May; July and August.

New York to Iowa. New York: Ithaca.

4. E. semifuneralis Walker. Median area blackish, sometimes dusted or mottled
on a white ground. Basal half and outer margin light reddish gray, heavily
dusted with white, especially along the outer margin and on the costal half of
the base. Lines white, powdery, wavy, normal, the antemedial line near the
middle of the wing. 20-25 mm. (pallulella Hulst, impletella Zeller).

Larva under bark of peach and plum; sometimes injurious.
Massachusetts to Colorado and south. New York: Lancaster (VanDuzee), Kin-
derhook.

5. E. inornatella Hulst. White, lightly dusted with gray; two or three black-
ish dots at middle of wing representing the antemedial line, and four or five the
postmedial line; two discal dots. 20 mm.

May.

Anglesea, New Jersey.

96. VITULA Ragonot

Similar to Euzophera. Front tufted; wings of male with a tuft of scales at
base of costa below; M2 and M3 stalked; hind wing with cell short; discocellular
vein not much curved; M2+3 and Cut connate or nearly so; Cua at one third the
length of the wing.

1. V. edmandsii Packard. Gray, powdery, somewhat shaded with brownish; first
line well toward middle of wing, oblique, a little wavy, diffuse, broad and blackish;
postmedial line at four-fifths way to apex, paler, defined with fuscous, diffuse, a
little irregular, and angled opposite lower angle of cell; a dark discal bar.
20 mm.

June to October. Larva (fig. 395) in bumblebee nests.

Generally distributed. New York: Buffalo, Ithaca.

97. LMTILIA Ragonot
(Dakruma Comstock)

Tongue weak; labial palpi oblique, reaching about to vertex; maxillary palpi
normal; front smooth; male antennae ciliate; fore wing smooth, with R, free, M,
and M3 stalked, Cu! from angle of cell; hind wing with discocellular moderately
curved, Cu2 arising from near angle of cell; M2 and M, and Cu, long-stalked; Sc
and R fused to very near apex.

632 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Larva feeding on soft scales (Pulvinaria) on Negundo and other trees, spinning
a light silken tube not unlike that of Feniseca.

1. L. coccidivora Comstock. Light gray, heavily shaded with white on costa
and outer margin; antemedial line white, narrow, erect, and a little excurved
with a fine gray line before and a heavy shade behind it; postmedial line a little
waved, fine toward costa, heavily defined with blackish, becoming broader and
defined with broader shades of light fuscous toward inner margin. Discal dots
often fused, black; terminal dots black. 15-18 mm.

General southward. New York: Albany.

2. L. myersella Dyar. Similar to L. coccidivora, but without gray suffusion on
the inner half of the fore wing, the white reaching the inner margin. Lines
clean-cut and heavily gray -edged, the antemedial more waved than in L. coccidivora.

September.

Southern Pines, North Carolina.

L. fiskella Dyar, from Pennsylvania and North Carolina, is unknown to me.

98. CANARSIA Hulst

Tongue strong; palpi with second joint reaching vertex and third slender;
maxillary palpi normal; front tufted; male antennae compressed, with sinus
and strong scale tuft at base of shaft. Fore wing (fig. 385) normal; Cut from
angle of cell, M2 and M, stalked; hind wings with Cu2 a little before angle of
cell; discocellular as in Laetilia; Sc anastomosing with R.

1. C. ulmiarrosorella Clemens. Fuscous gray, more or less dusted with white,
especially on the disc and outer margin. Lines double, darker gray, filled with
whitish; antemedial lines well out, wavy, postmedial line somewhat wavy and
irregular; the outer line of the antemedial often blackish, clean-cut and contrasting;
a whitish patch or shade beyond it on inner margin. Fine separate terminal dots;
discal bar high and narrow. 13-16 mm. (pneumatella Hulst, ulmella Ragonot,
fuscatella Hulst).

End of June to August. Larva green with paler dorsal and stigmatal lines;
several segments with brown subdorsal dots; head pale brown with darker stains;
found on elm and, rarely, on hickory in a silk nest between leaves, in August.

Canada to Texas. New York: Peru, North Creek, Otto, Ithaca, New Windsor.

2. C. gracilella Hulst. Similar to C. ulmiarrosorella; paler, the markings
slightly more obscure.

The types from northern New Jersey, appear to be merely somewhat pale and
rubbed specimens of C. ulmiarrosorella.

99. P80EOSINA Dyar

Fore wing with M2 and M3 separate; hind wing with Cuz at angle of cell,
M2 and CUi stalked. Male antennas bent, with a tuft in the bend as in the last
genus; tongue moderate; palpi upturned to vertex; maxillary palpi filiform.

1. P. hammondi Riley. Wings very broad, brown -black with some white scales,
the two usual lines nearly erect, fairly even and of white powdering, the post-
medial fading out at the costa, where there is a powdery white patch before it.
12 mm. (Canarsia auct.)

Larva dull green or brown, with black tubercles; head pale with greenish face,
cervical shield black; feeding on pear, and also bred by Miss Murtfeldt from an
acorn.

2. P. angulella Dyar is unknown to me. It is described as practically like
P. hammondi, but with an angulate antemedial line.

Iowa.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 633

100. VALDIVIA Ragonot
(Maricopa Hulst)

Palpi long, porrect, second joint bowed above, maxillary palpi invisible. Tongue
developed. Wings sublanceolate, fore wing with R2 arising from cell, M2 and M3
long-stalked Cu2 from angle of cell.

1. V. albocostella Hulst. Palpi blackish. Fore wing with anterior third whitish,
with a vinous tint, somewhat mixed with dark scales, the rest fuscous, vinous
toward inner margin; large black discal dots. Hind wing fuscous, paler at base;
18 mm.

August. Unknown to me.

Anglesea, New Jersey.

101. HULSTIA Ragonot

Palpi as in Canarsia. Front smooth, antennae normal. Cut and Cu2 of fore
wing arched, from very near end of cell; M2 and M3 stalked, on a line with base of
Cu; hind wing with Cu2 from angle of cell; Mj stalked; Sc and R anastomosing; M2
stalked with Cllj. In one specimen before me M3 is preserved, long-stalked with
M2.

1. H. undulatella Clemens. Brownish ash gray, a little shaded with light brown,
and powdery; ground sometimes mixed with yellow-brown; antemedial line white,
fine, wavy and outwardly oblique, the fine dark gray line on its outer side thick-
ened at costa; antemedial space broadly mouse gray, especially toward inner
margin where it is preceded by some white scales. Postmedial line wavy and
irregular, fine, pale, with a sharp dark gray line on inner side, and a more or less
distinct broad, gray subterminal shade on its outer side. Discal dots confluent into
a bar; terminal dots fine. Postmedial line not distinctly bowed at the middle.
15-20 mm.

July and August; not rare locally.

Quebec to California. New York: Niagara Falls, Kinderhook.

102. HONORA Grote

Palpi oblique to above vertex; second segment slender and evenly scaled, third
porrect and rather large. Maxillary palpi short and thickened with scales at tip.
Antennae simple. Wings narrow; venation as in Hulstia.

1. H. fumosella Hulst. Dull black, shaded with ochre yellow between the veins.
Lines fine, white, a little diffuse under a lens. Basal line distinct, at one-sixth
way out, incomplete. Antemedial line from costa at one-third to middle of inner
margin, nearly straight; postmedial line well out, nearly straight, and distinct
toward the inner margin only; erect. 15 mm.

July. Type only seen.

Newark, New Jersey.

103. DIVIANA Ragonot

Palpi slender, recurved, second segment tufted in front; maxillary palpi fusi-
form; antennae a little curved at base of shaft in male, with teeth in the siniifl.
Fore wing with M3 wanting, R, free, M2 and Cu: from angle of cell; hind wing with
cell moderate, Cu-j arising near angle, M2 stalked; M, stalked, Sc and R
anastomosing.

1. D. eudoreella Ragonot, a brownish gray species, with fairly normal markings,
occurs from North Carolina to Florida.

634 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

104. HOMCEOSOMA Curtis

Palpi obliquely upturned to level of vertex, or, rarely, shorter and rough-scaled;
maxillary palpi slender, normal; male antennae rather thick. Fore wing with R2
free, Rs wanting as well as R4, M2 and M3 stalked or united, CUj and Cu-j approxi-
mate and strongly curved; hind wing with discocellular vein straight (fig. 388),
a little flattened and widened, normally not lubular, Sc anastomosing strongly
with R, its tip often very short; Mj normally shortly stalked, M, and M3 united,
Cu, from cell. (Larva, fig. 396.)

Key to the species
1. Antemedial line indicated by two or three black dots (on R, Cu, and A).

1. electellum.
1. Antemedial line distinct, sometimes interrupted.

2. Antemedial line practically straight and vertical 2. stypticellum.

2. Antemedial line sharply angulate 3. mucidellum, reliquellum.

1. H. electellum Hulst. Powdery light gray, with a white subcostal streak; lines
represented by a few darker dots, or obsolete, the antemedial. dots in a vertical
series when distinct; at least one dark discal dot present, sometimes both. Termi-
nal dots dark, often obscure. 15-22 mm.

July and August. Larva on buds of Grindelia and in seeds of sunflower. Light,
with purple dorsal, subdorsal, and substigmatal lines, twice as wide as the space
between them. Pale below; head light brown, with dark lateral band from back
of head to eyes.

Southern New Jersey; Iowa, and west.

2. H. stypticellum Grote. White, more or less dusted and shaded with gray.
Antemedial line white, obscure, erect, followed by a heavy dark gray shade; post-
medial line oblique, parallel to outer margin, diffuse but distinct, with a strong
transverse dark gray shade between it and the end of the cell; discal dots blackish.
Hind wing gray. 20 mm.

June and July. Larva apparently in the panicles of Khus gldbra.

Maine and northern Ontario to Costa Rica. New York: Fentons. Ithaca.

H. anguliferellum Ragonot, an Indian species recorded from North America, prob-
ably in error, is similar to H. stypticellum, but with the antemedial shade sharply
angled and the discal points well separated. 30 mm.

3. H. mucidellum Ragonot. Pale powdery gray; antemedial line dark gray,
strongly and acutely angled at middle: or represented by three dark gray dots,
the middle one much farther out than the other two; postmedial line pale, defined
with gray shades, parallel to outer margin. Discal dots distinct, sometimes fused.
Hind wing translucent whitish, with darker veins. 20 mm.

July; September. Larva in heads of Gnaphalium and apparently in chicory seed.

New York to Florida and west. New York: Ithaca.

H. reliquellum Dyar, from New Hampshire, appears to be a variety of H. muci-
dellum; it has a somewhat less angulate antemedial line, and rather darker hind
wing.

105. EPHESTIA Guenee.

Palpi upturned beyond vertex, third segment long; maxillary palpi normal;
antennae, in our species, simple laminate. Fore wing with R-, from cell; R., and M,
wanting, Mj and CUj from angle of cell. Cu2 arising well before angle. Hind wing
with cell short; with middle discocellular short, but decidedly curved, Sc with a
very short free tip, R shortly stalked. Wings sometimes tufted.

The larvae are pests in dried-food products. The four species noted below havo
been introduced here and there, from Europe, but E. kuehniella has becon.e very
common.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 635

Key to the species

I. Hind wing with cell short, M2 free from the angle; Sc rudimentary; fore

wing with postmedial line sinuous, oblique.
2. Antemedial line angulate or dentate; a black discal lunule or point.

1. kuehniella.
2. Antemedial line very slightly angulate or dentate, or even.

3. Antemedial line oblique from costa to Cu, then erect to inner margin.

3. figuliella.

3. Antemedial line vertical 2. cautella.

1. Cell long, M2 stalked with CUj 4. elutella.

1. E. kuehniella Zeller (Mediterranean flour moth). Typically even pale or
bluish gray; lines paler, outlined with darker, often faint; antemedial line zig-
zag; postmedial dentate; a slightly darker discal lunule. Hind wing mostly
translucent white. 22 mm. (H p. 412, f. 232-233.)

Larva white to red, with yellow-brown head; usually in meal, and showing a
decided preference for rolled wheat.

Generally distributed and rather common; sometimes in injurious numbers. New
York : Ithaca.

There are several inheritable mutations of this species, the most striking being
a black one, and one with blackish ante- and postmedial bands.88

2. E. cautella Walker. Brownish or blackish gray; similar to E. kuehniella
except for the direct, rather distinct, pale antemedial line ; denned with dark
on the outer side. 15-20 mm. (H. p. 414, f. 235.)

Larva with contrasting black tubercles; white, with amber head; commonest
in dried figs.
New York : Albany.

3. E. figuliella Gregson. Antemedial line oblique from costa to Cu,, then up-
right to inner margin. Dark gray, similar to the last two species. 20 mm.

Larva with dark brown head, cervical shield, and tubercles. Injurious to dried
fruit.

4. E. elutella Hiibner. Blackish to light gray-brown, tinted with ochreous and
reddish. Lines formed of white powdering, moderately wavy; antemedial line at
middle of wing; often obsolete. 15 mm.

Larva light flesh color, with red-brown head, cervical shield, and supra-anal
plate, and small brown tubercles; found in rotten wood.

New Jersey, western Pennsylvania, etc. Europe. Probably native. New York:
Albany.

106. EPHE8TIODES Ragonot

Palpi upturned to vertex, third segment longer than second, broadly scaled;
antennas simple; maxillary palpi normal. Fore wing with 10 veins; M, and M,
stalked. Hind wing with Sc minute, M2 and CUj long-stalked; Cu2 from angle of
cell.

1. E. infimella Ragonot. Wings narrow, reddish luteous, yellower at the base,
and shaded with violet gray in the middle above the fold. Antemedial line dif-
fuse, nearly erect, obscure, followed by a blackish shade. Postmedial line oblique,
preceded by a dark shade; discal points distinct, sometimes fused. Terminal
; space decidedly reddish. 10 mm.

June in the North, earlier in the South. Larva in seeds of Ambrosia.

Virginia to Texas and California; North Carolina; Columbia. New York:
Ithaca (?)

*> Details have been published by P. W, Whiting in the Journal of Experimental Zoology 28: 413. 1918

636 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

107. MOODNA Hulst
(Manhatta Hulst; Hornigia Ragonot)

Palpi in our species oblique, beak-like, with third segment almost as long as
second; antennae typically a little sinuous toward base. Fore wing (fig. 386)
narrow, with a costal fold and hair pencil on under side in male. R2 free, R3 lost;
M2 and M3 stalked; CUj arising from angle of cell, and Cu2 well before it. Hind
wing with M3 wanting, M2 and Cut connate or short -stalked; discocellular short,
curved; Cu2 arising well before angle. The larva of the type species (in Europe)
feeds on pine.

1. M. ostrinella Clemens. Male antennae with very slight sinus. Fore wing
crimson, sometimes suffused with gray; median area shaded gray, suffused with
black, except beyond the discal dots ; lines well marked, pale ; antemedial line
well out, postmedial slightly waved. 15 mm. (obtusangulella Ragonot.)

Larva in sumac heads (Crosby) and in acorns (Murtfeldt). Moth in late
July and August.

Pennsylvania; Texas. New York: Rochester, Otto, Ithaca.

2. M. pelviculella Hulst. Gray, much lighter than M, ostrinella; base washed
with russet; antemedial line erect; pale, followed by a darker shade; outer
weaker, denticulate. 15 mm.

Pennsylvania; doubtfully distinct from M. ostrinella.

108. PLODIA Guenee

Front strongly tufted; palpi beak-like, porrect, about as long as head; antennae
simple; male with a small costal fold and pencil on fore wing. Fore wing (fig.
387) with R3 and M3 lost, CUj separate, Cu2 arising well before angle of cell. Hind
wing with Sc free only at extreme tip; R short-stalked, discocellular oblique, M3
wanting and Cu2 arising well before angle of cell.

1. P. interpunctella Hiibner. Base clay color, greenish when fresh; outer three-
fifths dull red-brown, contrasting with three or four shining lead-gray bands,
the last one terminal. 15 mm.

Larva injurious to stored grain, and occasionally on other dried foods; pale
yellow with russet head and shields. (H p. 415 f/236.)

Generally distributed and world-wide. New York: Common generally.

109. CAUDELLIA Dyar

Fore wing with only nine veins; R< and M2 lost, M3 and Cut arising separately.
Hind wing with seven veins; Sc very short, M3 and Cut separate; cell half as
long as wing. Tongue well developed, palpi oblique, projecting twice the length
of head, third segment deflexed, maxillary palpi filiform. Ocelli present. Male
antennae with a slight flexure on shaft. Fore wing with an oblique scale tuft on
under side of costa near base.

1. C. apyrella Dyar. Dark vinous brown, heavily shaded with black. Marks
obscure, of vinous shades. Antemedial line a vague paler shade; an obscure
light postmedial patch, reaching up to the discal dot; a black shade at apex,
and terminal line. Costal tuft vinous. Hind wing translucent whitish, shaded
with fuscous. 14-15 mm.

June and July.

Plummer's Island, Maryland.

2. C. albovittella Dyar. Third segment of palpus shorter; a costal fold in
male besides the tuft. Fore wing vinous brown, shaded with black. Antemedial
line white, oblique, straight, almost forming a blotch subcostally; postmedial

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 637

whitish, well out; discal dots small, black, followed by white scales. Hind wins
as in C. apyrella. 13 mm.

July.

Plummer's Island, Maryland.

Subfamily ANERASTIINJE
(Peorinae; Phycitinae, in part)
Closely similar to the Phycitinae, and hardly worth separating; more frequently
with porrect palpi and dominantly longitudinal markings. Ocelli present in our
species. Tongue weak, not separating the palpi.

There are a couple of genera which seem to be closely related to the normal
Phycitinae but with a weak tongue. They are taken up with the Phycitinse but
included in both keys to genera, for convenience.

Key to the genera

1. Cu of hind wing apparently trifid (one medial lost).
2. Cu of fore wing quadrifid (M- preserved).

3 Palpi upturned to vertex. ' (Lsetilia -Phycitinae).

3. Palpi porrect and beak-like.

4. R2 stalked, M2 and M3 stalked or connate; hind wing with Sc and R
anastomosing 110 Aurora

FIGS. 397-399. ANERASTIINJE

397, Pectinigeria gemmatella, venation (The cross-vein between M2 and M, is
probably an individual aberration.); 398, Peoria. fuematella, venation; 399, Tampa
dimediatella, venation

4. R2 generally free; hind wing with Sc and R approximate.

5. Male antennas pectinate (Melitara-Phycitinae).

5. Male antennae laminate and grooved at base

6. Maxillary palpi with a small plume 111. Poujadia.

6. Maxillary palpi simple 112. Pectinigeria.

2. Cu of fore wing trifid (M2 lost).

3. M3 and CUj separate; palpi porrect 113. Peoria.

3. M3 and CUj stalked; palpi upturned 116. Varneria.

1. Cu of hind wing trifid.

2. R2 stalked, M2 stalked, CUj and Cu, of fore wing free 114. Calera.

2. Cux and Cua stalked; fore wing with nine veins only 115. Cabnia.

638 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

110. AURORA Ragonot

Similar to Peoria. Palpi as long as head and thorax; maxillary palpi small,
normal; fore wing with 11 veins, R, stalked, M2 and M3 stalked, Cut from angle of
cell. Hind wing with short cell; Sc and R anastomosing, Mj stalked, M2 and CUi
long-stalked, Cu2 arising before angle of cell.

1. A. longipalpella Ragonot. Gray, with a whitish shade toward costa; ante-
medial line shaded with blackish, running obliquely up and in from inner margin
toward costa; outer line similar; below, nearly parallel to outer margin, angled
toward costa; no discal points. 22 mm.

October.

"North America" (Ragonot), perhaps western.

111. POUJADIA Ragonot

Palpi oblique, third segment porrect, second with a cavity containing the small
maxillary plume. Front with a conical tuft. Antennae with a sinus and a small
scale tuft. Fore wing with R2 free, R3 and RB stalked, M2 and M3 stalked, CUj near
angle of cell. Hind wing with Sc free, R and M! connate, M2 and Cu! stalked, M3
lost, and Cu2 well back from angle of cell.

1. P. glareosella Zeller. Dull, somewhat pinkish gray, with a darker shade
below the whitish costa toward the base; costa diffusely white to the apex;
discal bar faint, darker. Hind wing pale and translucent. 18 mm.

August.

East River, Connecticut, to Texas.

112. PECTINIGERIA Ragonot
(Cayuga Hulst; Spermatophthora, in part)

Palpi very long, porrect; maxillary palpi small, normal; tongue weaker than
in Melitara; ocelli distinct. Male antennae broadly laminate below, with a longi-
tudinal groove in the base of the shaft above, flanked by scale ridges; basal seg-
ments of shaft partly fused. Fore wing (fig. 397) with 11 veins, Rj closely
approximate (sometimes partially fused) to stem of Ra_5, M2 and M3 stalked, Cu2
arising well before angle of cell; hind wing with M3 lost; CUz distinct from angle
of cell; M2 and CUj stalked; Sc and R closely approximate or partly fused.

1. P. gemmatella Hulst. Pinkish, about the color of Peoria, approximatella, but
strigose; costal stripe paler pink, streaked with white on Sc and R, with a black-
ish shade below it running along lower side of R to end of cell and then to apex.
25 mm.

Coast of Massachusetts and New Jersey; Illinois and west.

113. PEORIA Ragonot

(Eurhodope, Anerastia, in part)

Male antennae slightly curved at base of shaft, only slightly laminate; palpi
porrect, long, and pointed; maxillary palpi very small. Fore wing (fig. 398)
with 10 veins: Rj stalked. M2 and CUj connate, Cu2 arising near angle of cell.
Hind wing with Sc and R anastomosing; M2 and CUj long-stalked.

1. P. approximella Walker. Fore wing dull rose to deep purple, shading into
brown on cell, and pale below; costa contrasting, white; the stripe covering part
of the cell at the base, and running to apex, shaded below with blackish. 20 mm.
( hcematica Zeller, roseatella Packard ) .

June and early July.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 639

Common and generally distributed. Xew York: Peru, Lancaster, Ithaca, Big
Indian Valley, Rhinebeck, Xew Windsor, Katonah.

2. P. bipunctella Ragonot. Similar, with costal half of fore wing white, includ-
ing the cell; ground generally paler. 15 mm.

North Carolina.

114. CALERA Ragonot

Similar to Peoria; scape broadened and flattened; M:, M3, and Cu! fused.

1. C. punctilimbella Ragonot. Marked like P. approawmella ; more delicate,
as a rule without any blackish shade. Very possibly a venational aberration of
approximella.

North Carolina; Texas; Louisana.

115. CABXIA Dyar

Fore wing with CUj and Co, stalked, M2 absent, as well as M3; three radials
only; a costal fold beneath, at base. Palpi upturned, second segment with a tuft
below; maxillary palpi simple; male antennae with a slight process on scape;
shaft sinuous at base and slightly thickened, with a few hairs in the bend.

1. C. myronella Dyar. Dark cinereous, even; lightly dusted with white; lines
obscure, whitish, sinuous, distinct only toward the inner margin. 11 mm.

June.

District of Columbia.

116. VARNERIA Dyar

Fore wing with nine veins; R2 and R4 separate, M2 lost, M3 and Cu, stalked;
hind wing with six veins, Sc and M2 lost, M3 and Cu! stalked; Cu, near angle;
discocellular short, slightly curved. Tongue as long as head; palpi upturned
above vertex, third segment more than half as long as second.

1. V. postremella Dyar. Crimson, immaculate. Head, thorax, and costa of fore
wing somewrhat suffused with blackish; sometimes with blackish shades on the
veins beyond the cell. Hind wing fuscous gray. 10 mm.

July and early August.

East River, Connecticut, to Kentucky.

FAMILY 34. PTEROPHORHXffi

(Alucitidae)

Head prominent; palpi often rather long, tongue functional; maxil-
lary palp: obsolete ; ocelli weak or absent ; antennae long, with two
rows of scales to a segment above ; pubescent below, simple. Legs very
long and slender, the hind legs normally much longer than the entire
body ; with strong scale tufts at the spurs ; spurs all present and excep-
tionally long. Fore wing, in the northeastern species, deeply cleft at
middle of outer margin; hind wing cleft into three narrow feathers,
often nearly to the base (in the Agdistin® (fig. 404) the wings are
entire). Venation of fore wing (figs. 400 to 403) often reduced in the
radial region, M! and M2 very short and weak, running to the notch,
1st A generally well developed, much longer than 2d A, anal angle
located if developed at all, at Cu2. Inner margin of fore wing and
costa of hind wing folded over near middle and interlocking.

640

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

wing with Sc and R closely parallel to beyond the end of the cell,
then diverging and supporting the first feather; Mx and M2 as in
the fore wing, Ma and Cut supporting the second feather, Cu2 closely
parallel to Cux but much shorter, often fading out, the two veins
marked by a groove on the under side of the wing and bearing a
double series of dark spatulate scales, which is the surest character-
istic of the family. One or two developed anals, supporting the
last feather, which often bears tufts of dark-colored scales in the
fringe.

FIGS. 400-408. PTEBOPHORID.E AND OBNEODID^E

400, Pterophorus elliottii, venation; 401, Alucita pentadactyla (Europe), vena-
tion; 402, Platyptilia cosmodactyla, venation; 403, Stenoptilia pelidnodactyla,
(Europe), venation; 404, Agdistis statices (Europe), venation; 405, Platyptilia
rhododactyla, seta map of larva ; 406, Pterophorus lienigianus ( Europe ) , seta map
of a middle segment of abdomen; 407, Oxyptilus hieracii (Europe), seta map of a
middle segment of abdomen; 408, seta map of larva of Orneodes hexadactyla

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 641

The moths rest with the fore wings folded, enclosing the hind wings
in a tight roll, the whole held at a sharp angle, often at right angles,
to the body. The flight is very weak and suggests that of a crane fly.

Egg of flat type. Caterpillar (fig. 405~407) with prolegs slender,
often almost stalked, with a few hooks in a single band ; the hair often
glandular; usually with secondary or tufted hair; warts iv and v, as
well as i and ii tending to unite, but quite variable. Spiracles small
and circular, unlike the Macrolepidoptera. They are mostly leaf
rollers, a few are borers.

Pupa usually suspended by the tail, but of the incomplete type in
the number of free segments; maxillary palpi absent; fore and mid-
legs extending between eyes and antennas; never with a deep groove
between ninth -and tenth segments of abdomen; rough or with tufted
setas, often very angular. Cremaster elongated, covering a ventral
strip on last three segments, or divided in two.

The PterophoridaB are an isolated group, but evidently nearest to
the Pyralididaa; over 350 species are known.

The northeastern genera represent two tribes. In the Platyptiliini
there are almost always specialized scales in the fringe; the second
feather of the hind wing contains three veins (save in Trichoptilus) ;
the head usually bears bifid scales, and the female frenulum is usually
simple. The larva almost always has secondary hair. The Ptero-
phorini never have specialized scales in the fringe, there are only two
veins in the second feather, the head rarely bears bifid scales, and the
female frenulum is usually of two bristles.

In this family the revision by Barnes and Lindsey has been followed
in the delimiting of genera and species, but it has seemed better to leave
the more familiar generic names undisturbed, retiring the two oldest,
Pterophorus and Alucita. temporarily, as of uncertain application. If
Hiibner's "Tentamen" is taken at face value as a real attempt to
define a series of genera by fixing types, Pterophorus would fall to a
group not known from the northeastern States, in any case. The key
to Oidaematophorus is based primarily on Barnes and Lindsey 's key.
New York records in some cases are few on account of the impossibility
of verifying records at present.

Key to the genera

1. Hind wing with a black scale tuft in third feather.
2. Fore wing with marked anal angle; second feather truncate.

3. First feather of fore wing also truncate, with marked anal angle; R, and

Rj both free (fig. 402) 1. Platyptilia.

3. First feather lanceolate ; R, only free 2. Oxyptilus.

2. Both feathers linear 3. Trichoptilus.

21

642 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1. Hind wing without any black scaling on third feather.
2. First lobe of hind wing lanceolate; one radial missing, there being only four

veins in the first feather (fig. 400).
3. Fore wing with contrasting black scale tufts in dorsal fringe; Cu2 of

hind wing preserved 5. Marasmarcha.

3. Fore wing with dorsal fringe of fine hair only; Cu2 of hind wing lost.

4. Fore wing with all four radials free 6. Oidaematophorus.

4. Fore wing with R2 and R4 stalked 7. Adaina.

2. First lobe of hind wing obliquely truncate; fore wing with all veins pre-
served (Mi and M2 rudimentary, as usual).

3. Front conical (in our species); fore wings narrower 4. Stenoptilia.

3. Front flat, with a tuft of scales only, fore wings broader (fig. 402).

1. Platyptilia.

1. PLATYPTILIA Hiibner

(Amblyptilia Hiibner, Cncemidophorus, Eucncemidophorus Wallengren,
Sochchora Walker, Gilbcrtia, Crocidoscelus Walsingham, Gillmeria,
Fredericina Tutt)

Fore wing only moderately cleft (fig. 402) ; both feathers broadening to
obliquely truncate apices, and quite broad; front more or less tufted, but without
a horny cone; palpi fairly long and oblique. Tibiae normally tufted, smooth in
P. punctidactyla. The black scaling on the third feather is variable from species
to species, and is useful for distinguishing the species; it is rarely absent.

The larvae (fig. 405) are borers, at least when young, and have simple primary
and fine secondary hair, or hair-like granulations. They hibernate part-grown.

Key to the species

1. Basal portion (more than half) of third feather of hind wing white, con-
trasting with the rest of the wing; fore wing bright ochre.. 9. rhododactyla.
1. Third feather concolorous, sometimes with pale fringe; fore wing duller.
2. Ground clay color to tawny.

3. Tuft conspicuous, dark, a chocolate brown costal triangle on fore wing.

6. carduidactyla.

3. Tuft weak or absent, no costal triangle on fore wing, but an oblique shade
only; frontal tuft and palpi very long.

4. Tuft rather diffuse, at middle of third feather 1. pallidactyla.

4. Tuft near apex of third feather, sometimes absent 2. Carolina.

2. Ground gray to chocolate brown.

3. Tuft three-fourths way out on third feather.

4. Grayish with conspicuous dark markings; tuft oblong, with scales

all of about equal length 3. edwardsii.

4. Dark gray, with markings scarcely darker; tuft triangular.

4. auriga.
3. Tuft at middle of feather.

4. Tuft inconspicuous, of scales both before and beyond middle of feather.

5. tesseradactyla.

4. Tuft conspicuous and triangular, beginning at middle of feather.
5. Fore wing shaded subterminally with wood-brown .. 8. acanthodactyla.

5. Fore wing all black, gray, and white 7. punctidactyla.

1. Tuft on inner margin very slight, brown, near middle of third feather;
palpi and frontal tuft very long (Gillmeria).

1. P. pallidactyla Haworth. Head, body, and fore wings clay color or pale
ochre yellow; fore wing more or less shaded and banded with ochre-brown, not

LEPIDOPThKA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 643

forming a costal triangle, but usually a distinct marginal band. Hind wing
dark yellowish fuscous, the tuft light brown and variable in distinctness. Hind
tibiae white at base, dull brown outwardly; metatarsi brown -tipped. 22 mm.
(marginidactyla Haworth. )

Common in June, flying into July. The caterpillar bores in the stems of yar-
row, in the fall, hibernates when half-grown, and feeds more or less exposed in
the crown of the plant, in the spring. It is green, with three pairs of white stripes,
the subdorsal being the strongest. When half-grown, it has purple-brown stripes.
The secondary hairs (or possibly enlarged skin-granulations) are minute; the
primaries simple, iv and v separate, vi of two setae. It is also reported on leaves
of Senecio.

Generally distributed. New York: Peru, Newcomb, North Creek, Black Brook,
vicinity of Buffalo, Rock City and Vandalia (Cattaraugus County), Potter Swamp
(Yates County), Portage, Ithaca, Karner, Albany.

II. Hind wing with a small tuft more than three-quarters way out, rarely
absent; and no distinct one at apex; fore wing with scattered black marginal
scales, but no tuft; head as before. Larva unknown.

2. P. Carolina Kearfott. Frontal tuft and palpi long. Ochre yellow, fore wing
with a little darker dusting; costa dusted with black from one -third to three -
fourths way out; dark dots below costa at one-third and on lower lobe just
before the cleft. Terminal line blackish brown. A lighter brown line in base
of fringe, the rest of the fringe slightly purplish. Dark specimens with the
usual pattern of the genus in brown. Hind wing slightly pinker, with tuft very
small or absent. Legs nearly concolorous. 18-26 mm.

End of May to September.

New Jersey; Valley of Black Mountains, North Carolina; Utah; California.

3. P. edwardsii Fish. Tawny red-brown, costa blackish on basal two-thirds;
triangle black-brown, followed by a white streak and a white bar in the costal
fringe. Subterminal line white, with a blackish shade before it, preceded by dark
streaks or shades on the costa and at the middle of the first lobe. Fringes black
and white. Hind wing red-brown or chocolate brown, with a smallish tuft four-
fifths way out on the third feather. 19-29 mm.

May to August.

Quebec to North Carolina and the Pacific.

4. P. auriga Barnes and Lindsey. Dark brownish gray with normal markings
(as in P. edwardsi). Inner margin of third feather with a triangular tooth, the
scales successively shorter outward. Abdomen with oblique pale and dark stripes
above and longitudinal ones below. 18 mm.

May to September.

New York to North Carolina. New York: Ithaca.

P. petrodactyla, of the Arctic region, belongs to this group. White, dusted
with gray -brown; terminal line gray; fringes white, slightly darker outwardly on
hind wing. No triangle of fore wing. Legs gray. Tuft very weak or absent.

III. Tuft on inner margin distinct, at middle of third feather; palpi and
frontal tuft short. (Platyptilia; Fredericina Tutt).

5. P. tesseradactyla Linnaeus. Ash-gray, dusted with white, and somewhat shaded
with brown. A white subterminal line across both feathers, and a faint trace of
the dark costal triangle, opposite the bottom of the notch, with a small white
bar beyond it; a 'few spatulate black scales on inner margin. Hind wing darker,
with a rather diffuse tuft of black scales. 15 mm. (Frederioma. Tutt.)

May. Caterpillar boring in stem and flowers of Gnaphalium, hibernating part-
grown, and pupating upright in the boring, the pupa normally emerging. Larva

644 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

brown, with large white dorsal patches, with primary setae only; iv and v on
one tubercle, vi of two setse.

Northern; south to Pennsylvania and Colorado; also in Europe. New York:
Crosby (Yates County), Ithaca, West Danby, Karner.

6. P. carduidactyla Riley. Fore wing dark wood-brown or tawny brown; an
irregular antemedial oblique blackish shade; a contrasting chocolate -brown tri-
angle over end of cell, touching the costa, at least at its outer end, with a paler
band beyond it; a more or less distinct, paler, subterminal band across both
feathers. Fringe of inner margin white, cut with black. Hind wing with a well-
marked triangular black-tipped tuft at middle of third feather, and some scattered
scales. 20-27 mm.

