Xtbrarp of "foarvarfc

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS

EDITED BY JUSTIN WINSOR

LIBRARIAN

THE LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE

1667-1877

BY

ALFRED CLAGHORN POTTER

Harvard College Library AND

CHARLES KNOVfLES BOLTON

Brookline Public Library

CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Issueti 65 tfje ILifcrarg of f^arbarti 1897

Already issued or in preparation : -

[Some of these Contributions are out of print.]

VOLUME I Nos. i TO 20.

VOLUME II Nos. 21 TO 37.

VOLUME III Nos. 38 TO 51.

VOLUME IV.

52. ALFRED C. POTTER and CHARLES K. BOLTON. The Librarians of Harvard College. 1667-1877.

Xfbrar? of tmrvarfc 'dniversit?

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS

NUMBERS LI I TO LVIII

EDITED BY WILLIAM COOLIDGE LANE

LIBRARIAN

VOL. IV

CONTENTS

52. ALFRED C. POTTER and CHARLES K. BOLTON. The

Librarians of Harvard College. 1667-1877. 1897.

53. WILLIAM GARROTT BROWN. A list of Portraits in

the various Buildings of Harvard University. 1898.

54. WILLIAM F. YUST. A Bibliography of Justin Winsor.

1902.

$5. ALFRED C. POTTER. Notes on the Library of Harvard University. 1903.

56. CATALOGUE of English and American Chap-books an

Broadside Ballads in Harvard College Library. 190;

57. T. FRANKLIN CURRIER and ERNEST L. GAY. Cats

logue of the Moliere collection in Harvard Colleg Library. 1906.

58. MORRIS H. MORGAN. A Bibliography of Persius

1909.

OF THE

UNIVERSITY

OF

CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 6g tije SUfrrarg 0f Pfarfcarfc 1897-1909

0

\

A

PEEFAOE.

DURING the early years of the College Library each library-keeper or librarian held the office for a short time only, usually while he was preparing to enter the Christian ministry. Although no one librarian, during his short period of service, could exert a very large measure of influence upon the administration of the institution under his charge, the Library for generations kept its position as the most useful and important store-house of knowledge on the continent. It is believed, therefore, that the Harvard graduates who thus shaped its destinies for so many years have a claim to grateful remembrance for this service as well as for their honorable labors in after years.

Of the sixty men whose lives are recorded here only five — Shapleigh, Cogswell, Peirce, T. W. Harris, and Sibley — can be said to have made librarianship their pro- fession. Of the others twenty- nine, or over half, became clergymen ; seven were teachers ; six entered the legal and three the medical profession ; and the remaining ten followed various pursuits. The average term of office for the whole period is three and a half years; but for the first century (1667-1767) the average was not quite two and one third years.

The principle sources for the history of the Library may be here summarized. The earlier history is to be found in the manuscript Records of the Corporation and of the Board of Overseers, which contain frequent notices of the Library and of the appoint- ments of Librarians ; lists of books given ; codes of laws for its administration, and amendments thereto ; and other matters of importance. The Treasurer's books and the books of letters, especially those from Thomas Hollis, also contain much of value. The Library's own manuscript records date back only to the fire of 1764 ; and, indeed, prior to Mr. Sibley's day, they are scanty and unsystematic. There is a MS. catalogue, not dated, but probably prepared about 1780 or 1790, which contains the names of the givers of books then in the Library. For Sibley's own administration his manu- script Library Journal, containing, besides his annual reports, a detailed record of events, is invaluable. This and his letter-books are preserved in the College Archives.

The printed sources mainly deal with the later periods of the Library's history, although the histories of Harvard by Quincy, Peirce, and Eliot, have more or less matter per- taining to it in earlier times. Lists of the books bequeathed by John Harvard, by Peter Bulkley, and Sir Richard Bellingham, were printed in Mr. Andrew McFarland Davis's Notes on the records of Harvard College (Bibliographical Contributions, no. 27). Mr. Sibley's chapter on Gore Hall and the College Library contributed to the Harvard book

198129

PREFACE.

(1875, v. i. pp. 112-121) sketches the history of the Library. Dr. George Birkbeck Hill in his Harvard College by an Oxonian (1894) devotes a chapter (pp. 285-296) to an historical and descriptive account. Bush's Higher education in Massachusetts, issued by the Bureau of Education in 1891, also has some references to the Harvard Library. The report on Public libraries in the United States, published by the same Bureau in 1876, has two accounts (pp. 21-26, 78-95). The several printed catalogues, issued in 1723, 1773, 1790, and 1830-34, of which 'detailed mention is made under the various Librarians who prepared them, throw light on its composition at their respective dates. The Annual Reports of the Presidents of Harvard College (1826-1896) contain sum- maries of the conditions and needs of the Library, and since 1877 include a separate report by the Librarian. The committees appointed by the Board of Overseers to visit the Library generally printed their reports between 1854 and 1864. These were usually accompanied by the Librarian's report and by other documents ; that for 1864 con- taining Mr. Abbot's Statement respecting the new catalogue (pp. 36-76). In 1833, President Quincy printed Considerations relating to the Library Of Harvard University respectfully submitted to the Legislature of Massachusetts (8°. pp. 16) ; and in 1858 appeared a Report of the committee of the Association of the Alumni appointed to take into consideration the stale of the College Library (8° . pp. 44), and this was followed the next year by an eight page Letter of the Librarian addressed to the same committee. The Library has issued the Harvard University Bulletin, in seven volumes, 1879—94, con- taining lists of accessions, records of the Corporation, the necrology, bibliographical matter, and notes ; and fifty-one numbers of Bibliographical Contributions, partly re- printed from the Bulletin. The following magazine articles should be mentioned : Charles A. Cutter, Harvard College Library in the North American review, Oct. 1868 (cvii. 568-593), and the New catalogue of Harvard College Library, in the same, Jan. 1869 (cviii. 96-129) ; John Fiske, A librarian's work, in the Atlantic monthly, Oct. 1876 (xxxviii. 480-491), also reprinted in his Darwinism and other essays, 1879, etc. ; Kate V. Smith, A glance into the " Sumner alcove," Harvard Library, in Scribner's monthly, March, 1879 (xvii. 732-736) ; Charles Knowles Bolton, Harvard University Library, in the New England magazine, Dec. 1893, (n. s. ix. 433-449), also reprinted separately.

This list indicates the chief material to be used in making a history of the Harvard College Library. It is hoped that the following records of the lives of Harvard's Librarians may also serve as a contribution towards that end.

V

fair IT*

INDEX OF LIBEAEIANS.

ALLIN, DANIEL . BADGER, STEPHEN BROOKS, EDWARD BYLES, MATHER CHAMPNEY, JOSEPH COGSWELL, JOSE COOKE, WILLIAM COOLIDGE, SAMUEL COTTON, JOHN CUSHING, MATTHEW DEANE, SAMUEL DENISON, JOHN DIM AN, JAMES ELIOT, ANDREW FOLSOM, CHARLES GEE, JOSHUA GIBBS, HENRY GOOKIN, DANIEL GOOKIN, NATHANIEL GORE, JOHN HANCOCK, BELCHER HANCOCK, JOHN HARRIS, THADDJ HARRIS, THADDI HOLYOKE, EDWARD HOLYOKE, ELIZUR MARSH, PEREZ MARSH, THOMAS MAYHEW, WILLIAM

APPENDIX I.

n.

III.

PAGE		PAGE
-lOVEJOY 34	MOORE JONATHAN	28
. 9	NEWMAN HENRY	10
IEN 24	NORTON, ANDREWS	. . 35
RD • . 26	NOURSE, PETER	. . 33
it 25	PEABODY, OLIVER	. . 23
3EPH 20	PEIRCE, BENJAMIN	. . 38
EPH GREEN .... 36	PEMBERTON, EBENEZER ....	. . 11
M 17	PRAT, BENJAMIN	. . 22
UEL 21	PRENTICE, CALEB	. . 29
10	PYNCHON, JOSEPH	. . 20
"HEW 23	RAND, JOHN	. . 25
L 27	ROBIE, THOMAS	. . 16
16	ROGERS, JOHN	16
21	SALTONSTALL, NATHANIEL . .	11
r • 28	SEWALL, MITCHEL	. . 18
,ES 37	SEWALL, SAMUEL	. . 9
17	SEWALL, STEPHEN	. . 19
20	SEWALL, STEPHEN	. . 27
L 9	SHAPLEIGH, SAMUEL	. . 32
\.NIEL 13	SIBLEY, JOHN LANGDON	39
. 13	SMITH, ISAAC	31
3HER 22	STODDARD, ANTHONY ....	. . 12
S 19	STODDARD, SOLOMON ....	. . 7
>EUS MASON .... 32	THACHER, SAMUEL COOPER	. . 34
)EUS WILLIAM .... 39	WARD, NATHANIEL	. . 29
'ARD 14	WELSTEED, WILLIAM	. . 17
UR 26	WHITING, JOHN	. . 13
. . . 24	WlLLARD, JOSIAH	. . 12
.8 21	WILL ARD, SIDNEY ......	. . 33
JAM 29	WINTHROP, JAMES	. . 30
		43
		43
		45

THE LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

1667-1877.

BT ALFRED CLAGHORN POTTER AND CHARLES KNOWLES BOLTON.

i667-i672(?).

Solomon Stoddard, the first Librarian of Harvard, was born in Boston near the end of September, 1643. His baptism is thus recorded 1 October, 1643, on the records of the First Church, " Solomon of Anthony Stoddard aged about 4 days." His father was Anthony Stod- dard, a linen-draper, a representative to the Gen- eral Court, and for many years recorder of Boston. His mother, Mary Downing, was the first of Anthony Stoddard's five wives. Sibley, however, apparently following the News-Letter, says she was his second wife, and gives her name as Lucy ; but both the printed genealogies of the Stoddard family and Savage agree in giving her as the first wife and her name as Mary. Solomon Stoddard graduated from the College in 1662, and on taking his second degree in course three years later, sustained the affirmative on the question, " Utrum Deus puniat peccata necessitate naturae."

In November of the next year, he was made a tutor, and the following spring, by vote of the Corporation, " March. 27. 1667. Mr Solomon Stod- dard was chosen Library keeper." This is the first record of the appointment of a Librarian at Har- vard. "While the Library had been in existence since John Harvard's bequest, nearly thirty years before, it is not probable that previously the care of it had been entrusted to any distinct officer. A code of laws defining the duties of the Librarian and regulating the use of the books was now adopted and entered on the Corporation Records.* How long Stoddard retained the office is uncer- tain ; his successor was not appointed until 1674 ; but two years before that he had accepted , 7 Feb- ruary, 1672, a call to the church at Northampton, where, moreover, he seems to have already preached at least occasionally for some two years.

* See Appendix I,

As early as 4 March, 1670, the town had voted that they hoped to give him £100 annually, and a few days after this vote Stoddard married Esther, daughter of Rev. John Warham, and widow of Eleazar Mather, his predecessor in the Northampton pulpit. His ordination took place 11 September, 1672. He must, therefore, have left the Library as early as that year, and pro- bably he left a year or two earlier. In an obituary notice, reprinted by Colman from the News -Letter, it is stated that "Growing out of Health by reason of too close an Application to his Studies he was prevail'd on to take a voyage to Barbados, with Governor Serle as his Chaplain, where he preach'd to the Dissenters on that Island. But his State of Health growing better, he return'd to his Native Country in about two Years." No date is assigned for Stoddard's resi- dence there, and it is difficult to fix any. Daniel Searle was governor of Barbados from 1653 to 1660; it could, then, hardly have been during his term of office. Searle lived in Boston for some years later, returning finally to his estates in Bar- bados in 1669. He may, perhaps, have visited the island for a year or so during this period, and Stoddard may have then accompanied him. The most probable time for the latter's stay there, which could not have lasted two full years, is between taking his A.M. in July, 1665, and his appointment as tutor in November, 1666.

Mr. Stoddard's pastorate of nearly sixty years was distinguished by five revivals, or "harvests," as he termed them, during which "the bigger Part of the young People in the Town, seemed to be mainly concerned for their eternal Salvation." For some years he was the oldest minister in the province, and it was said of him that "he pos- sessed, probably, more influence than any other clergyman for a period of thirty years." For a long time he regularly attended Commencement,

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

and the next day gave the annual " Public Lecture." He continued to preach until shortly before his death, 11 February, 1728-29, at the age of 86. Two years earlier his grandson, Jona- than Edwards, had been installed as his assistant.

Stoddard printed about twenty sermons and several other works, of which Sibley gives a full list. His book on the "Safety of appearing at the Day of Judgement, in the righteousness of Christ," went through four editions (1687, 1729, 1742, 1804). In a pamphlet published in London in 1700, under the title, "The Doctrine of the instituted churches explained and proved from the word of God," he first promulgated what was long known as the Stoddardean doctrine. The main point of his views, that the communion table should be accessible to all persons not immoral, excited a long and bitter controversy. " His Sermons were plain and powerful, experimental & spiritual, close & searching, yet rational & argumentative."

Of his twelve or thirteen children may be men- tioned his son Anthony (H. U. 1697), minister at Woodbury, Conn. ; Colonel John (H. U. 1701), a man of considerable influence, and five daughters, all of whom married clergymen.

AUTHORITIES : Allen, Second century address at North- ampton, 1855, p. 15. Boston — Record Commissioners, Re- port, 1883, p. 16. Clarke, Antiquities of Northampton, 1882. Colman, Sermon on death of Stoddard, 1729. pp. 33. Ewer, Oeneal. family of Anthony Stoddard, 1849, p. 3. Northampton — First Parish, Meeting houses and ministers, 1878, p. 9. Savage, Geneal. dictionary, 1862, iv. 199, 201. Sibley, Harvard graduates, 1881, ii. 111-122. Sprague, Annals Amtr. pulpit, 1857, i. 172-174. Stoddard, Anthony Stoddard and his descendants, 1865, p. 2. Wil. Hams, Sermon on the day of the interment of Stoddard, 1729. pp.32.

1674.

Samuel Sewall, the second Librarian of the College, was born 28 March, 1652, at Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England, second child of Henry and Jane (Dummer) Sewall. He studied at the gram- mar school at Romsey until the family came to New England in 1661, where he continued his education under the Rev. Thomas Parker at New- bury.

Hannah Hull, daughter of the wealthy master of the colonial mint, was present at Sewall's graduation from Harvard in 1671, and as he afterwards relates in his famous Diary, she lost her heart to him on that day. He was a tutor and fellow in 1673-1674, receiving his A.M. the same academic year. On 1 March, 1674, it was "ordered by the Corporation that Sr Sewall be from henceforth the Keeper of the Colledg Li- hrary." He held this office only nine months.

Sewall studied divinity, and preached for two hours and a half in Mr. Parker's church 4 April, 1675, being afraid to look at the hour-glass. But his marriage, 28 February, 1676, to the daughter of the mint-master, put him in possession of wealth and gave him special opportunity for usefulness in civic life.

In 1681-1684 Sewall was manager of the print- ing-press in Boston. In 1684-1686 he held the office of assistant, and from 1692 to 1725 he was a member of the council. From 1692 to 1718 he was a judge of the superior court, and from 1718 to 1728 chief justice. During most of this period he was ex officio a member of the Board of Over- seers of the College.

In 1692 Mr. Sewall was chosen one of the judges of a special court of Oyer and Terminer to try persons accused of witchcraft. Several of these were condemned to death, and he never ceased to regret the part he had taken in their destruction. In January, 1697, he gave Mr. Wil- lard, the minister of the Old South Church, a written confession of his sin, which was read aloud in the church while he stood with bowed head.

Of his fourteen children by his wife Hannah, Joseph was elected President of Harvard, but de- clined. The chief justice married 2d Abigail, daughter of Jacob Melyen and widow of William Tilley, 29 October, 1719, and 3d Mary, daughter of Henry Shrimpton and widow of Robert Gibbs, 29 March, 1722.

He contributed to the church for "praying Indians" at Natick and built a meeting-house at Sandwich, besides giving generously to the Col- lege. His little pamphlet of three quarto pages, "The selling of Joseph," published in 1700, de- nounced negro slavery, but brought upon him " Frowns & hard words." Among his other pub- lications was "Description of the New Heaven" (1697). But he is to-day best remembered for his Diary, a minute record of his life for many years, that throws a clear light on the colony of those days. He has well been called "the Pepys of New England." This was published by the Massachusetts Historical Society in three volumes (1878-82), and the same society a few years later issued his Letter-books in two volumes (1886-88). He was captain of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company in 1701, and for twenty-four years he set the tune at church and led the singing. He died at Bos- ton, 1 January, 1729-30. His must have been an impressive figure, as Whittier pictures him :

Stately and slow, with thoughtful air, His black cap hiding his whitened hair, Walks the judge of the great assize, \ Samuel Sewall, the good and wise.

LIBRAKIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

As the weekly News-Letter truly said, he was " worthy of very distinguishing regard in the New England histories."

AUTHORITIES : Samuel Sewall, Diary, (Mass. hist, soc., Collections, 5th ser., v. vi. vii. 1878-82). Colonial soc. of Mass., Transactions, 1895, i. 84-112 (portrait). Ellis, Ad- dress on the life and character of Samuel Sewall, 1885. pp. 28. Ewell, Judge Samuel Sewall in American soc. for church history, Papers, 1895, vii. 25-54. Salisbury, Family memorials, 1885, 145-148, 190-202. Sibley, Harvard gradu- ates, 1881, ii. 345-370. Winsor, Memorial hist, of Boston, 1880, i. 210, 540; ii. 148 (portrait), 417.

1674-1676, l679-l68l.

Daniel Gookin, the son of Major-General Daniel Gookin and his wife Mary, was born at Cambridge, 12 July, 1650. At the age of 19 lie graduated at Harvard with the class of 1669 and proceeded to his degree of Master of Arts. In May, 1673, he " was chosen probation1, & is forth- with to take ye charge of a Classis," and in the fall his fellowship was confirmed by the Corporation. He remained a tutor and resident fellow for eight years, meanwhile twice serving as Librarian. At a meeting of the Corporation, 11 December, 1674, it was "Ordered further that hencforth Mr Daniell Gookin be Library keeper : And that he enquire of persons formerly [con]cerned for finding out & restoring the book[s] found wanting in the last surveigh ma[de] by the Praesidt : himself and Mr Sewal as in the Li- brary book." In August, 1676, there was "paid mr Dan1 Gookin, one of the Fellowes, money 50s in Satisfaction for his paines in removing the library to the new Colledge & placeing them." This was evidently extra work, for some months previously Daniel Allin had been appointed Li- brarian ; perhaps in the removal of the books to the first Harvard Hall, then only partially com- pleted, the new Librarian was glad to have the aid of his predecessor. Gookin, however, in June, 1679, was again " chosen Librarie keeper." Two months later the account-books of the Col- lege have the entry, ' ' Paid to Jn° Palfrey 36s on the president's note for 1 doz. Stooles made for Colledge Library." The following winter there is a record of payments of over £20 for freight on eleven boxes of books for the Library ; probably these were the library of the English philolo- gist and divine, Theophilus Gale, then recently bequeathed to the College.

In 1681, resigning his positions at Cambridge, Mr. Gookin began his services as a minister. He seems to have assisted the Apostle Eliot in his work among the Indians at Natick, and is described by him as " a pious and worthy young man." In March, 1685, he was ordained pastor of the church at Sherborn, with an annual salary of

"twenty pounds in money and twenty pounds in country pay." Here Mr. Gookin preached for many years, both to his parishioners and to the Indians, and here his death occurred, after a long illness, 8 January, 1717-18. William Rider of Natick wrote to the editor of the News-Letter as follows : " The Reverend, learned and pious Mr. Daniel Gookin deceased, aged about 67 years : who in his younger Time was a Fellow of Har- vard College about the space of seven years ; and since has been an Ordained Minister in said Town about 34 years ; who many years preached the Indian Lectures at Natick; a Gentleman sound in his Doctrine, explaining the Scriptures to the weakest Capacity, and painfull in his Studies, tender of his Flock, and Exemplary in his Life, and Lamented of all Good Men that had Acquaint- ance with him, especially in his own Church and Town." And his friend Sewall notes in his Diary : " He was a good Scholar, and a solid Divine. We were Fellows together at College, and have sung many a Tune in Consort ; hope shall sing Halle- lujah together in Heaven."

Gookin married, first in 1681, Elizabeth, daugh- ter of Edmund Quincy, and second, in 1692, Bethia, daughter of Edward Collicott. Savage credits him with another wife, name unknown, whom he is said to have married in 1682, but this is more than doubtful. He had seven children.

Daniel Gookin never published anything, but there exists a printed catalogue of his library, which was sold, together with that of Joshua Moody, in 1718.

AUTHORITIES : Biglow, History of Sherburne, 1830, pp. 49-56, 62. Harvard Corporation Records. Mass. hist. soc. Collections, 1st series, iii. 185, 5th series, v. vi. vii. passim (Sewall's Diary) ; Proceedings, 1862, p. 340. Morse, Oeneal. register of Sherborn, 1856, p. 43. N. E. hist, and geneal. register, iv. 79. Quincy, Hist, of Harvard, 1840, i. 274. Salisbury, Family memorials, 1885, p. 445. Savage, Geneal. dictionary, ii. 279. Sibley, Harvard graduates, ii. 277-283.

1676-1679.

Daniel Allin was the son of Rev. John Allin, the first minister of Dedham, and his second wife, Catherine, widow of Samuel Hackburne and of Governor Thomas Dudley. Sibley and Savage give the date of his birth as 5 August, 1656, but the following entry made by his father in the records of the First Church at Dedham shows that the actual date was a week earlier : " Daniell my sone being borne 31d 5m was baptised 3d 6m 1656 " ; and this date is confirmed by the Dedham town records. At college he was a scholar of the house, and not long after his graduation with the class of 1675, " at a Meeting of ye Corporatio at Cambridge 11. 2. 76. [it was] Ordered that Sr Allin be Librarie-keeper." He continued in that

io

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

position until 1679, meanwhile taking his second degree. His thesis on this occasion was on a medical subject, "An hepar sanguificet?" and not long after he seems to have begun the practice of medicine in Boston or Charlestown. Sewall in his Diary refers to him as a physician in Boston. The first of his six children by his wife Mariana was born in June, 1680. Sibley states that he died in 1692, apparently on the authority of Sav- age and of Mann's Historical annals of Dedham. The latter says (p. 86) " he seems from his Will (Suffolk Prob. Rec.) to have died in December, 1692." But an examination of these records shows that while the will was drawn 17 November, 1692, and the codicil added five days later, it was not admitted to probate until 6 June, 1694. That this latter year is the real date of his death is confirmed by an entry in the diary of Lawrence Hammond of Charlestown under 7 May, 1694 : "Dr Daniel Allen, a true Lover of his Country & most Loyal to the Crown of England, Learned, Wise, Humble pious, most true to his friend, the approved, able and beloved physician &c. Sick- ned Saturday the 28th day of April in ye night, and dyed this day being Munday, to the universall griefe of all good men who were acquainted with his worth."

AUTHORITIES: Hammond, Diary (Mass. hist. soc. Pro- ceedings, 2d series, vii. 166). Hill, Record of baptisms, marriages, and deaths from church records of Dedhamt 1888, p. 34; Record of births, marriages, and deaths in the town of Dedham, 1886, p. 6. Mann, Historical annals of Dedham, 1847, p. 86. Professional and industrial history of Suffolk county, 1894, iii. 233. Savage, Geneal. diction- ary, I860, i. 29, 40. Sibley, Harvard graduates, iii. 470. Suffolk county probate records, xiii. 437. Winthrop's inter- leaved triennial.

l679-l68l.

[See Daniel Oookin, above, p. 9.] 1681-1690.

John Cotton, the son of Rev. Seaborn Cotton, and grandson of the famous Rev. John Cotton of Boston, was born at Hampton, New Hampshire, 8 May, 1658. His mother, Dorothy Bradstreet, was the daughter of Governor Bradstreet and granddaughter of Governor Dudley. The son graduated at Harvard in 1678. His thesis is preserved by the Massachusetts Historical Society. In 1681 he in some way brought upon himself the displeasure of Rev. Increase Mather ; and a kins- man, Joseph Dudley, wrote in alarm to Mather urging a reconciliation, lest this resentment should "tend to his utter ruine." After receiving his A.M. and while the College Librarian, 1681-1690, he preached from time to time. He was success- ful, it may be supposed, for Rev. Joshua Moody in 1683 wrote: "The people like his preaching very well."

