verre rir ; 1 i 4 : = 7 j - : i 4 Ay “ye a det ae 2 ‘ i a aah A 4a - a ea RRs ste wf eae 4 . ry . 4 ’ 2 ; ¢* ‘ PT ee aie 1] ‘ se PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. sa PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, BY RICHARD TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. os SAT AALPA DAO 4 Fut te Gitano erasooe awe AOT Gs pl. Seba eo bed S74 » LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. With References to the several Articles contributed by each. Bexcuzr, Capt. R.N. page Note on the Length of the Peduncle of the Pentalasmis Pee gn WY ear UES I Dee ee 120 Bett, T. Esq. Characters of two New Genera of Reptiles .......----+ 98 Observations on the Neck of the three-toed Sloth (Brady- pus tridactylus, Linn.) ..--..+++-+- +022 re errr ttre 99 ‘Bennett, E. T. Esq. Characters of a New Species of Antelope (Antilope Mhorr) presented by E. W. A. Drummond Hay, Esq......------- 1 * Characters of a New Species of Aphrophora (Aphr. Goudoti) from Madagascar, presented by C. Telfair, Esq......--.-- 12 On a Specimen of an Antelope, probably the young of An- tilope Cervicapra, Pall., presented by C. Telfair, Esq....... 12 Characters of New Species of Fishes from the Mauritius, presented by C. Telfair, Esq. .-.--------++e esr etree 32 Characters of New Species of Mammalia from California... 39 Notice of a New Genus of Viverridous Mammalia from “Madagascar, presented by C. Telfair, BA cineted Aut ee 46 On the Family of Chinchillide, and on a New Genus re- Rees GONE os. ok en Mids = abr nant set 57 Characters of two New Species of Monkeys in the So- ciety’s Collection ....-.-.-----------+e0 +222 0e nee 67 ‘Characters of a New Species of Cat (Felis, Linn.) from the Continent of India, presented by J. M. Heath, Esq... .. 68 Characters of a New Species of Lemur (Lemur rufifrons) 106 Characters of a Species of Monkey (the Malbrouck of Buf- fon), hitherto confounded with the Simia Faunus, Auct..... 109 On several Animals recently added to the Society’s Me- WOGEE «=~ ease wgae 2 se ee ee 118 Bennett, F. D. Esq. | On the Larynz of the Albatross (Diomedea exulans, Linn.) 78 On the Light emitted by a Species of Pyrosoma.......- 79 im pe? Bennett, G. Esq. page On the Generation of the Kangaroo and Ornithorhynchus, Wales iin aie oc = wins nip es. a ee 82 Boasz, Dr. H. On two Species of Fishes taken in Mount’s Bay, Cornwall 114 Bovurcuier, R. J. Esq. Letter from, relating to the Vultur Kolbii, and to his en- deavours to procure for the Society living Bustards from TIGNES 0/500. ss Jn Deen te ee eee 81 Brovenrip, W. J. Esq. Characters of New Species of Mollusca and Conchifera, col- Peeved by Wir, Onitiing...-0e eer 4, 52, 82 Descriptions of some New Species of Cuvier’s Family of LOT | ee er | 124 CoupstrEeam, Dr. On the Ova of Sepia officinalis, Linn. ........ 6.2.2.6 86 Cox, J. C. Esq. On the Circumstances which modify the Existence of Ani- mals in Northern Regions...........0..0 00. 00.002.00005 87 Notice of a living Mocking-bird (Turdus polyglottus, Linn.) pire posecemitnn 2. Se. Deo oes Gece 1l4 Cumine, H. Esq. Characters of New Species of Mollusca and Conchifera, comectoaOy as). TPRAS as 12: 4, 16, 34, 52, 70, 82, 124, 134 Dessarpins, M. J. Abstract of the Third Report of the Proceedings of the «* Société d’ Histoire Naturelle de l’Isle Maurice” ........ 117 Gerorrroy-Saint-Hixarre, M. Reflections on Dr. Weatherhead’s Communication respect- STI Clie OP MELOY NYRUNRD Ceres an Gas cen cee oo) st OREN 15 On the Abdominal Glands of the Ornithorhynchus ...... 28 New Observations on the Nature of the Abdominal Glands onthe 'Ornithoriynchas - 000. ioat sain’ = ere ee 91 Govpor, M. Letter from, to C. Telfair, Esq., on a remarkable Phzeno- menon observed in Madagascar................2...000- 11 Goutp, Mr. J. On Specimens of the Phasianus lineatus, Lath., presented Dy Ce eee, SU. ss a «og +n, ps ene ane here 13 Characters of a | New Species of Toucan (Pteroglossus uloco- RAS SNS TRAGER lars wie Pn SoS ajo estes, os Seeing heer er Oe 38 Characters of a New Genus of Jnsessorial Birds ........ 57 On a Specimen of a Hornbill (Buceros cavatus, Lath.) ie at the Societytadbaydehs seed. evs). betiinie. weal. eit 2 61 Govtp, Mr. J. (continued.) “ Characters of three New Species of Toucan (Rhamphastos andi:Pieroglossus)2..2 Ase lens. SAO wee arian LD Characters of a New Species of Dove (Columba Princeps, Wir.) sib). Jo.p08S, dhe 200 Jo. mdacwd). bes oopgineaw) Characters of a New Species of Malurus, Vieill......... Description of the Female of Trogon pavoninus, Spix ... Characters of a New Species of Toucan (Pteroglossus cas- TOGUES)) Pyaar betty Sarees ae RMS ae ee a LS Gyo h erst arm Characters of a New Species of Woodpecker (Picus flavi- SORA? toiae ee can TD jis-eoradl> “silt is: patos Characters of a New Species of Hurylaimus (Eur. lunatus) Grant, Dr. R. E. On the Nervous System of Beroé Pileus, Lam., and on the Sirieture of iy Cilia Von. es OS OTe gay hep ate On TLanthina vulgaris, Lam., and Velella limbosa, Lam. .. On a New Species of Sepiola (Sep. stenodactyla) from the Mauritius, presented by C. Telfair, Esq. ...............- On the Structure of the Heart and Distribution of the Blood- vessels of the large. Indian Tortoise (Testudo Indica, Limn.). . On the Cranium of the round-headed Grampus (Delphinus plobacepsy Cu.) i+... 2. turn rece ta tein lo DOT ER MITEL. BI: IE On the Cloaca of ‘the Female Condor (Sacorhamphus Giry- hes, Pn. y. aps, SO Ae ERO War, be On the Anatomy of Loligopsis -risig ad Grant, and Sepiola RIULGIOT 18, -NAQACID. 63 cre oa eon tee wo tore rere re Sed AS Lee eee et Gray, J. E. Esq. On the Reproduction of Cirripeda...............0044. On the Torpidity of some Marine Gasteropodous Mollusca On the Emission of a Glutinous Thread by the Animal of SRM SIR BURE «id E ae <8. oeresheeeees caeeebh- ie 24, 80 On the woolly and hairy Penguins (Aptenodytes, Forst.) of Driiathem .....- (sa) aaspled- sweep aaaeek acca 33 On the Identity of the woolly Penguin of Dr. Latham with the Aptenodytes Patachonica, Gmel.,.....---.-- 0100080 65 Characters of the Irish Hare, a New Species of the Genus doemua,. Vatgnias) 0 22a 2 Sine sh worsen es on tee ee eee 88 _ On the Deficiency of Teeth in the hairless Egyptian Va- riety-of the Dow... 20" DR aS See ees a a tte 113 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. ene January 8, 1833. Joseph Sabine, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Chairman opened the business of the Meeting by referring to the By-laws under which it was held, and stated the anticipation of the Council that the General Meetings for the transaction of Scientific Business, of which the present was the first, would be productive of great advantage to science. He adverted to the known abilities and industry of many of the Members of the So- ciety, who have contributed to the Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence, (the meetings of which have now ceased, ) and dwelt on the certainty of much important information being communicated by their continued labours. There were also other Members equally in possession of facts of interest, and equally capable ‘of imparting the knowledge of them, to whom the Society might look with confidence for contributions. He trusted that these experienced zoologists would be continually excited to fresh dis- coveries, by the acquisition of additional subjects of investigation “in the Society's Menagerie and Museum, and that others would be stimulated by their example to pursue similar inquiries with equal zeal, and with all the increased facilities for successful study afforded by more extensive collections. The result of such researches would, he hoped, be freely brought before the Society at the Meet- ings which had now commenced, and which would thereby be ren- dered at once interesting to the Members, and important to the ad- vancement of knowledge. The Secretary then read the By-laws referred to in the Chairman's address. The Vice-Secretary called the attention of the Meeting to a stuffed specimen of the M’horr Antelope, which was exhibited on the table. He remarked that it belonged to that form of the genus to which the name of Antilope Dama has been given, on account of the horns being curved forwards; a character mentioned by Pliny as belonging to the animal which he designated Dama, and which was also of transmarine origin. By references, however, to other classical authors, Mr. Bennett was induced to infer that the same name was used by them to designate another animal which was subservient to the chase in Europe, and not improbably the Fallow Deer. _ Nos. I, I], 11f. Procreepines or THE ZooLoGicaL Sociery. 2 The earliest distinct mention in modern times of an Antelope of the form of Dama was by Buffon, who described under the name of Nanguer, an animal brought by Adanson from Senegal: on this description is founded the Ant. Dama of Pallas. Under the same name M. Lichtenstein and M. Ruppel have severally described an Antelope with procurved horns, the Addra or Leddra of Nubia and Upper Egypt. These differ, however, in colouring from each other, and also from the M’horr of Tafileht ; and Mr. Bennett was therefore disposed to regard them as distinct races of the same form of Antelope, (a form for which the name of Dame may be retained,) and to consider them provisionally as the representatives of three species, equivalent probably in value to the Corinne and Kevel re- cently distinguished by M. F, Cuvier from the Gazelle, Ant. Dorcas, Pall. He characterized them respectively under their local names as follows :— Genus AXNTILOPE, Pall. Sectio, Dama. Cornua reflexa, annulata; versus apicem in- signiter procurva, lavia. Collum elongatum, macula media antica transversé alba, Antitove Muorr. Ant. obscure badius; facie albidd vittis tribus griseis, vel nigrescentibus ; prymnd linedque latd utrinque inde antrorsum ductd, caudd, ventre, artubusque inlerné anticé posti- ceque albis ; coloribus abruptis. AnTiLope NANGuER, Ant. supra fulva; infra, prymnd, cluni- busque totis albis. r AntiLore Appra, Ant. collo dorssque medio diluté fulvis ; in- Jia, prymnd, dorso posteriore, lateribusque albis. The individual of the M’horr A itelope exhibited was one of the two recently presented, while living, to the Society by E. W. A. Drummond Hay, Esq., Corr. Memb, Z.S., His Majesty’s Consul Ge- neral at Tangier, for whom it had been procured by the exertions of W. Willshire, Esq , Corr. Memb. Z.S., Vice-Consul at Mogadore. The characters of the animal were further illustrated by reference to an imperfect skin, also presented to the Society by Mr. Drum- mond Hay. Mr, Bennett's detailed description of the Morr Antelope will be published, with a figure, in the Society’s Transactions. At the request of the Chairman Mr, Spooner read the following Notes of the post mortem examination of the Mhorr Antelope :— « The external conformation of the animal exhibited great ema- ciation, On laying open the abdominal cavity it was remarked that the peritoneal secretion was more abundant than is usual in health, and the membrane exhibited marks of chronic inflammation through- out its extent, but more particularly in the portion reflected over the smal) intestines. Several hydatids were adherent to the me- sentery and omentum. ‘The latter viscus was extremely thin and transparent, and did not possess the slightest portion ef adeps, which is somewhat singular in the Ruminantia, among which an accumu- lation of adeps is generally observed in this viscus, even where great 3 emaciation has been present in other parts. The anatomical struc- ture of the abdominal viscera, for the most part, agreed with the same in the tribe of Antelopes in general. « The kidneys were healthy, and were rather larger than is usual, while the bladder was very small. ‘The renal capsules were of an oblong figure, and situated about half an inch anterior to the kid- neys. «The tendinous portion of the diaphragm was very extensive, and most beautifully developed, having nearly the appearance in colour of the tapetum lucidum of the eye. The substance of the lungs was hepatized, and there were in many parts adhesions to the in- ward surface of the ribs. The right lung consisted of four lobes, the left of three. The right side of the heart was peculiarly flaccid, and the blood found in both sides was very dark in colour, and had not undergone coagulation. The vena azygos passed upon the left side of the spine, and terminated in the anterior cava: I have observed a similar disposition in the Sheep and Chamois, but in the latter animal the termination was in the posterior cava.” A stuffed specimen was exhibited of a female of the harnessed Antelope, Antilope scripta, Pall., which had lived for some months in the collection of the Zoological Society of Dublin, by whom it was presented to the Society. Preparations were exhibited of the trachee of the Penelope Guan of M. Temminck, and of the Anas Magellanica, Auct., and Mr. Yar- rell read the following short descriptions of them. “The trachea of the Guan is uniform, in size and substance throughout its whole length. After descerfding by the neck in the usual way, it is extended and passes downwards under the skin, but over the outer surface of the pectoral muscle on the right side, to the extent of 2 inches beyond the angle formed by the junction of the two portions of the os furcatortum. The tube of the trachea is then reflected, and ascending to the cavity of the thorax, again turns to be carried to the lungs as in other Birds, and is previded with one pair of true muscles of voice, which have the usual origin and insertion. The loop or fold of the tube formed on the surface of the pectoral muscle is imbedded in cellular tissue, and further retained in its place by a strong ligament, which firmly adhering to the loop, passes backwards to be first attached to the posterior angle of the sternum, and afterwards dividing once, and passing still further backwards, the two slips are inserted on the two elongated pubic points of the pelvis. + «“ This structure in the Guan has been noticed and figured by M. Temminck, in his ‘ Histoire des Pigeons et Gallinacés,’ but this is the first opportunity that has occurred of exhibiting a preparation from the bird on the tabie of the Society. _ “ The trachea of the male Magellanic Goose is furnished with a large hollow bony protuberance on the left side, near the bottom of the tube, at the point of divarication, similar in character to those observed in the wading Ducks, but differing in its form, The dorsal a2 a surface is flat, the external surface convex, the lateral circumference rounded, « The male of the Egyptian Goose possesses also a bony enlarge- ment at the same part; but as much difference exists between the appendages in these two Geese, as is known to prevail in the form of the enlargements of the trachee in the various species of Ducks. « The protuberance in the Egyptian Goose is much broader than it is high, its greatest measurement being in the line of its trans- verse diameter ; that of the Magellanic Goose is, on the contrary, higher than it is broad, and its line of greatest measurement is from before backwards. « As in all those Ducks possessing tracheal enlargements of bone only, the stomach of the Magellanic Goose is a true muscular gizzard, with a small internal cavity having a dense and strong cuticular lining ; the intestines are long and furnished with two cecal append- ages, each 9 inches in length. This bird has also one pair of true muscles of voice. It and the Egyptian Goose are the only species of Anser, as far as 1am aware, in which any bony enlargements have been noticed. They bear considerable general resemblance to each other in the colour of their plumage, and both exhibit a brilliant speculum on the wing, like those observed in the Ducks.” Specimens were exhibited of numerous Mollusca and Conchifera, hitherto undescribed, which form part of the collection made by Mr. H. Cuming, during a voyage undertaken by him in 1827, 1828, 1829, and 1830, for the purpose of obtaining subjects in Natural History on the western coast of South America, its adjacent islands, and many of those which form the Archipelago of the South Pacific Ocean. Nearly three hundred new species of these classes have been already brought under the notice of the Committee of Science and Correspondence, at various meetings during the past year, and characters of them from the pens of Mr. Broderip and Mr.G. B. Sow- erby, have been published in the Proceedings of that Committee. The remaining species Mr. Cuming proposes to Jay before the Society from time to time, as the descriptions of them are com- pleted. The intention of publishing coloured figures of them was again announced. The new species exhibited at the present Meeting were accom- panied by characters by Mr, Broderip. They are as follow :— Genus SponpdyLvs. SponpyLus Princers. Spond., testd rotundatd, 6-costatd, rubrd, spinosit, spinis lingulatis, latis ; costis interstitialibus 5, spinosis, spinis brevioribus ; intus albd, limbo lato profunde plicato, rubro : long. 54, alt. 5, lat. 3 poll. (spinis haud inclusis). Hab. ad Insulam Platam Columbiz Occidentalis, Found attached to coral rocks at the depth of seventeen fathoms. In old specimens the interior is of a brownish hue, especially at the hinge.—W. J. B. SronpyLus pusius. Spond. testd subrotundatd, croced, 6-costatd, 5 costis interstitialibus numerosis, spinis frequentibus, brevibus, sub- arcuatis ; intis alba, limbo latoxplicato croceo, plicis numerosis : long. 42, alt. 44, lat. 2% poll. (spinis inclusts) . Hab. in America Centrali. (Gulf of Tehuantepec). Oss, Varietas forsan Spond. Principis. Dredged up from ten fathoms attached to shells—W. J. B. SponpyLus LeucAcAnTHA. Spond. testd rotundatd, 6-costatd, spinosd, subcroced, spinis sublingulatis, subreflexis, longtoribus, albis ; interstitiis striatis ; costis interstitialibus 3 (medid maxima) spinosis, spinis brevioribus ; intus albd, limbo angusto pallidé subcroceo: long, 24, alt. 23, lat. 14 poll. (spinis haud inclusts). Hab. ad Insulam Platam. Oss. Spinis infra subcanaliculatis—W. J. B. SronDYLUS ACULEATUS. Spond, testé rotundatd, planiusculd, albd, spinis aculeatis, subrecurvis, frequentibus, gracilibus horridd : long. 1, alt. 1, lat. = poll. ( spinis haud inclusis). Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood’s Island.) Found attached to a piece of coral on the reefs.—W. J. B. Genus Triton. TRITON LIGNARIUS. rit. testa globoso-pyriformi longitudinali- ter subplicatd, transversim granuloso-striatd, flava striis satura~ tioribus ; columelld excavatd, aperture limbo luteo-sanguineo, den- tihus albis; labro lato, crasso; caudd mediocri subrecurvd; epi- dermide fuscd, reticulatd, ad labrum villosa : long. 14, lat. % ‘sol. Hab. ad Portum Protrero et Panamam. The elevated striz, especially the two middle ones of the body whorl, aie of a much darker colour than the ground of the shell, which is reddish yellow, here and there mottled with whitish on the longitudinal plaits, and on the ledge of the lip. The teeth of the outer lip are very large, and there is one very large one at the upper angle of the inner lip. The reticulated epedermzs is villous at the outer lip, and the villous edges mark the stages of growth in young specimens. Found in sandy mud at a depth of from seven to twelve fathoms.—W. J. B. TRITON constRictus. Trit, testd fusiformi, valde distortd, trans- versim noduloso-striatd, subcancellatd, subfulod ; spird elongata, attenuata; ‘canali brevissimd, subrecurvd; apertura coarctatd, limbo castaneo, granuloso, granulis albidis: long. 24, lat. 13 poll, Hab. ad Montem Christi et Xipixapi. Another species of those shells called grimaces, It differs ma- terially both from Trit. Anus and Trit. clathratus, is a heavier shell than the latter, and has a much longer spire and shorter canal than either of those species, while it wants the laminated border. that so remarkably surrounds the aperture of Trit. Anus, and is even more distorted. 9 b baie _ Mr. Cuming dredged it up from sandy mud from seven to ten fathoms below the surface —W. J. B. Triton TIGRINUS, Trit. testd fusiformi, levi, subcostatd, anfrac- 6 tibus subangulatis, hinc et hinc subnodosis, anfractu basal ven- tricoso, lato, et suturam juata carinato; spird elongatd, attenuata ; croceo-fuscd, varicibus et labri limbo externo, nigro vel castaneo maculatis ; aperturd expansd, auranitacd, strigts et maculis nigro- castaneis pictd; epidermide fuscd, subfoliaced: long. 6%, lat. 4 oll. Hub. in America Centrali. (Guacomayo.) This fine shell bears some distant resemblance to Trit. femoralis, ‘and there was a specimen in the Tankerville collection marked No. 1718. a. in the Catalogue as a variety of that species in these terms: ‘« Var. notabilis, latissima, apertura expansa.” This resemblance is greater in dwarfs than in well-grown individuals, but the length and shape of the spire, the comparative smoothness, the breadth of the ventricose body-whorl, the expanded aperture with its rich orange mouth, variegated towards the border of the outer lip with dark chestnut stripes in pairs, and the shortness of the canal, indicate that Trit. tigrinus is very distinct from Trit,femoralis ; and Mr. Sowerby, who drew up the Tankerville Catalogue, is now of that opiuion. The throat or internal part of the aperture is of a blueish white, and, as in the rest of the species, the outer lip, and, consequently, the va- rices, acquire a greater thickness as the shell advances in age. The epidermis is particularly foliaceous upon the varices and edge of the cuter lip. Mr. Cuming dredged up this species at Guacomayo from a bot- tom of sandy mud at the depth of eleven fathoms,—W. J. B. Triton ruvis. Trit. testd ovato-fusiformi, fulvd, transversim lineatd, longitudinaliter unduloso-nodosd ; aperturd alba, labro intus denticulato ; epidermide fuscd, rugosd: long. 1%, lat. 1% oll. Hab. ad Pervviam. (Iquiqui.) The aperture of this shell has the appearance of white porcelain, and the internal denticles, placed about the eighth of an inch from the margin of the lip, are ranged ina line. There are a few obscure plaits towards the bottom of the pillar, and the canal is open, very short, and somewhat recurved. ‘This species approaches Buccinum very closely. Found in mud and sand at a depth. of from six to ten fathoms, and in coarse gravel at the depth of nine fathoms.—W. J. B. Triton tineatus. Trit. testd sub-fusiformi, undulato-nodulosd, subcancellatd, pallidé flava lineis transversis crenulatis, fusco- castaneis, frequentibus vittatd; anfractibus subventricosis, vari- cibus crassis; aperture ovate one albo, denticulato, fauce atro-purpured: long. 2%, lat. 13 poll Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. In young shells the rich dark purple of the throat, with its denti- culated white border, is absent, but in these the varices are thick and large. Ina young shell of this species I found the remains of a very beautiful Pagurus, which is new to me. The legs, two of which are the only visible remnants, are of a brownish black, and the feet are tipped with red. The body whorl of Trit. lineatas (in- - 7 cluding the canal which is moderate,) is twice the length of the spire, and much more ventricose than the other whorls. Found in coral sand, in six fathoms.—W. J, B. Triron cissosus. Trit. testd sub-fusiformi, subfulod vel sub- fused, subnodulosd, transversim creberrimé lineata ; anfractibus subtrigonis ; aperturd subrotundd, albd, labri expanse radiate margine interno dentato + long. 14, lat. 44 poll. Hab, ad Panamam et ad Montem Christi, This shell approaches Tit. lineatus, but differs from it in many oints. . Found in coarse sand at the depth of seven fathoms.—W. J. B. TriTon sCALARIFoRMIS. Trit. testa fustformi, sordidé albd, sub- cancellatd, lineis transversis elevalis, crassiusculis, crenulatis, cre- bris vittatd; labri limbo subfimbriato ; canali brevi, subrecurvd : long. 2, lat. 4 poll. Had. in sinu Montijano. This elaborately wrought species has the varices, in well-grown specimens, placed with a regularity that almost entitles it to a situ- ation among the Ranelle. 1t was found in coarse sand at the depth ‘of ten fathoms.—W. J. B. Trrron convoLutus. Trit.testd fusiformi, spird e'ongatd, albidd, lineis elevatis, subacutis, creberrimis ‘oittatd ; labri margine cre- nulato: long. 14, lat. + poll, Mus. Sowerby. This species approaches Trit. scalariformis, but differs maserially fromit. The lines which gird Trit. convolutus are much finer, much more frequent than those of Trit. scalariformis, and are without the crenulations that distinguish the coarser ridges of the latter. There ate also other points of difference, and the varices are irregular and not arranged in a nearly lateral direction as they are in the last- mentioned species. Mr. Sowerby, who sent me this shell, does not know its locality. —W. J. B. Genus TURBINELLA. TURBINELLA TUBERCULATA. Turb. testd fusiformi-turritd, trans- versim tuberculato-costatd, et insterstitialiter striatd, anfracti- bus angulatis, angults noduliferis, albidd costis nodulisque nigro- a 3 apertura albd, columella 3—-plicatd : long.1%, lat. 1 oll. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. Found under stones. This shell, in its general appearance, approaches some of the Pleurotomata, which have a short canal.—W. J. B. “Tursrne.va armata. Turb. testd fusiformi, transversim striatd, ‘tuberculis spinisque fortibus muricatd, griseo castaneoque fasciatd ‘et maculatd ; aperturd albd ; columella 6—7-plicatd, labro sinuato, intus striato et dentato, dentibus castaneis : long. 2¢, lat. 1% poll, 8 Hab; ad tnsulam Elizabe he. The tubercles and strong spines are disposed in transverse series. The angle of the body whorl is coronated with spines, and then fol- lows, after an interstitial transversely striated space, a band of large tubercles; this is followed by an intermediate space transversely ribbed and striated, and towards the base is an elevated transverse ridge, armed with stout but rather blunt spines; the other whorls have one row of spines only, and no tubercles. Found on the coral reef.—W. J. B. TuRBINELLA Czastus. Turb. testd subrhomboided, crassissimd, ponderosissimd, albd, anfractu basali longitudinaliter subplicato, angulato et transversim sulcato, angulo tuberculis conico acutis, maaimis, armato, sulcis maximis ; cingulis basalibus tuberculatis, penultimo maximo ; columella quadriplicata ; labro sinuato ; epi- dermide crassd, longitudinaliter striatd ; umbilico magno : long. 3, lat. 31 poll. Hab. ad Caraccas. This species approaches nearest to Turb. pugillaris, but the dif- ference of shape, the extreme thickness and weight of the shell, the smaller number but increased size of the furrows, the immense bulk of the conical tubercles, the reduced number of the plaits on the pillar, and the enlarged umbilicus, point it out as distinct,—to say nothing of the epidermis, which is much thicker and coarser, and not unlike that of Pyrula patula, nobis. Turb. Cestus varies much in size, but not in character. It was found in soft mud among the rocks of the bay.—W. J, B. Genus PcrpurRA. Purpura XAnrHostoma, Purp. testd ovato-acutd, ventricosd, tuberculiferd, longitudinaliter subplicatd, transversim costatd et interstitialiter striatd, anfractibus angulatis ; aperturd flavd, ni- tente; labro inttis substriato et denticulato, striis distantibus, den- tibus intermedits ; long. 32, lat. 2 poll. Hab. ad Valparaiso. The angulated body-whorl, which is nearly thrice as long as the spire, is crowned by waved tubercles. The aperture is ofa shining yellow, and the denticles, which are whitish, are generally placed in pairs between the internal stri@ of the outer lip. _ Dredged up from gravel and sand at a depth of from seven to twenty-five fathoms.—W. J. B. A paper was read by Dr. Grant, “ On the Nervous System of Beroé Pileus, Lam., and on the Structure of its cz/za.” Dr. Grant having obtained, in September last, on the coast of Sheppey, a specimen of this animal, examined it with great care; and from this examination he describes it in detail as regards its external form, its alimentary canal, its ovaries, and its two lengthened fenta- cula, which latter organs distinguish it from the group comprehend- ing Beroé ovatus ; and mark it as the type of a genus designated by Péron Eucharis, and by Dr. Fleming Pleurobrachia. 9 At a short distance above the mouth a double transverse filament, resembling in colour the abdominal nerves of Pectznaria, surrounds the body: it swells out in each space intervening between the bands of cilia into a ganglion ; and from each of these ganglza there pass on each side two nerves to the adjoining band, while a larger filament proceeds upwards to beyond the middle of the body, having two or three smaller ganglionic enlargements, from whicly filaments are detached to the viscera. The whole of this system is seated near the surface of the body. In the circular disposition of the central filaments and ganglia, and in the regular radiation of nerves from that centre, it resembles the nervous system of Holothuria and Asterias among the Echinodermata. The comparatively large size of the cilia on the Beroé Piicus, enabled Dr. Grant to observe their structure more satisfactorily than in the microscopic animals on which they have previously been particularly noticed. In the latter they appear like flat tapering filaments prolonged from the homogeneous cellular tissue of the body to which they are attached. But in the Beroé it is evident that they are not single fibres, but consist of several straight, short, trans- parent filaments placed parallel to each other in a single row, and connected together by the skin of the animal, like the rays support- ing the fin of afish. These fins are of the same breadth with the band to which they are attached, and extend from the mouth to the anus, there being about forty on each band. Under a lens the pa- railel fibres appear like transparent tubes, sometimes a little de- tached from each other at their extremities, by injury done to the ‘connecting membrane, and at these parts the isolated spines pro- ject stiffly outwards. When the ciliu are in active vibration, there isobserved along the middle of each band to which they are attached, a motion like the continued undulations of a fluid. Connecting this with the analogy which may be deduced from the motion pro- duced in the tubular feet of Asterias and Echinus by the entrance and exit of water sent into them by vessels destined for that office, it seems highly probable that the motions of the czza of Beroé are intimately connected with the streams passing along the bands, and ‘that hence an explanation may be obtained of one of the most re- markable phenomena of animal motion, which is at the same time one of the most frequent oceurrence among the less highly or- ganized of animated beings. Dr. Grant's paper will be published entire, with a figure of the animal, in the Society’s Transactions. Mr. Yarrell detailed some observations on the changes of plumage ‘in Birds; which he illustrated by Notes on several species in the Society’s Gardens made by James Hunt, one of the Keepers. In his observations Mr. Yarrell pointed out three modes by which changes in the appearance of the plumage of birds are produced : 1, By the feather itself becoming altered in colour. 2. By the bird’s obtaining a certain portion of new feathers without shedding any of the old ones. 38, By an entire or partial moult, in which 10 the old feathers are thrown off, and new ones produced in their places. The first two of these modes of change are observed gene- rally in the spring, indicating the approach of the breeding season ; the third is usually partial in the spring, and entire in the autumn. The Keeper's notes furnish some remarkable instances of change of plumage, observed by him on birds in the Society’s Menagerie: —on the Ruff, Tringa pugnaz, Linn., in which the spring moult is partial, and in which the ruff produced round the neck of the male preparatory to the breeding season is found to differ in colour in successive years; that of an individual which had it black in 1832 having been ash-coloured in 1831:—on the Mandarin Duck, Anas galericulata, Linn., which moults entirely in the spring, and under- goes a partial moult in the autumn, to assume his breeding plumage : —on the Summer Duck, Dendronessa sponsa, Swains.,which resembles the preceding in its moult:—on the Cormorant, Carbo Cormoranus, Meyer, which acquires in the spring white feathers on the head and neck, and on the thighs, without parting with any of its old feathers: —on the immature Herring Gull and lesser black-backed Gull, Lari argentatus and fuscus, Brunn., which during two years have been undergoing a continued change of colour in their feathers, inde- pendent of moulting, which does not appear to influence the change of colour:—and on thelaughing Gull, Larus ridibundus, Linn., in which the feathers of the head change in the spring from white to black, the colour alone being changed without a feather being shed, and the change being effected in four or five days ; in the autumn the black feathers are moulted, and are replaced by white ones. Mr. Yarrell stated his intention of entering more fully into the explanation of the laws which regulate the changes of plumage in Birds, in a paper which he is preparing to lay before an early meet- ing of the Society. ; A Note by James Hunt, one of the Society’s Keepers, was read. It related to the breeding ofthe Passenger Pigeon, Ectopistes migra- torius, Swains., in the Society’s Menagerie. «A pair of these birds began to build their nest on the 25th of April, 1832, having been three or four days in selecting a proper place in a fir-tree in the inclosure appropriated at the Gardens to the Pigeons. The female was the nest-builder. The male bird performed the most laborious part of the work: he collected and conveyed to the spot all the materials, principally sticks and straw, of which the nest was composed. He alighted on the back of the female with each fresh supply, so as not to disarrange any part of the nest which she had formed. They began their task in the morning, and completed it the same evening. One egg was laid on the morning of the 26th, and the female commenced sitting imme- diately. A young bird was hatched in sixteen days. The male re- lieved the female during the period of incubation.” Another instance of the breeding in this country of the Pas. senger Pigeon occurred nearly at the same time in the Menagerie of the President. 1] January 22, 1833. William Yarrell, Esq. in the Chair. A letter was read, addressed to Charles Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S.,as President of the Mauritius Natural History Society, by M. Goudot. It is dated at Tamatave (in the island of Mada- gascar), April 20, 1832, and contains an account of a remarkable phenomenon, connected with a tree of the genus Morus, which is not uncommon inthe vicinity of that place. From the branches of this tree, which are covered with a thick coriaceous foliage, there is seen to fall, more especially towards mid-day, and under the influ- ence of a burning and almost vertical sun, a copious and refreshing supply of limpid dew, or rather rain. On ascending the tree an explanation of this singular property is at once obtained. Around the vigorous shoots, loaded with leaves, and particularly at their ramifications, are found large clusters of Jarve, covered by a whitish froth, in constant agitation, and pressing eagerly upon each other in their attempts to apply themselves to the surface of the bark, from which they extract the sap in such quantity as to maintain their bodies in a state of saturated humidity. This sap is afterwards poured out, either through particular organs scattered over the surface of the body, or by means of the common excretory ducts, and forms drops of small size, which are gradually collected into Jarger drops, and appear to M. Goudot to escape from the bodies of the lJarve with a rapidity proportioned to the action of the solar rays. The activity of the /arve is, in fact, increased in a corre- sponding degree with the increase in the atmospheric temperature. Towards evening, and when the influence of the solar rays is sen- sibly diminished, the production of the fluid, thus singularly se- creted, is partially suspended, and the drops fall slowly ; as night advances, a few rare and tardy drops are heard at distant intervals ; until at last they altogether cease, to be again renewed with the first rays of the morning sun. When fifty or a hundred such clusters of larve are placed, as often happens, on the same tree, it may well be imagined that the secretion may become sufficiently copious to as- sume the appearance of actual rain. Some idea of the rapidity with which it falls may be obtained from the mode in'which M.Goudot collected a bottleful for transmission to the Natural History Society of the Mauritius. He states that in the beginning of February, he placed under one of the trees in question a vessel capable of holding about a litre (nearly equal to an English quart). The mass of larve selected as purveyors consisted of from ‘sixty to seventy individuals, about half grown; and the sun being ‘powerful, the drops were very large, and fell in quick succession. ‘He estimates that, setting aside the loss by evaporation, and by the animals which drank from the vessel, he could have filled the bottle 12 in an hour and a half. The limpid character of the water encoura- ging the belief that it was free from any pernicious qualities, M. Goudot tasted it, and found no unpleasant flavour: he also gave it to some fowls, without producing any inconvenience, When ex- posed to the air, however, it speedily loses its transparency, and assumes a lemon-coloured tinge. The insect by whose larva the fluid is secreted, is described at length by M. Goudot as a species of the genus Cercopis of Latreille, and nearly related to the Cercopis spumaria ( Cicada, Linn.) of Eu- rope; which latter recalls in miniature what takes place in the large Madagascar larva, secreting, like it, large quantities of white froth, and suspending itself, with its foamy mantle, from the blades of grass on which it feeds, It appears to be entirely new, andas M. Goudot had neglected to name it, Mr. Bennett stated that he embraced with pleasure the opportunity of dedicating it to its discoverer, under the name of Aphrophora Goudoti, the former name having been generi- cally applied by M. Germar to that subdivision of Latreille’s genus Cercopis, to which the insect in questionbelongs, He characterized it as follows: ApuropHora Goupoti. Aph. nigra; thorace flavescenti, punctis 4 nigris anticis transversim positis, duobus intermediis impressis ; capile scutelloque flavis, hoc punctis 4 (2—2). Long. corp. 1 unc. 1 lin. The size above given is that of the specimens communicated to the Society by Mr. Telfair ; but M. Goudot states that the insect attains a length of 36 millimetres, which is little short of an inch and ahalf. He adds, that even after having attained its perfect state it remains upon the tree, fixed to the small branches, but in astate of isolation : and that, having observed several individuals in this con- dition, he perceived that they continued to emit, from time to time, minute drops of clear and limpid water. He describes the /arva as being about 30 millimetres in length at its full period of growth, its colours consisting of an irregular mixture of dull grey, yellowish and black. The legs are entirely black, and the claws which termi- nate the tarsz very strong. It emits a disagreeable scent, Mr, Bennett called the attention of the Society to a stuffed spe- _cimen of an Antelope, from the southern part of the peninsula of India, which had been presented to the Society several months since by Charles Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S. He remarked, that notwithstanding some discrepancies between the specimen ex- hibited and the description published by Pallas, he was disposed to regard it as the young of the Indian Antelope, Antilope Cervicapra, Pall, Its general colour is pale fawn, and it has a paler streak on each side, passing from the shoulders to the haunches ; characters by which, as well as by the form of its horns, the pale circle sur- rounding the eyes, and the white patch under the tail, it agrees with the young of the Indian Antelope: but it differs by the fawn colour -extending down the sides to the under parts of the body, which are 13 merely of a lighter shade than the upper, and are not pure white ; and by the length of the ears, which does not exceed 4 inches, while in no specimen of the Indian Antelope possessed by the Society, is the length of these organs less than 5 inches. The latter circum- stance is so remarkable, as to suggest the necessity of further in- quiries into the history of the race from which this individual was derived. Its age may be conjectured from the size of its horns, which have made two nearly complete turns, and are surrounded by eighteen rings. Specimens were exhibited of the adult male of the lineated Phea- sant, Phasianus lineatus, Lath., and of two immature birds of the same species: for the whole of these the Society is indebted to George Swinton, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S. The immature birds died on their passage to this country; the adult skin was obtained from the Tennasserim coast. At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould made some observa- tions on these specimens. ‘The adult bird differs in some particulars from the description published by Dr. Latham. “Its total length is 2 feet Sinches; the length of the wings, from the shoulder to the end of the longest feather, 9 inches; of the beak, from the gape to the tip, |Zinch; of the tarsus, $i inches; and of the tail, 1 foot 2 inches. *« The beak is strong, and considerably arched ; the naked space round the eye bright red, and covered with numerous papill@; the head crested with long giossy blue-black feathers ; the back of the neck, and whole of the upper surface, delicate grey, very nume- rously barred with fine zigzag lines of black, which are broader on the quill feathers ; the throat, breast, and belly, black; the sides of the breast and flanks having white lanceolate feathers with black edges ; the tail, of eighteen feathers, very much graduated, and arched, as in the Silver Pheasant, Phasianus Nycthemerus, Linn., the outer edge of the two centre feathers, and the tips of the two next, being white ; the remainder are alternately marked with irregular lines of black and white, the black predominating ; and the legs strong, of a reddish flesh colour, furnished with conical sharp spurs, Pe The two immature birds are alike in colouring, and appear to be male and female. They differ very materially from the adult, and very much resemble the female or the young male of the Silver Pheasant. They are about 18 inches in length; wing, 84 inches; tarsus, 22; beak, 14; tail, 10. The head is crested with feathers nearly 2 inches long, of a reddish brown, obscurely marked with mi- nute zigzag lines of black; the naked skin round the eye is not so much developed as in the adult male ; the neck, throat, breast, and under parts are brown, each feather having a lancet-shaped mark of white; the whole of the back and shoulders brown, minutely sprinkled with a darker colour; the quill-feathers brown, having the outer edges barred with yellowish white; the secondaries brown, with oblique, irregular, and narrow lines of a lighter colour; the i4 tail irregularly barred, and dotted with rich brown and yellowish white ; the legs aud feet reddish brown.” Dr. Grant exhibited numerous specimens of Janthina vulgaris, Lam., and of Velella limbosa, Lam., both animals of rare occurrence on the English coast, and chiefly met with floating in tropical or warmer seas. They were obtained by him at the beginning of Sep- tember last, in Whitsand Bay, close to the point of the Land’s End, Cornwall, where they were thrown in great numbers on the sands, after a storm, of three days’ continuance, from the north-west : they must consequently have been floating, before they were directed to the coast by the storm, in latitudes at least as high as that in which they were found. Dr. Grant regards it as probable that neither of these animals is capable of discharging at will the gaseous fluid by which they are supported on the surface of the sea; otherwise in such a violent and continued tempest as that which stranded them, they would have emptied their vesicles, and have sunk to the stiller bot- tom. Ie suspects alsothat Physalia is equally incapable of emptying its air-bag, In the Velellz of our coast, Dr. Grant remarked, as in those of tropical seas, the perpendicular crest crosses obliquely the horizontal disc of the base; in both, the margin of the mantle, destitute of ten - tacula, hangs free over the circumference of the disc; in both, the outer ranges of tentacula are long and filiform, and the inner ranges of tentacula, immediately surrounding the mouth, are short, thick, tubular, and much resembling the fleshy tubular feet of ichinoder- mata; and in both, the mouth forms a projecting fleshy tube in the centre of the base of the body. The tubular mouth in the centre, much resembling in form the short tubular feet around it, leads to an oval stomach, occupying a concavity in the middle of the lower surface of the thick basilar plate. But in the Indian Velella the perpendicular crest is proportionally very strong and thick, and pre- sents a beautifully serrated margin, and that margin takes a zigzag course, which he has not observed in our specimens, and which must add much to its effects in decomposing the sun-beams, while swim- ming on the calm surface of tropical seas. The specimens of Velella cast on the shore of Cornwall were gene- rally much injured, and many of tlem had lost all their fleshy sub- stance. Nearly a hundred of them were collected, and were exhibited to the Society. On lifting them, the deep blue matter of their sur- face came easily off, and tinged the fingers, like the yellow matter of decaying Asterie, or the colouring matter of the surface of almost all the Echinodermata, when their vitality has ceased. The Velella probably feeds on the myriads of microscopic Crustacea, which abound in every part of the sea; and the Janthina, a predaceous Gasteropod thus accompanying the Velella, may prey upon it, and acquire from it the blue colouring matter of its shell. February 12, 1833. William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. A letter from M., Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, For. Memb. Z.S., was read, consisting of reflections on the communication respecting the Ornithorhynchus, made by Dr, Weatherhead to the Committee of Science and Correspondence, on September 11, 1832, and published in the Proceedings, Part II. p. 145. With this communication M. Geoffroy-Saint- Hilaire was only partially acquainted, by the extracts from it given by Mr, Owen (with some observations upon them, ) as an Appendix to his Paper onthe Mammary Glands of the Ornitho- rhynchus paradoxus, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1832: he requests to have a literal copy of the communication. He recalls attention to the history of our knowledge of the sexual organs of Ornithorhynchus; refers to M. Meckel’s discovery of a gland, situated under the integuments of the abdomen of the female, and considered by him as mammary, and to his own subsequent ob- servations on this subject, in which these glands are regarded as analogous to the structure that surrounds the true mammary glands of the Shrews ; and hints at the probability that M. Meckel may not, in 1833, entertain the same ideas which he expressed in 1826. M. Geoffroy-Saint- Hilaire repeats some of the most striking pecu- liarities of the organs of reproduction: 1, the existence of a uterus and vagina in a state of atrophy, which he has repeatedly represented under the name of a little indistinct organ, the utero-vaginal canal ; 2, the non-continuity of the urinary bladder to the ureters; 3, the interposition, when in action, of the genital organ between the folds, &c.; and, referring to his published accounts of the sexual anomaly in all its details, reproduces the conclusion to which he has been led by his observation of these parts. The organization, he finds, is that of a Reptile; now, such as the organ is, such must be its func- tion; the sexual apparatus of an oviparous animal can produce no- thing but an egg. The statement that a milky fluid has been observed is one which especially attracts M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire’s attention: he is anxious to know the details of this observation. Supposing it esta- blished, rather than believe in a secretion of real milk from long cellular ceca, of which Meckel’s gland is composed, (whereas, he states, it can be secreted only from lactiferous ganglia,) he would be disposed to think that this gland might secrete carbonate of soda {lime ?], the earthy matter of which egg-shells are composed. This would be extraordinary, he admits ; but what is there about the or- ganization of the Monotremata that is not extraordinary, or, in other words, different from what we find in the Mammalia? This addi- tional anomaly seems to lead to its necessary consequence, he re- marks, and an hypothesis which suggests the necessity of further 16 examination is far better, in his opinion, than an assimilation to nor- mality, founded on strained and mistaken relations, which invites in- dolence to believe and slumber. M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire concludes by repeating his request for a literal copy of the whole of the letter addressed by Lieut. the Honourable Lauderdale Maule to Dr. Weatherhead. If the facts contained in it, he remarks, should make him change his opinion, so much the better: he would rather be put right, than indulged in any views formed @ priori,; in this way he learns more; and it is to him always more gratifying to get rid of an error in science than to introduce into it an additional observation. The Vice-Secretary stated, that the request of M. Geoffroy-Saint- Hilaire for a copy of the letter in question had been complied with. He also referred to the Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence, Part II, p. 179, for an account of the glands discovered in Echidna by Mr. Owen, who, in his observations there published, briefly adduces several reasons why little difficulty should be experienced in the consideration of the Monotremata as oviparous or ovoviviparous, and at the same time as mammiferous animals. A letter was read from William Willshire, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., H.M.’s Vice-Consul at Mogadore, giving an account of a Reptile, known by the Arabs under the name of el Dub. _A living specimen of the animal, presented to the Society by Mr. Willshire, accompanied the ietter. It is the Uromastyx acanthinurus, de- scribed and figured by Mr. Bell in the first volume of the ‘Zoological Journal,’ from specimens brought from Fezzan by Capt. Lyon. The Dub is noticed by Marmol, Capt. Lyon, and other travellers; but the precise species to which the reptile so named was referrible had not, previously to the arrival of Mr, Willshire’s specimen, been sa- tisfactorily ascertained. A note from Col. Hallam was read, accompanying drawings of the Mango-fish, Polynemus paradiseus, Linn.; and of two indi- viduals of a race of pigs with only two legs, the hinder extremities being entirely wanting. The latter, Col. Hallam states, were ob- served “at a town on the coast in the Tanjore country, in the year 1795: they were from a father and mother of a similar make, and the pigs bred from them were the same.” The exhibition was resumed of the collection of Shells formed by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America, and among the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. The new species brought on the present evening under the notice of the Society were accom- panied by characters by Mr. G, B. Sowerby. Genus Byssoarca, Swains. Byssoarca Lirnepomus. Byss. testd elongatd, cuneiformi, sub- cylindraced, (utplurimum erosd,) concinne decussato-striatd ; latere antico breviore, oblique truncato, postico elongato, declivi, rotundato-acuminato ; ared ligamenti profundd, ligamento an- 17. tice in angulum obtusum desinente; emdermide denticulaid, ad angulum anticum subfoliaced, consprcud +, long. 3°5, lat. 0°9, alt. 1+ poll. ° Habe ad Montem. Christi. a » Found in holes in stones, pierced by Pholades? at low water. “This is a'very remarkable species, decidedly appertaining to Mr. Swainson’s genus Byssoarca. Its hinge line is entirely posterior, very straight, and the teeth are very numerous, very small, and much interrupted.—G, B.S. " - Byssoanca pactrica, Byss. testd oblongd, pallidd, brunneo varie strigatd ; radiatim costatd ; medio coarctato, ‘costis minoribus ; umbonibus remotissimis ; latere antico breviore, superné acumi- ‘ nato, costis plerumque majoribus, rugosis, margine ventrali de-~ clivi ; latere postico maximo, posticé emarginato, carind obtusa ex umbone ad marginem ventralem decurrente ; ared ligamenti maximd, marginibus latis ; margine ventrali hiatu byssi magno : long. 4°, lat. 2°5, alt, 2°3 poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. : | Found on rocky ground, in from six to eighteen fathoms, adhering to each other in large bunches.—G. B. S. | _ Byssoakca ALTERNATA, Byss. testéoblongd, subcylindraced, pal- lide brunned, radiatim striatd, anticé posticeque profunde sul- cataé ; latere antico brevissimo, superné obtuse angulato, infra rotundato ; postico elongato, costis duabus validis ex umbone ad marginem veniralem posticam decurrentibus, costis posticis validis rugosis; dentibus marginalibus posticis alternantibus ; ared liga- __menti angustd, antice latiore : long. 1-4, lat. 0-7, alt. 0-6 poll... * Hab. in Columbia Occidentali. inate Dy + Spm ~ Found attached to stones, on a rocky bottom, in twelve fathoms. —G. B.S. “ ) ¥ ByssoARCA MACULATA, » Byss: testd oblongd, subrhomboided; 0b - bon laqua, decussatim striatd, pallida ; ared\ posticd fusco-maculata ; latere antico parvo, superne angulato, latere postico-longiore; su- perne angulato, carind validd ex umbone ad marginem inferam et \posticam decurrente ; ared ligamenti latd ;\ umbonibus incurvis : > long. 1°35, lat. 0°75, alt. 0-8 poll. * Hab. ad insulas Oceani Pacifici. - Found attached to Mother-of-pearl Shells at Lord. Hood’s Island. A thin pale-coloured epidermis covers the shell, which is ‘conspi- cuous on the edge of the posterior ridge, where it forms lengthened plumose seta.—G. B. 8S. ork A . ByssoaRcA MUTABILIS, ‘Byss.testd oblongd, pallid? fuscd, decus- ~~ satim striata; latere’antico plerumque breviore, nonnunquam subequali, superné angulato, ‘subtis rotundato ; postico longius- \ culo, superné angulato, carind ex umbone ad marginem inferam et posticam decurrente ; ared posticd suleis majoribus decussatis : long. 1:9, lat, 1:1, alt. 0-9 poll. B 18) Hab. in Columbia Occidentali. . Found under’ stones at the Isle of Plata.—G. B.S. . Byssoarca Divaricata. Byss, testd oblonga, allicante, longitu- dinaliter sulcatd et radiatim decussata ; latere antico superne subangulato, postico carind ex umbone ad marginem ventralem .» posticam decurrente spiniferd, sulcis divaricatis, eleganter decus- . satis conspicuo; ared ligamenti angusta: long. 1°, lat. 0-5, alt. 0°55 poll. . Hab. ad \ittora insularum Maris Pacifici. (Annaa or Chain Island.) Found attached to stones.—G. B. S. Byssoarca pEcussATA. Byss. testd oblongd, albd, decussatim striatd, epidermide squamoso-setosd indutd ; latere antico breviore, superné subangulato ; postico superne rotundato-angulato, infra rotun- dato ; margine ventral rectiusculd ; ared ligament? angustd - long. 2°, lat. 1°, alt. 1°2 poll. Hab. ad littora insularum Oceani Pacifici. Found attached to Mother-of-pearl Shells at Lord Hood's and Chain Islands.—G. B.S. Byssoarca ILLoTA. Byss. testd ovatd, albd,' radiatim costatd, costis numerosis, decussatis; epidermide fuscd, foliaced induta ; lutere antico breviore, rotundato, postico declivi ; area ligamenti angustd, brevi: long. 1*5, lat.0°75, alt. 1° poll. . Hab.in America Centrali. . Found under stones in the Gulf of Nocoiyo.—G, B. S. BySsOARCA VELATA, Byss. testd ovata, compressiusculd, radiatim costatd et decussatd ; dorso biangulato ; epidermide fusca, squa- mosd, squamis acuminatis ; ared ligamenti angustd: long. 3-1, lat. 1°8, alt. 1° poll. Hab. ad littora insularum Oceani Pacifici. Found attached to Mother-of-pearl Shells at Lord Hood’s and Chain Islands. One specimen is 6 inches long.—G. B.S. ByssoaRca soLipa. Byss. testd ovato-quadratd, crassa, solidd, aquilaterali, radiatim striatd,, minutissime decussatd ; latere an- tico rotundato, postico superné obtuse angulato, obsolete carinato ; ared ligamenti elongatd, ligamento rhomboideo, centrali: long. 0:6, lat. 0:5, alt. 0-4 poll. - Hab. ad Paytam, Peruvie. “Wound under stones.—G. B.S. ByssOARCA) PUSILLA. . Byss, testd ovato-subrhomboidali, albidd, decussatd ; latere antico breviore, rotundato, postico longiore, de- clivt ;.margine dorsali posticd angulatd ; area ligaments angustd; ligamento brevi, ad posticam arece partem solim adjuncto ; carind abtusd ex umbone ad marginem posticam inferiorem decurrente : long. 0°45, lat, 0°2, alt. 0°25 poll. 19 . Hab, ad Iquiqui, Peruviz. Found attached to stones at low water.—G. B. S. ByssoaARcA TRUNCATA. Byss. testd oblongd, naviculiformi, Suscd, parte mediand anticdque radiatim striatis, striis granosis ; caring obtusd ex umbone ad marginem posticam inferiorem decur- rente ; parte posticd rudiatim costatd, costis interstitiisque ob- tusis, rugosis ; latere antico brevissimo, superné angulato, infra rotundato, postico elongato, abrupté truncato ; ared ligamenti elongatd, latd, ligamento quadrangulari, prope anticam aree partem soliim adjuncto : long. 2°3, lat.1+1, alt. 1:2 poll. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos, saxis adherens. This species has also been found at Lord Hood’s Island attached to Mother-of-pearl Shells.—G. B. S. ByssoARCA LURIDA. Byss. testd ovato-oblongd, decussato-striatd, castaned, epidermide fusca fimbriato-lacerd indutd ; latere antico rotundato, postico obliqué truncato; margine dorsali postic? an- gulatd, ventrali postice rotundato-angulatd: long. 1°5, lat.0°75, alt.0°8 poll. Hab. ad Sanctam. Elenam. Found attached to stones, at a depth of twelve fathoms, in rocky ground. ; This species varies in its proportions.—G. B.S, Byssoarca PARVA. Byss. tesid oblongd, parvd, pulcherrim? de- cussato-striatd, castaned ; latere antico brevi, rotundato, postico elongato.; ared ligamenti breviusculd, angustd: long. 0°83, lat. 0°35, alt. 0'4 poll. Hab. ad littora insularum Oceani Pacifici. ‘Found in coral rock, and attached to Mother-of pearl Shells, at Ducie’s Island.—G. B.S. Genus ARCA. § Aquivalves. ARCA TUBERCULOSA. Arcatestd ovalt, turgidd, obliqud, subauritdé, radiatim costatd, costis numerosis, sparsim tuberculiferis, antic? presertim ; umbonibus proximis ; ared ligamentiferd angustd ; latere antico breviore: long. 2°8, alt. 2:2, lat. 2‘) poll. . Hab. ad Real Llejos. . Found at low water at the roots of the Mangrove trees. : The shell is covered, except the wmbones, with a thick dark-bra “n epidermis.—G. B. S. Arca Nux. Arca testd obliqud, turgidd, inequivalvi, radiatim cos- tatd; valve dextralis costis anticis graniferis, sinistralis costis om- nibus graniferis ; umbonibus distantibus, prominentibus ; epider- mide fuscd, corned, tenut, ad posticam costarum partem setigerd : long. 0°7, lat. 0°6, alt, 0°65 poll. B2 20 Hab. ad Xipixapi. Found in sandy mud at a depth of twelve fathoms,—G, B.S. ARCA REVERSA. Arca testd obliqud, turgidd, radiatim costatd, costis rugulosis ; latere postico longiore, rotundato, antico bre- viore, oblique truncato ; umbonibus approximatis ; ared ligamen- tiferd angustd, omnino posticd ; epidermide fuscd, crassd, harsutd : » dong. 1+15, lat..0°8, alt. 0'9 poll. Hab, in Peruvia. Found in soft mud, at a depth of seven fathoms, at Tumbez. Named by Mr. Gray from a specimen in Mr. Foy’s cabinet.— G. B.S. . ARCA CONCINNA. Arca testd oblongd, inequivalvi, albd, radiatim costatd, costis anticis rugulosis, interstitiis decussatis ; latere an- tico breviore, supern? angulato; latere postico pone angulum inconspicuum productiore ; ared ligamenti angustd, antic? utrin- que crenulatd ; legamento postico ; epidermide olivaced, ad sulcos anticé postictque spiniferd: long. 1:15, lat. 0'5, alt. 0-65 poll. Hab. in America Centrali. ; Found in coarse sand, at a depth of twelve fathoms, in the Gulf of Nocoiyo.—G, B. S. ARCA EMARGINATA. Arca testd oblongd, subcylindraced, inequi- valvi, alba, radiatim costatdé ; latere antico fs costis angus- tioribus, rugulosis ; latere postico elongato, costis latioribus, le- vibus ; margine posticd superiore emarginatd; ared ligamenti angustd ; epidermide fuscd, ad sulcos setosd: long. 1:6, lat, 0-7, alt. 0'8 poll. Hab. ad littora Maris Pacifici. . From Atacamas, Real Llejos, Xipixapi, Panama, and the Gulf of California.—G. B. S. 7 AkcA ForMosA. Arca testd oblongd, subcylindricd, albicante, ra- diatim costatd, epidermide fuscd squamoso-setosd obtectd; costis numerosis, planulatis, anterioribus duplicatis ; margine cardinali utrdque angulatd ; latere antico breviore; ared cardinali elongatd, -_ latiusculd: long. 4°6, lat. 2°3, alt. 2-3 poll. Hab.in America Centrali, (Gulf of Tehuantepec.) _ This very fine species of Arca most nearly resembles the Arca - Scapha, but is much longer in proportion to its breadth and height. It is covered, in the interstices of the ribs, with long, pointed scales, ~ which become longer bristly hairs at the posterior side.—G, B. S. ARCA AURICULATA. Arca testd oblongd, albd, radiatim costatd, epidermide fuscd squamoso-setosd obtectd ; margine cardinali utrdque, precipue postic?, auriculatd : long. 1-2, lat. 0-6, alt.0°65 poll. Hai, ad Sanctam Elenam. Found, at a depth of ten fathoms, ina muddy bottom.—G. B. S. 2] ARCA BIANGULATA. » Arca testd oblonga, vventricosd,, albd, ‘ra- » -diatim costatd, epidermide fuscd setosd indutd ; margine dorsali antic? acut?, postice obtuse angulatd 5 latere antico breviore, al- tiore, postico subacuminato, margine laterali declivi ; ared liga- menti elongatd, antic? latiore, pland: long. 2+, lat. 1°2, alt. 1°3 poll. mea 04 | Hab..ad littora Columbiz Occidentalis. (Atacamas.) A single specimen was dredged at a depth of seven fathoms.— G. B.S. Arca MuLvicostaTa. Arca testa ovato-rhombed, albd, radiatim \ _multicostatd, epidermide fuscd subvelutind indutd; latere antico superne angulato, subtus rotundato, postico superne, angulato ; margine laterali declivi; carind rotundatd ex umbone ad mar- ginem inferam posticam decurrente ; costis rotundatis, minu- tissime decussatis, anticis subgranosis; sulcis rotundatis ; ared ligamenti latiusculd: long. 2°8, lat. 2-1, alt. 2°4 poll. ‘Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. "Dredged from a depth of twelve fathoms in the Gulf of Tehuan- tepec.—G. B, S. §§ Inzequivalves. » * Arca oBesa. Arca testd ovatd, ventricosd, alba, radiatim costaid, epidermide fuscd squamosd obtectd ; costis numerosis, confertis, planulatis, levibus ; latere antico breviore, postico subangulato ; ~~ cardinali breviusculé, angustd : long. 1°55, lat. 1-1, alt. 1-1 po. po. 27100 ; ‘Rab. in Columbia Occidentali. ) A few specimens only were dredged, in seven fathoms, at Ataca- mas.—G. B.S. id - ° ' . ARCA LABIATA.. Arcatestd brevi, quadrato-globosd, albd, radiatim » costatd ; costis anticis, valve majoris precipue, rugulosis, posticis _ latioribus levibus, omnibus planulatis ;\ latere, antico breviore, rotundato, postico longiore, subangulato ; ared ligamenti latd, \ rhomboided ; epidermide| fused long. 1-2) lat..1+, alt, 1-1 poll. Hab. ad. Real Liejos et ad-Tumbez: y _. Dredged among) sandy mud at a depth of seven fathoms. The epidermis at the posterior edges of the ribs is setose.—G..B. 8.) Arca LAsIosa. Arca, testd brevi, quadrato-globosd, albicante, ra- _. diatim costatd, costis anticis, value majoris. precipue, granosis, posticis levibus ; latere antico breviore; superne angulato, infra rotundato ; postico longiore subangulato ;. ared higamenti an- .. gustd ; epidermide tenut, uscd: long. 1:45, lat. 0-9, alt. 1:15 pou. 4.3 at Hab, ad. Tumbez, Peruvie., A few specimens only were dredged, in soft mud, at a depth of seven fathoms.—G, B.S. ; ’, 22 ARCA QUADRILATERA. Arca testd quadrangulari, ventricosd, al- bicante, radiatim costatd, epidermtde olivaced indutd ; lateribus supern? angulatis, antico supra rotundato, postico infra obtuse angulato; costis rotundatis ; ared ligamenti angustd: long. 1°, lat. 0-7, alt, 0-85 poll. Hab. ad Real Llejos. Dredged in sandy mud at eight fathoms depth.—G. B. S. ARCA BREVIFRONS. rca testd oblongd, radiatim costatd, albd, epidermide fuscd, interstitiorum setosi, indutd; latere antico brevi, postico latiore, longiusculo ; margine dorsali postic? angu- latd ; costis planulatis ; ared ligamenti obsoletd: long. 1°25, lat. 06, alt. 0°75 poll. Hab. ad Tumbez, Peruviz. Dredged among soft mud at seven fathoms depth.—G. B.S. ARCA CARDIIFORMIS. Arca testd subovali, ventricosd, albidd, ra- diatim costatd, costis anticis rugulosis, ceteris levibus, interstitus valve majoris angustissimis, minoris latiusculis ; latere antico rotundato, postico subtus angulato; margine laterali declivi; ared ligamenti parvd, subaequali : long. 2", lat. 1°5, alt. 1°7 poll. Hab. in Sinu Californiensi. Found on the sands at San Blas. At first glance it has the ap- pearance of, and might easily be mistaken for, a common Cockle.— G. B.S. At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Martin read the following notes of his dissection of a slender Loris, Loris gracilis, Geoff., which had recently died at the Society’s Gardens. It was presented by Captain Faith. «“ The animal was a female, and its admeasurements were as follow : i «« Total length of the body, 83 inches; of the arm, 5 (the humerus measuring 2, the fore-arm 3 inches) ; of the inferior extremities, 54 inches (exclusive of the foot; the femur being 23, and the leg 3 inches long). “On laying open the abdomen, the liver, the stomach, a portion of spleen, and the convolutions of the small intestines were presented to view. The liver was tripartite ; the left lobe was single; the middle lobe divided into two portions, on the right of which, in a sulcus, on the under or convex side, was situated the gall-bladder ; and the right lobe was also divided, the lobulus Spigeli existing as usual. The spleen was of a dark colour, long aa narrow, being barely half an inch broad, but 2 inchesin length, and attached pretty closely to the convex portion of the cardium. The gall-bladder was oval, its duct entering half'an inch below the pylorus; the length of the duct was nearly half an inch, The pancreatic duct termi- nated with it, that gland being long and slender, running an inch and a half along the curve of the duodenum, to which, beginning at the pylorus, it was closely attached. 123 | 8 The stomach was simple, the cardiac portion haif an, inch be- -yond the entrance of the esophagus. The intestines were slender, -and exhibited very great difference of circumference between their -Jarge and» small portions.. The length of the small was 21 inches, of the large 8 inches. _ The distance from the cardiac to the pyloric opening, foliowing the smail curve of the stomach, was little more -than half an inch... The greater curve of the stomach measured 34 -inches, The cecum, of considerable size, extended 34 inches beyond -the entrance of the zleum. ; , * Thekidneys were large, and almost oval; the cortical substance being thin, but very distinct ; the right was situated somewhat the highest. The urinary ¢ubuli entered the pelvis of the kidney by -one large conical papilla. . The bladder was small, and oval, the ureters entering half-way between the fundus and the neck. “* Between the anus and the external parts of generation a distance of 3, or 4 lines intervened; the clitoris, projecting like a penis, de- pended from the inferior edge of the vagina, and at its extremity the urethra opened, the length of that canal;being an inch anda half; _the urethra passed down the clitoris, as in the penzs of the male, The ‘uterus|was very small-and bifid ; the vagina was 2 inches long, the urethra running attached to its surface. The bones of the pubes were ‘not in contact at the symphysis for nearly a quarter of an inch. “The chest was next opened. . ti va ‘«« The lungs had two lobes on the left, and threeon the right side, with a small posterior one on the posterior mediastinum. The heart _ itself presented nothing remarkable; its right cavities were, however, gorged with blood. nouns “The tongue, an inch and ahalf long, tapering and smcoth, exhi- bited three papille on its basal portion, disposed so as to form the three points of a triangle. | “ The epiglottis, arising from the root of the tongue, had its edges -curled forwards, so as to form three parts of a cylinder, the tip’or extremity being bifid. Beneath the epiglottis the rzma opened, rather ‘widely at its commencement, but narrowing to a mere slit. »- © The aorta gave off at its arch three branches, viz. the arteria énnominata, whence the right carotid and right subclavian sprung ; the left carotid; and the left subclavian. © With reference to the distribution of the arteries in the limbs of ‘slow-moving animals, as discovered by Sir A. Carlisle, the course of the subclavian: and of the femoral: arteries was examined, with a \view to observe the subdivisions noticed in the slow Lemur and the Sloth by that eminent anatomist. Both were injected with mercury, but the femoral most successfully. This latter artery, on leaving the aorta, subdivided into'a:number of tubes, running a parallel course in contact, intertwined together, and communicating freely with each other. This lengthened plexus of vessels, giving off the profunda in a single large trunk, was found to run the’ usual course down the thigh, the distinct/tubes uniting more and more into one, until it became popliteal, and then divided as usual into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.. During the:course of this congeries; 24 several véry small arteries were given off to the muscles ;—it is to be _ observed, that, divided as it is, this femoral plecus bore a great rela- tive proportion to the bulk of limb it was destined to serve. The sub- -clavian artery exhibited precisely the same character as the femo- ral. This plexus, as it passed over the first rib, sent off several minute arteries to the adjacent muscles, and entered the axilla, where it gave _ off similar radii, and continued its course, decreasing to the el- bow; but the injection not having well succeeded in this part, it was impossible to trace the character of its subdivisions. As was the case with the femoral pletus, the present bore a large relative volume to that of the limb: indeed, it strongly impressed the observer with the idea, that, however impeded by this arrangement of vessels, an un- usual quantity of blood would be habitually conveyed tothe ex- tremities.. This arterial structure may perhaps be more connected with tenacity of grasp, and endurance of muscular contraction, than with mere slowness of motion. The present animal, although on its first arrival very torpid and inanimate, was, when warmed before the fire and secluded from a direct light, very lively, and as active as its cage permitted, becoming, however, dull and inanimate the ‘moment it was removed from the influence of the exciting and — genial temperature. 0 © «The results of this dissection agree generally with those of Daubenton and Sir A, Carlisle, as regards the several particulars observed’ by them. . :1 The disease of which the animal died was peritonitis ; the peri- toneal membrane’ having a universal and deep blush of inflam. mation.” : The specimen of the Apteryx Australis, Shaw, which was figured in the ‘ Naturalist’s Miscellany,’ plates 1057 and 1058, was exhibited. This specimen, hitherto unique, forms part of the collection of the President, Lord Stanley, by whom it was purchased at the sale of Dr. Shaw’s effects. . Doubts having been expressed: by some conti- nental writers as to the existence of such a bird, it was communicated by His Lordship for exhibition; the materials with whichit was'stuffed having been previously removed from it by his directions, so as to per- mit of the skin being closely examined. Mr. Yarrell called the attention of the Meeting to its several parts jn detail, which he described fully, with reference to the illustration of a paper “‘ On the Apteryx Australis, Shaw.” He dwelt, particu- larly on the singular combination of characters presented. by this bird, which render it so remarkable and so highly interesting to the orni- thologist.. With the strong feet and claws of a Rasorial bird, it has tarsi'so short.:as to incapacitate it from running with speed, a move- ment apparently required as a compensation for the absence of the power of flight occasioned by its merely rudimentary wings. ‘The ab- sence of any tendency to palmation between the toes equally unfits it for progression in the water. Hence must result a peculiarity of habits, respecting which it'is much to be regretted that we are at present en- tirely without information. | Its long and’slender bill, resembling in 25 form that of an Jbis but somewhat more straight, is singular on ac- count of neither of the mandibles presenting any concavity on their inner or opposed surface, except close to the base: itis scarcely less extraordinary in the position of its nostrils, which are seated close to _ the apex, and through which a bristle may be passed freely along the whole length of the beak, 64 inches, to the head. ‘The position of the nostrils, the short ¢ars?, and the decidedly ra- sorial character of the toes and claws, indicate the necessity of its food being obtained on dry land; and Col. Sykes having found beetles, ‘grasshoppers, seeds, and vegetable fibres, in the stomachs of some of the Indian species of Ibis, Mr. Yarrell conjectures that the food of the Apteryz is probably similar. ~ “Mr. Yarrell concluéed by stating his impression that a second repre- ‘sentation of the bird might be acceptable to zoologists, the figures in the “ Naturalist’s Miscellany,” besides being but little known, being deficient in two or three particulars which he enumerated. «> Howe February 26, 1833. Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair. A specimen was exhibited of a Seal, presented to the Society by - Mr. Henry Reynolds. It was obtained by that gentleman from a native of New Holland, who stated that he brought it from the in- terior of the country adjoining the settlement of New South Wales. The marine habits of the animal (a species of Arctocephalus, and most probably the Otaria Peronii, Desm.) render this statement problema- tical. Should it be correct, it would seem to indicate the existence of salt water in large masses at a distance remote from the coast. A specimen was exhibited of the Carolina Cuckoo, Coccyzus Caroli- aensis, Bon., which was killed in the last autumn in the preserves of Lord Cawdor in Wales: it was communicated for exhibition by His Lordship. Two instances of the occurrence of a bird of the same species in Ireland have been recorded. Dr. Grant called the attention of the Society to a specimen of a Cephalopod, forming part of his own collection, which he exhibited in illustration of a paper ‘‘ On the Zoological Characters of the Genus Loligopsis, Lam., and Account of a New Species from the Indian Ocean.” , ' In his introductory remarks Dr. Grant refers to the history of the ‘genus Loligopsis, of which no specimen appears to have been hitherto submitted to the inspection of European naturalists. It was founded’ by Lamarck on a drawing, made by Péron and Le Sueur, of a specimen obtained by them in the South Sea. A drawing of another specimen from the South Pacific Ocean, forms the type of the genus Leachia of M.C. A. Le Sueur, a genus evidently, as it has been considered by M. Sander Rang, synonymous with Loligopsis. But in neither of these instances had the specimen been brought home, and in the ab- sence of subjects for observation the genus has been regarded as of doubtful existence by Cuvier, by the Baron de Férussac, and by M. Blainville, who gives little credence to the combination on the same animal of the eight arms of an Octopus, and the caudal fin of a Loligo. Dr. Grant’s specimen presents this combination of characters, and may therefore be regarded as establishing the existence of the genus Loligopsis. It has, moreover, two very small cylindrical pe- duncles between the outer pair of arms, which have not been noticed by previous observers: it constitutes a third species of Loligopsis, di- stinguishable from the others by the comparative length of its arms. In the Lol. Peronii, Lam., the arms are all of equal length; the Lo/. eyclura, (Leachia cyclura, Le §.),’ has the superior pair of arms equal - 27 in length to the inferior pair; in the Lol. guitata, Grant, the upper pair are shorter than the lower. Dr. Grant described in detail the new species represented by his specimen, and noticed some particulars of its anatomy. ‘The trivial name of guétata is applied to it on account of the existence on the lower half of the mantle, and chiefly on its back part, of about fourteen large round dark spots, which are remarkably distinguished from the speckled appearance of the mantle generally. __ The paper was accompanied by a drawing of the animal. © It will be published in the Transactions of the Society. _ Mr. Yarre]l read a Paper “On the Laws which regulate the Changes of Plumage in Birds.”’ In this paper Mr. Yarrell embodied with greater developement-the observations on the same subject, which he communicated to the So- ciety on January 8th (see page 9). He also entered into some details _ of the origin and growth of the feather. He referred particularly to the labours of Montagu in our own country as having cleared away many difficulties in tracing specific identity, that persevering ornitho- logist having by a long series of observations distinguished and re- corded various periodical appearances. Age, sex, season, and disease were enumerated as the principal causes of changes in plumage, and the various modes by which these changes were effected in the appearance of the birds were severally alluded to. The laws by which the assumption of plumage in young birds appears to be governed were also stated, with numerous refer- ences to particular families of birds in which the operation of these laws was most apparent. The moulting and its consequences were also pointed out. : Some of the principal facts detailed in this communication were illustrated by observations and notes made on the changes in various ~ birds at the Gardens of the Society, and the changes in plumage from youth to age, as well as the assumption of particular colours at the approach of the breeding season, were shown by a series of feathers of different birds, arranged on cards in the order in which the extent of change appeared most obvious. Mr. Yarrell stated his belief that most of the conspicuous changes observed in birds were induced by an altering or altered state of the sexual organs. 28 March 12, 1833. The President, Lord Stanley, in the Chair. A letter was read, addressed to the Vice-Secretary by M. Geoffroy- Saint-Hilaire, For. Memb. Z. S., and dated Paris, March 5, 1833. It acknowledges the receipt of the copy of the letter of Lieut. the Ho- nourable Lauderdale Maule to Dr. Weatherhead respecting the Orni- thorhynchus, and states that the writer has proposed a system calcu- lated to put an end to the controversy respecting these animals. This system is contained in a “‘ Memoir on the Abdominal Glands of the Ornithorhynchus, falsely presumed to be mammary, but which secrete, not milk, but mucus, destined for the first nutriment of the young, when newly hatched,”’ published in the ‘ Gazette Medicale,’ under the date of Feb. 18th. A copy of the Memoir was laid on the table, and an abstract of it was read. M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire translates the whole of Lieut. Maule’s letter, and quotes also Mr. Qwen’s observations on the Mammary glands of Echidna, from the Preceedings ot the Committee of Science and Correspondence. He then enters into some details on the history of our knowledge of the Monotremata, and on the various opinions which have been held respecting their mode of generation, and the nutrition of their young. Recurring to the very curious observation of Lieut. Maule, he admits the effusion of a fluid of a milky appearance, but he doubts that this fluid was actually milk. “‘To arrive so rapidly at this decision,” he proceeds, “ many impossibilities must have been for- gotten. You have not the function, nor the result of the function which: characterizes the Mammalia, if the organs that produce it are truly wanting. Now this is what I think I can demonstrate; and what I undertake to do in the following remarks. ** For this purpose I seek for analogous facts; and they have’ toe since been furnished to me by the. Shrews. There are on each side of the bodies of these animals two kinds of glands arranged parallel to each other. 1st, Internally, conglobate and truly lactiferous glands, of the known structure: 2ndly, Externally, an apparatus formed of ceca, furnished with some membranous and diaphragmatic frena, and with many cellulosities. This apparatus, in the young state and during the inactivity of the sexual organ, consists only of a longitudinal projec- tion without distinct characters; but during the season of sexual ex- citement, this projection becomes enlarged and is visibly surmounted on its internal surface by a multitude of small parallel ceca, dissemi- * nated over and attached to the glandular body, like the bristles upon a brush. These ceca open on the projection made by the gland, which on its tegumentary surface has but a single excretory orifice. The secretion consists of a mucus possessing a very powerful odour. * * ** * * * 29 “ The epigastric artery is divided into two principal branches; one passing towards the median line to'supply the mammary glands ; the other ramifying externally and performing the same function with re- gard to the odoriferous glands. ‘The same structure exactlyis presented by'the ventral glands of the Ornithorhynchus, two characters excepted, which do not militate against the determination and analogy assigned to them : | viz. a much more extensive development, and two secretory orifices instead of one, as in the Shrews. I explain this difference by the atrophy and: entire suppression of the mternal epigastric branch. This branch being annihilated, there is no formative vessel, and con- sequently no apparatus produced,—no mammary gland; but, on the other hand, the whole arterial alimentation passing more excentrically by means of the single terminal branch, the apparatus to which this branch is distributed is proportionally enlarged. This shows why and how the odoriferous glands have reached, in the Monotremata, their maximum of development. Where the apparatus becomes more con- siderable, the function is so much the more powerful, and the mucus secreted must in fact exist in such quantity in the Monotremata, that its effusion may become a fact susceptible of observation. _ * I should not be surprised, if this mucus, more abundant and more substantial in the Monotremata, became the nutriment of the young after their hatching. The Monotremata would act, in this respect, like some aquatic birds which conduct their young after hatching to the water, and assist them in their substantation. The maternal in- stinct would lead the female Ornithorhynchus to effect the contraction of the gland, which ‘is possible by the efforts of the panniculus carnosus and the great oblique muscle, between the fibres of which the gland is: seated, and thus to procure for the young, at several periods of the day, - by way of nutriment,an abundant supply of mucus. If this education is carried on in the water, wherewe know, by the history of the generation of frogs and the nutrition of their tadpoles, that the mucus combines with the ambient medium, becomes thick, and supplies’an excellent nutriment for the early age of these reptiles, we shall understand the utility of the ventral glands of the Ornithorhynchus, as furnishing a source of nutriment for the young of these animals,—for young ovipara . newly hatched. When we meet with such curious organic conditions, we do not attempt, by a truly retrograde march, to throw back well averred differential facts, decidedly acquired to science, by means of a forced assimilation, among other facts peculiar to the class of Mam- malia; but on the contrary we are under the necessity of placing the Monotremata further within the limits of oviparous animals. se ye" * * * * * * / * At the other extremity of the scale of beings, where the fishes are placed, ‘we meet with a gland secreting mucus, extending along the sides from the head to the tail. - Ascending the scale, we see it sepa- rate’ into fractions ; some Reptiles, and among others the Salamanders, have it large and forming a continuous band, as in Fishes: we have said in what state it is found in the Monotremata.” In a postscript, dated February 19th, M. Geoffroy states that at a Meeting of the Academie des Sciences on the previous day, M. de 30 Blainville had read a paper, in which he maintained his former opinions on the subject of the Monotremata, and supported the views of Mr. Owen. He states that some contradictions and physiological impossibilities contained in it had been noticed by MM. Duméril and Serres, in the course of the discussion, but does not enter into any details. The reading having been concluded of the abstract of the views proposed by M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire in the memoir submitted, Mr. Owen addressed the Society on its subject. The following is an outline of his observations. When the glands in question were first detected by M. Meckel, that eminent anatomist at once regarded them as mammary. M. Geof- froy-Saint-Hilaire objected to this mode of viewing them, that their structure is not conglomerate, like that of mammary glands, but lobed and consisting of numerous ceca, resembling the structure which he has described as existing in the odoriferous glands which surround | the mamme of the Shrews; hence he concluded that their function is: similar to that of the corresponding organs, as he considered them, in these little animals, namely, to secrete an odorous substance for the purpose of attracting the other sex in the season of heat. M. von Baer subsequently proved that it is incorrect to assume that a mam- mary gland must necessarily be conglomerate, by showing that these: organs in the Cetacea consisted of simple ceca, a structure even less complicated than that demonstrated in Ornithorhynchus at a later pe- riod, by Mr. Owen. During his investigation of the structure of these glands Mr. Owen proved, by comparing their condition with the: state of the sexual organs in several individuals which he examined, that they correspond in the phases of their development with the true mammary glands, their greatest size being attained when the ovaries appear to have recently parted with their contents. The fact of their development being at its maximum at about the time of the birth of the young, evidently indicating the connexion of their function with this period, M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire at first conjectured that they might secrete the earthy matter of the egg-shell, with which he con- ceives the young to be provided when brought into the world; but this may be regarded as improbable, the tubes, (upwards of a hundred and fifty in number and opening by as many orifices,) which convey the secretions from the glands being so very slender and elongated as to be evidently adapted for carrying fluids. M. Geoffroy-Saint- Hilaire’s subsequent and most recent opinion is that they secrete mucus, which being squeezed out by the mother in the water, be- comes thereby thickened, and adapted for the aliment of the young ; but Mr. Owen remarked that as he had shown that similar glands exist in Echidna, animals inhabiting sandy places, and unfitted for going into the water, such cannot be their use in Echidna at least, and it may therefore be concluded that such is not their use in Ornitho- rhynchus. - ' Mr. Owen added, that he had purposely limited his observations on the present occasion to the theories propounded by M. Geoffroy- Saint-Hilaire respecting the uses of the abdominal glands of Orni- 31 thorhynchus.° Lest, however, it should be inferred from:his silence as to the other views advanced by that distinguished zoologist in the two communications recently laid before the Society, that he coin- cided in them, he thought it necessary to remark that he was by no - means disposed to admit their general correctness. /Extracts were read from a'letter addressed to the Secretary of the Society, by Charles Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Port Louis (Mauritius), November 8th, 1832. It accompanied some skins of Mammalia and Birds, and a.collection of Fishes, Mollusca, and Crustacea, presented to the Society by its writer. It also announces it as probable that specimens of the Tendraka and Sokina of Mada- gascar, will shortly be obtained for the Society.. Mr. Telfair has re- cently had opportunities of making some researches about the buried bones of the Dronte or Dodo, found in the island of Rodriguez. The result of these researches he communicates, and incloses letters ad- dressed to him by Col. Dawkins, Military Secretary to the Governor of the Mauritius, and by M. Eudes, resident at Rodriguez. Col. Dawkins, in a recent visit to Rodriguez, conversed with every person whom he met respecting the Dodo, and became convinced that ° the bird does not exist there. ‘The general statement was that no bird is to be found there except the Guinea-fowl and Parrot. From one person, however, he learned the existence of another bird, which was called Oiseau-beuf, a name derived from its voice, which resem- bles that of a cow. From the description given of it by his informant, Col. Dawkins at first believed that this bird was really the Dodo ; but on obtaining a specimen of it, it proved to be a Gannet. It is found only in the most secluded parts of the island. Col. Dawkins visited the caverns in which bones have been dug up, and dug in several places, but found only small pieces of bone. A beautiful rich soil forms the ground-work of them, which is from six to eight feet deep, and contains no pebbles. No animal of any description inhabits these caves, not even bats. M. Eudes succeeded in digging up in the large cavern various bones, including some of a large kind of bird, which no longer exists in the island: these he forwarded to Mr. Telfair, by whom they were pre- sented to the Society. The only part of the cavern in which they were found was at the entrance, where the darkness begins; the little attention usually paid to this part by visitors, may be the reason why they have not been previously found. Those near the surface were the least injured, and they occur to the depth of three feet, but no- where in considerable quantity ; whence M. Eudes conjectures that the bird was at all times rare, or at least uncommon. A bird of so large.a size as that indicated by the bones has never been seen by M. Gory, who has resided forty years on the island. M. Eudes adds, that the Dutch who first landed at Rodriguez left cats there to destroy the rats which annoyed them: these cats have smce become very numerous, and prove highly destructive to poultry ; and he suggests it as probable that they may have destroyed the large kind of bird to which the bones belong, by devouring the 82 young ones. as soon as they were hatched;—adestruction which may have been completed long before the island was inhabited. _ The bones procured by M. Eudes for Mr. Telfair have been pre- sented by that gentleman to the Society. They were laid on the table. They include, with numerous bones of the extremities of one or more large species of Tortoise, several bones of the hinder extre- mity of a large bird, and the head of a humerus. With reference to the metatarsal bone of the bird, which was long and strong, Dr. Grant pointed out that it possessed articulating surfaces for four toes, three directed forwards and one backwards, as inthe foot of the Dodo pre- served in the British Museum, to which it was also proportioned in its magnitude and form. _ The Gannet, designated in Rodriguez as the Oiseau-beuf, was also exhibited. It was apparently referrible to the lesser Gannet of Dr. Latham, the Sula candida, Briss., and Pelecanus Piscator, Linn: _ The Fishés presented by Mr. Telfair were exhibited. They include specimens of about fifty species, among which the following were ‘pointed out. by Mr. Bennett as apparently hitherto undescribed. Apocon vitticER. Ap. brunnescenti-rufescens; vittd laterum medida rectd antice productd rostrumque cingente, maculdque parvd ro-~ ‘tundata ad basin pinne caudalis, nigris. Dp stke, Ler ; Gonivus semicincrus. Gob. oculis lateralibus : pinnd caudali subro- tundatd: brunneus, infra. pallidior, semicingulis. sex ventralibus argenteis nigro-marginatis ; genis operculisque ceruleo-guttatis lituratisque ; guttd nigrd ad basin pinne caudalis,; pinnd analiad basin ceruleo punctatd. D. 6,16... A. 14... C.. 1% Po d8.:¢Ve.6—6.. Cuvrza Mavarriana. Clup. pinnd dorsali vir pone equilibrium positd ; ventralibus subdorsalis medio ; anali subelongatd : dorso ' vittdque supra lineam lateralem iridescenti-plumbeis, ventre flavi- cante-argenteo. e SDPIGHOAI TS? VIO" POTE. Murana Motenpinaris. Mur. dentibus rotundatis; maville su- perioris utringue. uniseriatis, vomerinis numerosissimis confertis irregulariter 10O—12-seriatis; maaille, inferioris utringue 5—6- seriatis : corpore brunnescenti-nigro, lineis albidis ultra centenis ___ eircumdato. A Murend. Zebrd, Shaw, satis differt numero et ordinatione den- tium : cxterum colore: picturaque simillima, lineis tamen albidis cir- cularibus magis numerosis.. Longitudo circiter 4-pedalis. _ Opuisurus crocopiLinus. Oph. pinnis pectoralibus parvis: maz- illd inferiore longiore : dentibus acutis ; mazille superioris parvis _subapproximatis, palatinis majoribus distantibus, vomerinis 4—5 | maximis ; maxille inferioris utrinque 8—10, intermediis distan- libus maximis : oculis rhinario proximis, cristd ossed postice su- pereminente : supra fusco-cinerascens, infra pallidior ; pinnis pal- lidis; lined laterali serie stigmatum nigrorum distinetd. 83 - At the request of the President, Mr. William Thompson of Belfast exhibited a'specimen of a Tern shot by him in June last on one of the three Copeland Islands, which are situated a few miles off the north-east'coast of the county Down, Ireland. .Mr. Thompson stated that the bird was evidently identical with those described as. the young of the Arctic Tern, Sterna Arctica, Temm., in the Appendix to Capt. Parry’s Voyage in 1819-20, page 203. In a detailed description of the specimen, which was read, Mr. Thompson pointed out various differences of proportions and: colouring between it and the adult Arctic Tern, specimens of which, as well as of Sterna Hirundo and Sterna Dougalii, were shot by him on the same day, thus affording opportunity for comparison of these several species in a recent state and’ at precisely the same season. Mr. Thompson availed himself of the opportunity to exhibit also ‘specimens of the black-headed Gull, Larus capistratus, Temm., and of the Sandwich Tern, Sterna Cantiana, Temm., which were shot in the neighbourhood of Belfast, It is believed that no previous instance of the occurrence of these birds in Ireland has been recorded. Specimens were exhibited of the woolly and hairy Penguins of Dr. Latham. They form part of the collection of the President, by whom they were communicated for exhibition. Mr. Yarrell briefly described them. “ Woolly Penguin of Dr. Latham’s ‘ General History of Birds,’ vol. x, page 392. Length of the beak, 2% inches; from the point to the gape, 33 inches; length of the beak and head, 6} inches; from the top of the head to the end of the tarsus, 31 inches; length of the foot and claw, 63 inches; length of the wing, 123 inches; girth of the body, 34 inches; beak black towards the point, slightly curved ; basal third of the upper mandible, dusky brown ; basal half of, the lower mandible, orange. __ “The terms woolly and hairy Penguins appear somewhat inappro- priate, the covering of both these birds being only different modifi- _ cations of those tufts of down which in young birds precede the first true feather. The colour of the covering in this specimen is a uni- form light brown; the tail is cuneiform, composed of numerous dark- coloured feathers, narrow and bristly, the longest of which are 3 inches ; the feet and part of the toes yellow; the ends of the toes, webs and claws, black. The fourth toe of each foot, in both these birds, appears to have been overlooked by the original describer : it is small, articulated to the inner side of each inner toe, and the birds may consequently be considered as having four toes, all pointing forward. From the length of the wing in this specimen, and .the orange colour of the base of the lower mandible, this bird is probably the young of the Patagonian Penguin. “ Hairy Penguin of Dr. Latham’s work before quoted, the same volume and page. Length of the beak, 2} inches; from the. point to the gape, 34 inches; length of the beak and head, 5 inches ; from the crown of the head to the end of the tarsus, 274 inches; length ' Cc 34 of the foot and claw, 43 inches; length of the wing 104 inches: girth of the body, 23 inches. Beak black, slender and slightly curved towards the point; covering in this bird uniform dark brown ; right wing wanting: no appearance of tail-feathers ; toes vermilion, webs orange, claws brown. It is probably the young of a large-sized Penguin, of which several species are described by authors as having red legs and feet. All that is known of this specimen is, that it was brought to England by the master of a South Sea Whaler, and formed part of an exhibition of subjects in natural history.” The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells collected by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America and among the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. They were accompanied by characters from the pen of Mr. G. B. Sowerby. CumInGIA, noy. gen. Testa bivalvis, inequilateralis, equivalvis, latere antico rotundato, postico subacuminato ; dentibus, cardinali, in utrdque valvd, unico, parvo, antico, lateralibus in alterd valvd ad utrumque latus uno, valido, in alterd nullo; ligamento interno foveole sub-coch- leariformi affixo ; impressionibus muscularibus duabus, laterali- bus, distantibus, anticd irregulari, oblongd, posticd subrotundatd ; impressione musculari pallii sinu maximo. An interesting new genus of Bivalves, which should be placed near to Amphidesma. It is remarkable for the dissimilarity of the hinge of the two valves, one having a strong lateral tooth on each side of the ligament, and the other being entirely destitute of lateral teeth. Having only met with a single small West Indian species, I did not venture to consider this genus established until Mr. Cuming showed me several species in his rich collection of South American and Pacific shells, one of which is sufficiently large to show the characters di- stinctly.—G. B.S. Cumrinei1a mutica. Cum. testd ovatd, minutissime decussatd, an- tice rotundatd, postice acuminatiusculd ; latere postico breviusculo, margine dorsali declivi : long. 1°2, lat. 0°5, alt. 0°85 poll. Hab. prope littora Maris Pacifici. This species has been obtained at the following places; at Con- ception in seven fathoms, sand and mud; at Iquiqui in nine fathoms, gravel and mud; at Payta in hard clay at low water ; and at Muerte. —G. B.S CuMINGIA LAMELLOSA. Cum. testd ovatd, concentric? lamellosd, latere antico rotundato, postico subacuminato ; lamellis distantibus : long. 0°7, lat. 0°35, alt. 0°55 poll. ' Hab. prope littora Oceani Pacifici. , Found at Payta in hard clay at low water; and at Panama in deep water.—G. B.5. Cuminera coarcrata. Cum. testd ovali, concentric? lamellosd ; 35 latere antico altiore, rotundato ; postico subacuminato, infra co- arctato, margine dorsali declivi ; lamellis confertis : long. 0-6, lat. 0°3, alt. 0-4 poll. - Hab. ad Sinum Caraccensem. Dredged from a sandy muddy bottom in seven fathoms water in the Bay of Caraccas.—G. B. S. Cuminera triconunaris. Cum. testd orbiculato-subtrigond, con- centrice lamellosd; latere antico rotundato, postico acuminato, margine dorsali declivi: long. 0°8, lat. 0°4, alt. 0°7 poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. Found among stones in deep water.—G. B.S. ‘Genus CorButa. - CorBuLa nucrrormis. Corb. testd ovatd, crassd, ventricosd, antice rotundatd, postice rostrata, obtusd; margine ventrali valve sinis- tralis postice coarctatd, transversim sulcatd : long. 0°55, lat. 0°35, alt.0°3 poll. Hab. in Americé Centrali. Found at a depth of six fathoms in sandy mud at Real Llejos. The same species is also found in a fossil state near Guayaquil.— ~ G. B.S. Corsua sicarinata. Corb. testd ovatd, depressiusculd, subequi- laterali, antice paulld longiore, postic? bicarinatd ; carinis ex um- bone ad marginem posticam ventralem decurrente : long. 0°45, lat. 0°3, alt. 0°35 poll. Hab. ad littora Columbiz Occidentalis. Found in sandy mud at from seven to seventeen fathoms at Pa- nama, Real Llejos, Caraccas and St. Elena.—G. B. 8. Corsuna srrapiatTa. Corb. testd ovato-oblongd, longitudinaliter striatd, pallidd ; margine dorsali posticd subcarinatd, rufd, anticd breviore, rufo maculatd ; radiis binis intermediis albis : long. 0°6, lat. 0°3, alt. 0-4 poll. ” Hab. ad Chiriqui et ad sinum Caraccensem. Found i. mud and sand in from three to six fathoms at Chiriqui, and in seven fathoms in the Bay of Caraccas. The species varies much in thickness and in the colour of the inside, where some spe~ cimens are of a dark blood red colour.—G. B.S. Corsuna nasuta. Corb. testd ovatd, gibbosd, antice altiore, ro- tundatd, postice rostratd, acuminatd, valvis subcarinatis : long. 0°7, lat. 0°35, alt. 0°35 poll. Hab. ad Xipixapi. Found in sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms. Some small spe- cimens which I suppose to be the young of this species were found in the gulf of Nocoiyo.—G. B. S. - Corsuna ovuLtata. Corb. testa ovatd, albicante, interdum roseo tinctd, antic subproducto-rotundatd, postice subrostratd ; extis longitudinaliter sulcatd : long. 1, lat. 0-5, alt, 0°55 poll. c2 36 Hab. ad littora Americte Meridionalis. ; Found in sandy mud at various depths, from seven to seventeen fathoms, at Xipixapi, and in the Bays of Montijo and Caraceas: De- tached valves of a beautiful pink colour were picked up on the sands _ at Real Llejos and Mazatlan.—G. B. S. Corsuta raDiATA. Corb. testd subtrapeziformi, albidd, prope mar- ginem ventralem sanguineo radiata ; latere antico brevi, postico longiore, bicarinato ; intiis sanguined: long. 0°35, lat. 0°17, alt. 0°25 poll. Hab. ad Acapulcam. A single specimen was picked up on the sands.—G. B. S. Corsuta tenuis. Corb. testd oblongd, albicante, tenui ; latere an- tico superne declivi, antice rotundato ; latere postico longiore, bi- carinato, postice biangulato ; margine posticd declivi ; umbonibus subincurvis; margine dorsali posticd subexcavatd ; long, 0-9, lat. 0°4, alt. 0°5 poll. Hab. in America Centrali. : One specimen was dredged among sandy mud at a depth of twelve fathoms in the Bay of Montijo.—G. B. 8. Genus Butinvus. Burinus Curpensts. Bul. testd ovali, cinerascenti-fulvd, albido variegatd ; anfractibus quatuor, minutissimé rugulosis, ultimo mazimo ; suturd crenulatd ; aperturd ellipticd ; peritremate reflexo, albente : long. 1°4, lat. 0°75 poll. , Conchological Illustrations, by G. B. Sowerby, jun. Hab. ad Coquimbo, sub lapidibus.—G. B. S. ~ Burrnvs puncturirer. Bul. testd ovato-oblongd, subacuminatd, al- bidd, minutissime rugulosd, epidermide tenuissimd flavicante indutd ; punctulis nigricantibus, seriatim dispositis, sparsim ornatd ; an- fractibus quinque, ventricosiusculis, suturd sub-impressd ; aperturd ellipticd, superne acuminatd, peritremate tenui: long. 1:5, lat. 0°75 poll. Hab. in Chili, sub lapidibus. From the Questa Prado.—G. B. 8. Buinus rvucirervus. Bul. testd turrito-pyramidali, brunned ; an- fractibus octo, longitudinaliter rugulosis ; suturd distinctd ; aper- turd subovali ; labio externo tenui, irregulari ; umbilico parvo : long. 0°5, lat. 0.2 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Jacobi, inter Gallapagos Insulas. Found under scorie.—G. B. 8S. Butinus prurnosus. Bul. testd ovato-oblongd, tenui, corned, albo varid ; anfractibus quinque, ventricosis ; suturd profundd ; aper- turd ellipticd, superne acuminatd ; umbilico parvo ; labio tenui : long. 0°55, lat. 0°3 poll. Hab. in Peruvia. 37 Found on dead leaves in the clefts of rocks in the mountains of Cobija.—G. B. 8. - Butinus Lavrenti. Bul. testd ovato-pyramidali, tenui, albicante, transversim fusco fasciata ; anfractibus quinque, levibus, ventri- cosis; gradatim majoribus ; suturd distinctd ; aperturd feré circu- » lari ;-umbilico mediocri ; labio tenui ; long. 0°55, lat. 0°3 poll. Hab, in Peruvia. Var, (. testa omnino albicante. Found on stones on the top of the mountain in the Island of San Lorenzo, Bay of Callao, Peru; about 2500 feet above the level of the sea.—G. B.S. - Bouuinus unirascratus. Bul. testa vite dlapetaty tenui, pel- lucida, brunned, fascid unied albida ; anfractibus 5—6, ventricosis, longitudinaliter striatis, nitidis ; aperturd ellipticd, superneé acu- minatd ; labio tenui ; umbilico parvo : long. 0°8, lat. 0°45 poll. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. _ Found under detached pieces of lava on Charles’s Island, one of the Gallapagos.—G. B. S Bouuinus sirineatus. Bul. testd ovato-oblongd, tenuiusculd, palles- ' << cente, lineis duabus brunneis transversis, interstitio albo ; anfrac- tibus 6—7, levibus, ventricosis, longitudinaliter striatis ; suturd distinctd ; aperturd ovatd; labio tenui; umbilico parvo: long. 0°65, lat. 0°25 poll. ' Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam et in Columbia Occidentali. -Variat coloribus saturatioribus vel pallidioribus. . Found under stones at St. Elena, and buried in the earth under bushes in the Island of Plata on the coast of West Columbia.— G. B. Ss. ' Fert thar corners. Bul. testd ovatd, obtusd, tenui, pellucidd, cor- ned. ; anfractibus 5—6, ventricosis, longitudinaliter striatis, levi- bus; suturd distinctd; aperturd ovatd ; labio tenui ; umbilico medio- cri: long. 0°6, lat. 03 poll. Hab.-in America Centrali. Found under decayed grass at Real Llejos.—G. B. S. Burrnus eEryturostoma. Bul. testd ovato-subglobosd, alba ; spird obtusd, conicd; anfractibus quinque, ventricosis, minutissime grano- sis; aperturd ellipticd, intis rubente ; labio tenui ; umbilico magno : long. 0°8, lat. 0°6 poll. Hab. apud Huasco, Chilie. One young specimen is covered with longitudinal streaks of red- dish brown; and one adult shell has its lip thickened, but not re- flected. Found under bushes.—G. B. S. Buuinus curysatipirormis. Bul. testd ovato-oblongd, medio ven- tricosiore, tenui, levigatd, albd, suturd labioque externo reflexo brunneis ; anfractibus 6—7, rotundatis ; aperturd longiusculd ; um- bilico minimo : long. 2°9, lat. 1-1 poll. 38 Hab. in Americ4 Meridionali. Mr. Cuming brought a single specimen of this shell, of which he does not know the locality, it being a dead shell and not having been found by himself.—G. B. S. At the request of the President, Mr. Gould exhibited a specimen of a Toucan, remarkable for the peculiar form of the feathers on the back part of the head and cheeks. They are without barbs towards their extremities, the shafts being widely expanded; those of the, crown of the head are curled and horn-like, and, being of a jet black colour, bear some resemblance to fine ebony shavings; as they pro- ceed along the neck they become straighter, narrower, and spatulate : the feathers of the cheeks have the latter form, and are straw-coloured slightly tipped with black. Mr. Gould proposed for it the name of PreroGLossus uLocomus. Pter. plumis capitis, genarum, nucheque foliiferis, illius crispis nigris, harum spatulatis, genarum stramineis nigro apiculatis ; cervice, dorso, pectorisque lateribus coccineis ; alis, caudd, femoribusque olivaceis ; remigibus brunneis ; guld, pectore, abdominis medio crissoque flavescentibus, pectoris plumis coccineo marginatis. Long. 18 unc. ; rostri a rictu ad apicem mandibule superioris, 4 ; ale, 5%; caude, 7+; tarsi, 24. The beak is lengthened, and both mandibles are edged with thickly set white serratures; the upper has the culmen orange, bordered by a narrow longitudinal stripe of dull blue extending nearly to the tip, below which the sides of the mandible are fine orange red; a white line surrounds the apertures of the nostrils; the under mandible is straw-coloured, becoming orange at the tip; a narrow band of rich chestnut encircles both mandibles at their base. The bare space sur- rounding the eyes is of a blueish lead colour, as are also the tarsi and toes. 39 March 26, 1833. Lieut.