May to September. Larvae several together in a web in heads of thistle.
Light* straw yellow ; head, cervical shield, thoracic legs, tubercles, and anal plate
black; eleventh segment with two transverse black marks. Pupa very slightly
angular.

General.

IV. Hind icing with a strong tuft about three-fifths way out on third
feather, and a very small one at apex; fore wing vnth a strong tuft beyond
middle of inner margin. Palpi and frontal tuft short (Amblyptilia) .

7. P. punctidactyla Haworth. Fore wing mottled, brownish black and cream-
white, with a blackish triangle and band before the subterminal line. 16-18 mm.
(cosmodactyla Hiibner, monticola Grinnell).

Larva green, with green prothorax; secondary hair fine, not clubbed, dorsal
primaries single-haired, subventrals with two hairs; on flowers and young seeds
of Stachys, columbine, geranium, and other herbs.

Northern Illinois and west; doubtful eastward. Europe.

8. P. acanthodactyla Hiibner. Similar to P. punctidactyla,, less mottled, and
strongly shaded with wood-brown and gray.

Larva with several-haired warts, the longer hairs swollen just before their
tips, and with fine, somewhat clubbed, secondary hair; tubercles iv and v united.
On mints, Ononis, Pelargonium, Euphrasia, and others.

Europe; California. All eastern records are doubtful. New York: Otto and
West Farms (doubtful).

V. Third feather of hind wing relatively short, with a very large tuft well
beyond the middle. Front only a little rough-scaled, without any conical tuft,
(vEucnsemidophorus Wallengren).

9. P. rhododactyla Fabricius. Bright ochre yellow; fore wing with an oblique
white streak reaching inner margin at one-third, a patch in the cell beyond the
middle, and a postmedial line, touching the base of the notch; with a little dark
brown before it. Hind wing gray-brown. 20 mm.

June. Larva a leaf roller on rose; with fine clubbed secondary hair; primaries
distinct, but somewhat associated with secondaries to form rudimentary warts;
iv and v united.

St. Louis, Missouri; probably introduced from Europe.

2. OXYPTILUS Zeller

(Pterophorus Latreille, not Hiibner; Geoffrey, in part)

Similar to Platyptilia; no distinct frontal tuft; palpi slender, second segment
with a slight apical tuft, third pointed. Fore wing with first feather in our
species simply lanceolate, with the hind angle only indicated by a black tuft

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 645

in the fringe; second feather strongly falcate. One radial sometimes lost; R,
stalked; M3 stalked with CUj. Hind wing with a heavy black tuft in the dorsal
fringe on the apical fourth of the third feather, and in our species with a heavy
tuft opposite it in the costal fringe of the feather. (Larva, fig. 407.)

Key to the species
1. Ground ochre yellow i. periscelidactylus.

2. Second segment of palpus not tufted.

2. Second segment of palpus tufted at apex below 3. delawaricus.

1. Ground dark brown 2. tenuidactylus.

1. 0. periscelidactylus Fitch. Tawny or ochre yellow, including the head and
thorax. Palpi orange and white; antennae white above, barred with brown. Fore
wing with postmedial line white, crossing the two feathers well beyond their sepa-
ration, and continued as a fine and broken line around the base of the notch from
one feather to the other. Subterminal line white, practically crossing the first
feather, but not reaching the inner margin of the second. Hind wing with first
two feathers chocolate brown, third nearly white, with a blackish apex. 18 mm.

Rather common from the end of May to July. Caterpillar with tufted hair and
fine clubbed secondary hair; webbing together the growing tips of grape, but inju-
rious only in localities where it occurs exceptionally early, as otherwise it only
damages the shoots which are soon to be pruned away. Pupa suspended in the web.

Generally distributed. New York : Vicinity of Buffalo, Union Village, Batavia,
Ithaca, Schenectady, Albany, Menands, Poughkeepsie, New Windsor, Scarsdale.

2. 0. tenuidactylus Fitch. Antennae black and white. Dark brown with some
coppery tint, and often more or less tawny, or heavily mixed with black; post-
medial and subterminal lines as in 0. periscelidactylus. Apical fringe sometimes
gale yellow ( delawaricus of collections). Hind wing blackish, the third feather
with some white near the middle; under side of first feather with fine postmedial
and subterminal lines. Hind tibiae with spurs at middle; hind tarsi lightly barred
with black, except at base. Abdomen brown, third segment with diverging white
stripes, fourth all brown, fifth mostly white above; below, with fourth segment
mostly white, and much white on the other segments. 12 mm.

May; July and August. Caterpillar on blackberry.

Generally distributed and common. New York: Keene Valley, Geneva, Wells,
vicinity of Buffalo, Rock City (Cattaraugus County), Ithaca, Schenectady, Albany,
Poughkeepsie.

In 0. cygnus Barnes and Lindsey, from Iowa, each segment of the abdomen is
marked with white, above, the fourth as heavily as the others.

0. raptor Meyrick, from Colorado and Hessville, Indiana, differs from tenuidactylus
in the upper spurs of the hind tibiae being well beyond the middle. Abdomen
with some white scales on hind margins of segments only. June to September.

3. 0. delawaricus Zeller. Ochre yellow, like 0. periscelidactylus. Second feather
of fore wing less markedly falcate, and markings less clean-cut. Tuft on second
feather of hind wing weaker. 13-20 mm. (bemardmus Grinnell, and raptor Mey-
rick, in part).

June and early July; apparently rare.
Quebec to New Jersey; west to the Pacific.

3. TRICHOPTILUS Walsingham
(Buckleria Tutt)

No frontal tuft; palpus with second segment tufted; fore wing more deeply cleft,
full two-fifths the length of the wing; both feathers linear, much narrower than
their own fringes, and without dorsal angles. Hind wing with feathers linear,
the third with a strong tuft two-thirds way out.

646 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1. T. lobidactylus Fitch. Fore wing with basal half mixed clay -color, blackish,
and white, shading into solid blackish on outer half. Each feather with two
white bars; fringe blackish, white toward apex of costa, and with some white
scales in dorsal fringe. Hind wing dark. 15-20 mm.

June. Larva on Solidago; green with ochreous head and some black points;
with subdorsal chitinous plates bearing setae i and ii, which are single and clubbed,
arising from a large brown chitinous plate; iv and v united; a few pale secondaries,
partly associated with the primaries. Pupa truncate, with four short anterior
horns, and subdorsal ridges reaching to fourth segment of abdomen, bearing setae
i and ii; green, marked with pink. The species is somewhat variable locally.

Massachusetts to Florida. New York: Ilion, Ithaca, New York City.

4. STENOPTILIA Hiibner

Similar to Pterophorus in appearance, or with the lobes distinctly and very
obliquely truncate. Front with a tuft of scales, normally covering a strong horny
cone, ocelli present, palpi long and porrect in our species. Tibise smooth. Fore
wings cleft a third way to base (fig. 403). Venation practically complete.

A cosmopolitan and very primitive genus, running into the lower forms of
Platyptilia, and leading to the Pterophorini. Larva (of pterodactyla) with dense
secondary hair on the cervical shield, unlike the preceding group; with warts and
secondary hair on body, the latter clubbed. Two distinct subprimaries behind the
spiracles. The larva; are borers in the fall, and external feeders in the spring.
They hibernate part-grown.

1. S. pterodactyla Linnaeus. Body ashy; legs yellowish; tips of palpi white;
fore wings and thorax reddish brown; costa and apices of lobes heavily scaled
with dark brown; a reniform dark fissural spot; fringe and hind wing darker
fuscous; terminal line paler. Nearly 25 mm.

Caterpillar green; on Veronica.

Europe. Reported from West Farms, New York.

2. S. exclamationis Walsingham. Lobes of fore wing distinctly obliquely trun-
cate. Gray-brown; a distinct subterminal blackish shade on first feather, and a
white subterminal line, besides the usual dark antemedial dot in cell and discal
bar. 18-24 mm.

This species is obviously a transitional form to Platyptilia; it flies in July
and August.

Ottawa, Ontario, and west.

S. mengeli Fernald, an ash -gray species without the heavy costal shade or dash,
is known from Greenland and British Columbia.

5. MARASMAECHA Meyrick

Similar to Stenoptilia, Rj stalked, R3 lost. Our species (at leact) with well-
marked scale tufts in inner fringe of fore wing, but none on hind wing.

1. M. pumilio Zeller. Light brown, dusted with white, especially toward the
dorsal margin; posterior half of thorax, with tips of tegulas, abdomen, and base
of inner margin of fore wing, pale yellow. Fore wing with a blackish antemedial
spot in the fold, and one in the cell; a spot at end of cell. Fringes and hind
wing grayer. 15 mm. (ambrosice Murtfeldt, in part; liophanes Meyrick.)

Larva possibly on Ambrosia or some Papilionaceous plant; moth flying northward
in August and September.

New Jersey to Missouri and south; Old World tropics.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 647

6. OID^MATOPHORUS Wallengren

(Pterophorus Geoffrey, in part, not Hiibner; Leioptilus Wallengren, in
part; Alucita of Meyrick; Linnaeus, in part, etc.)

No ocelli. . Front without definite tuft, or more or less loosely conically tufted;
palpi moderate, sometimes rough-scaled or tufted at apex; hind tibiae and tarsi
most often smooth-scaled. Fore wing (fig. 400) normally cleft a third way to base,
6r rather more; with two lanceolate lobes. Hind wing with the first feather lance-
olate, the third linear, without any black scales in fringes. Fore wing with R3 lost,
the other veins free; M2 running to the lobe, well above the notch; hind wing with
one Cu lost, first feather without dorsal angle, R running almost to its apex; second
feather also lanceolate.

A large and moderately varied genus, dominant in North America; absent from
Australia.

Caterpillar (fig. 406) normally with distinct warts, and living more or less
exposed A few species are said to be borers, with simple hair only (AdaAna, ?).
There may be a few subprimaries, but never secondary hair. Pupa suspended.

Key to the species
1. Fore wing lemon yellow, contrasting with the chocolate-brown hind wing.

15. sulphur eodactylus.
1. Fore wing not yellow, or hind wing hardly darker.

2. Fore wing with a dark postmedial costal dot or patch opposite the base of

the cleft, sometimes connected with a spot before the base of the cleft.
3. Posterior edges of abdominal segments with paired black dots; ground

gray 6. inquinatus.

3. Abdomen otherwise marked, often with unpaired dots.

4. Ground white; middle tibise with a well-marked median tuft. .9. elliottii.
4. Ground not white, or tuft on mid-tibiae slight or absent.

5. Smallish (22 mm.); white, coarsely irrorate with gray; tuft on

middle tibiae slight or absent 7. linus.

5. Larger, or middle tibiae tufted, or more fully marked.

6. Fore wing white with clouded markings, and a distinct oblique

shade ; tuft weak 5. brucei.

6. Fore wing not white, or tuft on mid-tibiae strong.

7. Fringe on inner margin of fore wing white or with white tufts;
hind legs annulate; mid-tibia with strong tuft. . . .3. eupatorii.™
7. Fringe with traces of white, or none, on inner margin.

8. Clay-color, lightly powdered, with a contrasting brown tri-
angle on cleft 1. cretidactylus.

8. With more abundant dark dusting, leaving the veins often

pale; wings narrower; less mottled 4. dneraceus.

2. No dark mark opposite base of notch, on costa, but sometimes one half-
way between this point and apex.

3. Fore wings narrow (% as wide as long); fringe of second lobe wider
than its lobe; middle tibia with two distinct tufts; hind tarsus with

a more or less distinct dorsal crest 16. monodactylus.

3. Fore wing broader with narrower fringe; no crest on hind tarsus.

4. Snow white, with no tuft on mid-tibia; fore wing with at most a slight
dark dot at notch 8. homodactylus.

' 0. matheicianus is always paler, with white hind legs and weaker tufts.

648 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

4. Cream-white or darker.

5. Spot at cleft an oblique shade, extending toward costa; fringe grayish

and white 2. mathewianus.

5. Spot at cleft round, or per])endioular to casta, or continued as a shade

into upper lobe, or double.

(5. Brownish, often with a double discal dot at lower angle of cell; a
blackish shade in fold to middle of wing; expanse 30 mm.

14. balanotes.

6. Not brownish, or small; often with dark points at ends of veins.
7. With a dark dot near base of cleft.

8. Dot lying before base of cleft, terminal dots on second lobe

lacking or faint. Hind wings grayish 11. paleaceus.

8. Dot lying at base of cleft.

9. Fore wings more or less tinged with clear yellow; at most
with one terminal dot at apex of second lobe.

10. stramineus.

9. No trace of clear yellow. Terminal spots evident, some-
times conspicuous 13. kellicottii.

7. No dot at base of cleft, or faint traces; outer margin with
more or less distinct marginal dots or bars. . .12. lacteodactylus.

I. First two feathers of hind wing lanceolate, third with relatively narrow fringe;
hind tibiae with upper spurs subequal, typically without a small tuft of hair
scales on dorsal side a little above the spurs; hind tarsi without crest (Oidae-
matophorus, Leioptilus ) .

1. 0. cretidactylus Fitch. Brownish or creamy white; head, except between
antennae, and sides of abdomen, brown; legs white with some light brown; not
annulate. Fore wing shaded with brown on apex and dorsal margin, a dark fawn
h'ssural spot, sharply defined on the oiiter side, connected by a bar to costa. Hind
wing mouse gray; fringe not so dark as in P. eupatorii. 25 mm.

Late June and July.

New York and Essex County, New Jersey. New York : Vicinity of Buffalo.

2. 0. mathewianus Zeller. White, more or less shaded with tawny brown and
dark brown scales; sometimes forming spots on the costa and an oblique shade
at the end of the cell, followed by a white line. Fringe on inner margin of first
feather with a brown patch, followed by a white bar. 21-27 mm.

Western States. A very pale specimen apparently of this species has been taken
by McDunnough at Sebec Lake, Maine.

3. 0. eupatorii Fernald. Legs brown ; hind tarsi mostly white, but annulate
with brown, fore and middle tarsi white. Fore wing pale gray-brown, dusted
with dark brown or yellowish white. Fissural spot diffuse, oblique, tending to
form an oblique streak by joining with the spot on costa of first feather; a pale
streak from base below costa almost to apex, not contrasting in very pale speci-
mens. Costal edge marked with a heavy black bar opposite the fissural streak,
and two smaller bars beyond. Second feather also sometimes streaked. Fringes
blackish, the dorsal very heavy and contrasting, with black dots at base, cut
with white, Hind wing dark gray. 22 mm.

Caterpillar social, on Eupatorium purpurascens. Pale green; when nearly
mature, shaded with reddish, with an orange-ochre head, a yellow dorsal, a faint
and broken subdorsal, passing over tubercles i and ii, a narrow lateral, above iii,
and a broken stigmatal line. Principal dorsal setae long, black, rough, wart iii
with two long setae; iv+v with five longer white hairs, vi similar, a small sub-
primary behind the spiracle. Cervical shield with a fringe of white hairs over-
hanging the head, in front, and scattered black hairs behind. Pupa normal, green
with subdorsal reddish shades. Moth in July.

LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 649

Montreal to Pennsylvania, Illinois, Vancouver, Idaho, and California. New York:
Ithaca, Van Cortlandt Park, New York City.

4. 0. cineraceus Fish. Grayish to brownish white. Thorax often with the tips
of the te"gulse darker; abdomen darker with a pale dorsal band containing dark
dots; tibise tufted; tarsi usually annulate. Wings narrow. Fore wing, in dark
specimens, with pale veins; dusted with black scales, .sometimes very sparsely;
base of cleft white, preceded by the usual black dash; with a spot opposite it
and dark subterminal dots on the costa. 28 mm.

O. cineraceus differs from 0. cretidactylus, and from Adaina ambrosice, which
may run to it in the key, by the narrower wings not mottled on the basal half.
Pennsylvania; western States.

5. 0. brucei Fernald. Pure white. Scale tufts on fore and middle tibiae nearly
obsolete. Fore wing with more or less gray -brown scaling, becoming a strong
gray mottling in dark specimens, with the usual dark spots on cell and costa.
Subterminal costal spot confined to membrane. 22-27 mm. (chionastes Meyrick.)

June to August.

Pennsylvania, western States. Massachusetts ( ? ; my specimen is not at hand and
may belong to another of the light gray species of this genus).

6. 0. inquinatus Zeller. Similar to Adaina ambrosue, normally larger, without
any brownish tint ; costal markings similar, but practically confined to the fringe ;
the dorsal fringe with clear white bars, two of those in the dorsal fringe of the
second feather conspicuous. Abdomen with paired black dorsal dots, mottled with
white. 20 mm.

June to September. Caterpillar apparently undescribed, on Ambrosia. Of the
species confused with this by Miss Murtfeldt, and apparently bred by her from
the same food plant, Adaina ambrosice is distinguished by the clay color or light
wood-brown shading in the axis of the first feather of the fore wing, and by the
unpaired black dorsal dots on the abdomen; and Marasmarcha pumilio by the black
tufts on the inner margin, as well as by the structural characters.

New York to Illinois, Iowa, California, and south. New York : Ithaca.

7. 0. linus Barnes and Lindsey. White. Fore and middle tibiae with longitudinal
gray stripes, not tufted; hind tibiae with gray on spurs, and sometimes at tar sal
joints; abdomen with a series of mid-dorsal dots, sometimes connected. Fore wing
narrow, more or less dusted with black, especially at the apices of the feathers and
on the inner margin; usual postmedial markings present; a few blackish dots
at tips of veins, sometimes lost in the black dusting; fringe gray, cut with white
at the veins. Hind wing brownish gray. 22 mm. ( brucei in part ? ; lienigiwnus
Zeller ?.)

The coarse black dusting is characteristic.

June and July.

Hampton, New Hampshire, to Pennsylvania and Ohio.

8. 0. homodactylus Walker. Pure white. Fore wing with a little gray shading
on under side, and with traces toward costa above. Sometimes with a faint darker
dot at base of cleft, and dots at tips of veins. Middle tibiae with a fringe of scales,
but no tufts. 25 mm. (elliottii, in part).

This species is usually confused with 0. elliottii, from light specimens of which
it is sometimes only distinguishable by the different tufting of the mid-tibia. The
single New York record below is based on specimens determined by Barnes and
Lindsey; it is probably not rare, but confused with elliottii.

Larva on Solidago. Green with yellowish head and a broken irregular yellow
dorsal line; a yellow lateral line, above iii, and traces of a stigmatal on the thorax.
Hair whitish, slightly barbed; tubercles i and ii contiguous, i with 4 setae and ii
with 2 long and 2 shorter ones, ii with two short and a long; iv+v and vi each
with about 12 hairs; posterior part of segment with a single hair behind iii and a
small wart with 4 hairs behind iv+v. Prothorax with two patches of hair point-

650 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

ing forward, and some posterior hairs, mostly on three warts. Pupa green with

white hair, the wing oases smooth, with one row of short hairs; with cream dorsal,

enbdorsal, and subventral stripes, and a broken lateral, the subventral on the ridge.

Quebec to New Jersey, British Columbia, and California. New York: Ithaca.

9. 0. elliottii Fernald. White; head brownish. Fore wing normally with traces
of the usual spots and oblique bar at the base of the notch; sometimes practically
immaculate. Fringe brownish except in the cleft. Middle tibia with a strong tuft.
22-25 mm.

June and July. Larva on Eupatorium; light green, with smooth shining white
hairs; head pale ochreous. A broken, yellow dorsal line, lateral, stigmatal, and
traces of a subdorsal; tubercles i, ii, and iii with one strong hair each, iv+v with
four long hairs, the wart behind it with a couple of short ones; only vi with twelve
hairs. Pupa similar to that of homoda-ctylus, with several rows of hairs on the
wings, shorter hair generally, and with a mid-dorsal hair on several segments.

Quebec to New Jersey; west to Illinois and Manitoba. New York: Ithaca,
Nassau ( ?).

10. 0. stramineus Walsingham. More or less ochreous yellow; head brown in
front and above ; abdomen with brown dorsal and ventral lines. Fore wing usually
with a distinct brown spot at the cleft; tips of veins sometimes brown; frequently
with a brown shade from the base near the inner margin to the apex of the first
feather, the apical part of the shade most persistent. Fringe and hind wing
grayer. 15-21 mm.

July to September. A larva, possibly of this species, occurs on Anaphalis in
Colorado. It is white, heavily granulose with black, and with a brownish black
head.

Eastern Canada to New Jersey, and west to the Pacific. The specimens recorded
below as of sulphureodactylus may belong here, as they are small, but all three
have lost their abdomens.

11 0. paleaceus Zeller. Very pale brownish gray; head brown, pale between
antennae. Fore wing shaded with pale fuscous on costa outwardly, and tending
to show a pale longitudinal streak below the costa, rarely suffused with brown;
a darker spot at base of fissure. Legs yellowish white, shaded with fuscous below.
(The ground is usually the light buff of Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors /or*
Naturalists, — 17'f or 17"f. ) 19-26 mm. (sericidactylus Murtfeldt.)

Two broods. Caterpillar on Vernonia, varying from greenish white to dull
salmon, the shorter hairs sticky. Pupa varying in color.

General south of Canada.

12. 0. lacteodactylus Chambers. Cream white, with more or less distinct dark
dots at tips of veins, but at most a faint dot at the cleft. 25-28 mm. (kellicottii
of collections, in part. )

May to July.

Nova Scotia to North Carolina and California. New York : Portage, Potter
Swamp (Yates County), Ithaca; Lynbrook, Long Island.

13. 0. kellicottii Fish. Cream color, slightly streaked with brown, and some-
times with some scattered black scales; dark brown fissural dot; brown terminal
dashes, usually one above the apex and two below on the first feather, and four on
the second. Wing slightly translucent between the veins. Hind wing silky brown-
gray; legs whitish. 30 mm. (chlorias Meyrick. )

June. Larva unknown. The larva described as of this species is obviously a
Platyptilia.

Laurentians, Quebec to Pennsylvania. New York : Ithaca.

14. 0. balanotes Meyrick. Brownish white, suffused more or less with brown;
abdomen striped. Palpi exceptionally long, long enough to reach base of antennae
if turned up. Fore wing, when fully marked, with dark brown spots at tips of
veins, a double spot at lower angle of cell, and a powdery streak from base of

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 651

fold to below end of cell, offset upward at half its length; these markings all
variable. (25) 30-41 mm.

Larva in stem of Myrica.

New Jersey; southern United States.

15. 0. sulphureodactylus Packard. Bright sulphur yellow, slightly tinged with
brown; with more or less distinct traces of the usual markings. Hind wing choco-
late brown, contrasting. 25 mm. (sulphureus Walsingham. )

September.

Western States. Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and Hemlock Lake, New York (?).
The eastern specimens are undersized, and their determination not certain.

0. inconditus Walsingham has been reported from the District of Columbia, pre-
sumably in error for one of the species just described. It is somewhat similar to
lacteodactylus, but without the dark points at the ends of the veins, and is typi-
cally grayer.

II. All three feathers of hind icing linear, the third with a very broad fringe?
hind tibi-ce with upper outer spur only three-fifths as long as inner; with a small
tuft of hair scales a short way above them. ( Pterophorus ; Emmelina Tutt).

16. 0. monodactylus Linnaeus. Pale grayish or pinkish brown (in the typical
form from Europe with a decided yellow tint). Fore wing sometimes with a
little black and white dusting; with a dark fissural spot or wedge; a dark % sub-
terminal bar on the costa, and two smaller spots beyond it; and dark spots on
both feathers; all relatively slight. Hind wing and fringes normally chocolate
brown. 28 mm. (pterodactyla. Hiibner not Linnaeus, cinereidactylus Fitch, per-
gracilidactylus Packard, etc. ) .

Caterpillar on Convolvulus and several other herbs. Bright yellowish green;
head pale yellow. A narrow dorsal and broader stigmatal yellowish white stripe.
Hairs grayish, in tufts from tubercles. Under side paler. Pupa green with
blackish brown dorsal and lateral lines, and streaks on wing-cases; head flattened,
hairy, marked with brown; part of dorsal hairs blackish.

Nearly world-wide, but running to well marked local forms. New York:
Wilmington, vicinity of Buffalo, Ithaca, Schenectady, Albany.

7. ADAINA Tutt

(Pterophorus, Alucita, (Edematophorus, in part)

Similar to Oidaematophorus, but with Rj and R« stalked. Tibiae not tufted, wings,
on the average, narrower.

Neither of our species is typical- of the genus, and they should perhaps be
restored 'to Oidaematophorus. In the typical species the larva is a borer, with
simple hair, except for a couple of extra hairs associated with seta vi; our species
agree with those of Oidaematophorus.

1. A. montana Walsingham. White, lightly dusted with brown, the dusting
gathering into a baj at end of cell, and a subterminal shade on costa. Fringe
white, cut with brown below apex of first feather, and above apex of second.
Hind wing browner. 16 mm.

July. Caterpillar on leaves of Solidago, full-grown in June. Pale green with
a triple fine white dorsal stripe, and " seventh to ninth rings " yellow. Tubercle
i with one hair, ii with two. iv and v as warts. Pupa green, sometimes with a red
dorsal stripe; suspended. The egg hibernates.

California. New York: Buffalo.

A. declivis Meyrick is considered by Barnes and Lindsey to be a variety of
montana,. Moth somewhat darker, shaded with brown dusting, and with more
fully developed brown markings.

652 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

June and July. Larva in heads of Heliantlms in late May. Warts i and ii
approximate with one long and several short hairs, iii simple, iv+v a regular
wart, the wart behind it with several hairs. Warts black; two black lines on
dorsum of prothorax. Hairs white, spinulose. (This description is probably more
accurate than the one above.)

Ontario ; Manitoba ; Colorado.

2. A. ambrosias Murtfeldt. W7hite, more or less irregularly dusted with black,
with a more or less distinct luteous to brown streak through the middle of the
first feather, the feather above it and costal fringe white, with a heavy black
patch near base of first feather and a narrow one near tip; the brown streak
defined below with some black scales. Dorsal fringe of first feather dark gray,
cut with two or three paler bars. Notch edged with white, preceded by a strong
blackish shade, which is extended toward the inner margin by dark suffusion.
Hind wing gray, base of fringe somewhat yellower. 15 mm. (inqumatus, in part.)

Late June: late August and September. Larva on Ambrosia, with barbed setae,
those of warts i and ii short and recurved; subprimaries near i and ii; warts
i and ii conical, brown, i with a tuft of long hair, with a black lenticle above it;
dorsal line yellow, faint, sides with V-shaped oblique stripes, pointing forward.
Pupa green with a brown dorsal stripe.

Illinois; Missouri; Florida.

Family 35. ORNEODID^E
(Alucitidse)

Moderately slender moths, with the wings each divided into six
feathers; in our species, nearly to the base. Head prominent, scaled,
with ocelli and tongue; palpi long and rough-scaled; maxillary palpi
rudimentary. Each wing broad as a whole, but each feather linear,
much narrower than its fringes, and each with a single strong vein,
(these being: R, M^ M,, M3, Cu1; Cu2 or A). Female frenulum of
two bristles ; male with a scent-pocket in last feather.

Egg rough, of flat type; larva rough and granulose (fig. 408), with
small head, held nearly horizontal; primary set* only; prespiracular
wart and subventral of prothorax each with two setge; subventral of
meso- and metathorax with one seta; prolegs with a complete circle
of uniordinal hooks. Spiracles circular. Pupa obtect, with Adelid
type of prothorax; maxillary palpi concealed; dorsal head-piece enor-
mous; seventh segment of abdomen immovable in both sexes. Dehis-
cence of macro type : with the antennae attached to the legs ; but the
dorsal head-piece coming away separately; appendages nearly reaching
tips of wings, second leg touching head, tips of third legs exposed; cre-
master with 10 or 12 recurved spines. Setge iii and iv distinct.

1. ORNEODE8 Latreille
(Alucita, Curtis, and others40)

Characters of the family. Wings cleft nearly to the base.

1. 0. montana Cockerell. Dull light gray, each feather barred with blackish;
with narrow white bands before and beyond each bar. 14 mm. (hexadactyla
of authors, not Linnaeus; huebn-eri Wallengren?)

40 By the type-fixation rule, hexadactyla would become the type of Alucita as fixed by Curtis.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 653

April. (In Europe 0. hexadactyla is reported as emerging in July and
overwintering). The caterpillar of the European 0. liuebneri is translucent red,
with darker shining head and cervical shield; reported from flowers of Centaurea
and Knautia; also, perhaps in error, from honeysuckle and scabious. Pupa in a
cocoon.

New York to Western States. New York: Ithaca. (Possiblv introduced).

654

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

SUPERFAMILY URANIOIDEA

This superfamily is, in the main, made up of rather slender moths,
with vestiture mostly of scales, and thin ample wings; the North
American species closely resembling the geometers. Antennas normally
simple, prismatic, pectinate in a few exotic forms; palpi slender and
upcurved; maxillary palpi minute, of porrect type, apparently absent
in the northeastern species ; tongue coiled, somewhat weakened. No
ocelli. Fore wing with R3 and R4 stalked (fig. 409), widely separated
from R5 which is approximate or stalked with M! ; 3d A running into
2d A near base, or obsolete ; 1st A lost. Hind wing with enlarged
humeral angle, supported by a more or less distinct humeral vein;
its outline usually irregular, angled or tailed; 1st A lost, 3d A normal.
Other characters as given in synopsis. The superfamily includes the
exotic Uraniidae and Epicopeiidse, as well as the Epiplemidge, and is
a characteristically tropical group.

Family 36. EPIPLBMIDJE

Frenulum present, fully developed, attached to the tip of the

humeral angle; retinaculum of bar
type (as in the Arctiidaa). Cater-
pillar (fig. 410) of our species micro-
like in appearance; when young,
social in a web ; later, feeding more
exposed; head normal with front
extending about halfway to vertex;
without tufted or secondary seise,
but with a subprimary seta asso-
ciated with vi; vii represented by
two setas on prothorax, one on first
segment of abdomen, two on second,
and four on the leg-bearing seg-
ments ; setas iv and v on a level, and
well below the level of the spiracles ;
approximate on first three segments
of abdomen but on the others widely separated; prolegs normal, with
biordinal hooks in a sharply curved band. Pupa in a cocoon, not
studied. Our two genera are typical of the family, though unusually
small. Some of the exotic forms are striking.

1V\

A

FIGS. 409-410.
409, Venation of Callizzia amorata;
410, Callizzia amorata, seta map of
middle segment of abdomen (after
Fracker)

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 655

Key to the genera

Fore wing deeply notched,, toothed at middle and anal angle....l. Calledapteryx.
Fore wing with even outer margin 2. Callizzia.

1. CALLEDAPTERYX Grote

Fore wing with arched costa, sharply curved down at the apex; outer margin
toothed below M3, deeply excavate above, and slightly below the tooth; anal
angle broadly toothed, and inner margin sinuate. Hind wing with very strong
teeth on R and M3, and lesser ones on the other veins, especially Mj. Fore wing
with R, and R2 well separated, arising from cell; Rg and R< long-stalked from
well before end of cell; and Rs, Mt, and M2 from the apex. Body slender, antennae
simple, a little prismatic, palpi small; hind tibiae swollen in male. The moth
rests with the fore wings held somewhat rooflike, covering the hind wings,
which are wrapped about the body.

1. C. dryopterata Grote. Light brick red to dull brown; ground narrowly
blackish along the margin; two roughly parallel dark lines, with a brown shade
between them at inner margin; a dark brown line just within the outer margin
on upper half of wing. Hind wing similar, the two lines often distinct only at
the inner margin. 18 mm. (H 42:17.)

May to early June; August. Caterpillar on Viburnum prunifoUum (but not
d-entatum or Lenta.ffo) . Head light brown, heavily spotted with black; body
greenish white, more or less spotted with black, the black tending to form a
dorsal line and a subdorsal band, especially toward the rear. Pupa in a slight
web at surface of ground.

St. Johns, Quebec, to Alabama ; west to Manitoba. New York : West Farms,
(Angus); Corona,, Long Island.

CALLIZZIA Packard

Head broader than in Calledapteryx; fore wing (fig. 409) with arched costa,
outer margin only slightly bent at middle. Inner margin and hind wing not
quite so irregular as in Calledapteryx.

This genus is hardly distinct from Epiplema.

1. C. amorata Packard. Ash gray, dusted and shaded in two shades; two fine
dark brown lines, joining each other above inner margin, or connected by a bar;
a dark patch above middle of outer margin, defined by an angulate dark line;
hind wing with inner line almost evenly curved, and outer irregular, with a dark
gray shade on disc between them. 18-22 mm.

End of June and July Caterpillar apparently concealing itself at the foot
of the plant when not feeding; on Lonicera dioica. Head whitish with two brown
bands, tubercles a little raised; body dull brown with black lateral band, pale
subventrally.

Quebec to Virginia, and west to the Pacific. New York: Keene Valley, Mt.
Marcy, North Elba, Indian Pass, Newcomb, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Albany.

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Family 37. LACOSOMHXffi

(Perophoridee)

Stout, bombyx-like moths, of quite uncertain affinity. Male antennae
broadly pectinate, abruptly narrowing at two-thirds their length.
Female narrowly pectinate. Palpi and tongue rudimentary ; vestiture
deep and mixed. Fore wing falcate, and more or less bent at middle ;
with thick scaling and heavy veins; M2 arising from middle of end
of cell ; R, and R;! long stalked, and close to costal edge, separated by a
wide space from R4 and R- (fig. 411), which are also stalked; Mx free,
connate ; Cu2 arising only halfway out on cell. Hind wing with
humeral angle enlarged and strengthened, bearing a minute frenulum
or none; Sc fused for a short distance at base with R, then abruptly

FIGS. 411-412 LACOSOMID.E
411, Lacosoma chiridota, venation; 412, Cicinnus melsheimeri, seta map of larva

and widely divergent, as in the Epiplemidse and Saturnioidea ; M2
arising from middle of end of cell. Fore wing with 2d A only ; hind
wing with 2d A and 3d A normal, and 1st A more or less distinctly
indicated at margin.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 657

The caterpillar (fig. 412), when young, makes a lace-like nest
between two leaves; later it forms a portable house of two pieces of
leaf, which is lined with heavy silk, very roomy inside, and has a
circular opening at each end. When not moving about, it anchors
the case with silk, often in a slight nest formed of leaves drawn
together, closing one opening of the case with its head, and the
other with the circular thickened posterior end of its body. Head
rough, more rounded than usual and heavily chitinized, wider than
prothorax ; body thin-skinned, swollen at middle, and a little flattened ;
abdomen with seta i nearer to middle line than ii, even on ninth
segment; iv and v well below level of spiracle and more or less
approximate ; vii composed of 2 or 3 setae on first, second, seventh,
and eighth segments; four (Lacosoma), or seven (Cicinnus) setae on
leg-bearing segments. Prolegs rather short, normal, with a complete
circle of biordinal hooks. The full-grown caterpillar hibernates in its
case at the surface of the ground, and pupates in the spring, like
many micros.