Mr. Cotton was a Fellow from 1681 to 1690, and a tutor from 1681 to 1685. In 1682, "At a cor- poration meeting : Ordered that the double Books in the Colledge Library be prized & sold & ye money improved for the buying other books y' are wanting."

The same year the general court voted fifty pounds to Mr. Andrews and Mr. Cotton, fel- lows, they " hauing tooke much paynes & vsed much diligenc in carrying on the praesidents worke, since mr Oakes death." Rev. Increase Mather, acting president in 1685, had very little leisure from his duties in Boston to give to the college, and the money voted by the General Court that year for the president was to be applied by the Corporation "for the encouragement of such as have done the work." A share of this money came to John Cotton, who had, no doubt, been restored to favor. A letter by him and an official communication upon which his name ap- pears— both relating to college business — have been preserved in the " Mather papers."

On August 17th, 1686, Mr. Cotton was married to Anne, daughter of Captain Thomas Lake of Boston. The next year he was invited to settle as pastor of his father's church at Hampton, but then and on later occasions declined. He con- tinued to preach at Hampton irregularly ; and for a time occupied the pulpit at Portsmouth during the absence of Mr. Moody, but refused to be settled there. After repeated solicitation Mr. Cotton accepted a call to the church in Hamp- ton, and was ordained 19 November, 1696. From a membership of twenty-five the church grew rapidly, until his labors were terminated by his sudden death, 27 March, 1710. His widow, the mother of his eight children, afterwards married Rev. Increase Mather. Sewall refers to the "dreadful news" of Mr. Cotton's death, and in speaking of him on the Lord's day following, gave him " a very august character."

Mr. Cotton published a wedding sermon in 1699. His qualities, as noted by contemporary writers, are very attractive, even allowing for the partiality of friends. He was said to be " one who had very much of the Gentleman in him," catholic, schol- arly, hospitable, entertaining and sweet tempered. AUTHORITIES : Harvard Corporation Records. Mass, hist. soc. Collections, 1st series, 1809, x. 45, 4th series, 1868, viii. 246, 359, 482, 522, 656, 5th series, 1879, vi. 276-278, 301; Proceedings, 1857, iii. 133. N. E. hist, and geneal. reg., 1847, i. 164, 326; 1855, ix. 164. Sibley, Harvard graduates, 1885, iii. 2-5.

1690-1693.

Henry Newman, who was born 10 November, 1670, was the son of Rev. Noah Newman of Rehoboth, and his wife, Joanna Flynt. Graduat- ing from Harvard in 1687, he began in the year in

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

I I

which he took his second degree, his service of three years as Librarian. In September, 1691, there is an entry in the College records of £3 paid to him as "Library-keeper." Later in the records (1694-95) are several references to his services in procuring " the Colledge arms to be cut in Freestone or in marble " ; but it is uncertain whether this plan, which seems to have originated with him, was finally carried out.

About 1707 Newman went to England, where for a time ho lived in the Duke of Somerset's family, — in what capacity we are not told. Afterwards we find him settled in the Inner Temple in Lon- don. Nearly half a century before this time, Edward Hopkins had bequeathed a legacy to Har- vard College, but his heirs had disputed his will and it was still unsettled. In 1709 the College appointed Newman its agent toward procuring this bequest; and in three or four years his efforts were successful. In fact, during the whole of his life in England, Newman was active in furthering the interests of the College in that country, and procured for it many gifts both of money and of books. It is said by Turell, the biographer of Dr. Colman, that he "saw cause to conform to the Established Church. — But he ever cherished and exprest a warm and generous Love and Regard for his Country, and the Churches and Colleges here, and sought their Prosperity and flourishing."

As late as 1741, he was still the English agent of the College as appears from the following votes of the Corporation, passed 6 April, 1741 : " That in Consideration of the many good Services done for the College by Henry Newman of London, Esq :, Mr. Treasurer be directed to give him a full Discharge, of whatsoever may be due from him to the College, upon his Book. That the Presdt be desir'd to give the Thanks of the Corporation to Henry Newman of London, Esq., for the informa- tion he gives us by Dr Colman of some Prospect there is, of our obtaining a part of the Library of Sr Richard Gyles Bar. which he is about to bestow upon Dissenters, & pray him to continue his good Offices to the College, and particularly in that affair."

For many years Newman was the agent in Eng- land of New Hampshire. Governor Belcher was his warm personal friend, and many of the letters that passed between the two have been preserved and printed. Several others of Newman's letters have been printed : two or three to Colman, one to President Leverett, and another to his uncle, Tutor Flynt, well-known in the College history. His only other publications were two Almanacs for 1690 and 1691, and a paper in the London Philosophical Transactions (xxxii. 33) on "The way of proceeding in the small pox inoculated in New-England."

The date of Henry Newman's death is not known. His name was starred in the Triennial Catalogue of 1745, but Sibley states that he was living as late as 1748. He was certainly dead in 1749, when TurelFs book, mentioned above, was published.

AUTHORITIES: Mass. hist. soc. Collection*, vi. 118; 3d series, v. 229; 6th series, vi. vii. passim (Belcher papers) ; Proceedings, vi. 352; 2d series, ix. 383. Quincy, History of Harvard, 1840, i. 205, 231, 383, 474. Savage, Geneal. diet., iii. 275. Sibley, Harvard graduates, 1885, iii. 389-394. Turell, Life of Colman, 1749, p. 146.

1693-1697.

Ebenezer Pemberton, A.M., a distinguished minister of Boston, fifth son of James Pemberton, one of the founders of the Old South Church, was born in 1671-72. He graduated at Harvard in 1691, held the positions of Librarian 1C93-1697, of tutor 1697-1700, and of fellow from 1707 until his death, 13 February, 1717. On leaving the college he was ordained as colleague of the Rev. Samuel Willard of the Old South or Third Church, Boston, 28 August, 1700. He was married 12 June of the next year to Mary Clark, who survived him. Their son Ebenezer (H. U. 1721) was one of the founders of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University).

Mr. Pemberton's "Sermons and Discourses on several occasions " were printed in London in 1727, with a portrait of the author and a memorial sermon by the editor, Rev. Benjamin Colman. H" had also previously printed a number of sepa- rate sermons. After his death a catalogue of his library to be sold by auction was issued by "Samuel Gerrish, bookseller, near the Old Meeting-house." It consisted of 1000 lots, and is "perhaps the first instance in New England of a printed catalogue of books at auction."

Mr. Pemberton had a high reputation as a preacher, and held his audience by his strong, masculine style, and the fervor of his delivery. "He had," says Dr. Joseph Sewall in his funeral discourse, " a great natural capacity, a large and comprehensive genius, and by hard study and great industry had amassed a rich treasure of learning. I suppose few in these corners of the earth have been better acquainted with books and men."

AUTHORITIES: Watkins, The Pemberton family, 1892. Sprague, Annals of the Amer. pulpit, 1857, i. Winsor, Memorial hist, of Boston, 1881, ii. 212, 419.

I697-I70I.

Nathaniel Saltonstall. fourth child of Colonel Nathaniel Saltonstall of Haverhill, and Elizabeth Ward, was born at Haverhill 5 September, 1674. His family had held an honorable position in Eng-

12

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

land before his ancestor, Sir Richard, settled at Watertown in New England. From the time of their setting foot in America each generation has been represented by a graduate of Harvard. Saltonstall took his first degree in 1695, followed by the master of arts degree. He was Librarian of the College in 1697-1701, and tutor in 1700-1702.

The following from Judge Sewall's Diary refers to him : " Decr 26 [1728] Mr. Nathan1 Saltonstall was at Lecture ; came in lately from England, with a very long and Cold passage."

John Frizel of Boston, a benefactor of Harvard College, died in April, 1723. He was a merchant of wealth and influence, as we learn from Cotton Mather's funeral sermon. His gifts to churches and other institutions had won for him marks of gratitude from Glasgow and other cities and towns. He was one of the few men who kept a car- riage. Mr. Frizel had married Dorothy, daughter of Francis Parnel. His widow now became the wife of Mr. Saltonstall, reserving, however, the right to dispose of her own estate.

In March, 1732: "Nathan11 Salenstal Esqr Chose a Selectman in the Room of Thomas Lee, who Refused." The minutes of the Boston select- men for April 18th, 1733, have a vote "that Mr Saltonstal be desired to agree with a Printer for Printing Two Hundred Advertisements relat- ing to the Inhabitants entertaining In-mates con- trary to the Law." His duties as a selectman during the year were numerous and varied, as shown by the records.

Mrs. Saltonstall died 4 April, 1733, leaving by will, among many legacies, £200 to be distributed among the poor of the town, and the further sum of twenty pounds to buy Bibles and testaments "for such poor children as their parents are not able to furnish them with." She bequeathed £300 to Harvard College, and "unto my loving hus- band the sum of five hundred pounds."

Nathaniel Saltonstall died very suddenly at Woburn, 23 June, 1739. He was, said the News- Letter, in announcing his death, "a Gentleman well respected among us," and another writer said he had "a high reputation for abilities and learning."

AUTHORITIES : Boston — Record commissioners, Reports, 1885, xii. 39, xiii. 240. Porter, Rambles in old Boston, p. 286. Drake, History of Boston, 1856, p. 606. Phippen, Pedigree of Saltonstall. Brazer, A discourse on the life and character of Hon. Leverett Saltonstall, Salem, 1845, p. 52. Mass. hist. soc. Collections, 3d series, 1846, ix. 123. Boston News-Letter, 28 June, 1739. Saltonstall, Memorials of the Saltonstall family, pp 21, 141 (in press; title not de- cided) . Sewall, Diary, 1882, iii. 394.

I70I-I702.

Anthony Stoddard, the second of the eleven c hildren of Simeon Stoddard and nephew of Solo-

mon Stoddard, Harvard's first Librarian, was born in Boston 24 September, 1678. He graduated in 1697, received his A.M. in 1700, and the next year (1701-1702) acted as Librarian. Moving to Bos- ton, where he seems to have become a citizen of prominence, he held the following offices : justice of the peace, 1728-48 ; justice of inferior court of common pleas of Suffolk county, 1733-48; member of the council for the province, 1735-42. From his father, who died in 1730, a rich man for those days, he inherited considerable property. While in the council he served on several commit- tees appointed in connection with the Spanish war and the ezpedition against Carthagena in 1740. His death took place 11 March, 1748. His wife, Mar- tha, daughter of Andrew Belcher and sister of Governor Jonathan Belcher, h;id died just a month earlier. Of their three children, Simeon gradu- ated from Harvard in 1726, and was "placed" first in the class. There is a portrait of Anthony Stoddard in the possession of a descendant in New York.

AUTHORITIES : Boston Evening Post, Monday, 14 March, 1748. Colman, Sermon after the funeral of Simeon Stod- dard, 1730. pp. 24. Stoddard, Chas., Anthony Stoddard and his descendants, 1865, p. 3, and Appendix, 1873, p. 129. Mass. hist. soc. Proceedings, 1881, xviii. 363-378. Prince, Sermon on the decease of Mrs. Martha Stoddard, 1748. pp. 24. Whitmore, Mass, civil list, 1870.

1702-1703.

Josiah Willard, the son of Samuel and his second wife, Eunice (Tyng) Willard, was born in Boston 21 June, 1681. His father was the pastor of the South Church in Boston and, from 1701 to 1707, vice-president of Harvard College. Josiah graduated in 1698, and received the degree of A.M. in 1701. During the next year he was Librarian and the three following years (1703- 1706) a tutor. He had studied for the ministry, but, " on account of an unconquerable diffidence," gave up preaching. He then made several voyages to the West Indies and to England, and at one time was in command of a ship in the London trade.

He married, 24 October, 1715, Katherine Allen of Boston. She died in 1725, and the next year (7 April, 1726) he married Mrs. Hannah Clarke, who survived him. By these marriages he had ten children.

In 1717, "George I. exceedingly gratified and bless'd this Province, by appointing Him our Secretary." For nearly forty years Willard filled this important position, and, says Prince in his funeral sermon, he was " a bright and most amiable Example of Care, Diligence, Integrity, Publick Spirit, Wisdom, Goodness and Gener- ousity ; to the great Honour and Advantage, and

LIBEARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

to the universal Pleasure of his Country." He was often spoken of as the "good Secretary." He held two other public offices, — judge of pro- bate for the county of Suffolk, 1731-45, and member of the council for the province, 1734-56. While in the latter office he acted as Overseer of the College. He died 6 December, 1756, aged 76. He was " a gentleman of polished manners, of humane and generous feeling, demonstrated by his deeds, of sterling intellectual gifts and literary cultivation, and, above all, of noiseless, unostenta- tious, but deep devotional character."

AUTHORITIES : Oliver, Poem sacred to the memory of the honourable Josiah Willard, 1756. pp.16. Prince, The char- acter of Caleb. In a sermon delivered after the funeral of the honourable Josiah Willard, 1756. pp. 30. Sewall, A sermon preached after the death of the honourable Jonah Willard, 1756. pp. (2), 22. Willard, J., Willard Memoir, 1858, pp. 357, 368-9, 400-3. Willard, S., Memories, 1855, i. 254.

1703-1706.

John Whiting, born in Lynn, 20 January, 1681, was the sixth son of Rev. Joseph Whiting, by his first wife, Sarah, daughter of Thomas Danforth, deputy governor of Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard in 1700, and after taking his A.M. degree was made Librarian. He kept this office for three years (1703-6). During the last year of his tutorship of five years (1707-1712) he was a fellow of the Corporation. In the fall of 1711 he was chosen minister at Concord. It is interesting to note that one of the two other candi- dates for this position was Edward Holyoke, then Librarian and afterwards President of the Col- lege. He was ordained 14 May, 1712, receiving a settlement of £100 and an annual salary of the same amount. The latter, however, was increased by frequent additional grants.

About the time that he went to Concord he mar- ried Mary, the daughter of Rev. John Cotton (Librarian, 1681-90). By this marriage he had eight children. His first wife died in 1731, and he married, second, Rebecca (Bulkley), widow of Dr. Jonathan Prescott, of Concord. He had no children by this second marriage.

John Whiting served as pastor to the church in Concord for about twenty-six years. In 1738, as the result of the religious controversies which were at that time disrupting most New England parishes, he was obliged to leave his pulpit, but continued to preach to a few members of his old flock who seceded from the church with him. He die;l 4 May, 1752, at the age of 71.

" Mr. Whiting was one of the (then) old school, quiet, modest, gentle, and persuasive." "He was a man of wealth, learning, influence, and talents." His epitaph tells us he was " a gentleman of

singular hospitality and generosity, who never detracted from the character of any man, and was a universal lover of mankind."

AUTHORITIES : Quiney, Hist, of Harvard, 1840, i. 278-9. Shattuck, Hist. Concord, 1855, p. 165. Whiting, Memoir of Rev. Sam'l Whiting, 1873, pp. 202, 206-16.

1706-1707.

John Gore, born 22 June, 1683, was the son of Samuel, a carpenter, of Roxbury, and Elizabeth Weld. He graduated from Harvard in 1702, took his A.M. in course, and was Librarian from 1706 to 1707. He was admitted to the first church in Cambridge 6 January, 1707. Gore afterwards be- came a sea captain, and married Rebecca Smith, 12 May, 1713, but had no children. On a voyage from London, in the fall of 1720, the small-pox broke out on his ship. Several of the passengers and crew had died of it. On their arrival in Boston harbor Gore himself was not sick, but although in those days when small-pox was both more dreaded and less guarded against, there were no quarantine laws, he refused to land for fear of carrying the contagion. He remained on board his vessel and in a few days died of the disease, 12 November, 1720, aged 37.

He "was a Gentleman of very good parts; of great industry, knowledge, prudence, and cour- age ; He excelled in Philosophy and Mathematical learning; ... of strict, unaffected, rational and immovable Piety ; ingenious, free and chearf ul in conversation . . . one that seemed to be set as a rare example for all ship-commanders and sea- faring men to observe."

AUTHORITIES : Cooper. A sermon concerning the laying the deaths of others to heart. Occasioned by the lamented death of that ingenious & religious gentleman John Gore M.A. of Harvard college in Cambridge N. E. who died of the small-pox, Nov. 7 [sic] 1720. In the 38th. year of his age. With an appendix containing something of Mr. Gore's character, by the Reverend Mr. Colman. 1720. pp. (4) ,34, 6. Glover, Glover memorials, 1867, pp. 120-3. Mass. hist. soc. Proceedings, 1873-5, p. 424. Whitmore, Geneal. Payne and Gore families, 1875, p. 28.

1707-1709.

Nathaniel Gookin, son of Rev. Nathaniel of Cambridge and his wife Hannah Savage, and nephew of Daniel Gookin, the third Librarian of Harvard, was born 15 April, 1687. Graduat- ing with the class of 1703, and receiving the master's degree in 1706, he was appointed Libra- rian the next year. Near the close of his service of two years, the Treasurer, 16 September, 1709, paid him £2 10s " for his pains in taking a Cata- logue of ye Books in ye Library, about a year or two ago." This seems to be in addition to his regular salary of five or six pounds a year.

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

While acting as Librarian, Gookin occasionally preached from neighboring pulpits. Sewall in his Diary, under date of 5 December, 1708, has this characteristic entry concerning him: "Mr. Na- thaniel Gookin preaches in the forenoon ; I think every time he mention'd James, 'twas with prefix- ing Saint : about 4 or 5 times that I took notice of. I suppose he did it to confront me and to assert his own Liberty. Probably, he had seen the Letter 1 wrote to Mr. Flint. Spake also of Reverence in God's Worship; he may partly intend being cover'd in Sermon-Time : It had better becom'd a person of some Age and Authority to have intermeddled in things of such a nature. Qucedam Confidential non est virtus, at audacia."

Early in the spring of 1710 the town of Hamp- ton, N. H., voted "that Mr. Nathaniel Gookin shall be called to the work of the ministry in the town." The terms proposed, however, do not appear to have been satisfactory to Gookin, and it was not until 15 November, 1710, that he was ordained as the pastor. Under the final terms, the town agreed to pay the new minister £70 per annum, one half to be in money and one half in produce, to give him the use of the parsonage dur- ing his ministry, and also twenty cords of wood a year ; moreover, when he should have a family, the £70 was to be increased to £80. In a little more than a month after his ordination he married (21 December) Dorothy Cotton, daughter of his predecessor in the pulpit at Hampton — John Cotton (Librarian, 1681-90). The increase of ten pounds which he was thus able to claim so soon could not have availed him much, for his family grew rapidly, and no less than fourteen children were the result of this marriage.

Mr. Gookin's ministry was long and successful, and he greatly endeared himself to his people. In 1719, after the erection of a new meeting house, the town voted to sell the old one " for the use & benefitt of ye Reverd Mr. Nath1 Gookin." The town also paid for the education of his son Na- thaniel at Harvard (A.B. 1731); and after the death of their pastor amply provided for his widow during her life. The only matter of especial interest during his pastorate is perhaps his sermon preached on the afternoon preceding the great earthquake of October, 1727. For his text he took the words: "The day of trouble is near," and in his discourse said he felt a strong foreboding of some evil close at hand. It was but a few hours later that the shock of the earthquake was felt. From this incMent Mr. Gookin, although disclaiming any such power, almost attained the reputation of being a prophet ; at all events there followed upon this a great religious awakening in his church. This sermon, together with three

others preached after the earthquake, "and an account of the Earthquake, in Hampton; and something Remarkable of Thunder and Light- ning, in 1727," Mr. Gookin had printed in Boston the next winter in a pamphlet of over eighty pages octavo. It forms his only publication.

Soon after this event, although he was still a young man, Mr. Gookin's health began to fail, mainly owing to throat trouble, and the town voted to secure an assistant for him. His death came on 25 August, 1734. At his funeral, which was at the charge of the town, the sermon was preached by Rev. Mr. Fitch. His colleague, Rev. Ward Cotton, wrote in the town records an obitu- ary of him, from which the following is extracted : " He was justly esteemed by the most judicious, a well accomplished Divine, a judicious Casuist ex- cellently qualified both to feed & guide the flock of Christ; an eminent preacher, excelling in the most correct phrase, clear method, sound scrip- tural Reasoning, a masculine style, manly voice, grave utterance, and a lively, close application to his hearers, with great affection, and yet free from affectation. . . . He was a zealous asserter of the civil Rights, and Religious liberties of mankind. His temper was grave & thoughtful, yet at times cheerful and free, and his conversation very enter- taining. . . . He was much given to hospitality, and took great pleasure in entertaining such as he might improve [himself] by conversing with."

AUTHORITIES : Allen, American biog. and hist, dictionary, 1832, p. 420. Dow, Historical address at Hampton, 1839, pp. 34-36. Dow, History of Hampton, 1893, pp. 187-189, 377-389, 735. Mass. hist. soc. Collections, 5th series, vi. 243; Proceedings, 1862, p. 351. jy. E. hist, and geneal. register, i. 327-8, ii. 172. Sabin, Dictionary of books, vii. 339. Salisbury, family memorials, 1885, pp. 450-452. Sav- age, Geneal. dictionary, 1860, i. 279. Shurtleff, Gospel ministers, 1739, p. 31.

I709-I7I2.

Edward Holyoke, who was born in Boston, 25 June, 1689, was the son of Elizur and Mary (Elliot) Holyoke. Entering College at the age of twelve, he received his bachelor's degree in 1705 and his master's degree in 1708. For three years (1709 to 1712) he was Librarian, and for four (1712 to 1716) tutor. He was during the last three years of his tutorship a fellow of the Corporation. In 1715 he and John Barnard (H. U. 1700) were rival candidates for the place of assistant pastor to the aged Mr. Cheever at Marblehead. Barnard was elected, but some of the parish were dissatisfied with the choice and withdrawing, organized a new church, over which Holyoke was ordained 25 April, 1716. The two pastors, however, remained close friends.

After the death of President Wadsworth in 1737, there was difficulty in choosing his sue-

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

cessor. The Corporation appear to have been equally divided between Holyoke and Rev. Joshua Gee (Librarian, 1721-22) ; while the Overseers were at first strongly opposed to the former, both because his orthodoxy was held not to be strictly Calvinistic and because he was a country clergy- man. The Corporation compromised by electing the Rev. William Cooper, but he declined the office. Finally, after over two months of discussion, the Corporation unanimously elected Holyoke, and two days later, 2 June, 1737, the Overseers unani- mously confirmed the choice. The causes that led to this change can hardly be determined; Barnard in his Autobiography seems to attribute it to his own influence on Governor Belcher, and relates the conversation he had with him shortly before Holyoke's election, in which he vouched for the latter's scholarship and Calvinism. The society at Marblehead, however, was unwilling to let their pastor leave. Finally, at one of the meetings to discuss the question, Mr. Barnard prayed that they might have light in the matter, and forthwith they accepted Holyoke's resigna- tion. Afterwards, when it was asked why they allowed him to go, it was said, as Barnard quaintly relates, that "old Barnard prayed him away."

Holyoke's inauguration took place 28 Septem- ber, 1737. His administration, the longest in the history of the College, covered years of prosperity and progress. A number of bequests were re- ceived and new professorships established, and several buildings were erected. New methods of teaching and text-books were adopted, and the laws governing the students were revised. The early part of his term was disturbed by a con- troversy with Whitefield. The revivalist had attacked the College as a place of darkness and irreligion. His charges were answered in a pamphlet entitled "The testimony of the Presi- dent, professors, tutors, and Hebrew instructor of Harvard College, in Cambridge, against the Rev- erend George Whitefield and his conduct" (1744). To this Whitefield replied, and was answered in a printed letter by Professor Wigglesworth, with an appendix containing Holyoke's refutation of the charge of inconsistency. Whitefield among other things had declared that " Bad books are become fashionable amongst them. Tillotson and Clarke are read instead of Shepherd and Stoddard and such like Evangelical writers." Wigglesworth's answer to this charge indicates the kind of use the students made of the Library in the middle of the eighteenth century: "for almost nine years," as was shown by an examination of the Library records and "attested by the Library Keeper," "Tillotson had not been so much as once taken out of the Library by any Undergraduate ; nor any of Dr. Clark's Works for above two years :

Whereas Owen, Baxter, Flavel, Bates, Howe, Doolittle, Willard, Watts, and Guyse (who be sure most of them can be reckoned Evangelical Writers, as well as Shepherd and Stoddard) have some or other of them been borrowed by Under- graduates during this whole time ; and that they they are scarcely ever in the Library." Professor Wigglesworth's letter ended the controversy so far as the College was concerned, although the pamphlet war outside continued long after. The peace of the later years of President Holyoke's long term was somewhat marred by trouble with the students over the commons.