-Col. Sykes in the Chair. Specimens were exhibited of numerous Mammalia recently obtained by the Society from that part of California which adjoins to Mexico. ‘They comprehended several species hitherto apparently undescribed, to which the attention of the Meeting was particularly called by Mr. Bennett. Mepuitis nasuta. Meph. naso prominente, rhinario supern? pro- ducto ; vellere denso, pilis elongatis, rigidiusculis, setaceis ; plantis omnind nudis. Long. corporis cum capite, 163 unc. ; caude, 54; céude cum pilis, 9235; pedis postici, 23. By its robust form; the shortness and strength of its limbs; the greater production of its nose; the denseness, firmness, and resistance of its strong hairs, and the entire nakedness of its soles, this animal differs from the Common Skunk of America. In the dried skin exhi- bited the nose extends an inch beyond the line of the upper incisors, a hairy space of half an inch in width intervening between the upper lip and the soft muzzle. On its upper surface the muzzle is produced backwards seven eighths of an inch in an elliptical form. The fur of the body is composed ‘of an under coat of crisped fine hairs, and of an outer coat of strong, somewhat rigid hairs, which, however, have little of harshness, although they offer to the touch a marked difference in the resistance they oppose to pressure, as compared with the equally long but silky and soft hairs of the Common Skunk. The soft feel exists in two specimens, apparently referrible to the latter, which are contained in the collection, and the difference in the quality of the fur can therefore scarcely be attributed to locality. This difference is, moreover, combined with characters of form, especially about the nose, which authorize the consideration of the long-nosed Skunk as a distinct species. , The colouring, which in the genus Mephitis is evidently but little fitted to afford characters on which reliance can be placed, consists, in the individual exhibited, of a single broad white band, extending from behind the eyes along the middle of the back, where it is more dilated, and passing continuously to the tail, the whole of which it occupies: with this exception the entire fur is black. The claws, remarkably strong on the anterior feet, are, as usual, horn-coloured. The hinder tarsi of the Meph. nasuta are destitute of hair on their under surface, and the nakedness extends even beyond the heel. In one of the specimens before alluded to, the hinder third is slightly, and in the other densely, hairy. These may, perhaps, help to furnish specific characters, but without further and more extensive observation 40 Mr. Bennett hesitated in having recourse to them, or to the compa- rative length of the tail, which in one individual equals, without the hairs, that of the body. Dipvetruis Cauirornica. Did. vellere lanato ad apicem nigro, setis longis omnino albis exstantibus ; facie pallidé brunneo-nigres- cente, maculd preoculari saturatiore ; labiis genisque albis. Long. corporis cum capite, 12 unc. ; caude, 16; a naso ad auris marginem posticam, 44. Drvetruis BrEvicers. Did. capite breviore; vellere lanato ad api- cem nigro, setis longis omnino albis eaxstantibus ; facie pallidé brunneo-nigrescente, fascid oculari a naso ad aures extensd nigra; labiis genisque albis. Long. corporis cum capite, 12 unc. ; caude@, 12; a naso ad auris marginem posticam, 3. Of the former of these Opossums two specimens were exhibited ; of the latter, one. They are distinguished from each other at first sight by the comparative length of their heads, the ears in Did. bre- viceps being rather more than an inch nearer to the tip of the nose than those of Did. Californica. They both belong to that section of the genus which has long bristles intermingled with and projecting - far beyond the woolly undercoat; and in both, as in the Virginian and Bruasilian species, Didd. Virginiana, Cuv., and Azare, Temm., the bristles are white throughout their whole length. From the Vir- ginian Opossum they are distinguished by the darker colour of the face, and by the much greater length of the tail. From Did. Azare they differ by the last-mentioned character, and by the absence from the face of the four spots, one over each eye and one near each ear, which give to the head of that animal some resemblance to that of Did. Opossum. SrerMoruitus sprtosoma. Sperm. auriculis nullis ; brunneo-ru- fescens, dorso pariim nigro tincto albogue creberrim® guttato ; labiis, mento, palpebrisque albis ; ventre artubusque flavescentibus ; caudd prope apicem nigra, albo apiculatd. Long. corporis cum capite, 54 unc.; caud@, 25 ; caude cum pilis, 3. This animal, of which two skins were exhibited, agrees in colour and markings with the description of the American Souslik, Arctomys (Spermophilus) guttatus ?, Rich., published in the * Fauna Boreali- Americana,’ vol. i. p. 162. But the length of the tail as compared with that of the body is so different both from Dr. Richardson’s measurements of the American, and Pallas’s of the European species, that it can scarcely be considered as a variety of either. If the di- mensions of the American Souslik had been taken from one specimen only, it might have been suspected that its tail had been mutilated ; but the measurements of two individuals are given, in only one of which does the length of the tail exceed in a trifling degree one sixth of that of the body and head taken together. In the Californian Souslik its length considerably exceeds one third of that of the head 41 and body. The markings of its tip are peculiar: a black spot occu- pies the fur covering the end of the caudal vertebre, and about one half of the space beyond their termination, the remaining half being pure white. . The. specimens are young, and, have probably not attained their full growth, | The crowns of their molar teeth are not at all worn. SrermorHinus MAcRourus. Sperm. auriculis mediocribus; niger, _ albo, subfasciatim creberrime irroratus ; capite nigro, pilis albis ad faciem parce sparsis ; palpebris albis ; labtis mentoque ferru- . gineis ; venire ferrugineo nigro vario ; cqudd longd nigro alboque varid. Long. corporis.cum capite, 114-une, ; caude, 7; caude cum pilis, 8+. The black head, on which a very few white “hairs exist, and the purely white. eye-lids, are very conspicuous marks of this species, which is nearly related to Spermm. Franklinti, Beecheyi, &c., by the length of its tail; the similar markings on all sides of this organ, and the laxness and length of the hairs which cover it.The hair on the body is short, adpressed, and firm but not harsh. . The markings on the back and sides consist. of white, undulating, interrupted and fre- quent transverse white stripes on a black ground ; the black predomi- nating along the middle line of the back, and the white on the sides. ~ Scrurvs nicrescens. Sci. niger, albo arenoso-varius ; subtis pal- lidior, grisescens'; maculd post-auriculari albidd ; caudd nigro alboque varid: ‘Long. corporis cum capite, 114 unc. ; caudee, 10}; caude cum pilis, 14. The hairs of the upper surface are atte long, soft and smooth ; each of them is tipped with white, occasioning, when viewed in cer- tain lights, an iron-grey colour: on the under surface the black is less deep, and the white tips are longer than on the upper surface. The colour of the limbs corresponds with that of the adjoining sur- faces, except on the upper part of the tarsus, where it is black; on the toes, however, the hairs are again freely tipped with white. The long hairs of the tail are nearly all terminated by white, occupying the terminal fourth or fifth part of their length; hence the sides and extremity of that organ are nearly white, the black being most con- spicuous along its middle, and for about the first quarter of its length. The pale spot behind each ear, if permanent in the species, will furnish a ready distinguishing mark. LEPUS NIGRICAUDATUS. Lep. vellere mollissimo, pilis raris elongatis _ Sericeis intermiztis ;. supra nigrescenti flavidoque varius, infra et ad clunes artusque albus ; nuchd cauddque superne nigris ; gutture flavescente ; tarsis saturate rufis ; auriculis ad apices albis. _ Long. age cum. capite, 23 unc. ; capitis ante aures, 4; auri- cule, 5; tibie, 44; pedis postici, 43. _ The ee and general appearance of the fur resemble those of a Rabbit rather than of a Hare. The colouring of the under surface is separated from that of the upper by a. distinct line about the middle 42 of the side, which slopes upwards over the haunches to the middle line of the back. Behind this point, the white passing backwards along the middle line becomes more and more blended with black, until the colour of the upper surface of the tail is entirely black. The ears, which are longer than the head, are closely covered with short adpressed hairs. These are in front mixed black and yellow, giving a grizzled appearance; on the hinder part they are entirely ochraceous for about two thirds of the length of the ear, the terminal third, as well as the tip and the hinder fringe, being white, and fur- nished with much longer hairs. The long hairs fringing the anterior edge are ochraceous, excepting for a short distance immediately below the tip, along which space they are black. Mr. Bennett concluded by calling the attention of the Society to two skins forming part of the same collection, which, notwithstanding their marked difference in fur and colour from an arctic specimen of the Meles Labradoria, Sabine, he felt disposed to consider as referrible to that species. The general form is the same; the colour of the legs similar ; and the light markings on a dark ground on the head and face correspond precisely ; the ground colour being, however, much darker, of a blackish brown, and grizzled with white on the hinder part of the head. The middle white line shows itself indi- stinctly in two or three places along the back, where the hairs are long, silky, and soft, but without any intermixture or woolly appear- ance. ‘Towards their base they are slightly crisped; their colour is here tawny ; it then becomes black; and the tips are white. Hence results a grizzled white and black with only an occasional tinge of tawny on the back; a somewhat undulated appearance of white and black, with a considerable mixture of tawny, on the sides, where the white strongly predominates ; the black then disappears altogether, the sides of the belly being tawny and its middle white. The tawny colour extends across the chest; but the throat and chin are pure white. The tail is tawny on both surfaces, and becomes much darker at the tip. From this description it will be seen that the animal ac- cords sufficiently with the Tlacoyotl of Hernandez. The difference in the adpressed and firmer character of its fur from the lax and almost woolly nature of the fur of the arctic Badger, may be accounted for by its being less exposed to cold, and consequently not requiring the additional protection of a much warmer covering; in the arctic specimen, too, it is probable that the pale grey colour, scarcely varied except about the head, is merely a result of that general law which gives to animals of snowy countries a white winter fur. A specimen was exhibited of a species of Sepiola from the Mauritius, which had been presented to the Society by Charles Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.8., and Dr. Grant explained its distinctive charac- ters by comparison with a specimen of the Sepiola vulgaris of the Mediterranean, exhibited for that purpose. He showed that while the body of the Eastern species is four times the size of that of the European, its arms do not exceed in length those of the latter species. On account of this comparative shortness of its members he proposed 43 to designate it as the Sepiola stenodactyla, regarding it as the type of a new species distinguished from the single species previously known not merely by the important structural character just noticed, but also by the greater number of pedunculated suckers on its tentacula, and by the markings of the ¢entacula which are transversély banded, those of the European species having round spots. Dr. Grant described the animal in detail, and exhibited a drawing in illustration of his description. Dr. Grant subsequently gave a demonstration of the structure of the heart and of the distribution of the blood-vessels of the large Indian Tortoise, Testudo Indica, Linn., which died lately at the Society’s Gar- dens. He pointed out the manner in which the quadrangular fold lying over the openings of the two auricles serves as a valve to these auricles during the contraction of the ventricle, and to direct the currents of venous and arterial blood to opposite sides of the ventricle during its dilatation. The remarkable spongy texture of the left chamber of the ventricle, formed by innumerable minute and separate fleshy co- lumns which traverse it in every direction, to mingle thoroughly the two kinds of blood to be sent through the systemic arteries, was finely displayed in this large animal. The fleshy fold bounding the right chamber of the ventricle, ingeniously compared by M. Meckel (Vergleich. Anat. 1831, p. 223,) to the fleshy tricuspid valve of Birds, was also found largely. developed, and might well assist in the sepa- ’ ration of the venous blood of the right auricle, and in its propulsion through the dulbus arteriosus and pulmonary arteries. The two sy- stemic aorte were distinctly seen to commence by separate orifices _ from the ventricle, as in the aquatic Chelonia, and not by a single orifice as stated by Cuvier to occur in the land Tortoises (Le¢ons, iv. p- 221). All the orifices of the ventricle are provided with two valves of a semilunar form; even the auriculo-ventricular orifices are each provided with a semilunar valve besides the continuous fold extended over both their orifices. No trace of valves could be observed on the entrance of the pulmonary veins into the left auricle; but two very large semilunar folds protect the entrance of the systemic veins into the right auricle. The partitions of the interior of the ventricle are here but imperfectly developed, compared with those of the aquatic Chelonia. He directed the attention of the Members to the size and condition of the two ductus arteriosi, one leading from each pulmonary artery to the descending aorta of the corresponding side, which in this adult animal were still obvious and strong cords, though with their canals almost obliterated. He observed that the Chelonia here exhibited as a permanent character what is found in Birds only at an early period of their life ; the ductus arteriosus being double in birds in their fcetal state, and the one on the right side disappearing before that on the left, while in Mammalia the left only is present in the embryo. The distribution of the great trunk sent to the upper parts of the _ body, the smallness of the communicating branch between the two 44 descending aorte, the origin and distribution of the cceliac and supe- yior mesenteric arteries, the subdivisions of the single abdominal aorta, the limited distribution of the vena porte, and other parts of the circulating system of this large Tortoise, were also pointed out. ad sds April 9, 1833. Joseph Cox Cox, Esq., in the Chair. Several extracts were read from a letter, addressed by Dr. A. Smith, Corr. Memb. Z.S., to Mr. Yarrell, and dated Port Elizabeth, Algoa Bay, December 22, 1832. Dr. Smith states his belief that the Hyena vulgaris, Cuy., does not inhabit South Africa; its place being occupied by the Hyena villosa, Smith, which bears, when young, considerable resemblance to that species. He also states that the Eagle from the Cape, which was presented to the Society by the Hon. J. T. Leslie Melville, and which is now ° living in the Menagerie, is not the young of Aquila vulturina, Daud., but of 4y. Choka, Smith, (Falco rapax, Temm.). ‘He remarks that Vultur auricularis, Daud., is not confined to the interior of South Africa, but is met with close to Cape Town, over which he has seen it flying. The belief that several pairs build their nests together (whence the appellation of sociable Vul- ture has been derived,) is erroneous ; for Dr. Smith has never met with more than one nest actually occupied upon the same tree: the error has probably originated in a new nest being occasionally built adjoining to an old one, which had been deserted on account of its having become unserviceable. The bird seems but little disposed to sociability ; rarely more than two are seen together, and if four occur in the vicinity of a carcass, the number is consi- ‘dered as great ; while of Vudtur fulvus, it is by no means uncommon to see a hundred, or even more, congregated together where carrion exists. Dr. Smith adds that Aguila Verreauxu, Less., is synonymous with Aq. vulturina, which has recently been described by M. Lesson as a Halidetus: it has, however, none of the habits ot the Fishing Eagles. It inhabits the highest and most rocky mountains, preying - chiefly on the Cape Hyrux. The error has probably arisen from the white back being concealed, in stuffed specimens, by the wings. " . M, Lesson, in November 1530, founded two new genera, Gymno- genys and Teratophius, on the Falco Gymnogenys, Temm., and Falco ecaudatus, Shaw, These genera are respectively synonymous with Polyboroides and Helotarsus, proposed by Dr. Smith in the ‘ South African Journal’ in April of the same year. _» The Circaetus pectoralis and Falco Chicqueroides of Dr. Smith are fTespectively synonymous with Circ. thoracinus, Cuv., and Falco bi- armicus, Temm. ’ Dr. Smith also states that the Antelope described by Mr. Woods in the ‘ Zoological Journal’ as the Antilope personata, is the young .of Ant. pygarga, Pall., the Bonte Bok. . - No. LV, ProceEepines of THE ZooLOGIcAL Society. a 46 An extract was read from a letter, addressed to the Secretary by Charles Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and referring toa Viver- ridous animal obtained by that gentleman from Madagascar, which lived for several months in his possession, and on its death was transmitted in spirit to the Society. Mr. Telfair states his belief that the animal is new to science ; a belief in which Mr, Bennett participated. The specimen was exhibited, and Mr. Bennett pointed out, in reference to a ** Description of a Viverridous Animal from Madagascar,” its resemblance to the Paradozuri in the plantigrade character of its feet; the webbing of its toes almost to their extre- mities ; and the number and retractility of the claws, which on the fore-feet are sharp and resembling those of the Cats. Its general appearance also approaches that of Paradoxurus ; but the fur is short, adpressed, and of uniform colour, and the tail is slender, cylindrical, and equally hairy all round, rendering it probable that this organ is not subject to being curled in the manner usual in that genus, from which it also differs in the possession of an anal pouch. In the young individual exhibited the dentary characters could not be ascertained, its teeth being only of the deciduous class. Its anatomical structure resembles, in the shortness of the intestines, the size and direction of the cecum, the disposition of the superficial vessels of the kidneys, and in some other respects, that of the typical }iverride@, and approaches nearly to the structure of the Felide. shtiv Mr. Bennett stated his impression that the animal should be re- garded as the type of a new genus, nearly allied to, but distinct from, Paradoxurus. He proposed for it the name of Cryptoprocta Serox. Some remarks by Mr. Spooner on the post mortem appearances of the Moose Deer, which died suddenly, at the Society’s Gardens, on the morning of the 28th of March, were read. ' ; ‘Having been informed by the keeper that a copious ejection from the stomach took place a few minutes previous to dissolution, I was impressed with the idea that a rupture of that organ had taken place, or that the animal had taken some poisonous ingredient with its food. A careful investigation of the alimentary canal, however, did not tend to verify such opinion, as the whole of the “ organs composing it bore a healthy aspect, with the exception ofa few hydatids, which were found to be adherent to the peritoneal tunic of the stomach. The kidneys were in a state of chronic disease, which was more particularly confined to their cortical sub- stance. The structure of the liver was also much impaired by chronic inflammation. “On examining the viscera of the thorax, the ravages of acute disease were sufficiently apparent to account for the sudden death of the animal. The heart and pericardium were highly inflamed, as were also the large vesse's proceeding to and from that organ. The liquor pericardiz was morbidly augmented, and of a sanguineous hue. The right side of the heart was hypertrophic, and the lungs 47 were more than usually congested: In conclusion I beg leave to state that, in my opinion, there can be no doubt that the immediate cause of death was the acute disease of heart, but that the chronic disease of kidneys and liver was the remote cause.” “A specimen was exhibited of an Antelope, previously undescribed, which forms part of the collection of Mr. Steedman, by whom it was communicated to the Society. It was characterized by Mr. Ogilby as the y ANTILOPE ELLIPSIPRYMNUS, Ant. coriubus maximis, elongatis, procurvis, annulatis: rhinario magno: scopis nullis: ports in- guinalibus: caudd longd, floccosd: pilis rigidis, floccosis, linee dorsalis cervicisque media reversis: rufo-brunneo griseoque varius, metopio saturaté brunneo, maculd longa supraoculari, labiis, fascia ' indistinct gulari, macula jugulari, ellipsique prymnalt, albis, Mr. Ogilby gave the following detailed description. “ This magnificent animal, which belongs to that section of the Antelope genus which Colonel Smith denominates gocerz, and which comprehends the Ant. leucophea and Ant. equina of natu- ralists, measures 7 feet 31 inches from the muzzle to the root of the tail, 3 feet 10 inches in height at the shoulder, and 3 feet 8 inches at the croup. The horns measure 30 inches along the curve, and the tail with the hair 21 inches. « The ground colour, both above and below, is a mixture of grey _and russet brown, the latter predominating on the back, croup, cannons and pasterns. The forehead and chaffron are uniform dark brown. The hair is uniformly harsh, and divided into separate locks, which lie in different directions. On the back, immediately above the loins, there is a little whorl or centre, from which the hair all along the back and neck is reversed or directed forwards. The hair of the neck is longer and more bristly than that of the body, reversed above, and directed transversely over the sides so as to form a lengthened ridge on the throat. There is no mane nor beard. A large white mark passes over each eye, extending 3 or 4 inches down on each side of the chaffron; the lips and interior of the ear are also white, and an indistinct band of the same colour crosses the throat, at the junction of the head and neck. The hair on the chest is also reversed, and directed upwards, The ears are large and broad like those of an Ox; they are covered on the outside with short hair of a pale red colour, having a white mark on the under edge, and marked with five longitudinal str within, as in the gene- rality of the Antelope genus. The tail reaches nearly to the heel, ~ and is covered with hair like that of the body, brown above, white. beneath, and very slightly tufted. But the most extraordinary mark is a white ribband which passes over the croup, down each hip, and unites between the thighs, so as to form a perfect and regular ellipse, of which the root of the tail occupies the upper focus, This mark contrasts in a most remarkable manner with the deep russet colour of the surrounding parts, and is in itself so singular and cha- _ » = 48 racteristic of the animal, that I have judged it proper to commemo- rate it in the specific appellation. “The horns are 23 inches distant at the base, and 22% at the points. They first point backwards and outwards, spreading widely and directed nearly in a straight line for the first 12 inches of their length, then bend forwards and slightly inwards with a uniform curvature, the concavity being in front, or just in the opposite di- rection from that which is observed in the Ant.leucophea and Ant, eguina. At first I was inclined to believe that this direction might have been given them by mistake in the stuffing of the specimen, but Mr. Gould assured me that they were attached to the os frontis, and could not possibly have been reversed, They are surrounded by twenty-four distinct and prominent annuli, nearly obliterated behind, and extending to within 6 inches of the points, which are smooth and blunt. Between the annuli, the horns are marked with deep and regular striz, which run in a longitudinal direction. As far as the annuli extend they are of a light brown colour, but the smooth part is black, and they are almost of a uniform thickness from the root to the points. Their circumference at the base is 9 inches. The muzzle is large and naked ; there are neither crumene, nor scope on the knees, but the inguinal pores are very distinct, and surrounded by a naked space of considerable extent, “The locality from which Mr. Steedman procured this magnifi- cent specimen, which at present forms one of the principal orna- ments of his valuable collection of South African animals, lies about twenty-five days’ journey north of the Orange river, between Lata- - koo and the western coast of Africa. That gentleman informs me that he never saw but one other specimen, which, however, was not perfect, but of much larger dimensions than the present individual, and with longer and stouter horns.” Mr. Ogilby subsequently called the attention of the Society to a specimen of a Mammiferous Quadruped, also communicated by Mr. Steedman for exhibition, which he described in detail with reference toa paper ‘On the Characters and Description of a new. Genus of Carnivora, called Cynictis.” The new genus proposed by Mr. Ogilby connects the family of the Civets with that of the Dogs, participating with the one in its organs of mastication, and with the other in those of locomotion, ‘and consequently ranging with Proteles, Isid. Geoff., as a second genus, intermediate between those two groups. Proteles, however, partakes in some degree of the characters of the Hy@nas, while Cynictis is more immediately interposed between the Dogs and Ichneumons, to the latter of which it bears a pretty close resemblance in external form. The generic characters may be thus expressed : CyNICTIS. . See Oh we —6 ° Dentes primores, : 3 laniarii, 3 molares, eae quorum utrinque a 49 yD tres priores spufii, quartus carnarius, sequertes tuber- ¢ i {1 : f 0 } ; hj ; ; } . ; Pedes digitigradi, digitis 5—4, unguibus falcularibus Tongis fos- taped eran 3 PL wadiq Cauda longa, comosa.'' : ha Wags Dh Th Genus inter Ryzenam et Herpestem intermediuin, et dentibus et aiitgnin angele wate ST NENG kabul ; : "tist ; Oxnictis' STEEDMANNI, Cyn. rufus; dorso. saturatiore; gents, «colle, lateribus cauddque rufis priseo intermixtis ; caude apice bee sordidé alboin'0o 0 948 I) 40K . thio » Long. corporis cum’ capite,'] ped. 6:unc.}! caudce, 1 ped. ; capitis, a rostro ad auricule basin, 24 unc); auricule, 4; auricule lati- tudo; 13.5 0° un ott gnetltio 1 r - The general colour, as well as the whole’external appearance of the animal, is that of a small Fox. Mr. Ogilby described in detail the generic and specific pecu- liarities, and pointed them out on the preserved skin and on the cranium ; in the latter, as in that of Herpestes, the bony ring sur- rounding the orbit is complete. He added also references to the Travels of Sparrman, for a notice apparently of this animal; and to those of Mr. Barrow, (vol. i. p. 185,) in which a brief, but per- fectly intelligible account of it is contained: it is there said to be «« known to the colonists under the general name of Meer-kat.” Mr. Steedman’s specimen was obtained in the neighbourhood of Uitenhage, on the borders of Caffraria. Lieut. Col. Sykes exhibited a foetus of a Panther, preserved in spirit, and exhibiting ali the markings of the adult; thus showing that the animals of this species do not undergo the changes in markings in their progress towards maturity which are generally found to occur in the genus Felis. Col. Sykes’s chief object in bringing it before the Society, was to call attention to certain sub- cuticular appearances, involving questions on the vascularity and colouring principle of hair, and, by analogy, of feathers also. The body of the foetus is covered with the tawny hair and numerous black rings of the adult, and of an equally brilliant colour: on the limbs, however, there is not any hair, but where the future spots are to appear there exists a black circle or blotch, indicating an arrangement of the colouring matter, or a textural arrangement for the reflection of this particular colour, at a period antecedent to the access of light. In the Paper in which Col. Sykes described these appearances, he considered the growth of hair and of feathers, and the causes of the changes of colour observed in them, quoting largely from va- rious authorities. He also adduced remarks made by himself in support of the probability that, although their existence has not yet been demonstrated, these assumed extra-vascular parts are provided with vessels and with nerves. His principal arguments were de- duced from the deep attachment of some feathers and quills; the 50 multitude of vessels in the roots, and thenerves traceable to the bulbs of hair; the direct action of the will upon hair and feathers in cer- tain animals; the fact of hair becoming an organ of sensation in plica Polonica ; the effect of impressions of the mind and of disease upon the hair in man; the internal preparatory. process for re- flecting particular colours; and the changes produced by sexual periods. He further inquired whether, as hair grows from the cutis and passes through the rete mucosum, this latter membrane may not be the depository of the colouring matter, whence it is.taken up perennially by hair and by most feathers, but only at certain seasons by others. Whether, however, the change of colour in feather and hair be owing to the diffusion of a new body through them, or toa modification in the arrangement of their primary molecules causing them to reflect other rays,—in either case, he apprehends, organic action is equally implied. 6 bot = We | 51 April 23, 1833. The Dean of Carlisle-in the Chair, The following ietter, addressed to the Secretary by Mr. J.C. Lees, was read. It was accompanied by.a drawing of the animal referred to in it, which was exhibited: it represented a species of Glaucus, Forst. We , _ Being at sea about two years ago, between the (Azores and the Bahama Islands, in about lat, 30°.N. long. 50°. W.,.I observed the surface of the sea thickly covered in every direction, as far as I could see, with small animals. Having drawn up some of them in a bucket, I found them to have bodies. and tails nearly resembling those of a Lizard, but the head was thick and blunt without any appearance of neck. I could not discover either eyes or mouth, Four short arms, or limbs, were attached to the body, nearly in the same situation as the legs of a Lizard, and from the outer end of each of them proceeded, in a radiating direction, fifteen slender feelers, diminishing to a fine point, the centre ones longer than the others. These animals were of a deep, but vivid blue colour, with a bright, well-defined line of silver down the back, from the head to the extremity of the tail; this streak of silver branched off.also into the arms, and along each of the feelers, till towards the points it formed so thin a line as to become gradually imperceptible. The under part of the animals was of a silvery white ; their appearance was very beautiful ; they were about, 14 inch long from the front of the head to the end of the tail, and about the same across from the extremities of the longest of the opposite feelers. The water continued covered with them for two days, during which time we sailed over about 100 miles ; the number of them must therefore have been prodigious. st “ They remained perfectly quiet in the water except. when touched, when they either partially or entirely drew themselves up into a ball: they could in this manner draw up either one or more feelers, or the whole limb, with its fifteen.. They did not appear to notice the approach of a finger or piece of stick until it actually, touched them, and then did not attempt to swim away, but only drew up the part touched with a sudden and apparently angry jerk of the head. If the touch was violent or repeated, they drew them; selves entirely up in a globular form ; and the same thing occurred when they came in contact with each other. 1 endeavoured to preserve some of them alive by keeping them in sea water, but in three or four days they all died, and immediately shrunk up into a shapeless mass ofa brown colour. I. was equally unsuccessful in my endeavour to preserve them in spirits, in strong salt and water, or in vinegar: the instant they were introduced into those liquids they shrivelled up into a brownish shapeless mass. Although I 52 have several times crossed the Atlantic, and have continually had other opportunities of observing the sea, 1 have never before or since seen any of these animals. Neither the captain nor seamen of the vessel I was in recollected ever having seen any of them.” A note was read, addressed to the Secretary by Charles Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S. It was accompanied by a fossil bone from Vohemar in Madagascar, which was exhibited. The bone was considered as ‘‘ part of the palate of a fish, called, in these seas, la gueule pavée.” » It was contrasted with the bones constituting the rinding apparatus of the spotted Eagle Ray, Myliobatis Narinari, um, from which it was remarkably distinct both in form and stricture. It appears to be referrible to the inferior pharyngeal bone of a gigantic species of Scarus. Ina recent Scarus, a foot in length, the inferior pharyngeal bone is 3 lines wide, and the num- ber of series of ‘oval lamine forming its teeth is three, reckoned transversely, and ‘exclusive of the elevated series forming a border along each side.’ In the fossil, the raised margins are wanting : without these its breadth is 1 inch and‘a half, and the number of series*of lamin is four. Some recent specimens in the Museum of'the Royal ‘College of Surgeons are little inferior in size. ‘The exhibition was resumed of the collection of Shells formed by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America, and among the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. The new species brought on the present evening under the notice of the Society were accom- panied by characters by Mr. Broderip and Mr, G. B, Sowerby. Genus Conus. Before the author proceeds to describe the species brought to this country by Mr. Cuming, it may be necessary to point out the difficulty of the task, arising from the infinite varieties presented by this genus, and the very few points of form and structure in the shell which can be relied on as the foundation of specific character. M. de Blainville, when noticing the numerous species already re- corded, gives us a hint that many of them may be what Adanson calls “espéces de cabinet ;” and no one can examine an extensive collection of Cones, particularly if it contain many individuals of each’ species for the purpose of comparison, without being struck by the force of the observation. Colour,—granulation or smooth- ness,—length or shortness of the spire,—its plainness or corona- tion, —will be found in many species to be the result of locality, food, or temperature. The following descriptions are, therefore, given with the diffidence which an investigation of the subject can- not fail to inspire—W. J. B. Conus, TIARATUS: Con. testd rhomboided, castaneé monilibus castaneo-albis tessellatis et basin versus pallide bifasciatd ; spira subproducté coronatd : long. 14, lat. ¢ poll. BY, fl Hab, ad Tnsulas Gallapagos. uc 53 “This ‘species varies in size and intensity of colour. In fine spe- cimens the white and chestnut tessellated necklaces are very di- stinct. The interior of the shell corresponds in colour with its exterior. Found on sand in small ponds of sea-water.—W. J. B. Conus tornatus. Con. testa rhomboideo-productd, sulcatd, .» sulcis prominentibus, scabris, albd castaneo maculatd et punctatd ; spird conicd, productd, carinatd ; epidermide subfuscd, tenut : F ‘ong. 14, lat. + poll. .Habsin America Meridionali. (Xipixapi.) . This elegant species looks as if it had been turned in a lathe. It 5 ay from: ten to twelve fathoms deep in sandy mud.— - oe DB. Conus NiviFER. Con. testa conicd, subfuscd maculis niveis fre- - quentissimé sparsa et fasciis 3 castaneis (ultimo maximo) cinctd ; spird planiusculd, apice acuto ; basi castaned : long. 1, lat. poll. Var. a fasciis subobsoletis. Var. B sine fasciis: varietas forsan Coni nivosi, Lam,; quere tamen. Hab. ad Insulas Capo de Verde dictas.—W. J. B. | A very elegant species, especially when well developed and with the three dark bands complete. : The variety 6 may be Lamarck’s Con. nivosus, but he refers to no figure, and the term “ mouchetures” will hardly apply to the flake-like spots on our shell.—W. J. B. Conus nanus. Con. testd conicd, sursum albd, deorsum lividd ; spird coronatd, apice acuto; basi et fauce purpurascentibus : long. 4, lat. + poll. Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood's Island.) Found on the reefs.—W. J.B. Conus LurEus. Con. testd rhomboideo-productd, luted monilibus _castaneis exilibus cinctd et maculis nigro-castaneis albo limbatis in spiram et in anfractis basalis medium tessellatd: long. 14, lat. poll. - Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Annaa.) The spire of this species, though full and rounded, terminates in ashort acute point. The shell tapers rapidly towards the base. When in perfection, its rich saffron colour, girt with numerous delicate necklaces, and the broad belt of interrupted tessellated spots of the darkest chestnut bordered with the purest white, give it a very beautiful appearance. The tessellated spots are so regu- larly set on the whorls of the spire as to look like mosaic work. Some of the specimens have a pale yellow for the ground colour; but these seem to be faded. tbe. Found on the reefs.—W. J. B. Conus concinnus. Con. testd sub-pyriformi, politd, basi trans- versim sulcatd, albo luteoque quasi geographicé pictd ; spire 54 subrotundate suturis subcrenulatis, apice acuto, roseo: long. ,*, tut. +45 poll. To am) Hab. in Sinu Californie. Found on the sands.— W, J. B. Conus recurvus. Con. testd elongato-conicd, subrecurvd, albd rubro-castaneo nebulosd et vittatim punctatd ; spiré prominente, acuta, albo castaneoque maculata; epidermide tenuissimd : long. 2, lat. Z poll. Hab. in America Meridionali. (Monte Christi.) In young specimens the top of the body whorl, just as it joins the spire, is surrounded by athin elevated edge. This, in young indi- viduals, is almost sharp: with age all traces of it disappear. In its markings it sometimes resembles Conus Amadis. Found in gravel at a depth of twenty-two fathoms.—W. J. B. Conus Nux. Con. testd brevi, conicd, obesd, albd brunneo nebu- losd; spird subcoronatd ; basi granulosd, acutd, violaced : long. 1, lat. +7, poll. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. In some individuals the brown predominates almost to the exclu- sion of the white, save a few scattered spots and flakes. This Cone approaches to Con. sponsalis, and perhaps may be a variety of that species.—W. J. B. Conus MONILIFER. Con. testd subfusiformi, transversim striatd, albicante, castaneo-variegatd, punctis castaneis seriatim ordinatis ; ge oe albo castaneogue varid, apice acuto: long. 2, at. 44 poll. Hab. in jaan Meridionali. (Salango.) _ Dredged at the depth of nine fathoms in sandy mud. A single specimen.—G. B, S, ~ 4). 4. % ( Conus Ancuon. Con. testd conicd, albd maculis flavo-castaneis geographicé distributis varia : long. 2%, lat. 14 poll. Hab. in America Centrali. (Bay of Montija.) This shell approaches some of the varieties of Con. Cedo-nulli in its contour and markings. It is the only specimen found by Mr. Cuming, and was taken from sandy mud at a depth of twelve fa- thoms.—W. J. B. Conus Musivum. Con. testd rhomboided, transversim striatd, pallidé rosed albo tessellatd, maculis strigisque castaneis pictd: long. 1%, lat. ¢ poll. Hab. ad Insulas Philippinas. This elegant Cone, which is in some degree allied to Con. Tectile and its varieties, was found on the sands.—W. J. B Conus purpurascens, Con. test conoided, subgranulosd, pur- purascente monilibus frequentibus fusco-albis ornatd et maculis Juscis nubild; labri limbo interno violaceo ; epidermide fused, moniliformi: long. 23, lat. 1+ poll, Hab, ad Panamam, ~— - Oo This Cone varies much in its colouring and markings. Some va- tieties present fantastic figures like Con. Augur; in others the brown patches are large and like cloudy shapes; in all, the brown and white tessellated necklaces are to be seen, as well as the violet rim on the inside of the lip. As in most of the Cones which have that peculi- arity, some individuals are much more granulose than others. Found on sandy mud in the clefts of rocks.—W. J. B. Conus GrapiaTor. Con. testd conicd, brunned albo obscuré lon- gitudinaliter strigatd, balteo subcentrali subobsoleto; albente ; _.- spird subcoronatd, granuloso-striatd, brunned albo maculatd ; epidermide crassd longitudinaliter rugosd, hinc et hinc subtomen- _ tosd: long. 1%, lat. 1 poll. Hab. ad Panamam, Sometimes the ground colour is ash-colour, with longitudinal chestnut stripes. Found in sandy mud in the clefts of rocks.—W. J. B. Conus Orton. Con. testd conicd, castaned albo sparsim ma- culatd, balteo albo superné interdum castaneo tessellatd cinctd ; * spird mediocri albo castaneoque maculatd: long. 1+, lat. % poll, Var. vitta alba moniliformi inter spiram et balteum. Hab. in America Centrali. (Real Liejos). _ Found in soft sand in the clefts of rocks.—W. J. B. Conus GEOGRAPHUS. _ Varietas nana, rosea: long. 2, lat. % poll. _ Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Annaa.) __ I do not find sufficient grounds for distinguishing this shell from Con: geographus. It is rather more dense in proportion to its size, and the spire is somewhat more elongated and contracted than that of the large variety: but these differences cannot be depended on as specific distinctions when set against the resemblance to Con, Beographus in general form, and in the texture of its markings. _ Found on the reefs.—W. J. B. > ‘Conus PRinceps. Var. a. Con. testa conicd, croced vel fluod lineis castaneis frequen- tibus longitudinalibus tenuibus inscripté : long. 24, lat. 12 poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. wei - I cannot distinguish this shell specifically from Con. Princeps. In some individuals, there is a blank interval without any lineations, The only epidermis which I have seen is smooth and thin. Found in sandy mud in the clefts of rocks —W. J. B.' Var. 6. long. 23, lat. 14 poll. a9 - Hab. ad Panamam. ; a. ’ This much resembles-the last, but the lineations are less regular, and in some individuals almost entirely absent: the shell too is somewhat more ponderous than that of var.a. The only epidermis which I have seen is rather thick and tufted, like that of Con Prin- Se Found in soft mud in the crevices of rocks.— W. J. B. 56 Var.y. ‘Tota crocea: long. 2¢, lat. 14 poll. Hab. ad Montem Christi. The spire of this is somewhat more developed than that of the shells above described ; and elevated transverse lines surround most of the specimens. In some, traces of attempts at the longitudinal lineations are found. After a careful examination, I cannot sepa~ rate this variety specifically from the other two. The elevated transverse lines are to be found in both the others. Found in sandy mud in the clefts of rocks.—W. J. B. In further illustration of his Paper “On the Laws that regulate the Changes of Plumage in Birds,” Mr. Yarrell exhibited several varieties of British species, which possessed in part only the plumage common to the race. In some of these the feathers assamed at the moult were of the natural colour, and distinct from those previously borne; from which it was inferred, that, as the bird increased in age and strength, the plumage would assume entirely the colours peculiar to the species. Mr. Yarrell also referred to some newly-collected series of feathers, which were shown, They were taken from birds at this time assuming the plumage of summer. In the black-tailed Godwit, Limosa melanura, Leisl., many of the old feathers produced at the preceding autumn moult still retained the colours they had borne through the winter ; others were changing; and some had entirely assumed the colours peculiar to the breeding season, bearing the same tints and markings as some new feathers, the webs of which were only partly expused, A series of feathers from the breast of the Golden Plover, Charadrius pluvialis, Linn., were also shown,— some entirely white, the colour peculiar to winter; some entirely black, being the prevailing colour of the breeding season; and others bearing almost every possible proportion of well-defined black and white on the same feathers. Several feathers were also shown which were taken from a Her- ring Gull, Larus argentatus, Brunn., in its third year, which is now at the Society’s Gardens. This bird was examined at Christmas last. Several tertial feathers were found to have their basal half blue-grey, the other half mottled with brown. Two notches were made with scissors in the webs of these feathers, intended to refer to the two colours then present. Some other feathers were wholly mottled with brown, and were marked with one notch. This bird was re-examined in April. The tertial feathers, which, when marked, were of two colours, were now entirely blue-grey ; one feather was tipped with white. The other feathers, which, when marked, were wholly mottled, were now, for two thirds of their length, pure white, the terminal third alone retaining the mottled brown. May 14, 1833. William Yarrell, Esq. in the Chair. Various skins of Birds from Switzerland, presented to the Society by the Administration of the Musée Académique of Geneva, were exhibited. They comprised several species not previously contained in the collection. At the request of the Chairman, a paper by Mr.Gould “On a new Genus of the Family Corvide” was read. The genus proposed by Mr. Gould comprehends the Pica vagabunda, Wagl., Pica Sinensis, Gray, and a third species which the author believes to have been hitherto unnoticed. To this group, on account of its arboreal ha-’ bits, he gives the name of DENDROCITTA. Rostrum capite brevius, cultratum, ad basin Jatum, culmine ar- cuato, lateribus subtumidis. Nares basales, plumis setaceis partim tectz. Ale mediocres, remigibus 5t4 6taque longioribus. Cauda elongata, cuneata, rectricibus spatulatis. Tarsi breves, debiles, _ Digiti mediocres. Hallux fortis, ungue forti, incurvo. - is 38 Typus genericus. ~DeEnpRocITTA LEUCoGASTRA. Dend. aira; occipite, cervice, '- strigd transversd ad remigum basin, abdomineque albis; scapu- taribus, interscapulio, tectricibusque caude inferioribus dilute castaneis ; rectricibus duabus internis nisi ad apices cinereis. Hab. The shortness and comparative feebleness of the farsi in Dendro- citta, and its more elongated tail, the feathers of which are equally graduated, except the two middle ones which are much longer than the others, distinguish it from the typical Pzce, the common Magpie for example. These characters are in accordance with its habit of wandering from tree to tree in search of its food. It is further di- stinguished by the form of its bill. All the species yet known are natives of Eastern Asia. MEO DULAC ; : _. Mr. Bennett called the attention of the Society to the skin and skeleton of an animal recently living in the Menagerie, and exhibited in illustration of a paper “On the Family of Chinchiliide, and ona New Genus referrible to it,” the commencement of which he read. The animal in question was purchased, in June 1832, from a dealer, who was completely ignorant of the locality from which it was ori- ginally obtained ; and was brought by Mr. Bennett under the notice No. V. PRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. ; 58 of the Committee of Science and Correspondence at its first meeting in that month. He then stated his conviction that it would be found to constitute the type of a new genus, intimately related to Lagosto- mus and Chinchilla, which he proposed to designate by the name of Lagotis, adding the specific denomination of Cuvieri, in commemo- ration of the illustrious naturalist, whose irreparable loss the world of science was just then called upon to deplore. He deferred, how- ever, the completion of his account of the animal, until he should be enabled, at its death, to add the dentary and other internal cha- racters, to the more obvious external distinctions on which he then relied. That opportunity having now occurred, he proceeded on the present occasion to redeem his pledge, and also to take a ge- neral view of the history, zoological characters and anatomy of the family to which it manifestly belongs. As regards the history of Lagotis, although the last of the three animals constituting the family to come under the cognizance of zoological science, Mr. Bennett stated that he had little doubt that it was in fact. the earliest known to travellers in South Ame- rica, which he had no hesitation in assigning as its native country. He believed it to be the Viscacha of all the writers from Pedro de Ciega downwards, (including Acosta, Garcilasso, De Laet, Nierem- berg, Feuillée, Ulloa, Vidauré, Molina, Schmidtmeyer and Steven- son,) who have mentioned that animal as an inhabitant ofthe Western or Peruvian acclivities of the Andes. The Lagostomus, on the other hand, is clearly the Viscacha described by so many travellers as co- lonizing the vast plains eastward of that great chain. Among these he cited Dobrizhoffer, Jolis, D'Azara, Proctor, Head, Miers and Haigh. For its zoological history he referred to its various de- scribers, from M. De Blainville to M. Lesson. To complete the history of Chinchilla he also gave an account of the various notices regarding it, which have.appeared since September 1829, the date of his account of it in the ‘Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoolo- gical Society.’ , The following characters point out the situation occupied by the three animals in the Order Rodentia, and the generic differences that exist between them. = : Trib. Hersivora, F. Cuv. ‘ Dentes molares eradicati, per totam vitem pulpd persistente cres- centes. Fam. CHINCHILLIDZ. Dentes incisores superiores simplices; molares *—*, e lamellis osseis binis ternisve tenialibus inter se parallelis, substantid vitred om- nino circumdatis, constantes: coronidibus invicem exact oppo- sitis, attritu complanatis. Americe Australis incole, gregarii, subterranei, mites. Artus postici anterioribus subdupl6é longi- oribus. Cauda producta, ad apicem supernéque longé setosa. Gen. 1. Lacoris, a c . aaa : . . Dentes incisores 2. acutati ; molares ——, singuli e iamellis tribus com. 59 pletis obliquis constantes. Cranium posticé supernéque arcuatum, tympani cellulis supertoribus inconspicuis. Pedes omnes tetra- actylt, pollice omnino deficiente, unguibus parvis subfalcularibus. Auricule longissime. Cauda longa. Rupicole (Peruviani) vellere molli caduco induti. Lacotis Cuvieri. Gen. 2. CHINCHILLA. Dentes incisores 2. acutati; molares =*, singuli e lamellis tribus com- ' pee obliquis constantes, preter anticum inferiorem bilamellosum melld anteriore profunde bilobd. Cranium postic? retuso-trun- catum, superne depresso-complanatum, tympani cellulis conspicue inflatis. _Pedes antici pentadactyli, pollice completo ; postici te- tradactyli, unguibus parvis subfalcularibus. Auricule ample. Cauda longiuscula, Rupicole Chilenses et Peruviani, vellere mollissimo tenacissimo induti. 1, Chinchilla lanigera, Benn. 2? Chinchilia aurea. Callomys aureus, Isid. Geoffr. St. Hil. in Ann. Sci, Nat. tom, 21, p. 291. Gen. 3. Lacostromus. Dentes incisores 2 acutati; molares <4, singuli e lamellis binis com- | pletis obliquis constantes, postico superiore trilamelloso. Pedes antici tetradactyli, pollice omnino deficiente, unguibus parvis fal- cularibus ; postict tridactyli, unguibus productis rectis robustis. Auricule mediocres. Cauda mediocris. Campestres Bonarienses et Paraguaienses, vellere parum utili.induti. Lagostomus trichodactylus, Brookes. The Lagotis Cuviert has the size, and much of the general form of the rabbit. Its posterior limbs measure twice the length of the anterior ; and its tail is about equal in length to its body exclusive of the head. Its whiskers are very numerous, closely set, and entirely of a jet black, ten or twelve of the longest on each side being ex- ceedingly thick and rigid, and measuring 7 inches in length. The ears have nearly the form of a long parallelogram, regularly rounded at the tip, 3 inches in length, and 1 in breadth, with the margins rolled in below: they are so sparingly furnished with short scattered hairs as to appear almost naked. ‘The fore feet, like the hinder, have only four toes, there being no vestige of a thumb; and the claws are small, slightly sharpened, and entirely concealed by long and somewhat bristly hairs. Those of the hinder feet are similar in shape and rather larger ; but that of the inner toe is flattened, curved inwards, and exposed, the hairs immediately adjoining it giving place to a tuft of about eight rows of short, stiff, horny, curved bristles, approaching nearly in their rigidity to the comblike ap- pendage, which is found in almost the same situation in the Cteno- dactylus Massonit, Gray. A similar structure also occurs in the Chinchilla, 4 =< 60 ' The hairy covering of Lagotis is almost entirely composed of a beautifully soft and downy fur, of considerable length, but loosely attached to the skin, and readily falling off, unless carefully handled, This fur is of a dusky hue at the base, and to within a short di- stance of the tip, where, for a space of from one to three lines in extent, it is of a dirty white, more or less tinged with yellowish brown. ‘Through it protrude a few long hairs, which are entirely black: these are more numerous posteriorly. The mixture of these colours. gives the general effect of a mottled greyish ash-colour. On the sides of the neck and body, where the tips of the fur verge more into yellowish brown than on the back, and where they are also of greater length, as well as on the haunches and beneath, the latter tinge appears rather more predominant. There is little of the dusky colour visible on the under surface. The hairs of the tail below are extremely short, closely adpressed, and entirely of a brownish black ; on its sides they are of two kinds, black and white ; and this is also the case with the very long, rigid, and erectile hairs, which form a crest along its upper surface. The very long, bristly hairs which project in a tuft at the tip are wholly black. ; Mr. Bennett next proceeded to compare Lagotis with Chinchilla, occasionally illustrating his remarks by a reference to the structure of Lagostomus. He afterwards entered at length into the internal anatomy of the two former animals, and gave a full description of their skeletons, dwelling more particularly on the points of diffe- rence existing between them. He concluded by some observations on the tribe of Rodentia to which these animals are referrible, and an the genera which compose it. 61 May 28, 1833. Lieut.-Col. Sykes in the Chair, At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould adverted to a speci- men of a Hornbill, now living at the Society’s Gardens. He re- garded it as a very young individual of the concave Hornbill of Dr. Latham, Buceros cavatus, and exhibited, in illustration of the adult characters of the bird, specimens of it from the Society's Museum. » A Paper was read “On the Characters of several New Genera and Species of Coleopterous Insects, by the Rev. F. W. Hope.” - It was accompanied by drawings of the objects represented, exhibit- ing the generic characters in detail. Those subjoined refer only to the more prominent distinguishing marks. . ~The insects described were the following : APLoA, n. g. Carabidarum Truncati-pennium, Lebiz affine. - Antenne filiformes. Palpi mazillares articulo extimo simplici. Mentum in medio edentulum. Thorax anticé capite latior, mar- gine postico recto. Pedes et wngues simplices. ApLoa ricra. Ap. flava ; elytrorum maculis tribus fascidque un- dulatd posticd nigris ; antennis apicem versus obscurioribus ; pe- dibus flaveolis. ~ Long. 5 lin.; lat. 23. Hab. in India Orientali circa Poona. CaLosoMA ORIENTALE. Cal. supra obscur? viridi-eneum ; ely- tris crenato-striatis, interstitiis equalibus, transversim rugosis, punctis impressis viridi-cneis triplici serie dispositis. Long. 10+ lin.; lat. 43. Hab, in India Orientali circa Poona. CuLanius Syxesi. Chl. ater ; capite tricolori; elytrorum macu- lis sex aurantiis. Long. 9 lin.; lat. 4. Hab. in India Orientali circa Poona. PF OICEOPTOMA TETRASPILOTUM. . Oic. atro-violaceum ; thorace miniato, quadrt-punctato ; pedibus nigro-cyaneis. Long. 9 lin.; lat. 41. Hab. in India Orientali circa Poona, Lancuria Nepatensis. Lang. cyanea; antennis piceis ; elylris striato-punctatis. Long. 3 lin.; lat. 1. Hab, in Nepal. 62 This will probably be regarded as the type of a subgenus, having long antenne with a slightly incrassated 3-jointed clava, legs com- paratively long, narrow tarsz, and the posterior part of the thorax contracted, OPILUS AURIPENNIS. Op. ater ; thorace nigro; elytris auratis nitidissimis ; pedibus nigricantibus. Long. 7 lin.; lat. 2. Var. thorace rubro, antennis pedibusque rufescentibus. Hab, in Brasilia. (Rio Janeiro.) The three last joints of the antenne in this insect differ from those of the typical Opilz, The ninth and tenth are trigonate, with a deep incision, and the eleventh is ovate, depressed; in Opilus, the ninth and tenth are trigonate, and the eleventh is obliquely trun- cate. The tars? are also 4-jointed, the basal articulation of those of the typical Opilz being in this insect wanting. On these accounts it may be regarded as the type of a new subgenus. CopToruinA, n. g. Copridi affine. Antenne clavato-lamellate. Clypeus profundissimé incisus. Cor- pus magnum, Elytra ad latera anticé sinuata. CoproRHINA AFRICANA. Copt. nigra; clypeo profunde inciso ; thorace antic? retuso, postice prominentid latd; elytris tenuissime striato-punctatis. Long. 8 lin. (dentibus clypei inclusis); lat. 5. Hab. in Sierra Leone. CoproruinA Kiucit. Copt. nigra; clypeo profunde inciso, den- tibus porrectis, subreflexis ; prominentid thoracis media subfoveo- latd. Long. 6 lin.; lat. 4. Hab. ad Caput Bone Spei, PHZNOMERIS, n, g. Anomalz affine. Antenne 9-articulate, articulis tribus ultimis capitulum rotundum formantibus. Palpi macillares atticulo extimo ovato-elongato ad apicem conico. Corpus ovato-elongatum. Caput oblongiusculum, Thoraz \ongitudine latitudini inequalis. Elytra abdomine breviora. Femora incrassata, externé rotundata. PH#NOMERIS MAGNIFICA. Phen. viridis ; capite nigro ; thorace aurato ; elytris striato-punctatis, igne micantibus ; pedibus bico- loribus. Long. 7 lin. ; lat. 3. Hab. in Africa. (Soudan.) MAcRONATA TETRASPILOTA. Macr. nigro-olivacea, punctata ; thoracis lateribus pallidé stramineis ; elytris olivacets, maculd medid irregulari alterdque apicali minore notatis. Long. 8 lin.; lat. 41. Hab, in India Orientali circa Poona. 63 CeTonta creTosa. Cet. picea; thorace utringue maculd albd ; elytris albo variegatis. Long. 8 lin.; lat. 4. Hab. in India Orientali circa Poona, Lucanus Downest1. Luc. ater ; thorace elytrisque ferrugineo- brunneis ; mandibulis multidentatis, femoribus tibiisque ferrugi- neis ; tarsis nigris. Long. (mandibulis inclusis) 31 lin. (mandibulis exclusis 21) ; lat. thoracis 8, ad humeros 7. Hab. in Africa. (Fernando Po.) Lucanus =RATus. Luc. eneo-virens; mandibulis dentatis ni- gris ; tarsis flavo-pubescentibus. Long. (mandibulis inclusis) 10 lin. (mandibulis exclusis 9}; tho- racis vel elytrorum, 4. ; . Hab. in India Orientali. (‘Tenasserim Coast.) PHotipotus rrrorRatus. Phol. ater; thorace albo irrorato ; elytris lined elevatd albo variegatis. (9) Long. 54 lin.; lat. 2. Hab. in Brasilia. (Rio Janeiro.) Antuicus cyaneus. Anth. cyaneus; capite nigro; antennis pedibusque atris. ‘ Long. 2 lin.; lat. +. Hab. in Nova Hollandia. This may be regarded as the type of a subgenus, for which Mr. Hope proposes the name of Anthelephila. ‘Its maxillary palp: are unusually large, while the labial are scarcely longer than the /a- bium, and are terminated by a cup-shaped articulation. IsacanTHA, n. g. Curculionidarum Infracticornium, Antenne@ 1\-articulate, extrorsum crassiores. Mandibule denta- te. Macille aperte. Corpus elongatum, posticé dilatatum. Femora spinosa. IsacanTHA Rutnorioipes. Is. grisea; elytris punctatissimis ; Jemoribus anticis spinis duabus equalibus armatis. Long. 5: lin. (rostro incluso, 7); lat. 2. Hab. in Nova Hollandia. Luproprs, n. g. Helopidarum. Lakium retuso-truncatum. Palpi labiales 3-articulati, articulo 1mo minimo, 2tio subfusiformi. Caput anticé utrinque angulariter productum, antennis sub angulo insertis. ars? dilatati. Luprops cHRyYsoPHTHALMUS. Lupr. ater; oculis auratis; tho- race elytrisque punctatissimis ; tarsis infra flavo-pubescentibus. Long. 5 lin.; lat. 14. Hab. in [ndia Orientali. 64 Lamia Royiu. Lam. nigra; antennis corpore longioribus ; ely- tris mucronatis, basi scabris, maculis octo albis notatis. Long. 28 lin.; lat. 84. Hab, in Nepal. Lamia Crux niGrA. Lam. straminea; thoracis nigro, vittis tri- bus luteis ; elytris maculd cruciformi nigrd alterisque duabus ro- tundatis aurantiis notatis. Long. 11 lin.; lat. 4. Hab, in Africé. (Sierra Leone.) Prionus Hayesu. Pri. nigro-brunneus; thorace marginato multispinoso ; mandibulis porrectis, quadridentatis ; pedibus an- ticis valdé elongatis. Long. 4; unc.; lat. ad humeros, 12 lin.; elytrorum, 17. Hab, in Africa. This magnificent insect is not surpassed in size by any Coleopte- rous species with which Mr. Hope is acquainted. Prionus Cumineu. Pri. ater; thoracis bifoveolati angulo antico utringue dilatato hamato ; elytris varioloso-tuberculatis. Long. 27 lin.; lat. ad humeros 8, elytrorum 12. Hab. in Chili. (Concepcion, Valparaiso. ) Prionus Pertit. Pri. ater; capite oblongo; thorace nigro; ely- tris castaneis ; femoribus piceis ; tarsis ferrugineis. Long. 12 lin.; lat. 4. Mr. Hope proposes as a generic name for this insect, Dissoster- num. Its prosternum is produced between the anterior legs, and deeply incised, so as to form two strong processes. URACANTHA, n. g. Stenocoro affine. Antenne 11-articulate, articulo ultimo ad apicem acuto. Cor- pus lineari-oblongum, Jiytra 2-dentata. Pedes simplices. URACANTHA TRIANGULARIS. Ur. brunnea; thorace albo lineato, tuberculato ; elytris albo-pubescentibus, apicibus bidentatis lateri- busque purpureo-fuscis. , Long. 14 lin.; lat. 3. Hab. in Nova Hollandia. ScoLecosrortus, n. g. Uracanthe affine. Antenne 12-articulate, erose, articulo ultimo scalpelliformi sub- serrato. _Ceterum Uracanthe simillima. ScoLecosrotus Westwooni. Scol. flavo-ferrugineus ; elytris basi punctulatis, ad apicem bidentatis. . Long. 14 lin.; lat. 3. Hab, in Nova Hollandia. 65 - June'll, 1633. John Cole, Esq., in the Chair. A specimen of the Patagonian Penguin, Aptenodytes Patachonica, - Gmel., recently presented to the Society by Lady Rolle, was ex- hibited. Mr. Yarrell availed himself of the opportunity to point out on it the proofs which it afforded of the statement made by him at the Meeting on March 12, (page 33,) that the woolly Pen- guin of Dr. Latham is the young condition of this species. A specimen was exhibited of a Goose from the Sandwich Islands, being one of a pair recently living at the Society’s Gardens, to which they were presented. by Lady Giengall.. Mr. Vigors characterized. it asa species of Barnacle Goose, by the name of Bernicla Sandut- censis, and pointed out its distinguishing marks. He also observed on the general resemblance in the distribution of colouring which -_—* in the species of Bernicla and in those of many other groups of Birds. Numerous skins of Birds were exhibited, which had recently been obtained by the Society from California. ‘They formed part of the collection, the Mammalia of which were brought under the notice of the Society by Mr. Bennett on March 26. Mr. Vigors remarked on them generally as regarded the geographical distribution of many of them; and pointed out, as apparently hitherto undescribed, an Ortyx, a Falco, two species of Coccothraustes, and a Psittacara. Among the known birds were several of those first described by Mr. Swainson in the ‘ Fauna Boreali-Americana,’ and a specimen of Ortyx Montezume, Vig. Dr. Grant directed the attention of the Meeting to a fine entire skull of the round headed Grampus, (Delphinus globiceps, Cuv.,) from the North Pacific Ocean, presented to the Society by Capt. Delvitte, R.N., Corr. Memb. Z.S. He availed himself of the op- portunity of entering into some details regarding the osteology of the head of the Grampus and other predaceous Cetacea. The inferiority of these Mammalia, so obvious in many of their more important internal organs, is strikingly illustrated by the small- ness of their cranial development, compared with the length and magnitude of the bones of the face, and with the entire bulk of the body. The extension: of the face and its horizontal di- rection in the carnivorous Cetacea, the similarity of the form and the alternate disposition of the teeth as in Crocodiles, and the shortness and immobility of the neck as in the latter aquatic Reptiles, form a striking contrast when compared with these parts in the herbivorous species, and indicate their uses as organs adapted for prehension. Although the teeth of the Grampus and other Dol- phins have the usual recurved conical form and want of opposition No. VI. Proceepines oF THE ZooLoGicaL Society. 66 of those of Fishes and Reptiles, and are liable to an early disappear- ance from the jaws, they are lodged in deep afveoli, and are accom- panied with a fixed condition of all the bones of the face as in Gavials, Crocodiles and Alligators, in order to afford a stronger re- sistance during the conflicts of these animals with living prey- The great extension of the intermaxiflary bones raises the nostrils to the crown of the head, and enables the animals to breathe with- out raising their large head above the water, or bending backwards their very short neck. The extension backwards of their strong upper jaw-bones over the cranial cavity, and the inclination up- wards and forwards of their flat occipital bone from the horizontal position of the head, produce a remarkably compressed ridge across the verter of the skull, and incline the occipital foramen of the Grampus upwards and forwards as in the above-mentioned Reptiles. The parietal bones being thrown to the lateral parts of the cranium, and the frontal bone forming a narrow band across the head, the occipital bone almost touches the upper jaw bones along:this trans- verse ridge, and presents an extensive surface for the attachment of the strong muscles connecting the head to the spine. The coarse fibrous and spongy texture of the bones, and the thickness of the parietes of the cranium, are further analogies with Reptiles, and the want of perforations in the ethmoid bone for olfactory nerves, shows a deficiency of one important organ of sense. Dr. Grant adverted to the want of symmetry in the bones of the head, which is so remarkable in the animals of this genus, and stated that in examining lately the large collection of skeletons and skulls of blowing Cetacea in the Cabinet at Paris, he found scarcely one which did not exhibit an increased development of the right side of the head, frequently twisting the nostrils so considerably to the left side that the streams directed through these passages must have fallen at some distance from the body of the animal. The left side is generally less developed in Mammalia than the right, and it appears to be the reverse in Birds, where the de- velopment of the ovary and oviduct is always checked on the right side. These phenomena may depend on the different position of the descending aorta in the two classes, and its influence on the nervous and other systems along its course. The unity of plan in the development of the head of piscivorous Cetacea is remarkably illustrated by the discovery of teeth in the lower jaw of the faius of the toothless Balena. The whole proportions of the bones of the head and trunk of the Grampus are massive and strong, and in- dicate an animal possessed of great muscular strength, and a most formidable antagonist to the gigantic whales of the Arctie Seas. He observed that the feeble attachment of the slender jugal bones and of the petrous and tympanic portions of the temporal bones, generally causes them to disappear, as in the present instance, in macerating the skulls of Cetacea. But such donations as this were most valuable to the Society, as objects of comparison both for recent and extinct species of animals but little known and difficult of access, and as specimens rarely to be obtained by any other means, 67 Specimens were exhibited of two Monkeys, forming pert of the Society’s Museum, which Mr, Bennett characterized as follows : Semnoriruecus Nestor. Semn. saturate cinereus ; capite, prym- nd, femoribus postice, cauddgue pallidioribus, illo fusco tincto, hac ad apicem, mystacibus longiorthus, labiis, mentogue albidis ; facie, auribus, manibusque nigris ; artubus nigrescentibus. Long. corporis cum capite, 16 ; caud@, 20 unc. Hab. The prevailing colour is a deep grey with a slight tinge of brown, becoming paler on the back of the neck and on the head, where the fuscous tinge is much more marked. On the loins the deep grey passes into a pure light grey, which is continued on the hinder part of the thighs and along the tail; the tail becomes gra- dually lighter in colour, and is for several inches at the tip almost white. In passing down the limbs the prevailing grey becomes gradually darker, the colour.of the hands being nearly black. The under parts are somewhat lighter than the upper, particularly about the throat. Passing upwards from the throat the colour becomes much lighter, owing to a greater proportion of the lower part of the hairs being exposed. Hence the lips, the chin, and the whiskers are nearly pure white, the tips of the latter, which are prolonged ‘backwards, being alone grey. Over the eyes is the ridge of stifl black hairs, which is usually met with in the Semnopithect, The hairs are of moderate length, measuring about an inch and a half. The moderate length of the hairs, the somewhat lighter colour, and especially the white of the lower part and sides of the face, di- stinguish this species from Semn. leucoprymnus. ; It may be assumed.to be.a native of India; but the dealer of whom it was purchased knew not whence it was obtained. _CercopirHecus roconias. Cerc. nigrescens, albo punctulatus ; dorso medio, prymnd, caudd superné et ad apicem, fascidque temporali nigris; fronte, scelidibusque externé flavidis, nigro ___ punctulatis; mystacibus longissimis, albido-flavescentibus ; cor- __ pore caudique subtus, artubusque interne, Jflavido-rufis. Long. corporis cum capite, 17; caude, 24 unc. _ Hab. ad Fernando Po. The hairs of the upper surface are black, ringed with whitish, producing a grizzled appearance, which oceupies the back part of the head, the fore part of the back, the sides, the outer surface of the anterior limbs, and the posterior hands. In the middle of the back commences a broad black patch, which extends to the tail, and is continued along its upper surface for about two thirds of the length of that organ, the remaining portion being black both above and below. On the forehead the hairs are yellowish ringed with black; a few black hairs occupy the middle line; and on each side passing from above the eye to the ear is a broad patch of black. The whiskers expand very broadly on each side of the face ; he hairs composing them are yellowish white, occasionally but G2- 68 very sparingly ringed with dusky black. The ear bas internally a long tuft of hairs of the same colour with those of the whiskers. — The outer side of the hinder limbs, the hands. excepted, is yel- lowish grizzled with black, their colour being intermediate in in- tensity between the lightest portion of the sides and the whiskers. The under surface of the body, the insides of the limbs, and the under surface of the proximal two-thirds of the tail, are reddish yellow. In colouring, this species differs remarkably from every known Monkey. The specimen is without a skull. A specimen was exhibited of the black Lemur, Lemur niger, Geoff., which had recently been added to the Society’s Menagerie. _ In calling the attention of the Society to it, Mr. Bennett stated his belief that this was the first individual of the species which had fallen under the observation of zoologists since the days of Edwards, its original describer, who saw and figured one which was living in 1755 in the possession of a surgeon in London. The description and figure given by Edwards have consequently been hitherto the only proofs of the existence of such an animal. Mr. Bennett added that the black Lemur is the type of the Lemur Macaco, Linn. ; and that the Vari,to which the name of Lem. Ma- caco has been applied by modern authors, is given by Linnzus as the Var. d. of that species. Custom having, however, transferred the specific name to the variety, he deemed it better to acquiesce in the use which has obtained, leaving to the Vari the name of Lem. Macaco, and to the black Lemur that of Lem. niger. Specimens were exhibited of various Mammalia, Birds, and Rep- tiles, from the continent of India, which had heen recently presented: to the Society by Thomas Heath, Esq. Mr. Bennett observed on the several objects, pointing out especially the more interesting among them. ‘They included an individual apparently referrible to the Semnopithecus cucullatus, sid. Geoff. St.-Hil., although darker in all its markings than is indicated in the description given by the original observer of the species. They also included a species of Felis, of a size intermediate between the larger and the smaller ani- mals of that genus, and having in its grey colour and longitudinal striping a general external resemblance to some of the Viverre, This Mr. Bennett regarded as new to science, and proposed to de- signate it Fewis viverrinus. Fel. fulvo-cinereus, subtis albescens ; capite, nuchd, dorso, genis, guldque nigro vittatis ; lateribus, ventre, pedi- busque nigro maculatis. Long. corporis cum capite, 33 unc.; caude mutile, 7; auricula, 14. The prevailing colour of the upper surface is a rather deep yellow- ish grey, the separate hairs being dusky at the base, yellowish in the middle, and having short black tips. .'The black lines and spots are formed of hairs destitute of yellow, and having the black tips of much 69 ‘greater length. A longitudinal black band passes on each side, from ‘tthe inner canthus of the eye above the ear nearly to the shoulder; a second, more internally, passes to the same distance backwards, and is somewhat interrupted anteriorly ; and between this and its fellow on the vertex is the vestige of a median line, which on the forehead as broken up into a double row of spots; these and the two adjoin- ‘ing lines subdivide in front into numerous very small spots between ‘tthe eyes. Two black lines pass downwards obliquely on either side from below the eye, over the angle of the jaw; and from their ter- Minations on each side there passes a transverse band across the ‘throat: the space between these lines is nearly white, as is also a ‘stripe over each eye, and the whole of the under jaw and chin, ‘There is a large black spot surrounding the base of the ear poste- Yiorly, and the ear is also tipped with black. The long, linear mark- ‘ings of the back are disposed in about five interrupted, longitudinal bands, and some of the spots on the sides assume a linear form. Of these the most remarkable are, one on each side of the neck, and ‘oblique wavy band on the shoulder. The spots on the sides gene- ‘tally approach a rounded shape, and’ form, posteriorly, four or five interrupted longitudinal rows. Those of the under surface are larger, and are arranged without order. On the fore limbs the spots are small externally, and internally there are on each two large trans- verse black patches. On the hinder limbs the spots are arranged so as to form interrupted transverse bands on both surfaces. ‘The hairs of the soles of the feet are dusky brown. The tail is spotted ‘above in the same manner as the sides; its colour beneath is uni- form. The spots are throughout numerous. The whiskers are white, and take their origin from three black lines on either side... The species is nearly allied to Felis Serval, Schreb., but will adily be distinguished by the characters above given, by the parative shortness and strength of its limbs, and by the locality Ww ence it was obtained. . a Specimens were exhibited of three species of Toucan, hitherto ap- ‘parently undescribed, which form part of the Society’s Museum, At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould pointed out their di- ‘stinguishing characteristics. He described them as _ Ruamenastos Swarnsonu. Rhamph, ater; vertice nuchdque _ _ rufo tinctis ; gutture luteo, abdomen versus lined alba alterdque _ coccined cincto ; tectricibus caude superioribus albis, inferiort- _.. bus coccineis. | . Long. 18 unc.; caude, 61; ale, 9; tarsi, 1%. Rostrz long. 54; i , 243 culminis ad basin lat., 14. wd. in montosis Columbiz. _. The pure whiteness of the upper tail-coverts is an important cha- | racter of this bird; but its most distinctive feature is in the mark- ings of its bill, which presents three distinct and contrasted colours, isposed obliquely from the base to the point. The base of the wer part of the upper mandible, as well as the entire base of the , is of arich salmon colour, bounded by a narrow line of black the upper mandible, the point of the lower being entirely of the oe ey STs 3 70 latter colour; the remainder of the upper mandible, from the fore- — head to the point, is of a rich orange yellow. The bare space round © the eyes is of a blueish lead colour. In one specimen which has fallen under Mr. Gould’s observation, the salmon colour towards the base of the mandibles is entirely — wanting, its place being occupied by a dull black, only less intense — han that of the oblique line which borders it, and which passes from near the culmen at the base of the bill to the edge of the gape at about one third from the tip. In the colours of its plumage this bird agrees so completely with — Rhamph. ambiguus, Swains., (Zool. Mlust. pl. 168,) as to induce a — suspicion of their specific identity. But unless the colours of the — bill and their disposition have been incorrectly observed by the — artist whose drawing was used by Mr. Swainson, the two birds may be regarded in these particulars as really distinct. RHAMPHASTOS CULMINATUS. Rhamph. ater; prea cara ot albis; fascid pectoris posticd tectricibusque caud@ inferioribus — cocciners ; uropygio sulphureo, plumis versus apices in aurantium — transeuntibus. 5 Long. 18-20 unc. ; caude, 63-7; ale, 81-9; tarsi, 2. Rostré — long., 4-5; ad basin Jat., vix 1. : Hab. in Mexico. The bill is black, with a broad line of pale straw yellow run- ning the whole length of the culmen, from which a band of the same — colour passes downwards encircling the base of both mandibles. : This species resembles the Rhamph. Cuvieri, Wagl., which ap- pears to Mr. Gould to be synonymous with Rhamph. Erythrorhynchus, — the bill of which, he states, changes its colour according to the sea- — son from a brilliant scarlet to black. PTEROGLOSSUS HYPOGLAUCUS, Pter. oltvaceo-brunneus, subtis eceruleo-canus ; vertice, occipite, cauddque nigris, rectricibus qua- tuor intermediis ad apicem Ielacit remigum pogoniis externis viridibus, internis brunneis ; uropygio lutescente ; teetricibus — caude superioribus viridi-olivaceis. Long. 184 unc.; caude,7; ale, 6%; tarsi,14. Rostri long. 4; alt., 14; lat. ad basin, 12. Hab. : The varied colouring of this bird, and particularly the uniform — silvery blueish grey of its under surface, afford a ready distinction © of it from all the other Toucans. Its upper mandible is edged on — its basal aspect by a narrow line of yellow, succeeded by a tri- — angular spot of black; then follows an irregular mark of yellow, edged by a narrow irregular black line; the rest of the upper mandible throughout the whole of its culmen and sides is deep blood red : the lower mandible, for the basal half of its length, has the yellow and black colouring of the upper, but instead of terminating in red, this colour is exchanged for deep black. The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells, form- ing part of the collection made by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America, and among the islands of the South Pacific 71 Ocean. Those exhibited on the present occasion were accompanied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby. Genus TRITON. : ‘Triton craturatus. Trit. testd oblonga, turritd, crassd, albidd, JSusco maculatd ; anfractibus octo, decussatim.sulcatis, granosis ; suturd crenulatd; varicibus irregularibus, crassis, transversim sulcatis, longitudinaliter striatis ; apertura subovatd, margine in- ternd labii externi denticulatd, labio columellari granuloso : long. 1:2, dat. 0-6 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Annaa. Found on the reefs.— G. B.S. Triton nitTipuLus. Tit. testd turritd, crassiusculd, politd, JSuscescente, maculis saturatioribus vartis pictd ; anfractibus de- cem, inferioribus levibus, superioribus longitudinaliter granoso- striatis ; labio columellari levissimo ; varicibus albicantibus : long. 1°5, lat. 0:5 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Annaa. Found on the reefs.—G., B.S. TRITON vistortTus. Tit. testd oblongo-turritd, crassiusculd, ro- seo-albicante, fusco maculata et Seed ; anfractibus undecim irregulariter tortuosis, seriatim graniferis, infra suturam crenu- latis; varicibus secundis, levibus, antice granulosis ; labio co- _ _ dumellari antict expanso, granuloso ; margine internd labii ex- _terni denticulatd : long. 1-6, lat. 06 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Annaa. Found on the reefs.—G. B. S. ’ Triton reETIcuLaTus. Trit. testd turrita, acuminatd, fuscescente, maculis nebulisque saturatioribus pictd ; anfractibus decem reti- culatis, suturd tmpressd ; varictbus reticulatis ; margine internd labii externi dentatd ; labio columellari anticé rugoso : long. 1-3, lat. 0°4 poll. ~ Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. _ Found under stones,—G. B. S. ‘Triton MEDITERRANEvS. Tvrit. testd turritd, acuminatd, fusces- cente, maculis nebulisque saturatioribus, nonnunguam strigisque pictd ; anfractibus novem, reticulatis, suturd distincté ; vert- cibus elevatis, latere dorsalt profundé impresso, lineis transversts - elevatis; margine internd lab externi dentatd ; labio columel- lari anticé ruguloso: long. 1-, lat. 0°35 poll. Hab. ad oras Siciliz. __ This nearly resembles the last. It is placed here in order that ’ the differences between the two may be seen by a comparison of the descriptions.—G. B. S. Triton CryLonensis. Trit. testé turritd, gracili, pallescente, _, fusco maculatd et variegatd; anfractibus undecim, anticis octo reticulatis, suturd subinconspicud ; varicibus depressis ; apertura _oblongd, margine labii externi internd denticulatd, peritremate reflexo, anticé dilatato; labiv eterno expanso: long. 1°65, lat. 0-56 poll. Hab, ad Insulam Ceylon. —G. B.S. 72 TRITON LINEATUS, Trit. testd turritd, crassd, pallescente, fulvo variegatd ; anfractibus novem, obsoleté transversim sulcatis, sulcis brunneis, interstitiis granulosis ; varicibus obtusis ; aperturd ob- longd, labio externo intius sulcato ; labio interno antic? reflexo, encrassato ; columellé rugulosd : long. 2°6, lat. 1° poll. Hab. Much larger than any of the others. These seven may be re- garded by some as mere varieties of Tit. maculosus of Lamarck, although I am fully satisfied of their being perfectly distinct spe- cies. |] am, however, of opinion that it matters not whether they be regarded as species or varieties, seeing that it is equally neces- sary to describe them all particularly.—G. B.S. TRITON DECOLLATUs. Trit. testd oblongo-subturritd, pallescente, JSusco variegata ; x id retuso ; anfractibus quingue, primis duo- bus reticulatis, reliquis ventricosis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis brunnets, interstitiis planiusculis ; suturis distinctis ; varice unico; aperturd ovatd, perttremate crenato; labio interno antic? re- Bons, incrassato : long. 1+, lat. 0°4 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Annaa. Found on the reefs, and easily distinguished from all the above by the fact of its being decollated and by its having only a single varix.—G. B. 8. Genus Butinus. BuLInus DIscREPANS. Bul. testd oblongd, sabacuminatd, albi- cante, nitidiusculd ; anfractibus quingue vel sex gibbosiusculis, lineis fuscis, obliquis irregulariter pictis, transversis duabus infe- rioribus subdistantibus ; aperturd subovatd, superné subacuminatd : long. 0°7, lat. 0°33 poll. Hab. sub cortice arborum in America Centrali. This was found at Conchagua; it is somewhat similar to Bul. nitidus, but upon comparison may easily be distinguished.—G. B.S. Buinus catvus. Bul. testi oblongd, subturritd, pallescenti- brunned ; anfractibus septem breviusculis, rotundatiusculis ; aper- turd elliptica, margine internd incrassaté ; umbilico mediocri : long. 0°6, lat. 0°25 poll. Variat nonnunquam linea spirali albicante. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. Found on dried tufts of grass on James's, one of the Gallapagos Islands.—G. B. S. BuLinus ustuLatus., Bul. testd oblongd, subacuminatd, fusco- nigricante; anfractibus sex vel septem gibbosiusculis, linets non- nullis pallescentibus pictis ; aperturd ellipticd, columella cras- siusculd, albicante, margine acutd : long. 0°6, lat. 0°3 poll. ~ Variat nonnunquam linea spirali pallida. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. Found under detached pieces of lava on Charles’s, one of the Gallapagos Islands.—G. B. S. BuLinus PALLIDIOR.—Bul. testé oblongd, subacuminatd, totd al- bicante ; anfractibus sex, gibbosiusculis, ultimo maximo, inferiort- bus postic? marginatis ; aperturd oblonga, intis pallideé brunned, gARAER inSS FO ay we OS aa * A 73 peritremate reflexo, antic? expanso, umbilicum mediocrem suboc- cultante : long. 1-6, lat. 0°7 poll. Mr. Cuming obtained two specimens of this species in South America, but without being able to ascertain its locality —G. B. S. Butinus Luzonicus. Bul. testd oblongd, subacuminatd, albd ; apice obtuso, brunnescente ; anfractibus quinque, levibus, planu- latis, inferioribus fusco cingulatis; apertura infra rotundatd, _ peritremate reflexo, cingulo fusco intis notabili. Hab. ad Insulam Lu¢on, Philippinarum. Two specimens of this very beautiful species are in Mr. Cuming’s collection, both of which have only one dark brown band; a sin- gle specimen was among Mr. Humphrey’s shells, which had three bands ; he had called it Chersina abbreviata.—G. B.S. Buxtinus consrersus. Bul. testd ovato-subacuminatd, tenui, corned, apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus sex, rotundatis, albido guttulatis et lineatis ; apertura ovatd, coloribus concoloribus pictd ; peri- tremate acuto, tenut ; umbilico parvo: long. 0°65, lat. 0°4 poll. Hab. in collinis prope Lima. Found buried im the earth under bushes on the hills around Lima. Two varieties abound there, of which one is more ventricose than the other. ¢ 7,6. BuLinus Asus. Bul. testd ovato-ventricosd, albd, ore nonnun- quam carneo ; apice obtuso; anfractibus quingue, rotundatis, le. vibus, suturd distinctd ; aperturd ovali, peritremate tenut, acuto ; ‘umbilico minimo : long. 0°8, lat. 0-5 poll. Variat punctulis corneis conspersa. Hab. in arenosis prope Copiapo. Found in a sandy plain under bushes at Copiapo.—G. B. S. Boinus striatuLus. Bul. testd oblongo-acuminatd, albicante, subfusco tesseilatd ; aptce obtusiusculo ; anfractibus sex vel sep- tem, rotundatis, longitudinaliter striatis, striis elevatiusculis, exi- libus ; aperturd oblonga, peritremate tenuis acuto: long. 0-9, lat. 0°45 poll. Hab. in collinis prope Lima sub lapidibus.—G. B. S, BuLinus DEcoLoRATUS. Bul. testd oblonga, subacuminatd, al- bidd, tenuissimd ; anfractibus quinque vel sex, longitudinaliter striatis, gibbosiusculis, cingulis nonnullis interruptis fuscescenti- bus aperturd ovali, margine acutd; umbilico minimo : long. 0°5, lat. 0-25 poll. _ Hab. sub frutices prope Lima, Peruvie. Found buried in the earth under bushes on the hills around Lima.—G. B. S. BuLinus unicotor. Bul. tesid oblong, corned, tenui, apice ob- tuso; anfractibus sex, ventricosis, striatis, suturis distinctis ; aper- turd ovatd, margine tenui, acutd; umbilico parvo: long. 0°8, lat, 0°3 poll. ' Hab. ad Insulam Perico in Smu Panamensi. Found on dead leaves,—G, B.S. 74 Butinus Jacost. Bul. testd oblongd, tenui, fuscd, nonnunquam albido _ bilineatd; anfractibus sex, ‘ventricosis, minutissimé granosis, granulis seriatis ; suturd profunde impressd ; aperturd ovati, peritremate tenui, labio interno partim supra umbilicum magnum expanso ; long. 0°55, lat. 0-3 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Jacobi, inter Gallapagos. Found under scorie.—G. B.S. Butinus scasiosus. Bul. testd oblongo-pyramidali, brunned, apice saturatiore, albido guttatd et maculata ; anfractibus sep- tem subventricosis, suturd leviter impressd ; apertura subovalt, peritremate tenui ; umbilico parvo. Hab. ad Cobijam sub lapidibus. This species resembles Bul, pupiformis ; it is, however, much smaller and differently proportioned.—G. B.S. Specimens were also exhibited from the same collection of two species of Cirripedes, apparently hitherto undescribed. ‘They were ‘ characterized by Mr. G. B. Sowerby as follows: PovuictPes RUBER. Poll. testd irregulariter subtrigond, rubra, an- tic? subtusque pallidiore ; valvis superioribus majoribus, planu- latis, subtrapeziformibus, superne acuminatis ; dorsali magno, sagittato, dorso rotundato-carinato ; pedunculo squamulis mi- nimis obtecto. Hab, apud Inner Lobos Island, ad littora Peruviz. This species is generally from 2 to 3 inches long; it is remark- able for the form and colour of the upper pair of valves and the dorsal valve. ‘The interstices of the valves also are of a deep blood- red colour.—G. B. S. PoLiiciPes POLYMERUS. Poll. testd obtuse subtrigond ; valvis levibus, substriatis, superioribus quatuor majoribus convexis, subtrapeziformibus, apice posticé acuminato, basi subtruncato, reliquis plurimis plerumque subtrigonis ; pedunculo squamulis minimis resupinatis obtecto. Hab. ad oras Californie. The remarkable characters of this species are, the great number of small valves, and the minute scales of the peduncle being all placed with their apices downwards.—G. B. S. Preparations were exhibited of the stomach and cecum of two species of Semnopithecus, F.Cuv., Semnn. Entellus and fascicularis. They were obtained from individuals which recently died in the Society's Gardens. Mr. Owen called the attention of the Society to these prepara- tions in illustration of a Paper which he read “On the Sacculated Form of the Stomach in the Monkeys of the Genus Semnopithecus, F. Cuv.” He referred to M. Otto as the first observer of this peculiar structure among the Monkeys, that eminent anatomist having described and figured it in the ‘Nova Acta Academie Cesaree’ (tom. xii. p.511.), as it exists in a species to which he gave the name of /eucoprymnus, placing it doubtingly among the 76 ‘Cercopitheci, although it now seems by general consent to be re- garded as a Semnopithecus. rom its existence in M. Otto’s species, and in the only two species of Semnopithecus which Mr. Owen has had opportunities of dissecting, the latter gentleman is disposed to consider it as appropriated to the genus, which may consequently be now regarded as established on anatomical as well as on zoolo- ‘gical and geographical grounds. The stomach of the Entellus Monkey (taken from an individual 1 foot 8 inches in length from the mouth to the anus) measured along the greater curvature, 2 feet 7 inches ; along the lesser curva- ture, | foot: its greatest circumference was 1 foot and half an inch; its least circumference, 3 inches and two thirds. It may be regarded as consisting of three divisions: ]. a cardiac pouch, with smooth and simple parietes, slightly bifid at the extremity ; 2. a middle, very wide, and sacculated portion ; 3. a narrow elon- gated canal, sacculated at its commencement, and of simple struc- ture towards its termination. The latter, from its greater vascula- rity and the more abundant distribution of the nerves of the eighth pair, Mr. Owen regards as the true digestive stomach ; the two former divisions being rather to be considered as preparatory recep- tacles. Mr. Owen described the several portions in detail, and explained their physiology respectively, especially with respect to their fitness for performing a function analogous to rumination, He remarked, however, that while he referred to them, for the sake of perspicuity, as three principal divisions, it was necessary to observe that they are not characterized, like the stomachs of Ruminants or Cetacea, by any essential difference of structure, none of them pos- sessing a cuticular lining. The stomach of the Croo Monkey had precisely the same strue- ture as that of the Entellus, but was smaller in proportion to the size of the animal. The individual from which it was obtained was much younger than the Entellus. Mr. Owen referred to the displacement of some of the abdominal viscera, particularly of the liver, in consequence of the great deve- lopment of the stomach. He also adverted to the length of the intestines, and by a tabular view of the measurements in the two Semnopitheci, in a Cercopithecus, and in a Macacus, he showed that notwithstanding the complication of the stomach in the former genus, the small intestines were proportionally longer than in the other two ; the ratio being in Semnopithecus, eight to one ; in Cer- copithecus, six and a half to one; and in Macacus, four to one. ' The stomach of Semnopithecus was carefully compared with that of the Kangaroo, and with that of the Sloth ; both of which _ are well known to be remarkable for their complication. These were exhibited, as was also a preparation of the complicated sto- mach of a species of Pteropus. In conclusion Mr. Owen inquired, what are the natural habits and food of these slow Monkeys, as M. F. Cuvier denominates the Semnopitheci? Will they be found to resemble those of the Sloths? Is their food more herbaceous than that of the Monkeys generally ? This, he conceives, is highly probable ; and that the enlarged capa- 76 city of the stomach enables them to carry off great quantities of herbage to masticate at their leisure, the great development of these receptacles compensating at once both for the absence or rudimentary condition of the cheek pouches ‘and for the less nu- tritious quality of the food. ) Col. Sykes reminded the Society that, in submitting his Catalogue of the Mammalia observed in Dukhun, East Indies, he took occa- sion to comment on the popular error respecting the ferocious and untameable disposition of the common Hyena, Hyena vulgaris, Cuy. His opinions were founded partly on observation of a cub which he had domesticated, and partly on facts communicated by his friends. He went on to state as foliows: ‘« Two years have elapsed since I placed in the Gardens of the Society the above-mentioned cub (a female), which has now attained its full growth, and I am happy to be enabled to confirm the opinions I formerly advanced. In India it was allowed to run about my house, and on board ship it was released from its cage two or three times a day, to play with the sailors and gambol with the dogs. It early recognised my person and voice, and would obey when called ; and in general was as playful and good-humoured as a puppy. My visits to it in the Gardens have been rare, and at long intervals, nor have I ever carried it food; | anticipated, therefore, that it would out grow its early associations, and that I should be to it as any other stranger; but it has always greeted me not only as an acquaintance, but as an old friend; and if 1 am to judge from its agitation and peculiar cries, the animal's recognition is that of affection. “On Sunday last it was asleep in its cage when I approached, On calling to it by its name it looked up, distinguished me in the crowd, started on its legs, and on my applying my hand to its mouth to smell to, it threw itself down against the bars, rubbed its head, neck, and back against my hand, and then started on its legs and bounded about its cage, uttering short cries. On ceasing to speak to it, and moving away, it stopped, and looked wistfully after me, nor resumed its motions until I addressed it again. Its manifesta- tions of joy were so unequivocal, as to excite the surprise of a great number of bystanders. As these pleasing traits in the disposition of a calumniated animal appeared so new to those who surrounded me on that occasion, they may possibly be deemed of sufficient _in- terest to be worthy of extended promulgation by record in our Pro- ceedings, 43 “‘I take occasion to repeat my conviction, that association with man, constant kindness, and abundance of food, will suffice not only to modify, and indeed eradicate, the worst traits in the disposition of any animal of the higher classes, but give birth to others of which their natures were not deemed susceptible.” 77 June 25, 1833. Richard Owen, Esq. in the Chair. Extracts were read from a letter addressed to the Secretary by. W. Willshire, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., dated Mogadore, May 5, 1833. It referred to various animals of Marocco which Mr, Will- shire is in expectation of procuring for the Society. It also stated the opinion of the writer that “the M’horr Antelope [recently de- scribed by Mr. Bennett as a distinct species, ] will be found to be of the same race as the Nanguer of Senegal ;” Mr. Willshire “havin traced the existence of the M’horr to Whadden (or Hoden on the maps), and even further to the southward, thus approaching near to Senegal.” Mr. Willshire adds that he considers that ‘the Antilope Leucoryz is almost beyond a doubt the Bekker-al-wash of the Arabs of this neighbourhood,” Mr. Willshire forwarded at the same time the following account of the method practised in dressing skins in Marocco, the results of which are excellent as regards the preservation and colour of the fur and the flexibility of the pelt. «¢ Wash the skin in fresh water to deprive it of the salt; as soon as this is done scrape the flesh off; when take _ «2 Ibs. alum, *¢ 1 quart buttermilk, _ 2 or 3 handfuls barley meal, «‘ which mix well together, and lay on the fleshy side of the skin equally ; fold up and press it together carefully, and let it lie twodays, On the third day take it to the sea side, wash the skin well, and, when clean and free from the mixture, hang it up to let the water run from it: then take 2 lbs. rock alum finely powdered, and throw or spread it equally on all parts of the skin ; again fold up as before, and allow it to lie three days, when it will be in a proper state to dry in the sun, laid flat without taking away the powder. When itvis dry, take a pint or two of fresh water and sprinkle it upon the skin, , and again fold it up carefully for about two hours to imbibe the water ; then lay it on a table, and after scraping it free from the mixture and flesh, take a sand stone (rather rough) and rub the skin well until it becomes soft and pliable, then hang it in the shade to dry, The process is then complete. _ « When the skin is perfect, having the head, horns, &c., take off the horns and fill their cavity with a mixture of equal parts of pow- dered alum and ashes of charcoal, dissolved in water, and expose them two days to the sun, Saturate the trunks of the horns with 8 ounces of alum dissolved in water, and fold up with the skin, and apply the same on each occasion when employed in curing the skin. The flesh on the head and jaws to be carefully taken off, filling the 78 same with powdered alum. It should remain in the sun until per- fectly dry. “ In addition to the foregoing description of the mode used in this country in dressing skins, as related by the person employed by me, it may be well to observe that the process does not take so long here, as I have often received back skins of the Aoudad and Leopard from the dresser, on the third or fourth, and never ex- ceeding the fifth day, perfectly cured. Allowance has been made by the dresser, in the foregoing description, for the difference in the climate of London. «« The skins of smaller animals must not be subjected to so length- ened a process, or they will become harsh, and the pelt impover- ished—W. W.” ; A brief description was read of a pair of Doves, now living at the Suciety’s Gardens, which had been pointed out by Mr. Vigors as representatives of a species hitherto undescribed. It may be characterized as follows : ' Cotumsa Princeps, Vig. Col. supra cinerea, subtis alba ; nuchd rufo-castaned, metallicé splendente, scapulas versus vinaced ; gut- ture viridi, metallice Steiiteta cauddé supra cacaoticd, infra allidiori. Hab. in Australia. This bird exceeds by one fourth the size of the Wood Pigeon of Europe. Its beaks and legs are crimson, and its irides hazel. Dr.Grant exhibited a preparation of the cloaca of a female Condor, Sarcorhamphus Gryphus, Dum., which recently died at the Society's Gardens. He entered into a series of observations on the subject, demonstrating the differences of structure and appearance existing in its several parts, and the several orifices opening into it. He ad- verted to the imperfect development of the right oviduct and ovary in the class of Birds, and considered it as probably dependent on the position of the aorta in that class. To the position of the aorta in the Mammalia he was also disposed to attribute the inferior powers of the left side of the animals composing that class, an inferiority which is very striking in the cranial structure of the Cetacea, to which he had occasion to refer at the last Meeting of the Society. He dwelt particularly on the bursa Fabricii, remarkably evident in this large bird, and explained the several uses which had been at- tributed to that organ by its discoverer and by subsequent ana- tomists. With M. Geoflroy-Saint-Hilaire he regarded it as the analogue of Cowper’s glands in the Mammalia, and adduced various reasons in favour of this view. Mr. F. D. Bennett exhibited a dried preparation of the upper larynx and adjoining parts of the Albatross, Diomedca exulans, Linn., for the purpose of demonstrating the existence in that bird of an epiglottis. The rima glottidis is bounded by two elevated fleshy lips, which 79 consist of mucous membrane and some few muscular fibres, and are armed with retroflexed spicule. ‘These lips are in perfect contact at the hinder part of the glottis when it is closed, but diverge near ‘their anterior part so as to leave a triangular open space of about the size of a pea, the edges of which are incapable of being approxi- mated to each other. In front of this triangular aperture, and at some distance behind the tongue, (to which it is connected by mu- cous membrane and muscular fibres, ) is an elevated substance of a soft leathery texture, resembling that of the epiglottis of Mammalia: its form is triangular, the apex being inferior and connected with the tongue, and the base being elevated and terminating in three thin convex portions or lobes. The middle one of these lobes is the largest ; it is free, and rests immediately over the triangular _ Orifice of the larynx just described, which, when depressed, it is in size adapted to cover. In a line continuous with the floor of the upper larynx and penetrating deeply beneath the epiglottis is a cavity or sac lined with mucous membrane. Having demonstrated these parts on the preparation exhibited by him, Mr. F. D. Bennett added that as it had been the opinion of naturalists in all ages that no bird possesses an epiglottis, the structure which he had brought under the notice of the Society ap- peared to him highly interesting. So fixed was the opinion to which he had adverted that when Warren showed the existence in the Ostrich, Struthio Camelus, Linn., of a structure which. he re- garded as an epiglottis, the denomination was generally rejected even in this anomalous d7rd, and the part was considered as a mere elevation at the base of the tongue, a rudiment, but without the function, of the organ. In the Albatross, however, the function is that of an eprglottis ; and the size, though small, is sufficient for the protection of that portion of the rima glottidis which cannot be closed in the manner usual in Birds by the apposition of its mar- gins. With a peculiar structure of the glottis there exists an ap- paratus equally peculiar in the class, as a provision against the in- convenience which might otherwise result from the deviation fror the normal structure. _Mr. F. D. Bennett also exhibited several specimens of a species of Pyrosoma captured by him, on the 6th September 1832, at sea, in lat. 1° 41! N., long. 11° 56’ W. Between 2 and 4 a.m. the sea, having been two hours before less luminous than usual, presented one mass of bright phosphoric light extending to a considerable distance around the vessel. The extensive field of bright luminous matter emitted so powerful a light as to illuminate the sails, and to permit a book of small print to be read with facility near the win- dows of the stern cabins. Above this luminous field numerous sea fowl were hovering in search of their prey. The light appeared to! be entirely owing to the Pyrosomata. Specimens taken from the sea and placed in a vessel containing sea water, ceased altogether to emit light, or emitted it but spa- ringly while they remained at rest. On the water, however, being 80 agitated, or when one of the masses of animals was taken into the hand, the whole mass became instantly illuminated by myriads of bright dots, much resembling in hue the points on the elytra of a diamond Beetle, Curculio imperialis, Fab. The Pyrosoma, thus enveloped throughout its whole extent in a flame of bright phosphorescent light gleaming with its peculiar hue, presented a most splendid spectacle; the light shed by it was suffi- cient to render objects distinctly visible in every part of an other- wise dark room. If long retained in the hand, or returned toa quiescent state in the water, the luminous spots gradually faded, and no light was visible until the animal was again disturbed, when the illumination instantly returned with all its vivid splendour. After death it emitted no light. The mass of Pyrosoma, of the usual cylindrical form and gelati- nous substance, was about 4 inches in length and 13 in circum- ference. The tube, passing along its middle, is described as being open at both ends ; the orifice at the broader extremity being much better defined in its circular form, larger, and more distinct than that of the opposite end. The surface of the mass appeared to be studded with numerous prominent rigid and pearly tubercles inter- mingled with small specks of a brown or red colour. In these latter the power of emitting light appeared chiefly to be seated, these being frequently bright while the remainder of the body exhibited only its natural white or yellowish white hue; a hue which changed after death into a red tinge. The brown specks, when removed from the body, did not emit light. A“ Description, with Additional Particulars, of the Apteryx Au- stralis of Shaw,” by Mr. Yarrell, was read. It described in greater detail than the communication made by the author on February 12, (page 24,) the external structure of this singular bird. It also ob- served on its probable habits, and on its place in the natural series in immediate relation with the Struthionide. Following up the history of our acquaintance with it, which commenced with the possession by Dr. Shaw ofa single perfect skin (hitherto unique and brought under the observation of the Society by the kindness of the Presi- dent, of whose collection it now forms part), Mr. Yarrell referred to the incidental notices of it by Captain Cruise, M. Lesson, M: Du-_ perrey, and M. Gaimard, and from the evidence thus collected pointed out its locality to be Mount Ikou-Rangui, near East Cape, - New Zealand, and its native name to be Kiwi, frequently doubled, according to the custom of the natives, into Kiwi- Kiwi. With this information it is hoped that some of our enterprising countrymen in that quarter may, ere long, succeed in acquiring additional speci- mens and additional knowledge, as regards both the habits and the structure of this curious race. ae 81 July 9, 1833. Thomas Bell, Esq,, in the Chair. “A - A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Charles Telfair, _Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Port Louis, February 25, 1833. It gave an account of the history of a gigantic living specimen of the Indian Tortoise, Testudo Indica, Linn., which has recently been presented to the Society by Lieut. General Sir Charles Colville, late Governor of the Mauritius. The specimen is one of those which were brought from the Seychelles Islands to the Isle of France in 1766, by the Chevalier Marion du Fresne; and is believed to have since remained unchanged in size and appearance. Its length, measured along the curve of the back, is 4 feet 44 inches; its breadth, taken in the same manner, 4 feet 9 inches ; the length of its sternum, 2 feet 8 inches; the breadth of its sternum, 2 feet 1: inch. Its weight is 285 pounds. An extract was read froma second letter from Mr. Telfair, of the date of Feb. 26, referring to an animal known in the interior of Mada- gascar by the name of Sokinah. Mr. Telfair regards it as an un- described species of Tenrec, Centenes, Ill. A specimen of a very young individual, which was transmitted in spirit by Mr. Telfair, was exhibited, and compared with young specimens of the Euro- pean Hedge-hog, Erinaceus Europeus, Linn., and of the half-spiny Tenrec, Centenes semi-spinosus, ll. Its extreme youth, however, & precluded the possibility of satisfactorily characterizing it. It was _ born in confinement, and lived for seventeen days; its parents hav- ing escaped from their cage on the night of its birth. A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by R. J. Bourchier, Esq., Cort. Memb. Z.S., dated Malta, June 8, 1833. It contained an account of two Vultures, Vultur Kolbii, Daud., (the Chasse- _ fiente of Le Vaillant,) which have recently been presented to the siety’s Menagerie by Sir Thomas Reade, Corr. Memb. Z.S., His sty’s Consul at Tunis. Mr. Bourchier also adverted to his mpts to procure for the Society living Bustards from Northern ; : ‘Aftica. Although the birds are secured without much difficulty, his attempts have been hitherto unsuccessful, owing to the impos- | sibility of keeping them alive in confinement for any considerable length of time, so inveterately sulky is their nature. He proposes _ to endeavour to obtain them at a very early age; or, if possible, to b procure their eggs and have them hatched under a domestic Turkey. e _ A specimen was exhibited of the Indian variety of the Nélotic _ Crocodile, Crocodilus vulgaris, Cuv., obtained in Vellore, and pre- No. VII, ProceEepines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 82 sented to the Society by Alexander Bain, Esq. At the request of the Chairman, Dr. Harlan explained the structure of the heart and the course of the circulation in the pike-headed Alligator, Alligator Mississippensis, which he had described in detail in the ¢ Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.’ Specimens of various objects of zoology, coilected by George Bennett, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., during his late voyage to New South Wales and in that colony, were exhibited. They were trans- mitted by Mr. G. Bennett to the Royal College of Surgeons, and the exhibition was made with the permission of the Board of Curators of the College Museum. They included a portion of a Flying-fish, toa parasite on which several Barnacles ( Cineras, Leach,) were attached : several Mollusca: a river Lobster: portions of the Death Adder, &c.&c. They also included the uterus of a Kangaroo, ‘*showing the foetus with a placenta attached, contained within it.” Mr. Owen, by whom the preparations were brought under the notice of the Society, and who remarked on each of them as they were severally presented, observed on this that he had not yet examined it sufficiently to de- termine the structure of the umbilical appendage visible in the pre- paration. It was accompanied by sketches by Mr. G, Bennett of the foetal Kangaroo in utero, which were exhibited. The preparations were accompanied by a letter addressed by Mr. G, Bennett to Mr. Owen, and dated Sydney, New South Wales, February 4, 1833, from which several extracts were read. Among them was the following : ‘«« [have a section of one female Ornithorhynchus which I shot, in which the milk gland is very large ; and I can now inform you from actual observation that milk is secreted from it: it comes out (as your mercury did when you injected the ducts,) in small drops on the surface of the skin, I intend sending you a further account of this ; but you can mention it to the Zoological Society as a decided fact ; and which had also been seen by some intelligent gentlemen in this country ;—but I was not satisfied to assert it until I became an eye-witness of the fact. I wish you to show the specimens to the Zoological Society, with some brief comments in»my name, stating also that I am about to send home a detailed account of the habits and ceconomy of the Ornithorhynchus and Kangaroo.” The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shel/s contained in the collection made by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America, and among the Islands of the South Pacific Ocean. Those brought on the present evening under the notice of the Society were accompanied, as on previous occasions, by characters by Mr. Broderip and Mr. G. B. Sowerby. They comprehended the follow- ing species of the ; Genus CARDIUM. , Carpiom Cumineit. Card. testd equivalvi, tumidd, fragili, rosed, diaphand, egregi? cancellatd, antic? rugosd, valvis postice hian- tibus ; cristd anticd subalbidd ab umbonis latere postico ad mar- 83 yall ventralem extensd, in utrdque valvd : alt. =8,, lat. +5, long. 1 poll. Hab. in America Centrali. (Gulf of Dulce.) This beautiful bivalve, rosy, transparent, and exquisitely wrought, was found by Mr. Cuming, whose name it bears. It was obtained from sandy mud, at a depth of twelve fathoms. Pellucid, and with the valves separated posteriorly like the Ana- tine, with a crest so identical in form and structure with that of some of the Mactre as to leave no doubt that this appendage is se- creted in the same manner as it is in the latter genus,—Cardium Cumingii has the teeth and hinge of Cardium, and approaches so closely in many points to Cardium bullatum or soleniforme and others of that division, that, in the absence of all assistance which might be derived from investigating the anatomical structure of the animal, I do not feel justified in separating it from them. Every one conversant with the subject has observed how very variable the teeth are in the genus Cardium. We have an edentu- lous Cardium (Card. Greenlandicum), and another, a fossil species, entirely destitute of lateral teeth on one side. Whether this genus does not require revision is a question into which I shall not now enter. Certain it is that it comprehends a very great variety of ex- ternal form and structure.—W. J. B. -CaRpDIUM PRocERUM. Card. testi ovatd, dorso acuminatiusculo, pallidd, fusco maculatd, anticé rotundatd, postice subangulata ; costis radiantibus 25, anticis quatuor primis obsoletiusculis, re- liquis prominentibus, postice angulatis, subrugosis ; mediants pla- nulatis, utringue obtuse anguliferis ; posticts antice angulatis ; insterstitiis planulatis ; latere postico ringente, dentibus margi- nalibus validis ; epidermide fuscd : long. 3-3, lat. 3-1, alt, 3-9 poll. Hub. in America Centrali. (Real Llejos.) Found in coarse sand in from four to six fathoms water.—G. B.S. Carpium Orpita. Card. testd obovali, pallescente, fulvo varie- gatd; anticé rotundatd, posticé subangulatd; costis radiantibus 42, anticis rotundatis, transversim costatis ; medianis utringue granosis, granis posticis majoribus ; posticis posticé granosis, granis obliquis dentiformibus ; interstitis, precipué medianis, rofundis ; cardinis dente laterali antico maximo: long. 2:5, lat. 2°3, alt. 3°3 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Annaa in Oceano Pacifico. _ ; / Found in fine coral sand on the reefs. Ate Aaa (“Fert CarpDIuM PLANICostaTUM. Card. testd subcordiformi, palles- cente, fusco fulvoque variegatd ; anticé rotundatd, posticé trun- _ catd, rotundato-angulatd ; aree postice medio prominulo ; costis radiantibus 30, planulatis, acutimarginatis, anticis transversim costellatis, posticis posticé crenulatis, omnibus creberrimé trans- versim striatis ; umbonibus prominentibus ; depressione profundd _ sub umbonibus anticé conspicud: long. 1-4, lat. 1-2, alt. 1°6 poll. Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. .(Guacomayo.) Found in fine sand, at a depth of thirteen fathoms. H2 34 This species resembles Card. medium in its general form and ap- pearance, but may easily be distinguished by a careful attention to the above characters.—G., B. S. Carpium oBovaLe. Card. testa obovali, altiore quam longd, alba, lateribus brevissimis, antico pauld longiore ; medio ex um- bone ad marginem inferam rotundato-carinato ; costis radiantibus 22, lateralibus depressiusculis, anticis posticé crenulatis, medianis supern® transversim rugosis, interstitiis omnibus transversim strt- atis ; dente laterali antico ad cardinem propiis admoto: long. 0°55, lat. 0°55, alt. 0°8 poll. Hab. ad oras Americ Meridionalis. ( Xipixapi.) Found in sandy mud at eleven fathoms depth. A species very remarkable for the peculiarity of its general form ; its length and breadth being equal, and its height much greater.— Gre... Carpium ELAtuUM. Card. testd ovali, obliqud, levigatad, ventri- cosissimd, flava ; sulcis radiantibus plurimis, medianis, prater posticis, obsoletis ; ared laterali, posticd, anticdque levibus, mar- ginibus edentulis ; marginibus ventralibus dentatis ; epidermide tenui: long. 4+, lat. 3°5, alt. 4°5 poll. Hab. ad Guaymas in Sinu Californiensi. Found in sandy mud at low water. This is the largest species of Cardiam which I am acquainted with, its dimensions sometimes far exceeding.those given above. It belongs to the same group in the genus as Card. levigatum, Card. serratum, Card. sulcatum, &e.—G. B. S. Canrvium senticosum. Card. testd suborbiculurt, compressiusculd, albidd, purpurascenti-fusco variegatd ; costis radiantibus 39 —40, tredecim anticis antice graniferis ; demum 2—3 utringue gra- niferis ; reliquis posticé angulatis, graniferis, granis obliquis, posteriortbus majoribus ; interstitits omnibus angustis, transver- sim striatis ; latere postico ringente, dentibus marginalibus validis, purpurascentibus: long. 1°5, lat. 1*1, alt. 15 pote. “a Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam, Americe Meridionalis. Found in sandy mud at from six to twelve fathoms depth. Very like Card, muricatum, but differing from it in being orbi- cular, in having more ribs, and in the form of the little grains upon the ribs.—G. B. S. CARDIUM MuLTIPUNCTATUM. Card. testd ovali, obliqud, depres- siusculd, levi, politd, roseo-fulvd, maculis punctisque plurimis satu- ratioribus ; strits radiantibus confertissimis ; margine posticd dor- sali subangulatd: long. 1-3, lat. 0°8, alt. 1-5 polt. Hab. ad littora Chine. Only two specimens of this rare and beautiful species are in Mr. Cuming’s collection.—G. B.S. CARDIUM UNIMACULATUM. Card. testd cordiformi, albd, maculé sanguined posticd ; valvis valde convexis, carinatis, carind den- tatd ; latere antico productiore, tumidiusculo ; latitudine 0-55 longitudinem duplo superante, alt. 0-6 poll. ee ie ue 85 Variat interdum immaculatum. Hab. ad Insulam Annaa in Oceano Pacifico. At first I took this for the young of Card. Cardisce, but find it differs in several particulars, and there are a great number of spe- cimens exactly alike. - Foundin fine coral sand on the reefs in great abundance —G. B.S. Carpium Consors. Card. testd obovali, turgidd, altiore guam longd, pallescente, fusco-rufescente marmoratd, radiatim multi- costatd ; costis confertim squamosis, squamis fornicatis, antert- oribus marginibus reflexis, posterioribus porrectis ; intus purpu- rascenti-fuscd : long. 2°, lat, 2-2, alt. 2°6 poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam et ad Guacamayo. Collected in sandy mud at from six to eleven fathoms, The number of ribs in this species is 34 ; they are more numer- ous and more closely set together than in Card. Isocardia, which it otherwise much resembles.—G. B. S. CARDIUM LATIcosTATUM, Card. testd rotundatd, subventricosd, posticé subangulatd, ringente, pallidd, fusco maculosd, radiatim costatd ; costis anticis medianisque latis, rotundatis, posticis an- gulatis ; interstitiis angustis: long. 1-7, lat. 1°3, alt. 1°7 poll. Hab. in Sinu Xipixapi. Found in sandy mud at the depth of eleven fathoms.—G., B. S. _ Carptum Macutosum. Card. testd obovali, subventricosd, posticé subdeclivi, marmoratd, radiatim costatd ; costis anticis planatis marginibus crenatis, posticis rotundatis ; interstitiis anticis an- gustissimis : long. 1-9, lat. 1-5, alé. 2°5 poll. Hab. ad Insulas Tres Marias, in Sinu Californiensi. Found on the sands.—G. B. S. _ Carpium Panamense. Card. testd obovali, antic? rotundatd, _posticé subangulatd, ringente ; costis radiantibus anticis media- nisque latis, magnis, primum angulatis, demiim rotundatis, pos- we angustioribus anticé crenatis: long. 1°5, lat. 1-4, alt. 1:9 oll. Hab. ad Panamam. Found in sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms.—G. B. S. Carpium Aspersom. Card. testi longitudinaliter ovali, posticé _hiante, pallida, rufescente marmorata, serrata ; laleribus sub@- qualibus ; costis radiantibus numerosis, lateralibus crenulatis, - medianis planulatis: long. 1-6, lat. 0°75, alt. 1-2 poll. _ Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam ct ad Mentem Christe. Found in sandy mud at seven fathoms depth, This resembles Card. soleniforme ; by comparison, however, it is easily distinguished.—G. B. S. ~Carpium Muttistriatum. Card. testd obovali, pallidé filvd, rufo punctulata ; striis radiantibus numerosis, anticis decussatis, — subgraniferis : long. 0-8, lat. 0-7, alt, 0'9 poll. ab. Only one specimen was found.—G. B. S. 86 Dr. Grant communicated the following extract from a letter which he had received from Dr. Coldstream, of Edinburgh :— « Torquay, (Devon,) Nov. 10, 1832.