Pupa obtect, of macro type : heavily chitinized, with three movable
segments. Head missing in the only specimen before me ; tongue rudi-
mentary, as wide as long, with a minute rhomboidal labium between the
bases of the maxillae ; fore femur broadly exposed, apparently not quite
reaching the eye ; fore tibiae broadly abutting on the eye, middle tibia3
falling far short; the tips of the hind tarsi visible beyond the tips of
the middle ones. Antennae broadly pectinate ; no spiracular furrows ;
abdominal segments 2 to 7, with a double set of alternating teeth near
front edge, dorsally, those on segment 7, much the strongest; first seg-
ment much reduced. This pupa seems distinctly Saturnioid in char-
acter, and agrees with the general impression that this family is related
to the ancestral Saturnioidea.

The family is a rather small one, and wholly American.

Key to the genera

Margin of fore wing deeply scalloped (fig. 411) 1. Lacosoma.

Margin of fore wing even 2. Cicinnus.

1. LACOSOMA Grote

1. L. chiridota Grote. Deep ochre yellow, red-brown, or dark brown, the male
usually darker, with dark brown and white fringe, and more or less distinct
postmedial band and discal dots on both wings. 22-30 mm. (H 41:21.)

June. Caterpillar in a somewhat clumsy and nearly circular case, on oak,
in the late fall. Without clubbed setfe on head.

Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, Iowa, and south. New York: Binghamton,
Poughkeepsie, Staten Island, Yaphank.

658 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

2. CICINNUS Blanchard
(Peropliora, in part)

1. C. melsheimeri Harris. Wings light gray, shaded with rose, especially toward
margin and on under side of fore wing, and dotted with black. A blackish post-
medial line, bent sharply at R5, and more or less traces of an antemedial line on
fore wing, and a straight postmedial line on hind wing. A black discal bar. 35-45
mm. (H 41:17.)

June. Commonest on sandy barrens. Caterpillar on oak, usually on scrub oak,
in an ellipsoidal and rather neatly made case, covered with two pieces of leaf;
caterpillar with two long clubbed setae on the head.

Massachusetts to Wisconsin and southward. New York: Hempsfead Plain, Yap-
hank, Long Island. Will probably prove widespread in sandy territory.

LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES

659

SUPERFAMILY SATURNIOIDEA

Large or very large moths. Body stout, relatively large as a rule,
with hairy vestiture; head relatively small, more or less retracted,

FIGS. 413-418. SATURNIOIDEA

413, Callosamia promethea, venation of female; 414, Tropaea luna, venation of
costal portion of fore wing-; 415, Antomeris io, venation of male; 416, Hemileuca
lucina,, venation of male; 417, Telea polyphemus, seta map of larva, indicating only
the setae arising from warts, not the secondary setae; 418, Hemileuca maia, seta map,
omitting secondary setae

often tapering ventrally; ocelli absent, mouth parts reduced, non-func-
tional for feeding, sometimes almost completely absent. Labial palpi
small to minute in the North American species. Antennae bipectinate in
the male in all the North American species, and most often in the female
also ; sometimes extremely broad ; normally doubly bipectinate, especially

660

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

in the male. Scape densely sealed; but shaft in the North American
forms with a few scattered and fugitive scales (Automeris) or none.

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FIGS. 419-424. SATL-RXIOIDEA

419, Citheronia regalis, venation: 420. Eacles imperial is, venation of costal part
of fore wing; 421, Adelocephafa bicol&r, venation of costal part of fore wing;
422, Anisota virginien#is, venation (The dotted outline indicates the wing form of
A. rubicunda, magnified to approximately the same proportions.) ; 423, Citheronia
regalis, seta map, showing spines only, 424, Anisota rubicunda, seta map, showing
spines only.

Legs stout, the s^>urs inconspicuous or absent. Abdomen usually rela-
tively short, but exceeding the hind wings in the more primitive
species. Fore wings densely scaled, with heavy veins; one radial at
least lost (possibly "B,5 if the family is related to the Epiplemidae) ; Mo
more or less definitely associated with R-stem ; the cell weakly closed
or open below it. Bases of R and Cu closely approximate, often
for a considerable distance ; 1st A lost, 2d A normal. Hind wing
without any trace of frenulum, with a broadly expanded humeral

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AXD NEIGHBORING STATES 661

angle, supported by a more or less distinct humeral vein; Sc and R
widely divergent almost from base, connected close to base by a
rudiment of R! in Cit heron ia ; Mt and M2 connected with R-stem by a
full-strength longitudinal vein, the cell weakly closed or open below
M2; 1st A lost. 2d A normal; 3d A very short and rudimentary in the
typical Saturniids. which have the inner margin more or less con-
cave toward the body, and not folded.

Egg of flat type, usually thick-shelled, ovoid, without definite sculp-
ture, but often with characteristic markings. Larva in first stage with
branching spines bearing several setae, but with the primary seta?
distinct ; or. for the major part, with primary setae only, but with one
or more pairs of thoracic spines each bearing two primaries; setae
ia and ib, iia and lib of thorax on single tubercles, i and ii of abdomen
separate, iv and v of abdomen on a single bifurcated tubercle. Later
stages with abundant but usually fine and inconspicuous secondary
hair on body, but little or none on head, warts all several-haired, and
usually modified into branching spines (fig. 418) or knoblike struc-
tures (fig. 417) often with the hairs themselves rudimentary. The
spines or knobs often unequal, and some of them often rudimentary.
Warts iii and iv+v usually forming spines; but i of the ninth segment
of the abdomen single-haired and soon lost in the general mass of
secondary hairs. Seta ii similarly lost except on the ninth and some-
times eighth segment; i of the eighth segment, or ii of the ninth, or
both, usually (in our species always) fused with their mates on the mid-
dorsal line, those of the eighth forming the so-called "caudal horn."
The spines of the Hemileucinae are poisonous (like nettle), and have
the setae modified into conical caps which easily break off, setting free
the poison.

Pupae moderately to heavily chitinized. always obtect. but capable
of considerable progression in the Citheroniida?. Head without trans-
verse sutures ; mouth on ventral surface of body ; tongue never reaching
tip of wings, and normally only about a fifth as long as wings; labial
palpi wholly concealed ; no maxillary palpi ; fore femora exposed ; fore
and middle legs usually meeting on the middle line behind the tongue,
and the wings meeting on the middle line behind them; antennas very
broad, usually more than a fifth as broad as long, larger in the male,
where they may almost completely cover the other structures. Abdo-
minal segments sometimes spined but never (as in the Lacosomidae) with
an anterior and no posterior row of spines. Pupa clothed with micro-
scopic secondary hair.

I here recognize two families. Besides these there is a third family
in South America, characterized by fully scaled antennae, and appar-

662 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

ently transitional to the Uranioidea. Many authors consider the Hemi-
leuca group also a distinct family, some including and some excluding
Automeris. It is certaintly transitional between the Citheroniidae and
Saturniidae.

Key to the genera, imago

1. M! of fore wing distinctly stalked with R-stem (figs. 420-422) ; antennae

pectinate with simple apex, or simple.
2. Small species, expanse under 75 mm.; middle discocellular short and oblique

inward.

3. Inner margin of fore wing longer than outer margin; two white discal
dots, or none; northern species shaded with crimson on the hind wing

(fig. 421) C. 3. Adelocephala.

3. Inner margin shorter than outer margin, (fig. 422), except in forms with
a single large white discal dot; our species with more red on fore than

hind wing, if there is any C. 4. Anisota.

2. Large species, expanse over 75 mm.; middle discocellular oblique outward

in general direction.

3. Mid-discocellular much shorter than lower discocellular, and straight
(fig. 419), rudiment of stem of M1+2 running into M2; R, present; palpi

larger 0.1. Citheronia.

3. Middle discocellular long and angled (fig. 420), base of M1+2 running to

the angle ; R2 lost ; palpi smaller C. 2. Eacles.

1. M! free; upper discocellular much shorter than middle discocellular, and

nearly transverse (fig. 415) S. 2. Automeris.

1. M! free; upper discocellular nearly longitudinal, and much longer than middle

discocellular, which may be obliterated (figs. 413, 414).
2. 3d A of hind wing more than half as long as 2d A (fig. 416).

S. 1. Hemileuca.
2. 3d A of hind wing rudimentary.

3. Hind wings long-tailed S. 3. Tropaea.

3. Hind wings rounded.

4. Abdomen with small raised tufts of hair S. 7. Philosamia.

4. Abdomen with smooth hair.

5. Cells closed by a fine vein passing through a transparent spot.

S. 4. Telea.
5. Cells open.

6. R2 preserved; sexes strongly dissimilar (fig. 413).. S. 5. Callosamia.
6. Rj lost, sexes alike S. 6. Samia.

Key to genera, larva

1. A single pair of long spines on thorax C. 4. Anisota.

1. Two pairs on thorax, and caudal horn much longer than the subdorsal ones
on remaining segments of abdomen (fig. 423).

2. Secondary hairs conspicuous C. 2. Eacles.

2. Secondary hair microscopic.

3. Spines strongly flattened and silvery C. 3. Adelocephala.

3. Spines cylindrical.

4. Five principal spines short and blunt, the others rudimentary.

S. 5. Callosamia.

4. All spines long and rough or branched C. 1. Citheronia.

(Also young of Eacles and Adelocephala).

LEPTDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 663

1. Spines subequal in length, at least several pairs of subdorsal ones.
2. Spines minute, mere tubercles, surmounted by long setae (fig. 417).

3. Secondary hair more conspicuous; no secondaries on labrum; head green,

body with transverse white lines S. 3. Tropaea.

3. Secondary hair weaker; a couple of secondaries on labrum, head brown;

body with oblique stripes on sides S. 4. Telea.

2. Spines long, heavily spinulated, the caterpillar as a whole appearing hairy.
3. Ninth segment of abdomen with a small spine on mid-dorsal line; spines

poisonous (fig. 418).
4. Subdorsal spines of abdomen truncated, and discolorous in last stage;

laterals sparsely spinulated S. 1. Hemileuca.

4. Subdorsal spines rather longer than laterals; and both densely spinu-
lated S. 2. Automeris.

3. Ninth segment without a mid-dorsal spine. . . .young of various Saturniinae.

2. Spines small, pointed, and strongly flattened C. 3. Adelocephala.

2. Spines modified into knobs, with rudimentary conical setae.

3. Four knobs on thorax and caudal horn slightly enlarged, discolorous.

S. 6. Samia.
3. Knobs all equal, blue S. 7. Philosamia.

Key to genera, pupa

1. Pupae with flanges on anterior edges of movable segments; not telescoping

when dried; cocoon slight or absent; cremaster present.

2. Cremaster distinctly bifurcate, though sometimes shorter than wide; meta-
thorax with a pair of prominent dorsal tubercles; pupa in ground.

(Citheroniidse).
3. Pupa not spinose, cremaster broader than long, not over 2 mm. long.

C. 1. Citheronia.

3. Pupa more or less spinose; cremaster at least twice as long as broad.
4. Pupa sparsely spinose; posterior row of spines on segments 5, 6, and 7

of abdomen longer than anterior C. 2. Eacles.

4. Pupa densely spinose, anterior row of spines on segments 5 to 7

usually longer than posterior.
5. Pupa with a raised transverse ridge at middle of eighth segment

of abdomen, dorsally C. 4. Anisota.

5. No such ridge C. 3. Adelocephala.

2. Cremaster short, more or less rudimentary, not bifurcate. ... (Hemileucinse).
3. Front edge of segments, above flange-plates, with sharp transverse ridges;

pupa in light cocoon • S. 2. Automeris.

3. Front edge of segments above flange -plates smooth, or with fine longi-
tudinal striation; pupa uncovered S. 1. Hemileuca.

1. No flanges at anterior edges of abdominal segments, the segments telescoping
within each other in a dried specimen; pupa always in a cocoon.

(Saturniidae).
2. Movable part of abdomen (segments 5 to 7) strongly tapering toward

rear; pupa strongly humped; cocoon in our species without trapdoor.
3. Anterior slopes of movable segments of abdomen with three transverse
ridges on sides, cremastral hooks in a circular group.... S. 3. Tropaea.
3. Anterior slopes of movable segments merely granulose on sides; cremas-
tral hooks in two circular groups S. 4. Telea.

2. Movable part of abdomen nearly cylindrical, the pupa less humped; cocoon
with a trapdoor.

664 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

.'5. Maxillae more than one-fourth of the length of the wings, strongly con-
cave on outer edges toward base; anal angles of fore wings opposite

spiracles of segment 3 of abdomen . . S. 7. PhilosamLn.

3. Maxillae a fourth the length of wing or less, not strongly concave on
outer side; anal angle of fore wings opposite incisure between third and
fourth segments, or further back.

4. Maxillae less than one-fifth length of wings; antennae of males with
sides tapering gradually to a pointed tip; glazed eye invisible (smaller

species) S. 5. Callosamia.

4. Maxillae about one -fourth length of wings; male antennae even in
width most of their length, abruptly narrowing to the blunt apex;
female with part of glazed eye exposed; very large species

S. 6. Samia.

Family 38. CITHERONUD^E

(Ceratocampidae)

Male antennae doubly bipectinate about halfway to apex, with simple
laminate apical fourth or more. Fore wing with M-L more or less
stalked with R2_4, parallel to M2, middle discocellular vein well devel-
oped, cell closed in both wings. Hind wing with 2d A preserved.
Abdomen more or less conical, extending beyond hind wings, some-
times far beyond. Female with antennae simple ; rarely singly bipec-
tinate, with simple apex (Adelocephala bicolor} • abdomen stouter than
in male, and wings often more rounded.

The moth rests with wings folded in a triangle, somewhat roof like.
Egg with rather thin translucent shell, with faint, fine hexagonal sculp-
ture, most distinct in Citheronia. Larva in first stage with primary
hair, except in Citheronia; ninth segment of abdomen with a mid-
dorsal spine (often rudimentary), anal plate tuberculate or spined;
spines more or less horn-like, never with long spinules, and always
strongly unequal. Pupa active, formed in the ground, with bifurcate
cremaster without hooks, and flanged segments. The pupa hibernates.

A wholly American family, as defined here. Some authors would
add to it various genera (mostly exotic) associated with Automeris
and Hemileuca, and use the lack of a cocoon as the primary family
character.

1. CITHERONIA Hiibner

(Ceratocampa Harris)

Palpi projecting slightly beyond front; tongue rudimentary but coiled. Fore
wing with middle discocellular very short, straight and oblique outward; hind
wing with a weak rudiment of R15 running from R to Sc (fig. 419). Larva (fig.
423) with numerous strong recurved branching spines, the subdorsal ones on
meso- and metathorax and caudal horn, very large; the subdorsals on prothorax
and laterals of meso- and metathorax also large, and all well developed. Spines in
younger stages relatively longer, with fewer spinules.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 665

1. C. regalis Fabricius. Fore wing grayish olive, more rarely purple, with
orange-red veins and pale yellow spots; a yellow spot at base, one near end of
cell, and a broken postmedial series; hind wing mostly orange, somewhat redder
on the veins, with a large yellow area toward costa and a smaller one toward
inner margin, neither reaching outer margin; rarely, with some olive-gray shades
between veins. Body orange-red, striped with yellow. In variety infernalis
Strecker, the yellow on the wings and body is replaced with orange-red; in
variety saengeri Neumoegen, the body and markings of the fore wings are wholly
yellow. 110-100 mm. (H 10:3. H 1:4, larva).

Caterpillar blue or green; more rarely, brown or pinkish, with oblique dark
and light lateral shades, which are often more or less orange, and black horns, the
longer of which are orange at the base. Leg-plates orange. A pair of large
squarish black dorsal patches on second incisure of the body, separated by a fine
mid-dorsal line; smaller patches on the incisures in front and behind. Food, many
shrubs and trees; including the walnut family, persimmon, sweet gum, and
cotton. There is one brood, the moth flying in June.

Massachusetts to Illinois, Missouri, and south; rare northward. New York:
Brockport, Utica, Lansingburg, Albany, Oak Hill, Clermont, Poughkeepsie, New
Windsor, Peekskill, South Nyack, Staten Island, Long Island.

2. C. sepulcralis Grote and Robinson. Dull brown with a darker shade over the
end of the cell and usually a small yellow spot at the base of the fore wing; hind
wing with a little reddish shading. 75-100 mm. (H 41:5).

June; one brood. Caterpillar dull brown with irregular mottled oblique stripes
on sides, and rather short orange horns, the front ones being little if at all longer
than the caudal horn. Black spot on incisure of thorax smaller than in C. regalis
and not divided. Food, pine (pitch a,nd white).

Southern Maine and New York to Florida; very rare north of Florida.

2. EAGLES Hiibner

(Basilona Boisduval, Dryocampa}

Palpi smaller than in Citheronia, not at all projecting beyond the front;
male antennae with a couple more segments pectinate (about 20 in all). Fore
wing with R2 lost (fig. 420), middle discocellular right-angled at middle and
relatively long, in some species longer than lower discocellular. Hind wing with
R! lost. Female much larger than male.

1. E. imperialis Drury. Lemon yellow with diffuse dull-rose markings; ante-
medial line far out, strongly irregular, and excurved; postmedial line oblique,
running to apex, on fore wing, and straight across hind wing. Discal spots
annulate. Disc of thorax, tegulse, and dorsnm of abdomen largely dull rose.
Wings with scattered blackish points. Male with considerable pinkish shading
on basal part of fore wing, and a triangular area on outer margin, its upper half
bounded by the postmedial line. Variety punctatissima Neumregen is very heavily
dusted with blackish, the dark dominating the yellow; race didyma Beauvois, from
the Gulf strip, in the male lias the yellow of the fore wing confined to a triangle
resting on the middle of the costa, and the outer part of the hind wing brown;
in the female, the base of the fore wing and outer part of both wings brown.
The Texan race, nobilis Neumcngen, has a dark russet ground. $ 100, $ 150 mm.
(H 11:13 (?; 10:2 $).

June; one brood. Caterpillar with sparse but long and conspicuous white
secondary hair; spines about 3 or 4 mm. long, on' second and third segments
of body, and caudal horn, the others rudimentary. Color green, brown, or nearly
black, the dark forms often with large nisset patches about the spiracles; horns
usually yellow, and anal and leg plates dusted and edged with yellow. Food, many
trees, especially pine, maple, oak, cherry, cedar.

Ottawa, Canada, and south. New York : general from Peru southward.

666 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

3. ADELOCEPHALA Herrich-Schaeffer
(Sphingicampa Walsh, Othorene Boisduval)

Imago practically indistinguishable from that of Anisota; average size a little
larger, discal dot of fore wing, when visible, double; inner margin of fore wing,
measured to tip of A, fully as long as outer margin. Hind wing shaded with
deep rose in our species. Rj free in the few specimens examined (fig. 421) but
from extreme end of cell. Caterpillar entirely unlike that of Anisota, with a
variable number of strongly flattened conical horns which are silvery on outer
side, the two on the mesothorax not much longer than the others. Pupa smoother
than that of Anisota.

* Female antennte bipectinate, ivings blunter; pupa with hooked spines on
shaft of antennae (Sphingicampa).

1. A, bicolor Harris. Dull ochre to fawn brown, dotted with blackish; usually
with two superposed silver-white discal dots in a darker shade; postmedial line
diffuse, running to costa about 3 mm. before the apex when distinct, sometimes
hardly traceable. Hind wing crimson, shading into brown on outer margin, with
a vague darker crimson postmedial band. Variety immaculata Jewett lacks the
dark dusting- — wholly in the female, and almost completely in the male. Variety
suprema Neunuegen has the outer third of all wings and the body at least with
ash-gray ground; the name is often used in error for a variant with more black
dusting than usual. 60-75 mm., male usually smaller. (H 10: 5$, 6$-)

Caterpillar granulose, usually green with a bicolored lateral stripe, reddish
anterior spines, and caudal horn, and a variable number of silver spines, usually
developed on alternate segments; on locust and Kentucky coffee tree. Three
broods, May; July; August; hibernating in pupa.

Mississippi Valley, north to Ohio and Iowa, a stray specimen taken in New Jersey.
New York: (Grote, presumably from Buffalo).

** Female antennce simple, wings more pointed, pupa ivith blunt tubercles
on shaft of antenna; ( Adelocephala ) .

2. A. bisecta Lintner. Fore wing ochre yellow, brighter than in A. bicolor, and
never with a decided gray border; typically without any blackish dots, but well
sprinkled in variety nebulosa Neumregen. Inner line usually obscure, especially
in male, outer strong, straight, pinkish, running practically to apex; discal dots
small, white, or more often obsolete. Hind wing lighter ochre, heavily shaded
with crimson; darkest in fold, with a faint postmedial shade or none. 55-75 mm.

Two broods— late May and July. Caterpillar similar to that of 8. bicolor,
but on the average with fewer spines; sometimes with very few (a' few pairs on
the thorax, two on the sixth segment of the abdomen, and the caudal horn); the
spines of the thorax paler, the lower on the metathorax silvery; a brown and
yellow lateral stripe. Larva social when young. Eggs very flat, laid in a cluster,
browner than those of A. bicolor. Food Gleditschia.

4. ANISOTA Hiibner

. (Dryocampa Harris)

Similar to Adelocephala, with head a little more prominent, antennae with about
sixteen pectinate segments, simple in female; fore wing typically markedly tri-
angular, with inner margin distinctly shorter than outer; but always more rounded
in female, and in both sexes of A. stigma practically like that of Adelocephala
bicolor, even less triangular than A. bisecta. R2 lost; M^ in the specimens exam-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 667

ined, very shortly stalked (fig. 422). Hind wing more or less extended at inner
margin, and sometimes lobed.

Larvae (fig. 424) with long cylindrical subdorsal horns on mesothorax, in all
stages, and with the other horns reduced to short spines or nodules, longest in
A. stigma. Pupa very rough and spiny, with a strong serrate ridge across middle
of segment eight of abdomen ; formed in the ground.

The moths of the three latter species are not always distinguishable, but the
larvae are strikingly different.

Key to the species
(Adult)

1. No discal spot 1. rubicunda.

1. A white discal spot.

2. Males (antennae pectinate).

3. Fore wing opaque, and sprinkled with brown dots 2. stigma.

3. Fore wing translucent on disc, and not sprinkled.

4. senatoria, 3. virginiensis.
2. Females (antennae simple).

3. Fore wings translucent, not sprinkled with brown dots. . . .3. virginiensis.
3. Fore wings opaque, sprinkled with brown dots 2. stigma, 4. senatoria.

( Larva )

Green 1. rubicunda.

Yellow-brown 2. stigma.

Pink and gray 3. virginiensis.

Black and yellow 4. senatoria.

I. Moth without discal dot; larva with short spines, pupa with hooked spines on
antennal shaft ( Dryocampa ) .

1. A. rubicunda Fabricius (Spiny mapie worm). Bright straw yellow (nearly
white in the western variety alba Grotej, with broad diffuse pink ante- and post-
medial lines, or (in the eastern form only) with the basal and outer thirds more
or less completely filled with pink; hind wing with a slight pink postmedial shade,
or wholly yellow. Male 40, female 50 mm. (H 8:11.)

One brood in the north (June and July), two broods southward (May and June;
August). Caterpillar striped in two. shades of green, with a pink subventral bar
toward tail; spines black; feeding on maple, rarely in injurious numbers, occa-
sional on oak. Just before pupation the caterpillar turns dark brown with
obscure transverse banding.

Generally distributed, north to Quebec. New York: general.

II.. Moth with, white discal dot; larva often with long supines; pupa with "blunt
tubercles on antennal shaft (Anisota).

2. A. stigma Fabricius. Sexes nearly alike, but wings a little squarer in male.
Bright ochre yellow, dotted with brown, often heavily; outer margin sometimes
with a little gray-brown shading. Antemedial band obscure, postmedial straight,
on fore wing running almost to apex, somewhat diffuse. Male 45, female 60 mm.
(H 11:9 male, 10 female.)

One and two broods, the first in May and June. Caterpillar dull yellow-brown,
granulated with white secondary tubercles, without distinct stripes; smaller
spines strong, even on prothorax. Food, oak, and rarely, hazel.

Massachusetts to Ontario, Illinois, Kansas, and south. New York: Karner,
Lansingburg, Poughkeepsie, Staten Island, Brooklyn. Records in this genus to be
quite safe should be based on the larva.

668 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

3. A. virginiensis Drury. Male with outer margin of fore wing practically
straight; of hind wing, normally distinctly concave; hind wing much longer on
inner margin than on costa. Cround deep red-brown, ot'cen shaded with yellow -
brown beyond middle of costa; disc of fore wing with a nearly transparent patch
beyond the large white discal dot, clothed with widely spaced rudimentary scales.
Postmedial line obsolete across the transparent patch, distinct toward the costa,
antemedial line sometimes traceable. Postmedial line of hind wing below narrower,
better-defined, passing well beyond the cell. Body deep yellow-brown. Female with
M3 and Cu, separate"; fore wing translucent, ochreous, the outer margin of both
wings and the base of the fore wing somewhat suffused with, pinkish; postmedial
line rather weak, discal dot often small. Male 40, female 50 mm. (H 8:9 male,
10 female.)

One brood in June. Caterpillar blackish, heavily dusted with cream-white tuber-
cles; with two pairs of broad pink stripes; smaller spines nearly 2 mm., long in
large part, but reduced to tubercles on prothorax. On oak.

Quebec to Minnesota and south. New York : Plattsburg, Buffalo, Lancaster.
Ithaca, Salem, Albany, Staten Island, Brooklyn.

4. A. sanatoria Smith and Abbot. Male practically like male virginiensis, nor-
mally with fore wing a little shorter, with more convex outer margin, somewhat
less translucent disc, smaller discal dot, postmedial region of costa no yellower
than the base and outer margin, and no trace of antemedial line; hind wing
shorter, more rounded than in A. virginiensis, with nearly straight outer margin.
Hind wing below with postmedial line more diffuse, crossing lower angle of cell.
The range of variation of this species and of A. virginiensis seems to overlap.
Female indistinguishable from female A. stigma, but on the average smaller, nar-
rower winged, and with fewer brown dots; normally with M3 and Cux short-stalked.
Male 40, female 50 mm.

One brood in June. Caterpillar on oak, sometimes on beech; black, striped
with bright yellow, with black head; all the lesser spines reduced to tubercles
less than 1 mm. long.

Quebec to Minnesota and south, rarer westward. New York: Karner, Bronx-
ville, Staten Island; Yaphank, Long Island.

Family 39. SATURNIIDJE

Moths large or very large, some exotic forms being almost the largest
of known Lepidoptera. Body stout and heavy, but typically small
in proportion to the enormous wings, relatively large in the Hemi-
leucinae. Vestiture hairy and dense. Antennas plumose in male, in
none of our species with simple apex; typically pectinate in female.
Mouth parts much reduced, the tongue, when recognizable, usually too
short to coil. Fore wing with Mx free from R-stem in all the eastern
species (stalked in the western genus Coloradia), typically closely
associated with M2 ; cell often open. Hind wing with 3d A rudimen-
tary except in Hemileuca. Egg with heavier shell than in the Cith-
eroniidse, usually somewhat rough. Larva with densely bristly spines,
at least in younger stages, never with primitive first stage; tubercles
i of segment eight of abdomen fused into a caudal horn in all our
species, separate in Saturnia ; ii of segment eight rarely developed
into a spine ; ii of segment nine fused on middle line only in the
Hemileucinae, which have subequal bristly spines and a smooth anal

LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 669

plate. Pupa in a cocoon (except in Hemileuca), which is often com-
plex in structure. Cremaster simple when present, often represented
merely by a tuft of hooked setae or absent; surface not spinose; meta-
thorax without subdorsal tubercles, but often with a broad depression
where it abuts on the wing. Abdominal segments frequently without
flanges and telescoping when dried.

A large tropical family of very striking moths. Automeris is in
many ways (save in the loss of 3d A), the most primitive genus. Hemi-
leuca is derived from nearly the same point, the others (Saturniinae
or Attacinae) are more specialized and rather closely related. All but
Hemileuca hibernate in the pupa.

1. HEMILEUCA Walker
(Euchromia Packard; Saturnia, in part)

Male antennae singly bipectinate, of about 40 segments, female shortly pectinate,
with about four simple joints at base. Vestiture of longer and looser hair than
usual; fore tibia with a terminal claw. Abdomen usually slightly exceeding hind
wings, with a terminal red tuft in male. Fore wing (fig. 416) with evenly rounded
apex and outer margin, R, lost, upper discocellular short, but longer than middle
discocellular, and longitudinal. 3d A tubular, joining 2d A. Hind wing with 3d A
more than half as long as 2d A, normal, the wing crumpled next to body. Scaling
thin, a mixture of forked and trifid scales and hair scales, making the wings trans-
lucent, especially in H. lucina. Markings characteristic.

Eggs laid in a large cluster (100) about a twig. Larvae (fig 418) social and
marching in procession when young, gradually scattering as they grow up, usually
solitary in last stage. In all stages (except possibly when very small) with bushy
branching spines tipped with nettling hairs, the two subdorsal rows on abdomen
distinctly shorter than the others; and in the first stage each tipped with a long
primary hair; mid-dorsal spines on both eighth and ninth segment of abdomen.

Our species both have a black ground color, with yellow dots at the bases of
the secondary hairs, most of the spines black, but the subdorsal row mostly rust-
red. In some specimens the light dots become confluent.

Pupa with flanges on anterior edge of movable segments, normally with cremas-
teral hooks, but pupating at the surface of the ground without forming any
cocoon. Hibernation in the egg.

Sometimes pupae go into hibemation and do not emerge until the following year.

1. H. maia Drury (Crape moth, buck moth). Smoky black, a cream median
band, normally covering a third of the wings, but often narrow, and absent on
the fore wing in ab. lintneri Packard. Discal spots large, black with central white
lunules. Hind wing similar. Thorax and abdomen black, with very little or no
white hair; posterior thoracic tuft and anal tuft of male red; collar partly yellow.
50-65 mm. (H 11:1.)

Common locally on oak barrens, flying very swiftly by day in September and
October. Caterpillar almost always on scrub oak, black, dusted with light yellow,
the dusting heavier above and gradually fading out on the sides; dorsal tubercles
largely black, but red at base. In the South a yellow form of the caterpillar seems
to occur with the black concentrated into a subdorsal band, and contrasting red
dorsal spines. Head red.

Massachusetts to Colorado and south. New York: Karner, Albany, and general
on Long Island.

H. latifascia Barnes and McDunnough appears intermediate between maia and

670 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

lucina; it has the thin wings of H. lucina and the light band even broader, but is
as large as normal maia, and looks somewhat suffused. Larva like lucina; appar-
ently on willow. Manitoba; Wisconsin; South Dakota.

2. H. lucina H. Edwards. More translucent than //. maia, paler, the median
band normally occupying fully a third of the length of the wings; the body with
much white hair on the black portions. 50-60 mm.

Not rare in woods northward, replacing H. maia, and overlapping it in Massa-
chusetts and Colorado. September. Caterpillar black, dusted with yellow, the
yellow gathering into a broad stigmatal band, as in some southern larvse of
H. maia. Food, Spiraea. The larva has never been found on oak.

In aberration obsoleta Reiff, the pale band is interrupted on the fore wing, in
aberration lutea it is yellower than usual.

2. AUTOMERI8 Hiibner
(Hyperchiria Hiibner, lo Boisduval)

Fore wing with strongly arched costa, and, in our species, right-angled apex;
hind wing rounded, slightly exceeding abdomen, at least in female. Male antennae
doubly bipectinate to apex, the outer pectinations rather shorter; female nearly
simple. Palpi extending distinctly beyond the front, which is closer-scaled than
in Hemileuca. No claw on tibia. Fore wing (fig. 415) with R.; lost, upper dis-
cocellular short and oblique, middle discocellular transverse, but rather shorter
than the weak and bent lower discocellular. Mj and M2 divergent. Hind wing
with cell closed, 3d A almost obsolete, as in the rest of the family. The moth
rests with the wings folded in a triangle. A large genus in South America.

Eggs ovate, white, with a black spot at one end, laid in a flat cluster. Larva
processionary when young, the families gradually breaking up, as in Hemileuca.
Spines like those of Hemileuca in arrangement and structure; poisonous. Sub-
dorsal spines rather longer than lateral; in stage 1, with a group of terminal
setae. Pupa flanged, in a thin cocoon of a single layer of rather brittle silk,
between leaves on the ground. Hibernation in pupa.

1. A. io Fabricius (Corn emperor). Fore wing of male bright yellow, of typical
female dull pinkish brown; antemedial line zigzag and outwardly oblique; post-
medial line waved and nearly parallel to outer margin; both dark in male and in
typical female. A dark brown discal bar, surrounded by a series of dark points,
or the whole fused into an irregular patch; the female with more or less whitish
scaling on the antemedial and postmedial lines, the base suffused with deep brown,
and a dark shade along the postmedial line. Hind wing bright yellow, a little
darker in female; a large blue ocellus on end of cell, centered with a white bar
and encircled in a heavy black ring; a fine black postmedial line and a crimson
subterminal band; inner margin broadly crimson. In the female variety lutheri
Cockerell (fusca Luther, not Walker), which is dominant northward, the ground
is deep purple, shaded with olive, with strongly contrasting greenish white ordinary
lines and dots about the discal bar. In the Florida race, lilith Strecker, the
ground of the fore wing is red in both sexes, and the hind wing orange. Under
side yellow, shaded with crimson, with straight dark postmedial lines on both
wings, and a large white-pupilled black ocellus on fore wing. Male aberration
argus Neumoegen and Dyar has all the markings lost except the ocelli on the
upper side of the hind wing and under side of fore wing. Male 60, female 80 mm.
(H 9:4 male, 5 female.)

June to August, one brood. Caterpillar brown when young, with brown and
black spines, becoming dull yellow and then green, in the later stages with a red
and white stigmatal line. A general feeder. Cocoon brown, pupa black.

Common ard generally distributed. Ne"w York: Wilmington and North Creek
(Adirondacks), Buffalo, Ithaca, McLean, Oneonta, Albany, and south. One Ithaca
specimen (male) is close to variety lilith Strecker.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 671

3. TROPJEA Hiibner

(Actias, in part; Attacus, in part)

Male antennae very broad and plumose, doubly bipectinate, with equal branches;
narrow, with alternate branches only half as long in female. Front with conical
tuft, palpi distinct. Fore wing with arched costa, rounded apex, and somewhat
concave, rarely scalloped, outer margin; hind wing with general form an equilateral
triangle, but inner margin drawn out into a long twisted tail, supported by veins
M3, Cu and A. Rt long-stalked (fig. 414) with R2+3, R, distinct, R4 shortly stalked.
Upper discocellnlar rather short (unlike Actias), Mt and M2 strongly divergent,
cell closed, the vein crossing a transparent spot. Hind wing with dorsal venation
somewhat crowded, costal widely spaced; middle discocellular very long and
longitudinal, as well as upper discocellular; cell closed like that of fore wing.
Male abdomen rather small and conical in repose ; female abdomen more cylin-
drical. Fore wings thrown back over hind wings in repose. The moth hybrid-
izes with Actias selene, and the genera should probably be united.