Holyoke continued the active duties of his office until not long before his death, 1 June, 1769, in his eightieth year. At his funeral, Professor Stephen Sewall (Librarian, 1762-1763) delivered a Latin oration.

Edward Holyoke was three times married : 1st in 1717 to Elizabeth, daughter of John Browne, of Marblehead ; 2d in 1725 to Margaret, daughter of John Appleton and grand-daughter of Presi- dent Rogers ; and 3d in 1742 to Mary, widow of Samuel Epes of Ipswich. He had eleven children.

President Holyoke published very little ; Quincy suggests that it was owing to his being unwilling as the head of the College to enter into contro- versy. During his presidency his only publica- tions, besides his part mentioned already in the Whitefield incident, were a convention sermon, in 1741, on the " Duty of ministers of the Gospel to guard against the pharisaism and sadducism of the present day," and a Latin poem contributed to the " Pietas et Gratulatio," sent by the College to George III. on his accession. When a young man he had edited several numbers of an almanac (1715, etc.), and shortly before he became Presi- dent he printed his sermon preached at the ordi- nation of James Diman (Librarian, 1735-37) over the church at Salem. The previous year he had published his election sermon delivered before Governor Belcher, which it is said influ- enced the Governor in his favor. His Dudleian Lecture, delivered in 1755, the first of the series, was never printed. The manuscript of it, how- ever, is preserved in the College Library, where also may be found several manuscript sermons by him, — some of them in short-hand.

Nathaniel Appleton, in his discourse after the funeral of President Holyoke, thus describes his appearance and character: "The former of our Bodies gave him not only a comely Countenance, and a graceful Presence, but an healthy, robust and active Constitution of Body. And the Father of our Spirits endowed him with supgriacJ'owers of the Mind ; and by his kind special Advantages for jjppj|?jp|rlu»d enlarging

i6

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

his mental Powers, in the various kinds of useful Learning, by an earlier Admission and longer Con- tinuance than common in that Society, over which he has since for many Years so laudably presided. . . . Idleness and Sloth was an Abomination to him, so that he took Care to fill up his Time with some useful Service or other : Some for the Health of his Body ; others for the Improvement of his Mind ; some for the gratifying a particular Genius, and others for the accomodating his Family, or for the public Good."

AUTHORITIES : Appleton, The crown of eternal life, 1769. pp. 52. Essex inst. Hist, collections, 1861, iii. 59. Mass, hist. soc. Collections, viii. 70-73; x. 158; 3d series, v. 217- 222. Peirce, Hist, of Harvard, 1833, pp. 174-316. Quincy, Hist, of Harvard, 1849 , ii. 1-136. Roads, Marblehead, 1880, pp. 42, 50, 359, 379. Sewall, Oratio funebris, 1769. pp. 2, 8. Smith, C. C., iu Harvard graduates1 magazine, 1896, iv. 365-372 (portrait). Sprague, Annals Amer. pulpit, 1857, i. 293.

I7I2-I7I3.

Thomas Robie, the son of William and Eliza- beth (Greenough) Robie, was born in Boston 20 March, 1689. Graduating in 1708, and obtaining his A.M. in 1711, he acted the next year (1712-13) as Librarian. In April, 1714, he was chosen "fellow of the House," as tutors at that time were called; and eight years later (7 April, 1722) was elected "fellow of the Corporation." This was the time, under President Leverett, of the contro- versy over the right of the resident fellows, or tutors, to be also members of the Corporation. It may have been partly this controversy that led Robie to resign his position in the College in February, 1722-3. He had preached occasion- ally, but a report "that his sermons were only heathenish discourses, no better Christianity than was in Tully," caused him finally to withdraw from the pulpit. He then became a physician and settled in Salem. He was married to Mehitable Sewall, daughter of Major Stephen Sewall and sister of Chief Justice Sewall, who was Librarian, 1726-28. Three children were born to them. Mr. Robie died in Salem, 28 August, 1729, at the age of 41.

Thomas Robie was a man of good scientific attainments ; many of his papers on mathematical and physicial subjects were published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. He was " a handsome writer ; speci- mens of his scientifick abilities, and his manner of composing, may be found scattered in the maga- zines and newspapers during 20 years of the 18th century.". President Leverett wrote of him: "It ought to be remembered that Mr. Robie was no small honor to Harvard College by his mathe- matical performances, and by his correspondence thereupon with Mr. Durham and other learned

persons in those studies abroad." Besides his contributions to periodicals and societies, Robie published little. He edited several numbers of an almanac and a few years before his resigna- tion printed a "Sermon preached in the College at Cambridge, to a society of young students" (1721).

AUTHORITIES : Eliot, Biog. dictionary, 1809, p. 404. Felt, Annals of Salem, 1827, p. 392. Peirce, Hist. Harvard, 1833, pp. 113-118. Quincy, Hist. Harvard, 1840, i. 281, 294-5, 306, 309-10. Savage, Geneal. Dictionary, 1861, iii. 549. Winsor, Memorial hist, of Boston, 1881, iv. 492.

I7I3-I7I4.

John Denisoii, the son of .John and Elizabeth (Saltonstall) Denison, and the nephew of Na- thaniel Saltonstall (Librarian, 1697-1701), was born in 1688. His father was for many years the minister at Ipswich. Graduating in 1710, he took the degree of A.M. in 1713. He was Librarian for a year from 1713 to 1714. He studied for the ministry, but, on account of poor health, gave up preaching after a year or two, and settled in Ipswich as a lawyer. In this profession Denison appears to have been very successful ; his Latin epitaph in the old grave-yard at Ipswich speaks of him as most skilled in jurisprudence. For three years (1716-18) he was the representative from Ipswich to the General Court, and later he was lieutenant colonel and high sheriff of Essex county. In 1719 he married Mary, daughter of President Leverett of Harvard ; by this marriage he had two children. He died at the age of 35, on 25 November, 1724.

AUTHORITIES: Antiquarian papers, Ipswich, Feb., 1880. Baldwin and Clift, Record of dependents of Capt. Geo. Denison, 1881, p. 332. Felt, History of Ipswich, Essex, and Hamilton, 1834, p. 175.

I7I4-I7I8.

John Rogers, born in 1692 (?), was the oldest son of Rev. John Rogers, minister of Ipswich, and Martha Whittingham. His grandfather was presi- dent of Harvard 1682-1684. John took his first degree in 1711 and his A.M. three years later. He served as Librarian from 1714 to 1718, and on 16 October of the latter year was married to Susannah, sixth child of Major John Whipple of Ipswich.

As early as 1715 Mr. Rogers was invited to Kittery, Maine, to preach on probation. "His labours proving acceptable he was continued among them from year to year until suitable materials were found for constituting a Church." On the 22d of June, 1721, a church was organized at Sturgeon Creek, the north or second parish of Kittery, and Mr. Rogers, having accepted an invi-

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

tation to become the minister there, was ordained 25 October following. In this place (later called Elliot) Mr. Rogers labored for over fifty years, taking an active part in the work of the ministry, and attending conventions and ordinations. He preached at Gloucester, Mass., when his son accepted a call to that church. Mr. Rogers was unable to preach towards the close of his life, and received Rev. Alpheus Spring as his colleague 29 June, 1768. He died five years later, 16 October, 1773, at the age of eighty-one. His wife, by whom he had nine children, died 22 October, 1779.

AUTHORITIES : Greenlcaf, Sketches of eccl. hint, of Maine, 1821, p. 32. Jf. E. hist, and geneal. rt'g. v. 320, 327 (where his son is incorrectly mentioned as librarian). Putnam's Historical magazine, ii. 13. Williamson, History of Maine, 1832, ii. 617.

I7I8-I72O.

"William Welsteed was born at Boston in 1695. His father, for whom he was named, was naval officer of the port and a man of considerable means ; Elizabeth, his mother, was the daughter of Henry Bering of Boston. William graduated at Harvard in 1716, and was Librarian from 1718 to 1720. The Rev. Samuel Mather, in his quaint English, says: "As while he was young and tender he not onely was desirous of knowledge and sought after it, but he was swift to hear and ready to obey good counsels, and both a lover of good order and government and subject unto it. So continuing the same after he came to years of maturity, he was therefore judg'd to be, and there- fore chosen as, a most suitable person by the cor- poration and overseers of our little academy, to have the instruction and ordering of a class in it." This office of tutor he held from 1720 to 1728, when he was ordained as second minister of the New Brick Church, Boston, where he preached until his death, 29 April, 1753. He married 16 January, 1728, Sarah, sister of Governor Thomas Hutchinson, who survived him.

William Welsteed died of palsy, as did his father, having "had a fixed impression on his mind that he should be seized with it." It is worthy of note that his colleague for fifteen years, Ellis Gray (H. U. 1734), died, at the same time and of the same disease. " They were not especially distinguished men, but were accom- plished and exemplary, diligent and useful."

His election sermon on "The dignity and duty of the civil magistrate " was printed at Boston in 1751.

AUTHORITIES : Mather, The walk of the upright, with its comfort. A funeral discourse after the decease of the Rev- erend Mr. William WeMed who died April 29th, and Mr. Ellis Gray, 1753. Allen, Amer. biog. and hint, dictionary, 1832. Winsor, Memorial hist, of Boston, 1881, ii. 226 (portrait).

I720-I72I.

William Cooke, or Cook, was born at Hadley, Mass., 20 June, 1696, the son of Westwood and Sarah (Coleman) Cooke. He graduated at Har- vard in 1716 and took his A.M. in course. After he had served a year (1720-21) as Librarian, the Corporation elected him a tutor ; President Lev- erett's ill health had made it impossible for him to continue giving instruction to the students. The Overseers, however, considered another tutor un- necessary, and at once annulled the election.

At this time the inhabitants of Sudbury, living on the west side of the river, had successfully urged a division of the town into two parishes on account of the difficulty of crossing the water in winter. The east precinct was organ- ized 25 June, 1722, and on 20 March, 1723, Mr. Cooke was ordained as pastor. The salary, voted by the town, varied from year to year. Wood was furnished and the value deducted from the sum appropriated. In 1733 the town voted twenty pounds to Mr. Cooke "towards making up for the loss of his barn," and also forty pounds as a gratuity.

In "A sermon preach'd to a society of young people, in Sudbury, on a Lord's-day evening, October, 1730," there is evidence of a simple, vigorous style and an earnest, kindly heart. The language suits his purpose admirably. Several other addresses are still accessible in printed form.

Mr. Cooke lived "in much harmony with his people, and was highly esteemed by them for his work's sake." After a long and successful minis- try a lingering illness kept him from the pulpit until his death, 12 November, 1760. Mr. Cooke's wife was Jane, daughter of Major Stephen Sewall of Salem and sister of Mitchel Sewall (Librarian, 1722-1723) . His only son, William, (H. U. 1748) , had died in 1758, after teaching the grammar school since 1751.

AUTHORITIES: Hudson, History of Sudbury, 1889, pp. 290-1, 351-52. Judd, History of Hadley, 1863, p. 465. Mass, hist. soc. Collections, 1816, 2d series, iy. 61.

I72I-I722.

Joshua Gee, the son of a respected tradesman of the same name, was born in Boston, 29 June, 1698. He took his A.B. in 1717, his A.M. in course, and served as Librarian of the College in 1721-1722. It was he who prepared the first printed catologue of the Library, as is shown by the following votes of the Corporation :

30 April, 1722. "Upon the Intimation lately made by Mr Hollis, and formerly by Mr Neal, that it may be of great advantage to the College Li- brary, that a Catalogue of the Books in this Library be printed and sent abroad, Voted, that

i8

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

forthwith the Library-keeper take an Exact Cata- logue of the Books in the Library, and that the Same be printed in Order to transmit to friends abroad."

3 October, 1722. " That Mr Gee Library-keeper having prepar'd a Catalogue of the Books belong- ing to the Library for the press is desired to take care to get 300 Copys printd off & stitch'd for the use of the Corporation."

At the meeting at which the last vote was passed Mr. Gee resigned, but the publication of the catalogue he had made proceeded and it was issued the next year in a small quarto volume of 106 pages, under the following title: " Catalogus librorum Bibliothecae Collegij Harvardini quod est Cantabrigiae in Nova Anglia. Boston! Nov- Anglorum : Typis B. Green, academiae typographi. MDCCXXIII." This is not only the first cata- logue of the Harvard College Library, but proba- bly the first library catalogue printed in America. The " Prsemonitio ad Lectorem" described briefly the arrangement of the Library and the catalogue. The books, it says, are arranged in numbered cases of seven shelves each, and the books on each shelf are also separately numbered. Attached to each case is an index of the books in it. By the direc- tion of the Corporation, the catalogue is divided into three alphabetical sections, according to the size of the books, — folio, quarto, and octavo and under. That the books may be readily found, these numbers are given in the left hand margin, while the right margin is devoted to the place and date. The preface ends with an appeal .to the reader: "Cum nullum in hujusmodi Laboribus utcunque versatum lateat, quam proclive sit in numerorum notis et ejusmodi aliis, identidem errare ; nihil restat nisi ut fretus Lectoris Candore, & Humanitate hie filum abrumpam." There are about three thousand titles entered in this cata- logue. The most of the works are theological, and the Latin language predominates. In English literature, Shakespeare and Milton are almost alone, while in French the works of Clement Marot are oddly enough nearly the sole repre- sentative.

Mr. Gee was ordained 18 December, 1723, pastor of the Old North, or Second, Church, Boston, as the colleague of Rev. Cotton Mather. In 1732, Mather having died four years before, his son, Rev. Samuel Mather, was settled as col- league of Mr. Gee. But a separation occurred nine years later, and a new church was built for Mr. Mather. In 1747 Samuel Checkley was called as an assistant to Mr. Gee, who remained an invalid until his death in Boston, 22 May, 1748.

His wife was Sarah, daughter of Rev. Nathaniel Rogers of Portsmouth, N. H., a near relative of

President Rogers and of Rey. John Rogers (Li- brarian, 1714-1718).

Joshua Gee was a powerful advocate of revivals, and distinguished himself by his defence of White- field, whom he entertained at his home in Boston. He was a member of the assembly of clergymen that met in Boston 7 July, 1743, to discuss the progress of religion in this country. In a printed letter to the moderator he complained of indiffer- ence and the doctrinal errors prevalent among the New England ministers. He is said to have been considered as a possible successor to Wadsworth as President of the College in 1737. His learning and his penetrating mind gave him great influence and made him feared as a possible "fire-brand among the churches." Yet it has been said "his foible was a strange indolence of temper. He preferred talking with his friends to everything else." As a preacher he was full of zeal and convincing in argument. He greatly endeared himself to his people, and was instrumental in founding a library for the use of the church.

Beside the letter referred to above, Mr. Gee printed a sermon preached after the death of Cotton Mather in 1728, and the next year two sermons under the title ' ' The straight gate and the narrow way." It was said of him that he " was reluctant to print his discourses, when urged, because he must finish them with some labour."

AUTHORITIES : Appleton, Oyc. of Amer. blog., 1887. Quincy, Hist, of Harvard, 1840, ii. 3-4. Sprague, Annals Amer. pulpit, 1857, i. 312-314. Winsor, Memorial hist, of Boston, 1881, ii. 224, 227, 240.

1722-1723.

Mitohel Sewall, the seventh child of Major Stephen Sewall of Salem, and Margaret, daughter of Rev. Jonathan Mitchel, was born 29 October, 1699. He was with his uncle, Chief Justice Samuel Sewall, at Cambridge on commencement day in 1714, and at his graduation in 1718 the Chief Justice "saw Mitchel Sewall hold a ques- tion." He took his master's degree three years later, and was Librarian of the College 1722-1723.

Mitchel soon returned to Salem, becoming clerk of the court of sessions and common pleas in 1725, and justice of the same in 1733. James Jeffrey, in an interleaved almanac, men- tions a journey to Ipswich 24 August, 1727, with Mitchel Sewall, B. Lynde (afterward chief justice), and others, to proclaim the king (George II.), and adds that they "supped at Stanford's anJ returned at 2 in the morning."

Sewall inherited his father's home in Salem, where he lived until his death, 13 October, 1748, " a very respectable and worthy citizen." His

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

first wife, whom he married 10 May, 1729, was Mary Cabot. They had three daughters. By his second marriage, 10 January, 1743, to Elizabeth Price, he had one daughter and two sons. Jona- than Mitchel Sewall, the youngest child of this marriage, was a lawyer and poet, whose ode, "War and Washington," was sung in the revo- lutionary army.

AUTHORITIES: Essex inst. Hist, collections, iii. 3; vi. 106. JV. E. hist, and gen. Register, v. 48. Salisbury, Family-memorials, 1885, pp. 188-189.

1723-1726.

John Hancock, minister at Braintree, Mass., was the son of Rev. John Hancock (H. U. 1689) of Lexington, and Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. Thomas Clark. He was born 1 June, 1702, graduated at Harvard in 1719, taking his A.M. in course, and served as Librarian 1723-1726. During his term a supplement to the Catalogue was printed. It was a small pamphlet of only five leaves, without a title-page, and paged continu- ously with the Catalogue of 1723. The heading of the first page reads : " Continuatio Supple- ment! Catalog! Librorum Bibliotheca? Collegij Har- vardini, quod est Cantabrigia3 in Nova Anglia"; the colophon is "Boston! Nov-Anglorum : Typis B. Green, Academic Typographi. MDCCXXV." There is a copy of this supplement in the library of the Massachusetts Historical Society, but the College Library does not possess a copy.

Some years previously Thomas Hollis of Lon- don, the first of the benefactors of that name, had begun his long series of gifts of money and books to the College. His letters still preserved contain frequent references to the Library. The follow- ing extract from a letter written in June, 1725, presents a sorry picture of its condition at that time: "Your library is reckoned here to be ill managed, by the account I have of some that know it, you want seats to sitt and read, and chains to your valluable books like our Bodleian library, or Sion College in London, you know their methods, wch are approved, but do not imitate them, you let your books be taken at pleasure home to Men's houses, and many are lost; your (boyish) students take them to their chambers, and teare out pic- tures & maps to adorne their Walls, such things are not good ; if you want roome for modern books, it is easy to remove the less usefull into a more remote place, but not to sell any, they are devoted."

Mr. Hancock was ordained at Braintree 2 November, 1726, and proved himself an able minister, a counsellor of moderation, yet a forcible defender of his belief, industrious and hospitable. His reply to the Rev. Joshua Gee's

attack upon the assembly of ministers which met at Boston in 1743 is clear, concise, and not with- out cutting repartee. He baptized President John Adams. His brother Thomas founded the Han- cock professorship of Hebrew and other Oriental languages.

John Hancock married Mary Hawke, widow of Samuel Thaxter, and died at Braintree (now Quincy) 7 May, 1744. Of his three children, his son, Governor John, was president of the conti- nental congress, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and a donor of five hundred pounds to the College towards replacing the Library and philosophical apparatus after the fire in 1764.

AUTHORITIES: Gay, Sermon preached at the funeral of the Reverend Mr. John Hancock. 1744. pp. (2), 25. Hollis, Letters (MS.). Hudson, History of Lexington, 1868, p. 85 (of gcneal. reg.). Pattee, History of Old Braintree and Quincy, 1878, pp. 217-220. Quincy, Hist, of Harvard, 1840, i. 432. Sprague, Annals of Amer. pulpit, 1857, i. 240.

1726-1728.

Stephen Sewall, the twenty-fourth Librarian of Harvard, and chief justice of Massachusetts, was a nephew of Samuel Sewall, the second Librarian of the College, chief justice of the colony in 1718. His brother Mitchel was Libra- rian 1722-1723, and Stephen, son of his cousin Nicholas, held the position in 1762-1763.

Stephen was born at Salem 18 December, 1702, the ninth child of Major Stephen Sewall and Margaret, daughter of Rev. Jonathan Mitchel. He graduated with the class of 1721, took his A.M. in course, and for a time kept a school at Marblehead, devoting much of his leisure to preaching and to the study of divinity. Return- ing to Cambridge, Sewall became Librarian at Harvard in 1726. In 1728 he withdrew from the Library, but held a tutorship until 1739. "As a tutor he proved that there was a perfect consistency between the most rigorous and reso- lute exertion of authority and the most gentle and complacent manners."

Turning his attention, meanwhile, to the study of law, for which his mind seemed especially fitted, he accepted in 1739 a seat on the bench of the supreme court of Massachusetts. In 1752 he was appointed chief justice to succeed Paul Dudley (H. U. 1690) ; he became also a member of the council. These positions he held until his death, 10 September, 1760.

Mr. Sewall doubted the legality of granting general writs of assistance upon which the cus- toms officers depended for their power to suppress illicit trading. This view of the question brought him into great favor with the patriotic party. He died before passing final judgment.

20

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

He was of a reverent nature, modest, yet with dignity becoming his position, and charitable even to a fault, leaving his estate insolvent at his death. Mayhew speaks of him as "of the two, rather of a gay than of a grave turn " and of ' ' affable dis- position, and singular delicacy of manners." In pronouncing sentence of death his "moving, pathetic counsels and admonitions . . . hardly ever failed to force sighs and draw tears from almost every person present."

AUTHORITIES : Mayhew, Discourse occasioned by the death of the honourable Stephen Sewall, 1760. pp. 66. Allen, Amer. biog. and hist, dictionary, 1832. Appleton, Cyc. of Amer. biog. Salisbury, Memorials, 1885, p. 189.

1728-1729.

Joseph Champney, son of Joseph Champney of Cambridge, was baptized 19 September, 1704. He prepared for Harvard and graduated in 1721. Later he became a master of arts. He fitted him- self for the ministry, but held the position of Librarian 1728-1729. Six months after the death of Rev. Thomas Blowers of Beverly, Mr. Champ- ney was called to take his place. To the ordina- tion, 10 December, 1729, the neighboring churches were invited, and twenty pounds were voted to defray the expense. He was expected to preach a monthly lecture and catechise the children. His salary, £140 in province bills of credit, was to change with the fluctuation of the bills. In 1749 this amounted to £660 old tenor, and in 1750 it was £90 "lawful money." Either through Mr. Champney's influence or the natural sentiment in the congregation, the church gave only a half- hearted support to the Cambridge platform and the denominational organization which it advo- cated. At about this time, and also shortly before his death, Mr. Champney was brought into oppo- sition to the work of Whitefield. He was, how- ever, of a " peaceable temper and behavior, and a steady, prudent conduct."

While the first mutterings of the Arminian theo- logical feud were too faint to stir the people, Mr. Champney's health began to fail. Mr. Joseph Willard was called as his colleague in 1772, and Mr. Champney died 23 February, 1773. A monu- ment was erected over his grave at the expense of his parish. "He was of medium stature, light complexion, social habits, and, as was customary with clergymen of his time, wore a wig and cocked hat."

Mr. Champney was married 1 October, 1730, to Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. Mr. Blowers. She died 13 January, 1732, at the age of nineteen, leaving an infant son. By his second wife, Thankful Pickens of Lynn, whom he married

in 1733, he had six children. She died 31 July, 1777. Their daughter Elizabeth was a successful teacher for many years.

AUTHORITIES : Stone, History of Beverly, 1843, pp. 226- 230. Whitney, The Christian mother. An address . . . at the funeral of Mrs. Susanna Champney, 1855, p. 18.

1729-1730.

Joseph Pynchon, the son of Col. John and Bathshua (Taylor) Pynchon, was born in Spring- field, 8 February, 1704-5. Graduating from the College in 1726, he was made Librarian in the year in which he received his second degree, and served one year (1729-30). He studied both medicine and divinity, and although he preached at times, he had no regular settlement, and was better known as a physician than as a preacher. Settling first in Longmeadow, he may have been the Joseph Pynchon who was a selectman of Springfield in 1747. From 1747 to 1759 he was a member of the council of the Colony. He mar- ried, 13 October, 1748, Mary, widow of Rev. Thomas Cheney of Brookfield, and daughter of Rev. John Cotton of Newton. Shortly after- wards he removed to Boston, where he seems to have passed the remainder of his life. Little is known of him; he is referred to as a "phys- ician in Boston " by Belknap, but it was Dr. Charles Pynchon who attained some fame for his able and generous work among the poor of Boston during the small-pox epidemic of 1764.