—Today I examined the ova of Sepia officinalis. A group of eighteen was attached (each by a ring formed of its semigelatinous coats) to a leaf of Zostera marina. They were of an elongated oval shape, about 1 inch in length and 4i;ths in breadth ; colour black, shining; consistence soft. Tunics of the ovum very numerous, of various thickness, arranged concen- trically. When these tunics were removed in succession until the ovum became transparent, I saw distinctly the contained foetus and its yelk within the inner coat. 1 could see it move and respire. When the egg was gently pressed, it moved briskly. I succeeded in getting the inner membrane with the contained foetus out of the egg entire. I kept one in this state in sea-water for many hours, at the end of which time no change had taken place. Others I opened, and Jet out the foetus ; at first preserving it in its own fluid. Its only evident motion was that of respiration performed with more or less activity, according to the degree of disturbance given to it. When at rest, the respirations were thirty two per minute. The sac was dilated, and the funnel raised as in the adult; and from the transparency of the mantle, I could see plainly the motions of the lateral valves. The surface was marked with several spots; pro- portionally, not so numerous as in the adult. These seemed to me to become larger after the removal from the egg ; but I saw no con- traction and dilatation similar to what occurs in the adult, The yelk at first adhered to the front of the body, being placed between the arms ; but I could not see how it was attached. In a short time it dropped off. It seemed to consist of a very thin membrane, in- closing a homogeneous transparent jelly. The lateral fin was broad, and, when the animal moved, had much wavy motion. When touched, before the yelk separated, the sac was contracted, raised, and a sharp expiration took place. The same, after separation of the yelk, was sufficient to make the animal move backwards a short distance. When salt-water was mixed with the fluid in which the foetus floated, the animal, at first, appeared uneasy, drew its mantle over its eyes, and breathed quickly. This agitation, however, soon subsided, and there seemed to be additional vigour imparted. Viewed ventrally, the ink bag’s silvery coats were seen shining through the mantle; and when the animal was touched, it twice or thrice ejected minute streams of ink. Whole length of the fcetus tsths of an inch. The eyes were very large proportionally. The suckers on the arms appeared only as minute tubercles. The shape of the yelk was nearly spherical ; diameter about .2;ths of an inch. “« Nov. 12—The feetus taken out of its egg on the 10th instant was, on the same evening, put into salt water, which happened to be muddy; it continued to respire, and appeared well all the even- ing; but afterwards its sac contracted so as to allow the lateral valves to be seen outside, and it was languid: next morning it was dead. Today I dissected it. The shell was found loosely imbedded in the mantle. It was -2,ths of an inch in length; white; in shape a ee — aOR Cee NE SP rere 7 Re Feta Se ie eS 87 ovate; thickest at the narrow end, where it was almost opaque ; composed of five concentric layers; outermost very thin, translu- cent, spotless ; others marked with variously shaped spots ; near the margin of the shell these were simple [roundish, oval, or oblong]; towards the centre more complex [elongated and variously but slightly branched}. Internally, I found the gills distinctly, and, to all appearance, perfectly formed. The ink bag contained a con- siderable quantity of very deep-coloured ink. ‘The inferior pair of arms were very broad at their base, and furnished with a fin-like expansion. “ The foetus which I laid aside (in salt water), covered with the inner coat only (that membrane being entire), I found this morning outside of it and dead. I opened others of the group of eggs, and found every foetus dead. Some had ejected part of their ink within the egg. In some the amniotic fluid was, in part, gelatinous. The spots were distinctly visible on the skin of the mantle, head, and arms; yellowish brown beneath ; darker above.” Mr. Cox read a Paper “‘ On the Circumstances which modify the Existence of Animals in Northern Regions.” He dwelt on the mi- grations of these animals, chiefly in search of food, which in the countries they usually inhabit could scarcely be obtained during the winter months. When the spring returns, and the supply of nutri- ment becomes abundant, plethora and consequent disease would probably result; but this, the author conceives, is provided against partly by the expenditure of the animal forces for the purposes of generation, and, in the Ruminants with deciduous horns at least, by the extra supply of blood required for the renovation of these or- gans. Thehornsof the several species of Deer, Mr. Cox remarked, appear to be Jarge proportionally with the extent to which the va- riation in the deficiency and abundance of food at different seasons of the year prevails; those of the extreme north being much more heavy and branched than those of the animals of more temperate regions; and the branching being at its minimum in the Deer of India. In still warmer countries and in tropical regions, Deer al- most cease to exist, their place being occupied by Antelopes, Rumi. nants with persistent horns; a provision quite in accordance with the assumed law that the growth of horn is designed to employ su- perabundant blood produced by excess of nourishment at one period of the year, these animals in which the horns are continually grow- ing having constantly at their disposal food in sufficient and nearly equable quantity. +4 88 July 23, 1833. William Yarrell, Esq. in tue Chair, A letter was read, addressed to the Society by W. Williamson, Esq., dated Scarborough, July 2, 1833. It contained a full de- scription of a specimen of the garrulous Roller, Coracias garrula, Linn., which was shot in the previous week in a limestone quarry near that place. The description was that of a female in nearly adult plumage. A specimen was exhibited of the Irish Hare, recently presented - to the Society by Mr. Yarrell, who pointed out the characters by which it is distinguished from the common Hare of England and the Continent of Europe. Its head is shorter and more rounded; its ears still shorter than its head; and its limbs less lengthened. The fur also differs essentially from that of the common Hare, and is useless as an article of trade. Mr. Yarrell added, that he had lately brought a specimen of it under the notice of the Linnean Society. . At the request of the Chairman, Dr. Stark exhibited the skeleton of the edible Frog, Rana esculenta, Linn., and stated that this spe- cies is found in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, whence his speci- men was obtained. He pointed out some of the differences between its osseous structure and that of the common Frog, Rana tempo- varia, Linn. ; Dr. Stark also stated that he had obtained in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh specimens of a species of Stickleback, Gasterosteus, Linn., not previously known to exist in Great Britain. In answer to a question on the subject, Dr. Stark described the changes produced in the colour of various Fishes, both of fresh and salt water, but especially in Minnows, Leuciscus Phoxinus, Cuv., in consequence of their being kept in water contained in vessels of dif- ferent colours ; the tendency of the fish being to assume the colour of the vessel in which it is kept. . The stomach and cecum of a Squirrel Monkey, Callithria sciureus, Geoff., which recently died at the Society’s Gardens, were exhibited. At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Martin read his notes of the dissection of the animal. «¢ The length of the body in this individual was 10 inches; that of its tail, 14. «© On opening the abdomen, the viscera were observed to occupy the usual situation, aud presented nothing remarkable in their gene- ral aspect. STI 89 ‘“‘ The liver consisted of three lobes on the right and two on the left side. On the under surface of the first of the lobes belonging to the right portion, so as to be entirely concealed, was situated the gall bladder. In shape this organ was oval, and 3 of an inch in length. Its duct, nearly 1 inch in length, entered the duodenum about srd of an inch from the pylorus, being joined 4th of an inch before its entrance by the hepatic duct. The bladder was full of green bile. < _» «The pancreas began distinct and narrow, closely adherent to the pyloric portion of the stomach on its dorsal aspect, and ended ina broad irregular mass, surrounded by the first curve of the duodenum. The length, when dissected away and extended, was 12 inch. ‘« The spleen, of a prismatic form, lay closely attached to the cardiac portion of the stomach, by which it was almost wholly con- cealed. Its length was 2 inches. «« The small intestines measured 3 feet in length: their circum- ference was 1 inch: their texture thin and transparent. ** The large intestines measured 14 inch in circumference, and were firmer than the small intestines: their surface was smooth and uniform, being destitute of longitudinal bands, or sacculz. In length they measured 64 inches. _ © The cecum, 14 inch in length, was pointed and recurved. Several mesenteric glands were clustered around the junction of the small and large intestines. «« The stomach was large, somewhat globular, having the cardiac portion developed, and the pyloric short. The measurement of the larger curve was 5 inches and 2 lines. The omentum was small and very thin. _ « The kidneys, of which the right was rather the highest, were oval in shape, with a depression at the spot where the vessels enter. Their cortical substance was very thin and not very distinct. Their length was | inch. The urinary tubulz entered the pelvis by a single papilla. Renal capsules of the size of peas were closely attached. The ureters entered the bladder on its posterior aspect, two thirds from the fundus. © The uterus was small. The ovaries were about the size of tares. The clitoris was 1 an inch in length, pointed, and like a penis pend- ent from the symphysis pubis. «©The lungs had two lobes on the Jeft side and three on the right: those on the left side were healthy; but those on the right were diseased, adhering to the pleura costalis, which was highly in- flamed and covered with a coating of coagulable lymph. On cutting into the lobes one was found to be completely disorganized, and filled with caseous matter; the other two were in a state of active inflammation, having a firm fleshy feel and appearance, the cells being filled with lymph. The lining membrane of the larynz and bronchi appeared healthy. P _-« The tongue was pointed, and on its basal portion were three papille, placed so as to form the three points of a triangle, the apex 90 pointing towards the gullet, and being distant 4 inch from the glottis: the length of the tongue was 14. inch. ‘ The epiglottis was broad and indented on the anterior edge. *« The thyroid gland was single, of an oval form, and nearly 3ths of an inch in length, “« The heart was broad, and its apez blunt.” Colonel Sykes exhibited several specimens of Loligo sagittata, var. (3, Lam., which came on board the Lady Feversham on his pas- sage to England in 1831. He read the following extracts respect- ing them from his journal. **Monday, April 3, 1831.—Lat. 22° 20! S., long. 1° 52’ E.— Three specimens of Loligo sagittata leaped on board at sun-set on the forecastle, which the men saw, the trade wind being so light at the time as to threaten a calm. « Two days afterwards, in lat. 18° 6' S., long. 3° 12! W., several other individuals of the same species were found at daylight on the poop, having come on board during the night, the wind having been steady and the sea smooth.” Col. Sykes stated that his object in bringing the specimens under the notice of the Society, was to point out the locality from which they were obtained, the habitats given by Lamarck being the Euro. pean and American seas ; and to direct particular attention to the leaping powers of the animal, which he believed to have been hitherto unobserved. He added that he was unable to satisfy himself as to the organization by which it was enabled to throw itself above the surface of the sea. Mr. Owen mentioned as an additional instance of the existence of this power in the Loligo sagittata, that two specimens were pre- served in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, to which they were presented by Dr. Henderson as having leaped on board a vessel in the Mediterranean, Dr. Grant again called the attention of the Society to his spe- cimen of Loligopsis guttata, Grant, and to specimens of Sepiola vul- garis, Leach, for the purpose of explaining more fully the anatomical structure of these species, which he had exhibited, with Sepiola steno- dactyla, Grant, at the Meetings on February 12 and March 26. He gave a detailed account of their anatomy, which he illustrated by reference to an extensive series of diagrams prepared by himself, These diagrams have been engraved on a reduced scale for publi- cation in the Society's Transactions. In the Loligopsis the parietes of the mantle are remarkably thin and loose, excepting where they are supported by the dorsal trans- parent damina, and by two thin cartilaginous amine extending from the free edge of the mantle about half-way down the sides, and placed rather towards the ventral surface of the animal. These la- teral /amine present an appearance anomalous in Cephalopods. Each of them sends out twelve or thirteen conical tubercles, about a line 91 in diameter at’ their base, and projecting to the distance of a line beyond the general surface of the mantle. The viscera occupy but a small portion of the cavity of the mantle, in which they are placed far backwards, the branchie themselves not extending forwards beyond the middle of the sac. The liver is di- vided, as in Nautilus, into four principal lobes, which are quite se- parate from each other; but the lobules which compose these lobes are not, asin the Testaceous Cephalopod, detached from each other. The branchial arteries are surrounded, before entering the auricles, by a spherical cluster of vesicles, like those which open into these vessels in Nautilus ; but the auricles are not, as in Nautilus, wanting: they are, however, destitute of those singular appendices usually found attached to these muscular sacs in the Naked Cephalopods. The branchie are single on each side, and are proportionally the smallest which Dr. Grant has yet met with. The systemic ventricle is very muscular, aud of a lengthened fusiform shape: it has an aortal trunk at each end. On the large dorsal or descending aorta there is, as in Nautilus, a distinct bulbous enlargement, probably the commencement of a bulbus arteriosus. In meer in addition to the usual dorsal lamina which is thin and short, there exist, external to the mantle and supporting the fins, two firm crescentic cartilaginous plates, like scapule, playing freely on the outer surface of the mantle, and furnished with an outer and an inner layer of muscles, passing in the form of minute white Jasciculi, from the middle of the dorsal part of the mantle: by this structure, great extent and effect are given to the motions of these powerful dorsal arms, which have thus a singular resemblance in their mode of attachment to the anterior extremities of Vertebrata. The cavity of the mantle is comparatively small, and its whole extent is occupied by the viscera, which are largely developed, par- ticularly the digestive organs, the ink gland, and the two glands of the oviducts. The ink gland is remarkable for its form as well asits magnitude. It consists of three longitudinal lobes placed trans- versely, and extending more in that direction than lengthwise. The two lateral lobes are kidney-shaped ; the third or middle lobe is smaller, and from its upper part the duct arises. ‘The Secretary read a communication from M. Geoffroy-Saint- Hilaire, entitled «‘ New Observations on the Nature of the Abdo- minal Glands of Ornithorhynchus,” in which the author states it to be his purpose to reply to the observations of Mr. Owen on that subject, contained in the Proceedings of the Society, under date of the 12th of March in the present year (page 30). -“ The question no longer regards merely the simple fact, whether, decidedly and absolutely, the Monotremata are viviparous, or ovipa- rous ; whether we should reason upon them according to the rules of the past, and apply to them the entire character of Mammalia ; or whether we are not compelled to see in them sufficient anomalies to embrace them in views of progress. * Let us state the case more precisely. ‘There is but one single _ 92 consideration to be discussed; viz. whether the gland on each side of the abdomen is mammary and lactiferous (as Mr. Owen thinks), or whether it is not a gland of a different kind (as I, for my part, believe). I call it a gland sui generis, and have lately proposed to denominate it Monotrematic, as it attains its maximum of composi- tion among the Monotremata. «Is it a mammary gland? Mr. Owen's concessions militate strongly against this conclusion; for it is not conglomerate, it is not invested with an erectile tissue, and it is without nipples. In Meck- el’s time the appearance of the latter was hoped for, the nipples being frequently developed under the action of sucking; but at present this can no longer be anticipated. Females have been seen in full nutritive action, in New South Wales, by Lieut. Lauderdale Maule and Mr. James M’Arthur, and at London by Mr. Owen himself; and each observer has insisted on the circumstance that there were no nipples. : , “ Thus the fact of a decidedly assimilated structure is wanting: the gland of Monotremata is not in its composition comparable with a mammary gland. But I observe that 1 am answered here by a fact of an assimilated function. Lieut. Maule and Mr. MgArthur speak of an abundant secretion, milky according to one, of a milky appearance according to the other. It is therefore inferred that there reinains at least this character (the function) in common, to prove mammary a gland of a different structure. But, I may reply, begin by being certain that the product of the secretion is a true milk; do not introduce an unknown to characterize a new organ of a structure hitherto equally unknown. What! the organ is not in its compo- sition mammary, and yet its secretion is/acteal! What would become, then, of the principle, Such as the organ is, such necessarily is its Junction? “« The vascular system does not go the length, as in conglobate glands, of folding itself round, of mutually anastomosing, and of pe- netrating itself, in obedience to the law of affinity of self for self (de sot pour sot); whence, at the proper period, a compound fluid,— milk, But this vascular system, as in mucous membranes, extends its terminating branches into cavities with an external exit. From this more simple apparatus I expect a fluid in itself more elementary— mucus, as I suppose. *« But I do more than believe this by way of conjecture: I offer this demonstration of the fact. On the 8rd of June I laid before the Academy of Sciences, of which I am this year President, a paper on the exjstence of a gland in all respects similar to that which is described and figured (Phil. Trans. 1832, pl. 17, fig. 2 and 3) by Mr. Owen in the Echidna,—a Monotrematic gland consequently, which I have observed in the Water-Rat (Mus amphibius, Linn.). I subjoin the figure of this gland magnified, and invite a comparison of this drawing with that of Mr. Owen’s plate. “ mouth for comminuting alimentary substances, glands for iting in a fluid to blend with the food during that operation are not wanted. _ The nervous system in Terebratula was not detected by Mr. Owen. In Orbicula two small ganglia’ were found on the side of the gsophagus next the perforated valve; from which two filaments, ac- panying the esophagus through the membranous wall, imme- ~ diately diverge and pass exterior to the anterior shell muscles, pro- 2) 128 ceeding with corresponding arteries to near the hearts, beyond which he could not trace them. A single small gazglion is situated on the opposite side of the esophagus, but on a plane posterior to the pre- ceding ; this is probably the cerebral ganglion for giving off nerves to the free spiral extremities of the arms, close to the base of which it is situated. Mr. Owen exhibited, in illustration of his paper, drawings of the several objects described in it. The following Notes relative to the period of Uterine Gestation and the Conditiontof the new-born Feetus in the Kangaroo, Macro- pus major, Shaw, were read by Mr. Owen. « Perhaps there is no question in animal physiology that has given rise to more numerous and contradictory theories, and in which fewer facts have been well ascertained, than that which re- lates to the generation of the Marsupial Animals. «In the present communication I propose to limit myself to the narration of some of the circumstances that have occurred in eluci- dation of this subject during a series of observations which have been. made at the Gardens in Regent’s Park during the past summer, «< All the Kangaroos at the Farm were for this purpose transferred from the Farm to the Gardens at the Jatter end of June. The whole stock consisted of two males and six females, all fully grown. The animals of different sexes were kept apart until they had become in some measure accustomed to the gaze of visiters, and reconciled to their new abode. «‘ It was to be expected that some accidents would occur in ex- posing so timid an animal, and one whose locomotion is of so violent a kind, to this change; and shortly after their arrival one of the fe- males died in consequence of leaping against the wire fence. It is, however, probable, from the appearances observed on the post mor- tem examination of subsequent cases, that this, like the other indi- viduals, was rendered highly excitable by great determination of blood to the brain. When the remainder had become more ha- bituated to their new circumstances, the experiments were com- menced, and the first step taken was to examine the pouches of all the females. ‘The Ist female had previously been kept at the Gardens, and had a young one, which measured about 1 foot 2 inches from the nose to the root of the tail: this, of course, had quitted the nipple and the pouch, and now only returned occasionally to suck. There was no other young one in the pouch. The right superior nipple was the oue in use ; it was nearly 2 inches long and 4rd of an inch in diameter, the gland forming a large swelling at the base. The other three nipples were everted, and about + aninchin length. _ «A Qnd female, from the Farm, had a young one attached to the lower nipple on the right side. It measured about 7 inches from the nose to the vent, was naked, with the skin of a bright pink colour, being still, in the language of M. De Blainville, a mammary foetus. The nipple in use was 1} inch long from the gland to the mouth of the foetus; the rest were everted, and about the size of those in the first-mentioned female. ; 129 _ ©The 3rd female had a mammary feetus, about 4 inches long from the nose to the vent, adhering to the left lower nipple, covered like the preceding with a naked vascular integument, which probably assists in oxygenating the blood. The eyes in this, as well as in the preceding, were closed. The other nipples were everted, but ‘were not all of the same Jength, the right lower nipple being shorter than the right upper one. I could not ascertain when this female been impregnated. “ The 4th and 5th females had no young in the pouch; all the nipples were everted. ; “ From this examination two facts were ascertained ; Ist, that the Kangaroo, at least in a state of captivity, has no particular period or season for breeding ; and 2nd, that the upper as well as the lower nipples are used both during the period of mammary gestation and for the young animal’s subsequent supplies of nourishment. « With respect to the female No. 2., the following facts relative to her gestation were obtained from Joseph Fuller, Head Keeper at the Farm, She received the male on the 14th of September 1832; but copulation might also have occurred previously. On the 14th . of October of the same year Fuiler observed her looking sickly, and when the male approached her she scratched and repulsed him. He perceived much slime, like white of egg, passing from the va- gina. This was about 3 p.m., when he was unfortunately called _away on some business. In the evening, at 8 o’clock, suspecting that parturition had taken place, he examined her pouch, and found a young one attached to a teat: on being touched the young one dropped off to the bottom of the pouch. Next day he again examined her, and found the young one adhering to the nipple. It fell off a se- cond time on being handled, and both Joseph and Devereux Fuller had the little one in their hands out of the pouch, and both assert that it was not more than 1 inch in length. It-was again put into the pouch, and the mother was meddled with no more till the 3rd of November following. On that day Mr. Yarrell and myself visited the Farm, and on hearing this account we examined the female, and found the young one, now 3 inches long, adhering strongly to the nipple. On further questioning Fuller on the subject, he said, that when first he saw the young one it was covered with blood-clot or coagulum; but on the following day it was quite clean and dry, and moved its body vigorously. The mother still suckles one of the -year. . From Mr. Morgan’s experiments it would appear that when the mmary foetus has. arrived at nearly the size of a fully grown Nor- way Rat, it will bear a separation from the nipple for two hours, and regain its hold. According to Fuller’s statement it will bear a separation from the nipple, and again become joined to it, at what is pet ie to have been a very short period after uterine gestation ; id Mr. Collie’s observations, in the 18th Number of the ‘ Zoological Journal’, are in confirmation of the same opinion. It is still uncer- tain in what manner it regained the nipple, although in a subsequent experiment, where a similar foetus was detached, the mother made many, but, as it appeared, unsuccessful, attempts to replace it. “In order to ascertain precisely the period of gestation, as an es- 130 sential guide to future experiments, the feniale No. 1. was selected, she being still suckling the young one of the previous year, and being known not to be impregnated. She was placed with the male only at such times as they could be watched. fae “‘ The coitus was observed on the 27th of August at 1 p.m. She was separated from the male the same day, and was kept in a di- stinct shed and paddock until parturition took place. In order to inure her to the examinations of the pouch when they should be- come indispensable, they were commenced six days after the copu- lation, and were repeated every morning and evening by James Hunt, the intelligent Keeper whose services were allotted tome by the Council during these investigations. At many of these exami- nations I was present, and the following are among my notes made on those occasions. « Sept. 6th.—10th day of gestation. Pouch tolerably free from secretion ; the right upper nipple about 2 inches long and 4rd of an inch in diameter; the young one, which has left the pouch, still sucking occasionally ; the other nipples as when first examined. “Sept. 1lth.—15th day. No alteration in the pouch or nipples; the young one still sucking occasionally. «Sept. 30th._—34th day. ‘The young one that was sucking is dead. The nipple in use by it has begun to shrivel, and the brown secretion to form. itt “Oct. 4th.—38th day. Hunt observed the female in the after- noon putting her nose into the pouch, and licking the entry. He examined her at 6 in the evening; but a slight increase of the se- cretion was the only perceptible change, and there was no appear- ance in the nipples indicative of approaching parturition. “Oct. 5th.—39th day. Hunt examined the female at 7 a.m- and found the young one attached to the nipple. No blood or albumi- nous discharge could be detected on the litter, nor any trace of it on the fur between the vagina and orifice of the pouch. As the birth took place in the night, the mother had probably had time to clear away all indications of it. « ribus nigris ; alis lazulinis, ad apicem fascid latd nigra notatis, remigibus prioribus quatuor albo apiculatis acutis, secundariis ab- ' ruptis tribus interioribus castaneis ; caudd nigra, rectrictbus tri- bus externis apices versus albis. Foem. Lunuld ad colli latera nulld. Long. tot. 63 unc.; rostri, a rictu ad apicem, +; rostr? ad basin lat. £; long. ale, 34; caude, 2; tarsi, 4. _ Hab. apud Rangoon. No. XII, PRocEepinGs oF THE ZooLoGIcaL Sociery. 134 ; A The beak is dark olive inclining to black, and is lighter at its edges and along the culmen. The tarsz are brownish black. The beautiful semilunar mark which extends across the whole of each side of the neck, consists of silvery white feathers, elevated above the rest, and abruptly terminated as if clipped by scissors. The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells con- tained in the collection made by Mr. Cuming on the Western Coast of South America and among the Islands of the South Pacific Ocean. Those exhibited on the present evening were accompanied by cha- racters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and consisted of the following species, thirty-six in number, of the Genus PLEUROTOMA. PLEeuUROTOMA MAURA. Pleur. testd turritd, acuminatd, fusco- nigricante ; anfractibus duodecim, medio tuberculatis, infra punc- . tato-striatis, supern® depressione sinum labit sequente; canal recurvd : long. 1°9, lat, 0°55 poll.; long. aperture 0-8. Hab. ad Insulam Platam Columbize Occidentalis. Two specimens were brought up from a depth of fourteen fathoms in coral sand.—G. B. 8. PLEUROTOMA UNIMACULATA. Pleur. testa turritd, acuminatd, albd, anfractis ultimi dorso fusco-unimaculato ; anfraetibus tre- decim, medio tuberculatis, tuberculis elongatis, ultimi tuberculis in costellam inferam confluentibus ; aperturd brevi, labio externo expanso, sinu superiore profundo, inferiore obsoletiore ; labio in- terno superne callum tuberculiformem efformante: long. 1-4, lat. 0-5 poll. ; long. apert. 0°6. Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis et Occidentalis. Found in sandy mud, in from eight to sixteen fathoms, at Monte Christe, Guacomayo and Salango.—G. B, S. PLeuRoTOMA ROSEA. Pleur, testd turritd, acuminatd, albidd, antice roseo tinctd ; anfractibus undecim, su é connatis, medio tuberculiferis, tuberculis ovatis, anfractis ultimé in costellas desi- nentibus ; aperturd brevi, labio externo expanso, sinu superiore profundo, infertore obsoletiore ; canali brevi, reflexd: long, 1:15, lat. 0-5 poll. Hab. ad Salango et ad Montem Christi. A delicately coloured species, very like the last in shape. Found in sandy mud in from twelve to sixteen fathoms.—G, B. S. Prevrotoma Criavutus. Pleur. testd subulatd, levi, albd, fusco variegatd, infra incrassatd ; anfractibus novem, suturis con- natis,.ultimo crasso ; aperturd ovalt, labio externo incrassato, re- flexo,emarginaturd subcirculart posticd ; epidermide tenui: long. 0:9, lat. 0°35 poll. Hab. in Sinu Montijz Americe Centralis. . Found in sandy mud at a depth of seventeen fathoms.—G. B.S. ~ Pxreurotoma Rupis. . Pleur. testdé turritd, crassa, rudi, fused ; anfractibus decem, medio coarctatis, supra infraque tuberculatis, 135 » tuberculis inferioribus superne albo maculatis ; anfractu ultimo subdistorto, pone aperturam tuberculo magno; apertura ovali, labio externo tenui, sinuoso: long. 1:3, lat. 0°55 poll. Hab..ad Montem Christi Columbiz Occidentalis. , Found under stones.:—G. B. S. J Prevroroma OxytTroris. Pleur. testéd turrito-subulatd, brun- mescente ; anfractibus decem, spiraliter carinatis, carind mediand albicante, conspicud, interstitiis decussatis ; aperturd oblonga, ca- nali rectd, elongatd, emarginaturd lateral: in carinam medianam decurrente: long. 1*8, lat..0'5 poll. ‘Hab. ad Panamam et ad Portam Portreram. Found in sandy mud at from thirteen to twenty fathoms’ depth.— -( G. B.S. _.PiLeurotoma macutosa. Pleur. testé oblongo-fusiformi, tur- ritd, albido-ccerulescente, fusco maculosdé ; anfractibus undecim, levigatis, medio tubercultferis, tuberculis unisertalibus ; aperturd oblongd, emarginaturd laterali posticali (seu , tubercula efformatd) ; canali brevi; columelld rectiusculd: long. 2-2, lat. 0°6 poll. Hab. fa Montem Christi Columbiz Occidentalis, _ One specimen only was dredged in sandy mud at a depth of six- teen fathoms. The aperture is about two fifths of the length of the shell.—G. B. S. \ Preuvroroma ALsicostaTa. Pleurstestd acuminato-pyramidali, rosed ; anfractibus novem, levibus; longitudinaliter costatis, costis confertis albis; aperturd brevi, emarginaturd posticali ; canals brevissimd : long. 0-9, lat. 0-3 poll. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. _ A very elegant small species, found in fine coral! sand at a depth of six fathoms.—G. B. S. J Ptevrotoma cLAvATA. Pleur. testd acuminato-pyramidalz, roseo-albicante; anfractibus decem, levibus, longitudinaliter sub- ‘obsoleté tuberculato-costatis ; aperturd brevi, latiusculd ; emargi- naturd posticali: long. 1-, lat. 0°3 poll. _ Hab. ad Xipixapi Columbize Occidentalis. __ A few specimens were found in sandy mud at a depth of ten fa- thoms.—G. B. S. ( \ Preurotoma sicotor. Pleur. testa oblongd, pyramidali, fuscd, albicante cingulatd ; anfractibus sex vel septem, longitudinaliter costatis, spiraliter sulcatis, costis posticé tuberculiferis ; aperturd _ brevi, margine crenatd, emarginaturd posticali; canali brevis- _. simd: long. 0°85, lat.0'3 poll. _ Hab. ad Panamam et ad Insulas Gallapagos. _ Found under stones at Panama, and dredged from a sandy floor at a depth of eight fathoms at the Gallapagos Islands.—G. B. S. PLEUROTOMA SPLENDIDULA. Pleur. testd elongato-pyramidali, roseo-fuscescente ; anfractibus undecim, levigatis, costes longitu- dinalibus obliquis, medio prominulis, subconfertis, albjs ; anfrac- 136 tis ultimi dorso fusco, planulato ; aperturd brevi, canali brevis- simd ; emarginaturd posticali : long. 1-2, lat. 0°35 poll. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. From a depth of six fathoms in fine coral sand.—G. B. S. Prevrotoma otivacea. Pleur. testa fusiformi, olivaced, uni- colore ; spird acuminato-pyramidali ; anfractibus novem, superné levibus, infra tuberculosis et spiraliter striatis, ultimo anticé striato ; aperturd oblongd, anticé canalem efformante ; labio ex- terno tenui intis striato ; emarginaturd labii externi posticalt ; suturis connatis : long. 2°4, lat. 0°8 poll. Hab. ad Salango et ad Sanctam Elenam Columbiz Occidentalis. Found in sandy mud at from five to twelve fathoms.— G. B.S. Prevrotoma cincta. Pleur. testd crassd, oblongd, nigra; an-~ » ¢fractibus novem, superne lamella spirali, infra cingulo flavo me- ~ _-diano crenato, ultimo cingulis duobus flavis, superiore crenato, lineisque tribus elevatis crenatis ; aperturd brevi ; canali brevis- simd: long. 0°7, lat. 0-3 poll. Hab. ad Montem christi et ad Xipixapi. Found in sand and gravel at a depth of seven fathoms.—G. B. S. PLEUROTOMA BICANALIFERA. Pleur. testd turritd, gracili, tenut ; anfractibus novem, longitudinaliter costellatis, costellis graniferis ; apertura oblongd, utrinque canaliferd, labio externo late reflexo : long. 0°8, lat. 0-3 poll. Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. Dredged from a depth of ten fathoms in sandy mud; from the Bay of Montija.—G. B. S. PLeuRoToMA cornuTA. Pleur. testd oblongo-pyramidali, apice acuto; anfractibus sex vel septem, superne crenatis, infra longi- tudinaliter costatis, transversim concinn® striatis ; apertura ob- longd, canali brevi; peritremate postice incrassato, in cornu breve producto : long.0°7, lat. 0°3 poll. Hab. ad Sinum Caraccas Columbiz Occidentalis. Found in sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms.—G. B. S. PLEUROTOMA RUGIFERA. Pleur. testd oblongo-pyramidali, apice acuto ; anfractibus octo vel novem, superne crenatis, mediane longitudinaliter costellatis, ultimi dorso rugifero ; apertura brevt ; labio externo incrassato, emarginaturd posticali profunda: long. 0'7, lat. 0-2 poll. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. Dredged in six fathoms water among fine coral sand. This species varies much in colour.—G. B. S. PLEUROTOMA MopESTA. Pleur, testd ovato-subcylindraced, fulvd, apice subulato-pyramidali ; anfractibus sex vel septem, transversim carinulatis, carinulis crenatis ; apertura canaligue brevibus, emar- Sieg) laterali pone medium labit positd: long. 0-7, lat. 0-25 oll. . Hab. ad Real Llejos et ad Insulam Annaa. Dredged in sandy mud at eight fathoms’ depth.—G. B, S. > 137 | PLeurotoma piscors. Pleur. testd turritd, fuscd; anfractibus decem vel undecim, superne prope suturam unicarinatis, infra no- dulosis, mediané levibus ; ultimo anticé transversim lineato ; varice ante aperturam conspicuo ; aperturd brevi, ovatd, emarginaturd profundd ante carinam anfractuum: long. 1-, lat. 0-35 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Platz Columbiz Occidentalis. A single specimen was dredged in seventeen fathoms among coral sand.—G. B, S PLEUROTOMA PALLIDA. Pleur. testd turritd, albicante ; anfrac- tibus undecim, subrotundatis, creberrimé costellatis, sulcato-decus- satis, superné serie unicd punctulorum impressorum ante costellas \' positd ; aperturd brevissimd, emarginaturd profundd, posticali : long. 0:85, lat. 0'3 poll. Hab. ad Portam Portreram Americe Centralis. _ Found in thirteen fathoms, on a sandy muddy floor.—G. B.S. ; ACAD v Pxreurotoma aTEeRRIMA. Pleur. testd acuminato-pyramidali, =?) -p»- aterrimd ; anfractibus octo, supern? unicarinatis, infra crenulatis, ultimo. serie unicd mediand tuberculorum, infra striis graniferis duabus ; aperturd intis nigrd, emarginaturd lateral inter cari- nam supertorem et seriem tuberculorum anfractis ; canali brevis- . sma: long. 0°8, lat.0°35 poll. Hab. ad Montem Christi Americe Occidentalis. Found under stones.—G. B. S. PD = Commeat~e \ Puzuroroma nicrrrima. Pleur. testd acuminato-pyramidali, 4. 3 nigerrimd ; anfractibus octo, superne planulatis, prope suturam crenatis, infra costis longitudinalibus ornatis, ultimi costis decur- rentibus ; aperturd nigrd, superné callositate munitd ; canali lon- giusculd, subreflexd : long. 0°8, lat. 0°35 poll. Hab, ad Panamam. Dredged in sandy mud in six and ten fathoms.—G. B.S. PLEUROTOMA ADUSTA. Pleur. testd acuminato-pyramidali, fuscd ; anfractibus decem superne planulatis, medianeé tuberculiferis, tu- berculis longitudinaliter subcompressis, ultimo infra granoso- striato ; aperturd brevi, stnu posticali ; canali brevissimd: long. 0°7, lat. 0-3 poll. Hab. ad Montem Christi Columbie Occidentalis. 1 Oy Found under stones.—G. B. S. Pr as) Anil =< . « Pxievrotoma Turricuna. Pleur. testd acuminato-pyramidalt, Juscd ; anfractibus decem, supern? serie unicd Ply infra longitudinaliter costatis, costis decussatis, ultimé costis decurren- tibus superne tuberculiferts ; aperturd latiusculd, intuis purpureo- nigricante; canali brevi, latd ; sinu laterali inter seriem tubercu- lorum et costas constructo: long. 1-7, lat. 0-7 poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam Columbiz Occidentalis. From sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.—G., B. S. PLEUROTOMA CORRUGATA. Pleur. testd acuminato-pyramidali, Juscd ; anfractibus decem, superne prope suturam granoso-uni- carinatis, infra longitudinaliter costatis, costis decussatis, ultime V 138 costis decurrentibus ; apertura brevi, sinu laterali superiore ; ca- nali brevi, latd: long. 1*1, lat. 0-4 poll. Hab, ad Sinum Montije et ad Portam Portreram. Found in muddy sand at ten fathoms’ depth.—G. B.S. PLEUROTOMA INTERRUPTA. Pleur. testé oblongo-pyramidali, pallescente ; anfractibus octo, spiraliter sulcatis, cingulatis, cingulo mediano nigro, alo articulato ; aperturd canalique brevibus, sinu laterali postico: long. 0°6, lat. 0-2 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Annaa. Found under coral on the reefs.—G., B. S. PLeuROTOMA EXxceNTRICA. Pleur. testd oblongo-pyramidali, brunned; anfractibus sex, duobus anticis excentricis, superné prope suturam unicarinatis, carind undulatd, infra -sthceabl sulcatis et longitudinaliter costatis; aperturd brevi, subtrigond, peritremate distincto, labii externi margine undulato ; sinu laterali postico: long. 1*2, lat. 0*5 poll. ; Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. Found in coral sand at the depth of six fathoms.—G. B.S. PLEUROTOMA INCRASSATA. Pleur, testa crassd, acuminato-pyra- midali, nigricante ; anfractibus novem vel decem, superné prope suturam obsoleté unicarinatis, carind interruptd, infra longitudi- naliter costellatis, costellis granosis, lineis elevatiusculis sprralibus decussaiis; aperturd brevi, sinu laterali postico ; canali brevi, ob- tusd : long. 2°83, lat. 0-8 poll. Hab, ad Panamam et ad Montem Christi. Dredged in from six to ten fathoms from sandy mud.—G. B. S. « PLEUROTOMA DUPLICATA. Pleur. testd acuminato-turrild, gra- cili, pallidd, epidermide corned fuscd ; anfractibus undecim vel duodecim, superné prope suturam lined elevatd unicd, in medio tuberculato-costatis, lineis duabus elevatis, binis decussatis; ultimo infra inconcinné striato; apertura brevi, sinu laterali postico; canali brevi : long. 1-6, lat. 06 poll. Hab. ad Portam Portreram et in Sinu Montije America Cen- tralis. Dredged from a sandy muddy floor at ten fathoms’ depth.— B.S. PLEUROTOMA uNIcOLOR, Pleur. testd crassiusculd, oblongo-pyra- midali, nigréd; anfractibus octo, levibus, superné prope suturam serie granularum unicd, infra longitudinaliter costatis ; aperturd brevi ; canali brevissimd ; stnu laterali pesiico infra seriem granu- larum: long. 0-85, lat. 0-3 poll. Hab. ad Panamam. ' Dredged in from six to ten fathoms on a sandy muddy floor.— G. B.S. PLEUROTOMA RusTICA. Pleur. testd rudi, crassiusculd, oblongo- pyramidali, fusco-nigricante ; anfractibus septem, superné prope suturam unicarinatis, infra longitudinaliter costatis, costis nu- merosis acutis, ultimt costis lineato-decussatis, decurrentibus ; tw «, 139 aperturd brevi ; canali brevissimd ; sinu laterali postico, retun- dato: long. 41, lat,.0'4 poll. . Hab. sub lapidibus ad Xipixapi Columbiz Occidentalis. —G. B.S. PLEUROTOMA GRANULOSA.. Pleur. testé turrito-pyramidali, brun- nescente ; anfractibus novem wel decem, superné prope suluram levibus, tumidiusculis, infra rotundato-costatis, costis lineato- decussatis, lineis decussantibus minutissimé granulosis ; aperturd brevi ; canali brevi, laté ; sinu laterali postico, rotundato : long. 0°75, lat. 0°25 poll. Hab. ad Sinum Montijez et ad Panamam. Dredged in sand from a depth of eight fathoms.—G. B. S. Prevrotoma varicuLosa. Pleur. testd gracili, turrito-pyramt- dali, fuscescente ; anfractibus septem vel octo, rotundatis, superne prope suturam levibus, infra longitudinaliter costatis, costis decus- satis, granosis ; apertura brevi, ovalt, bast coarctatd; canal bre- viusculd; labio eaterno tenui, variculd extern? instructo: long.0'6, lat. 0°2 poll. Had. ad Sinum Montije Americe Centralis. Dredged in sandy mud at ten fathoms’ depth—G. B. S. PLevROTOMA NITIDA. Pleur. testd gracili, turrito-pyramidali, brunned; anfractibus septem vel. octo, rotundatis, levibus, nitidis, longitudinaliter concinné costellatis, et striatis ; aperturd canalt- que brevibus ; suturd crenulatd ; sinu laterali postico, mediocrt : long.0°6, lat. 0°15 poll. Hab. ad Sinum Montijez Americe Centralis. ¢ Dredged in sandy mud at ten fathoms’ depth.—G. B.S. » PrevrotoMa cotvaris. Pleur. testd acuminato-pyramidah, - atrd;anfractibus octo, superné prope suturam obsoleté unicarinatis, . infra serie unicd fs ng wht cingulum efformante albidum, ul- timo infra granulifero, granulis seriatim ordinatis, serte tertid albicante ; aperturd brevi; canali brevissima, lata: long. 0°5, lat. O°2 poll. : . Hab. ad Sinum Caraccensem Columbiz Occidentalis. Dredged in eight fathoms from muddy sand.—G. B.S. PLevrRotoma HExacona. Pleur. testd gracii, acuminato-pyra- midali, olivaceo-fuscd ; anfractibus decem, hexagonis, levibus, tuberculosis, tuberculis per series sex oblique ordinatis ; anfractu - ultimo majori, infra spiraliter striato ; aperturd canalique brevi- bus; sinu laterali postico, mediocri : long. 0:95, lat. 0°35 poll. Hab. ad Guacomayo Americz Centralis. “A single specimen was dredged in thirteen fathoms water among sandy mud.—G. B. S. _Prevroroma rormicarta. Pleur. testd oblongo-acuminatd, sub- cylindraced, brunned; anfractibus quinque vel sex, levibus, cos- tatis, costis majoribus, distinctis ; apertura longitudinali, ovata ; cont brevissimd, lata; sinu laterali posticali, parvo: long.0-4, 2O1 it diggs _ Hab. ad Iquiqui Peruvie sub lapidibus.—G. B.S. 140 The skins were exhibited of a Lion and Lioness killed in Guzerat by Captain Walter Smee, who, at the request of the Chairman, stated that they were selected from among eleven obtained by him in the same country, eight of which he had brought with him to England. The Lion is distinguished from those previously known by the absence of a mane from the sides of the neck and shoulders, the middle line of the back of the neck being alone furnished with longer hairs, which are erect like those in the same situation in the Cheetah, Felis jubata, Schreb. The under surface of the neck has long, loose, silky hairs, and there is a tuft at the angle of the ante- rior legs. Captain Smee remarked that the existence in Guzerat of a mane- less Lion had been known thirty years since by Colonel Sykes, and that Olivier had seen at Bagdad a similar animal, which was under- stood to have been brought thither from Arabia; but that hitherto, he believed, no skin of such a race had fallen under the observation of naturalists in Europe. Besides the absence of the extensive mane, it has to distinguish it from the ordinary Lion, a somewhat shorter tail, furnished at its tip with a much larger brush. Regarding it as a strongly marked variety of the Lion hitherto known, Captain Smee proposed for it the following characters: Fetis Leo, Linn., Var. Goosratensis. Jubd maris cervicali brevi, erecta; caude@ flocco apicali maximo nigro. Hab. in Guzerat (et in Arabia ?). A male measured, including the tail, 8 feet 91 inches in length. His total weight, exclusive of the entrails, was 44 cwt. The maneless Lion extends in Guzerat through a range of country about forty miles in length, where it is known as the Ontiah Baug or Camel Tiger, a name derived from its colour. In the hot months it is found in the low bushy wooded plains that skirt the Somber. mutty and Bhardar rivers, from Ahmedabad to the borders of Cutch. It is destructive to cattle, but does not appear to attack man. When struck by. a ball it exhibits great boldness, standing as if preparing to resist its pursuer, and then going off slowly, and in a very sullen manner ; unlike the Ziger, which, on such occasions, retreats spring- ing and snarling. Captain Smee entered into various details respecting the animals exhibited by him, comprehending the heads of a paper “ On the maneless Lion of Guzerat,” which he had prepared for the Society. The following notes by Mr. Martin on the anatomy of the Grison, Galictis vittata, Bell, (Gulo vittatus, Desm.,) were read. They are derived from the examination of an individual which recently died at the Society’s Gardens. ** The animal was a male, measuring from the nose to the insertion of the tail 1 foot 6 inches ; the length of the tail was 6: inches. As inthe Mustelide generally, the intestines exhibited no division into small and large, except that the rectum became gradually increased in circumference. The total length of the intestines was 4 feet 5 inches. The stomach, when moderately distended with air, measured 141 10+ inches in its greatest circumference, 13 along its greater, and 44 along its lesser curve. The omentum was thin and irregularly puck- ered together. At about 5 inches from the anus commenced a group of thickly crowded mucous follicles, occupying a space of 4 inches in length. The azus was furnished with two glands, of the size each of a nutmeg, and containing a fluid of the consistence and colour of liquid honey, and of a most intolerable odour: the orifice or duct of these glands opened just within the verge of the anus. «The liver was tripartite, the middle portion being divided into one large and one small lobe: on the under side of the large lobe, in a deep furrow, was situated the gall-bladder, of a moderate size, and somewhat elongated form. ‘The biliary secretion entered the duodenum 14 inch below the pylorus. « The pancreas was long, flat and narrow ; beginning in a curved form near the pylorus, and following the course of the duodenum for about 4: inches. « The spleen was loosely attached to the stomach, tongue-shaped, and in length 6 inches. « The lungs consisted of three right and two left lobes. The heart was of an obtuse figure; it measured in length 14 inch, and in breadth } inch. The primary branches of the aorta were as fol- low: Ist, a right branch, or arteria innominata, which, running - for + inch, gave off the two carotids and the right subclavian ; Zndly, a left branch, passing to form the right subclavian. « The epiglottis was acuminate, and in close approximation to the tongue, which was tolerably smooth, with a crescent of distinct fossulate papille at its base. The os hyotdes was united by a suc- cession of four bones on each side to the skull. ‘«‘ The kidneys were of an oval form, the right being half its length higher than the left ; the length of each was 14 inch. The tuduli entered the pelvis of the kidney by a single large conical papilla. The suprarenal glands were small, «¢ The testes were each as large.as a small nutmeg ; the cremaster muscle, embracing the spermatic cord as it emerges from the ring, was very distinct. The penis had been injured in removing the skin _ of the animal ; its length from the pubes was about 3+ inches, and its muscles were very distinct. It contained, as in the Dog, a slender bone, 13 inch long, commencing pretty stout, then narrowing as it _ proceeded till near the apex, when it suddenly bent at an obtuse angle, giving off at this part two small processes. The distance of the prostate from the bladder was 1+ inch. ‘¢ The morbid appearances consisted in extensive adhesions of the abdominal viscera, indicative of great inflammation. The lobes of the liver adhered to each other, to the parietes of the abdomen and to the stomach. At the distance of 10 inches from the anus there was an extensive zntus-susceptio, a portion of intestine above that part (measuring, when withdrawn, 8 inches,) being received into the part below, to which it slightly adhered. The strangulated portion was puckered up so as to take up a space of only 34 inches. The stomach exhibited dull red patches of inflammation, and was full of indigested food.” 142 December 24, 1833. William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. Extracts were read from a letter, addressed to the Secretary by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Madera, No- vember 15, 1833. They related toa collection of Fishes made in that island by the writer, and accompanied about thirty species presented by him to the Society, in addition to those formerly trans- mitted by him, and exhibited at the Meeting of the Committee of Science and Correspondence on August 14, 1832. Those now sent were severally exhibited. They include the following species regarded by Mr. Lowe as hitherto undescribed, and for which he proposes the subjoined names and characters. SERRANUS MARGINATUS. Serr. nigrescens, luteo maculatus ; pin- nis dorsali, anali, caudalique nigris, albo marginatis ; pinnd-dor- sali filamentoso. D. 11 + 17. P.18. V.1 + 5.A.3 +9. C.18. This fish is very nearly related to Serr. Gigas, Cuv. & Val.; but appears to be distinguished by the greater number of the soft rays of its dorsal and anal fins, as well as by the white margin of these and the caudal. Its general tone of colouring is somewhat like that of a Tench, Tinca vulgaris, Cuv.; and it attains the length of 2 feet, and the weight of 8 pounds. BERYX SPLENDENS. Ber. ruber ; pinnis ventralibus radiis duo- decim mollibus. D.4+4 14 v.15. P.1+4+17. V.1+ 12.A.4+4 30. C. feré 30. M. B. 9. This new species of Beryx,—a genus remarkable for the excess in number of the soft rays of the ventral fins beyond that which is normal in Acanthopterygian Fishes, viz. five,—has their number greater than any other except Ber. Delphini, recently described by M. Valenciennes from an individual obtained from the Indian Ocean, From Ber. decadactylus, Cuv. & Val., it differs by the greater num- ber of these rays, by a greater number also of the rays of the bran- chiostegous membrane, and by its less compact form. Its height is equal to the length of its head, and measures three times and a half in its total length: its pectoral and dorsal fins, of equal length, are one fifth of the entire length of the fish; and the ventral measures one sixth. The dorsal and anal fins are proportionally higher than in that species ; and the latter begins under the end of the former. The caudal fin is deeply forked. The number of vertebra, exclu- sive of that which supports the rays of the caudal fin, is twenty- taree. paBonene . : 7 143 Fam. CHZTODONTIDZE. Genus LEIRUs. Corpus ellipticum, compressum; squamis deciduis parvis. Caput parvum, nudum, declive. Os parvum: maxilla superiore obtusissima ; inferiore breviore, truncata. Dentes minuti, simplices, in utraque maxilla 1-seriati: palatini nulli. Opercula marginibus serratis. Pinne dorsalis analisque posticé latiores, squamosz. Membrana branchiostega 7-radiata. Oss. Genus Brame, Bloch, maximé affine. Differt precipué den- tibus palatinis nullis : etiam pinna caudali haud profunde biloba. Leirus BENNETTII. TETRAGONURUS? sIMPLEX. Tet. caudd utrinque simplict. D.15, 20 (feré). P.feré 10. V.6. A.feré 20. C. feré 20. M.B.7. If this be a true Tetragonurus, Risso, (and there is no reason to doubt it except the absence of the carine on each side of the tail which give to that part in the type of the genus a square form,) it furnishes strong evidence of the affinity of that group to the Scom- bride. The spurious finlets behind its second dorsal and its anal fins denote a closer approach to the Mackerels than could be in- ferred from Tet. Cuvieri, Risso. Crenitasrus Trutta. Cren. virescens, variegata et maculata, squamis medio fuscis ; fascits verticalibus fusco-nigrescentibus ; caudd utringue basi ocellatd ; pinnd anali 5-spinosd. D.17+ 8 P.15. V.14+ 5. A.5+8. C.15. By the smaller number of the spinous rays of its dorsal fin, by its colouring, and by other characters, this fish differs both from Cren. exoletus (Labrus exoletus, Linn.,) and from the one described under the same name by M. Risso—two evidently distinct species,—to which may now be added a third, having equally with them five spinous rays in the anal fin. Ruomsus Maperensis. Rhomb. corpore ovali, supra scabrius- culo, etuberculato, olivaceo-fusco, nigrescente vel ferrugineo ; annulis punctorum albidorum, maculas ocellosve pallidos forman- tibus, sparsim picto ; infra albo, immaculato ; pinne dorsalis ra- diis indivisis, inclusis ; dentibus minutis, 1-seriatis. D.91. A.69. P.sup. 10.inf.9. V. sup. 6.inf.5. C. 15. A rather small but elegantly marked species, the spots on the co- loured side resembling little orreries or planetaria. Its nearest re- Jation seems to that which Risso has described under the name of Rhomb, mancus, though it has not the lengthened pectoral fin on the upper side of that species. It is not very uncommon in the bay of Funchal, and is the only one of its genus yet observed there. 144 It has all the characters of the second division of Rhombus, indicated by Cuvier in his ‘ Régne Animal.’ CeNTRINA NIGRA. Cent. corpore toto glabro, nigro; pinnarum apicibus hyalescentibus. It is said that this fish does not grow larger than the individual sent, (10 inches in length). It is intermediate in characters between Centrina, Cuv., and Acanthias, Ej.; having the teeth of the former genus, and the form of body of the latter, as well as the back- ward position of the second dorsal fin. It is entirely black, even on its under surface. in Roman Characters : which. novel information is given, in Jtalies: INDEX. The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed “which Anatomical Observations are made, in Carrrats. Page. : Alepisaurus, Ne J. Lowes......0000 104 ferox, Lowe ......... 104 Alligator. Mississippensis ......... 82 Anas galericulata, Linn. ......... 10 Anas Macettanica, Auct. ...... 3 Anops, n. g. Bell ......... So ae 99 Kingii, Bell ....... i AST 99 Anthelephila, Hope .............+- 68 Anthicus cyaneus, Hope ......... 62 Anthropoides pavoninus, Vieill.... 118 Regulorum ......... 118 Antilope. Addra, Benticvdedecsees 2 ' Bennettii, Sykes ......... 114 bubalina, Hodgs. ...... 105 Cervicapra, Pall. ...... 12 ellipsiprymna, Ogilb.... 47 Goral, Hardw. ......... 105 Hodgsonii, Abel ......... 110 Leucoryx, Pall. ...... 77, ' Mhorr, Benn. .......0.+0. Nanguer, Benne. Sos ituan : personata, Woods ...... 45 pygarga, Pall......... ‘7 seripta, Pall. ........000. a. Thar, Hodgs. ............ 105 aA phrophora Goudoti, Benn. ...... 12 - Aploa, n. g. Hope .....ccscesseeseee 61 ©. pieta, Hope.....erereeeee 61 Sane vittiger, Benn. ........03.. 32 MORES hs ih ass.0ste8. eeeeee 33 q ee . . Al Patachonica,Gmel. 33, 65 australis, Shaw......... 24, 80 — Aquila Choka, Smith.......... sions tee ‘ . Verreauaii, Less. ......... 45 : _ vulturina, Daud. .......... 45 _ Arca auriculata, Sow......... Veaiaaie A -biangulata, Sow. ......... OL , brevifrons, Sow. .....s000--. 22 those of Species previously known, but respecting those of Species respecting Page. cardiiformis, Sow. ...ss.eseeee 22 Concinna, SOW. s.ccssecsereere 20 emarginata, Sow. .c..s--seee 20 formosa, Sow. ....0sscseeeees 20 labiata, Sow. ...... ROTA 21 labiosa, Sow. .....s.esesseeeeee 21 multicostata, Sow. ......ss.0e- 21 Nux, SOW. si. cccctscccsssstecee 19 Obesa, Sow. ..scseceseereesece 21 quadrilatera, Sow. ......-++++ 22 Teversa, SOW. ...ccsccsesseceees 20 tuberculosa, Sow. ......2..0+6 19 Balanus Cranchii, Leach .......«. 115 Bernicla Sandvicensis, Vig. ...... 65 Bero£é Pineus, Lam. ..........000 8 Beryx splendens, Lowe ......... « 142 Brachyphylla, n. g. Gray ......... 122 cavernarum, a 123 Brapypus Tripactrytus, Linn. 99 Buceros cavatus, Lath. ......... 102 Bulinus Adamsonii, Gray......... 123 albus, Sow. ...... pit ee sae vie bilineatus, Sow. ...... eta tll Calvus, SOW. ...ecscsseeeeee 72 Chilensis, Sow. ............ 36 chrysalidiformis, Sow. ... 37 conspersus, SOW. ....+.2+ 73 comneus, Sow. ....sseseeee 37 decoloratus, Sow. ......... 73 discrepans, Sow. ......... 72 erythrostoma, Sow. ...... 37 Jacobi, Sow. .......sseeeeee 74 Laurentii, Sow. ........... eh i | Luzonieus, Sow. ......... 73 pallidior, Sow. ............ 72 pruinosus, Sow. ......... 36 punctulifer, Sow. ........ - 36 rugiferus, S0w.........00.. 36 146 INDEX. Page. Page. Bulinus scabiosus, Sow. ....0.0e00++ 74), Chinchilla» <..s0cs «ven cosh Layee WTAE 115 unicolor, Sow........... 188 | Tringa pugnax, Linn. .........0+ a | unimaculata, Sow. ... 134 | Triton Ceylonensis, Sow. ......... 71 variculosa, Sow. ...... 139 clathratus, Sow. ...... seontolagd Pollicipes polymerus, Sow.......... 74 constrictus, Brod. ......... 5 ruber \Sowiee tcsbe sete. 74 convolutus, Brod. ......... i Polyboroides, Smith .........2+4++ 45 decollatus, Sow. ...-.ss.s008 72 Prionus Cumingii, Hope ......... 64 distortus, Sow. ...e.s.ee00s 71 Hayesii, Hope ...... Sie. 64 gibbosus, Brod. .........+4+ 7 Pertii, Hope .......0..002. 64 lignarius, Brod. .......++++ 5 Pteroglossus castanotis, Gould’... 119 lineatus, Brod. ......... ae IG hypoglaucus, Gould 70 lineatus, Sow. ........+ oye ulocomus, Gould ... 38 Mediterraneus, Sow. ...... 71 Purpura xanthostoma, Brod.....,. 8 nitidulus, Sow. ......++2++ oti PPros0Ma SPI 'Vivsoasccsvevesewssesete 79 reticulatus, Sow. .....s00000s 71 Rana esculenta, Linn. .....000.... 88 rudis, Brodie. AA RY 6 Ranina cristata, Desj. ...-.++.-.. 118 scalariformis, Brod. ...... 7 Rhamphastos culminatus, Gould 70 tigrinus, Brod. .........+++ 5 Swainsonii, Gould 69 | Trogon pavoninus, Spix..... BAe. wy 107 Rhombus Maderensis, Lowe .,.... 148 | Turbinella armata, Brod. ........ 3 Riss00 Parva - sve. Jovreccesedcosscese 116 Cestus, Brod. ......... 8 SarcoruaMpnuus Grypuus, Dum. 78 tuberculata, Brod. ... 7 Sciurus nigrescens, Benn.......... 41 | Turdus polyglottus, Linn. ......... 114 Scolecobrotus, n. g. Hope ......... 64 | Uracantha, n. g. Hope ...s000002-. 64 : Westwoodii, Hope 64 triangularis, 1 364 Semnopithecus cucullatus, Isid. Uromastix acanthinurus, Bal ws 16 Geofinre 23%...5; 68 | Ursus ornatus, F. Cuv. ...;........ 114 ENTELLUS ..... .... 741 Velella limbosa, Lam. ........ Be. 12 FASCICULARIS 74 | Vultur auricularis, Daud. .......... 45 Nestor, Benn..... 67 fulvus, Linn. .......0sc0000. 45 Seria oFFicinatis, Linn. ......... 86 Kolbii, Daud. ........ Per 81 Sepiola stenodactyla, Grant ...... 42 | Zanclus cornutus, Cuv. ......2.0066 117 Serranus marginatus, Lowe ...... 142 | Zeus Aper, Linn. ......... Sdenvaven 114 Simia Faunus, Linn. ......+++... a. 109 Printed by Richarv Taytor, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. PROCEEDINGS OF THE OF LONDON. ott - =. iB _ PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, i BY RICHARD TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. ZO AIONT m iy, GAew bie 42 XAG, Pr st . a LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. With References to the several Articles contributed by each. Assorr, K. E., Esq. _ Letter on various Zoological Subjects, accompanying a Col- lection of Birds, formed by him in the neighbourhood of Tre- EE a rect Sol oo ga al ga ie Aa oe Se a Ae Letter accompanying a Collection of additional arte of _ Birds from the same locality............+.++..+. Pree Agassiz, M. L. On the Anatomy of the Genus Lepisosteus, with Descriptions RMINOW. MIPCCIES foci ois os sin cece de enasas in’ =) aaa iiale Auten, Lieut., R.N. On a Collection of Objects of Zoology, made in the Inte- _ rior of Africa, and presented by ..............--.-00-- On some Drawings of Fishes of the river Quorra, made by Baryes, Mrs. Note on the Rearing of a Species of Humming-bird ... Bett, T., Esa. _ Characters of a New Genus of freshwater Tortoise (Cy- PS. epitertn. oe a Meese} Siw obiniereiek xt Bennett, E. T., Esq. Observations on the Genus Cryptoprocta.............. _____ Observations on a Species of Paradorurus, probably Par. _ prehensilis, Gray, presented by Lord Fitzroy Somerset .... On several Animals recently added to the Society’s Mena- i re re als sn ew 0. 9 41, _ Characters of New Species of Fishes, collected by Lieute- Merion, mm Western Africa ........--......-.ses0-- On a Specimen of the Manis Temminckii, Smuts, from South Africa, forming part of the collection of Mr. Steedman Ona New Species of Kangaroo .......... Pe aes VES Dag (5 50 133 . 119 45 147 33 17 13 33 110 45 81 ‘ wey iv Beynert, G., Esq. page On the Habits of a Species of horned Pheasant (Tragopan Pemminchit, GTRY) .\5 oes a.0e sia so vac ees oss On the Habits of the King Penguin (Aptenodytes Patacho- mted: Gels): oe NL RS eae) ods le sa cvee ee 34 On a Wound inflicted by a Pelican on its own breast.... 49 Characters of a New Species of Bat from New Holland, COMER Me EP. Wee. Ss cle bbs Gale a ee 52 On the Natural History and Habits of the Ornithorhynchus panqoran, TO Ss se Se re be ee ee 141 On the Nasal Gland of the wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans, Linn.) ...... RST PAE EE es See) 151 Benson, W. H., Esq. Observations on a Collection of land and freshwater Shells formed in the Gangetic Provinces of India ...... Seley inves 89 Note on the Importation of a Living Cerithium Telescopium, BOS oven ate a «fw: o'e ac: sane sls orci « Aeponielin ain ae 91 Biee, H., Esq. On a Species of Bee from the Brazils, found living on split- ting a log of peach-wood containing its Comb............ 118 Boser, M. W. Letter on the Habits, &c. of Cryptoprocta feror, Benn. .. 13 Breton, Lieut., R.N. On the Habits of the Musk Duck of New Holland (Hydro- bated lobutus, "Vemm,) "05 ioc aos ss sien so 0.2 ete See 19 On a Mode of Preserving Bird-skins in the absence of the OLGIBATY MEANS .)5.06 > «0h loess, dead tries 20 see ee 21 Account of the Habits of a Specimen of Echidna, which survived during a considerable part of his voyage to Europe. 23 Broperip, W. J., Esq. Characters of New Genera and Species of Mollusca and Conchifera, collected by Mr. Cuming .... 2, 13, 35, 47, 114, 148 Descriptions of New Species of Calyptreide ........ 138, 35 Descriptions of a New Genus of Gasteropoda (Scutella) .. 47 On Clavagella, with Characters of New Species ........ 115 Description of some Species of Chama ..........+e+-- 148 Burton, H., Esq. Characters of a New Species of the Genus Monacanthus, CW alanis is ohata. sie So, S{ stm Hhb.4, fae, Beare ede =e saettel Cary, Hon. Byron. Note on a large Specimen of the Gallapagos Island Tor- Cuming, H., Esq. Characters of New Genera and Species of Mollusca and Conchifera, collected by, 2,6,13,17, 21, 35, 46, 48, 68, 87, 123, 148 Curtis, J., Esq. page On a Species of Bee (Trigona, Jur.) from South America. 118 DaniE11, G., Esq. On the Habits and Economy of two British Species of Bats 129 Dersy, The Right Hon. the Earl of Letter on the Breeding of the Sandwich Island Goose (Ber- Micka Sandvicensis; Vig.) >. wo. sk or cdle® > Ae isieeiele Mis neysceds 41 Letter on the Breeding of several Birds in His Lordship’s Menagerie at Knowsley...... b SPA pith iS Riatute od » wonturetond 81 Dessarvins, M. J. Letter accompanying a Collection of Objects of Zoology, chiefly Mammalia and Birds, from the Mauritius,........- 57 Foutiort, G., Esq. On a Collection of Birds from North America, presented by 14 Gerorrroy Sr. Hinarre, M. On the Structure and Use of the Monotrematic Glands, and particularly on those Glands in the Cetacea .....+..... 26 Goutp, Mr. J. On a Collection of Birds from North America, presented by Br Pomaatt) 2 SP ee Se ee ba cals eee os 14 Characters of three New Species of Trogon in the Collec- tion of the Society. f) 2b ce ee ees gO. SAEs 25 Character of a New Species of Plover (Vanellus, Linn.) collected by Lieut. Allen in Western Africa....... Se ogechsy ge 45 On a Collection of Birds formed by Mr. Abbott in the neighbourhood of Trebizond ........++.+ee+eee eres 50 Characters of the Genera and Species of the Family Ramphastide, Vig. ......-0+- + eee eee eee eet 72 On a Collection of Birds from Nepaul, presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. .........- sss escent cere etee eres 115 On a second Collection of Birds from the neighbourhood of EM EOBUAOTI S115 oi! 9 1 GRE) oe Wicia! so, ohn ayhelele's oS wie Ws ool 133 Characters of a New Species of Toucan ........0202+005 147 Gray, J. E. Esq. Characters of a New Genus of Radiata (Ganymeda) .... 15 Note on the Conveyance from the Mauritius to England o two living Specimens of the Cerithium armatum, Brug. .... 22 Characters of a New Species of Bat (Rhinolophus, Geoftr.) from, New Holland .. . 2.2... 6e eset ements t enc csene es 53 Characters of several New Species of freshwater Tortoises (Emys) from India and China .......-.+02-- eee eeeeee 53 Note on the Cistuda Bealii, Gray, referred to the Genus MMM hoes ov wis Was nie wm mh howielelsne cit ola bidiele Bele ele alain inns 54 Notice of Two Varieties of the Cistuda Amboinensis, Gray 54 Characters of New Species of Shells .....-+e0e005 57, 63 vi Gray, J. E., Esq. (continued.) page Characters of a New Genus of Mollusca (Nanina) ...... 58 Enumeration of the Species of the Genus Terebra, with Characters of many hitherto undescribed................ 59 Characters of Two New Genera of Reptiles (Geoemyda and Gg RG) ete Beta oe ae fe ok nae ot 99 Observations on the Red Viper, regarded as a Variety of the Common Species (Vipera Berus, Daud.) ..........-- 101 Arguments in favour of the parasitic Nature of the Ani- mals found in the Shells of the Genus Argonauta, Linn..... 120 Characters of two New Species of Sturgeon (Acipenser, LS) een. . a ee a ee an ee Peep ee 122 Characters of a New Genus of Reptiles (Lialis) from New REEL: VRE cea fim ine fo asm on «0 0,9 6.0 8 le 134 Note on the New Holland Ibis of Dr. Latham .......... 135 Observations on two Species of freshwater Tortoises .... 135 Hatt, Marsa, M.D. Notes of Experiments on the Nerves in a Decapitated DME CaP ond < nin NT te hie te atte: te eames Str oa. haa 92 Hancock, J., M.D. On the Lantern-fly, and some other Insects of Guiana.... 19 . Harpwicxkez, Major-Gen. T. Description of a New Species of the genus eines Linn., from Wester | AGifa weet: . i. casas ooh ibe aot 52 Harvey, J. B., Esq. Notes on a Collection of Shells and Crustacea, formed on the.South Coast. of Devonshire, . ........2 5.<.s05. <)> © eyorsee Syste: ee Hearne, J., Esq. Letter on various Zoological Subjects relating to the Island SE ED sn oon s s/t an io + wane wae aphasia go ate 25 Letter accompanying a Present of several Living Animals zrom the Ishind ‘of HAVE oo ei oe oes cdc cin = Se gee 110 Hemine, — Esq. Note on a Remarkable Dilatation at the Base of the Lower Jaw and Upper Part of the Throat in the Swift (Cypselus — PI LN it 6 anaes on cabs aoe 5x c'a 04 9 ee 92 Honeson, B. H., Esq. Letter in relation to a Collection of Living Birds forwarded by him from Nepaul for the Society’s Menagerie.......... 9 Letter on various Zoological Subjects, with Additional Ob- servations on the Chiru Antelope (Antilope Hodgsonii, Abel).. 80 Letter on the Distinction between the Ghoral (Antilope Goral, Hardw.) and Thdr (Antilope Thar, Hodgs.)........ 85 On the Mammalia of Nepaul............ Oats « k, 95 Vil Hopeson, B. H., Esq. (continued). page _ On the Characters of the Jhdral (Capra Jhdral, Hodgs.), and of the Ndhdor (Ovis Nahdor, Hodgs.), with Observa- _ tions on the Distinction between the Genera Capra and Ovis 107 Notice of a Collection of Birds from Nepaul, presented by 115 Jon ES, R., Esq. __ Notes on the Dissection of a Tiger (Felis Tigris, Linn.).. 54 ___Notes on the Dissection of an Agouti (Dasyprocta Aguti, al .) Bree NS A ies Bn eh So) oo RM wie 's isl dem Se mato a, ction om wi lal’m svese ele 82 ___ Notes on the Dissection of Azara’s Opossum (Didelphis ' waaare,' Temm.)........, Kine, Capt. P. P., R.N. __ Observations on Oceanic Birds, particularly those of the Genus Diomedea, Linn......,., SOC Sars Oey Year ae 128 MacLray, W. S., Esq. __ Remarks tending to illustrate the Natural History of Two Annulose Genera, namely, Urania of Fabricius, and Mygale CONSE fe cist che dial fondnoblion mech. - 10 vin, Mr. W. Notes on the Anatomy of the Rhea (Rhea Americana, Vieill.) and Cassowary (Casuarius Emeu, Lath.) ................ 9 _ On the Occurrence of Aneurism of the Aorta in the brown Conti (Nasua fusca, F. Cuv.)................ Se Bins cag 9 Notes on the Dissection of Azara’s Opossum (Didelphis ST alec a aE RI a SAR» eee 101 tes on the Dissection of a Mangue (Crossarchus obscurus, Amie! ss Haine Vena oie mrad. alii als Bie Si) gael We ha ogo Lass 113 _ W., Esq. : ce of a New Species of Otter from the North of Ire- Saver )stiein.d ida sala 4 oc6{8l- bay oe toni. ail ut lll . Esq. On the Distinguishing Peculiarities of the Crania of the EIGER: MoI sae ME ho mle pavagund ans ox 1 On the Anatomy of the Purple-crested Touraco (Corythaix Redlopha, Vig.)) 0c. eee de), rote Ciot 3 the Stomach of Semnopithecus Maurus, F. Cuv. 6 e Anatomy of the Capybara (Hydrocherus Capybara, 35 CEE A AE eye. ce 3: BESS eA mises cet i 9 ie Anatomy of the Calyptreide ................ 14 the Structure of the Heart in the Perennibranchiate ties: SO pga Scyotcrcrcndic Sorbo, ea ities 31 the Young of the Ornithorhynchus paradocus, Blum... 43 iption of a Recent Clavagella (Clavagella lata, Brod.) 111 on the Anatomy of a New Species of Kangaroo oe aca ER ee mda Sai 152 o Vill Parry, Capt. Sir E. W., R.N. page On a New Species of Kangaroo (Macropus Parryi, Benn.), presetced Dy il. on. so et ants nc cet pe fF se Ley ot omen 151 Porter, Sir R. K. Letter on the Characters and Habits of a Specimen of the Pithecia sagulata, presented by him to the Society........ 41 Letter on various Zoological Subjects ................ 113 Ruprett, Dr. E. Description of a New Genus of Pectinibranchiated Gastero- podous Mollusca (Leptoconchus).......+++.0e+000- omnia. ts 105 Sasrne, J., Esq. Notice of a Hybrid between the common Pheasant (Pha- sianus Colchicus, Linn.) and the grey Hen (Tetrao Tetrix, Linn.) » 52 Smiru, A., M.D. Letter on the Zoology of South Africa ............0.4- 25 Sowenrsy, G. B., Esq. Characters of New Genera and Species of Mollusca and Conchifera, collected by Mr. Cuming .. 6,17, 21, 46, 68, 87, 123 Characters of Three Species of the Genus Bulinus, Lam., brought to England by Mr. Miller .................. ve, Lam SreEepMAN, A., Esq. On a Specimen of the Manis Temminckii, Smuts, forming part‘of the Collection of.......:..... GANYMEDA. s hemisphzricum, depressum; depressione dorsi centrali __.. Os inferum, centrale. ; Anus nullus: 5 Ambulacra nulla.* « The body is hemispherical, depressed, thin, chalky and hollow. ___ * The back is rounded, rather depressed, flattened behind, with a _ father sunk quadrangular central space. _ The sides are covered with sunken angular cavities with a small found ring, having an oblong transverse subcentral hole in their 2} +4 4 «The under side is small, rather concave, with five slight sloping _ elevations from the angles of the mouth to the angles of the rather pentagonal margin. The edge is simple. 16 « The mouth is central. The vent none. ‘¢ The cavity is simple. “ The parietes are thin and minutely dotted, and the centre of the dorsal disc is pellucid. «« This genus is very nearly allied to the fossil described by Dr. Goldfuss in his beautiful work on Petrifactions, under the name of Glenotremites paradoxus (tab. 49. f. 9. and t.51.f. 1.), with which it agrees in external appearance and form, in the possession of a sunken space on its upper surface, and in having only a single in- ferior pentagonal mouth. It differs from Glenotremites by being un- furnished with ambulacra running from the angle of the mouth to the margin, by being unprovided with conical cavities between those near the mouth, and by having in the flattened disc on the back a central quadrangular impression instead of the pentagonal star of that genus. «Dr. Goldfuss describes the glenoid cavities on the surface as giving attachment to spines similar to those of the Turban Echini, ( Cidaris,Lam.),and states that the under surface is covered with very small tubercles to which he believes spines were attached. The cavities on the surface of Ganymeda and the pits in them have very much the form of those figured by Dr. Goldfuss in his fossil, but I cannot regard them as being fitted for the attachment of spines: they have much more resemblance to the mouths of cells. So great, indeed, is this resemblance, that I entertained doubts whether the whole mass might not be a congeries of cells like the Lunulites, rather than the case of a single body, until I considered that it was impossible, from its form, that it could increase in size with the growth of the animal, and that its exceeding regularity proved that it must be the formation of a single creature. “I am induced to consider these two genera, though differing in the above-stated particulars, as forming a family or order between the Echinide and the Asteriide; allied to the latter in having only a single opening to the digestive canal, and agreeing with the former in form and consistence, but differing from it in not being composed of many plates. “. «= & April 8, 1834. Dr. Marshall Hall in the Chair. A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by John Hearne, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. S., dated Port au Prince, Feb. 15, 1834. It accompanied a present to the Society of a pair of the common Goats of Hayti; referred to various Birds which it is the intention of the writer to forward when the season is more advanced ; and gave some particulars of a bird known in-the island by the name of the Musicien, respecting which Mr. Hearne hopes to obtain, in the course of a jour- ney which he projects into the higher lands of the interior, more full information than he at present possesses. Some extracts were read from a Letter, addressed to Mr. Yarrell by Dr. A. Smith, Corr. Memb. Z.S., dated Cape Town, Jan. 12, 1834. It refers to the projected expedition from the Cape of Good Hope into the interior of Africa, which it is the intention of the writer _toaccompany. It is designed to proceed directly northward from Latakoo ; and Dr. Smith anticipates in this new field numerous ad- ditions to his Zoological stores : along the eastern and western coasts _ he has already penetrated to a considerable distance. Speaking of _ the Rodentia, so numerous in Southern Africa, he mentions as col- _ lected by him, in his late visit to Port Natal and the Zoola country, _ asecond species of his genus Dendromys. He also notices a new “Species of Chrysochloris obtained by him in the same country. _ At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould exhibited an exten- sive series of Birds of the genus Trogon, Linn., comprising twenty- _ five species. ‘The greater number of them form part of the Society's Museum, and the others were derived from his own collection. _. He pointed out the distinguishing marks of the two sections of the genus, one of which is confined to America, while the other inhabits the Old Continent. He also pointed out among the species exhibited there which he regarded as hitherto undescribed ; these he named and characterized as follows : TRoGon ERYTHROCEPHALUS. Trog. capite guttureque sordide _-Sanguineis, hoc postice strigd albd obsoletd cincto ; pectore ven- treque coccineis ; dorso tectricibusque caud@ supertoribus arenaceo- castaneis ; scapularibus aleque tectricibus majoribus nigro alboque _ flexuosim strigatis. Foem. Capite guttureque arenaceo-brunneis; torque albomagis quam __™ mare conspicuo; scapularibus nigro brunneoque strigatis. Rostrum brunneum ; mandibularum basis regiogue ophthalmica nuda coccinez. Long. tot. 12 vel 13 unc.; ala, 5. _ Hab. apud Rangoon, No. XVI.—Procrepines or THE ZooLoeicau Society. t 26 Trocon Marasaricus. Tvrog. capite, gutture, pectoreque fult- ginoso-nigris, hoc torque lato albo ; ventre coccineo ; dorso tectri- cibusque caud@ supertoribus sordide arenaceo-brunneis ; scapulari- bus tectricibusque ale majoribus nigro alboque flecuosim strigatis. Fom. Capite, dorso, gutture, pectoreque sordidé brunneis 3 ventre luteo; pectore haud torquato; scapularibus nigro brunneoque strigatis. Rostrum nigrum ; mandibularum basis regioque ophthalmica nuda ceerulee. Long. tot. 11 vel 113 unc.; ale, 5. Hab. ad littus Malabar dictum. In both these birds the quill-feathers are black, edged with white ; the three outer tail-feathers on each side black at their base and broadly white at their tips; and the two middle tail-feathers tipped with black, their remaining portion being of a chestnut brown, which in Trog. erythrocephalus is deep, and in Trog. Malabaricus light. TROGON ELEGANS. Trog. vertice, genis, guttureque nigris $ cervice, dorso, pectoreque metallicé aureo-viridibus, hoc posticé torque albo cincto ; ventre saturate coccineo ; scapularibus aleque tectrictbus albo nigrescenti-brunneoque minutissimé flexuosim strigatis, pogo- niis externis lined albd longitudinali notatis. Foem. Capite, pectore, dorsoque saturate brunnescenti-griseis ; tor- que albo obsoleto ; ventre quam in mari pallidiore. Rostrum saturaté aurantio-luteum. Long. tot. 12 unc.; ale, 5; caude, 7. Hab. apud Guatimala, in Mexico. The tail is considerably lengthened in the male, and its four middle feathers are bronzed green on the upper surface, and deeply marked with black at the tip; the three outer feathers are white at the tip, and barred to a great extent on their outer edges with alternate lines of black and white, a marking which appears also, though less exten- sively, on their inner edges, the remainder being black : in some spe- cimens this marking of the tail is reduced to an irregular and minute sort of dotting, in place of the bars. In the female the middle tail- feathers are of a dull chestnut, tipped with black, and the three outer feathers much resemble those of the male, but are less decidedly dot- ted, assuming rather a freckled appearance. Mr. Bennett briefly recapitulated the facts and reasonings which have from time to time been brought before the Society on the sub- ject of the abdominal glands of the Monotremata, regarded by Meckel and by Mr. Owen as mammary, and by M. Geoffroy-Saint Hilaire as connected with a peculiar function, to which, however, differ- ent results have been attributed by that learned zoologist at various times. The object of the recapitulation was to introduce an abstract of a recent Memoir by M. Geoffroy-Saint- Hilaire, ‘‘ On the structure and use of the Monotrematic glands, and particularly on those glands in the Cetacea."" In this Memoir the author regards the mammary glands of the Cetacea, so analogous in structure to those of Ornitho- — 27 hus and Echidna, as having a function similar to that which he has ted to these latter : he assumes that the fluid secreted by them milk but mucus, and that this mucus is not sucked by the (whose organs of deglutition he describes as being unfitted cking,) but is ejected by the mother into the water, the element ich they dwell, where, by imbibition of a portion of the water, nes thickened, and, floating by the mother’s side, is devoured e progeny. 1. Geoffroy has subsequently changed his opinion as to the na- the fluid secreted by the nutrient glands of the Cetacea. He’ an opportunity of examining these glands in some Porpoises, found the secretion to be actually milk. He still, however, ns that the young of the Cetacea do not suck, but that the. ects the nutritious fluid from the milk receptacle into the her young. nerf! et lo degoney ans A 28 April 22, 1834. Joseph Sabine, Esq., Vice-President, in the Ciair. Some Notes by J. B. Harvey, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. S., were read: they accompanied a collection of Shells and Crustacea made by the writer on the coast of Devonshire, near Teignmouth. The se- veral specimens were exhibited. Among them were numerous individuals of Cypr@a Pediculus, Cyp. bullata, and Cyp. Arctica. Of the former there are two vatieties, one spotted and the other without spots. The spotted variety, Mr. Harvey states, is generally smaller than the plain one, and is less pro- duced on one side near the apex. Cyp. bullata is found in the same localities as Cyp. Pediculus, but it may be doubted whether it is the young of that species: it is so comparatively rare, that Mr. Harvey has dredged up only six speci- mens of it, while he has collected more than a hundred of Cyp. Pedi- culus : he possesses, moreover, young individuals of Cyp. Pediculus of smaller size than specimens of Cyp. bullata. In the latter the whorls are more produced at the apex, and the shell is so delicate as to be broken by even a slight fall. On Cyp. Arctica Mr. Harvey remarks, that although its size and appearance are in favour of its being a young shell, he hesitates in referring it to the immature condition of the unspotted Cyp. Pedicu- lus: his principal ground for doubt is the extreme rarity of Cyp. Arctica. He inquires, however, whether the young animal may not, perhaps, live deeply imbedded in the sand for a certain period before it comes to the surface, and thus generally elude the search of the conchologist until its shell becomes matured ? With the Shells Mr. Harvey had transmitted to the Society living specimens of Caryophyllia Smithii, Brod., the Torbay Madrepore, whose habits were described by Mr. De la Beche in the ‘ Zoological Journal’ a few years since: these individuals died on the journey. They are attainable only at the lowest spring tides. ‘They may be kept alive in sea water, changed every second or third day, by feed- ing them with a very small piece of fresh fish scraped, and deposited with a quill upon the animal, by which it is sucked in in a manner exactly similar to that of Polypi. The colours of some individuals are very vivid ; and among these green, blue, and blueish grey are the most predominant. Adhering to the Caryophyllia is occasionally found the Pyrgoma Anglicum, Leach, which appears to occur in no other situation. At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Thompson of Belfast exhi- bited an immature specimen of the long-tailed Manis, Manis tetra- dactyla, Linn., for the purpose of showing that when very young, — 29 (the present specimen being but ten inches in length,) the animal is _ as thoroughly armed, both with respect to scales and spines, as the full- _ grown one. The specimen was also considered by Mr. ‘Thompson as interesting on account of its locality, it having been obtained in _ Sierra Leone. __ Mr. Thompson also read the following notice of the Cuckoo, Cucu- ~ lus canorus, Linn., copied from his Journal, under the date of 28th _ May, 1833. & __** On examination of three cuckoos to-day, which were killed in _ the counties of Tyrone and Antrim within the last week, I found _ them all to be in different stages of plumage: one was mature ; ano- _ ther (a female) exhibited on the sides of the neck and breast the red- & dish-coloured markings of the young bird, the remainder of the plu- __ mage being that of maturity ; the third specimen had reddish mark- f ings disposed entirely over it, much resembling the plumage described by M. Temminck as assumed by ‘les jeunes tels qu’ils emigrent en ~ automne’, (Man. d’Orn, tom. |. p. 383), but having a greater pro- _ portion of red, especially on the tail coverts, than is specified in his _ description of the bird at that age. This individual proved, on dissec- tion, to be a female, and did not contain any eggs so large as ordi- _ mary sized peas. ‘he stomach, with the exception of the presence of - some small sharp gravel, was entirely empty, and was closely coated over with hair.” ___ Attention was called to the stomach of one of these birds, that the __ hair with which it is lined might be observed. From its close adhesion _ to the inner surface of the stomach, and from the regularity with which it is arranged, Mr. Thompson was at first disposed to consider this hair as being of spontaneous growth ; but part of the stomach __ having been subjected to maceration in water, and afterwards viewed _ through a microscope of high power, the hairs proved, to the entire satisfaction of Mr. Owen and himself, to be altogether borrowed from the larve of the Tiger-moth, Arctia Caja, Schrank, the only species - found in the stomach of the bird in various specimens from different _ parts of the country which were examined by Mr. Thompson in the months of May and June, 1833. oo 5 Mr. Thompson also read a Catalogue, with incidental notices, of new to the Irish Fauna. He prefaced his list by remarking he did not bring them forward as. unrecorded, without having viously consulted every work in which he was aware that the birds Ireland are either particularly described or incidentally noticed ; luding the Statistical Surveys of the Irish counties, which contain, ‘im several instances, Catalogues of the Birds that have been observed in them. ea e Catalogue is as follows : 1. Alpine Swift, Cypselus alpinus, Temm. By the ‘ Dublin Penny Journal’ of March 30, 1833, my attention was directed to a rara avis, id to have been killed at Rathfarnham, and preserved in the fine col- lection of birds belonging to Thomas W. Warren, Esq. On calling to de =| 30 see this bird (its species not having been ascertained,) I found it to be the Alpine Swift, which has not before been recorded as obtained in any part of Ireland ; the specimen recognised as the Cypselus alpinus by my friend, William Sinclair, Esq., and communicated by him to Mr. Selby for insertion in the British Fauna, having been met with off — Cape Clear, at the distance of some miles from land. Mr. Warren’s specimen was received by him on the 14th of March, and was then in a perfectly fresh state. 2. Redstart, Phenicura Ruticilla, Swains. This species is recorded on the excellent authority of Robert Ball, Esq., of Dublin, who has, in the-autumnal months, shot several of them in the vicinity of Youghal, co. Cork. 3. Bearded Titmouse, Parus biarmicus, Linn. Mr. William S. Wall, Bird Preserver, Dublin, who is very conversant with British Birds, assures me that he received a specimen of this species from the neighbourhood of the river Shannen a few years since. 4. Rock Pipit, Anthus aquaticus, Bechst. Common about the rocks, &c., on the seashore, in the North of Ireland. 5. Crested Purple Heron, Ardea purpurea, Linn. Of this bird there is a fine specimen in mature plumage in the collection of Mr: Warren, which I am assured was shot at Carrickmacross. 6. Little Bittern, Botaurus minutus. A specimen of this bird, shot in the county of Armagh, is preserved in the cabinet of William Sinclair, Esq., Belfast. Specimens have also been obtained in the east and south of Ireland. 7. Night Heron, Nycticorax Europeus, Steph. Of this bird I saw a specimen a few weeks since in the shop of Mr. Glennen, Bird Preserver, Dublin, which he informed me was sent him in a fresh state from Letterkenny, early in the present year. 8. * Spoonbill, Plutalea leucoredia, Linn. Mr. Ball informs me, that in the autumn of 1829, three of these birds were seen in company near Youghal, and that one of them was shot. It was preserved by Dr. Green of that town, and is at present in his possession. 9. * Green Sandpiper, Totanus ochropus, Temm. Of this bird I have seen Irish specimens in several collections. 10. Dottrel, Charadrius morinellus, Linn. A specimen of this bird; which was shot near Downpatrick a few years ago, is preserved in the house of Mr. Reid, at Ballygowan Bridge (Down). 11. Black-winged Stilt, Himantopus melanopterus, Meyer. In the winter of 1823, a bird of this species was seen by Mr. Ball in the neighbourhood of Youghal. 12. Gadwall, Chauliodus strepera, Swains. Dr. Robert Graves of Dublin informed me that a specimen of this bird which 1 saw in his collection was shot at Wexford. ie 13. Smew, Mergus albellus, Linn. Of this bird I have seen speci- mens from different parts of Lreland. 14. Little Auk, Mergulus melanoleucos, Ray. ‘There is a speci- men of this bird in the collection of Dr. Graves, which was shot at Wexford. $l | 15. * Black Tern, Sterna nigra, Linn. Mr. Ball has seen this _ birdin the month of July, for some years successively, at Roxborough, near Middleton, co. Cork. _- ‘In addition to these I may mention the - 16. * Blackcap Warbler, Curruca atricapilla, Bechst., which, though stated in Rutty’s Dublin to be frequent in that county, admits of some doubt, as more than one species is commonly called by the name of _ Blackcap in Ireland. On the Ist March, 1834, I saw, in the shop of Mr. Galbraith, Bird Preserver, Belfast, a fresh specimen of an adult male Blackvap, which had been killed (probably the day before) in the garden at Down and Connor House, co. of Down. Other individuals of the species marked thus * have been recorded in the MS. Catalogue of the late J. Templeton, Esq.— W. T. Mr. Thompson also stated that specimens of the true Lestris para- siticus, Temm., have repeatedly occurred ‘in the Bays of Dublin and Belfast. He added, that during the great storm which took place on the 3lst August, 1833, a great many specimens of the Octopus octo- podia (which had not before been recorded as occurring on the shores of Ireland) were thrown ashore in Belfast Bay. _ Mr, Owen read a Paper ‘ On the Structure of the Heart of the _ Perennibranchiate Amphibia, or Reptiles douteux of Cuvier.” He briefly noticed the progressive discoveries relating to the heart of Reptiles which have been made since the time of Linneus, and which have successively rendered inapplicable to the Saurians, Cheloni- ans, and Ophidians, the phrase “ Cor uniloculare, uniauritum”, applied to the whole of the Reptilia in the ‘ Systema Nature’. Healluded to the researches of Dr. Davy and M. Martin St. Ange on the structure of the heart in the Caducibrdnchiate Amphibia, from which it appeared that two auricles were appended to the ventricle in those Reptiles, as _ well as in the higher orders above mentioned. He then proceeded to give the results of an examination of the hearts of specimens of Am- ie Cuv., Menopoma, Harlan, Proteus, Schreib., and Siren, Linn. He selected the heart of the Siren lacertina as the subject of detailed - description, considering that the genus Siren, in combining with per- ‘sistent external Jranchie a limited number of extremities, exhibits the ‘simplest form of the Amphibious Reptile. __ The heart in this species consists of three distinct cavities, as in the higher Reptilia, viz. of two auricles and one ventricle. The auricles oper to form externally one large and remarkably fimbriated cavity, tuated behind, and advancing forwards, on both sides of the ventricle and bulbus arteriosus. The venous blood is poured into a large mem- branous sinus by one posterior and two anterior vene cave prior to passing into the auricle. The conjoined trunk of the pulmonary veins appears also to enter this sinus, but it passes through without communicating with that cavity, and terminates in a small separate auricle, which opens into the ventricle by an orifice distinct from, but. close to, the orifice of the right auricle. In the ventricle a rudimen- tary septum was noticed as affording an indication of a type of forma- 32 tion superior to that of Fishes. In the bulbus arteriosus a longitudinal projection appears as a commencing division of the single artery, which is given off from the ventricle. ft The differences in the structure of the preceding parts, and in the origin and distribution of the different vessels exhibited by the other genera of Perennibranchiata, were successively noticed ; and the affini- ties indicated by these modifications to the Caducibranchiate Reptiles on the one hand, and to the Cartilaginous Fishes on the other, were also pointed out. The Paper was illustrated by drawings of the structures described in it, \ i a, a ee a ae 33 efi ™ + ni i May 13, 1834. ¥C Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair. BSI - . A Note was read from Mrs. Barnes, in which it was stated that that lady had brought up from the nest two of the smallest species of Jamaica Humming-birds. They were so tame, that at a call they would fly to her, and perch upon her finger. Their food was sugar and water. During the passage to England one of them was killed y the cage in which they were kept being thrown down in a storm ; its companion drooped immediately, and died shortly afterwards. It was remarked that injury to the bird in consequence of such an accident might be prevented by the introduction of a gauze-net screen into the cage, at some little distance within the wires. ~ _ Specimens were exhibited of several Mammalia from India, which _ had recently been presented to the Society by Lord Fitzroy Somer- set. They were brought under the notice of the Meeting by Mr. Ben- _ nett, who called particular attention to the skin of a Paradoxurus, ‘a he regarded as that of Par. prehensilis, Gray, a species hitherto known only by a drawing of Dr. Hamilton’s preserved in the East India House. __ The general colour of the animal is a pale greyish brown, in which _ longer black hairs are sparingly intermixed on the sides. On the ck of the head and neck, and along the middle line of the back, se black hairs are almost the only ones that are visible. On the _ loins they form three indistinct black bands, of which the lateral are _ i) some measure interrupted. The head is brownish, with the usual grey mark both above and below the eyes, and there are some short grey hairs between the eyes and across the forehead. The limbs are wnish black, rather darker towards their upper part. The tail, at ‘its base, is of the same colour as the back, and rapidly becomes black ; _ its terminal fifth is yellowish white. The ears are rather large, and ey covered with short brownish hairs. Bited: 3 a Specimens were exhibited of three species of horned Pheasants, in- cluding the Tragopan Temminckii, Gray. In illustration of the hi- Story of the latter bird, Mr, G. Bennett, Corr. Memb. Z.S., placed upon the table drawings of specimens observed by him at Macao, and wing the remarkable wattle in various degrees of development. He read a note on the subject. in its contracted state the membrane has merely the appearance a purple skin under the lower mandible ; and it is even sometimes much diminished in size as to be quite invisible. It becomes de- ped during the early spring months or pairing season of the year, o. XVII.—Proceepines or tun Zooiocican Socrery. . 34 from January to March, when it is capable of being displayed or con- tracted at the will of the bird. During excitement it is enlarged, falls over the breast, and exhibits the most brilliant colours, principally of a vivid purple, with bright red and green spots: the colours vary in ~ intensity according to the degree of excitement. When they are most brilliant, or, in other words, when the excitement is great, the purple horns are usually elevated. The living specimens seen by Mr. G. Bennett were procured from the province of Yunnan, bor- dering on Thibet. Mr. Beale, in whose aviary at Macao they were, had nbdt succeeded in obtaining females of this race. Its Chinese name is Ju Xou Nieu. Mr. G. Bennett also read a note on the habits of the King Penguin, Aptenodytes Patachonica, Gmel., as observed by him on various occa- sions when in high southern Jatitudes. He described particularly a colony of these birds, which covers an extent of thirty or forty acres, at the north end of Macquarrie Island, in the South Pacific Ocean. The number of Penguins collected together in this spot is immense, but it would be almost impossible to guess at it with any near ap- proach to truth, as, during the whole of the day and night, 30,000 or 40,000 of them are continually landing, and an equal number going to sea. They are arranged, when on shore, in as compact a manner and in as regular ranks as a regiment of soldiers; and are classed with the greatest order, the young birds being in one situation, the moulting birds in another, the sitting hens in a third, the clean birds in a fourth, &c.; and so strictly do birds in similar condition congre- gate, that should a bird that is moulting intrude itself among those which are clean, it is immediately ejected from among them, The females hatch the eggs by keeping them close between their thighs ; and, ifapproached during the time of incubation, move away, carrying the eggs with them. At this time the male bird goes to sea and collects food for the female, which becomes very fat. After the young is hatched, both parents go to sea, and bring home food for it ; it soon becomes so fat as scarcely to be able to walk, the old birds getting very thin. They sit quite upright in their roosting- places, and walk in the erect position until they arrive at the beach, when they throw themselves on their breasts, in order to encounter the very heavy sea met with at their landing-place. Although the appearance of Penguins generally indicates the neigh- bourhood of land, Mr. G. Bennett cited several instances of their occurrence at a considerable distance from any known land. The Secretary announced the recent addition to the Menagerie of the Perdix sphenura, Gray ; the Philippine Quail, Coturnix Sinensis, Cuv.; and the Hemipodius Dussumieri, Temm.? : all presented to the Society by John Russel Reeves, Esq., of Canton. He added, thata second male specimen of the Reeves’s Pheasant, Phasianus veneratus, — Temm., had also been sent to the Menagerie by John Reeves, Esq. A pair of the middle tail-feathers of the last-named bird, measuring upwards of five feet in length, and presented by Wm. Craggs, Esq., were exhibited. 33 Numerous specimens were exhibited from Mr. Cuming’s collec- tion, in illustration of a Paper by Mr. Broderi ip, entitled, ‘“‘ Descrip- tions of several New Species of Calyptreide.”’ The new species described in this paper are distributed and charac- terized as follows : 4 Subgenus Catyprraa. Testa subconica, subacuminata, cyathi basi adherente, lateribus liberis. ets Y a. Cyatho integro. ” Canyprrma rupis. Cal, testd fuscd, subdepressd, suborbiculari, ra- diatim corrugatd, limbo crenato ; cyatho concentrice lineato, albido, irregulariter subcirculuri ; epidermide subfuscd : diam. 2 poll. - Werciter alt. +2. _ Hab, ad Panamam et Real Llejos. _ This species, whose white onyx-like cup, adhering only by its base, shows to great advantage against the ruddy brown which is the ge- eral colour of the inside of the protecting shell, was found under ones. The young sheils are the flattest and most regular in form, but eir inside i is generally of a dirty white, dimly spotted with brown.— or ‘ B Cyatho hemiconico, longitudinaliter quasi diviso. (Calyptrea, Less.) ~ Caryprrza corrueaTA. Cal. testd subalbidd, suborbiculari, subde- Shh pressd, corrugatd; intds nitente ; cyatho concentricé By tga pro- rt ducto ; epidermide fuscd: diam. ‘1g poll. Cire. alt. 5. _ Hab. i in America Central. (Guacomayo.) ound under stones at a depth of fourteen fathoms.—W. J. B. etn ‘ ier sca varia. Cal. testd albidd, suborbiculari, crassiusculd, _ ~~ dongitudinaliter creberrimé striata ; sae concentricé lineuto, Beene extixsculo, producto: diam. 14 abt, maz. $, alt. min. 3 poll. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord ‘Hood's Island, the Gallapagos, and the Island of Muerte in the Bay of Guayaquil.) re isa very variable species allied to Cal. equestris, and taking ix st every shape which a Calyptrea can assume. It differs in ; ness according to localities and circumstances.—W. J. B. a Payee cepacEA. Cal, testd albd, suborbiculari, subconcavd, es diaphand, striis numerosis subcorrugatd ; ints nitente ; athi terminationibus lanceolatis : long. 1+, lat. 14, alt. 2 poll. a in sinu Guayaquil. (Island of Muerte.) "This was dredged up, adhering to dead shells, from sandy mud, at de ae eleven fathoms. Besides other differences, the terminat- points of the divided cyathus are much more lanceolate than they 0 Cal. varia.—W. J. B. Caaxeraas corNEA. Cal. testd suborbiculari, complanatd, albidd, _ subdiaphand, concentricé lineatd et radiatim striatd ; intds ni- _tente: diam. 4, alt. 4 poll. Hab, ad Aricam Peruvie, : a up from sandy mud at a depth of nine fathoms.—W. J. B. 36 Subgenus Catypeopsis, Less. Cyatho interno integro, lateraliter adherente. CauypTr@a rApIATA. Cal. testd conico-orbiculari, albidd fusco ra- diatd, strits longitudinalibus crebris ; limbo crenulato ; apice acuto, subrecurvo ; cyatho depresso : diam. 1, alt. 5; poll. Hab. in America Meridionali. (Bay of Caraccas.) The cup of this pretty species is pressed in, as it were, on one side, and adheres to the shell not only by its apex, but also by a lateral seam, which scarcely reaches to the rim of the cup. The apex of the younger specimens, both externally and internally, is generally of a rich brown, and there can be little doubt that when first produced they are entirely of that colour. Found in sandy mud, on dead shells, at a depth of from seven to eight fathoms.—W. J. B Catyprrza imBricata. Cal. testd albidd, crassd, subconicd, ovatd, costis longitudinalibus et squamis transversis imbricatd ; apice sub- incurvo, acuto; limbo crenato; cyatho depresso: diam. 1, lat. €, alt. & poll. Hab. ad Panamam. Found on stones, in sandy mud, at a depth of from six to ten fa- thoms.—W. J. B. Catyprr&a Lienaria. Cal. testd crassd, fused, deformi, striis cor- rugatd ; apice prominente subadunco, acuto, posteriore : long. |+s5 lat. &, alt. Z poll. Hab. in America Centrali, (Real Llejos.) The majority of individuals of this species have their shells so de- formed that they set description at defiance : the comparatively well- formed shell occurs so rarely that it may be almost considered as the exception to the rule. When in this last-mentioned state, the circum- ference of the shell is an irregular, somewhat rounded oval, and it rises into a shape somewhat resembling the back of Ancylus, with the apex very sharp and inclining downwards. ‘The shell in this shape is. generally less corrugated than it is in deformed individuals, though some of those are comparatively smooth ; but in both states the shell is striated immediately under the apex, atid’ is for the most part cor- rugated on the other side of it. Found under stones. Var. a. Enormiter conica, cyatho valdé profundo. This variety is often one inch and six eighths in height, and its cup nearly one inch deep, while the diameter of the shell at the aperture does not exceed one inch. Found on shells at the Island of Chiloe, in sandy mud, at the depth of four fathoms.—W. J. B. CatypTr2a Tenuts. Cal. testd irregulari, tenui, subdiaphand, cre- berrime striata, albidd interdum fusco pallide eh crise diam. 1 cire.; alt. 8; poll. : Hab, ad Peruvie oras. (Samanco Bay.) Found on living shells, in muddy sand, at a depth of nine fathoms. —W. J.B. ; 37 -Canyrprrma uisriva. Cal. testd subovatd, subconicd, albd strigis maculisque subpurpureo-fuscis varid, striis frequentibus et spinis tubularibus erectis hispida ; limbo crenulato ; apice turbinato ; cya- + tho subdepresso: diam. 12, lat. 8,, alt. 4°, poll. Hab. ad Insulam Muerte. (Bay of Guayaquil.) _. This elegant species, the circumference of whose somewhat de- pressed cup is free, with the exception of one part where it adheres laterally, was found on dead shells, in sandy mud, at a depth of twelve fathoms.—W. J. B. » Catyrrr 2a macutara. Cal. testd ovatd, albidd purpureo-fusco ma- culatd, longitudinaliter rugosd ; limbo serrato ; apice subturbi- nato, subincurvo: diam. ++, lat, +%, alt. 3 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Muerte. The external contour of this shell, more especially in the position of the subturbinated apex, much resembles that of Ancylus. The cir eumference of the cup is free, excepting at one point, where it adheres laterally throughout its length. Found in sandy mud, on dead shells, at a depth of eleven fathoms. : —W. J.B. _ Canyprrza serrata. Cal. testd suborbiculari, alld subpurpureo wel fusco interdum fucatd vel strigatd, costis longitudinalibus prominentibus rugosis ; limbo serrato ; apice subturbinato ; cyatho valdé depresso: diam. +, lat. +5;, alt. 3, poll. _ Hab. ad Real Llejos et Muerte. ‘Var. testa alba. Found on dead shells, in a muddy bottom, at the depth of from six ae fathoms.—W. J. B. *) o* Subgenus SypuopaTe.ua, Less.? Lamina interna subtrigona, subcirculari, latere dextro replicato. ay Sci! __ Catyprrzasorpipa. Cal. testd subconicd, sordide luted, longitudi- ___naliter subradiatd ; apice turbinato ; cyatho depresso, subtrigono, __ haud profundo: diam. 4, lat. +5;, alt. +2, poll. ab. ad Panamam. S species, the inside and outside of which are of a sordid yellow, is generally covered externally with coral or other marine adhesions. ie plate is spoon-shaped. ound on stones, on a sandy bottom, at depth of twelve fathoms.— | Catyprrza Uneuis. Cal. testd tenui, conicd, corrugatd, fused ; a apice subturbinato ; cyatho depresso, subtrigono : diam. +*y, alt. x% ‘Hab. ad Valparaiso. ne plate is spoon-shaped, but not so shallow as that of Cal. Pe ra on shells, at a depth of from seven to forty-five fathoms.— of ? ue 4 Canyrrr#a Licnen. Cal, testé albidd, interdum pallide fusco ‘ 38 sparsd, subdiaphand, subturbinatd, orbiculatd, complanatd : diam. $, alt, 2 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Muerte. Found on dead shells, in sandy mud, at a depth of eleven fathoms. —W. J.B. Catyprrza MAMILLARIS. Cal. testd albidd, subconicd ; apice sub- purpureo, mamillare: diam. +5,, alt. 74, poll. Hab. ad Insulam Muerte. This pretty species varies. It is sometimes milk white, with the mamillary apex of a brownish purple, and with the inside sometimes of that colour, sometimes white, and sometimes yellowish. In other individuals the white is mottled with purplish brown stripes and spots. Found on dead shells, in sandy mud, at a depth of eleven fathoms. —W. J. B. Catyprr#a striata. Cal. testd sordid albd, suborbiculatd, subco- nicd, subturbinatd, striis longitudinalibus elevatis creberrimis cor- rugatd ; intts fusco-flavescente: diam, 42, alt, +%, poll. Hab. ad Valparaiso. Found on shells in sandy mud, at a depth of from forty-five to sixty fathoms. Caryprrea conica. Cal. testd conicd, fuscd albido maculatd, sub- turbinatd: diam. 14, alt. +7 poll. Hab. ad Xipixapi et ad Salango. Found attached to shells in deep water. Subgenus Creprpare ta, Less. Lamina rotundaté, apice laterali et subterminali. Caryptr#a Foxiacna. Cal. testd suborbiculari, albidd, foliaced ; intas castaned vel albd castaneo varid: diam. |, alt. 3 poll. Hab. ad Aricam Peruvie, saxis adherens. This Crepipatella, which bears no remote resemblance to the upper valve of some of the Chame when viewed from above, was found on exposed rocks near the shore.—W. J. B. Caryprr#a porsata. Cal. testd subalbidd, planiusculd, costis longi- tudinalibus irregularibus rugosd ; int&is medio fusco-violaced : diam. 2, lat. + poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. “gy The back of this shell is not unlike the upper valve of some of the Terebratule. Found on dead shells, in sandy mud, at a depth of six fathoms.— W. J.B. CatypTrza pitatata, Lam., varietas intis nigro-castanea. Cal. testd sordidé albd castaneo strigatd ; intas nitide nigro-castaned ; lamind albd : diam. 14, lat. 14, alt. 4 poll. | Hab. ad Valparaiso. . : This highly coloured variety was found on exposed rocks at low — water. The pure white of the plate shows to great advantage, lying ~ above the rich back ground of the interior of the shell. In some in-— dividuals this internal colour is all but black.—W., J. B. aan 39 Ca.yprraa stricata. Cal. testd subcorrugatd, sordidé rubrd albo varid ; inttis subrufi interdum albd vel albd rubro-castaneo varid : _ diam. \ poll, - Hab. ad Valparaiso, This varies much both in colour andshape. Some of the specimens are quite flat, and the lamina almost convex. An obscure subar- cvate longitudinal whitish broad streak may be traced on the backs of most of them. It is not impossible that it may be a variety of Cal. ‘dilatata. - Found on Mytili at depths varying from three to six fathoms.— W. J.B. - Catyrrraza Ecuinus. Cal. testd albidd violaceo maculatd, inter- dum fuscd, striis longitudinalibus creberrimis spinis fornicatis hor- ridd ; intis flavente vel albd : diam. 14, lat. 12, alt. & poll. Hab, ad Peruviam. (Lobos Island.) In old specimens the spines are almost entirely worn down, and rough strie only, for the most part, remain. In this state it bears a great resemblance to the figure given of Crepidula fornicata in Sowerby’s Genera of Shells, No. 23, f. 1. Found under stones at low water.—W.J. B. Catyprr#a Hystrrix. Cal. sordid? albd vel fuscd, complanatd, longitudinaliter striatd, spinis magnis fornicatis apertis seriatim dispositis ; intus albidd, interdum castaneo maculatd: diam. 12, lat. 4, alt. 3 poll. Hab. ad Peruviam. (Lobos Island.) Approaching the last, but differing in being always more flatiened, in the comparatively great size of the vaulted spines, and in the com- paratively wide interval between them; still 1 would not be positive that they are not all varieties of Crepidula aculeata, Lam.—W. J. B. Catyprr#a pALuwa. Cal. testd sordidé albd, ovatd; apice promi- mente: diam. %, lat. &, alt. 2 poll. fy Hab. ad Insulas Falkland dictas. Found under stones.—W. J. B. Subgenus Creprputa, Less. Lamina subrecta, apice postico et submedio. é ) _ Crepiputa uneuirormis, Lam., varietas complanato-recurva : / long. 12, lat. $ poll. Hab. ad Insulam Chiloen et ad Panamam. ___ This variety affords a good example of the powers of adaptation of the animal. The shell is either flattened or concave on the back, and _ recurved in consequence of -its adhesion to the inside of dead shells of Ranelle Vexillum, calata, &c. _ It was dredged from sandy mud, at a depth ranging from four to ten fathoms.—W. J. B. — Caryprrza Lessonn. Cal. testd complanatd, subconcentricé folia- ‘: ak ced, foliis tenuibus, albd fusco longitudinaliter strigatd ; intus al- bidd ; limbo interno interdum fusco ciliato-strigato : long. 144, lat. 44, alt. poll. 40 Hab. in sinu Guayaquil. (Isle of Muerte.) This beautiful species, which | have named in honour of M. Lesson, was found under stones at low water. It will remind the observer of the upper valves of some of the Chama.—W. J. B. Catyprrma incurya, Cal. testd fusco nigricante, tortuosd, corru- gatd ; intds nigricante, septo albo ; apice adunco: long. 4, lat. 4, alt. poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam et ad Xipixapi. Found on dead shells dredged from sandy mud, at a depth ranging from six to ten fathoms.—W. J. B. Catyprr@a excayata. Cal. testd crassiusculd, subtortuosd, levi, albidd vel subflavd fusco punctatd et strigatd ; intus albd vel albd fusco fucatd, limbo interdum fusco ciliato-strigato: long. 14, lat. 14, alt. & poll. Hab, ad Real Llejos. This species is remarkable for the depth of the internal margin be- fore it reaches the septum. In Crepidula adunca, Sow., this depth is even greater than it is in Crep. evcavata. The apex is close to the margin, and obliquely turned towards the right side.—W, J. B. Catyrrrma ARENATA, Cal. testd subovatd, albidd rubro-fusco cre- berrime punctatd ; intds subrubrd vel albidd subrubro maculatd, septo albo: long. 14, lat. 4, alt. 4%, poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. This approaches Crep. porcellana. The septum is somewhat distant from the margin, and the apex, which is also somewhat distant from it, is obtuse and obliquely turned towards the right side. From sandy mud, on shells, at a depth ranging from six to eight fathoms.—W. J. B. Catyprrza MARGINALIS. Cal. testd subovatd, sublevi vel vix cor- rugatd, subflavd vel albidd fusco strigatd ; intis nigricante vel flavd fusco strigatd, septo albo: long. 14, lat. 8, alt. +, poll. Hab. ad Panamam et ad Insulam Muerte. This species was found on stones and shells, in sandy mud, at a depth ranging from six to ten fathoms. The white septum shows beautifully against the black-brown of the interior. The apex is al-— most lost in the margin, and is directed towards the right side— W. J.B. CatypTrzA squama. Cal. testd suborbiculari, complanatd, sublevi, subtenui, pallide flavd vel albidd fusco substrigatd ; intis subjflavd vel subflavd fusco strigatd: long. 1, lat. +4, alt. +%5 poll. Hab. ad Panamam. The apex of this very flat species is lost in the margin. Found under stones.—W. J. B. 41 May 27, 1834. 5 ld William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. _ A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Sir R. Ker Por- ter, Corr. Memb. Z. S., dated City of Caracas, April 7, 1834. It related chiefly to a Monkey, and to some Tortoises, recently presented to the Society by the writer. The Monkey is described in detail. It is the Pithecia sagulata, the jacketed Monkey or Simia sagulata of Dr. Traill. Sir R. Ker Porter sints out the several differences in colouri ing which exist between lis individual and the published description by the Baron Humboldt of the Pithecia Chiropotes: these consist chiefly in the comparative _ paleness of its back, and the greater darkness of the remainder of its _ body and of its bushy beard. He adds that the animal drinks fre- yi always bending down on its hands, and putting its mouth the-surface of the water, heedless apparently of wetting its beard, _and indifferent to the observations of lookers-on: he never saw it take: ‘up water in the hollow of its hand, and carry it in this manner ay its mouth in order to drink. Its favourite fruit is the apple ; and does not refuse the pinion of a roasted chicken. Its voice is a weak and chirping whistle, which becomes shrill and loud when the animal i is angry. It was obtained from the vicinity of the Orinoco, “not far distant from the Rio Negro, in the heart of Guiana, It is eee as the Mono Capuchino. s ~ The Tortoises are referable to the Testudo carbonaria, Spix. _ The Secretary announced that there had recently been added to the ies: a white-crested Cockatoo, Plyctolophus cristatus, Vieill. ; ~ anda pair of the blue Jay, Garrulus cristatus, Cuv. He also stated that there had been acquired for the Menagerie a Bi toceres of the one-horned species of Continental India. It is said to e about four years old. Its height at the loins, the highest part ‘tl ie back, is 4 feet 10> inches ; its length, from the root of the tail to the tip of the nose, measured i ina straight line, is 10 feet 6 inches ; weight i Is about 26 cwt. Be: A specimen was exhibited of the young of the Sandwich Island Goose, Bernicla Sandvicensis, Vig., which was hatched at Knowsley. Survie accompanied by the following note from the President, Lord nley. $F Through the kindness of John Reeves, Esq., I received at Knowsley a pair of these birds on the 15th of February, 1834. 42 They did not at first, when turned out on the pond among the other water-fowl, appear to take much notice of each other ; but some workmen being at the time employed about the pond, one of the birds (I think, from recollection, it was the male,) seemed to have formed some sort of attachment to one of the men working. When- ever he was present the goose was always near to him, and whenever absent at his dinner, or when otherwise employed, the bird appeared restless, and gave vent to its solicitude by trequent cries, which as ~ well as the anxiety, always ceased with the reappearance of the workman. « The man having frequently occasion to pass through a door, which was obliged to be kept open, it was feared that the attachment of the animal might lead to its following its friend, and that on its exit, it might fall in with and be worried or stolen by vermin, and in conse- quence the pair of geese were confined in one of the divisions adja- cent to, but divided from, the pond, on February 26. ** Within this small inclosure, in the sheltered half of it, in one corner, stood a small hutch, in which the female on the 5th of March laid her first egg. Till within a few days of that period no alteration took place in their manners, but it then became obvious that the male was jealous of intruders, and would run at and seize them by the trowsers, giving pretty sharp blows with his wings; but this always ceased if he observed that the female was at some distance, when he would instantly rejoin her: his returr to the female was always accompanied by great hurry and clamour, and much gesticulation up and down of his head, but not of the wings. Three other eggs followed on the 7th, 9th, and 11th of March. The eggs were white, and very large in proportion to the size of the bird, being, I should imagine, — (for, having no proper scales at hand, I did not weigh or subtract any of them, hoping that more might be laid,) fully equal to those of the Swan Goose or Anas cygnéides. The goose also surprised us by the rapidity of her operations, for we were hardly aware of the fourth egg having been laid that morning, when it was evident that she had be- — gun to sit. During the whole period of incubation there could not be a more attentive nurse, and indeed she could not well help it, for the male, if she seemed inclined to stay out longer than he thought right, appeared, by his motions, to be bent on driving her back, nor was he satisfied till he had accomplished his object, when he again resumed his usual position, with bis body half in half out of the hutch and his head towards the female ; but if any person crossed the yard of the division, he would immediately hurry after the intruder, though, if he found there was no intention of molesting the nursery, he seemed generally satisfied, and did not like to quit the sheltered part of the division. At night he constantly made room for himself by the female, the result of which was unfortunate towards the pro- eny. On the 12th of April the eggs began to chip, and on the 13th two goslings were excluded ; but it was found that the mother had pushed from under her the other two eggs, which were consequently taken away and put under a hen, though, as one was very nearly ie 43 cold, little hopes of any success with that were entertained, and it was in fact never hatched, but probably died in consequence of the re- moval by the goose at an important moment. On the morning of the 14th it was ascertained that she or the male, who always now sat close beside her in the box, had killed one of the two she had at first hatched, for it was found dead and perfectly flat. The fourth egg, _which was put under the hen, was assisted out of the shell, and ap- red weakly from the first, and as its mother had lost one, we put it to her, in hopes it would do better than with its nurse. She took to it at first very well ; but subsequently, both the parents beating it, it was returned to, and well cared for, apparently, by its nurse, but died on the 20th, having received some injury in one eye, either from the old ones, or perhaps from the hen scratching, and thereby hitting it. The remaining gosling is doing very well, and appears strong and lively, and the parents are extremely attentive to it; and I have little doubt but these birds may easily be established, (with a little care and attention,) and form an interesting addition to the stock of British domesticated fowls. “Inits general appearance, and its Quaker-like simplicity of plum- age, it seems to approximate most to the family of the Bernacles ; but it appears to have almost as little (if as much) partiality for the water as the Cereopsis.”’ The bird in question was named by Mr. Vigors at the Meeting of the Society on June 11, 1833. It may be characterized as follows : Berniczia Sanpvicensis. Bern. brunneo-nigrescens, subtis mar- ginibusque plumarum pallidioribus; collo albescenti; guld, facie, capite superné, linedque longitudinali nuchali nigris ; crisso albo. Long. tot. 24 unc. ; rostri, rictus, 14; ale, 133; caude, 5; tarsi, _ Hab. in insulis Sandvicensibus, et in Owhyhee. __ Mr. Owen read a Paper “ On the young of the Ornithorhynchus _ paradoxus, Blum.” It was illustrated by drawings of the young ani- - mal and of various details of its structure, both external and internal, derived chiefly from the examination of the individual recently pre- " sented to the Society by Dr. Weatherhead : this individual was ex- hibited, as was also a smaller specimen, forming part of Dr. Weather- ~ head’s collection. The circumstances which first attract attention in these singular _ objects are the total absence of hair; the soft and flexible condition _ of the mandibles ; and the shortness of these parts in proportion to their breadth as compared with the adult. The tongue, which in _ the adult is lodged far back in the mouth, advances in the young ani- _ mal close to the end of the lower mandible, and its breadth is only one line less in an individual four inches in length than it is in fully = animals ; a disproportionate development which is plainly in- dicative of the importance of the organ to the young Ornithorhynchus * both in receiving and swallowing its food. On the middle line of the upper mandible, and a little anterior to the nostrils, there is a minute fleshy eminence lodged in a slight de- Ad pression. In the smaller specimen this is surrounded by a discon- tinuous margin of the epidermis, with which substance, therefore, — and, probably, from its having been shed, of a thickened or horny con- sistence,—the caruncle had been covered. It is a structure of which the upper mandible of the adult presents no trace, and Mr. Owen re- gards it as analogous to the fcetal peculiarity of the horny knob on the upper mandible of the Bird. He does not, however, conceive that this remarkable example of the affinity of Ornithorhynchus to the fea- thered class is necessarily indicative of its having been applied, under the same circumstances, to overcome a resistance of precisely the same character as that for which it is designed in the young bird, since all the known history of the ovum of Ornithorhynchus points strongly to its ovoviviparous development. The situation of the eyes is indicated by the convergence of a few wrinkles to one point ; but the integument is continuous, and com- pletely shrouds the eyeball. In the absence of vision in the young animal, strong evidence is afforded of its being confined to the nest, there to receive its nourishment from its dam ; and this deduction is corroborated by the cartilaginous condition of the bones of the ex- tremities, and by the general form of the body: the head and tail are closely approximated on the ventral aspect, requiring force to pull the body into a straight line ; and the relative quantity of integument on the back and belly shows that the position necessary for progressive motion is unnatural at this stage of growth. Mr. Owen describes other external appearances of the young Orni- thorhynchus, and then enters at considerable length into its anatomy. The stomach is nearly as large in an individual four inches in length as in the adult animal. In this specimen it was found filled with coagulated milk, and no trace was visible, on the most careful exa- mination, of worms or bread, on which, up to the time of his dis- covery of the mammary secretion, Lieut. the Hon. Lauderdale Maule had believed that this individual had been sustained. A portion of this coagulated substance was diluted with water, and examined un- der a high magnifying power in comparison with a portion of cow's — milk coagulated by spirit, and similarly diluted. The ultimate glo- bules of the Ornithorhynchus's milk were most distinctly perceptible, — detaching themselves from the small coherent masses to form new groups : the corresponding globules of the cow’s milk were of larger size. Minute transparent globules of oil were intermixed with the milk globules of the Ornithorhynchus. A drop of water being added to a little mucus, it instantly became opake ; and its minutest divi- ~ sions, under the microscope, were into transparent angular flakes, en= _ tirely different from the regularly formed granules of the milk of the Ornithorhynchus. 7 In passing in review the several viscera of the young Ornithorhyn- chus, Mr. Owen observed on various physiological deductions which might be drawn from them, and on the differences and resemblances borne by them to the same organs in the ordinary viviparous Mam- malia and in the Marsupiata. a Se OR Oe 45 strn ME June 10, 1834. ee Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair. baths: Corr. Memb. Z. S., during his late expedition up the Quorra into the interior of Africa, and presented by him to the Society, was exhi- _bited. It was accompanied by another collection formed by the same entleman at Fernando Po. They comprehended a previously un- flescribed species of Plover; an undescribed Tetrodon and a Myletes; _ specimens of Polypterus Senegalus, Cuv., and of a Gymnarchus, Ej. ; and specimens of the three-horned Chamaeleon, Chameleo Oweni, Gray, and of a Galago, Galago Senegalensis, Geoff. ; the two latter being from Fernando Po. They also included numerous Jnsects and _ Arachnida, both from the interior and from the island. ‘The bird was characterized by Mr. Gould: Cor. Ment of objects of Zoology, made by Lieut. Allen, R.N., NELLUS ALBICEPS. Van. capite, guld, alis in medio, uropygio, Ale ventre, crissoque albis; faciei lateribus colloque purpurascenti- cinereis; scapularibus, remigibus prioribus tribus, caudeque di- _ _ midio apicali nigris. Long. tot. arostri ad caude apicem, 13 unc., a rostri ad digitorum m, 15 unc.; ale, 8; caude, 4; tarsi, 3; femoris, 3; rostri, ad apicem, 14. ostrum viridi-aurantiacum, ad apicem nigrum. tween the eye and the upper mandible is situated a fleshy sub- nce (resembling that of the common Cock) which hangs down at angles with the beak ; it is of an orange colour, and is narrow m, being one inch and a half long and half an inch wide at the whence it gradually tapers throughout its whole length to the The spur on the shoulders is strong and sharp, and is nearly an in length. Fishes were characterized by Mr, Bennett, who remarked on mplete analogy borne by these species of the rivers of Western i to some of those of the Nile. The form of Myletes, Cuy., to ieut. Allen’s fish belongs, has hitherto been obtained only in Egypt; the genus Polypterus, Geoff., originally observed in the ile, seems to be limited to that river and to Senegal; the genus rchus, Cuv., has previously been noticed only in the Nile; and odon of this collection resembles in its markings that of The new species may be thus characterized : eTeES AuLeNtI. Myl. oblongus ; pinnd dorsali primd supra ventrales positd. 10, 0. A. 14. C.19. P.15. V. 9. pecimen minimum, biunciale, a Myl. Hasselquistii, Cuv., (Sal- Denier, Hass.,) differre videtur situ pinne dorsalis prime. No, XVIII.—Proceepines or tux Zoo.oeicat Society, 46 Terropon stricosus. Teir. dorso hispido, nigrescente ; ventre lateribusque levibus, his albo nigroque longitudinaliter lineatis, illo albo : pinnd caudali quadratd; pectoralibus laté rotundatis. D, 12. A. 9. P. 19. C::8. Tetr. lineato, Linn., (Tetr. Physa, Geoff.,) analogus videtur. Dif- fert maximé ventre lateribusque haud armatis. rae The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells collected by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America and among the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. Those brought on the pre- sent evening under the notice of the Society were accompanied by characters by Mr. G. B, Sowerby. They belonged to the Genus Petrico.a. Perricoua “Liiprica. Pet. testd ovato-ellipticd, rufescenti-albidd ; radiatim costatd, postice levi; lamellis coneentricis sparsis; lu- nuld anticd distinctd: long. 1+2, lat. 07, alt. 0-9 poll. Hab. ad Paytam. Found in hard mud at low water.—G. B.S. Perricota optones. Pet. testd oblongo-ellipticd, pallescente ; radiatim costellatd ; lined dorsali posticd rectiusculd; lamellis concentricis pluribus, postic? levigatis: long. 0°9, lat. 0°5, alt. 0:7 poll. , Hab. ad oras Peruvie. (Pacosmayo.) Found in hard mud at low water.—G. B. S. Perricota souipa. Pet. testd subgloboso-ellipticd, pallescente, umbonibus extremitatibusque ambabus fusco-violaceis; radiatim costatd, postice levigatd; lineis incrementi nonnunquam subla- mellosis, postice magis eminentibus : long: 1*3, lat. 0°8, alt. — 1-0 poll. m Hab. ad oras Peruvie. (Lambeyeque.) Found in hard clay and stones at low water.—G, B.S. f. Perricoua piscors. Pet. testd oblongo- ellipticd, brunnescente ; ra- diatim costellatd, costellis acutis, postic® levi; lined dorsali rectd: long. 0°8, lat. 0°3, alt. 0°55 poll. Hab. ad littora Peruvie. shasihereare,) ‘ Found in hard clay.—G, B ae Prrricora concinna. Pet. testd oblongd, pholadiformi, albicante; | concentrice costellatd; antice rotundatd, radiatim sulcatd ; dorsa declivi, alterius valve lamelld levigatd ; postic? acuminatiusculd, _ cotesllis concentricis lamellosis, confertis: long. 0°8, lat. 0°35, alt. 0°35 poll. Re Hab. ad Montem Christi. ry Only one perfect pair and a single valve could be preserved. — Found in hard clay at low water.—G., B. S. Perricousa penticunata. Pet. testd oblongd, pholadiformi, er- tus pallescente, intis ad extremitates fusco-nigricante tinctd; antice subrostratd, postice rotundatd; lined dorsali rectiuscula, ‘ 47 ventrali subprominuld; omnind radiatim sulcatd et concentric? * | striata, striis antic? sublamellosis denticulatis > long. 1*3, lat: 0°6, alt. 0°6 poll. “ne. ad Paytam Peruviz. Found ir in hard clay and stones at low water.—G, B.S, War. abbreviata. Testa breviore, striis sublamellosis denticulatis nullis: long.1*1, lat. 0°6, alt. 0°6 poll. ad Insulam Platz. ound i in stones at low water.—G. B. S. - Perricona ruGosA. Pet. testd oeblongd, pholadi iformi, albicante ; _ gadiatim. costellatd, tenuissimé concentricé striatd ; marginibus _ plerumque deformibus: long. 1°4, lat. 0°55, alt. 0°7 poll. * Hab, ad oras Chilenses. (Conception.) _ Found in Balani at from three to seven fathoms depth.—G.B. S. _ Perricora tenuis. Pet. testd oblongd, pholadiformi, tenui, al- bicante ; radiatim costellatd, costellis anticis posticisque fortio- ribus, omnibus striis exilissimis rugulosis decussatis; latere antico _ brevissimo: long. 1+, lat. 0°5, alt. 0°55 poll. Hab. ad littora Peruvie. (Lambeyeque & Pacosmayo.) ke Found i in hard clay at low water.—G. B. S. - Peraicoza rosusta. Pet. testa rotundato-subtrigond, subgibbosd, Br solidiusculd, extis rufescente-fuscd, inids nigricante; radiatim _ eostatd, costis anticis tenuioribus confertioribus, posticis altio- _ribus ; interstitiis omnibus exilissimé decussatim striatis; latere ee _ antico rotundato, postico subacuminato ; margine dorsali declivi : dong. 1-2, lat. 0°8,. alt. 0-9. poll. . ad Panamam et ad Insulam Muerte dictam. 4 in rocks at the depth of from six to eleven fathoms.—G., B.S. ones AMYGDALINA. Pet. testd tenui, subhyalind, flavescente, obovatd, levi; latere antico brevissimo, angustiore ; postico lon- - giore, altiore, lamellis nonnullis elevatis distantibus ornato : long. 1°3, lat. 0°5, alt. 0°8 poll. _ Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. Found in Mother-of-Pearl Shells in from three to six fathoms at sord Hood’s Island.—G. B.S. ___ The following “ Description of a new Genus of Gasteropoda, by 7.3. Broderip, Esq., Vice President of the Geological and Zoological siet ies, F.R.S., &c.” was read. ae ScuTe.a. Pesta Ancyliformis, intis nitens. Apex posticus, medius, invo- Impressiones musculares due, oblongo-ovate, laterales. ‘Apertura magna, ovata, eels snccionc, _- This genus appears to be intermediate between Ancylus and Patella, hile the aspect of the back sometimes reminds the observer of Navi- ! or Crepidula, Lam. Its place will most probably be among: clobranches of Cuvier. 48 The two muscular impressions are situated on each side of the in- terior a little below the summit; while, in Patella, they nearly surround the internal circumference of the same part of the shell. The aperture is generally surrounded by a margin, and the apex, which in Ancylus is oblique, is central though posterior. Mr. Cuming brought home the following species which I now pro- ceed to describe. ScuTELLA CRENULATA. Scut. testd subconicd, cancellatd, striis ab apice radiantibus exasperatis, albd; intds nitente; annulo mar- ginali et margine crenulatis : long. ¢, lat. $, alt. sy poll. Hab. ad insulam Andan (Chain Island). This shell was found dead on coral sand on the beach of the island at a distance from any fresh water. The marginal ring is very strongly developed, and the margin it- self is not even; for when the shell is placed with the aperture down- wards on a flat surface, it rests on the two ends, the sides of the margin forming each a low arch. ScurELia 1rtwescens. Scut. testd oblongo-ovatd, complanatd, mi- nutissime substriatd, albo et roseo guttatim tessellatd ; intus iri- descente, margine interno albo, roseo maculato : long. +, lat. 7%, alt. 5 poll. Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Grimwood’s Island.) This species was gathered by Mr. Cuming on the sands when the tide was out. There was no fresh water near, and though he obtained several individuals in the finest condition, the soft parts were gone, having evidently but lately fallen a prey to some carnivorous crea- ture. The shape of Scut. iridescens is very elegant, and the silvery iri- descent nacre which lines the inside of the shell, contrasted.as it is with the less brilliant but lively coloured margin, is almost dazzling. The back of the shell, which is very brittle, is mottled with white and rose colour. This disposition of its markings almost conveys the im- pression that the surface of the back is uneven ; but with the excep- tion of the very minute série, which are almost imperceptible, it is smooth. - Scureztnia rnosxa. Scut. testd-subconicd, striatd, albd, lineis flam- . mulisque roseis ornatd; intis nitente, interdum subiridescente : long. 4, lat. +,, alt. +, poll. Oss. Varietas forsan precedentis. Hab. cum precedente. The shape and many other points in this shell differ from those of Scut. iridescens. Externally it is much more conical and the strie which run from the apex to the interior margin are direct and minute, while those which are lateral are much coarser and cross the some- _ what elevated white parts obliquely: in Scut. iridescens, the exceed- ingly minute stri@ radiate evenly from the apex. In Seut. rosea we lose the brilliancy of the internal nacre which distinguishes Scut. iridescens, and, in some individuals, it is entirely absent. Still the ee —_ 49 former may only be a variety of the latter: both were found to- The Shells described in this communication were exhibited. patie? shay OY . A-note by Mr..G. Bennett, Corr. Memb. Z.S., was read. It gave scount of a Pelican now living in the grounds of Mr. Rawson at yich, which wounded itself just above the breast to such an ex- as to expose a spacious cavity. The bandages applied to the ere repeatedly torn off by the bird for the space of ten days, at iration of which the wound was healed. During the whole of > the bird was in perfect health; eating fish and drinking as _ The scar of the wound is still readily observable. - mee ae P ¥) ha “4 9 vei PRIOR Syn laa’: nia Pat uae tT " AL P es M7; prewetris i ag 2 ‘ . { ‘ * tat L See PIeet ye HOA 2 fQiWly a ain ; : evr: TPES ATU ba be, A hie’ ay ih Eh : he as taf Usain ep g OY aah ryt meth" 50 June 24, 1834. Joseph Sabine, Esq., Vice President, in the Chair. A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Keith E. Abbott, Esq., and dated Trebizond, Dec. 10, 1833. It referred principally — toa collection of objects of Zoology formed by the writer in his neigh- bourhood and presented by him to the Society; and contained notices of other objects which he expects to be able to procure and transmit. It also gave some account of “ the famous honey of Trebizond, which is spoken of by Xenophon in his history of the retreat of the ten thou- sand Greeks, as having produced the effect of temporary madness or rather drunkenness on the whole of the army who ate of it, without, however, causing any serious consequences. It is supposed to be from the flowers of the Azalea Pontica that the Bees extract this honey, that plant growing in abundance in this part of the country, and its blossom emitting the most exquisite odour. The effect which it has on those who eat it is, as I have myself witnessed, precisely that which Xenophon describes: when taken in a small quantity it causes violent head-ache and vomiting, and the unhappy individual who has swallowed it resembles as much as possible a tipsy man; a larger dose will completely deprive him of all sense and power of moving for some hours afterwards.” A portion of the honey accom- panied the letter, and was exhibited. The other objects presented by Mr. Keith Abbott were also exhibited. At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould brought the Birds se- verally under the notice of the Meeting. Their principal interest rested on the assistance afforded by a collection formed in such a loca- lity towards the determination of the geographical limits of certain species. Those among the Birds of Europe which are found in India also would, it is reasonable to anticipate, occur in the intermediate locality of Trebizond; but there are, among the Trebizond Birds, — various European species which do not, as far as is yet known, occur in India, and the existence of which in so eastern a range is conse- quently interesting. The following species are contained in the Trebizond collection presented to the Society by Mr. Keith Abbott. The remarks as to the localities inhabited by them respectively are by Mr. Gould. 1. Aquila pennata. Inhabiting eastern Europe and the adjacent — parts of Asia and Africa. 2. Buteo vulgaris, Bechst. European ; but not previously observed — in Asia, although there is a nearly allied species in the Himalayan mountains. It has not yet been noticed in Africa. 3. Circus eruginosus. European, Indian, and African. 4. Circus cyaneus. European, African, Indian, Chinese, and North American specimens present no apparent specific differences. - a ‘51 5. Circus cineraceus. European, Indian, and African. 6. Coracias garrula, Linn. Inhabiting Europe, and abundantly Northern Africa; but hitherto not observed in India. Le 7. Lanius Collurio, Linn. Hitherto not obtained from India. __. 8. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechst. Hitherto not obtained from any lo- _ cality so far to the east as Trebizond. 9. Saxicola Gnanthe, Bechst. Similarly circumstanced with the 10. Parus major, Linn. Also similarly circumstanced. 11. Parus biarmicus, Linn. European, and of Eastern Asia; but hitherto not observed in India. 12. Pyrgita domestica, Cuv. European, and obtained also from __ the Nubian mountains, as well as from the Himalayan and from other parts of India. i 13. Carduelis communis, Cuv. Not hitherto observed in India. _ 14. Emberiza miliaria, Linn. Previously not obtained from any _ locality so far to the east as Trebizond. 15. Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. Common to the three continents of 3 the old world. _—«& =~ Troglodytes communis, Cuv. Not hitherto observed in India. 17. Tichodroma muraria, Ill. Inhabiting the South of Europe, __ and found also in the Himalayan mountains, but not in the low lands, of India. B18. Otis Tetrax, Linn. Inhabiting Europe and Africa, but not 19. Gidicnemus crepitans, Cuv. Similarly circumstanced with the M 0. Vanellus ? Avyoung bird of a species apparently un- ; 2i. Tringa variabilis, Meyer. European and American ; but hi- therto not observed in India or Africa. 22. Tringa pugnax, Linn. European and Chinese. 23. Totanus Glottis, Bechst. Not hitherto observed in India or ' 7. Tadorna Vulpanser. Similarly circumstanced with the pre- Anas Boschas, Linn. Almost universal. Keith Abbott states that in addition to the above-named bids shot at Trebizond the following : co rufipes, Bechst. riolus Galbula, Linn. 52 Totanus ochropus, Temm. Anas rutila, Pall. At the request of the Chairman Capt. Stoddart exhibited, with the permission of the Committee of the Naval and Military Museum, three Birds forming part of that collection. These were the Columba spiloptera, Vig.; the Tetraogallus Nigellii, Gray ; and a new species of Numida, Linn., remarkable for the nakedness of the head and of the greater part of the neck; for the possession of long hackled fea- thers round the base of the neck and on the breast; and for the ab- sence of caruncle on the head. The latter bird was accompanied by a detailed description by Major-General Hardwicke, which was read. In it the author pointed out the distinctive characters between this new species and the several previously described birds of the genus Numida. It may be characterizéd as follows : Numipa vutturina. Num. capite haud cristato collique parte an- teriore nudis, occipite tanttm brunneo-plumoso ; colli inferioris pectorisque plumis elongatis, lanceolatis, ceruleo nigroque variis, vitid albd mediand notatis; brunneo-nigra, albo guttata, fas- ciata, et lineata. Long. a rostri ad caude apicem, 18 unc.; ad digiti medii apicem, 24; rostri, 2 unc. Rostrum brunneo-rubrum. The specimen was brought by Capt. Probyn from the Western Coast of Africa. From the injured condition of the tail- and wing- feathers it is evident that it had been kept in confinement, and it has the appearance of* having been under the influence of moulting when it died. Mr. Sabine called the attention of the Meeting to a specimen of a hybrid Bird between the common Pheasant, Phasianus Colchicus, Linn., and the grey hen, Tetrao Tetrix, Linn., which was exhibited. Its legs were partially feathered ; it bore, on the shoulder, a white spot ; and its middle tail-feathers were lengthened. Mr. Sabine stated his intention of entering at some length into the history of hybrid. and cross animals in connexion with his description of this bird. It was bred in Cornwall. A specimen was exhibited of a Bat captured in New Holland by George Bennett, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S. It was brought under the notice of the Meeting by Mr. Gray, who regarded it as previously undescribed. He characterized it as RainoLopaus MEGAPHYLLUS. Rhin. prosthemate posteriore ovato- lanceolato, faciem latitudine subequante; pallid murinus ; pa- tagiis subnudis pilis parcis albis subtits prope corpus instructis, Long. humeri, 124 lin.; ulne, 224; pollicis cum ungue, 4; tibia, 9; pedis, 5; calcaris, 5 ; caud@, 12. : Hab, in Nova Hollandia, in cavernis prope fluvium Moorumbidjee dictum. : 53 © The hinder nose-leaf is bristly, ovate-lanceolate, nearly as broad at the base as the face, with a rather produced tip; the septum of the nose is grooved ; and the front leaf expanded with a quite free mem- branaceous edge. The head is elongated ; the face depressed; the muzzle rounded; the ears are large, reaching when bent down rather beyond the tip of the nose. ‘The fur is soft and of a pale mouse colour. The membranes are dark and naked, with rather di- stant whitish hair on the under side near the sides of the body. “This Bat is very nearly allied to the true European Rhinolophi, and agrees with them in having four cells at the base of the hinder nose-leaf, and distant pectoral teats. [t differs from them in having a much broader nose-leaf. The pits on the nose and the distant teats are not found in the other Rhinolophi, which have no hinder nose- leaf. These I propose to separate from the others under the name of Hipposiderus.” —— ~ Mr. Gray also exhibited specimens of several fresh-water Tortoises. Of these he had recently received three from John Russel Reeves, Esq., of Canton, two of which he regarded as being previously un- described. These he now characterized as follows : Emys nicricans. Em. testd obovato-oblongd, convexrd, nigro- _ fused ; subtricarinatd, carind mediand obtusa postic? continud, lateralibus indistinctis distantibus ; scutellis obscuré radiatis, ver- tebralibus latis, anterioribus pentagonis ; marginibus revolutis, '- posticd subserratd ; infra ad latera luteo maculatd; sternum sub- converum, luteum, nigro variegatum. ~ Long. teste, 3 poll. Hab. in China prope Canton. 4 This species is nearly allied in shape and colour to Em. crassi- collis, Bell, but differs by the distance and indistinctness of its la- a4 re heels, the convexity of its sternum, and the shape of its anterior vertebral plates. From Em. Thuzjii, Gray, it is distinguished by its smaller size, the darkness of its colour, and the yellow spotting bs on the under side towards the edge of the shell. _ The character is taken from a half-grown shell, from which the animal had been removed. Cae Sinensis. Em. testd ovatd, converd, subcarinatd, olivaced nigro punctatd ; scutellis levibus, luteo strigatis, vertebralibus cae ___latis hexagonis ; marginibus integris, lateralibus subrevolutis ; sub- Ut : _ tas luted, maculis oblongis olivaceis nigro marginatis ornatd ; wet. -sterni lateribus subcarinatis : collo lineis tenuissimis flavis notato, ; ong. teste, 5 poll. . in China, Allied to Em. vulgaris, Gray, but easily distinguished by. the orange streaks in the centre of each discal shield. ‘The under side of the marginal plates is marked near its hinder edge by a e oblong subquadrate olive spot, which is dotted and margined _ with black ; the axillary and inguinal plates are marked with a black Page The sternal plates are varied with brown. _ Athird undescribed species of Emys, of which a specimen was ex- 54 hibited by Mr.Gray, was brought from Dukhun by Lieut. Col. Sykes. It was characterized as the Emys tenrorra. Em. testd ovato-oblongd, olivaced ; dorso sub- angulariter compresso ; scutellis subrugosis, vertebralium primo quadrato, reliquis elongato-hexagonis carinatis postice productis (tertio precipue) tuberculatis, marginalibus sternalibusque flavo carinatis; sterno subplano parum elevato. Hab. in Indiz Orientalis regione Dukhun dicta. A fourth new species characterized by Mr. Gray was the Emys pratynota. Em. testd ovatd, converd, fuscd; dorso com- planato ; scutellorum vertebralium primo lato hexagono ; margine subintegro ; sterno plano ; capite luteo variegato. Hab. in India Orientali. Long. teste, 9 poll. The shell differs at first sight from all the other species of the ge- nus by the flatness of the middle of the back, agreeing in that cha- racter with Hydraspis planiceps, Bell. Mr. Gray also exhibited a specimen of the fresh-water Tortoise which he had described in his ‘Synopsis Reptilium,’ under the name of Cistuda Bealii, from a drawing communicated to him by Mr. Reeves, The examination of the specimen subsequently received from Mr. Reeves has enabled him to ascertain that it is really an Emys, which is easily distinguishable from all the other known species of that ge- nus by the possession of two eye-like spots on each side of the nape : the shell is in form like that of Em. vulgaris, Gray ; its colour is dull olive, speckled with black as in Cistuda Europea, Gray, The name of the species will now necessarily be changed to Emys Bealiz. With these Terrapins Mr. Reeves had also transmitted to Mr. Gray three specimens of Cistuda Amboinensis, Gray, two of which, differing very much from each other and from the typical species in external form, were exhibited. The first is extremely heavy and solid, with a very high back. It appears to have belonged to an old animal, as the plates are worn nearly smooth ; its sternum is solid, flat, rounded before and behind, and the gular and anal pairs of plates are each united into one, leaving only a slight groove between the gular pair, showing where the division is generally placed. The second is very much depressed, expanded on the sides, so as to be nearly orbicular, and is as wide as it islong. This extension is chiefly produced by the length of the costal plates, for the vertebral ones are very narrow, the front one being rather longer than broad, and much narrower behind. The sternum is very broad, flat, rounded before, and slightly keeled behind. All the plates are separate. Colonel Sykes exhibited several pieces of the leaden pipes used for the supply of water to his house, which were perforated by having been gnawed by Rats. The following notes, by Mr. Rymer Jones, of the dissection of a 55 Tiger, Felis Tigris, Linn., which recently died at the Society’s Gar- dens, were read. _ The stomach was simple, 18 inches in length, and 13 in its greatest circumference. It was seated in the left hypochondriac gas the umbilical regions. The esophagus entered it at 3 inches om its cardiac end. Its mucous coat exhibited beautifully minute convoluted plice, perhaps from the arrangement of the gastric glands, The pyloric valve was little distinct. The omentum was loaded with fat, and extended about two thirds of the distance to the pubes, _ The duodenum was loosely attached by a broad mesentery, and measured in length about 12 inches: the length of the small intes- tines was 18 feet; their circumference was uniform throughout, 23 inches. The cecum was 2 inches long, and the same in circum- ference ; its form being that which is met with in the domestic Cat. The length of the large intestines was 2 feet 10 inches; their circum- ference 4 inches. The muscular coat of the intestines was thick throughout their whole extent. _ The liver, when spread out, resembled in form a vine-leaf, being di- vided by deep fissures reaching nearly to the hepatic vessels. It con= sisted of five lobes, the middle one of which was the largest; this presented below a deep fissure lodging the gall-bladder, which seemed to perforate the substance of the viscus, its fundus appearing in a hole on the convex surface. The length of the gall-bladder was 3 inches ; its circumference 33; its shape pyriform; and its neck convoluted as in the domestic Cat: the length of the neck, when unravelled, was 23 inches. The bile entered the intestine at 4 inches from the pylorus, in common with the pancreatic secretion. The pancreas was placed between the layers of peritoneum which formed the mesentery of the duodenum. 1t-was of a long ribband- _ like form; 22 inches in length; 1 inch in its greatest and §ths ar) 2 bh cite in its least breadth. _ The spleen was loosely attached to the cardiac extremity of the stomach ; of a flat,’ club-shaped form ; and measured at its broadest art 3 inches in width, at its narrowest, l inch: its greatest thick- ess was 1 inch. he lungs consisted of four lobes on the right and three on the ___ The heart, of a pyramidal shape, and measuring 5 inches in length x “7 num. Themedium thickness of the muscular purietes of the right ven- icle was + inch, of the left ventricle, ths. There were no traces of Eustachian valve, or of valve to the coronary vein. The vence cave were two, one superior and one inferior. The primary branches of the aorta were also two. : om in breadth, was seated in the middle of the chest upon the ster- an a semicircle and being completed behind by a membrane which vad the appearance of being muscular. It divided inferiorly into three branches, two of which passed to the right, and one to the left The vocal ligaments were little prominent, and the saceulus ryngis was scarcely perceptible. than trachea consisted of forty-five rings, each forming rather more ” 56 The pharynx was very muscular. The lining membrane of the csophagus was disposed, in its upper third, in longitudinal plice, and throughout the rest of its extent in transverse folds resembling thickly placed valvule conniventes, becoming more numerous and smaller towards the stomach. The tonsils were exceedingly small, consisting of three or four little glandular patches under the mucous membrane. The apex of the epiglottis was obtusely pointed, and much curled towards the tongue: the frenum epiglottidis contained a powerful muscle serving to raise the epiglottis: the aryteno-epi- glottidean ligament was so studded with mucous follicles as to repre- sent glandular masses. The dorsum of the tongue, 10 inches in length, was thickly studded with retroverted spines, which towards the posterior part became converted into loose, triangular, fleshy appendages attached here and there to the surface. . The supra-renal glands were imbedded in fat and situated about 1 inch internal to the anterior extremity of the kidneys ; their length was 2+ inches, their breadth 1 inch. The kidneys were 4 inches in length, 24 in breadth, and 24 in thickness. They had the ordinary position and form, and exhibited on their surface the arborescent vessels observable in the Felide and Viverride generally. Their cor- tical and tubular portions were beautifully distinct; the medium thickness of the former being 3 lines. One papilla received the tubuli uriniferi of the whole kidney. The ureters terminated about l inch from the neck of the bladder. The urinary bladder, of an oval shape and 6 inches in length, was so small that without disten- sion it would not have contained more than three or four ounces of fluid. The prostate gland was 3 of an inch in diameter and #ths in thickness ; itsform was circular, flattened from before backwards ; it was placed behind the neck of the bladder, which it did not em- brace. When cut into, its substance exhibited a rosy white colour, Its secretion resembled whey,and was poured into the urethra through several little orifices on each side of the verumontanum, which was a little eminence half an inch in length. The vasa deferentia terminated with the ducts of the prostate. Nothing analogous to vesicule se- minales was observed. Cowper's glands were of the size of mode- rately large hazel-nuts, surrounded by a strong muscular envelope ; on cutting through this case the glandular masses were found to be of the size of large peas, the remainder of the bulk being made up by the thickness of the muscular covering ; their secretion was poured out by two ducts into the bulbous portion of the urethra. The urethra was 9+ inches in length; its mucous lining presented no la- cun@, and was, when slit open, ths of an inch broad at the veru- montanum, + at the membranous portion, § at the bulb, and about gths throughout the rest of its extent. The penis was 54 inches in length; the glans measuring ths of an inch and being of a conical form ending in a sharp point; its surface was studded with minute papilla, but was quite smooth; it inclosed an ossiculum $ of an inch in length. The morbid appearances observed consisted of tubercular disease of the lungs, with rupture of the air cells in several places. = 57 Bs wh July 8, 1834. “Shy B ka William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. “ny Letter was read addressed to the Secretary by M. Julien ‘ Desjardins, Corr. Memb. Z.S., dated Mauritius, January 10, 1834. _Itaccompanied a collection of objects of Zoology, consisting chiefly _ of Mammalia and Birds, which were exhibited to the Meeting. _ Mr. Gray exhibited various undescribed Shells, chiefly contained in his own collection. He characterized them as follows : Unto Nov Horranpim. Un. testd oblongo-elongatd, gracili, _ solidd ; anticé subcompressd, levi, rotundatd, postice subventri- _- cosd, productd, tuberculis magnis inequalibus in seriebus curvatis _ radiantibus dispositis ; disco argenteo purpureo maculato, margine _ tnferiore antic? crassissima ; dente cardinali anteriore parvo, _ pariim elevato, bituberculato; dentibus posterioribus parvis, sub _ cartilaginis margine posteriore positis ; periostracd crassa, nigra. _ Hab. in Nove Hollandiz flumine Macquarrie, 70 circiter mill, ab ejus ostio. _Awnovon Parisuit. An. testa ovatd, ventricosd, solidd ; anticé a _ compressd, subproducta, subgracili, postice expansd, dilatatd, __ rotundatd ; margine cardinali rectd, marginis inferioris dimi- dium longitudine equante ; disco margaritaceo-albo ; periostraca wrunneo-nigrescente. + 74, alt. 33 poll. ab. in fluviis Paraguaye. submarginal scar has an acute inflection under the hinder r one; and there are several small unequal scars behind he anterior adductor, as well as others, also unequal, under =e ODON PENICILLATUS. An. testd ovata, ventricosd, crassi, iusculd, levis; antic? subcompressd, rotundatd, subgracilt, é oblique truncatd; ad marginem inferiorem postice di- ato-rotundatd; disco albe, lineis angularibus brunneo-ni- centibus prope cicatricem muscularem submarginalem notato ; ostraca olivacea, levi. 1b. in fluviis Paraguaye. black lines of the inside of the shell are deposited along the edge of the submarginal muscular scar, and are gradually co- by the pearly Jayer deposited by the surface of the mantle e scar; the interior ones, being the most thickly covered, lightest in colour. a at No, XIX.—Proceepines or THE ZooLocicaL Society, There is a two-lobed oblong muscular scar at the back of the — lower edge of that of the anterior adductor. There is alsoa small _ deep scar under the front of the umbones. F ANODON PORCIFER. An, testd ovatd, subventricosd, crassd, solidd ; antice convexd, rotundatd, postice productd, porcd angulari prope depressionem marginis postice ; margine inferiore posticé subrotundatd ; disco nitidissimo, iridescenti-margaritaceo ; perio- \ stracd levi, nigra viridi radiatim picta. Hab. in fluviis Paraguaye. There is only a single small ovate scar behind the lower end of that of the anterior adductor muscle; the part under the wmbones is destitute of any. Mr. Gray also exhibited specimens of several Shells, which he referred to a genus to be separated from Helix under the name of NANINA. Helix (pars), Fér. Vitrina (pars), Quoy. Animal, Collare amplum, lobo dextro antico, antro respirationis in sinu posito, lobo sinistro postico lato expanso partem inferiorem teste anfractis ultimi tegente. Pes posticé truncatus, processu — brevi conico dorsali supra truncaturam sito. Gi Testa depressa, perforata, polita; apertura lunata ; peristomate tenui, edentulo, costa interna vel nulla vel obsoleta. India, Chine, &c. Incole. ‘ The shells comprised in this genus have been referred by M. De Férussac, and by most authors, to Helix: they are, however, more ~ nearly related to Vitrina, with which M. Quoy intends placing them. But from the shell of Vitrina that of Nanina differs by being um- — bilicated, as well as by its smaller mouth. The lobation of the collar — of the animal of Nanina distinguishes it also from Vitrina; the — collar of the latter being entire, with a linear lobe on the side ex- tending over the shell, and with the respiratory hole. placed at its — base. ” a The animal was first observed and figured by General Hardwicke — in 1797. 4 The following species belong to the genus: Nan. Nemorensis. Helix Nemorensis, Miill. t Nan. Javanensis. Hel. Javanensis, Fér. Nan. exilis. Hel. exilis, Miill. 4 Nan. citrina. Hel. citrina, Linn. y, Var. Hel. castanea, Miill. Hel. Rapa, Chemn. Nan. monozonalis. Hel. monozonalis, Lam. i Nan. Clairvillia, Hel. Clairvillia, Fér. “= Nan. Vitrinoides. Hel. Vitrinoides, Desh. Nanina Juuiana. Nan. testd solidd, albd ; spird convexiusculd i | aN i we Cae 59 '. anfractibus depressis fascid mediand brunned, ultimo antic? roseo - fascid brunned axin cingente ; peristomate rotundato, roseo. : .Axis 11, diam. 20 lin. -_ Hab. in Ceylon. | This is one of the most beautiful of the genus. It approaches to _ Nan. Javanensis, but is thicker and larger. - Nanina srriata. Nan. testd solidiusculd, subpellucidd, albidd ; periostracd tenui, olivaced; spird convexiusculd, confertim trans- - verse striatd ; anfractu ultimo antice sublevi. ~ Axis 9, diam. 15 lin. = : __. Mr. Gray also exhibited an extensive series of Shells of the ; Genus Teresra, + _ many new species of that group which he presented. Bs _ He stated that the animal has a small foot, and a very long pro- - boscis, at the base of which are seated two very small tentacula; the _ operculum is ovate, thin, horny, rounded behind, and rather taper- ing in front. The shell is covered by a very thin, pellucid, horn- coloured periostraca: it is usually white, variously streaked with brown, the streaks being often interrupted or broken into spots the two spiral bands of the shell; one of these bands is placed ar the spiral groove and the other on the middle of the whorl. The ex of the cavity is frequently filled up by a calcareous deposition ; this deposition has never been observed in Ter. duplicata. he species may be divided into the following sections : I. Anfractibus sulco spirali cingulum posterius efformante ; labio in- jore tenui, concavo. _ Oss. Cingulum in junioribus magis conspicuum ; labium internum in adultis rarissimé incrassatum. ic sectioni referende sunt r. maculata, Lam. | . tigrina.—Buccinum felinum, Dillw. strigata, Sow.—Buccinum elongatum, Wood, Suppl., f. 22. Per. dimidiata, Lam. Ter, striatula, Lam. Ter. flammea, Lam. Ter. muscaria, Lam. subulata, Lam. | . oculata, Lam. crenulata, Lam. | . corrugata, Lam. | duplicata, Lam. {- r, pertusa, Sow. Born, Mus., t. 10. f. 13. Ter. nubeculata, Sow. | _ Ter. myuros, Lam. | ( Terepra Knorr, Ter, testd turritd, subulatd, acuminatd, solidd, ; = / $ a- J- Ale nda ark ” ’ - ot * 4 < ‘ ~ 2 - % * + forming part of his own, collection, and ‘illustrating an account of /“ ». 60 politd ; anfractibus planis, superioribus transverse sulcatis ; albd brunneo interrupté trifasciatd, fascid posteriore latd maculis irre- gularibus, mediand angustd, anteriore latiore maculis quadratis. Axis 24, diam. + unc. Knorr, Deliciz, vol. iii. t. 23. f. 3. This species differs from Ter. maculata by being more slender, and by having the front of the whorls spotted. From Ter. tigrina it ‘is distinguished by the marbling of the back of the whorls. TEREBRA AFFINIS. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, gracili, solidius- culd ; anfractibus planis, transverse punctato-sulcatis, tenuiter spiraliter striatis, sulco spirali posteriore profundo; aperturd parvd ; albd nebulis lineisque spiralibus tribus vel quatuor sa- turate rufis. Axis 13 unc. Var. a. Parva. 124 unc. b. Gracilior. 1 unc. Allied to Ter. nubeculata, but smaller and more slender in its proportions. TEREBRA RuUDIS. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, spiraliter sulcatd, cancellatd ; anfractibus planis, cin- gulo posteriore convexiusculo, noduloso; aperturd mediocri; pal- — lide flavd, apice flavo. Axis 14 unc. Teresra striata. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, gracillimd, levi, striis spiralibus distantibus; anfractibus convexiusculis, sulcis cur- vatis distantibus, cingulo parum noduloso, superioribus profunde sulcatis cinguloque altero albo-noduloso, ultimo anticé striis spi- ralibus frequentibus ; aperturd minimd ; pallidé brunned. Axis 14 unc. Resembles Ter. affinis, but the grooves are not punctate. TeEREBRA UNDULATA. Ter, testd turritd, subulatd, gracillimd, longitudinaliter undatd, plicis angularibus levibus, interstitiis linearibus rufis minute punctatis; anfractibus planiusculis, serie — posticd tuberculorum alborum majusculorum ; aperturd parvds — pallide flavd. é Axis 14 unc. TeREBRA ALBA. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, costis longitudinalibus spiralibusque frequentibus cancellatd ; anfractibus Plants, cingulo convexiusculo ; aperturd parvd ; alba. Axis 2 unc. Teresra ruava. Ter. testd turritd, ovato-subulatd, longitudina- liter plicatd plicis frequentibus equalibus, striis spiralibus fre- quentibus punctatis ; anfractibus planis, cingulo converiuscula sie pallidé flavd. Axis 1 unc. Var. Subulata, gracilis, costis longitudinalibus magis acutis. - - 61 a puncTaTostRriata. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, gracili, tenui, levi, striis spiralibus distantibus punctatis, sulco spirali posteriore profundiore; anfractibus convexiusculis, ad suturam subcrenulatis, superioribus profunde punctatis ; aperturd angustd ; pallide rufo-flavd. ' Axis 2$ unc. erepra cracius. Ter. testd turritd, lineari-subulatd, pellu- cidd, levi, politd, tenuiter spiraliter striatd, plicis longitudina- lUbus distantibus; anfractibus subplanis, sulco posteriore profundo ; cinered, anfractu ultimo antiue purpureo. Axis | unc. Hab. ad Africe oras. ¥ 4 TEREBRA TESSELLATA. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, levi; anfrac- i tibus planis, cingulo convexo noduloso albo, superioribus cingulo __ altero etiam noduloso ; albd brunneo interrupte trifasciatd, ma- —— culis equalibus quadratis. 5, Axis (an junioris?) 1 unc. _ This differs from all the other spotted species by the hinder belt _ being destitute of spots : the belt is also more nodulose than in the ther species which are marked with spots. ceteris oblongis transversis. Axis 24 unc. _ Var. Pellucida, albida brunneo maculata, nodulis albis opacis, ~Teresra piicata, Ter. testd turritd, ovato-subulatd, tenui, tenu- + iter spiraliter striatd, costis longitudinalibus undatis albis sub- ~ distantibus ; anfractibus planis, cingulo suhelevato costato, su- turd crenulatd; aperturd mediocri; pallidé brunned. _-Terepra puncrata. Ter. tesid turritd, subulatd, gracili, acumi- -natd, levi ; anfractibus planis, cingulo subangusto noduloso, su- yerioribus cingulo altero etiam noduloso ; aperturd parva; pal- flavescente, seriebus quatuor macularum brunnearum parva- in strigas aliquando confluentium. si BREBRA LuvicaTA. Ter. testd turrild, subulatd, gracillimd, tenui, levi, tenuissimée striata; anfractibus planis, in medio _subcarinatis, cingulo levi subelevato porcd carinatd utrinque ucto; anfractu ultimo haud carinuto ; apertura minima ; al- A da. ; Terepra Lavis. Ter. testa turritd, subulatd, levi; anfractibus ____ subconcavis, in medio subcarinatis, superioribus transverse sul- 62 catis, cungulo albo opaco angusto levi sulco subprofundo anticé porcdque angustissimad carinatd postice aucto ; alba flavescente varia. Axis 14 unc. II. Anfractibus sulco spirali cingulum posterius efformante; labio interiore incrassato subelevato. Oss. Quoad aperturam Cerithia quodammodo simulantes. Huic sectioni referende suat Ter. cerithina, Lam. Ter. tricolor, Sow.—Ter. t@niolata, Quoy, cui proprii sunt in- super sulcum cingulum efformantem sulci alii spirales duo. ’ Terepra anomata. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, levi, politd; \ anfractibus planis, sulco spirali postico profundo crenato, pos- \ tice longitudinaliter plicatis ; aperturd anticé subeffusd, posticé angustatd acutissima, labio interiore preesertim posticé incras- sato; alba, fascid latissimd subposticd alterdque angustiore anticd cinereis vel brunneis, apice acutissimo brunneo. Axis 13 unc. TEREBRA ORNATA. Ter. testd turritd, ovato-subulatd, solida; anfractibus planis, sulco spirali posteriore profundo, cingulo convexo subnoduloso ; apertura ovata, labio interiore subincras= sato declivi ; alba, seriebus quatuor macularum parvarum brun-— nearum quadratarum, serierum.intermediarum maculis nonnun- quam in strigas oblongas confluentibus. Axis 4 unc. TEREBRA CANCELLATA. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, sulcis spi- ralibus frequentibus profundis, plicis longitudinalibus equalibus — subconfertis; anfractibus planis, sulco posteriore profundo ; aperturé subparvd, labio interiore incrassato elevato; pallidé cinered. Axis 12 unc. TEREBRA STRAMINEA. Ter. testa turritd, subulatd, subrugosd, spi- raliter confertim sulcatd ; anfractibus subplanis, cingulo po-— stico subelevato oblique transversim sulcato alteroque nodulorum magis rotundatorum; aperturd parvd, labio interiore posticé subcalloso ; flavescente. Axis 22 unc, TeREBRA TRISERIATA. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, gracillima, subcylindricd, costis spiralibus subgranulosis confertis ; cingulo postico convexo noduloso, ante hoc altero subangustiore, et tertio— minore pone; aperturd minima, labio interiore subincrassato ; _ pallide flavescente, Axis 13 unc. 63 yirls Ill. Anfractibus sulco postico nullo. * Labio interiore tenui. a. Testd elongata, gracilt. Ter, lanceolata, Lam. Ter. strigillata, Lam. ‘Ter. hastata, Lam.—Ter. costata, Meench. ft J TEREBRA ALBIDA. Ter. testa turritd, ovato-subulatd, acumi- — natd, levi; anfractibus planis, suturd subimpressa ; pallide ——— flavescenti-albida. Axis 14 unc. es, b. Testa brevi. Ter. aciculata.—Buccinum aciculatum, Lam. _ Ter, polita:—Buccinum politum, Lam, - ** J abio interiore incrassato, elevato ; testd brevi. Oss. Nasse quodammodo affines ; sed neque labium internum di- atum, nec externum incrassatum. Ter, lineolata, Sow. Wood, Suppl., f. 22. Ter. Tahitensis—Buccinum Tahitense, Gmel.—Buccinum Au- ale, Sow. Mir. Gray concluded by stating that specimens of all the species Ferebra enumerated by him are contained either in his private lection or i-the-British Museum. lll ht Ne ai ae Be fr. Gray also exhibited an extensive series of land and fresh- ” Shells which he regarded as hitherto undescribed. He cha- erized them as follows : i SLICOPHANTA FALconeri, Reeve, MSS. Hel. tesid ovatd, tenui, __vesiculari, profund? umbilicatd ; pallide brunned, fasciis macu- lisque prope suturam saturatioribus ; apice obtuso ; anfractibus quatuor conveais, ultimo antice declivi ; umbilico magno, com- presso ; peristomate simplici, fauce albd. h. in Nova Hollandia. species is very nearly allied to Hel. magnifica, Fér., Moll., 10, but differs in ,being much more umbilicated and ven- laving a greater number of whorls, and being deeper co- rs Waxkeri. Zon. testd depressd, umbilicatd, politd, flavo- - brunned ; anfractibus 34 citissime majoribus, ventricosis, tenuiter concentric striatis ; dorso striis densis spiralibus ; umbilico pro- _ fundo ; aperturd magnd, fauce albidd. is 8 lin., diam. 1 unc. ab. in Nova Hollandia, 70 millia passuum circiter a Fort Mac- ¢ This species is allied in form and size to Zon. fuliginosus of North pr BM rea9 64 America, but differs in the back of the whorls being cancellately striated, and in the mouth being larger and more rounded. Buiimvus atomatus. Bul. testd ovatd, acutd, tenui, imperforatd, pallidé brunned, punctis brunneis triangularibus sepe strigosis notatd ; spird obtuse conicd ; anfractibus paulum elevatis ; aper- turd elongata, tertid purte spiram superante ; peristomate sim- plici; labio interno subreflero; columella anticé rectd ; fauce albo. Axis 24, diam. 14 unc. Hab. in Nova Hollandia, 70 millia passuum circiter a Fort Mac- quarrie. The three following species were discovered in the interior of New Holland by Mr. Allan Cunningham, and two of them have been figured, but not described, in Mr. Griffith’s Edition of Cuvier’s * Animal Kingdom.’ Heuix Cunnrncuamti, Gray, in Griff. Anim. Kingd., t. 6. f. 4. Hel. testd valde depressd, alto brunneoque fasciatd ; spird pla- niusculd ; anfractibus paulum convexis, ultimo depressissimo, ro- tundato ; umbilico lutissimo anfractus omnes monstrante ; aperturd oblongd, deflexd; labio externo reflexo, subincrassato, dextror- sum rotundato, sinistrorsum complanato recto ; fauce purpuras- cente. Axis 11, diam. 29, aperture diam. 123 lin. Hab. in Nova Hollandia, in sylvis densis obscuris apud Hay’s Peak. This species varies in the size of its brown bands, some individuals being nearly white with a few narrow brown bands in the centre of the last whorl; while in others the bands spread over the whole upper part and the upper half of the lower portion of that whorl. It _ is allied to Hel. sepulchralis in form, but is larger and has no keeled band round the umbilicus, which is also wider; and to Hel. Ra- dama, Less., Cent. Zool., t. 9, from Madagascar, which differs from it in being thinner, of a uniform brown colour, and having a larger — mouth, the front of the whorls near the umbilicus appearing also to be constantly white. Hewix Fraseri, Gray, in Griff. Anim. Kingd., t. 6. f. 6. Hel. testd globosd, imperforatd, pallide brunned fasciis plurimis an- gustis linearibus spiralibus brunneis ; spird converd, hemisphericd ; anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo maximo ventricoso ; aperturd ob- longd, semilunatd ; labio externo rotundato, reflexo, subincrassato, — purpurascenti-brunneo ; interno vix incrassato. Axis 19, diam. 24, aperture lat. 12, long. 14 lin. Hab. in Nova Hollandia. This species most nearly resembles Hel. crispata, but is larger and more globular; the whorls are more ventricose, and the bands continuous : it is covered with a thin greenish horny periostraca. 65 _ Heurx Jacxsoniensis. Hel. testd depressd, pallide brunned, po- litd, concentrict substriatd ; spird converd ; anfractibus planis, ultimo rotundato, depresso ; aperturd lunatd ; fauce albidd ; labio _-externo tenui. _ Axis 3, diam. 34 lin. Hab. in Nova Hollandia, prope Port Jackson. me. The shell resembles Hel. nitida in form, but is imperforate. To Mr. Cunningham Mr. Gray was also indebted for three species discovered by him in Phillip’s Island, a small island about 5 miles South of Norfolk Island. These he characterized as follows: Hexirx Campsexiiu. Hel. testd conicd, subglobosd, depressius- culd, imperforata, subrugosd, rugis transversis densis, striisque spiralibus indistinctis ; pallide brunned, fascia latd subposticd pallida ; spird conicd, converd ; anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo carind mediand indistinctd, a levi; peristomate tenui, acuto, juxta axin subincrassato, albo. Axis 55, diam. 8+ lin. Hab. in Insula Phillip Maris Pacifici. 4 re: Heuix Puri. Hel. testd subglobosd, depressd, imperforatd, ___ pallide corned, pellucida, maculis viridibus sparsis irregularibus ; __ transversim subdistanter rugosa ; spira convexd ; anfractibus pla- ot niusculis, ultimo parum ventricoso, rotundato, fascid posticd sub- — -mediand angustd albd ; aperturd semilunatd ; labio tenui, supra avin subincrassato, albo. Axis 5, diam. 8 lin. fab. in Insula Phillip. n. spird planiusculd, anfractu ultimo subcarinato. S species is allied to the former in the shape of the mouth and ire of the lip; but the whorls are angular in the young state y, as in most of the Helices of Lamarck. = UO apts ROCOLLA Stopparti. Car. testd conico-subglobosd, depressi- _ usculd, tenuissime rugosd, brunned pallidé fasciatd vel flaves- __ cente fasciis saturatioribus, imperforatd ; spird conicd, converd; _anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo indistincte in medio carinato ; __peristomate tenui, juxta axin subincrassato, acuio. is 4 diam. 7 lin. 1. Testa saturate brunned, fascid prope suturam latiusculd. 2. ‘Testa supra brunned, infra flavescente, sa8d pone carinam ned. remaining species were described from specimens in Mr. s own collection; they were characterized as follows : Burimvs xuoposromus. Bul. testd ovatd, perforatd, solidd, 66 striatd, albidd roseo marmoratd, periostracd tenui olivaced ; su- turd tenuiter crenulatd ; anfractibus fasciis duabus posticis obscu- - ris latis ; fauce rosed ; peristomate paulum incrassato; axi antice saturate brunned. Axis 14, diam. 2 unc. Hab. in Nova Hollandia ? Butimus crassizasris. Bul. testd ovata, acutd, levi, politd, albd brunneo parum tinctd ; spird conicd, apice obtuso subpro- ducto; anfractibus conveziusculis; aperturd parvd; labio externo subincrassato, interno incrassato, calloso, subrepando, perfora- tionem parvam linearem fere tegente. Diam. 3 unc. Buiimvus apicutatus. Bul. testd ovatd, elongata, perforatd, levi, albd, strigis brunneis obliquis ; spird conicd, apice acutiusculo, saturate brunneo; ultimo anfractu obsoletissim? albo carinato ; aperturd spird breviore, subangustd ; labio externo simplice, in- terno teaui, ante columellam parum reflexo, saturate brunneo. Axis 10, diam. 44 lin. This shell resembles Bul. Kingii, but is more solid and has a dark apex and pillar. Buiimes Putuus. Bul. testd ovatd, subcylindricd, subimperforatd, pellucida, albidd, tenuiter striatd; apice conico, obtusiusculo, pellucido; anfractibus novem vel decem viz elevatis ; aperturd par- vd, subrotundd, semilunatd ; labiis subincrassatis rotundatis. Axis 8, diam. 2+ lin. Hab. “ in India Orientali ad ripas Gangis,” Dr. Royle. It varies greatly in size, and is often much smaller. Buummvus Burcnertu. Bul. testd ovato-lanceolatd, imperforatd, alba, rugosiusculd ; apice obtuso, subattenuato ; anfractibus con- veviusculis ; aperturd ovatd, spird tertid parte breviore ; labiis — parum incrassatis, albis. Axis 7, diam. 23 lin. Jun. anfractibus angulariter subcarinatis, labiis tenuibus. Hab. in Africé Australi, prope Lattakoo. The specimens were strung together to form a necklace. Lienus tenuis. Lign. testd ovatd, subturritd, tenuissimd, albd, pellucidd, periostracd tenui glabrd flavd indutd ; spird conied, apice obtuso, subproducto ; anfractibus convexis, ultimo obsole- ; tissime carinato, antice purpurascenti-brunneo ; columelld antice tenui, rectiusculd. Axis 15, diam. 9 lin. Hab. in Africa ? This shell is in shape most like the young of Hel. flammigera, Fér., Moll., t. 118, f. 5; but differs in colour, in tenuity, and in the a of the front of the pular-lip. 3 . 67 Hewrx Coprinetronu. Hel. testd orbiculari, conicd, imperforatd, + solidiusculd, pallidd irregulariter densé albo lineatd ; spird con- vexd; anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo depressiusculo; aperturd lunatd, ovata, obliqud ; labio externo reflexo, albo, antic? planius- culo, declivi, interno tenut. Axis 15, diam. 20 lin. Ne Hab. “in Grecia apud Navarino,” S. P. Pratt, Esq. ss Hexrx ripeuis. Hel. testd depressiusculd, late perforatd, pallide __ brunned, profunde striata, periostracd tenui pallida indutd ; spird : conicd, converd ; anfractibus elevatiusculis, citissime majoribus, rs fascid suturali notatis, ultimo rotundato anticé brunneo ; aper- Ps turd obliqud ; peristomate albo, subreflexo ; fauce postice albd, antice brunned. ~ Axis 11, diam. 15 lin. _ Var. spird paulo depressiore. _ Hexrx Cracuzropu. Hel. testd depressd, tenui, late perforatd, striatd, pellucidd, albidd presertim ad spiram rufescenti-brun- neo variegatd ; spird convexd ; anfractibus elevatiusculis, ultimo _.__ obsoletissimé carinato, fascid mediand albd; peristomate simplici ; — — fauce brunned, maculd albd in labti medio. | Axis 9, diam. 14 lin. Hab. in India Orientali? _ This is perhaps a Nanina, but it is more largely perforated than q a of that genus of which I have seen the animal. _ -Hexrx Maperasratana. Hel. testd globosd, depressd, perforatd, Baer pallide brunned albido marmoratd, substriatd ; spird elevatius- - culd ; anfractibus rotundatis, cito majoribus, ‘ultimo ventricoso, ; fascid albidd submediand, anticé pallidiore ; aperturd semilunatd, _ majusculd ; peristomate subincrassato, albido ; perforatione pro- _. fundd, angustd. Axis 9, diam. 13 lin. Hab. “in India Orientali, 200 millia passuum circiter a Maderas- ana versus Africum,” J. W. Heath, Esq. While on the subject of Indian Helices, Mr. Gray remarked that . ligulata, Fér., Moll., t. 31. f. 2, 3, is a common Indian species; ‘that Hel. cicatricosa, Chemn., vol. ix. t. 109. f. 913, is found in ‘more elevated regions of India, and has lately been described by Lea under the name of Hel. Himalayana. arocotta Nova Hoxrianpiz. Car. testd orbiculari, conicd, _ subdepressd, subperforatd, tenui, levi, tenuissime elevato-punc- _ tatd, pallide fulvd; spird conicd, convexd ; anfractibus sex di- _ Stinctis, fascid brunned submediand ; ultimo pallide angulariter _ earinato, antic® convexro, circum azin saturate brunneo; aper- turd subangulatd ; peristomate pone carinam subinflexo, subin- erassato, reflevo, nigro; labio interno tenui, brunneo; fauce _ albida, fascia pellucida. : x 68 Axis 9, diam. 14 lin. Hab. in Nova Hollandia, 200 millia passuum ab Ostio Fluvii Macquarrie. Herrx Granirera. Hel. testd conicd, orbiculari, depressiusculd, . imperforatd, pallide brunned, granis minutis albis aspersd ; spird converd, obtusd ; anfractibus vix elevatis, ultimo acuté carinato, antice conveaiusculo ; aperiurd ovato-trigond ; labiis incrassatis, reflexis, albis, externo antic? recto, inequaliter 3-dentato, dentibus duobus internis obliquis approximatis, externo majore distante compresso. Axis 7, diam. 11 lin. Hab. vulgaris in India Occidentali. Hewix pacnyeastra. Hel. testd orbiculari, depressd, imperfo- ratd, badid, levi, tenuiter striata ; spird conveviusculd ; anfrac- tibus planis, ultimo ventricoso, rotundato, obsoletissimé in medio carinato; aperiurd subtrigond; labiis incrassatis callosis, externo antic? intis dente parvo extus plicd majore instructo. Axis 44, diam. 8 lin. Mr. Gray observed on this character that he calls that a tooth which is solid, and that a plait which is marked externally by a corresponding groove. Thus the Chondri of Cuvier have toothed mouths, and the Pupe and Clausilie plaited. The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells contained in the collection formed by Mr. Cuming, chiefly on the Western Coast of South America and among the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. Those brought on the present occasion under the notice of the Society were accompanied by observations and characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and comprised the following species of the Genus Puouas. “The utmost caution is necessary in the examination and de- scription of the various sorts of Pholades, on account of the extraor- dinary difference in the form of the same species in different stages of growth. The addition of accessory valves also, as they increase in age, must be carefully observed, in order to guard against too implicit a confidence in their number and form. And though I might be considered guilty of asserting a truism by stating that the difference in size of different individuals of the same species may and sometimes does mislead the tyro in the science of Malacology ; lest such difference should mislead the adept also, let him too pro- ceed cautiously, and when he finds a fully grown shell of half an inch in length agreeing perfectly in proportions and characters with an- other of two inches long, let him not conclude that it is a distinet species, but if he can find no other difference except that which. exists in their dimensions, let him consider the one a giant, the other adwarf. Let it be remembered that among the Cypree it is not un- a bee ane pti rae A ey a ee ae ee ee he, aligns Par m ‘askin rig rt: _ vy - 69 common to observe young shells of three inches in length, and fully grown ones of the same sort only one inch in length ; likewise, of the well-known British Pholades there are individuals quite in a young state of two inches in length, and perfectly formed shells of the same species not more than half an inch long. For an instance in demonstration I need only refer to the Phol. papyraceus, so abundant at Torquay, of which the young shells have been considered by many as a distinct species and have been named by Dr. Turton Phol. lamellosus. This varies in size exceedingly, so that it may be obtained both in an incomplete and young state and in a fully grown condition from half an inch to nearly two inches in length. The circumstance of its having rarely occurred in an: intermediate state of growth, when the anterior opening is only. partly closed and the accessory valves only partly formed, led Dr. Turton and others to persist in regarding the young and old as two distinct species. Other similar instances will be shown in the course of the present concise account of some hitherto undescribed species of the same genus brought to England by Mr. Cuming.”"—G. B. S. Puotas crucicer. Phol. testé oblongd, scabrd, marginibus an- ticd ventrali apertdé, anticd dorsali reflexd ; valvd accessoria solitarid, posticd, transversd: long. 1°7, lat. 0°65, alt, 0°7 poll. } > j Hab. ad oras Columbiz Occidentalis et Americe Centralis. In this species the anterior ventral opening is somewhat more _ closed in some specimens than in others. It appears to form only one _ accessory valve, which crosses the vaives behind the umbones: the _ dorsal margins are closed by epidermis. _ Found in three localities ; namely, in soft sandstone at half-tide _ on the shores of the island of Puna in the Gulf of Guayaquil; in soft _ Stone at low water in the Bay of Caraccas; both in West Columbia; and in hard clay at a depth of thirteen fathoms in the Gulf of No- coiyo in Central America.—G. B. S. Psonas Cuioensis, var. parva. Phol. Chiloensis, testd parva, tenuiore: long. 1°6, lat. 0°6, alt. 0°6 poll. _ Found in soft stone at a depth of seventeen fathoms at the island De Plata, West Columbia:—G. B.S. _ Puoxas sustruncata. Phol. testa ovato-oblongd, scabrd, postice rotundato-subtruncatd, levi; margine anticd ventrali hiatumazimo ; valud accessorid solitarid, anticd, lanceolatd, anticé acuminatd : long. 1:9, lat. 0-9, alt. 0°8 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Plate, Columbie Occidentalis. Found in soft stone at a depth of seventeen fathoms. Very like our British Pholas parva.—G. B.S. -Prozas cava, Gray, MSS. Phol. testd ovata, antic? retusd, * postice subacuminatd, hiante ; valvis singulis in areas tres divi- sis ; areis, anticd scabriusculd ; intermedid epidermide corned lon- t 70 gitudinaliter striatd indutd ; posticd squamis corneis, postice ro- _ tundatis, imbricatis, lavibus, gradatim minoribus, ornatd; parte anticd ventrali clausd levigatd ; valvd accessorid anticd dorsalé maximd, levi, quinquelobatd ; marginibus dorsali ventralique posticis epidermide corneo-testaced obtectis : long. 2°, lat. 1-, alt. 1-1 poll. Hab. ad Sinum Paname. Oss. Testz junioris parte anticé ventrali aperté, hiatu maximo ; valva accessoria nulla, marginibus dorsali ventralique posticis haud obtectis: long. 1-5, lat. 0°7, alt. 0°7 poll. This is another remarkable instance of extreme dissimilarity be- tween the young and fully grown shells; the large anterior ventral opening, so conspicuous in the young shell, being completely closed up in the fully grown individual; the enormous accessory valve co- vering the umbones and spreading widely over the anterior dorsal parts of the shell is also a remarkable addition formed at its full growth. Found in Spondyli, at a depth of twelve fathoms, at the Isle of Perico in the Bay of Panama: the young shells have also been taken out of hard stones at low water in the same place.—G. B.S. Puovas catva, var. nana. Phol. ealva, testd nand: long. 0°5, lat. 0°25, alt. 0°25 poll. Hab. ad Panamam. Found in hard stones at low water.—G.B.S., Puoxas acuminata. Phol. testd ovatd, antice rotundatd, postice acuminatd, hiatu minimo ; valvis singulis in areas tres divisis ; areis, anticd scabriusculd ; intermedid epidermide corned lon- gitudinaliter striatd indutd ; posticd squamis corneis, postic? acu- minatis, imbricatis, levibus, gradatim minoribus, ornatd ; parte anticd ventrali clausd, levigatd ; valvd accessorid anticd dorsali magnd, subtetragond, antic unilobatd ; marginibus ventrali dor- salique epidermide corneo-testaced obtectis, tegmine dorsali antic inflato : long. 2°, lat. O°9, alt. 0°9 poll, Hab. ad Panamam. Found in limestone at low water. The same sort of difference is observable between the young and fully grown shells in this species as in Phol. calva. One specimen of this shell in Mr. Cuming’s collection merits particular notice. It demonstrates a fact of considerable importance to geologists. It is in argillaceous limestone, very much resem- bling lias, and in forming the cavity in which it resides, it has, by such chemical process as frequently takes place, absorbed a much greater quantity of the rock than could be retained or converted ; this is again deposited at the upper part of the cavity; and thus the rock is recomposed.—G. B. S. Portas mELANURA. Phol. testd ovatd, antice rotundatd, posticé obtusa, hiatu mediocri ; valvis fascid impressd transversim sul- 71 catd dimidiatis ; areis, anticd oblique divisd, parte posticd dorsali _ radiatim corrugatd, parte anticd ventrali tenuiore, inflatd ; po- ___ stied longitudinaliter striatd, postice epidermide nigrd indutd ; .- margine dorsali anticd inflato-reflerd ; valvis accessoriis duabus, : posticis, subtrigonis, superné fornicatis: long. 1°4, lat. 0°75, ' alt. 0°8 poll. _ Hab. ad Montem Christi, Columbiz Occidentalis. Found in hard clay at low water.—G. B.S. Pxsotas tusirersa. Phol. testd oblonga, posticé subattenuatd, sub- __ truncatd, antice rotundatd; valvis fascid transversim sulcatd di- midiatis ; areis, anticd oblique divisd, parte posticd dorsali radi- atim sulcatd, decussatd, parte anticd ventrali tenuiore, subin- flatd ; posticd longitudinaliter striatd ; margine dorsali anticd reflero-inflatd; valvis accessoriis dorsalibus duabus, posticis, sub- ovatis ; epidermide postice in duas valvas planulatas decurrente, __ deinde tubulum calcareum ad extremam partem conspicuum : long. - 1:8, lat. 0-5, alt. 0°45 poll. Hab. ad Sinum Caraccensem, Columbiz Occidentalis. Oss. Testa intermediz etatis tubulum caret. - Found in decayed wood dredged up at ten fathoms’ depth. - A marked resemblance may be easily traced between this and the - Pholas papyracea of Southern Devonshire. _Puotas Quapra. Phol. testd oblongd, tenuissimd, antic? inflatd, rotundatd, postic subattenuatd, subtruncatd; valvis fascid trans- versim sulcatd dimidiatis ; areis, anticd oblique divisd, parte posticd dorsali_ concentricé lamellosd, lamellis squamuliferis, parte an- ticé ventrali tenuiore, inflatd, radiatim obsoleté costellatd; po- sticd longitudinaliter sulcatd; margine dorsali anticd concavo- reflerd, musculum recipiente, epidermide obtectd; epidermide postice in vesiculas quatuor, undique duas, decurrente ; deinde tu- bulum calcareum ad extremam partem conspicuum : long. 1°, lat. 0°3, alt. 0°3 poll. _ Hab. ad Montem Christi, Columbiz Occidentalis. _ Found in stones at low water.—G. B.S Puoxras Quanra, var. Phol. Quadra, testd parvd, margine dorsali anticd inflato-reflexd. Hab. ad Montem Christi. is variety differs only in the circumstance of the epidermis h covered the muscle contained in the concave reflected ante- _ Puozas curta. Phol. testd ovali, postice acuminatd, antice ro- _ tundatd; valvis fascid transversim sulcatd dimidiatis ; areis, an- tied oblique divisd, parte posticd dorsali longitudinaliter striata et radiatim corrugatd, parte anticd ventrali tenuiore, subinflatd ; 72 posticd concentrice striatd ; valvd accessorid solitarid, dorsali, anticd, utrdque extremitate subacuminatd, medio coarctatd ; mar- ginibus ventrali dorsalique epidermide corneo-testaced obtectis, parte dorsali postice furcatd: long. 0°6, lat. 0-3, alt. 0°35 ’ poll. Hab. ad littora Columbiz Occidentalis. From the Isle of Lions, Province of Veragua, in soft stone at low water.—G. B. S. Puouas cornea. Phol. testd oblongd, tenui, anticé rotundatd, po- stice obtusd ; epidermide tenui corned indutd ; valvis fascid dimi- diatis; ared anticd oblique divisd, parte posticd dorsali rugosius- culd, parte anticd levi; ared posticd majore, levigatd ; valvis accessoriis tribus, anticd dorsali rotundatd, postice subemargi- natd, antice subacuminatd ; hiatu postico magno : long. 0°9, lat. 0°5, alt. 0°5 poll. Hab. ad littora Columbiz Occidentalis. Found in the trunk of a tree at low water at Chiriqui in the pro- vince of Veragua.—G. B.S. The whole of the Toucans of the Society’s collection were exhi- bited in illustration of an account given by Mr. Gould, at the re- quest of the Chairman, of the species of Ramphastos, Ill., and Ptero- glossus, Ej., constituting the family Ramphastide. Mr. Gould’s attention having been of late particularly directed to this family in the preparation of a Monograph of it, illustrated by coloured figures of all the birds comprised in it, he was enabled to state the existence of the under-mentioned species of the Fam. Rampnastip2, Vig. Rostrum magnum, ad basin nudum ; tomiis serratis. Lingua pectinata. Pedes scansorii. Genus Ramruastos, Jil. Ramphastos (pars), Linn. Rostrum maximum. ~ Nares frontales, prope basin maxille site. Cauda zqualis. Nigri, torque pectorali tectricibusque caude@ inferioribus coccineis, pe- dibus ceruleis. Rostrum, guttur, tectrices caude superiores, orbite- que nude discolores. * Caude tectricibus superioribus flavis. RampuHasTos ERYTHRORHYNcHUS, Gmel. Ramph. rostro rubro, _ culmine fascidque basali flavis, hdc posticé lined antice fascid to- miisque nigris. Long. tot. 23 poll.; rostri, 64; ale, 84; caude, 64; tarsi, 2. ey 73 Red-beaked Toucan, Edw., Gleanings, t. 238.—Lath., Syn., tom. i. p. 328. Be ainstos erythrorhynchus, Gmel. et Auct. Tucana Cayennensis gutture albo, Briss., Orn., tom. iv. p. 416. Be. 31. f. 2. 4 Toosen, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom. ii. t. 3. Toucan a collier jaune? Id., Jb., t. 4. _ Toucan. gorge blanche de Cayenne, appellé Toucan, Buff., Pl. Enl., n. 262. Ramphastos Levaillantii? Wagl., Syst. Avium. _ Hab. in Cayenna, Guiana, et ad ripas fluvii Amazonum. Descr. Torques pectoralis mediocris. Irides rubra. Orbitz cce- rule. Guttur album sulphureo nonnunquam tinctum. _ Rampnastos Cuvieri, Wagl. Ramph. rostro nigro, culmine fas- cidque basali luteis, lateribus conveuis. Long. tot. 24 poll.; rostri, 74; ale, 9; caude, 64; tarsi, 2. Ramphastos Cuvieri, Wagl., Syst. Avium. Hab. propé fluvium Amazonum ? Dzscr. Precedenti coloribus simillimus; sed paulld major, strique colores alii. Tectrices caude superiores aurantio tincte. Rampuastos cutminatus, Gould. Ramph. rostro nigro, culmine __ fascidque basali stramineis, lateribus compressis subconcavis. are: tot. 18S—20 poll.; rostri, 4—5; ale, 8i—9; caudea, 64—7; Biitinctos culminatus, Gould, in Proceedings Zool. Soc., Part i. p. 70. _Descr. Precedenti simillimus, sed minor; mandibula superior compressa, nec ad latera convexa. ‘Tectrices caudee _Superiores po- € in aurantio-coccineum Mic i rahate ** Cauda tectricibus superioribus albis. _ Rampnastos Swainsonu, Gould. Ramph. rostro oblique dimi- ___ diatim flavo, torque pectorali lined albd anticé auctd. ese tot. 18 unc. ; rostri, 54—6; ale,9; caude, 64; tarsi, 14. phastos Swainsonii, Gould, in Proceedings Zool. Soc., Part i. ‘ocard ? Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom. ii. pl. 9. phastos ambiguus? Swains., Zool. Iil., pl. 168. in Columbia et in Mexico Australi. rR. Rostri pars superior flava; pars inferior (pro tempes- colore variat, quippe aliquando nigra, aliquando rufa nigro, tim anticé, cincta. Guttur flavum, a torque pectorali coccinea ba sejunctum. Irides, orbiteque ccerulez. Rampwastos carinatus, Swains. Ramph. rostro ad apicem san- _gwineo, mandibuld superiore viridi culmine maculdque irregulari utringue ad tomium flavis, inferiore ceruled. ' B 74 Long. tot. 20 unc. ; rostri, 6; ale, 8; caude, 7; tarsi, 2. Ramphastos carinatus, Swains., Zool. Iil., pl. 45. ] Brazilian Pie, Edw., Glean., vol. ii. t. 64. f Yellow-breasted Toucan, Ia., Ib., vol. iii. p. 253. t. 329. (adul- — tus). 1a Ramphastos Tucanus?, Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. viii. p. 362. Hab. in Mexico. Descr. Precedenti coloribus simillimus. Linea alba pectoralis nulla. Rostrum pluricolor compressum, fascia angusta basali nigra cinctum. Rampnastos Toco, Gmel. Ramph. caude tectricibus superioribus caude dimidium longitudine equantibus. Long. tot. 27 unc.; rostri, 71; ale, 10; caude, 7; tarsi, 2. y - Toucan de Cayenne appellé Toco, Buff., Pl. Enl., n. 82. Ramphastos Toco, Auct. Toco, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom. iii. p. 7. t. 2. | Hab. in Guiana et ad fluvium Platz. ; Descr. Maximus. Cauda subabbreviata. Rostrum maximum, au- — rantiacum, fascid basali maculaque magna utrinque ad apicem mandibule superioris nigris. Guttur album. Torques pectoralis sub- — evanescens. Orbitz rubre. *** Caude@ tectricibus superioribus coccineis. Rampuastos viTELuinus, Ill. Ramph. rostro nigro, fascid prope basin ceruled cincto ; gutturis flavi marginibus genisque albidis. Long. tot. 17—18 unc.; rostri, 5; ale, 7; caude, 64, tarsi, 14. Ramphastos vitellinus, Auct.—Swains., Zool Iil., pl. 56. Pignancoin, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom. ii. pl. 7. h Hab. in Guiana, Cayenna, et ad fluvium Amazonum. ' Descr. Guttur in medio aurantiaco-flavum, latera versus multo- — ties pallidius, presertim ad genas auresque ubi in album eyadit. © Torques pectoralis latior. Orbitz ccerulez. Irides rubree. 4 Rampuastos Arter, Vig. Ramph. rostro nigro, fascid prope ba- — sin flavd, culmine basin versus ceruleo; gutture flavo fascid — pallide flavd a pectoris torque latd coccined sejuncto. 5 Long. tot. 18 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 74; caude, 64; tarsi, 14. Ramphastos Ariel, Vig., in Zool. Journ., vol. ii. p. 466: in Ramphastos Tucanus, Linn. ? Tucana Brasiliensis gutture luteo, Briss., Orn., vol. iy. p.419. ot 32. f. 1. Toucan a gorge jaune de Brésil, Buff., Pl. Enl., n. 307. og oe Toucan de Para, Vieill., Gal. des Ois., Suppl. Ramphastos i haaiealcas, Wagl., Syst. Avium: x04 Hab. in Brasilia. di Descr. Irides corulez. Orbitz rubre. -Rampuastos picoLorus, Linn. Ramph. rostro viridescente, fas- cid basali nigra ; pectore coccineo. 75 Long. tot. 14-17 unc.; rostri, 23-33; ale, 7; caude, 64; tar- af si, 1%. __ _Ramphastos dicolorus, Auct. _ Yellow-throated Toucan, Lath., Syn., vol. i. p. 325. : Pett Toucan a ventre rouge, ra Vaill., Hist. Nat. des Voucans, pl. 8. a: Tueai, Azar., Voy., tom. iii. p. 143. _ Ramphastos Tucai, Licht., Cat., p. 7. 2 _Ramphastos chlororhynchus, Temm., Man. d’Orn. Hab. in Brasilia. Descr. Guttur flavum in medio subaurantiacum. Pectus totum -coccineum. Irides cceruleze. Orbitz rubre. _ Oss. In junioribus rostrum brevius, sordidé flavum. Ay Genus Preroctossus, Jl. __ Rostrum magnum. _ Nares super, in maxille basi site. Cauda gradata. — Supra viridescentes, uropygio (nisi in perpaucis) diecolore: subtis, | ite, collo, rostro, orbitisque nudis utplurimim discoloribus ; pe- cerulei. eco mossve Aracart, Ill. Pter. gastreo flavo, fascid latd _____ Goccined; rostro flavescente, culmine maxilldque inferiore nigris. Long. tot. 18-19 une. ; rostri,4-5 ; ale, 6; caude, 74; tarsi, 14. i Pteroglossus Aracari, Iil., et Auct. _ Ramphastos Aracari, Linn. _ Aracari a ventre rouge, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom.ii. p. 29. pl. 20 ab. in Brasilia. ser. Caput collumque nigra. Uropygium coccineum. Pectus rque maculis indistinctis sparsis coccineis notati. Orbitz cc- e. Rostrum ad basin linea elevata flavescente cinctum. Preroctossus recais, Licht. Pter. gastreo flavo, maculd pec- _ torali nigrd, fascia antic? nigra postice coccined subventrali. ¥ Long. tot. 15-17 unc.; rostri, 4-4}; ale, 6; caude, 74; tar- -in Mexico. —- Escr. Rostrum flavescens, culmine, maxille superioris serra- -maxillaque inferiore nigris; hdc ad. basin linea elevata fla- e cincta, Caput collumque nigra, hoc superné castaneo coecineo posticé cincto, Pectus, venter, femoraque macu- stinctis sparsis coccineis notati. Fascia gastrei bicolor pectus st ventrem interposita. Uropygium coccineum. Orbite ce- Prrroctossus castanortis, Gould. Pter. gastreo flavo, fascid + lata coccined ; auribus castaneis. wong. tot. 174 unc. ; rostri, 5; ale, 64; caude, 74; tarsi, 1g. oJ 76 Pteroglossus castanotis, Gould, in Proceedings Zool. Soc., Parti. p. 119. Hab. in Brasilia. Descr. Pteroglosso Aracari simillimus, nisi rostri capitisque co- loribus. Rostrum flavum, culmine, maxilla inferiore (preter li- neam elevatam flavam basalem), maxilla superiore obliqué dimidi- atim, serraturisque nigris. Genz auresque vel etiam gula nucha- que castanez. PreRoGLossus BITORQUATUS, Vig. Pter. pectore nuchdque coc- cineis, Long. tot. 14 unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 5; caude, 6; tarsi, 14. Pteroglossus bitorquatus, Vig., in Zool. Journ., vol. ii. p. 481. Hab, in Guiana. Descr. Rostrum flavescenti-albidum, maxillz inferioris dimidio apicali obliqué nigro. Caput supra nigrum. Capitis latera guttur- que castanea, hoc posticé torque angusta nigrA alteraque flava cincto. Venter crissumque flavi. Uropygium coccineum, Orbite rubra. Oss. Fascia flava inter guttur et pectus aliquando deest. PrERoGLossus AZAR&, Wagl. Pter. pectore coccineo, fascia latd nigrd. Long. tot. 15 unc. “ Aragari Azara, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., Suppl., p. 40. t. 4.” fide Wagler. Ramphastos Azare, Vieill., Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., tom. xxxiv. p. 282. . Pteroglossus Azare, Wagl., Syst. Avium. Hab. rarissimus “ in Brasilia.” Wag. Descr. Rostrum flavum, serraturis nigris. Nucha castanea. Fascia flava inter guttur et pectus nulla. Orbite cerulee. In ceteris precedenti simillimus. Ozs. Maxilla superior aliquando obliqué dimidiatim fusco-vi- ridis. PTEROGLOssus uULocomus, Gould. Pter. plumis capitis, genarum, nucheque foliiferis. Long. tot. 18 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 53; caude, 4: tarst, 2x. , Pteroglossus ulocomus, Gould, in Proceedings Zool. Soc., Part i. p- 38. Hab. prope fluvium Amazonum ? Descr. Verticis plume late, haud barbate, crispz, nigra, niti- — dissime; occipitis nucheque magis anguste, spatulate, itidem nigre ; genarum guleque magis spatulate, flavidé albescentes nigro api- culate. Rostrum elongatum, albo serratum, ad apicem aurantiaco- flavum, linea elevataé basin cingente rubra; culmine aurantiaco, vitté. utrinque lata sordidé coerulea, lateribus basin versus rubris ; maxilla inferiore, preter apicem aurantiaco-flavum, straminea, Ju- gulum gastreumque flava, pectore parcé ventre confertim coccineo— ine, 1 f . - a 77 maculatis, pectoris maculis sublunatis, ventris fascias interruptas simulantibus, Interscapulium uropygiumque coccinea. Orbite cerulee. _ PrEROGLOssus HyPOGLAUCUS, Gould. Pter. subtis cceruleo- canus, crisso coccineo. Long. tot. 184 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 64; caude, 7; tarsi, 13. Pteruglossus hypoglaucus, Gould, in Proceedings Zool. Soc., Part. i. p. 70. Hab. in Columbia. Descr. Colorum diversitate singularis admodum. Corpus totum subtus, preter crissum coccineum, cceruleo-canum. Caput caudaque nigre. Nucha cceruleo-cana. Interscapulium, tergum, et pteromata olivaceo-brunnea, Uropygium flavum. Remiges secundarii virides. Rectrices ad apices brunnei, Mandibularum basis obliqué flava, utrinque macula fascixformi nigra notata; superior, nisi ad basin, sanguinea ; inferioris dimidium apicale nigrum. Orbite ccerulez. _ Preroctossus Baittont, Wagl. ter. subtiis et ad caput cro- * ceus, < Long. tot. 14-16 unc. ; rostri, 24-34 ; ale, 51; caude, 73; tarsi, a. __ Pteroglossus Bailloni, Wagl., Syst. Avium. ___ Aracari Baillon, Le Vazll., Ois. de Par., tom. ii. p. 44. t. 18. ____ Ramphastos Bailloni, Viedl/., Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., tom. xxxiv. “oy p. 283. 4 * Pteroglossus croceus, Jard. & Selby, Ill. of Orn., vol. i, pl.6. Hab. in Brasilia. Descr. Simplex. Supra olivaceo-viridis, fronte flavo, uropygio _ coccineo. Subtts croceus. Rostrum lutescens, basin versus in oli- _ vaceum transiens. Orbitz rubre. aM ; 4 _ Preroctossus virinis, Ill. Pter. gastreo luteo ; rostro superne , as flavo, in medio aurantiaco, inferné violaceo-nigro. Long. tot. 14 unc.; rostri, 34; ale, 44; caude, 5; tarsi, 11, 4 Green Toucan, Lath., Syn., vol. i. p. 331. ____ Tucana Cayanensis viridis, Briss., Orn., vol. iv. p. 423. t. 33, ifL. ___ Toucan verd de Cayenne, Buff., Pl. Enl., n. 727, (mas.), 728. __ (feem.) - Ramphastos viridis, Linn. Hab. in Demerara, Guiana, &c. Descr. Supra olivaceo-viridis, subtts luteus; uropygio cocci- Capite colloque in mari atris, in foemina castaneis. Rostrum ‘obustum, culmine laté sordidé flavo linea longitudinali a lateribus urantiacis mandibulz superioris discreto ; mandibula inferiore vio- ceo-nigra, ad basin rosea. Orbitz ccerulee. oR eis ___ PreRoGLossus INscriptus, Swains. Pter. gastreo flavo ; rostro favo, culmine, apice, serraturarum maculis transversis, Jascidque ss ~propé basin nigris. 78 Long. tot. 12-13 une.; rostri, 23; ale, 4; caude,5; tarsi, li. Pteroglossus inscriptus, Swains., Zool. Iil., pl. 90. Hab. in Guiana. ; Descr, Precedenti coloribus simillimus ; abdomen magis flavum, rostrumque maximé diversum. PTEROGLOSSUS MACULIROSTRIS, Licht. Pter. ventre lutescente, crisso coccineo ; mandibule superioris lateribus maculis transversis nigris subfasciatis. Long. tot. 12 unc.; rostri, 21; ale, 43; caud@,5; tarsi, 13. Aragari Koulik du Brésil, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., vol. ii, p. 45. t. 15. “ Suppl. p.41. f- AA (mas.).” fide Wagler. Aracari a bec tacheté; Ramphastos maculatus, Vieill., Gal. des Ois., tom, ii. Pteroglossus maculatus, Jard. and Selby, Il. of Orn., vol. i. pl. 26. . Hab. in Brasilia. © ; Descr. Uropygium cum stragulo concolor. Fascia lunata inter cervicem et stragulum sulphurea, Caput (preter genas auresque), — collum, pectusque in mari aterrima, in foemind castanea; gene in mari aurantiacz, in foemina viridescenti-brunnee ; aures sulphurei, foemine magis sordidi. Rostrum pro genere brevius, cinerascens, ad culmen in olivaceum vergens, ad latera maculis irregularibus nigris circiter quatuor notatum. Rectrices sex intermedii rufes- centi-brunneo apiculati. Orbitz ccerulez. PrerocLossus Cutik, Wagl, Pter. ventre imo olivaceo, crisso coccineo ; rostro nigro basin versus in rubrum transeunte. Long. tot. 12-13 unc.; rostri, 23 ; ale, 44; caude, 44; tarsi, 14. Aragari Koulik de la Guiane, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom. ii, p. 41. ol. 13. : Green Toucan, Edw., Glean., vol. iii. pl. 330. Toucan 4 collier de Cayenne, Buff:, Pl. Enl., n, 577 (mas.). Toucan a ventre gris de Cayenne, Id., Ib., n. 729 (foem.). Ramphastos piperivorus, Linn. Pteroglossus Culik, Wagl., Syst. Av. ——-— Reinwardtii? Id,, Ib. ——— Langsdorffii? Id., Id. Hab, in Cayenna et Guiana. Descr. Precedenti simillimus mas differt rostro, rectricibus om- nibus castaneo apiculatis, genisque cum auribus concoloribus flavis. Foemine caput superné nigrum; collum castaneum; fascia cervi- — calis nulla; genz auresque flave; jugulum pectusque cceruleo- cana. Orbitz, in sexu utroque, ccerulez. PTEROGLOssuS PRASINUS, Licht. Pter. supra aureo-viridis, uro- — pygio concolore ; subtis viridis ; crisso rectricumque apicibus rufis; — genis guldque albescentibus. Long. tot. 13 poll. ; rostri, 3. Hab. in Mexico. 79 _ Descr. Rostrum flavum, culminis striga, macula ante nares, _altera longitudinali ad tomium, mandibulaque nigris. Rectrices ante apices rufos remigesque in cceruleum vergentes. - Oss. In junioribus maxilla ad basin rufo nebulosa apicem } versus in flavum et lutescentem transit. In his venter sordidé vi- i _ Preroctossus sutcatus, Swains. Pter. viridis, wropygio cris- _ _ sogue concoloribus ; guld albescente ; genis cceruleis. i Bee tot. 11-13 poll.; rostri, 3-31; ale, 5; caude, 43; tar- St, 14. __ Pteroglossus sulcatus, Swains., in Journ. Roy. Instit., vol. ix. ; 7. Zool. Ill., pl. 44. Temm., Pl. Col., pl. 356. . in Guiana. scr. Subunicolor. Remiges rectricesque in cceruleum ad s vergentes. Rostrum pro genere brevius, latum, ad latera et né complanatum; maxilla latera 2-, mandibule 1-sulcata: um, culmine apiceque saturaté rufo-brunneis, mandibule an- | Sanguineo. id The whole of the species characterized above are figured in Mr. uld’s ‘Monograph of the Ramphastidz,’ which is just completed ; all of them, with the exception of Pteroglossus Azar, Pter. in- ptus, and Pter. prasinus, are contained in the Society’s collec- tion, and were exhibited to the Meeting. ‘ay 80 July 22, 1834. William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. A letter was read, addressed to Mr. Vigors by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Nepal Residency, February 14, 1834. It referred to various living animals which it is the intention of the writer to forward to Calcutta for transmission to England during the ensuing season. It also referred to a collection of skins of Mammalia and Birds which have already been dispatched by Mr. Hodgson for the Society. Among them are skins of the Chiru Antelope, Antilope Pdosonis Abel, male and female; and the writer refers to these as elucidating the points which had been unascer- tained by him at the time of making to the Society his several pre- vious communications, abstracts of which have been published in the Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence, Part i. p. 52, and Part ii. p. 14 ; and in the Proceedings of the So- ciety, Part i. p. 110. The communications referred to “left only the inguinal pores, the number of teats in the female, and the fact of her being cornute or otherwise, doubtful: those points are now cleared up. The female is hornless, and has two teats only: she has no marks on the face or limbs, and is rather smaller than the male. The male has a large pouch at each groin, as in Ant. Dorcas: that of the female is con- siderably smaller. These escaped me,” Mr. Hodgson says, “till I got this season’s specimens, remarkable as the pouches are. But the fact is that they are composed of very thin brittle skin, and, as they hang loose by anarrow neck, they are apt to be torn off by the Bhoteahs while preparing the specimens.” Mr. Hodgson again describes in detail the maxillary tumours or accessory nostrils of the Chiru Antelope. He regards as analogous to these accessory nostrils, and as essentially the same with them in use, the intermaxillary pouches noticed by Col. Hamilton Smith as partially characteristic of his Cephalophine and Nemorrhedine subgenera of Antilope. Referring to Col. Hamilton Smith’s distribution of the genus An- tilope, Mr. Hodgson remarks that “the Chiru Antelope can only be- long either to the Gazelline or the Antilopine group. Hornless females would place it among the latter; but lyrate horns, ovine nose, and want of sinus, would give it rather to Gazella, and its sin- gular inguinal purses further ally it to Ant. Dorcas of this group. | But from Gazella it is distinguished by the accessory nostrils or in- termaxillary pouch, the hornless females, the absence of tufts on the knees, and of bands on the flanks, The Chiru with his bluff bristly ~ q 81 nose, his intermaxillary pouches, and hollow-cored horns, stands in some respects alone,” and hence Mr. Hodgson is disposed to sug- _ gest the regarding it as representing ‘a new subgenus, to be termed Pantholops, the vulgar old name for the Unicorn.” “ The habits and manners of the Chiru, his medial size, and his elegant vigorous form, ally him most to the Antilopine and Gazelline groups, and equally to both.” Some extracts were read from a Letter addressed by the Presi- dent, Lord Stanley, to the Secretary, giving an account of the breeding of several Birds in his Lordship’s Menagerie at Knowsley. The red Grosbeak, Loxia Cardinalis, Linn., has a nest of three young which are nearly fledged ; and a single young one of the T'owhee Bunting, Emberiza erythrophthalma, Gmel., has been hatched. The Lozia cucullata has this year, as last year also, made a nest and laid one egg ; and the American yellow Bird, Fringilla tristis, Linn., is now sitting. The gosling of the Sandwich Island Goose, respecting which a.notice. from Lord Stanley was read on May 27, (p. 41.) “is now fully as large as the parents, and nearly resembles them in plumage; the only differences being about the neck, which _ is more indistinct in front and wants the full extension of the _ black down the nape, and the collar at the bottom just above the _ breast is only faintly marked. The legs also are as yet of a dirty _ greenish yellow tinge. It is not pinioned, but has hitherto shown _ no wish to use its wings. In fact they are the tamest of the tame, scarcely will move out of one’s way if in the walks, and are con- _ stantly coming into the building, even more familiarly than the _ common Ducks.” ato. A specimen was exhibited of the Manis Temminckii, Smuts, _ forming part of the collection made by Mr. Steedman in Southern _ Africa. Mr. Bennett stated that his object in calling the attention _ of the Society to it was to point out the external characteristics of _ aspecies known to its original describer by its skeleton alone and _ bya few detached scales. __ It may be thus characterized: © Manis TEMMINCKII, Smuts. Man. capite breviore ; corpore latiore, _—- squamis magnis, 11-seriatis ; caudd truncum longitudine sube- 5 bre quante, latitudine paullo minore, ad apicem subtruncatum vir an- _—-_gustiore. Hab. apud Latakoo? Long. tot. 253 unc.; caude, 12; lat. dorsi, 8; caude, prope Hf cem, 5. _ The most remarkable features of this animal are the shortness of the head ; the breadth of the body ; and the breadth of the tail, which. is nearly equal to that of the body, and continues throughout the greater part of its extent of nearly the same width, tapering c 82 only slightly towards the end where it is rounded, and almost trun-; cate. In the shortness of the head and the general form of its upper. part, the Man. Temminckii bears nearly the same relation to the Man. Javanica, as is borne by the Weasel-headed Armadillo, Da- sypus 9-cinctus, Linn., to the siz-banded, Das. 6-cinctus, Ej. Of the eleven series of scales on the body, one on each side is ventral rather than dorsal. The scales are very large, longitudinally striate, smooth as though rubbed towards their hinder margin, and slightly pro- duced into a thin, short, and rounded process: they are comparatively few in number, the large scales of the middle line of the back from the occiput to the tip of the tail being twenty only in number; in Man. pentadactyla, Linn., they are about thirty; and in Man. Ja- vanica, Desm., they vary from about forty-five to fifty. A pecu-~ liarity in the distribution of the scales of Man. Temminckii is the cessation of the middle series of them at a short distance anterior to the extremity of the tail, so that the last four transverse rows consist, of four scales each, each of the preceding ones having five. : Some notes by Mr. Rymer Jones of the dissection of an Agouts, Dasyprocta, Aguti, Ill., were read. The animal was a male; adult; measuring 19,5,th inches from the extremity of the jaws to the root of the tail ; and weighing 4bs. 410z. Its head measured 4,%, inches in length ; the tail, 14%. ; The testes were situated within the abdomen, in contact with the abdominal muscles, to which they were connected by a duplicature of peritoneum ; the epididymis, contained in a pouch apparently formed by the cremaster muscle, protruded through the internal ob- lique. ‘The preputial orifice was 1,1, inch from the anus. ' The stomach, 53 inches long and 8 inches in its greatest circum= — ference when moderately distended, had a remarkable constriction between its cardiac and pyloric portions which gave it the appear- ance of consisting of two distinct cavities; the pyloric portion bulged out on each side of the pylorus so as to make the duodenum commence from a central depression. The omentum was shrivelled up under the stomach, and reached, - when unfolded, rather more than half way to the pubes: itextended further on the right side than on the left. The intestines measured in total length 253 inches. The length of the small intestines was 222 inches, and their greatest circum- ference (at the duodenum) 1,4, ; the cecum was 6 inches long, and its greatest circumference 2,8,; the large intestines measured 25 inches, the greatest circumference being at the commencement of the colon, where it was 2 inches, and whence it gradually tapered towards the rectum which was only 5% in circumference. There were two glands, each ,%, of an inch in length, and placed on each side of the anus: they secrete a yellow substance resembling the cerumen of the ear and of a fragrant odour. The liver, weighing 44,02z., occupied the usual situation, and con- 83, sisted of five lobes, The anterior or cystic was the largest, and pre- sented inferiorly two deep fissures, one of which (the left) received the suspensory ligament, and the other the gall-bladder. The next in size was the left lobe. To the inferior surface of the right lobe two /obuli were appended. The concave surface of the liver was very irregular in its aspect. The gall-bladder was pyriform, 1 inch in length, and deeply buried in a fissure in the concavity of the largest lobe of the liver. The bile entered the intestine + inch from the pyloric ring. The pancreas, of an elongated form and running along the dorsal aspect of the stomach across the spine, measured 23 inches. The spleen weighed 53 drachms. It laid close to the spine, above or anterior to the left kidney, and attached to the. cardiac extre- mity of the stomach, Its form was flat ovoid, with a deep fossa on its posterior margin lodging the anterior portion of the kidney. The lungs consisted of four lobes on the right side and of three on the left. ‘They measured 3: inches in length ; the breadth of the right was ],%,, of the left, 1. They weighed (much diseased and studded with tubercular masses) 2 oz. 6 drachms. The heart, of a globular shape, and very muscular, measured 133 inch in length, 1,4, in lateral breadth, and 1+, in its antero-poste- _ rior diameter. It was seated more in the left than in the right side of the chest, lying on the cartilages of the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs, and on the corresponding portion of the sternum. _ The vene cave were one superior and one inferior. The aorta gave off from the convexity of its arch one large trunk, which, after running half an inch from the main artery, divided into an arteria aris innominata, a left carotid, and a left subclavian. _ The trachea consisted of twenty-eight rings, each forming nearly _acomplete circle. The superior cornu of the os hyoides was com- Te r .. of three parts. The upper opening of the /aryna was cup- ed and patulous, owing to the prolongation of the arytenoid | ; a. The rima glottidis was small and triangular. The bor- of the epiglottis formed two sides of an equilateral triangle. _ The mucous membrane of the pharynx presented numerous pro- _minent papille. The tongue was 2.8, inches in length, and had nu- % mages very delicate papille, which were scarcely visible to the _ naked eye. _ The nostrils were contracted and very moveable. __ The pupil was oval, its long axis being placed horizontally. __ The supra-renal glands, each 1 inch in length, were of an oblong shape and dingy yellow colour. They were situated close to the _ sides of the bodies of the second and third lumbar vertebre in con- tact with the anterior extremity of the kidneys. Of the kidneys the left rested on the transverse processes of the third, fourth, and fifth lumbar vertebre ; the right was placed more anteriorly, extending from the posterior margin of the last rib to 84. the transverse process of the fourth lumbar vertebra. They were flattened behind, and each measured in length 1,8, inch, in breadth 13x At the anterior and external extremity a portion was separated from the rest by a deeply indented line, and resembled a patch stuck on. The weight of the two kidneys was loz. 53 drachms. The urinary bladder, pyriform, and measuring, when moderately distended, 33 inches in length and 13 in diameter, was situated chiefly above the brim of the pelvis. : The testes were barrel-shaped,1+4 inch long and } in diameter. The epididymis was of a triangular form, about + inch long and the same in diameter, and attached by the apex of the triangle to the extre- mity of the testis. The vasa deferentia terminated at the sides of the verumontanum. The vesicule seminales, 24 inches in length, consisted of a middle portion, into which sixteen or eighteen little appendices opened: they terminated at the sides of the verumonta- num. ‘The prostate glands, four in number, formed of masses of convoluted vessels, the two superior ones evidently differing in tex- ture from the two inferior, terminated in the same situation. Cow- per’s glands were of the size of kidney beans, internally very spungy, and filled with glairy fluid. The penis was 4 inches in length. Its muscles consisted of two levatores penis, arising from the posterior margin of the os pubis close to the symphysis, sending forwards two tendons running upon the dorsum penis to be inserted into the bone covering the dorsal aspect of the glans: and two erectores penis, arising from the whole length of the posterior margin of the os pubis, and embracing the ex- ternal aspect of the crus penis on each side, into the sheath of which they were inserted, The ejaculatores seminis were very massive ; and the urethra very muscular. The glans penis was 1+inch inlength, and bifid at the extremity, which contained a spacious orifice, at the bot- tom of which were seen two smaller apertures: the anterior of these was the opening of the urethra ; the posterior led to a rugous canal about 4 inch in length, at the bottom of which were placed two osseous spurs, which, by a muscular apparatus, may be protruded from the extremity of the penis. Externally the glans was studded with very fine bristles, both upon its upper and lower surface, which were arranged for the most part in longitudinal lines pointing back- wards. From the lateral aspects of the middle half of the glans projected two horny plates, serrated at their external margin, all the minute teeth pointing backwards. The morbid appearances observed were tubercles in the lungs, liver, and kidneys. 85 “fe August 12, 1834. N. A. Vigors, Esq., M.P., in the Chair. _ A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by B. H. Hodgson, _ Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Nepal, February 28, 1834. It related chiefly to the distinguishing characteristics between the Oral and the Thdr Antelopes. - Mr. Hodgson remarks that Antilope Goral, Hardw., and Ant. _ Duvaucellii; Ham. Smith, agree with each other in manners, form, and characters; as do also Ant. Sumatrensis, Shaw, and Ant. Thar, Hodgs. But the two former appear to him to differ very consider- ably in characters, as they certainly do in structure and in manners, _ from the two latter. He is, nevertheless, disposed to leave the __ whole of them for the present in one group, for which it will, how- __ ever, be necessary to propose amended characters. The double _ thick coatiof Antt. Goral and Duvaucellii, he is aware, may be re- _ ferred to their cold habitat, and he suggests that possibly even their want of suborbital sinus may be attributable to the same cause. Observing first that the solidity of the core of the horns must cease to form part of the generic character of Antilope, he proceeds _ to offer the following characters for the ) 2 as Subgenus Nemoruenvs, Smith. cture assuming a Caprine form, suited for heavy climbing or saping. Horns in both sexes; their cores hollow and connected th ‘the frontal sinuses, but not porous and only subcellular; in- d behind the orbits, short, conical, simply bent back, annulo- kled, parallel tothe plane of the face, and nearly so to each other, emote at the base. Suborbital sinus small or wanting. No in- alpores. ‘Tail Caprine. Ears longish, pointed, and striated. e small. Maned. Hair of two sorts and thick, or of one and spare. Four teats in the females. teside in the mountainous and woody regions of the continent __ and islands of India, solitarily or in small groups. q be}? Ant. Sumatrensis, Shaw. Cambing Ootan. 2. Ant. Duvaucellii, Ham. Smith. Variety of Ant. Goral? 3. Ant. Goral, Hardw. Characters extremely Caprine, being al- d to Antilope only by its round and ringed horns. Size small. Attitude gathered, with the back much arched, and structure adapted leaping. Limbs moderately stout and rigid. General form of _ the scull Caprine, with the ridge-line much bent, and the parietes _ depressed at a strong angle to the frontal bones, and no indentation $ - No. XX. Proceepines oF THE ZooLocicat Society. . : t 3 ‘86 before the orbits. Fifty inches long, exclusive of the tail, and twenty-seven high. Horns seated on the crest of the frontals, six inches long, parallel to each other, and the points inclined inwards; 20 to 30 annuli extending two thirds up the horns, crowded and vague, especially towards the base, somewhat interrupted by faint longitudinal strie, pearled, truncated, independent of each other, and equally developed all round. No suborbital sinuses. A half muzzle. Upper lip clad. Tail conico-depressed and half nude only below. Fur of two sorts, abundant and loosely applied to the skin. A short semi-erect mane on the verter. Knees usually callous and nude, but not congenitally so. Colours rusty and brown, paler below. Line of the vertez, tail, chest, and a stripe down the front of the fore legs and back of the hind brown-black. Outsides of the ears rusty. Lips and chin ru- fescent white. A large patch of pure white at the junction of the head and neck below. Horns, hoofs, and muzzle black. Jris dark hazel. Eye mean. Female: rather smaller and paler hued. Young: redder and destitute of marks, or mane. Inhabits the juxta-Himdlayan region of Nepal. 4. Ant. Thar, Hodgs. The Thdr of the Nepalese. Characters less decidedly Caprine than in the last. Very nearly allied to the Cambing Ootan. Back straight. Withers higher than the croup, and. structure suited for heavy climbing, not for leaping. Limbs very stout and rigid, with higher hoofs, the edges of which are raised above the pads. General form of the scull Cervine, with the ridge-line moderately convexed, and the parietes not depressed at a strong angle to the frontal bones. A deep indentation before the orbits. Horns posterior to the orbits but below the crest of the frontals, eight inches long, rather stouter and less falcated than in the preceding, subdivergent with the points inclined outwards; with 20 to 30 crowd- ed annuli extending two thirds up the horns, the annuli truncated, pearled, equal all round, independent, broken by decided longitu- dinal strig. One inch below the eye a suborbital sinus opening on a nude space by a round puncture, and furnished with a fleshy thick gland secreting a viscous humour, as in Ant. Sumatrensis. A half muzzle larger than in the preceding, and spreading a little over the upper lip. Tail shorter, depressed, nude below. Fur of one sort only, and scanty, harsh, and applied to the skin. A semi- erect mane, as in the Ghoral. Knees callous, perhaps congenitally so: sternum not so. Size large. Sixty-four inches long by thirty- eight high, and upwards of 200 lbs. in weight. Colour of the whole animal above, with the entire head and neck, jet black; on the flanks mixed with deep clay red. The limbs and hams outside, as far down as the great flexures, clay red, nearly or wholly unmixed ; the rest of the limbs hoary or rufescent hoary. Out- sides of ears dark. Chest pale. No stripes down the legs. Lips and chin dull hoary, and a stripe of pure hoary running backwards over _ id 87 the jaws from the gape. Horns, hoofs, and muzzle black. Jris dark hazel. Eye mean. : ___. Female;.as large as the male and like him in all material respects. _ Young: paler and mixed with grey. »,Inhabits the precipitous and wooded mountains of the central region of Nepal, up and down which it rushes with fearful rapidity, though it does not spring or leap well; nor is it speedy. ve yinc ; "The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells con- _ tained in the collection formed by Mr. Cuming on the Western _ Coast of South America, and among the Islands of the South Paci- _ fie Ocean. Those exhibited on the present evening consisted of various species of Anatinide and of the Myidous genus Sazicava : _ they were accompanied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby. a Ofe ; : Ba. Genus Prrietoma, Schum. _ Periptoma tenticunaris. Per. testd ellipticd, lenticulari, equi- valvi, albd, impolitd, tenui; epidermide tenuissimd ; margine dorsali anticd sinuatd, cum margine anticd angulum superne -_efformante: long. 0°7, lat. 0-3, alt. 0°55 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Muerte dictam. ~ "The inside of this species shines with a silvery lustre, but is not iridescent. ~~ _ It was found in sandy mud at a depth of eleven fathoms.—G. B. S. i . _ Prrirrtoma praniuscuta. Per. testd oblongd, planiusculd, ine- _ . quivalvi, albicante, impolitd, tenuiusculd; latere antico brevi, _ subrugoso; marginibus, anticd subdeclivi subtruncatd, dorsali _rectiusculd ; epidermide tenui, pallescente : long. 2°4, lat. 0°8, alt. 1°8 poll. Zab. ad Sanctam Elenam. d valves alone were found on the sands. is species bears some resemblance to Professor Schumacher’s inequivalvis ; it differs, however, in shape from that species, oth the valves are deeper.—G. B.S. Genus ANnaTINa. _ Awatina prismatica. An. testd oblongd, subtrapeziformi, cras- ’ siusculd, opacd, lamind internd prismatied ; latere antico trun- ~ cato, hiatu maximo ; lamella utriusque valve internd subumbonali, ex tuberculo ligamentifero decurrente, ramoque ligamenti cornei Fere parallelo, antice inclinato : long. 2°7, lat. 1-3, alt. 1-8 poll. b. ad littora Oceani Polaris Meridionalis. (New South Shet- ven on shore after a gale.—G. B. S. Awativa costaTa. An.. testd oblongd, albd, postice rostratd, _antice rotundatd ; costis octe radiantibus, anticis gradatim mino- 88 ribus; rostro levi; margine ventrali crenatd: long. 0-3, lat.0°15, alt. 0-2 poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. A single specimen was found in sandy mud at a depth of six — fathoms. In form it resembles An. longirostrata.—G. B.S. Genus Lyons!a. “\Lyonsra preva. Ly. testd obovatd, tenui, postice latiore ; epi- dermide fuscd, lineis nigris undulatis pictd ; marginibus, ‘antied dorsali declivi, posticd dorsali rectiusculd; anticd ventrali hiante, hiatu parvo, posticd et posticd ventrali rotundatis : long. 0°85, lat. — 0°4, alt. 0°65 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Muerte dictam. Found attached to particles of sand in eleven fathoms’ water. As it increases in size it becomes rather irregular in its form. —G G. B.S. Lyonsta Brevirrons. Ly. testd oblongd, pallescente ; epidermide obscurd, corned ; latere antico brevi, acuminato, postico longiore, attenuato; marginibus, dorsali posticd elongatd rectiusculd, dorsali anticd brevi declivi, anticd ventrali hiante, hiatu declivi, ‘elongato, magno: long. 0°8, lat. 0°3, alt. 0°4 poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. Found in sandy mud at from six to eight fathoms’ depth, attached to particles of sand.—G. B.S. Genus Saxicava. Saxicava TENuIs. Saz. testd oblongd, tenui, albd ; epidermide pal-— lescente ; latere antico brevi, subtruncato: long.0°8, lat. 0°25, alt. 0:4 poll. Hab. ad Pacosmayo et ad Lambeyeque. Found in coral rock at twenty-five fathoms’ depth.—G. B.S. __ Saxicava purpurascens. Saz. testd oblongd, solidiusculd, wntice brevissimd, postice truncatd ; epidermide tenuissimd, postice pur- purascente : long. 1°1, lat. 0°4, alt. 0°4 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Muerte dictam. A single specimen was found in sandy mud at a depth of eleven — fathoms.—G. B. S. Saxicava soripa. Saz. testd oblongd, solidd, rugosd, subirre- gulari, albicante ; epidermide corned ; latere antico brevissimo, — postico elongato truncato, costis divergentibus duabus conspicuis: long. 1°4, lat. 0°6, alt. 0'8 poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. Found in clefts of rock brought up from a depth of sighiem fathoms. ae 89 _ The specimens from which the above characters have been taken appear to give the most perfectly regular form of the species. There are other varieties from Payta and the Isle of Muerte —G. B.S. Acollection of land and _frésh-water Shells, formed in the Gangetic Provinces of India by W. H. Benson, Esq., of the Bengal Civil Service, and presented by that gentleman to the Society, was ex- hibited. It comprised forty species, and was accompanied by a de- scriptive list prepared by the donor, and also by detailed notices of some of the more interesting among them. These notices were read: they are intended by Mr. Benson for publication in the forth- ‘coming No. of the ‘ Zoological Journal.’ - From the time that he first became acquainted with the animal of a Sheil resembling in all respects, except in its superior size, the European Helix lucida, Drap., Mr. Benson regarded it as the type of a new genus of Helicide intermediate between Sienopus, Guild., and Helicolimax, Fér. He had prepared a paper on this genus, for which he intended to propose the name of Tanychlamys; he finds, however, that Mr. Gray has recently described (page 58) the same ‘genus under the name of Nanina. The generic characters observed ‘by Mr. Benson are as follows : Suey Nanina, Gray. __. Testa heliciformis, umbilicata; peritremate acuto, non reflexo. __ Animal cito repens. Corpus reticulosum, elongatum. Pallium _ amplum, foramine communi magno perforatum, peritrema amplex- ans; processubus duobus transversé rugosis (quasi articulatis) - omni latere mobilibus instructum, unico prope teste aperture - angulum superiorem’ exoriente, altero apud peripheriam teste. Os ‘anticum inter tentacula inferiora hians; labia radiato-plicata. _ Tentacula saperiora elongata, punctum percipiens tumore oblongo situm gerentia. Penis pregrandis; antrum cervicis elongatum la- _ tere dextro et prope tentacula situm. Solea complanata pedis latera e equans. Cauda tentaculata; tentaculum subretractile, glandula ad _ basin posita humorem yiscidum (animale attrectato) exsudante. _- Mr. Benson describes particularly the habits of the species ob- _ served by him, which he first discovered living at Banda in Bundel- __kund on the prone surface of a rock. The animal carries the shell 4 horizontally or nearly so; is quick in its motions; and, like Heli- _ colimaz, it crawls the faster when disturbed, instead of retracting its _ tentacula like the Snails in general. In damp weather it is rarely re- tracted within its shell, the foot being so much swelled by the ab- _ Sorption of moisture that if it is suddenly thrown into boiling water _the attempt to withdraw into the shell invariably causes a fracture eure aperture. In dry weather the foot is retracted, and the aper- is then covered by a whitish false operculum similar to that of _ other Helicide, The two elongated processes of the mantle are con- ti % j 90 tinually in motion, and exude a liquor which lubricates the shell, supplying, apparently, that fine gloss which is observable in all re- cent specimens. The fluid poured out from the orifice at the base of the caudal horn-like appendage is of a greenish colour; it exudes when the animal is irritated, and at such times the caudal appen- dage is directed towards the exciting object in such a manner as ° give to the animal a threatening aspect. ¥ Of several specimens brought to England by Mr. Benson in 1832, one survived from December 1831, when it was captured in India, until the summer of 1833. Another Shell particularly noticed by Mr. Benson is the type of a new genus, allied to Cyclostoma, which he has described under the name of Pterocyclos in the first No. of the ‘ Journal of the Asi- atic Society of Calcutta.’ Mr. Benson has ascertained, by the in- spection of specimens in the collection of Mr. G. B. Sowerby, that the Cycl. bilabiatum of the latter is the same shell at a more advanced period of growth; when, in addition to the notch and overhanging wing at the upper part of the aperture, the peristome becomes thickened and sinuated. The Cycl. Petiverianum, Gray, exhibits an approach to Pterocyclos in the crude formation of a wing at the upper part of the right lip. A species of Assiminia, Leach, obtained at Barrackpore, has the shell ovate-conical, narrowly umbilicated, varying infinitely in co- lour, and generally banded with red, white, and glaucous; the aperture is entire, oblong-oval, angular at the upper part. The head has only two short, thick, subcylindrical tentacula, with the perci- pient points placed at their summits. The snout is like that of Paludina, transversely corrugated, and bilobed or rather emarginate at the middle of the extremity ; the lobes rounded. ‘The mantle is free; the branchial cavity open. ‘The foot has a spiral horny oper- culum, angular at the upper end. y- Specimens of this Assiminia were preserved alive in a glass, reple- nished occasionally with fresh or salt water, until after the vessel in which Mr. Benson returned to England had passed St. Helena. A Snail obtained near Sicrigali and the river Jellinghy, one of the mouths of the Ganges, is thus characterized by Mr. Benson : Hewrx rmnterrurta. Hel. testd sinistrorsd, orbiculato-convexd, in- Sra tumidd, umbilicatd, ad peripheriam obtuse angulatd, longitu- dinaliter confertissime striatd, supra. striis interruptis, fasciis transversalibus dispositis; spird apice obtusd; peritremate tenut, acuto. Animal. Tentacula duo superiora elongata capitulis tumidis pniitbia : percipientia gerentibus, duo inferiora capitulis parvis tumidis. Pes elongatus, compressus, marginatus, supra granulatus, aper- turd terminali anum et membrum carnosum mucorem emittens continente. In this latter character, that of the excrement being voided from ~ 91 an opening in the terminal and posterior part of the foot instead of the foramen commune, the animal of Hel. interrupta differs st materially from the other Helices. The angulated periphery e shell shows an approach to Carocolla, but Mr. Benson is not e that the animal of this genus differs from that of Heliz. From ve Himalayana, Lea, the Hel. interrupta is distinguished by its peculiar sculpture ; its spire is also more exserted. _ The collection also contained specimens of an Arcaceous Shell und i in the bed of the Jumna at Humeerpore in Bundelkund. Its orm, its lozenge-shaped ligamental scar, and the position and order _ of the teeth are those of the Arcacee generally ; while the oblique 4 production of the teeth on, the posterior side down the inner surface of _the cardinal lamina; the separation of the teeth into two sets by interposition of an ‘edentate portion of the cardinal /amina; and e freedom of the shell from ribs, with the exception of the ridges which occur at its angles; distinguish it from the marine Arcacee. 