Eggs laid in small groups, dark brown, blotched with white. First-state larvae
densely spinose, but with no unpaired spine on ninth segment of abdomen; green,
rarely longitudinally striped with black; with black-barred head, secondary hair
notably denser than in Telea; in later stages, body less humped than in Telea;
turning dark brown immediately before pupation.

1. T. luna Linnaeus (Empress, luna moth). Wing membrane bright green, par-
tially covered with scales which are almost all bright yellow in male, largely white
in female. Body white, a pinkish powdery band across collar, and on costa of fore
wings, joined by a bar to discal ocellus ; a waved crimson stripe on abdomen ;
fringes typically yellow. A black yellow, crimson, white, and transparent discal
eyespot on each wing. The earlier spring specimens are variety rubromarginata
Davis, and have the margins broadly edged with crimson, the costal stripe deeper
red, and the postmedial line almost always distinct. The subtropical race dictynna
Walker has shorter tails. 100 mm. (H 12:7.)

May and June; August. Caterpillar at first green with black and white head,
later usually with green head (rarely reddish like T. polyphemus) ; each segment
of body with a fine white line around the sides and back. Food walnut, birch,
beech, and many other trees. Cocoon thin but tough, of a single layer of brown silk
(heavier and white in dictynna).

Common and general, especially in wooded regions. Two broods (the second
apparently partial). New York: Buffalo, Rock City, (Cattaraugus county), Ithaca,
Trenton Falls, Oneonta, Schoharie, Albany, Saratoga Springs, New Windsor, Staten
Island, Brooklyn.

4. TELEA Hiibner
(Attacus, in part)

Male antennae plumose, wider than in any other Saturniid, equally doubly bipec-
tinate, female antennae narrower than in Tropaea, with alternate pectinations
vestigial, palpi minute. Body larger than in Tropaea. Fore wing with rounded,
but strongly falcate apex. Rj free, R2 lost, upper discocellular very long, longer
than in hind wing, and longitudinal, middle discocellular nearly obsolete. Hind
wing with outer margin bent at middle, and often somewhat waved, apex often a
little produced. Cells closed.

Eggs white, with a brown band around the edge, laid in small groups, Cater-
pillars (fig. 417) very strongly humped, hardly more than twice as long as high
when at rest. Cocoon ovoid, densely woven of two firm layers with a little floss-
silk between, without trapdoor; rarely, suspended by running a band of silk up
to the stem along the petiole of one of the leaves in which it is enclosed, and

672 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

forming a ring about the stem; cocoon usually falling to the ground. The moth
secretes a good deal of acid from the mouth before emerging, with which the silk
is softened; and then cuts the silk with a hook developed out of one of the basal
sclerites of the fore wing.

1. T. polyphemus Cramer. Grounds typically tawny yellow, dusted with blackish,
but varying from cream color to olive or black-brown; outer margin and base
rarely darkened. Collar and costa ash gray; antemedial line red and white, offset
on Cu; postmedial line more than three-fourths way to margin, pinkish white,
preceded by a blackish shade, and by a double black spot at costa; median shade
faint, dark. Discal eyespot of fore wing with a good-sized hyaline center, ringed
with yellow and finely with black; hind wing with a large black patch, enclosing
the discal eyespot in its outer part; and largely filled with a blue shade; sepa-
rated from the ocellus by a fine black line. Postmedial line heavier than in fore
wing. Under side marbled in several shades of brown, quite unlike upper side;
the wings folded over the back at rest. 125 mm. Dwarfs (down to 65 mm.), and
giants (150 mm.) occur. (H 9:1.)

One brood in the north, in June and July; two southward. Caterpillar on maple,
birch, and many 'other trees; translucent grass green, with pinkish head, more or
less pinkish shining tubercles and thin slightly oblique whitish bars on sides.
Young caterpillars have a darker brown head, and relatively longer spine. The
color does not change before pupation.

Common and generally distributed. New York: Common everywhere in the
State.

5. CALLOSAMIA Packard

(Samia; Aitacus, in part)

Male antennae plumose, the pectinations alternating in color, but scarcely in
length; female antenna? about half as wide, with shorter pectinations also nearly
as long as the longer ones. Mouth parts obsolete; male with very small body,
female body large, but much shorter than the wings, which are strongly concave
along the inner margin. Fore wing with rounded but produced apex, especially
in male, and concave outer margin; hind wing produced at anal angle in male,
margin rounded. Fore wing with R., preserved, Rj free (fig. 413) upper discocellular
very long, cell open, and Mj and M2 stalked in both wings. Wings folded over
back at repose.

Eggs whitish, blotched with dull red cement, more rounded than in Telea and
Tropsea. Larva, when young, as usual, with banded head; full-grown larva with
two pairs of large blunt tubercles on meso- and metathorax, and one dorsal one
on segment eight of abdomen; the others reduced to minute black points. Pupa
nearly cylindrical, largely bright yellow-brown. Cocoon in a folded leaf, which
is normally attached to its twig by enclosing the petiole and a short bit of the
twig in silk. Cocoon proper oval, double, with a filling of floss silk between the
two denser layers; each layer with a trapdoor at head-end of cocoon for emer-
gence of moth, formed by a group of converging longitudinal loops of silk, which
spring together again after emergence. The pupa rarely passes two years before
emergence.

Key to the species

1. Outer margin bright ochre yellow; base of hind wing, below, largely rusty

orange 3. Carolina.

1. Outer margin clay color; base of hind wing, below, reddish or blackish brown,

without yellow tint.
2. Fore wing, above,' blackish; antennae broader (males).

3. Discal spots above large and angulate 2. angulifera>.

3. Discal spots faint or absent 1. promethea-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 673

2. Fore wing above blackish or red-brown toward base, without decided yellow

tint; pinkish red-brown in postmedial area 1. promethea $?.

2. Fore wing broadly shaded with ochre yellow, especially toward base.

2. angulifera $.

1. C. promethea Drury. Male nearly black, a little shining when fresh; post-
medial region slightly paler; antemedial line lost; discal dot usually lost, or
represented by a faint pale spot; postmedial line waved, fine, pale, a little morr
erect than outer margin; margin clay color, with a fine deeply waved black sub
terminal line ; apical region, except beyond subterminal line, shaded with crimson ;
a waved oblique white apical line in cell R3 and a large rounded black, brown,
and blue eyespot in cell R4. Hind wing similar, without the apical marks, with
a chain of blackish spots before the subterminal line. Under side of fore wing
similar, the postmedial area much paler, especially near the postmedial line,
pinkish, and powdery. Hind wing with ground deep red-brown, the costa and
postmedial «pace as in fore wing; discal bar often contrasting, but not large.
Female with base of wings dull red, sometimes with a slight orange tint, shaded
with blackish; antemedial line pale, defined with blackish, bent at a right angle
over cell; postmedial line white, waved, preceded by a strong black shade; discal
spot pale, edged with blackish, bar-shaped or angulate, not touching postmedial
line. Postmedial region much paler, pinkish, and powdery; marginal marks like
those of male; hind wing similar to fore wing, the dark blotches before the waved
subterminal line dull red. Under side dull red, marked like male, the markings
lightly defined with blackish, especially on fore wing. 75 mm. (H 8:3 <$, 4 J.)

June to August, the second brood partial. Male flying by day, female by
night, and not normally flying at all until after mating. Caterpillar on many
trees, preferring sassafras and spicebush, wild cherry, and tulip tree. On hatching,
yellow, with head and body heavily striped transversely with black; soon turning
green. When full-grown, blue -green, somewhat pruinose, with the four thoracic
humps red and the caudal one yellow, their bases ringed with black. No stig-
matal line (H 1:2). Cocoon always suspended, twice as long as wide.

Common and generally distributed, north to Montreal, Quebec. New York:
Buffalo, Ithaca, Elmira, Saratoga Springs, Albany, and common southward.

2. C. angulifera Walker. Pattern similar to C. promethea; male somewhat
lighter umber brown, with strong angulate discal white spots on both surfaces;
female heavily shaded with yellow, the angulate discal spots very large, and
often crossing the postmedial line. Male as well as female nocturnal.
(H 11:11 J, 12 $.)

Two broods, common southward. June; August. Caterpillar similar to that
of C. promethea; when young, normally with head only striped, later with a clear
yellow substigmatal stripe; on various trees, but especially tulip tree. Cocoon
usually not attached to twig, and so falling to the ground with the leaves.

New England and south. New York : Buffalo, Ithaca ( rare ) , Dutchess County,
Staten Island, Brooklyn.

C. Carolina Jones (securifera Maassen and Weymer?) approaches our southern
boundary. The moth is suffused on both sides in both sexes with bright ochre
yellow; discal spots of male small, as in C. promethea. Caterpillar like that of
C. promethea in all stages; cocoon suspended, very large, the outer cocoon inflated
and three times the diameter of the inner. Food Magnolia glauca only (refusing
other Magnolias, but accepting tulip tree ) . South Carolina ; Alabama ; Florida
( figured by Packard as C. angulifera ) .

22

674 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

6. SAMIA Hiibner
(Platysamia Grote; Attacus}

Very close to Callosamia; larger, sexes alike, outer margin less concave; R2
of fore wing lost; palpi recognizable. Egg like that of Callosamia (but larger);
larva also similar, almost identical when young, but when mature with all the
warts good-sized, rounded, studded with minute conical black setae, which, on
most of the warts, form rings about their tips; subdorsal warts of 'second to
fourth segments of body more rounded, swollen, and tending to be discolorous ;
homologue of the caudal horn also swollen. Cocoon double, with a trapdoor at
the anterior end, as in Callosamia, but fastened longitudinally to a twig; when
first spun surrounded by an enclosure of leaves which soon weathers away.

1. S. cecropia Linnaeus (Emperor). Body red, collar and abdomen striped with
white; wings blackish, powdery, more or less shaded with red, lines and marginal
markings about as in female promcthea; antemedial line pale, defined with a
dark shade; postmedial white, nearly even, preceded with blackish and followed
by a wide red band; discal spots reniform, red and white, opaque; apical and
marginal marks about as in promethea, but with less crimson at apex, and with
some violet toward costa. Postmedial region blackish, with black spots along
its outer margin. Under side similar, much more powdery, the costa of hind
wing nearly white. 125-165 mm. (H 8:1.)

One brood in June. Caterpillar on many trees and shrubs : apple, elm, wild
cherry, Spiraea, etc. When first hatched, black, gradually becoming red, orange,
yellow, yellow-green, and apple-green, the color-changes not always occurring at
moults. The enlarged warts are larger from the beginning. Full-grown larva
with subdorsal warts of meso- and metathorax dull red, spotted with black cones,
those on first segment of abdomen orange-yellow, the rest pale yellow; laterals
all pale blue. (H 1:8). Skin grass-green in next to last stage, and the anterior
warts scarlet, as in 8. Columbia. Cocoon fusiform, pointed at both ends, and
usually with one or both ends attached to the twig; the outer cocoon sometimes
much inflated, especially when spun on low shrubs. Silk reddish when fresh.

Generally distributed, north to Quebec. New York : general, not rare.

2. S. Columbia Smith. Similar to 8. cecropia, much duller, with red shadings
reduced, body with a good deal of gray-brown; no red beyond postmedial line;
discal spots on fore wing obscure or wanting; less red in apical region; ocellus
usually with a small blue lunule only, and no brown, mostly black. Markings
often suffused in northern specimens, luj mm. (H 8:8.)

One brood, June and July. Caterpillar similar to that of cecropia, but grass-
green in last stage, the anterior tubercles bright coral-red with black rings at
their bases. Food, larch only. Cocoon ash gray, mottled with silvery streaks,
more rounded than that of cecropia, and free at both ends. The western 8. nokomis,
described as a variety of this species, belongs more probably to 8. gloveri. The
western limit of the true conifer-feeding Columbia is uncertain.

Southern New Hampshire to Michigan and northward.

7. PHILOSAMIA Grote

(Samia; Attacus, in part)

Near Callosamia and Samia. Female antennae broader than usual; palpi slender
and reaching front; fore wing with apex more produced than in Samia, fully as
much as in male promethea, with outer margin sharply bent in above middle.
R, very short, MI and M2 hardly stalked, cells open, discal lunules transparent ; hind
wing long on inner margin, especially in male. Abdomen with three rows of
small raised white tufts (in an exotic species with raised ridges).

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 675

Eggs relatively small, ovoid, withoxit dark cement. Caterpillars as usual at
hatching; when full-grown, with all the tubercles blunt, somewhat tapering, sub-
equal, and of the same color (blue). Cocoon constructed like that of Callosamia,
between two or three leaflets of the food plant, the sheathing of silk extending
up the midrib of the compound leaf to the twig; cocoon more fusiform than
that of Callosamia.

1. P. walkeri Felder. Olive (readily fading to yellow -brown) ; antemedial band
white, running out on forks of Cu, and touching the discal lunule; postmedial
white, with black before it, and a broad pink shade beyond, bent out at discal
lunule, concave above and below ; outer part of wing powdered, black and yellow or
olive, shading into pink near apex. Apical eyespot small with a white crescent
on its inner side; subterminal line close to margin and nearly even. Hind wing
with postmedial line running to anal angle, and subterminal line preceded by a
broader inner line. Discal lunules, starting from basal side, black, white, trans-
parent, white, and yellow. Under side similar. ( cyn thia auct., not Drury ) .
(H 9:2 as P. cynthia.)

Caterpillar on Ailanthus; rarely straying to wild cherry and other promethea
foods; at first green, with black head and tubercles; then yellow with pale head
and tubercles; finally, light greenish with blue tubercles.

Sometimes several caterpillars spin on one leaf, and their cocoons have a com-
mon stem. The moth does not exactly match any of the described races of
P. walkeri, and may have come from some not fully explored part of China,
or be a domesticated mongrel form. It was originally introduced as a silk-worm.

Vicinities of New York, Philadelphia, and Washington, District of Colum-
bia; introduced from the Orient. New York: Livingston, New York City, Staten
Island, and vicinity.

676

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

SUPERFAMILY BOMBYCOIDEA

(Lasiocampina)

Heavy-bodied and Usually medium-sized moths (a few exotic forms
larger-bodied than most Satnrniidfe). Head relatively small, retracted;

OSP

viv\

§

431\

FIGS. 425-431. BOMBYCOIDEA

425, Apatelodes torrefacta (Eupterotidse), venation (The figures 1 and 2 indicate
accessory branches of Sc.) ; 426, Bombyx mori ( Bombycidae ) , venation; 427, Mala-
cosoma americana (Lasiocampidae) male, venation; 428, Ueterojxicha, rileycma
( Lasiocampidaa ) , venation; 429, Epicnaptera americana, (Lasiocampidae), venation
of hind wing; 430, Bombyx mori ( Bombycidse ) , seta map of first-stage larva,
showing the characteristic arrangement of tufted setae; 431, Chondrostega (a primi-
tive, Old- World Lasiocampid), showing arrangement of warts

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 677

front normally smooth, with a tuft of hair. Ocelli absent ; mouth parts
almost completely absent ; only the palpi developed, and never large ; cly-
peus sometimes inflated. Antennas bipectinate, both sets of pectinations
ventral; shaft somewhat irregularly but densely scaled above; pectina-
tions often scaled. Female antennas much narrower, but pectinate like
those of male. Body with deep hairy or mixed vestiture, usually stout
and woolly looking; abdomen large, often exceeding hind wings, and
roughly cylindrical. Legs short, the femora and tibiae densely hairy,
and tarsi somewhat hairy; spurs generally normal. Wings most often
broad, loosely and heavily scaled, with heavy veins. Fore wing with
Ro and R3 stalked beyond their separation from R4 and R5 in the
North American species; given off successively from R4+5 in Bombyx,
and united in the Eupterotina?. Accessory cell always absent, and
R3 and R4 never stalked the farthest; Ml often stalked with R5 or
R4+5, Mo variable in position; 1st A lost, 3d A sometimes distinct and
running into 2d A (Apatelodes). Hind wing in primitive forms with
Sc and R closely parallel toward base, diverging before end of cell,
and connected to R by a very distinct R15 in Apatelodes (fig. 425) with
R! lost, and the veins very closely parallel, in the Lasiocampidae with
the veins tending to withdraw in the higher genera; Rt as strong as
any vein, and far out toward end of cell; occasionally even short-
stalked with Rs. Mo as in fore wing. 1st A lost, 3d A normal.
Wings folded triangular at rest, the costa of the hind wing uncovered
in the Lasiocampidae.

Egg normally of flat type ; very thin and flat in Apatelodes ; laid
endwise in a cluster in Malacosoma. Larva with dense tufted and sec-
ondary hair (fig. 431), the tufts strong in stage 1 (fig. 430) where an
additional subdorsal tuft is often distinctly developed, and iv and v
form separate warts; later with tufts reduced and difficult to recog-
nize; hair rudimentary in Bombyx. Many Eupterotidae (including
A. angelica) and also some primitive Lasiocampidas, have scales as well
as hairs. Front small, head with dense secondary hair, even on some
or all of mouth parts. Prolegs normal, with a single band or biordinal
hooks; often more or less spread out laterally. Skin thin and soft.
Warts i of eighth abdominal segment often fused in a tubercle or
caudal horn, very strong in Bombyx. Pupae obtect, of normal macro
type, varying in details in the families; typically enclosed in a dense
silken cocoon. Cocoon cutter and fluid secretion normally as in Telea
and its kin (p. 671).

678 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Family 40. EUPTEROTID^E

(Lasiocampidas, Notodontidas, Bombycidae, in part)

Head and body normal for the superfamily; thorax with a longi-
tudinal crest in Apatelodes. Fore wing in the Apatelodinae (fig. 425)
with all veins preserved, R2 and R3, and R4 and R5 long-stalked; M,
very shortly stalked ; M2 nearer R-stem than Cu-stem, the discocellulars
transverse; Cu2 arising more than halfway out on cell. Hind wing
in our species with Sc and R very closely approximate on basal third
of cell, almost obliterating Rx ; frenulum normally developed ; Mx
short-stalked, M2 and Cu2 as in fore wing.

Caterpillar strongly flattened, with at least a few scales or hair
scales; prolegs more or less stretched out laterally. Secondary hair
(in our species) on mandibles, base of maxillae, and labium, but not
on distal part of maxillae and labium, clypeus, or labrum. No caudal
horn. Pupa resembling that of the Notodontidae ; maxillaa very short,
the fore and middle legs meeting on the middle line behind them;
abdomen finely punctate, with a row of beading on each movable seg-
ment; not clothed with fine setas; second to seventh segments of abdo-
men with flange plates at anterior and posterior margins; cremaster
short or absent.

Our single genus represents the Apatelodinas, which are mainly South
American; in the Eupterotinae, of the Old World, R2 and R3 are com-
pletely united, Sc and R of the hind wing are more promptly diver-
gent, and the frenulum is weaker.

APATELODES Packard

Palpi barely exceeding front (torrefacta), or moderate and upturned (angelica) ;
fore wing subfalcate (fig. 425), with outer margin bent at middle and concave
on upper half, costa nearly straight. Our species have one or two transparent
subterminal spots.

1. A. torrefacta Smith and Abbot. Outer margin even. Pale gray, disc below
costa and outer margin somewhat darker; lines fine, dark brown, continuous;
antemedial excurved, postmedial bent out below costa and waved somewhat on
veins; two fainter lines across median area; a brown patch on inner margin
before A; rarely almost obsolete. Hyaline spot small and single. Hind wing red-
brown, with a dark and pale postmedial shade parallel to outer margin and ending
in one or two deep brown bars at inner margin. Upper side with a strong dark
brown shade in cell. 35-40 mm. (H 40:20.)

The light form floridana H. Edwards with the spot on inner margin smaller and
light chestnut brown, in place of black-brown, is commoner southward.

June and July. Caterpillar with dark body and fine and dense light yellow
hair, with a series of small mid-dorsal black pencils, those on meso- and meta-

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 679

thorax and segment 8 of abdomen much longer. It feeds on many trees and
shrubs.

New Hampshire to western Pennsylvania and south. New York : Kingston,
P( ughkeepsie, New Windsor, Greenwood Lake, Staten Island, Brooklyn and Lyn-
brook, Long Island.

2. A. angelica Grote. Outer margin scalloped, especially in female ; thoracic
crest stronger, palpi longer; usually with two hyaline spots. Pale powdery gray;
ordinary lines reduced to blackish points on veins, the antemedial followed and
the postmedial preceded by shaded brown lines; transparent dots finely edged
with brown, with a vague brownish shade beyond them. No darker patch on inner
margin. Hind wing browner, the base luteous, with dark median and postmedial
shaded lines; outer margin brown. Under side pale, without dark shade in cell.
35 to nearly 50 mm. (H 40:21.)

May to July. Rarer than A. torrefacta. Caterpillar strongly flattened, gray,
barklike, with a rough contrasting dark tuft on thorax, and the small dorsal
pencils, but no long ones; on ash and lilac, resting on the bark.

Southern Maine to Texas. New York : Plattsburg, Bath, Sharon Springs, Albany,
Poughkeepsie, West Point, Coldenham; Jamaica, Long Island.

The Chinese silkworm belongs to the family Bombycidae (fig. 426, 430).

Bombyx mori Linnaeus.

Moth mostly white, with falcate wings; R,, R, and R3 successively given off
from stalk of R,+5; M2 nearly central in both wings; Sc and R somewhat
divergent, even from the base, but Rj placed well out and distinct; frenulum very
weak. The moths have fully-developed wings, but fly little or not at all. Cater-
pillars white, strongly humped on thorax, with a more or less distinct lateral
eyespot; with a strong caudal horn, and microscopic secondary hair. Cocoon
dense, normally of yellow silk. The silkworm is occasionally cultivated in our
territory, but is not known wild anywhere. Food black and white mulberry;
it will also eat Osage orange, and will also feed, especially when young, on
lettuce. (H p. 316 fl. 191-193.)

Family 41. LASIOCAMPIDJE

(Bombycidae, Lachneidae)

Body and appearance about as in Apatelodes; normal. Spurs small.
Fore wing normally with all veins preserved, R, and R3 long-stalked,
R5 and M.l more shortly stalked from end of cell, R4 often arising
out of the base of their stalk ; M2 from Cu-stem, middle discocellular
vein long and angled. Cu., arising only one-quarter to one-third
way out on cell. Hind wing without any trace of frenulum, with
humeral angle broad and expanded, extending in front of fore wing
at rest and supported by one or more well-developed humeral veins;
Sc and R separate at base, then anastomosing or connected with R,
forming a cell of variable size ; M2 arising from Cu-stem, Cu2 attached
rather before middle of end of cell, not so near the base as in the
fore wing.

Eggs, when laid singly, with micropyle on side, ovate; eggs of
Malacosoma clustered in a ring about a twig, such egg being laid on the
previous one so that the micropyle is at the exposed end; the whole

680 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

mass covered by a sort of varnish. Caterpillar (fig. 431) very hairy,
with dense secondary hair on all parts except tips of palpi, even on
antennas. (Some primitive forms are like Apatelodes.) Form varying
from nearly cylindrical (M. americana) to very much flattened, with
lateral lappets on segments (Tolype and Epicnaptern}. Notch of labrum
not so deep as in Apatelodes. Pupa in a cocoon, which is dense except
in M. disstria; more or less densely clothed with secondary hair; palpi
well exposed ; no cremaster ; fore femora covered, and maxillary palpi
absent. Epicranial suture distinct.

Key to the genera

1. Humeral cell of hind wing about as large as discal (fig. 429).
2. Fore wing with all veins preserved; wings very irregular .... 4. Epicnaptera.
2. Fore wing with R2 and R3 completely united; wings nearly even (fig. 428).

5. Hetero pacha.
1. Humeral cell small and inconspicuous.

2. Outer margin of fore wing distinctly concave at middle; cell of hind wing

open (fig. 427 ) : 3. Malacosoma.

2. Outer margin of fore wing evenly rounded; cell of hind wing closed.

3. Thorax with even hair 2. Artace.

3. Thorax with a strong median crest of metallic scales 1. Tolype.

1. TOLYPE Walker

Body very stout and long, with dense woolly vestiture, looser on tegulae; disc
of thorax clothed with shining spatulate hairs; end of abdomen with a loose
terminal tuft. Fore wing evenly rounded; cell scarcely two -fifths its length; R4
short-stalked. Hind wing rounded, with small humeral cell, and a single long
humeral vein, curved out at tip; the other veins arising from the cell.

Eggs laid in a row, covered with hair from the abdominal tuft. Caterpillar
strongly flattened, with lateral lappets, and well-marked subdorsal warts; those
on eighth segment of abdomen not enlarged. Cocoon dense, strongly flattened;
on bark. Pupa with secondary setse very weak; cremaster indicated by an abrupt
narrowing of the end of the last segment.

Key to the species

1. Smoky gray, the markings nearly obsolete, except for the pale subterminal

line 2. laricis <£.

1. Markings sharply defined, in two shades of gray, or in gray and white.

2. Subterminal hand dark gray, contrasting with the whitish base and median

area 2. laricis $.

2. Median area dark, concolorous with the subterminal band 1. velleda.

1. T. velleda Stoll. Head and thorax white, abdomen gray, disc of thorax and
sometimes base of abdomen contrasting, blackish. Fore wing ash gray, with white
veins, and fine, waved, white, ordinary lines, the transverse anterior and trans-
verse posterior often double; terminal line white, followed by gray bars in the
fringe. Base, margin, and filling of lines sometimes pale. Hind wing with vague
bands. 30-50 mm. (H 11:7 J, 8 $.)

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 681

Caterpillar gray, finely and obscurely striate, with a dorsal pair of warts on
metathorax and a narrow black band between thorax and abdomen, concealed
at rest; on apple, poplar, and other trees.

Montreal, Quebec, to Pennsylvania and Michigan. New York: Spier Falls.
Rochester, Lancaster, Buffalo, Ithaca, Oneonta, Albany, Bronxville, Staten Island;
Southold and Bellport, Long Island.

2. T. laricis Fitch. Male deep smoky gray; head and collar usually white, con-
trasting; fore wings with traces of the markings of velleda, but usually with only
the waved whitish subterminal line distinct; veins dark. Female white, with
several more or less distinct waved gray bands across basal two-thirds of fore
wing; subterminal space broadly ash-gray, terminal space paler gray, separated
from it by the wavy wrhite subterminal line. Veins wholly white. Hind wing
shading into gray on outer half. <$ 25, $ 30 mm.

Caterpillar dull brown, similar to velleda,, but with the wrarts on the fifth seg-
ment of the abdomen stronger than those on the metathorax; on larch. Occasional
transitional specimens occur, suggesting that the species may hybridize.

Distribution with T. velleda, but more local. New York : Plattsburg, Rochester,
Coldwater, Buffalo, Bath, Ithaca, Albany, Poughkeepsie.

2. ART ACE Walker

Similar to Tolype, but without the metallic hair on the disc of the thorax.
Caterpillar less flattened.

1. A. punctistriga Walker. White, with the usual lines represented by four or
five rows of black dots on veins of fore wing. 25—35 mm. (H 12:5.)

Caterpillar gray, mottled, with an orange transverse band behind thorax, and
a distinct raised lappet on dorsum of eighth segment of abdomen, only.

New York and south; west to Mississippi Valley and Arizona. New York:
Brooklyn (Ottolengui).

3. MALACOSOMA Hiibner
(Clisiocampa)

Body less loosely hairy than in Tolype, without any central thoracic tuft. Fore
wing bluntly rounded ( fig. 427 ) , much longer in female than in male, the slight
concavity of the outer margin nearly evened up by the fringe; R4 free, Mj only
very shortly stalked. Hind wing with very small humeral cell, bearing 2 humeral
veins. Caterpillar cylindrical (americana,) , or slightly flattened (disstria), with-
out lappets or distinct enlarged tubercles; social. Cocoon double, the inner cocoon
with the interstices filled with yellow powder.

Key to tJie species

Two transverse white lines across wing 1. americana.

Two pale lines toward costa, dark lines, or none 2. disstria.

1. M. americana Fabricius (Tent caterpillar). Brown (walnut brown of Ridg-
way) with two white lines, trisecting the wing, fringe cut with white, most
distinctly in the male. Median area sometimes paler, or base with whitish
suffusion, c? 25 $ 35 mm. (H 10:12.)

Very common and general in distribution, often injurious to apple; also on
wild cherry and other Rosaceae. When very common, it will eat almost any
deciduous tree, but then usually dies before maturity. The caterpillars form a
conspicuous tent of silk in the fork of a branch, enclosing no leaves, and feed

682 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

outside. Eggs in a belt around a twig, the belt more than twice as long as wide
(unless dwarfed in some way). Caterpillars mottled and striped with blue, tawny
yellow and black, with a continuous white dorsal line. Cocoon dense, of white
silk filled with yellow powder, the inner cocoon opaque and outer very slight;
usually formed at a distance from the food; but in captivity, often in the tent.

New York: Common throughout the State.

2. M. disstria Hiibner (Forest tent caterpillar). Light grayish brown; typically,
with two brown lines replacing the white ones of M. americaiia. In variety
sylvatica Harris, the median third is contrasting dark brown; variety thoracicoides
is practically immaculate, with traces of pale lines; in variety perversa Neumoegen
and Dyar the base and outer margin are darker than the median area; aberration
astricta Reiff is immaculate straw yellow, and aberration anita Reiff chocolate
brown, with traces of pale lines. 20—37 mm., female larger (H 10:9.)

Caterpillar living in a colony on the trunk or a large branch of the food tree,
but spinning only a slight carpet; pale grayish blue, with fine orange and black
lines, and a dorsal stripe broken into a series of cream-yellow spots; normally
with a larger and a smaller one on each segment. Outer cocoon relatively strong,
and inner light, translucent, with only a little yellow powder; often spun on the
food plant. Food, forest trees, especially maple; often injurious.

Common and general in distribution; a variant form on the Pacific Coast. New
York: Common throughout the State, even on the top of Mt. Marcy. I have
seen variety sylvatica from Ithaca, Geneva, and Peru, and variety thoraciooides
from Peru.

4. EPICNAPTERA Bambur
(Gastropacha; Phyllodesma, in part)

Palpi moderate, longer than in the preceding genera; vestiture closer; fore
wing with margin scalloped and deeply notched at anal angle; R4 hardly stalked
(fig. 429) ; hind wing scalloped and deeply notched on costa, humeral cell as large
as discal; two humeral veins, one from point of separation of Sc and R, and the
other well out; R± long, transverse, arising from R after its separation from cell,
M2 and M3 short-stalked; caterpillar much like that of Tolype, without enlarged
warts in our species; two transverse red bars on incisures of thorax, each marked
with three black dots, and concealed at rest. Cocoon on bark, flattened like
Tolype. Pupa bluntly rounded at rear, less hairy than that of Malacosoma, but
more so than in Tolype.

1. E. americana Harris (American lappet). Bright brown, shaded with dark
brown and frosted with white, resembling a crumpled dead leaf. Veins rather
darker; transverse anterior and transverse posterior lines dark, irregular, and
quite incomplete or waved on veins, followed by the whitish shades. Summer
form ferruginea Packard much redder; the ground nearly even, with some white
scaling, but no contrasting pale shades. <$ 30, 5 45 mm. (H 41:19 J 20 $.)

Not common. Caterpillar mottled, dark gray, on apple, oak, maple, and other
trees; resting on the bark by day. Two broods; moth in May and early June;
July and August.

Generally distributed; a slightly variant race in the west. New York: Old Forge,
Rochester, Lancaster, Buffalo, Ithaca, Oneonta, Rhinebeck, Poughkeepsie, Long
Island. I have seen variety ferruginea from Ithaca and Karner.

LEPEDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 683

5. HETEROPACHA Harvey

Similar to Epicnaptera, but with the margins nearly even (fig. 428), the anal
angle of fore wing not notched, and the costa of the hind wing evenly rounded;
fore wing with R, lost, R4 strongly stalked, hind wing with three humeral veins;
two arising from the very large humeral cell.

1. H. rileyana Harvey. Dark ash gray, powdery and mottled, the median area
rather darker, bounded by wavy and often obsolete wavy pale and dark trans-
verse anterior and transverse posterior lines; subterminal of dark dots; fringe
checkered. 30 mm. (H 8:7.)

Caterpillar much like that of E. americana, but without any wart on eighth
segment of abdomen.

Western Pennsylvania to Kansas and south; Florida.

684 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

SUPERFAMILY DREPANOIDEA

Ocelli and maxillary palpi absent; tongue not scaled, variable in
strength, absent in Oreta; antennas normally deeply prismatic, rarely
slender or pectinate, sometimes with very little scaling on shaft ; palpi
small or moderate. Body relatively small and stout, stumpy looking,
appearing larger in the Thyatiridae on account of the deep vestiture,
abdomen broadly attached to thorax, legs rather weak. Tergopleural
groove of basal segment of abdomen much enlarged, opening into a
large cavity covered by a lateral chitinous area representing the tym-
panic structures; our species also with a chitinized subventral bulla at
the base of the abdomen, divided in two parts; thorax not modified.
Fore wings typically with a long slender accessory cell, lost in a few
exotic forms; sometimes with R, and R.,, R4 and R5 separately stalked
together, "R^ free, and all radials present. M2 variable in position;
in our species always at least twice as near M., as IV^ in the hind
wing and often in the fore wing; 1st A wholly lost, 2d A and 3d A
normal. Hind wing with Rx obsolete at extreme base of wing, Sc
and R closely parallel to well beyond end of cell, or anastomosing
beyond end of cell; humeral angle sometimes expanded, and frenulum
occasionally lost; 1st A lost, 2d A normal, 3d A often very weak. Base
of Sc much swollen in Oreta.

Egg of flat type ; larva with hooks of prolegs biordinal, except in
Eudeilinea, normally with a few outer hooks also. Front small ; head
more or less bilobed, and often decidedly wider than high, with
primary setae only. Body with a few subprimaries, sometimes with
only vi duplicated ; in other forms with a few subdorsal warts ; vii
composed of two or more setae on the meso- and metathorax (unlike
the simple-haired members of the Noctuidas and related families).
Ventral prolegs equal, anals somewhat reduced, and raised at rest
(Thyatiridae, Brahimeidae), or absent (Drepanidas). Pupa not well
known, thin-skinned, in Oreta rosea cylindrical, tapering very abruptly
at posterior end; no sutures on head; prothorax of macro type, broad
and rounded out; labial palpi showing as a minute area at base of
tongue, which is about a third the length of the wing (doubtless longer
in other genera); femora covered; fore and middle tarsi meeting on
middle line (probably a merely generic character) ; antennae shorter
than middle legs, filiform ; and neither middle legs nor antennae reach-
ing tip of wings. Tips of hind tarsi exposed; some rudiments of
abdominal spining; cremaster rudimentary, without seta?. Setae
indistinct.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 685

The superfamily on the whole is an isolated member of the general
Bombycid-Saturniid series, but not especially close to any particular
group; the likeness to Geometridse, Notodontida?, and Noctuidae being
mostly superficial, or due to the persistence of primitive characters.
They may possibly be nearest the Geometridae. The Oriental genus
Euchera connects the two families. Besides the two North American
families, the Brahmaeidae also appear to belong to the same stock.