Dr. Joseph Pynchon is mentioned in the town records occasionally as being on the various com- mittees to visit the Boston schools. His death occurred in October, 1765. By his will, dated 5 October and admitted to probate the 25th of that month, he left his entire estate (consisting in part of five farms in western New Hampshire, one farm in Weston, and lands in Brookfield) to his four minor daughters, over whom his brothers Edward and Charles were appointed guardians. His wife had died previously.

AUTHORITIES : Belknap's interleaved triennial. Boston — Record commissioners, Report, 1887. Green, Springfield, 1888, p. 262. Longmeadow, Centennial celebration, 1884, pp. 78-79 (geneal. appen.). N. E. hist, and gen. register xxxviii, 47. Suffolk co. Probate records. Pynchon, Record of the Pynchon family, 1894, p. 10. Whitmore, Mass, civil list, 1870.

1730-1734.

Henry Gibbs, born 13 May, 1709, was the son of Rev. Henry Gibbs of Watertown and Mercy Greenough. He graduated in 1726 and received his A.M. in 1729. He was Librarian for four years, from 1730 to 1734. He afterwards was a merchant in Salem, where he became a citizen of considerable prominence. For several years

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

21

(1753-56) he was the representative from Salem to the General Court, and for a time he acted as clerk of the House. He was appointed, 25 January, 1754, a justice of the court of common pleas for Essex County. He died, of the measles, 17 February, 1759.

Mr. Gibbs married, first, 31 January, 1739, Margaret, daughter of Jabez Fitch; second, 28 May, 1747, Katherine, daughter of Josiah Willard (Librarian, 1702-1703). He had three sons and two daughters. Secretary Willard, his father-in-law, wrote of him: "He is a man of so universal good education, that I am persuaded that Katy will be very happy with him."

AUTHORITIES: Felt, Annals of Salem. 2d ed. 1849, ii. 565. Gibbs, family notices, pp. 2-3. Savage, Geneal. dictionary. Willard, Willard memoir, 1858, p. 402.

1734-1735.

Samuel Coolidge, the son of Lieutenant Richard Coolidge and his second wife, Susanna

, was born at Watertown, 16 August, 1703.

He graduated from College with the class of 1724, and took his A.M. in 1727. Immediately after graduating he had been the schoolmaster in Watertown. He was Librarian for the year 1734-35. In 1738 we find him serving as chap- lain at Castle William in Boston harbor. He is said to have been a man of brilliant parts, but very eccentric. One of his many peculiarities was his habit of talking in Latin. During the latter part of his life he became intemperate and was probably insane. He never married. He died a pauper at the age of 63, and was buried at the expense of the town of Watertown, 13 January, 1767.

His only publication was a sermon with the fol- lowing title : A sermon preached at his Majesty's Castle William, March 26, 1738. Upon the much lamented death of her late most excellent majesty Caroline, queen-consort of the most puissant George the second, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, king, defender of the faith, &c. Whom God bless and preserve with long life, health and honour and all worldly happiness. By Samuel Coollidge, A.M. chaplain of the Castle. * * * Boston : N E. printed and sold by S. Kneeland & T. Green, in Queen-street. 1738. 12°. pp. (4), 26.

AUTHORITIES : Bond, Genealogies of Watertown, 1860, pp. 168, 748. Savage, Geneal. Dictionary.

1735-1737.

James Diman was born 29 November, 1707, in East Hampton, L. I., the eldest son of Thomas Diman and Hannah Finney. In 1730 he gradu- ated from Harvard, and three years later received

the degree of A.M. He was appointed Librarian in 1735 and served until the spring of 1737. During his term a new code of laws for the administration of the Library was adopted by the Corporation.* In February of that year he was called to the pastorate of the Second, or East, church in Salem. At his ordination there, 11 May, 1737, the sermon was preached by Ed- ward Holyoke (Librarian, 1709-1712), then the pastor of the church in Marblehead. Mr. Di- man, it is recorded, was to have a salary of " 150 ounces of silver, at 6/8 an oz., and a free contribution." By his marriage with Mary Orne, 6 December, 1743, he had seven children.

His ministry in Salem of over fifty years was in the main prosperous and peaceful. He was, how- ever, an old-school Calvinist, and at the end of his pastorate his parishioners were growing away from his rigid orthodoxy. This increasing differ- ence of views culminated in the calling as col- league to the aged pastor a young Unitarian minister, Rev. William Bentley (H. U. 1777). After this the senior pastor withdrew more and more from the parish work, until his death, 8 October, 1788, at the age of 81.

James Diman is described as a man of " grave aspect, invested with imposing dignity — rather stern and awe-inspiring — peculiar to the ministry of the age of huge wigs, which were the symbol of the clerical authority and the orthodox theology of the day."

His only publication was: A sermon, preached at Salem, January 16, 1772. Being the day on which Bryan Sheehan was executed, for commit- ting a rape, on the body of Abial Hollowell, the wife of Benjamin Hollowell, of Marblehead. By James Diman, A.M., Pastor of the Second Church in Salem. Salem : printed by Samuel and Ebe- nezer Hall, near the Exchange. MDCCLXXII. 8°. pp. 24.

He delivered the charge or gave the right hand of fellowship at the ordinations of Rev. Enos Hitchcock at Beverly in 1771, of Rev. Thomas Barnard, Jr., in 1773, of Rev. John Prince, 1779, and of his colleague, Rev. William Bentley, 1783, and these were printed with the ordination sermons on those occasions.

AUTHORITIES : Dimond, Geneal. of the Dimond or Dimon fam., 1891, pp. 114-5. Felt, Annals of Salem, 2d ed., 1849, ii. 597, 602, 619, 626. Kurd, Hist, of Essex co., 1888, p. 42. Osgood and Batchelder, Hist, sketch of Salem, 1879, p. 86.

I737-I74L

Thomas Marsh, son of Thomas Marsh and Mary Burr of Hingham, was born 20 January, 1711. He graduated at Harvard in 1731. On

* See Appendix II.

22

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

20 May, 1737, he was elected Librarian at a salary of £25 per annum, and served until 1741.

The following interesting action was taken during the first year of his connection with the Library : —

21 March 1737/8 voted : " That the Members of the Corporacon in Town wth Mr Stewd Boardman be a Comtee to provide Boxes for the Books in the Library, fitted wth handles &c wrby the said Li- brary may be Speedily & Safely remov'd in case of Fire."

In 1741 he received a unanimous call to become minister of the church in Rutland, but preferred to accept the position of tutor at Harvard. The duties of this office he performed very satisfactorily from 1741 to 1766. On January 6 of this year he married Hannah Sprague, and upon his marriage, according to the rules of the College, he sent in his resignation. At a meeting of the Corporation of the College 1 September, 1766, this acknowledg- ment of his services was placed upon the records :

" The Time of Mr. Thomas Marsh's being Tutor of this House & Fellow of the Corporation, being now expir'd, Voted, That the Thanks of the Cor- poration be given to the sd Mr Marsh, for his long & Faithful Services in those Capacities, & That his Allowance as a Tut1 be continued to the End of his present Quarter, being the Eleventh of this Instant." Mr. Marsh was a fellow of the College from 1755 to 1766.

On the 14th of June, 1777, he purchased of John Stratton a dwelling-house, barn, and forty acres of land in Watertown. This estate he made his home, taking his nephew, John Marsh, into his family. At his death in Watertown, 22 September, 1780, he left a considerable estate, the use of which was given to his wife during her lifetime. His nephew, John, eventually inherited nearly all this property in Watertown, Westminster, Stoddard (New Hampshire) , and elsewhere. The inventory mentions portraits of Newton and Montagne ; and fifteen sermons, these valued at one shilling and three pence, a rather discouraging estimate ! The inscription on his tomb was written by " Mr Sewall." He left no children. His widow soon returned to Cambridge, where she died 24 October, 1788, aged 84.

AUTHORITIES : Marsh, Geneal. of the family of George Marsh, 1887, p. 42. Reed, Hint, of Rutland, 1836, p. 83. Corporation records. Middlesex County Deeds and Wills.

I74I-I742.

Belcher Hancock, the son of a Cambridge shoemaker, Nathaniel Hancock, and of Prudence Russell, his wife, was born 24 April, 1709. He took his degree at Harvard in 1727, but we have found no record of his life during the ten years

following. In 1741-42 he acted as Librarian of the College, and for the next twenty-five years held the position of tutor. From 1760 to 1767 he was also a fellow of the Corporation.

Sidney Willard, in his "Memories of youth and manhood," tells an amusing story of Hancock's last year at Harvard. When it was made known to the tutor in 1766 that he would not be reelected for another term of three years, he asked to be chosen again with the understanding that he should resign shortly after the appointment was announced. When reelected, however, Hancock deliberated a whole year before handing in his resignation. He died unmarried 8 November, 1771, aged 62.

AUTHOITIES: Paige, History of Cambridge, 1877. Wil- lard, Memories, 1855, p. 34.

1742-1743.

Benjamin Prat was born 13 March, 1710-11, in that part of Hingham now called Cohasset, the fourteenth child of Aaron Pratt, a farmer and constable. He began life as a mechanic. When about nineteen years of age he fell from an apple- tree and was so badly injured that his leg had to be "taken off up to the hip." Incapable now of earning his livelihood in the ordinary ways open to a young man in a country town, he fitted for Harvard and graduated in 1737. He continued to suffer from this accident, and at times the pain was so great that the sweat stood out on his face as he bent over his books. He was accounted the lowest in social rank in his class. Three years later he received the degree of A.M. In 1742- 1743 he had charge of the Library. For a short time he went from one to another of the islands in Boston harbor, preaching to the Indians and teach- ing them. He studied law with Judge Robert Auchmuty, and opened an office on King, now State, street, north-east of the Old State House. He rose rapidly in his profession and associated himself with the leading men of the time. From 1757 to 1759 he represented Boston in the General Court (the second member of the legal profession, it is said, who attained to that position) , and became advocate general for Massachusetts. He had a country house at Milton Hill, with 160 acres, where his love for historical study and poetry would have led him, had not his professional business kept him in the midst of affairs. Through Gov. PownalPs influence he was early in 1761 appointed chief justice of New York and a mem- ber of its council. In October, 1761, a group of his friends accompanied him as far as Dedham on his journey to New York, which was under- taken hastily on account of the unsettled condition of the courts there. His fellow-members of the

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Boston bar joined in a laudatory address to him on his departure. In 1762, having been obliged to re- turn to Milton chiefly from lack of money, he appealed to the Lords of Trade for his salary, which had been denied him by three successive sessions of the Assembly because his commission had not been granted during good behaviour. Mr. Prat went back to New York, however, and in June the Lords of Trade declared in an address to the king that "had it not been for the disinterested zeal of Mr. Prat, the administration of Justice had totally ceased in the Province." As a partial settlement of the dispute the Chief Justice's salary was paid out of the quit-rents, as suggested by Lieut. Gov. Golden. At first many felt a preju- dice for Mr. Prat as a stranger, but before his death, which occurred 5 January, 1763, his ability began to win recognition. He attempted to stop corrupt practices and extortion among the lawyers. Says Mr. Golden : " He was received with contempt & displeasure. He died beloved and regretted as the greatest loss the Province ever suffered."

Chief Justice Prat was buried under the chancel in Trinity church. John Adams pictured him as "wit, sense, imagination, genius, pathos, reason, prudence, eloquence, learning, and immense read- ing, hanging by the shoulders on two crutches, covered with a great cloth coat."

Besides his ability as a lawyer and a judge ("he was," says Hutchinson, " of the first character in his profession"), he wrote poetry, which in those not too critical days was highly esteemed.

His wife was a daughter of Judge Robert Auch- muty. His daughter Isabella inherited the prop- erty at Milton Hill.

AUTHORITIES: Mass. hist. soc. Proceedings, 1864, p. 35. History of Ifingham, 1893, iii. 116. O'Callaghan, Colonial History of New York, vii. Winsor, Memorial hist, of Bos- ton, 1881, ii. 430, iv. 575-7.

1743-1748.

Matthew Gushing, the son of Solomon and Sarah (Loring) Gushing of Hingham, was born 4 April, 1720. His father, a tanner by trade, was a selectman and a deacon. Matthew gradu- ated from Harvard in 1739. The winter after he was granted his second degree, he was chosen (21 February, 1742-3) Librarian. On the following Commencement (6 July, 1743), the Corporation passed this vote : " That Mr. Gushing Library- keeper be call'd to an Account with Respect to his Absence from the Library to Day Whereby the Overseers & Corporation were hindred from going in." It is to be presumed that he was able to give a satisfactory excuse for this negligence, as he seems to have served as Librarian for five years.

Of Mr. Cushing's later career but few details

are to be found. In September, 1749, the town of Charlestown granted him permission to keep a private school in that place, and the next spring, when the town voted to maintain two public schools, he was appointed master of the Latin school with a salary of £60 a year. Here he taught a year, until the summer of 1751, when the two schools were merged into one. Five years later we find him teaching school in Plym- outh for two years, 1756-1758, and then again we lose all trace of him, until in 1763 he was chosen master of the grammar school, then newly estab- lished in connection with King's College (now Columbia University), in New York. The next year that college gave him the honorary degree of A.M. The grammar school does not appear to have been a success, for in a few years reforms were thought necessary and the expenses were reduced. One of the two teachers was dismissed, but whether it was Gushing or his colleague, Alex- ander Leslie, does not appear. As a new master was not appointed until five years after the form- er's death, it would seem probable that it was the latter who was retained in the school. In this case, the last dozen years of Mr. Cushing's life are a blank to us. He died in New York, 8 Janu- ary, 1779.

AUTHORITIES : Columbia College, Catalogue of officers and graduates, 1754-1888, p. 34. Cushing, Genealogy of the Cushing family, 1877, p. 29. Historical sketch of Columbia college, 1876, pp. 24, 28. History of the town of Hingham, 1893, ii. 157. Mass. hist. soc. Collections, 2d series, iv. 90, 95. Wilson, Memorial history of New York, 1893, iv. 592. Winsor, Memorial history of Boston, 1881, ii. 321. Wyman, Genealogies and estates of Charles- town, 1879, i. 254.

i748-i75o(?).

Oliver Peahody, the oldest son and second child of Rev. Oliver Peabody, minister at Natick, Mass., and missionary to the Indians, was born 15 January, 1725-6. His mother was Hannah Baxter, daughter of the Rev. Joseph Baxter of Medfield. Oliver graduated in 1745 and became Librarian in the year in which he received his second de- gree, 1748. In September, 1749, he was reflected for one year, and the following fall he was chosen pastor of the First church in Roxbury, where he was ordained 7 November, 1750. As no record appears of the appointment of a successor to him at the Library until the election of Marsh as Li- brarian pro tempore in April, 1751, it would seem either that he continued during the first few months of his pastorate to carry on the duties of Librarian or that there was no " Library- keeper " during that time. After less than two years of labor in this parish, Mr. Peabody died, unmarried, 29 May, 1752, at the age of 26. The

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

house that he built for a parsonage during his brief ministry is still standing. The minister to the Indians of Natick and his family were remem- bered with peculiar reverence and love by the townspeople, on account of their piety, learning, and their simple and kindly natures. The College, too, took paternal care of the elder Peabody, making several grants to him, and after his death, shortly before his son's, paying his funeral ex- penses.

AUTHORITIES : Allen, Amer. biog. and hist, dictionary, 1832. Endicott, Geneal. of Peabody family, 1867.

1751.

Perez Marsh, son of Captain Job Marsh, town clerk of Hadley, and Mehitabel, daughter of Hon. Samuel Porter, was born at Hadley, 25 October, 1729. He graduated from Harvard in 1748, and in the spring in which he took his second degree the Corporation passed, 24 April, 1751, the follow- ing vote : " 1 : That Sr Marsh be Library-Keeper till the Commencement, after wch it shall be con- sider'd, what Proportion of the established Salary of that Officer, shall be allow'd to him . . . 3. That the Consideration of the Choice of the Library- keeper for the next year be left to the next Meet- ing." The matter, however, was not taken up until the fall, when, 16 September, 1751, the fol- lowing rote was passed: "Vote 1. That whereas Sr Marsh who was chosen Library-keeper, pro Tempore, at our Meeting Apr. 24. 1751, at which time it was proposed to give him, for sd Business, some Proportion of the established Salary of sd Office, the sd Proportion was now debated upon, And inasmuch as it appears to us, That he hath been very negligent in the Business he was ap- pointed to Voted that he have allow'd him, for what Care he hath taken of said Library viz. Dur- ing the Space of nine Weeks, no more than the Sum of thirteen Shillings and four pence." From this it appears that, although his name has always been included in the list of Librarians, Marsh was in reality only Librarian pro tempore during a few weeks of the summer of 1751.

In 1754 Mr. Marsh received an honorary A.M. from Yale, and at about this time, although the year is uncertain, he settled in Dalton, where he soon became one of the leading men in western Massachusetts. His marriage, about 1759, to Sarah, daughter of Colonel Israel Williams of Hatfield, allied him to the more prominent families of the county. Although Dr. Marsh is mentioned as a surgeon at Lake George in 1755, it is doubtful if he ever practised the profession in Dalton. He was the proprietor of a very successful tavern.

From 1765 to 1781 he was nominally judge of the court of common pleas for Berkshire, although it was not allowed to sit after September, 1774.

Dr. Marsh died at Dalton 20 May, 1784. Of his eleven children, Martha married Thomas Gold, and was the grandmother of Thomas Gold Apple- ton and of Mrs. Henry W. Longfellow.

AUTHORITIES : Beers, History of Berkshire County, i. Marsh, Genealogy of Marsh family, 1886. Winthrop, Nathan Appleton, 1861, p. 63.

I75I-I753.

Stephen Badger was born in Charlestown, 26 April, 1726. He was the son of Stephen, a potter, and Mary Noseitor. He graduated in 1747. After taking his A.M. he was appointed (16 September, 1751) Librarian, and served for two years. 27 March, 1753, he was ordained as missionary over the Indians at Natick, succeeding Rev. Oliver Peabody (H. U. 1721) in this office. On the Col- lege records, under dates of 9 January and 7 February, 1753, appear two votes of the Corpora- tion, by which they express their interest in the Indian lectureship and agree to grant Mr. Badger annually one moiety of the Boyle donation, amounting to £22 10s., and to give also the sum of forty pounds towards building him a house on land given him by the Indians, this money to be returned to the College if he should leave his charge within ten years, and provided further that the Corporation for propagating the gospel in New England should grant him like sums. Over the congregation here, composed mostly of Indians and half-civilized whites, he presided forty-six years. His ministry was disturbed by a violent controversy about the location of the meeting- house, and after his retirement in the summer of 1799 the church was dissolved. He was twice married, first, to Abigail Hill of Cambridge, by whom he had seven children ; and second, to Mrs. Sarah ( ) Gould of Boston. He died

28 August, 1803, at the age of 78.

"In stature Mr. Badger did not exceed the middle height; his person was firm and well formed ; his manners dignified and polished ; and his countenance intelligent and pleasing . . . His sermons were mostly practical, free from the pe- dantick, technical terms of school divinity, written at full length, and read without any attempt at oratory." Although he did not openly avow it, in religious faith he is said to have been a Unitarian.

Mr. Badger printed in 1774 two temperance ser- mons under th6 title, "The nature and effects of drunkenness considered ; with an address to tavern- keepers, to parents, and young people, relating to the subject." This was reprinted in substance in 1811 by the Massachusetts Society for promoting Christian knowledge. He contributed to the col- lections of the Massachusetts Historical Society (v. 32-42, 1798) a paper on the " Historical and char- acteristic traits of the American Indians in general,

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

and those of Natick in particular." In the Colum- bian Centinal appear some essays on electricity by him. In 1784 he issued a pamphlet to prove that " a publick, formal and explicit confession " was not necessary for admission into the Christian church.

AUTHORITIES: Allen, Amer. biog. and hist, dictionary, 2d ed., 1832, p. 63. Bacon, History of Natick, 1856, pp. 65-71. Bigelow, History of Natick, 1830, pp. 59-69, 77-83. Moore, Sermon at Natick, 5 Jan., 1817, pp. 13-14. Wyman, Geneal, and estates of Gharlestown, 1879, i. 44.

1753-1755.

John Rand, born in Charlestown, 24 January, 1726-7, was the son of Jonathan Rand, a hatter, and Mellecent Estabrook. He graduated in 1748. In the spring of the year in which he took his master's degree (1751) he taught for a few months the town school of his native place. By the fol- lowing vote of the Corporation, 21 May, 1753, he was appointed Librarian: "That Mr. Rand be College Library-keeper for one year from this Day, and that he be allow'd for that Service the Sum of six Pounds, provided He take due Care of the Trust in that regard reposed in Him accord- ing to ye Library Laws." He retained the office two years.

In 1756 the town of Lyndebprough, N. H. , de- termined to establish a church, and invited John Rand, who had been preaching there occasionally, to become the first minister. His ordination did not take place until 7 December, 1757. The society voted to give him, in addition to a settlement of forty pounds, an annual salary of the same amount, a certain quantity of wood, and " one shilling each for each soul in town, and to increase the number of shillings according to the increase of the number of souls." His minis- try was a short one, for he was dismissed 8 April, 1762. Some time previously he had married Sarah, daughter of John Goffe, of Derryfield, now Manchester, N. H., and he now moved to the latter place. After leaving Lyndeborough he does not seem to have preached regularly, but ministered at times to a few friends of the Episco- palian faith, to which denomination he was said to have inclined. He entered to some extent public life, holding a commission as justice of the peace, and after his removal to Bedford in 1778, being town clerk there and representing the town in the New Hampshire constitutional convention. He died in Bedford, 12 October, 1805.

Rand was a man of some prominence in the com- munities in which he lived, but in his personal affairs he never prospered. Perhaps his family of seven children and his own somewhat roving disposition kept him in poverty. His friends often

had to aid him financially. John Hancock and other creditors at one time signed a paper granting him exemption from arrest for certain debts.

AUTHORITIES : Clark, Hist, address at Lyndeborough, Sept. 4, 1889, 1891, pp. 41-42. Hist, of Bedford, N. H., 1851, pp. 269-271, 326. Wallace, John Rand in Granite monthly, x. 1, (Jan., .1887). Winsor, Memorial hist, of Boston, 1882, ii. 321. Wyman, Geneal. and estates of Charlestown, 1879, ii. 786.

1755-1757.

Mather Byles was born in Boston 12 Janu- ary, 1734-5. His father, Dr. Mather Byles, was for many years the pastor of the Hollis Street Church in Boston. Mather the younger gradu- ated from Harvard in 1751, and took his A.M. three years later. Other degrees granted to him were A.M. (honorary) by Yale in 1757, and S.T.D. by Oxford in 1770. He was Librarian for two years from 1755 to 1757. It was dur- ing his Librarianship that Benjamin Franklin attempted to -start a general subscription to pro- cure funds for the increase of the Library. In a letter dated at Philadelphia, 11 September, 1755, and addressed to Thomas Hancock, he expressed great interest in the College and his feeling of the necessity of a fund to provide for the purchase of books. He enclosed a subscription paper to be circulated and signed by such friends of the Col- lege as should be ready to give a sum of money annually for five years. He also sent his own order for the payment of " Four Pistoles, or Four Pounds Eight Shillings Lawful Money." Of this gift he wrote, " 'Tis but a Trifle compar'd with my hearty Good-will and Respect to the College, but a small Seed, properly Sown, sometimes pro- duces a large and fruitful Tree ; which I sincerely wish may be the good Fortune of this." But this seed must have fallen on barren ground, for no further subscriptions were made nor was Frank- lin's own order ever collected.

In the spring of 1757 Byles preached to the Congregational church at New London, Conn., and that society unanimously called him, 28 July, to the pastorate. At his ordination, 18 November, 1757, the sermon was preached and the charge delivered by his father. His ministry here, last- ing a little over ten years, was much disturbed by the constant quarrelling between his parish and the Quakers in the town. In April, 1768, Mr. Byles astounded his congregation by announcing, in a special parish meeting, that he had become a convert to Episcopalianism, and requesting an im- mediate dismissal, as he had already received a call from Christ Church in Boston. His salary in the new position was to be £100 a year and a dwelling- house, — more than he was receiving in New Lon- don ; he offered, however, to return the sum

26

LIBEAKIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

of £180 which had been given to him as a gra- tuity. The records of the New London church state that Mr. Byles " dismissed himself from the church and congregation." His change of faith, although at the time it excited considerable com- ment and no little ridicule, was no doubt perfectly sincere.