4 Benson proposes for the fluviatile form the generic. appellation + Scaphula. __ Referring to specimens contained in the collection of a new form ¥ of Solenaceous Shell, described by him in the ‘ Journal of the Asi- atic Society of Calcutta,’ under the name of Novaculina, Mr, Ben- ¥ son describes also a second species of the genus which he has recently 2 obtained from South America, and points out-the characters which : Pietinguish it from Nov. Gangetica. _ The following Note by Mr. Benson relative to the Rea enitet of i fe living Cerithium Telescopium, Brug., adverted to at the Meeting x on March 25, 1834, (page 22,) was read. __ “The possibility of importing from other countries, and especially om the warmer latitudes, the animals which construct the innu- _merable testaceous productions that adorn our cabinets and mu- seums, the accurate knowledge of which is so necessary to enable - conchologist rightly to arrange this beautiful department of na- e, must be an interesting subject to every naturalist, and will render no apology necessary for the following notices extracted from my: journal. ‘Their publicity may incite others who may have op: portunities of trying the experiment to follow the example. » “ January 1832. Observed near the banks of the canal leading from the eastern suburb of Calcutta to the Salt Lake at Balliaghat, heaps of a Cardita with longitudinal ribs, of a large and thick Cy- wena, and of Cerithium Telescopium, exposed to the heat of the sun _ for the purpose of effecting the death and decay of the included ani- 1 previously to the reduction of the shells into lime. . “Early i in the month I took specimens of them, and leaving them ra night in fresh water I was surprised to find two Cerithia alive. kept them during a fortnight in fresh water, and on the 22nd ary carried them, packed up in cotton, on board a vessel bound f for England. After we had been several days at sea I placed them : YY ~ J ¥ + Fe . 2 92 in a large open glass with salt water, in which they appeared un- usually lively. I kept them thus, changing the water at intervals, until the 29th May, when we reached the English Channel... I then packed them up, as before, in a box, and carried them from Ports- mouth to Cornwall, and thence to Dublin, which I did not reach until the 14th June; here they again got fresh supplies of sea wa- ter at intervals. One of them died during a temporary absence be- tween the 30th June and 7th July; and on the 11th July the’sur- vivor was again committed to its prison, and was taken to Cornwall and thence to London, where it was delivered alive to Mr. G. B, Sowerby on the 23rd July. “ This animal had thus travelled, during a period of six months, over a vast extent of the surface of the globe, and had for a con- siderable portion of that time been unavoidably deprived of its native element.” —W. H. B. ’ iy At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Heming exhibited a Swift, Cypselus Apus, Ill., preserved in spirit, and showing a consider- able dilatation at the base of the lower jaw and upper part of the throat. White has observed that ‘“ Swifts, when wantonly and cruelly shot while they have young, discover a lump of insects in their mouths, which they pouch and hold under their tongue;” but from this notice*it would scarcely have been anticipated that.so large a collection was made as was found in the present instance, The dilatation had a rounded appearance ; distended the skin so as to show distinctly and widely separated the insertion of each of the small feathers at this part; and measured in length 11 lines, and in depth 6. On opening the pouch it proved to be simple, and unconnected except with the cavity of the mouth. Mr. Heming also exhibited a drawing taken from the recent bird. Dr. Marshall Hall showed some experiments in the decapitated Turtle. Irritation of the nostrils, /arynz, and spinal marrow induced acts of inspiration ; that of the fins and tail induced movements of the other parts respectively. But the principal object of Dr. Hall was to show that irritation of the nerves themselves equally induced movements of the limbs, &c. When either the sentient or the motory branch of the lateral spinal nerves was stimulated, motions were induced in all the limbs. Dr. Hall stated that a movement of inspiration and of deglutition was caused in the Donkey by writation of the eighth pair of nerves. It has been already stated that irritation of the nostrils, or the branches of the fifth pair of nerves, induced inspiratory acts in the Turtle. From these and other facts, Dr. Hall is induced to consider the functions of these two nerves as similar. He further observed that both are nerves of secretion, and that both are muscular nerves — if the minor portion of the fifth be mcluded—as well as exciters of respiration; the fifth differs chiefly in being sentient, being dis- 93 tributed to external as well as internal surfaces. With the fifth and eighth, Dr. Hall associates other spinal nerves. . He considers re- spiration as a part of a general function of the nervous system, which presides over the larynx, pharynz, sphincters, ejaculators, &c., to which he has given the name of reflex, from its consisting of im- pressions carried to and from the medulla oblongata and} medulla spinalis. Some illustrations of this function were given by Dr.,Hall at the Meeting of the Committee of Science and Correspondence on November 27, 1832, (Proceedings, Part ii. p. 190,) and fur- ther illustrations.of it have formed the subject of a Paper by him, which has since been published in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’. The experiments shown on the present occasion demonstrate the _ existence of a series of physiological facts at variance with the law laid down by M. Miller in his Paper entitled-‘* Nouvelles Expéri- - ences sur l’effet que produit I’Irritation mécanique et galvanique sur les racines des nerfs spinaux; par Jean Miiller, Professeur 4 1’Uni- yersité de Bonn,” and published in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Na- turelles,’ tom. xxiii. (1831), p. 95, viz. “ Il suit encore quil ya _ des nerfs qui n’ont point de force motrice ou tonique, qui ne peuvent _ jamais occasionner des mouvemens par eux-mémes, qu’ils soient ir- _ rités par l’action galvanique ou mécanique, et qui ne conduisent le _ courant galvanique que passivement, comme toutes les parties molles _ humides; qu'il y a en revanche des nerfs moteurs ou toniques (nervi _ motorii seu tonici) qui montrent a chaque irritation médiate ou im- médiate leur force tonique, gui agit toujours dans la direction des branches des nerfs et qui n’agit jamais en arriére.” In Dr. Hall’s experiments the influence first pursued a backward course to the _ spinal marrow, being afterwards reflected upon-the muscles. Dr. Hall next observed, in regard to respiration, that, whilst Sir _ Charles Bell is contending that it is involuntary, and Mr. Mayo that _ it is voluntary, the old doctrine of its being mixed, or partaking of both properties, is the true one. He founded this view upon the following facts : 1. If the cerebrum be removed, respiration continues as an. invo- - luntary function through the agency of the eighth pair of nerves ; _ 2. If the eighth pair be divided, respiration equally continues, but as an act of volition; but $ _ 3. If the cerebrum be first removed, and the eighth pair be then di- _ vided, respiration ceases on the instant. Volition is first removed 3 with the cerebrum; the influence of the eighth pair is then removed __ byits division. ‘The two sources of the mixed or double function | _ being both cut off, the function ceases. __ Dr. Hall explains and reconciles in this manner the difficult and |= ent) contradictory facts,—that the medulla oblongata alone, _ above the origin of the eighth pair of nerves, or the eighth pair of | merves themselves, may be divided, without arresting the respira- | tion; but that the medulla oblongata cannot be divided at the origin of these nerves without arresting the respiration instantly. In the 94 first case the agency of volition is alone removed, and the respira- tion continues through the influence of the eighth pair; in the second, that of the eighth pair is removed, and the respiration con- tinues as a function of volition; but in the third, both influences are destroyed at once, and with them the mixed or double function. The same mixed or double character belongs to the other parts of the reflex function, as that of the larynx, the sphincters, the eja- culators. All the organs of the reflex function are also alike im- pressed through the medium of the mental affections or passions. The course of the influence which constitutes the reflex function must be divided into the incident, or that into the medulla, and the reflected, or that from the medulla. The nerves which conduct the incident impression have, hitherto, received no designation; the others constitute a part of the system of muscular nerves. To the ~ former class belong nerves which doubtless supply the /arynr with its impressibility by carbonic acid, &c., &c., and hitherto unde- scribed, untraced ; to the latter, the superior and inferior laryngeals: to the former belong the fifth, in the nostrils, in the face,—the eighth in the lungs, &c.; to the latter the respiratory nerves: to the former, nerves hitherto undescribed of the sphincters, ejacula- tors, &c.; to the latter, the muscular nerves supplying these parts. The whole constitutes the subject of an investigation in which Dr. Hall has been for some time engaged, 95 DSHS: © August 26, 1834. William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. .? An extensive series was exhibited of skins of Mammalia, collected in Nepal by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. S., and pre- _ sented by that gentleman to the Society. It included twenty-two i es, several of which were first made known to science by the exertions of Mr. Hodgson, while others still remain to be described A paper “ On the Mammalia of Nepal,” written by Mr. Hodgson, has been read before the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, and has been published in the ‘ Journal’ of that Society: but Mr. Hodgson has wailed himself of the opportunities which have occurred to him since $ written, to make various additions and corrections in the copy transmitted by him to the Society, portions of which have been ead at several previous meetings. . _Mr. Hodgson’s paper commences by an account of the physical acters of Nepal, which are so varied, according to the elevation. of the several districts, as to render it necessary, when treating on its natural productions, to divide it into three regions. The lower egion consists of the Tarai or marshes, the Bhawar or forest, and the lower hills, and has the climate of the plains of Hindoostan, with some increase of heat and great excess of moisture. The cen- ral region includes a clusterous succession of mountains, varying in tion from 3000 to 10,000 feet, and having a temperature of from 2° to 20° lower than that of the plains. The juxta-~-Himalayan re- zion, or Kachar, consists of high mountains, the summits of which e buried for half the year in snow: the climate has nothing tro- cal about it, except the succession of the seasons. r. Hodgson then enumerates the Mammalia which have been ved in Nepal, adopting in their arrangement the system of er, and noticing as regards each the region in which it occurs. adds occasional remarks as to their habits; and notices many hich appear to him to be undescribed. The following is an abstract of this portion of his communication: QuaDRUMANA re lim ited to the southern region, where Mr. Hodgson is aware of existence of nopithecus Entellus, F. Cuv., which has been introduced by ligion into the central region, where it flourishes, half domesti- ited, in the neighbourhood of temples. 96 Macacus radiatus, Geoff. He regards it as probable that among the lower hills occurs Nycticebus Bengalensis, Geoff. CHEIROPTERA. Pteropus, Briss. Molossus, Geoff. Rhinolophus, Geoff. Vespertilio, Geoff. Species of these genera are abundant in the Tarai; but there are few in the central region, and fewer still in the northern. One species of Rhinolophus and three of Vespertilio harbour in out- houses in the central region; and one species of Pteropus, of a smaller size and duller colour than the Pter. medius, Temm., of the plains, appears in troops in the autumn to plunder the gardens of the ripe pears. PLANTIGRADA. Talpa, Linn. This genus is found only in the Kachar. Sorex Indicus, Geoff. A dull slaty blue variety of this species is found only in the lower and central regions. Prochilus labiatus, Ml., Helarctos Malayanus, Horsf., are found in the Tarai. Ursus isabellinus, Horsf., Ursus Thibetanus, F. Cuv., occur in the central and northern regions. Gulo orientalis, Horsf. Lower region. Ratelus mellivorus, Storr. In the lower region and also in the proximate part of the central tract. Ailurus fulgens, F. Cuv., Ictides albifrons, Val., belong to the Kachar, though they occasionally occur in the central region. Paradoxurus, F. Cuv. Of this genus an undescribed species, co- loured, especially in youth, like Mustela flavigula, Bodd., is found in the central region. A second species, perhaps the Par. Bondar, Gray, occurs in the Tarai. DiGiTiGRADA,. Viverra undulata, Gray,? Common in the central region. Viverra Rasse, Horsf., Viverra Indica, Geoff., are common in the Tarai. Herpestes griseus, F. Cuv., occurs in the lower region; and a second species, apparently undescribed, of a somewhat smaller size and darker duller grey colour, is found in the central region. Felis Tigris, Linn., 97 Felis Pardus, Linn., | Felis Leopardus, Linn., Felis jubata, Linn., are all found in the lower region. The Leopard extends into the central region, where it abounds, but is much less dreaded than the Bear. The Leopard is found moreover in the northern region; and the Tiger also occurs there, close to the snows, but scarcely in the cen- tral region. Felis Nepalensis, Vig. and Horsf., Felis Moormensis, Hodgs., belong to the central region ; as does also an undescribed and beau- : Bially marked species. _ Felis viverrinus, Benn., is confined to the Tarai. — x Other small species of Felis, not yet determined, are found in the _ northern region. __ Mustela flavigula, Bodd., and two allied and hitherto undescribed ; species, occur in the contigh region. A fourth Martin, with a _ shorter tail than the above and more resembling the common Weasel of England, is found in the Kachar. It is the Martes laniger, Hodgs. Its fur is thick, spirally twisted, woolly, : of a uniform dirty cream colour. : Mustela putorius, Linn? is an inhabitant of the central, and abundantly of the northern, region. —— Lutra, Linn. Of this genus Mr. Hodgson conceives that no less than seven species are found in Nepal, five of which differ from the which inhabit the plains of Hindoostan. Four of these he re- sards as new, differing materially in length, in bulk and propor- ions, and in colour; one of them is yellowish white all over; the st are brown, more or less dark, some having the chin and throat under surface paled nearly to white or yellow. anis familiaris, Linn. ‘The Pariah is the only Dog of the lower central regions. The Thibetan Mastiff is limited to the Kachar, which it was introduced from its native country, but in which enerates rapidly ; there are several varieties of it. is primevus. Hodgs. _ is 1 ela Indicus. In the lower and central regions; rare in achar is Bengalensis, Shaw., the small Indian insectivorous Foz, curs in the Tarai. is n.s.? alarge Fox, peculiar to the Kachar. Canis Lupus, Linn. In the lower region. é‘ RopeEnT1a. _Hystriz leucurus, Sykes. In the central and lower regions. Lepus nigricollis, F. Cuv. ? >? Inthe Tarai. Lepusn.s. A species as large as the ordinary Hare and nearly esembling it occurs rarely in the central and northern regions. 98 Sciurus Palmarum, Linn. Abundant in the southern region. Sciurus n. s.?, of an earthy brown colour tipped with golden yel- s0W, occurs in the central region. Sciuropterus nitidus, F, Cuv. In the lower and central regions, but rarely in the latter. Mus decumanus, Linn., Mus Ratius, Linn. Both very numerous and troublesome. Mus Musculus, Linn. Very uncommon. Field Mice are frequently met with. EDENTATA. Manis n.s., allied to Man. Javanica, Desm. Of frequent occur- rence in the hills of the lower region and in the mountains of the central tract. A PAcCHYDERMATA. Elephas Indicus, Cuv., Rhinoceros unicornis, Cuv., are both abundant in the forest and hills of the lower region, whence in the rainy season they issue into the cultivated parts of the Tarai to feed upon the rice crops. ‘Mr. Hodgson suggests that there are two varieties, or perhaps rather species, of the Indian Elephant, the Ceylonese and that of the Saul forest. The Ceylonese has a smaller lighter head, which is carried more elevated; it has also higher fore-quarters. The Elephant of the Saul forest has sometimes five nails on its hinder feet. The Rhinoceros goes with young from seventeen to eighteen months and produces one at a birth. At birth it measures 3 feet 4 inches in length, and 2 feet in height. An individual born at Kat- mandoo eight years since measures now 9 feet 3 inches in length; 4 feet 10 inches in height at the shoulders; the utmost girth of his body is 10 feet 5 inches; the length of the head, 2 feet 4 inches; of the horn, 5 inches: he is evidently far from being adult. It is believed that the animal lives for one hundred years; one, taken mature, was kept at Katmandoo for thirty-five years without exhibit- ing any symptoms of approaching decline. The young continues to suck for nearly two years. It has when born and for a month after- wards a pink suffusion over the dark colour proper to the mature hide. Sus. scrofa, Linn., var. RuMINANTIA. Cervus Avis, Erxl. Cervus porcinus, Zimm. Cervus n. s.?, a brown porcine Azis. Cervus Elaphus, Linn., ? Cervus Aristotelis, Cuv. Cervus equinus, Cuv. —— Ss 99 Cervus n.s., of a black colour and belonging to the same group as the two last named. - Cervus Bahrainja, n. s., serving, with Cerv. Wallichii, Cuv., to connect the Elephine and Rusan groups of the genus. Cervus Ratwa, Hodgs. All these Deer, except the last, which belongs to the Muntjaks, inhabit the lower hills. The Ratwa is proper to the central region and occasionally occurs in the lowest valleys of the Kachar. Antilope Goral, Hardw. Northern and central regions. Antilope Thar, Hodgs. Central region, and occasionally in the northern and southern. ". 4 _ Antilope Chickara, Hardw., _ Antilope Cervicapra, Pall., - both belong exclusively to the lower region. Mr. Hodgson is of opinion that the distinctions attempted to be established as between two Chickaras on account of some differences in the drawings and specimens of General Hardwicke and Duvaucel cannot be maintained. _ Capra Jharal, Hodgs. In the northern region exclusively. - Ovis Ammon, var. Ovis Musmon, var. Also in the northern region. _ Mr. Hodgson states that the wool of the Huniah or Bhotean do- mesticated Sheep is superb ; and suggests that attempts should be * e to naturalize the race in England. To such attempts he is ire to render every assistance in his power. It is suited only for the northern region of Nepal, suffering much from the heat of _ the central district. Bos Taurus, var. Indicus. 30s grunniens, Linn. Domesticated in the Kachar. 7 ki Bubalus, Briss. © ay notes by Mr. goes These notes were read. t. Gray regards the Testudo Spengleri, Walb., as the type. of : ally, the toes lengthened and covered by a series of shields, but > members, instead of being webbed as in the other genera of the family, are quite free from each other ; the legs, moreover, are de- fitute of fringe along their outer edge. This structure of the feet _ and limbs indicates habits less aquatic than those of the Emydide ee enerally ; and Mr. Gray states that such appears to be the case with the Em. Spengleri, for though he has watched for a consider- , able time the specimen now living at the Society’s Gardens he has g r observed it to enter the water. From the beautiful figure of the animal of Em. spinosa given Mr. Bell in his ‘ Monograph of the Testudinata,’ Mr. Gray is inc to believe that this species belongs to the same genus with _ £m . Spengleri, the toes, especially those of the hind feet, being 100 represented in the figure as quite free. The shells of the two species agree in being of a pale brown colour above, and in being sharply toothed on the margin; in both which respects they differ from.the other fresh-water Tortoises. GEOEMYDA. Testa depressa, ad marginem laté serrata. Pedes utrinque squa- mis elongatis biseriatis instructi, haud ciliati: digiti liberi, subgra- ciles, superné squamis tecti. Caput parvum, cute tenui, levi, dura obtectum. Indie (et Africe?) Incole. 1. Ggeozmypa Spenereri. Geo. testd oblongd, pallide brunned, tricarinatd, carinis continuis nigro marginatis ; margine posticd profunde serraid; sterno nigro luteo marginato ; scutellis az- tllaribus inguinalibusque nullis. Testudo Spengleri, Walb., in Berl. Naturf., theil v. t. 3. Testudo serrata, Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. iii, t. 9. Testudo tricarinata, Bory St. Vine., Atlas, t. 37. f. 1. Emys Spengleri, Schweig., 32. Hab. “in China,” J. R. Reeves, Esq. 2. GeormypA spinosa. Geo. testd suborbiculari, carinatd ; are- ; a ae olis spind centrali armatis ; margine totd profunde serratd ; su-— pra pallide fuscd, sterno pallid? fusco brunneo radiato ; scutellis axillaribus inguinalibusque mediocribus. Emys spinosa, op Test., t. . fig. 1, 2.—Gray, Hardw. Ind. Zool,, toms i. "tes. fig. ¥ Hab. “apud Penang,” Capt. Hay. A new genus of Geckotide is characterized by Mr. Gray under the name of GrnyRa. Digiti 5-5, ad basin dilatati, serie unica squamarum transversa- lium integrarum tecti, ad apicem compressi, liberi, omnes (prteg pollices) unguiculati. Pori femorales nulli. This genus is very nearly allied to Platydactylus, Cuv., in the form of the base of the toes; but the ends of the toes are thin; sim- ple, and compressed, fontead of being more widely dilated, and | with the last phalanz affixed along the upper surface. The body is co- vered with small uniform granular scales, and the belly with larger ~— flat scales; the tail is rmged with square scales, those of the ome %» surface being the largest. Genyra Pactrica. Ge. pallidé brunnea albido punctata, subtds : alba; occipitis strigd utrinque fasciisque latis irregularibus dor- salibus quingue vel sex pallidis ; artubus pallide marmoratis. 4 Long. corporis 23 poll. ; caude, totidem. il Hab. in Insula quadam Oceani Pacifici. x BY 2% a 101 ' The collection of the British Museum contains a specimen, much discoloured, of what appears to be a second species of this genus. Another species is contained in the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle at Paris. A living specimen was exhibited of the Red Viper of the Somer- setshire Downs. It had been sent from Taunton to Mr. Gray, who states that he has compared it very attentively with the black and with the common Viper of England, and that he cannot discover the - slightest difference between them except in the shade of the colour. They all agree in having the upper lip shield white, with brown or black edges, and in having a series more or less distinct of lozenge- shaped spots. He consequently refers them all to Vipera Berus, Daud. Mr. Gray also states that he believes the Lacerta edura, described by the Rev. R. Sheppard in the seventh volume of the ‘Linnean Transactions’, to be the male, observed during the summer, of the common Lacerta vivipara, the Lacerta agilis of British authors; the several characters which were pointed out by Mr. Gray at the Meeting on May 22, 1832, (Proceedings of the Committee of ‘Science, Part ii. p. 112,) being at that season so fully developed as __ to produce the appearances noticed by Mr. Sheppard in his account a = his presumed species. _ The following notes were read of the dissection of a specimen of 3 von s Opossum, Didelphis Azare, Temm., which recently died at the Society’s Gardens. The general dissection was performed by _ Mr. Martin; that of the organs of generation by Mr. Rymer Jones. “The animal was an adult male, measuring, exclusive of the tail, 1 foot 5 inches, the tail being 1 foot 4 inches in length. ____* On opening the body the situation of the viscera was as usual. _ Their examination afforded the following details. i _ “ The liver was found to consist of three lobes; one on the left, & ofa pyramidal figure, a large central lobe, and one on the right, small, irregular in shape, with a bifid margin. On the convex or ernal aspect of the middle lobe, the gall-bladder showed itself, ag up a circular aperture so regularly defined as to appear arti- ; and on turning back the liver, the gall-bladder was seen to upy a deep sulcus, incomplete or unclosed (as it were) in its mtre. The gall-bladder was of a globular form, its diameter being % of an inch; its duct ran in a furrow, which took its course yay across the lobe on its under surface. At 2 inches from the heck of the gall-bladder, this cystic duct was joined at an acute’ _ angle by the hepatic ducts, the number of which corresponded with 74 of the lobes. The ductus choledochus communis thus formed _ Continued its course for nearly 2 inches, and entered the duodenum the same distance below the pylorus, the aperture being very and valvular. With the _— duct, the pancreatic also en- 102 tered the intestine, there being but one common termination between them. On tracing the pancreatic duct it was found issuing from the middle of the right extremity of the gland, which latter was somewhat irregular in shape, having each extremity divided into two cornua, and to the junction of the two right cornua the duct was easily traced. The length of the pancreas was 23 inches. «« The stomach was ovoid in form, the cardiac portion occupying nearly one half of the viscus, and the pyloric orifice being not more than 3/an inch from the cardiac. The position of the pyloric valve was marked by a deep indentation. The length of the stomach was 3 inches; its diameter opposite the cardiac orifice, 23. «The spleen was attached by a loose fold of mesentery to the middle of the greater curvature of the stomach, and was somewhat triangular in shape. It was 24 inches in length, and 1, in breadth at the broadest part. “The duodenum was attached throughout by a mesenteric fold, its diameter was about Z, or nearly an inch. From the duodenum the small intestines gradually diminished in diameter to the ileo- colic valve, their diameter in the narrowest part being reduced to 4+aninch. The total length of the small intestines was 3 feet 7 inches. The cecum was simple in figure, with a blunt apea, and measured 2 inches in length. The large intestines measured 4} inches. “‘ The kidneys were of the usual shape and exhibited no diffe- rence in their respective situation, neither being placed higher than the other. ‘The membranous capsule was little adherent, and no superficial vessels were observable. The papilla was single. The length of each kidney was 23 inches, the breadth 3, and the thick- ness §. The renal capsules appeared wanting. «« The lungs were very irregularly divided, there being four lobes on the right side and but one, without any fissure, on the left. « The rings of the trachea at its upper part formed nearly an en- tire circle, which, as they proceeded downwards, became less and less complete till, at the lower part, three-fourths only of the ring was cartilage. The number of rings was twenty-one, but many were so bifurcated at the lower part as to render it doubtful whether they should be counted as double or single. ‘“« The sterno-thyroid and sterno-hyoid muscles were very strong and distinct. The thyroid glands were found lying one’on each side of the first six rings of the trachea, and measured 3 of an inch in length. «The mucous lining of the wsophagus was puckered into longitu- dinal rug@ throughout its whole extent, except for the last 3ths of an inch, where the ruge were transverse. «« The length of the tongue from the epiglottis was 3% inches, its breadth 3. Its apex was flat and round, and the middle of the anterior portion of its dorsum or upper surface covered with retro- verted papille, a line of fungiform papille occupying each side of the 2 9 ote 103 root, between which three isolated papille appeared very distinct, forming the three maples of atriangle. The submaxillary glands were 1+ in length, + inch in breadth, and 4 in thickness. - “To the above details Iam able, through the kindness of Mr. _ Rymer Jones, to add a description of the organs of generation, _ illustrated by a sketch, which that. gentleman was so obliging as to make from the parts dissected. In removing the skin from the _ animal the penis had been injured. ; «The bladder was 14 inch in length and 3 in breadth, its shape _ being oval. The muscular coat was thick. The fibres were ga- thered into strong transverse ruge on the anterior and posterior aspects of the viscus, while laterally they formed two longitudinal bands, each 4 inch in breadth, running from the fundus to the neck. Beneath the transverse groups of fibres another set was found af- fecting a longitudinal direction. ««The end of the penis being deficient,—what remained mea- suring 14 inch,—the urethra measured 5 inches in length; the length of its prostatic portion being 23 inches, of the membranous 3, _ of the spongy 1}. Its circumference at the neck of the bladder and - throughout the prostatic portion was 4 of an inch, at the membra- nous portion only 14 line, at the bulbous portion it was again di- - lated to4of aninch. The lining membrane presented no folds, _ but was perforated along the whole prostatic portion by innumerable microscopic apertures arranged in parallel rows, through which on squeezing the prostate its secretion oozed. _ “ The ureters entered the bladder by two little apertures placed close together immediately above its neck. _ The vasa deferentia terminated by two small orifices upon the under surface of the urethra, about 2 lines from the commencement of its prostatic portion. «The prostate, 23 inches in length, inclosed the commencement the urethra for that extent, with a glandular envelopment -3,ths an inch in thickness. Its commencement was marked by a decided line of black matter, and the first half inch of its extent was ged by the same dark substance, resembling in colour the section bronchial gland. The succeeding inch was of a creamy white e, while the last portion presented a dingy green tinge. Its ducts have been described. ‘ Cowper's glands were two in number on each side, flask-shaped, the size of large peas, soft in texture, of a white colour, and rapped in a fibrous envelope. The ducts from the glands on each joined before entering the urethra, and the four opened by two fices, at the commencement of the bulbous portion of that tube. _ “The bulb of the corpus spongiosum was divided into two parts, each of an oblong shape, §ths of an inch in length, and + in thick- ; the parietes formed by a strong muscle constituting nearly the le mass. 104 _ ‘The crura penis were unattached to the ischia, but were en- veloped in a muscular sac, the walls of which were the eighth ste n inch in thickness.” we In illustration of the notes, preparations were ‘exhibited of the sto- mach and cecum, as was also the drawing above referred to of baer De a of generation and bladder. 105 September 9, 1834. Joseph Cox Cox, Esq., in the Chair. _ A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Dr. E. Riippell, and dated Frankfort, August 10, 1834. It was accompanied by specimens of Magilus antiquus, Rupp., including both the shell and _ the animal, and of the shell and animal of a new genus of Pectini- _branchiated Gasteropodous Mollusca. The latter was accompanied _ by a description by Dr. Riippell, who characterizes it under the de- signation of ; LEPTOCONCHUS. Testa tenuis, pellucida, subglobosa, spira depressa, subobsoleta: aperturd magna, subovali, extremitatibus in contrarium versis, mar- ginibus haud coalitis, dextro tenui anticé subexpanso: columella nulla, wmbilico nullo, anticé truncata, contorta. _ Animal proboscide elongato, retractili: tentaculis duobus, com- planatis, trigonis, interné ad basin coalitis, externé in medio oculos erentibus : pede mediocri, operculo nullo: pallio ad marginem cir- ari, haud appendiculato, ad latus sinistrum subproducto : fora- mine branchiali submagno. The colour of the shell which constitutes the type of this new genus is constantly a slightly sordid milk-white. It is sulcated ex- ternally by numerous longitudinal undulated closely set lines, the outer whorls encroaching on the spire of the earlier ones so as almost fo obliterate it. Length of the adult shell, 143 lines; greatest breadth, 12:; ength of the young shell, 73; breadth, 6. Individuals of all ages have the shell thin and fragile, and con- tantly occur imbedded in the calcareous mass of polypes, having a mamunication with the sea by only a moderate opening. They found in the Red Sea, and are most frequently met with in eandrina Phrygia. To distinguish the shell of Leptoconchus from that of Magilus it is ficient to observe that in the latter the two margins of the aper- are always united, while in the former genus they are always mited. The animals are distinguished by the possession and want of an operculum, and by the difference in the proboscis ; 2 siphon of Magilus, moreover, does not occur in Leptoconchus. Dr. Riippell suggests that the systematic place which should be igned to this genus is near the Janthine. The number of the acula, the oral proboscis, the mantle destitute of siphon, the pec- ed branchie@ composed of closely heaped pyramids, and the ab- ee of operculum, are so many marks of affinity; to which may idded some of the characters of the shell: but he states himself be perfectly aware that the difference between the habitations of 0. XXI. Proceepines or rz ZooxocicaL Sociery. ——————— 106 these genera is so wide as to aftord no confirmation of the correct- — ness of this approximation. A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Nepal, March 4, 1834. It commences by remarking on the difficulty experienced by Zo- ologists in the determination of distinctive marks adequate for the separation of the genera Antilope, Capra, and Ovis; and then refers to the instances in which the writer has shown that the cha- racter of Antilope founded on the presumed absence of cavities in the cores of the horns connected with the frontal sinuses is incorrect. The value of the characters which are generally admitted by authors as distinguishing between the genera Capra and Ovis may, he con- ceives, be tested by a comparison of the wild race of either genus which belongs to the Himalaya. “ For the last year,” Mr. Hodgson proceeds, ‘‘ I have had alive in my garden a splendid specimen of the mature male of each; and I have frequently compared them together in all respects of manners and of structure. As the Goat in question, as well as the Sheep, is — new, I will begin with a synoptical description of the two, and then — proceed to notice the points of difference and of agreement existing between them. Tribe Carripz, H. Smith. Genus Capra, Linn. Species Capra Jhdral.—The Jhdral of the Nepalese. “ Affined to the Alpine Aigagri and to Capra Jemlaica. Adult male — 50 inches long from snout to rump, and 33 high. Head finely — formed and full of beauty and expression, clad in close short hair, — and without the least vestige of a beard. Facial line straight. Ears — small, narrow, erect, rounded at the tips, and striated. Eye lively. Between the nares a black moist skin. Nares themselves short and wide. Knees and sternum callous. ‘Tail short, depressed, wholly nude below. Animal of compact powerful make, with a sparish, short, and bowed neck; deep barrel and chest; longish, very strong, and rigid limbs, supported on perpendicular pasterns, and high com- pact hoofs: false hoofs conic and considerably developed. Attitude of rest gathered and firm, with the head moderately raised, and the — back sub-arched. Shoulders decidedly higher than the croup. Fore — quarters superb, and wholly invested in a long, flowing, straight, — lion-like mane, somewhat feathered vertically from the crown of the — withers, and sweeping down below the knees. Hind quarters po and porcine, much sloped off from the croup to the tail, and t skin much constricted between the hams behind. Fur of two sorts: t outer, hair of moderate. harshness, neither wiry nor brittle, straigh and applied to the skin, but erigible under excitement, and of w equal lengths and colours; the inner, soft and woolly, as abunda as in the Wild Sheep and finer, of one length and colour. H 9 inches long, inserted obliquely on the crest of the frontals, touching at the base with their anterior edges; subcompres 107 _ subtriangular, and uniformly wrinkled across, except near the tips, where they are rounded and smooth, keeled and sharpened towards the points, obtusely rounded behind; the edge of the keel neither _ nodose nor undulated, but smooth, or evanescently marked by the _ transverse wrinkles of the horns. The horns are divergent, simply recurved, and directed more upwards than backwards. * Colour of the animal a saturate brown superficially, but inter- nally hoary blue, and the mane, for the most part, wholly of that hue. Fore arms, lower part of hams, and backs of the legs, rusty. _ Entire fronts of the limbs, and whole face and cheeks, black-brown ; _ the dark colour on the two last parts divided by a longitudinal line _ of pale rufous ; and another before the eye, shorter. Lips and chin hoary, with a blackish patch on either side below the gape. Tip of tail and of ears blackish. Tongue and palate, and nude skin of lips and muzzle, black. Jris darkish red hazel. Odour very powerful in _ the mature male at certain times. _ “Found in the wild state in the Kachar region of Nepal, in small flocks or solitarily. Is bold, capricious, wanton, eminently scanso- rial, pugnacious, and easily tamed and acclimatised in foreign parts. _ “Remarks. Jhdral is closely affined by the character of the horns to the Alpine Zgagri, and still more nearly, in other respects, ‘to Capra Jemlaica. It differs from the former by the less volume of the horns, by their smooth anterior edge, and by the absence of the beard; from the latter, by the horns being much less compressed, ot turned inwards at the points, nor nodose. Jhdral breeds with the domestic Goat, and more nearly resembles the ordinary types of the tame races than any wild species yet discovered. a Genus Ovis, Linn. _ “Species Ovis Ndhoor, Mihi.—The Ndhoor of the Nepalese. New? Variety of Ovis Musmon ? _ “Closely affined to Ovis Musmon, of which it is probably only a ariety. Adult male 48 inches from snout to rump, and 32 high. lead coarse and expressionless, clad entirely in close short hair, hout beard on the chin or throat, or any semblance of mane. jaffron considerably arched. Ears medial, narrow, erect, pointed, triated. Eye dull. Moist space between the nares evanescent. ares narrow and long. Knees and sternum callous. Tail medial, ico-depressed, only half nude below. Structure moderately pact, not remarkable for power. Neck sparish, bowed, with a derable dip from the crown of the shoulders. Limbs longish, ut slender, not remarkable for rigidity, and supported on lax ] s, and on hoofs lower and less compact than the Goat’s ; false jofs mere callosities. Attitude of rest less gathered and firm, with ® head lower, and the back straight. Shoulders decidedly lower oup. Fore quarters not more massive than the hind, nor the ities stronger. Fur of two sorts: the outer, hair of a harsh, quill-like character, serpentined internally, with the salient f one hair fitting into the resilient bends of another ; exter- lly straight, porrect from the skin, and very abundant; of medial form length all over the body ; the inner coat, soft and woolly, i ‘1T. as” 108 rather spare, and not more abundant than in the Goat. Horns 22 inches along the curve, inserted high above the orbits on the crown of the forehead, touching nearly at the base with their whole depth, and carrying the frontal bones very high up between them, the pa- rietals being depressed in an equal degree*. The horns diverge greatly, but can scarcely be said to be spirally turned. They are first directed upwards considerably before the facial line, and then sweep downwards with a bold curve, the points again being recurved upwards and inwards. They are uncompressed, triangular, broadly convexed to the front, and cultrated to the back. ‘T'heir anterior face is the widest, and is presented almost directly forwards: their lateral faces, which are rectilinear, have an oblique aspect, and unite in an acutish angle at the back. They are transversely wrinkled, except near the tips, which are round and smooth. «The colour of the animal is a pale slaty blue, obscured with earthy brown, in summer overlaid with a rufous tint. Head below, and inside of the limbs and hams, yellowish white. Edge of the buttocks behind and of the tail pure white. Face and fronts of the entire limbs and chest blackish. Bands on the flanks the same, and also the tip of the tail. Tongue and palate dark. Eye yellow hazel. No odour. «Ts found in the wild state in the Kachar region of Nepal, north of the Jhdral, amid the glaciers of the Himalaya, and both on the Indian and Tibetan sides of the snowy crests of that range: is suf- * ficiently bold and scandent, but far less pugnacious, capricious, and curious than the Jhdral. Much less easily acclimatised in foreign parts than he is, in confinement more resigned and apathetic, and has none of the Jhdral’s propensity to bark trees with his horns, and to feed upon that bark and upon young shoots and aromatic herbs. I have tried in vain to make the Ndhodr breed with tame Sheep; be- cause he will not copulate with them. The female of the species has the chaffron straight; and the horns short, erect, subrecurved, and greatly depressed. ‘The young want, at first, the marks on the limbs and flanks, and their nose is straight. “Remarks. Differs from Ovis Musmon, to which it is closely allied, by the decided double flexure of the horns, their presence in the females, and the want of a tuft beneath the throat. ‘** Having now completed the descriptions of the Wild Goat and the Wild Sheep, 1 shall proceed to the exhibition of the points of dif- ference and of resemblance between the two, beginning with the former. Goat. Sheep. Whole structure stronger and more compact. Limbs thicker and more rigid. Feebler and more slender. Less so. * The Goat’s skull has the same form, but less strikingly developed ; and unless I am mistaken, this form of the skull would afford a just and general mark to separate Ovis and Capra from Cervus and Antilope. ‘There is a gradation of characters in this respect among the Antelopes tending to the Caprine type in their general structure. ee 109 Bites. Goat. Sheep. a - Hoofs higher and more compact. Lower and less so. __ False hoofs well developed. Evanescent. _ Head smaller and finer. Larger and heavier. Facial line straight. Chaffron arched. _ Ears shorter and rounded. Longer and pointed. _ Tail short, flat, nude below. Longer, less depressed, and half nude only. Withers higher than croup. Croup higher. Fore legs stronger than hind. Fore and hind equal. Croup sloped off. Not so. Odorous. Not so. Meee soister,,and néres short Less moist, longer, and narrower. and wide. Horns of medial size, keeled, Horns very large, not keeled, and -and turned upwards. turned to the sides. Eye darker and keener. Paler and duller. Hair long and unequal. Short and equal. Back arched. Back straight. Bears change of climate well. Bears it ill. Iseminently curious, capricious, and confident. Barks trees with its horns, feed- | Is incurious, staid, and timid. Does not bark trees, and is less Me entheipeehyandiel aro: addicted to aromatics. matic herbs. In fighting rears itself on its hind legs and lets the weight of its body fall on the adver- sary. In fighting runs a-tilt, adding the force of impulse to that of weight. «The Goat and Sheep have in common, hair and wool; no beard; no suborbital sinuses ; evanescent muzzle; no inguinal pores; horns in contact at the top of the head; knees and sternum callous; an- gular and transversely wrinkled horns; striated ears; two teats _ only in the females; horns in both sexes; and, lastly, incisors of precisely the same form. “ Of the various diagnostics, then, proposed by Col. Hamilton Smith, it would seem that the following only can be perfectly relied on to separate Ovis from Capra : slender limbs; longer pointed ears; _chaffron arched; nares long and oblique; very voluminous horns, turned laterally with double flexures. I should add myself, the strong and invariable distinction,—males not odorous,—as opposed to the males odorous of the genus Capra. But, after all, there are no physical distinctions at all equivalent to the moral ones so finely and truly delineated by Buffon, and which, notwithstanding what _ Col. H. Smith urges in favour of the courage and activity of Sheep, _ will, for ever, continue to be recognised as the only essential dia- ___ gnostics of the two genera.” 110 September 23, 1834. Dr. Marshall Hall, in the Chair. A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by John Hearne, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Port au Prince, July 16, 1834. It accompanied a present of “ an Alligator from the river Artiboniti,” which is referrible to the Crocodilus acutus, Cuv.; and of some Doves. These are the little Ground Dove or Ortolan of the English residents in Hayti, Columba passerina, Linn.; and the red-legged Partridge, as it is called in that island, Col. mystacea, Temm. Mr. Hearne ad- verts to some other animals which he has observed in Hayti, and expresses his hopes of succeeding in bringing or sending them to England. The Secretary adverted to some other animals lately added to the Menagerie, and which he regarded as interesting either in a scien- tific point of view, or on account of their not having been previously contained in the collection. They included the silky Monkey, Midas Rosalia, Geoff., of which a specimen has recently been presented by T. Manton, Esq.; the Javanese Ichneumon, Herpestes Javanicus, -Geoff.; the African Moufflon, Ovis Tragelaphus, Geoff., presented by Sir Thomas Reade, His Majesty’s Consul-General at Tunis ; and a remarkably darkly coloured variety of the European Bear, Ursus Arctos, Linn., presented by R. H. Beaumont, Esq. Among the Birds there have been added a pair of the pied Pigeon of New Holland, Columba armillaris, Temm.; a pair of the Caper- cailzie or Cock of the Woods, Tetrao Urogallus, Linn., obtained from Norway and presented to the Society by J. H. Pelly, jun., Esq.; a pair of the Buffonian Touraco, Corythaix Buffonii, Le Vaill.; and a specimen of the naked-legged Owl of the Indian Islands, Ketupa Ja- vanensis, Less., (Strix Ketupu, Horsf.,) presented by James Harby, Esq., and stated to have been brought from Manilla. Among the Reptiles there have recently been added an interesting collection of Tortoises from China, presented by John Russel Reeves, Esq., of Canton, and including specimens of the three-banded Box- Tortoise, Cistuda trifasciata, Gray ; of Spengler’s Terrapin, Geoemyda Spengleri, Gray, (Testudo Spengleri, Walb.); of the Emys Sinen- sis, Em. Reevesii, and Em. Bealii, all lately described by Mr. Gray ; and also of the Platysternon megacephalum, Gray. A Crocodile ap- parently referrible to the Crocodilus cataphractus, Cuv., is also at present living in the Menagerie: its nuchal plates constitute a series continuous with those of the back, but consist of only four rows instead of five, the number existing in the individual on which the species was originally founded. The specimen is stated to have been brought from Fernando Po. Mr. Ogilby called the attention of the Meeting to a specimen of 111 an Irish Otter, which he at the same time presented to the Society in the name of Miss Anna Moody of the Roe Mills near Newtown Lemavaddy, by whom it was preserved and mounted. On ac- count of the intensity of its colouring, which approaches nearly to black both on the upper and under surface ; of the less extent of the pale colour beneath the throat as compared with the common Otter, Lutra vulgaris, Linn., as it exists in England; and of some difference in the size of the ears and in the proportions of other parts; Mr. Ogilby has long considered the Irish Otter as constitut- ing a distinct species; and he feels strengthened in this view of ‘the subject by the peculiarity of its habitation and manners. It is, in fact, to a considerable extent a marine animal, being found chiefly along the coast of the county of Antrim, living in hollows and caverns formed by the scattered masses of the basaltic columns of that coast, and constantly betaking itself to the sea when alarmed or hunted. It feeds chiefly on the salmon, and as it is consequently injurious to the fishery, a premium is paid for its destruction; and there are many persons who make a profession of hunting it, earning a liveli- hood by the reward paid for it and by disposing of its skm. Mr. Ogilby stated his intention of comparing it minutely with the com- mon Otter as soon as he should be enabled to do so by the possession of entire subjects, and especially of attending to the comparison of the osteological structures. He added that he proposed to desig- nate it, provisionally, as the Lutra Roensis, in honour of the lady by whom it was presented. Mr. Owen read a “ Description of a recent Clavagella,” founded on the examination of an individual brought home by Mr. Cuming and imbedded in siliceous. grit. The portion of rock contained the whole of the expanded cavity excavated for the abode of the animal, to- gether with the fixed valve of its shell and about an inch of its cal- _ careous tube: the loose smaller valve was detached from the soft _ parts. Mr. Owen describes in detail the fixed valve, which cor- responds to the left side of the animal’s body ; the attachment to it~ of the adductor muscles, two in number ; its passage into the cal- careous tube by a continuance of the shelly substance ; the tube it- self, which communicates with the posterior part of the chamber next the side which corresponds with the ventral surface of the ani- _ mal; and the free valve. He regards it as probable that the animal _ of this species, having penetrated into the rock for a certain distance, _ then becomes stationary, and limits its operations to enlarging its _ chamber to the extent required for the development of its ovary : _ this enlargement takes place in the dorsal,- dextral, and anterior directions. The soft parts of Clavagella form an irregularly quadrate mass, convex anteriorly, rather flattened at the sides, and slightly narrow- _ ing towards the posterior end, from which the smooth rounded si- _ phon is continued. This contains the anal and branchial canals, _ which are separated by a strong muscular septum, but do not pro- ject as distinct tubes: in this respect Clavagella agrees with Gastro- 112 chena and Aspergillum. The mantle isa closed sac, having only an upening for the passage of the siphon and a small slit at the opposite end for the passage of a rudimentary foot: the use of this slit in Clavagella is obviously different from that assigned by M. Riippell to the corresponding structure in Aspergillum. Mr. Owen describes the mantle and its structure ; the siphon; and the thick mass of muscular fibres at the anterior part of the mantle, which forms probably one of the principal instruments in the work of excavation : he also notices the great development, as com- pared with the size of the animal, of the adductor muscles. He then proceeds to the viscera, which generally agree with the typical structure in other Bivalves. ‘The digestive system, which accords with that which is usual in Acephalous Mollusca, is described; as are also the respiratory and circulating systems, the principal ner- vous ganglia, and the ovary. The paper was accompanied by drawings illustrative of the several structures described in it. The specimen described belongs to the species termed by Mr. Broderip Clavagella lata. se ea ‘ 113 October 14, 1834. William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Sir Robert Ker Porter, Corr. Memb. Z.S., dated Caraccas, July 24, 1834. In re- ference to the Tortoises (Testudo Carbonaria, Spix,) presented to the Society by the writer in the spring of the present year (see p. 41), it stated that they are regarded as a great delicacy at Caraccas, and sold as such in the market. It also stated that some eggs of Curas- sows, or Powies, spoken of in a previous letter, had been placed under a hen, but had not produced young, having, as Sir Robert imagines, been by some accident injured in the shell. He had, however, a few days previously to the date of his letter, placed another, just laid by _ the bird, and hoped to be more successful, in which case he promises _ to give some particulars relative to the experiment. A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by the Hon. Byron _ Cary, dated His Majesty’s ship Dublin, Sept. 25, 1834, giving some particulars relative to a large specimen of the Tortoise from the Gal- _ lapagos Island, presented by the writer to the Society. The spe- _ cimen weighs 187 lbs. and measures in length, over the curve of the _ dorsal shell 3 feet 8: inches, and along the ventral shell 2 feet 34 q inches, its girth round the middle being 6 feet 34 inches. It is consequently much smaller than several specimens of the Indian Tor- -_toise from the Seychelles Islands which have at different times been _ exhibited in the Society’s Garden; the weight and measurements of one of which are given in the Proceedings of the Society for 1833, _ p. 81. The lateral compression of the anterior part of the dorsal ‘shell, and the elevation of its front margin, by which the Gallapagos Tortoise is distinguished from the Indian, are in this specimen strongly marked. The following notes by Mr. Martin of the dissection of a specimen of the Mangue (Crossarchus obscurus, F. Cuv.) were read. _ ‘* The dissection was strongly confirmatory of the justice of the Po sition ise for the animal, notwithstanding its plantigrade the latter seed it bears in its general external aspect and charac- ers a marked affinity ; in both we find the pupil circular, and the ‘muzzle elongated, pointed, and moveable. Nor is there much less correspondence in their general anatomy. Fortunately the notes of the dissection of two Suricates, which were living for a considerable period in the possession of the Society, have enabled me to make an accurate comparison. The notes to which I allude are by Mr. Owen, and will be found in the First Part of the ‘ Proceedings of the Com- ittee of Science and Correspondence’ for 1830-1, pp. 39 and 51. “ The Mangue which I had the opportunity of examining was a No. - XXII. ProcEEDINGS oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 114 female, and measured in the length of its body 1 foot: the tail was imperfect. The animal was in good condition; indeed it was rather too much loaded with fat to be perfectly active. On the abdomen being opened the liver and the small intestines presented themselves, the latter being covered by: an extensive omentum; the stomach was concealed beneath the liver. The liver was tripartite, with a lobulus Spigelii, and consisted of one large right, and two left lobes; the latter together not exceeding in size the single one on the right. On the under surface of the right lobe, near the edge, lay the gall- bladder, almost globular in shape, and measuring nearly $ths of an inch from the fundus to the neck. It was full of dark greenish bile. At the distance of ths of an inch from the neck, the biliary duct was joined by the hepatic: the ductus choledochus communis then continued on for more than 3 an inch, and entered the duodenum about 4 of an inch below the pylorus. The spleen, flat, elongated, and narrow, occupied the usual situation, and was enveloped in a fold of omentum, giving, when stretched out, a width of 14 inch. On turning back the stomach, the pancreatic gland was seen, hav- ing a large process situated beneath the spleen and stomach; the portion immediately covered by the latter dilating and forming a ring, attached to the duodenum for the distance of 3 inches. In the Suricate, this viscus is very similar, both in figure and situation. Mr. Owen observes that ‘‘a transverse portion extends from the spleen behind the stomach to the pylorus; it then divides and forms a circle, which lies in the concavity of the great curve of the duode- num ;” and subsequently notices its resemblance to “‘ the neutral symbol of the entomologist 9.’ Such also is the figure of the pancreas of the Mangue. «The stomach wasvery muscular, with longitudinal strié along its larger curvature, and singularly contracted in the middle. It is to be observed, however, that it was perfectly empty : when distended with air, the strie and contraction disappeared. «« The small intestines did not much exceed a common quill in cir- cumference; they decreased in size from the duodenum, which was very delicate. The small intestines measured 4 feet 2; inches, and the large 4; inches, without bands, or sacculi. ‘The cecum was 1 inch in length and pointed. On each side of the anus were situated two follicles of the size of a small horsebean, containing a thick unc- tuous, but nearly inodorous matter. They opened externally on the verge of the anus. “The kidneys, of which the right was rather higher than the left, were of the usual shape, and 1 inch in length. Their cortical structure was very distinct; the ¢wbuli terminated in one large co- nical papilla. On the outer surface there ramified an arborescence of small veins, as in the Cat, but by no means so beautifully and re- gularly distributed. In this respect also the Mangue agrees with the Suricate, as well as with the Viverride generally. The supra-renal glands were flat and oval; their external coat was grey; and beneath this was spread an inner layer, resembling liver in colour and texture. ; 7 Ps 115 “The bladder was small and contracted : the uterus measured + an inch, its cornua 14 inch, and the vagina 14 inch, its internal lining _ being puckered longitudinally. __ “The lungs consisted of three lobes on the right, and two on the _ left side ; in the Suricate there are four on the right and three on the _ left. The heart is obtuse at itsapez, and of a thick rounded figure, being _ ¢ths of an inch from the base to the apex and 14 in breadth across the _ base. The tongue was 2 inches long, smooth at the sides, but covered in the centre towards the tip with retroverted sharp bristly papille : at the base were three isolated papille forming a crescent, thus o,°. _ The sublingual giands were of the size of hazel-nuts. The epiglottis was _ pointed and curled forwards : the number of rings in the trachea was _ thirty-eight. The thyroid glands were situated on each side of the __ twelve upper rings of the trachea ; they were of large size, measuring _ $ths of an inch in length. The esophagus exhibited longitudinal ruge. along its inner surface. ‘In the disproportion between the large and small intestines; in _ their small circumference; in the form of the cecum; in the venous _ ramifications on the surface of the kidneys; as well as in other mi- nor points ; we cannot fail to observe the close similarity, not alone between the Mangue and the Suricate, but between both these ani- _ mals and the Viverrid@ in general.” __ A collection was exhibited of skins of Birds, formed by B. H. _ Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., in Nepal, and presented by him _ tothe Society. These birds were brought under the notice of the _ Meeting by Mr. Gould, who, at the request of the Chairman, pointed _ out the most interesting among them, both as regarded the Society’s collection, and with reference to their novelty or the peculiarities of _ their form. As, however, Mr. Hodgson himself purposes to describe at length the characters and habits of the several species in his pro- _ posed ‘ Zoology of Nepal,’ Mr. Gould abstained from entering more particularly into those topics. __ A paper was read “ On Clavagella, by W.J.Broderip, Esq.” It ~ ‘Was accompanied by drawings illustrative of the new species de- cribed in it. hen Lamarck established it for the reception of four fossil species, two of which he had previously referred to his genus Fistulana. A ent species was subsequently described and figured by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, in his ‘Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells,’ under thename of Clav. aperta; and a second recent species, Clav. Australis, has Since been described and figured by the same conchologist; M. Audouin has noticed another recent Shell which he refers to this hus ; and some details have been published by M. Rang of an ad- onal recent species, his Clav. Rapa. The collection of Mr. Cum- furnishes another recent species, the anatomy of which formed the subject of a paper read by Mr. Owen at the last Meeting of the Society; there exists yet another in that of Mr.’ Isaac Lyon Gold- smid; and another in those of Mr. Cuming and Mr. Miller. 116 A close examination of the recent species which he has observed has convinced Mr. Broderip that although one valve of the shell is always fixed or imbedded in the chamber formed in the hard sur- rounding substance, the tube is not necessarily continued into a com- plete testaceous clavate shape, and that consequently the character assigned by Lamarck to the genus requires emendation. The fixed valve is in all these species continued on to the tube. In Mr. Cuming’s the perforated shelly plates are situated not far from the throat of the tube, one on either side; while in Mr. Gold- smid’s the perforated plate is single, and seated at the anterior or greater end of the ovate chamber, being in the smaller individual joined laterally to the anterior ventral edge of the fixed valve, and in the larger one wholly isolated from it. In all the specimens the anterior edge of the fixed valve is surrounded by the naked wall of the chamber. After remarking on the difficulty of clearly defining species where the roughness or smoothness of the surface of the shell and even its shape may depend upon the greater or less degree of hardness of the material of which the chamber is formed; where colour also is absent; and from specimens of which the tubes are broken; Mr. Broderip proceeds to suggest the following distinguishing characters. The first two may, he remarks, hereafter prove to be mere varieties, although he is strongly disposed to regard them as constituting distinct species : CuavaGELia ELoNGATA. Clav. camerd elongato-ovatd ; valud liberd elongatd, subtrigond, convexd, extern? concentricé valde rugosd, intus nitente ; umbone acuto. Hab. in Oceano Pacifico ? Mus. Goldsmid. The wall of the coral chamber against which the free valve rested gives as exact an impression of the external rugosities of that valve as if the valve had been applied to a surface of wax. CLAVAGELLA LATA. Clav. camera rotundato-ovatd ; valvd liberd latiusculd, subtrigond, subconvexd, externé concentrice rugosd, intis nitente ; umbone subrotundato. Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. Mus. Cuming. Both valves are nacreous internally ; and the muscular impres- sions, especially in the fixed valve, are very strong. CuavaGetia Meuirensis. Clav. testd subrotundatd, rugosd, intis subnitente ; tubo longitudinaliter corrugato. Hab. ad Melitam. Muss. Cuming, Miller. It is not impossible, from its locality, that this may turn out to be M. Audouin’s species, if that should prove to be a true Clavagella. M. Sander Rang’s remarks, however, go far to show that a Sicilian Shell referred to this genus, has been incorrectly so referred, in as much as it has no fixed valve. The one described above has the fixed valve continued on to the shelly tube as in the other recent species of the genus Clavagella. 7 . 117 Mr. Broderip conjectures that Clavagella may be in its very young e a free Bivalve, floating at large until it arrives at some vacant e that suits it, when it attaches one valve to the wall of the hole, ad proceeds to secrete the tube or siphonic sheath, to enlarge the amber according to its necessities, and to secrete the shelly per- ‘ated plate which is to give admission to the water at the prac- _ ficable part of the chamber. The excavation may probably be as- _ sisted by the secretion from the glands observed by Mr. Owen, and _ evidently cannot be effected in the greater end of the chamber by _ mere mechanical attrition; but the solvent secretion must be one of _ extensive powers to act on such different substances as siliceous _ grit, the coral of an Astreopora, calcareous grit, and argillo-calca- _ Teous tufa, in which respectively were found the Clav. Australis, _ Clav. elongata, Clav. lata, and Clav. Melitensis. Adverting to the different depths at which these several species were found, which varied from near low-water mark to sixty-six feet, Mr. Broderip remarks, that inferences as to the state of submersion _ of a rock during the lifetime of the fossil species which there occur, _ ought consequently to be made with caution by the geologist. __ In conclusion he observes, that though the genus Clavagella is in _ its recent state at present rare, itis in all probability widely dif- _ fused; and suggests to collectors a careful examination of masses _ of coral and submerged perforated rocks with a view to the further _ elucidation of the habits and structure of these and other interest- _ ing animals. 118 October 28, 1834. Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair. Living specimens were exhibited of a species of Bee from South . America, together with portions of its Comb, contained in the fissure of a log of wood. They were presented to the Society by Mr. Bigg, who stated, in a note accompanying the specimens, that they were found about three weeks since on splitting a log of peachwood from the Brazils for the use of a dye-house, on the premises of Mr. Apple- gath, a calico-printer at Crayford in Kent. The wood had been previously lying in the docks, and had been perhaps eighteen months from the Brazils. Mr. Curtis, to whom specimens were submitted for examination, states that they belong to the genus Trigona, Jur., and form a very pretty and apparently undescribed species. Mr. Yarrell exhibited preparations of both sexes of Syngnathus Acus, Linn., and Syngn. Typhie, Ej., in illustration of the following extract from the manuscript notes of the late John Walcott, Esq., author of ‘A Synopsis of British Birds,’ ‘ History of Bath Fossils,’ and ‘ Flora Britannica Indigena.’ This manuscript, which is volu- minous, and relates wholly to British Fishes, was written during the author’s residence at Teignmouth, in the years 1784 and 1785, and has been forwarded by his son William Walcott, Esq., of South- ampton, to Mr. Yarrell, for his use in a projected work on ‘ British Fishes.’ “« Syngnathus Acus and Typhle.—The male differs from the female in the belly from the vent to the tail fin being much broader, and in having for about two thirds of its length two soft flaps, which fold together and form a false belly. They breed in the summer, the fe- males casting their roe into the false belly of the male. This I have asserted from having examined many, and having constantly found, early in the summer, roe in those without a false belly, but never any in those with; and on opening them later in the summer there has been no roe in (what I have termed) the female, but only in the false belly of the male.” The specimens exhibited of females of Syngn. Acus and Typhle had no anal pouch, and the opened abdomen exposed two lobes of ova of large size in each. The anal pouch is peculiar to the males, and is closed by two elongated flaps. On separating these flaps and ex- posing the inside, the ova, large and yellow, were seen lining the pouch in some specimens, while in others the hemispheric depres- sions from which the ova had been but lately removed were very obvious. In each of these the opened abdomen exhibited true testes. Mr. Walcott adds: ‘‘ They begin to breed when only between 4 and 5 inches long.” A specimen of Syngn. Acus, nearly 16 inches long, was exhibited, indicating, probably, its extreme growth. A female eS ee “aia f 119 the same species, only 4 inches long, was also shown, the abdo- of which contained two lobes of enlarged ova, which, to all ap- _ pearance, would have been deposited in a few days. _ Specimens of males and females of Syngn. Ophidion, Linn., were also exhibited. In this species neither male nor female possesses an anal ae but the ova are carried by the male in hemispheric depres- gions on the external surface of the abdomen, anterior to the anus. - All the specimens examined having these external depressions proved _ to be males, with the testes in the abdomen very obvious: those _ without external depressions proved to be all females, internally provided with two lobes of enlarged ova. The males of this species, when taken by Mr. Yarrell from the sea, had one ovum of the size and colour of a mustard-seed fixed in each cup-shaped depression, _ but time and the effects of a long journey had removed them: Dr. Fleming in his ‘ History of British Animals,’ page 176, states the length of Syngn. Ophidion at about 5 inches: some of Mr. Yarrell’s _ Specimens measured 9 inches. __ Mr. Yarrell further stated that the males of Syngn. Acus carry their living young in the anal pouch, even after they have been hatched there. He had been frequently told by fishermen that on opening them they had found the living young within the pouch, which they called the belly ; and that if these young were shaken out _ into the water over the side of the boat, they did not swim away, but _ when the parent fish was held in the water in a favourable position, the young would again enter the pouch. It was observed by M. Agassiz, that the fact of the males of cer- tain species of the genus Syngnathus carrying the ova in a peculiar abdominal pouch, after their exclusion by the female, had been no- ticed on the Continent by Eckstrém, Retzius, and Marcklin; and that he had himself made the same observation. _ M. Agassiz exhibited drawings of several species of Lepisosteus, together with some of the details of their internal organization; and, at the request of the Chairman, explained his views with regard to r systematic arrangement and structure, as well as to their rela- ons with various genera of fossil fishes, and the coincidence of some ts of their internal anatomy with that of Reptiles. He described ‘new species observed by him in the British Museum, taking his acters principally from the form and sculpture of the scales, the ace or absence of the short rays at the base of the caudal and fins, and the variations in the form and disposition of the teeth. erence to their internal structure, he particularly called the at- m of the Meeting to the large and regular slit by which the ming-bladder communicates with the pharynx; which he re- ded as bearing even a closer resemblance to the entrance of the trachea of the pulmoniferous Vertebrata in general, than the aperture y means of which the lungs communicate with the pharynz in the nnibranchiate Amphibia. He conceived, therefore, that the ana- ny of these fishes offers a conclusive argument in favour of the theory, long since proposed, that the swimming-bladder of Fishes is 120 analogous to the lungs of the other Vertebrata. He spoke of the num- ber of the cecal appendages as greater in Lepisosteus than in any other fish which he had dissected; and referring to certain fossil bo- dies by which geologists have long been puzzled, and which have been regarded as fossil worms, he stated his opinion, from the close resemblance between the two, that they are in reality the cecal ap- pendages of the fossil fishes, in whose company they are generally found. Mr. Gray exhibited young shells of Argonauta Argo and Arg. hi- ans, with the view of calling the attention of the Society to a new argument in favour of the opinion that the animal (Ocythoé) found in the shells of this genus is parasitic. This argument is founded on the size of what Mr. Gray has termed the nucleus of the shell, viz. that original portion of it which covered the animal within the egg, and which is usually found to differ in surface and appearance from the remainder of the shell formed after its exclusion from the egg. Inthe specimens exhibited Mr. Gray described the nucleus as blunt, rounded, thin, slightly and irregularly concentrically wrinkled, and destitute of the radiating waves which are common to the adult shells of all the species of this genus. These waves he stated to commence immediately below the thin hemispherical tips, and he therefore entertained no doubt that those tips constituted the nucleus of the shell, and covered the embryo of the animal at the period of its exclusion from the egg. Judging from the size of this portion of the shell, which in one of the specimens measured nearly one third of an inch in diameter, and was consequently many times larger than the largest eggs of the Ocythoé found within the Argonaut shells, Mr. Gray inferred that it must have been produced by an animal whose eggs are of much greater magnitude. The Ocythoé cannot therefore, he conceived, be the constructor of the shell, and its true artificer still remains to be discovered. Mr. Gray further remarked, with reference to Poli’s statement that he had observed the rudiment of a shell on the back of the embryo of Ocythoé examined by him, that he has himself uniformly found, in all the eggs of Mollusca which he has examined, the shell well developed, even before the develop- ment of the various organs of the embryo. With respect to the ar- gument derived from the want of muscular attachment, he observed that the animal of Carinaria (to which he considered it probable that that of Argonauta is most nearly related), although firmly attached to the shell, while living, separates from it with the greatest ease when preserved in spirits, being from its gelatinous nature very rea- dily dissolved. . These circumstances, -he conceived, might fairly ac- te a a count for the animal-of Carinaria having been, until very recently, — unknown, and for that of Argonauta still remaining undiscovered. 12] November 11, 1834. Dr. Marshall Hall, in the Chair. A specimen was exhibited of a species of Monacanthus, Cuv., re- markable for having on each side of the body, about midway between the pectoral and caudal fins, a bundle of long and strong spines di- rected backwards. The species was figured in Willughby’s ‘ Historia Piscium,’ and a description of it by Lister is contained in the Appen- dix to that work; but it appears not to have been noticed by subse- quent observers, and to have been altogether overlooked or rejected by systematic writers. Lister’s specimen of the Fish was preserved in the collection of William Courten, the founder of the museum which became subsequently the property of Sir Hans Sloane, and eventually formed the basis of the British Museum: that brought under the notice of the Meeting belongs to the Museum of the Army _ Medical Department at Chatham, and was exhibited with the per- _ mission of Sir James Macgrigor. It was accompanied by a sega _ tion by Staff-Surgeon Burton, which was read. _ Monacantaus Hystrix. Mon. lateribus in medio 6—7-spinosis, , spinis validis longioribus. a oo Hystrix, List., in Will. Hist. Pise., App. p. 21. Tab.S.21. _ “Length 7 inches. Colour black. Skin crowded with rough grains; _ asmooth spot behind the gills; towards the tail assuming the charac- ter of rhomboid scales, but the granular form continued over the caudal ¥ fin. On the sides, about one third of its length from the tail, is fixed _ a cluster of six or seven strong free spines from } to 1 inch in length, _ capable of erection and depression. __ . Dorsal spine very strong, about 14 inch long, subtriangular, h serrated edges, and grained, except towards the point: when not erected it is lodged in a deep groove on the back. Extremity _ of the pelvis salient, and terminating in two sharp short spines. Se- In front of the eyes a small fossa covered with a membrane, ex- f in its centre, where it is perforated by a minute olfactory fo- . “ Teeth i in the upper jaw eight, the two middle incisors placed di- 5 ly in front of the second pair, in a groove of which they are Tega, so that no part of these last are visible externally, except a process at the cutting edge; the outer teeth trigonal. The _ teeth of the lower jaw differ materially from the generic character, _ their number being only four, of which the two middle ones are by far the largest in the mouth. On this account, and also on ac- count of the nature of its covering,—which partakes of the granular character of that of Monacanthus and Aluterus, Cuv., and of the rhom- No. XXIII. Procerpines or tue Zootocicat Socrery. 122 boidal scales of Balistes, Ej.,—this fish might be regarded as the type of a distinct subgenus among the Balistide. “The strong dorsal spine, the spinous processes of the pelvic bones, and the cluster of lateral spines, added to the tough indu- vated epidermis of this fish, form an armour excellently adapted for its protection against its more powerful enemies. «« It is an inhabitant of the Indian Ocean, frequenting the shores and coral reefs. The present specimen was brought from the Mau- ritius by Dr. Hibbert, Surgeon, 99th Regiment. This species is stated to be also found abundantly on the western coast of Australia, where it is known to the settlers by the name of “ leather-jacket,” —a denomination which is probably applied to it in common with other species of Balistide.” Mr. Gray exhibited a drawing of this specimen, and stated his intention of publishing a figure of it in the concluding Number of the ‘Illustrations of Indian Zoology,’ which is about to appear. Mr. Gray called the attention of the Meeting to two new species of Sturgeon; one from China, of which he exhibited a specimen, and the other from the Mississippi, of which he showed a drawing taken from aspecimen in the British Museum. ‘The former species belongs to the same section of the genus with the Acipenser glaber of Mar- sigli, characterized by its conical muzzle, and the smooth and silvery nature of the skin between its 5 rows of plates. It was sent to En- gland by Mr. John Russell Reeves, and is distinguished by the fol- lowing characters : AcrpEnser Sinensis. Acip. levis, superneé brunneus; rostro gra- cili, conico, acuto, mutico; fronte arcuato; scutis seriei dorsalis 15—16, radiatim sulcatis, alté carinatis, carind postice uniden- tatd, anterioribus gradatim minoribus, duobus ultimis ecarinatis ; serierum lateralium brevioribus, carind postice bidentatd ; caudd su- perne serie radiorum simplicium, ad latera squamis angustis tectd. Hab. in China. Scuta dorsalia 16; lateralia superiora 40—41, inferiora 13—14. The other species was stated by Mr. Gray to belong to a new sec- tion intermediate between the true Sturgeons and the Spatularie, having a broad expanded muzzle, flat above, shelving on the sides, and concave, and furnished with a central ridge beneath. ACIPENSER CATAPHRACTUS. Acip. brunneus, squamis parvis rugo- sis caudam versits majoribus levioribusque ; rostro depresso apice spatulato, carind laterali occipiteque ad latera spinosis ; scutis ru- gosis, acute carinatis, carind postice unidentatd ; vertebralibus posterioribus muticis, lateralibus posterioribus multo majoribus. Acipenser cataphractus. Rapp, MSS. Hab. in fluvio Mississippi. The beards are 4 in number; and the hinder part of the body elongated, slender, and depressed. The snout is composed of a large number of small long bones, radiately grooved, owing perhaps to the 123 youth of the specimen. It has a group of six recurved spines just be- hind the apex, and a series of small spines on the ridge which runs on each side from the apew to the anterior angle of the eye. There is also a small blunt spine on each side of the middle of the frontal region; and two others are placed on the bones over the hinder part of the gill-flap. The latter form the commencement of a series of carinated shields. The small scales are rough; and the shields form- ing the lateral lines are radiately grooved, and furnished witha sharp continued keel, terminating posteriorly in a spine. The larger plates on the hinder part of the body are smooth, with a few longitudinal ridges, and emarginate at the aper. ‘There are 17 plates on the dor- sal ridge, of which the third is the smallest; 47 or 49 in the upper lateral series, among which the anterior are much the smallest, their _ length increasing gradually as they approach the tail, and this in- crease being more marked after passing the ventral, and again after passing the anal, fins; and 15 or 16 in the lower lateral series. The exhibition was resumed of the Shells collected by Mr. Cuming on the Western Coast of South America, and among the Islands of _ the South Pacific Ocean. Those exhibited at the Meeting were ac- _ companied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and comprehended _ the following apparently undescribed species of the Genus FissuRELLA. _ Fissurenza maxima. Fiss, testd ovato-oblongd, depressiusculd, crassd ; intis albd, margine lato, undulato, pallescente fusco ar- ticulato; extts radiatim sulcatd, rugosd, albido-cinerascente fusco , radiatd ; aperturd dorsali ovatd : long. 5, lat. 3'4 poll. _ © Hab. ad Valparaiso. __ © In the young shells the internal margin is proportionally broader than in those which are more fully grown: in some specimens this _ margin shows a very great development of crystalline structure. Found on exposed rocks and under stones at low water.—G.B.S. FissurELLA Grannis. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, elevatiusculd, pos- tice latiore, crassa ; intis albd, margine latiusculo, subundulato, __ einerascente ; extiis levigatd, purpureo-nigrd, radiis numerosissi- _- -mis saturatioribus ; aperturd dorsali majusculd, oblongd, extis la- ___ tiore, antic? subdeclivi: long. 4, lat. 2°6 poll. __ Hab. ad Valparaiso et ad Insulam Chiloe sub lapidibus littorali- bus. —G. B.S. ; _ Fissureia timsata. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressiusculd, ___ posticé latiore, crassiusculd ; intiis albd, margine latiusculo, subun- dato, pallescente, lined internd purpureo-nigrd ; eatis levigatd, _ rosaceo-fuscescente, radiis rufescentibus ; aperturd dorsali elon- gata, mediané subcoarctatd : long. 3, lat. 1-9 poll. _ Hab. ad Valparaiso. % In young shells the internal line of the margin is broader and more _ deeply coloured than in the more fully developed specimens. Nearly __ all the fully grown shells are so deeply eroded as to have lost almost 124 all traces of coloured rays. The younger shells, which retain the coloured rays, are found in exposed situations at low water. A representation of the inside of this shell has been given in my ‘ Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells’, under the name of Fiss. picta, Lam., from which it is nevertheless very distinct. Found on exposed rocks.—G. B. 8. FissuRELLA BIRADIATA (Frembly MSS.). Fiss. testd ovatd, an- tice subacuminatd, elevatiusculd, crassiusculd ; intis albd, mar- gine latiusculo; purpurascenti-fusco ; extis radiatim striatd, pur- purascenti-fuscd, plerumque radiis duobus (utroque latere unico) pallescentibus ; aperturd dorsali oblongd: long. 3°8, lat. 2°7 poll. Hab. ad Valparaiso sub lapidibus littoralibus. In this, as well as in several others, the margin varies somewhat in width ; it is, however, generally broader in the young shells. The fully grown specimens sometimes lose the two light-coloured rays. Found also at Iquiqui in Peru.—G. B. 8. FissurELLA LATA. Fiss. testd ovali, elevatiusculd, crassiusculd ; intus albd, margine latiusculo, pallescente, rosaceo-maculato ; ex- tits cinerascente, radiatim costellatd, costellis subtuberculatis, ra- diis coloratis purpureo-rufis ; aperturd dorsali ovato-oblongd : long. 3°3, lat. 2°5 poll. Hab. ad Insulam 8. Marie, Chilensis. This species approaches, in form and colouring, very nearly to Fiss. picta, Lam. Found in exposed places.—G. B. 8. FissurELLA Putcura. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressd, antice angustiore, crassiusculd ; intis albd, margine latiusculo, subundu- lato, purpurascenti-fusco ; extiis purpureo-cinerascente, radtis rufo-purpureis maculisque albis et violaceis concinné pictd ; aper- turd dorsali centrali, posticé inclinatd : long. 2°5, lat. 1°6 poll. Hab. ad Valparaiso. Oss. Testa junior radiatim subcostellata. Variat testa tota extis purpurascenti-fusca, unicolore. Found on the rocks.—G. B. 8. FIssurELLA oRIENS. iss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressd, crassius- culd ; intus albd, margine angustiore, plerumque pallescente ; ex- tas pallidd fusco nigro vel roseo radiatd ; aperturd dorsali ob- longd, mediané latiore: long. 2°7, lat. 1°6 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Chiloe sub lapidibus littoralibus. Variat testa extis obsoleté picta, margine interno paullé latiore. Hab. ad Valparaiso, rupibus adherens.—G. B. 8. FissurELtA Cuixensis. iss. testd ellipticd, depressd, radiatim costellatd, costellis rugosis ; intts albd, margine lato, pallescente, nonnunquam fusco maculato ; extis cinerascente, radiis fuscis pal- lidis plerumque pictd; aperturd dorsali oblonga, subcentrali: long. 2°4, lat. 1°8 poll. Hab. ad Valparaiso. Found on rocks in exposed situations at low water.—G. B.S. ee ~__ 125 Fissurgtia opscura. iss. testd ovato-oblongd, radiatim costatd, costellis obtusis, latiusculis ; intis virescente, margine undulato, crenulato, pallidiore ; extis coloribus variis radiatim pictd, punctis nigris nonnullis prope aperturam dorsalem radiantibus ; aperturd dorsali subelongatd, median latiore, rimd internd rufo marginatd : long. 1-1, lat. 0-7 poll. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G. B. S. FissurELLA ViREscens. iss. testd ovatd, elevatiusculd, radiatim costatd et striatd; intds virescente, margine pallidiore, undulato et crenulato ; extits pallide virescente fusco-virescente obscure ra- diatd, margine costellis crenato; apertura dorsali oblongd, ertis utringue coarctatd : long. 1°8, lat. 1°4 poll. Hab. ad Panamam. Found in exposed situations at low water.—G. B.S. FIssURELLA NIGROPUNCTATA. Fiss. testd ovatd, elevatiusculd, an- tice angustiore, costellato-radiatd ; ints virescente, margine pal- lidiore, crenulato, nigro punctato ; extis pallide virescente, pune- tulis elongatis nigris confertim digestis radiatd ; apertura dorsali oblonga, lateribus extiis subconnatis : long. 1°6, lat. 1-1 poll. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. Variat testa intis alba; rima aperture dorsalis nigro marginata. Hab. ad Insulam Lobos sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G. B.S. FissuRELLA MAcRoTREMA, Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, elevatius- culd, antic? angustiore, radiatim striatd 3 intas virescente, mar- gine nigro variegato; extis plerumque virescente rufo fusco vel nigrescente radiatd; aperturd dorsali elongatd, lateribus extits co- arctatis, utringue unidentatis : long. 1-4, lat. 0-9 poll. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. Variat testa extiis purpurascenti-nigra, Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. Variat etiam testa extis virescente, radiis rufescentibus obscuris. Hab. ad Lambeyeque. Variat iterum testA extis rosaceo-virescente, radiis rufis; aperture dorsalis margine interno roseo. Hab. ad Insulam Lobos sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G. B. S. Fissure.ua arrinis, Gray. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, elevatiusculd, antice angustiore, radiatim plis minisve muricatim striatd, non- nunguam fere levigato-striatd, plerumque purpurascenti-nigra ; ints albd, margine angusto, nigricante ; apertura dorsali parvd, ovali: long. 1-7, lat. 1-2 poll. Hab. ad Insulas Mexillones et Lobos, et ad Iquiqui. Variat testa rufescenti-nigra. Hab. ad Valparaiso. Oss. Teste juniores pallide, radiatim picte.—G. B.S. FissurELLa Microtrema. Fiss. testd ovatd, depressiusculd, ra- diatim scabroso-striatd ; intits virescente, margine angustissimo, nigricante ; extis fuscd, obscure subradiatim coloribus variis pictd ; 126 aperturd dorsali minimd, margine limbi interni nigricante: long. 0:9, lat. 0°6 poll. Hab. ad Real Llejos, Americz Centralis. The dorsal perforation in this species is so small, and the colora- tion so dark, that it is difficult at first sight to perceive that it is really a Fissurella. Found under stones.—G. B.S. FissuRELLA 1nzQuALIS. Fiss. testd oblongd, tenui, subdepressd, la- tere antico brevi, postico longo; intis albicante, margine albo ni- groque vario, crenulato; extis radiatim striatd, concinné decus- satd, olivaced albicante subradiatim variegatd; aperturd dorsali anticd, oblongd, utrinque bidentatd : long. 1°1, lat. 0°6 poll. Hab. ad Guacomayo et ad Insulas Gallapagos sub lapidibus litto- ralibus.—G. B.S. FissureLua Pica. Fiss. testd oblongd, tenui, subdepressd, latere antico brevi, postico longo; intis albicante, margine crenulato; ex- tus radiatim striatd, concinné decussatd, albd olivaceo variegatd ; aperturd dorsali anticd, ellipticd, fere circulari, parvd: long. 1-, lat. 0°57 poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam et ad Insulas Gallapagos. Variat testa albicante, radiatim olivaceo fasciata. Found on dead shells in from six to eight fathoms water.— G. B.S. FissuRELLA Cuemnitzit. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressius- culd, crassiusculd, lateribus subcompressis , extremitatibus levatis; intis albd, impressione musculari prope marginem conspicud; ex- tus radiatim subsulcatd, subdecussatd, pallescente roseo subradiatd ; aperturd dorsali magnd, ovali, rimd internd latd : long. 2°2, lat. 1°4 poll. Hab.? The only specimen I have ever seen of this species was in the Tankerville Collection, from which, after several vicissitudes, it has at length found its way to Mr. Cuming’s. This remarkable shell is represented by Martini (I. t. xi. f. 100), whose figure is cited by Lamarck as a representation of Fiss. Greca. —G.B.S5. FissURELLA LATIMARGINATA. iss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressd, crassiusculd, anticé angustiore; intis albd, margine lato rufes- centi-nigro, crenulato; extis radiatim creberrime striata, rufes- centi-nigrd ; aperturd dorsali oblongd: long. 2°8, lat. 1°8 poll. Hab. ad Valparaiso et ad Iquiqui. Found on the rocks.—G. B.S. FIssuRELLA TRAPEZINA. iss. testd subtrapeziformi, rotundato- angulatd, antice angustiore, depressd, extremitatibus levatis ; in- tis albd, impressione musculari prope marginem remotd, margine incrassato ; extiis concentricé subsulcatd, pallidd fusco radiata ; aperturd dorsali magnd, latd, antic? latiore: long. 0°95, lat. 0°8 poll. 7 * 127 Hab. ad Caput Bone Spei. This exceedingly rare species has existed in our collections for many years.—G. B.S. FissuRELLA =QuaLis. Fiss. testd oblongd, depressd, extremitati- bus fere equalibus ; intis albd, margine incrassato, impressione musculari prope marginem remotd; extis levi, albicante fusco ra- diatd, vel fuscd albicante radiatd; aperturd dorsali magnd, 0b- longa, latd : long. 0°85, lat. 0°5 poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. Found on dead shells in from six to ten fathoms.—G. B.S. FissurELLA FULVEScENS. Fiss. testd oblongd, depressd, fulves- cente, extremitate anticd angustiore ; intis lacted, margine sub- incrassato, subreflexo ; extis levigatd, radiatim substriatd et rufo pictd ; aperturd oblonga, lateribus obsolete bidentatis : long. 1:6, lat. 0°9 poll. Hab. ad Valparaiso sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G. B.S. aa ISSURELLA niGRITA. Fiss. testd ovali, depressd, lateribus sub- compressis, extremitatibus levatis ; intis albd, marginibus postico lateralibusque incrassatis ; extis nigrd, radiatim striatd ; aper- turd dorsali magnd, ovali, marae’ levi, albo: long 1°, lat. 0°6 poll. _ Hab.?—G.B.8. _ Fissurenra aspera. iss. testd ovali, altiusculd, asperd, postice longiore ; intiis cinerascente, margine albo, crenulato, extis cos- tellis numerosis radiantibus decussatim muricatis ; aperturd dor- sali circulari ante verticem elevatam positd: long. 1°, lat. 0°8 poll. Hab. ad Pacosmayo.—G. B.S. FIsSURELLA ASPERELLA. Fiss. testd ovali, depressiusculd, asperelld ; intis virescente, margine crenulato; extus cinerascente, striis nu- _ merosis radiantibus, radiisque coloratis rufo-cinerascentibus ; aper- turd dorsali oblongd, dente utrinque extiis elevato: long. 0°85, lat. — 0°5 poll. _ Hab. ad Insulam Lobos:sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G.B.S. FissurRELLA MUTABILIS. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, coloribus variis plerumque subradiatim pictd, altiusculd, postice longiore; intis albd, margine levi; extis radiatim striatd ; aperturd dorsali ovato-elongatd, medio plerumque latiore: long. 1°, lat. 0°55 oll, : Has. ad Caput Bonz Spei. _ Many specimens of this species were among the late Mr. G. Hum- phreys’ collections, labelled by him “ Brazil? Thalacker.”—G.B.S. Fissurrtia Panamensis. iss. testd ellipticd, elevatd, decussatd, _postice longiore; intiis lactescente, margine crenulato; extis cos- tellis radiantibus decussatis, plerumque muricatis, albicante cine- rascenti-fusco varie pictd ; aperturd dorsali minimd, subovali : long. 0°6, lat. 0°4 poll. 128 Hab. ad Panamam. — Found on dead shells in from six to ten fathoms.—G. B. S. FissurEtta Ruppert. Fiss. testd oblongo-ovatd, elevatd, decus- satd, lateraliter subdepressd, postic? longiore ; intits albd, mar- gine crenulato ; extis albicante, radiis plerumque nigris, nonnun- quam viridescenti-nigris, concinne pictd, costis costellisque alter- nantibus submuricatis radiantibus ornatd ; aperturd dorsali parvd, ovatd, postice subquadratd, antice infra verticem positd, intis po- stice depressione distinetd : long. 0°9, lat. 0°6 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Nevis, Capt. Powers: in Sinu Arabico, Riippell. Aspecimen of this pretty species was lately obtained by Mr. Cuming from M. Riippell. About twenty were in the collections of the late Mr. G. Humphreys.—G. B.S. FissurEtta Cxryprus. VFiss. testd ovatd, depressd, crassiusculd, pallescente fuscescenti-nigro radiatd; intis albd, margine subcre- nato, pallescente nigro articulato; extiis radiatim subcorrugatd; apertura dorsali oblongd: long. 1°15, lat. 0°75 poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. s A single specimen is in Mr. Cuming’s Collection.—G. B.S. FIssURELLA CRENIFERA. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, subdepressd, postice latiore, subquadratd; intis albd, margine incrassato, cre- nato et crenulato ; extis radiatim costaté et striatd, radiatim va- rie pictd, costis muricatis; aperturd dorsali oblongd, mediane sub- coarctatd, extis dente duplicato laterali munitd : long.0°6, lat. 0°3 poll. Hab. ad Real Llejos sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G. B. S. A Letter was read, addressed by Capt. P. P. King, R.N., Corr. Memb. Z.S., to W. J. Broderip, Esq., and dated New South Wales, April 13, 1834. It gave some account of the Oceanic Birds ob- served during the late voyage of the writer from Europe to New South Wales, and more particularly of those of the genus Diomedea, Linn. «« From the meridian of the island of Tristan d’Acunha to that of the island of St. Paul’s, on about the parallel of 40° of south lati- tude, we were daily surrounded by a multitude of oceanic birds.—Of the Petre! tribe the Cape Pigeon, Procellaria Capensis, Linn., was most abundant; but the Proc. vittata (vel cerulea) frequently was observed; as was also a small black Petrel which I do not recollect to have before seen. “« Of the genus Diomedea the species which I regarded as the spa- dicea, chlororhynchos and fuliginosa of Authors, were the most re- markable. Near Tristan d’Acunha the first (Diom. spadicea) most abounded: between the Cape and the longitude of 30° East the second (Diom. chlororhynchos) became more numerous: and in the neighbourhood of St. Paul’s their place was supplied by the Diom. fu- liginosa. Where one species abounded, the others were only occa- sionally seen ; from which it may be inferred that each species breeds in distinct haunts. Occasionally two or three varieties of the Diom. 129 exulans, Linn., the large wandering Albatross, attended the ship, but they rarely remained beyond the day. Diom. evulans varies very much in plumage; generally, however, the head, neck, back, and wings are more or less mottled grey, and the breast, abdomen, vent, and uropygium snowy white; the bill is horn-coloured and the feet yellow.—We saw a bird that might be referred to M. Lesson’s Diom. epomophora, if that is really a distinct species.—Another of very large size was near us for two days, which, with the exception of the back of the wings and tips of the under side of the pen feathers and ex- tremity of the tail being black, was of a snowy white colour.” Capt. P. P. King transmitted with his Letter characters and de- scriptions of three of the species of Albatross observed by him,,. in- cluding those which he regarded as the Diomm. spadicea and chlo- rorhynchos; together with drawings of these two species. The de- scriptions were read, and the drawings exhibited. The former agree essentially with the descriptions from the same specimens, recently published in his ‘ Wanderings in New South Wales,’ &c., by Mr. George Bennett, who was a fellow voyager with Capt. King. The reference of these to the species quoted is, however, provisional only, as they differ in some important particulars from the original descrip- tions of those species: it is therefore probable that they are rather to be viewed as indicating races hitherto unnoticed by zoologists. Mr. George Daniell stated some facts that had fallen under his observation with reference to the habits and economy of two British species of Bats, the Pipistrelle, Vespertilio Pipistrellus, Geoffr.,and the Noctule, Vespertilio Noctula, Schreb., dwelling more particularly on those connected with the feeding of the former, and with the period of gestation and mode of parturition of the latter. _ With regard to the former species, he stated that in July 1833 he _ received five specimens, all of pregnant females, from Elvetham, in Ss Hampshire. Many more were congregated together with them in the ruins of the barn in which they were taken, but all the rest escaped. They had been kept in a tin powder canister for several days, and on being turned loose into a common packing-case, with a few strips of deal nailed over it to form a cage, they exhibited much activity, progressing rapidly along the bottom of the box, as- _ eending by the bars to the top, and then throwing themselves off as if endeavouring to fly. They ate flies when offered to them, seizing _ them with the greatest eagerness, and devouring them greedily, all of them congregating together at the end of the box at which they _ were fed, and crawling over, snapping at, and biting each other, at the same time uttering a grating kind of squeak. Cooked meat was next presented to them, and rejected; but raw beef was eaten by them with avidity, and with an evident preference for such pieces as had been moistened with water. This answered a double pur- _ pose: the weather being warm, numbers of blue-bottle Flies, Musca vomitoria, Linn., were attracted by the meat; and on approaching within range of the bat’s wings were struck down by their action, 130 the animal itself falling at the same moment with all its membranes expanded, and cowering over the prostrate fly, with its head thrust under in order to secure its prey. When the head was again drawn forth, the membranes were immediately closed, and the fly was ob- served to be almost invariably taken by the head. Mastication ap- peared to be a laboured operation, consisting of a succession of eager bites or snaps, and the sucking process (if it may be so termed) by which the insect was drawn into the mouth being much assisted by the looseness of the lips. Several minutes were employed in devour- ing a large fly. In the first instance the flies were eaten entire; but Mr. Daniell afterwards observed detached wings in the bottom of the box. These, however, he never saw rejected, and he is inclined to think that they are generally swallowed. A slice of beef attached to the side of the box was found not only to save trouble in feeding, but also by attracting the flies to afford good sport in observing the animals obtain their own food by this new kind of bat-fowling. Their olfactory nerves appear to be very acutely sensible. When hanging by their posterior extremities, and attached to one of the bars in front of the cage, a small piece of beef placed at a little distance from their noses would remain unnoticed; but when a fly was placed in the same situation they would instantly begin snapping after it. The beef they would eat when hungry ; but they neverrefused a fly. In the day-time they sometimes clustered together in a corner; but towards evening they became very lively, and gave rapid utterance to their harsh, grating notes. One of them died on the fifth day after they came into Mr. Daniell’s possession ; two on the fourteenth: the fourth survived until the eighteenth; and the fifth until the nineteenth day. Each was found to contain a single fetus. On the 1 6th of May, 1834, Mr. Daniell procured from Hertfordshire five specimens of the Vespertilio Noctula, four females and one male. The latter was exceedingly restless and savage, biting the females, and breaking his teeth against the wires of the cage, in his attempts to escape from his place of confinement. He rejected food and died on the 18th. Up to this time the remaining four continued sulky ; but towards evening they ate a few small pieces of raw beef, in pre- ference to flies, beetles, or gentles, all of which were offered to them: only one of them, however, fed kindly. On the 20th one died, and on the 22nd two others, each of which was found to be pregnant with a single fetus. The survivor was tried with a variety of food, and evincing a decided preference for the hearts, livers, &c. of fowls, was fed constantly upon them for a month. In the course of this time large flies were frequently offered to her, but they were always rejected, although one or two May Chafers, Melolontha vul- garis, Fab., were partially eaten. In taking the food the wings were not thrown forward as in the Pipistrelle; and the food was seized with an action similar to that of adog. The water that drained from the food was lapped, but the head was not raised in drinking, as Mr. Daniell had observed it to be in the Pipistrelle. The animal took considerable pains in cleaning herself, using the posterior ex- 181 tremities as a comb, parting the hair on either side from head to tail, and forming a straight line along the middle of the back. The mem- brane of the wings was cleaned by forcing the nose through the folds and thereby expanding them. Up to the 20th of June the animal fed freely, and at times voraciously, remaining during the day suspended by the posterior extremities at the top of the cage, and coming down in the evening to its food: the quantity eaten sometimes exceeded half an ounce, although the weight of the animal itself was no more than ten drachms. On the 23rd, Mr. Daniell, observing her to be very restless, was induced to watch her proceedings. ‘The uneasiness was continued for upwards of an hour, the animal remaining during all this time in her usual attitude suspended by the posterior extre- mities. On a sudden she reversed her position, and attached herself by her anterior limbs to a cross wire of the cage, stretching her hind legs to their utmost extent, curving the tail upwards, and expand- ing the membrane interposed between it and the posterior extremi- ties, so as to form a perfect nest-like cavity for the reception of the young. Ina few moments the snout of the young one made its ap- pearance, and in about five minutes the whole of its head was pro- truded. The female then struggled considerably until the extremi- ties of the radii had passed, after which the young one by means of a lateral motion of its fore limbs relieved itself. It was born on its back, perfectly destitute of hair, and blind; and was attached by an umbilical cord of about two inches inlength. The female then licked it clean, turning it over in its nest, and afterwards resuming her usual position, and placing the young in the membrane of her wing, proceeded to gnaw off the umbilical cord and eat the placenta. She next cleaned herself, and wrapped up the young so closely as to pre- vent any observation of the process of suckling. The time occupied in the birth was 17 minutes. At the time of its birth the young _ was larger than a new-born mouse, and its hind legs and claws were _ remarkably strong and serviceable, enabling it not only to cling to _ its dam, but also to the deal sides of the cage. On the 24th the animal took her food in the morning, and appeared very careful of _her young, shifting it occasionally from side to side to suckle it, _ and folding it in the membranes of the tail and wings. On these oc- _ asions her usual position was reversed. In the evening she was found dead; but the young was still alive, and attached to the nip- _ ple, from which it was with some difficulty removed. It took milk _ from a sponge, was kept carefully wrapped up in flannel, and survived eight days, at the end of which period its eyes were not opened, and ‘it had acquired very little hair. From these observations it is evi- 7 that the period of gestation in the Noctule exceeds thirty-eight days. _ Mr. Daniell also exhibited skeletons of the male and female of the Pipistrelle and Noctule Bats, forming part of his own collection, for the purpose of pointing out a peculiarity in the female, connected, as he conceives, with the mode of parturition just described. This peculiarity consists of a prolongation of the os calcis along the mar- 132 gin of the membrane extended between the hinder extremities and the tail, of much greater length and strength in the female than in the male. By means of this process Mr. Daniell believes the female to be capable of giving greater tension to the pouch formed of that membrane for the reception of the young in the act of parturition. ok A 133 ‘ November 25, 1834. William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Keith E. Abbott, Esq., and dated Trebizond, June 20, 1834. It referred to a collec- tion of skins of Birds made by the writer in his immediate neigh- bourhood, and presented by him to the Society. The number of species contained in the collection is twenty, one only of which was comprised among those previously transmitted by Mr. Keith Abbott, and exhibited to the Society at its Meeting on June 24,1834. Mr. Abbott states that he proposes to continue the collection of such zoological subjects as he can procure in the neighbourhood of Trebi- zond, for the purpose of transmitting them to the Society. The Bird-skins presented by Mr. Keith Abbott were exhibited, and Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, brought them seve- rally under the notice of the Meeting, observing on each of them as regarded its geographical distribution. The exhibition was regarded as a continuation of that which took place on June 24, (page 50,) and comprised the following species not then enumerated, making in o whole fifty-three species observed in the vicinity of Trebi- zond. Falco Tinnunculus, Linn. Inhabiting Europe generally, and the adjacent continents of Asia and Africa, but not America. Otus vulgaris, Cuv. Inhabiting Europe generally, and found also in India and Africa. Sylvia Rubecula, Linn. Mr. Gould has no recollection of having seen this familiar bird before, either from Asia or Africa. Emberiza Cia, Linn. Inhabiting the southern provinces of Europe and the high lands of India. It does not visit England, nor has it been seen from Africa. _ Alauda arvensis, Linn. Inhabiting Europe generally. Mr. Gould has no recollection of having seen it in collections either from India or Africa, but it doubtless inhabits the border lands of the latter continent as well as of Asia. Corvis Monedula, Linn. This bird is principally confined to Eu- ee: it does not occur in America. A species nearly allied inhabits ndia. Picus medius, Linn. A common species in Norway, Sweden, and part of the central portions of Europe; but not hitherto observed in collections from India or Africa. Ardea Garzetta, Linn. Inhabiting the southern portions of Eu- rope: it is also found in India and Africa, but not in America. It was once common in England. Scolopar major, Linn. Inhabiting Europe generally, but probably not America. Mr. Gould has not yet seen it from India. Tringa variabilis. This bird is very generally dispersed, being 134 common both in America and Europe: Mr. Gould has also seen it from India and Africa. It breeds in England. Charadrius Pluvialis, Linn. Inhabiting Europe and the adjoining portions of Africa and Asia, but not America. Charadrius Himantopus, Linn. Inhabiting Europe, particularly the southern parts, and Asia and Africa, but not America; its-place in the latter continent being filled by a species nearly allied to it. It occasionally visits England. Anas Querquedula, Linn. Inhabiting India as well as Europe: common in the Himalayan range. Anas Fuligula, Linn. Found in all temperate countries of the old continent, but not hitherto in America. Clangula vulgaris, Flem. Though common in England during the winter, the proper locality of this bird is in the high northern lati- tudes. Mr. Gould has not previously seen a specimen from so south- ern a habitat as the present. Mergus Albellus, Linn. Similarly circumstanced with the last, although apparently still more arctic, as it visits England only in se vere winters. Podiceps cristatus. Found in nearly all the temperate regions of the globe. Mr. Gray exhibited a specimen of a Reptile from New South Wales, which he regarded as constituting the type of a new genus nearly related to Bipes, Latr. He characterized it under the name of LIALIS. Caput elongatum, fronte plano, squamis parvis subimbricatis ves- titum : irides lineares, verticales: aures oblonge, conspicue. Corpus subcylindricum, attenuatum : squamis dorsalibus ovatis, con- vexis, leevibus; ventralium seriebus duabus intermediis majoribus. Pedes duo, postici, obsoleti, acuti, ad basin 2—3-squamati. Anus subposticus : sguame preanales parve ; pori subanales utrin- que quatuor per paria dispositi. This genus is very nearly allied to Pygopus, Merr., but may be readily distinguished from it by the characters above given. In Pygopus the head is short, more rounded in front, and covered with regular shields: the pupil is subcircular: the feet are broad, ovate, blunt, and covered with three rows of scales: the vent has five large oblong scales in front of it: and the subanal pores form a continu- ous series. Liauis Burronis. Li. supra pallidé cinerascenti-brunnea, nigro minutissime punctata ; subtis pallidé cacaotico-brunnea ; strigd alba utringue a labio superiore supra oculos per nucham, alterdque latiore a labio superiore per latera ad caude apicem ductis. Junior. Strigis colli lateralibus obsoletis. Oss. Epidermide remota subalbida est strigis lactescentibus. Hab. in “‘ Nova Cambria Australi.” Dr, Mair.—Muss. Chatham et Brit. 135 The dotting on the upper surface is produced by two or three black points on each of the scales. The upper streak passes along the keels on each side of the face and terminates on the back of the neck. The lower streak separates the dark colour of the under, from the pale of the upper, surface, and is edged beneath along its whole extent by a narrow brown line; in its anterior portion it is brown above. The scales are smooth, and marked with four slight lines. The front lower labial plate is rather larger, with one pair of small men- tal plates and an odd one behind it: there are four pairs of long tri- gonal arched scales on each side of the lower jaw, of which the an- terior is small and the posterior the largest, each with a small linear scale at its outer tip, which is next the small, broad, low labial plates; the hinder ones having two or three series of broad low plates under them. The dorsal scales are margined. The super- ciliary plates are triangular, and of moderate'size. The scales of the front of the muzzle are very small, with two odd ones behind them, and one in the middle between the nostrils. The eyes are circular, and surrounded by a series of small scales. Eyelids none? Mr. Gray also exhibited a specimen of the New Holland Ibis of Dr. Latham, for the purpose of directing the attention of the Meet- ing to the spatulate form of the feathers of its neck; a form of feather which he believes not to have been previously recorded as oc- curring in any Grallatorial Bird. In this instance they are elon- gated, lanceolate, and bear some resemblance to straws. The spe- cimen was obtained from the neighbourhood of Macquarrie River. Mr. Gray subsequently exhibited adult specimens of the Geoemyda Spinosa and Emys platynota, two species of fresh-water Tortoise re- cently described by him from young individuals at the Meetings of the Society on June 24 and August 26 (pages 54 and 99). He pointed out _ in detail the peculiarities of the adult animals and shells, which he is about to describe in his ‘ Synopsis of Indian Animals’ ; and demon- strated on the specimen of the former the existence of those characters on which he had founded the genus Geoemyda, and which he had pre- _ viously had occasion to observe in Ge. Spengleri alone,—his know- _ ledge of the animal of Ge. spinosa having at the time of his proposing the genus been limited to the figure published by Mr. Bell. __ Inthe adult individual exhibited the sternum was concave; and . Gray, in calling particular attention to this point, took occasion to remark on it as evidencing, in an additional character to those already adverted to by him, the affinity of Geoemyda to the Land Tortoises, that genus and the genus Cistuda, Say, being the only ge- nera among the Emydide that possess the concavity of sternum which is common to most of the species of Testudinide. _ A Paper was read “On Nycteribia, a genus of wingless Insects, by J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S., &c.’ _ The author commences by remarking on the existence of certain 136 groups of animals, generally limited in extent, which exhibit in their organization, with reference to the groups to which they naturally belong, such anomalies as have constantly proved a source of per- plexity to the systematists who have endeavoured to assign to them their real place in the system of nature. In many instances the ano- maly involves the transition from the structure of one group to that of the adjoining ones; such instances constituting the osculant groups of Mr. W. S. MacLeay in his ‘ Hore Entomologice’. Of these os- culant groups some exist between the great divisions of the animal kingdom; others among the classes of which each of these great divisions is composed; others again between the orders, the fami- lies, and the minor subdivisions. The genus Nycteribia is thus os- culant not between the families or even the orders of a class, but between two of the classes themselves of the Annulose Sub-kingdom —the Arachnida and the Haustellata. It is remarkable, moreover, for being exclusively confined to a parasitic existence on that equally anomalous group, the Chiroptera among the Mammalia. Notwithstanding the comparatively unattractive appearance of the insects of this genus, the singular peculiarities of their structure have drawn upon them the attention of Latreille, Hermann, Dr. Leach, M. Léon Dufour, and Mr. Curtis, who have severally contributed much to the general stock of information respecting them. But the minuteness of the objects themselves, their unfitness for accurate ex- amination when dried and shrivelled as specimens usually are in cabi- nets, their comparative rarity, and other causes, have rendered the descriptions of those distinguished entomologists in some instances unsatisfactory ; and it is with the view of fully elucidating the or- ganization of the genus and of adding to its history such facts as he has been enabled to ascertain, that Mr. Westwood offers to the So- ciety his account of Nycteribia, to which he adds a Synopsis of the whole of the species that have hitherto been observed, including the characters of several not hitherto described. He enumerates the sources from whence his materials have been derived; and then pro- ceeds to describe in great detail the structure of a new species brought from Dukhun by Col. Sykes,—a species peculiarly adapted for the purpose, both on account of its comparatively large size, 2} lines in length, and of the fitness of the individuals for minute examination owing to their having been preserved in spirit. Of this species he has examined three individuals, all of which are females in different stages of gestation. From the abdomen of the one which was most ad- vanced Mr. Westwood extracted without difficulty a hard organized white mass, nearly as large as the abdomen itself, of an oval form, with traces of five articulations on the sides of the body, and having at its broader end three small circular spots placed in a triangle, with two smaller ones seated at a greater distance from them. That this was the young of the Nycteribia in its pupa state cannot, he conceives, be doubted: and it may consequently be regarded as proved that these insects are pupiparous, as has indeed been conjec- tured from their evident connexion with the Hippoboscide. The whole of the external organization of Col. Sykes’s Nycteribia 137 is described by Mr. Westwood in the greatest detail, and with continual references to those portions of the descriptions published by his predecessors, which are either vague, or incorrect, or in which they are contradictory to each other. The principal points which he has endeavoured to elucidate, in addition to the transformations which these insects undergo, are the distinction of the sexes, and conse- quently the sexual characters and the different organization of the abdomen in the sexes; the structure of the mouth, antenne, and eyes ; the separation of the metasternum and the abdomen; the situation and construction of the spiracles; and the nature of the serrated organs between the base of the anterior and intermediate legs. The sexual distinctions appear especially to have been misunderstood, and the au- thor takes great pains to explain them in each of the species respec- tively which he has been enabled satisfactorily to examine. ae Westwood concludes his Paper by a Synopsis of the Species e Genus NycreriBia. - Nycreripia Syxesit. Nyct. rufo-picea, thoracis tegumento dor- \ sali abdomineque obscure albicantibus ; hoc tuberculis minutissi- mis nigris undique tecto tuberculis quatuor majoribus in quadran- gulo centrali dispositis, segmentis (unico basali excepto) destituto, +. apiceque pilis rigidis ferrugineis elongatis obtecto ; pedibus elon- gatis subcompressis paulld dilatatis, breviter setosis ; femoribus magis ferrugineis, coxis anticis elongatis tibiisque apicem_ versus _ attenuatis ; pectinibus thoracis elongatis ; oculis e tuberculis qua- _ tuor compositis. ( 2) r __ Long. corp. lin. 24.