Family 42. THYATIRIDJE

( Cymatophor idas )

North American species with deepty laminate antennae, tongue
developed but not very strong, and moderate palpi ; deep hairy or mixed
vestiture, with a truncate tuft, or rather, mass of hair-scales, on disc
of thorax, and hairy legs. Abdomen with small dorsal tufts. Fore
wing with Rx free, R2 from accessory cell near tip, R3 and R4, or R4
and R5 shortly stalked from tip of accessory cell ; in the latter case, with
the cell closed by a crossvein, r. Accessory cell extending nearly half-
way to apex ; M! normally from it, M2 from middle of end of cell ; both
middle and lower discocellular^veins Weak and bent; 3d A distinct.
Hind wing with middle discocellular at least twice as long as lower dis-
cocellular, and bent; 3d A well developed; frenulum strong, and, in
the male, knobbed at tip.

Caterpillar (fig. 434) with head decidedly wider than high, labrum
deeply notched, vi on abdomen represented by two well-separated
setae; vii of 3 setae on leg-bearing segments, and 2 or 3 on the other
segments of abdomen. Seta iv higher than spiracle, sometimes almost
directly over spiracle and close to iii, v normally associated with one
or two subprimaries. Prolegs sometimes with rudimentary outer
hooks. The caterpillars live in a loosely rolled leaf. Pupa not
studied.

A small family, formerly usually placed with the Noctuidas or Noto-
dontidae, which the species resemble superficially. In the Old World,
forms occur with M2 either low or high in both wings, but otherwise
typical, even in pattern.

Key to the genera

1. Fore wing with a tuft a third way out on fold; R3 and R4 shortly stalked

from accessory cell (fig. 433) 3. Euthyatira.

1. Fore wing smooth-scaled; R4 and R5 shortly stalked from accessory cell, R3

free (fig. 432).
2. Fore wing with anal tuft; more than twice as long as wide.

2. Pseudothyatira.
2. Fore wing without anal tuft; hardly twice as long as wide. . . .1. Habrosyne.

686

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

1. HABROSTNE Hiibner
(Thyatira, in part)

Fore wing about twice as long as wide, with a slight anal lobe and tuft; accessory
cell relatively short, closed by crossvein r; Mj arising from accessory cell; wing
smooth -scaled; hind wing with M2 about twice as near M3 as M15 (Figs. 432, 433.)

FIGS. 432-434. THYATIRID^E

432, Habrosyne scripta, venation. (The form of the fore wing of 'Pseudothyatira
is also shown in outline) ; 433, Euthyatira pudens, accessory cell of fore wing,
showing connections of neighboring veins; 434, Habrosyne derasa (Europe), seta
map.

Caterpillar mottled, dead-leaf brown, with dark dorsal line and rather smooth
head, the dark dorsum sharply set off from the pale venter.

1. H. scripta Gosse. Light gray-brown. A large smooth brown patch toward
base, below Cu, its upper boundary sharp, along Cu; inwardly, with a sharp oblique
boundary from Cu to A, then shading into base; outer boundary outwardly oblique
from Cu to A, and only a little indented; then inwardly obliqiie to inner margin;
patch outlined with pinkish white, expanding into a large triangular area on cell
and costa, but leaving base dark. A group of faint oblique striae across middle
of cell, followed by the oblong dark, pale -outlined orbicular and reniform spots.
Transverse posterior line deeply but roundedly waved; of three or four parallel
deep-brown lines, not reaching costa ; a broad curved pale subterminal shade
from apex to anal angle, with a dark shade before it toward costa; middle of costa
pale. Hind wing clay color, with shaded postmedial and outer bands. 30-35 mm.
(H 40:22.)

June. Caterpillar with dull, slightly rugose head; on blackberry, thimbleberry,
and other Rosaceae.

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 687

New Jersey to Alberta; north to Gaspe and Alaska. New York: Plattsburg,
Peru, Essex County, Lake Pleasant, Evans Center, Rock City (Cattaraugus
County), Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Onteora Mt., Schenectady, Poughkeepsie,
Brooklyn.

2. H. rectangula Ottolengui. Outer boundary of sub-basal patch starting per-
pendicularly down from Cu, and then right-angled; inner boundary also more
perpendicular. Ground darker brownish gray; pale patches above antemedial
patch, and at middle of costa, more decidedly pinkish.

Caterpillar similar to that of H. scripta, with shining head.

Maine; New York; Pennsylvania; Illinois; Rocky Mountains; a paler race in
Arizona. New York: Brooklyn (type).

2. PSEUDOTHYATIRA Grote

Accessory cell closed by a short crossvein r, running from R3 to stem of R,+5, as
in Habrosyne. Similar to Efabrosyne, but with the fore wing relatively longer,
with a stronger tooth and tuft at anal angle, and costa more arched. Caterpillar
similar, but with the brown dorsum shading gradually into the paler venter.

1. P. cymatophoroides Guenee. Ash gray, somewhat mottled and shaded with
pink in antemedial region and over end of cell; base typically blackish; transverse
anterior line of a group of three waved blackish lines; transverse posterior of a
similar series of waved lines, more sinuous, and blackish only at costa; with a
blackish patch beyond it on inner margin, preceded by a white line; a dark patch
on costa before apex, crossed by a white lunule; subterminal line of small, wedge-
shaped marks between the veins. Orbicular circular; reniform oblong, both small;
with raised central dark dots and gray rings; fringe pinkish. Hind wing pale
brownish gray. 42 mm. (H 40:25.)

Variety expultrix Grote is similar, but lacks the blackish shades, the antemedial
group of lines being light gray, and the hind wing rather darker gray. (H 40:26.)

June to August. Caterpillar often with one or a series of lateral white spots,
especially in the type form; on oak and thimbleberry.

Generally distributed; the variety rather commoner than the type. New York:
Wilmington (larva), Newcomb, Plattsburg, Mt. Marcy, Fentons (Lewis County),
Clayton, Lancaster, Otto, Ithaca, DeBruce, Sharon, Schenectady, Poughkeepsie,
Staten Island, Ne\vtown, Long Island. Form expultrix: Plattsburg, Fentons
(Lewis County), Mt. Marcy, Newcomb, Clayton, Buffalo, Lancaster, Otto, Rock
City, Ithaca, Sharon, Schenectady, Long Island.

3. EUTHTATIRA Smith
(Thyatira, in part)

Fore wing rather long and narrow, with arched costa, without a scale tuft at
anal angle; hind wing longer on costa; accessory cell formed by the anastomosis
of Rj, and R4 (fig. 433); a well-marked tuft on fold before transverse anterior line,
but no tufts on orbicular and reniform spots.

The caterpillar lives concealed in a loosely folded leaf; it is translucent, with
four black spots on the head.

1. E. pudens Guenee. Gray, with large pinK spots, the basal one large and oblong,
with the tuft in its outer end; a large one on middle and one at apex of costa, and
a smaller and browner one at anal angle. Orbicular horizontally elongate, small,
touching reniform, both pink -filled; the other markings obscure. 45 mm. (H 40:23.)

Variety pennsylvanica Smith (H 40:24) from western Pennsylvania, is wholly

688

WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

ash-gray, with inconspicuous markings; in variety anticostiensis Grote, from Anti-
costi and the neighboring mainland, the pink spots are reduced, and the ground
strongly hoary.

Caterpillar on cornel. Moth in May.

Newfoundland to West Virginia and British Columbia. New York: Brockport,
Lancaster, Ithaca, Dutchess County. I have not seen the variety pennsylvanica
from the State.

Family 4:3. DREPANIDJE
(DrepanulicUe; Platypterygidse ; with Auzatidae)

Slender broad-winged moths, similar to Geometridae, but distinguished
from them by the stumpy body. Male antennae often pectinate; palpi

\

Sul.v.

VIA

, Q

OspV

7 -

-

7\

"" X

FIGS. 435-439. DREPANID.E

435, Eudeilinea. herminwta, venation ; 436, Drepav-n arcuata, venation ; 437,
Oreta rosea, venation, showing only costa of hind wing; 438, Falcaria bilineata,
outline of fore wing; 439, Drepana faloataria (Europe), seta map of larva

LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 689

minute in our species; tongue weak or absent. Fore wings normally
with falcate apex; with accessory cell very long and slender, closed by
the anastomosis of R3 and R4; M, well separated from M3, but dis-
tinctly arising from Cu-stem in both wings ; M3 and Cu1? separate ; Cu,
arising well out on cell. Hind wing with humeral angle enlarged,
frequently supported by a short but distinct humeral vein; frenulum
more or less reduced, or lost ; humeral vein distinct in fore wing.

Caterpillar (fig. 439) with more secondary hair than in the Thyati-
ridse, ventrally, but none dorsally except on the few enlarged tubercles ;
normally with hair-like skin granulation. Ventral prolegs normal, with
rudimentary outer hooks ; anals completely lost ; a tubercle or spine on
anal plate.

There are two broods a year, often differing in color.

Key to the genera

1. Fore wings blunt; hind wing with Sc and R anastomosing (fig. 435).

1. Eudeilinea.
1. Fore wings falcate; Sc and R of hind wings separate.

2. Outer margin dentate (fig. 438) 3. Falcaria.

2. Outer margin even.

3. Frenulum and tongue lost .- 4. Oreta.

3. Frenulum and tongue preserved 2. Drepana.

1. EUDEILINEA Packard
(Cory da, in part)

Antennae simple, laminate. Fore wing blunt (fig. 435), oblong with arched costa,
translucent. No accessory cell. Hind wing with Sc and R anastomosing, female
frenulum distinct, of many bristles. Larva with a mere tubercle on supra-anal
plate; with uniordinal hooks.

1. E. herminiata Guenee. White; some blackish on legs; normally with ante-
and postmedial series of grayish points. Two discal points, obliquely placed, on
each wing, below. 28 mm. (biseriata Packard).

May and June; July and August. Caterpillar on cornel.

Generally distributed. New York: North Elba, Fourth Lake, Fulton Chain,
Newcoinb, Batavia, Oak Orchard Swamp, .Otto, Potter Swamp and Crosby (Yates
County), Taughannock Falls, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Nassau, Albany, Rhine-
beck, New Windsor, Staten Island.

2. DREPANA Schranck
(Platypteryx Laspeyres)

Fore wing falcate (fig. 436) below R4, with evenly sinuous outer margin; R=
long-stalked with Ra+4; M1; arising separately from cell, hind wing with Sc and R
closely approximate beyond end of cell; humeral angle moderately enlarged, with
a weak but distinct frenulum; 3d A rudimentary. Antennae pectinate, narrowly
in female; palpi minute, tongue well-developed.

690 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES

Caterpillar (fig. 439) with a caudal process about as long as head, with sub-
equal hairy warts on meso- and metathorax and second segment of abdomen, and
minute ones on eighth segment.

1. D. arcuata Walker. Typically cream-white, the area before the postmedial
line with fine brown wave lines; postmedial in a smooth curve from just beyond
middle of costa to apex, then in an even curve to outer third of inner margin,
with a blackish shade below it at apex; discal dot fine, black. Hind wing similar
toward inner margin, pale on costal half. Summer form genicula Grote (H 41:22),
straw yellow, and less strongly striate, the upper leg of the postmedial line
often lost. 30 mm. (H. 41:23.)

The forms are not entirely seasonal and intergrade.

May and June; August. Caterpillar on birch and alder.

Pennsylvania to Indiana and north. New York: Plattsburg, Peru, Old Forge,
Mt. Marcy, Lewis County, Lancaster, Ithaca, McLean, Trenton Falls, Rhinebeck,
Big Indian Valley, Poughkeepsie, New York City, Staten Island; general on Long
Island.

3. FALCARIA Haworth

(Edaptera Packard; Drepana, in part)

Similar to Drepana, but with the outer margin regularly scalloped (fig. 438),
the deepest scallops on C^ and Cu2 (not as usual between veins); and hind wing
slightly waved. Caterpillar with strongly enlarged warts on meso- and meta-
thorax and on eighth segment of abdomen; caudal process about as long as the
height of the head.

1. F. bilineata Packard. Typically -cream-white, heavily striate with brown
(in the late-summer variety levis Hudson, bright yellow and hardly striate);
with two parallel and nearly straight oblique brown lines, the outer cutting the
lower angle of the cell; discal dot minute. 28 mm. (H 41:7.)

Caterpillar on birch.

New Jersey and north. New York: Plattsburg, Wilmington, Albany, Brooklyn,
Staten Island. Variety levis Hudson is known definitely from Plattsburg, Wil-
mington, Alpine, Saratoga, Westchester County, and Brooklyn.

4. ORETA Walker

(Drepana, in part; Dryopteris)

Eyes relatively large; palpi rudimentary; tongue invisible; antennae deeply
laminate, not pectinate. Fore wing falcate (fig. 437), extreme apex rather blunt,
on R,; outer margin more abruptly notched below it. R2 arising from the acces-
sory cell, which is extremely long; hind wing without frenulum, with a rudi-
mentary humeral vein arising from the much-thickened base of Sc.

Caterpillar with a prominent unpaired hump on metathorax; caudal process
twice as long as head. Pupa as described in the superfamily, showing the short
tongue and large eyes. The two nominal species are doubtfully distinct.

1. 0. rosea Walker. Pinkish or purplish brown, striate with darker brown,
out to postmedial line ; subt'erminal region bright yellow ; outer margin dark
brown; hind wing with outer third yellow and only apex dark brown; antemedial
line obscure, darker, distinct, and parallel to postmedial on lower part of wing;
postmedial from three -fourths way out on costa, acute -angled on costa, and then
oblique in, to two-thirds way out on inner margin. Subterminal line sometimes
indicated by blackish dots. Under side similar. Variety marginata Walker is

LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 691

yellow, except for the dark brown border, and intergrades with the type form.
25-35 mm. (H 41:24.)

May to September; two broods. Caterpillar on Viburnum.

New Jersey to Ohio and north. New York: Peru, Fentons (Lewis County), Mt.
Marcy, Ithaca, Big Indian Valley, Albany, Rhinebeck, Poughkeepsie, Staten
Island, Brooklyn. I have seen variety marginata Walker from " New York City
and vicinity" (Eliot), and a transitional specimen from Ulster County.

2. 0. irrorata Packard. Ground wholly strigose dull brown or brownish crim-
eon, without any yellow; markings as before, the postmedial sometimes double
or almost obsolete. 25-35 mm. (H 41:6.)

With the preceding form, but apparently much rarer and local.

Massachusetts and Pennsylvania to Manitoba. New York: Mt. Marcy, Ithaca.

Memoir 66, Simplified Apparatus and Technique for the Electrometric Determination of
Hydrogen Ion Concentration in Milk and Other Biological Liquids, the third preceding
taumber in this series of publications, was mailed on June 26, 1923.

FOOD INDEX

(This index is arranged 'systematically, following the Robinson and Fernald
edition of Gray's Manual. In looking up a caterpillar, it is best to look first for
the general feeders and the forms already reported from the plant on which
it was found, and then for other members of the same family, as caterpillars
rarely confine themselves strictly to a single food plant.)

General feeders, normally on trees and shrubs

opercularis 102, pyxidifera 102, crispata, 102: most Eucleidae 105—113; epheuie
144, speculella 152, aiusliella 159, tentoriferella 235, algidella 252, trialbamacule

raeformis
lla 205

persicana *»(, argyrospna ia<, seimierana itM. mintaiia tvs, rouuuue OJLW, pyrma
asperatella 607, regalis 665, imperialis 665, io 670, luna 671, polyphemus 672, prom
673, cecropia 674, torrefacta 678, velleda 680, punctistriga 681, disstria 682, amer

General feeders, normally on herbaceous plants

confederata 144, rutilans 370, hebesana 458, sulfureana 476, reticulatana 477, idseusalis 478,
flavedana 479, osseana 488, velutinana 490, pallorana 492, alleniana 492, obsoletana 494,
persicana 497, oculatana 523, fascialis 545, undalis 550, noctuella 553, bipunctalis 554,
similalis 556, mancalis 557, ferrugalis 560, ainslei 568, hortuellus 606, punctidactyla 644,

monodactylus 651, io 670.

General feeders on aquatic plants
ainslei 568, icciusalis 577.

Predacious or parasitic species (on aphids and scales)
aphidiel'a 311, bassettella 358, virescana ? 489, Macrothecinae 535, coccidivora 632.

Scavengers, stored-food pests, and clothes moths

(These three types of habit intergrade so perfectly that it is not convenient
to list them separately. The majority of species listed here would naturally
belong to at least two of the three categories.)

Tinea spp. 124, fuscipunctella 126, pellionella 127, granella 130, tapetzella 131, Monopis
spp. 131, ferruginella 132, crocicapitella 132, bisselliella 133, insectella 140, lacteella 250,
cerealella 305, Blastobasidse 308, rileyi 327, mellonella 533, sociella 534, grisella 535,
julianalis 539, farinalis 585, cuprealis 586, cbstalis 586, ceratonise 614, edmandsii 631
Ephestia spp. 634-635, interpunctella 636.

Species feeding on definite foods

Microscopic water creatures
fulicalis 580.

Fungi

Scardia spp. 123, Tinea spp. 124, croceoverticella 128, multistriatella 128, rileyi 128, arcella
129, acapnopennella 129, granella 130, cristatella ? 135.

Mosses and liverworts
Micropterygidse 63, laqueatellus 597.

Club mosses
Lycopodium : lycopodiana 476.

Lichens

Eudarcia 77, walshella 144, rileyi ? 144, Symmoca 261, adelalis 538.

[693]

694 FOOD INDEX

Ferns (Filicales)

General : gracilis ? 69, theseusalls 561.
Osmunda : osmundana 457, aeglealis ? 567.

Conifers (Pinacese)

General : variella ? 300, shawiana ? 428, diniana 446, dissitana ? 497, imperialis 665
Pine (Pinus) : fuliginosella 124, borkhausenii 248, vittella 288. pinifoliella 290, coni-

ferella 300, confluentella 311, haimbachi 348, pini 368, toreuta 396, erotella 396, moni-

torana 427, buoliana 438, frustrana 438, rigidana 438, comstockiana 439, virginiana 439,

alblcapitana, 439, gemistrigulana 439, schulziana ? 462, pinatubana 490, robustella 60S,

zlmmermanni 620, sepulcralis 665.

Larch or tamarack (Larix) : laricella 209. laricella 347, Columbia 674, laricis 681.
Spruce and fir (Picea and Abies) : piceaella 300, youngana 393, nanana 398, tocul-

lionana 428, picicolana 439, ratzeburgiana 446, abietana 453, variana 486, fumiferana

489, afflictana 492, packardiana 492, reniculella 620, abietella 621.
Hemlock (Tsuga) : tsugensis 255, apicitripunctella 299.
Cypress (Taxodium) : variella 300.

Arbor vitae (Thuja) : thujaella 300, freyella 346, thuiella 348.
Hod cedar and juniper (Juniperus) : marginella 286, juniperella 300, gibsonella 301.

freyella 346, annettella 3-46, alternatella 347, rutilana 506.

Typhaceae
Cat-tail (Typha) : phragmitella 324, julianalis 539.

Najadaceae
Pondweed (Potamogeton) : seminealis ? 578, obscuralis 578.

Hydrocharitaceae
Eelgrass (Vallisneria) : obscuralis 578.

Grasses (Grarnineae)

General : vagans 215, graminivorella 349, maiorina 470, Crambus spp. 575—604. (Many of
the species listed below will doubtless also turn out to have a variety of food-iplants
in the fami y.)

Beard grass (Andropogon) : andropogonis 307.

Witch grass etc. (Panicum) : clandestinella 333, miraculosa 359, panicifoliella 359.

Rice (Oryza) : plejadellus 591.

Brachvelytrum : brachyelytrifoliella 221.

Timothy (Phleum) : mistrella 253.

Meadow grass, blue grass (Poa) : albicapitella 222, sylvestris 222.

Glyoeria : irrorata 223.

Wild rye (Elymus) : leucofrons 222, praematurella 223.

Bottle-brush grass (Hystrix) : orestella 220, praelineata 222. loucofrons 222, hystrl-
cella 283, graminivorella 349.

Corn (Zea) : arcanellus 121, nubilalis 568, zeacolella 591.

-
Sedges (Cyperaceae)

General : verutana 470, ekthlipsis 576.

Bulrush (Scirpus) : enitescens 221, madarella 221, robusta 297, furfurana 470, maiorina

470, forbesellus 591.
Sedge (Carex) : madarella 221, argentosa 221, cucullata 222.

Duckweed (Lemnaceae)
Klophila spp. 579.

Rushes (Juncaceae)

Juncus : unicolorella 209, quadrilineella 213, cratipennella 214, ceespititiella 214, fagi-

costicella 215, verutana 470, furfurana 470.
Luzula : biforls 214.

FOOD INDEX 695

Liliacea?

Lily (Lilium) : incertella 344.
Yucca : quinquepunctella 74, yuccasella 75.
Soloinon's-seal (Ploygonatum) : melaleucana, 498.
Trillium : meleleucana, 498.
Cat-briar (Smilax) : smilaciella 151, smilacisella 183, incertella 344, inimicella 447.

Orchidaceae
Lady's-sllpper (Cypripedium) : cypripediana 473.

Salicacese

(Most of the species will eventually proTe to occur on both willow and poplar.)
General : albe.la 151, pnrpuriella 175, stigniatella 175, salicifoliella 192, tricinctus 3(>(i,

albicornis 373, apiformis 374, tibialis 374, nisella 401, effractana 487.

Wil'ow (Salix) : tliule 68, fuscotibiella 92, pallida 95, saliciella 152, salictella 182,
salicifoliella 184, scudderella 191, sa icivorella 192, kearfottella 213, saliciella 228, in-
(luilinella 267. niveopulvella 278, fungivorel a 296, salicifungiella 290, salicipomonella
330, bolteri 370, sigruoidea 373, gallasaliciana 395, rectiplicana 402, diminutana 405,
salicicolana 445, heindeliana 483, schalleriana 485, permutana ? 486, participialis 550,
inquilinella 623, pravella '! 624, carneella 027, tusca 628, latifascia 669.

Poplar (Populus) : populella 83, populetorum 95, populiella 154, populiella 192, fletch-
erella 236, dyariella 268, innocuella 278, prseangusta 331, dollii 366, tineana 405, duplex
456, centerensis 518, populi 519, helvalis 561, velleda 680.

Myricacea?

Bayberry (Myrica) : obscurella 89, flayella 1.73, picturatella 198, walsinghamella 239,

indentanus 436, karacana 477, participialis ? 531.
Sweet fern (Comptonia) : electrofusca 464, comptoniella 618.

Juglandaceae

General : juglandifoliella 90, caryscfoliera 197, caryana 392, juglandana 491, palliolella
617,. regalis 665.

Walnut (Juglans) : juglandiella 172, juglandivorella 176, nigralineella ? 210, jug-
landiella 228, testulana 478, dfinotella 616.

Hickory and pecan (Carya) : trinotata 87, y-inversa 110, clemensella 159, olivseformis
191, caryaealbella 191, caryrefoliella 211, lucifluella 228, ella 228, caryaefoliella 2S5,
aphidiella 311, bolliana 443, improbana 443, infumatana 496, fuinoferalis 569, angusella
615, stigmella 616, caryivorella 616, caryae 617, kearfottella 617, latifasciella 617, ulmi-
arrosorella 632, luna 671.

, Betulacese

General: corylifo'iella 89, nisella 401.

Hazel (Corylus) : quadriuotata 8:i, corylisella 199, corylifoliella 212, grotella 242,
tortriciformella 254, tristrigella 279, trinotella 285, similana 400, walkerana 401, corylana
465, exoieta ? 468, thestialis 567, rubrifasciella 618, coryliella 618.

Ironwood, hop hornbeam (Ostrya) : ostryaefoliella 89. ostryseella 175, obscuricostella
191, ostryaefoliella 191, tritsenianella 194, hamadryadella 196, lentella 197, ostryarella
199, ostryae 211, ostryaefoliella 228, ostryaeella 329.

Ironwood, blue beech (Carpinus) : quadrinotata 89, y-inversa 110, ostryaeella 175,
carpinella 211, Psilocorsis sp. 236.

Birch (Betula) : ostryaefoliella 89, mora 121, coronatella 158, canadensisella 158, con-
spicuella 167, vicinella 168, oblitere>,la 168, coroniella 174, martiella 193, lentella 197,
betulivora 198, cinerella 210, lentella 212, betulella 242, betulel a 293, gredartella 345,
diana 353, culciformis 370, similana 400, transmissana ? 402, solicitana 402, albeolana
456, zelleriana 465, trisignana 488, niveana 484, ferrugana 487, affractana 487, betulella
618, luna 671, polyphemus 672, arcuata 690, bilineata 090.

Alder, (Alnus) : argenteomaculatus 68, elongella 172, glutinella 176, auronitens 192,
cinerella 210, alniel'a 212, belangerella 293, alnifructella 302, goedartella 345, calliphanes
345, asilipennis 365, americana 370, brunneopurpurata 465, extricalis 501, rubrifasciella
618, arcuata 690.

Fagaceae

General: packardella 158, strigifinitella 179, asperatella 607.
Beech (Fagus) : faginella 236, fagella 304, fagigemmeana 468, luna 671.
Oak and chestnut : auricyanea 66, castaneaefoliella 74, saginella 95, latifasciella 94,
castaneseella 198, quercicella 235, obsoletella 236.

(j96 FOOD INDEX

Chestnut (Castanen) : castaiuw S3, phleophaga 83, castamwella 147, kearfottella 191,
leucochrysella 210, castanea; 239, castaiifella 347, pictipes 371, fuscociliana 410, spoliana
443.

Oak (Quomis) : hHnriehi 8:?, terminella 88, altolla 89, querclpulchella 90, similella 93,
flavipodflla 94, anguinella 97. platea 97, uasoni lot), biguttata 110, pallida 111, fusco-
marginella 147, tinctoriella 148, badiiella 148, citrinipennella 148, albostramiuea 148,
zelleriella 148, litigiosella 157, ainsliella 159, alchlmiella 176, quercinigrella 177, strigosa
179, albiuotella 180, fulgideKa 182, fltchella 189, bataviella 189 (footnote), quercialbella
190, argentifimbriella 190, albanotella 190, uageni 190, aeriferella 190, rileyella 191,
basistrigel'.a 193, hamadryadella 196, cincinnatiella 196, macrocarpella 197, conglornera-
tella 197, quercivorella 197, platanoidella 197, fletcherella 198, bethunella 198, fasciella
198, obstrictella 198, tubiferella 199, atromarginata 217, querciella 217, Coptodisca sp.
228, reflexella 236, allenella 241, schlsegeri 252, unipunctella 253, querciella 253, xantho-
basis 253, melanel-a 254, bicostomaculella 267, maculimarginella 268, vernella 268, gil-
vomaculalla 268, ligulella 284, georgiella 285, cristifasciella 291, latlfasciella 292, quer-
cinlgracelia 292, fuscopunctella 292, glandulella 310, purpuriella 329, Swainmerdamia
sp. 339, oreasella ? 346, apiciinaculella '! 346, simulans 365, palmii 366, rubristigma
371, latiferreanns 397, timidella 9!), divisana 407, burgessiana 410, rnurtfeldtiana 410,
appendicea 464, diluticostana 477, karacana 477, testulana 478, semipurpurana 481,
quercifoliana 491, fervidana 496, grisea 498, macmurtrel 519, hebescella 617, ham-
uioudi 632, ostriuella 636, chlridota 657, melsheimeri 658, stigma 667, virginiensis 668,
senatoria 668, uiaia 669, cymato.phoroides 687.

Urticaceae

General : fabriciana 352.
Elm (Ulmusl : apicialbella 90, ulmella 92, Marmara sp. 182, argentinotella 192,

occitanica 192. ulmella 197, limosipennella 212. costrictella 307, undulatella 347,

fuscociliana 410, asperatella 607, ulmiarrosorella 6^2.
Hack-berry (Celtis) : ovina 102, celtisella 193, celtifoliella 194, rubrisparsella 623,

celtidella 626.

Osage orange (Madura) : externalis 555.
Nettle (Urtica) : urticata 581.
Richweed (Pilea) : ptilchrimella 332.

Santalacea;
Bastard toadflax (Comandra) : comaudrana 484.

Polygonacere

Sorrel, dock (Ruinex) : discoocellella 206, fasciatana 463.

Smartweed, knotweed (Polygonum) : borea 214, shaleriella 214, discoocellella 266,
absconditella 296, minime.la 296, ainslei 508.

Pigweed (Chenopodium) : lingulacella 298, hermannella 298, ranalis 546.

Beet and chard (Beta) : perspectalis 544, fascialis 545, bipunctalis 554, sticticalis 556.

Amaranthaceae

Pigweed, Amaranth (Amaranthus) : amaranthella 215.
Alternanthera : perspectalis 544, fascialis 545.

Phytolaccaccse
Poke (Phytolacca) : obscuralis 548, aeglealis 567.

Nyctaginacea?
Oxybaphus : nyctaginella 358.

Caryophyllacpfle

Chlckweed (Stellaria) : co?nosipennella 214.
Campion (Silene) : apicialbella 210.

Water lilies (Nympha?acea?)
penitalis 568, obliteralis 577, gyralis 577, maculalis 577.

FOOD INDEX 697

Ranuneulaceae

Meadow rue (Thalictrum) : fuscipedella ? 245.
Clematis : caudata 374, maculata ? 522.
Marsh marigold (Caltha) : Opostega V 160.

Magnoliaceae

General : liriodendrana 473, angulifera 673.

Tulip tree (Liriodendron) : liriodendrella 154, ostricolorella 631, promethea 673.

Magnolia : magnoliella 154, hamadryadelia 196, uiagnoliana 498, Carolina 673.

Anonacese
Papaw (Asimina) : plummeriana 388, cariosa 588.

Berberidacere
Barberry (Berberis) : dentosa 588.

Lauraceffi

Red bay (Persea) : parvula 340.

Sassafras : sassafrasella 172, niveiguttana, 459, saracana 476, flssalis 567.

Mustard family (Cruciferse)
General : maculipennis 341, porrecteLa 341, undalis 550, straminalis 551, rimosalis 551.

Sarraceniacese
Pitcher plant (Sarracenia) : daeckeana 458.

Saxit'ragaceae

Saxifrage (Saxifraga) : saxifragae 371.
Alum root (Heuchera) heucherana 403.

Hydrangea : hydrangisRella 226, ferruginana ? 468, ferriferana 469.

Currant, gooseberry (Ribes) :' taylorella '! 75, albogalleriella 161, tlpuliformis 372,
exoleta ? 468, fernaldana 515, grossularise 680.

Hamamelidaceag

Witch-hazel (Hamamelis) : superbifrontella 176, hamameliella 199, argutanus 447,

niveiguttana 459, merrickana 466, footiana 470.
Sweet gum (Liquidambar) : liquidambarisella 154, dorsivittella 301, afflictella 625,

regalis 665.

Platanacea;

Sycamore (Platanus) : platanella 92. clemensella t>3, alliisparsella 207, divisanu 407,
platanana 409, ovulalis ? 547, militella 007.

Rosacese

(In this family especially, the species tend to feed on members of several
related genera. The Ericaceae seem to be closely related to this family biologi-
cally, and there is a tendency for the forms feeding on either to stray to the
other.)

General: cratsegella 191, fletcherella 209, Tinagma 224, splendoriferella 227, pade'la 339,
falciferella ? 341, exitiosa 370, pictipes 371, pyri 372, prunivora 392, pomonella 396,
tineana 405, perniundana 466, permutana 486, indigiuella 619, americana 681, scriptu
686, rectangula 687.

Ninebark (Physocarpus or Opulaster) : opulifoliella 90.
Meadow sweet, Steeple-bush, Hardback (Spiraea) : spirteifollana 410, hemidesma 458,

albicillana 458, aruncana 472, spiweifoliana 472, lucina 670.

Apple, pear, chokeberry, mountain ash, (Pyrus) : poinivorella 93, ohalybela 93, mall-
follella 147, pomlfollella 158, guttea 166, geminatella 167. quadripunctella 168, gorbl-

698 FOOD INDEX

vorella 168, arbutifoliella 168, fraxiuella 177, eloteUa 182, pomonella 183, malimali-
foliella, 191, cerasivorella 208, malivorella 217, ligulella 284, quaintancella 310. mali-
gemmella 312, conjugella 347, pariana 353, pomonella 396, septcmberana ? 399, nubecu-
lana 408, ocellana 435, improbana ? 443, chionosema 456, ma ana 407, minuta 482,
Phoenicians 570, harninondi 632, velleda 680, americana 681.

Quince (Cydonia) : geminatella 167, malimalifoliella 191.

Shadbusb (Amelanchier) : amelanchierella 97, Psilocorsis sp. 236.

Thorn (Crataegus) : scintillians 86, cratfegifoliella 94, anglicella 167, cratsegifoliella 167,
melanotella 167, inusitatumella 168, crattegella 301, curvi.ineella 329, dietziana 411,
chionosema 466, niveiguttana 484.

Strawberry (Fragaria) : anglicella 167, comntana 408 (floridana 407?). fragariana 488.

Raspberry, blackberry (Rubus) : villosella 88, rubifoliella 91, aenea 147, cretaticostella
213, albaciliella 254, disconotella 297, festaliella 360, marginata 374, apicana 40<, fra-
garise 407, separatana 455, concinnana 465, tenuidactylus 645, cymatoplioroides 687.

Agrimony (Agrimonia) : agrimoniella '279.

Rose (Rosa) : rosaefoliella 91, roseticola 147, rosacella 210, rossefoliella 217, pyricolana
95, Ancylis sp. 406, suffusana 416, nimbatana 455, separatana 455, cyanana 458, berg-
manniana 480, albicomana 480, semipurpurana 481, rhododactyla 644.

Cherry, plum, peach (Primus) : bifasciella 87, slingerlnndella 91, geminata 112, quadri-
punctella 168, serotinella 178, serotinella 183, propinquella 191, cerasivorella 208, occi-
dentis 209, pruniella 209, umbratica 211, lapidicornism 215, at autica 217, cont'usella
265, serotinella 269, lineatella 280, prunifoliella 304, exitiosa 270, molesta 394, bur-
gessiana pruni 410, campestrana 452, malana 467, ferruginana ? 468, iuornatana 469,
pallorana 492, cerasivorna 496, semifuneralis 631, promethea 673, americana 681.

Leguminosae

General: desmodiella 193, lecontella 241, Polyhymno 290, nigricana 393, pollinalis 558,

raelanogrammos 607, contatella 626, boisduvaliella 629, zinckenella 629, pumillo ? 646,

bicolor 666.
Honey locust (Gleditsia) : biscolorella ? 306, pallidochrella 307, gleditschiaeella 328,

leguminana 512, reductella 624, bisecta 666.