Before settling in Boston he went to England to take orders, the society paying the expense of the journey. Returning in September, he began his work in his new parish. After some years, various differences, mainly political, arose be- tween him and his parishioners, and Dr. Byles determined to accept an invitation to become minister of St. John's Church in Portsmouth, N. H. His resignation was accepted 18 April, 1775 ; but the outbreak of the war prevented his going to Portsmouth. He was a staunch loyalist, and after suffering many hardships, fled to Hali- fax. His name appears on the list of those pro- scribed by the act of 1778. In Halifax he was chaplain to the garrison and assistant to the rector of St. Paul's. In 1788 he was chosen rector of the parish of St. John, N. B. Here he remained until his death, 14 March, 1814.

Dr. Byles was twice married, first to the sister of Dr. Walter, rector of Trinity and many years afterward of Christ Church; and second, to Sarah Lyde, whom he married in Halifax in 1777.

Mather Byles, Jr., does not seem to have been possessed of the sparkling wit for which his father was long remembered in Boston. He has left us a number of printed sermons, among them : The Christian Sabbath explained and vindicated (New London: 1759), and two thanksgiving sermons "for the late signal successes" of the British troops (New London : 1760, and St. John's, N. B. 1778). He also printed a "Debate between the Rev. Mr. Byles, late pastor of the First Church in New London, and the brethren of the Church." (1768.)

AUTHORITIES : Appleton's Cyclopedia of American biog- raphy, 1887, i. 485. Atlantic monthly, Ixvii. 859 (June, 1891). Burroughs, Hist, account of Christ Church, 1874, pp. 23-27. Caulkins, Hist, of New London, 1852, pp. 489-498. Mass, hist. soc. Proceedings, 1862-63, pp. 354-6. Sabine, Ameri- can loyalists, 1847, p. 192. Sprague, Annals of Amer. pulpit, 1857, i. p. 379- "Winsor, Memorial hist, of Boston, 1881, iii. 128, 448.

1757-1758.

Elizur Holyoke, born in Boston, 11 May, 1731, was the son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Brigham) Holyoke, and the nephew of President Edward Holyoke. Graduating from Harvard in 1750, he took the degree of A.M. in course. His Libra- rianship covered only the years 1757-58. In the late fall of the latter year, the first church and

parish in Boxford, Mass., which had long been without a minister, called him to the pastorate. His annual salary was to be £66.13.4 and twenty cords of wood, in addition to £160 at settlement. Having accepted this call, although with some hesitation, he was ordained 31 January, 1759.

Elizur Holyoke married, 13 November, 1760, Hannah, daughter of Rev. Oliver Peabody of Natick, and sister of the Oliver Peabody who was Librarian from 1748 to 1750. Eight children were born from this union.

Mr. Holyoke's pastorate at Boxford was long and uneventful. In its earlier years, there was a vio- lent controversy over the substitution of " Tate & Brady's New Version of the Psalms " for the old version. In 1782, £6 were added to the minis- ter's salary. In February, 1793, Mr. Holyoke had a stroke of paralysis, from which, although he preached occasionally during the rest of that year, he never fully recovered. Although he was able to perform none of the duties of pastor, his salary was continued and no successor was appointed. In 1798 an effort was made by the parish to lead him to resign or to accept a small annual payment instead of his salary, but his family, for the aged minister was now too infirm to take any part in the discussion, objected to this arrangement, and so the relations of parish and pastor continued. He died, after a sickness of thirteen years, 31 March, 1806. He was buried in Boxford, near the church over which he had been the pastor for forty-seven years.

AUTHORITIES : Essex institute, Hist, collections, 1861, iii. 60-61. Perley, History of Boxford, 1880, pp. 191-194, 267-273.

1758-1760.

Edward Brooks, the son of Samuel and Mary (Boutwell) Brooks, was born at Medford, Mass., 4 November, 1733. His father was a wealthy land- owner and slaveholder in the town. Edward, the son, took his A.B. at Harvard in 1757 and before he took his second degree, was elected Libra- rian by the following vote, 26 December, 1758 : " That Mr. Holyoke who hath been our Library- keeper, being about to leave the College, Voted, That Sr Brooks our Present Butler have the Care of the Library committed to Him, till the semi- annual Meeting of the Corporation in April next." This appointment was confirmed in April, 1759, and he continued to hold both offices, Butler and Librarian, until Deane's election as his successor in the summer of 1760. He received a call to the First Church, at North Yarmouth, Maine, and was ordained 4 July, 1764. Mr. Brooks found the members of bis congregation rigid Calvinists, to whom his more liberal theology became less and less acceptable as time went on. In March,

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

1769, he resigned and returned to Medford. On the memorable 19th of April, 1775, he did active service, and in 1777 became chaplain to the frigate "Hancock." The " Hancock," under the command of Capt. Manly, captured the British frigate "Fox" but was in turn overpowered off Halifax. After his release, Mr. Brooks returned to Medford, where he lived until his death, 6 May, 1781.

His wife was Abigail, daughter of Rev. John and Joanna (Cotton) Brown, of Haverhill. Of his four children, the second child, Peter Char- don Brooks, became a distinguished merchant of Boston.

AUTHORITIES: Brooks, History of Medford, 1855. Chase, History of Haverhill, 1861, p. 248. N. E. Hist, and Gen. Register, viii. 298-299. Old Times: a mag. devoted to the early history of North Yarmouth, Me. pp. 265, 910.

I76O-I762.

Samuel Deane, was born at Dedham, Mass., 10 July, 1733, the oldest son of Samuel and Rachel (Dwight) Deane. He graduated at Harvard in 1760, having the honor of contributing to the volume of congratulatory addresses (" Pietas et Gratulatio ") sent by the college to George III. on his accession to the throne. Mr. Deane's English poem (No. 10) and the Latin poem supposed to have been written by him (No. 21) give fervid as- surance that King George would be the pride and protection of his American subjects ; although within twenty years the colony demonstrated to King George's satisfaction that he was neither the one nor the other. He was Librarian from 1760 to 1762, and tutor 1763-1764.

On the 17th of October, 1764, Mr. Deane was ordained colleague of Rev. Thomas Smith at the First Church, Portland, Maine. After a success- ful ministry of forty-five years, Deane received as his colleague Rev. Ichabod Nichols, who be- came pastor after his death, 12 November, 1814. His wife was Eunice, fourth daughter of Moses Pearson.

Mr. Deane began a Diary in 1761, and continued it until his death. The diary which was published at Portland in 1849 under the title "Journals of the Rev. Thomas Smith and the Rev. Samuel Deane," is a concise record of a busy, useful life. He was chosen in 1787 to the convention in Massa- chusetts for the adoption of the national consti- tution, but declined. He was a member of the committee to advise on the separation of Maine from Massachusetts, and drew up an able report. His tastes were classical and literary; he was a fellow of the American Academy, and received the degree of D.D. from Brown in 1790. Many of his poems appeared in contemporary periodicals, and

a few sermons and a longer poem are preserved in pamphlet form.

His knowledge of agriculture was both practical and scientific, and his work " The New England farmer, or Georgical dictionary " (Worcester, 1790) was widely read and used. He was not given to bigotry nor to theological quarrels. In appear- ance he was tall and portly, of dignified carriage and of keen wit, with social and agreeable man- ners. His sermons were simple and practical, delivered without oratorical display.

A portrait accompanied the ' ' Journals " cited above.

AUTHORITIES : Journals of Rev. Thos. Smith and Her. Samuel Deane, ed. by Wm. Willis, 1849. Allen, Amer. biog. and hist, dictionary, 1832.

1762-1763.

Stephen Sewall, born at York, Maine, 4 April, 1734, was the son of Nicholas and Me- hitable (Storer) Sewall. He graduated at Har- vard in 1761, having taught in the Cambridge grammar school. In May of the same year he was appointed to give instruction in Hebrew at the college, and two years later "in the other learned languages." He received in 1764 the newly founded Hancock professorship of He- brew and other Oriental languages, and was publicly installed 19 June, 1765 ; this chair he held until September, 1785, having been for nearly three years mentally and physically in- capable of performing his duties.

Prof. Sewall held the position of Librarian in 1762-1763, and was a master of arts, a fellow of the American Academy, and in 1777 a repre- sentative to the General Court from Cambridge as a whig. He married Rebecca, daughter of Rev. Edward Wigglesworth, the Hollis pro- fessor of divinity, 9 August, 1763 ; their only child Stephen died in infancy. Prof. SewalPs executive ability, coupled with his wide acquaint- ance with the Oriental languages and literature, raised his department into merited prominence. Beside Hebrew and Chaldee, he is said to have taught in a more private way Samaritan, Syriac, and Arabic. He died at Boston 23 July, 1804, at the age of 71.

Of the thirty pieces in the volume entitled " Pietas et Gratulatio," referred to above under Deane, Professor Sewall is said to have con- tributed seven or eight, — four in Latin, two in Greek, and either one or two in English. He was also the author of a Latin oration on President Holyoke, an English one on Pro- fessor Winthrop, and several other pamphlets. At the request of the College he ^prepared a Hebrew grammar to replace that previously in

28

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

use, which Sewall declared was both bad and out of print. The new grammar was published in 1763, and reprinted in 1802 and again in 1812. In a copy of the first edition, now in the Li- brary, is a manuscript letter from Sewall to Rev. Richard Gray, D.D., of Hinton in North- amptonshire, England, upon whose work the gram- mar is in part founded. In asking him to accept a copy of the book, Sewall calls his attention to the fire which destroyed the Library in 1764, and encloses the broadside account of it reprinted from the Massachusetts Gazette of 2 February, 1764; he begs him "to adorn the public library of our academy " with his works and to use his influence with his learned friends for similar gifts ; and in a closing apology for the boldness of the request he adds, " what I have ventured to request is in behalf of literature, whose advancement is the common utility." The letter, of course, was written after Sewall's Librarianship, but it serves as an illustration of the efforts of the friends and officers of the College to build up again the Li- brary.

AUTHORITIES : Edwards, Writings, 1853, ii. 209-210. Essex Inst., ITist. collections, xxv. 125. Quihcy, Hist, of Harvard, 1840, ii. 130-131, 264-265, 496-497, 590. Salisbury, Family memorials, 1885, pp. 179-180.

1763-1767.

Andrew Eliot, son of Rev. Andrew Eliot, D.D., and Elizabeth Langdon, was born in Bos- ton 11 January, 1743. His father was a prominent preacher who at one time declined the presidency of Harvard. Andrew, the son, graduated in 1762, receiving later his A.M., and the same degree (honorary) from Yale in 1774. He was appointed butler of the College 21 June, 1763, and 12 Sep- tember, 1763, the Corporation voted :

" That Sr Eliot the Butler (for want of some other suitable Person) have the Care of the Li- brary for the Present, & to be allow'd for it @ the Rate of six Pounds $ Annum."

At this time the Library numbered about 5000 volumes, given by members of the Hollis family, and by the many benefactors throughout England and New England who for one reason or another were interested in the College.

On the night of 24 January, 1764, Harvard Hall, containing the Library and philosophical appa- ratus, caught fire "in the middle of a very tem- pestuous night." A beam under the hearth in the Library, becoming heated by the fire which had been built for a sitting of the General Court in the room, broke out in flames and the building was destroyed. About one hundred books were saved, including one from Rev. John Harvard's library. Great as the loss was felt to be, the pub-

lic spirit of the time went far toward furnishing the College with a Library equal to the former one. In November, 1765, Mr. Eliot was allowed £20 " for reducing the Books of the new Library into alphabetical Order." 12 December, 1765, the Corporation adopted new laws* for the Library which materially increased the Librarian's duties ; the salary was raised to £60 and Eliot was re- elected for a term of three years. In 1766 the new Harvard Hall was completed ; the Library occupied the upper room at the western end, and the philosophical apparatus the eastern room.

In May, 1767, he was elected tutor, but chose "rather to continue The Librarian"; in July, however, he accepted the tutorship, a position which he kept until 1774. For the last two years of his term he was also a fellow.

On the 22d of June, 1774, he was ordained minister at Fairfield, Conn., where he remained until his death, 26 October, 1805. When the town was burned by General Tryon in 1779 Mr. Eliot's house and library were destroyed, although orders had been given to spare them. He married Mary, daughter of Hon. Joseph Pynchon, and left seven children.

" His acquaintance with general science, urbanity, friendly and social affections, concili- ated the esteem of all ranks," wrote the Rev. James Dana. He was a member of the Con- necticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a corresponding member of the Massachusetts His- torical Society.

AUTHORITIES : Eliot, Geneal. of Eliot Family, 1854, p. 171. Mass. hist. soc. Collections, x. 188-189; 2d series, i. 228. Sprague, Annals Amer. pulpit, 1857, i. 420.

1767-1768.

Jonathan Moore was born at Oxford, Mass., 7 July, 1739, the son of Captain Elijah and Doro- thy (Learned) Moore. The father was for twenty- five years an inn-keeper of the town and a public spirited citizen. Jonathan graduated at Harvard in 1761, and obtained his A.M. in three years. He taught Greek and Hebrew for a time, and received from Yale an honorary A.M. in 1765. In Septem- ber, 1767, he became Librarian at Harvard, but at the end of the college year accepted a call to the church at Rochester (now Marion) Mass., where he was ordained 7 September, 1768. On the 13th of October following he married Susanna Parkman. He soon had many warm followers in his ministry but his changing theological views at last caused his separation from the church in 1792. A number of his parishioners withdrew with him and held services together for several years at his * See Appendix III.

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

house. A memorandum by a nephew in 1808 would seem to indicate that he became a Baptist minister.

On the death of his first wife Mr. Moore married Anna Hammond of Newport, R. I. He died at his home in Rochester, 20 April, 1814, having had five children. The historian of the town says, "He was of a social temperament and jocose in manner. "

AUTHORITIES : Allen, American biog. and hist, diction- ary, 1832. Daniels, History of Oxford, Jtfasy., 1892, p. 620.

1768.

Nathaniel Ward, dying 12 October, 1768, just a week after his appointment as Librarian of llarvard, was a young man of unusual promise. The papers of the time with one accord deplored his death. The Essex Gazette said : " Few young Gentlemen ever received such early Honors, or distinguished Tributes to superior accomplish- ments; fewer so well deserved them."

Nathaniel Ward was born at Salem, 29 July, 1746, the son of Miles and Hannah (Hathorne) Ward. He took his degree of A.B. in 1765, fol- lowed by the degree of A.M. He was particularly fond of mathematics in college, and was offered the chair of mathematics and natural philosophy at King's (now Columbia) College, New York. This offer he declined, as well as a vacant tutor- ship in Cambridge. The office of Librarian at Harvard he accepted, and was looking forward with great pleasure to his duties when he was prostrated with a fever which proved fatal. He was to have married Priscilla, youngest daughter of President Holyoke. Among the tributes in the Boston Weekly News-letter is the following: "Of an open and frank disposition, his mind was ele- vated above every thing mean and groveling, and his whole conduct discovered the Benevolence of his Soul."

He is buried in the Charter Street Cemetary, Salem, where the Latin inscription over his grave is still to be seen. The calculations, transits, etc., for the 1769 edition of the "Essex Almanac" were made by Mr. Ward.

AUTHORITIES : Essex inst. Hist. Collections, ii. 206, (article by B. F. Browne) . Essex Gazette, 18 Oct. 1768.

1768-1769.

Caleb Prentice, or Prentiss, was born in Cambridge, 14 November, 1746, the son of Caleb and Lydia (Whittemore) Prentice. He took his A.B. in July, 1765, his A.M. three years later, and served as Librarian 1768-1769. On the 25th of October, 1769, he became pastor of the First

Church, Reading, Mass., with £200 settlement, a parsonage, and a yearly salary of £80 and twenty cords of wood to be delivered at the door.

Mr. Prentice married 1 January, 1771, Pamela, daughter of Rev. John Mellen and granddaughter of Rev. John Prentiss of Lancaster. He was sing- ularly successful in promoting harmony in his church, and he entered into every duty which claimed his attention. In the running fight from Lexington to Charlestown, when the British sol- diers under Earl Percy retreated from Concord bridge, he bore his part, musket in hand.

Mr. Prentice was accustomed to receive pupils to educate, and thus increased his meagre income, which ill sufficed for his thirteen children. The inroads of consumption gradually undermined his strength, occasionally interrupting the performance of his duties, until he died 7 February, 1803, in the 34th year of his ministry. Among his char- acteristics were " meekness in wisdom, humbleness of mind, stability in friendship, calmness in con- duct, candor in judging of others, sincerity in his profession, fidelity in discharging the various duties of life, and hospitality to his numerous acquaintances."

His sermons were simple and practical ; his prayers were impressive, delivered with great rev- erence, and with felicity of expression. Several of his sermons were published. There is an ex- cellent portrait of him in the Prentice genealogy, with the autograph " Caleb Prentiss."

AUTHORITIES : Binney, Hist, and geneal. of the Prentice or Prentiss family, 1852, p. 115. Eaton, Geneal. history of Reading, 1874, p. 165. Stone, Discourse at the interment of the Rev. Caleb Prentiss.

1769-1772.

William May hew, the son of Zachariah and Elizabeth Mayhew, was born on Martha's Vine- yard, probably in the town of Chilmark, 7 July, 1746. Entering Harvard at the age of seventeen, he graduated in the class of 1767, and before taking his second degree, he began to serve as Librarian. He held this position, at least nominally for three years (1769-1772) ; for the last two years his successor Winthrop seems to have acted for him. Returning to Martha's Vineyard, he mar- ried Peggy , by whom he had three children.

He was appointed, 23 April, 1772, sheriff of Dukes County.

About 1783, the town of Hudson, N. Y., was founded by people from Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and Providence. William Mayhew was either one of this party of emigrants or soon fol- lowed his townspeople to" their new home. In 1785, we find him an alderman in the first common council of Hudson. He could not have held this

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

office long, however, for he died the 13th of July of that year.

AUTHORITIES: Miller, Hist, sketches of Hudson, 1862, pp. 18, 115. Whitmore, Mass, civil list, 1870, p. 117. Winthrop's interleaved triennial.

1772-1787.

James Winthrop, born 28 March, 1752, was the son of John Winthrop, Hollis professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, and his first wife Rebecca Townsend. Graduating in 1769, he began, in the year in which he took his second degree, his Librarianship, destined to be nearly twice as long as that of any of his predecessors. From the vote by which the Library was given to his care, 1 May, 1772, we learn that he had acted as substitute for Mayhew for over two years. He did not, however, sign the formal agreement as Librarian until the following December. His salary was fixed at £60 per annum. The next year he issued the second printed catalogue of the Library under the following title : —

" Catalogus Librorum in Bibliotheca Cantabrigi- ensi selectus, frequentiorem in usum Harvardi- natum qui Gradu Baccalaurei in Artibus nondum sunt donati. Bostoniae : Nov. Ang. Typis Edes & Gill. M,DCC,LXXIII."

This catalogue of twenty-seven pages is an alphabetical list containing perhaps about a thous- and titles. It aims to omit books " supra Captum Juniorum Studentium," and, in general, books in foreign languages (excepting the classics) and medical and legal works. Two years later, when the College buildings were occupied by the con- tinental army, it became necessary to remove the Library to a place of safety. The Provincial Congress voted, 15 June, 1775, " that the Library apparatus and other valuables of Harvard College be removed as soon as may be to the town of Andover, that Mr. Samuel Phillips, Mr. Daniel Hopkins, and Dummer Jewett Esq. be a committee to consult with the Revd. the President, the Honble Mr. Winthrop', and the Librarian or such of them as may be conveniently obtained and with them to engage some suitable Person or persons in said town to transport, receive and take the charge of the above mentioned effects, that said Committee join with other gentlemen in employing proper persons in packing said Library apparatus and such other articles as they shall judge expedient and take all due care that it be done with the greatest safety and despatch." The work of re- moval was begun at once. On the 17th, Samuel Phillips, jr., wrote " Amid all the terrors of battle I was so busily engaged in Harvard Library that I never even heard of the engagement (I mean the siege) until it was completed." While the books

were being thus packed up, the Librarian, who was an ardent patriot, was taking part in the battle of Bunker Hill, where he received a wound in the neck. Among the receipts for moving the books is one " for carting one load of Books ... to the house of George Abbot, Esq. in Andover, 17 miles, £0. 17," signed by John L. Abbot, the father of the Librarian of the same name. A sub- sequent vote of the Congress authorized the re- moval of some of the books to such other places besides Andover as might seem best. Many books had thus been taken to Concord, and there it was decided the following fall to open the College. The authority of the Provincial Congress for this and for the removal of the books to that town from Andover was obtained, and the Corporation voted, 24 October, 1775, that the boxes of books be opened there for the use of the students ' ' as soon as the Librarian can remove to Concord & attend to the duties of his office." Although by the following June, the students had returned to Cambridge, it was May, 1778, before the whole of the Library was restored to the College halls.

In the spring of 1775, Winthrop had been appointed postmaster at Cambridge ; but after six weeks he felt obliged to resign. In a letter (5 July, 1775) to the president of the Provincial Congress, he says : "As the office will not furnish the single article of victuals, as the establishment is at pres- ent, I shall be constrained to quit the place of business and seek for a sustenance somewhere else. All the money I have received since the oath was administered on the 25th of May, amounts to £7 7s. lOd. ; 15 per cent, of it is my pay for six weeks, that is at [the rate] of 6£d. a day nearly. Judge then, sir, whether this be sufficient to fur- nish one, who has no other support, with a suste- nance." At this time, it should be noted, the College finances were at the lowest ebb, partly on account of the hard times occasioned by the war, and partly because the Treasurer, John Hancock, was too engrossed in public affairs to attend to the business of the College. Winthrop, for these reasons, was probably receiving no salary. In September, he was appointed register of probate, an office he held for forty-two years. Indeed, it was this position that led to his resignation from the Library in 1787; for the Corporation had passed a law (aimed directly at him) that no officer of the College should hold any civil or judicial office. He was also for some time a justice of the court of common pleas. Winthrop died unmarried, 26 September, 1821. By his will, he left his library to the then recently established Allegheny College, which a few years before had granted him an LL.D.

James Winthrop was a scholar of ability both in science and languages. He contributed a number

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

of mathematical papers to the memoirs of the American Academy, and after his father's death was a candidate for the Hollis professorship of mathematics. He later became interested in theol- ogy especially in prophecies and chronology, and on these topics he published a number of pamph- lets. He was one of the original members of the Massachusetts Historical Society, but, although he took great interest in the society and was seldom absent from the meetings, does not appear to have contributed much to their publications. A con- temporary sums up his character thus : " He was a pleasant, and generally an instructive companion. His conversation was most frequently on useful and literary topicks ; and yet there was, sometimes an appearance of trifling and levity, in familiar discourse, which induced a stranger to form an opinion not sufficiently favourable to his learning and his worth. We have no hesitation, however, in ranking him among the most learned, useful and patriotick citizens of Massachusetts."

AUTHORITIES: Allen, Amer. biog. and hist, dictionary, 1832, p. 786. Bailey, Hist, sketches ofAndover, 1880, p. 334. Mass. hist. soc. Collections, 2d series, x. 77-80 ; Proceedings, 1st series, i. 338 (portrait) , xii. 69, xiii. 229. Paige, History of Cambridge, 1877, p. 700. Willard, Memories, 1855, i. 90, 129. Winsor, Memorial hist, of Boston, 1881, iv. 500.

I787-I79I.

Isaac Smith, the son of a prosperous Boston merchant of the same name, was born 18 May, 1749. At the age of fourteen he entered Harvard with the class of 1767. After taking his second degree, and preparing for the ministry, he travelled in Europe for some years. Returning to this coun- try, he was appointed, in 1774, a tutor in the Col- lege, but the position he was not destined to hold long. Smith was a firm loyalist, and when on the 19th of April, 1775, Lord Percy marched through Cambridge to reinforce the British troops at Lex- ington and Concord, the young tutor was the only person in Cambridge willing to show the puzzled leader, confused by the number of roads branching off from the Common, which one to take for Lex- ington. Being for this service to the enemy al- most ostracized by the good people of Cambridge, he was glad to sail a month later for England with many other exiled loyalists. After living a few years in London, he was ordained (24 June, 1778) pastor over a dissenting church in the little town of Sidmouth in Devonshire. Of his pleasant life there, in a comfortable home, with congenial so- ciety and light parish duties, we get glimpses in the published Journal and letters of his fellow exile, Samuel Curwen. In the spring of 1784, re- signing his pastorate, he returned to America.