—Species maxima. _ Hab. in India Orientali.—In Mus. D. Sykes. \ Nycrerrsia Horrr. Nyct. abdomine concolore nitido, in medio obsolete 5-articulato, ovato-conico-depresso, segmento ultimo co- + nico-truncato, apice lateraliter setigero subtis stylis duobus conico- ___ elongatis inflexis armato. ( ¢) ;, ~ Long. corp. lin. 2.—Preecedenti valdé affinis, at minor. An ~ illius mas ? . _ Hab. in India Orientali, apud Bengaliam.—In Mus. D. Hope. . Nycrenipia pusia. Nyct. fusco-castanea, pedibus magis casta- ~ . neis; coxis anticis elongato-conicis, femoribus tibiisque subcylin- ». dricis; thorace subtis irregulariter rugoso ; pectinibus thoracis ___ lateralibus elongatis ; abdomine (‘ 2” Latr. § ?) ovato, 6-annu- pee, lato, segmento postico conico-elongato postice attenuato et truncato. reteribia Blainvillii, Latr., in Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., tom. xxiii. Leach. . , ab. in Insula Isle de France dict. Latr.—India ?—In Mus. olim | core Long. corp. circiter lin. 2., Latr. a ‘Latreille. . The alleged diversity of sex, the difference of habitat, and the _ nearly cylindrical legs, induce the belief that this species is distinct a the last, with which however it offers a close resemblance both Specifically and sexually. 138 NycrerrsiA Buarnvitii, Leach. Nyct. “ pedibus longis tenuibus Semoribus tibiisque apicem versus gradatim attenuatis’ ; obscure ochraceo-livida ; abdomine (apice excepto) fusco, elongato-conico, depresso, segmentis sex apice setigeris, ultimo longiore subrotuss dato. (3) Long. corp. lin. 1. (14 secundum Leach.) ‘‘ Minor Phthiridio Hermanni.”—Leach. Hab. in Insula Isle de France dicté.—In Mus. Brit: Nyereripia Royiu. Nyct. obscure nigra, pedibus fuscantibus elon- gatis vir compressis, coxis anticis brevibus; abdomine ovato- conico, depresso, 5-articulato, apice subtruncato, stylis duobus in- curvis subtis armato ; capite compresso. ( 3) Long. corp. lin. 14. Hab. in India Orientali.—In Mus. D. Royle. Nycrerisia Durourit. Nyct. pedibus elongatis, coxis abbreviatis: oculis rotundatis sessilibus simplicibus ; abdomine 9 ovali, apice setigero, segmentis destituto, supra paribus tribus serierum seta- rum brevium rigidarum instructo ;, 3 ? oblongo, 6-articulate,.apice subtus stylis destituto ? Long. corp. lin. 14 9. lin. 1. g? Nyct. Vespertilionis, Dufour, in Ann. des Sei. Nat., Avril 1831, pl. 13. fig. 4. Hab. in Vespertilione murino Gallie. NycrTerisia PEDIcuLARIA, Latr. Nyct. fusca ; corpore supra pedi- busque flavo-rufescentibus ; thorace subtits fusco-rufescente, lined longitudinali mediand nigrd ; pedibus longis arcuatis, coxis anticis brevibus subcylindricis, femoribus tibiisque valde compressis fere ellipticis ; pectinibus lateralibus thoracis brevibus ; abdomine setis rigidis armato. Nyct. Vespertilionis, Latr., Gen. Crust., &c., vol. iv. p. 364. pl. 15. g-11l. Id., in Nouv. Dict. @ Hist. Nat., tom. xxiii. Latreille’s original name is restored to this species, it being con- sidered as distinct from any of the others, with the exception per- haps of Hermann’s Nyct. Vespertilionis. Nycrerisia vexata. Nyct. pallide ferruginea; pedibus elongatis, coxis anticis brevibus ; abdomine ¢ 8-articulato, testaceo, ovato- conico, apice subrotundato, subtis stylis ad apicem duobus ineurvis alteroque intermedio armato: Long. corp. lin. I—1}. —Specimen aliud (¢ ? siccitate. con- tractum? vel 9???) abdomine ad apicem emarginato a cl. Her- manno descriptum est. Nyct. Vespertilionis, Herm., Mem. Apt., pl. 5. f. 1. Hab. in Vespertilione murino Europe. The insect described by Hermann under the name of Nyct. Ves- pertilionis may be considered, without hesitation, as specifically di- stinct from our two British species, as well as from Nyct. Dufourii, in the structure of the male. It may possibly, however, be identi- cal with Nyct. pedicularia. 139 Nycrerrsra Jenynstt. Nyct. pallid? ochraceo-flavescens, setis » pectinibusque thoracis et abdominis basi nigris ; palpis longe se- tosis; oculis sessilibus, rotundatis, simplicibus ; pedibus elongatis tenuibus; cowis anticis brevioribus, femoribus tibiisque paulld compressis ; abdomine ovato, seriebus sex transversis setarum rigi- darum (segmenta totidem indicantia) notato, segmento ultimo laminis duabus elongatis incurvis contiguis styloque carnoso in- » termedio subtis terminato. ( o) Long. corp. lin. 14. Hab. in Chiné.—In. mus. nostr. Amicissim@ communicavit Rey. Leonard Jenyns. Nycrerisia Larrertiu, Leach. Nyct. pallidé ochracea ; pedibus perbrevibus, femoribus tibiisque valde dilatatis setis obscuris elon- gatis, tarsorum articulo primo reliquis conjunctim viz longiore ; thoracis pectore latiore et breviore ; pectinibus thoracis unguibus- que nigris ; abdomine ¢ 6-articulato, segmento ultimo longiore, conico-truncato, subtis laminis duabus distantioribus elongatis in- curvis et ad ventrem adpressis, styloque intermedio armato; ? ovali absque appendiculis, apice inciso, subtis articulo basali di- stincto, seriebusque sex transversis setarum rigidarum instructo, segmenta ? indicantibus. Long. corp. lin. 3. (14 secundum Leach.) Hab. in Vespertilione murino Anglie.—In Muss. Brit., DD. Ste- phens, Jenyns et Curtis. The references of this species to Linnzus and Olfers, given by Dr. Leach, must be considered as dubious. Frisch (vol. ii. pt. 5. pl. 5.) has represented an insect, which, from the shortness of the legs, may possibly be intended for this species. That it is not the spe- cies figured by Latreille in the ‘ Histoire Naturelle’ and the ‘ Genera Crustaceorum,’ (with which it is doubtfully considered as synony- mous by Dr. Leach,) is evident from the length and slenderness of the legs in the figures contained in those works. Nycreripia BraRTIcuLATA. Nyct. pallide ochracea, abdomine ob- _ scuriore ; pedibus elongatis dilatatis longé setosis, setd unicd ad basin tibiarum longissimd, coxis anticis brevibus; abdomine 9 _ quasi 2-articulato, segmento primo supra longiis producto, stylis duobus caudalibus elongatis cylindricis porrectis ad apicem longé _ Ssetosis; g 6?-articulato subtis ad apicem stylis duobus incurvis ad ventrem adpressis ; thorace subtis concolore. Long, corp. lin. 14. (2 secundum Leach.) wy Phthiridium biarticulatum, Herm., Mem. Apt., pl. 6.f.1. 2 Phthiridium Hermanni, Leach, Zool. Misc., vol. iii. pl. 144. g. 2. Celeripes Vespertilionis, Mont., in Linn. Trans., vol. ix. p- 166. f aie Vespertilionis, Mont., in Linn. Trans., vol. ix. t. 3. ao 9. Hab. in Rhinolopho Ferro-equino Angliex, Germaniz, Italie.—In Muss. Brit. et D. Stephens. ‘y 140 : - Ons. Species distinctissima, sectionem peculiarem in genere con- stituens. Hermann’s trivial name for this species has been restored, as wel in justice to that author as with the view of obviating the confusion which has arisen from his chief description having been derived from a different species. Mr. Westwood’s Memoir was illustrated by numerous magnified figures of the different species and of the details of their external structure. 141 December 9, 1834. William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. Specimens were exhibited of three species of the genus Bulinus, Lam., which were regarded by Mr. G. B. Sowerby as previously un- described. He characterizes them as follows: Buuinus tevcostoma. Bul. testd ovatd, ventricosd, anticé latiore, postice obtusd ; anfractibus quatuor, primis longitudinaliter sub- sulcatis, ultimo maximo, levi, omnibus olivaceo-fuscis, suturd pal- lidiore, crenulatd ; aperturd oblongd, postice acuminatd, peritre- mate reflexo, albo : long. 2°6, lat. 1°4 poll. Hab. in provincié Peruvie Xagua dicta. D. Matthews.—Mus. D. Miller. Mr. Gray is of opinion that this is Bul. granulosus of M. Rang. Buuinus papius. Bul. testd ovatd, ventricosd, postice subacumi- _ natd; anfractibus quinque, rotundatis, longitudinaliter striatis, -— fulvescentibus fusco fusciatis, fasciis interruptis ; umbilico mi- nimo ; aperturd ovatd, postice subacuminatd; peritremate tenut, acuto: long. 1°, lat. 0°6 poll. Hab. in provincia Peruvie Xagua dicté. D. Matthews.—Muss. DD. Miller, Cuming, et Sowerby. Buuinvus picotor. Bul. testd oblonga, postice subacuminatd, pal- lescente, fasciis interruptis fuscis ; anfractibus quinque, subventri- cosis, ultimo majore ; umbilico minimo ; aperturd subovatd, pos- ; : tice acuminatd ; peritremate tenui, subacuto: long. 0°9, lat. 0°4 -. poll. , F. ’ _ Hab. in provincia Peruvie Xagua dicté. D. Matthews.—Muss. | : DD. Miller, Cuming, et Sowerby. __ The specimens were brought to England by Mr. Miller, to whom the Society is indebted for their exhibition. _. The reading was concluded of a Paper entitled “‘ Notes on the Natural History and Habits of the Ornithorhynchus paradoxus, Blum.,” by Mr. George Bennett, Corr. Memb. Z.S.; in which the author gives a detailed account of his inquiries and researches on _ the subject in question, made in the Colony of New South Wales, and in the interior of New Holland, at the end of 1832 and com- _mencement of 1833. He commences by a description of the exter- nal character of the animal, as observed by him in the living and _ Tecent state; from which it appears that the greater or less degree _ of nakedness of the under surface of the tail is dependent on age, _ and is probably a result of the mode in which that organ trails upon No. XXIV. Procseprnes or re Zooxocica Sociery. 142 the ground; that the colour of the upper mandible above, in an animal recently taken out of the water, is of a dull dirty greyish black covered with innumerable minute dots, and the under surface of the lower white in the younger specimens, and mottled in the more aged, while the inner surface of both is of a pale pink or flesh colour; that the eyes are brilliant, and light brown; and that the external orifices of the ears, which are with difficulty detected in dead specimens, are easily discoverable in the living, the animal ex- ercising the faculty of opening and closing them at will. When recent, and especially when wet, the Ornithorhynchus has a peculiar fishy smell, proceeding probably from an oily secretion. It is used as food by the Natives, by whom it is called, at Bathurst and Goul- burn Plains, and in the Yas, Murrumbidgee and Tumat countries, by the names of Mallangong or Tambreet. Mr. G. Bennett is inclined to regard the two species usually described in modern books as not differing sufficiently from each other to justify their separation, and he therefore retains the name of Orn. paradorus given to the animal by Professor Blumenbach, the universal adoption of which renders it inexpedient in this instance to recur to the older name of Platypus imposed on it by Shaw. He remarks on the distor- tions to which the exceedingly loose integuments are liable in the hands of stuffers unacquainted with the characteristic features of the animal, and gives the general result of his measurements, in the recent state, of fifteen specimens shot and captured alive, as aver- aging in the males from 1 foot 7 to 1 foot 8 inches, and in the fe- males from 1 foot 6 to 1 foot 7 inches, in total length. One male specimen, shot near the Murrumbidgee River, measured 1 foot 114 inches; and a female, shot in the afternoon of the same day in the same part of the river, measured only 1 foot 4 inches. In these spe- cimens the relative proportions of the beak and tail were subject to considerable variation. Mr. G. Bennett’s observations were commenced on the 4th of October 1832, at Mundoona in the Murray County, on a part of the Yas River running through the estate of Mr. James Rose. The Water-Moles (as these animals are called by the Colonists,) chiefly frequent the open and tranquil parts of the stream, covered with aquatic plants, where the steep and shaded banks afford excellent situations for the excavation of their burrows. Such expanses of water are by the Colonists called ‘‘ ponds.” The animals may be readily recognised by their dark bodies just seen level with the sur- face, above which the head is slightly raised, and by the circles made in the water around them by their paddling action. On the slight- est alarm they instantly disappear; and indeed they seldom remain longer on the surface than one or two minutes, but dive head fore- most with an audible splash, reappearing, if not alarmed, a short distance from the spot at which they dived. Their action is so rapid, and their sense of danger so lively, that the mere act of levelling the gun is sufficient to cause their instant disappearance ; and it is con- sequently only by watching them when diving, and levelling the piece in a direction towards the spot at which they seem likely to 143 reappear, that a fair shot at them can be obtained. A near shot is absolutely requisite; and when wounded they usually sink immedi- ately, but quickly reappear on the surface. A male specimen was shot, and brought out by the dog, on the following morning. Ina few minutes it revived, and ran along the ground, instinctively endeavouring to regain the water, but did not survive more than twenty-five minutes. On this individual Mr. G. Bennett made various experiments, with the view of ascertaining the truth of the reports so extensively circulated of the injurious effects resulting from wounds inflicted by the spur. In no way, however, could he induce the animal to make use of its spurs as weapons of offence; although in its struggles to escape, his hands were slightly scratched by the hind claws, and even, in consequence of the position in which he held it, by the spur also. The result of several subsequent repetitions of the experiment with animals not in a wounded state was the same. The natives, too, never seem fear- ful of handling the male Ornithorhynchus alive. On the evening of the same day a female was shot, which died almost immediately on being taken out of the water. In this speci- men the mammary glands were scarcely observable on dissection ; but the left uterus was found to contain three loose ova of the size of swan-shot. The right uterus was less enlarged, exhibited less yascularity, and contained no ova. Pyeparations of the generative organs of this individual, and of two other impregnated females which were subsequently obtained, were forwarded by the author to Mr. Owen, by whom they have been particularly described in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1834, p. 555. 4 _ The next day three other specimens were shot: a male and two females. In the former the testes were found not to be larger than _ yery small peas, and the same fact was observed in a specimen after- wards shot in the Murrumbidgee; whereas in that first obtained, they were nearly of the size of pigeons’ eggs. For this difference at the same season it seems difficult to account. The left uterus of one of the females was found to contain two ova, and that of the other a single ovum, of the size of buck-shot. As before, no ova _ were found in the right uterus. _ On the morning of the 7th of October, Mr. G. Bennett pro- ceeded, in company with a native, to the banks of the river to see the burrow of an Ornithorhynchus, from which the natives had taken _ the young during the previous summer. The burrow was situated on a steep part of the bank; and its entrance, concealed among the . long grass and other plants, was distant rather more than a foot from the water’s edge. Its whole extent was not laid open, the natives contenting themselves with digging down upon it at stated distances, their operations being guided by the introduction into the burrow of a stick which indicated its direction. It took a Serpentine course, and measured about twenty feet in length: the termination was broader than any other part, nearly oval in form, | and strewed with dry river-weeds, &c. From this nest the native Stated that he had taken in the previous season (December) three 144 young ones, about six or eight inches in length, and covered with hair. In addition to the entrance above spoken of, the burrows have usually a second below the surface of the water, communicating with the interior just within the upper aperture. After exhibiting this burrow, the native proceeded to explain the means employed in tracking the Mallangongs. He pointed out on the moist clay of the banks foot-marks leading to a burrow, from the bottom of which, on inserting his arm, he drew forth some lumps of clay, which bore evident marks of the animal’s recent passage. He declared, how- ever, that the inhabitant was absent, and Mr. G. Bennett was in- duced, by this information, to abstain from further investigation. A female specimen, shot in the evening of the same day, was found to have two ova, about the size of or rather smaller than buck-shot, in the left uterus; and in this, as in all the other female specimens, much difficulty was experienced in finding the mammary glands. The contents of the cheek-pouches and stomachs always consisted of river insects, very small shell-fish, &c., comminuted and mingled with mud or gravel, which latter, Mr. G. Bennett suggests, may be required to aid digestion. River-weeds were never observed to form part of the food; but Mr. George MacLeay informed the author that in a situation in which water-insects were very scarce he had shot Ornithorhynchi with river-weeds in their pouches. Similar excursions were made on the 8th and 9th of October; and on the latter day one of the burrows was explored. The entrance of this burrow was situated on a moderately steep bank, abounding with long wiry grass and shrubs, at the distance of about five feet from the water’s edge: its course lay in a serpentine direction up the bank, approaching nearer to the surface of the earth towards its termination. At this part it was expanded to form a chamber suf- ficiently capacious for the reception of the animal and her young, and measured one foot in length by six inches in breadth. Its whole length, from the entrance to the termination, was twenty feet; narrowing as it receded from the entrance, where it measured one foot three inches in depth, and one foot one inch in breadth, and in the intermediate part becoming scarcely larger than the usual breadth of the animal when uncontracted. From this burrow a living female was taken, and placed in a cask, with grass, mud, water, &c.; and in this situation it soon became tranquil, and apparently reconciled to its confinement. Hoping that he had now obtained the means, should his captive prove to have been impregnated, of determining the character of the excluded pro- duct, Mr. G. Bennett set out on his return for Sidney, on the 13th of October, carrying the living Ornithorhynchus with him in a small box, covered with battens, between which only very narrow intervals were left. The next morning, tying a long cord to its leg, he roused it and placed it on the bank of the river, in order to indulge it with a bathe; and a similar indulgence was granted to it on the second day of its journey. On these occasions it soon found its way into the water, and travelled up the stream, apparently delighting in those places 145 which abounded most with aquatic weeds. When diving in deep and clear water, its motions were distinctly seen: it sank speedily to the bottom, swam there for a short distance, and then rose again to the surface. It appeared, however, to prefer keeping close to the bank, occasionally thrusting its beak into the mud, from whence it evidently procured food, as on raising the head, after withdrawing the beak, the mandibles were seen in lateral motion, as is usual when the animal masticates. The motions of the mandibles were similar to those of a duck under the same circumstances. After feeding, it would lie sometimes on the grassy bank, and at others partly in and partly out of the water, combing and cleaning its coat with the claws of the hind feet. ‘This process occupied a considerable time, and greatly improved its sleek and glossy appearance. After its second excursion it was replaced in the box, which was not opened again until the following morning, when it was found to have made its escape. Although the summer season was now far advanced, Mr. G. Bennett determined to return to the interior and renew his investi- gations. On the 15th of November he again arrived at Mundoona, where he found that the river had fallen greatly, and sought in vain for the Water-Moles in the spots in which they had a few weeks be- fore been so abundantly seen. Some burrows were also examined, but without success. On the 21st he proceeded to Gadarigby, on the Murrumbidgee, where his exertions were more successful, seve- ral specimens being obtained; but the only female shot was young and unimpregnated. On the 27th he returned to Mundoona, where a female had been shot the previous day, the uterine organs of which afforded evidence that the young had been just produced. The abdominal glands were large, but no milk could be expressed from them; the fur still covered the portion of integument on which its ducts terminated; and there was no appearance of projecting nipple. No such projection was observed in any of the specimens in which the secretion of milk was demonstrable. Two other females were procured at the same place; but both proved to be unimpreg- nated. On the 8th of December Mr. G. Bennett quitted Mundoona for the banks of the Murrumbidgee, and near Jugiong, on the latter river, had an opportunity of inspecting the burrow of an Ornithorhynchus, containing three young ones, which appeared to have not long pre- yiously been brought forth. They were only thinly covered with hair and measured in length about 1% inch. No fragments of shells were observable in the burrow, nor anything that could lead to the supposition of the young having been excluded while yet in the egg. A want of spirit in which to preserve these interesting specimens unfortunately prevented their conveyance to Sidney. On the 28th of December the author visited a part of the Wollon- dilly River, in the neighbourhood of Goulburn Plains, called by the Natives Koroa, in order to explore the burrow of an Ornithorhyn- chus which had there been discovered. The termination of this bur- row was thirty-five feet from the entrance ; and Mr. G. Bennett states 146 that burrows have been observed of even fifty feet in length. It was found to contain two young specimens, of the dimensions of 10 inches from the beak to the extremity of the tail. The nest consisted of dry river-weeds, the epidermis of reeds, and small dry fibrous roots, strewed over the floor of the terminal cavity. An old female was captured soon after on the banks of the river, in a ragged and wretched condition, which was conjectured to be the mother. But little milk could be pressed from her abdominal glands, as might have been expected in the parent of such well-grown young ones. She died at Mittagong, on the lst of January, but the young ones sur- vived until some time after their arrival in Sidney. Mr. G. Bennett proceeds to describe in detail their habits in a state of captivity.. Their various attitudes, when in a state of re- pose, are strikingly curious, and were illustrated by the exhibition of sketches made from the life. The young were allowed to run about the room; but the old one was so restless, and damaged the walls of the room so much by her attempts at burrowing, that it was found necessary to confine her to the box. During the day she would remain quiet, huddled up with her young ones; but at night she became very restless, and eager to escape. ‘The little ones were as frolicsome as puppies, and apparently as fond of play: and many of their actions were not a little ludicrous. During the day they seemed to prefer a dark corner for repose, and generally resorted to the spot to which they had been accustomed, although they would change it on a sudden apparently from mere caprice. They did not appear to like deep water, but enjoyed exceedingly a bathe in shal- low water, with a turf of grass placed in one corner of the pan: they seldom remained longer than ten or fifteen minutes in the water at one time. Though apparently nocturnal, or at least preferring the cool and dusky evening to the glare and heat of noon, their movements in this respect were so irregular as to furnish no grounds for a definite conclusion. They slept much, and it frequently hap- pened that one slept while the other was running about, and this occurred at almost all periods of the day. They climbed with great readiness to the summit of a bookcase, placing their backs against the wall and their feet against the bookcase; and thus, by means of their strong cutaneous muscles and of their claws, mounting with much expedition to the top. Their food consisted of bread soaked in water, chopped egg, and meat minced very small; and they did not seem to prefer milk to water. One of the young ones died on the 29th of January 1833, and the other on the 2nd of February, having been kept alive in captivity for nearly five weeks. 147 December 23, 1834. Lieut.-Col. Sykes in the Chair. Drawings were exhibited of four Fishes of the River Quorra, made by Lieut. Allen, Corr. Memb. Z.8., from specimens obtained by him during his late voyage up that river into the interior of Africa. They exhibit the forms of Lates, Cuv.; Mormyrus, Ej.; Sudis, La Cép; and Notopterus, Ej.; and thus tend, in common with the spe- cimens from the same expedition exhibited at the Meeting of the Society on June 10 (page 45), to illustrate the analogy borne by the Fishes of the rivers of Western Africa to those of the Nile. A specimen was placed on the table of a Toucan, apparently hitherto undescribed, and forming part of the collection of N. C. Strickland, Esq., by whom it was communicated for exhibition. Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, pointed out its distin- guishing characteristics. By its comparatively short bill, which is furrowed on the sides, and broad and flattened on the culmen, with the base of the under mandible extending obliquely beyond the line of the eye; by the shortness and roundness of its wings, of which the fourth quill-feather is the longest, the fifth, sixth, and seventh being nearly of the same length; and by the comparative shortness of the tail, which is less decidedly graduated than in the typical Péeroglossi ; this bird agrees with the species described in Mr. Gould’s ‘ Monograph of the Ramphastide,’ as the Pter. prasinus, Licht., and Pter. sulcatus, Swains. With those species Mr. Gould proposes to associate it in a group, to be designated, on account of the grooved bills of the Birds comprised in it, Aulacorhynchus. From the other two species it is readily distinguishable by the white band nearly surrounding the base of its bill, and by the blood-red spot on the rump. The latter character affords the trivial name of the species, which may, for the present, be inserted in the account of the Toucans given by Mr. Gould at the Meeting of July 8, 1834, (page 78,) immediately before the Pter. prasinus, Licht. _ Prer. nzmatopyeus. Pter. supra subolivaceus, infra cerulescenti- viridis, pectore saturatiore ; uropygio coccineo ; rectricibus qua- tuor intermediis brunneo apiculatis. Long. tot. 14 poll.; rostri, 23; ale, 43; caude, 54; tarsi, 14. _ Descr. Rostrum saturaté castaneum albo ad basin subcinctum. Orbitz rubre. Pedes olivaceo-brunnei. Sexus uterque, sicut in Pter. prasino et Pter. sulcato, similis. The precise part of South America in which this bird was cap- _ tured has not been ascertained. ) 148 Col. Sykes, when reading to the Society, in 1832, his Cata- logue of the Birds of Dukhun, not having exhibited the nest and eggs of the Lonchura Cheet, and of that species of Tailor-bird which he denominated Orthotomus Bennettii, brought them under the notice of the Society on the present occasion. The nest of the Lonchura Cheet is a perfect hollow ball, made of a delicate Agrostis, with a lateral hole for the entrance of the birds. It contained ten oblong minute white eggs, +3ths of an inch long by +*,ths in diameter. It was found in the fork of a branch of the Mimosa Arabica. The nest of the Orthotomus Bennettii was lodged in the cavity formed by sewing the edges of two leaves together: the nest itself also was attached to the leaves by threads passing through the leaf and the bottom of the nest, and there were appearances of the end of the thread being knotted outside. The nest-is composed of very delicate fibres of /ndian Hemp and grass. 1t contained two minute oblong crimson eg¢s, z%,ths of an inch long by ~°,ths wide. Col. Sykes also exhibited an egg of the fluviatile Tortoise of Duk- hun, Trionyx Indicus, Gray. It is a perfect sphere, 14%, inch in dia- meter: the calcareous shell is of a peculiar alabaster-like white- ness. He found seven eggs with shells in the oviducts, and twenty- seven without shells, nearly of the size of the preceding, in one specimen. He took occasion to mention that in the stomach and intestines of another specimen of Trionyz, he found not only the animals, but also angular fragments of considerable size of the shells of some scores of large Uniones. A paper was read, entitled, ‘‘ Description of some Species of Chama: by W. J. Broderip, Esq., Vice-President of the Geological and Zoological Societies, F.R.S., L.8., &c.” The author commences by remarking that the shells of the genus Chama appear to be subject to every change of shape and often of colour which the accidents of their locality may bring upon them, and that the distinction of the species must consequently be diffi- cult, on account of their infinite variety. He then proceeds to de- scribe those brought home by Mr. Cuming, and now in that gentle- man’s cabinet. ‘The Shells referred to were exhibited in illustra- tion of the characters and descriptions. Cuama Fronposa. Chama testd sublobatd, lamellosd, lamellis sinuosis frondosis, longitudinaliter plicatis et in utrdque valvd cardinem versus biseriatis, maximis ; intis albidd, limbo purpu- rascente, crenulato. Hab. ad Insulam Platam Columbiz Occidentalis. The ground colour of this beautiful Chama is a light pinkish purple, and the luxuriant and spreading longitudinally plaited folia- tions are yellow tinged and streaked with the ground colour. At the root of each foliation, on its lower side, there is generally a purplish transverse stripe. It was dredged up from a rock of coral, to which it was adhering, at a depth of seventeen fathoms. 149 Var. a. Testd Jameliis crebrioribus, frondibus brevioribus. Hab. cum precedente. Var. b. Testd toté purpured, lamellis cr eberrimis, frondibus brevis- simis. Hab. ad Mexico. (Gulf of Tehuantepec.) Dredged up from sandy mud attached to Avicule (Meleagrine Lam., Margarite, Leach,) at a depth of ten fathoms. Cuama petiucipa. Chama testd albd roseo seu rubro fucatd vel strigatd, lamellis Srequentibus, frondibus elongatis pellucidis ; in- tis albd, limbo crenulato. Hab. ad Peruviam. (Iquiqui.) Dredged up attached to stones, Mytili, and turbinated shells, at a depth varying from nine\to eleven fathoms, from a bottom of coarse sand, and also found under stones at low water mark. In old specimens the foliations and /amel/e are completely worn down, and the shell has. somewhat of a crystalline appearance ;— indeed it is always semitransparent. ’ Cuama topata. Chama testd albd, lobatd, subrhomboided, radi- atim striatd, lamellis creberrimis, fimbriatis, foliaceis, striatis limbo interno crenato. ‘Hab. ad Insulam Nevis. Found attached to,small stones and shells, at Nevis in the West Indies, in sandy mud, and at a depth ranging from four to ten fa- thoms. ‘Cuama Pacirica. ‘Chama testd rubrd purpured vel luted, lamellis creberrimis, foliis seu squamulis brevioribus interdum albidis ; limbo, interno, crenato. _ Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood’s Island.—Pearl Islands.) The infinite variety of this species in shape and colour defies de- ' scription. In many points it agrees with Lamarck’s Chama florida, but he describes the margin of that shell as entire, whereas the mar- gin of Chama Pacifica is strongly crenated. _ Mr. Cuming’s specimens were obtained by diving. They were attached to Avicule, at a depth ranging from three to seyen fathoms. Many shells of this species were brought to this country some years ago, from the Pearl Islands, by Mr. Samuel Stutchbury. Cuama impricata. Chama testd lamellosd, squamis imbricata, al- bidd purpureo-fusco varid ; valvd superiore subdepressd, sublo- batd, sinu ab umbone usque ad limbum currente ; intis albida, limbo integro, sepissimé nigro-purpureo. “Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood’s Island.—Pearl Islands.) This grows to a large size, and was obtained by diving, attached to Avicule, at a depth ranging from three to seven fathoms. ‘There is eae a purple spot at the tip of the umbo of the upper & This species was also brought home in considerable numbers. by Mr. Samuel Stutchbury from the Pearl Islands. 150 Var. a. Festd nand, castaned albo strigatd, intis albd. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. ‘Fhe examination of an extensive series ~~ led Mr. Broderip to the conclusion that this dwarf, and at first sight widely differing, shell, is only a variety of Chama imbricata. The purple-brown is ehanged into chestnut striped with white, and hardly any scales are to be found on its wrinkled surface, except the double series which crown the ridge on each side of the depressed line, and sometimes a series or two on the affixed valve. This depressed line is not nearly so well marked as it is in the large variety, but it is to be observed on most of the specimens: some are absolutely without imbrications. This variety was found attached to rocks and stones at low water. Cuama propucta. Chama testd subpurpured, creberrim? lamel- losd, lamellis foliaceis, integris ; valvd inferiore enormiter pro- ductd ; limbo integro, purpureo. Hab. ad Mexico. (Gulf of Tehuantepec.) The interior of the shell, which has something of the aspect of that of a Gryphea, is white tinged with yellowish, and striped in the direction of the /amelle with purple. The purple border on the smooth internal edge of the upper valve is of some width. Dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms, attached to stones. Cuama corrueata. Chama testa corrugatd, rubro-purpured albo varid ; intis atro-purpured, limbo integro. Hab. in America Centrali. (Real Llejos.) Found attached to stones at low water. All the specimens which Mr. Broderip had seen turn from right to left. Cuama Ecuinata. Chama testd albidd purpureo varid, spinis fornicatis echinatd ; intits atro-purpured vel sub-rubrd, limbo integro ;. dente cardinali rubro. Hab. in Americé Centrali. (Puerto Portrero.) The spines of this species, which are close set and well developed in youth, are entirely abraded in age, till nothing but corrugation is left externally. But as the animal advances in life the interior of the shell is richly painted, till in old age it arrives to an intensity of dark purple that it is hard to imitate with colours however rich. At this period the cardinal tooth becomes of the hue of the bone of the red Coral (Isis nobilis) used for ornamental purposes. Found at low water attached to rocks. Cuama spinosa. Chama testd albd interdum roseo vel purpureo umbonem versus valve superioris pictd, spinis fornicatis creberri- mis horridd ; intis albd, limbo integro. Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood’s Island.) This pretty species was dredged up, attached to corals and Avicule, at a depth ranging from three to seven fathoms. The younger spe- cimens are tinged towards the wmbo of the upper valve with a deli- cate rose-colour. The umbo of the lower valve is often produced after the manner of that of Chama unicornis, Lam. 151 Cuama sorpipa. Chama testd albidd subroseo varid vel totd sub- rosed, creberrime striatd, hine et hine foliaced; intis albé, limbo crenulato. Hab. in America Centrali. (Isle of Cuna.) This species, which varies much according to its age, but never appears to grow to a large size, was dredged up from a depth of eighteen fathoms, attached to rocks. Old specimens have the lower valve often very much produced. A Note by Mr. George Bennett on the Nasal Gland of the wan- dering Albatross, Diomedea exulans, Linn., was read. It described in detail the gland situated in that bird above the orbit, as observed by the writer in 1832, and accorded with the account of it published by him in the Appendix to his ‘ Wanderings in New South Wales,’ &c. It was illustrated by a drawing of his dissection of the head of an Albatross, made specially with the view of tracing the excretory duct of the gland, which he succeeded in doing for nearly two inches under the external plate of the upper mandible, in a direction towards the nostrils, but inclining slightly upwards, until he lost sight of it among the cellular substance of the bone. The writer notices the occurrence of a corresponding structure in other Birds, particularly among the Natatores, and refers to Miiller for an account of the © gland as it exists, in or near the orbit, in species of every order of Aves. A specimen was exhibited of a Kangaroo, recently brought from New Holland, by Capt. Sir W. Edward Parry, R.N., and presented by him to the Society. Mr. Bennett called the attention of the Meeting to it as repre- senting a species not hitherto described, and distinguishable by its paler colour, which is generally of a slaty grey ; by the whiteness of its tail throughout the greater part of the length of that organ; by the comparative length of the tail, which is here longer than the body, whereas in the ordinary greater Kangaroo, Macropus major, Shaw, it is shorter; by the comparative nakedness of the ears; by the great extent of the naked muzzle; and by a broad white stripe ong each cheek. He stated it to be his intention to describe it in detail under the name of Macropus Parryt. Maer. rhinario lato; auriculis elongatis nu- diusculis ; caudd corpore sublongiore, pilis rigidis brevibus incum- bentibus vestitd : noteo griseo ; gastreo pallido ; fascid genarum, cauddque pro maximd parte, albis, hic ad apicem nigra. Long. tot. a rostro ad caude apicem 5 ped. 4 poll. ; capitis, 6 poll. ; auricule, 4; tarsi postici, ad unguis longioris apicem, 10}; caude, _ 2ped. 6 poll. : : In a Note from Sir Edward Parry, which was read, it is stated that the animal in question is known to the natives in the neighbour- hood of Port Stephens (lat. 32°'S.) by the name of Walldroo. This individual had been in his possession in New South Wales for two years previously to his embarkation for England, and was allowed to 152 range about at perfect liberty. ‘It set out every night after dusk into the bush to feed, returning generally about two o’clock in the morning. In addition to what it obtained on these excursions, it ate, meat, bread, vegetables, &c. Occasionally, but rarely, it .ven- tured out in the daytime to a considerable distance, in which case it would sometimes be chased back by strange dogs: these, how- ever, it always outstripped by its superior swiftness, until it placed itself under the protection of the dogs of the house. It died, from the effects of an accident, almost immediately after its arrival in England. Detailed Notes of its dissection by Mr. Owen were read. ‘The structure of its principal viscera corresponds in general with that of the same organs in the greater Kangaroo, but there are some dif- ferences observable in the anatomy of the two species. The pucker- ing of the stomach, which is occasioned in Macr. major by three longitudinal bands, one extending on each side from the esophagus along the lesser curvature, and the third passing along. the line from which the great epiploon is continued to the spleen and transverse colon, depends in Macr. Parryi on the lateral bands alone, :there being no mesial one. The different segments of the intestinal canal bear the same relative proportion to each other in both species; but the length of the several segments, and consequently of the whole canal, is less as compared with that of the body in Parry’s than in the greater Kangaroo,—a fact which is in direct accordance with the more mixed nature of the food in the former. The spleen in Macr. Parryi was deeply notched at its free trenchant margin ; in Macr. ma- — jor it appears to be always entire. The mesial cul-de-sac of the vagina did not extend quite so far down in Macr. Parryi, as it does in the better-known species. In the stomach were found two hair-balls of an oval shape, not rounded as they generally are in the Ruminants, which are most obnoxious to these formations. One of them was 3, and the other 2 inches in the long diameter. They were entirely com- posed of the hairs of the animal, matted together and agglutinated by the mucus of the stomach. Mr. Owen remarks on the interest which attaches to this resemblance to the Ruminating tribes, to which the Kangaroos make so near an approach in the complexity and magnitude of the stomach, and the simplicity of the cecum and colon. He states that he has ‘“‘ more than once observed the act of rumination in the Kangaroos preserved in the Vivarium of the So- ciety. It does not take place while they are recumbent, but when they are erect upon the tripod of the hinder legs and tail. The ab- dominal muscles are in violent action for a few minutes ; the head is a little depressed; and then the cud is chewed by a quick rotatory motion of the jaws. This act was more commonly noticed after physic had been given to the animals, which we may suppose to have interrupted the healthy digestive processes: it by no means takes place with the same frequency and regularity as in the true Rumi- nanis.” ' INDEX. The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed in Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel information is given, in Italics: those of Species respecting which Anatomical Observations are made, in Carrrats. | : : Page. Page Acipenser cataphractus, Rapp.... 122 | Botaurus stellaris...ccce..sececece0 ol 7 Sinensis, Gray ......... 122 | Bulinus apiculatus, Gray ... ..... 66 Ailurus fulgens, F. Cav. ....000.++4 96 atomatus, Gray.........++ 64 Alauda arvensis, Linn. .......... « 133 badius, Sow Patewdecdieests 141 Anas Boschas, Linn.....000..00000.. 51 bicolor, Sow. ...... ..sss00e 141 Fuligula, Bibrins Vk wld. susis 134 Burchellii, Gray. .ccuene WY. me es , as . iste. on ashe 4," " sh OCR So ee BUR . LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. : With References to the several Articles contributed by each. Assot, Keita E., Esq. page Letter accompanying a Collection from Trebizond and Przeroun, ‘presented’ by. Poe. yee reg a BD IS 89 Acassiz, Professor. Views of the Affinities and Disposition of the Cyprinide.. 149 Atuis, Mr. On the mode of attachment of the os furcatum to the sternum in various Grallatorial and Natatorial Birds ..........:. 154 Bett, T., Esq. _ Observations on the Genus Cancer of Dr. Leach (Platy- carcinos, Latr.), with Descriptions of three New Species... 86 ~ On Microrhynchus, a New Genus of Triangular Crabs... 88 Account of the Crustacea of the Coasts of South America 169 g Benverr, E. T., Esq. 4 Observations on the brush-tailed Kangaroo (Macropus peni- ppeillatus, Gray.) ..-.--- 0 ee ecco eee c enters crecee 1 Remarks on some Mammalia from Travancore, including _ a New Species of Herpestes (Herp. vitticollis)............ 66 Ona second Species of Lagotis (Lag. pallipes) ........ 67 Observations on several Mammalia from Trebizond and _ Erzeroun, including a New Species of Rat (Mus latipes) and of Marmot (Citillus Xanthoprymna) ......--62-s00eeeees 89 ___ Characters of several previously undescribed Fishes from IRL woe = as nc wn hur sina tiais cots co = oe oS teed vate 91 Character of a Species of Paradorurus...............% 118 _ Character of a Species of Acanthurus ....2..6-.00005 119 ____Character of a New Species of Crocodile (Crocodilus lepto- __ Nes oe Feb bi inte SE acs sdmiwn cop onan 128 Ona remarkable Pteropine Bat from the Gambia ...... 149 On a New Species of Ctenomys, Blainv., and on other Ro- — dents collected near the Straits of Magellan by Capt. P. P: i King, LS SR ga iy aa I 28 «BEN o's TERED Characters of severil Fishes from the Isle of Feanbe 26253 206 We iv Bennett, G., Esq. page Notice of an Animal called Gunar by the Australians.... 2 Bropenip, W. J., Esq. Characters of New Genera and Species of Mollusca and Conchifera, collected by Mr. Cuming ............... 41, 192 Observations on the Habits, &c. of a Male Chimpanzee, Troglodytes niger, Geoff., living in the Society’s Menagerie 160 ’ 1 Burton, E., Esq. Description of a Ratelus from India............. mgt Partie IB. Description of a Species of Agriopus, Cuv. ..........-- 116 Characters of several Birds from the Himalayan Mountains 152 Campset., H. Brucz, Esq. Note on a white Variety of the Blackbird (Turdus Merula, ixnti.), presented ty him |). \..:.. oe. ccd see sme ep rie 105 Curisty, W., Jun. Esq. Note on the position of the mamme in the Coypus (Myo- potamus Coypus, Comm.) .......+eee0e: nin, bin ose aiiele ete 182 Cox, J. C., Esq. Notice of a white Variety of the common Sparrow (Passer domestics, Tiss.) 5 ie Sec Semel isionene 4s siete eesialieane -- 106 Cuming, H., Esq. Characters of New Genera and Species of Mollusca and Conchifera, collected by ...... 4, 21, 41, 49, 84, 93, 109, 192 Characters of New Genera and Species of Crustacea, col- Bected Diy), jie vasa nines RP a ee ee es 86, 88, 169 Curtis, J., Esq. Characters and Description of a New Genus of Melolonthide CAR StPOSIIAE), fain. « ds aire: 4a oop fom oe hb een ee 18 On a Species of Moth found inhabiting the Galls of a Plant.mear Monte Video™- Ju... bine se ee es Cee ee 19 Cuvier, M. F. Notice on Ctenomys, Octodon, and Poephagomys........ 128 — Dessarvins, M. J. Zoological Labours of the Natural History Society of Mau- a ritius, 4th and 5th Years... ween sees Sa ava tela seine 204, 205 Exuiotr, W., Esq. Notice of eight Species of Mice and Rats, collected by him TMA Ka eaj0.n d= a apo.n tia tela ne Wo Sco Ghernn ee ot ie Welw «eile Eyton, T. C., Esq. Some Account of a Hybrid Bird, between the Cock Phea- — sant (Phasianus Colchicus, Linn.) and the Grey Hen (Tetrao ete B Pirie ate ew mee seh = ete cette c eu een Gasxorn, J. E., Esq. ee, Descriptions of New Species of Cypre@d.......ee.+++++ 198 108 Goutp, Mr. J. page Exhibition of a living red-billed Toucan (Ramphastos ery- PEMONME, GIMELY ono dune nen cs ncnaneugtagen use’ 21 Characters of several New Species of Trogon .........- 29 Characters of a New Genus of Merulide (Ianthocinela) .. 47 On New Species of Toucans (Ramphastide, Vig.) ...... 49 Catalogue, with Remarks, of some Birds from Trebizond 90 Notice of a Collection of Birds from Travancore........ 92 Characters of New Toucans and Aracaris (Ramphastide), with a Synoptic Table of the Species of the Family ...... 156 Characters of several New Species of Insessorial Birds, in- , cluding a New Genus (Stenorhynchus)......--+6++e+0+-% 185 : _ Gray, J. E., Esq. Characters of an Australian Toad (Bombinator Australis) 57 On the Genera distinguishable in Echinus, Lam......... 57 Characters of a New Genus of Corals (Nidalia) ........ 59 On the Coral known as the Glass Plant (Hyalonema Sie- I UE eS Cae iad We aad Pile ~anul smi ist myriad Aim aed 63 Characters of two New Genera of Corals (Errina and An- UI ahs dat oe Lak atalil adit Ube gyno invent meld Aipmaes cele 85 Notice of a Collection of Mice and Rats, formed in India by Mr. Elliott; of two new Species of Partridge; of several undescribed Shells ; and of a Coral incrusting Shells ...... 108 _ Harvey, J. B., Esq. F: Notes on the Habits of Caryophyllia Smithii, Brod..... 4, 113 Letters accompanying Collections of Corallines, Fishes, &c., from the south coast of Devon.........,.....+.-.- 113, 154 On the opercula of Serpula tubularia and Vermilia triquetra, regarded by Turton as Species of Patella ..... ac eh --. 128 _ Hearne, J., Esq. ; Notice of a Collection of Bird-skins, formed by him in IRR Sats os Tihs see eu ie ica sd Slog yo eo ate wes 105 Notice of a Specimen of Solenodonta, obtained by him in v4 ER Sane eee Rhee Ss a= Bin a eaetd 105 Heron, Sir R., Bart., M.P. ____ Notes on the Habits of the Pea-fowl; on a Change of Co- our in the Plumage of a Black Poland Cock; and on the _ Longevity of two Water Tortoises ...............22055 54 Note on the History of a Black Swan ........ Jahlit Ld 107 f Note on the Habits of the Kangaroos .........0..000% 187 _ Extraordinary instance of want of Sagacity in a Dog... 188 Kine, Capt. P. P., R.N. Note on some Fishes captured at Port Praya .......... 119 Notes on several Rodents collected during a Survey of the _ Straits of Magalhaens ...... _ anette +e ee - Honesoy, B. H., Esq. » Forther Account of the Chiru Antelope (Antilope Hodg- a Is dnic'l maine stsaansaa cess a nce na diving aitueene oO Lesson, M. R. P. P Table of a Distribution of the Families of the Acalepha, Misra iy car ale & xia Chaat eccoick ol ck eon op ASA healol ora oi 2, CRONE Lows, Rev. R. T. Additional Observations on Alepisaurus .............. MacLeay, A., Esq. ; Letter from, on the Habits of the Apteryxr Australis, Shaw Mansy, Capt., R.N. Letter announcing the stranding in Suffolk of an enormous Whale (Balena Physalus, Linn.) .......... 00202-0000 es Martin, Mr. W. Notes of a Dissection of the Cape Hyrax (Hyrax Capensis, MOA 2 2 2 YORE eerie ts Oe See pee ede oe eee Notes of the Dissection of a red-backed Pelican (Pelecanus pki topped i Re ER dy Sere i tae - Notes of the Dissection of a small Nocturnal Lemur (Micro- COIS IEUTINUS| AXCOMSY! Woe ce ee Fae wee ose owen eae eee Notes of the Dissection of Crocodilus leptorhynchus, Benn. Note on the mode of attachment of the os furcatum to the sternum in the Pelican, Adjutant, Crane, and Heron ...... ’ Visceral and osteological Anatomy of the Coypus (Myopo- tamus Coggus, Comm.) 3.066 3-6 4 oisin'e » S8508 yet Moorg, Mrs. Note accompanying a Living Iacchus Monkey (Iacchus peni- Caan NOC ee SE SO LEE We thane ons areas « = nar Ocitsy, W., Esq. Descriptions of Mammalia and Birds from the Gambia .. Remarks on some Marsupials from the interior of New Rent, WGUES 9.2» eoite oe mie maine soa at ag A Owen, R., Esq. Notes of a Dissection of a long-tailed Dasyurus (Dasyurus gemcraurus, GOK. )e co... soc oe + vm cots CDMeRE ath ee Notes on the Anatomy of the red-backed Pelican (Pelecanus rufescens, Gmel.) 9.0. 2.0 sees ee le ee eee tee eee wees Description of a. Microscopic Entozoon infesting the Mus- cles of the Human Body (Trichina spiralis).......-....++ On the Anatomy of Linguatula Tenioides, Cuv. ........- On the Comparative Osteology of the Orang and Chim- WOME Oo etd eletija = ja «$e sine 0+ 2 = vb ole oe Syl eke le AE nee On the Anatomy of Distoma clavatum, Rud. .........- Remarks on the Entozoa, and on the Structural Differences existing among them; including Suggestions for their Distri- bution into other Classes; and a Catalogue of the Entozoa METOWANGS © j.. cin" Rieiaeie see ae «sco be as oes otha es Ee 6 ve Note descriptive of a Species of Tape-worm (Tenia lamel- Tigera,. OWEN). cveesuivecersceeeeererterwenecacdoeed Y e 119 _ ¢ f Owen, R., Esq. (continued). page Notes. on the Anatomy of the Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudi- volvulus, Tl.) .......... wat So.ee.t oad Rh SE i. Goeeet? 119 Parry, Capt. Sir E. W., R.N. Note on the Habits of the brush-tailed Kangaroo (Macro- _ pus penicillatus, Gray) .......... Se Pe en OE a rt 1 Pootz, P., Esq. Letter accompanying a Collection of Mammalia, Birds, and ' Reptiles, obtained in the Travancore country v....... -. 66, 92 Powss, W. L., Esq. : Characters of New Species of Shells lected by Mr. CREEP GIS: St ARN ee: ina eae Eee ee a | ' Reap, W. H. Rupston, Esq. ; Note on the Habits of the Cape Hyrax (Hyraxr Capensis, . RES ee oh ek AR OA Ak Ni Gi Aiba ed 13 i _ Reeve, Mr. L. A. Characters of two Species of Shells (Cyprea subviridis and _ Lucina rugifera), 4 q-e ae ae iesreaen ss ga piaelss akin bie 6.4 soc - ORR ’ ay Mr. Anatomical Description of the Patagonian Penguin (Apteno- _ dytes Patachonica, Forst.)..... settee eee ennne eceeree 132 Renan, Mr. Account of some Mabtnsiia and (Binds brought from the _ Gambia by hint Steet ote ys ec ceekee te Se tcitg teat 4, 97 R LOLLE, Lady. Note.on the Rearing of a Jacchus Monkey (Jacchus penicil- Statue, 5 ER pe CO RP iats wale bibnis ain vive ete oe 21 Memoir on ‘a New Species of Sword-fish (Histiophorus im- _ maculatus) ............ SRM MME Als wiuiwia'eis's ».5'souin'e, vical ow kOe Smirz, Mr. W. Note on the Animal of the Argonauta Argo, Linn....... 125 Characters of and Observations on New Genera and Spe- a a cies of Mollusca and Conchifera collected by Mr. Cuming . . by 4, 21, 41, 49, 84, 93, 109 STRACHAN, P. L., Esq. Letter from, respecting some Reptiles sent by him from p Sierra Leone ............ eke it a BM aici ald ae 61 Swainson, W., Esq. Vill Sykes, Lieut.-Col. W. H. On the Quails and Hemipodii of India ...... ee On some Birds of the Cape of Good Hope, identical with tise eu Pater cieale sa atalels ss perinatal eee one 62 Temp.eton, R., Esq. Descriptions of a few Invertebrated Animals obtained at Che ISIE tof Branca eis osc. aie Diels’ Wialolags lettin ole eee eee 111 Tuomeson, W., Esq. ; Notices of some Additions-to the British Fauna........ 77 On some Vertebrata new to the Irish Fauna .......... 78 On: some rare Irish Birds: .. 5. .s -002.. chee Cote cree Nae On the Herring Gull of the North of Ireland ...... ier, Sa Unitep Service Museum. Note from the Secretary accompanying several Birds.... 4 Westwoop, J. O., Esq. : Characters of New Genera and Species of Hymenopterous TCD re we Siu aea eats > ele’ Mao n'y in al Etat ee wisheraiste seam 51,68 Wuttsaire, W., Esq. Letter accompanying an Aoudad (Ovis Tragelaphus, Geoff.) 41 YaRRELL, W., Esq. Explanation of the mode of union after fracture of the processes of the vertebre of a Sole (Solea vulgaris, Cuv.) .. Note on the trachea of the Stanley Crane (Anthropoides poramiseus, bechst.): « giy0se Suiza. ndwaied ois,» «eens Note on the foetal pouch of the male needle Pipe-fish "(Syn- guathes: Acus) Vane.) 0:0. 3 sins Sebane Nis 0c ons bal epee 18 Notes on the Economy of an Insect destructive to Turnips (Athalia Centifoliea, Leach) .......... 62.2008 afad. pei stato PROCEEDINGS OF THE : ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. ‘ January 13, 1835. William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. ___ A specimen was exhibited of the brush-tailed Kangaroo, Macropus _ penicillatus, Gray, which had recently been presented to the Society _ by Captain Sir Edward W. Parry. Mr. Bennett called the attention _ of the Meeting to its peculiarities, and remarked on the great hairi- _ ness of the tail, and especially on its want of robustness at the base, _as indicating probably the type of a new genus, to be removed from _ among the Macropi on account of the diminished power of an organ _ which is so exceedingly strong among the typical Kangaroos as to exe- , during the act of slow progression and while resting, the office of athird leg. In connexion with this peculiarity of tail, Mr. Bennett pointed out also a difference in the form of the third, or extreme la- incisor, as compared with the corresponding tooth in Maer. , Shaw; crania of the two animals being exhibited for that ose. The third incisor in Macr. penicillatus is bilobed, and ap- hes somewhat to the character of the corresponding tooth in Macr. Parryi, Benn. ; 1 note by Sir Edward Parry, which accompanied the specimen, sread. The animal appears to be procurable with difficulty, as dividual was “the only one of the kind ever seen by Sir E. It was shot among rocks near Liverpool Plains, New South s. As several of the same kind were seen together on more 2 Ohe occasion, they appear to be gregarious. They seemed to the neighbourhood of rocky ground, in which they had holes, ich, when hunted, they retreated. The. first intimation re- of these animals by Mr. Hall was, that monkeys were to be a particular situation: and the manner in which they jumped when he first approached a number of them, left the same im- ssion on his mind. ‘They were so wild that he found it impossi- on his first attempt, to obtain a specimen; and one which he had wounded escaped into its hole. Some months afterwards, how- ever, after remaining on the spot a whole night for the purpose, he _ No. XXV. Proczepines or ru Zoonocicat Sociery. Z succeeded in killing one towards daylight, which is the specimen now presented to the Society.” Mr. George Bennett stated that while in New South Wales he had : heard of an animal called Giinar by the natives, and found about the Beran Plains, which was described to him as in some degree resem- bling a Kangaroo, but differing from it in having a bushy tail, and in the form of the head, which was stated to resemble that of the - Hare. He suggested the probability that the Gunar and the brush- tailed Kangaroo might be specifically identical. Extracts were read from a Letter addressed to the Secretary by M. Lesson, For. Memb. Z.S., and dated Rochefort, December 29, 1834. It-was accompanied by the subjoined table of a distribution of the families of the Acalepha, Cuv., proposed by the writer. ACALEPHA. I. Without a central solid axis. A. Body simple, entire. 1. Symmetrical, terminated at each pole by an opening. 1. BerorpEx. 2. Non-symmetrical: the upper pole disciform or umbrella- shaped, imperforate. 2. Mepusez. B. Body multiple or aggregated. a. Homogeneous. 3. Composed of two pieces ad- hering together, and capable : of separation from each other. 3. Diruyprs. 4. Composed of numerous pieces aggregated together. 4. Potyroma. 6. Heterogeneous. 5. Animal furnished with ap- pendages of different kinds. .* Vesicle small, regular, placed at the summit of a kind of stalk fur- nished with lateral ampulle and terminal suckers. 5. PuyssopHore. ** Vesicle large, irregular, with- out stalk or ampulle, but having terminal suckers and cirriferous processes. 6. Puysautia. II. With a central cartilaginous axis. 6. Body simple, with suckers and lateral tentacula. a. Body irregularly oblong, with a vertical Jamina on its upper sur- face. 7. VELELLE. b. Body discoid, flat above. 8. Porrirz. A I NN ni 3 A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Népal, February 25, 1834. It a systematic and technical account of the Chiru Antelope, Anti- Hodgsonii, Abel, in conformity with the latest and most complete ation possessed by the writer, and communicated by him to ociety at its Meeting on July 22, 1834. (< Proceedings’, Part II. mi B2 January 27, 1835. Lieut.-Col. Sykes in the Chair. Extracts were read from a Letter addressed to the Secretary by J. B. Harvey, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Teignmouth, Ja- nuary 22, 1835. It was accompanied by a large collection of Shells from the south coast of Devonshire, and by specimens of Echinoder- mata and Crustacea from the same coast, which the writer presented to the Society. It was also accompanied by drawings of a large specimen of Caryophyllia Smithii, now living in Mr. Harvey’s pos- session: the drawings represent the animal shortly after feeding, when it is expanded sufficiently to contain the food, extending rather above the level of the coral and raised in the middle; and also as it appears three or four hours after having been fed, when it expands itself to the fullest extent, and ejects, in the form of floceuli, the crude undigested matter. A Note was read from the Secretary of the United Service Mu- seum, accompanying several skins of Birds transmitted for exhibi- bition by direction of the Ornithological Sub-Committee of that Museum. ‘The specimens were brought under the notice of the Meeting. The exhibition was resumed of the Shells collected by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America and among the Islands of the South Pacific Ocean. Those brought before the present Meeting were accompanied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and com- prised the following species : Genus Hipronyx. “Of this remarkable genus Mr. Cuming brought home three spe- cies in such perfect condition, as respects the shell, as to possess both valves in situ. The two specimens which exhibit these three species appear to me so interesting that I shall venture upon a par- ticular description of them. The first, of the species which I have named Hipp. Mitrula, is a group of about twenty individuals, of va- rious sizes, from =}; to+ an inch in diameter, adhering by their lower or flat valves to an irregular piece of stone; the attached valves as usual, are conformed to the irregularities of the surface of the stone, and when they have been at first attached to a cavity, they are hol- low: the upper valves are also somewhat modified in form by the same cause, so as to be more or less regular according as the lower valve has adhered to a more or less smooth and even part of the "a od — 5 stone. The attached valves have not attained a great degree of thickness, consequently I do not suppose any one of the individuals to be of advanced age; there are, however, several which can only just have occupied their positions on the stone: these are not above zo part of an inch in diameter, and they show the perfect point of the upper valve, somewhat convoluted and inclined toward the ante- rior edge. Other individuals, which are placed in a cavity of the stone, are very regular in shape, but have their ridges slightly curved upwards in conformity with the nearly regular vesicular shape of the cavity. The edges of the damelle near the outer margin in most of _ the specimens are furnished with a thin fringe of epidermis, but the very young shells are destitute of this. An individual of Hipp. : Nairfe is observable among the group of Hipp. Mitrula: its mre is distinctly spiral and its epidermis hairy. ’ “The second specimen belongs to the species which I have named Hipp. barbata. ‘This is a very complete specimen, and reminds me of the beautiful fossil species Hipp. Cornucopia ; it is a small indivi- dual, having its attached valve very much thickened and adhering to a much larger one of the same species; its edge is much elevated and it is deeply concave; the free valve is rather smaller, and coni- _ cal, and its edge is surrounded by the elevated edge of the attached valve."—G. B.S. . _ / Hipponyx Mrtrvuta. (Pileopsis Mitrula, Lam. Patella Mitrula, Auct.) Hipp. testd albd, subconicd, concentricé lamellosd, la- mellis subconfertis, radiatim striatis, epidermide pilosis. Hab. ad Insulam Peruvianam Lobos dictam. Found upon stones, in seventeen fathoms’ water, among coarse ~ sand.—G. B.S. _ / Hipponyx suBrvra. (Pileopsis subrufus, Lam. Patella subrufa, ____—~Dillw.) ~Hipp. testd aurantiaco-rufescente, subconicd, concen- trice sulcatd, radiatim striatd, striis profundis, marginibus sulco- rum crenulatis ; vertice posticé inclinato. Hab. cum precedente.—G. B. S. _ ¥ Hipronyx rapiata, Gray. Hipp. testd subdepresso-conicd, ful- vescente, radiatim costatd, costis crebris, imbricato-squamosis ; : vertice postico. Hab. ad Panamam et ad Insulas Gallapagos. Found attached to rocks alive, and the upper valves loose un the _ sands.—G. B. S. Hrpronyx BarpatTa. Hipp. testd pallide fulvd, subelevato-conicd, radiatim confertim striatd ; margine ventrali producto ; epider- ____mide piloso-barbatd ; margine interno crenulato. _ Hab. ad Insulas Maris Pacifici. Found on the coral reefs around Toobouai, one of the Society _ Islands.—G. B.S. “4 ati Oe 6. Genus Movret1a. Yiu. Movretia Peruviana. Mour. testd subdepresso-conicd, albd, ra- diatim striatd ; vertice centrali ; epidermide corned, tenui. Hab. ad oras Peruvie. (Cobija.) Found on rocks at low water.—G. B.S fo. Movuretia stettata. Mour. testd depressd, squamiformi, albd, radiatim costatd ; margine dentato. Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Real Llejos.) Found on rocks at low water.—G. B. S. “Ae Movretia reTicuLaTA. Mour. testa eninge saae conicd, subro- eee tundatd, supern? reticulatd, albd. Hab. ad Valparaiso. Found attached to shells in deep water, from forty-five to ninety fathoms.—G. B. S. Genus S1PHONARIA. Srpponaria costaTa. Siph. testd depressd, fusco-nigricante, co- stis albicantibus, radiantibus, superné obtusis ; margine sinuoso - long. 1°35, lat. 1°05 poll. Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Guacomayo.) On rocks in exposed situations at low water.—G. B. S. SrpHonaria RADIATA. Siph. testd subdepresso-conicd, fusco-nigri- cante, costis albicantibus, radiantibus ; margine crenato : long. 0°9, lat. 0°75 poll. Hab. ad littora Occidentalia Africe. (Gambia.) This differs from Siph. costata rather by its form than by ary other character; this being only a slightly depressed cone, while the last is altogether very flat—G. B.S. SIPHONARIA LINEOLATA. Siph. testd oblique conicd, fuscd, lineo- lis numerosis, albidis, radiantibus : long. 0°65, lat. 0°45 poll. Hab. ad Paytam Peruvie. Variat testd majore, lineis albidis minis conspicuis : long. 1:05, lat. 0°8 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Chiloe Chilensium. On rocks in exposed situations.—G. B, S. Srrnonarta Prca. Siph. testd suboblique conicd, nigricante, radia- tim costatd et striatd, costis albidis ; margine crenato, interne albo maculato : long. 0°8, lat. 0-7 poll. Hab. ad Acapulco. On rocks in exposed situations.—G. B. 8. . Srpmonarra suprucosa. Siph. testd subdepresso-conicd, fusce- scente, extis albicante, radiatim costato-striatd, rugulosd ; vertice subcentrali, nigro : long. 0°8, lat. 0°6 poll. ae? - ore keane. Hab. ad oras Brasilie. Found on rocks in exposed situations.—G. B. S. ‘Srpwonaria Laviuscuta. - Siph. testd subdepresso-conicd, sub- obliqud, extiis pallidd, radiatim albido-lineatd ; intis fuscescente ; margine albicante : long. 0°9, lat. 0°75 poll. Hab. ad Valparaiso. On rocks in sheltered places.—G. B.S. Srewonaria Maura. Siph. testd parvd, depressd, subovali, intis nigrd, margine albido articulato; extds fuscescente, albido-ra- diatd : long. 0°55, lat. 0°45 poll. Hab. ad Panamam. Found on rocks.—G. B.S. Mr. Owen read some Notes of a Dissection of a long-tailed Da- syurus, Dasyurus macrourus, Geoff., which recently died at the So- ciety’s Gardens. _ The subject was a female, adult, weighing 3lbs. 84 oz., and mea- suring from the extremity of the jaws to the root of the tail 1 foot 4 inches, the length of the tail being 1 foot 24 inches, and that of the head 4 inches. The vaginal orifice and the anus were situated ‘within a common outlet, just below the root of the tail. There were + 7 4 six nipples, arranged three on either side, describing three quarters of a circle, and seated within a slight fold of integument, of a corre- sponding shape, 3 inches anterior to the cloacal outlet. ~ The external oblique abdominal muscle terminated below in a strong tendon, which was folded inwards, like Poupart’s ligament. The abdominal ring consisted of a slit, bounded externally by Pou- part’s ligament, and internally by the marsupial bone: and Mr. Owen stated it to be his opinion that the marsupial bones are essen- tially ossifications of the tendons of the external abdominal muscle which constitute the internal or mesial pillars or boundaries of the 4 abdominal rings. The transversalis abdominis and internal oblique muscle were distinct. ' The stomach was simple, 44 inches in length and 8 inches in its 4 greatest circumference. It was shaped as in the genus Didelphis, and had the cardia a little nearer to the pylorus than to the left ex- tremity. It was principally nourished by the coronary arteries ; the -epiploics being very small and running along the posterior side of the stomach, and not along the greater curvature. The ter- _ tinal part of the esophagus was furnished with longitudinal ruge. The commencement of the duodenum, to the extent of half an inch, __Was occupied by a zone of glands. = Bi one, Ss, ine oot __ The omentum was of small size, extending from the stomach to the spleen, but not covering the intestines: it is possible that as these are short and wide, they do not require such a covering to fa- cilitate their motion. It contained a little fat. _ The mesentery was one continuous duplicature of the peritoneum, extending from the pylorus to the end of the colon, as in the Rep- & tilia. The vessels anastomose to form but one series of arches. The mesenteric glands were oblong, situated close to the pancreas, and exhibited, on being cut into, a dark colour. The length of the intestines was 5 feet; their greatest circumfe- rence 24 inches. They were destitute of cecum and of any corre- sponding valve. Their diameter was nearly uniform throughout their whole length. The anal glands, two in number, were of a spherical form, and half an inch in diameter. Their secretion was dark-coloured. A minute duct conveys it from each gland to the verge of the cloacal opening, which is a little prominent, and is surrounded by a strong sphincter. The liver occupied the situation usual in the Mammalia. Its weight was 3 ounces 8} drachms. It was tripartite, if the cystic lobe (which is deeply cleft) be considered as one division. The right division was partially cleft into three lobes: the cystic di- vision was deeply cleft, with the gall-bladder loosely attached at the bottom of the fissure, not perforating the substance of the lobes as in Didelphis. The left division gave off the Spigelian appendic. All the lobes are irregularly notched. The abdominal vena cava per- forated the liver. The gall-bladder was of a pyriform figure, pendent at its apex to two small folds of peritoneum which attach it to the liver. . The ductus communis entered the duodenum 1 inch from the pylorus. The pancreas was a broad, flattened, branched gland, with a pro- cess given off at the splenic end from the main body, so as to pro- duce, in a transverse section, the figure of the letter T. The pan- creatic duct joined the biliary just at its termination. The spleen ~ was situated sinistrad and dorsad of the stomach : its weight was 63 drachms. Its form was compressed, trihedral and T-shaped, as in the Kangaroo, but its lesser process was not so long as in that animal. Mr. Owen considers this form as indicative of a relation, hitherto un- suspected, between the spleen and the pancreas, the small process of the former corresponding to that of the latter. The lungs were 3+ inches in length; the right measured 14 and the left 12 in breadth: their weight was 83 drachms. The right consisted of four lobes; the left but of one lobe. The azygos lobe was connected to the right lung by the large branches of blood- and air-vessels only, and not by continuity of substance. The heart, measuring 1 inch and 10 lines in length and 1 inch and 3 lines in breadth, and weighing 94 drachms, was situated near the middle of the chest. Its form was oblong, pointed at the apez. The right auricle rose high above the left. Both auricles had smooth short appendices. The vene cave were two superior and one infe- rior. The primary branches of the aorta were two, the arteria inno- minata dividing into the right subclavian and the common trunk of the carotids. ' The rings of the trachea were twenty-three in number and incom- plete behind. The first of them rose convexly into the space below the cricoid cartilage. The larynx was protected by a large semicy- lindrical epiglottis, slighty emarginate at its apex, which extended ee «a 9 into the posterior xares above the soft palate, asin other Marsupiata. There were two large cuneiform cartilages. ‘There was also.a small sacculus beneath the epiglottis. The soft palate terminated in a thin arched margin. The tonsils were oblong. The parotid glands were of moderate size» and branched, and there was on each of them a small conglobated gland. The submaxillary glands were flattened, of the size of nutmegs, and ‘situated in front of the neck. There was no sublingual gland. -A thick row of labial glands extended along the lower lip. The tongue measured 3 inches in length, and: had, at the distance of 1 inch from the epiglottis, three fossulate papille. “The. thyroid:glands were se- parate, each of them being of the size of a horse-bean. The-supra-renal glands were oblong, of the size of horse-beans, and placed anterior to the kidneys: on a section they exhibited a light-coloured exterior layer, then a very dark-coloured substance, and internally became again light-coloured. The kidneys were seated high in the lumbar region, the right being half an inch higher than the left. . Each had one pointed papilla. The weight of both was 13 drachms. The ovaries, 3 lines in length and half a line in breadth, were of a _ flattened oval shape. In the right there was an ovisac coming for- ward. There were two masseter muscles. The flexor longus digitorum _ pedis, or its analogue, was inserted into the fibula, and sent no ten: _ don to the toes, the tendons to them being derived from the muscle _ analogous to the fleror longus pollicis pedis: it is consequently a ro- - tator of the fibula, and is described by Home as a peculiar muscle in the Koala. ' _ The morbid appearances observed consisted of srrall tubercles in _ the lungs and small cysts in the liver. There was a general increased vascularity over the alimentary canal; and the intestines contained _ bits of straw and bloody mucus. ; ; _ Mr. Owen also read his Notes on the Anatomy of the red-backed Pelican of Dr. Latham, Pelecanus rufescens, Gmel. __ “The following notes were made on the dissection of one of the sx r-sized grey Pelicans, which died at the Society’s Gardens in _ April 1832. They are now brought forward in order that they may _ be compared with the results of the dissection of the one which took place at its Museum a few days ago. _ “The Pelican which I dissected measured 3 feet 7 inches from the emity of the beak to the vent, and 104 inches from the extre- of the upper mandible to the nostrils. These are almost con- _ cealed slits in the lateral grooves of the upper mandible, just anterior to the skin of the head. They will barely admit the flat end of a obe; and lead almost vertically to the internal apertures of the l cavity. The air-cells in the Pelican, as in the nearly allied _ Bird the Gannet, Sula Bassana, Temm., aré remarkably extended and i. diffused over the body: the whole cellular tissue, even to the tips of 10 the wings and the end of the fleshy part of the legs, can be blown up from the trachea. «« The extent to which the skeleton of the Pelican is permeated by air has been particularly noted by Mr. Hunter in his celebrated Paper on the air-cells of Birds, in which he throws out a suggestion that it may assist the birds of this species in carrying heavy loads in their large fauces. This supposed relation of extended air-cells to a largely developed beak is borne out in the case of the Hornbill, in which every bone of the skeleton is permeated by air, but is ap- parently contradicted by the Gannet: I say apparently, because, al- though the rami of the lower jaw do not, in this species, afford sus- pension to a capacious reservoir as in the Pelican, yet the bird may occasionally have to bear away a considerable load as, for instance, in a large fish seized by its mandibles, and a previous accumulation in its dilatable esophagus. «Mr. Hunter, it may be remembered, was doubtful on the first pub- lication of his Paper as to the source from which the mandibles de- rived their gaseous contents: not that he was ignorant of the air- holes in the bones, as he is careful to tell us in the reprint of the Memoir in the ‘ Animal Giconomy’, where he states that the lower jaw of the “ Pelican is furnished with air, which is supplied by means of the Eustachian tube.” «« To ascertain the correctness of this description I sawed across the left ramus of the lower jaw ; but on blowing into the end of the part attached to the head, I found that the air did not escape as I had expected by the Eustachian tube, (the orifice of which is a slit, situated on the roof of the mouth, one inch behind the posterior or in- ternal nares,) but filled, first the air-cells under the throat, and then, passing down the neck, raised the large air-cell above the furculum. On dissection I found that the air passed into the lower mandible immediately from an air-cell surrounding the articulation between the jaw and os guadratum ; which received its air from the lungs by means of the cells passing along the neck and throat, &c. The au- thority of Mr. Hunter ought not to be set aside by the result of a single experiment; and the possibility of accidental rupture may be urged against the above observation ; but it is at all events worthy of being recorded, and should be repeated when opportunity occurs, with the addition of blowing into the Eustachian tube, which I omitted to do, “There is little to be added to the accounts already given in the works of Cuvier, and of Professor Tiedemann and Carus, of the di- gestive organs of the Pelican. The weak or thin-coated stomach, small ceca, and short intestines bespeak its animal diet, and the uni- formly capacious esophagus, as well as the superadded faucial bag, may be regarded as pointing to the piscivorous habits of this singu- lar species. It is more difficult to assign the use of the globular — cavity interposed between the gizzard and the duodenum, which the Pelican has in common with some of the piscivorous Gralle, viz. those of the genus Ardea. In them the pyloric cavity is very small, but ee Pee , ial ht Nip Stang Saag _— 11 in the Pelican it is fully as large in proportion as in the Crocodiles, which alone possess it among Reptiles. In the Pelican here described the pyloric cavity measured 14 inch in diameter, communicated by a small transverse aperture with the gizzard, and by an opposite one, of smaller size and obliquely placed, with the duodenum. Its lining membrane is villous and vascular, and was in this instance tinged with bile, which must have entered by regurgitation, as none of the biliary ducts enter here. “The esophagus is continued into the proventriculus without any marked constriction, and the latter passes insensibly into the part analogous to the gizzard, which is comparatively of small size. The gastric glands are simple elongated follicles, closely compacted to- gether, and extended over nearly the whole proventriculus. “The duodenum, after making the usual fold, ascends on the right of the stomach ; the intestine is then disposed in three or four coils upon a central mesentery, and then is strung on the edge of the me- __ sentery in long and deep folds, from the last of which the i/eum passes ’ upwards behind the stomach, and then descends to join the rectum. At the point of junction were placed the ceca, each 14 inch in length. The rectum is very short, and opens obliquely into a large urinary receptacle; as large, proportionately, as in the Ostrich. Before commencing the dissection, a quantity of very fluid urine, of a whitish colour and containing whitish flakes, escaped on pressure _ being made upon the sides of the cloaca. “« The liver is bilobed, the right lobe much larger than the left, in _ which the edges were rounded off. There is a gall-bladder, which contained bile of a yellow colour, not green as in Birds generally. _ The cystic, biliary, and hepatic ducts terminated in the end of the duodenum, close to which opened the duct of the pancreas. The lat- _ ter gland was of a less elongated form than usual, being of a rounded figure, and not descending far into the fold of the duodenum. The _ spleen was placed behind the stomach, in length 1 inch, in breadth half an inch. q “The kidneys were of large size, being 4 inches long, 2 deep, and _ 14 wide, and, which is very unusual in Birds, the right kidney was half an inch higher than the left. Many of the small superficial branches _ of the ramified ureter which characterizes the kidneys of the ovipa- _ Tous animals were beautifully conspicuous from their white opake ontents. The supra-renal glands were of a light yellow colour, and a rough or granular pulpy texture; the right adhered closely to e vena cava, the left as closely to the ovary, which seemed to be veloped partly from the gland and partly from the coats of the left aoralvein. ‘The largest ova were nearly of the size of peppercorns about twenty in number : there were innumerable smaller ones. oviduct was narrow at its commencement, but gradually attained diameter of about 4 lines; it passed along the anterior part of the it kidney, adhering thereto by its peritoneal ligament. _ “As the Pelican belongs to that group of Natatores, the Toti- palmes of Cuvier, which contains species approximating most closely 12 to the Raptorial Birds, and which are almost the only Birds of this order, as Cuvier observes, (Régne An., nouy.ed., i. p.561,) that perch, I did not fail to try the common experiment suggested by Borelli’s observations on the effect which bending the leg- and ancle-joints might have upon the toes: the latter, however, exhibited no corre- sponding inflection. In perfect agreement with this is the — yation that the Pelicans do not perch when they go to rest.” — 1% February 10, 1835. The Rev. John Barlow in the Chair. A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by W. H. Rudston Read, Esq., giving an account of the habits of the Hyrar Capensis, Pall.; as observed at the Cape of Good Hope, and also during a voyage thence to England in a specimen brought home by the Rev. Mr. Hennah of H. M. S. Isis, which was presented to the Society after its death by Mr. Read. “The Hyrax Capensis,” Mr. Read states, ‘‘is found at the Cape of Good Hope inhabiting the hollows and crevices of rocks, both on. the summits and sides of hills, as well as near the sea-shore, even a little above high-water mark. It appears to live in families, and in its wild state is remarkably shy. In winter it is fond of coming _ out of its hole and sunning itself on the lee side of a rock, and in _ summer of enjoying the breeze on the top; but in both instances, as well as when it feeds, a sentinel is on the look-out (generally an old male), which gives notice, usually by a shrill prolonged cry, of the ap- _ proach of danger, or even the least movement of any suspicious ob- ject. It lives on the young shoots of shrubs, the tops of flowers, herbs and grass, particularly of all those which are aromatic ; which occasions the necessity of paunching the animal as soon as killed, in _ order to make it fit for eating. The stomachs of those shot by Mr. Hennah were always much distended with food scarcely masticated. In the flavour of its flesh it is very like a rabbit. A friend of mine kept two young ones alive for some time, which became very tame: they would find him out when lying on the sofa or in bed (for they _ were suffered to run about the house), and climbing up, shelter them- selves on his breast within his waistcoat, or creep under the bed- _ clothes at his back, and lying quiet enjoy the warmth. The one brought home by Mr. Hennah, when allowed to run unconfined about the room, was inclined to be sociable; but was restless and inquisi- tive, climbing up and examining every person or thing in the cabin, and startling at any noise, which caused it instantly to run and hide itself. But from confinement it became savage and snarling, and tried to bite when anything was put near its cage. Both wild and _ in restraint it is remarkably clean in its habits, always frequenting __ and depositing its dung in one place. From its faintly crying in its ‘sleep we may conclude that it dreams. I have also heard it chewing its food by night, when everything has been quiet, and after going 3 dt sleeping apartment. In its food it was pleased with variety, _ eating first a few leaves of one plant and then of another, and greedily licking salt when given to it. In its passage home its food was In- _ No. XXVI. Proceepines or THE Zootoeicat Society. 14 dian corn bruised, bread, raw potato, and onion, with a small quan- tity of water, which in drinking it partly lapped and partly sucked up. It was very sensible of cold; for whena candle was placed near the bars of its cage, it readily acknowledged the little warmth given out by turning its side and sitting still to receive the full benefit of the rays of heat. I am inclined to think that the female does not produce more than two young ones at a time, from having observed in several instances but two following the old ones. Its name at the Cape is the Dasse, which is, I believe, the Dutch for a badger.” Mr. Martin’s Notes of the dissection of the specimen of Hyrarx Capensis, presented to the Society by Mr. Rudston Read, were then read. “The dissection of the Hyrar by Mr. Owen (‘ Proceedings of the Committee of Science, &c.’, Part II. p. 202.) is to be regarded as a confirmation of the anatomical details of this animal as given by Pallas, while at the same time it communicates several additional facts of great value. The present notes give nothing absolutely new; but may be of use as substantiating previous observations with regard to some very remarkable points of structure. ‘* The animal in question was young and of the male sex: its total length was 1 foot 4 inches, that of the head being 34 inches. On removing the skin, the panniculus carnosus was observed to be very strong, especially about the shoulders; and on opening the body, the smallness of the volume of the chest compared with that of the ab- domen was very striking. The abdominal viscera presented them- selves in the following order. The liver barely advanced from the right hypochondriac region as far as the epigastric, its left portion covering the cardiac portion of the stomach. Below the liver and to its left the stomach was seated, and below this were the ceca, of large dimensions, covering the small intestines, over the whole of which was spread an extensive omentum, arising from the great cur- vature of the stomach. «* The stomach measured in length about 4 inches, and was con- tracted in the middle: a fleshy sphincter of great thickness closed the pyloric orifice, and was distinctly to be felt. On inverting the stomach, with a view to preserve it thus in spirits, the extent of the cuticular lining of the cardiac portion was found to be 24 inches: it was irregularly corrugated, and terminated abruptly. Near its edge, towards the great curve of the stomach, were three or four open glands with orifices capable of admitting the tip of a quill. The pyloric: portion was lined with the usual villous membrane. «The liver consisted of four lobes and a lobulus Spigelii: it was healthy. There was no gall-bladder; but a biliary duct of 14 inch in length was found to enter the duodenum half an inch below the pylorus : the origin of this duct is on the inner aspect of the liver at its base, a separate duct emerging from each lobe to form it by their mutual union. OSS 15 « The small intestines were not much thicker than a quill fora considerable distance, but gradually increased in circumference : their length was 5 feet 7 inches, and consequently more than a foot greater than the measurement given by Mr. Owen. On their inner coat were observed. the little sacculi noticed by Mr. Owen, as well as the remarkable villi, which are thickly set. ‘The breadth of the me- sentery was about 1} inch. ‘The first or true cecum was contracted into folds by three longitudinal bands, and so made trifid at the ex- tremity: its length was about 24 inches, its circumference 9. The entrance of the small intestine was succeeded by a sacculated portion (the bands of which were continued from the cecum) contorted spi- rally, beyond which the intestine, abruptly turning and becoming at once smaller, assumed a sigmoid flexure, gradually enlarging as it proceeded till it merged into two cecal appendages, of a conical figure with an enlarged base and a vermiform termination. The distance between the first cecum and the base of these appendages was found to be 1 foot 7 inches. Below these cecal appendages the large intestine measured 54 inches in circumference ; it, however, gradually but rapidly diminished in size. From this part to its ter- mination the large intestine measured 2 feet 7 inches. _ ‘(The pancreas was small, irregular, and. entirely embraced by the first fold of the duodenum: its secretion enters the intestine by two ducts, one terminating along with the biliary duct, the other 3ths of an inch lower down. “The spleen was broad and somewhat hatchet-shaped, having a projecting narrow slip from asemilunar base; its length was 2 inches, its breadth 1 inch. _ ‘©The heart was bifid at the apex; its length 1+ inch, and its breadth 13. The daryne was small; and the trachea consisted of 36 ‘ings. The esophagus was smooth. The thyroid glands were small _ and oval, and + inch long. The tongue was 2+ inches in length, _ smooth, with an elevated projection in the middle, and an obscure furrow running down it, from which diverged transversely several arched depressions. The palate was deeply furrowed with alternate transyerse ridges and depressions on each side of a middle line, the _ ridges.on one side corresponding to the depressions on the other. “The kidneys were flattened ; in length they measured 143 inch, in breadth 3: the tubuli uriniferi converged into one large conical papilla. The ureters entered the fundus of the bladder, not on its _ dorsal side, (for.it lay flat and empty,) but laterally on the edge, _ piercing the bladder obliquely, as described by Mr. Owen. ‘lhe supra-renal glands. were small greyish bodies, about the size of a pea. The testes, the vesicule seminales, the double prostate gland, _ and the penis were as described by Mr. Owen. _ _ “The sternum consisted of six distinct osseous pieces, indepen- _ dent of the xiphoid. cartilage, which was shaped like a spade: its ey length was 24 inches exclusive of the cartilage. The true ribs were . seven in number on each side, and the false ribs fourteen. The cer- 16 vical vertebre were seven, the dorsal twenty, the lumbar nine, the sacral vertebre (immediately united to the iliac bones) two, and the coccygeal ten, making the total number of vertebre forty-eight. The measurement from the end of the sternum to the ossa pubis, the animal lying stretched in an easy posture, was 7 inches: the length of the portion of the vertebral column occupied by the heads of the true ribs, 14 inch; and that of the portion of the vertebral column occu- pied by false ribs, 33 inches.” Preparations were exhibited of the cecum, of the urinary bladder, and of other viscera, in illustration of the foregoing notes. The following Notes by Mr. Martin, of the dissection of a red-backed Pelican, Pelecanus rufescens, Gmel., which recently died at the So- ciety’s Gardens, were also read. They refer to the male bird of a pair, the female of which was examined in 1832 by Mr. Owen, whose notes of the dissection were read at the last Meeting. “The bird was a male, and had been for many years in the Me- nagerie. “On removing the skin, a wide space occupied by cellular tissue distended with air, was found to intervene between it and the mus- cles. This tissue was thin, and subdivided irregularly into numerous cells communicating with each other. Beneath the great pectoral muscle, which was very extensive, there was also a large air-cell, but undivided. «The osseous structure was light and thin, and the bones of the extremities were remarkable for the extent of their internal cavities and the thinness of their external walls. The os furcatum was largely spread, and firmly soldered to the keel of the sternum, keeping the shoulders widely apart. The clavicles, or what are regarded as the analogues of the coracoid processes in Mammalia, were large, and broadly expanded at their point of union with the sternum. The sternum was short in proportion to its breadth, measuring 44 inches longitudinally, and the same across, in a straight line, that is, not following the concavity of its inner surface: its keel was compara- tively but little developed ; it is thrown forwards, however, as far as possible, and projects in a point where it is ossified to the os fur- catum. Its greatest depth is 1 inch 2 lines. «On exposing the viscera they were found to occupy a truly ab- dominal situation, being placed in a small compass and as far back-. wards as possible. The esophagus passed on for a considerable distance internally, before entering the proventriculus. “The inferior larynx was destitute of muscles: the bone ofdiva- rication was strong and well defined. asin) «« The liver consisted of two lobes, a large and a small one, united by a broad flat ‘process ths of an inch in length. The large lobe measured 23 inches in length and 2 in breadth; the thickness of its substance being 1 inch. ‘The small lobe was 14 inch long and + broad. 17 _ “ The pancreas consisted of two lobes united by an intervening slip or narrow portion, through which passed an hepatic duct running from the liver to the intestine. “« The biliary and hepatic ducts entered the intestine a foot below the stomach (gizzard) as follows : lst, Hepatic duct; 2nd, Pancreatic duct; 3rd, Cystic duct. «The intestines were thin and worm-like, their mean diameter being 3th of an inch. Their total length was 8 feet. “ The vena porte ran close to the pancreas, and was dilated into a large sinus before entering the liver. - * The lining membrane of the gullet was thrown into longitudinal plice throughout its whole length, but they became larger and less numerous towards the lower part, and the membrane itself increased in toughness and density as it approached the proventriculus. The muscular tunics consisted ‘of an internal longitudinal and external | circular layer of fibres; these fibres on the pouch were very fine and delicate, but became stronger and more distinct as the gullet pro- ceeded from this extensible } portion. “The appearance and shape of the proventriculus were very re- markable ; instead of its being a gradual dilatation of the gullet, it commenced abruptly, and its parietes were firm and muscular, inso- much that it might readily have been mistaken at first for a gizzard. Its length, including that of the gizzard (which forms with it a com- mon cavity), was 5 inches, and its circumference 4. The internal mem- brane was puckered into longitudinal ruge, and was studded with closely set glands of the size of large pin-heads. The longitudinal muscular fibres were remarkably strong, and a muscular slip pro- ceeding obliquely from the side of the gizzard attached the pyloric enlargement to it. « The pyloric enlargement was about the size of a common gar- den-bean. A passage {ths of an inch in circumference and {ths long, turning up abruptly, led to it from the stomach. ‘The lining mem- brane of this passage was thrown into longitudinal folds. The lining _ membrane of the pyloric cavity itself was thin, and not at all coria- _ ceous, and the muscular tunic fine. A valvular fold encircled the opening into the succeeding portion of the pylorus. “The testes were as large as peas, or rather larger, white and oval. _ * The cervical vertebre were 15 in number. _ With reference to the bony union of the os furcatum to the sternum ; observed in this Pelican, Mr. Martin remarks that ‘‘ in the Adjutant, 3 Ciconia Argala, Vig., though the keel of the sternum is much more Me extensive, deep, and strong, the os furcatum much resembles that of | the Pelican, and is in like manner ossified to its anterior apex. In | tv the common Heron, Ardea cinerea, Linn., the os furcatum is feeble, 2 but is also united by bone to the apex of the keel of the sternum: at ad Pa 18 its point of union a projection or short process is directed upwards ; the keel of the sternum is here very ample. These are birds not so much of rapid as of untiring powers of flight, which, unlike that of the impetuous Falcon, is sweeping and majestic. In the Falconide the os furcatum, though very strong, does not at all approach to the form of a triangle, as in the birds alluded to, but describes a figure not unlike that of a horse-shoe, and a considerable space intervenes between it and the keel of the sternum.” A Paper was read, entitled, ‘‘ Characters and Descriptions of a new Genus of the Family Melolonthide: by John Curtis, Esq., F.L.S., &c.” In a collection of Insects recently received by the author from Lima is contained a beautiful series of the one constituting the type of his proposed new genus ANCISTROSOMA. Antenne capite breviores. Clypeus, in mare presertim, emarginatus. Thorax acuté marginatus, hexagonus ; dente brevi in baseos medio armatus. Pedes longissimi, robusti. The stoutness of its legs and the sharp lateral edges of its thorax distinguish Ancistrosoma from all the neighbouring genera: the male is further characterized by an acute, rather long, and slightly curved spine near the base of the abdomen beneath. Its natural situation is pro- bably between Diphucephala, Dej., the males of which have a bilobed clypeus, and Macrodactylus, Latr., which is very similar to it in habit, and has also very long legs; but these in Mucrodactylus are slender, while in Ancistrosoma they are robust. Neither Diphucephala nor Macrodactylus possesses the little tooth at the base of the thoraz lap- ping over the scutellum, a structure which is, however, met with in Ceraspis as well as in Ancistrosoma ; but in Ceraspis, independently of the other differential characters, the antenne and club are long. Ancistrosoma Kuve. Ane. ferrugineum, supra piceo-nigrum ; thoracis margine elytrorumque strigis sex albidis. Long. maris 12 lin.; fceeminz plerumque minor. Hab. in Mimose floribus apud Huanuco prope Lima, Peruvie. Of the three streaks on each of the elytra, the sutural one does not reach so far as the base, the second extends neither to the base nor to the tip, and the outer one is still shorter: they consist of broad punctured furrows, white with short hairs. The cocoon of the pupa is ovate, hard, and in texture somewhat like that of Trichiosoma Lucorum, Leach ; its operculum is semiorbi- cular, with a broad hinge and narrow rim: the shell of the pupa is similar to that of other Melolonthide. Mr. Curtis describes in great detail the several parts of this In- .> 19 sect, and illustrates them by an extensive scries of drawings, which were exhibited; as were also specimens of the Jnsect itself. Mr. Curtis also communicated a Paper ‘On a species of Moth found inhabiting the Gall/s of a Plant, near Monte Video.” The galls in question were collected by Mr. Earle (who accompanied Captain Fitzroy in H. M. S. Beagle,) in the month of December, about fif- teen miles westward of the town, on a sort of underwood shrub, which Mr. David Don, on the examination of the small branches, and of a single leaf, thinks may probably be a species of Celastrus. Of the figures in illustration of the paper exhibited to the Meeting, one represents a branch supporting two of the galls, which are some- times clustered five or six together. They arise where the attach- ment of leaves or flowers is indicated, and are therefore most proba- bly produced by the transformation of the buds themselves, acted én by the stimulus of the insect secretions. On the side of each gall is a round aperture, with an operculum accurately fitted to it, which may easily be picked out with the point of a penknife. This operculum is equally convex on its outer surface with the rest of the gall, and is of the same thickness ; but its internal diameter is less than that of its external surface, which forms a broader rim. Around the orifice the margin of the gall is thickened and a little raised. Within each of the entire galls was found a pupa attached to the base by its tail, with its head close to the operculum; which, it should seem, gives way by a slight expansion or elongation of the pupa when just ready to hatch, and the cast skin is left sticking in the passage. Mr. Curtis observes that he was very much surprised to find on exa- mination that the pupe contained in these galls belonged not to the Hymenoptera but to the Lepidopterous order; an occurrence hitherto almost unprecedented. The characters of the Insect, as far as could be detected from the imperfect state in which it was found, are as follows : CrEcriposEs. Caput parvum. Antenne corpus longitudine ‘equantes, graciles, ciliate, articulis elongatis numerosis: in capitis vertice prope oculos inserte. Thorax squamulis depressis vestitus. Abdomen subrobustum, ovato-conicum. Pedes longi; tibiis anticis spina prope apicem munitis, intermediis posticisque ad apicem calcaratis, his densé squamulatis et in medio preterea bi-spinosis ; ¢arsis 5-articulatis, articulo basali longissimo ; unguibus pulvillisque minutis. Ale sublanceolate. - Crecrposrs Eremita. Cec. cinereus; alis anticis saturate brunneo maculatis, dense ciliatis ; posticis albidis. Hab. prope Monte Video. Pupa in gallis Celastri ? abscondita. From the stoutness of the body Mr. Curtis is inclined to refer the 2.2 a = 20 Moth to the Tortricide; if belonging to Pyralide or Crambide, its palpi should be more strongly developed, but neither they nor the maxille were discoverable. = ; Figures of the imperfectly developed moth and of several of its parts, as well as of the galls and their opercula, together with spe- cimens of the latter, were exhibited in illustration of the paper. February 24, 1835. William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. A Letter was read from Lady Rolle, addressed to the Secretary, giving an account of the birth of two young Monkeys, the produce of mother takes great care of it, exactly in the manner described by Edwards in his < Gleanings,’ p. 151, pl. 218; where the animal is Mr. Gould exhibited a living specimen of the red-billed Toucan, Ramphastos erythrorhynchus, Gmel., which had recently come into his possession. The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells contained in the collection of Mr. Cuming. Those brought at the present Meet- ing under the notice of the Society were accompanied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby. Genus Venus. Venus Cotumstensis. Ven. testa rotundato-ellipticd, crassa, ci- nereo albidoque variegatd, radiatim costatd, costis plurimis, pla- nulato-rotundatis, quam interstitia dupld latioribus 3 latere antico breviore, costis decussatim Squamosis, squamulis brevibus, obtusis ; lateris postici costis rugosis ; partis intermedie costis sublevibus ; intis albicante : long. 2°2, lat. 1°3, alt. 1-9 poll, Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam Columbiz Occidentalis. _ Found in coarse sand at low water.—G. B. S. Venus SUBIMBRICATA. Ven. testd cordato-subtrigond, crassd, fusco albidoque radiatim lineata vel variegatd, costellis radiantibus con- Sertis, costis subimbricatis decussantibus, prope umbonem lamelli- eris ; latere antico breviore, impressione cordatd anticd magna ; latere postico longiore, declivi, planato, depresso ; margine ventrali rotundato, intis denticulato - long. 1-6, lat. 1-, alt. 1-6 poll, Hab. ad Portam Portreram Americe Centralis. Found in fine sand in thirteen fathoms. 22 Variat testd parvd longiore, costis decussantibus omnibus lamellife- ris ; long. 0°8, lat. 0-4, alt. 0°7 poll. Hab. ad Acapulco.—G. B.S. VeENus UNDATELLA. Ven. testdé rotundato-ellipticd, crassd, albidd fusco maculaté punctatd et undatim pictd, costellis radiantibus confertis, aliisque decussantibus undulatis sublamellosis ; latere antico breviore, postico subdeclivi, marginibus depressis ; margine ventrali rotundato, intiis crenulato: long. 1°6, lat. 1-, alt. 1°5 poll. Hab. in Sinu Californiensi. (Island of Tres Marias.) Found on the shore.—G. B.S. Venus piscrepans. Ven. testd ellipticd, crassa, albicante, fusco subradiatim pictd ; latere antico breviore, subproducto ; postico subdeclivi ; marginibus depressis ; costis concentricis postice lamel- losis, medio obtusis, latiusculis, antic? sublamellosis ; umbonibus subprominentibus ; margine ventrali rotundato, intis denticulato : long. 1°4, lat. 0-8, alt. 1-25 poll. Hab. ad oras Peruvie. (Islay.) The blunt, rather broad, concentric ribs of the middle part of each valve are speckled with brown on their upper surfaces, and delicately crenulated on their ventral margins. Found in muddy sand at a depth of sixteen fathoms.—G.B.S. Venus mutticostaTa. Ven. testd ellipticd, ventricosd, crassd, con- centrice multicostatd, costis refleris, crassis, antice undulatis, me- dio crenatis, posticé alternatim interruptis, subirregularibus, sub- undulatis ; marginibus dorsali rectiusculo, ventrali rotundato ; im- pressione cordiformi anticd distinctd : long. 4°3, lat. 2°7, alt. 3°7 poll. Hab. in Sinu Paname. This is perhaps the largest species known. It is avery handsome shell, of a pale fawn colour, with several darker rays, somewhat divided into spots. Found in coarse sand at low water.—G. B.S. Venus Pervuviana. Ven. testd obovatd, crassd, concentricé costatd, costis crassiusculis, sublamellosis, antic? reflexis, medio reflexis, fulvo articulatis, postice deflexis, tenuioribus ; latere postico quam anticum duplo longiere, marginibus depressis, planatis ; maryine ventrali rotundato, intis levi: long. 2°3, lat. 1-2, alt. 1-9 poll. Hab. ad oras Peruvie. (Ancon.) ~ Found in soft mud at a depth of five fathoms.—G, B.S. Venus Austrauis. Ven. testd ovato-subtrigond, crassiusculd, ful- vescente maculis angulosis subtrigonis subradiatim pictd, concen- trice lamellosd, lameilis concinnis confertis, tenuibus, obtusis, pul- cherrimé radiatim decussatis, prope latera elevatioribus ; margi- nibus dorsali subelevato, ventrali rotundato, intis denticulato : long. 1:1, lat, 0°55, alt. 0-9 poll. Hab. ad oras Australie. (Swan River.)-—G. B.S. 23 Venus spurca. Ven. testé ovatd, crassd, sordidé fulvd fusco ra- diatim maculosd, concentrice subobsoleté costellatd, costellis obtu- sis, prope latera subinterruptis ; margine ventrali intits denticulato: long. 1-1, lat. 0°6, alé.0°9 poll. Hab. ad Valparaiso. Found in coarse sand at a depth of from thirty to fifty fathoms. —G.B.S. Genus CyTHEREA. CyrTHEerea rapiaTa. Cyth. testd subtrigond, subequilaterd, gibbosd, pallescente brunneo radiatd et undulatim pictd, levi, epidermide corned crassiusculd plus minusve indutd ; lateribus antico postico- que ventrem versus rotundatis ; margine ventrali rectiusculo, intis levi: long. 2°5, lat. 1-5, alt. 2° poll. sg ad oras Columbiz Occidentalis. (Salango and Xipixapi.)— G. B.S. This species belongs to that division of the genus which has four cardinal teeth, and is destitute of the cordiform anterior impression. Found in sandy mud at a depth of nine fathoms.—G. B.S. CyrHEREA unicotor. Cyth. testd ovato-subcordiformi, crassius- culd, brunnescente, levi, politd ; lateribus antico posticoque con- centricé sulcatis, sulcis medio obsoletis ; latere postico longiore, versus partem ventralem subacuminato ; margine ventrali lavi, ints purpurascente : long. 1°6, lat. 0°75, alt. 1°3 poll. Hab. ad Real Llejos Americe Centralis. Variat testd majore, albicante. Found in coarse sand at a depth of six fathoms.—G. B. S. CytHEerEA concinna. Cyth. testd ovato-subcordatd, crassiusculd, rubente albicante radiata ; latere postico longiore, subacuminato ; costellis numerosis, concentricis, obtusis, concinnis, confertis : long. 1:6, lat. 0°8, alt. 1-2 poll. Had. ad Panamam. Found at a depth of ten fathoms in fine sand.—G. B.S. CyTHEREA squaLipa. Cyth. testd ovato-subcordatd, crassiusculd, levi, pallidé fuscd, nonnunquam maculis irregularibus saturatiori- bus ; epidermide fuscd ; latere postico longiore, prope partem ven- __ tralem subacuminato : long. 2°7, lat. 1-3, alt. 2° poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. — This shell bears some resemblance to Cyth. maculosa. It has ge- nerally a very dull and dirty aspect. One of the several varieties in Mr. Cuming’s collection is rather agreeably ornamented with con- centric purple bands. Found in sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.