Judas tree (Cercis) : cercerisella 264, chambersana 478, funeralis 545.
Wild indigo (Baptisia) : tristrigana ? 394, baptisiella 608.
Lupine (Lupinus) : lupinella 279.
Clover (Trifolium) : palpilineella 290, roseosuffusella 295, interstinctaiia 292, anguli-

fasciana 409, instrutana 453, discopunctanum 479.
Amorpha : uhlerella 192, amorphella 325.
Tephrosia : tephrosiella 619.
Locust (Robinia) : robiniella 184, robiniella 192, gemmea 19^?, ostensackenella 193,

robiniella 241, unctulella 267, pseudoacaciella 269, robiniella 301, insiticiana 397.
Tick trefoil (Desmodium, Meibomia) : violacella 173, pergandeella 249, pavonacella 353,

fana 393. N

Bush clover (Lespedeza) : lespedezaefoliella 185, tesquella 325.
Beach pea (Lathyrus) : maritima 409.
Bean : oculatana 523, vitrina 523.
Lima bean (Phaseolus) : nubilella 621.
Hog peanut (Amphicarpa) : amphicarpeaefoliella 181, morrisella 192, tesquella 325,

pavonacella 353.
Krameria : crescentifasciella 278.

Geraniacese
Geranium : purpurana 495.

Rutaceae

General on woody members : citrifoliella 285.
Ptelea : pteliaeella 86, pteleae 239, nigrinotella 240.

Simarubaceas
Ailanthus : punctella 340, walkeri 675.

Anacardiaceae

Sumach, poison ivy (Rhus) : intermedia 87, rhoifoliella 87, rhoifoliella 172, gutti-
flnitella 198, walsinghami 270, rhoifructella 278, roseosuffusella ? 295, chalcofrontella 311,
erythriella 360, argutanus 447, rhoifructana 473, pravella ? 624, semiobscurella 626,
stypticellum ? 634, ostrinella 636.

FOOD INDEX 699

Aquifoliacese

Holly, black alder (Ilex) : ilecella 159, cryptolechiella 236, ilicifoliana 412, flnitlmana
412, pertextalis 507.

Celastraceae

Evonymus : mnltipunctella 339, thestialis 567.
Bitter-sweet (Celastrus) : celastrusella 348.

Aceraceae

Maple, box elder (Acer) : acerifoliella 76, saccharella 82, aceriella 1.71, bimaculatella
174, Gracilaria A 174, packardella 174, negundella 175, trinotella 189, clemensella 190,
lucidicostella 190, saccharella 197, aceriella 199, subreticulata 347, corni 371, acerni 371,
signatana 399, willingana 440, crescentana 440, aesculana 441, moffatiana 441, tyrius
447, pettitana 477, albicaudana 478, semiferana 497, negundana 498, asperatella 607,
rubicunda 667, polyphemus 072, disstria 682.

Sapindaceae

Horse-chestnut, buckeye (yEsculus) : sesculisella 199, emblemella ? 288, claypoleana
440, ffisculana 441, instrutana 453, hippocastana 466, rileyana 496.

Balsaminaceae
Touch-me-not, jewel weed (Impatiens) : agilana 458.

Rhamnacese

Buckthorn (Rhamnus) : rhamnioola 87, pullata 180. quercifoliana 491.
New Jersey tea (Ceanothus) : anarsiella 267, ceanothiella 328.

Vitaceae

General : falsarius 114, americana 114, texana 114, vitigenella 154.

Woodbine (Ampelopsis, Psedera) : flavescens 106, ampelopsiella 154, quiquenotella 158,

apmelospsiella 226, absconditella 296.
Grape (Vitis) : speculella 152. vitifoliella 154, Isabella 226, viticoidifoliella 226, aesella

227, polistiformis 366, eclipsana 393, viteana 473, botrana 473, lugubris 523, funeralis 545,

periscelidactylus 645.

Tiliaceae

Basswood, Linden (Tilia) : argentifasciella 86, tiliella 91, clemensella 159, lucetiella
193, tiliacella 194, tiliaefolie la 216, tiliana 468, liniata 548, thestialis 567.

Malvaceae

Rose mallow (Hibiscus) : Marmara sp. 182, hibiscella 266.
Cotton (Gossypium) regalis 665.

Hypericaceae
St.-John's Wort (Hypericum) : hyperella 240, nigra 302, hypericana 487.

Cactaceae
Prickly pear (Opuntia) : opuntiella 183, prodenialis 630.

Thymeleaceae
Leatherwood (Dirca) : dircella 181.

Elaeagnaceaj
elaeagnisella 217.

Lythraceae
Swamp loosestrife (Ly thrum) : lythrella 240.

700 FOOD INDEX

OnagraeesB

Willow-herh (Epilobiuin) : ilccon-lla 324.

Kvoning primrose (CEnothera) : t.rlnotelln ? 282, circumscrlptella 323, luurtfedtclla

323, stellella 323, brcvivittella 323, eloisolla 326, argentimaculella 327, oenotherana 511,

funeralis 545.
Enchanter's nightshade (Circsra) : terminella 327.

Umbelliferse

General: argillacea ? 238, applana clemensella 239, heracliana 243, pimplnella 343.
Hemlock (Couium) : canella V 238.
Water hemlock (Cicuta) : cicutaella 343.
Caraway (Carom) : einereocostella 242.
Water parsnip (Slum) : rinereocostella 242.

Cornaceffi

Cornel, dogwood (Cornus) : diet/.k'lla V 7*5, cornusella 173, belfrageella 174, alblan-
tennaella 211, cornifollella 226, lindana 399,' mlcantana 404, puuctana 467, eornana 467,
iiuadrinda 4«9, rhoifriictana 473, pudens 687, herminiata 689.

Tupelo, sour gum (Nyssa) : nyssaefoliella 91, riyssaefoliella 226, uysssecolella 621.

Erlcaeese

General : unguicella 406, floridana 407, hastiana 485, maccana 486, nebullfera 588.

Sweet pepper bush (Clethra) : pertextalis 567.

Pyrola : roseomaculana 456.

Rhododendron : latistrigella 152, rhododendri 372.

Azalea : azaleae 175.

Laurel (Kalmia) : kalmiella 166, rhoifructana 473.

Andromeda (Andromeda, Lyonia) : villella 312.

Sorrel tree (Oxydendrum) : diversella 193.

Huckleberry (Gaylussacia) : diversella 193, gaylussaciella 212, magnella 2?8.

Blueberry, cranberry (Vaccinium^ : paludicola 89, preciosella 167, arbitrella 167, vac-
ciniella 174, negligens 228, vacciniella 285, quinquecristatella 292, nsvana 411, schul-
ziana ? 452, interruptolineana 457, permundana 466, minuta 482, schalleriana 485,
mariana 491, vaccinii 619, fusca 628.

Primulacese
Loosestrife (Lysimachia) : lysimachiaeella 194.

Ebenacese

Persimmon (Diospyros) : diospyriella 228, uroceriformis 367, malaohitana 457, regalia
665.

Oleaceae

General: syringae 367, angelica 679.

Privet (Ligustrum) : cuculipennella 177.

Ash (Fraxinus) : fraxinella 177, asilipennis 365.

Gentianacese
Floating heart (Llmnanthemum, Nymphoides) : seminealis 578.

Apocynacete
Dogbane, Indian hemp (Apocynum) : apocynella 183.

Convolvulaceae

Morning-glory (Ipomoea) : somnulentella 153, clemensella 332, gemmiferella 332.
Bindweed (Convolvulus) : monodactylus 651.

Polemoniacese
Greek valerian (Polemonium) : polemoniella 213.

FOOD INDEX 701

Hydrophyllacese
Phacelia : macelhosiella 245, zelleriella 246.

Boraginacese

Comfrey (Symphytum) : schalleriana 485.
Stoneseed (Lithospermum) : longimaculella 246.
Onosmodium : onosmodiella 179.

Mints (Labiate)

General : acanthodactyla 644.

Bastard pennyroyal (Trichostema) : sexnotella 324.

Skullcap (Scutellaria) : scutellariseella 275, inflatella 354.

Sage (Salvia) : onythesalis ? 570.

Horsemint (Monarda) : signatalis 571.

Solan aceas

General : operculella 276.
Nightshade, potato, eggplant (Solanum) : nundinella 270, striatella 277, glochinella

277, perfu sails 554.
Ground cherry ( Pa j sails) : lavernella 275, physaliella 297.

Scrophulariaceae

Beardtongue (Pentstemon) : lavana 513.
Speedwell (Veronica) : pterodactyla 646.
Orthocarpus : feliciella 360.

Bignoniacea;
Trumpet creeper (Tecoma) : tecomae 529.

Plantagluacese

Plantain (Plantago) : plantaginisella 185.

Rubiace*
Buttonbush (Cephalanthus) : cephalanthiella 326.

Caprifoliacea?

Honeysuckle (Lonicera) : fragilella 194. xylostella 342, flavibasana 475, auiorata 655.
Snowberry (Symphori carpus) : symphoricarpella 193, mariaeella 194.
Viburnum : viburnella 216, logiana 4S5, juglandana 45)1, dryopterata 655, rosea 690.
Elder (Sambucus) : argenticinctella 247, tertialis 561.

Cucurbitacese
Squash, melons, cucumber : satyriniformis 367, nitidalis 549, hyalinata 550.

Compositae

General: cresceiitella 159, ignota 186, juncidella 281.

Ironweed (Vernonia) : vernoniseella 215, ambrosiana 472, subnivana 483, rana 509,
flavidalis 567, paleaceus 650.

Joe Pye weed, thoroughwort (Eupatorium) : venustella 180, pulvipennella 238, eupa-
toriella 286, bassiformis 372, leopardana 388, slingerlandana 472, eupatorii 648, elliottii
650.

Tarweed (Grindelia) : electellum 634.

Goldenrod (Solidago) : solidaginifoliella 147, magnella 156, niveella ? 157, solidaginis
186, pulvipennella 238, galleaasterlella 273, gallaesolidaginis 274, salinaris 274, banksi-
ella 276, flavocostella 281, inserrata 281, tripartlana 415, scudderiana 415, obfuscana
416, deseetana 416, juncticiliana 425, dorsisignatana 425, marculenta 557, terrealis 561,
fissalis 567, funebrls 572, lobidactylus 646, homodactylus 649, montana 651.

702 FOOD INDEX

Aster : errans 157, astericola 179, pennsylvaniella 185, astericola 213, ericodes 214,

duplicis 215, granifera 215, gallseasteriella 273, subterranea 274, busckiclla 274, bracken-

ridgella 274, nonstrigella 281, levisella 282, essexana 433.
Diplopappus : gallsediplopappi 273.
Erigeron : gentilis 567.
Everlasting (Antennaria, Anaphalis, Gnaphalium) : gnaphaliella 354, mucidellum,

634, tessaradactyla 643, stramineus 650.
Rosimveed (Silphium) : bipunctella 425, giganteana 427.
Marsh elder (Iva) : ivse 296, elderana ? 511.
Ragweed, Roman wormwood (Ambrosia) : nmbrosiaeella 147, heliopsisella 147, Buc-

culatrix C 157, ambrosiaefoliella 158, ambrosiella 186, PsLocorsis sp. 236, mediofus-

cella 269, washingtoniella 282, chamberse.la 282, strenuana 413, cataclystiana 424,

osmundana ? 457, ambrosiana: 472, inflmel.a 635, pumilio ? 646, inquinatus 649, ambroshe

652.

Heliopsis : heliopsisella 147, ithacae 373.
Black-eyed Susan, Golden Glow (Rudbeckia) : auratella 183, similiella 306, triparti-

tana 415, grisea 498.
Sunflower (Helianthus) : fusicola 156, vernoniseella 215, flavocostella 281, helianthana

437, birdana 501, helianthales 559, electellum 634, declivis 651.
Actinomeris : ambrosiella 186.

Bur marigold (Bidens) : atrodorsella 238, otiosana 413.
Yarrow (Aohillea) : pallidactyla 642.
Tansy (Tanacetura) : striatella 305.
Artemisia : emeritella 243, axenopis 275.
Fireweed (Erechtites) : insignis 154.
Groundsel (Senecio) : senecionella 240.
Burdock (Arctium) : lappella 305.
Thistle (Carduus etc.) : fuscicolella 350, eboracensis 350, carduiella 354, carduana 472,

subsequalis 572, carduidactyla 644.
Centaur^ a and Knautia : montana ? 652.
Lettuce (Lactuca) : bunteana 511.

NAME INDEX

Abacobia

PAGE

124

afflictclla, Diachorisia, Tinea

PAGE

136

105

afflictella, Sa!ebria

62i,

abbotii

13

AgaristidBL'

42

abbreviatana

414

Agdistis -. 640 (flg

404)

346

agilana ...

458

573

agitatellus

598

287

Aglaope

114

abietana

453

Aglossa

586

abietella 621

(620)

agnplla

157

abietisella

300

Agnippe

30ti

Ablabia

488

Agonoptervx, Agnopteryx

236

Abrenthin

352

agrimoniplla

279

abruptana

413

agrotipennplla

121

absconditplla . . . .

296

568

Acalla

481

ainsliella

159

acanthodactvla

644

alacella

281

acapnopemiplla ...

129

276

accpssoHplla

161

alatella . .

614

acericolum

371

alba

667

aceripl'a, Graci a ia .

171

albaciliella ... . . . .

254

aceriella, L'thocc lletis

199

albacostana

406

aceriella, Epinotia, Catastega. . . .

399

albafasciella .... ... . .

143

acerifoliplla

76

albalineana . . ...

486

acerni

371

albaniana . . .

499

Achroia

535

albanotella I-.ithocolletis ...

190

Acleris

481

albapalpella . . . . . ....

234

Acoloithus . . . '.

114

albapunctella . . .

342

Acossus

518

albella, Ivucoptera Cemiostoma . .

151

Acraea

12

albella, Stenoina . ...

253

acrionali

570

albellus, Crambus . . . .

600

Acrobasi>

614

albeolana ....

456

Acrocerco'>s

178

albiantennaella . . ....

211

Acrolepia

343

albicapitain . . . . ...

439

Acrolepiuhi?

337

albicapitella, Bucculatrix . . . . . .

157

Acrolop'-i»se

119

albicapitella. Klachista \phelosetia

222

Acrolophus 25 (flg. 19)

120

albicaudana

478

Acting . ...

671

albiciliana .... ....

458

acutella

560

albicoma

374

Adaina

651

albicomana

4SO

adaniantana

422

albicornis . . ...

373

adana

438

albidana

511

adaptella

171

albiguttara .... ....

424

Adela 77 (78

344)

albimaculana

395

adelalis

538

albinella

."25

Adelidao

72

albinotella, albinatel a albonotella

180

Adplow''n!a

666

113

adipaloides

553

albisparsplla ....

267

Adonetf)

108

albistriana

485

•Adoxoph-'ps'

479

albistrigella

279

Adrastp a

267

albocapitella . ....

617

/Eaea

329

alboclavellus

598

/Egeria . . 373

(368)

albocostalis

629

/EgeriHw

360

albocostPlla, V'lrtivia, Maricopa

633

seglealis

567

albocostellus. Schcenobius

528

aenea

147

albogalleriplla .....

161

apneoviridplla .

629

albomaculeMa

265

aenusp'Ia

210

albonotplla

180

aequppn' vel?a

287

albostraminea

148

seriferell i

190

albovitplla

636

sesculana ....

441

Albuna

. 364

sesculi

520

Alcathoi*

374

aesculisolla .

199

Alcpris

. 481

apsella

''27

nlpostis

11

vEsylp

181

alchimiella 162 (flg. 115)

, 176

/Etole

3." 8

a'ciphparia

. 11

afflictami

. 492

algidella

. 252

[703]

704

NAME INDEX

PAGE

alienellti 243

alisellana 491

iillenella 241

alleni 591

allenlana 492

allionealis 578

Allunonyiua 352

uliiicolclla 172

alinella 212

alnifructella 302

alnivorella 172

alope 11

alpinana 389

alstroemcriana 238

altella 89

alterana 432

alternatella 347

alticolalis 531

Alucita (647, 631, 652)

Alucitidffi 639 (652)

amarantliella 215

amatana 442

Ambesa 622

amblygona 407

amblyptepennis 528

Amblyptilia 642

ambrosia?, Adaina 652 (646)

ambrosireella, Gelechia 271

ambrosiffiella, Tischeria 147

ambrosisfoliella, Bucculatrix ...158 (157)

ambrosiana, Polychrosis 472

ambrosiella, Cremastobombycia 186

amelanchierella 97

americana, Harrisina 114

americana, Conopia, Sesia 370

americana, Peronea 484

americana, Epicnaptera, Gastropacha. 682

americaua, Malacosoma, Clisiocampa. 681

amorata 655

Amorbia 479

amorphella 325

ampelopsiel'.a, Antispila 226

ampelopsiella, Phyllocnistis 154

amphicarpeaefoliella .' 181

amphidelta 174

Amphisa 479

ampla 315

amplexella 618

Amydria 139

Anacampsis 277 (288, 289)

Anaphora 120

Anaphorinffi . 119

Anarsia 279

anarstella 267

anatomella 124

Anchylopera 408 (403, 444)

Ancylis 403 (408)

Ancylopera, see Anchylopera.

Ancylolomiina3 588

andereggiella 346

andropogonis 307

Anerastia 638

Anerastiina? 637

Anesychia 244 (243)

angelica 679

anglicella 167

angleseana 393

anguinella 97

angulatalis 580

angulatana 508

angulella : 632

angulifaseiana

angulifasciella

angulifera

anguliferellum

angusana

angusella

angustalis, Pyrausta

aiigustalis 584 (fig

angustana 507

angustata

angustipennella, Gelechia

angustipennella, Aristotelia

angustipennella, Pigritia

animalis

Anisota

anita

anna

annetteana

annettella

annulatella, Plutella 334 (fig

annulatelm, Polopeustis

annulosella

Anorthosia

anteliella

anthobaphes

anthoecioides

Anthroceridae

anticostiensis

Antispila

Antithesia

Anydraula

Apantesis

Apatelodes

apateticana

Aphanaula

Aphelosetia

aphidiella

Aphigalia

Aphomia

aphrodite

aphroditeella

apicana

apicella

apicialbella, Nepticula

apicialbella, Coleophora

apiciana

apicilinella

apicimaculella. Tinea

apicimaculella, Argyresthia

apicisignatella

apicistrigell:), L-\ onetia

apicistrigella. Duvita

apicitripunctella

apiformis

apocynella

Apophthisis

Apotomia

appendicea

applana

approximella. Peoria

approximatella, Scardia

apriliana

Aproserema 289

apyrella

aquilana

arbitrella

arbutifoliella

arcanellus

arcella

Archips 493, (489,

Arctiidse

PAGE
409
129
673
634
483
615
571
366)
(508)
159
271
297
316
545
666
682
518
431
346
200)
622
6li«">
287
306
174
530
113
688 .
225
451
579

10
678
455
298
220
311
220
534

11
288
407
210

90
210
485
289
126
346
129
152
289
299
373
183
180
140
464
239
628
123
443
(288)
636 >t
485 -
167
168
121
129
491)

42

NAME INDEX

arcuata ..........................

arcuella ..........................

arenella .........................

argentana, Cnephasia ..............

argentana, Argyria ..............

argentella ................ 219 ("£•

argenteomaculatus .............. • •

argentiabella .....................

argenticiliella ....................

argenticinctella .................

argentifasciella ...................

argentiflmbriella ..................

argentifurcatana ..................

argentllimitana ...................

argentimacula, Prolimacodes .....

argentimaculella, Psacaphora ......

argentinotella, Diachorisia, H'omosetia
(Calostinea), Semele ............

argentinotella, Lithocolletis ...... ...

argentipunctella, Gelechia ..........

argentistrigella ...................

argentosa ...................... , •

argillacea ......................

argillaceellus ......................

argiolus ........................

argus ...........................

argutanus ........................

Argyractis .....................

argyralis .......................

argyrella ........................

Argyresthia ......................

Argyresthiidse ....................

Argyria ..........................

argyroelana ......................

Argyroploce .......................

Argyroptera ....................

argyrospila .....................

argyrosplendella ..................

Argyrotsenia ......................

Argyrotoxa ......................

Aristotelia .............. 294 (290

arizonensis .....................

armeniella ........................

Arogalea .........................

Arotrura .........................

arsaltealis .......................

Arta .............. .............

Artace ...........................

artemisiella ..................... ,

arthemis ...................... 11

articulatana .....................

aruncana ....................... ,

ascriptella • ...................... ,

asilipennis ......................

Asopia .........................

aspasiana ....... ................

asperatella ......................

Aspidisca .......................

asterella ........................

astericola,
astericola,
asteroides
astricta
i jtrologana

"tyanax
. vsychna
aterrimella
atlantica

atmosella, see atomosella
atomocella, Prays, Yponomenta
atomosana, Phalonia

Acrocercops,
Coleophora

Gracilaria .

PAGE

690

198

270

488

593

129)

68
216
254
247

86
190
423
506
110
327

135

192

265

135

221

238

604

11

670

447

580

545

318

344

337

592

454

448

488

497

314

490

480

298)

11

298

291

349

569

531

681

275

, 16

395

472

249

365

(530)

, 453

607

, 227

, 274

. 179

. 213

. 13

. 682

. 454

. 11

. 205

. 350

. 217

338
509

PAGE

atomosella, Gracilaria 177

atriflua 128

atrodentana 465

atrodorsella . 238

atromarginata 217

atropicta 243

atrupictella 302

Attacapa 606

Attacus (671-674)

Atteva 340

attributella 303

augustana 398

auratella, Marmara 183

auratella, Argyria 593

auratus 68

aurea, Cory thophora 150

aurea, Atteva, CEta 340

aureana 507

aureovirens 76

auricapitana ~ . 458

auricrinella 64

auricristatella 136

auricyanea ." . 66

aurif erella '. . 136

auriga 643

aurimaculella 271

aurisquamosa 160 (fig. 114)

auronitens 192

auropulvella 129

Aurora , . 638

aurorana '. . 511

aurorella, Semioscopis 244

aurorella, Acrobasis 616

austerella 348

australis 114

Autocosmia , . 559

Automeris • , . 670

Autoneda 294

autumnana 485

Auximobasis 310

Auzatidffi 688

avellana 231 (fig. 141)

awemeana 433

axenopis 275

azalese 175

B

Bactra 470, (447)

badiiella 148

badiomaculella 271

badiusalis 578

balanotes 650

balteolella 219 (fig. 132)

bana 503

banksiella 276

baptisiella 608

baracana 502

basalis ; . 583

basifasciella 293

basllarella ." . 316

basllaris, Scy thris » . 350

basilaris, Salebria 627

Basilona , •. 665

basipallidella 311

basistrigella , . 193

basquella, see bosquella.

bassettella 358

bassiformis 372

batanella » . 275

batariella 189

Batrachedra 330 (205, 327)

706

NAME INDEX

PAGE

Battaristis 288

Bedellia • 153

Begog 281

belangerella, Telphusa . . 293

belangerella, Argyresthia . . 347

belfrageana 476

belfrageella 174

bella, Adela 78

bella, Heliodines 358

bella, Zophodia G30

bellella, Adela, Neraotois 78

bellella, Arlstotelia 295

Bembecia 374

beneflcentella 270

Benta 606

bergmanniana 480

bethunella 198

betulella, Depressaria 242

betulella, Telphusa , . 293

betulella, Acrobasis 618

betuliperda 353

betulivora 198

beutenmulleri 100

bicaudata 108

blcolor, Tischeria 148

bicolor, Adelocephala 666

bicoloralis 56.0

blcostomaculella 2t> i

bidens . 59S

blfaciella, Helice, Tbeisoa ." . 307

bifascialis 580

bifasciella, Nepticula '. . 87

biflavimaculella , • 132

biforis 214

blguttata 110

bilineana 428

bilineata . ., 690

bilineatella ," . 613

biliturellus 603

bllobella 283

bimaculana 502

bimaculella, Tinea ." . 126

bimaculella, Gelechia 265

bimaculatella, Gracilaria 174

bipartitana 451

bipunctalis, Pachyzancla 554

bipunctella, Eudarcia 77

bipunctella, Mea 138

bipunctella, Dichomeris 28~>

bipunctella, Eucosma 425

bipunctellus, Crambus 601

bipunctella, Peoria . . . • 639

birdana 501

biscana . . 507

blscolorella 300

bisecta 666

biseriata 689

bisselliella ." . 133

bistriaria, Aplodes 12

bistriata, Sparganothis 476

ibistriatella 613

bittana v . 389

bivlella 78

Blabophanes 131

blakeana 444

blandana .' . . 497

blandella %" . 176

Blastobasidae 308

Blastobasis 314

Blastodacna 329

Blastotere 344

PACK

Blepharomastix 546 (573)

Bocchoris 545

Boeotarcha : '. . . 573

boisduvaliella 629

bolliana 443

bollli . . 372

bolterl 370

Bombycidse 679 (678)

Bombycoldea 676

Bombyx 679

bomonana 508

Bondia ." . 515

bonusculalis 6O2

borea 214

borealis : . 572

boreasella, Acrocercops, Ornix 179

boreasella, Decantha . . 248

boreasella, Holcocera 312

Borkhausenia 24d (248)

borkhausenii 248

boscana 484

bosquella 266

Botis 563, (545, 558)

botrana 473

boxcana 414

Brachiloma ^ , . 251

Brachmia 283 (280)

brachyelytrifoliella 221

brackenridgella, Gdechia ." . 271

brackenridgella, Gnoromischema . . ." . 274

Brackenridgia ." . 76

Brahmffiidffi 684

branelia 270

Brenthia 352

breviornatana 475

brevipennella .". . 139

brevivittella , . 323

brewsteriana 487

brightonana 414

brucei 649

brumella 271

brunneella , 619

brunnearia , . 12

brunneipennis 373

brunneopurpurata 465

Bryotropha 276

Bucculatrix , . 155

Buckleria k 645

bunteana 511

buoliana , . 438

burgessiana 410

burgessiella .' . 173

busckana, Rbyacionia 438

busckella, Acrolophus ." . 121

busckella, Ambesa 622

Busckia 220

busckiella, Gnorimoschema 274

busckiella, Ptycerata, Paltodora. . . . 306

busckiella, Holcocei'a 312

busckiella, Synallagma 333

Butalis ." . 349

byringerana '. . 485

Cabnia 639

Cacelice 807

Cacoecia 493 (489, 492)

cadarella 589 (fig. 367)

csecella 269

cseculalis 560

csemitariella 77

NAME INDEX

707

cseruleella

csesonia

csespititiella

cagnagellus 334 (fig.

Catera

caliginosellus

Calledapteryx

calligera

Callima

calliphanes

Callizzia

Callochlora

Callosamia

Calosima

Calostinea

campestrana

campicolana

camurellus

cana

canadana

canadensis

canadensisella

canariella

Canarsia

candana

canella

caaicinctella

canusella

capitalis

capitealbella

capiteochrella

capreana • •

Capua 479

Carama

carbonana

carbonella, Elatobia, Abacobia

carbonella, Elasmopalpus

carduana

Cardui

carduidactyla

carduiella

cariosa

caritella

carlinella 257 (flg.

Cannenta

carnariella

carneella

cfcrolana -

Carolina, Platyptilia

Carolina, Callosamia

carolinana

carol inellus

carpinella

Carpocapsa

Carposina

Carposinidae

cartwrightiana

caryse, Sparganothis ,

caryae, Acrobasis

caryasalbella

caryafoliella, Lithocolletis

carysefoliella, Coteophora

carysefoliella, Dichomeris, Ypsolophus

caryffivorella, Gelechia

caryana

caryivorella, Acrobasis '.

cassella

castanese, Ectoedemia

castanete, Swammerdamia

castaneae, Conopia, Sesia

78

205)
639

340
24

314
134

238
3

253
554
15 <
271
45: •
(48s i
102
40.")

472
!•'*
644
3f> 4
588
234
17O i
368
127
627
45 1
643
67.'{
415
598
211
39<>
51 ">
513
502
470
617
191
197
211
28">
271
392
616
271
83
339
371

oastaneseella, Tischeria 147

castaneaella, Lithocolletis 198

castanesefoliella , • 94

castaneella, Argyresthia 347

castaneus 366

Castnia 516 (flg. 297)

Cataclysta 579

cataclystiana 424

Catastega • • g»o

caudata «74

Caudellia 6

cautella • • 6

Cayuga «

ceanothiella 328

cecropia 674

celastrusella 34fc

celiana 486

celtidella, Salebria 626

celtifoliella 194

celtis 17

celtisana 401

celtisella, Lithocolletis 193

Cemiostoma 151

Cenopis 474

centerensis 518

centroyittana 486

centurlella 582

cephalanthiella 326

cephalonica 535

cerasivorana ,_. 496

cerasivorella 208

Ceratocampa 664

Ceratocampidse 664

ceratonia? 614

cercerisella 264

cerea 87

cerealella 3

cereana 533

cereralis 557

Cerostoma 341

cervina, Lithocolletis 198

cervinana 483

cervinus, Acrolophus 122

Chsetochilus 284

Chalceopla 76

chalcochrysa 346

chalcofrontella 311

Chalia 144

chalybealis , . 573

chalybeana 484

chalybeia, Nepticula 93

chalybeis, Adela 78

Chamsesphecia , . 368

chambersana 478

chamb-ersella 282

charon 350

Chauliodus 342

Cheimatophila 481

chersis It

Chilo 591 (525, 592)

chionosema 456

chiridota - 657

chlorias 650

chloris 108 (107)

Cholotis 328

Chondrostega 676 (flg. 431)

Choreutidse 350

Choreutis , . 353

Choropleca 137

chortalis 657

Chrosis 471

Chrysauginae 628

708

NAME INDEX

PAGE

Chrysendoton 579

rhrysoudsp<>rst>l-;i 135

chrysocoruella 137

Chrysocoris 360

Chrysopeleiu 329

Chrysopora 298

Cicinnus 658

cicutaella 343

eiliella 239

cincinnatana 512

clncinnatiella 196

Cinderella, 11, 482

cineraceus 649

cinerella 210

cinereidactylus 651

cinereocostella 242

cinereomedia 583

cinerodorsana 437

cingulata 13, 14

cippus 107

cipris 11

circulana 421

circumscriptella, Laverna, Mompha. . 323

circumscriptella, Clyphipteryx 355

Cirrha 262

Citheronia 664

Citheroniidae 664

citrifoliella 285

citrina 556

citrinipennella 7 . 148

clandestinella 333

clarioralis 620

claudia 17

claudialis 580

clavana, Thiodia 434

clavana, Cymolomia, Exartema. . . . '. . 469

claypoleana 440

Cledeobia 584

clemensalis 607

clemensella, Nepticula 93

clemensella, Xylesthia 139

clemens-ella, Tischeria 148

clemensella, Philonome 159

clemensella, Lithocolletis 190

clemensella, Agonopteryx, Depressaria 239

clemensella, Holcocera 314

clemensella, Cosmopteryx 332

clemensellus, Schcenobius 7 . 527

clemensiana, Peronea, Acleris, Teras 487

clemensiana, Tortrix . 492

Cleodora 305

Clisiocampa 681

cloacella '. . 130

Clydonopteron , . 529

clyton 17

Cnsemidophorus 642

Cnephasia 488

Cnidocampa 106

c-nlgrum 13

cocana , . . 428

coccidivora 1 . 632

Cochlidiidse ." . 102

Cochlidilni . 109

Cochlidion . . 110

Coelostathma 479

Ooenodomus . . 608

coenosipennella ." . 214

cohortalis •. 587

Coleophora ~ . 205

Coleophoridse , . 202

colon«lla 535

coloradella 248

PAG

coloradensis, Gelechia 264

coloradensis, Memythrus 366

Columbia , . 674

comandrana * . 484

comatulana 425

combustana 485

comma 11

commixtalis 556

Commophila 503

communis 556

complanoides 148

Compsolechia 277

comptana 407

comptoniella 618

comstockiana 439

comptulalis 591

comyntas 12

Conchylidae 499

Conchylis 503

Conchylodes 547

concinnana 465

concinusella 289

conclusella 289

concolor 147

concolorella, Eriphia, Ithome 329

concolorella, Coleophora 210

concors '. . S31

Condylolomia ," . 531

Condylorrhiza , . 550

conf ederata 144

conflxana ." . 459

conflictana ." . 494

confluana 426

confluentella 311

confusalis, Elophila 580

confusana, Phalonia ." . 509

confusella, Gelechia \ . 265

confusella, Pigritia 316

conf usellus, Acrolophus , . 121

congeminatella 139

conglomeratella .' . 197

coniferella 300

conjugella 347

Conopia ." . 368

conSimilis 372

consobrinella 621

consonella 278

conspicuella 167

constellatana ." . 454

constrictana , . 436

constrictella 307

contatella 626

continuella 265

contrariella 243

contrastana 503

contubernatellus 284

copeuta 167

Copocercia '. . 290

Coptodisca 227

Coptotriche 146

Corcyra 535

Cordylopeza ....'. 530

Coriscium 168 (178, 184

cornana 467

corni 371

cornifollana 406

cornifoliella , . 224

cornusella 173

coronana, Olethreutes , . 454

coronana, Peronea, Acleris, Teras .... 485

corontella 174

coronatella 158

NAME INDEX

709

PAOB

coruscana 453

coruscipennella 210

coruscofasciella ." . 78

Corycia (689)

corylana 465

coryliella, Menesta 254

coryliella, Acrobasis 618

corylifoliella, Nepticula 89

corylifoliella, Coleophora 212

corylisella, Llthocolletis 199

Corythangela 205

Corythophora 150

Cosmiotes 220

cosmodactyla 644

Cosmopterygidae 318

Cosmopteryx 331

Cossidae 516

Cossinae 518

Cossus 518

cossus 516 (fig. 296)

costalis 586

costiferalis 586

costimaculana 456

costipunctella 266

costisignella 135

costomaculana, Exentera 444

costosa 231 (fig. 139)

couperi 11

Crambinse o89 (525, 536)

Crambus 595 (594, 604)

cratsegella, Lithocolletis 191

Cratseg^ella, Recurvaria . 301

crataegifoliella, Nepticula 94

crataegifoliella, Parornix, Ornix 167

cratipennella 214

Credemna 341

Cremastobombycia 185

crenulellum 224

crescentana 440

crescentella, Bucculatrix 159

crescentella, Bondia, Carposina 516

crescentlfasciella 278

cressonella 236

cressoniana 443

cresphontes 17

cretata 102

cretaticostella 213

cretea 161

cretldactylus 648

cribrella 610 (fig. 331)

crinitalis 556

crispana 432

crispata 102

crlstatella, Diachorisia. Homosetia. . 135

cristatella, Recurvaria 302

cristifasciella ." 291

critica 593

crocatalis 569

croceoverUcella 128

crocicapltella 132

Crocidophora 552 (553)

Crocidoscelus 642

Crcesia 476

cmciana 398

cruciferarum 341

Cryptolechia 235 (243)

cryptolechiella 236

cticulipennella 177

cucullata 222

culidformis 370

culminana 414

cuneigera 159

PAGE)

cuprea 352

cuprealis 586

cuprella, Adela 72 (flg. 51)

cuprina 586

currucipennella 217

curvalana 480

curvilinella. Homostlnea 138

curvilineela, Agonopteryx, Depres-

saria 240

curvilineella, B'.astodacna 329

curvilineatella, Bucculatrix 158

curvistrigella 292

cviatella 627

cyanana, Olethreutes, PentMna. 458 (395)

Cyanauges 76

Cyane 137

cyanella 76

Cycloplasis 359

Cycnodia 219 (fi#. 128)

Cycnodiidse 218

Cycnodioidea 218

Cydia 396, 429

cygnipennella 219 (flg. 128)

cygnus 645

Cymatophoridae 685

cymatophoroides 687

Cymolomia 460

cynthia 675

Cyphophpra 325

cypripediana 473

Cyrtosia '. . 112

D

dseckeana 458

dseckealis . 581

dfflckella, Thaumatopsis 594

daeckellus, Crambus 600

Dakruma 630 (631)

dana 388

dandana 394

Dapsilia 503

dasconalis 557

Dasycera 248

dealbana 452

Decantha 248

deceptana Kearfott 453

deceptana McDunnough 455

deceptusella 192

dpcipi-ens, Prodoxus 74

decipiens, Conopia. Sesia 372

declivis 651

decora 539

decoloralis 628

decorana 401

decorella, I.averna, Mompha 324

decorella. Paralispa 534

decorellus. Crambus . 602

decorosella 253

definitella 323

deflectana 483

delawaricus 645

delicatana 442

delicatella 332

rtelphinii 107

deludana 442

demantrialis 573

d^motella 616

densella 592

dentiferella 341

dentosa 588

Depressaria 241 (236)

Depressariidse 230

710

NAME INDEX

PAOB

derasa 686 (fig. 434)

desertana 416

Desmla 545

desmodiella 193

desmodifoliella 173

determinatella 249

detersella, Gelechia 271

detersella, Gnorimosch*ma 273

deutscbiana 509

Diachorisia 134

Dialectica 179

diana, Argynnis 12

diana, Allononyma, Simaethis. ..... 353

diaphorus 338

Diasemia 558

ninstichtis 545

Diathrausta 580

Diatrsea . 590

Dichomeris 283 (280)

Dlchrorarapha 388

Dicte 78

dlctynna 671

Dicymolomia 539

didyma 665

Dietzia . 124

dietziana 411

dietzlella 76

difflcillsella 303

rtiffinis 11

diffusana 425

diluculella 607 (608)

diluticostana 477

dimediatella 637 (fig. 399)

dimidiana 456

dimidiata 144

dimidiella 247

diminutana 405

dimorphella 287

diniana 446

dionalis 561

Dioryctria 619 (621)

diospyrlella 228

diphteralls 547

dircella 181

discana 511

disciferalis 586

discigerana 411

dlscoanulella 271

discoferana 410

dlsconotella 297

discoocellella 266

discopunctanam 479

discopunctella 318

dispar 577

dispersellus 528 (527)

dissectalis 568

dissectella 298

dlssectuB '. . 598

dissitana 497

disstria 682

diversella 193

diversilln«ata 13

dives 311

Diviana 633

divisana, Ancylis 407

divisana, Peronea, Acleris, Teras.... 485

dodecana 422

dohrniana 378 (flg. 243)

dolabella 286

rtollii 366

domonana 398

dorsimaculana 507 (508)

dorsimaculella 318

dorslpurpurana 481

dorsislgnatana 425

dorsistrtgella 132

dorslsuffusana 415

dorsivittella 301

dorsomaculella 318

Douglasia 219 (flg. 130), (224)

Douglasiidffi 224

•loxcana 465

Drepana 689 (690)

Drepanldse, Drepanulidse .' 688

Orepanoidea 684

.Iryadis 219 (flg. 131)

dryas 11

nryocampa 666 (665)

Dryop«, Dryoperia 317

flryopterata 655

Dryopteris 690

flubiana 410

dubltana 513

dubiosella 341

dubitatella, Psilocorsis 236

dubitella, Parornix, Ornix 167

dubltella, Trlchotaphe 281

dulclana 442

tluodecimlineella 179

duplex 456

•luplicls 215

Duvlta 288

dyarella, Amydria 139

dyariella, Gelechia 268

Dyaria 608

Dysmasla 139

Dysodia 523

E.