In August, 1787, Smith was appointed Librarian although he did not sign the formal engagement until the next March. In May, 1789, the Corpora- tion allowed him £13. 13s. " for instructing the classes in Latin for six weeks and an half in the third term, three times a day, being seven dollars per week."

The third printed catalogue of the Library ap- peared the next year : " Catalogus Bibliothecae Har- vardianas Cantabrigiae Nov-Anglorum. Bostoniae : Typis Thomas et Johannis Fleet. MDCCXC." 8°. pp. [4], iv, 358.

The Latin preface says : " Ut ista omnibus, qui ei consulere velint, utilior fieret, libri alphabetice sub diversis capitibus, secundum propria eorum genera, in hoc catalogo disponuntur." The first, or general, part of the catalogue is divided into fifty-four classes in alphabetical order, and the books under each are also alphabetically arranged. About one fourth of the titles are under " Theo- logia"; yet the names of Shakespeare, Milton, Ben. Johnson [s?'c],Pope, the Tatler, the Specta- tor, Racine, Rabelais, and Cervantes show that polite literature was not wholly neglected. In the second part of the catalogue, which is devoted to " Tracts," out of 150 pages, theology occupies over 100. In the preparation of this catalogue Smith had the aid of Prof. Stephen Sewall, (Librarian 1762-63) and Hezekiah Packard, (H. U. 1787). The latter was an assistant in the Library ; in his memoirs he says: "The next year [1789] I took charge of the Library as an assistant." For his services in preparing this catalogue Smith was allowed by the Corporation in April, 1791, the sum of £37. 10s. in addition to his regular salary.

In April, 1790, the trustees of Durumer Academy, at Byfield, Mass., elected Isaac Smith preceptor of that institution, but it was nearly a year before he entered on his duties there, 25 March, 1791. The Academy was not successful under his manage- ment ; his good nature and easy-going ways were not those of a good teacher or a strict disciplina- rian ; the school fell off greatly in numbers, and it was not strange that, in April, 1809, the trustees accepted his resignation. He removed to Boston where he was appointed chaplain of the Alms- house, — a position which he held for many years. He was never married, and died in Boston, 29 Sep- tember, 1829, at the age of 80.

One of his scholars, writing years afterward, recalls him as " a short, nice, rubicund, but kindly and scholarly-looking old gentleman." "In spirit " says another writer, ' ' he was mild and tolerant ; in creed, broad and liberal." He was " a man of singular purity, gentleness, and piety."

Besides the Catalogue mentioned above, his only publication seems to be "A sermon preached at Cambridge, May 5th, 1788 on occasion of the death

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

of Mr. Ebenezer Grosvenor, student at the Uni- versity. Boston: 1788." 8°. pp. 19.

AUTHORITIES: Boston — Celebration of centennial anni- versary of the Evacuation, 1876, pp. 190-191. Cleaveland, First century of Dummer Academy, 1865, pp. 34-39, xviii. Curwen, Journal and letters, 3d ed., 1865, p. 465 and passim. Packard, Memoir, 1850, p. 18. Sabine, American loyalists, 1847, p. 618. Willard, Memories, 1855, ii. 123-126. Winsor, Memorial hist, of Boston, 1881, iii. 72.

I79I-I793.

Thaddeus Mason Harris was born in Charles- town, 7 July, 1768. His father, "William Harris, lost all his property in the Revolution and died soon after. His mother, Rebekah, daughter of Thad- deus Mason, married again not long after her first husband's death. Young Harris by various means partly supported himself and was partly cared for by Dr. Ebenezer Morse (H. U. 1737) of Boylston, with whom he lived and by whom he was fitted to enter college in 1783. During part of his course he was a waiter in the Commons Hall and was also helped from the beneficiary funds. After gradu- ating in 1787, he taught school for a year in Wor- cester, and then returned to study divinity. At Commencement, 1790, he took his A.M. and the next day delivered the 4> B K oration. He had already assisted Smith in the Library and in 1791 became his successor as Librarian. He served only two years, but his interest in the Library continued. As Overseer he was for many years chairman of the Committee on the Library and annually made elaborate reports on its condition. Long afterwards he was described as "the little quaint old man, bent almost increditably, but still wearing a hale aspect who used to haunt the alcoves of the old library in Harvard Hall."

Mr. Harris had already preached in many places and, 23 October, 1793, was ordained as pastor of the church in Dorchester. In January, 1795, he married Mary, daughter of Dr. Elijah and Dorothy Dix. He had eight children. His health having broken down, he made a journey to Ohio in 1802. As a result of this he published, in 1805, a "Jour- nal of a tour into the territory northwest of the Allegheny mountains, with a geographical and historical account of Ohio." In the same year (1805), he gave the <£ B K poem. Five years later he spent nine months in Great Britain, — an ex- perience which he afterwards recalled with peculiar pleasure. In 1813, Harvard granted him the de- gree of S. T. D. His health again failed him in 1832 and he spent a year in the South. His active mind did not allow him to be idle and he here gathered the materials for the life of Oglethorpe which he published in 1841. After a successful pastorate of forty-three years, he resigned his

pulpit in 1830. He continued to preach occasion- ally until within a fortnight of his death, which occurred 3 April, 1842.

Dr. Harris was connected with numerous socie- ties : he was a member and for some years libra- rian of the Massachusetts Historical Society ; he was one of the original members of the Antiqua- rian Society ; he was a corresponding member of the historical societies of New York and of Georgia, and of the Archaeological Society of Athens, Greece ; and his name also appears on the rolls of the Massachusetts Bible Society, the Humane So- ciety, the Peace Society, and several others. He was also prominent as a free mason, and was secretary and chaplain of the Grand Lodge. Sev- eral of his books and pamphlets are on Masonry. In the anti-masonic furore of 1826-27 he was the object of many bitter attacks by the opponents of the order.

Besides the works mentioned above, Dr. Harris issued many publications. Nearly sixty of his ser- mons were printed. His Natural History of the Bible, published first in 1793 and re written in 1820, passed through three editions in England. In 1803, he edited the Minor Encyclopaedia in four volumes. Among his other printed works are a " System of punctuation," 1797, and a " Chronological and topographical account of Dorchester," 1804. He also arranged and indexed for Sparks the Wash- ington manuscripts.

Dr. Harris was a man of overflowing sympathies, tender-hearted and kindly almost to excess. Sing- ularly gentle and mild in his disposition, yet he was at times subject to fits of deep depression. As a preacher, he was simple and effective. In his discourses he was rarely philosophical, and, caring little for name or for creed, he seldom ven- tured into the arena of controversy.

AUTHORITIES : Frothingkam, Memoir, 1855. pp. 28. (Also in Mass. hist. soc. Col lections, 4th series, ii. 130-155). Froth- ingham, Sermon after the funeral of Rev. Dr. Harris, 1842. pp. 15. Hall, Address at the funeral of Rev. T. M. Harris, 1842. pp. 28. Huntoon, Eulogy in commemoration of Rev. and R. W. T. Jf. Harris, 1842. pp. 16. Sprague, Annals of Amer. pulpit, 1865, viii. pp. 215-222.

1793-1800.

Samuel Shapleigh was born in Kittery, Maine, 9 July, 1765. Left an orphan at an early age, he was twenty before he entered college with the class of 1789. He taught a while in the Cambridge gram- mar school, and then studied law, but his poor health prevented him from practising. In Novem- ber, 1790, he was chosen Butler and three years later (27 August, 1793) Librarian. His salary was fixed at $360, on condition that he or a substitute should " continue in the College during the Sum- mer, Fall and Spring vacations that Company may

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33

have access to the Library. " He acted as Librarian until his death, 16 April, 1800. By his will he bequeathed nearly the whole of his property to the College, the income to "be sacredly appro- priated to the purchase of such modern publica- tions as the Corporation, Professors, and Tutors shall judge most proper to improve the students in polite literature ; the books to be deposited in the library of the University, and to consist of poetry and prose, but neither in Greek nor Latin." This fund now amounts to about $4000. His epitaph in the old Cambridge burying ground describes him as "a virtuous son, faithful li- brarian, and liberal benefactor of Harvard Col- lege," and President Quiney wrote of him : " His disposition was amiable, modest, and unobtrusive ; liis manners gentle and singularly polite and con- ciliatory, winning the affections of all. His dili- gence, kind demeanor, and zeal for the improve- ment of the library, were acknowledged during his life, and are gratefully remembered."

AUTHORITIES: Harris, Epitaphs, p. 154. Harvard cor- poration records. Quiney, Hist, of Harvard, 1840, i. 410-411.

I800-I805.

Sidney Willard, son of President Joseph and Mary ( Sheaf e) Willard and great-grandnephew of Josiah Willard (Librarian, 1702-3), was born at Beverly, 19 September, 1780. Entering college at the age of fourteen, he graduated in 1798. In addition to the A.M. granted him in course, he received in 1810 from Dartmouth College an honorary A.M. In 1800 he was put in charge of the Library, which then contained, including pamphlets, from twelve to thirteen thousand vol- umes. By a vote of the Corporation in 1804, he was allowed $75 " for ninety days' services in the Library in making out a Catalogue of references to all the books in the Library and inserting the titles of books which had been omitted,"— this apparently being in addition to his regular salary. He resigned in 1805, and during the next two years preached in various places, but declined two calls to a regular settlement. In 1807 he was inaugurated as Hancock Professor of He- brew and other Oriental languages, — a chair which he held for twenty-four years. During part of his term of service, in addition to teaching Hebrew he gave instruction in English grammar and composition, and in 1827 the Latin instruc- tion was added to his duties. This he found so burdensome that in 1831 he handed in his resignation.

Relieved from his academic cares, Willard started in 1832 the American Monthly Review. This peri- odical, of which he was both editor and proprietor, lasted only two years, — dying, says Dr. Peabody,

" solely because it was too good to live." He had previously contributed many articles to other peri- odicals;— the Monthly Anthology, the Christian Examiner, the North American Review, the Gen- eral Repository, all had frequent papers from his pen. In 1817 he published an excellent Hebrew grammar and in 1855 issued two volumes entitled "Memories of Youth and Manhood," which give an interesting account of the College in the first quarter of this century. His Dudleian lecture (1827) was never printed. He entered public life to some extent after leaving the College, and was three years (1848-50) mayor of Cambridge, and several years a member of the legislature and of the executive council. He died suddenly in Cam- bridge 6 December, 1856, aged seventy-six.

Mr. Willard was twice married and had four children. His first wife, Elizabeth Ann Andrews, of Ipswich, whom he married 28 December, 1815, died 17 September, 1817. He married second 27 January, 1819, Hannah S. Heard, also of Ipswich. She died in June, 1824.

"His life was one of unceasing industry and usefulness, and was enriched and adorned not only by the cardinal virtues, but equally by those traits of peculiarly Christian excellence which make home happy, and win the affection- ate regard of all within the sphere of their in- fluence."

AUTHORITIES: Appleton, Cyclop. o/Amer. biog. Paige, Hist, of Cambridge, 1877, p. 692. Palmer, Necrology Alumni Hare. Col., 1864, p. 113. Peabody, Harvard reminiscences, 1888, pp. 60-67. Willard, Memories, 1855. 2 v.

I805-I808.

Peter Nonrse, born 10 October, 1774, at Bol- ton, Mass., was the son of Jonathan and Ruth (Barret) Nourse. He graduated in 1802, received the A.M. in course, and was Librarian for three years from 1805 to 1808. Four years after leav- ing the College he and his wife Polly, daughter of Rev. Caleb Barnum of Taunton, moved to Ells- worth, Maine, where, 9 September, 1812, he was ordained over the newly established Congrega- tional church. The ordination sermon was by Rev. Samuel Kendal and the charge by Ezra Ripley. Here he lived as pastor and at least part of the time as schoolmaster, until his dis- missal from the church in November, 1835. His wife had died previously to this, and, as he had no children, he went to live, first with his brother, Dr. Amos Nourse, at Bath, and then with his nephew, Dr. Thomas Childs, at Phippsburg, Maine. At this place he died at the age of sixty-five, 25 March, 1840. He was buried at Ellsworth.

" Reverend Peter Nourse," wrote one who as a boy years before had been in his parish, "was a

34

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

famous man in those days, renowned for his in- tegrity in doctrine, for his zeal in the gospel ministry, and for the goodness of his heart . . . When I first read Goldsmith's ' Deserted Village ' it seemed to me that his parish clergyman,

'Passing rich with forty pounds a year,'

was either the real or the counterpart Pastor Nourse. This godly man was indeed highly useful in his time in educational as well as re- ligious matters ; but if my childhood's memory serves me well, his life was not a gay period of enjoyment, or rich with present rewards for work well done." And another writer says of him: "No more enthusiastic or self-denying teacher ever lived than Peter Nourse, and the town owed more to him than to any other of its citizens."

AUTHORITIES : Bangor hist, mag., 1888, iv. 99. Barry, History of Framingham, 1847, p. 344. Emery, Ecclesiasti- cal hist, of Taunton, 1853, ii. 9. Maine hist. soc. Collections, 1890, 2d series, i. 181-182, 215. Merrill's interleaved triennial of 1839.

I8o8-l8ll.

Samuel Cooper Thacher, who was born in Boston, 14 December, 1785, was sprung from a long line of preachers. His father Peter, was the pastor of the Brattle Street church in Boston, and his grandfathers from the days of the Peter Thacher who in the beginning of the seventeenth century was a clergyman at Salisbury, England, had all been ministers. It was not strange, that immediately after his graduation at the head of the class of 1804, he should have " all his hopes and wishes directed " to preparing himself for the min- istry. He studied theology in Boston under Dr. Channing and then spent two years in Europe. Upon his return to this country, he was in 1808 elected Librarian. This office he held for the term of three years. At the inauguration of Pres- ident Kirkland in November, 1810, Thacher was appointed to deliver the Latin address of welcome, — a performance for which he received high praise.

Not long after this event, Mr. Thacher was called to fill the pulpit of the New South church in Boston, left vacant by Kirkland. His ordina- tion took place on the 15th of May, 1811. He be- gan his pastorate with enthusiasm and success, but before many years his health failed, and the re- mainder of his life was a brave but unavailing struggle against consumption. In August, 1816, he sailed for England hoping to benefit by the change. The first winter he passed at the dreary Cape of Good Hope, and the next fall he went to Moulins, France. Neither of these places helped him much, and at the latter he died, 2 January, 1818. There he was buried and over his grave is

a monument bearing a Latin inscription by bis friend and classmate Andrews Norton, (Librarian, 1813-1821).

Mr. Thacher was elected a Fellow of the Cor- poration, 19 February, 1816, but was present at a few meetings only before his departure for Europe. He was also a member of the American Academy. After his death his library, consisting of 676 lots was sold at auction. By vote of the Corporation the President was authorized to expend $50 at the sale on books for the College Library. Mr. Thacher wrote a number of articles for the Monthly Anthology, and published one sermon, preached at the dedication of the new church in 1814. His ser- mon on the Unity of God, in which he gives a clear exposition of the Unitarian doctrine, was printed in Liverpool in 1816 without his knowledge and reprinted in Boston and also in Worcester the next year. In 1824, was issued a volume of his Sermons, with a memoir by his successor at the New South church, Rev. F. W. P. Greenwood, (H. U. 1814).

Samuel Cooper Thacher was a man of great social attraction ; at once gentle and sincere, affable and dignified, he endeared himself to all. "There never was a clergyman more sincerely loved, nor more deeply lamented," says his bio- grapher. Another old friend thus described him : " In person he was of middling stature and size. His features were regular, his complexion fair, and his countenance habitually lighted up with a cheer- ful smile." Dr. Channing, his old instructor, con- cluded his eulogy with these words : ' ' He was one of the most blameless men, of the most devoted ministers, and of the fairest examples of the distinguishing virtues of Christianity."

AUTHORITIES : Allen, Geneal. of descendants of Thomas and Antony Thacher, 1872, pp. 18-21, 23-26. Channing, Discourses, etc., 1830, pp. 598-603. Greenwood, Memoir, in Sermons by S. C. Thacher, 1824, pp. xii-Lxx. Sprague, Annals o/Amer. pulpit, 1862, viii. 435-446.

John Lovejoy Abbot was born in Andover, 29 November, 1783. His father for whom he was named was a farmer. Young Abbot prepared for college at the Academy in his native town, and graduated from Harvard in 1805. He studied theology in Andover under Dr. Ware. For a year (1807) he held the office of reader in the Cambridge Episcopal church, and the next year he occasionally preached in neighboring pulpits. In 1811 he was made Librarian, and held the office two years. " In his capacity as an officer and librarian at college, there are numbers to bear witness to his ability, fidelity, and zeal. Distinguished for the decision of his purpose, and his attachment to the literary

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35

and religious interests of the University, he has left upon the minds of those who were connected with him there, many lively impressions of affec- tion and respect."

In the spring of 1813, after his resignation from the Library, he was chosen pastor of the First Church in Boston. At his ordination, 14 July, 1813, the sermon was by Professor Ware and the introductory prayer by Rev. Mr. Thacher, (Libra- rian, 1808-11). But Mr. Abbot preached in this pulpit only a few Sundays ; the consumption which had been threatening him grew so much worse that in the fall he was obliged to ask a leave of absence. His parishioners had already become deeply attached to their new pastor and they unani- mously voted in their resolutions of sympathy and regret, " that the expenses of supplying the pulpit be paid by the Society during the absence of the Rev. Mr. Abbot, and that his salary be continued." About a month later, he married, 24 October, Elizabeth Bell Warland of Cambridge. In another month he sailed for Portugal in hopes of benefiting by the voyage. But on his return in June, 1814, he was so little recovered that he was unable to re- sume preaching. He gradually grew worse until his death on October 17th. At his funeral, which was from his church in Boston, Edward Everett preached the sermon.

AUTHORITIES : Abbot, Geneal. register of descendants of George Abbot, 1847, p. 26. Ellis, History of First church in Boston, 1881, pp. 243-247. Everett, Address at funeral of Rev. John Lovejoy Abbot, 1814. pp. 20.

l8l3-l82I.

Andrews Norton, the youngest child of Samuel and Jane (Andrews) Norton, was born in Hingham, 31 December, 1786. Entering Harvard as a sophomore he graduated with honors in 1804. He received an A.M. in course and an honorary A.M. from Bowdoin College in 1815. At the lat- ter college he had been tutor for a year (1809- 1810) and in 1811 he was chosen tutor of mathe- matics at Harvard. Two years later he received two appointments : that of Dexter Lecturer on Biblical Criticism and that of Librarian. During the eight years of his administration he did much to improve the Library ; but the provision for the purchase of books was exceedingly meagre. Of the legislative grant of ten thousand dollars a year to the College from 1814 to 1824, but a small part seems to have come to the Library. That Mr. Norton was keenly aware of the deficiencies of the Library is shown by his statement to the Visiting Committee of the Overseers that for its immediate needs ten thousand dollars would suffice. While the purchase of books was thus restricted, it was during his term that the Library received the dona-

tion from Israel Thorndike of the Ebeling col- lection— perhaps intrinsically the most valuable gift ever presented to the Library. In 1821, en- grossed by his increasing duties as a teacher, Mr. Norton resigned the Librarianship. Two years previously, on the establishment of the Divinity School, the title of his chair had been changed to Dexter Professorship of Sacred Literature. In the discussions which arose in 1824-25 in regard to the form of government of the College and the constitution of the Corporation, Mr. Norton took a prominent part, and two of his contributions to the controversy were printed. A few years later, in 1830, he resigned his professorship.

Relieved from academic duties, he had during the rest of his life abundant leisure for close appli- cation to his literary and theological studies. He had already contributed numerous articles to peri- odicals. Even before his graduation he published in the Literary Miscellany a review of the life and writings of the poet Cowper, and in the Monthly Anthology are several articles from his pen. He was a member of the Anthology Club, which pub- lished the last-named magazine. From the asso- ciation in this Club of the leading literary men of Boston and Cambridge grew the Boston Athe- naeum. Soon after the suspension of the An- thology, he established in 1812 a quarterly journal entitled The General Repository and Review. Although ably conducted it lasted only two years ; it is said to have been too bold in its heterodoxy and too solid in its learning to meet with public favor. He also wrote more or less frequently on both theological and literary subjects for the Christian Disciple, the Christian Examiner, and the North American Review. In 1833-34 he joined with Charles Folsom (Librarian, 1823-26) in editing the Select Journal of Foreign Periodical Literature.

But Mr. Norton's most important work was his book on the Genuineness of the Gospels. This he commenced as early as 1819, but it was nearly twenty years before the first volume was printed (1837) ; the third volume was issued in 1844, and a final volume, on the internal evidences, appeared in 1855, after his death. This book is an elaborate examination into the external and historical evi- dences of the authenticity of the Gospels and fur- nishes a clear and logical argument in support of their genuineness. After his death also appeared his Translation of the Gospels, edited by Ezra Abbot (Assistant Librarian, 1856-1872).

As a theologian Andrews Norton was at once a sceptic and a believer, heterodox and orthodox. His attitude was that of a thorough investigator ; no portion of his religious faith would he accept with- out the closest and strictest search Into its founda- tion, but once adopted on what to him seemed

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

reasonable grounds the belief became a part of his life and of unassailable truth. In his early manhood he was in advance of the thinkers of the day in his theological views. Later the stream of liberal religious thought, of which his own teach- ings had done not a little to start the current, swept past him, and he was left among the more conservative elements of the Unitarian body. Although one of his ablest works was a refuta- tion of the trinitarian doctrine, he always objected to the name Unitarian or to a separate church organization under that designation. He had no sympathy for the transcendental movement, and with one of its leaders, George Ripley, he had a long controversy over what he termed the " latest form of infidelity," namely, the denial of the mira- cles as an essential proof of Christianity. The discussion left no bitterness behind it and it is to his opponent we must go for the most appreciative account of Mr. Norton's personal character and philosophical beliefs.

In his chapter on ' ' Philosophical thought in Boston " in the Memorial history of Boston, Mr. Ripley writes thus concerning Andrews Norton : "Every scholar in Cambridge received an inspir- ing impulse from his example. The lucidity of his intellect, the depth of his erudition, and the choice felicities of his language presented a new standard of excellence, and gave a higher tone to the literary character of Boston. But the personal traits of Mr. Norton exerted a still more powerful influence. His hatred of pretension was equalled only by his devotion to truth. He spurned with a beautiful disdain whatever he deemed to be false, or shallow, or insincere. He demanded the stamp of genuineness, reality, harmony of proportion and perspective on everything which challenged his approval. ... A man of stainless purity of purpose, of high integrity of life, with a profound sense of religion, and severe simplicity of manners, his example was a perpetual rebuke to the con- ceitedness of learning, the vanity of youthful scholarship, and the habit of ' vain and shallow thought.' His influence is deeply stamped on the literature of Harvard ; the intellectual atmosphere has not yet lost the fragrance of his presence ; and if he solved no deep problems of philosophy, if his insight was restricted within a comparatively nar- row compass, and he failed to appreciate justly the philosophic tendencies of the age, yet the course of speculative thought in Boston, it is believed, is largely indebted to the influence of his character and example for whatever tincture of sound learn- ing it may exhibit, for its thoroughness of inquiry, its accuracy of research, and its comparative free- dom from extreme and erratic conclusions."

In 1821 Mr. Norton married Catherine Eliot, daughter of Samuel Eliot, a merchant in Boston,

and a generous benefactor of the College. The home thus formed was henceforth the centre of Mr. Norton's life ; for he was a recluse, not in the sense that he held aloof from his fellowmen, but that he was profoundly engrossed in his studies and cared little for either general society or public life. His house was, however, ever noted for generous hospitality and he himself was prominent in the literary circle of Cambridge and Boston. His health, never robust, began to fail him in 1849, and he remained an invalid until his death, at Newport, R. I. , 18 September, 1853. Hu son, Charles Eliot Norton, has been Professor of the History of the Fine Arts in the College since 1875.

AUTHORITIES : Newell, Discourse on the death of An- drews Norton, 1853. pp. 32; Notice of the life and charac- ter of Andrews Norton, 1853. pp. 30. Peabody, Harvard reminiscences, 1888, pp. 73-78. Willard, Memories, 1855, ii. 121, 152. Winsor, Memorial hist, of Boston, 1881, iv. 299-301, 310-311.

I82I-I823.