—G. B. 8. _ A paper was read by Mr. Owen, entitled, “‘ Description of a Micro- scopic Entozoon infesting the Muscles of the Human Body.” The author observes, that upwards of fifteen different kinds of internal parasites are already known to infest the human body, but none have been found of so minute a size, or existing in such astonishing num- 24 bers, as the species about to be described. The muscles of bodies dissected at Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital had been more than once noticed by Mr..Wormald, the Demonstrator of Anatomy at that esta- blishment, to be beset with minute whitish specks ; and this appear- ance having been again remarked in that of an Italian, aged 45, by Mr. Paget, a student of the hospital, who suspected it to be produced by minute Hntozoa, the suspicion was found to be correct, and Mr. Owen was furnished with portions of the muscles, on which he made the following observations. With a lens of an inch focus the white specks are at once seen to be cysts of an elliptical figure, with the extremities in general atte- nuated, elongated, and more opake than the body (or intermediate part) of the cyst, which is sufficiently transparent to show that it con- tains a minute coiled-up worm. On separating the muscular fasci- culi, the cysts are found to adhere to the surrounding cellular sub- stance by the whole of their external surface, somewhat laxly at the middle dilated part, but more strongly by means of their elongated extremities. When placed on a micrometer, they measure ;'>th of an inch in their longitudinal and ,45th of an inch in their transverse di- ameter, a few being somewhat larger, and others diminishing in size to about one half of the above dimensions. They are generally placed in single rows, parallel to the muscular fibres, at distances varying from + a line to a line apart; but sometimes a larger and a smaller cyst are seen attached together by one of their extremities, and they are occasionally observed slightly overlapping each other. If a thin portion of muscle be dried and placed in Canada balsam, between a plate of glass and a plate of talc, the cysts become more transparent, and allow of the contained worm being more plainly seen. Under a lens of the focus of + an inch, the worm appears to occupy a circumscribed space of a less elongated and more regularly ellipti- cal form than the external cyst, as if within a smaller cyst contained in the larger: it does not occupy more than a third part of the inner space. A few of the cysts have been seen to contain two distinct worms; and Mr. Farr, who has paid much attention to the subject, exhibited a drawing of one of the cysts from this subject, containing three distinct worms, all of nearly equal size. Occasionally the tip of one of the extremities of the cyst is observed to be dilated and transparent, as though a portion of the larger cyst were about to be separated by a process of gemmation; and these small attached cysts are seen of different sizes, and, as it were, in different stages of growth. This appearance, however, Mr. Owen conceives to be explicable with- out a reference of a power of independent vitality to either of the adherent cysts. The cysts are composed of condensed and compacted lamelle of cellular tissue ; but a few are hardened by the deposition of some earthy salt, so as to resist the knife and to produce a gritty sensation when broken under pressure. When removed from the interior of the cyst, which, on account of the minuteness of the object, is a matter of some difficulty, the worm is usually found to be disposed in two or two and a half spiral coils. When straightened it measures from -',th to z'>th of an inch in length, 25 and from +}>th to s$oth of an inch in diameter: a high magnifying power is consequently required for its examination. It is round and filiform, terminating obtusely at both extremities, which are of un- equal sizes, and tapering towards one end for about a fifth part of its length, but continuing of uniform diameter from that point to the opposite extremity. As it is only at the larger extremity that he has been enabled to distinguish an indication of an orifice, Mr. Owen regards that as the head. He states that this indication has been so constant in a number of individuals examined under every variety of circumstance, that he has no hesitation in ascribing a large transverse linear orifice or mouth to the greater extremity. The recently extracted worm, observed by means of a Wollaston’s doublet, before any evaporation of the surrounding moisture has af- fected its integument, presents a smooth transparent external skin, inclosing a fine granular and flaky substance or parenchyma. It is obvious that the test of coloured food cannot here be applied to elu- cidate the form of the digestive organs, but there is no appearance of the parietes of an alimentary canal floating in a visceral cavity and distinct from the integument of the body, nor was any trace of an _ orifice observed at the smaller extremity. Mr. Owen was also un- able to detect in any instance a projecting spiculum or hook at either extremity, or any appearance of the worm having been torn from an attached cyst. Its transparency is such as not to admit of a doubt as to its wanting the ovarian and seminal tubes, and the other characteristics of the complicated structure of Filaria, Ascaris, and the Nematoid Entozoa generally. It is not of a rigid texture, but is extremely fragile, and exhibits when uncoiled a tendency to return in some degree to its former state. Mr. Owen refers to the genus Capsularia as established by Zeder, and rejected by Rudolphi, (who considers its species as belonging either to Filaria or Ascaris,) for the purpose of contrasting the complicated organization of the worms composing it with the ex- tremely simple structure of the encysted worm under considera- tion. The circumstance of being inclosed in cysts he stated to be common to many very differently organized genera of Entozoa. There are few, indeed, with the exception of those which live upon the mucous surfaces of the body, that do not, by exciting the adhe- sive inflammation, become inclosed within an adventitious cyst of condensed cellular substance. He regards the simple type of struc- ture exhibited by the minute animal now for the first time described as approximating it to the lower organized groups of the Vers Pa- renchymateux of Cuvier; and both from its locality and from the constancy of its cysts, he regards it as manifesting a relation of analogy to the order Cystica of Rudolphi. From all the genera of that order, however, it differs in the want of the complex armature of the head, and of the dilated vesicle of the tail. At first sight it seems indicative of an annectant group which would complete the circular arrangement of the Entozoa by combining the form of the Filarie of the first, with some of the characteristics of the Cysticerci of the last, of Rudolphi’s orders. Unfortunately the class Entozoa, 26 as it now stands, is so constituted that an animal may be referred to it without much real or available knowledge of its organization being thereby afforded: it embraces animals with the molecular, and others with the filiform, condition of the nervous system; conditionswhich are accompanied by different types of the digestive system, and which in- dicate not merely differences of class, but even of primary division, in the animal kingdom. Mr. Owen considers the animal under consider- ation as being most nearly allied to that form of the Polygastrie In- Fusoria which is exhibited by the lower organized Vibriones of Miiller, and of which Ehrenberg has composed his genera Vibrio, Spirillum, and Bacterium; and that, like the seminal Cercarie, it may be regarded as an example from the lowest class of the animal kingdom having its habitat in the interior of living animal bodies. Referring it, however, provisionally, to the class Extozoa, in which it would indicate a new order, its generic character may be thus given: TRIcHINA. Animal pellucidum, filiforme, teres, postice attenuatum : ore lineari, ano discreto nullo, tubo intestinali genitalibusque inconspicuis. (In vesica externa cellulosa, elastica, plerumque solitarium.) Tricuina sprratis. Trich. minutissima, spiraliter, rard fleruose, incurva ; capite obtuso, collo nullo, caudd attenuatd obtusd. (Vesicd externd ellipticd, extremitatibus plerumque attenuatis elongatis.) Hab. in hominis rousculis (preter involuntarios) per totum corpus diffusa, creberrima. Mr. Owen further states that within about a fortnight of the former case, a second body similarly affected had been brought into the dis- secting-room of Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital ; and some notes were furnished by Mr. Paget, who first observed the worms in the Italian, with regard to the cases of the two patients while living in the Ho- spital. From these it appeared that both had died after long and de- bilitating illness, producing great emaciation, unaccompanied, how- ever, With any eruption on the skin, or any greater loss of muscular power than would probably have arisen from the diseases of which they died. The occurrence of two cases in the same dissecting- room within so short a period of each other, and the recollection of similar appearances being not unfrequently present in other bodies dissected there, combined with an account published in the Medical Gazette for February 2, 1833, of very small Cysticerci occurring in the muscles of a subject at Guy’s Hospital, which cannot but be con- sidered referrible to the same cause, render it highly probable that a sufficient number of observations will soon occur to elucidate this curious disease. In two of the cases the emaciation was accompa- nied by external, and in the third by internal, ulceration; but no connexion was traced between the worm and any of the symptoms of the disease. In a portion of muscle placed, after it had reached a state of inci- pient putrescence, in spirit of wine for three days, the worms, when pressed out from their cysts, exhibited languid, but sufficiently evi- 27 dent motions, consisting in the tightening and relaxation of their coils: and more languid motions were afterwards noticed in some specimens that were examined a fortnight after the death of the sub- ject from which they were obtained. . Mr. Owen enters at some length into the question of the origin of the cyst, and after comparing its structure and connexions with various more or less analogous productions, he states his opinion that the cyst.is adventitious, foreign to the Entozoon, and composed of the cellular substance of the body infested, morbidly altared by the irri- tation of the worm. . The reading of the paper was. accompanied by tha exhibition of drawings showing portions of the infested muscle, with magnified representations of the cysts and of the worms contained within them; and specimens of the objects themselves were also placed upon the table for examination with the aid of Mr. Pritchard’s microscope, lent by him for that purpose. Mr. Owen also read a Paper “On the Anatomy of Linguatula Tenioides, Cuv.” After referring to the observations on the anato- mical structure of this highly organized Entozoon, published by Cu- yier and Rudolphi, he proceeds to state the results of his own dis- section of a fine specimen, 3+ inches in length, for which he was in- debted to Mr. Langstaff. The whole body is invested with a smooth, transparent, rather fine cuticle, which, from maceration, and proba- bly slight decomposition, had become detached. In this epidermis there exist no marks of an annulate structure; but the cutis, or mus- cular parietes of the body, is distinctly divided into segments slightly overlapping each other, and most obvious on the sides of the body, which are its thickest and most muscular portions. The dorsal and ventral parietes, on the contrary, are so transparent as to allow of.the contained parts being readily seen through them. _ The most essential difference between Linguatula and the Cestoidea, among which it was first placed by Chabert, consists in the genera- tive organs being androgynous, with the oviduct continued from one end of the body to the other. Rudolphi, uncertain with regard to the structure of the digestive organs, placed it among the Trema- toda ; but the specimen under. examination affords conclusive evi- dence of the justice of Cuvier’s removal of it to the Nematoidea. The alimentary canal commences at the central foramen, or true mouth, and runs straight to the opposite extremity of the body,. terminat- ing immediately above the orifice of the genital tube ; the esophagus being 4rd of a line in length,and opening into a suddenly dilated canal, _ which continues with little variation of diameter to the anus. _At the distance of a line posterior to the mouth, on the ventral & aspect. of the body, the nurrow extremities of two elongated vesicles, Sines in length and more than + a line in diameter, adhere firmly _ to the integument, the remainder hanging freely in the abdominal _ cavity. These Mr. Owen considers to be analogous to the impreg- nating glands of the hermaphrodite Rotifera, &c. The ovary, which is distinct from the tube so called by Cuvier and Rudolphi, is a nar- ) ] 28 row, elongated, minutely granulated body, extending along the me- sial line of the dorsal parietes of the body for the extent of its two anterior thirds: about 4 an inch from the head it gives off two slen- der capillary tubes, which unite below the origins of the lateral nerves, and enter the commencement of the oviduct. The com- mencement of this tube, formed by the junction of the two ducts just mentioned with those of the seminal vesicles, is very narrow: in the greater part of its course it is coiled in numerous and complex gyrations around the intestine, but towards the lower third of the body its coils become fewer and more distant, the brown ova are seen in scattered masses, and at length it runs parallel with the in- testine straight to the anus. It is widest at the commencement of the coils; then becomes narrower; and afterwards continues of the same diameter to its termination. The cerebral ganglion mentioned by Cuvier was very conspicuous in the specimen here described : it is situated between the mouth and the commencement of the oviduct, and is consequently sub-cesopha- geal. Eight pairs of nerves may be distinguished going from it in a radiated manner. This radiated disposition of the nervous system is similar to that which obtains in the Slug (Limaz) ; and it may also be observed that the disposition of the muscular system in Limaz is analogous to that of Linguatula, being most developed at the sides of the foot, and least along the middle line, which is thin and semi- transparent when viewed against the light. If it were allowable to trace further the analogy of form subsisting between genera so widely separated, the two fosse with their little hooks on either side the mouth of Linguatula, might be compared with the two depressions, which, when the ¢entacula are retracted, may be seen in the same — situation in the head of the Slug. It is the superior organization of these parts, required for its superior powers of locomotion, that ren- ders necessary the further development of the nervous system in the Slug; and the completion of the cerebral ring and the development of the supra-cesophageal ganglia constitute the chief difference be- tween it and Linguatula in this part of their organization. In like manner the action of the muscles in the Slug occasions waste, and demands a proportionate supply of new material; and hence the ne- cessity of the superaddition of a sanguineous system for the car- riage of the restorative molecules, of a more complex digestive appa- ratus for their supply, and of respiratory and secretory organs for the elimination of the waste parts of the body. In Linguwatula, on the contrary, the sphere of action being limited to a dark cavity, the necessity for the superadded structures does not exist; its food, al- ready animalized, requires only a simple canal to complete its assi- milation; neither heart nor vessels are conspicuous; and it is pro- bable that nutrition is effected by transudation and imbibition. The reading of Mr. Owen’s Paper was accompanied by the exhi- bition of drawings in illustration of the structures described in it, ve ale > cen Sa 3 * March 10, 1835. William Yarrell, Esq.,.in the Chair. Specimens were exhibited of several species of Trogon, partly from the Society’s collection, and partly from that of Mr. Gould; and, at the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould called the attention of the Meeting to some of the more interesting among them. One of them was the Bird represented by M. Temminck, in his ‘ Planches Coloriées’, under the name of Trog. fasciatus; and on this Mr. Gould remarked, that having had an opportunity of examining the drawing made by Forster, on which Pennant’s original descrip- tion was founded, he had ascertained that it represented a species altogether distinct from M. Temminck’s Bird, and much more nearly resembling Jog. Malabaricus. As the name of Trog. fasciatus must necessarily remain with the species originally described under it, the one figured by M. Temminck requires another designation; and Mr. Gould proposed for it that of Trog. Temminckit. Another, was the splendid species figured by M. Temminck, in the same work, under the name of Tog. pavoninus, a name by which it is now generally known; but on referring to M. Spix’s ‘Avium Brasiliensium Species Nove,’ the original description and figure of Trog. pavoninus, Spix, appear to Mr. Gould to have reference to a totally different species, distinguishable by its smaller size, by the absence of crest from its head, by the comparative shortness of its hinder back plumes (which do not extend more than a few inches beyond the tail), and by the whole of the tail-feathers being black. The species exhibiting the peculiarities just adverted to will, of course, retain its original name of 7'rog. pavoninus; for the other Mr. Gould proposed that of TROGON RESPLENDENS. Tog. plumis capitis not@ique lazis, lan- ceolatis, illius cristam efformantibus, hujus posterioribus longissi- mis, tripedalibus ; supra et ad guttur pectusque splendidé aureo- viridis ; ventre crissoque coccineis; rectricibus sex intermediis nigris, ceteris albis ad apicem tantummodo nigris. Feem.? vel Junior? Capite, guiture, pectoreque obscuré viridibus ; dorso viridi; ventre cinerascenti-brunneo; crisso coccineo; capite subcristato ; tectricibus caud@ superioribus brevioribus ; rectrici- bus externis tribus utrinque albis nigro fasciatis. Rostrum flavum, in foemina? juniori? nigrum: tarsi brunnei. Hab. in Mexico in provinciis Austrum spectantibus. Mr. Gould also characterized two species, hitherto apparently un- described. No. XXVII. Procrrepines or tHE Zootocicar Society, 30 Trogon ampicuus. Trog. capite guttureque nigris; pectore, cervice, dorso, caudaeque tectricibus superioribus viridibus ; alis brunneo-nigris, in medio cimereis lineis gracilibus flexuosis trans- versim notatis ; rectricibus duabus intermediis proximarumque duarum utrinque pogoniis externis cupreo-viridibus, harum pogo- niis internis omniumque apicibus nigris, reliquis ad basin nigris, ad apicem albis, in medio albis maculis parvis numerosis spar sis nigris. Long. tot. 12 unc.; ale, 54; caude, 7+. Rostrum flavum: tarsi brunnei. Hab. in Mexico in plagis Septentrionalibus. This Bird is very nearly related to Trog. elegans, a species cha- racterized by Mr. Gould at the Meeting of the Society on April 8, 1834, (Proceedings, Part II. p. 26). It differs by having the outer tail-feathers obscurely and finely dotted, while in Trog. elegans they are marked by strong and well-defined bars; and by having the mid- dle of the wing much more finely and minutely barred than the latter bird. These distinctions, although apparently trivial, having been observed by Mr. Gouldin many specimens, and the individuals seen by him of T'rog. ambiguus having been brought exclusively from the northern, while those of Trog. elegans have all been collected in the southern states of Mexico; he is induced to regard the two Birds as being, very probably, specifically distinct. Trogon cirreotus. T'rog. vertice, collo, dorso, guttureque coeru- lescenti-viridibus ; rectricibus duabus intermediis ad apicem, proximarum duarum utrinque pogoniis internis, reliquisque ad ba- sin nigris, his apicem versus albis ; ventre citrino in aurantiacum vergente ; alis brunnescenti-nigris, rectricum pogonis externis albo fimbriatis. Foem. Capite, gutture, dorsoque saturate cinereis; rectricibus sex intermediis brunnescenti-nigris: in ceteris mari simillima. Long. tot. 10} unc.; ale, 54; caude, 6; rostri, arictu ad apicem, 1. Rostrum ccerulescenti-corneum. Hab. This species differs from Tog. violaceus by its smaller size, the lighter colour of its under surface, and the great extent of the white at the ends of the outer tail-feathers. Mr. Owen commenced the reading of a Paper “On the com- parative Osteology of the Orang and Chimpanzee.” He stated that he was indebted to Mr. Walker for the opportunity of examining and describing in detail the skeleton of an adult Chimpanzee, ob- tained by that gentleman a few years since from the west coast of Africa, which had enabled him to compare it with that of the young animal. ‘This comparison evidenced in that species a series of changes, in the advance towards maturity, analogous to those which take place in the Orang and the Pongo, and consequently afforded a strong confirmation of the opinion which regards the latter animal as the adult of the former. 31 The general appearance and proportion of the Chimpanzee, Mr. Owen remarks, are unquestionably the most anthropoid that the Quadrumanous order presents; but many marked and essential differences are observable upon a close comparison. The skull of the adult is of a narrow elongated ovate figure, slightly contracting towards the anterior part, which is, as it were, truncated, from the depth and direction of the symphysis of the lower jaw. Compared with the rest of the body it is of small size, owing to the arrested development of the cerebral portion, which, as in other Quadrumana, is altogether posterior, the face sloping forwards in the adult ani- mal, at an open angle, as in the Baboons. Its exterior surface is devoid of the intermuscular frontal and sagittal crests which give sO strong a carnivorous character to the skull of the Orang. The extent of the origin of the temporal muscles is, however, readily traceable by a slightly elevated ridge of bone: it differs considerably in the adult and in the foetal skulls, but exactly accords with the in- crease in the power of mastication required for the due action of the large permanent teeth. It is possible that the slight development of the intermuscular crest may be asexual character; for in an adult female cranium of the Orang, the crest was scarcely more prominent than in the Chimpanzee : in the latter, however, its development is less to be expected, in consequence of the smaller comparative size of the canine teeth. The muscular impressions on the occipital re- gion are also less strongly marked than in the Orang, in which the occipital foramen is nearer the posterior plane and its position is more oblique. There is a greater proportion of brain behind the meatus auditorius externus in the Chimpanzee than in the Orang, and this disproportion is much greater in the adult than in the young. Considerable changes also take place in the relations of the meatus auditorius with the glenoid cavity for the articulation of the lower jaw, in consequence of the increased development of the maxillary apparatus, while the cranium remains nearly stationary; and a pro- cess, of which the rudiment is perceptible in the young animal, co- extending in downward growth with the changed position of the articulation, becomes interposed between the condyle and the meatus, and aifords a support against backward dislocation. In the cranium of the negro, a similar process may be traced in a rudimental con- dition, anterior to the fissura Glaseri, as in the young Chimpanzee, The zygoma is proportionally weaker than in the Orang. But the most remarkable characteristic of the skull of the Chimpanzee, both in the young and adult states, is the large projecting supra- orbital ridges, which being continued into each other across the glabella, form a sort of barrier between the head and face. The cranial sutures, which are obliterated in the adult Orang, syndac- tylous Ape, and more or less in the Baboons, are for the most part persistent in the Chimpanzee, as in the human subject. Enough of the squamous suture remains to show that the anterior angle of the temporal bone joins the frontal, and separates the parietal and sphe- noid bones, as in the young. The condyloid processes are propor- tionately smaller than: in the human subject, and their articular sur- 32 face is directed more outwardly. The foramen magnum is thrown back to about the middle of the posterior third of the base of the skull, and its plane is inclined from before upwards at an angle of 5°. There are no posterior condyloid foramina. The styloid process is re- presented by a very small tuberosity. A considerable space inter- venes between the foramen magnum and the bony palate, which it- self equally exceeds the corresponding portion of the human skull. The zygomatic arches are opposite to the middle third of the cranium as seen from below, in which position also the contraction of the skull between the zygomata offers a marked distinction from that of Man. In the front view of the cranium, the threatening supraciliary ridges almost hide the cephalic cavity from view; and the latter, instead of forming a broad back-ground to the face, as in the young Chimpan- zee, and still more in Man, is surpassed in breadth by the lateral boundaries of the orbits and the zygomatic arches. The orbits are seated higher than in the Orang, and are larger in proportion; but their plane is more perpendicular, and they are wider apart. In neither the Chimpanzee nor the Orang is there a supraorbitary foramen, but its place is marked by a slight groove. The lachrymal bones are entirely confined to the orbit. A character by which the Chimpanzee approximates more closely than the Orang to the human subject is found in the nasal bone, which projects in a slightly arched form beyond the interorbital plane, and exhibits at its lower margin a trace of its original separation into two lateral portions: it is an- chylosed with the os frontis and the suture obliterated. The malar bones are largely developed, and two or three small foramina are observable in the process on the outside of the orbit. The contour of the upper jaw from the nasal aperture to the incisor teeth is almost straight, while in the Orang it is rendered concave by the greater development of the alveolar processes of the intermaxillary bones, The obliteration of the sutures between these bones and the upper maxillary takes place at a much earlier period in the Chimpanzee than in the Orang; although in the young animal, when the first dentition is complete, traces of the original separation are still visible. The situation of the foramina incisiva is always indicative of the original extent of these bones, and in no Mammal do they approximate so closely to the incisive teeth as in Man. The infra- orbitary canal opens upon the face by a single foramen: Mr. Owen has observed a second in one young specimen, but never more. In the Orang there are usually three or more, as in many of the inferior Simie. The lower jaw, like the upper, is characterized by its strength and relative size. Its symphysis recedes, but the depth at this part is much less than in the Orang. The alveoli advance more nearly to the level of the condyle, and consequently approximate propor- tionally to'the structure of the brute; the mental foramen is single. Mr. Owen next proceeds to notice the dental formula and the characters of the teeth; and observes particularly on the modifica- tions in their arrangement and relative position consequent on the preponderating development of the cuspidatus, He also points out, (ane ee 23 the more important deviations which occur in the disposition and development of the different bones of the face in connexion with the same influential condition of the organs of mastication; and then continues his description of the skeleton of the Chimpanzee by pass- ing to that of the trunk. ’ The number of the vertebre is the same as in Man; but an addi- tional rib subtracts one from the lumbar to be added to the dorsal series. The spines of the cervical vertebre are simple and elon- gated; that of the third being the shortest, with the exception of the atlas, which, as usual, is without spine. The bodies of the lum- bar vertebre are proportionally smaller than in Man; a difference easily accounted for by the necessity of affording a basis for the support of the latter in the erect position; and the same recession _ from the Bimanous type is manifested in-the narrow and elongated form of the sacrum. In the adult animal, but less conspicuously in the young, the iliac bones rise on either side of the last lumbar ver- tebra, and are partially attached to it, ‘The coccygeal are anchy- losed together, but not with the sacrum; three are distinctly visible in the young. Of the sacral vertebre only the two superior are united to the iliac bones. The pelvis differs from that of Man in all those particulars which characterize the Quadrumana, and which re- late to the imperfection of their means of maintaining the erect posi- tion. The iliac bones are long, flat, and narrow, the anterior sur- face stretching outwards almost parallel with the plane of the sacrum; the aperture is elongated and narrow; and the tuberosities of the ischia are broad, thick, and curved outwards. There is, however, a provision for a more extended attachment of the glutei muscles in a greater breadth of the iia between the superior spinous processes than is observed in the inferior Simie@; and we may thence infer that the semi-erect position is more easily maintained in the Chim- panzee. , In the relative size and strength of the lower extremities, the Chim- panzee claims a much closer relationship to the human subject than the Orang. Both animals exhibit in this respect permanent condi- tions that are transitory in Man: in the Orang the legs have the cur- tailed proportions which they present in the human /fceetus of four months’ gestation; in the Chimpanzee they retain the relative size of the yearling infant. The femur, not more bent anteriorly than in Man, has its neck of equal comparative length, but standing out more obliquely from the shaft. In the adult, as well as in the young Chimpanzee, the depression in the head of the femur for the attach- ment of the ligamentum teres, which is wanting in the Orang and the Pongo, is found to exist, notwithstanding the remark of Meckel to the contrary. ‘The tibia and fibula are proportionally thicker and stronger than in Man; and the patella proportionally smaller. In their relative size and position the tarsal bones more closely resemble the corresponding bones of the human subject than those of any other Quadrumanous animal. The outer articulating surface of the astra- galus is, however, of larger size, and a corresponding disproportion exists between the external and internal malleolus, the latter, from 34 its smaller size, presenting less resistance to the rotation of the tarsus inwards. ‘The os calcis projects further backwards than in the lower Simie, but is more compressed laterally, and of much smaller pro- portional size than in Man, The os naviculare projects further down- wards, and the internal cuneiform bone has a corresponding inclina- tion below the level of the tarsal bones. But whilst the Chimpanzee exhibits the Quadrumanous characters in these particulars, and es- pecially in the curtailed proportion and detached opposable condi- tion of the hallux, it approaches more nearly to Man in the length and strength of that member. The whole foot is much longer than in the human subject; and the entire organization of the inferior members evidently bespeaks a creature destined to reside in forests, the modifications of the bony structure which add to the facility of climbing and grasping, rendering the entire frame more dependent on the upper extremities for the means of progression and support. The size and expansion of the thorax is a marked character in the Chimpanzee: it has thirteen ribs on each side, and the last two pairs are proportionally longer than in Man, the end of the last not being pointed, but widened for the attachment of a cartilage. The sternum is flattened, but not so broad as in the Orang. The har- moma between its body and the manubrium, and those between the four single pieces of which the body is itself composed, remain visi- ble in the adult skeleton. The clavicle is long and strong, and is not straight, as in the Orang, but sigmoidally curved, though in a less degree than in Man; while the scapula, on the other hand, re- cedes further from the human type than in the Orang. The hume- rus very closely resembles that of the human subject, but is propor- tionally longer and stronger, and has its twist more strongly marked and lower down on the bone. As the segments of the limbs recede further from the trunk they become subject to greater and more varied modifications. Thus the disproportionate length of the Au- merus is succeded by a still greater elongation of the fore-arm, the bones of which are also more curved from each other than in Man, and the inter-osseous space consequently enlarged. The bones of the carpus are the same in number-as in the human subject; but the trapezium and trapezoides are proportionally smaller, while the os pisiforme nearly equals the os magnum. ‘The thumb does not quite equal in length the metacarpal bone of the first finger, and is as slender and weak as it is short. Some little disproportion also exists between the relative lengths of the fingers; but taken together they are relatively stronger and more elongated than in Man. After completing his detailed examination of the skeleton, Mr. Owen reverts to the changes which it undergoes in its progress to maturity, especially as regards the proportions of the head and face; and states that he has derived full confirmation of the identity of species in the young and adult crania, from a comparison of the crowns of the permanent teeth lodged within the jaws of the young Chimpanzee with those which had replaced the deciduous teeth in the older specimen. The resemblance in point of size and figure was exact, and left no room for doubt as to the point in question. The ——————————— se rr t—‘“<‘; CSC 35 succession takes place precisely as in the human subject, but the per- manent teeth, and especially the incisors and canines, are proportion- ally longer. The particulars of their form and arrangement are given at length. This portion of the paper was accompanied by an extensive series of admeasurements of the different parts of the skeleton in the adult and young Chimpanzee, compared with those of the young and adult Orang ; and was further illustrated by numerous drawings, and by the exhibition of Mr. Walker’s skeleton of the Chimpanzee, lent by him for the purpose, The second portion of the paper commences with the remark that the opportunity which the rare and interesting skeleton of the adult Chimpanzee, in the possession of Mr. Walker, had afforded of tracing the changes of structure occurring in that Ape, in its progress to the adult condition, had induced the author to review the question relative to the identity of the young Simia Satyrus with the great Pongo of Borneo, formerly brought by him under the notice of the Society (‘Proceedings of Committee of Science and Correspondence,’ Part I. p. 9); and to consider the osteological structure of the latter, or adult Orang, with reference to that of its less powerful and more anthropoid congener, the Chimpanzee. This comparison would show that the number and value of the points of resem- blance, or of approximation, to the Bimanous structure are in favour of the Chimpanzee; although in this, as in most other in- stances, there are some particulars of its organization indicative of a more marked relation with the inferior forms of the group than with those which rank immediately below it. In common with the skull of the Mandrill that of the adult Orang is remarkable for its fattened occiput, formidable canine teeth, huge jaws, widely expanded zygomatic arches, and strongly developed cranial ridges ; but it exhibits a marked distinction in its less brutalized: expression, resulting from the more perpendicular slope of the face, the absence of the projecting supraciliary ridges, the greater expan- sion of the cerebral cavity, and the non-development of the supra- maxillary ridges. Its cranium isless flattened at the vertex than that of the Chimpanzee; and but little exceeds in capacity that of the young at the period of acquiring its first permanent molares, the increase in size being chiefly dependent on the thickening of the walls of the skull. The ridges which circumscribe on the frontal bone the origin of the temporal muscles inclose a triangular space, the smoothness of which strongly contrasts with the irregular surface of the re- mainder of the cranium; and the interparietal crest rises, as in the Hyena and other Carnivora, high above the general level. The situation of these ridges, with reference to the sutures, is only de- terminable by comparing the faint commencement of their growth in the young animal, very few traces of the sutures remaining in the adult skull. That between the ala of the sphenoid bone and the descending angle of the parietal, by means of which the frontal and temporal are kept separate, and which offers one of the few osteological differences in which the Orang has a closer approxima- 36 tion to the human structure than the Chimpanzee, is among those which continue to be marked even in the adult. The occipital fora- men approaches in figure, position, and aspect, nearer to that of the lower Mammalia; the occipital condyles are more closely ap- proximated anteriorly; the anterior condyloid foramina are double on each side; and the carotid foramen is situated more posteriorly, and is relatively smaller, than in the Chimpanzee. The petrous portion of the temporal bone is smaller, while the glenoid cavity forms a much larger proportion of the base of the skull. This cavity, if such it may be called, presents a quadrate, almost flattened sur- face, slightly concave in the transverse, and slightly convex in the antero-posterior direction, affording an interesting correspondence with the structure of the molar teeth, and indicative of the vegetable diet of the animal. The styloid and styliform processes are want- ing, as in the Chimpanzee ; the mastoid is represented by a protube- rant ridge, and its cellular structure is visible in consequence of the thinness of the external table. The ant-auditory process is more developed than in the Chimpanzee, and the margins of the auditory foramina are smoother. On the bony palate, the relative positions of the foramina incisiva correspond with the increased development of the laniary teeth, and consequently deviate in a proportionate degree from their positions in the Chimpanzee and in the human subject. Two or three fora- mina remain on either side and indicate the original separation of the incisive bones; and similar indications of the original harmonie between the incisive and maxillary bones are seen on the anterior part of the skull. In the Chimpanzee the obliteration of these sutures takes place some time before the temporary teeth are shed; in the Orang they remain until the permanent teeth are almost fully deve- loped : in the human subject the intermaxillary bones can be traced as distinct elements only in the early periods of foetal existence, when they were first detected by the poet Goethe. In the Orang no part of the os nasi projects, as in the Chimpanzee, beyond the plane of the nasal processes of the superior maxillary bones; and there are no traces of its original separation at the mesial line, while in the Chimpanzee such traces are usually found, and Dr. Traill observed two distinct ossa nasi in the young of that species dissected by him. The lachrymal bones are proportionally larger than in Man; but, as in the Chimpanzee and the higher Quadrumana, they are confined to the orbit, the whole outer boundary of which has a more anterior aspect than in the Chimpanzee, and is relatively broader and stronger, but with the oblique posterior edge less developed. The interorbi- tal space is relatively narrower, the disproportion increasing with the development of the superior maxillary bones, and evidencing a still further departure from the human form. There are three infra- orbital foramina instead of one; the upper maxillary bones are much more largely developed in consequence of the great size of the laniary teeth; and the incisor teeth project more obliquely forwards than in the Chimpanzee. “In all the peculiarities,” Mr. Owen observes, “ of the Orang’s ae ee e,S,tC( Cl TC 37 skull, which are independent of the changes consequent on the se- cond dentition, we find an exact correspondence between the Simia Satyrus, or young animal, and the Pongo, or adult. Theerania equally exhibit the absence of the projecting supraciliary ridges; the presence of the double anterior condyloid foramina; the numerous infra- orbitary foramina, and those in the malar bone; the same disposi- tion of the cranial sutures; the same form of the os nasi; and con- traction of the inter-orbital space. The character of the lower jaw by which it differs from the Chimpanzee, viz. the greater height and breadth of the rami, and the greater depth of the symphysis, are equally manifested in the young as in the old Simia Satyrus. In following out the same observations with regard to the germs of the permanent teeth in the young Orang, the same satisfactory results are obtained in reference to their identity with those which are fully developed in the old animals, as were previously detailed in the ac- count of the Chimpanzee.” Mr. Owen then proceeds to describe in detail the appearances presented by the germs of the permanent teeth, and to compare them with the adult; and concludes this part of his subject by some ob- servations on the apparent confusion in which these germs lie hid- den within the jaw, and on the admirable and orderly arrangement by which the most perfect regularity is established in their ultimate position. Applying these observations to the replacement of the teeth in man, he inquires, how it happens that when the chances of disarrangement are so much fewer, the mal-position of the perma- nent teeth is of so frequent occurrence, and finds the solution of this problem in a mischievous interference with the agents to which the necessary changes have been entrusted. ‘The means by which the growth of the permanent teeth are kept in due restraint are too often prematurely removed by anticipating the natural period of the extraction of the temporary teeth; the act of extraction accelerates the growth of the concealed teeth, both by the removal of the check which nature has imposed upon it, and by the irritation induced in the surrounding parts; and their full development being consequent- ly acquired before the jaws have been sufficiently enlarged, they occupy more or less of the relative position which they had when half formed within their bony cavities.” The conditions of the superior development of the spinous pro- cesses of the cervical vertebre in the Orang, are obviously the back- ward position of the occipital foramen, the disproportionate develop- ment of the face, and the general anterior inclination of the vertebre themselves. Those of the sixth and seventh vertebre have a slight inclination towards the head, indicating that the centre of motion in this region is nearer the head than in Man. The whole of the cer- vical region is proportionally shorter, and consequently better adapted to support the head; and the entire vertebral column has one gene- ral curve dorsad from the atlas to the commencement of the sacrum, where there is a slight curve in the contrary direction. Asin Man, the number of the dorsal or costal vertebre is twelve, and this con- Stitutes one of the more important differences between the Orang 38 and the Chimpanzee. That of the lumbar vertebre is four, as in the Chimpanzee, in the skeleton of the Pongo preserved in the Museum of Comparative Anatomy at the Garden of Plants, and in the trunk of the skeleton of the adult Orang in the collection of the Society; in which latter, as the bones remain connected by their natural liga- ments, there is no room for supposing a vertebra to have been acci- dentally lost. The additional lumbar vertebra in the skeleton of the Pongo in the College of Surgeons, on which some stress has been laid, as indicative of its specific difference from the young Orang, which has uniformly presented but four, indicates its abnormal cha- racter by its form and situation. The human subject occasionally presents a similar dusus in the addition of a sixth lumbar vertebra. The spines of these vertebr@ are much shorter than in the Chim- panzee: as in the latter, the sacrum is longer, narrower and straighter than that of Man. Five sacral vertebre are perforated for the passage of the spinal cord; three are imperforated, and are conse- quently coccygeal: the latter are anchylosed together, but not with the sacrum, in the adult. The ilia are as much expanded as in the Chimpanzee, but flatter ; and the ischia are less extended outwards, corresponding with the smaller development of the lower extremities. Both the ischia and ossa pubis resemblethose of the Chimpanzee, in their more elongated form; and the whole pelvis equally deviates from the Bimanous type in its position with regard to the trunk. The form of its superior aper- ture is an almost perfect oval, the antero-posterior diameter of which is to the transverse as three to two; and the axis of the brim forms, with that of the outlet, a much more open angle than in the human subject, The chest is amply developed, equalling in size that of the human subject, except in being somewhat narrower from side to side. The ribs are narrower and less flattened, but their curvature is nearly the same as in Man; the twelfth is much longer, and has a long cartilage at its free extremity. The sternum is short, but broader than in the Chimpanzee: it is composed, below the manu- brium, of a double series of small bones, seven or eight in number. This composition, always seen in the young Orang, is sufficiently obvious in the adult Pongo in the Museum of the College of Sur- geons, but much less so in that of the Garden of Plants at Paris. In the young Chimpanzee the sternum is composed of a single series of bones; while in the human subject, although at an early period of ossification, a single series only of ossific centres appears: at a later stage the lower part of the sternwm is frequently seen to be composed of a double series. The clavicles are almost straight; and the scapula also differs from that of the Chimpanzee in its greater breadth, and from that of Man in the inclination of its spine towards the superior costa, in the aero- mion being narrow and claviform, and in the absence of the flattened and over-hanging margin of the spine. Other differences exist in the comparative dimensions and features of the supra- and sub- spinal fosse, in the inclination of the coracoid process, and in the direction of the glenoid cavity. But the principal feature in the 39 organization of the Orang, and that in which ‘it differs most from the Chimpanzee, consists in the relative length of the upper and lower extremities, the arms in the former reaching to the heel. The articular surface of the head of the humerus forms a complete hemi- sphere; and in some specimens that bone is perforated between the condyles, The principal peculiarities in the fore-arm consist in the large space between the radius and ulna, occasioned by the outward curve of the former, and in the absence of the acute margin on its ulnar aspect. The proportion borne by the radius to the ulna is in Man as 11 to 12; in the Orang as 86 to 37. The bones of the hand offer the same elongated form, with the exception of those of the thumb, which does not reach to the end of the metacarpal bone of the fore-finger. Those of the carpus have their ossification com- pleted at a later period than in Man, and allow a freer motion upon each other; the os pisiforme is divided into two. Of the fingers, the proximal phalanges are more curved than in Man, and the dis- tal more pointed, not expanding to afford support for an extended surface of delicate touch. As the upper extremity of the Orang exceeds in length that of the Chimpanzee, so the lower differs as much in the contrary respect; preserving throughout life much less than the fcetal proportions of the human subject. The femur has a straight shaft, no depression on the head, a shorter neck forming a more obtuse angle with the shaft, and no linea aspera posteriorly. The inner condyle not being produced beyond the outer, the axis of the femur is in the same line with that of the tibia, as in the Chimpanzee. The inward curve of the tibia occasions a much larger space between it and the fibula than in Man or in the Chimpanzee. The patella is smaller in pro- ‘ portion than in Man, of an oval shape, and witha single articulating surface. The bones. of the tarsus are numerically the same with those of the Chimpanzee, and haye the same general form, but ad- init of freer motion on each other. A greater degree of obliquity in the articulating surface of the astragalus causes the whole foot. to beturned more inwards; and theos calcis has still less projection back- wards than the Chimpanzee. The internal cuneiform bone recedes most from the human type in having a greater development towards the tibial aspect, and in having the surface of articulation for the hallux below the range of the other metatarsal bones, all of which are much longer and more bent and. have greater interspaces than the human. That of the hallux extends very little beyond the mid- dle of that of the second toe, and stands off from it at an acute angle. The peculiarity of the structure of the hallux first noticed by Camper, in seven out of eight Orangs observed by him, viz. its possessing no ungueal phalanx and consequently no nail, loses much of its im- portance as a specific character from the fact that the individual dissected at the Society’s Museum a few years since had very per- fect, but small, black nails, and two phalanges, and that the same number of phalanges exist in the natural skeleton of Lord Amherst’s Orang in the Museum of the College of Surgeons. The phalanges of the other toes are.remarkably elongated, and those of the first 40 series are curved. The middle toe is longer than the rest, while in the Chimpanzee it barely surpasses the second. The concavity of the great toe is turned more towards the other toes than in the Chum- panzee, (in which that toe is also longer, having always two phalan- ges in addition to the metatarsal bone,) is set more forwards on the internal cuneiform bone, and has its concavity directed more towards the sole of the foot. The resemblance to the human foot is conse- quently greater in the Chimpanzee than in the Orang. In conclusion Mr. Owen adverted to a fine specimen of the skull of a Pongo in the possession of Mr. Cross, of the Surrey Zoological Gardens, which presents the following differences when compared with the skull of the Pongo in the Museum of the College of Sur- geons. It is shorter in the antero-posterior diameter, and rises higher at the vertex. The supraorbitary ridges are more prominent; the plane of the orbits is more vertical, and their lateral exceeds their perpendicular diameter. The profile line of the skull is concave between the glabella and incisor teeth, while, in the specimen in the Museum of the College, it is almost a straight line between the same parts. The symphysis of the jaw from the interspace of the mesial incisors to the origin of the genio-hyoidei muscles, measures 24 inches in Mr. Cross’s specimen, but equals 33 inches in the Pongo in the College Museum. There is also a remarkable difference in the position of the zygomatic suture. In the Pongo of the College Mu- seum it commences at_the distance of a quarter of an inch from the orbital process of the malar bone, and extends obliquely backwards to within 14 inch of the origin of the zygomatic process of the tem- poral bone. In Mr. Cross’s specimen the same suture commences 8 lines from the orbital process of the malar bone, and extends to within 10 lines of the origin of the temporal zygomatic process, so that it is much nearer the middle of the zygoma. With these differences, however, there exist the same form and proportions of the teeth, and the same peculiarities of the foramina and sutures which distinguish the Orang from the Chimpanzee. So that although the difference in the shape and general contour of the two skulls, is greater than is usually observable in those of other wild animals, yet Mr. Owen does not consider them sufficient to af- ford grounds for a distinction of species. He thinks it, however, probable that they may be indicative of varieties of the Orang in- habiting distinct localities, and remarks that it would be interesting with that view to compare the crania of ascertained specimens from Borneo and. Sumatra, to which Islands this very remarkable species appears to be confined. 41 March 24, 1835. William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by W. Willshire, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. S., dated Mogadore, February 19, 1835, and referring to the skin of an Aoudad, Ovis Tragelaphus, Geoff., pre- sented by the writer to the Society, and also adverting to his en- deavours to obtain the animal which, from the description of it given by the Arabs of the Desert, Mr. Willshire conceives must be the Antilope Leucoryx described by Pennant. The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells contained in Mr. Cuming’s collection. Those brought on the present evening under the notice of the Society, completed the genera Venus and Cy- therea, which had been: commenced at the Meeting on February 24, (page 21). The Shells now exhibited were accompanied by cha- racters by Mr. Broderip and Mr. G. B. Sowerby. Genus VENvs. Venus TricoLor. Ven. testd ovato-ellipticd, crassiusculd, radiatim costellatd, costellis decussatis ; maculis interruptis fuscis, irregu- laribus, radiatim dispositis ; margine dorsali medio subangulato ; impressione cordiformi anticd parvd ; intiis violaced, margine ven- trali denticulato : long. 1-7, lat. 0°75, alt. 1°3 poll. Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Puerto Portrero.) Found in sandy mud at from eleven to thirteen fathoms.—G. B. S. Venus uistriontca. Ven. testd obovatd, pallide fulud, radiatim costellatd, costellis plerumque duplicatis, concinn? decussatis, asperis ; maculis interruptis fuscis irregularibus radiatim pictd ; margine dorsali rectiusculo, postice subangulato ; impressione cor- diformi anticd magnd ; intiis albicante, margine ventrali denticu- lato: long. 1-8, lat. 1-, alt. 1°4 poll. Hab. apud Real Llejos, Americ Centralis, et ad Sanctam Elenam. Found in muddy sand at low water.—G. B.S. Venus Fusco-Lingata. Ven. testd obovatd, albicante, radiatim cos- tellatd, costellis antice subdecussatis ; lineis undatis, subobliquis, radiisque duobus fuscis nonnunquam pictd ; margine dorsali rec- tiusculo, postice subangulato ; latere antico brevi, impressione cor- diformi anticd parvd ; intis purpurascente, margine ventrali den- ticulato : long. 1-5, lat. 0°8, alt. 12 poll. Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Guacomayo.) Found in sandy mud at a depth of thirteen fathoms.—G. B. S. Venus Curzensis. Ven. testd obovatd, pallidd, radiatim costellatd, costellis (medianis precipue) planulatis, (anticis posticisque pre- cipue) decussatis ; maculis, lituris, strigilisque pallid? fuscis or- natd ; margine dorsali rectiusculo, subdeclivi, postic? subangulato ; latere antico breviore, impressione cordiformi parvd ; intis albi- sp margine ventrali denticulato : long. 2°8, lat. 1:5, alt. 2°4 poll. 42 Hab. ad oras Chilenses. (Valparaiso Bay.) Found in coarse sand at low water.—G. B.S VENUS LENTICULARIS. Ven. testd lenticulari-subtrapeziformi, crassd, opacd, pallida, levi, lineis concentricis anticé posticeque distinctis, medio obsoletis, prope umbonem elevatiusculis ; margine dorsali subrotundato, postice subangulato ; impressione cordiformi elongatd, parvd, impressd ; intis albidd, margine ventralé levi : long. 3°1, lat. 1°5, alt. 2°7 poll. Hab. ad oras Chilenses. (Valparaiso Bay.) Found in coarse sand at low water.—G. B.S Venus asperrima. Ven. testd obovatd, crassiusculd, opacd, albi- cante, radiatim costellatd, costellis numerosis, decussatis, asperis ; latere antico breviore ; margine postico dorsali declivi, rectiusculo ; impressione cordiformi anticd elongata : long 2°, lat.1-, alt. 1-65 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Lobos dictam. Found in fine sand at low water.—G. B.S. Venus costettata. Ven. testd obovatd, turgidd, fuscescente, cos- tellis lamellosis, reflexis, postice magis eminentibus, concentricis ornatd ; lineis radiantibus impressis albis decussatd ; impressione cordiformi anticd distinctd, marginibus medianis elevatiusculis ; intis albd, margine ventrali crenulato ; long. 2°6, lat. 1°5, alt. 2°3 poll. Hab. ad Valparaiso, Chilensium, et ad Callao, Peruvie. Oss. Testa nonnunquam unicolor, nonnunquam prope apices con- cinné punctulata. Found in coarse sand at a depth of from six to fifteen fathoms.— G. B.S. _ Venus opaca. Ven. testd oblongd, subquadratd, subturgidd, levi, opacd, albidd, pallidissime purpurascente ; latere antico breviore, rotundato, concentrice ruguloso, postico subrotundato, supra in- Sraque subangulato ; margine interno integerrimo ; ligamento per- magno : long. 3°4, lat. 1°6, alt. 2°5 poll. Hab. ad oras Chilenses. (Conception and Maule.) Found in sandy mud at low water.—G. B.S. Venus variaBitis. Ven. testd oblongo-subtrigond, tenuiusculd, levi, politd, alba, strigilis lineisve angularibus fuscis varie pictd ; intis albd, margine integerrimo : long. 1°3, lat. 0°7, alt. 1-1 poll. Hab. in Australia. (Swan River.)—G. B.S. Venus piscors. Ven. testd obovali, crassiusculd, radiatim confertim striatd, antic? rugis decussatd, albd fusco- nigricante instrata, co- loribus valve altere diversimodo ordinatis ; lined dorsali elevati- usculd ; intis albd, postic? violaceo tinctd, margine ventrali crenu- lato : long. 1:9, dat. 1:1, alt. 1-6 poll. Had. ad Sanctam Elenam, Americe Meridionalis, et ad Guacomayo, Americe Centralis. - The disparity in the arrangement of the colouring in the two valves is a remarkable peculiarity in this species. Found in sandy mud at from six to nine fathoms. earl B.S. — 43 Venus Cypria. Ven. testd oblongd, subtrigond, concentrice lamellosd, lamellis crassis, obtusis, postice tenuioribus, subappressis, albd fusco radiatd ; lined dorsali rectiusculd, declivi ; ared posticd latd, fuscatd ; impressione cordiformi anticd conspicud, fused ; margine ventrali intis integerrimo : long. 0°75, lat. 0°4, alt. 0°6 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Platz, Columbie Occidentalis. Found among coral sand in seventeen fathoms. This appears to be a near relation to the Linnean Venus Paphia.— G. B.8. Venus crenirera. Ven. testd ellipticd, asperd, albicante fusco maculatd et varie pictd, lamellis concentricis, brevibus, confertis, striis radiantibus confertissimis decussatis ; margine ventrali crenu- lato ; dente cardinali antico magno, elongato: long. 1°4, lat. 0°8, alt, 1-2 poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. Variat testd subfuscd, unicolore, striis radiantibus nonnullis elevatis costiformibus. — Hab. ad Paytam, Peruvie. Found in the sand at low water.—G. B.S. Venus tevcopon. Ven. testd ellipticd, cinerascente, crassiusculd, concentrice costellatd, costellis levibus, reflexis, radiatim striatd, striis numerosis, confertis : ared dorsali posticd lunuldque fuscis ; margine interno ventrali denticulato, denticulis albis, interstitiis nigricantibus : long. 1°35, lat. 0°7, alt. 1°15 poll. Hab. in Sinu Californiensi. (Guaymas.) Found in coarse sand at low water.—G. B.S. Venus Caxirorniensis. Ven. testd globosd, crassd, albente, concen- tricé multi-lamellosd,lamellis crassiusculis lateraliter subcrenulatis, costis creberrimis cancellatd ; ared posticd infossd, grandi ; lunuld magnd, tumente ; intis albd, impressionibus muscularibus posticis violaceo fucatis ; limbo. interno crenato; long. 2°9, lat. 1°7, alt. 2°7 poll. Hab. in sinu Californie. (Guaymas.) From about the middle of the valve the concentric Jamelle begin to approach nearer and nearer, till, in old specimens, they hide the radiated ribs, and at length, at the ventral border which is covered with an epidermis, they become mere smooth lineations. The internal violaceous spots are not always on the posterior muscular impressions, but sometimes only in their immediate neighbourhood. Found in sandy mud at low water.—W. J. B. Venus compra. Ven. testd subtrigond, planiusculd, crassd, la- mellis concentricis lateraliter crenulatis, crassiusculis, radiatim creberrime costellatd, albente lineis flavo-castaneis inscriptd ; ared posticd incisd, spadiceo strigatd ; lunuld pallidiore ; intis alba, limbo crenato: long. 2°3, lat. 1-2, alt. 2° poll. Hab. ad Peruviam. (Bay of Sechura.) A fine species. It was dredged up in coarse sand and mud at a depth of seven fathoms.—W. J. B. 44 Venus ornatissima. Ven. testd subglobulosd, radiatim creberrime costatd, lamellis concentricis valde elevatis, crispo-plicatis, spadiceo- albente ; ints albd, limbo interno crenulato: long. 1°6, lat. (la- mellis inclusis) 1°1, alt. 1°4 poll. Hab. ad Panamam. This unique and highly ornamented shell was dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms. The regular radiating ribs, each of which, as it advances from about the middle of the valve to the ventral border, has a depression in the middle, and the crisply plaited well-developed concentric frill-like lameile, render it the most curious in point of workmanship of any of the species.—W. J. B. Venus Macrracea. Ven. testd subglobulosd, lineis concentricis, elevatis, acutis, subdistantibus ornatd, albd ; limbo interno levi : long. 1°5, lat. 0°9, alt. 1°3 poll. Hab, ad Valparaiso. This unique shell was dredged from sandy mud at a depth of twenty fathoms. I have given it the trivial name of Mactracea be- cause it reminds the spectator of some of the lamellated species of that genus.—W. J. B. Venus puticaria. Ven. testd subtrigond, lineis concentricis, elevatis, creberrimis, subtilissime plicatis ornatd, albd spadiceo inspersd ; ared dorsali vel posticd nigro-spadiceo strigatd, lunuld fuscd ; intis purpurascente, limbum versus crenulatum albente: long. 1-8, lat. 1-, alt. 1-4 poll. Hab. ad Columbiam Occidentalem. (Chiriqui and Tumaco.) The scattered spots are often arranged in angular figures, and being more intense in some parts than others, the valves present a some- what radiated appearance. Dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of three fathoms.— W. J.B. Venus onscura. Ven. testd subglobosd, lineis concentricis crenulatis horridd, albente obscure maculatd ; intis albd, limbo crenulato : long. 0°7, lat. 0°5, lat. 0°7 poll. Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood’s Island.) Found in coral sand at low water.—W. J. B. Genus CyTHEREA. CyTHErra Lusrica. Cyth. testd subrotundato-cordatd, lubriecd, sub- violaced, intis albd, antic? et superné subconcentricé lineatd, lineis elevatis ; limbo interno levi: long. 1:7, lat. 0°8, alt. 1°4 poll. Hab. in America Centrali. (Puerto Portrero). This species, which is of moderate size, was dredged up by Mr. Cuming from coral sand at a depth of thirteen fathoms. The con- centric somewhat elevated lines are comparatively small and close at the upper part of the valve near the wmbones, and gradually widen out till they become distant and strongly marked at the anterior part ‘of the valves, the middle and posterior parts of which are without any lineations. The whole shell has a shining slippery appearance. —W.J.B 45 CyTHEREA ALTERNATA. Cyth. testd subrotundato-trigond, lineis con- centricis elevatis acutis frequentibus ornatd, albd spadiceo radiaté ; ared dorsali vel posticd lunuldque spadiceo-vjolaceis ; intis albd, umbones versus spadiceo-violaceo obscure nebulosd ; limbo interno levi: long. 1°4, lat. 0°8, alt. 1*2 poll. Hab. ad Columbiam Occidentalem. (Monte Christi.) This species was dredged up in sandy mud at a depth of seven fathoms, The size of the specimen is rather less than that of the pre- ceding.— W. J. B. ; Cyruerra Tortuosa. Cyth. testd obliqu2 cordatd, postice sublobatd, lineis frequentibus subconcentricis obtusis pastice irregularibus, alba umbones versus subspadiceo-albd : long. 1°6, lat. 0°85, alt. 1*2 poll. Hab. ad Panamam, et ad Xipixapi. -" Var. testa roseo rufoque pulcherrimé subradiatim picta. Lamarck refers to no figure for his Cyth. albina, but only says that it has some likeness to the Pectunculus figured in Lister’s Conchology, t. 263, f. 99. Part of Lamarck’s description would apply to the shell now before me, but the term “ striis exiguis”’ is inapplicable to the blunt and coarse lines with which the shell under description is marked concentrically, and as there is no notice taken of the posterior sublobation, I must conclude that Lamarck’s Cyth. albina is not my Cyth. tortuosa. Dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.—W. J. B. Cyruerea arrinis. Cyth. testd ovato-oblongd, planiusculd, lineis distantibus elevatis subacutis concentricis, albente violaceo ra- diatd, postice vir sublobata ; ared posticd violaced, lunuld pallida ; intis albd, limbo interno levi ; epidermide fuscd tenui : long. 1-6, lat. O°7, alt. 1:1 poll. Hab. ad Colombiam Occidentalem. (Xipixapi.) This species, which approaches the last, differs from it in the fol- ‘owing particulars. The shell is much flatter, the elevated, regular, concentric, somewhat sharp lines are much more distant, (especially as they recede from the umbones,) than the irregular, close-set, blunted ‘lineations, almost amounting to rugosities, of Cyth. tortuosa. ‘There ‘is an approach to lobation towards the dorsal or posterior border ; but it is not nearly so strongly marked as in Cyth. tortuosa. Still it aay be a variety of Cyth. tortuosa. Dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms,—W, J. B. _. Cyruerxa Dione, varr. Though varieties of this species have, for a long time, been known in this country, I am not aware that they have ever been recorded. The descriptions of Linnzeus and Lamarck and the figures quoted by them, apply to the variety found in the West Indies, which is com- paratively small with the /amelle high and sharp and the spines close- “set and short, the prevailing tinge of the shell being of a somewhat “yinous or purplish flesh-colour. A dark-coloured long-spined variety of this and a white one, also with long spines, the spines in both being very close-set, were dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of nine fathoms at Salango in West Colombia. Baten: 46 Var. 6. Pallida, area dorsali vel posteriori lunuldque violaceis ; lineis concentricis anticé lamellatis, alibi rotundatis irregularibus, ru- garum formam referentibus ; spinis distantibus longissimis. This variety, of which Mr. Cuming possesses a specimen with the lower spines an inch and a half long, grows to a large size. It was dredged up at Tumbez, in Peru, from soft mud at a depth of five fathoms. Var. y. Violacea ; antice et ad umbones sublamellosa, alibi levis ; spinis valde distantibus, crassiusculis, mediocribus. This variety, which is almost entirely of a violet colour excepting the two white streaks which mark the line of the spines in each valve, and some white about the neighbourhood of the lower part of the anterior border, grows also to a large size. It is smooth with the exception of a few concentric lines at the wmbones and a few lamelle towards the anterior border. ‘The spines are distant, indeed in the specimen before me there are hardly any in the place where the in- terior rows usually are, there being but one on one side and none on the other, with the exception of a few towards the umbones on both sides. The outer spines, as well as the inner one, are thick and strong but comparatively short, the longest being hardly seven eighths of an inch long in a specimen of about the same size as that from which the description of variety 8 was taken. Var. y was dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of seven fathoms at San Blas in the gulf of California. There are many gradations of colour, &c. between the varieties. I possess a specimen of variety ( very nearly white, with the ex- ception of the lunule. All the varieties are subject to have the spines, or at least some of them, tortuous.—W. J. B CyTHEREA VULNERATA. Cyth. testd subglobosd, lineis concentricis creberrimis levibus, albente fasciis angustis purpureo-sanguineis hinc et hinc ornatd; lunuld et ared posticd sub-atropurpureis ; limbo ventrali rubro, intis subcrenulato ; epidermide subfuscd ; intis albdé subroseo suffusd : long. 1-6, lat. 0°9, alt. 1°4 poll. Hab. in America Centrali. (Real Llejos.) The ruddy lines which occasionally gird this whitish shell, and its red border, give this species a pleasing appearance. It was dredged. up from sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.—W. J. B CYTHEREA PLANULATA, Var. suffusa. Cyth. planulata, testd a@qui- laterali, trigond, radiis omnino suffusis ; latere postico clauso. Hab. ad Salango. This differs from Cyth. planulata, (Zool. Journ., V. p. 48,) in being more equilateral, rather more gibbose, in having the coloured rays spread all over the shell, and in being closed posteriarly. The an- terior side in Cyth. planulata is the longer. Found in sandy mud at a depth of nine fathoms.—G. B. 8. Cyrmerea ARGENTINA. Cyth. testd subtrigond, levi, albd, subequi- laterali, latere antico paulld kreviore, postico subacuminato ; mar- gine dorsali postico rectiusculo, declivi, ventrali rotundato ; epi- dermide tenui, corned, extus velutind, albd, quasi argentatd, indutd : long. 2°5, lat. 1-4, alt. 2°1 poll. vd eee al rl ill acl il 47 Hab. ad Sinum Nocoiyo, Americe Centralis. Found in sand banks at low water.—G. B.S. CytuerecaA pannosa. Cyth. testd obovatd, crassiusculd, levi, albi- cante maculis strigis lineisve angulatis luridis obscure pictd ; apicibus subprominentibus : long. 1°15, lat. 0°6, alt. 0-9 poll. Hab. ad oras Chilenses. (Coquimbo.) Found in sandy mud at low water.—G. B.S. CyTHEREA PALLESCENS. Cyth. testd obovatd, tenui, pallide lutescente, levi, concentricé striatd ; latere antico breviore, apicibus sub- prominulis ; intits albd ; impressione cordiformi anticd elongatd, distinctd : long. 1°4, lat. 0°8, alt. 1°1 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Annaan. Found in coral sand.—G, B. 8. CyTHEREa 1nconspPicua. Cyth. testd obovatd, crassiusculd, levi, al- bidd, concentricé striatd, striis exilissimis, epidermide tenuissimd, pallide subfuscd ; apicibus subprominulis ; impressione cordi- Sormi anticd ovatd, inconspicud: long. 1:2, lat. 0°65, alt. 1° poll. Hab, ad Paytam, Peruvie. Found in sandy mud at low water.—G. B.S. Cyruerea mopesta. Cyth. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, levi, con- centrice sulcatd, suilcis obsoletiusculis ; albd fusco et fusco-purpu- rascente varid ; apicibus subprominulis ; latere postico longiore, declivi : long. 0'9, lat. 0°5, alt. O°7 poll. Hab, ad Xipixapi, Americe Meridionalis. Found in sandy mud in from nine to eleven fathoms.—G. B.S. - _ Cy?HEREA PECTINATA, var. immaculata. Cyth. pectinata, testa pal- lescente unicolore, ints lutescente. Hab. ad Insulas Oceani Pacifici. (Lord Hood’s Island, one of the Paumotu group.)—G. B.S. Specimens were exhibited of numerous T'hrushes, chiefly inhabit- ants of the Himalayan Mountains and of India; and Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, brought them under the notice of the Meeting, principally with the view of indicating those of the former district as constituting a new form in the family Merulide, Vig., for which he proposed the generic name TANTHOUCINCLA. Rostrum feré ut in Cinclosomate et Turdo sed magis robustum : mandibula superiore ad basin setigera. Nares basales, ovales, aperte. Ale breves, concave, rotundate ; remigibus 6ta 7maque longiori- bus, omnibus mollibus. Cauda subelongata, concava, rotundata; rectricibus mollibus: Tarsi elongati, robusti. Hallue digitum medium longitudine subeequans, ungue forti Py : zequali munitus, 48 Typus genericus. _ Cinclosoma ocellatum, Vig. Montium Himalaye Incole, The chief distinguishing characteristics of the genus Janthocincla are the comparative length of the tarsus; the length of the hinder toe, and the great length of the claw by which it is terminated; the roundness, concavity, softness, and yielding character of the wings and tail; and the peculiar fullness, lightness, and downiness of the whole of the plumage, and particularly of that of the back and rump. The downy nature of the covering is alluded to in the generic name. The following species may be referred to it. 1. TANTHOCINCLA OCELLATA. Cinclosoma ocellatum, Vig., in Proc. Comm.. Sci. Zool. Soc., Part I. p. 55.—Gould, Cent. Him. Birds, Pl. xa. 2, IANTHOCINCLA VARIEGATA. Cinclosoma variegatum, Vig., in Proc. Comm. Sci. Zool. Soc., Part I. p. 56.—Gould, Cent. Him. Birds, Pl. xvi. 8. IANTHOCINCLA ERYTHROCEPHALA. Cinclosoma erythrocephalum, Vig., in Proc. Comm. Sci. Zool. Soc., Part I. p. 171.—Gould, Cent. Him. Birds, Pl. xvii. 4. TantHocincta squamata. Janth. brunnea, plumis lunuld nigra ad apicem notatis ; uropygio sordidé castaneo; alis caudaque nigris, rectricibus ad apicem ochraceo-flavis. ' Long. tot. 94 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 4; caude@, 44; tarsi, 13. Rostrum tarsique brunnei. The inner webs of each of the primaries and the outer edges of the first seven of them are margined with a light silvery grey; the secondaries have the same parts of a dull ochre yellow becoming more ferruginous towards the shoulders. 5. IanruocincLa curysopTera. Janth. saturate brunnescenti- cinerea, alis fascid castaned notatis ; Sronte, facie, gutture, auri- busque sordidé cinereo-albentibus ; vertice nuchaque nitide ferru- gineis ; scapularibus pectoreque arenaceo-rubris, hoc saturatiore, plumis lunuld castaned ad apicem notatis; caudd supra saturate aureo-olivaced, infra brunned; remigum pogoniis externis nitidée aureo-olivaceis. Long. tot, 10—104 une.; rostri, ; ale, 4; cauda, 5; tars?, 1 o Rostrum pedesque brunnei. The specimens exhibited of this and the preceding species were recently presented to the Society, with other selected Birds, by Sir Philip Grey Egerton. 6. IantHoctncta RuFocuLARis. Janth. supra olivacea, posticé et ad caudam rufescenti tincta, plumis nigro apiculatis ; vertice fas- cidque alarum medid nigris; strigd a rictu ad oculum juguloque albis ; guld crissoque rufis; pectore sordidé albescente brunneo- nigricante. maculato; ventre brunnescenti-cinereo ; rectricibus prope apicem rufo-castaneum nigro fasciatis. Long. tot. 10 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 3§ ; caud@, 41; tarsi, 13. Rostrum flavescenti-brunneum ; ; pedes brunnei. The ends of the secondaries are banded with black, and their ex- ternal margin is silvery white, : 49 April 14, 1835. N. A. Vigors, Esq., in the Chair. Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, exhibited, from the collection of the President, the Earl of Derby, a specimen of a spe- cies of Toucan, which he regarded as hitherto undescribed. It be- longs to the same group with the other grooved-billed Toucans, and is consequently referrible to the genus recently proposed by Mr. Gould (Proceedings, Part II. p. 147), under the name of mahal 15 15 Scutal AMC AMON ao iene os siene creat 17 17 pTecual tii eee AE eG Se : 36 33 Radii pinne.dorsalis ....--....%.. 43 35 In addition to the collections already referred to, Mr. Keith Abbott presented at the same time to the Society a “cock and two hens of the Fow/ls of Herat in Khorassaun, a breed which is,” he believes, “unknown in Europe. They are young birds of the real Herat race.” These, it was stated, are apparently identical with the Kulm Fowl of Dukhun and the Malay Fowl, the Gallus giganteus, 'Temm. A large collection of skins of Birds formed at Travancore by P. 93 Poole, Esq., and presented by him to the Society, was exhibited. Mr. Gould, in bringing it, at the request of the Chairman, under the notice of the Society, remarked upon it as distinguished from all the collections which he had hitherto seen from India, by its pos- sessing not even one European species, and only three or four which occur in Africa; a peculiarity probably attributable to its having been obtained in so southern a locality. He subsequently called the attention of the Meeting to each species contained in the collection, and pointed out among them several which he regarded as being hitherto undescribed. A large drawing made in Madeira by Miss Young of the Fish de- scribed by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, in the Second Part of the ‘ Transac- tions’ (page 123), under the name of Alepisaurus feror, was exhibited. It was taken from a perfect specimen, and consequently showed the correct form of the caudal fin, a part which was mutilated in the in- dividual originally described: its form is very remarkable, the upper lobe being greatly prolonged and falciform. The drawing also showed correctly the form of the outline of the high dorsal fin, which differs from that originally represented. The exhibition was in illustration of a Paper entitled ‘‘ Additional Observations on Alepisaurus: by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, Corr. Memb. Z.S.” The exhibition was resumed of the undescribed Shells contained in Mr. Cuming’s collection. Those brought on the present occasion under the notice of the Society were accompanied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby and by Mr. W. Lytellton Powys. They com- prised the following species. aaa Pee ae ee Genus Panpora,. Panpora BREVIFRONS, Sow., Species Conchyliorum, Part II. Tab. Pand. secund. figg. 25, 26. Pand. testd elongatd, tenuis- simd, hyalind, ulbd; latere antico breviore, rotundato, superné subangulato ; latere postico longiore, rostrato, subtruncato ; mar- gine dorsali recto, ventrali rotundato ; dente in valvd planulaté unico, minimo: long. 0°9, lat. 0°15, alt. 0°35 poll. Hab, apud Panamam. ane from a sandy bottom, at the depth of ten fathoms.— .B.S. Panpora arcuara, Sow., Ibid., figg. 27, 28. Pand. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, opacd, margaritaced ; latere antico breviore, rotun- dato, postico rostrato ; margine dorsali arcuato, ventrali rotun- - dato ; lined impressd obsoletd ex umbone ad marginem ventralem . _ decurrente: long.1- , alt. 0°6 poll. Hab. apud Sanctam Elenam. Found on the sands.—G. B. S. Panpora piscors, Sow., Ibid., figg. 29, 30. Pand. testd ellip- ticd, depressd, albicante, opacd; latere antico breviore, postico altiore ; margine dorsali postico subarcuato, antico rotundato, ven- 94 trali rotundato posticé ventricoso ; valvd sinistrd postice radiatim lineata, carind prope marginem dorsalem posticum conspicud : long. 0°55, lat. 0°06, alt. 0°4 poll. Hab. Panpora Crytanica, Sow., Ibid., figg. 20—22. Pand. testa elongatd, depressd, subflecuosd, posticé rostratd, margine superi- ore postico arcuato recurvo, antice dilatatd ; dentibus duobus vali- dis et lamind marginali in valvd planulatd, dente unico fornicato in alterd: long. 1-1, lat. 0-1, alt. 0°6 poll. Hab. in Mari Ceylanico, et apud Insulam Muerte, Colombiz Oc- cidentalis. Mr. Cuming has a single specimen obtained, at the latter locality, from a depth of eleven fathoms.—G. B.S. Panpora rAprATA, Sow., Ibid., figg. 23, 24. Pand. testd ovatd, depressiusculd, albd, margine superiore postico recto ; latere pos- tico longiore, subtruncato ; margine ventrali rotundato; latere an- tico parvo ; valvd planulatd radiatim rufo-lineatd: long. 0°6, lat. 0°15, -alt. 0°35 poll. Hab. apud Insulam Muerte, Colombie Occidentalis. Dredged from sandy mud, at the depth of eleven fathoms.—G.B.S. Genus Buccinum. Buccinum mopestum. Succ. testd ovato-fusiformi, albidd aut lu- teo-rufescente, strigis longitudinalibus confluentibus rubro-casta- neis ornatd, anfractu ultimo albo fasciato, basi sulcato ; anfrac- tibus 8, spiraliter striatis et superné lineis impressis bicingulatis ; aperturd elongatd ; labio externo varicoso, intis leviter striato :: long. 1°15, lat. 0°5 poll. Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. Dredged from muddy gravel in the Bay of Montija, at a depth varying from seven to seventeen fathoms.—W .L. P. * Bucernum Cumine. Bucc. testd ovato-elongatd, subturritd, tenui, rufo-stramined, maculis parvis saturatioribus striisque albidis ele- vatiusculis transversis ornatd ; anfractibus 7—8, longitudinaliter costatis, costis anfractis penultimi evanescentibus, ultimi nonnul- lis ; columelld subrectd, inferne spiraliter plicatd ; labio externo tenui, intis levi: long. 1°25, lat. 0°5 poll. Hab. ad littora insularum Oceani Pacifici. A single specimen of this very elegant and delicate species was collected by Mr. Cuming on the sands at Grimwood’s Isle.-—W. L. P. Buccrnum catenatum. Bucc. testd ovato-oblongd, tenui, roseo- albicante, spiraliter tenuissim? striatd, basi sulcatd ; anfractibus 6—7, convexis, superioribus longitudinaliter costatis, tribus ulti- mis maculis parvulis nivosis per series transversas dispositis ; aper- turd levi, nitidd ; labio externo subcrenulato : long. 0°75, lat. 0°3 poll. Hah. 95 I have only seen one specimen of this interesting species, which I have reason to believe was brought from the Mauritius.—W. L. P. Buccinum succinctum. Bucc. testd ovato-pyramidali, tenui, spi- raliter costatd, inter costas tenuissime striatd, lacted ; anfractibus 7—8, convezis, ultimo spird vix majore ; aperturd ovali; colu- melld flecuosd ; labio externo intis sulcato: long. 0:75, lat. 0-3 poll. Hab. ad littora Insule Mauritii.—W. L. P. Genus Nassa. Nassa Nopirera. Nassa testd ovato-acuminatd, subturritd, albes- cente, longitudinaliter costatd, et spiraliter impresso-striatd ; an- Sractibus superné angulatis, costis ad angulum nodoso-tuberculatis ; aperturd albd, nitidd ; labio externo intis leviter striato : long. 0°65, lat. 0°35 poll. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos et ad littora Paname. Found in coral sand in from six to ten fathoms.—W., L. P. Nassa concinna. Nassa testd ovato-conicd, peracutd, pallide fulud fasciis saturatioribus cinctd, longitudinaliter creberrime undatim plicatd, striis impressis contiguis eleganter decussatd ; anfractibus 8—9, rotundatis, ad suturas granulis moniliformibus ornatis ; aper- turd ovali ; columelld subrugosd ; labio extis marginato, intis sul- cato: long. 0°8, lat. 0°4 poll. Hab. in Polynesia. (Toobouai.) Collected on the reefs.— W. L. P. Nassa pentTIFERA. Nassa testdé ovatd, subventricosd, olivaced, an- fractu ultimo fascia pallidiore cinctd, longitudinaliter granoso- plicatd, decussutd; aperturd fusco-violaced ; labio externo sinuoso, incrassato, basin versus denticulo unico instructo, intis leviter sul- cato: long. 0°85, lat. 0°45 poll. Hab. ad oras Americz Meridionalis. ‘Dredged in the Bay of Arica, in ten fathoms, from a muddy bot- tom.—W. L. P. Nassa Festiva. Nassa testd ovato-globosd, cerujescente, punctis variis et antice lineis contiguis rubro-castaneis pictd ; anfractibus 8, longitudinaliter costatis et spiraliter sulcatis, ultimo ventricoso, spird peracutd longiore ; aperturd albd, rotundata ; columella gra- noso-plicatd ; labio externo crasso, variciformi, intits vald? sul- cato: long. 0°85, lat. 0°6 poll. Hab. ad Panamam et ad Sanctam Elenam. Dredged from sandy mud at a depth varying from six to ten fa- ‘thoms.—W. L. P. Nassa Exit1s. Nassa testd ovato-conicd, basi subcompressd, oliva- ced obscure fasciatd ; anfractibus 7—8, convezis, spiraliter obsolet? striatis, suturis granulis moniliformibus infra in costellas decur- rentibus ornatis, costellis et striis anfractés ultimi evanescentibus ; 96 apertura violaced; labio externo incrassato, intis subsulcato - long. 0°65, lat. 0°3 poll. Hab. sub lapidibus ad Paytam, Peruvie. The anterior part of the last volution, towards the lip, is: smooth and free from ribs.—W. L. P. Nassa pattipa. Nassa testdé ovato-conicd, sordidé albd, canali fusco maculatd ; anfractibus 8—9, superné subangulatis, longitudi- naliter oblique costatis, spiraliter sulcatis et rugoso-striatis ; labio externo intus striato; columelld arcuatd, callosd: long. 1°2, lat. 0°65 poll. Hab. ad Panamam. The ribs are not continued over the anterior part of the last volu- tion towards the lip. Dredged from sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.—W. L. P. Nassa scaBriuscuLta. Nassa testd ovato-conicd, acuminatd, fuscd luteo fasciatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, strits elevatis asperis spi- raliter cancellatd ; aperturd rotundatd ; labio externo albo, antice Susco maculato, extis marginato, intis valde sulcato : long. 0°47, lat. 0°27 poll. Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. Dredged in sandy mud at a depth of twelve fathoms in the Bay of Montija.—W. L. P. Nassa compianaTa. Nassa testd ovatd, complanatd, olivaced fasciis luteis cinctd ; anfractibus superioribus utrinque granosis, ultimo varicibus lateralibus et plicis graniferis dorso evanescentibus ; aperturd ovali ; labio externo marginato, intis sulcato ; long. 0°35, lat. 0°22 poll. Hab. ad oras Colombiz Occidentalis. Found at Atacamas, under stones.—W. L. P. Genus Purrura. Purpura T#Nn1ATA. Purp. testd obovato-oblongd, transversim te- nuissime striatd, rufo-castaned fasciis fulvo-luteis cinctd ; spird brevissimd ; anfractu ultimo permagno ; aperturd elongatd, sub- equali, intts lacted, peritremate castaneo lineis albidis radiato ; columelld pland, pallide castaned ; labio externo intis denticulato - long. 0-9, lat. 0°62 poll. Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Maldon Island.) I am not aware of this interesting shell having been hitherto de- scribed. It bears a considerable resemblance to the Purp. Vewillum of Lamarck; but differs from that species in having a much shorter spire, in its very flat columella, and in the outer lip being more ex- panded and radiated. The bands also afford a ready mark of distine- tion: in Purp. Vewillum they are of a reddish brown on a lighter ground; whilst in Purp. teniata the ground colour is dark chestnut, and the bands yellow.—W. L. P. 97 July 14, 1835. William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. Mr. Ogilby exhibited several rare and undescribed species of Mammalia and Birds, brought from the Gambia, on which he made the following observations : “Through the kindness of Mr. Rendall, who has lately arrived from the Gambia, where his brother is lieutenant-governor of Fort St. Mary and the other British possessions in that neighbourhood, I am enabled to present the Society with the following account of a few new or rare species of Mammals and Birds; forming, however, but a very small portion of the valuable collection which Mr. Ren- dall has brought home with him. The collection, it is true, contains very few Mammals; these, however, are either altogether new to science or of very rare occurrence, and show how little we know of ‘the zoology of the west coast of Africa. ’ Genus Coxtosvus, JZ. Colobus fuliginosus. This new and interesting species of a very obscure and imperfectly known genus, measures 2 feet 5 inches from the upper lip to the extremity of the tail, which organ is itself 2 feet 8 inches long. All the upper parts of the body are of a light smoky blue colour, very similar to that of the common Mangabey, (Cercopi- thecus fuliginosus, Geoff.), rather darker on the shoulders than else- where, and copiously tinged with red on the occiput : the colour of the back descends some way down on the external face of the fore arms and thighs, and also a short distance, but more obscurely, on the upper ‘surface of the tail. With these exceptions, all the rest of the extre- ‘mities, the arms, fore arms, thighs, legs, hands, feet and tail, are of a uniform light or brick red, and a more intense shade of the same colour extends up the fore* part of the shoulders, and spreads over _ the breast, throat and whiskers, which latter are long, directed down- wards on the cheeks, and backwards into long pointed tufts behind the ears, which are small, round, naked, and furnished with a di- ‘stinct helix, in all respects like that of the human subject. The belly and flanks are of a dirty yellowish white, and a circle of black stiff hair passes over the eyes. The face, palms of the hands and soles of the feet are naked and of a violet colour; the callosities are of mo- derate size; the thumbs of the anterior extremities are wanting, but their situation is marked by, a small nailless tubercle ; the middle and ving fingers, both on the fore and hind hands, are of equal length, as are likewise the index and little fingers; and it is to be observed, No. XXXI. Procerpines or TuE Zootocicay Society. 98 that the latter are united to the contiguous middle or ring fingers, respectively, through the greater part of the first phalane, as in the Siamang, Pithecus syndactylus, F. Cuv. The face is short, the head round, and the whole form and habit of the animal similar to those of the Semnopithecit. 'The teeth are of the usual form and number, and there are large and very distinct cheek pouches. I was the more particular in making this last observation, because the organs in question had not been previously recorded as existing in the Colobi, and because M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire in his valuable lectures, of which it is a matter of great regret that so small a portion has been given to the public, even doubts their existence. Of this, however, there can be no longer any reasonable doubt; they are extremely appa- rent and rather capacious in the specimen now under description. The teeth of this specimen, a very old female, without even except- ing the canines, which do not appear to have been remarkably large at any time, are worn almost down to the gums.- Mr. Rendall pos- sesses a second and younger specimen which, however, differs in no respect from that just described. The arrival of these skins, probably the only perfect specimens of the genus Co/obus in Europe, with the exception of that in the Ley- den Museum, and of the specimens recently brought from Abyssinia by Dr. Riippell, naturally led me to refer to the imperfect skins no- ticed by Mr. Bennett in the ‘ Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence’ of this Society for 1832, page 122, and to exa- mine generally the characters of the different species already described. The result of my investigation into this subject leads me to conclude that we at present possess sufficient indications of six distinct spe- cies of Colobi, which may be characterized as follows : 1. Col. polycomos, Schreb., ‘‘ with the head and shoulders co- vered with long, coarse, flowing hair, of a dirty yellowish colour, mixed with black; body, arms and legs of a fine glossy blackness, covered with short hair; tail of a snowy whiteness, with very long hair at the end forming a tuft.” 2. Col. Ursinus, with very long glossy black hair over the whole body and extremities, and a long snowy white tail slightly tufted at the end: described from two imperfect skins, without head or hands, the same asthosenoticedby Mr. Bennett in the ‘ Proceedings’ for 1832. Mr. Bennett considered these skins as referrible to the Col. poly- comos; and the general colour of the body and tail, as well as aslight appearance of grizzled or gray hair about the neck, where the head has been cut off, in both the specimens, would at first sight appear to justify his views; but the words of Pennant, (the only original describer of the species,) as quoted above, imply that the “ long dirty yellowish hair,” which he compares to a full- bottomed perri- wig, grows from the shoulders and neck as well as the head, and expressly declare that the hair on the rest of the body, as well as on the legs, is short. Now in the specimens at present under consider- ation the very reverse of this is observable. The black hair of the ‘ 99 shoulders, as already observed, has a partial mixture of silvery white on the anterior face just where the head has been cut off; but it is not longer than the hair upon the rest of the body and limbs, which is moreover 5 or 6 inches in length, and in texture and appearance not unlike that of the Ursus labiatus. The whole animal in fact re- sembles a small Bear, and is covered with the same uniform, long, black, and. glossy fur upon every part except the tail, which, at the root more particularly, is furnished with much shorter hair. _Whe- ther or not this species, like the polycomos, has the head ofa differ- ent colour from the body, is a subject for further observation: the white or silvery hairs already mentioned as still remaining about the shoulders, render it extremely probable that it has, but in no case can it form the striking contrast in length, nor present the long flow- ing mane or wig-like appearance ascribed to the animal observed by Pennant. Mr. Gould, who procured these skins for the Society, re- ported them as-coming from Algoa Bay; we know enough of the zoology of that part of Africa, to render this account extremely doubtful, and the probability is, either that Mr. Gould was misin- formed, or that he may have mistaken Delagoa Bay for Algoa, which, from the similarity of sound, might readily happen. If this conjec- ture should prove correct, it would follow that the Col. Ursinus was the analogue of the Col. polycomos on the opposite coast, and the conjecture receives further countenance from the fact of many other known species of Mammals having such analogues in the same loca- lities. 3. Col. Guereza, Riipp., with the head, face, neck, back, limbs, and basal half of the tail, covered with short black hair; the temples, chin, throat, and a band over the eyes, white; the sides, flanks from the shoulder downwards, loins and buttocks, clothed with long flow- ing white, which hangs down on each side like a loose garment; the tip of the tail furnished with a tuft of dirty white. Described and figured by Dr, Riippell in his ‘ Neue Wirbelthiere.’ 4. Col. ferruginosus, Geoff., ‘ with a black crown; back ofa deep bay colour; outside of the limbs black; cheeks, under part of the body, and legs of a very bright bay; tail black.” ‘This species, ori- ginally thus described by Pennant, was, like the Col, polycomos, _ brought from Sierra Leone. 5. Col. fuliginosus. Smoky blue above, dirty yellowish gray beneath; with the cheeks, throat, tail and extremities brick red. Brought from the Gambia. 6. Col. Temminckii, Kuhl, “ with the hands, face, and tail, purp- lish red; rest of the members, clear red; belly, reddish yellow ; head, neck, back, shoulders and outer face of the thighs, black.’ Habitat unknown : described from a specimen formerly in Bullock’s Museum and now in that of Leyden. Notwithstanding some slight discrepancies, I agree with Mr. Bennett in referring to this species the two other skins. of the Society’s Collection, noticed by him in the Part of the ‘Proceedings’ already referred to. These skins 100 were procured at the same time, and most probably in the same lo- cality, as those of the Col. Ursinus. They are equally imperfect ; the hair of the shoulders and back, dead black, and without the beau- tiful gloss of the Col. Ursinus; on the flanks and over every part of the limbs the colour is a uniform maroon or clear purple red; the head and hands are wanting, but the maroon of the tail is much deeper than that of the legs and flanks, approaching almost to black, and, in the older of the two specimens, actually replaced by that colour on the terminal half of the tail. If the conjecture already thrown out with regard to the derivation of these skins should turn out to be well founded, and if the animal here described eventually proves to be identical in species with the Col. Temminckii, of which I see no just reason to doubt, it follows that the hitherto unascertained ha- bitat of that species must be sought on the east coast of Africa. Fischer, probably induced to it by the authority of M. Temminck, has united the Col. Temminckii with the Col. ferruginosus or bay Monkey of Pennant; the short descriptive characters above given in the words of their original describers, leave no doubt as to the spe- cific distinction of these two animals; in which, indeed, though the colours are the same in both, their distribution is reversed, the bay or red of the one occupying the same situation as the black of the other. Genus Preropvs. Two undescribed Pteropi, brought over by Mr. Rendall, present some modifications of dentition which have not been observed in other species, and which appear to indicate a subgenus, probably repre- senting the common Asiatic forms on this coast of Africa. These animals have the incisors and canines of the same form and number as the rest of the genus, but there are only three mo/ares in the upper and five in the lower jaw. The incisors are small and regular, the canines of intermediate size; the first false molar in the lower jaw is small and of the normal form, but the second in this jaw and the first in the upper are of the same form as the canines, and very little inferior to them in size, so that when the mouth is opened there appear to be four canines in each jaw; next follows in either jaw a tooth with a large fang upon the outer edge and a smaller one within, which is of intermediate form between the true and false molars; after which come two normal molars in the lower and one in the upper jaw. All the molars are separated from one another by a vacant space on each side; this gap is particularly large between the real and spurious canines or first false molars in the upper jaw, the corresponding space in the lower having, in its centre, the small false molar already mentioned. | Pteropus Gambianus. Length from the nose to the centre between the thighs 63 in. Length of the head from the nose to the root of the ear.. 1} Expanse of the Wings): 0.0.0. 0. cede ede e ees 1 f. 8 in. 101 The fur is of a very soft woolly texture, and of a uniform reddish mouse colour over every part, only rather lighter on the sides of the neck and belly than on the superior surface of the body. The wings are ample, naked except upon the thighs and arms, and of a light brown colour; there is no real interfemoral membrane; but the whole pos- terior face of the thighs and body is margined with a narrow band of integument about half an inch broad, and covered above with the same description of hair as the back. The ears are small, naked, erect and elliptical, and the eyes placed much nearer to them, and consequently at a greater comparative distance from the muzzle, than in the ordinary Pteropi. Pteropus macrocephalus. The whole length of this species is barely 6 inches, the length of the head 2 inches, and the expanse of the wings about 1 foot 3 inches. The colour, form and appear- ance are much the same as in the last species, but the Pter. macro- cephalus is at once distinguished by the great size of the head, as well as by the colour of the flying membranes which are very dark brown, nearly approaching to black. The canine teeth also, as well as the head, are of much larger size, and the interfemoral margin is nar- rower. Dr. Horsfield, from the great length of the head, thinks that this species may approximate to the Macroglossus of M. F. Cuvier, the Pier. rostratus of his own ‘ Zoological Researches in Java.’ It is to be observed, however, that it differs in dentition from that animal, as well as from all other Péeropi hitherto described; and, with the Pter. Gambianus, may furnish the type of a new genus to those who regard such modifications as amounting to generic cha- racters. Mr. Rendall’s collection contains numerous Sores of both the species here described. The only other Cheiropter brought home by Mr. Rendall is ind Megaderma Frons of Geoffroy, well described by Daubenton ; to whose account I shall only add, that the wings are of a deep orange colour, and the fur unusually long and soft. Genus Herprstrs, Jil. Mr. Rendall has brought over specimens of two Herpestes, one of which, the Herpestes Mongos of Linnezus, very well figured and de- scribed by Buffon (Hist. Nat., tom. xiii. tab. 19.), deserves to be noticed, for the purpose of correcting the habitat of the species, which, upon Buffon’s authority, has hitherto been given as India, but which Mr. Rendall’s specimens clearly show to be the west coast” of Africa. ‘The mistake originally arose from Buffon’s having iden- tified the Mangouste a bandes, the species at present under considera- tion, with the Mongos of Kempfer, unquestionably an Indian spe- cies (the Herpestes griseus of authors), and still commonly called by that name in Upper India, where many natives and Europeans keep it in a semidomestic state, for the purpose of destroying vermin. Under these circumstances, though there are few cases in which 102 such a change is advisable, or even excusable, perhaps it would be better to follow the example of M. Desmarest in the ‘ Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles,’ and substitute the specific name of fasciatus for that of Mungos, as regards this animal, reserving the latter name for the species to which it really belongs, and which is at present de- signated by the very vague term of griseus. The other species brought by Mr. Rendall, and which I propose to call Herpestes Gambianus, is new to science, but is in some degree allied to the Herp. vitticollis, characterized by Mr. Bennett at a re- cent meeting of the Society (page 66). It is, however, much smaller than that species, measuring only 17 inches from the nose to the root of the tail, whilst the Herp. vitticollis measures fully 23; the tail also measures 13 inches in the latter animal, and only 94 in the former. The general colour of the body is that grizzled gray and brown, so common among the Herpestes, upon the upper parts, clearer upon the head, neck and shoulders, and copiously mixed with red upon the latter part of the back, hips and thighs, particularly upon the latter, which are nearly all red; the tail has a copious mixture of black, and is terminated by a small tuft of pure black ; but this is only found at the extreme point, and does not extend over a consider- able portion of the organ, as in Herp. vitticollis. The throat and sides of the neck are pale silvery brown; the breast, belly, and interior of the limbs, red; the feet alone, not the whole legs as in Herp. vitticollis, are black, and a stripe of dark brown extends from the ear to the shoulder, along each side of the neck. The hair lies smooth and close to the skin. There are some peculiarities in the dentary system of these animals which are deserving of notice. Herp. fasciatus and Herp. Gambianus. Teeth + : =: — The incisors small, simple, and regular; the canines of moderate size; the first two false molars of the normal form; the third, carnas- sier, of rather small size compared with its analogue in genera more decidedly carnivorous, and the last two, in both jaws, tubercu- lous. The rudimentary false molar, mentioned by M. F. Cuvier, is wanting in both these species ; nor can its absence be owing to the age of the specimens examined, as some were. evidently young ani- mals, though arrived at adult age, Its entire absence is further con- firmed by the situation of the teeth respectively, in the reciprocal position of the jaws, the first inferior false molar filling up the entire vacant space between the corresponding superior tooth and the canine of the same jaw. This system differs considerably from that ascribed to the Herpestes by M. F. Cuvier (Dents des Mammiferes, i. 99.), but agrees in all re- spects with the description of M. Desmarest. The following, however, is equally foreign to the accounts of both these authors, and, were not all the other characters so perfectly accordant with those of Her- pestes, would decidedly indicate a new genus. Indeed, it so stands 103 in my notes, under the name of Mungos, but with a note of interro- gation, as I have only been able to examine a single specimen. Mungos? vitticollis. (Herpestes vitticollis, Benn.) Teeth * 1—1 6—6 Reclis?-as- in form or number. The first false molar in either jaw is tubercu- lous; the second and third consist of one large conical fang in the centre, and a smaller tubercle on each side of it; then follows the carnassier, and after it two tuberculous teeth in the upper and three in the lower jaw. The first of these in the upper jaw is large and triangular ; the second, short. and broad, its latitudinal dimensions more than doubling its longitudinal; the three of the lower jaw are small, simple, rather distant from each other, and of cylindrical form. This is a system of dentition which, as far as I am aware, is alto- gether peculiar, and if confirmed by the examination of other speci- mens, will undoubtedly form the type of anew genus. Perhaps fur- ther and more rigid examination may even detect different species from the different localities, as specimens have arrived for the So- ciety from Travancore and Bombay, and one from Madras, at the British Museum. The incisors and canines have nothing remarkable either Genus Scrurvs, Linn. Sciurus Gambianus. This animal belongs to that subgenus of Squirrels which are distinguished by having round untufted ears and long cylindrical tails, covered with short hair, and not distichated. The upper surface of the body and root of the tail are uniform mouse- peta ore with a slight shade of yellowish red, and everywhere pointed thickly with gray, from the hairs being separately annulated with black and yellowish white; all the under parts are uniform dirty white. The tail is long, covered with short hair, towards the root of the same uniform colour as the back, but. annulated or fas- ciated from thence to the tip with numerous alternate bands of black and light grayish brown, precisely like those which mark the back of the Ryzena and the Herpestes fasciatus. The whole length of the animal is about 9+ inches, and the tail about the same. ‘The ears are very short and rounded. From Dr. Smith’s description of his Sci. Poensis, ! imagine it must approach this species in form, but is distinguished by its smaller size, different colour, and unannulated tail. Of the numerous Bird-skins in Mr. Rendall’s collection I shall only notice the two following, which appear to be new species, and which derive an additional interest from their generic affinities. The first I propose to call, out of compliment to the gentleman to whose kindness we are indebted for the present exhibition and description, Numida Rendallii. This beautiful species, which Mr. Gould agrees with me in considering new to science, is of smaller size than the 104 common Guinea Fowl, and in this resembles the Num. cristata. The head and upper part of the neck are bare, the former covered with a wrinkled scalp-like skin, gathered into a small keel-shaped ridge in the centre, about half an inch in length, and not more than a quarter of an inch high. The neck is black, naked principally on the throat and sides, and covered on the back with glossy black hair, or rather small feathers, with the beards so fine as to be perceptible only upon close examination. The lower part of the neck and breast are covered with feathers of a beautiful violet colour without spots, clearest on the breast, but with a browner hue upon the upper surface. The back, shoulders, and rump are of the usual brown colour, speckled thickly with minute white spots, each surrounded with an intensely black ring, much smaller and more numerous than in the common species, and intermixed with an infinity of still more minute white points. The greater coverts of the wings and whole under surface of the body are black, with large white spots ; the quill feathers spotted towards the shaft, and barred transversely on the lower margin only, and the tail feathers light gray, with white spots in a black ring, and interspersed with numerous black dots or points. The white spots of the coverts, quills, and belly, are not surrounded by black rings like those of the back and tail. This appears to be the com- mon species on the banks of the Gambia. X Genus GyrogerAnvs, J/]. A Secretary in Mr. Rendall’s Collection offers some peculiarities, when compared with the common Cape animal, which at first in- duced me to believe that it might be a distinct species, and in this opinion I was in some manner confirmed by the more experienced and concurrent belief of Mr. Gould; but I confess that a more attentive comparison of specimens from both localities has consi- derably shaken my original opinion. I may remark, however, that still greater differences are indicated by Sonnerat in his figure and description of the Secretary of the Philippine Islands, and which, as far as I am aware, has not been noticed by more recent naturalists. Whether or not the Secretaries of these three localities, the Cape of Good Hope, the Gambia, and the Philippines, may eventually turn out to be really distinct, or only varieties of the same species, must be left for future observation ; but it is at least useful to direct the attention of travellers, collectors, and zoologists to the subject, and with this intention I will here state the principal marks which appear to distinguish each, giving them provisionally specific names, derived from the localities which they respectively inhabit. 1. Gyp. Capensis, with the plume of long cervical feathers com- mencing upon the occiput, spreading irregularly over the upper part of the neck, narrow throughout the greater part of their length as if the beard had been cut on each side close into the shaft of the quill, and spreading only at the point. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. 105 2. Gyp. Gambiensis, with the cervical crest commencing some distance below the occiput, arranged in two regular series, one on each side of the neck, with the intermediate space clear, and com- posed of long spatule-shaped feathers, much broader throughout than in the last species, though similarly decreasing in width towards the root. In both these species the two middle feathers of the tail are considerably longer than the others. Inhabits Senegambia. . 3. Gyp. Philippensis, with the cervical crest spread irregularly from the occiput to the bottom of the neck, the longest feathers being those situated the lowest, which is just the reverse of what we ob- serve in Gyp. Gambiensis, and with the two exterior tail feathers the longest, so that the tail appears forked. This is apparent not only in Sonnerat’s figure, but is expressly mentioned in his detailed de- scription, and, if confirmed by future observation, is clearly indicative ofa specific distinction. Inhabits the Philippine Islands. Described and figured in Sonnerat’s ‘ Voyage a la Nouvelle Guinée,’ p. 87, t. 50. The colours of the three species or varieties here indicated do not’ seem to be materially different in other respects.” —W. O. A collection of skins of Birds, formed in Hayti by J. Hearne, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and presented by him to the Society, was ex- hibited. At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould brought the specimens severally under the notice of the meeting. They com- prised sixteen species, two or three of which appeared to be hitherto undescribed ; including a Humming Bird, which Mr. Gould believed to be the representative of a new species, allied to Trochilus pec- toralis, Lath. i There was also exhibited the skin of the Mammiferous animal recently described by M. Brandt, in the Transactions of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburgh, as the type of his new genus Soleno- donta. It was obtained by Mr. Hearne in Hayti, where it is known as the Agouta. Respecting it Mr. Hearne writes, ‘‘ The only qua-. druped, I believe, found on the island on the landing of Columbus was the Agouta, a little larger than, and somewhat resembling, a Rat, with an equally Jong tail and with a longer snout; whose food is chiefly grain, although the animal is carnivorous also; its hair is red. I had one alive intended for the Society, but it received a wound from a cat of which it died, and the skin is too miserably preserved, I fear, to be of use; but I shall bring it myself, or early send it ; and I shall endeavour to get another alive, and in such state to send it to you.” The following note by H. Bruce Campbell, Esq., on a white va- riety of the Blackbird, Turdus Merula, Linn., recently presented by him to the Society and now living at the Gardens, was read, “ The curiosity which I have the pleasure to present to the Zoolo- gical Socicty, (a bird of the common Blackbird kind, the Merle noir 106 of M. Temmanck, entirely white, including the plumage, beak, legs, and feet,) was discovered in June, 1832, near a farmhouse in the occupation of Mr. Owkam at Bilsthorpe, Nottinghamshire. There were two other young ones in the nest, the plumage of which, as well as that of the parent birds, was of the ordinary caste. The old birds made a second nest in the following month, near to the first one, in which four eggs were deposited; one of these was entirely different from the rest, resembling in colour the egg of the common Duck; this nest was unfortunately taken by some boys in the vil- lage; it is probable if this had not been the case, that there would have been produced a second extraordinary freak of nature. «« There is at the present time in the possession of the Rev. Joshua Greville at Weston Pavell, near Northampton, a pyeballed male bird of this species, the white preponderating; it is now six years old and an excellent songster. It was originally black, and when about two years old its plumage changed and became spotted black and white. «« It is said that these birds have been occasionally found white on the Alps and other high mountains, which alteration in colour is ascribed to the continued cold in those places, an effect which it is known is produced in the case of the Ptarmigan, &c. Albin men- tions having had a bird of this species ‘* finely mottled,” sent to him by Sir Robert Abdy out of Essex. Buffon makes mention of a white Nightingale, and in the Museum at Oxford, there is a Chaffinch com- pletely white. Many other instances of white varieties are furnished by authors and by collections. «« The present is a male bird, but though he has the quickly re- peated chirp and all the habits of his kind, nature, when she altered her regular course and presented him with his snowy costume, seems therefore to have denied to him the usual vocal powers of his tribe: he is no warbler, but from his frequent fruitless attempts, it may be inferred, that he feels the dear price at which he has been permitted to wear his novel and attractive plumage.” With reference to an observation in the preceding note, Mr. Yar- rell remarked that no inference could safely be drawn from the co- lour of the egg as to that of the bird to be produced from it: a de- ficiency of the superadded colouring, reducing the egg to its ground colour alone, being by no means an uncommon occurrence, and the product in such cases not deviating from the usual appearance of the race. Mr. Cox added that he had at present under his care a nest of the domestic Sparrow, Passer domesticus, Briss., all of which, with one exception, exhibited the usual characters of their race: one, how- ever, was entirely white. He stated his intention of presenting to the Society this variety, as soon as the young bird was sufficiently reared. The following note by Sir Robert Heron, Bart., M.P., Vice-Pre- sident, was read, ; { i ; 107 “« My male black Swan, Oygnus atratus, died yesterday (June 29, _ 1835). He had been long going off, apparently through old age, though not more than fifteen ; yet he has three months old. His widow is still healthy, and does not appear to grieve much; nor did she pay any attention to him in his last days, probably because engaged with her young. They have hatched in all forty-four, and reared forty young ones. They were chiefly hatched in J anuary, and always in an earthern wigwam built forthem ~ ina small island. Once there were two broods in a year, the next year only none.” left four young ones, not 108 July 28, 1835. William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. Specimens were exhibited of eight species of Mice and Rats, col- lected in India by Walter Elliott, Esq. They were brought under the notice of the Meeting by Mr. Gray, who stated that five of them were hitherto undescribed. Of these he pointed out the distinguish- ing characteristics. Among them were three which, on account of their possessing a peculiarity in the structure of their molar teeth, he regarded as representing a section in the genus Mus, which might, perhaps, be considered deserving of generic distinction. The remaining species were the Mus oleraceus, Benn. ; the Mus pla- tythrix, Ej.; and the Mouse which Mr. Gray has figured, from bea, Hardwicke’s drawings, in the ‘Illustrations of Indian Zoology,’ under the name of Arvicola Indica: it is, however, really a Mus. Mr. Gray stated that Mr. Elliott had made copious notes respect- ing the habits of the several species exhibited, and that it was his intention to communicate them to the Society. He added that Mr. Elliott’s collection contained many other interesting specimens of Mammalia, as wellas of other classes of animals; and that selec- tions from it would be brought, from time to time, under the notice of future Meetings. Mr. Gray also exhibited specimens of two remarkable species of Partridge, Perdiz, Mey., which he regarded as previously unde- scribed. They were brought from the Gambia by Mr. Rendall, a selection from whose collection had been exhibited at the previous Meeting by Mr. Ogilby. Mr. Gray pointed out the distinguishing characteristics of the birds exhibited. Mr, Gray subsequently exhibited, also from Mr. Rendall’s col- lection, several Shells which appeared to him to be hitherto unno- ticed, including an undescribed species of Cryptostoma, Blainv. Among the Shells of the same collection was one that had been incrusted by a Coral, but in which the mouth had been preserved open in consequence of its having become the habitation of a Pa- gurus, the movements of which through the aperture had prevented — that part of the shell from being involved in the general incrusta- tion. Mr. Gray exhibited other specimens of analogous incrusta- tions, some of which had been regarded by authors as constituting real species. The incrusting Coral is generally an Alcyonium, but — _ in some cases it is a Cellepora, 109 . The exhibition was resumed of the previously undescribed species of Shells contained in the collection of Mr. Cuming.. Those. brought on the present evening under the notice of the Society were accom- panied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby. They comprised the following species of the Genus PrcTen. Precren susnoposus. Pect. testd subequivalvi, equilaterali, au- riculis inequalibus ; striis radiantibus numerosissimis, radiisque decem, crassis, rotundatis, alternatim nodoso-vesicularibus vel subnodosis ; intis plerumque purpureo signatd: long.5°25,lat.2°75, alt. 5° poll. Variat «, colore rufo -fuscescente, striis albis. Hab. ad Sinum Cali- forniz. f, coloribus subvariegatis pictd seu fuscd, maculis albis utplurimum notatd. Hab. ad Insulam Plate, Columbiz Occidentalis. y, testd depressiore, colore aurantiaco nitente. Hab. ad Sinum Te- huantepec, Mexicanorum. _ Found in sandy mud and coral sand in from ten to seventeen fathoms.—G. B. S. Precren maeniricus. Pect. testd subequivalvi, equilaterali, auri- culis inequalibus ; striis radiantibus exiguis numerosissimis, radi- isque tredecim, crassiusculis, rotundatis, nonnunquam subnodosis ; intis albd purpureo marginatd : long. 5:5, lat. 2-, alt. 5°5 poll. Variat a, colore sanguineo nitente. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos. B, testd fuscd, maculis albidis variegatd.. Hab. ad Insulam Plate, Columbiz Occidentalis. _A single specimen of var. a was found in coral sand at a depth of six fathoms : var. B was also found in coral sand in seventeen fathoms. —G.B.S. | 4 ; Ae _» Pecren ventatus. Pect. testd vald? inequivalvi, equilaterali, au- | riculis equalibus ; valvd planulatd sulcato-radiatd et striatd, alterd ; valde convexd, levigatd, radiatim sulcatd, margine ventrali pro- funde dentato : long. 3°75, lat. 1:5, alt. 3°5 poll. _ Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. Found among sand and stones in twelve fathoms. The flat valve is of a dark brown colour outside, white with a broad dark purple margin within; it falls deeply into the convex valve, whose margin is deeply cut between the ribs; this latter valve is of | a brownish colour outside, and nearly white within.—G. B.S. q Pxcren tumipus. Pect. testd subinequivalvi, equilaterali, auriculis magnis, subequalibus ; valvd alterd turgidd, fusco rufescente al- bidoque variegatd, radiatim 18-costatd, costis supern? planulatis, ___ interstitiis transversim striatis, alterd turgidiore, albicante, radi- & atim sulcatd, costis interstitialibus latioribus, planulatts, lateribus * bv ' 17 A ™ 110 fusco-variis ; margmibus ventralibus acute dentatis : long. 1°75, lat. 1°, alt. 1°75 poll. Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam et ad Salango, Columbiz Occidentalis. Found in sandy mud at from six to ten fathoms.—G. B.S. PrcTeN crrcuLaRis. Pect. testd suborbiculari, tumidd, subequivalvi, equilaterali, fusco alboque varid, auriculis magnis, subequalibus ; costis radiantibus octodecim interstitiis latioribus, arcuatim striatis ; valvd alterd sulcis profundioribus : long. 1-5, lat. 0°8, alt. L 4 poll. Hab. ad Sinum Californie. (Guaymas.) Found in sandy mud at a depth of seven fathoms.—G. B.S. Pecren aspersus. Pect. testd suborbiculari, depressiusculd, sub- equivalvi, equilaterali, auriculis inequalibus, dextrd majusculd ; valvarum alterd radiatim costatd, pallescente seu albd, costis qua- tuordecim majoribus, rotundatis, levibus, alterd radiatim costatd, costis quindecim acutioribus, fuscis, punctulis cerulescentibus aspersis, interstitiis tenuissime transversim striatis, pallescentibus : long. 1°4, lat. 0°35, alt. 1°3 poll. Hab. ad Tumbez, Peruvie. Dredged in soft mud at a depth of five fathoms. This species has sometimes a few irregular blotches of white sprinkled over the darker coloured valve.—G. B.S. PrcTen spiIniFERvs. Pect. testd subovatd, depressiusculd, subequi- valvi, equilaterali, auriculis inequalibus, sinistrd majore ; valvis radiatim costatis, costis utriusque novem, latis, squamuliferis, squamulis fimbriatis ; valve alterius marginibus dorsali, antico, posticoque spiniferis : long. 0°9, lat. 0°25, alt. 0°9. Hab. ad Insulam Lord Hood’s dictam, Oceani Pacifici. A single specimen of this beautiful little shell was taken on the reefs in coral sand.—G. B.S. Pecren parvus. Pect. testd subovatd, depressiusculd, subequivalvi, equilaterali, albicante, auriculis inequalibus, graniferis ; valvis radiatim costatis, costis octo inequalibus, transversim striatis ; interstitiis radiatim sulcatis et transversim striatis : long. 0°7, lat. 0°25, alt. 0-8 poll. Hab. ad Insulam Lord Hood’s dictam, Oceani-Pacifici. Found in coral sand on the reefs.—G. B.S Genus XYLOPHAGA. XyLopHaGa GLtoposa. Xyl. testd globosd, margine dorsali postico declivi, valvis accessoriis majusculis : long. 0-4, lat. 0°35, alt. 0°35 poll. Hab. ad Valparaiso. Found in a piece of wood dredged from a depth of a hundred fathoms.—G. B. § lll A paper was read comprising “ Descriptions of a few Invertebrated Animals obtained at the Isle of France,” by Robert Templeton, Esq. It was accompanied by coloured drawings of the new species described in it, which were exhibited. Of these animals two belong to the Radiated division of the ani. mal kingdom. They may be characterized as follows : ACTINIA SANGUINEO-PUNCTATA. Act. flavescenti-rufescens - . - . - * . ? punctis sanguineis confertis per series longitudinales numerosas dispositis ornata; ore guttis ceeruleis quinque circundato ; tenta- peererss ; sig j culis viridescentibus, hyalinis. Hab. vix uncialis, super saxa. Xena Dessarpiniawa. Xen. pallidé livido-ceerulea ; polypis 8-, raritis 9-radiatis. Hab. super lapides prope Black River. The mass from which the polypes arise is spread over the sur- face of the stones to the extent, in many places, of more than a foot. It is usually about an eighth of an inch in thickness, and appears to be composed of an infinite interlacing of tubular stems. From the sides of these stems are given off peduncles, each of which termi- nates in a disc having’a central mouth and eight (rarely nine) rays. _These rays are simple on their under or outer surface, pectinated along their edges, and furnished on the upper or inner surface with short processes, having cupped or sucker-like extremities. The discs are perpetually in motion, waving from side to side as though in search of objects; and when anything comes in contact with their rays or tentacula, the suckers instantaneously close in upon it, and the tentaculum doubles itself up like a finger and conveys the prey to the mouth: if the object be large, two or three of the tenta- cula are employed. When the prey is so large as not to admit of its being swallowed, the tentacula relax their hold and allow it to escape. The remaining two belong to the Annulose type, ‘and appear to represent two genera among the Annelida, nearly allied to the Serpulide. ANISOMELUS. Os tentaculis simplicibus octo, per paria dispositis, filiformibus, prehensilibus instructum. Branchie? simplices, tentaculiformes, pedibus haud multo longi- ores, in segmentis corporis quatuor anterioribus sitz. Testa cylindrica, calcarea, erecta, ad basin in saxis immersa, Ozs. Numero et symmetria tentaculorum, necnon branchiarum _ Simplicitate?, a Terebelld caterisque generibus affinibus distinguitur. ANISOMELUS LUTEUS. Long. corporis vix 4 unc. Hab, in saxis corallinis apud Black River. 