Eacles 665

eboracensls 350

pccleslalis '. . 552

Eccopsls 460

Ecdytolopha 397

pcllpsana 393

Economldea 105

Ectoedemia 82

Edaptera 690

pdlthella 247

edmandsil 631

ednana 512

edonls 594

pdwardsi. Conopin. Sesia, Sanninolda. 370

edwardsii, Platyptilla 643

pfflcitalis 572

pffractana 487

pffrenatella 139

Egesta 538

Efdo 234

Eldothoa 298

okthllpsis 576

Elachfstidse 218 (224, 225; 318, 356)

Elachlsta. se« Aphelosetia

plaeagnlsella 217

Elasmopalpus 628

Elatobla 124

plderana 511

plealls .' . 553

plectellnm 634

plectrofusca 464

elegana, Packardla 1.12

elegans, Crambus 601

elegantella, Gracilaria 174

elegantella, Aristotella 296

NAME INDEX

711

PAGE

eliella, Aerobasis

ella 228

elliotii, Euclea 107

elliottii, Pterophorus, Oidsematophorus 650

(649)

eloisella ; . . 326

elongella 172

Elophila . . 579

elotella .- 182

elutella 635

elyella, Erineda, Stathmopoda 358

elyella, Holcocera 313

emberizsepennella 162 (fig. 120)

emblemella 288

emeritella 243

Empretia 106

Enarmonia..390 (398, 428, 429, 440, 447

Enchrysa 298

Endrosis 250

engelana 426

engelella 327

engeli 625

Enicos toma 243

enitescens 221

Eoreuma 592

Epagoge 474

ephemerseformis 144

Ephestia 634

Ephestiodes 635

ephippialis 558

Ephippiphora 390

Epiblema 412

Epiblemidse 376

Epibleminse 387

Epicnaptera 682

Epicallima 246

Epicorthylls 282

Epermenla 342

Epigraphia 243

Epigritia 315

Epinotia.398 (395, 411, 429, 440, 444, 445|

Epipaschia 605

Epipaschiinse 604

Epiptema 655

Epiplemidae 654

Epischnia 629

Episimus 447 |

Epistetus 314

Epithectis . 30.2 .

epixanthe 16, 18

eppelshelml 257, (fig. 168)

equitella 318

erectalis .' 569

Ergatis 294

erlcodes 214

erigeronella 185

Erineda 358

Eriocephala 64 (65)

Eriocephalidse 62

Ericranla 65

Eriocraniidae 64

erigeronella 185

eripalis 538

Erfphia 329

erotella 396

errandella 123

errans 157

erransella 328

erratella 317

Erycinldse 44

erythriella 360

PAGE

essexana . 433

Ethmia 244

Etiella 629

Eucatoptus i . 294

Euchromia 458

Euchromia 669

Euchromiidae 43

Euclea 107

Eucleidse 102

Eucleinl 106

Euclemensia 357

Eucnzemidophorus '. . 642

Eucordylea 302

Eucosma 416 (398, 412, 435, 436, 448)

Eucosmldse 376

Eucosmlnse 387

Eudarcia 77

Eudeilinea 689

Budemls 411, 471

Eudloptis 549

cudoreella 633

Eudoria 583

Eufernaldia 589 (fig. 367)

Eulia J . . 489

Eulimacodes 109

oumsea 426

Eumeyrickia 234

euonymella 339

eupatortella, Acrocercops 180

enpatoriella, Agonopteryx, Depres-

saria 238

eupatoriella, Dichomeris, Ypsolophus. 286

eupatorii, Sesia, Conopia .'. 372

eupatorii, Oidsematophorus, Ptero-
phorus 648

Euplocamus (123)

Eupoecilia 503

"Supterotidae 678

Euresia 309

Eurhodope 638

Eurrhypara 581

Eurycreon 555

"Surycyttarus 144

Eurynome 220

Euryptychia 416

enrytneme 12

Euspilapteryx 168

Eustixia 549, 573

Eutheca 120

Enthyatira 687

Euxanthis 502

Enxoa 8

Euzophera 630

Evagora 29S

Evergestis 551

Evetria .'. 437

Evippe 304

Exartema 460

exasperatana 478

exclamationis 646

Exentera 4

exesus . .' 599

exiella 629

exitiosa 370

exoleta 468

exoptatella 356

expandens 607

exportalis 545

expultrix 687

exsiccatua 603

externalia 555

712

NAME INDEX

PAGE

extorralis 599

eztricalis 561

extrlncicella 355

exulella 614

K

Fablola 248

fabriciana 352

fagella . 304

faglcostlcella 215

Fagigemmeana 468

faginella 236

Falcaria 690

falcata 328

falcatarla 688 (flp;. 439)

falciferella 341

falsarius 114

famula . . 485

fana 393

faracana 444

farinalis 585

farfella 629

fasclalis 545

fasciata 523

fasclatana 463

fasclcolella 623

fasclella, Diachorisia, Homosetla,

Pitys 135

fasciella, Marmara 183

fasclella, Lithocolletis 198

fasciola 112

fasciolana '. . 444

fasciolella 623

Fattta 364

faunus 16

feliciella 360

felicitana 389

feminalis 578

fenestrella 333 (fig^ 197)

fernaldana, Carposina 515

fernaldana, Phalonia 508

fernaldella, Cryptolechia, Machimia.. 235
fernaldella, Agonopteryx, Depressaria. 239

fernaldella, Trichotaphe 283

fernaldella, Cosmopteryx 332

fernaldella, Thaumatopsis 594

ferreana 477

ferrlferana 467

ferrugalls 560

ferrugana, Bulia 490

ferntgana, Peronea. Acleris, Teras. .. 487

fermglnana, Thiodia '. . 432

ferruginana, Cymolomia, Exartema.. 468

ferrnglnea 682

ferruglnella, Monopis 132

ferrnjdnosa . . 236

fenrtcfana 496

festallella 360

f estalis 569

festlnella 168

fendalis 561

fldella 315

fipuliella . 635

finitella 624

flnitlmana ; . 412

flshiana 483

flskeana, Tortricidia Ill

fiskeana, Eucosma 427

fiskeella, Scardia 124

fiskeella, Lsetilla 632

flssalis 567

fltchella 1S9

PAOB

fltchii 370

flamensella 344

flavana 425

flavedana 479 (455)

flavella 173

flavescens 106

flavibasana 475

flavicomella 240

flavicorporella . » 271

flavldalis 567

flavifrontella 350

flavimaculella 173

flavlpedella 94

flavivittana, Clemens 486

flavivittana Robinson 487

flavivittelhis 284

flavocellana 413

flavocostella 281

flavnla Ill

flegialis 570

fletcberana, Laspeyrosin 39">

fletcherella, Lithocolletis 198

fletcherella, Coleophora 209

fletcherella, Psilocorsis 236

flexilinealis 532 (flj:. 315)

flexuosa Ill

flexurella 271

floccosana 509

florldana, Ancylis 407

floridana, Apatelodes 678

floridanella v . 332

floridensis 11

florldus . 600

fluvialella 266, 264 (note)

fodlnalis 570

foedana 465

fondella 269

footiana 470

forbesellus 591

forflcellus : . 528

formosalis 576

formosana 432

formosella, Gelechia 268

formosella, Tetrolapha 608

fortunwia 446

foxcana 512

fractlllneella 140

fractlvittana 495

fracturalis 546

fragariae, Parornix, Ornix 167

fragariae, Ancylis 407

fragariana, Peronea, Acleris, Teras. . 487

fragarlana, Tortricodes 488

fragilella 194

franconlella 631

f raterna . 108

f raternana 464

fraternella 318

fratruelis 422

fraudabills 422

fraxinella 177

f raxinl 366

Fredericina 642

Frenatse 69

f reyella 348

f rlgidana 454

frigidella 126

frustella 341

frustrana 438

fulfridella 182

fulicalis 580

fuliginosalip , 539

NAME INDEX

713

PAGi

fuliginosella 124

fullerea 458

fulminalis, Paralispn 534

fulminalis, Glaphyria 538

fulminana 424

fulva 240

fulvif rontana 452

fulvipes 371

fulvisuffusella 130

fumalis 562

fumerella 312

fumiferana 489

fumoferalis 569

fumosa 495

fumosella 633

funebra, Holcocera 312

funebris, Pyrausta 572

f unerea 455

funeralis 545

f ungivorella 296

furcatana 479

furellus 534

furfurana, Cymolomia, Exartema.... 464

furfurana, Bactra 470

furvana 497

fusca, Packardia 112

fusca, Laodamia 628

fusca, Automeris, Hyperchiria ...... 670

fuscalbana 451

fuscatella 632

fuscicomella 350

fuscipedella 245

fuscipunctella, Tinea . 126

fuscociliana 410

fuscocristatella 136

fuscofasciella 123

fuscolimbella 534

fuscolineana 4

fuscoluteella 271

fuscomaculella, Tinea : . . . . 130

fuscomaculella, Gelechia 271

fuscomarginella 147 (148)

fuscoochrella, Gracilaria 172

fuscoochrella, Gelechia 270

fuscopallidella 301

fuscopulvella 306

fuscopunctella, Gelechia 271

fuscopunctella, Telphusa 292

fuscopurpurella 314

fuscostrigana 509

fuscostrigella 290

fuscosuffusella 317

fuscotibtella •. • 92

fusicola 156

futilalis 569

G

Galasa 530

gallaeasteriella 273

gallffidiplopappi ^ • 273

gallsesaliciana 39o (402)

gallsesolidaginis 274

Galleria 533

Galleriina? 532

gallicolana 483, 487

ganna • • 69

garacana 3

Gastropacha 682

gaylussaciella 212

geiella 185

Gelechia 262 (272, 276, 290,305)

Gelechiidse 255 (230, 308)

PAGE

Gelechioidea '--#

gelidana 4SS

geminata 112

geminatella , . 167

geminella 303

geminipunctella . 623

gemistrigulana 439

gemmalella 638

gemmea 193

gemmiferella 332

generosa • 570

genicula 690

gentilis 567

genuialis 576

georgiana 498

georgiella 285

Geometroidea, Geometridse 41

Gerdana 234

germarana 485

Geshna 581

gibbociliella 312

gibsonella, Recurvarin 301

gibsonella, Thaumatopsis 594

giganteana 427

Gilbertia 642

Gillmeria 642

gilviscopella 301

gilvolineella 297

gilvomaeulella 268

girardellus 600

giscana 507

Givira 518

glacialis 572

glandiferella 293

glandulella - 310

glaphyralis 537

Glaphyria 537

Glaphyriinae 5

glareosella 638

glaucaria 11

G'auce . 293

Glnucolepis 82

glaucus 12

gleditschiseella Helice 307

pleditschiseella. Stagmatophora 328

gleditschiella 624

glochinella . 277

gloverana 490

gloveri 674

glutinella 176

Glyphidocera 286

Glyphipterygidse (224), 350

Glyphipteryx 355

Glyphodes 549

Glyptocera 621

gnaphaliella 354

Gnorimoschema 272

gcedartella 345

gomonana 427

Goniodoma 205

goodellella 281

goodelliana, Ancylis 406

goodellianus, Crambus 602

graboviella 319 (flg. 189)

gracilana, Sparganothis 477

Gracilaria 168 (178, 181, 184)

Gracilariidse 161

gracilella, Canarsia 632

eracilella, Lyonetia 152

graciliana. Eucosma 424

gracilis, Hepialus 69

gracilis, Polygonia 16

714

NAME INDEX

PAGE

graduatana 426

graminivorella 349

grandisella 3126

granella 130

granifera 215

Grapholitha 390

Grapholithidse . 376

Grapholithinae 387

gratiosana 469

Gretchena 441

grisea, Megalopyge, Lagoa 102

grisea, Archips, Cacoecia 498

griseas, Acrolophus 122

griseaglla, Gelechia 271

grisseella, Tinea 127

grisella, Gelechia 271

grisella, Dryoperia, Pryope 317

grisella, Achroia 535

griseoalbana 457

griseocapitella 66

griseus 122

grossulariae 630

Grotea 367

groteana, Eucosma 427

groteaua, Sparganothis . 477

groteii . 619

grotella 242

«;rumella 127

gunniana 512

gurgitana 495

guttea 166

guttiflnitella . 198

Gymnandrosoma 397

Gypsonoma 444

gyralis 577

H

Habrosyne 686

hsematica 638

hageni 190

hafmbachi 348

Haimbachia 593

baimbachiana 445

Halonota 389, 416

Halysidota 10

hamadryadella . 196

Hame'lryas 357

hamameliella, Lithocolletis , . 199

hamameliella, Catastega 447

hamellus 600

hammondi 632

hamptonana 402

Haploa 9

hapsella . 628

haracana ". 444 (443)

harmodius 516 (fig. 297)

Harmologa 489

Harmonia 368

Harpalyce 251

Harpipteryx ......".. 341

harrisii 11

Harrisina 114

hartmanniana 456

haruspica ." . 570

hastiana . 485

hastiferellus 599

haytiellus 594

hebesana 458

hebescella 617

Hedya 399, 429, 444

h^idemannella 317

heindeliam. 483

PAGE

heinrichi 83

helopialis 579

helena 12

Heliades 531

helianthales 559

helianthana 436

H'elice 307

Heliodines . 358

Heliodinidae 356

heliopsisella 147

Heliozela 227

Heliozelidaj . 225

Hellula 550

helopialis . 579

helvalis, Loxostege t . 556

helvalis, Pyrausta, Phlyctaenia 561

Hcmerophila 352

HemerophilidiB 350

hemidesma '. . 458

Hemileuca C69

Hemimene 388

hemizonise ;-i71

Hendecaneura ' 428

Hendecastema 479

henshawi 371

henshawiella 27S

Hepialida? 66

Hepialus 68 (67)

heracliana 243

Herculia 587

hercynalis 569

heringi 132

hermanella 298

herminiata 689

hermodora 332

Hesperioidea, Hesperiidas 43

Heterocera 69

Heterogenea 112 (111)

Heteropacha 683

heteropalpella 136

heucherana 403

hewittana 496

hexadactyla 640 (fig. 408)1 (652)

heydenii 231 (fig. 140)

hibiscella f. 266

hieracii 640 (flg. 407)

hilarella 241 (239)

hipeana ." . 423

hippocastana 466

hirculella 285

hobomok ." . 12

hockingii 608

hoffmanana ." . 513

Holcocera , ." . 310

hollandana 511

Holophysis 287

homodactylus 649

Homcesoma ." . 634

Homophysa 53Y, 538

Homophysidae 536

Homosetia 134

Homostinea 138

Honora ." . . 633

hortuellus 603

hortulata 581

hospes 510

hudsoniana 486

huebneri 652

hulstellus 122

Hulstia 633

humerella 60R

humerosana . . 47fl

NAME INDEX

715

humilis

PAGE

253

inconcinnalis

PAGE

569
651
172
133)
72
. 72

hurnull

...... .66 (fig. 42)

inconditus ...

huronalis

553

inconstans

Hyale

254

Incurvaria . 75 (76

hyalinata

550

Incurvariidffi . .

byalinella

132

Incurvarioidea . .

hyalinus

105

indentanus

436
107
619
665
587
635
354
496
459
213
243
518
447
278
167
501
18
1O9
244
469
174
631
601
267
623
572
(652)
291
140
572
281
570
154
132
397
453
573
16
107
87
587
296
603
452
636
50R
457
393
556
168
282
571
538
670
670
429
76
13
288
223
691
475
131
618
109
226

Hybroma

. 137

indetermina

hybromella

138

indiginella

hydrangiffiella

226

iufernalis .

Hydrocampa

575

infimbrialis

Hydrocampina?

. 574

infimclla

hyllalis

." . 587

inflatella ...

Hymenia

544

iitfuinatana

Hypena

(478)

infuscata . . .

hyperborealis

. 562

infuscatella

hyperboreus

... 69

Inga

Hyperchiria

. 670

Ingurimorpha

byperella

240

inimicella

hypericana . .

487

innocuella . .

hyperici

373

innotata

Hypoclopus •. .

... 120

Hyponomeuta etc., see
Hypopta

Ypono-
518

inornata, Coenonvmpha .... . . . .

inornata, Sisyrosea

Hypoptina

; . 518

inornata, Semioscopis

Hypsopygia

; . 586

inornatana, Cvmolomia

Hysterosia

501

inornatella. Gracilaria

hystricella

283

inornatella Euzophera

Hystrichophora . . . .

447

inornatellus Crambus

hystriculella

. .609 (fig. 377)

inquilinella, Gelechia . . . .

I
icciusalis

. .576 (12)

inquilinella, Nephopteryx .

inquinatalis ...

inquinatus 649

inscripta

idseusalis

478

insectella

idalia

12

insequalis

.... 591

inserrata .

Ide

251

insignatalis .... ....

Idioglossa

359

insignis

Idiographis . '. • • . •

501

insignisella

Idiostoma

359

insiticiana

ignota

1 . . 186

instrutana

ilecella

. 159

Integra

ilicif oliana

412

interior

illectella

223

interjecta

illibalis

569

intermedia

illibella

314

:ntermedialis

illigerella 334 (fig.
illotana . . .

204), 335 (fig. 211)
416

intermediella

interminellus

imbridana

434

intermistana

imitatrix . . ....

. . . .231 (fig. 144)

interpunct^lla

immaculata

666

interruptofasciata

immaculella '

271

interruptolineana

Immyrla

. . 627

interstinctana

; . 372

intractella ...

665, 11, 12, 13

inusitatumella

343

inversclla

. . . 356

inveterascalis

impletella

631

invisalis . ,

impositella

349

Io

....'. 443

io 11 12 13

impropria

371

loplocama

impudens .

456

iridella

inajquepulvella

282

iris

inamoenella

140

irridipennella

inana

.486

irrorata, Aphelosetia. Elacbista

incanana

389

irrorata, Oreta

incautella

629

irrorea i

incertana

490

irrorella, Monopis

incertella, Acrolepia
incertella, Mesolia . . .

344

irrubriella

, . 589

Isa

inclusa

. SIX

Isabella

716

NAME INDEX

I'AOB

islandnna ........................ 398

Isoch.vtos ........................ 106

Isocorypha ................... 133 (137)

Isophrictis ....................... 306

itoalis ........................... ,r)78

itlmcsT' ........................... 373

Ithome ........................... 329

itysalis .......................... 562

ivie .............................. 296

jannssinlis ....................... 558

jocosa ............................ 13

.TugatiP .......................... 62

juglandana ....................... 491

juglamliella, Gracilaria .......... . . 172

juglandiella, Coptodiscn ............ 228

juglandifoliella ................... 90

juglandis ........................ 617

juglandisnigraro'la ................ 172

juglandivorella .................... 176

julinnalis ........................ 539

juncidella ........................ 281

juncticiliana ..................... 425

juniperella ....................... 300

kalmiella 166

karacana 477

kearfottalis, Elophila 580

kearfottella, Xylestliia 139

kearfottella. Lithocolletis 191

kearfottella, Coloophora 213

kearfottella, Stomopteryx, Apro-

serema 290

kearfottella, Aristotelia 297

kearfottella, Acrobasis 617

Kearfottia 143

kellicottii •. 650

kennebecana 415

kincaidana 408

kiscana 434

koebeli 373

kokana 447

Krona?a Ill

kuehniella ." . . 635

Kundrya 412

L

labeculana 506

labradorella, Incuryaria 76

labradorica, Geleehia 271

labradoriella. Geleehia 266

labradoriensis 598

Lachneidse 679

laciniana 410

laciniellus 603

Lacosoma 657

Lncosomidfp . 656

lacteella, Endrosis 250

lacteella, Argyrea 592

lacteodactylus , . 650

lactiflosella 286

Laetilia 631

Isevigatella 626

Lagoa 101

Lagoidse 101

lamialis 579

lamiana 411

Lampronia 75

lamprosana 499

Lamprosema 546

PAGB

lanariella 133

lanceolana 470

langdonnlis ' 567

langtonil 12, 16

Laiithaphe 6O6

Laodamia 628

lapldicornis 215

lappella 305

laqueatellus 597

laraenna . 400

laricella, C'o'eophora . 209

laricella, Argyrcsthia . 347

lariciana 435

laricis, Tolype 681

Laslocampidffi 679 (678)

Lasiocampina 676

Laspeyresia 390

lata : . 492

laticapitella 316

laticlavia 571

laticornella 212

latifascia 669

latifasciella, Nepticula 94

latifasciella, Te'phusa 292

latifasciella. Acrobasis 617

latiferreanus ." . 397

latipennella 148

latipennls 234

latistrigella 152

latomia ." . 110

lautana 391

lavana 513

Laverna :<22 (324, 325, 326)

lavernella . 275

Lavernidae 318 (356)

leachellus 599

lecontei 11

lecontella 241

lefauryella '. . 629

leguminana 512

Leioptilus 647

lentella, Lithocolletis 197

lentella, Coleophora 212

lentiflualls 537

leopardana 388

lepidana 507

Leptoria '. . 474

lespedezsefoliella 185

Leucanthiza 181

leucatella 257 (fig. 167)

leucillana 252

leucobasis 355

leucochrysella , . 216

leucofrons 222

Leucomele , . 137

leuconota 304

leuconotella ." . 282

Leucophryne 325

Leucoptera 151

leucosigma 108

Leucospilapteryx 180

leucothorax 339

levipedella 279

levis 690

levisella 282

liberaria 12

licealis 556

Lienlgia 331

llenigianus 640 (fig. 406)., (649)

lignosellus 628

ligulella 284

lilith 11, 670

NAME INDEX

717

Limacodes 105, 107, 108,

PAGE

109, 110

lustrans

PAGE

. 372

Limacoclidse

102

lutea

670

limata

548

luteella

156

limitana

498

luteiceps

64

limbipennella

. 341

luteolellus . . .

604

Limnjecia, Limnoecia

324

luteostrigella

290

limosipennella

212

lutheri

670

lindana

399

lutosana

490

lineapulvella

215

Lycaena

9

lineata

13

Lycaenidae

44

lineatella

. . . 280

lycopodiana ...

476

Lineodes

573

lygdamas

11

lineosa

11

Lygropia ....

549

lingulacella

. . . 298

Lvmnoecia

. 324

lintneri

669

Ivnceella

. 267

lintneriana

. 495

Lyonetra . . 152

(227)

linus

. . 649

Lyonetiidae

148

liophanes

. . 646

lyonsellus . .

600

Liparidae

42 (101)

Lypusinae ...

142

Lipocosma

. 538

lysimachiaeella

194

Lipoptycha

388

lythrella ...

. 240

liquidambarolla, Sa'ebria

.... 626

liquidambarisella, Phyllocnistis

154

M

liriodendrana

473

Macalla

605

liriodendrella

. . . 154

maccana

. 486

listerana

. . 489

inacelhosiella

245

Lita 272

(2G2. "~">)

macglashani

69

Lithacodes

.... 112

Machimia . . . •.

235

Lithocolletis

... 186

maclurae

555

group I . .

187

macmurtrei . . .12

, 519

group II

194

macrocarpella

197

Lithosiidae

42

Macrotheca

535

lithosina

. 253

Macrothecina?

535

litigiosella

157

maculabella

130

liturella, Menesta

. . . 271

maculalis 12

, 577

liturella, Gelechia

254

maculata

522

liturosella

.... 270

maculatella, Diacl'orisia, Homosetia.

136

lobidactylus

.... 646

maculatella, Depressaria

242

locuples

.... 159

maculidorsana

486

logiana

485

maculimarginella Ge'echia

268

Loma

606

maculimarginella, Diacliorisia, Tinea

136

lombardica

.... 132

maculipennis

341

longifasciella

. . 292

maculosella

223

longimaculella ....

246

madarella . . . .

221

longipalpella

. . . 638

madderana

400

longirostrellus

528

madetisalus

572

Lophoderus

489

magdalena

558

Lophoptilus

325 (326)

magnalis . .

547

loricana .... ... ...

408

mafirnella, Bucculatrix . 156

(157)

loricatella 3~>1

(fig. 214)

magnella, Coptodisca

228

los

... 68

magniflcalis

579

louisiana

.... 510

magnoliana, Polvchrosis ........

473

Loxostege '

555

magnoliana, Archips. C-^concia . • •

498

Loxostegopsis I.oxotegopsis

573

magnoliella, Phvllocnistis

154

lucetiella

193

tnagopnila

333

lucia

11

magualis

546

lucidella

. . . 247

maia ...

669

lucidicostella ...

. . . 19O

maiana

512

lucifluella . . ....

.... 228

maiorina

470

lucina . .

. . . 670

major, Antispila .

226

luctuellus

.... 598

major, Olethreutes, Argvroploce

454

luggeri ...

365

majorella

140

lugubralis .

583

maiuscula

340

265

Tialachitana ...

457

lugubris

523

Malacosoma

681

lumenaria . .

. . 13

Malacotricha

283

luminnsa . ...

.... 370

maiana

467

luna . . ....

.13 671

malifoliella, Tischeria

147

lunifera . .

11

malifoliella. Dichomeris, Ypsolophus

284

lunnlalls

606

maligemmella

312

lupinella .

.... 279

malimalifoliella

191

lupini .

. 371

malipennella

618

718

NAME INDEX

inalivorclla

PAGE)

. 217

mengelana

PAGE

452

Malthaca

114

mengeli . . .

646

mancalis

557

Meroptera

fi24

nia nilana

423

^iT'-t

. . 636

maracana

443

501

Marasmarcha

646

merriccella

244

inarcollus

11

mosocausta

348

niareia

11

Mosolia ....

589

niarculenta

557

Mpsographe

551

Margarodes

549

messelinella

314

Margaronia .

549

metamelana . .

410

marginalls, Titanio

. 559

Metamorpha

359

m;i ruiiial a, Lyc'HMia

11

Metasia ....

559

marginata, Bembecia

374

Metrea

550

marginata, Oreta

; . 696

Motriotes . .

205

marginella

286

Metzneria . . .

305

marginldactvla

643

meyrickella

287

marginimaculella

136

micantana

464

marginistrigella, Monopis

132

Mleropterygidse . . 62

(R4\

marizeella

194

Micropteryx .. . 64

(65)

ma riaiiii

491

Micrurapteryx

184

Maricopa

633

Mieza 334 (fig

208)

maritima

4Q9

militella ....

607

marloffiana

513

Millieria ....

355

Marmara

181

milleriella ....

271

marmontana

432

mimella . . .

271

marmorella, Tinea

130

Mineola

614

marmorella, Phthorimo?a .

277

minimella, Gracilavia .

173

martiella

193

minimella, AristoteM.t

206

martinella

124

minimeHa, Raphiptera

604

Martyringa

. 234

niinimella, Acrobasis

616

masculinalis

578

ministrana

490

.609 (fig. 388)

minor

277

12

minorella ...

312

mathewianus

648

minuta, Peronea Aclcris Teras 11

482

. 349

minuta, Krona'a Tortricitlia

111

maximellus

526

minutana

413

mayrana

48©

mirabilis

185

138

miraculosa

359

Mecyna

559

Miresa

106

346

miriamella

137

. 579

miscecolorella

325

406

miscecristatella

136

mediofasciplla . . .

316

misceella

127

mediofusce.Ha

269

misemlata

556

465

misella

126

mediostriatella

133

mistrella

253

medioviridana

400

modestana, H'vstor^sia ...

50°

Meessia

." . 77

modestella, Holcooera ...

313

Megalopyge

. 101

modestella Nophoptervx

623

Megalopygidae

.....". 101

mcpschleriana

488

megamicrella

. 244

moflfatiana .

441

Megaphycis

; . 629

molpsta . .

394

melaleucana

498

molpstella • . . . .

205

melantjlla

; . 254

mollip^della

341

melanogrammos

607

momonana

402

466

M^mpha 3°° (3°4 32." Sr>6 S28

320)

melanostriatella

313

Momphidse . .

318

melanotella

167

monaehella . .

132

melinellus

527

monetiferana

463

Melissoblaptes

534

monitorana . . .

427

Melissopus

397

monodactylus

6.1 1

Melitara

629

Monolpuca

108

Melittla

367

Monopis

131

mellonella

. 533

^Tonoptilota

621

melonostriatella

.... 313

Monosphraeris 414

41 f?

melsh-eimeri

. 658

montana, Bucculatrix . . .

157

Memvthrus

364

montnna, Memvthrus

366

347

montana, Alucita, Adaina

651

McMtasta ....,,..

254

montana. Qrneodes , . ,

652

NAME INDEX

719

PAGE

456
644
16
636
121
679
192
366
122
497
634
394
(592)
140
339
128
457
317
323
410
13
69
602
598
632
627
139
639

nigricana

PAOft

393

monticola

nigricans . .

105

montinus

nigridia ....

489

Moodna

nigrimaculella . ....

. . 268

mora 12,

nigripunctella

332

mori , . .

nigrinodis

530

morrisella

nigrinotella

240

morrisonii

nigristrigella . .

172

mortipennellus

nigriverticella . .

95

mortuana

484

mucidellum

392

multilineana

nigrosignella

616

multilineatella 589 (fig. 371),

nigrovittella

627

multimaculella

nimbatana . . .

455

multipunctella

nimbella 610

(fig. 396)
401

multistriatella

nisella . . . . . ....

•uurina

nitidalis

549

murtfeldtella, Dryoperia, Dryope....
murtfeldtella, Lavernn, Mompha....
murtfeldtiana . .

nitidana

.... 468

nitidella, Argvrost'iia . . .335

(fig. 210)
" 527

muscosula

nivalis

. 593

mustelinus

nivea

..".". 525

mtitabilis

niveana Sparaanothis

477

inyellus

niveana Peronea Ac'cris Teras

484

myersella

niveella ....

157

Myrlffia

niveicilialis . . . .

572

Myrmecozela

nivelguttana ...

" 459

550

X

Nacoleia

546
411
12
511
398
423
298
440
109
109
108
(617)
588
619
239
666
294
228
498
175
568
78
11
607
623)
83
79
492
249
571
515
17
372
152
370
11
300
302
216
468
28O

280

niveopulvella

. . . 278

niveosana

488

600

nsevana

inivisellana . .

. 484

inobilis, Eac'ps Basilona

11 665

nana

nobilis Tosnle Siparocera

53O

nanana

noctuella

553

naodana

Xoctuoidea, XoctuidsB . .

42

Nannodia

nokomis

674

147

Xolidje

43

Natada

Nomia

.... 298

Neffira

Nomophila

553

nebulella . . 619

nonlavana . .

513

nebulifera 17,

nonstrigplla Opostega

. . . 161

D'ebulo

nonstrigella Anacampsis . . . .

.... 279

nebulosa, Depressaria, Agonopteryx. .

nonfrtrigella Trichotaphe. . . .