Joseph Green Cogs-well, the son of Francis and Anstice (Manning) Cogswell, was born 27 September, 1786, in Ipswich, Mass. After study- ing for two years at Phillips Academy, Exeter, he entered Harvard in 1802, and in 1807 was given his degree as of the class of 1806. After making a voyage as supercargo to India, he began the study of law in Boston. This he continued, with the interruption of a voyage, full of adventures and hair-breadth escapes, which he made in 1809 and 1810 to France and the Mediterranean, until his marriage in 1812 to Mary, daughter of John Taylor Gilman, the governor of New Hampshire. He began to practise law in Belfast, Maine, but after the death of his wife the next year, he returned to Cambridge. In 1814, he received the degree of A.M. and was made tutor in Latin. Re- signing at the end of a year, he went to Europe, where he remained, travelling and studying, most of the time for the next five years. The Univer- sity of Gottingen gave him the degree of Ph.D. in 1817.

Soon after his return to America, in 1821, he wrote to a friend : ' ' They offer me at Cambridge a combination of offices and honors, — for ex- ample, the charge of the Library at $660, a new professorship of mineralogy, with as much as I can get for my services, $500 secured, and Gor- ham's chemical chair with $800 or thereabouts. . . . Probably I shall accept these several appoint- ments ; that of Librarian I certainly shall for a time, — long enough, I mean, to put the Library into better order than it now is in." Of the appointments thus referred to, he accepted, in 1821, the Librarianship and the Professorship of Mineralogy and Geology, — offices which he held for only two years.

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37

Of Dr. Cogswell's work in the Harvard Library, George Ticknor, then the Smith professor, thus wrote, in October, 1822, to S. A. Eliot: "The Library is now in fine order. It is arranged on the same plan with that at Gottingen, though for want of books the subdivisions are much fewer at pres- ent, and the catalogues are made out in the same way, so that all possible future additions will re- quire no alteration in any part of the system."

Discouraged at the illiberal allowance then made by the Corporation for the care and in- rrease of the Library, Dr. Cogswell resigned his charge of it in 1823, and in company with George Bancroft established the Round Hill School at Northampton, Mass. This institution, although a notable and influential departure in educational methods, was not a financial success, and it was given up in 1834. After two years spent in teaching a school in Raleigh, N. C., and another year in Europe, he settled in New York. Here began his friendship with John Jacob Astor, with whom he lived as companion and adviser until the death of Mr. Astor in 1848. It had been Mr. Astor's intention to erect an expensive monument in New York City to the memory of Washington ; but it was by Dr. Cogswell's persuasion that he was induced to build and endow a library instead. Thus to Cogswell's suggestion and influence the Astor Library owes its foundation, while to his indefatigable energy and wide knowledge in the selection of books is due its great value. Ap- pointed by Astor's will one of the trustees, he was also elected the first superintendent of the Li- brary, and in 1848 made the first of many visits to Europe for the purchase of books ; and he always claimed that he was enabled to keep the average cost of the volumes purchased very low, because of the sacrifice of libraries, incident to that revolutionary epoch. In November, 1861, after thirteen years of the closest and most devoted services, which included the issuing of the cata- logue in four volumes, mainly the result of his own unaided efforts, he resigned on account of ill health. The office of trustee he continued to hold until his removal to Cambridge, in the fall of 1864. In 1863, Harvard gave him the degree of LL.D., an honor previously (1842) bestowed on him by Trinity College, Conn. He lived quietly in Cam- bridge, making occasional short journeys and visits to friends in New York and elsewhere, until his death, on the 20th of November, 1871, at the age of eighty -five.

Dr. Cogswell was a man of broad scholarship and minute accuracy. There were few fields in which his knowledge was not exact and far reach- ing. Devoted to his profession, he yet found time for many close friendships ; during his frequent trips abroad he became intimate with many well-

known men, — among them, Goethe, Humboldt, Byron, Scott, and Jeffries. To the bibliographical skill and learning of its first superintendent the Astor Library is as enduring a monument as it is to the liberality of its founder.

A marble bust of Dr. Cogswell, given to the Harvard Library by several of his pupils at the Round Hill School, is preserved in the room of the Librarian.

AUTHOBITIES: Life of Joseph Green Cogswell as sketched in his letters, [ed. by Anna Eliot Ticknor,] 1874. pp. xii. 377. (portrait.). American annual cyclopaedia, 1871, pp. 120-122. Appleton's Cyc.ofAmer. biography, i. 679. Astor library, Reports, 1862, 1865, 1872. Boston daily advertiser, 28 Nov. 1871. Necrology of Harvard College, 1869-72, 1872, pp. 8-10. Saunders, Biog. sketch of J. G. C. in Library journal, xiii. 7-10, (Jan. 1888). Wilson, Jos. G. Cogswell, in Appleton's journal, vii. 19-20, (6 Jan. 1872).

1823-1826.

Charles Folsoiu, born in Exeter, N. H., 24 December, 1794, was the son of James and Sarah (Gilman) Folsom. After studying at Phillips Academy, Exeter, he entered Harvard in the sophomore class and graduated in 1813. During the winter vacations while an undergraduate and for the year after his graduation, he taught school. Returning to Cambridge the next year, he began to prepare himself for the ministry, but poor health forced him to give it up. Meanwhile he was a proctor and regent in the college, and in 1816 received the degree of A.M. The same year he accepted an appointment as chaplain and in- structor of mathematics on the U. S. ship Wash- ington about to cruise in the Mediterranean. He remained abroad five years, part of the time serv- ing as United States consul at Tunis (1817-19). In 1821, he returned to this country and was chosen tutor in Latin, a position he kept until in September, 1823, he was made Librarian. By the direction of the Corporation he issued in 1824 a printed list of duplicates which were offered for sale at fixed prices. It was during his administra- tion that greater freedom in the use of the Library began to be granted, especially to visiting schol- ars; and it was largely at his suggestion that the Library was thrown open " to all comers, with the implied assurance of welcome and aid." In 1826, he resigned the office and also the tutorship of Italian he had held for a year, in order to give his full time to a position he had partly filled for a year or two, — namely, corrector of the University Press. Yet his interest in the Library did not cease, for we find him apparently still in charge (in March, 1828) of the sale of duplicates as begun during his term, and he gave Peirce able assistance in the preparation of the catalogue of 1830. The Greek motto prefixed to the catalogue of maps was suggested by him.

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

Writing but little himself, it was in such ways as this, giving unstintedly his own time and labor and accurate scholarship to the correction and re- vision of the work of others, that Charles Folsom exercised a decided influence in the world of let- ters. Sparks, Prescott, Quincy, and many other prominent authors were glad to acknowledge his skill and ever willing assistance. And so on the books which passed through his hands at the Press, it is said that his "passion for exact and minute accuracy," often led him to spend more time than had the authors themselves. Indeed, the pains he took in the verification of even the slightest details consumed so much time that he was finally obliged to resign his position, — the press could not wait for him. In 182-1, he had edited with William Cullen Bryant, the United States Literary Gazette, and ten years later he joined Professor Norton (Librarian, 1813-21) in editing the four volumes of the Select Journal of Foreign Periodical Literature. His only publica- tions apart from those in periodicals were school editions of Livy and Cicero. He was frequently asked to write inscriptions, a species of composi- tion for which he had great talent ; those on the monuments to Presidents Dunster, Willard, and Webber in the Cambridge burying ground are from his pen. Mr. Folsom was a member of the American Academy, of the American Antiquarian Society, and of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and contributed a number of papers to their publications.

In 1841, moving to Boston, Folsom opened a school for young ladies. But at the end of four years he was elected Librarian of the Boston Athenaeum, then just entering its new building and widely extending its influence. Shortly before accepting this office he wrote to his friend S. A. Eliot a long letter giving his views, which were singularly advanced for the times, on libraries and librarians; — "A letter," says Dr. Peabody, "which can hardly be transcended in simplicity, purity, and elegance of diction." Leaving the Athenaeum after a faithful and useful service of nearly eleven years, he returned to Cambridge to spend the remaining years of his life. ' ' He was to the last a busy man ; but the fruits of his indus- try were for the most harvested by those whose only return could be their thanks and their grate- ful remembrance." He died, 8 November, 1872, in his seventy-eighth year.

Charles Folsom married, 19 October, 1824, Susanna Sarah, daughter of Rev. Joseph McKean, Boylston Professor of rhetoric and oratory. He had four children.

He was a man of unusually sweet and generous disposition, ever ready to do a kindness, never willing to think evil of anyone. A man whose

scholarship might have brought him to a position of eminence, he was content to remain behind while he helped others to climb to the fame his own talents deserved.

AUTHORITIES : American academy, Proceedings, ix. 237- 238. Chapman, Genealogy of Folsom family, 1882, p. 121. Folsom and Chapman, Descendants of John Folsom, 1876, p. 26. Parsons, Memoir of Charles Folsom, 1873. pp. 19. Peabody, Harvard reminiscences, 1888, pp. 100-104. Quincy, History of Boston Athenaeum, 1851, p. 170.

I826-I83I.

Benjamin Peirce, born in Salem, 30 Septem- ber, 1778, was the son of Jerahmeel and Sarah (Ropes) Peirce. After graduating at the head of the class of 1801, he returned to Salem and entered the India trade with his father. He was a representative to the General Court from Salem for several years and a senator from Essex county in 1811. But neither a -mercantile nor a political life fully satisfied him and he was glad to accept in 1826 the position of Librarian at Harvard. He at once set about the preparation of a catalogue of the Library which was published in 1830-31 in four volumes : the first two containing an alpha- betical catalogue by authors, the third a systematic index, and the fourth a catalogue of maps. In his preface he related briefly the history of the Library and described its present condition. " The Library rooms," he said, " contain twenty alcoves. Over the windows of several of them are inscribed the names of Hollis, Hancock, Lee, Palmer, Thorn- dike, Eliot. The apartments are also adorned with pictures and busts. . . . The judicious and convenient disposition of the books according to their subjects, which was introduced by that accomplished scholar, Joseph G. Cogswell, Esq., has been continued with respect to those received since he had charge of the Library, so far as cir- cumstances would permit. Many of the books, however, which have been added to the Library for several years, have been excluded from their appropriate places by the want of room."

It was, perhaps, partly the labor involved in making this catalogue that caused his health to break down. The last volume had hardly come from the press, when Mr. Peirce died, 26 July, 1831, aged 53. He had left in manuscript a great part of a "History of Harvard University, from its foundation, in the year 1636, to the period of the American Revolution." This was edited by his friend John Pickering, and published in 1833 (Cambridge ; Brown, Shattuck and Company. 8°. pp. xx., 316, 160). Quincy, in his History of Harvard, describes the book as "of great merit and usefulness, possessing the traits of that sound- ness of judgment and accuracy of investigation so

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39

eminently his characteristics." He also published an "Oration delivered at Salem, 4th of July, 1812."

He married, 11 December, 1803, Lydia R. Nichols. His son Benjamin (H. U. 1829) was a distinguished mathematician, and for many years Perkins professor of astronomy and mathematics. One of his three other children Charles Henry (H. U. 1833) was a physician in Salem and Cambridge.

AUTHORITIES : Peabody, Harvard reminiscences, 1888, p. 68. Peirce, B., Hist, of Harvard, (preface}. Peirce, F. C., Peirce genealogy, 1880, pp. 52, 74. Quincy, -History of Harvard, 1840, ii. 390.

I83I-I856.

Thaddeus William Harris, the eldest son of Thaddeus Mason Harris (Librarian, 1791- 1793), was born in Dorchester, 12 November, 1795. He graduated from the College in 1815 and from the Medical School five years later. He began the practice of his profession in Milton with Dr. Amos Holbrook, whose daughter, Catherine, he married in 1824. Soon after the birth of the first of his twelve children, he moved to Dorchester Village, where he continued to practise medicine for a few years. Interested more in science than in medicine, Harris welcomed the opportunity of being made Librarian at Harvard as likely to relieve him of the exacting duties of a country physician and give him more time for his favorite scientific pursuits. As early as 1826, he was con- sidered as a candidate for the position, but it was not until after the death of Peirce in 1831 that he was elected. In a measure his hopes of gaining more leisure were not realized. The Library in those days was rapidly growing and the care of it demanded more and more of his time. During the twenty-five years it was in his charge, it increased from about 30,000 to 65,000 volumes; new funds and subscriptions for immediate use were received ; and a new building, Gore Hall, was erected in 1840 at a cost of $73.500. In 1834, the " First Supplement " to the Catalogue was issued ; it was a volume of 260 pages and bore the imprint of " Charles Folsom, printer to the University." While he seems to have considered the increasing duties of this office a burden and a serious drag on his scientific work, he conscientiously and energeti- cally fulfilled them. "To the office of Libra- rian," writes one of his biographers, " Dr. Harris brought habits of precision and method, a disci- plined and scholarly mind, and a wide range of general and scientific information. To those who visited the Library for purposes of study and re- search he was always accessible, and his advice, suggestions, and assistance were freely given them.

He was admirably adapted by taste and education to the position in which he now found himself."

A student of history, an antiquarian, and a painstaking genealogist, it was as a scientist that he won fame. His special subject, entomology, was an almost unoccupied field in this country at that time. By his collections, his numerous writings, and his correspondence with other scholars, he reached a position of prominence as an authority. Agassiz declared that he had few equals as an entomologist. For several years (1837-1842) he gave lectures on natural history in the College, but he never attained the longed-for professorship in this subject. A hard and constant worker, he was scarcely absent from the Library a day during his long term. ' He died, after a sickness of two months, 16 January, 1856.

The list of Dr. Harris's publications is a long one; Mr. Scudder enumerated 114 titles. The greater part of these consists of articles on ento- mology published in some thirty different periodi- cals ; but there are a number on botany and a few on miscellaneous subjects. His most important separate work was a Report on the insects of Massachusetts injurious to vegetation published in 1841 by the Zoological survey, and re-issued in 1842, 1852, and 1862. This long remained a standard work, as did his list of insects contributed to Hitchcock's Report on the geology, mineralogy, botany, and zoology of Massachusetts (1833). Some years after his death the Boston Society of Natural History published his Scientific corres- pondence, edited by Samuel H. Scudder (1869). This was accompanied by a portrait and by a memoir by Colonel T. W. Higginson. Dr. Harris was a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the American Academy, and the Boston Society of Natural History, and a corresponding member of the Entomological Society of London.

AUTHORITIES : Harris, E. D., Memoir, in Mass. hist. soc. Proceedings, 1882, xix. 313-322. Higginson, Memoir, 1869. pp. [1] xi. xlvii. Palmer, Necrology, 1864, pp. 86-87. Pea- body, Harvard reminiscences, 1880, p. 105.

1856-1877.

John Langdon Sibley, the eldest child of Dr. Jonathan and Persis (Morse) Sibley, was born in Union, Maine, 29 December, 1804. After studying for two years at Phillips Exeter Academy, he entered Harvard in 1821. He attained a high rank as a scholar and was given parts at the exhi- bitions in his junior and senior years and at his graduation in 1825. During his college course he mainly supported himself, by acting as President's Freshman, by giving music lessons, and by work- ing in the Library in his vacations. On gradu- ating, he was appointed Assistant Librarian at a

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

salary of $150 a year ; in the Treasurer's report for 1825-G, Sibley is entered as receiving $112.50 as Assistant Librarian and $50 for instruction in French. The next year, on the appointment of Peirce, the office of Assistant Librarian was dis- continued, and the Librarian's salary was doubled, making it $600. In describing the condition of the Library at this time, Mr. Sibley years after said, "As the books had been distributed, 'but not marked' to their places, applications for them were made on the day before they were taken, in order that the Librarian might have time to find them."

Mr. Sibley had already spent a year at the Divinity School, and, finishing his course there in 1828, was ordained the following May, as col- league of the Rev. Jonathan Newell at Stow, Massachusetts. Mr. Newell died the next year, and Sibley remained the sole pastor until 1833, when he resigned and returned to Cambridge. He took a room in Divinity Hall and devoted himself to various literary pursuits. He edited for three years the American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge, an illustrated monthly journal which did not prove a financial success.

During this period, Mr. Sibley had given occa- sional assistance in the Library, and in March, 1841, just before the removal of the books to Gore Hall, he was re-appointed Assistant Librarian, and began his thirty-six years of continuous service in the Library. At this time the number of volumes was about 41,000, and the annual income from in- vested funds was but $250 ; when he resigned the Librarianship in 1877, the number of books had increased to 164,000 volumes and the investments instead of $5,000 amounted to $170,000. Im- mediately after his appointment, Mr. Sibley began his never-ceasing efforts to increase the Library by obtaining gifts both of books and of money. The following account of his endeavors in this direction is taken from an address he made in 1879 before the American Library Association : " I began to beg for the Library. Appeals were made to authors for their books and pamphlets. I asked people to send whatever they had that was printed, whether they considered it good for anything or not. ' Clear out your garrets and closets, send me their contents.' And with such earnestness did I plead, that I literally had boxes and barrels sent to me, and once I received a butter-firkin. Almost always I got something precious which I had for years been trying to obtain. Even the butter- firkin contained an unexpected treasure. Collec- tions of books and libraries in the course of time were added. I acquired the name of being a sturdy beggar, and received a gentle hint from the College Treasurer to desist from begging, which I as gently disregarded. . . . My connection with

the Library had lasted longer than that of any other person on record. I had given to it the greater part of a long life : it had taken prece- dence in all my employments and pleasures, and I had the satisfaction of finding that during the last thirty-six years more had been done in the way of funds and books than by all other persons since the foundation of the College." During the fifteen years he served as Assistant Librarian, he states elsewhere, he procured by gift 7,000 volumes and from 15,000 to 20,000 pamphlets.

By vote of the Corporation, 23 February, 1856, and of the Overseers, 12 March, 1856, John Lang- don Sibley was appointed to succeed Dr. Harris as Librarian. He at once began what he describes as a " Librarian's Diary," a blank book into which he not only copied his annual reports and impor- tant letters, but entered day by day all events of interest connected with the Library. Visits from distinguished men, the appointment of assistants and the pay they were to receive, the purchase of supplies, and similar matters are duly recorded. There is an account of a long controversy he had with the Corporation in reference to his practice of binding in the covers of periodicals when they were made up into volumes. Under the date 18 November, 1862, he describes one of his hunting expeditions after books and pamphlets and relates that he " spent four hours with a lantern and cloak in the chilly cellar and found many things not in the College Library." In short, the Diary fur- nishes a carefully detailed history of the Library for a period of twenty years.

When Gore Hall was built in 1841, it was sup- posed that it would accommodate the accessions for the rest of the century ; but the growth of the Library was so unexpectedly rapid that in little more than twenty years it was overcrowded with books. In his annual report for 1863 the Librarian declared it to be " virtually filled." Yet it was not until the last year of his service (1876-7) that an addition was completed. This addition containing a book " stack" of six floors, besides an office for the Librarian and alcoves for the cataloguing force, was erected at a cost of about $90,000.

But the progress of the Library during this administration was not wholly confined to the growth in size ; there was also an advance in its management and use. When Mr. Sibley took charge there was accessible to the public only the printed catalogue of 1830 and its supplement ; the official card catalogue of accessions since that date could only be consulted through the Librarian or some assistant. In 1861, the present public card catalogue, in two parts, author and subject, planned and supervised by the Assistant Librarian, Ezra Abbot, was commenced. In the printed re- port of the Visiting Committee for 1863, Dr.

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

Abbot wrote a full description of this catalogue, which introduced many features then novel in library work.

Popular tradition usually pictures Mr. Sibley as the jealous custodian of the Library, anxious only for the accumulation of books and the preservation of them unharmed, and ever eager to discourage and drive away the would-be reader. But this is a most unjust view of him. It is true perhaps that he was inclined to emphasize this side of a librarian's duties. He had little sympathy for the desultory reader, seeking only amusement, and he would not tolerate any abuse of the Library privi- leges. But to anyone, student or stranger; doing serious work, access to the alcoves was freely granted upon application and many a graduate still remembers with gratitude his ready and efficient aid.

Toward the last part of his service Mr. Sibley's eyesight began to fail him, and in 1877 he was forced on this account to resign. His resignation was accepted by the Corporation 24th of Septem- ber and the same day he was appointed Librarian Emeritus. It was with deep regret that he left the place he had filled so many years and he wrote in the Diary: "The Library will continue to be like an old home as long as I live."

Mr. Sibley edited twelve Triennial Catalogues (1842-1875) and one Quinquennial Catalogue (1880) of Harvard University. In the first issue he corrected many dates that had been erroneous and supplied many that had been omitted in earlier editions, besides inserting in full the middle names of many of the graduates. In his second edition (1845) he first gave the dates of the deaths of graduates. For twenty years (1850-1870) he also edited the Annual Catalogues. He printed in 1865 a pamphlet of 67 pages entitled "Notices of the triennial and annual catalogues of Harvard Uni- versity ; with a reprint of the catalogues of 1674, 1682, and 1700." For fifteen years he prepared the annual Necrology issued at Commencement time. He published in 1851 a history of his native town, Union, Maine. To magazines and to the publica- tions of the Massachusetts Historical Society he was an occasional contributor. But by far his most important work was his " Biographical sketches of the graduates of Harvard University." Of this monumental work he published three volumes, in 1873, 1881, and 1885 respectively, covering the graduates through the class of 1689. The third volume was prepared and issued under conditions that would have discouraged a less reso- lute or a less patient man from attempting such a task ; his sight was fast failing him and he had remaining little physical strength ; yet it was done with his usual painstaking care and accuracy. " It is impossible," writes Dr. Peabody, " to over-

estimate the worth of these volumes. . . . The work could not have been better done, nor so well done by any other man. . . . Mr. Sibley tells all that one wants to know, in his own concise and perspicuous style, with the occasional interpolation of quaint extracts from their writings or those of their coevals." After the life of each graduate there is a full bibliography of his writings. Speaking of this, Lowell wrote, somewhat dis- paragingly: "It is the very balm of authorship. No matter how far you may be gone under, if you are a graduate of Harvard College, you are sure of being dredged up again and handsomely buried, with a catalogue of your works to keep you down." Cotton Mather, it may be noted, is safely buried beneath a list of 456 titles.

Mr. Sibley continued to occupy his room in Divinity Hall until his marriage, 20 May, 1866, to Charlotte Augusta Langdon Cook, daughter of Samuel Cook, a Boston merchant. Although beginning when he was advanced in years his home life was particularly happy. In the numer- ous charities which formed a marked feature of his simple life his wife gladly joined. Many needy students found in him a kind and ready helper, and to Phillips Exeter Academy he gave during the years 1862 to 1872 nearly fifteen thous- and dollars to create a fund in memory of his father for the aid of meritorious students. He was not at the time a rich man, and it is said that one of these gifts of five thousand dollars repre- sented more than half of his entire property. His death occurred after a long illness, 9 December, 1885. By his will, he left all his property to his wife, with the provision that after her death such part as she had not expended was to pass to the Massachusetts Historical Society to provide for the continuation of his lives of Harvard graduates. To the custody of the same Society he left his manuscript material gathered for the same pur- pose.

Mr. Sibley was a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, of the New England Historic- Genealogical Society, and of the American Acad- emy. From Bowdoin College he received the honorary degree of A.M. in 1856.

Dr. Peabody thus sums up his leading traits : "In Mr. Sibley's character, integrity bore a con- spicuous part ; and by this I do not mean mere honesty in the narrower sense of the word, but also conscientious accuracy, truthfulness and jus- tice, in all the details of thought, word, and deed. He would be lavish of time and of money if need were, in determining an obscure date, or the proper orthography of an unimportant name, simply because he deemed it wrong to state what he did not know, or to omit, in any work which he undertook, the full statement of all that he could

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

know. ... As a friend, he was true and loyal. In dress, manners, appearance, and personal hab- its, he preserved to the last, much of the sim- plicity, and many of the unconventional ways, of his rural birthplace and his early life ; but there was in him the very soul of courtesy ; and those who knew him best had often fresh surprises in his fineness and delicacy of feeling, his tenderness for the sensibility of others, and his choice of such

modes of performing kind acts as might best keep himself in the background, and ward off the pain- ful sense of obligation."

AUTHORITIES: American academy, Proceedings, 1886, xxi. 537-539. The Harvard book, 1875, i. 112-121, 167-169 (portrait). Library journal, 1878, iv. 305-308. Lowell, Letters, 1893, ii. 147. Peabody, Memoir of Sibley in Pro- ceedings Mass. hist, soc., 1886, 2d series, ii. 487-507 (por- trait). Peabody, Harvard reminiscences, 1888, pp. 146-154. Sibley, MS. library journal.

APPENDIX I.

LIBRARY LAWS OF 1667.