112 Of the eight tentacula of this Annelide, one pair, that towares the ventral aspect, is short, and the opposite pair is long, being fully equal in length to the entire body : the intermediate pairs are inter- mediate also in length. When undisturbed, the animal projects from its tube or shell as far as the fifth or sixth segment, swinging itself from side to side, and moving its tentacula about. If anything is discovered suitable for food, the extremity of one or more of the tentacula is rolled around it, and by this means the substance is con- veyed to the mouth. The ¢entacula are numerously ringed, and have in their interior a tube in which oval globules are distinctly seen moving to and fro, as the motions of the tentacula affect a few contiguous rings. PIRATESA. Os tentaculis seu branchiis numerosis, longé ciliatis, subulatis, simplici serie dispositis, cinctum. Testa cylindrica, calcarea, erecta, e saxo parum prominente. Ozs. Genus propter tentaculorum branchiferorum dispositionem a Sabelld, Cuv., sejungendum. PIRATESA NIGRO-ANNULATA, Pir. brunnea, tentaculis pallidio- ribus nigro confertim interrupte annulatis. Hab. in saxis corallinis apud Black River. The cilia of the tentacula arise in a single row along each edge of the upper surface, and turn in upon any substance that is seized so as to embrace it tightly: when at rest, they are doubled up into little coils or knots, and are only expanded when the animal is searching for food. When engaged in this operation it elevates itself out of the tube, turns the disc down with very deliberate mo- tion towards the adjacent part of the stone, and apparently exa- mines the surface with minute attention ; the tentacula at this time being constantly moved about so as to ensure the entrapping of any animal that may rest within their reach. August 1], 1835. Dr. Hersfield in the Chair, A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by J. B. Harvey, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Teignmouth, June 7, 1835. It referred to the writer’s success in dredging over the rocky ground off Torquay, whence he anticipates that he shall obtain many in- teresting Corallines and Asterie. A selection from those already collected by him, including a specimen of the genus Comatula, accompanied the letter and were exhibited. Mr. Harvey states that the specimen of Caryophyllia Smithii, re- ferred to in a previous letter, (page 4,) is still living in his possession and is quite healthy. “ The half one by the side of it, which was broken in forcing it from the rocks, is also alive, and has nearly reproduced the round shell : the cup was destroyed, at the time it came into my hands, for considerably more than half its cireumfer- ence; in the course of the eight months which have since elapsed the reproduction has been such as nearly to complete the circumfer- ence of the cup. The Pyrgomata on the coralline are also alive.” Mr. Burton, at the request of the Chairman, placed upon the table a specimen of the species of Ratelus originally described by Pennant as the Indian Badger, and by Shaw under the name of Ursus Indicus. To aid in its comparison with the Ratel.of the Cape of Good Hope, from which Mr. Burton regards it as distinct, he describes it in considerable detail. *‘ This animal, which evidently belongs to the last genus of Cu- vier’s arrangement of the Plantigrades, measures from the tip of the nose to the extremity of the tail 3 feet 3 inches, of which the head and neck occupy 11: inches, leaving 214 for the length of the body. The anterior extremity is 8 inches long, exclusive of the nails; the posterior about 6. The length of the head may be about 61 inches; but the great thickness of the neck, the outline of which is con- tinuous with the vertex, renders the exact occipital termination of the head imperceptible. From the extremity of the nose to the inner angle of the eye is 2 inches: from the same point to the ex- ternal opening of the ear is 43. From the comparative length of the body and limbs it results that the animal is very low on the legs (or, as the French authors term it, trapu), long in relation to its height, and necessarily higher before than behind. When Standing, it cannot be computed at more than 9 or 10 inches high at the shoulder, and about 6 or 7 at the crupper. “The head is rather small for the size of the neck and body. The eye is likewise remarkably diminutive, the distance between the extreme points of the canthi being less than half an inch, an _ Opening which leaves little space for the eyeball externally. There No, XXXII.—Proceepines or tHe ZOoLoGICAL Society. 114 is no external ear: the rudiments of it may indeed be faintly traced in some parts surrounding the meatus externus ; but these are level with the surrounding skin. Below there is a hard low ridge, or ra- ther thickening of the integument, and on the opposite side of the opening, a small raised tubercle, which may be considered as vestiges of the tragus and antitragus; but beyond these obscure indications there is nothing conformable to the character of an auricle. «« The toes of the fore feet are five in number, and are armed with enormous claws or nails, of which the internal one rises so high on the foot that its extremity is parallel with the origin of the second: this last and the fourth are equal; the length of their nails about 14 inch: the nail of the middle one is the longest of all, being about 1: inch in length: the length of the outer one is nearly 1 inch. The superior aspect of the nail presents a surface of some thick- ness, rounded off at the edges ; the under surface is concave, and the edge reduced to a mere line, except towards the point where the /amine separate. The lateral surfaces of these nails are per- fectly flat, so as to adapt them for accurate apposition to each other; and the toes being also short and flattened at their sides, it is to be concluded that the whole are closely approximated when the animal works in the ground, and that the foot is thus formed into a broad and powerful spathe. «« The character of the hind foot is essentially different : the toes - are less developed, and the naiis very short, and comparatively feeble. On the under surface the /amine of the nails are separated to such an extent, that a deep oval fossa is formed between them. The plant of this foot protrudes so much that it is almost globular, in in consequence of which the short nails do not reach near the ground. «‘ The dental formulary is that of Ratelus Capensis, The teeth are fewer than in any other genus of the same tribe, as might be expected from the abruptness of the head anterior to the eyes, and the shortness of the mouth. The four middle incisors of the lower jaw are the smallest and most feeble: the two external ones of this range and the four middle ones of the upper jaw are somewhat larger and stronger. In this last the two outer incisors differ essen- tially from all the others, and partake of the character of canines. They are at least three times as large as the adjoining ones, strong, round, and curved inwards. The true canines are powerful teeth : those of the lower jaw, when the mouth is shut, are imbedded in a space between the upper external incisor and canine; the lower ones approximate closely to the external incisors. The front molar of the lower jaw is very small; the others gradually increase in size to the last, which is long, has two points, and a tuberculated surface behind. The great carnivorous tooth of the upper jaw has a tubercle or heel projecting inwards: the breadth of the posterior tooth of this jaw exceeds its length; so that in these characters it approaches the Mustelide. “The colour of the animal is black with the exception of the back and upper parts of the head and neck, although a few black hairs thinly scattered along the middle of the back give a faint gray dens Tee 115 tint to the super-vertebral region, which, however, is soon lost in the white of either side. White also prevails along the dorsal aspect of the tail to within an inch of its termination, where it is lost in the black of the point. The margin of the white colour forms a concave line across the face, whence, descending along the side of the neck, ribs, flanks, and rump, it meets the line of the opposite side on the tail. ‘The remaining parts, including the extremities, are, as before stated, more or less black. “‘ As the animal approaches the Ursine tribe in its form and planti- grade movement and the Weasels in its dentition, so with respect to its integuments it bears some analogy to the Porcine Pachydermata. The skin is tough, thick, and hard; the hairs are long, loose, coarse, and scanty, without vestige of the finer wool which imme- diately envelopes the skin of so many other animals. They are, however, much thicker on the upper than on the lower surface both of the body and limbs, On the posterior parts of the thighs they are so long as almost to form tufts; on the front of the fore legs they are also very long, and their course is here directly across the limb. On the sides of the neck the lay of the black hairs is precisely vertical, thus meeting the white ones, whose course is longitudinal, exactly at right angles. Round the opening of the ears there is a peculiar circular ring of hairs, about half an inch in breadth, which bears a rude similitude to the feathered circles sur- rounding the eyes of the nocturnal birds of prey. The face and jaws are nearly naked, scarcely any traces of hair being observable in these parts: the whole ventral aspect is also remarkably destitute of this covering. A few long black hairs are here and there met with on the chest, belly, and under surface of the extremities, but not in sufficient quantity to conceal the skin. There is also a line along the inferior surface of the tail entirely denuded of hair. The integuments round the anus are naked, and dilated into a kind of circular bag or pouch, theugh not to a considerable extent. The Specimen from which this description is taken is a male. *‘ It is impossible to examine this animal, even in the most cur- sory manner, without coming to the conclusion that it is wonder- fully adapted for making its way beneath the surface of the earth. The powerful fore Jeg, armed with enormous claws; the cuneiform head ; the face deprived of hair; the minute and sunken eye; the entire absence of external ear; the strong and muscular neck and shoulder ; the comparative diminution of the posterior extremities, whereby the bulk of the hinder parts is lessened ; the naked abdo- men;—all unite to characterize it preeminently as a digger. And in fact, among the population of its native regions, it is said that it seeks its choicest food in the cemeteries, and such is its dexterity in tearing open the graves of the dead, that no tomb is sacred from its attacks. The latter part of this account’ is probably in some degree overstated ; but it has, at all events, in those parts obtained the appellation of the Gravedigger. The generic term of Storr, Mellivora, although it may suit the African species, is consequently peculiarly inappropriate in reference to this. “It is a native of the upper provinces of Bengal, where, however, 116 it is said to be rare. The present specimen, which is in excellent condition, was brought from thence by Dr. Sandham, surgeon: of the 11th Light Dragoons, by whom it was presented to the Museum of the Army Medical Department. It is brought under the notice of this Society with the sanction of the Director General, Sir James McGrigor, Bart. ‘«« This animal has been almost entirely neglected by systematic writers. It was alluded to by Pennant, but in so short, vague, and unsatisfactory a manner, that it is impossible to form any distinct notion of it. Shaw followed and copied the few words of Pennant which relate to it, and termed it Ursus Indicus. Lastly, the late General Hardwicke, whose talents and perseverance made him fa- miliar with the natural history of Northern India, published some account of it in the 11th volume of the ‘Linnean Transactions’. But it does not appear that he considered it as different from the Rat. Capensis, or was sufficiently aware of its peculiarities to enable him to erect it into a distinct species. A specimen formerly living in the collection of this Society was understood to have been brought from Madras. “In the synopsis of Mammalia, in Griffith's translation of the ‘ Animal Kingdom’, there is merely a note stating that the Ursus Indicus of Shaw is probably a variety of the Ratel. The French authors have entirely neglected it; neither the Baron nor M.F. Cuvier makes any mention of it. M. Lesson, still later, asserts that there is but one species in this genus; ‘On n’en connait qu'une seule espéce,—Ratel du Cap.’”—E. B. Mr. Burton subsequently exhibited a specimen of an Agriopus, Cuv., which he regarded as hitherto undescribed. He character- ized it as the AGRIOPUS UNICOLOR. Agr. brunneo-fulvus; dentibus setaceis maxillaribus ; radiis mollibus pinne dorsalis quatuordecim, analis decem. «This fish bears a general resemblance to Agr. torvus, Cuv. & Val., the type of the genus. Its length is nearly similar, but the body is more slender and compressed, particularly towards the middle. The lower outline is sufficiently regular. The dorsal line from the eighth to the fourteenth spinous ray is somewhat concave, if, how- ever, this effect be not produced by imperfect stuffing. The eyes protrude less than in dgr.torvus. The profile furnishes one of the most marked distinctions between the two species: that part: be- tween the eyes, instead of being vertical, slopes considerably ; and the line of the snout, in place of descending in an angle of about forty-five degrees, is very nearly horizontal, or in a line with the body. The mouth is somewhat deeper. ‘}0 3 {0 8 |1 8 2 0 SUCHIIUNE gage Ne teres eile! 00 & Length of the os coracoides..}2 O |1 8 |3 38 ble 5 Length of the scapula...... Bs SUS" 20 Ee a ate of the scapula at its 0..8 10:\.8. 10. Yok abe Breadth near itsinferiorangle}|O 3n.J)0 2 |1 Qn.jJ 2 In. or, in integral parts, the length of the centre of the sternum being taken as unity : Colymbus.| Alca. | Spheniscus. | Aptenodytes. Length of the middle of the SUCTRUM Nile 5 Vaictt ts 288, obits i : ; : : Length of the lateral wings..] 43 rES L-fo ls 13 Length of the keel ........ £0 ees 1,5 n. ly Lengthoftheensiform process} -n.| 7s0-| 23, n. q2y De Length of the sternal apophysis| ae 2 + Breadth ofthe superior margin| 9, fy £n, 525. Height of the keel ....... se S| outs = as Projection of the keel abi y ‘ c ‘ the body of the bone .. ar LEA aE Length of the os coracoides..| +; 49 2n. It Length of the scapula...... ar Bara 5 1D. Breadth at its neck........ arn. | a5 ao vy De Breadth at its inferior angle..| 3'- aa oon 30. “« The humerus is much flattened. On its posterior aspect there is a large foramen, situated under, and occupying the whole of the internal part of its head, which is in form crescentic from before backwards: over the internal and posterior part of it a groove passes. The distal end of the bone has two tubercles for articula- tion. There are two prominent ¢rochlee on its posterior surface, on which work the two sesamoid bones of the elbow-joint. The form of the larger of these is flattened, and of the smaller trapezoid, with truncated edges. ed RON ——————— ———————— 137 « The udna is very thin and flat, not quite so long as the humerus, rounded slightly at its upper extremity, and still less at its lower one. Its head has a cavity, which receives the posterior tubercle of the humerus. Immediately inferior to this is a prominence on the posterior margin, to which is attached the ligament of the two sesa- moid bones. The superior ulno-radial joint admits of little motion, being composed of a convex and plane surface. Near the distal ex- tremity of the bone there are several rough lines for the attachment of muscles. The distal articulating surfaces are three: one with the radius anteriorly ; another with the first carpal bone inferiorly ; _and the third with the second carpal bone posteriorly and obliquely downwards. ‘«¢ The radius much resembles the ulna in shape. At its head it has two articulations : one superiorly, with the anterior tubercle of the humerus; and the other posteriorly, for articulation with the ulna. There are likewise two articulations at its distal extremity : posteriorly one for the wna; and inferiorly there is another with the first carpal bone. Near its neck is situated a process for the attach- ment of muscles. On its superior anterior part a groove runs ob- liquely, from before backwards, and from above downwards. At the distal extremity there is a similar one, but running in a con- trary direction, i. e. from behind forwards. ‘« The first carpal bone has the form of a trapezium, with three ‘ articulating surfaces : a superior one for the radius ; a posterior one for the ulna ; and an inferior one for the metacarpus. The shape of the second carpal bone is triangular, with articulating processes, and a notch on its inferior edge : one anteriorly for the ulna; the other-inferiorly for the metacarpus. “The metacarpus is composed of a single bone, formed by the union of two. The anterior of the two metacarpal bones supports two phalanges of the first finger, and is twice the size of the posterior _one, which supports the single phalanx of the second finger. The ‘upper end is crescentic, articulated with the first carpal bone an- teriorly, and with the second inferiorly. There is a su/cus between the ends of the two bones, at their inferior extremity. “ The first phalanx of the first finger is a long, broad, and flat bone, tapering gradually from above downwards, united to the me- tacarpus by a flat surface, and connected with the second phalanx by a similar articulation. The other phalanz is broad and flat, ta- \pering from above downwards. By a similar articulation is attached to the posterior metacarpal bone a phalanz, which is flat, long, and tapering from above downwards, superiorly giving off a process -which passes upwards for a short distance on the posterior part of the metacarpal bone. ‘The bones of the pelvis are so much shortened behind that they throw the centre of gravity in a perpendicular line with the ver- tebra. The length of the lia behind the cotyloid cavity is one third of the length of the body in a Gull (Larus); one half in the Loon; 138 and not quite one fourth of the length of the trunk in the Patago- nian Penguin. The sacro-sciatic notch is a complete foramen. 'The pubic bones are long and feeble; they are turned forwards and tipped with cartilage. The cotyloid cavity is a perfect foramen, with a large process at its postero-inferior part tipped with carti- lage, and articulated with the trochanter major. The thyroid fora- men is not complete, except by the intervention of a ligament which separates it from the obturator foramen. As there is no tliacus in- ternus, the superior part of the os zdium extends upwards, and lies close to the ribs. “« The os femoris is formed as usual, the head being flattened an- teriorly, the neck short and thick, the trochanter major smooth on its superior posterior surface, and articulated with the process on the ilium. Besides the posterior there is also an anterior linea aspera. There is a process external to the external condyle, having its inferior surface tipped with cartilage, which acts as a pulley. On its infero-external surface there is a sharp edge. The condyles are not much everted. “«« The shape of the patella is peculiar. There are two articulating surfaces posteriorly : one which would form part of a large crescent, and which has a prominence for the condyles of the femur in its centre ; the other, inferior, is likewise crescentic ; it is very narrow, and articulated by ligaments to the tubercle of the ézbia. ‘«‘ The superior surface of the femur has a crista in its centre, of an ovoid form : the posterior edge truncated. ‘The internal surface is perfectly flat : the oblique slightly marked with a ridge, and looks downwards. There is a groove on the centre of the anterior edge which also passes obliquely downwards on the external side : these two sides are truncated at their junction. “« The tzdia is nearly twice the length of the femur : the tubercle is elevated above its head, and forms a broad short conical truncated process. On the anterior part of the head there is a large groove, deepest at the top, and passing obliquely downwards and inwards : the outer side is here smooth for articulation with the fibula. It has inferiorly two condyles, articulated with the metatarsus, having a foramen above and between them for the transmission of tendon, &c. “« The fibula is in the form of a lengthened cone, and is attached to the outer surface of the tibia : for about two thirds of its length it is anchylosed to that bone inferiorly. It has the usual quantity of surfaces for the attachment of muscles. «« There is no tarsus. ‘** The metatarsus has two articular depressions on its posterior surface for the reception of the condyles of the tzb1a._ It represents three pullies for articulation with the phalanges. On the inner part of the superior face is situated the metatursal bone of the first toe, connected by ligaments to the large bone. There is a fossa on the superior surface, between the first and second, and second and third 139 bones of the metatarsus: this gradually decreases in size and in- creases in depth, till it perforates the bone, and joins the fosse on its inferior surface, where, immediately anterior, internal, and infe- riorly to the outer depression on its head, there is a large protu- berance forming the inner boundary toa groove. The phalangeal end is formed as in most Birds. The first toe, which is the smallest in the foot, has three bones, all of which are flattened, and have simple articulations, the last one having a nail. The metatarsal bone is only connected to the others by muscle: the whole length of the toe is 1 inch : the second toe has three phalanges : the third has four : and there are five belonging to the fourth toe. All are formed as is usual in this class, “« The ligaments of the head and trunk are of the usual form. ‘In addition to these a ligament arises from the sesamoid bones of the elbow-joint, which passes to the external or dorsal side of the carpus, where it is tied down; it again passes forwards, and is attached by separate slips to the joint and head of the first part of the metacarpus and to the first phalanz of the first finger; and is in- serted into the second about 3 lines from its head. «« The ligaments of the hip-joint are as usual. “ Besides the usual ligaments of the knee-joint there is one which arises together with the crucial, and is attached to the patella half- way down the central line, The form of the semilunar cartilages is crescentic, with prolonged horns. « The ankle-joint has semilunar cartilages of the usual form. ‘« There are superior and inferior annular ligaments belonging to the metatarsus. ,‘ In no other instance is there any deviation from the usual form. « There is a very large bursa situated within the knee-joint. «« The muscles were of a dark red colour, very tough, and having a great deal of cellular membrane amongst them. The fascia were very thick and strong. In no instance did I observe any tendency to ossification in the tendons. In the tendons of the perforatus of the first and second toes there was a sesamoid bone, scarcely © equalling in size a mustard-seed. ‘* The panniculus carnosus is very thick and strong, and is divided into three pieces. The first division arises muscular from the lateral parts of the skin of the shoulder, back, and under the wing; from the Jascia of the muscles of the back ; tendinous along the superior edge of the furculum ; tendinous from the fascia covering the mus- cles of the shoulder; muscular from the blubber over the shoulder- joint; and by a small head from the inferior part of the cervical fascia: it passes upwards, uniting anteriorly and posteriorly to its fellow, and is attached, muscular, into the superior transverse ridge of the occipital bone, and to the posterior third of the sides of the lower jaw. The second portion arises from the dorsal fascia by five Irregular fleshy slips: it passes downwards, and is attached to the blubber covering the back and. sides, sending forwards a membra- 140 nous slip, which is attached to the skin of the abdomen. ‘The last portion arises fleshy from the tubercle of the tibia, and from the peroneal fascia : and, covering the abdominal muscles, is attached very firmly to the skin of the abdomen, sending off two slips, which unite with their fellows over the central line. “ The occipito-frontalis is small, arising posteriorly from the pan- niculus carnosus, and inserted anteriorly into the frontal bone, just above its junction with the superior mazilla. The orbicularis palpe- brarum arises from the anterior part of the orbit, immediately an- terior to the situation of the lachrymal bones, and is inserted into the orbitar process of the temporal bone, from the inferior half of which a muscle arises, passing downwards under the eye, and at- tached to the inferior part of the optic foramen, sending off a slip, which is attached immediately anterior and internal to the orbitar ae of the temporal bone. There is most motion in the inferior eyelid. ‘“ Round the entrance of the external meatus of the ear there are some muscular fibres observable, but as the part was much bruised, I was unable to separate them: they seem to act as a sphincter. “ The masseter, temporalis, and pterygoideus arise as usual, as does also the zygomatic. “ On the fore part of the neck there are two muscles: one arising from the superior edge of the, furculum, near its union with the os coracoides, and from the recurved portion of the coracoid bone, and inserted into the temporal fascia; the other arising tendinous from the superior internal part of the furculum, and attached to the outer and posterior part of the tympanic bone. « The tongue has a hyoglossus and lingualis, as usual. «« The muscles of the os hyoides and lower jaw are as usual. ‘«‘ There is only one pair of muscles of voice. “« The rectt postict and antici, obliqui capitis, splenit capitis et colli, complexi, intertransversales, interspinales, transversalis colli, spinales dorsi et colli, trapezius, cucullaris, rhomboideus, biventer cervicis, tra- chelo-mastoideus, longus colli, and scaleni muscles are large and well defined, arising and attached in the same manner as in most short- necked Birds, but especially resembling the muscles of the neck of the Loon; as do also the abdominal muscles, and those for the mo- tion of the dorsal vertebra, ribs, and tail. ‘« The muscles connecting the scapula to the trunk resemble those of the Loon, but have broader attachments, in proportion as the scapula of the Penguin is broader than that of the Bird referred to. * « The jarincigel, differences are in the muscles of the wing and leg. e The muscles of the wing I shall now describe. The pectoralis major arises from the superior part of the crista and the external part of the body of the sternum, from the fascia of the pectoralis minor, from the cartilages of the ribs, and from the anterior part of the coracoid bone; over the crista it unites with its fellow of ss E——ESEE lo PE, RSs a ase a ee 141 the opposite side; it is inserted, muscular, into the anterior su- perior part of the humerus. The pectoralis minor arises from the lower part of the crista and the interior part of the body of the sternum, and from the inferior part of the furculum and coracoid bone; its tendon passes over the union of the three bones of the shoulder-joint, moving freely over them, and is inserted, tendinous, into the scabrous surface on the posterior part of the external side of the humerus, just below its head. The coraco-brachialis arises from the lateral angle of the sternum and base of the coracoid bone, and is inserted immediately posterior and a little superior to the pectoralis minor. The subclavius occupies the usual place, but is small. A muscle arises from the outer and upper fourth of the mem- brane between the furculum and os coracoides ; it passes upwards, but internal to the capsular ligament of the joint; and is inserted, tendinous, immediately above the insertion of the pectoralis minor. Another muscle arises trom the external inferior third of the os co- racoides, from the angle and costal part of the sternum, and from the fascia of the pectoralis major for about the length of an inch ; passing upwards it forms a round tendon about 4 of an inch from the shoulder, which passes over the joint and under the supra-spi- natus, and is inserted into the external edge of the foramen at the head of the humerus. The supra-spinatus is smail, and arises fleshy from the superior edge of the scapula, near the glenoid cavity ; it passes round and constricts the ligament of the joint, and is in- serted, tendinous, into the humerus, immediately anterior to the muscle last named. ‘¢I will here notice, before proceeding to the remaining muscles, a loop through which several of the muscles pass. It arises flat from the infero-anterior edge of the scapula, just below the glenoid ca- vity, and passing upwards and outwards for about an inch, is then - doubled upon itself, and attached to the same part from whence it arose: there is no admixture of its fibres. ‘‘ A muscle arises from the fascia which covers the last rib and the outer edge of the external oblique, passes upwards and through the loop, and is inserted into the lower part of the external edge of the Joramen situated at the posterior part of the head of the humerus. The latissimus dorsi arises from the last cervical and first five dorsal _ vertebre, and forms a tendon, which passes through the loop and is inserted immediately below the preceding muscle. The infra-spi- natus arises fleshy from the whole external surface of the scapula below the upper third, and is inserted into the large tubercle of the humerus. A muscle arises from that part of the inner edge of the os coracoides which is produced; it passes obliquely upwards and outwards behind the os coracoides, to which it is attached ; and is in- serted tendinous into the anterior tubercle of the humerus. The deltoides avises from the posterior part of the projecting edge of the scapula, and from the scapular process of the clavicle; passing over the shoulder-joint, it is inserted into the anterior part of the middle 142 tubercle of the humerus. The subscapularis arises from the internal surface of the scapula; it passes upwards, and is inserted into the posterior part of the middle tubercle of the humerus. The teres minor arises from the whole width of the posterior surface between the glenoid cavity and the end of the upper third of the scapula; it passes in the groove, and is inserted into the inferior part of the large tu- bercle of the humerus. Of the triceps extensor cubiti the long head arises immediately above the origin of the teres minor, and passing down on the external side of the humerus, it is joined by the second head, arising from the internal part of the large foramen cecum of the humerus ; these two unite about the middle of the arm, and are joined by the third head, which arises from the two inferior thirds of the posterior edge of the humerus till within 8 lines of the joint: it is now attached to the sesamoid bones of the elbow-joint, and to the fossa on the inferior parts of the posterior surface of the os humeri. *« The anconeus arises from this muscle, and from the part of the bone below the origin of the third head, and is attached to the sesa- moid bones anterior to the triceps extensor cubiti. Instead of a biceps and drachialis internus, there is a triceps flexor cubitt, the long head of which arises, tendinous, from the antero-interior part of the su- perior angle of the furculum, and, passing over the joint, is joined, at the union of the upper with the middle third of the humerus, by the fibres of the middle head, which arises fleshy from the furculum immediately behind the foramen formed by the union of the three bones of the shoulder passing on to join the long head ; at the head of the humerus it is joined by the short head which arises from the anterior part of the foramen cecum ; when it reaches the superior part of the middle third of the humerus, it joins the other tendons, and then forms an aponeurosis over the elbow-joint, and is attached to the middle part of the radius. A muscle arises from the anterior superior edge immediately below the arterial groove on the lower part of the humerus; it passes directly downwards and is inserted into the radial extremity of the metacarpal bone and into the edge of the carpal ligament. The flexor communis arises from the inter- nal side of the humerus, from the ligament of the elbow-joint, and from the superior part of the radius and ulna; it divides into two tendons, which go down in the interosseal space, passing under the ‘ligamentum carpi annulare posterius, and are attached to the first and each succeeding phalanz of the two fingers about 5 lines below their articulations. The extensor communis has the same situation and number of attachments on the external or dorsal side of the humerus. There is a pronator quadratus arising as is usual in this class. There is also a muscle which arises from the anterior part of the radius at its distal extremity, and is inserted into the projection of bone formed by the phalanz of the second finger, and also, by a slip, into the internal part of the first phalanz of the first digit. : «« The muscles serving for the motion of the inferior extremity may be described as follows. :. 1 3 4 143 *« The rectus arises by a fascia from the spinous processes of the last three dorsal and two lumbar vertebre@, and muscular from the lower half of the external part of the dorsum iii and sacro-iliac sym- physis; and, passing over the neck of the thigh-bone, is inserted into the lower edge of the groove on the anterior part of the patella. The tensor vagine femoris arises by a fascia from the sacral vertebra, passes over the cotyloid cavity and trochanter major, and turning to the anterior part of the thigh is joined by another head which arises im- mediately anterior to the cotyloid cavity ; after this union they are inserted into the fascia of the thigh about halfway down. The glu- teus medius at its origin occupies that part of the dorsum which ex- tends between the origin of the acetabulum and the ridge situated in the centre, and passes downwards and is inserted into the trochanter minor and the ridge which joins it. The gluteus minimus arises from the whole of the dorsum ilii unoceupied by the other glutet except its crista, and is inserted into the anterior part of the trochanter major. ‘The gluteus maximus arises from the prominent ridge on the os tlium below the acetabulum; it passes on the posterior surface of the thigh-bone; and when it has passed below the head of the ¢zbza it forms a round tendon and passes through a loop situated on the external posterior part of the ¢ij7a; continuing its course obliquely downwards, it is inserted into the scabrous ridge on the posterior surface of the tzbca near its head. A muscle arises from the trans- verse processes of all the caudal vertebre except the last, goes for- wards, and is attached to the postero-internal edge of the tidza just below its head. Another muscle arises from the anterior part of the last caudal vertebre, and is inserted into the external part of the linea aspera after its bifurcation.. The pyriformis arises from the an- terior oblique processes of the caudal vertebre, from the tip of the ischium, and from the internal part of the os pubis ; the fibres con- verge downwards, and are inserted into the intero-anterior ridge of the tzbia just below the tubercle. The semitendinosus arises from the ridge immediately anterior to the gluteus maximus, and is inserted immediately inferior to the bifurcation of the linea aspera on its ex- ternal division, The gemini arise from the zschium immediately pos- terior to its spine, and are inserted into the cavity posterior to the trochanter major. A muscle arises from the ischtum anterior to the gemini, and is inserted into the intero-anterior ridge of the ¢zbia, just. below the pyriformis. Of the triceps adductor femoris the first head arises from the extero-inferior part of the pudis; the second head arises immediately above the first; and the third above the second, and from the interosseous ligament which unites the pubis and ischium: they join on the upper third of the thigh, and are attached to the linea aspera on its internal side and division. The odturator internus arises fleshy from the internal part of the pubis, from part of the obturator’ Joramen, and from the ischium; it formsa tendon which passes through the thyroid foramen, is tied down to the joint, and is inserted into the anterior part of the great trochanter. A muscle arises from the 144 outer edge of the cotyloid cavity, passing outwards and a little upwards, and is inserted behind the trochanter major. Another muscle arises from the anterior part of the acetabulum, passing directly outwards, and is strongly attached to the ligament of the joint ; it is inserted into the thigh-bone just below its neck. ‘«¢ A muscle arises from the interior and a small part of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the thigh-bore, from near its neck to the condyles, and forms a tendon which is inserted into the ridge at the anterior internal part of the ¢2bza immediately below its head. The cruralis arises fleshy from all the superior and external parts of the bone not occupied by the former; one part is inserted into the whole of the superior surface of the patella, the remainder passes over the internal part of the patella et is attached to the internal side of the head of the ¢ijza. A muscle arises by four heads: the first, tendi- nous, from the ridge behind the external condyle which formed the loop through which the gluteus maximus passed ; the second, fleshy, from the internal side of the triceps ; the third, from the inferior por- tion of the intero-anterior ridge of the tzbia; the fourth, from the in- ferior internal edge of the patella ; these two last join just below the origin of the third, and passing down tendinous are united to the two other tendons a little above the ancle-joint ; it expands and flattens at the joint, and just below it divides into two tendons, the internal of which is inserted into the internal edge of the groove on the plantar surface of the metatarsal bone, while the external tendon is inserted into the external head of the same bone. Another muscle arises from the postero-inferior part of the cotyloid cavity, passes forwards on the exterior part of the thigh and over the groove on the patella, and is attached on the interior part of the head of the tzbza. The tendon of the flexor perforatus is composed of four muscles, which unite just above the ancle-joint. The first arises.by two heads, one from the outer surface of the external, and the other from the inner side of the internal condyle ; about the end of the upper third of the tibia this forms a tendon, which passes down to the place of junction with the others: the second has also two heads, one from the pos- terior part of the head of the fiéula, and the other immediately be- low the attachment of the gluteus maximus; the muscle forms its tendon just below the middle of the bone, and passes forwards and joins that of the first muscle: the third has one origin between the two condyles, and forms its tendon at the middle of the leg, passing on and joining the two former: the fourth muscle arises immedi- ately above the third, and forms its tendon like the rest, joining them above the ancle: after the tendons are united they are distributed as usual. The flexor perforans consists of two heads; the first arises from the back part of both condyles; the second arises from the superior and posterior third of the ¢zbca, fibula, and interosseous liga- ment: they unite about halfway down the bone and form a tendon, which passes in the groove of the plantar surface of the metatarsal bone, and is distributed in the usual manner. A muscle arises from —=——__." ——_-" -- ~- — a ae 145 the scabrous surface situated on the internal part of the posterior face of the ézbia about halfway down that bone, and forms a tendon which is attached to the upper part of the internal edge of the groove in which runs the tendon of the perforans.. Another muscle arises from the external condyle, from the patella on its anterior surface, and from the fibres of the rectus femoris ; it covers the ¢zbza and fills up the space between it and the fibuéa, and forms a tendon which passes through the foramen situated at the anterior surface of the tibia between its condyles, under the capsular ligament of the ancle- joint, and is attached to the prominence situated between the second and third portions of the metatarsal bone near its tibial extremity. ‘«¢ A muscle arises from the anterior and external parts of the head of the fibula; it becomes tendinous about halfway down the leg, passes under the annular ligament, and is inserted into the external side of the metatarsal bone near its postero-inferior angle: another slip goes under the foot and forms the plantar fascza. Another muscle arises from the anterior inferior surface of the patella, and from the whole of the, fossa and its edges on the head of the ¢idza, passes downwards, and is tied down by the annular ligament ; and has the same distribution as in the Loon and Gull, except that the tendon is more closely tied down, smaller, and not so round. An- other muscle arises fleshy from the whole anterior part of the fibula, interosseous ligament, and part of the external side of the tzbza; it forms its tendon near the ancle-joint, and is attached to the pos- tero-external angle of the metatarsus on its plantar surface. There are also four muscles arising from the metatarsal bone, one on each side, and one in- the, fosse between the three portions of the meta- tarsal bone: they all arise near the tibial end on its superior surface, and are attached to the phalanges of the first, second, and fourth fingers. The thumb has three muscles: an extensor, on its superior surface; a flexor, on its inferior; and an abductor, on its internal surface; all attached to the tibial end of the metatarsus as usual. — “The diaphragm consists of twelve narrow fleshy slips, which arise, six on each side, from the internal surface of the ribs: near their angle they pass upwards, and are inserted tendinous into the thin transparent membrane covering the lungs. ‘The blood-vessels pass in front of it. _ « The circulatory system corresponds exactly with that of the Loon, except in the origin and distribution of the arteries of the stomach, ‘The celiac artery comes off on a level with the fifth rib ; it passes a little forwards, and divides into the coronaria ventriculi, the hepatic, and the splenic. The coronaria ventriculi, just after its origin, divides into the superior and inferior coronaries: the superior passes round the large curvature of the stomach, and near the pylo- rus gives off the superior pyloric and left hepatic ; the inferior passes. down the right side of the stomach, and disappears at the pylorus, being here minutely ramified upon it. The hepatic gives off the right gastro-epiploic, which goes on the inferior angle of the sto- 146 mach, and the right gastric, which goes on the pylorus and superior part of the stomach, anastomosing with the superior pyloric and inferior coronary arteries. The splenic gives off a small artery dis- tributed on the cardiac portion of the stomach, and some vasa brevia, which are distributed to the left portion of the stomach. “ Not wishing to mutilate the skeleton, 1 did not examine the brain ; but from the number, size, and situation of the foramina in the base, and the whole contour of the cranium, the brain must be presumed to be very nearly similar in proportional quantity and structure to those of the Loon and Gull. «©The nerves are distributed as usual. The brachial plexus is composed of the last cervical and first two dorsal nerves, and ofa filament from the last spinal nerve but one in the cervical region. The sciatic is composed of the five superior or anterior pairs of pel- vic nerves. «‘ The nose is organised similarly as in others of this class. The cartilaginous /amine of the turbinated bone are concentric, and thirteen in number. «The eye has six muscles, which arise and are attached as usual. The lachrymal gland is placed at the postero-superior part of the orbit, and is large in proportion to the globe of the eye. It sends off several ducts; I think seven ; but the part being much injured, I found it impossible to ascertain their precise number and origin : one, however, opened immediately under the anterior part of the membrana nictitans. Two other ducts also opened below this mem- brane, passing from the Harderian gland, which was situated at the inferior part of the orbit. The nasal gland occupied its’ usual situ- ation, partly in the anterior and superior portion of the orbit, and partly in the fossa of the frontal bone: its duct passed forwards under the bridge of bone, and then bifurcated, one division of it end- ing on the cartilaginous amine of the ossa turbinata, and the other going forwards, and lying on the bone: I was not able to trace it further. “The membrana nictitans is large and strong: it is moved by a pyramidalis and a quadratus muscle. ‘The globe of the eye is large, as compared with the cranium. The sclerotic is less osseous than I have yet found it in any Bord. The optic nerve enters at the postero-inferior part of the sclerotic. The cornea is small, owing to the large space occupied by the scle- rotic. Under the cornea lies the membrana aquatica, consisting of a thin membrane, adhering to the edge of the zris. This membrane was first observed, together with the tunica cellularis, by Mr. Blackett, in 1802, in the eye of the Cat, the preparation of which was sold in the first part of Mr. Brookes’s Museum. The tunica cellularis in this animal is rather pulpy, but, on the application of liquor potasse, it dissolved, and displayed a cellular structure. Mr. Blackett de- monstrated this membrane to me in 1832, since which time | have observed it in all the eyes I have examined; but, owing to the diffi- 147 culty in obtaining specimens, I have not been able to make suffi- ciently extensive researches to justify the demonstration of the mem- brane as one of the proper tunics of the eye. There appears to be a marsupium nigrum. The retina is very thick and strong. “ The absorbent system is more perfect than in most Birds. Of the thoracic ducts, the left is the largest. There are a femoral and two axillary glands; also an extra pair of bronchial glands more than in the Loon or Gull. The coccygeal glands are 2 inches 3 lines long, and 9 lines broad. “There is a gular pouch, which measures in length 4 inches, and in breadth 8 lines, ** The tongue is set with cartilaginous papille directed backwards. “ There is only one pair of salivary glands ; the submaxillary. ‘The structure and proportion of the lungs are the same as in the Water Birds generally. The air-cells are few in number, and small, and are filled by openings from the lungs, or from one cell to another. They consist principally of the internal air-cells ; one above the furculum; and the axillary, abdominal, and femoral rows. ** The liver, spleen, and pancreas are large. “‘ The esophagus is straight, and 1 inch and 5 lines in width. It is infundibuliform, so that when it reaches the stomach it is 2 inches and 4 lines wide : the infundibulum contained the beaks of cuttle- fishes and gravel. ‘«« The stomach is muscular, small, and glandular, and of the shape of an egg. The duodenum is broad at its origin, and at about-34 inches from its commencement the biliary and pancreatic ducts enter. The gall-bladder is 6 inches long and 2 inches in circumference ; it is attached to the under side of the liver, and, gradually diminishing in diameter, it passes over the stomach, and is inserted into the in- testine, without the intervention of any duct. « The testes were large, as were the supra-renal glands and kid- neys. I did not observe any difference from the usual structure and proportions in any other parts. “The small intestines measured 22 feet 6 inches in length, and were about the thickness of the little finger. There were attached to them two ceca, each measuring about 1 inch 3 lines in length, which were of the same diameter as the intestines. The great intes- _ tines were somewhat larger than the small. The measurements of _ the stomach and the intestines were as follows: Feet. Inches. Lines. Length of the esophagus ............02000- 0 Breadth at the pharynz ...........-..005- 0 1 6 infundibulum ......00+0005 a ee _ Length of the infundibulum .............. 0 10 0) Breadth at the junction of the infundibulum with MMII a% SOS Se oay oaivs ts ose s te) 6 0 Length of the stomach .................. O-9.\ Ae AD Width of GEOR ESS ities tc ies S's OS OeAT 1G 148 Feet. Inches. Lines. Length of the duodenum ......4.0+0+eeeees Lina 0 Circumference of ditto ........--.-.---0- (0) 4: 0) Length of the small intestines, inclusive of the COPED CRT ae ae lag AA ch oes an saat goede orci] oe yt 22 6 (0) Denes OF SUC YE. . sn oie adit gs Se] weit 0 1 3 Circumference of the c@ca and the small intes- [TYE pape eae, ie ne ae nase hrtdee stack a O 2 6 Length of the large intestines.............. 0) 6 e) Circumference of ditto ..............2..: 0) oy) 9 « The total length of the individual examined, measured over the back, was 3 feet 2 inches and 6 lines; the length of the neck, 11 ‘inches and 9 lines; that of the trunk, 1 foot 1 inch and 9 lines.” The reading of Mr. Reid’s communication was illustrated by the exhibition of the skeleton of the specimen of the Patagonian Penguin described by him, and of preparations of many of the viscera, the whole forming part of the collection of Mr, Blackett. 149 October 13, 1835. Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair. Mr. Bennett called the attention of the Meeting to a Pteropine Bat which had recently been obtained from the neighbourhood of the river Gambia, and which was exhibited. He directed especial notice to two large tufts of white hairs placed upon its shoulders and forming a very conspicuous feature in its appearance. These, he remarked, might probably cover cutaneous glands destined for the preparation of a secretion fitted to defend that part of the animal in its passage through the air, or perhaps to attract the opposite sex. It could scarcely be conceived that they have any influence in in- creasing the buoyancy of the animal ; although the backward posi- tion of the wings might seem to render necessary such a supple- mental aid : their position in advance of the ordinary alar membranes gives them, in fact, some resemblance to supplementary wings. preserved in spirit, and consequently not liable to that distortion to which the individual skin exhibited might have been subjected. In one of the two other species of Pteropi previously obtained from the Same country by Mr. Rendall, and brought under the notice of the Society on July 14 (page 100) by Mr. Ogilby, the same backward position of the wings exists. In dentary characters the new spe- Regarding it as a form of some interest to zoologists, Mr. Bennett Stated his intention to describe it more fully in a paper which he pro- posed to prepare on the subject. He characterized it as the Prerorus rpomornonvs. Pter. pallidé brunneus, postice pallidior ; ventre albido ; scopd humerali albd magnd. Long. tot. 63 poll.; capitis, 23; expansio alarum, 12. Hab. in regione Gambiensi. Professor Agassiz, at the request of the Chairman, explained his views of the affinities and distribution of the Fishes of the family inide. No. XXXIV.—Procrepines OF THE ZooLocicaL Socrery. 150 He commenced by remarking that among the genera referred by Cuvier to this family there were several, such as Pecilia, Lebias, &c., which possessed maxillary teeth and a large number of branchio- stegous rays. ‘These genera, he conceived, ought to be excluded from the Cyprinide ; and the family be considered as limited to fishes with mouths destitute of teeth, and having few branchiostegous rays. To the family thus reduced the nearest affinities appeared to him to be the genera Atherina and Mugil. In internal organization the Cyprinide agree nearly with those genera; and this considera- tion, M. Agassiz conceives, is of much higher importance in the natu- ral arrangement than the external character founded on the presence or absence of spinous rays in the dorsal and other fins. The affinity of the Cyprinide to the Siluride he regards as extremely doubtful : and although from the bearded Carps to the bearded Siluri there appears to be a natural transition by means of the bearded Loaches, it is important to distinguish that in these latter, as well as in the Carps and other Cyprinide, the beards, as they are called, are merely processes of the skin; while in the Siluri, the cirri of the angles of the mouth are actually prolongations of the maxillary bones, becoming gradually cartilaginous and tapering into thread-like ex- tremities. In the subdivision of the Cyprinide, M. Agassiz regards the form of the fins, and especially of the dorsal and anal, as furnishing indi- cations of the highest value; and the form of the pharyngeal teeth as affording the characters next inimportance. He first distinguishes the group comprising the genera Anableps, Cobitis and Botia, the latter established by Mr. Gray for the reception of those Loaches in which the suborbital bone is armed with a moveable spine. He then distinguishes another group comprising four genera: 1. Cyprinus, in which the pharyngeal teeth are large, and, when worn, resemble the molars of some Rodent Mammalia, such as the Hare; 2. Barbus, in which there are three rows of lengthened conical hooked teeth on each side of the pharynx; 3. Gobio, in which the pharyngeal teeth have the same form as those of the Barbels, but are more slender, and constitute only two rows ; and4. Tinca, the pharyngeal teeth of which are club-shaped, rounded at the end, and placed in a single row. In the genus Leuciscus, which M. Agassiz limits to Leuc. Al- burnus and three allied species, the mouth is cleft obliquely, and the teeth, consisting of elongated cones, are disposed in four rows. From these the Cyprinus Nasus is to be generically distinguished as possessing six rows of pharyngeal teeth : its mouth is transverse and inferior, with the edges cutting. A third genus, containing many species, also requires to be distinguished, as having only two rows of teeth, one of which is hooked: in these the opening of the mouth is rounded. There remains the genus Abramis, distinguished by its long anal fin, in which the teeth are bevilled off and have 151 a cutting edge: of this genus eight species are known to Pro- fessor Agassiz. In this enumeration of the genera of Cyprinidae M . Agassiz limited himself to the European forms, and scarcely adverted to any but European species. In illustration of his views preparations were exhibited of the pha- ryngeal teeth of Cyprinus, Barbus, and other genera, from the col- lection of Mr. Yarrell. October 27, 1835. William Yarrel]l, Esq., in the Chair. At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Burton exhibited, with the permission of Sir James M°Grigor, Bart., specimens of many Birds which had recently been presented to the Museum of the Army Medical Department at Chatham. He particularly pointed out among them the following which he regarded as hitherto undescribed, and for which he proposed the names and characters subjoined. Noctua Bropier. Noct. brunnea ; capite fascidque gulari pallide rufo strigatis guttatisque, dorso, alis, pectore, ventreque pallide rufo fasciatis ; mento, collo, et regione postauriculari albis ; fascia cervicali latd nigro albo rufoque varid ; secundariis maculd alba notatis ; caudd brunned, subtis pallidiore, fasciis septem rufis an- gustis ornatd ; femoribus albis brunneo variis. Long. tot. 63 poll.; corporis 44; caude 24; tarsi 1. Rostrum album. Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses. The colouring of this bird bears a general resemblance to that of Noct. Cuculoides, Gould; but the peculiar cervical collar, the dimi- nutive size, and some other characters forbid its being identified with that species. It is dedicated to Sir Benjamin Brodie, Bart., V.P.R.S., &c., in token of high respect and ancient friendship. Pranicura MacGricori2. Phen. capite, collo,dorso, scapularibus, rectricumque pogoniis externis saturate ceruleis ; fronte, regione superciliari, uropygioque ceruleis ; remigibus rectricumque pogo- nits internis brunneis ; mento regioneque preoculari nigris ; collo utrinque maculd ceruled belle notato ; pectore ventreque brunneis, hoc pallidiore. Long. tot. 53 poll.; corporis, 34; caude, 2; tarsi, 3. Rostrum nigrum ; pedes brunnei. Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses. This graceful bird is named in honour of the only daughter of Sir James M‘Grigor, Bart., M.D., F.R.S., Director General of the Army Medical Department. SyLvia? casTANEO-coronaTa. Sylv. corpore supra, alis, cauddque | 4 : lod olivaceis ; capite genisque castaneis ; subtis flavo, olivaceo tincto, guld nitide flava ; alis cauddque subtis remigumque pogoniis in- ternis brunneis ; caudd minimd. Long. tot. 3% poll.; corporis, 2%; tarsi, 1. Mandibula superior nigra, inferior alba; pedes pallidi. This bird is provisionally retained in the genus Sylvia; but the imperfect development of the tail, and the length and strength of the toes, more particularly of the posterior one, will probably at some future time render it the type of a new genus. SyiviaBurxu. Sylv. corpore supra flavescenti-viridi, subtis flavo ; capite maculis elongatis irregularibus nigrescentibus duabus nebu- loso ; alis prope flecuram seriebus duabus punctorum flavorum obsoletorum fasciatis ; remigum pogoniis internis brunneis ; caudd brunned preter rectricum externarum duarum pogoniis internis albis. Long. tot. 5 poll.; corporis, 3; caude, 2; tarsi, 2. Mandibula superior nigrescens tomio apiceque albis, inferior alba ; pedes albescentes. Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses. This bird is named in honour of Dr. Burke, Inspector General of Hospitals, Principal Medical Officer of the King’s Army in In- dia, by whom these birds were presented, and who has enriched the Museum with an extensive collection in ornithology from Northern India. JEGITALUS FLAMMICEPS. Aig. capite flammeo; dorso scapulari- busque flavescenti-viridibus ; uropygio viridescenti-flavo ; alis flavo viridi brunneo albidoque variis ; remigibus rectricibusque brun- neis, pogontis internis viridescentibus, ad apices albo ciliatis ; guld flammed, in flavum ad pectus transeunte ; ventre flavescenti albido ; alis subtis albis, nisi externe et inferne. Long. tot. 32 poll.; corporis, 24; caude, 14; tarsi, 1. Rostrum nigrum, mandibule superioris tomio nisi ad apicem albo ; pedes nigri. Ale caudam longitudine subeequantes; remigibus 2d4 3tidque longioribus. Caput subcristatum. Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses. Two species of this genus are already known and described, 4g. Smithii and 49. pendulinus: the present therefore forms the third of M. Boié’s subdivision. Genus Syiviparus. Rostrum parvulum, brevissimum, compressum nisi ad basin ; man- dibule zquales, superior paululum ad apicem arcuata; nares plumis setaceis tectum. 154 Pedes ut in genere Paro. Ale longiores, fere ad extremam caudam extense, remige 1ma vera breviore, 2nda, 3tia, et 4ta zqualibus et longissimis, 5ta his paulo breviore, 6ta primam equante. Cauda mediocris, equalis. Syiviparus Mopestus. Sylv. corpore supra brunnescenti-viridi, subtis viridescenti-albido ; remigibus rectricibusque brunneis, po- goniis externis flavescenti-viridi ciliatis. Long. tot. 4 poll.; corporis, 24; caude, 132; tarsi, $. Rostrum pedesque nigrescentes. Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses. It is reluctantly proposed to institute a new genus in a family already sufficiently complicated; nevertheless, as this bird combines the characters of Sylvia, Regulus, and Parus in its wing, tail and bill, it is deemed necessary to make it the type of a genus of which more species will probably be discovered as our intercourse with the remote regions from whence it is derived becomes more extended. PicumNnus InNominatus. Pic. corpore supra flavescenti-viridi, subtis sordidé albo maculis nigris conspicuis in fascias_ad ventrem lateraque confluentibus notato ; fronte nigro aurantiacoque obscure fasciato ; remigibus brunneis, pogoniis externis flavescenti-viridt ciliatis ; rectricibus intermediis nigris, ceteris albo nigroque fas- ciatis ; colli lateribus brunneis, lined albd supra oculum oriente alterdque sub oculum et inde ad scapulam ductis ibique confluen- tibus. Long. tot. 4 poll.; corporis, 23; caude, 14; tarsi, +. Rostrum nigrum albo basin versus varium ; pedes brunnei. Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses. This is the only species of Picumnus yet discovered in the Old World. Mr. Burton also exhibited a fine specimen of that splendid bird, Eurylaimus Dalhousii, Wils., likewise from the Chatham collection, of which only two other specimens are known to exist in Europe. Various specimens of Fishes and other marine animals, collected by J. B. Harvey, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., on the south coast of Devonshire, were exhibited: and Mr. Yarrell called the attention of the Meeting to them, and to the Fishes in particular, remarking on their characters and habits, and on the peculiarities of their internal structure. A note by Mr. Allis of York, forwarded through Mr. Bell, was read. 155 It referred to the statement made by Mr. Martin at the Meeting on February 10, 1835 (page 17), that in the Adjutant, Ciconia Argala, Vig. and Childr., and in the common Heron, Ardea cinerea, Linn., no less than in the Pelicans, the os furcatum is united by bone to the anterior apex of the keel of the sternum. After remarking that this statement is at variance with his experience, Mr. Allis pro- ceeds thus :—*‘I have prepared a skeleton of the Adjutant ; two of the purple Heron; two Storks ; three of the common Heron; one common Bittern; one little Bittern; one American small green Heron; a British Crane; and a Polish Crane. Among all these the Cranes are the only birds where there is true osseous union between the furcu- lum and the keel: and in the Cranes the Jurculum is rather a forked elongation of the keel than a distinct bone. Out of more than two hundred birds’ skeletons which I have mounted, the Pelican is the only other bird where the Jurculum and sternum form one bone. The Cormorant and the Gannet have the Surculum resting on the apex of the keel like the Adjutant and the Herons, but there is no bony junction. I think the specimens of Mr. Martin must have been extremely old birds, or that the bone must have been injured at the point of union, and that the osseous union was formed in con- sequence-of that injury. The Heron’s skeletons which I have my- self prepared are by no means young birds; but I suppose extreme old age would be very likely to form a bony junction between bones pressing so close to each other as they do in this case. “It may be thought singular that I should prepare duplicates of the skeleton of so common a bird as the common Heron. The reason is, that two of the skeletons exhibit curious specimens of nature’s reparation of broken limbs, and the third is a singular instance of malformation. The sternum of the Heron is united to the vertebral column by four short ribs which are attached to four of the largest of the long ribs: this specimen has the usual number of short ribs ; but one of them is placed so far forward on the sternum as to be quite out of the reach of any of the vertebral or long ribs; and the last of the four long ribs which is usually attached to one of the short or sternal ribs, wanting its usual support, is attached by cartilage to the rib immediately preceding it.”—T. A, A Note from Mr. Martin, on the same subject, was subsequently read. Mr. Martin admits the incorrectness of his previous statement as regards the Adjutant and the common Heron; but remarks that the union, although not effected by bone, is yet so close as probably to have nearly the same physiological consequence as if anchylosis had actually taken place. When considering the sternum and os furcatum of the Pelican as structurally bearing upon the bird’s powers of flight, he looked for analogies of the structural point in question among 156 birds of ample wing, and of slow but untiring flight. Observing them in the birds to which he had before referred, he did not accu- rately draw the line of distinction between anchylosis, and a firm and close attachment with only thin cartilage intervening between the bones. With regard to the effects produced upon aerial progression, he conceives that, ceteris paribus, it is immaterial whether the union be that of anchylosis or not, provided the junction be firm and in- timate. Mr. Martin thinks it, however, probable that in the Adjutant, when old, a bony union may take place; the junction between the os fur- catum and the sternum in the Society’s skeleton of this bird being so close as almost to admit of its being regarded as a kind of suture. In an adult example of the Stanley Crane, Anthropoides paradiseus, Bechst., where the anchylosis between these bones is fairly perfected, he finds traces of the obliteration of a similar mode of union. Referring to Mr. Allis’s remark that in the Cranes the os furcatum is rather a forked elongation of the keel than a distinct bone, Mr. Martin observes that the anchylosis which takes place in those birds does not render the os furcatum less a distinct bone in reality than where its union is by cartilage or suture; for in these latter cases it is only by an arrest of the process of ossification—a natural arrest, it is true—that anchylosis has not been effected. Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, exhibited drawings of ten species of Ramphastide which had become known to him since he published, in 1834, his ‘ Monograph’ of that family. Several of these birds had already been brought under the notice of the So- ciety. He now named and characterized the remaining ones as follows. Rampuastos c1TREOPYGuS. Ramph. tectricibus caude superioribus sulphureis. Long. tot. 20 poll.; rostri, 53; ale, 94; caude, 6; tarsi, 2. Hab. in Brasilia ? Descr. Rostrum (procorporisratione) minus, nigrum, fascia basali culmineque prope basin flavis. Pectus albidum flavescente tinctum. Torques pectoralis coccinea latiuscula. Orbitz tarsique plumbei, hi saturatiores. Rampuastos oscutans. Ramph. rostro nigro, culmine fascidque basali stramineis ; pectore in medio aurantiaco. Long. tot. 18 poll.; rostri, 44; ale, 74; caude, 64; tarsi, 14. Hab. in Brasilia. Descr. Ramph. culminato, Gould, quam proximé accedit. Pectus aurantiacum, latera versus in flavum transiens; gula regioque paro- tica albe. ‘Torques pectoralis subangustata. 157 PreRoGLossus PLURICINCTUS. Per. gastreo flavo, fascid pectorali nigrd, alterdque subventrali antice nigrd posticé coccined. Long. tot. 20 poll.; rostri, 44: ale, 64; caude, 82. Hab. in Brasilia. Descr. Pter. regali, Licht., affinis. Rostrum ad basin linea elevata flava cinctum : maxille superioris culmen, linea intrabasalis, tomiique pars posterior nigre; latera aurantiaco-flava apicem versus pallescentia: maxilla inferior nigra. Caput collumque nigra; feeminz regio parotica castanea, fasciaque guttur posticé cingens coccinea. Pectus et venter maculis indistinctis sparsis coccineis notati. Femora olivacea. Preroctossus Humsoxprur, Wagl. Pter. gastro flavo ; mandi- buld inferiore nigrd, superiore flavescente, culmine, apice, lined prope basin, serraturarumque maculis transversis nigris. Long. tot. 16-17 poll.; rostri, 4; ale 54; caude, 62; tarsi, 13. _ Hab. in Brasilia. Descr. Pter. inscripto, Swains., maximé affinis, sed major. Ros- trum majus, magisque productum: mandibulz superioris liturze omnes angustiores. Preroccossus Narrerert. Pter. ventre flavo, femoribus castaneis, crisso coccineo ; rostro rubro, culmine, maculd prope basin utrius- que mandibule, plurimisque subtransversis ad serraturas nigris. Long. tot. 184 poll.; rostri, 28; ale, 543; caude, 5; tarsi, ly. Hab. in Brasilia. Descr. Pter. maculirostri, Licht., admodum affinis, in sexu utroque. Rostri colores toto ccelo diversi: sicut et ventris femo- rumque. . Prerociossus Rernwarprir, Wagl. Pter. ventre aurantiaco cas- taneo tincto, crisso coccineo ; culmine rostrique dimidio apicali : nigrescenti-brunneis, basali rufescente. Long. tot. 12-13 poll.; rostri, 23; ale, 5; caude, 53; tarsi, li. { Hab. in Brasilia. Precedenti valdé affinis. Rostrum magis elongatum, coloribusque maximé diversum: prope basin mandibulze superioris tomium nigro trimaculatum. Rectrices intermediz quatuor brunneo apiculate : in Pter. Nattereri et Pter. maculirostri, rectricum sex intermediarum apices similiter notati sunt. ; PrrroGLossus LanesporFFit, Wagl. Pter. ventre castaneo, crisso coccineo ; rostro nigrescenti-brunneo basin versus pallescente. Long. tot. 13+ poll. ; rostri, 23; ale, 53; tarsi, 12. _ Hab. in Brasilia. Descr. Peter. Culik, Wagl., affinis. Rostri ad basin ventrisque color alius. (Rectricum apices desiderantur.) 158 PrerocLossus pavoninus, Mus. Mun. Peter. supra prasinus, sub- tis pallidior, crisso rectricumque apicibus brunneis ; rostro in- Ferne et ad basin nigro. Long. tot. 13-14 poll.; rostri, vix 34; ale,54; caude,54; tarsi, 14. Hab. in Mexico. Descr. Pter. prasino, Licht., propemodo affnis. Rostrum ni- grum, ad basin linea aurantiacé cinctum; mandibula superior pro maxima parte apicem versus flava in ceeruleo-viridem superné transiens. Mr. Gould concluded by stating that it was his intention imme- diately to publish, as a supplement to his ‘ Monograph of the Ram- phastide,’ the drawings which he had laid before the Meeting. Of that family thirty-three species are now known to him, which may be distinguished by the following Synoptic Table of the spe- cies of RAMPHASTID&. I. Cauda breviore, quadraté: rostro maximo. Nigri; gutture cau- daque tegminibus discoloribus.—RaMPuHaAsTos. Caude tegminibus superioribus flavis vel flavescentibus. Pectore albo. Rostro ut plurimum nigro, lateri- bus compressis 1. culminatus. —— convexis . st 2. Cuvieri. —_—— rubro. 3. erythrorhynchus. Pectore pallidé lutescente. 4. citreopygus. ®lm 5. osculans. Caude tegminibus superioribus albis. Pectore albo . 6. Toco. flavo. Rostro pluricolore 7. carinatus. oblique dimidiatim flavo. 8. Swainsonii. Caudz tegminibus superioribus coccineis. Rostro nigro. Auribusalbis. . . 9. vitellinus. pectori concoloribus, fee. Hnviny= 2 22). eg re Le seen Rostro viridescente. . . . . . Ll. dicolorus, II. Cauda longiore, gradata: rostro majore. Viridescentes ; capite, gastreo, tegminibusque caude superioribus in plurimis dis- coloribus.—PTEROGLOSSUS. Gastrzo bi-vel pluri-colore, coloribus discretis. Pectore ventreque flavis, fasciatis. Fascia ventrali coccinea, lata. a a 159 Maxillez superioris lateri- bus sordidé albis oblique dimidiatis nigris . Fascia ventrali anticé nigra pos- tice coccinea. Pectore macula nigra notato torque lata nigracincto . Pectore coccineo. Torque pectorali vel nulla vel an- gusta, flava latissima, nigra . Pectore ventreque flavis, haud fas- ciatis. Maxilla superiore dimidiatim flavé et aurantiaca . oh opehiek flava, nigro in- scripta. Maxilla inferiore nigré . —————— superiori concolore Pectore gutturi concolore, ventre discolore. Maxilla superiore nigro maculata, albescente . : ut plurimum rubra. apice concolore . nigrescente Maxillis nigris, basin versus rubris : paullum cinerascentibus’ . Gastrzo unicolore, vel subunicolore. Gastrzo stragulo discolore. Gastrzo flavo, rubro intermixto . ceeruleo-cano . flavo. . Gastrzo stragulo subconcolore. Crisso discolore. Mandibulz superioris basi fla- vescente . 2 ni- gro . Crisso concolore. Uropygio concolore. Rectricum apicibus concolo- ribus ae ett de intermediarum dua- rum apicibus castaneis Uropygio coccineo oO On 18 . Aracari. . castanotis. . regalis. . pluricinctus. . bitorquatus. . Azare. . viridis. . Humboldtii. . tscriptus. . maculirosiris. . Nattereri. . Reinwardtii. . Culik. . Langsdor fit. . ulocomus. . hypoglaucus. . Bailloni. . prasinus. 19. pavoninus. 20. sulcatus. 21. 22. Derbianus. hematopygus. 160 The latter five of the above species are referrible to the genus proposed by Mr. Gould, on December 23, 1834, (Proceedings, Part ii. p. 147,) under the name of Aulacorhynchus. The following ‘‘ Observations on the Habits, &c. of a male Chimpan- zee, Troglodytes niger, Geoff., now living in the Menagerie of the Zoological Society of London, by W. J. Broderip, Esq., V.P.Z.S., F.R.S., &c.,”’ were read :— ‘«« The interesting animal whose habits in captivity I attempt to describe, was brought to Bristol in the autumn of this year by Capt. Wood, from the Gambia coast. The natives from whom he received it, stated that they had brought it about one hundred and twenty miles from the interior of the country, and that its age was about twelve months. The mother was with it, and, ac- cording to their report, stood four feet six inches in height. Her they shot,—and so became possessed of her young one; and those who have seen our animal will well understand what Dr. Abel means, when, in his painful description of the slaughter of an Asi- atic Orang (Pithecus Satyrus, Geoff.), he observes that the ges- tures of the wounded creature during his mortal sufferings, the hu- man-like expression of his countenance, and the piteous manner of his placing his hands over his wounds, distressed the feelings of those who aided in his death, and almost made them question the nature of the act they were committing. During the period of his being on ship-board, our Chimpanzee was very lively. He had a free range, frequently ran up the rigging, and showed great affection for those sailors who treated him kindly. «‘T saw him for the first time on the 14th instant, in the kitchen belonging to the Keeper’s apartments. Dressed in a little Guernsey shirt, or banyan jacket, he was sitting child-like in the lap of a good old woman, to whom he clung whenever she made a show of putting him down. His aspect was mild and pensive, but that of a little withered old man; and his large eyes, hairless and wrinkled visage, and man-like ears, surmounted by the black hair of his head, rendered the resemblance very striking, notwithstanding the de- pressed nose and the projecting mouth. He had already become very fond of his good old nurse, and she had evidently become at- tached to her nursling, though they had been acquainted only three or four days; and it was with difficulty that he permitted her to go away to do her work in another part of the building. In her lap he was perfectly at his ease; and it seemed to me that he considered her as occupying the place of his mother. He was constantly reach- ing up with his hand to the fold of her neck-kerchief, though when he did so she checked him, saying ‘‘ No, Tommy, you must not pull the pin out.”” When not otherwise occupied, he would sit quietly in ———— 161 her lap, pulling his toes about with his fingers, with the same pensive air as a human child exhibits when amusing itself in the same manner. I wished to examine his teeth; and when his nurse, in order to make him open his mouth, threw him back in her arms and tickled him just as she would have acted towards a child, the carica- ture was complete. ‘I offered him my ungloved hand. He took it mildly in his, with a manner equally exempt from forwardness and fear ;—examined it with his eyes, and perceiving a ring on one of my fingers, sub- mitted that and that only to a very cautious and gentle examination with his teeth, so as not to leave any mark on the ring. I then offered him my other hand with the glove on. This he felt, looked at it, turned it about, and then tried it with his teeth. His sight and his ordinary touch seemed to satisfy him in the case of a natural surface, but, as it appeared to me, he required something more to assure his senses when an artificial surface was presented to him; and then he applied the test of his teeth. «‘ At length it became necessary for his kind nurse to leave him; and after much remonstrance on his part, she put him on the floor. He would not leave her, however, and walked nearly erect by her side, holding by her gown, just like a child. At last she got him away by offering him a peeled raw potato, which he ate with great relish, holding it in his right hand. His keeper, who is very attentive to him, and whom he likes very much, then made his appearance, and spoke to him. Tommy (for by that name they call him) evidently made an attempt to speak too, gesticulating as he stood nearly erect, protruding his lips, and making a hoarse noise ‘‘ hoo-hoo ” somewhat like a deaf and dumb person endeavouring to articulate. He soon showed a disposition to play with me, jumping on his lower extremi- ties opposite to me like a child, and looking at me with an expression indicating a wish for a game of romps. I confess I complied with his wish, and a capital game of play we had. «‘On another occasion, and when he had become familiar with me, I caused, in the midst of his play, a looking-glass to be brought, and held it before him. His attention was instantly and strongly ar- rested: from the utmost activity he became immoveably fixed, steadfastly gazing at the mirror with eagerness and something like wonder depicted on his face. He at length looked up at me—then again gazed at the glass. The tips of my fingers appeared on one side as I held it—he put his hands and then his lips to them—then looked behind the glass—then gazed again at its surface—touched my hand again, and then applied his lips and teeth to the surface of the glass—looked behind again, and then, returning to gaze, passed his hands behind it, evidently to feel if there was anything substan- tial there. A savage would have acted much in the same way, 162 judging from the accounts given of such experiments with the un- tutored natives of a wild and newly discovered land. “«T broke a sugared almond in two, and, as he was eating one half, placed the other, while he was watching me, in a little card-box which I shut in his presence—as soon as he had finished the piece of almond which he had, I gave him the box. With his teeth and hands he pulled off the cover, took out the other half, and then laid the box down. He ate the kernel of this almond, rejecting the greatest part of the sugary paste in which it was incased, asif it had been a shell: but he soon found out his error; for, another almond being presented to him, he carefully sucked off the sugar and left the kernel. I then produced a wine-glass, into which I poured some racy sherry, and further sweetened it with sugar. He watched me with some impatience, and when I gave him the glass he raised it with his hands to his lips, and drank a very little. It was not to his taste, however, for he set down the glass, almost as full as he had taken it up; and yet he was thirsty, for I caused a tea-cup with some sugared warm milk and water to be handed to him, and he took up the cup and drained it to the last drop. «T presented him with a cocoa-nut, to the shell of which some of the husk was still adhering: the tender bud was just beginning to push forth—this he immediately bit off and ate. He then stripped off some of the husk with his teeth, swung it by the knot of adhering husk- fibres round his head, dashed it down, and repeatedly jumped upon it with all his weight. He afterwards swung it about and dashed it down with such violence that, fearing his person might suffer, I had it taken away. A hole was afterwards bored through one of the eyes, and the cocoa-nut was again given to him. He immediately held it up with the aperture downwards, applied his mouth to it, and sucked away at what milk there was with great glee. “As I was making notes with a pencil, he came up, inquisitively looked at the paper and pencil, and then took hold of the latter. Before I gave it up, I drew the pencil into the case, foreseeing that he would submit the pencil-case to examination by the teeth. Im- mediately that he got it into his possession, he put the tip of his little finger to the aperture at the bottom, and having looked at it, tried the case with his teeth. «While his attention was otherwise directed I had caused a hamper containing one of the Pythons to be brought into the room and placed on a chair not far from the kitchen dresser. The lid was raised, the blanket in which the snake was enveloped was opened, and soon after Tommy came gamboling that way. As he jumped and danced along the dresser towards the basket, he was all gaiety and life. Suddenly he seemed to be taken aback, stopped— i: ss 163 then cautiously advanced towards the basket, peered or rather craned over it—and instantly with a gesture of horror and aversion, and the cry of Hoo! hoo! recoiled from the detested object, jumped back as far as he could, and then sprang to his keeper for protection. He was again put down, his attention diverted from the basket, and, after a while, tempted to its neighbourhood by the display of a fine rosy-cheeked apple, which was at last held on the opposite rim of the hamper. But no—he would evidently have done a good deal to get at the apple; but the gulf wherein the serpent lay was to be passed, and after some slight contention between hunger and horror, off he went and hid himself. I then covered up the snake, and after luring him out with the apple, placed it on the blanket—No. I then shut down the lid—still the same desire and the same aversion. I then had the hamper, with the lid down, removed from the chair on which it had been placed to another part of the room. The apple was again shown to Tommy and placed on the lid. He advanced cautiously, looking back at the empty chair and then at the hamper: he ad- vanced further with evident reluctance, but when he approached near he peered forward toward the basket, and, as if overcome by fright, again ran back and hid himself under his cage. “TI now caused the hamper with the serpent to be taken out of the room. Our friend soon came forward. I showed him the apple and placed it on the chair. He advanced a little, and I patted his head and encouraged him. He then came forth and went about the. room, looking carefully as if to satisfy himself that the snake was gone—advanced to the chair more boldly,—looked under it—and then took the apple and ate it with great appetite, dancing about and resuming all his former gaiety. «We know that there are large constricting serpents in Africa; and as the animal must have been very young when separated from its parent, I made this experiment in particular to try his instinct; it succeeded to the entire satisfaction of the witnesses who were present. “He manifested aversion to a small living tortoise, but nothing like the horror which he betrayed at sight of the snake. I was in- duced to show him the former by the account of the effect produced by Testudinata on the Asiatic Orang, whose habits are so admirably described by Dr. Abel and Captain Methuen, who brought the ani- mal to England. “Tommy, among other exercises, is very fond of swinging. He places himself on the swing, generally in a sitting posture, holding on each side with his hands. He not unfrequently puts up his feet and grasps the cord on either side with them too, appearing more at _ home on his slack rope than I] Diavolo Antonio himself. “James Hunt, one of the keepers, has observed him frequently 164 sitting and leaning his head on his hand, attentively looking at the keepers when at their supper, and watching, to use Hunt’s expres- sion, ‘“‘every bit they put into their mouths.” Fuller, the head keeper, informs me that our Chimpanzee generally takes his rest in a sitting posture, leaning rather forward with folded arms and some- times with his face in his hands. Sometimes he sleeps prone, with his legs rather drawn up, and his head resting on his arms. ““Of the blaek Orangs which I have seen, Tommy is by far the most lively. He is in the best health and spirits, and is a very diff- erent animal from the drooping, sickly Chimpanzees that I have hitherto seen. A good deal of observation made on the Asiatic Orangs which have been exhibited in this country, satisfies me that the intelligence of the African Orang is superior to that of the Asiatic. This intelligence is entirely different from that of a well-educated dog or a-mere mimic, and gives me the idea of an intellect more re- sembling that of a human being than of any other animal, though still infinitely below it. “The Pygmy of Tyson and the black Orang dissected by Dr. Traill, and so well described by him in the ‘ Wernerian Transactions,’ are both stated to have progressed generally by placing their bent fists on the ground and so advancing: indeed Dr. Traill says that the individual which he saw never placed the palms of the hands on the ground. The progression of Dr. Abel’s red or Asiatic Orang is described to have been after the same fashion. Whether it is that our Chimpanzee is in better health and more lively, I know not, but he certainly passes a great deal of his time in a position nearly ap- proaching to erect, nor does he, generally, place the bent knuckles to the ground. He will often stand on the top of his cage and apply the palms of his hands to the smooth surface of the wall against which it stands. — It is said that a spectator who saw him thus em- ployed, with his back to the company, dressed in his little banyan jacket and woollen cap, was told by a companion to look at the monkey, as he profanely called him. “‘ Where is he?” was the re- ply. ‘‘ Why there on the top of the cage,” was the answer. ‘‘ What!” said the first, “that little man who is plastering the wall?” «Tommy does. not like confinement, and when he is shut into his cage, the violence with which he pulls at and shakes the door is very great, and shows considerable strength; but I have never seen him use this exertion against any other part of the cage, though his keeper has endeavoured to induce him to do so in order to see whether he would make the distinction. When at liberty he is ex- tremely playful, and, in his high jinks, I saw him toddle into a corner where an unlucky bitch was lying with a litter of very young pups, and lay hold of one of them, till the snarling of the mother and the voice of his keeper, to which he pays instant respect, a Leen) ae el > ) 165 made him put the pup down. He then: climbed up to the top of the cage where the Marmozets were, and jumped furiously upon it, evi- dently to astonish the inmates, who were astonished accordingly, and huddled together, looking up in consternation at this dreadful pother o’er their heads. Then he went to the window, opened it and looked out. I was afraid that he might make his escape: but the words «Tommy, no!” pronounced by his keeper in a mild but firm tone; caused him to shut the window and come away. He is in truth a most docile and affectionate animal, and it is impossible not to be taken by the expressive gestures and looks with which he courts your good opinion, and throws himself upon you for protection inst annoyance. «It must be remembered that though I have not observed our Chim- panzee to progress with his bent knuckles touching the ground, as Ihave seen the Asiatic Orangs move, there is no reason for doubting the ac- curate descriptions of Tyson and Dr. Traill. I consider it as my pro- vince to relate faithfully what I saw,and I have only seen our Chimpan- zee, as yet, in a small room, where a very few paces will bring him toa chair, a leg of a dresser, or some other piece of furniture which en- ables him to call into action his prehensile hands and feet, so admi- rably adapted to his arboreal habits. The narrowness of the pelvis, the comparatively inferior development of the glutei* and gastro- enemii muscles, and other peculiarities of conformation so ably pointed out by Tyson, Dr. Traill, and others, but more particularly by Mr. Owen, show that the erect, or, more properly speaking, the semi- erect position, is not the natural one; though my observations upon living Asiatic Orangs and Chimpanzees accord with the inference drawn by Mr. Owen from the comparative organization of the lat- ter, viz. that the semi-erect position is more easily maintained by the Chimpanzee than by any of the other known Simie. “« The great intelligence and strength of the individual now in the menagerie of the Society, added to the state of its dentition, raised a doubt in my mind as to the accuracy of the report of its age; and I wrote to my friend Mr. Owen my suspicion that he might be older than he was said to be. I received the following reply, in which so much valuable information is concentrated that I feel it to be due to those who may think this memoir worthy of attention to give it as _ I received it. ‘21st October, 1835. “* My dear Broderip,—I feel that we have no data towards deter- * This must be understood as limited to a comparison with the same muscles in man ; for there is in the Chimpanzee as Mr. Owen observes, “a ision for a more extended attachment for the glué@i muscles, in a greater th of the idia between the superior spinous processes, than is,observed in the inferior Simia.” 166 mining with certainty the exact age of the young Chimpanzee at the Gardens: its present state of dentition corresponds to that which our own species presents during the period of from 2 to 7 years, viz. incisors 4, canines 7, molars 4, all of which belong to the deci- duous series. The deciduous canines appear in the human jaws be- fore the completion of the second year ; and those of the Chimpanzee are certainly the temporary ones, but are protruded by the enlarged germs of the permanent teeth behind them, so as to appear larger than natural. From this circumstance and from the space already existing beyond the deciduous molars, I infer that the appearance of some of the permanent teeth is near at hand; and we may still see an additional molar protruding in each jaw before the winter is over, if the poor animal should survive that period. «« «The human child acquires the corresponding permanent molars at the seventh year; and trom the appearances on the jaws of our Chimpanzee I conclude that its age tallies with that of 5 or 6 years in us. But analogy will be dangerous ground for an inference as to precise age, since it is by no means improbable that, where the brain is so much less developed, the full use of it may be much earlier ac- quired, such as it is; and that the shedding of the teeth may take place at a proportionally early period. ‘ Believe me, &c. ‘ Ricuarp Owen.’ “IT now proceed to the measurements of our male specimen, premising that the operation was a work of no small difficulty in consequence of the restlessness of the animal. Indeed I am not-sure now about the height, though I am confirmed in the measurements by Mr. Miller and Fuller. The Chimpanzee would keep drawing up his legs and putting the musculus scansorius detected by Dr. Traill into action; and it was not practicable to make him stand or lie quite straight with his legs entirely extended. Ft. In Height from the heel to the top of the head........ el Circumference of the bottom of the breast. Beis acetate 1 5 pada tire bans: “PPS iain ees ee 1 34 of the head round the eyes andears.. 1 3 Ope Korie mon Te eee teen sae ict» tare 0°. 3} Height from the middle of the upper lip to the eyebrows 0 34 Length from the eyebrows to the occiput .......... 0 7+ Diameter of the earupwards ...............0--0- 0 22 Transverse diameter of the same.................- 0 ly Circumference of the external edge of the same...... O 6: of that part which adheres to the head O 43 Height from the upper point of the pubis to the clavicle O 10} Distance between the navel and sternum ......:... QO 44 a L oa a) 107 Distance between the navel and pubis ............. 0 34 BIPPLED) io 5% wale Iavenachnen gest Length of the arm from the shoulder to the end of aad © Fr Sine Merete ch iw oaemtbore apl sais a [ers she in, PETER Circumference of the arm,.........-0.eeeee-00 e005 0 6 —________—_ o f the forearm four inchesabove thewrist O 64 Length of the hand from the wrist to the end of ee 0 3 Ae AN oi a eiaid «Pian mateioaia Apia © 6 oe - Circumference of the hand ............00+-0-0005 O 4: Length of the thumb....... pa hea AS peril china gal ate O 1; —_—_—_—— second finger ............. walacie shel QO 2 MALS FEN ER is as ie) in isin joe a0 500 Biches 0 3: Voltas WT ah oe are ee 0 3 —————— fifth finger...........ccccescccenes 0. 2: Circumference of the thumb and little finger aie was O ly ——__—___—__—_—- other fingers ................ O 1g NE ee eae eee O 2% PRE LMS lap si sage hshoreyo hd arent ent weten\eg--jopne Se 0 2 Height from the heel to the extremity of the thigh-bone 0 114 Length from the heel to the extremity of the psi: 0 5 4+ ERE) 1G Sia s, a ewie' sini @! 6 saga Cheiavemtedid we Circumference of the thigh ..........0.-.-.-seeee0 0 8% leg, at its thickest part........ 0 6 ———_____—_—— foot, taken from the origin of 05 MIND pacity in ween ostantenne wie ° 3; Length of the thumb or great toe................- 0 ol; ——-——— second toe ....-..seeececerverccees 0 2 third toe ....... Co eee wah aveiajarobers O 2% fourth toe ........ ee ae Ee ae On, Dy: BET Bab. qacraiieagns seb perercter wes oye. 050,00 lz Greatest breadth of the sole at the origin of the thumb 0 2 SE SPTCAL COC (Soin) te cbrahe) oie wh valec xn 0\= o/s e'e) «aaa 0 : ——_—_—__—____—___—_——_ near the heel .......... 0 13 Circumference of the great toe at the largest point.... O 14 he ONCE COES 0. Lo cee ce eee cman 0 lt **On referring to the dimensions given by Daubenton we shall be struck with the stoutness of our specimen as compared with that of the individual which was the subject of his observations. “It was my intention to have added a particular description of the individual which has been the subject of this memoir; but on care- fully inspecting the animal I find Dr. Traill’s elaborate description so accurate—(there really is no difference but sex at present)—that I should be needlessly occupying space if I inserted my own; and I beg, therefore, to refer the reader to that gentleman’s highly valuable papers in the ‘ Wernerian Transactions’. 556s cr ike eae os 168 « Since writing the above the cage in which our animal was con- fined has been enlarged and several barked branches have been nailed to a stem so as to form an artificial tree. These branches he ascends with great activity, and frequently swings with his head downwards, holding on by his. lower extremities, and recovering himself with greater agility than any rope-dancer.”—W. J. B. 169 November 10, 1835. Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair. At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould exhibited a specimen of the true Lanner Hawk, Falco Lanarius, Linn., and entered into some details with respect to its distinguishing peculiarities. Its real characters, he stated, have hitherto been so imperfectly understood as to have led to very general doubts as to its existence as a distinct species. -Mr. Gould also exhibited specimens of two species of Pheasant, both of very great rarity, which had recently come into his posses- sion: they were the Phasianus Semmeringii, Temm., and the Phas. versicolor, Ej. He accompanied the exhibition by some remarks on the subdivisions which appear to him to be required among the Pha- sianide generally ; and more especially on the position, among that extensive group, of the species exhibited. Mr. Bell read ‘‘ Some Account of the Crustacea of the Coasts of South America, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species ; founded principally on the Collections obtained by Mr. Cuming and Mr. Miller. (Tribus 1, Ozyrhynchi.)” The paper contains characters _ and descriptions of the following genera and species of Crustacea; and was accompanied by the exhibition of the specimens described _ in it, and of drawings in illustration of it. Fam. Lerrorop11D&. Genus Lerrorop1a, Leach. q Lrepropopia Sagirraria, Leach. Hab. apud Valparaiso. Genus Evryrropivus, Guer. _ Evryropivs Larreruiu, Guer. _ Hab. apud Valparaiso, D. Cuming; ad Rio Janeiro, D. Miller. : Fam. Marrpz. q Genus Lisinta, Leach. _ Lapryia rostrata. Lib. rostro producto, valido, bidentato ; den- ___ tibus compressis, acutis, divergentibus. _ Long. tot. 2 poll. § lin., lat. 2 poll. 3 lin. _ Hab. ad oras Peruviz. Genus Ruopza. _Testa pyriformis, in rostrum parvum bidentatum anticé producta. io. XXXV.—Proceepines or THE ZooxocicaL Sociery. 170 Oculi retractiles, globosi, pedunculo crassiores. Orbita fissuraé magna superné aperta. Antenne interiores in foveolis profundis, lunatis, anticé separatis recepte. Antenne exteriores rostro duplo longiores; articulo basilari biden- tato, reliquis cylindricis, ad rostri latera insertz. Pedum par anticum ( 3 immaturi) reliquis brevius; digitis minu- tissimé serratis; paria quatuor posteriora testa longiora, a se- cundo ad quintum sensim paulld breviora. Abdomen manis 7-articulatum; ramina —? Oss. Genus Herbsti@ affine ; differt preecipué pedibus anticis tenui- oribus abbreviatis, digitisque minutissimé tantum serratis. RwopDIA PYRIFORMIS. Long. teste 8 lin., lat. 6. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas. Genus Petia. Testa pyriformis, rotundata, anticé rostro elongato apice bifido terminata. Orbita supra fornicata, externé unifissa, infra emarginata. Oculi retractiles, globosi, pedunculo crassiores. Antenne interiores in basin rostri insertz. Antenne exteriores rostro haud multo longiores, articulo basilari longissimo ad medium rostri attinente, extis uni-denticulato; articulis reliquis cylindricis, gracilibus. Pedipalpi externi caule externo semifusiformi; caulis interni arti- culo primo elongato-rhomboideo, secundo trapezoideo, margine integro. . Pedum par anticum aliis paulld crassius, secundo brevius; di- gitis apicem versus serrulatis, digito immobili ad medium ex- cavato, tuberculum unicum digiti mobilis recipiente: paria quatuor posteriora gracilia, compressa, pilosa. Abdomen Maxis 7-articulatum. Oss. Genus Herbstie et Pise affine. PELIA PULCHELLA. Long. teste 4 lin,, lat. 23. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas. Genus Hersstia, Edw. Hersstia Epwarnsit. Herbst. pedum pare antico inermi. Long. testz 7 lin., lat. 6. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas. Genus THoE. Testa subtriangularis, depressa, horizontalis, rostro minimo apice leviter fisso terminata. Orbita edentata, fissuris tribus inconspicuis. Oculi retractiles, globosi, pedunculo brevi.. Antenne interiores in fossula anticé tantum divisa insertz. ah 171 Antenne exteriores ad latera rostri insertz, rostro triplo longiores, pilose, articulo basilari lato, anticé et postic® producto. Pedipalpi evterni introrsimciliati, caulis interni articulo primo sub- : rhomboideo, secundo margine integro. Pedes antici maris reliquis longiores, brachiis supra et extern® serie cellularum erosis; manibus levibus, digitis ad apicem tantum contingentibus : posteriores depressi, lateribus pilosis. Abdomen in utroque sexu 7-articulatum. Oxs. Genus Herbstie affine: differt corpore depresso, rostrique forma. Peculiares admodum cellule brachiorum. Tuoi ERosa. Long. teste 5 lin., lat. 4. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas. Genus Hyas, Leach. J Hyas Epwarpsur. Hy. testd antic? angustatd, post orbitas haud coarctatd, pilosd; orbitarum dente interno mediocri. Long. teste 9 lin., lat. 7. Hab, apud Valparaiso et ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas. Genus Pisa, Leach. Pisa spinipes. Pisa testd ovatd; dente articuli basilaris antenne exterioris dente superorbitali longiore ; margine antico-laterali et pedibus omnibus spinosis. Long. teste 8 lin., lat. 4. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas, et apud Sanctam Elenam. Pisa acuteata. Pisa testd triangulari ; dente articuli basilaris an- tenne exterioris dente superorbitali breviore ; margine antico-la- ' terali inermi, regione branchiali spinis quatuor armatd, pedibus ’ supra spinosis. Long. teste 8 lin., lat. 7. ; Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas, Genus Mirnrax, Leach. Mirurax rostratus. Mithr. testd spinosd, rostro elongato bi- dentato, dentibus divaricatis, terminatd; pedibus spinosis, ma- nibus levibus. Long. testz 2 poll. 2 lin., lat. 2 poll. Hab. Mirurax Ursus (Jun. Cancer Ursus, Herbst). Mithr. testd gra- nulatd, verrucoso:tuberculatd ; rostri dentibus obtusis tuberculo granuloso terminatis ; tuberculis octo pone rostrum, et sex circum orbitam ; manibus levibus. Long. teste 2 poll., lat. eadem, Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas. Mirurax novosus. Mithr. testd trigono-ovatd, margine tuberculis tribus fortibus, rotundatis, et dente unico; rostro brevi trifido ; pe- dipalpis articulo secundo caulis externi lunulato ; manibus levibus, by , MS ar . ® eis ‘ 4 172 supra cristatis, carpis tuberculatis; pedibus posterioribus supra spinosissimis et pilosis. Long. testz 1 poll., lat. 1 poll, 3 lin. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas. Mirarax penticutatus. Mithr. testd profunde sculptd, margine laterali dentibus quatuor obtusiusculis ; pedipalpis articulo secundo caulis interni cordato; manibus levibus ; pedibus posterioribus pilosis, spinosissimis. Long. test 5 lin., lat. 6. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas, sub lapidibus. Mirsrax pyemzus. Mithr. testa depressd, subpentagond, fronte obtusissimo, lato, obsolete bilobo. Long. teste 3 lin., lat. eadem. Hab. apud Panama. Genus PirHo. Testa laté ovata, rostro parvo, brevi, bifido, haud deflexo, terminata. Oculi pedunculo elongato, cylindrico, subcurvo, haud crassiores. Antenne interiores minutissime. Antenne exteriores breviuscule, articulo basilari lamelloso, extis dente triangulari armato; secundo compresso, cordato, anticé emarginato, et tertio multo majore ; reliquis parvis cylindricis. Pedipalpi externi caulis interni articulo secundo triangulari, ex- trorsum producto. Pedes mediocres. Par anticum Maris — —? Faminz reliquis minus, digitis minuté serrulatis, digito mobili longiore; paria quatuor posteriora ordine 2, 3, 4, 5 gradatim breviora; digitis subtis minutissimé denticulatis. Abdomen MARIS — —? F@MINZ& 7-articulatum. Ozs. Micippe et Paramicippe affine: differt precipué rostro mi- nuto haud deflexo. Pirso sexpentaTa. VPitho teste margine laterali dentibus sex triangularibus acutis. Long. teste 9 lin., lat. 8. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas. ; PirHo quinqueDENTATA. Pitho teste margine laterali dentibus quinque triangularibus acutis armato. Long. testz 6 lin., lat. 5. Hab. cum precedente. Genus TycHeE. Testa oblonga, depressa, angulata, anticé declivis, fronte lato, rostro bidentato piloso terminata; rostri dentes compressi, obtusi, apicem versus interné emarginati. Orbita supra latissima, in dente prominente complanato anticé producta, infra carens. Oculi pedunculo elongato graciliores. Antenne interiores in fossula ad basin rostri inserte. 173 ' Antenne exteriores rostro paulld longiores, articulo basilari latius- culo, anticé angustiore; articulo tertio secundo abrupté minore; omnibus externé pilosis. Pedipalpi externi rugosi, caule exteriore subulato, caulis interioris articulo primo canaliculato, extis profundé emarginato, secundo securiformi, tridentato. Pedes antici graciles, simplices, pari secundo breviores, digitis in- ermibus ; posteriores cylindrici, unguibus acutis, curvis, com- planatis terminati. Abdomen mantis 7-articulatum; raminz — —? Oss. Genus Creocarcino affine. TYCHE LAMELLIFRONS. Long. teste 7 lin., lat. 4. Hab. apud Panama. Genus Prericera, Latr. PericEeRA vitLosa. Per. testd depressd, villosd, regionibus elevatis, sulcis separatis, spind obtusd laterali utrinque ; rostri cornibus validis, sublamelliformibus, divergentibus ; dente articuli basilaris antenne externe dente superorbitali multd longiore ; antennis ex- terioribus sub rostro insertis. Long. testz 1 poll. 7 lin., lat. eadem (spinis lateralibus inclusis). _ Hab. in Sinu Guayaquil. Pericera ovata. Per. testd elongato-ovatd, spinis viginti ad vi- ginti quatuor armatd ; dente superorbitali dente articuli basilaris antenneé externe longiore. _ Long. testz 1 poll., lat. 6 lin. _ Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas. >, ‘ _Prricera HEPTACANTHA. Per. testd pyriformi, dorso quinque- j spinoso, ordine 1, 3, 1, lateribus utrinque 1-spinosis ; rostri cor- nibus parvis, acutis. Long. teste 1 poll.5 lin., lat. (spinis lateralibus inclusis) 1 poll. 7 lin. _ Hab. apud Puerto Portrero. Genus Acantuonyx, Lair. - Acantuonyx Petiveru, Edw. __ Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas, D.Cuming; ad oras Brasilie, Genus Errattvus, Edw. 2 _ Epratrvs pentatus, Edw. Hab. apud Valparaiso. . _Eprarrus manernatus. Ep. testd depressd, lateribus marginatis ; pene Sronte latd, antennas exteriores omnino tegente. ~ Long. teste 2 poll. 3 lin., lat. 1 poll. 8 lin. B _ Hab. ad oras Brasiliz. } The skeleton was exhibited of a Coypus, Myopotamus Coypus,Comm., together with preparations of some of the viscera obtained from the 174 same individual, which recently died at the Society’s Gardens. With reference to them the following notes by Mr. Martin were read. «Though the Coypus is now well known to naturalists, I am not aware that much attention has been paid to its anatomy :—it is not often, indeed, that the living animal is brought to Europe, extensive as the importation of its skins appears to be. Iam therefore not without a hope that the following notes of the examination of an in- dividual which died in August, 1835, at the Gardens of the Society, will be found not altogether destitute of interest, imperfect as they are from circumstances over which I had no controul. «The animal was an adult male, measuring from nose to anus ‘1 foot 11 inches; the length of the tail being 1 foot 5 inches. The body was very fat; and the subcutaneous muscle or panniculus car- nosus was strong and extensive, as it is in aquatic Rodents in general. Of the external organs of generation the penis alone was apparent, for the testes are not contained ina scrotum but situated in the groin just without the abdominal ring; the length of the penis from the pubes was 5 inches; the glans was acuminate and contained an os- seous stylet. “On looking into the abdomen, I found that the viscera had pre- viously been disarranged, in the examination which the animal had undergone with the view of ascertaining the cause of its death; their natural situation consequently could not be determined. The liver consisted of one left, one middle, and two right lobes, one of which was small and seated dorsad. The middle lobe was deeply cleft; and in the channel continued from the fissure on the under surface of this lobe was seated the gall-bladder, which, having been cut, was desti- tute of its fluid. On distending this viscus, however, through the ductus choledochus, which was as large as a crow-quill, I found its shape to be a long oval, measuring in length 2 inches, its duct being joined by a large hepatic duct, + an inch below its commencement ; the total length of the ductus choledochus communis was 2 inches, and its entrance into the duodenum was just below the sacculated origin of that portion of the intestine, or 24 inches from the pylorus. ««The pancreas consisted of an irregular mass or body concealed by the stomach, whence it spread itself, in thin irregular layers of an elegant arborescent arrangement, through the duodenal mesentery, between the two membranes. Its duct, owing to the previous dis- arrangement of the viscera, I could not discover; it did not appear to enter with the biliary. «The spleen resembled a prism in its figure, and was 3 inches in length ; it adhered to the cardiac portion of the stomach by a ribband of peritoneum 1 inch in breadth. In the Ondatra, the Capromys, and some other Rodentia, the spleen presents the same figure. ««The stomach closely resembled that of the Capromys, being of an oblong figure, both extremities having pretty nearly the same volume; the cardiac extremity projecting 3 inches beyond the en- trance of the narrow asophagus, and the pyloric sacculus a little more than 2 beyond the pyloric orifice. ‘The stomach, measured in a straight line from end to end, was 7} inches; its greatest depth being 44. 175 *«The duodenum was found to commence with a large dilatation or sacculus, projecting towards the esophagus like a cecum; in which respect it resembles Celogenus as described by Sir E. Home. In Capromys, Anema, and Dasyprocta a similar dilatation, though not so considerable, has also been noticed. In circumference at this part the duodenum measured 4+ inches ; the decrease is gradual, and where the biliary duct enters the circumference is 3 inches; a little di- stance below this it is 24. To follow the natural course of this intes- tine was out of my power; it has a mesentery, however, through its whole extent. “The total length of the small intestines was 16 feet 4 inches, and their mean circumference 13. “The cecum was of large size, making a circular turn at its base and gradually diminishing in volume as it proceeded. It was puckered into sacculi by two muscular bands, one on each side ; which were not however traceable quite to its extremity, but were tolerably strong in its wide basal part. In its general figure the cecum had no unapt resemblance to a ram’s horn. In length it measured about I foot 10 inches, its greatest circumference 8 inches. “«« The t/eum terminated in a sort of sacculus at the base of the colon, beyond which projected the round head of the cecum: the valve in- dicating the separation of the cecum from the colon is very ap- parent in the dried preparation. «The colon began large, but gradually became narrow; on leaving the cecum it was slightly sacculated for a short distance, but this appearance was speedily lost : its mean circumference was 23 inches. The commencement of the colon was not only somewhat larger than the succeeding portion, but made an abrupt turn from the cecum, and after a course of 1 foot 5 inches suddenly folded upon itself, the reflected length running down for the distance of 11 inches, when it turned suddenly back again, but did not adhere so closely to the pre- vious fold, as that did to the first length ; it then became very small, and soon dipped down to constitute the rectum. The whole of this long loose fold reminded me of the duodenum of Birds. A similar structure is recorded by Mr. Owen in his notes on the dissection of Capromys Fournerii, as existing in that animal. It was near the end of the first loose fold, as also in Capromys, that the feces began to “assume a solid form in separate oval masses. The total length of the large intestines was 4 feet 4 inches. «The kidneys were of an oval form, and very soft in their structure ; their surface, the tunic being removed, presented a granular appear- ance. ‘The two portions were very distinct. The pelvis was small ; ‘the papilla single. The right kidney was somewhat higher than the ‘left. The length of each was 2 inches, the breadth 1}. The supra- ‘renal glands were long and rounded, of a greyish yellow externally; ‘but their internal structure was like soft liver: each had a small cavity within. Their length was 1 inch. Their situation was me- ‘siad of the upper extremity of each kidney. “The lungs were of small volume, and consisted of three lobes of nearly equal size, and one very small lobe on the right; and of three lobes on the left side. 176 “ In shape the heart was very elegant ; it was compressed, and both ventricles described the half of a circle, and ended in a short sharp apex. The length and breadth of this organ were equal, the admea- surements being each 14 inch. “« The disposition of the branches given off at the arch of the aorta was as follows. On the right side arose a common trunk, which di- vided into the right subclavian and the right carotid, but gave off lower down to the left the left carotid. The left subclavian arose from the aorta in a distinct branch. *« In his account of the anatomy of Capromys Mr. Owen notices a peculiarity in the arrangement of some of the abdominal mus- cles: a decussation of the pillars of the recti muscles taking place at the pubes. In the Coypus an arrangement of a similar cha- racter was observed. It may be thus described. From the right os pubis and close to the symphysis arises a fleshy column, which crossing a column arising from the left side passes obliquely up- wards, and becomes immediately united with another larger column arising more outwardly, and passing under the column of fibres from the left side, as the first does above it; and thus is constituted the left rectus muscle. Between these two columns, as we have said, and from the left side of the pubes, runs up a decussating column, which blends with another passing beneath the larger column of the left rectus, both forming by their union the right rectus abdominis. The lower column of the external oblique, with which muscle the rectus is blended above (as in Capromys) so as to appear in reality but one, has its own insertion on its own side. “The testes were situated in the gfoin on each side of the pubes, enveloped in a strong cremaster of circular fibres given off from the external oblique and ¢ransversalis ; they were capable of being pass- ed back through the abdominal ring, which is very large, the columns of the rectus forming its inner edge. As in many others of the Ro- dent order, large foliated fatty processes, adhering to the testes, were found hanging loose in the abdominal cavity; their length was 5 inches, their breadth at the broadest part 2. «« The bladder was of the usuai oval form, and, as it lay undistend- ed with fluid, measured 2 inches i in length. The ureters entered la- terally near its neck. ** Beneath the ureters near their entrance the vasa deferentia crossed: the total length of these tubes was 5 inches; at their origin on leaving the epididymis they were found to be slightly tortuous, but only for a short distance. The epididymis consisted of a congeries of convolutions, whence a tortuous elongated portion followed the convex surface of the festis for two thirds of its length, and then passed into the vas deferens, which was enveloped in a fatty process extending from the estes, and spreading over the base of the vesi- cule seminales and the proximate portion of the ureters. The vesicule seminales were long tortuous bodies with numerous small processes or sacculi, giving them a knotted appearance: at their aper they folded down upon themselves, and terminated in a point: when ex- tended they measured about 4 inches. “The urethra at its commencement formed a sort of cul de sac, ' » : 177 -as noticed by Mr. Owen in the Capromys ; and a transverse ridge se- parated the entrance of the bladder from the orifices of the vasa de- ferentia and vesicule seminales. Below this ridge was a small conical body, at the apex of which opened the vasa deferentia, and on the sides the vesicule seminales. The latter, when opened, were found filled with a white hard curdy matter having some resemblance to the roe of fishes. This substance filled a great portion of the uwre- thra also. «The prostate gland appeared like accessory vesicule, and was closely united to the base of those bodies : it was divided into two large lobes, each of which was found to be composed of a number of blind tubes or elongated cells, united into a mass by cellular mem- brane. They were easily unravelled into a tuft of long fringes, each tube being 3 of an inch in length. These tubes all concentrated in a small spot, where they opened by a few minute orifices into the urethra at the base of the little conical elevation before alluded to. « rhe id + 7 th Bee * 2 ; i. , a \ «% i ie ete 6s the atist hg nyt ness 4. aug ieee sl Fuss merteal 29g ~*~ : Newanse bE, er Soa —- t ei ie Os et - or - bing ” £ atce 4 ’ 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE v ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. January 12, 1836. William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. ~ A wore addressed to the Secretary by Sir Robert Heron, Bart. M.P. wT aa as 4 was read. It referred to the writer’s success in the breeding of Cu- rassows in the last summer at Stubton. From two individuals in his possession, the male of which is en- tirely black, and the female of the mottled reddish brown colour which is regarded as characteristic of the Crar rubra, Linn., Sir R. Heron has hatched in the last year six young ones in three broods of two eggs each: the eggs were placed under turkeys and common hens. Respecting one of them no notes were made; but the other five were all of the red colour of the female parent. Two of these, which were at two or three weeks old very strong, being still in the flower-garden, were killed in the night by a rat that had eaten its way into the coop in which they were. Two others were sent to the Earl of Derby, who wanted hens. The remaining one is now nearly, if not quite, full grown; and Sir R. Heron proposes to place it with the old pair. *« There is one great peculiarity,” Sir R. Heron remarks, “‘ attend- ing the old pair. Their principal food is Indian corn and greens, both which they eat in common: but whenever any biscuit is given to them, as an occasional treat when visitors are here, the male breaks it and takes it in his mouth; waiting, however long, until the hen takes it out of his bill; which she does without the slightest mark of civility, although on excellent terms with him. This proceeding is invariable.” 3 _ Mr. Yarrell, on behalf of T. C. Heysham, Esq., of Carlisle, ex- hibited the egg, the young bird of a week old, one of a month old, and the adult female of the Dottrell, Charadrius Morinellus, Linn., _ obtained on Skiddaw in the summer of 1835. Several pairs were breeding in the same locality. He also stated that a specimen of the grey Snipe, Macroramphus _ griseus, Leach, a young bird of the year, has been obtained near No. XXXVII.—Procrepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. rv rd -_ 9 Carlisle in the past year. This is the third recorded instance of the occurrence of the species in England. The following notes by Mr. Martin of a dissection of a Vulpine Opossum, Phalangista Vulpina, Cuv., were read. “‘ This animal, which died a short time since at the Gardens of the Society, was a female. In the length of the body it measured 1 foot 43 inches, exclusive of the head, which from nose to occiput measured 33 inches: the tail somewhat exceeded 11 inches. ‘There was no abdominal pouch: the mamme were two in number, about a quarter of an inch apart, very small, pointed, and retracted within the skin. The body was loaded with fat, and a layer of that substance, fully half an inch in thickness, lined the abdominal and psoas muscles. «On leaving the pylorus, the duodenum was found to dip down to about the middle lumbar vertebra, where it crossed the spine, and - then making an acute turn ascended till it reached the pylorus, where it again turned down abruptly, and lost, in the convolutions of the succeeding portion, or jejunum, its distinctive appellation. «« The stomach was large and simple, with a considerable cardiac pouch; when distended with air, its circumference measured 8} inches, and the great curvature 13. «