. 281

102

Neda . . .

Norma

.... 411

negligens , .

normella

.... 617

negundana . . .

Nothris

.280, 283

negundella

Xotocelia

412

nelumbialis

Xotodontidae

42. (678)
.... 12

Nemotols

novaeangliae

novimundi, Svmmoca

261

novimundi, Laspevresia

. . . 393

Nephopteryx 622 (62"1,

nubeculana

. . . 408

Nepticula

nubilalis

.... 568

Nepticulidae Nepticuloidea

nubilana

459

nervosana

nubilella

. 621

newmannella

nubilipennella . . .•

. 126

nundinella

. . . 270

nvctaginella

358

Xvmphaeella

.... 577

nicotians?

XvmphalidtE

44

nidificansella

Xvmphula

.... 575

Nymph ulinse

. 574

nvsssecolella

. . 621

nigra Kearfott Recurvaria

nysssefollella, Xeptionla

. . 91

nigra Busck Recurvaria

nyssaefoliella, Antlspila

226

O
obfuscana, obfuscata

. 416

nigrana

nigratomella

nlgrella ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.

ohliquana .,,,,,.,. , . ,

,,., 508

720

NAME INDEX

PAGE

obllquefasciella 292

obliquestrigella 301

obliteralis, Loxostcge 557

obliteralis, Nymphula 577

obliterella, Parornix 168

obnigralis 569

obnigrana , . 441

obnupsella 613

Obrussa 82

obrutella 83

obscuralis, Sylepta 548

obscuralis, Nymphula 578

obscurella, Nepticula 89

obscurella, Diachorisia, Homosetia.". . 135

obscurella, Gelechia 271

obscurella, Recurvaria 300

obscurella, Pigritia 316

obscuricostella 191

obscurofasciella, Bucculatrix 158

obscurofasciella, Tinagma, Douglasia. 224

obscurostrigella 126

obscurusella, Gelechia 271

obsoleta, Lithocolletis 190

obsoleta, Hemileuca 670

obsoletana ! . 494

obsoletella 236

obstrictella 198

obtusangulella 636

obumbratalis 568

occidentis 209

occitanlca 192

ocellana 435

ocellata 113

ocelleus 589 (fig. 372)

ochosalis 570

ochraceana 424

ochreella, Dryoperia 318

ochrefasciella 82

ochreicostana 447

ochrella, Coleophora '. . 212

ochreocostella .'. . 278

ochreostrigella 266

ochreosuffusella 266

ochrif rontella ,' . 631

ochripalpella ." . . 281

ochrisuffusana .' . 469

ochrocephala 311

ochrocomella 317

ochromediana 457

ochroterminana 434

ocnerostomella 219 (fig. 130)

octomaculata 572

octonalis 549

oculatana .' . 523

lEcophora 248 (246)

cEcophoridse 230

OBdematophorus (see also Oidaemato-

phorus) 651

CEgoconia 234, 261

CEnectra 474

CEnoe 138

CEnopthera 474

oanotherana 511

cenotberiseminella 324

oanotherivorella 324

CEseis . 262

(Eta 340

ohioensis 354

oichroa 78

Oidsematophorus 647

Oinophilidse 160

oleracea 16, 17

PAQB

Olethreutes 448 (398, 459)

Olethreutidre 376

Olethreutinae 387

Oligostigma 575

olinalis 587

olivaceana, Thiodia , . 435

olivaceana, Cymolomia, Exartema... 464

olivseformis 191

olivalis 531

olympus 11

Ommatopteryx 589 (fig. 372)

Omphalocera 587

Oneida 606

onosmodiella 179

ontariella 243

onustana 354

onythesalis 570

opercularis -. 102

operculella 276

operosella 140

ophionalis 557

ophrionella 128

Opogona 160 (fig. 114)

Opostega 161

Opostegidse 160

oppilalis 561

opulifoliella 90

opuntiella 183

orbimaculella 339

Orchemia 352

ordinalis 341

ordinatellus 339

oreasella 346

oregonana 443

orestella 220

Oreta 690

orichalceana 397

ornata '. . 11

ornatana 469

ornatella, Diachorisia, Homosetia

(Stenoptinea) 136

ornatella, Pigritia 316

ornatifimbriella 271

Orneodidae . 652

Orneodes 652

Ornix . 165

Orobena 549

oronella ; . . 293

ostensackenella 193

oslarellus 599

osmundana 457

osseana 488

ostreonalis 550

ostricolorella 631

ostrinella . 636

ostryffi 211

ostryroella, Gracilaria . . 175

ostryffiella, Chrysopeleia 329

ostrysefoliella, Nppticula . 89

ostrysefoliella, Lathocolletig 191

ostrysefoliella, Coptodisca 228

ostryarella, Lithocolletis '. , 199

Othorene 666

otiosana 413

ottawana 515

ovalis 623

ovina 102

oviplagalis 530

ovulalis '. . 547

oxycoccana 482

oxydalls 568

Oxyptilus 644

NAME INDEX

721

P PAGE

Pachyzancla 554

packardella, Bucculatrix 158

packardella, Gracilaria 174

packardella, Semioscopis 244

Packardia 112

packardiana 492

packardii 392 (395)

padella 339

Paedisca 412, 4,16, 429

paenulata 107

palabundana 426

palseogama 12

paleaceus 650

pallens , . 18

pallida, Nepticula , . 95

pallida, Tortricidia Ill

pallidactyla 642

palliderosacella 293

pallidipalpana 425

pallidochrella, Gnorimoschema 273

pallidochrella, Helice 307

pallidotinctella 317

palliolella 617

pallorana 492

pallulella, Euzophera 631

pallulellus, SchcEnobius ." . . 528

palmil i . 366

palpialbella 271

palpilineella 290

Palpita 581

Paltodora 305

paludana 496

paludicola 89

Pammene ." .' . 389

panalope 592

Pandemis 498

pandorus 11

panicifoliella 359

Pantograpta ." . . 548

Papilionidse 44

Papilionoidea 43

Paraclemensia 76

paradoxa 177

Paralechia 290 (291)

Paralispa, Paralipsa 534

parallela, Cochlidion Ill

parallela, Archips, Cacoecia 495

Paranthrene 364

Parapoynx, Paraponyx 575

Parasa ." . . 107

Parasia 305 (302)

Parastega 266

Parectopa .' 184 (179)

Parharmonia 368

pariana 353

parmatana 432

Parornix ^ . 165

parthenialis 526

participlalis 531

particornella 328

pnrvula . 340

pascuellus 600

passerella 326

pastinacella 243

Patissa .526 (fig. 300) , 525

pauciguttellus • , . 284

pavonana 401

pavonacella 353

pectenalseella 294

Pectinigeria 638

peculiana 483

pegala 11

PAOI

pegasalis 541

Pelates 134

pelidnodactyla 640 (fig. 403)

pellionella 127

pelviculella 636

Pempelia 624. 630

penitalis i>68 (569)

pennsylvanica, Gt-lcdiia 270

pennsylvanica, Euth.vatirn 687

pennsylvaniella 185

pentadactyla C.40 (fig. 401)

Penthina 448, (395)

penumbralis, Svlepta 548

penumbralis, Scoparia 583

Peoria . 638

Peorinse 637

perdita '.". . 68

peremptalis 538

perfusalis . 554

perfuscalis 549

perfuscana . 434

pergandeana 425

pergandeella 249

pergracilidactylus 651

Periclymenobius 341

Perimede '. . . 328

periscelidactylus 645

Perlspasta 560

peritana 489

perlellus 601

perlucidula 114

permolestella 307

permundana 466

permutana 486

Peronea 481

Perophora 658

Perophoridae 606

perplexa 371

persicseella 265

persicana 497

perspectalis 544

perspicuana 486

perstructana .' . 393

pertextalis 567

perversa 682

petasitis , . 270

petrella, Gnorimoschpma 275

petrellus. Elasmopalpus 628

petrodactyla 643

pettltana 477

pexella 594

Phsecfisiophora 459

Phaetusa 304

Phakellura 549

pbalerata 12

Phalonia 503 (489)

PhaloniidJB 499

Pharmacis 502

Phassus , . 67

phidilealis .".. 551

Phlgalia 220

philenor 17

philodice 12

Philonome 159

Phllosamia 674

phleophiga 83

Phlyctjrnia 560 (572)

PhTyotspnodes . , 5'55

Phohptrini 105

Phobetron 105

Phoenicians ' 570

Phoxopteris 403, 408

722

NAME INDEX

PAGE

phragmitella 324

Phtheochroa 503

Phthinolophus 436

Phthorimcea 276

phycidella 308 (fig. 176)

Phycitina?, Phycinse 608 (637)

Phyllocnistis 153

Phyllodesma 682

physaliella , . 297

physalivorella 275

picere 453

picea6Ila 300

piceafoliana 398

picicolana 439

pictipes 371

picturatella 198

Pierldae 44

Pigritia 315

pilalia 568

Pilocrocis 549

pilosella '. . 350

pimpinella 343

pinatubana 490

pinguinalis 584 (fljg. 363)

pini i . . 368

pinicolana 446

pinifoliella 290

Pinipestis 619

Pionea 560 (551)

piscipellis 306

pithecium 105

Pitys 134

placendiella 330

placidella 593

plagiatus 519

plagosana 406

plantaginisella 185

platanana 409

platanclla, Nepticula 92

platanella, Gelechia 267

platanella, Holcocera 314

platanella, Tetraloplia, Lanthaphe. . . 6O7

platanoidella 197

platea 97

platinalls 548

Platybathra 205

Platynota 474

Platypterygidae 688

Platypteryx 689

Platyptilia 642

Platysamia 674

Platytes 592

Platythyris 523

plectilis 562

plejadellus 591

Plodia 636

Ploiophora 315

plumifrontellus 122

plummeriana, Hemimene 388

plummeriana, Phalonia 510

plummerella, Agonopteryx. Depres-

saria , . 239

plummerella, Blastobasis „ 314

nlutella 294

Plutella 341

Plutellidse 337

pneumatella „. . 632 •

pnosmodiella 179

pocahontas . . 12

Pococera 606

podana 378 (fig. 238)

Podofiesia ,,,,,,,,,,...,,,....,,., 867

PAGE

Pceciloptera 340

polemoniella * . . 213

poling! 601

polistlformls 366

politana 490

polle 540 (flg. 325)

pollinalis 558

Polloccia 531

polluxana 452

Polopeustis 622

polyactinellus 602

Polychrosis 471

Polygrammodes 554

Polyhymno 290

polyphemus 13, 672

polyxenes 13

pometella 284

pomifoliella 158

pomiliella 133

pomivorella 93

pomonella, Bucculatrix 158

pomonella, Marmara 183

pomonella, Carpocapsa . 396

popeanella 121

populella, Ectcedemia. . 83

populetorum . 95

populi 519

populiella, Phyllocnistis 154

populiella, Lithocol!etis 192

Porpe 353

porrectella 341

poaterana 500 (Bg. 290)

posticata, Polygrammodes 554

posticata, Loxostege 556

postremella 63fi

Poujadia 638

prffiangusta 331

praefectellus '. . 599

prffigrandaria 13

prselineata 222

prsematurella 223

pravatella 123

pravella 624

Prays 338

preciosella 167

pretlosana 351 (flg. 213)

priapeia 470

primariana- 452

primordialis, Hymenia ." . 545

prlmordialis, Geshna 581

principialis 541

Prionapteryx 588

Prionoxystus 519

Procris 114

prodenialls . 630

Prodoxus 74

Progona 138

Proleucoptera 151

Prolimacodes 109

promethea 12, 673

promptana 508

Pronuba 74

Propexus 594

propinquella , . 191

proserpinella 288

Prosthesis 314

Proteopteryx- 441

Proteoteras 439 (406)

protodice 17

prudens 304

pruinosella 148

pruni 410

NAME INDEX

723

pruniella, Coleophora

pruniella, Coptodisca

pruniella, Anarsia

prunifoliella

pruniramiella

prunivora

prunivorella

Psacaphora

Psecadia '

Pseudanaphora

pseudargiolus 11

pseudoacaciella

Pseudochelaria

pseudofondella

Pseudogalleria

Pseudopigritia

Pseudothyatira

pseudotsugana

Psilocorsis

psiloptera

psorana

Psorosina

Psyche

psychicalis

Psychidae 140

Psychinse

ptelese

pteliaeella

pterodactyla 646

Pterophoridae

Pterophorus (644, 647

Ptochoryctis

Ptycerata

ptychogrammos

Ptycholoma

pudens

pudibundella

pulchella, Gracilaria

pulchella, Euresia

pulchella, Argyria

pulchellana

pulchrimella

pullata

pulliflmbriella

pulverosana

pulvipennella

pumilio

punctana

punctatissima '._ .

punctella, Gracilaria

punctella, Atteva, (Eta

punctidactyla

punctidiscanum

punctidiscella ... ,

punctif erella, Gelechia

punctiferella, Holcocera

punctilimbella ._ .

punctipennella ." .

punctistriga '. ,

pupula

pura

purinosella

puritana

purpura

purpurana

purpurascens /. .

purpuratella, Nepticula

purpurella, Salebria

purpureofusca

purpurella, Pigritia

purpuriella, Gracilaria

purpurlella, Chrysopeleia

purpurocomella

PAGE

209
227
280
304
139
392
167
326
244
120

12
269
262
269
447
318
687
446
235
265
485
632
144
537
(119)
142
239

86

(651)
639
651)
254
305
486
493
687
295
172
309
593
409
332
180
272
487
238
646
467
665
172
340
644
397
284
272
314
639
287
681
573
102
148
476

78
495

68

88
627
281
316
175
329
811

PAGE

pusiella 231 (fig. 142), 232 (flg. 151J

pustuliferalis 552

pygmseella, Argyresthia , . 346

pygmaeella, Dioryctria 620

Pyla 629

Pyncostola 305

Pyralididae 523

pyralidiformis 370

Pyralidinse 584

Pyralidoidea 521

Pyralis 585 (586, 587)

pyramidalis 366

Pyrausta 563 (553, 573)

Pyraustinae 541 (536)

pyrella 339

pyri 372

pyricolana ' 395

pyrifoliana 435

pyrina « . . 520

Pyroderces ~. 327

Pyromorpha 114

Pyromorphidae 113

Pyrrhotaenia 368

pyxidifera 102

quadragintapunctata 355

quadrifasciana 491

quadriflda 469

quadriguttatus 68

quadrilineella 213

quadrimaculella 278

quadrinotata 86

quadripunctella 168

quadristigmalis 55O

quadristrigella • 161

quaintaneella 310

quebecensis 464

quercana 477

querceti 107

quercialbella 190

quercicola , . 107

querciella, Coleophora 207

quercicella, Psilocorsis 233 £236)

querciella, Stenoma 253

querciella, Telphusa 292

quercifoliana 491

quercifoliella, Acrocercops, Ornix.... 179

quercifoliella, Gelechia, Adrasteia. . . . 267

quercinigracella 292

quercinigrella 177

querciperda 519

quercipomonella 284

ouercipulchella 90

quercitella ....,,". 148

quercivorella, Tischoria 148

quercivorella, Lithocollctis 197

quercivorella, Recurvaria 30l

quernaria 12

quinquareatus 599

quinqueannulella ^ . . 304

quinquecristatella, Telphusa 292

fiuinquecristatella, Stilbosis 325

quinquemaculana 422

quinquenotella, Marmara t . 183

quinquenotella, Bucculntrix 158

quinquepunctella, Prodoxus 74

quinquepunctella, Aristotelia 297

quinquepunctella, Salebria 62(

quinquestrlgella , 180

quintana 423

quisqulllella ,•>••,. 31?

724

NAME INDEX

R PAGE

radjana . . 485

radiatana . 433

rudiosalis , . 562

ramapoella 343

ramburialis 558

ramentalis 549

rana, Laspeyresia 394

rana, Phalonia 509

ranalis 546

rantalis 556

rapse 12

Raphiptera 604

raptor . . : 645

raracana , . 434

Ratona 606

ratzeburgiana 446

reconditalis 580

rectangula 687

rectilinea 110

rectiplicana 402

recurvalis 545

Recurvaria ." . 298

reductella, Holcocora 312

reductella, Tlascala 624

reedella ." . 284

reflexella '. . 236

refusana . 431

regalis 13, 17, 665

reliquellum 634

removana 453

reniculalis ." . 538

reniculella 620

resplendensella ,.. . 88

reticulatana 477

reticulatus 519

Retinia 437

retiniella 348

reversalis 19 (fig. 3) 559

Rhacodia 481

rhamnicola 87

rhododactyla 644

rhododendri 372

Rhodophsea 614

rhoifoliella, Nepticula 87

rhoifoliella, Gracilaria 172

rhoif ructana 473

rhoifructella 278

rhombiferellum 180

Rhopalocera ." . 43

Rhopobota 411

Rhyacionia 437

rhypodella 623

ridingsana 423

ridingsella 77

rigidana 438

rileiella, Argyresthia .' . 347

rileyana, Conopia, Sesia ." . 373

rileyana, Archips, Homona 496

rileyana, Heteropacha 683

rileyella, Lithocolletis 191

rileyella, Gelechia . . '. . 272

rileyella, Argyria 593

rileyi, Tinea 128

nleyi, Chalia 144

rileyi, Pyroderces, Batrachedra 327

rimosalis 551

riscana 502

rivulalis 547

robinise 12, 519

robiniaefoliella 301

robiniella, Parectona 184

robiniella, Lithocolletis 192

PAGE

robiniella, Agonopteryx, Depressaria. 241

robini-elln, Recurvaria . 301

robinsonana, Eucosma 422

robinsonana, Peronea 487

roburella 128

robusta 297

robustella 608

roasella 356 (fig. 218)

rogatalis 551

romonana 510

rosaceana 496

rosacella 210

rosffifoliella, Nepticula 91

rosaefoliella, Coleophora 217

rosana 496

roscidellus 527

rosea 690

roseatella . 638

roseocostella 286

roseomaculana 456

roseopennalis 562

roseosuffusella 295

roseoterminana 432

roseticola 147

rubensella 295

rubescentella 618

rubicunda 667

rubidana 530

rubidella 295

rubigalis 560

rubifoliella '. . 91

rubrifasciella , . 617

rubrisparsella 623

rubristigma 371

rubrofascia 370

rubrofasciata

rubromarginata 671

rudfirella, Setomorp'ia 140

ruderella, Dichomeris, Ypsolophus. . . . 284

ruticristatella 323

ruflflmbrialis 570

ruidosana 403

Rupela 525

ruptostrigella . 172

ruricolellus 602

russatella 75

rusticana, Eucosma 424

rusticana, Cymolqmia, Exartema 463

rusticella, Monopis 133

rutilana , . 506

rutilans , . 370

saccatella 227

saccharalis 591

saccharella, Gl^ucol' pis 82

saccharella, Lithoco'letis 197

ssngeri 665

Sagaritis , . 280

saginella 95

sagittella 314

Salebria 624

saliciana 445

salicicolana 445

saliciella, Lyon? tia 152

saliciella, Coptodisca 228

salicifoUella, Parectopa 184

salicifoliella. Lithocolletis 192

salicifungiella , . 296

salicipomonella 330

salicivorella 192

salictella 182

NAME INDEX

725

saliuaris

I'AOB

. 274

semifuneralis

PAGE
631

Salobrena

529

seminealis . . 12,

578

saltuellus . . . . .

'. . 598

577

Saluda

. 6O6

626

Samea

. . 552

Semioscopis . 243

(241)

Sameodes

553

Somiota . . . .

140

Samia

674 (672)

semiovana .

409

sanbornana

495

semipurpurana

481

sanborni, Acoloithus

114

semiustana

478

sanborni, Conopia, Sesia. .

370

Semyra

106

sanguinella

172

senatoria

668

Sannina

367

senecionella

240

Sanninoida

368

sentana ......

478

saphirinella

275

separatana

455

Sapinella

. 121

399

saracana

476

septentrionana Olethreutcs . .

452

sartana

502

sepulchrella . . . . . .

138

sassaf rasella

172

sepulcralis

665

satellitia . . .

11

sequax

271

satrapellus ....

. 601

Sereda

390

Saturnia

(668)

sericidactylus

650

Saturniida?

668

sericinellus

601

Saturnioidea

659

sericorana

466

satyriniformis

367

Sericoris 448

(459)

saundersana

393

serinalis

553

saundersella

303

serotinella, Gracilaria

178

saurodonta

355

serotinella, Marmara . . . . .

183

saxifnigre

371

serotiivella, Gelechia

269

scabella

. 239

serratissimalis

552

scapha

no

serrativittella

281

Scardia

l">3

servulella

137

121

Sesia

368

scepsiformis

366

Sesiidae

360

Sceptea

286

sesquistrialis

537

schalleriana

485

Setiostoma

233

Schiffermuelleria ....

246

Setomorpha

140

Schistodepressaria

. . . 241

setosella 283

(286)

78

sexfasciata

872

252

sexmaculalis » .

549

Schoenobiinae

525

sexnotella, Lithocolletis

190

Schoenobius

525

sexnotella, Laverna, Stagmatophoru. .

324

Schreckenteinia .

360

sexta

17

schulzianti . .

452

shaleriella, Coleophora

214

schwarziana

510

shalleriella, Fabiola

248

Sciaphila

459 488

shastaella

172

Sciapteron

364

shawiana

428

scintillana, Eucosiua . .

421

shurtleffi

112

scintillans, Nepticula . . .

86

gibine

106

sciotana

466

sicalis

539

scioterma

161

sigmoidea

373

Scirpophaga

525

sigmoidella ...

140

509

signatalis .

571

scitula

372

signatana, Epinofia, Ili'dya

399

Scoliaula

81 (in key)

signatana, Archips

497

Scoparia

581

signif erana

402.

Scopariinae

581

signipennella

172

'582

signipennis . .

172

608

siliealis

548

:?!!) (fig 185)

Simaethis

352

686

siniilalis, Loxostpge

556

scudderella

191

similana, Epinotia

400

scudderi . .

12

similana, Eucosim

426

scudderiana

415

similella, Nepticula

93

275

similiella, Phthorimcea

277

Scythr'ididse

337

similiella, Ptyeerata, Paltodora

306

Scythrifs

349

simpliciella

272

673

simulana

389

429 (436)

simulans

365

semialba

339

simulatricella

77

487

gingularis, Pyrausta

573

. 108

singularis, Dyaria ,

608

semiferana .

. 497

SinoS .

298

726

NAME INDEX

PAGE

Siparocera 530

Sisyrosea 109

Sitotroga 305

skinnerella 138

slingerlandana 472

slingerlandella 91

Bmeathmanniana , 500

Smicrotes 489

sinilnciella, Proteucoptera 151

Hinilacisella, Marmara 183

Sochchora 642

socialis 570

sociella 534

sodalella 610 (fig. 392)

solandriana 400

BOlanella Boisduval, Phthorimoea,

Bryotropha 276

solaniella Chambers 277, 306

Solenobia 143

sollcitana 402

solidaglnifoliella 147

solidaginis, Cremastobombycia ...... 186

Bolidaginis, Agonopteryx, Depressaria 238

Bolitariella 166

sombreana 424

somnulentella 153

Sonla 436

sorbirorella 168

sordidellus 537

Sorghagenia 324

Sparganothis 474

sparsiciliella 243

speculella 152

speratella 287

Spermatophthora . 638

Sphecia 373

Sphingirampa 666

SphingidB 42, (113, 360, 521)

Sphingoidea 42

Spilomela 547

Spilonota 435, (416)

spinuloides 108

splrffiifoliena, Anchylopera, Ancylis. .410

(411)

spirseifoliana, Polychrosis 472

splendoriferella 227

spoliana 443

spoliatella, Holcocera 314

spoliatella, Pigritia 316

squamulellus 593

stadiana 485

Stagmatophora 328, (324)

staintonella 153

stannella 219 (fig. 135)

statalis 531

Stathmopoda 358

statices 640 (fig. 404)

Steganoptycha 395, 398, 416

stellella 323

stenialls 547

Stenoma 251

Stenomidffi 250

Stenophyes 553

stenopteralls 559

Stenoptllia 646

Stenoptinea '. . 134

Stercomita 306

Sthenopis 67

stlcticalis 55fi

stigma 667

stigmatella 175

stigmella 616

PAGE

Stilbosis 325

stimulea 106

Stomopteryx 289

straminalis 5'51

stramineella 126

stramineus 650

straminoides 510

strenuana 413

Strepsicrates ".' . 436

striana 497

striatana 433

striatella, Phthorimooa ." . 277

striatella, Ptycerata, Platodova 305

strictella 1 . . 171

strigalis 583

strigifinitella . 179

strigosa ." . 179

striolata . 331

Strobisia 287 (254, 259)

strobivorella 168

stypticellum 634

subaequana 408

subcaesiella 626

subcanalis 607

subdentosa 108

subfasciana 490

subiridescens 326

subjunctella 132

sublepidana 507

submedialis : 568

subnivana 483

subnubila 466

subolivalis . 569

subreticulata 347

subsenella 313

subsequalis 572

subsimella 303

substitutionis 445

subterranea 274

subtetricella 613

suflfusa 12

suffusana 416

suffusella 272

Suleima , . 4SR

sulfureana 476

sulphurea, Tischeria 148

sulphureus, sulphureodactylus, Oidae-

matophorus, Pterophorus 651

superatalis 606

superbifrontella 176

suprema 666

Swammerdamia 339

Sylepta 548

sylvsecolella, Gelechia , . 265

sylvatica 682

sylvestris 222

sylvicolella, Epithectis . 303

sylvinus 66 (figs. 40, 41)

Symmoca 261

symmochlota 242

symphoricarpella 193

Symphysa 538

Synallagma . 333

Synanthedon 368

syringse 367

syringicola 562

T

tabaniforme 361 (fig. 233)

Tachyptilia 277

Tacoma 621

tscnlella 257 ( fig. 156)

NAME INDEX

727

PAGE

tahavusella 289

Talseporiinae 142

tails 546

talleolalis 607

Tampa 637 (fig. 399)

tandana 414

tapetzclla 131

tarandana 435

tardigrada 107

tartarella, Holcocera ." . 3i:i

tartarella, Elasmopalpus .' . <i:29

Tarsa v . 364

Taygete 302

taylorella 75

tecomse 529

Tegeticula 74

telamonides 11

Telea 671

Telela 262, 481

Telphusa 291

temerana » . 512

Tenaga , . . 133

tenebrella 317

tentoriferella 235

tenuidactylus 645

tenuls, Hemaris 11

tenuls, Acrolophus 121

tephrlasella 270

tephrosiella 619

Teras 481

terminana, Cymolomia, Exartema.... 465

terminana, Hysterosia 501

terminella, Nepticula ." . 88

terminella, Psaeaphora 327

termlnimacula 12

ternariella ." . 265

terrealis 561

terrellus 602

terreirella . 534

tertiana 455

tertialls 561

tesquella 325

tessaradactyla 643

tesselana 452

tessulatella 123

testacea Ill

testulana 478

teterrellus 601

tetradactylus 105

Tetralopha 606

texana 114

texanellus 121

textula ' 109

tharos 11

Thaumatopsis 594

Theisoa 307

Thelcteria 573

theobromse 53?>

thestialis 567

theseusalis 561

Thiodia 429 (3U8, 4:!6, 441, 443)

tho6 12

Tholeria 19 (fig. 3j, 559

thoracealbella 93

thoraceochrella . 272

thoracestrigella 128

thoracicoides : 682

thuiella, Argyresthia 348 (340)

thujaella, Reeurvaria 300

thule 68

Thyatlra 086, 687

Thyatirldse 685

PAGE

thynretusalis 587

Thyrldidse 333 (figures), 521

Thyridopteryx 144 (105)

Thyris 522 (523)

thysbe , . 11

tibialis 374

tiliacella 194

tilisfoliella 216

tiliana 468

tiliarla 12

tiliella 91

tillialis 562

timidella .' . 399

Tinffigeriidae 356

Tinagma ." . 224

tinctoriella 148

Tinea 124, (75, 131, 133, 533)

tineana 405

Tineidse 116 (140, 145, 148. 160, 161)

Tineinse 122

Tineoidea 115

Tineola (76) 133

Tineopsis 535

Tioga 606

tipuliformis 372

tiscana 502

Tischerla 146

Tischeriidse , . 145

Titanio 558 (559)

Tlascala 623

Tmetocera . 435

tocullionana 428

togata 242

Tolype 680

tomonana 434

topiarius 603

torontana 406

torrefacta 678

Tortricldia Ill

Tortricidse 376 (499, 513)

tortriciformella 254

Tortricinae ." . 473

Tortricodes 488

Tortricoidea 375

Tortrix 491 (480, 488, 489, 493)

toreuta 396

torvalls 559

Tosale 530

touceyella 284

toxcana . . 513

Trachoma 341

transiturana 495

transmissana 402

transversestrigella 140

treitschkiella 219 (fig. 134)

trepidella 167

trialbamacutella 265

triangularisella 314

trichella 330

Trichophaga 131

Trichoptilus 645

Trichostibas 340

trichostomus 604

Trichotaphe 280 (286)

tricinctus 366

tricingulatella 136

Triclonella 249

tricolorella ." . 618

tricrlstatella .' . 326

trif asciella 158

triferana 490

trifurcella 245

728

NAME INDEX

Trifurcula ;

PAGE
79

PAGE

528

trifurculana '. .

491

unimacula

. 571

trigona

110

329

trimaculella, Anarsia, Dichomeris,

uuionalis ....

540 (flu. 321)

Ypsolopbus

284

13

trimaculella Trichotaphe

282

535

trimaculella, Gelechia

265

• 253

trimaculella, Eumeyrickia

234

. . . 527

trimaculella, Tinea

127

unistriatellus

. . 599

trlnotata, Nepticula

87

unistrigella

272

trinotella, Lithocolletis

189

.279, (288)

trinoteUa, Tricliotaphe

282

upupaepcnnella

175

trinotella, Dicliomeris, Ypsolophus. . .

285

Uranioidea

. 654

triocellella

274

uroceriformis

367

tripartitana

415

Urodus

340

Triptodema

138

urticata

581

tripunctellus

527

uterella

131

trisectus

603

uvinella

624

trisignana

483

Uzuohida;

." . . 250

trlstella

316

tristriata

476

v

tristrigana

394

vacciniana

. 411

tristrigella

279

vacciniella Gracilari a

174

tritaenianella

194

vacciniella Dichomeria

285

tritealls

550

vaccinii . .

619

trivinctella

349

vagans

215

Trochilium 367 368,

373

vagatioella

302

Tropsea

680

vagella

270

truncatalls

584

Valdivia

633

truncicolella 582 (fig

355)

Valentinia

. . . (74) 310

tryonana

423

vandana

426

Trypanlsma

304

variabilis

159

Trypanus

518

variana

486

tsugensis

255

variatella

....... 130

tuberculalis ...

552

variegana

484

tubiferella

199

variella .

300

turbatella, Zopbodia

630

Varneria

639

turbatellus, Crambus

601

velatella

135

turf osana

452

velleda

680

turmalis .

562

velutinana

490

turnus

12

venalalis

573

turpidella

625

venalis

561

tylodes

129

Venilia

. . 234

tyralis

571

ventralis

545

tvrlus

447

ventrella ....

. . i . 286

venusta ...

18

u

venustella

180

Udea

560

verbascella ....

.257 (fig 174)

uhlerella

192

vernata

107

Ulffi j.

604

vernella

. 268

ulmella Nepticula

92

verniochrana

; . 435

197

vernoniffiella

.... 215

632

vernoniana

472

632

versicolor

; . is

Ulophora

619

versicolorella

272

Ulosota

102

vertumnana

401

243

verutana

. 470

211

vesaliella

137

433

vesperana

495

11

vestaliana

447

405

vestaliella

313

267

vestalis

253

550

vestigialis

550

undulatella Argyresthia

347

vetustella, Salebria

626

undulatella Hulstia .

633

vetustella, Myrlsea

627

unguicclla

406

viburnana

485

209

viburnella

...... 216

624

vicarialis

353

323

vfcinella

168

5T.9

viduella

266

88

vieilaciella

341

nnifasoiella. Anhelosetia. Elnrhistn . .

223

villella

. 312

NAME INDEX

729

PAGB

villosella 88

vinculella 77

violacea 11

violaceana . 475

violacella, Gracilaria 173

violaceellus, Acrolophus 121

virescana 489

virgatella 626

virginiana, Rhyacionla, Evetria, Ee-

tlnia 439

virginiana, Exentera, Thiodia 444

virginiella 354

virginiensis, Anisota 6(58

viridiclava 107

viridis 107

virulenta 571

viscana 510

viteana 473

vitellinana 503

vitlcordifoliella 226

vitifoliella 154

vitigenella 154

vitrina 523

vittella 288

Vitula 631

vobisne H92

vocaridorsana 476

voxcana 511

vulgivagellus 602

W

walkerana 401

walkeri, Alcathoe 374

walkeri, Philosamla 675

walshella 144

Walshia 324

walsinghamella 239

Tvalsinghami, Gelechia 270

walsinghami, Epiblema 415

Wanda 606

wandana 426

washingtonia 371

washingtoniella 282

watchungana 442

wenzeli 439

willlngana 440

Wilsonla 322

win niana 511

wiscana 512

womonana 426

worthingtoniana 425

wyattella 324

I

X

Xandana 401

xan thobasis 253

xantholeucalis 525

xanthoid^s 475

Xenolechia 291

FAOB

Xylesthia 139

Xyleutes 51»

Xylorictidae '. . 250

xylostella 342 (341)

Xyrosaris 348

Xystus ; . 519

Y

yandana 401

yaracana 472

y-inversa 110

youngana, Laspeyresia 393

youngana, Olethreutes, Argyroploce. . 455

youngella, Enchrysa, Aristotelia. . '. . 298

youngellus, Crambus 599

Yponomeuta 339 (338)

Yponomeutidse 337 (350)

Ypononreutoidea 335

Ypsolophus 283

yuccasella 75

Z

zabulon 12

zandana 401

zapulata 495

zaracana 510

zeacolella 591

zeellus 603

Zeiraphera 445 (398)

zelleri, Epipaschia 606

zelleri, Acrobasis 609 (fig. 378)

Zelleria 348

zelleriana, Cymolomia, Exartema.... 465

zelleriella, Tisch«ria, Coptotriche . . . . 148

zelleriella, Coleophora 208

zelleriella, Ethmla 246

zelleriella, Holcocera 313

Zeuzera 520

Zeuzerinse 519

ZeuzerldaB 516

zlmmermanni 620

zlnckenella 629

Zinckenia 544 (549)

zomonana 427

zonulella 613

Zopbodia 630

zoxcana 513

Zygsena 99 (fig. 66)

Zygaenidae 113

Zygsenoldea ; . 99

Unnamed species In the following genera :

Agonopteryx 239

Anchylopera 411

Ancylis 406

Bucculatrix 157

Cymolomia ." . 467

Gracilaria 174

Lavernn 323

Tinea . 127

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