THESE FOLLOWING ORDERS WERE MADE BY THE OVERSEERS. ANNO. 1667. FOR THE RECTIFYING OF YE LIBRARY & RULES FOR THE LIBRARY KEEPER.

1. No prson not resident in the colledge, except an overseer shall borrow a book out of the Library.

2. No schollar in the Colledge, under a Senior Sophister shall borrow a book out of the Library.

3. No one under master of Art (unless it be a fellow) shall borrow a Book without the allowance of the President

4. If any prson whatsoever shall be found inju- rious to the Library by abusing or not carefully restoring any Book borrowed by him, upon com- plaint to the President by ye Library Keepr he shall pay double dammage & be debarred from borrowing.

5. No prson besides the Library keeper shall be allowed to have a key to the Library, except the President, the Pastor of the Church in Cambridge, & the Senior Fellow for himselfe & the rest of the Fellows & no other of the Schollars shall have liberty to study in the Library.

6. There shall be no lending or removing out of the Library the new Globes or books of extraordi- nary vallue (as Biblia Polyglotta, King of Spains Bible &c) but with very great caution & upon extraordinary occasion.

7. The Library keep1 shall take care that by the help of ye Treasurer of the Colledge, the Library be kept in good repair, that no dammage come to any of the books by the weather or want of convenient shelving &c. Also he shall keep the Library duly swept, & the books clean & orderly in their places.

8. The Library keep1 shall write or cause to be fairly written in a book (to be payd for by the Treasurer) the names of all the Books belonging to the Library. First in the order as they are placed & disposed according to the affixed catalogue. Secondly, In one continued Alphabet setting down the Authors name & what of his works are in

the Library & where. Thirdly The names of the Severall Donors of ye Books with the Books given by them

9. No Book shall be sold unless in the Library there be two or more of the same sort, & not that but by ye order of the corporation & the same exactly recorded.

10. If any new book or Books be given, they shall be brought into the Library with the Knowl- edge of President & fellows & an exact Accompt thereof taken & kept from time to time by the Library keep1.

11. The Library Records & other manuscripts & w* else shall be judged expedient shall be kept in a chest in ye Library undr Lock & Key to be kept by the Library keepr.

12. No book shall be taken out of the Library or returned without the knowledge & presence of the Library keepr, the name of the Borrower & restorer with the book & time of borrowing & re- turning being orderly sett down in the Library keeprs book by the prson himselfe.

13. The ordinary time for borrowing & return- ing books shall be between ye Hours of eleven in the forenoon & one in the afternoone.

14. No book shall be lent ordinarily for above a months time & once in halfe a year all the Books shall be actually called in & sett in their places.

15. Once in two yeers the Library keepr shall be newly chosen &, then give up his Accompt to the President & Fellows.

16. Upon the new choice or removall of the Library Keepr, the fellows shall look over the Li- brary & see that all the books be actually in their places ; if any be wanting the Library keepr shall make them good

College Book, no. III., pp. 25-27.

APPENDIX II.

LIBRARY LAWS OF 1736.

THIS BODY OF LAWS FOR (OR RELATING TO) YK LIBRARY OF HARVARD COLLEGE, WAS

MADE BY YE CORPORATION OF SAID COLLEGE, AND FINALLY COMPLEATED

BY YE OVERSEERS CONSENTING THERETO. MAY. 20. 1736.

1. That ye Library-Keeper be chosen for no longer a time than one year ; and on his removal, or a new choice, he shall give up an account of ye State of ye Library to ye Corporation ; and the Corporation (or those whom they shall appoint) shall look over ye Library, & see y* ye Books and

other things pertaining to ye Library, are all in their place & order.

2. When y* Library Keeper goes out of Town, he shall (with ye approbation of ye President, & one or more of the Tutors signified under their hand) substitute some faithf ull scholar, with whom

44

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

he shall intrust ye Key of ye Library till his return ; who shall be obliged to ye same duty & attendance, as ye Library Keeper himself is when present.

3. No Book shall be taken out of ye Library, or returned, without ye knowledge & presence of ye Library Keeper or his Substitute ; ye name of the borrower & restorer, with ye Book itself & time of borrowing and returning, being orderly set down in ye Library Keeper's Book, by ye Library Keeper or his Substitute.

4. Such persons as are in y8 Instruction or Government of ye College, & such Graduates as reside at ye College, or in ye Town of Cambridge (for ye benefit of following their studies) whose names are, or shall be, at their desire inserted in ye College Quarter Bills, and all ye Senior Sophis- ters, may borrow Books out of ye Library; and no other person without leave from ye Corporation ; unless such Gentlemen of Learning as are settled in ye Town of Cambridge, and have special allow- ance from ye President & one or more of ye Tutors under their hands, for such Books as they shall desire. And no other things but Books shall be borrowed out of ye Library, except by those in ye Instruction or Government of ye College.

5. No Scholar in ye College, under a Senior Sophister, may borrow a book out of ye Library : nor shall any borrower let any Book, or other thing which he hath borrowed, go from under his personal custody.

6. When ye Senior Sophisters shall be admitted to ye priveledge of borrowing Books out of ye Library, ye President, Professors & Tutors, shall advise them what Books are most proper for their reading

7. No Scholar shall borrow any Book out of ye Library, oftner than once in three weeks : and the Masters, Bachelours, & Senior Sophisters, shall have in their order, their distinct weeks for borrowing.

8. No person, except such as are concerned in ye Instruction & government of ye College, shall keep any Book belonging to ye Library, longer than three weeks ; or borrow more out of ye Library than three Books at a time ; without leave obtained from ye President & Tutors, signified to ye Library Keeper, by a note under ye President's hand.

9. The stated time for borrowing & returning Books shall be fixed to Fryday; on which day in each Week, from eleven a clock till two in ye afternoon (times of vacation, & dinner time in ye College, excepted) the Library Keeper or his sub- stitute shall be obliged to give his attendance in ye Library for y* end ; and shall not permit any Scholars to enter into ye Library, but shall deliver & recieve ye Library Books, asked for, & re- turned, by ye Scholars, at ye Library door. And if any Scholar shall at such times attempt to enter into ye Library, he shall, upon complaint wch ye Library Keeper shall make to ye President & Tu- tors, be by them debarred ye privelege of borrow- ing Books out of ye Library, and punished by pecuniary mulct, or otherwise, according to ye nature & circumstances of his offence.

10. If any Scholar abuse, or unseasonably detain any Book borrowed by him, or injure y* Library any other way, said Scholar, upon com- plaint which ye Library Keeper shall forthwith make to ye President & Tutors, shall pay double damages, and be debarred from borrowing till he has paid said damages (or has been otherwise

punished at ye discretion of ye President & Tutors) and has obtained new leave from ye President & Tutors to borrow, signified to ye Library Keeper by a note under ye President's hand. But if any damage be done to ye Library, it's Books, or other things (unless by unavoidable Providence, or on publick occasions when ye persons y* hath done the damage can't be found) ye Library Keeper shall be charged with it, by ye President & Tutors ; and ye Sum charged shall be substracted from his Salary by order from under ye President's hand.

11. If any Scholar steal any Book, raritie, or other thing out of ye Library, he shall be expelled.

*[12. To repair damages done by borrowing Books out of ye Library, each Bachelour, $ Master all Borrowers (except those in ye Instruction or government of ye College) who holds a study in y~ College, as also each Senior Sophister, shall pay eight shillings per Annum, to be charged in their respective Quarter Bills : this Law to continue & be in force for ye space of four years $• no longer. ]

this law should run as follows viz. With respect to ye following Law. vid. Lib. N° 4. p. 225.

12. To repair damages done by borrowin Books out of ye Library, all borrowers, except those who are in ye Instruction or government of ye College, & Gentlemen of learning settled in Cam- bridge, & others that may have special leave from ye Corporation, shall pay two shillings per Quarter to ye College, which shall be charged in their re- spective Quarter Bills ; and this Law to continue for four years ^ no longer.

13. No person shall go into ye Library without ye presence of ye Library Keeper or his Substitute, except those in ye Instruction or government of ye College and they only f

14. No person besides ye Library Keeper, shall be allowed to have a Key to ye Library, excepting ye President who shall have one in his personal custody, to be used only in case of fire, or some other publick necessity.

. 15. The Library Keeper shall, at ye charge of ye College, take care y1 ye Library be kept in good repair, & yt no damage come to any Books or other things in ye Library, by ye weather, or want of convenient shelving &c also he shall keep ye Library duely swept, and ye Books clean, & orderly in their places.

16. The Library Keeper shall go on to write (or cause to be fairly written) in ye Library Book ye names of all ye Books yt shall be brought into ye Library (1) In ye order as they are placed & disposed according to ye affixed Cata- logues (2) In one continued Alphabet setting down ye Authors names, & what of their works are in ye Library, & where. (3) The names of ye Several Donors of ye Books, with ye Books given, & ye times when they were given. The like method he also shall take with respect to Manu- scripts, Rarities, or any other things presented to ye Library for ye service of ye College, viz. That ye names of ye Donors, ye time of their Donations, and a particular account of ye things themselves

* Law 12, as given in brackets above was erased in the Records and the second " law 12 " adopted. The italicized words in both the laws have also been cancelled by a line drawn through them. Against the second form of the law is written in the margin : " This law being expired, was made perpetual by ye Corporation & Overseers Oct. 7. 1740 [there-] fore the last line is [here] obliterated."

f A line at the foot of the page is wanting here.

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

45

yt are given be recorded by him in ye Library Book.

17. If any Book or Books be given to ye Li- brary, they shall be brought into ye Library with ye knowledge & consent of ye President & Resident Fellows of the Corporation, and an exact account thereof both in ye College Book, and in ye Classes hanging before ye Library Books shall be taken, & kept from time to time by ye Library Keeper ; and till such accounts be taken, no person whatso- ever shall be allowed to detain or borrow any such Book or Books given to ye Library.

18. The Library Records, Manuscripts & such Rarities & other things as ye Corporation shall

Judge expedient, shall be kept under Lock and Key in one or more convenient Receptacles in ye Library, and ye Key or Keys be kept by ye Library Keeper. But ye College Records (except those of frequent use) shall be kept in a suitable strong Receptacle in ye Library, and ye Key thereof kept by ye President or Senior resident Fellow.

These Laws were here entered in this Book. May. 24. 1736. and were pub- lished in ye College Hall by ye President after morning prayers. July. 1. 1736.

College Book, no. I., pp. 164^-166.

APPENDIX III.

LIBRARY LAWS OF 1765.

At a meeting of the Presdt & Fellows of Harvard College Dec. 12. 1765. regularly warn'd.

Consideration having been had of several Arti- cles recomended to us as proper for Laws for the new Library, said Articles [being considerably alter'd] here follow.

Previous Regulations for ye Library.

1. All the great Donations of Books to the Value of £.50 sterl. & upwards, shall he kept by themselves ; The Names of the Donors, wth the Sum given, if it may be had, being written in large Gold Letters over the Donations respectively. The Particular placing of These & all the other Books, shall be directed by a Comtee of the Over- seers and Corporation, to be chosen for that Purpose.

2. Every Book shall be letter'd on the Back, & its Place upon its shelf number'd there also gilded @ the Top of the Back.

3. A written Catalogue of all the Books in each Alcove, shall be hung up therein ; And an alpha- betic Catalogue of the whole Library, divided into Chapters, according to the Diversity of Subjects, shall be printed & a Copy chain'd in each Window of the Library. There shall also be an Account of the Donors, open to every Ones inspection, to begin with the Donors to the former Library.

4. A Print of the College Seal handsomly engrav'd, with a Blank Space, to insert the Name of the Donor, shall be pasted in the beginning or End of Every Book.

5. There shall be a part of the Library kept dis- tinct from the Rest as a smaller Library for the more Coition Use of the College. When there are two or more Setts of Books, the Best shall be de- posited in the great Library, & the Others in the great or small Library, at the Discretion of the CoiTitee for piaceing the Books. This Coihtee shall also lay apart. & w* the Assistance of the Librarian prepare a Catalogue of such Books, as They judge proper for the smaller Library.

6. All the Shelves of Books shall be cover'd w01 either Brass-wire Netting or glass sashes, to be lock'd upon 'em, & the Librarian to keep the Keys.

7. For the Accomodation of Gentlemen who may be desirous to peruse Books in the Library, their shall be small Table & seat in each Alcove ; also a pair of Steps.

Laws for the Library.

1. The Librarian shall be chosen for a Term not exceeding three years subject nevertheless to be remov'd, upon Misbehavr & on his Removal or expiratio of his Term, he shall give up an Account of the State of the Library to the Corporation ; And the Corporation or Those Whom They shall appoint, shall inspect the Library before another Choice, & see that the Books are all in their Place & Order, & if any Damage hath Come to the Li- brary by the Neglect of the Librarian, or his In- observance of the Laws of the Library, it shall be made good, out of his Salary or otherwise. And as his Trust & Work will be increased, by the Reg- ulations & Laws now Made, He shall be allow'd a Salary of Sixty Pounds a year.

2. The Librarian shall Constantly & stedily attend the Duties of his Office ; but as he may be sometimes necessarily hindred, Therefore to the end that there may always be Access to the Li- brary, he shall at his own Charge, appoint a Sub- stitute, approv'd by the Presdt Profess" & Tutors to act for him, when he shall not be able to give his personal Attendance : Which Substitute shall be oblig'd to the same Duty as the Librarian, and the Librarian shall be responsible for the Conduct of his Substitute'

3. No Book shall be borrow'd out of the Library or return'd, without the knowledge & Presence of the Librarian, or his Substitute who shall keep a fair & Regular Account in a Book, of the Name of the Person borrowing or returning, The time of doing it, The Title Size & Number of the Pages in ye Book itself, & its Place in the Library, which Account shall be signd by the Borrower. The Librarian shall also carefully regard, the State of each Book when deliverd out & returned. And every Book when lent out shall have a proper cover on it, which shall be return'd undefac'd with the Book.

4. No Person shall have a Riglit to borrow Books out of the Library, but such as are in the

46

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

Governm' of the College, such Graduates as reside at the College, or in the Town of Cambridge for the sake of following their Studies, whose Names shall at their desire be inserted in the Quarter Bills and such Classes of undergraduates as are allow'd that Privilege in ye next Law. Vid. pag. 161 *

5. Whereas by the former Laws, no Scholar under a Senior-Sophister might borrow a Book out of the Library, this Privilege is now extended to the Junr Sophisters, who shall both, have Lib- erty to borrow any Books out of the smaller Library. Each Student in these two Classes may also borrow Books out of the great Library, w01 the Advice or Approbation of their Instructors, procuring an Order under the Hands of the Presdt & any two of either Professors or Tutors to the Librarian to deliver what Book they shall judge proper for the perusal of such Student.

6. No person shall Lend to any other, a Book w^ he hath borrow'd from the Library, nor let it go from under his personal Custody, under the Penalty of losing the Privilege of borrowing for a year. Provided nevertheless, That if any Under- graduate shall break this Law, he be either de- barr'd the Privilege of Borrowing as above, or be mulcted not exceeding six shillings, at the Discre- tion of the Presdt & Tut™. And no Student Grad- uate or Undergraduate shall carry a Book out of Town, under the same Penalties, and all Books borrowed by Undergraduates, shall be return'd the Week before a Winter Vacation.

7. No Person shall write any Word in Book except the Librarian or the Presdt or one by his Direction, to record its Place in the Library or the Donors Name ; Or by Order of the Corporation, to assign the Name of the Author when the Book is anonymous, or for some such valuable Purpose, & then the Writing to be done with Accuracy.

8. No Scholar shall borrow a Book out of the Library oftner than once in three Weeks, & the Graduates the Senior & Junr Sophisters, shall have, in their Order, their distinct Weeks for bor- rowing. But the Librarian shall be oblig'd to wait on any of the Gentlemen in the Instruction or Governm4 of the College, whenever They have Occasion to go into the Library.

9. No Person shall be allow'd to borrow from the Library above three Voll8 at the same Time, except the Profes™ & Tutrs as also the Pastor or Teaching Elder of the first Chh in Cambridge who shall be allow'd to borrow six & the Presdt double that Number. And no Student Graduate or Undergraduates, shall keep any Book belonging to the Library above Six Weeks, nor any other Per- son above three Months.

10. The stated Time for borrowing & returning Books by Graduates & Undergraduates, shall be Fryday on wch Day in each Week (Times of Va- cation excepted) The Librarian, or in Case of Necessity his Substitute shall attend in the Library from Nine to Eleven before Noon ; and if that be not sufficient, from three to five in the afternoon, or so long as shall be necessary, to deliver & re-

* Under the date of 14 August, 1766 in the Records: " Here followeth a Proviso which, belongs to the fourth Li- brary Law. pag. 146 : wch was omitted, in the Transcribing. Provided Nevertheless That such Gentlemen of Learning as are Setled in the Town of Cambridge, may have special Allowance from the Pres<" Profes" & Tutors, to borrow Books out of the Library, not to exceed three Vol» at a Time, nor to keep any of Them above three Mouths, such Allow- ance to continue for a vear only, & to be renewed at the Discretion of the Presdt Professors & Tutors."

ceive Books asked for & returned ; And he shall permit the Scholars to enter the Library, only one at a Time, and in their Order ; If any Others at such Times shall attempt to intrude, the Librarian or his Substitute shall make Complaint to the Presdt Profess™ & Tut™ who may punish them by Mulct not exceeding ten shillings or otherwise according to the Circumstances of the Offence, at their Discretion.

11. If any Book borrow'd out of the Library be abus'd or defac'd by writing in it or any other Way the Librarian shall make immediate Complaint of it to the Presdt Profess™ & Tut™. And if the Bor- rower be a Graduate or Undergraduate, They shall oblige him to replace it as soon as possible with one of equal Value, upon doing wch he may take the defac'd one for himself; Or they may punish him by Mulct or other Wise according to the Nature & Circumstances of the Offences ; And if the Voll. abus'd or defac'd be part of a Sett, the Borrower shall be oblig'd to replace the whole Sett, taking the defaced one for Himself, or Else shall be punish'd as above ; And until this be done, he shall not be allow'd to borrow any other Book : Provided, That if a Scholar can prove to the Satis- faction of the Presdt Professors & Tut™ That the Damage of a Book borrowed by Him, was done by some other Scholar, that other shall be oblig'd to make it good, or Suffer Punishm4 as above. If any other Person abuses or defaces a Library Book, he shall be oblig'd to make it Good.

12. If any Person desires to borrow a Book wch is lent out of the Library, he may leave his Name and the Title of the Book with the Librarian, & when the Book shall be returned, The Librarian shall reserve it for the Person who desired it; Provided he call for it within a Week.

13. If any Undergraduate shall detain a Book beyond the limited Time, he shall not be allow'd to borrow any other Book, till he hath return'd or replac'd it, & shall Six pence a Week for each Voll. so detain'd unless he can Offer an Excuse for such Detention, to the Satisfaction of the Presdt & Tut".

14. If any Graduate shall detain a Book beyond the limited Time, he shall not be allow'd to borrow any other Book, till he hath return'd or replac'd it. And when any Graduate shall leave College, without returning his borrowed Books, The Libra- rian shall give iiTiediate Notice thereof to the Presdt to be laid before the Corporation ; And the Corporation if necessary, shall prosecute the De- linquent for the Book or Books.

15. No Scholar shall be admitted to a first Degree nor any resident Bachelr to a Second De- gree, till he hath produc'd to the Presdt a Certifi- cate from the Librarian, that he hath return'd in good Order, or replac'd every Book that he hath borrow'd ; Or in Default thereof hath paid to the Librarian, double the Value of it in Money ; Or if it be Part of a Sett, double the Value of ye Whole Sett : Which Value shall be ascertain'd by the Presdt Profes™ & Tut™.

16. As a Fund towards raising a Salary for the Librarian, all Resident Graduates, & those Under- graduates who are allow'd the use of the Library, shall pay six Shillings a year each, wch shall be charg'd in their Qtr Bills. And if any resident Master neglects to pay quarterly, the Stewd shal certify his Neglect, to the Presdt & Tut™ ; And the said Master shall be debarr'd from the use of the Library, till Paym* be made.

LIBRARIANS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

47

17. No Person shall go into the Library, with- out the Librarian or his Substitute ; And no other Person, except the Presdt shall have a Key to the Library, & this to be us'd only on extraordinary Occasions at his Discretion. No academical Exer- cises shall be allow'd in the Library ; Nor shall any Candle or Lamp be ever carried into it.

18. Whereas some Books of great Value, are proper to be consulted, only occasionally, Books of this kind shall never be taken out of the great Library, such for example are Biblia Polyglotta, Thesauri Antiquitatum, Rymers Foedera, Views of Ruines of antient Cities, as Athens, Palmyra &c, Collections of Maps, or Pictures of natural History or the like. And the Com188 for placing the Books shall with the Assistance of the Librarian, prepare a Catalogue of such Books as they Judge Proper to place in this Class, wch Books shall have some distinguishing Mark set upon Them.

19. To give Gentlemen an Oppor1? to consult such Books as are never to be lent, or any Other, The Librarian shall attend one Day in a Week, viz Wednesday throughout the Months of May & June, September and October, from Nine to Twelve in the Morning, & from three to five in the Afternoon. Gentlemen may also Study in the Library, on those Daies in the other Months, when a Fire is kept in the Library, as directed in the next Law.

20. The Librarian shall take Care, That the Library be well air'd one Day in a Week at least, if the Weather permit ; That it be swept & dusted once in a Month or oftner if necessary ; That a Fire be made in it one Day in a Month, from the last of October to the last of April, Vacation Times alwaies excepted. The Librarian or his Substitute shall constantly be present, while there is a Fire, & shall see it thoroughly extinguish'd by Day Light.

21. Every Person of whatever Rank or Degree, shall return all his borrowed Books, every year, by the last Day of June ; And in the first Week in July, each Book shall be taken down & carefully

^dusted; And on the Tuesday or Wednesday next following, There shall be annually a Visitation & Inspection of the Library by a Com1*6 of the Overseers & Corporation, to be chosen for that Purpose, at the semiannual Meeting in May, & to make Report at the next Semiannual Meeting. And if there be any Books not then return'd, or

return'd defac'd or abus'd, by any Others, besides resident Graduates or Undergraduates, The Libra- rian shall inform this Com188 thereof, with the Names of the Persons delingquent. And after this Inspection, no Book shall be taken out of the Library, till the Fryday after Comencem*. On wch Day the Gentlemen in the Instruction & Governm* of the College, & the resident Graduates may take out Books. The said Com*88 shall at the same Time, direct the Librarian, in placing any Books that may have come, for the Library in the Course of the Preceding year; Which till then shall remain in the Custody of the Presdt for the Time being. The said Com*88 also shall determine, whether any of Them are such Books as are not proper to be lent & shall mark them accordingly

22. When there are more than two setts of a Book, the Corporation shall have Power to ex- change, all above two if they see Cause, for some other Books of equal Value which are not in the Library, inscribing in the latter the Names of the Donors of the Former.

23. The Librarian at his Entrance upon his Office shall promise & ingage under his Hand, to observe all the Laws relating to the Library, under the Penalties therein provided.

At this Meeting as mentiond. pag. 145. viz Dec. 12. 1765 Vote 1 : That the forgoing Articles being thirty in number, be the Laws, for the Regu- lation of the New Library at Harvard-College.

Vote 2. That the above Vote be presented to the Honble & Revd Overseers at their Meeting this Day, for their Approbation

3. That Andrew Eliot junr M.A. be & hereby is unanimously Chosen the Librarian of Harvard- College for the Term of three years.

4. That the Presdt Mr Marsh & the Revd Mr Eliot be chosen on the part of the Corporation to join with those who shall be chosen by the Board of Overseers, as a Com188 for placing the Books in the Library, that are to be lent out to the Scholars.

At an Overseers Meeting Dec. 12 1765 1. That Mr Pemberton Dr Mayhew, Mr Eliot Mr. Cooper & Mr. Adams wth such as shall be join'd by the Corporation be a Com'88 to de- termine w* Books are proper to be lent to the Students, in the present State of the Library & put them into some Suitable place for that Purpose. College Book, no. VII. pp. 145-150.

RETURN TO: CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT 198 Main Stacks

LOAN PERIOD 1 Home Use	2	3
4	5	6

ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS.

Renewals and Recharges may be made 4 days prior to the due date. Books may be renewed by calling 642-3405.

DUE AS STAMPED BELOW.
JAN ' 6 ?nm
FORM NO. DD6 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY 50M Berkeley, California 94720-6000

U. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES