PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
PART XVIII. 4 1850. | ¥ , ae
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY;
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE, AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER ROW.
Pa fara , ‘ pce Bas as dant PH TKS, Hind Cen Oe pou Mepis i
Da See! gS ee
- . Br: oan pin yg
LIST
OF
CONTRIBUTORS,
With References to the several Articles contributed by each.
Apams, ARTHUR, Esq., R.N., F.L.S. &c. Monograph of the Species of Myochama, including the descriptions of two New Species from the Collection of H.
page
Cuming, Esq... . oie fees tia 22 Description of New anabies of fie Gent Ctsdegild with some additional generic characters... . . : 24 An Arrangement of Stomatellida, including the ovatvird of a New Genus and of several New Species . ... . 29 Monograph of the Genus Anatinella . . . 40 Monographs of Cyclostrema, Marryat, and Senaaradatie Gray, two genera of Gasteropodous Mollusks : 41 On the Animal of Liotia, with descriptions of New i eciee of Delphinula and Liotia, from the Cumingian Collection . 50 Monograph of ie Gon a genus of Lamellibranchiate Mollusca . . . e , EF bainstize - 86 Monograph of Soirttinis a genus of air-breathing Gastes ropodous Mollusca, from specimens in the Cumingian Col- lection... - 147 Monograph of Phos a genus of aederancadbis Mollusea 152 Monograph of Macrochisma, a genus of Gasteropodous Mollusca, belonging to the Family Fissurellidz - 202 Monograph of Modulus, a genus of Gasteropodous Mol- lusea, of the Family Littorinide . “ - 203 eon of i a genus of Gasteropodous Mol- lusca. . . : Ae rriae : - + 204
iv
Barrp, Dr., F.L.S. &c. page Description of a New Crustacean. . . ~ ee. a Description of several New Species of Sessa - « 254
Bartcett, Mr. A. D. On the Genus Apteryr. . . - + + + + + + + + 274
BonaAPARTE, Prince CHARLES LUCIEN. On the Trichoglossine Genus of Parrots, Eos, with the
description of two New Species. . - +5 ee On the Garruline Birds or Jays, with description of New Species . - + oi. se
Description of t two Ble Soils of Oriole . a cou he Rigen anne
Burst, Dr., LL.D., F.R.S. &e. On Shark-fishing at Kurrachee (communicated by Colonel
Sykes) <<) Cale cee. 8s one oe
Forbes, Prof. EpwArp, F.R.S. &c. On the Species of Mollusca collected during the Survey- ing Voyages of the Herald and Pandora, by Capt. Kellett, R.N., C.B., and Lieut. Wood, R.N.. . . - + + + 53, 270
Fraser, Mr. Louis. On New Birds in the Collection at Knowsley . . - + 245
Fry, Epwarp, Esq. Remarks on the Morphology of the Vertebrate Skeleton. 15
Gasxoln, J. S., Esq. On the Habits of Helia lactea. . . - - - + + «+ + 243
Gou tp, Joun, Esq., F.R.S. &c. Descriptions of New Birds. . . - Los Wha HOR On six New Species of Humming Birds HE. OEE SOAS 1G On New Species of Birds from Australia. - - - - - 200 Remarks on Notornis Mantelli . . - eT na, SLE On New Australian Birds in the Collection of the Zoolo- gical Society of London . - ~~ + + + + + + + + 276
Gray, J. E., Esq., F.R.S. &c. Description of a New Species of aE from the mouth of the Mackenzie River . . . ‘ ‘ ave, Ae On a Leech new to the British Pagan a Te Si ae On the occurrence of Regalecus Glesne at eden: ihe shire: In ‘VS5O ete. ete IA ss Sa eo ee 52
Gray, J. E., Esq., F.R.S. &e. page On the Characters of the Genera Pusionella and Clavatula 56 Description of a New Species of Monkey, recently living
in the Society's Menagerie - - - + + + + + s+ * 77 Synopsis of the Species of Antelopes and Strepsiceres,
with descriptions of some New Species . .-.--- - lil Synopsis of the Species of Deer (Cervina), with the de-
scription of a New Species in the Gardens of the Society . 222
GruirritH, R. C., Esq. Exhibition of some specimens of the “ Tstetze SP ee Seer sd
Gunn, Ronatp C., Esq. Letter relating to two living specimens of Thylacinus cynocephalus, presented to the Society by himself and Dr. James Grant of Launceston . - - + - = * * * °° 90
Harpy, Lieut. Note upon Buceros Ginginianus (communicated by Colonel
te Ae es: eee
Hartravs, Dr. Note upon Turdus Vulpinus. - - - + + + * 3 * 276
Keraart, Dr., F.L.S., Corr. Mem. Catalogue of the Mammalia of Ceylon. - - - + + + 155
Lea, Isaac, Esq. Description of five New Species of Anodonte, collected
by H. Cuming, Esq., in the East Indies - . « - + - + 197
Lea, Isaac and HENRY C., Esqs- Description of a New Genus of the Family Melaniana, and of many New Species of the Genus Melania, chiefly collected by Hugh Cuming, Esq., during his Zoological Voyage in the East, and now first described. - - + - + 179
Lowe, Rev. R. T., M.A. An account of Fishes discovered or observed in Madeira
since the year 1842. - - - - ese stots - DAT
MANTELL, Dr., F.R.S. &c. Notice of the Discovery by Mr. Walter Mantell in the
Middle Island of New Zealand of a living specimen of the Notornis, a Bird of the Rail family allied to Brachypteryz, and hitherto unknown to Naturalists, except in a fossil state. 209
vi
Newman, Epwarp, Esq., F.L.S. &c. page First Thoughts on a Physiological Arrangement of Birds. 46
Owen, Professor, F.R.S. &c. &c. On the Gigantic Wingless Birds of New Zealand, in con- tinuation (which will be published in the Transactions, vol. iv. pt. 1, as Dinornis, Part4) . . . . - 45 On the Cranium of the large species of Diaorus: Sed giganteus and ingens (which will be published in the Trans- actions, vol. iv. pt. 2, as Dinornis, Part5) . . . . - + 208
PFEIFFER, Dr. L. Description of a New Pupina and two New Helicinas, from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. . . - - - + + 97
Prouproot, Mr. Note on Tragelaphus Angasti . . . . « » « « « 199
Reeve, Lovett, Esq., F.L.S. &c. On a New Species of Lymnaea from Thibet . . . . « 49
RicuHarpson, Sir Joun, M.D., F.R.S. &c. Notices of Austrahans Bish «cc. scacc7 «ke 0% inwack OS
ScHLEGEL, Dr. H., Curator of the Royal Zoological Museum, Leyden. Description of a New Genus of Batrachians from Swan River. (Extracted from a Letter to J. E. Gray, Esq.) - - 9
Situ, J. P. G., Esq. Note on Callichthys and Anableps . . - »- + + + + S53
SrRIcKLAND, H. E., Esq., M.A. List of Birds procured in Kordofan by Mr. J. Petherick, With: Notes ‘sv.74< opty, suet s alboly & unet eat titles
Tomes, Joun, Esq., F.R.S. &c. On the Blood-coloured Exudation from the Skin of the Hippopotamus op re heetie aye tysp) soni Spyies’ hehe ee eee
Turner, H. N., Jun., Esq. Contributions to the Anatomy of the Tapir . . . - 102 On the Generic Subdivision of the Bovide, or Hale horned Ruminants,\., 2. ts ., sis, syalelnet) eps) Sop Baten =e
Ty er, Lieut. R. E. On the Iguana of Santa Lucia . . . . . . ~~ «+ 106
: Vii
VAN DER Hoeven, J., Esq. Contributions to the knowledge of the Animal of Nautilus Is ace? et c- 2 as aaa a
Wa race, A. R., Esq. On the Umbrella Bird rc ycea tae unis commu- nicated by Mr. S. Stevens. . . . SOok Gay toe
Westwoop, J. O., Esq., F.L.S. &e.
Observations on the destructive species of Dipterous In- sects known in Africa under the names of the Tsetse, Zimb, and Tsaltsalya, and on their supposed connection with the Pemereme APNG IE MEV 6k) Ke! fae sos a eta
- Wuirs, Apam, Esq,, F.L.S. &c. Descriptions of some apparently New Species of Longi- corn Coleoptera, in the Collection of the British Museum Descriptions of two Species of Crustacea in the British IPMMIMERITRS YMA Vey tata oe fis F io Rtas ig apiece SSeS
ie
- 206
258
10
95
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6 ie eee) ae re Tr ae lve oe Ee a Rut aa :
aren oa cea tats My } tes oe aha ah se
mo ay i oie $s hh vs Ss ae
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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
January 8, 1850. William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. CoNTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE ANIMAL OF Navtitus Pompiztius. By J. VAN per Horven.
There are hitherto but three original figures of the animal of Nau- tilus Pompilius. The first is that of Rumphius, in his ‘ Amboinsche Rariteitkamer’ (No. xvii. at p. 62); the second that of Prof. R. Owen in his accomplished ‘ Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus’ (London, 1832, pl. 1) ; the third, drawn by Mr. Laurillard, was given by Prof. hs cate in the ‘ Archives du Muséum d’ Hist. natur.,’ i. 1841, pl. 8.
The figure of Rumphius could only be deciphered after the disco- very of a new specimen. As Prof. Owen has observed, the animal is represented in that figure in an inverse position. Guided by that observation, it is possible to explain some parts in that enigmatical figure, but many obscurities still remain, and the whole gives the im- pression of a drawing made by recollection, and after the doubtful sug- gestions of a discomposed memory. This seems still more probable, because the text informs us (p. 61) that the figures to which the in- dications of the description allude, have been lost.
The animals represented by Prof. Owen and Valenciennes were de- tached from the shells before they were presented to those distin- guished cultivators of comparative anatomy and structural zoology.
This circumstance explains some imperfections in the figures given by ~
both. Prof. Owen, for instance, gives an incorrect form to that pro-
duction of the mantle which covers the convex part of the shell’s cir-
cumvolution projecting in the aperture, or to the part which the
author calls “the dorsal fold” (see his pl. 1 4); the superior free No. CCI.—Proceepinés or THE ZooLoGicaL Society.
2.
margin of the mantle is lower than it ought to be, as it conceals in the natural state a great part of the funnel and the inferior half of the eyes. In regard to the last circumstance, the drawing of Lauril- lard given in M. Valenciennes’ paper is more correct; but in other particulars it is deficient, chiefly because the soft part of the integu- ments which forms the visceral sac was torn off and wholly want- ing. It ought to be observed also, that those two figures represent the animal replaced in a shell of the same species indeed, but not its own.
I suppose then that it may be perhaps of some interest to publish some drawings * I made, chiefly after two specimens, one of which was kindly presented to me in 1848 by Prof. Reinwardt ; the other I re- ceived lately from our settlements in the East, by the kind exertions of His Excellency Mr. T. C. Baud, formerly His Majesty the King of the Netherlands’ Minister for the Colonial Department.
The first figure (1) represents the animal from the left side in its own shell, which has been opened with a file at such a height, that the whole last chamber was visible, together with a part of the three following compartments. The hood (a), composed according to Prof. Owen by the conjunction in the mesial line of the two superior, ex- cessively large digitations, covers with its projecting margin the supe- rior surface of the pedunculated eye (6). The inferior half of the eye is concealed by the superior margin of the mantle, which covers also the greatest part of the digitations or lateral processes of the head (¢,c). The extremity of the funnel (d) is visible and uncovered, the rest being contained in the anterior part of the mantle. There is no per- foration or excision at this part of the mantle+, but the margin of it is entire and slightly convex.
The mantle (f, f, /', 7) has its anterior part of a more thick and fibrose texture and a yellowish colour; the posterior part (¢) forms a thin and nearly transparent membranous sac, containing the different viscera. The free superior margin of the mantle ascends behind the hood (f') and forms the dorsal fold of Prof. Owen’s memoir ; but at the side view only a small portion of this fold is visible. Beneath the posterior part of the hood, the mantle offers on each side a large apo- neurotic flat piece (g), of a bluish white colour and a kidney-like shape, being convex at its anterior side and somewhat concave at the poste- rior border. This plate is the posterior insertion of a strong muscular mass—the great muscle of the shell—which goes from this attach- ment in an oblique course, converging with that of the opposite side, to its anterior termination at the cartilage of the head. From this oblong patch arises a narrow aponeurotic stripe, both at the superior and at the inferior extremity of it. The oblong plate may be con- sidered as an expansion and development of this band, which, encir- cling the whole mantle, separates its posterior soft part or the visceral
* The drawings, being on too large a scale for this work, will be published in the Transactions of the Society, vol. iv. Pl. 5, 6,7,8. The references are to those plates.—D. W. M.
+ Professor Owen speaks of a large aperture through which the funnel passes. (Memoir on the Nautilus, p. 9.)
3
sac (i) from its free and thicker anterior part. The thin and mem- branous posterior part of the mantle is of a bluish white colour, but being imperfectly transparent, it seems to be dark at all places where it covers the bulky liver, whose colour is a dark red-brown, or choco- late-like purple. At the inferior part of the free portion of the mantle is a convexity (4), where lies a glandular laminated organ, secreting, as it seems, a covering to the eggs, and which projects at this place, being partly visible through the integuments. This glandular mass connected with the female generative system is situated behind the gills, at the inner surface of the mantle.
A more complete idea of the external form of the animal may be had by comparing the two following figures. Fig. 2 represents the animal taken out of the shell from a dorsal aspect. The circumference appears oblong, and of an irregular oval form. The whole is divided into two chief parts ; the first is the hood, exactly filling up the shell’s aperture* ; the second part was concealed in the lower and posterior part of the terminating chamber of the shell. The dorsal fold (/') appears now wholly visible; it forms a thin lamellar production of the mantle, and ascends to the protuberant internal labium or anfrac- tus of the revoluted shell. Hence the upper surface of this fold is excavated, forming the exact counterpart of the shell’s protuberance. Under that fold is a smaller plate of nearly the same form, but adhe- rent to the posterior declivous surface of the hood, and only free at its circumference. This plate is of an aponeurotic texture and a white colour : at both sides it is united to the dorsal fold, and below it seems to have an intimate connexion with the two side parts of the funnel, and indeed to be a continuation of those parts. The dorsal or superior part of the aponeurotic band, which forms, as we have said already, the continuation of the oblong side-plate (fig. 1 g), is here visible at g,g- Three small longitudinal bands or tendinous inscriptions (A, h, 4) seem to give some firmness to the dorsal part of the abdominal por- tion of the mantle. Near the posterior end of this visceral sac, nearer however to the superior surface of it, is the beginning of the siphon (j); it seems nearly superfluous to say that this siphon is a tubular production of the visceral part of the mantle, protected by a calcareous covering, and penetrating by the central perforation of the several septa in all the following compartments of the shell.
At the inferior surface (fig. 3) a part of the funnel is visible in the middle of the digitations of the head. The inferior face of those digitations is of a white colour, contrasting with the brown and dark colour of the hood and of the superior surface of the digitations which are nearest to it. The free inferior and anterior margin of the mantle appears rounded and somewhat convex ; it conceals the basal part of the funnel and of the appendages of the head.
More instructive is an inferior view of the animal if the mantle has
* It may be allowed to hazard here the opinion, that the two juxtaposed fossil shells, known by palzontographs as Aptychus, were two shelly supports of the hood of Ammonites, extinct Cephalopods not very different in structure from the Nautilus, and belonging, like that genus, to Prof. Owen’s tetrabranchiate group.
4
been removed or reflected backwards ; in this manner the branchial cavity is visible (fig. 4).
The two overlapping sides of the funnel form a striking particularity of the structure of the Nautilus. It is interesting that the embryo in the dibranchiate group, as we learn from Dr. Kolliker’s observa- tions*, shows the funnel composed in the beginning of two lateral separate parts. The embryonic condition in the dibranchiate Ce- phalopods proves thus to be a persistent structure in the tetrabran- chiate group.
Between the basal part of the second pair of gills the anal aperture is visible. This part has been misrepresented by Prof. Valenciennes. It seems that a longitudinal fold connecting the integuments of the viscera with the two large shell-muscles was disrupted in his specimen, and that the author believed this to be the rectum. The oviduct in this supine position is situated at the left side, before the anus, and terminates with a transverse bilabiated and protuberant aperture or vulva. [Consequently, when the animal is in its natural position in the shell, the termination of the oviduct lies at the right side. |
There are three little slits on each side at the roots of the branchize. The first pair of those apertures is situated at the anterior surface of the first branchia, near the posterior margin of the large shell-muscle. Between the first and second branchie are the two other slits, very near to each other, and at the outward side of them is a little de- pressed papilla, affixed to the posterior surface of the root of the first branchia. The first and the last slits are the exterior openings of two lateral blind sacs, containing the follicular appendages of the branchial arteries; the second slit communicates with the pericar- dium+. At the first slit I once found a calcareous reddish-white and friable concrement ; I believed it to contain uric acid, but the chemical inquiry of my friend Prof. Van der Boonchesch has not confirmed my supposition.
Behind the anus there are on each side two small and depressed caruncles, very similar to that mammillary eminence or papilla we have seen at the root of the first branchia. External to those carun- cles and behind them is a series of small orifices, not unlike to the openings of the Meybomian follicles on the human eyelids. These are the emunctories of the glandular organ, for the secretion of the covering matter of the ova.
* Entwickelungsgeschichte der Cephalopoden. Von Dr. A. Kolliker; Zurich, 1843, 4to, p. 41 ete.
+ The three pairs of openings have been first observed by Prof. Valenciennes. This point of the anatomy of the Nautilus has been chiefly elucidated by the ob- servations of my friend Prof. W. Vrolik (Tijdschrift voor de natuurkundige Weten- schappen, uitgegeven door de Eerste Klasse van het Koninklijk-Nederlandsche In- stituut, ii. 1849, p. 312-315). Prof. Owen describes in his memoir but one of those openings, and it is therefore questionable what opening he speaks of. It seems however to me to be the second, because Prof. Owen describes the mammillary eminence which is nearest to this slit, and chiefly because the author observes that the orifice “‘ conducts from the branchial cavity to the pericardium.”’ (Memoir on the Nautilus, p. 27.)
5
The head still requires some further description. In order to give a more correct idea of the mutual superposition of the numerous digitations and processes which exist in the Nautilus, instead of the eight or ten arms of the dibranchiate Cephalopods*, I have represented them from the left side, in three comparative figures, so as they follow each other from the exterior surface of the head to the interior cover- ing of the mandible (see fig. 5-7).
In the first place (fig. 5), the mantle f being reflected, the hood (a), the different digitations (¢, ¢), and the funnel (d), are visible. The large pedunculated and perforated eye (4) has two tentacles (ophthalmic tentacles, Owen), one before its anterior margin, the other behind, which are however not distinctly seen without reclining the surrounding parts, and bending the eye-peduncle*. Only a few tentacles are protruded from their sheaths, and partly visible. I never saw them protruded to such an extent as in M. Laurillard’s figures. The number of these digitations seems not to be exactly the same in all specimens. Instead of nineteen digitations on each side, as in Prof. Owen’s specimen, I twice found only eighteen. M. Valenciennes found only seventeen in his specimen. That the hood is formed ac- cording to the ingenious supposition of Prof. Owen, by two large di- gitations conjoined along the mesial line, has been mentioned above. The hood indeed contains two tentacles, and in this manner the whole number of exterior or digital tentacles varies from eighteen to twenty on each side.
The second layer of tentacular processes is brought into view by cutting off the hood and the external digitations. Fig. 6 gives a view of this dissection. In this figure 4 is the eye, d the funnel, as in the foregoing figure ; ¢, ¢ are the cut parts of the tentacles contained in the digital processes. The layer now visible is formed by that set of tentacular sheaths which Prof. Owen calls the external or superior labial processes (fig. 6 4, 4). For a reason explained in the fol- lowing part of my paper, I would be disposed to prefer the name of external labial process to that of superior. The membrane cover- ing the mandibles and the muscular mass of the mouth, and termi- nating in the fringed lip encircling those parts, is to be seen at a little distance above this layer (at m), and shows numerous circular folds. Beneath this layer a small part of the third layer (/) is visible.
This third layer is brought into view by removing the second (see fig. 7). In this figure 4, & are the cut parts of the tentacles of the external labial process, and / is the internal or inferior Jabial process of the left side. The folded membrane m is now almost wholly visible. The internal labial processus consists of a flattened stalk, which ascending expands in a compressed paddle, whose supe- rior margin is straight and perforated for the exsertion of the tenta- cles. There is some likeness to a glove whose fingers are cut off. The description of Rumphius mentions all the digitations and pro-
* Under the eye is a part, first noticed by Valenciennes, a little hollow caruncle, with bilabiated aperture, which seems to be the true organ of smell (see fig. 8). It is only visible by bending the eye behind and above, and adheres to the root of its stalk,
6
cesses a3 superimposed flaps, each in shape of a child’s hand*. This i ep etn me om appanage A Pel
fe eee exactly the same in different specimens, nor even in same men at both sides. Pacdatiplion ef Rasveltes acantonaae tacles to the external labial processes, but does not mention their number in the internal processes. Prof. Owen found twelve tentacles, Prof. Valenciennes thirteen im each of those four processes. In the external processes Prof. W. ss observed twelve tentacles on each side, as was observed also The internal seem to have in general a somewhat eames Prof. Vrolik observed in this layer fourteen on each side ; I found also fourteen at the left and sixteen at the right side. The external labial processes are united in the mesial line at the ventral side above the funnel by a membrane with numerous fine folds on the inside; the internal approach here nearer to each other and are united in a similar manner ; the commis- sure presents on the inside, towards the dorsal surface, seventeen OF eighteen eminent, compressed, longitudinal folds, like the parallel ridges in the olfactory cavity of Fishes. This part is, according to Prof. Owen’s opinion, the organ of smell ; hast: A. lalione, teatisdeele folds are only rudimental digitations completing the circle of the in- ternal labial processes, and tinsilar to the more numerous and smalles folds of the external circle, or even to the fringed margin of the lip round the mandibles.
In respect to the observation of Valenciennes concerning the man- dibles, it is perhaps not unnecessary to note that I saw them in differ- ent specimens always covered with a calcareous white matter, as has Secesalacrrid-in:iles Aeelcndenam> dteaiation of: tietaaiaealiaa a eminent friend Prof. Owen.
The sexual difference of the Nautilus requires still farther elucida- tion. Prof. Owen’s description was relative to a female, and also all the other specimens observed by subsequent authors, or preserved hitherto in the museums, seem to be of female specimens. Hence it seems to follow that males are rarer; a similar circumstance of un- equal number has been noted in many other animnas of several classes.
recent observations of Kélliker and some other authors havi elucidated the true nature of that abnormal animal form, not — ce i yarn nga sa found in the shell of the (al
) Aryonauta, and formerly described as a genus of base un the name of Hectocotyle by Cuvier, would lead us to males of the Nautilus living like parasites with the teal endl There exists however not the least indication in the different memoirs of Owen, Valenciennes and Vrolik, that such parasites were present. I can say that in Nautilus the sexual difference is not so great, and that the male lives in a shell like the female. I was fortunate enough to observe one specimen of a male, which was kindly presented to me po Sots rst ~ hebmvimgh Seat rtioed et oe the Professor of Botany, W. H. de Vriese. The differences it showed
* “ Zijnde ieder lap gefatzoeneerd als een hand van een kind.” (Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, p. 60.)
——e
7
in the conformation of the head may be ascribed either to sexual dif- ference or to monstrosity. This must remain unsettled till another male can be observed; but I incline to the first opinion, a similar aberration of structure not having been observed in any of the hitherto dissected females.
I have already described this male in a former paper*, but I be- lieve it will not be superfluous to give here the translation of the chief matter of my Dutch memoir on this specimen, together with some additional remarks and corrections.
At the inner surface of the circle of digitations, which were eighteen at each side, without the hood, there was a prolongation of the inte- guments rising up to another more internal circle. This prolongation unites at the ventral side by a free and thin margin to the connecting basal part of the digitations. At the mer surface of this connexion of the external digitations, there are many transverse dimples parallel to the transverse margin of this commissure: many little holes give a reticulated appearance to this part. The prolongation becomes thicker and expands on each side in a processus divided in eight digi- tations of different size, including each a tentacle, similar to those contained in the external digitations of the head, but smaller, as usual in other specimens. On account of their place, those processes seemed first to me to be analogous to the superior labial processes of Prof. Owen’s memoir, because they are situated at the dorsal side, and consequently I described them under that name in my former publi- cation ; but as they are internal or nearer to the mandibles than the other pair of similar processes, I now believe them.to be analogous to the inferior labial processes in the female, notwithstanding their supe- rior position. The fold of the integuments connecting those pro- cesses at the central side to another in the mesial line divides nm two plates; the exterior adhering to the commissure of the external digi- tations already described ; the interior united to the covering of the mandibles. Between those two plates a pair of depressed cushion- like parts is placed, coming im contact to another in the middle, and nearly wholly adherent at their inferior surface to the inner plate. They have nearly 8 les in length and 43 in breadth. Their free, superior and internal margin is divided by incisions in ten or eleven small tetragonal parts; the right part having eleven, the left ten of those digitations. The relative position seems to prove them to be analogous to the folds between the internal labial processes, which are considered as the olfactory apparatus by Prof. Owen. I believe they afford an additional argument against this opmion, because they are doubtless only rudimental digitations.
Beneath those internal labial processes there is at each side out- wards to them a fold in the inner surface of the external circle of di- gitations. At the right side a processus is exserted from this fold ;
* Tijdschrift voor de natuurkundige Wetenschappen, uitgegev. door de eerste KL. v. h. Koninkl.-Nederl. Instit. i. 1848, p. 67-75. A short abstract of this de- scription was communicated by me at the Oxford Meeting (1847) of the British Association, and is inserted in the Report of the Seventeenth Meeting of the British Association ; London, 1848 ; Transactions of the Sections, p. 77.
8
it consists of the conjunction of the sheaths of four tentacles ; three of those tentacles are placed on a common flat expansion ; the fourth is contained in a separate slip, placed beneath the three other tenta- cles. At the left side, instead of this external labial processus, there was a great conoid body, the length of which was nearly 2} inches; this part was laterally compressed ; at the basis its measure from the dor- sal to the ventral side was found to be 1 inch 10 lines ; from the right to the left side only 1 inch. This part was proved to me by dissect- ing it to be formed by the union of four unusually developed tenta- cular slips, one of which was shorter and more free, the three other chiefly composing the singular body. This part occupied a great space in the interior of the circle, which was formed by the external tentaculiferous digitations of the head, and perhaps its great deve- lopment may have been the cause of the more imperfect condition of the other three labial processes.
I regret that this specimen was in a bad state of preservation ; its abdominal sac being dilacerated and the viscera destroyed by mace- ration. Hence I am not able to give a description of the male organs of generation, but that the specimen was a male seems to me unques- tionable. At the same place where in other specimens the vulva ad- heres to the ground of the branchial cavity, was a short conic part, evidently the penis, somewhat bent at the basis towards the ventral side, having an obtuse and perforated top. A very narrow canal was found to go from this aperture to the root of the penis, and to expand there in a pouch, of a firm parchment-like texture. This bladder contaimed a conglobate tube of a brown colour, having a little more than | line in diameter. The length of this tube could not be deter- mined, because, by any attempt to unravel it, it broke into pieces. Microscopic investigation proved that this tube was formed by two membranes, the external transparent, the inner thicker, coloured, brittle, and offering circular stripes or fibres. In the interior of the tube there was a thread or band, coiled up in a spire with close cir- cumvolutions, like the spiral fibre of the trachee of insects. This fibre was not of exactly equal broadness in its whole extent; its broadest parts had a diameter of nearly 1-48th ofa line. This fibre seemed composed of an external transparent membrane, including an internal part of a yellowish brown colour. Between the fibre and the tube containing it were observed several free microscopic parts ; some greater, of a brown colour, oblong or navicular ; some smaller, unco- loured, and still of different size. How different this conglobated tube, contained in the spermatic vesicle, may be from the Needham- machines or spermatophores of other Cephalopods, I still believe that we ought to consider it as a similar sperma-containing apparatus. It seems highly desirable that a travelling naturalist may have the op- portunity of observing the male Nautilus in a recent state.
Imperfect as they are, I trust those last observations to be still of some interest for comparative anatomy, as giving the first account of that which seems now to be the chief desideratum in our knowledge of the Nautilus, the disposition and structure of the male generative ap- paratus.
9
EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES. (Published in the Transactions Z. S. vol. iv. Pl. 5-8.)
Fig. 1—8 belong to the female Nautilus; fig. 9—14 to the male specimen, which is described at the end of my memoir.
Fig. 1. A female Nautilus in its shell, from the left side.
Fig. 2. The same specimen seen from above, and taken out of the shell.
Fig. 3. The same, from below.
The following letters indicate the same parts in those three figures: a, the hood ; 3, the eye; cc, the digitations; d, the funnel ; fff" i, the mantle ; i’, its visceral part; f’, the dorsal fold of the mantle ; g, the aponeurotic insertion of the shell-muscle.
In figs. 1 and 3, / indicates the place where the laminated gland is situated.
In fig. 2, 4 hh are three aponeurotic inscriptions on the visceral sac ; j is the sipho.
Fig. 4. Branchial cavity and funnel of the same. F, funnel ; g, mantle, reflected ; ee, shell-muscles ; 2 h, first pair ; A’ h’, second pair of branchiz ; a, anus; b, vulva; ¢, caruncle at the root of the first branchia ; d, two pair of similar papillz at the bottom of the branchial cavity. 1, 2, 3, three pair of slits (at the left side of the figure the first is to be seen ; the two others are represented on the right side of the figure).
Fig. 5. Side view of the head, the mantle f being reflected: a, hood; 4, eye; ec, digitations ; dd, funnel.
Fig. 6. The same, after removing the digitations ; ¢ ¢, transverse sections of their tentacles; & &, external labial processes ; /, internal ditto; m, membrane covering the mandibles.
Fig. 7. The same, after removing the external labial processes, cut off at kk.
Fig. 8. Caruncle at the peduncle of the eye; organ of smell, a.
Fig. 9. Head of a male Nautilus seen from above ; the hood has been divided by a longitudinal section; gg are the internal labial processes; below them, at the right side, is placed and partly visible at i, the external labial pro- cessus. The place of it occupies at the left side a large conoid body, a; m m is the fringed lip inclosing the mandibles.
Fig. 10. The conoid body of the foregoing figure, separately seen from the inner surface, together with the incumbent internal labial processus of the left side.
Fig. 11. Lateral view of the internal labial processus of the right side, with the mandibles and the surrounding lip.
Fig. 12. View of the inferior surface of the muscular mass of the mouth, with the two cushion-like incised bodies, representing here the folds between the internal labial processes.
Fig. 13. Penis. B, a longitudinal section of it.
Fig. 14. A portion of the circumvoluted spermatophore or tube contained in the bladder at the basis of the penis.
Leyden, 8 Dec. 1849.
2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF BATRACHIANS FROM SWAN River. By Dr. H. Scutecer, Curator or THE Roya ZooLocicaL Museum, LeypEN. (ExTRACTED FROM A Let- TER TO J. E. Gray, Esa.)
“The following notice I hope is sufficient to give an idea of a new Toad which was discovered at Swan River by Dr. Pries :—
*« MyYoBATRACHUS, 0. g.
“Tongue small ; no teeth except two small horizontal fangs in the intermaxillary bone ; eustachian tubes separated, opening behind the eyes. Legs short, enveloped at the base in a duplicature of the skin
10
of the sides of the body. Fingers 4, the second longest ; toes 5, cy- lindrical, tapering, not armed. yes lateral, middle-sized.
“ MyoBATRACHUS PARADOXUS.
Above brownish grey, beneath greyish.
Hab. Australia; Swan River. Mus. Leyden.
The Prince of Canino has made for this animal a family, which he has named MyosaTRACHID&.”
Mr. Gray observed, that a toad which he described and figured in Capt. Grey’s Travels in Australia, under the name of Breviceps Gouldii, agrees with the animal described by Dr. Schlegel in all par- ticulars, and especially in possessing the two horizontal horny appen- dages on the intermaxillary, which Dr. Schlegel described as hori- zontal fangs ; they are partly sunk into the integument of the palate. Admitting the propriety of the proposed generic distinction, the animal will therefore now stand in the catalogues as Myobatrachus Gouldii.
The presence of the teeth in the intermaxillary separates this animal from the Breviceps of South Africa.
3. DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME APPARENTLY NEW SPECIES OF LONGI- CoRN COLEOPTERA IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BriTISH Museum. By Apvam Waite, F.L.S., AssisTanNT IN THE Zoou. Dept. Brit. Mus.
(Annulosa, Pl. XIII.)
Prionacatus Atys. Pl. XIII. fig. 4.
In the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. xv. p. 108, I have described under the name of Prionacalus Cacicus, a curious genus from Mexico, allied to Psalidognathus, G. R. Gray. I re- garded the two specimens as male and female of the same species, but it would seem that they are both males, and as they are con- siderably different, must be different species ; what was deemed the male may retain the name Prionacalus Cacicus; it is figured on plate 8. fig. 1. of the above volume. The other specimen may be named Prionacalus Iphis; it is figured on plate 8. f. 2. Since the above we have received a third species from the Andes of Peru, where it was found by Prof. Jameson of Quito ; the following short specific characters may distinguish the three :—
P. Cacicus.
Head behind the eyes without a prominent spine, the lateral mar- gin behind, produced into a slight process directed backwards; a strong crested ridge over each eye, at the end directed outwards ; antennee, palpi and legs rufous, antennze blackish at the base; jaws, excepting at the end and on the edges (where they are smooth) roughly punctured: head, thorax and elytra, at the base, somewhat roughly punctured, the elytra more delicately punctured towards the end.
Hab. Mexico.
Proc Z.S. Annulosa. XII
1. LAMIA(CEROSTERNA) TRIFASCIELLA. 2.BIMIA BICOLOR. 3.COLOCOMUS MOROSUS. - 4 PRIONACALUS ATYS. 5PYRODES TENUICORNIS. 6.CALLOCTENUS PULCHER.
7
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11
P. Artys.
Head midway between the eyes and the hind margin, with a small wide spine; a slight, crested, straight ridge over each eye, the space between slightly grooved ; antennz thickish. In colour it is of a dark pitchy brown; the apex of the elytra somewhat ferruginous ; legs pitchy brown ; tarsi and tips of tibize ferruginous ; palpi of a clear ferruginous: sculpture much as in last.
Hab. Andes of Peru.
P. Ipuis.
Deep black, coarsely punctured and rugose ; antennee at the ends, palpi, tibiee at apex and tarsi reddish ; head midway between the eyes and hind margin, with a strong wide spine on each side; head with the two keels over the eyes short and straight, the space between them deeply grooved.
Hab. Mexico.
CaLocomus morosvus. PI. XIII. fig. 3.
Antennee ferruginous, black at the base; 13-jointed, very strongly serrated on the outside, the terminal joint deeply notched, nine at least of the terminal joints with the outer edge elongated at the tip: head, thorax, scutellum, abdomen and legs pitchy black ; head, tho- rax and scutellum thickly punctured ; elytra thickly and finely punc- tured, the punctures of the base coarser; elytra wide, shorter than the abdomen, ferruginous, in some places darkish brown.
Hab. Bolivia. From the Collection of Mr. Bridges.
This makes the fourth species of Calocomus, a genus which seems, like some of the other Prionide, to be very variable in the number of joints in the antennze ; the type C. Desmarestii has eleven joints ; this species has thirteen ; while the Calocomus Lycius, and C. Kreuckelyi, described by M. Buquet, have no less than twenty-two.
Pyropes TeNvuicornis. Pl. XIII. fig. 5.
Head and thorax deeply, coarsely and irregularly punctured, washed with golden green, in some lights tinged with a deep purplish rufous ; jaws golden green, tips and edges pitchy ; antenne with the first jomt flattened above, golden green except at the end, which is bluish green; third joint much elongated, as long as the fourth and fifth taken together ; the first six joints punctured, base of the seventh punctured, tip of the seventh joint and the whole surface of the ter- minal four grooved. Elytra varied with green and purplish red, much depressed, the margin and shoulders lively green; scutellum notched at the end, slightly grooved down the middle, and with a patch of coarse punctures on each side of the groove. Under parts green with eeneous reflections.
Femora green and covered with minute crowded warts ; tibize and tarsi light rufous, the tibiee with elongated papillee and short hairs.
Hab. Mexico.
Of this species there are two examples in the Museum ; in the one figured a purplish red tint pervades all the joints of the antennz but
12
the first, and extends over the whole elytra excepting on the basal margin and the extreme edge, which are green.
This species seems to link the three genera Pyrodes, Mallaspis, and Solenoptera ; it agrees in most particulars with Pyrodes.
Pyropes SMITHIANUS.
Scutellum considerably elongated at the point and notched at the base, the shoulder and the elytra close to the scutellum are produced, and near the shoulder there is a deep groove. The head and thorax are rather smooth and closely punctured ; the front margin of the thorax is slightly notched in the middle; the scutellum is quite smooth on the edges, down the middle, and at the tip ; the elytra are roughly punctured, the punctures often running together and forming cha- racters like letters ; there are four longitudinal ribs down each, which are branched at the end.
This Pyrodes is of a bronzy copper colour, the tibize and most of the joints of the antennze being tinged with purple.
Hab. Brazil.
A specimen was found by J. P. George Smith, Esq., of Liverpool, on Caripi, an island thirty miles from Para: he presented it, with numerous other fine insects, to the British Museum.
CALLOCTENUS, 2. g.
Body small, the elytra extending over its side and considerably be- yond its extremity. Head much excavated in front. Eyes large and prominent. Thorax with a distinct tooth on the sides a little beyond the middle. Scutellum of an elongated triangular form, pointed at the end. Elytra spined at the suture and at the end of the lateral margin.
Antennz in the male pectinated from the fourth joint, in the fe- male serrated from the fifth: in the male the first joint is of the same length as the fourth exclusive of the appendage; the third is consi- derably elongated and with a protuberance at the end; from the fourth to the eighth the end is furnished with a compressed appen- dage narrow at the base, dilated afterwards and blunt at the tip (the ninth and other joints broken off). Antennze in the female with the terminal joints depressed, oblique at the end, so that the inner edge is serrated. Legs moderate, simple, without serratures. Elytra spined at the suture and at the end of the lateral margin. -
This genus comes between Pecilosoma and Anacolus.
CaLLOCTENUS PULCHER. PI. XIII. fig. 6.
Hab. Venezuela.
Head, thorax, scutellum and under side of body of a dark coppery green, the head and thorax rather thickly covered with soft greyish yellow hairs ; elytra with three longitudinal, considerably raised keels, between each of which is a slighter keel ; in the male these latfer are abbreviated, between the keels the elytra are closely punctured ; the elytra in the male are of a brownish yellow, the punctured parts, ex- cept at the base, being darker in colour ; in the female the elytra are
13
of a clear ochre yellow; in the male the antennz are of a dull ferru- ginous, the base of the joints paler ; the legs are ferruginous in the male, while in the female they are of the same dark coppery green as the head and thorax.
In a female specimen the elytra are of a very dark olive-green ; the specimen is rather larger than the other.
Sent from Venezuela by Mr. David Dyson of Manchester.
BiMIA, 0. g.
Head as wide as the thorax in front, somewhat narrowed behind, in front square and nearly perpendicular, grooved down the middle ; jaws short and strong ; eyes deeply notched for the insertion of the antennz, the hinder margin widely sinuated.
Antennz 11-jointed, shorter than the body; first jomt clavate, cylindrical, slightly longer than the third; second joint small, moni- liform ; third, fourth and fifth joints straight, compressed, and nearly of the same length; the sixth slightly bent and compressed ; the five last joints compressed and gradually smaller, the last blunt at the tip. Thorax wider than long, with a strong spine on each side about the middle, its disc depressed and slightly unequal. Scutellum largeish, hollowed slightly in the middle. Elytra rather narrow, not so long as the abdomen, soft, not meeting except at the base; the shoulders prominent, the sides nearly parallel, the ends slightly pointed; the wings large, and extending beyond the elytra and abdomen. Legs strong, slightly compressed ; femora somewhat thickened ; hind legs, if extended, would reach a little beyond the abdomen. Tarsi scarcely wider than the tibie; penultimate joint deeply cut; soles densely covered with short hairs.
This genus would seem to be placed not far from Molorchus, and may be allied to Agapete, Newman, Zoologist, iii. p. 1017: it is not unlikely that the other sex is very different in form and colour; there is only one specimen in the Museum.
Bruta Bicotor. Pl. XIII. fig. 2.
Hab. Australia (Perth). From the Collection of Mr. George Clifton.
The body is of a very deep shining black, closely punctured, and furnished with short hairs; head below and in front yellow, the yel- low colour extending triangularly between the antenne; eyes, an- tennze, cheeks and vertex black ; thorax yellow, with a black band down the middle, contracted behind ; scutellum black ; legs of same deep black as the abdomen, a wide yellow ring on the front tibie near the top; elytra pale ochre yellow, with three or four longitu- dinal veins which branch towards the tip ; wings long and black.
Lamia (CEROSTERNA) TRIFASCIELLA. PI. XIII. fig. 1.
Densely covered with short yellow and black hairs ; head yellow, an impressed line along the middle free from hairs ; antennz with the two first and four last joints black, the other joints yellow at the base and black at the tip ; thorax yellow; spines and a band connect- ing them black, the band crenated in front ; legs yellow, joints, tarsi
14
and posterior side of second and third pairs of femora black ; scutel- lum at the end covered with yellow hairs; elytra of a clear ochre yellow, the base from the shoulder to the suture edged narrowly with black ; a transverse black band before the middle, nearly but not quite touching the edge and the suture, widest toward the suture ; another transverse black band just behind the middle, and neither touching the edge nor the suture, narrower than the first band, and, like it, waved both in front and behind.
Hab. China (Hong Kong). John Bowring, Esq.
This seems allied to the L. Assamensis, Hope. In the present unsettled state of the Longicorn Coleoptera it would be rash to found genera on mere isolated species; but it is difficult to refer the pre- sent to any of the modern genera ; it comes perhaps nearest to Cero- sterna.
The figures represent the insects of the size of nature.
January 22, 1850. Matthew Truman, Esq., M.D., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. DrEscriIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CHRYSODOMUS, FROM THE MOUTH OF THE MACKENZIE RIVER. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. etc.
(Mollusca, Pl. VII.)
Sir John Richardson, M.D., on his retura from the Arctic search- ing expedition, kindly presented to the Museum a series of shells which he had collected between the mouth of the Mackenzie River and Cape Parry: several of them were broken by the extreme cold during the wintering of the expedition at Great Bear Lake.
The collections consisted of the new Chrysodomus here described, and the following species, which are exactly similar to the species brought home by Ross, Parry, and the other arctic voyagers from Baffin’s Bay, and are interesting as showing that these species are found more than half-way towards the Northern Pacific Ocean ; viz.
Saxicava arctica. Very like S. rugosa, but larger.
Hiatella arctica. Very large size, with the hinge-teeth almost
entirely obliterated.
Mya truncata.
Glycimeris siliqua. All young.
Cardium Grenlandicum. On the shores.
Crassina semisulcata, Leach, not Miiller. In the mouth of the
river: eaten by the birds.
Buccinum glaciale.
The egg of a large species of Natica was abundant on the sands, probably N. ampullaria, Lamk.?
Proc. Z.5 Mollusca PIVIE
15
Curysopomus Heros. (Mollusca, Pl. VII.)
Shell elongate ; spire conical, longer than the mouth ; whorls con- vex, two or three og with a strong central keel, rest with irregularly placed distant rounder tubercles, the last rounded, not keeled; throat white.
Var. 1. Whorls as with a strong, central, continuous keel ; the last slightly nodulose.
Egg-cases ovate-oblong, erect, on an expanded base, contracted beneath ; surface deeply punctated, granular.
Inhab. Arctic Ocean.
This shell is very like Chrysodomus despectus, but differs from that species in the form and surface of the egg-cases, as well as by the greater convexity of the whorls, and the strength and angularity of the keel on the upper whorls.
Like the other species of the genus, the white, opake, outer coat of the shell is very much inclined to separate from the inner or cen- tral coat, which presents, where the outer coat is removed, a smooth surface of yellowish or brown colour.
Dr. Richardson observed several specimens of this shell in the sand-hills which edge the coast, some distance from the sea.
I have named this species Heros, as being finest of the genus, and in commemoration of the enterprise and heroic conduct under great hardship of its discoverer.
2. REMARKS ON THE MorpPHOLOGY OF THE VERTEBRATE Sxeteton. By Epwarp Fry.
The objects of the present paper are,—lIst, the brief statement of the probability that there are laws which govern animal form, in ad- dition to the law of final causes ; and 2nd, the @ priori discussion of certain propositions about the vertebrate skeleton ; being an attempt to illustrate the vertebrate by some invertebrate forms, and thus to show their unity of plan.
Section I.
The existence of laws governing animal form is rendered probable by the discovery of such laws as regards the forms of plants, all whose parts may be referred to a leaf as the fundamental archetype, as is shown not only by the correspondency in many normal condi- tions, but also by the transmutations of parts, and the monstrosities to which the petals, sepals, stamens, &c. are liable. Though the greater simplicity of plants, and the more numerous monstrosities to which they are liable by nature or art, render the existence of laws of the kind spoken of more readily apparent in them than in animals, the nature of the proofs and of the conclusions are alike in both cases.
It may, secondly, be remarked, by way of showing a general pro- bability for such a scheme, that there exist unities of structure both in different animals and in different stages of development of the same animal, which are independent, so far as we know, of unity of
16
end; or, in other words, that final causes do not explain all the afti- nities and resemblances which we are able to trace*.
And again, it must be observed, that those remarkable likenesses, which are observable in many or all animals, between their various forms and conditions up to maturity, on the one side, and the various members of the animal kingdom up to their own position in the scale, on the other hand (so that, for instance, man passes through forms resembling, but not identical with, those of many animals from the lowest monad up to his own position in the scale), are inexpli- cable on the theory that the forms of animals are regulated by final causes only; but are in perfect accordance with that other which holds that there is expressed in the structure of animals some abstract idea, which running through all the frame, and modified to all pur- poses of need, and manifested in all variety of conditions, is yet one and the same.
It must be admitted that the force of these arguments may, to some extent, be barred by an assertion which it is difficult fully to answer, viz. that our ignorance of final causes is so great as to allow us no room to argue on the existence of other causes from their ap- parent inadequacy ; nevertheless as the other supposition seems to have in it no improbability, but as I think the contrary, it may be admitted as at least what best suits our present knowledge.
The belief in the existence of other laws of organization besides that of final causes does in no wise lessen or obscure the argument of natural religion derived from it, which was advanced with great per- tinency by the ancient Stoical philosophers, and has been amplified by Derham, Paley and others in our own country.
I now proceed to the second portion of my paper.
Srection II.
There are reasons derived from the structure of animals below the Vertebrata which might induce us to expect that the vertebrate skeleton should be composed of elements of a common character.
1. So soon as the nervous system assumes the form of a line or chain down the body of the animal, the whole structure puts on a segmental or annular arrangement. Thus in the Annelida the body consists of numerous segments, similar one to the other, with the exception of the anterior one or head, which is sometimes slightly. different in form, but in other instances only distinguishable by the presence of a mouth. Each segment has its proper nervous ganglion, connected by two fibrous commissures with those of the neighbouring division.
2. But these segments are subject to change. Thus the Poly- desmide, a family of the Myriapoda, exhibit the posterior part of the body composed of segments similar to those above described, whilst in the anterior part each segment is the result of the coales- cence of two original ones. In the Chilipoda, the same process has
* This part of the subject has been fully illustrated by Prof. Owen in his various writings.
17
gone on further; so that all the apparent segments are thus com- posed by the anchylosis of two original ones at an early period of growth, as proved by the two pair of legs which each one bears, and the double nervous ganglia which they contain, the nervous centres of the original elements having approximated to one another without coalescence (Newport on Myriapoda, Phil. Trans. 1843).
3. But not only does the progression from lower to higher forms in the scale of the animal kingdom teach us how segments of the body originally similar may be changed—the progression of indivi- duals does the same thing. The larval condition of insects undoubt- edly corresponds very nearly with the Annelida ; the arrangement of the body and the relation of each segment to the nervons system are similar. But the perfect state shows a very great modification in the form; many segments have disappeared by coalescence, whilst the equality of size originally existing between them has been lost by reason of the centralization of functions ; the nervous centres have often been removed from their respective segments, yet the number remains the same; for although only nine centres appear in the abdo- men (Blanchard sur les Coleoptéres, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 1846, part i.), yet the last has been shotwn in the Lepidoptera (New- port on Sphinx, Phil. Trans. 1832) to consist of two which have united.
4. The same segmental arrangement of the body, and the same ganglionic condition of the nervous centres in accordance with the rings of the body, obtain throughout many members of the class of the Articulata.
We now descend to two more particular propositions, resulting from and embraced in the foregoing, but which we nevertheless pre- fer to illustrate separately.
There are reasons to expect that the head of the Vertebrata should be composed of segments similar to those of the body.
1. We have already noticed the close resemblance between the anterior segment or head and the following ones in the Polydesmide.
2. In the larval insects the similarity is great ; but in the perfect one a number of the other segments become anchylosed, and enter into the composition of the head, in accordance with the law, that the more perfect an animal is, the more complex and individualized are its parts, and consequently the more is its abstract nature hidden ‘ under its teleological manifestation. The divisions between the seg- ments entering into the composition of the head sometimes remain permanently recognizable in the external skeleton. The number of these segments has been a much-vexed question among entomolo- gists, the numbers advocated by different naturalists having been two, three, four, five and seven. I am inclined to believe the real number of these segments to be four :—1st, because of the very slight evidence for the presence of any other, the fifth segment being considered as entirely atrophied, and no corresponding manducatory organ ap- pearing; 2nd, from four being the only number at all discoverable in some insects, as in the Hydroiis piceus (see Newport on Insecta in Todd’s Cyclopedia); 3rd, because the brain (7. e. the coalesced
No. CCII.—Proceepin6s or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.
18
ganglia of the cranial segments) of the Necrophlageophus longicornis has been discovered by Newport, at the period of its bursting its shell, to consist of four double ganglia (Newport in Phil. Trans. 1843).
We next consider the reasons for supposing that the organs com- posing the mouth of the Vertebrata should be the homologues of those of locomotion. It must be remarked, that everything now to be said assists most strictly in support of the preceding proposition, and would have been introduced under that head but for the sake of conveniency in illustrating the vertebrate skeleton.
1. In the Crustaceans the jaws differ in scarcely any other cha- racter than size from the true legs used in locomotion.
2. In the Myriapoda the members of the basilar segments of the head are jointed and retain the form of true legs, but are used for prehension (Newport in Todd’s Cyclopzedia).
3. In Insects the tarsal joints of the cranial legs are undeveloped ; the femur and coxa are small or confluent with the under side of the segment, whilst the tibize are alone enormously enlarged, and thus become elements in the complex mouth of Insects; their muscles, however, being attached to the basilar and posterior lateral parts of (ia head, just as if they still subserved the purposes of locomotion
idem). 4, All the parts of the complex mouth of Insects are thus referable to the segments of the head. In the Great Water Beetle this ‘is clearly shown ; the manducatory organs visibly resemble the proper organs of locomotion, and are articulated to the distinct segments (idem).
5. We must remark intermediate normal conditions between the true locomotive and manducatory form of leg; as in the genus Onitis, where the prothoracic legs are without tarsi, and the tibize are termi- nated by sharp hooks; and in the Bubos bison, a species of a neigh- bouring genus, where the tibiee strongly approach in form the proper mandibles of the head: also,
6. A monstrous condition in a specimen of Geotrupes stercora- rius, where the prothoracic legs were arrested in development and the tarsi were absent, so that they very closely resembled the form of the mandibles (idem).
Section III.
The spinal cord of the Vertebrata is homologous with the gan- glionie cord of the Articulata.
1. The elements of the systems are alike, being in both cases cellular nervous matter and commissural fibres. "2. The experiments and investigations of recent physiologists have proved the real independence of the segments of the cord contained in each vertebra, insomuch as each performs separately from the others its own reflex actions, just as is the case in the ganglionic cord of the Articulata; so that, as far as its reflex actions are concerned, the cellular or dynamic element of the spinal cord is not one organ or centre, but a series of independent organs or centres, as is seen in
19
the Insects, the external longitudinal fibres serving only as commis- sural or communicating portions.
3. Those ganglia of the Insects which are perfectly separate in the larval condition often exhibit a tendency to fusion in the perfect con- dition (Blanchard wt antea). Thus in the Coleoptera the last abdo- minal ganglion is always formed by a fusion of several original ones ; the first and second abdominal often form a single mass with the metathoracic, whilst in the Chafer this last is united with the meso- thoracic (idem). In like manner the fourth and fifth segments in the perfect insect are fused together. In the Polydesmide, the two first segments which bear legs unite their nervous centres with the first subcesophageal, so as to form a short cord similar to that of the Ostracion and some other fish (Newport on Myriapoda, Phil. Trans. 1843). In the Scorpion the fusion has gone so far as to form a sort of medulla oblongata, giving rise to eight pairs of nerves (idem). In Nitidula enea all the abdominal ganglia have united to form a short cord (Blanchard wé antea, plates); and in Calandra palmarum the ganglia of the whole body have approximated so as to form a conti- nuous moniliform cord (so far ganglionic in appearance as that the distinction between the segments has not been obliterated), which is placed in the anterior portion of the body (édem, plates).
4. The ganglionic cord of Insects undergoes the same alteration at its posterior extremity that the spinal cord of the Vertebrata does by its withdrawal from the caudal vertebre and the formation of a cauda equina, as may be clearly seen in Blanchard’s plates (wt antea, e.g. in the Nitidula enea, the Calandra palmarum, and the Dyticus mar- ginalis).
5. In the Chilognatha, or higher order of the Myriapoda, the ganglia coalesce so as to form a uniform spinal cord, the commissural fibres no longer occupying intervening spaces as in the Chilipoda, but forming the external layer of the nervous cord (Newport on My- riapoda, Phil. Trans. 1843):
6. Whilst the true vertebrate fish Orthagoriscus mola exhibits exactly an opposite character in the ganglionic condition of its myelon (Owen’s Lectures, ii. 173, on the authority of Ayrsaki).
Section IV.
A vertebra is the correlative in the osseous of a centre in the nervous system.
This appears to me to be the most general possible definition of a vertebra, and therefore the most philosophical. The general idea of the relation of the osseous and nervous centres involved in it, though not the relation of the segments of each one to the other, was thus expressed by Oken: “ Bones are the earthy, hardened, nervous system ; nerves are the spiritual, soft, osseous system— Con- tinens et contentum” (quoted by Owen, Report of Brit. Assoc.
. 242). 1. The number of vertebra constituting the spinal cord always corresponds with the number of segments in the cord as indicated by
20
the number of pairs of nerves given off. When more than one pair perforate one piece of bone, it results from an anchylosis of several vertebrae, as in the sacrum; and the coccygeal vertebree, which ap- pear to be an exception to the definition, are not so in reality, the spinal cord passing into them in the fcetal condition, and being gra- dually withdrawn just in the same manner as is the case in some of the Coleoptera. As is clearly seen in them, too, the cauda equina represents the nerves of the vertebree from which the cord has been withdrawn. Some Vertebrata, as e. g. the Python, retain the original relation of the vertebree and centres throughout the whole of the spinal cord (Owen, Report ut antea, 221).
2. The same dependence of the vertebrae on the nervous centres is shown by the fact, that the tail which is reproduced by Lizards, in the case of the loss of that member, is a single bone, because although bone may be reproduced, the spinal cord cannot be (Owen ut antea, 254).
3. In accordance with this definition may also be cited the very long vertebra which is formed on that part of the spinal cord of the Anourous Batrachians which does not give off nerves, and which is not the result of anchylosis of several elements, but arises from one point of ossification (Martin St. Ange, Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur les Organes transitoires et la Métamorphose des Batraciens, Ann. des Sci. Nat. No. xviii. p. 401); and also the invariableness of the number of the vertebree in the Mammalian’s neck, resulting from the presence of the same number of nerves, and irrespective of the length of the vertebre.
Secrion V.
A segment is the representative in the Articulata of a vertebra in the Vertebrata.
This view has been advocated by Geoffroy St. Hilaire, both in his “‘ Mémoire sur la Vertébre,’’ in the ninth volume of the ‘ Mémoires du Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle,’ and previously in a memoir read by him before the Academy in 1820. Nevertheless, the argument on which I would mainly rest it, is not yet universally admitted, for we find M. Emile Blanchard very recently asserting that nothing really indicates the analogy between the spinal cord of the Vertebrata and the ganglia of the Articulata.
1. We have seen what a close relation of correspondence exists in the Articulata between the segments and the ganglionic nervous centres ; and we have endeavoured to prove that in the Vertebrata a. vertebra is the correlative of one of the spinal nervous centres ; and also that the spinal cord of the one class is the representative of the ganglionic cord of the other; whence it appears, that a segment of the Articulata and a vertebra of the Vertebrata must be homologous.
2. The ossification of the centrum of a true vertebra is first peri- pheral, and subsequently fills up the interior with osseous matter (Owen wt antea, 256). Thus if we suppose a vertebra stopped in the first stage, and forming the external instead of the internal sup-
21
port of the body, we have a segment of an articulate creature, with only an histiological difference, which must by no means be allowed to conceal from us the true nature of a part (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Sur la Vertébre, ut antea, p. 92).
3. If to this view it should be objected, that the including in the one case what is excluded in the other dispels all semblance of homo- logy, it must be answered—
a. That notwithstanding this difficulty, the general homology of the vertebrate and articulate skeletons as wholes has long been ad- mitted, though this more particular one of their parts has not been.
B. That the heemal arch of the Vertebrata, whose normal office it is to enclose the main blood-vessels of the body, and which office it exclusively performs in many cases, is yet in others so developed as to enclose a mass of viscera, viz. in the thorax.
y- In the Testudina we have an example of those vertebral ele- ments which are usually internal, becoming external, and including not only all the viscera, but having the whole muscular system at- tached internally, as in the Articulata, and even the limbs arising from the inside instead of the outside of the thorax.
4. It presents no difficulty that the segments of the Articulata have no superior or inferior arches like vertebree, because both the spinal cord and circulatory organs which those arches are respectively designed to protect are included within the body (St. Hilaire ut antea, p. 102).
5. To the order of development of a vertebra in the lateral pro- cesses for locomotion being produced subsequently to the body, we have an analogous case in that the Myriapoda are at birth and for some time afterwards apodal, and subsequently acquire their nume- rous legs (Newport on Myriapoda, Phil. Trans. 1841). This is also the case with some other articulate animals.
Section VI.
The brain of the Vertebrata is a modification of a series of four ganglia homologous with those of the spinal cord.
1. In the Amphiovus that part of the cord which must be regarded as the homologue of the brain, because it gives off five pair of ce- phalic nerves, is only distinguished from the other part of the cord by its pointed anterior extremity, its posterior part being entirely like the other ganglia; even its greatest vertical diameter is not greater (De Quatrefages on Amphioxus, Annales des Scien. Nat., third series, vol. iv.).
2." We have already noticed that the two large cephalic ganglia of the Centipede are the result of the coalescence of a series of four ganglia, as they appear in the fcetal condition, each of these nervous centres supplying nerves to the senses. Closely corresponding with this arrangement is that displayed by many of the fish, as e.g. the Eel, where the brain is only a series of four closely arranged ganglia. And this same original scheme seems to me traceable throughout all the Vertebrata to man himself. There are, however, as the great
22
centralization and individuality of the organ would lead us to expect, many variations and modifications, which tend at first sight to con- ceal its real nature, as e. g. the removal of the olfactory ganglia to a great distance from the other elements of the brain, with which they only maintain their connexion by means of filiform crura, as in the Whiting and many fish; the amplification of the segments of the encephalon by the addition of supplementary ganglia, as the hypo- aria, hypophysis, &c. as they occur in many fish, and some of which are retained in the higher orders, or the cerebrum in the cartilagi- nous fishes, and in all animals upwards to man, and which compara- tive anatomy teaches us is only to be considered as a special appen- dage to or development of the prosencephalic ganglia; or the ex- treme development of one pair of ganglia so as to obscure the others, as the cerebellum in the Sharks, Sawfish, &c. (Owen’s Lectures, ii. 175) ; or the very diminutive size of a segment, as the cerebellum in many reptiles ; or the coalescence of the pair, and consequent obli- teration of the mesial division, just as is equally the case between the two halves of the spinal cord, as in the cerebellum.
3. Embryonic anatomy, too, comes in to strengthen the conclusion of comparative anatomy, that a series of four ganglia is the essential element of the brain, and that all the other parts of which it consists in adult life of the higher Vertebrata, including of course the cere- brum, are superadded.
The argument of the preceding sections, exclusive of Section I., and the conclusion to which it is intended to lead, may thus be stated :—
Considering that the head of the Insecta, Myriapoda, &c. is com- posed of a series of segments serially homologous with those of the body, as its brain is of ganglia serially homologous with those of the cord; that a vertebra is the general homologue of a segment as the spinal cord is of the ganglionic cord ; and that the brain of the Ver- tebrata consists of a series of four segments; there appears a strong probability that its head in like manner shall consist of a series of four vertebree.
3. MonoGRAPH OF THE SPECIES OF MyOCHAMA, INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES FROM THE COL- LECTION oF H. Cumine, Esa. By Artruur Apams, R.N., 1 al Fe Sauer
(Mollusea, Pl. VIII.)
Myocuama, Stutchbury.
Testa inequivalvis, adherens ; valva afixa dentibus duobus mar- ginalibus, divaricatis, ad umbonem disjunctis, foveold trigond intermedid alteram testacee appendicis extremitatem, cartila- gine corned connexam, excipiente ; valva libera dentibus duobus inequalibus, parvis, divaricatis, alterd appendicis extremitate foveole intermedia insertd ; umbones valve libere interne, alte- rius externe, recurvi ;.impressiones musculares due orbiculares,
a ee get ee eo eee ae ee ae | ee,
FroceZ.s: Mollusca. VIB.
AAdams |W Wing del Wing bth
Fig.l. Myochamatransversa. Hg:6.Cumingia smuata. . Hig:l?. Gena ornaia z.M Strange1 IG fragilis i819. 20.Lictia Peroni 3. Cummsgia Cleryn 8.9.10 1112 Microts tmberculata. ai L t errima 4.C ~ _ similis 13.14.15: Stommatia duplicata. 22-Cyclostrema spirule 5.C. striata. 16. Stomatia notaia
& .
4 23
distantes, laterales; impressio muscularis pallit sinu brevi lato; ligamentum tenue externum.
Shell inequivalve, adhering ; the attached valve with two unequal diverging marginal teeth, separated at the umbo by a triangular pit in which one end of a testaceous appendage is inserted and connected by a horny cartilage ; the free valve with two unequal, small, diverging teeth, close under the umbo, in which is inserted the other end of the testaceous appendage ; the umbo of the free valve is curved in- wards, that of the fixed valve outwards; muscular impressions two, nearly orbicular, distant, lateral ; palleal impression with a short broad sinus.
MyocHaMA ANoMioIDES, Stutchbury. M. testa rosed, tenut, fragili, costis prominentibus radiantibus dichotomis ; valvd li- herd valde convexd ; umbone extra apicem valve alterius pro- ducto; epidermide tenui pellucidd.
Long. 12; lat. 35 alt. 34.
Hab.
Shell rose-coloured, thin, fragile, ornamented by prominent radia- ting dichotomous ribs; free valve extremely convex, the umbo pro- jecting beyond the apex of the other ; epidermis thin and transparent.
Hab.
This species is always regularly radiately ribbed, but when found attached to smooth shells the ribs are smooth, but if fixed to Trigo- nia pectinata they are crossed by tubercles.
Myocuama TRaNsversA, A. Adams. M. testd inequilaterali transversd fused, subquadratd, anticé longiore posticé breviore subtruncatd, radiatim costatd, costis subnodosis interdum di- chotomis, concentrice minutissimé striatd, valvd liberd subcon- verd, umbone extra apicem valve alterius producto.
(Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 1.)
Shell inequivalve, transverse, light brown, subquadrate, anteriorly longer, posteriorly shorter and rather truncated, radiately ribbed, ribs rather nodulous, sometimes divided in two, very minutely concentric- ally striated, the free valve rather convex, with the umbo produced beyond the apex of the other valve.
‘Hab. Cape Upstart, 8 fathoms; Mr. Jukes. (Mus. Cuming.)
Myocnama Strancer, A. Adams. M. testd luted, tenui, fragilt, corrugatd, costis nodosis, non distinctis, concentrice striatd, lineis radiantibus asperis ad marginem ventralem distinctiori- bus; valvd liberd depressd umbone plano cinerascente non extra apicem valve alterius producto.
Hab. in Australasia. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 2.)
Shell yellow, thin, fragile, corrugated, ribs nodulous, not distinct, concentrically striated, with rough radiating lines more distinct to- wards the ventral margin; the free valve depressed, ash-coloured, flattened, not projecting beyond the apex of the other valve.
Hab. Port Jackson; Mr. Strange. (Mus. Cuming.)
24
4. DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS CUMINGIA, WITH SOME ADDITIONAL GENERIC CHARACTERS. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.
(Mollusca, Pl. VIII.)
Cumineia, G. B. Sowerby.
Testa bivalvis, inequilateralis, equivalvis, latere antico rotundato, postico hiante subacuminato ; dentibus, cardinali, in utrdque valvd unico, parvo antico, lateralibus in alterd valud ad utrum- que latus uno, valido, in alterd nullo ; ligamento interno foveole subcochleariformi affixo ; impressionibus muscularibus duabus lateralibus distantibus, anticd irregulari oblongd, posticd sub- rotundatd ; impressione musculari pallii sinu maximo.
Shell ovate, inequilateral, equivalve ; a shallow spoon-shaped car- dinal tooth and a single small tooth by its side in each valve, a strong lateral tooth on both sides in one valve only ; palleal impression with a large sinus, posteriorly gaping.
All the species of this genus gape more or less posteriorly, are more or less lamellose, and the cavity for the cartilage is spoon- shaped and projects into the cavity of the valves, differing in this re- spect from Amphidesma or Semele.
Cumrineta stmitis, A. Adams. C. testd subtrigonali-ovatd de- cussaté striatd, lineis transversis concentricis, lamelld unicd prope marginem ventralem anticé latiore rotundato supra angu- lato postice angustiore subrostratd, ared posticd clausd, lunuld lanéeolato-ovatd, margine ventrali posticée coarctatd.
Hab. in Borea-Occidentali Ora Americee. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII.
fig. 4.)
“Shell triangularly ovate, decussately striated, lines of growth trans- verse and concentric, rather strongly marked, a single lamella near the ventral margin, anterior side the widest, rounded in front and angulated above, posterior side narrower, somewhat beaked poste- riorly, area closed, lunule lanceolately oval, ventral margin posteriorly contracted.
Hab. N.W. coast of America. (Mus. Cuming.)
Cuminera Cieri, A. Adams. C. testd ovatd compressd sube- quilaterali, albd, opacd, sublevi, nitidd, striis transversis con- centricis alveolisque irregularibus, latere antico angustiore ro- tundato, postico latiore, margine ventrali integro arcuato.
Hab. ad Taleuhano, Chili. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 3.)
Shell ovate, compressed, subequilateral, white, opake, rather smooth and shining, marked with faint transverse concentric strive, and nu- merous pits irregularly disposed, anterior side narrower and rounded, posterior side wider ; ventral margin entire, arcuated.
Hab. Found at Taleuhano, Chili, by Capt. Clery, French Marine, attached to fuci in shallow water. (Mus. Cum.)
CumInGIA ANTILLARUM, A. Adams. C. testd ovato-trigonali, concentrice lamellosd ; lamellis subdistantibus, interstitiis valde
<1 Ate
25
longitudinaliter striatis, latere antico breviore latiore rotun- dato, postico longiore, angustiore subrostrato, valde hiante, margine ventrali postice subsinuato.
Hab. In India Occidentali.
Shell ovately triangular, concentrically lamellose, lamellee rather wide apart, the interstices with distinct longitudinal strize, anterior side shorter, wider, and rounded, posterior side longer, narrower and. somewhat beaked, widely gaping, ventral margin posteriorly rather sinuated.
Hab. West Indies. (Mus. Cuming.)
Cuminera Fracitis, A. Adams. C. testa transversd ovali alba fragili subpellucidd concentrice lamellosd ; lamellis elevatiuscu- lis, subdistantibus, interstitiis tenuissime longitudinaliter stria- tis, latere antico latiore margine sinuato, postico angustiore ro- tundato subflecuoso, margine ventrali integro arcuato.
Hab. in Guadaloupia. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 7.)
Shell transverse, oval, white, fragile, semipellucid, concentrically Jamellose, lamellz rather elevated and wide apart, interstices very finely longitudinally striated, anterior side wider, the margin sinuated, posterior side narrower, rounded, subflexuous, ventral margin entire and arcuated.
Hab. Guadaloupe ; Governor Admiral Tourbeyre. (Mus. Cuming.)
Cuminera striata, A. Adams. C. testd ovato-trigonali sub-
ventricosd albd tenui fragili ; striis transversis concentricis ele-
vatis confertis, interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis, latere an-
tico latiore rotundato, postico subacuminato, margine ventrali posticé coarctato.
(Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 5.)
Shell ovately trigonal, somewhat ventricose, white, thin, fragile, with transverse concentric crowded elevated striz, the interstices longitudinally very finely striated, anterior side wider and rounded, posterior side rather acuminated, ventral margin posteriorly con- tracted.
Hab. Conception ; seven fathoms, sandy mud; H. C. (Mus. Cu- ming.)
Cumrneia stnvosa, A. Adams. C. testd subtrigonalt albd semi- pellucidd subequilaterali concentrice lamellosd, insterstitiis lon- gitudinaliter substriatis, latere antico sublatiore rotundato, postico angustiore, margine ventrali postice valde sinuato.
Hab. in India Occidentali. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 6.)
Shell subtrigonal, white, semipellucid, subequilateral, concentrically lamellose, interstices longitudinally substriated, anterior side rather wider and rounded, posterior side narrower, yentral margin posteriorly deeply sinuated.
Hab. West Indies. (Mus Cuming.)
26
February 12, 1850. William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following papers were read :-—
1. On THE TRICHOGLOSSINE GENUS OF Parrots, Eos, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES. By CHARLES Lucian, Prince BonapArTE, MEMBER OF THE PRINCIPAL ACADEMIES OF EUROPE AND AMERICA.
The genus Los is, like Eclectus, a new instance of the impropriety of that middling course (as disgusting in science as it is in politics), of uniting together by two and two, four and four, &c., small groups (or States), which, natural by themselves, have no stronger relation to each other than to any other member of their family. Take for example (comparing them to Naples and Sicily !) Spiza and Paroaria, Bon., united by G. R. Gray under his Spiza! amongst the Fringillide, and amongst the Parrots Psittacodis* and Eelectus confounded together by the same process!
The genus Los is intermediate between the two subfamilies Trc- choglossine and Loriine. Although it may astonish some natural- ists that I do not consider it as one of the latter, still, on account of its tail, its anatomy and its habits, I keep it within the boundaries of the former, in close relation with my new genus Chalcopsitta t,
* Since I speak of Psittacodis (the only green Genus of Lorine Parrots, which forms the same beautiful passage from Loriine to Psittacine that Eos does from Trichoglossine to Loriine), let me submit to the Society the phrases of two new species that make the whole number hitherto known five: they come as near Psittacodis magnus or sinensis (with which I for that reason compare them) as the three Eelecti do to each other :-—
1. Psirracus MAGNUS et sINENSIS, Gm. (viridis, Lath.; lateralis, Shaw; Mascarinus prasinus, Less.; Psittacodis magnus, Wagl.; Eclectus! polychlo- ros! Gr. ex Scopoli) Pl. Enl. 514; Edw. B. t. 231; Lev. Perr. t. 132.
Major: iliis rubris: margine alarum cyanea: cauda apice subconcolori.
2. PsiTracoDIS INTERMEDIUS, Bp. Mus. Lugd.
Minor : iliis rubris: margine alarum rubro: cauda apice subconcolori.
3. Psirracopis WESTERMANNI, Bp. Zool. Soc. Amst.
Minor : iliis concoloribus: margine alarum ceruleo: cauda apice subconcolori.
Dedicated to the able and modest Director of the Zoological Society of Am- sterdam, where this new Parrot is living.
+ This new genus of mine, though composed of decided Trrichoglossine Parrots, shows a strong affinity, not only to the Lorine but also to the Platycercine. It is composed in fact of
1. PLarycercus ATER, Gr. (Psittacus nove guinee, Gm.; Ch. nove guinee, Bp.); and of
2. Eos scintILiata, Gr. (Psittacus scintillatus, Temm.; Ch. scintillans, Bp.); to which I have added a third new species, also from the Moluccas :—
3. CHALCOPSITTA RUBIGINOSA, Bp. Mus. Lugd. ex Ins. Barabay et Guebe.
(Aves, Pl. XVI.)
E. purpureo-badia, capite obscuriore ; subtus fasciolata, plumis singulis lunuld mediand et apicali nigricante: remigibus rectricibusque virescentibus cauda ; apicem versus gradatim lutescente.
Rostrum rubrum: pedes nigri: irides alba. Magnitud. Turdi.
nted by Hnlimandel & Walton
ie cet emi ail Ad :
wir FIOM
SH MAVEAR VATA -
= —— a
Bonap
Proc Z.5 Aves. XV
Printed by Hullrnandel & Walton.
27
which connects it with Trichoglossus, the type and centre of the sub- family ; as on the other side Lathamus and Charmosina connect the same Trichoglossus through Coriphilus (and especially by means of Lathamus) with the subfamily Platycercine.
It may be characterized by its elegant form, small stature, com- pact, red plumage with more or less blue; compressed, moderate, red bill, with the cere apparent (not concealed as in Eelectus) ; short feet, with robust toes and powerful, arched, very acute nails ; and longish, not very broad, wedged tail.
It is composed, to my knowledge, of only seven species ;—five already described (and some of them too many times) in the systems, and two new ones, which form the subject of the present paper, and of which I subjoin the faithful portraits drawn by an anonymous hand, which has no merit in keeping the transparent veil upon an additional claim to our admiration and gratitude, since it is so far beneath its others! And when I say that only five are the hitherto known species of Eos, it is because I do not count Eos variegata and Eos Isidorii of Wagler, since, the first is evidently nothing but a va- riegated or pied bird, and the other, named, described and figured by Swainson, appears identical with Eos riciniata, for which the false name of cochinchinensis cannot be retained. Of the other three (out of the ten admitted by our friend G. R. Gray, in his ‘Genera of Birds’), E. scintillata is a Chalcopsitta, and E. cervicalis and ornata are Trichoglossi!
1. Eos cyANoGENtA, Bp. (Aves, Pl. XIV.)
E. rubra; maculd magnd periophthalmied cyaned: humeris ex toto,
remigibus elongatis rectricibusque magnd ex parte nigris.
Long. 9 poll. ; alee, 63 poll. ; caude, 4 poll.
Close to Eos indica or coccinea, but having no blue on the head, back or breast ; and instead, a large blue patch, including the eye and covering the cheek, which Eos indica has red; the black also is more predominant on the wings, and the red tinge duller. The phrase in English may be:
& Brownish red; the whole of the shoulder and great part of the sor and tail-feathers black ; a large azure patch on each side of the
ead.”
I found the specimen upon which I did not hesitate to establish my species among the endless treasures of the Leyden Museum.
9. Eos seMILaRvATA, Bp. (Aves, Pl. XV-)
E. coccinea; vittd a guld ultra oculos, maculd utrinque scapu- lari, crissoque, cyaneis : remigibus brevibus rectricibusque apice tantum nigris.
Long. 9 poll. ; alee, 53 poll. ; cauda, 4 poll.
Resembling Eos rubra, but much smaller and half-masked !
“ Entirely red, even on the shoulders ; the tips only of the quills and tail-feathers black ; two symmetrical spots on the scapularies, under tail-coverts and semi-mask extending from the throat behind the eyes, rich blue.”
28
I picked up this beautiful species in the rising Museum annexed to the Zoological Gardens of Amsterdam ; and as soon as he became aware of the value of his bird, Mr. Westermann, as a compliment to Dr. Schlegel and myself, with a liberality of which few men even of science are capable, made a present of it to the Leyden Museum ; where, duly greeted by Mr. Temminck, the typical specimen is safely deposited.
To complete the monography of the genus, I add the comparative phrases of the five other species, all of which have several beautiful representatives in the Leyden Museum.
1. Eos rnpica, Wagl.
E. coccinea ; fascid verticis latissimd, cervice, dorso, pectore, ti- biisque, cyaneis : tectricibus alarum internis et remigibus apice nigris.
Synonyms.
Psittacus indicus, Gm.
Psittacus variegatus, Gm., Lath. ex Buff. Pl. Fnl. 143.
Psittacus coccineus, Lath.
Eos indica, G7.
Eos variegata, Gr.
Perruche des Indes orientales, Buff. P!. Enl. 143, accidental var. !
Le Lori-Perruche violet et rouge, Levaill. Perr. t. 53.
Hab. In Insulis Moluccis.
2. Eos ruspra, Wagl.
E. rubra; crisso, scapularibusque cyaneis ; tectricum majorum margine apicali, remigibusque primariis externé nigris.
Synonyms.
Psittacus ruber, Gm.
Psittacus borneus? Gm., Lath. jun.
Psittacus ceeruleatus, Shaw.
Psittacus cyanonotus, Vieill.
Eos rubra, Gr.
Lory de la Chine, Buff. Pl. Enl. 519.
Le Perroquet Lori 4 franges bleues, Levaill. Perr. t. 93.
La Perruche écarlate, Lev. Perr. t. 44.
Hab. In Insulis Moluccis ; Amboma.
3. Eos euestensis, Wagl.
E. coccinea, sepius tamquam squamata ; plumis pilei, colli, pec- toris et laterum margine nigro-virescentibus : alarum fascia du- plici remigibusque apice nigris.
Synonyms.
Psittacus guebiensis, duct.
Psittacus squameus, Shaw.
Eos squamata, Gr. ex Scopoli.
Lory de Gueby, Buff. Pl. Enl. 684.
“Le Lori éeaillé, Levaill. Perr. t. 51.
Hab. In Insulis Gueby, Buron et Ceram.
29
4. Eos ricrnrata, Bp.
E. rubra; vertice, collo et maculd abdominali magnd, cyaneis : tectricibus alarum remigibusque ad apicem late nigris.
Synonyms. Psittacus cochinchinensis, Lath. Psittacus riciniatus, Bechst. Psittacus cucullatus, Shaw. - Lorius Isidorii, Sw. Zool. Ill. n. s. t. Lorius riciniatus, Mill. Eos cochinchinensis, Wagl., Gr. Perruche a chaperon bleu, Levaill. Perr. t. 54. Hab. In Insulis Moluccis. Gilolo et Ternate, Forsten, Miiller ; nec in Cochinchina!
5. Eos cyANosTRiATA, Gr.
E. rubra, alis cauddque, nigro variis ; maculd postoculari nigro- ceruled: dorso striis ceruleis.
Synonyms. Lorius borneus! Less. Traité d Orn. p. 192, nee Lath. Eos cyanostriata, Gray and Mitchell, Gen. of Birds, t. 103. Hab. In Insulis Moluccis, minimé in Borneo!
2, An ARRANGEMENT OF STOMATELLID2, INCLUDING THE CHA- RACTERS OF A NEW GENUS, AND OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.
STOMATELLID.
Head broad, proboscidiform ; tentacles subulate, with a fimbriated lobe at their inner bases; eyes on peduncles at their outer bases ; mantle with the front edge entire ; muscle of attachment crescentic, open in front ; foot with a lateral membrane. Operculum rudimen- tary or none. Shell imperforate, with a crescentic muscular impres- sion, open in front.
The family Stomatellide differs from that of Haliotide in the mantle not being fissured anteriorly, in the muscle of attachment being in the form of a horseshoe round the sides and posterior part of the mantle, instead of being oval and central, and in the shell not being perforated. In their habits they are littoral, living on coral reefs and attached to stones near the shore. Some of the genera, as Gena, Stomatella and Stomatia, have considerable locomotive powers, and glide, especially Gena, with some degree of celerity. The latter genus and Stomatia possess the faculty, common to some other kinds of mollusca, of spontaneously detaching a considerable portion of the hind part of the foot when disturbed or irritated.
SroMaTELLA, Lamarck.
Animal spiral, retractile within the shell; tentacular lobes itthn- gular, with the front edge fringed ; foot small, not tubercular, not
30
produced posteriorly, operculigerous, lateral membrane very wide, the circumference regularly fimbriated. Operculum orbicular, thin, horny, multispiral. Shell spiral, suborbicular, depressed, transversely ribbed or sulciferous ; spire more or less elevated, whorls rounded ; aperture large, wider than long, pearly within.
STOMATELLA IMBRICATA, Lamarck.
Hab. Torres Straits; Jukes. (Mus. Cuming.)
Stomatella imbricata, Lamk. Ency. Méth. p. 450. f. 2 ; Hist. Nat. An. s. Vert. vol. vi. p. 209.
STOMATELLA CANCELLATA, Krauss.
Hab. Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope. (Mus. Cuming.) Stomatella cancellata, Krauss, Sudafrican Moll. tab. 5. fig. 26.
STOMATELLA COSTELLATA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculatd, con- vexo-depressd, albidd, imperforatd, costellis transversis obtusis striisque elevatis longitudinalibus decussatd ; spird subpromi- nuld ; aperturd magnd, obliqud, oblongd.
Hab. 2
Shell suborbicular, convexly depressed, whitish, imperforate, with
obtuse transverse ribs and decussating longitudinal elevated stric ; spire rather prominent ; aperture large, oblique, oblong.
Hab. ? (Mus. Metcalf.)
STOMATELLA ARTICULATA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari, im- perforatd, convexd, tenui, grised, costulis transversis nigro-arti- culatis, interstitiis lineis longitudinalibus elevatis ornatd ; spird prominuld, anfractibus rotundatis ; apertura oblongo-ovali, lon- giore quam latiore.
Hab. In insulis Pacificis.
Shell suborbicular, imperforate, convex, thin, grey, ornamented with transverse ribs articulated with black, the interstices with longi- tudinal elevated lines ; spire rather prominent, whorls rounded ; aper- ture oblong-oval.
Hab. Australia; Lord Hood’s Island, South Seas, on the pearl oyster; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
STOMATELLA SULCIFERA, Lamarck.
Hab. Philippines, Catbalonga ; island of Samar, under stones ; isle of Ticao, on the reefs, low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
Stomatella sulcifera, Lamk. Hist. Nat. An. s. Vert. p. 210.
STOMATELLA MACULATA, Quoy and Gaimard. Hab. Catanuan, province of Tayabas, island of Luzon, under stones, low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
STOMATELLA MONILIFERA, Adams. _ S. festa suborbiculari, con- vexo-depressd, imperforatd, albidd, rufo-punctatd, costellis moni- liferis confertis transversis ornatd ; aperturd obliqud, subcir- culari.
Hab. 2
31
Shell suborbicular, convexly depressed, imperforate, whitish, with rufous spots, ornamented with small, close-set, beaded, transverse
ribs ; aperture oblique, subcircular. Hab. ? (Mus. Metcalf.)
STOMATELLA DECOLORATA, Gould.
Hab. Mangsi Island; Gould.
Species unknown to me. ‘Allied to S. maculata, Quoy, but the spire is less elevated, aperture more round, and a plain white lunate area adjacent to the columella.”
Stomatella decolorata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 51.
STOMATELLA PAPYRACEA, Chemnitz.
Hab. China Sea and Sooloo Archipelago. (Mus. Cuming.)
Turbo papyraceus, Chemnitz. Stomatella tumida, Gould, Expedi- tion, Shells, p. 51.
STOMATELLA MALUKANA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculatd, con- vexd, imperforatd, transversim sulcatd, longitudinaliter striata, costulis transversis striatis cinctd, mustelind rufo-fusco varie- gatd, subtus costis albo rufoque articulatis ; spird prominuld ; aperturd oval, longiore quam latiore.
Hab. in insulis Moluccis.
Shell suborbicular, convex, imperforate, transversely sulcated, longi- tudinally striated, encircled with transversely striated ribs, yellowish brown variegated with red brown, inferiorly the ribs articulated with white and fuscous; spire rather prominent; aperture oval, longer than wide.
Hab. Molluccas. 1)
STOMATELLA ORBICULATA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari, con- vexd, virescenti, castaneo variegatd, transversim sulcatd, longi- tudinaliter striatd, costis confertis rotundatis; spird promi- nuld, anfractibus rotundatis ; aperturd subcirculari, intus viri- descenti.
Hab. in freto Mosambico.
Shell suborbicular, convex, greenish, variegated with chestnut, transversely sulcated, longitudinally striated, with numerous round, close-set, transverse ribs ; spire prominent, whorls rounded ; aperture nearly circular, pearly and green internally.
Hab. Mosambique, under stones, low water ; Rev. W. V. Henner. (Mus. Cuming.)
STroMATELLA saponica, Adams. S. ¢estd suborbiculari, imper- Soratd, convexd, fuscd, transversim costulatd, costulis confertis nodulosis, interstitiis tenuissimé longitudinaliter striatis; spird prominuld, anfractibus costatis rotundatis ; aperturd subcircu- lari, intus margaritaced.
Hab. in insulis Japonicis.
Shell suborbicular, imperforate, convex, fuscous, transversely
ribbed ; ribs small, nodulous, close together ; interstices with smaller
32
ribs, and very finely longitudinally striated ; spire somewhat promi- nent; whorls ribbed and rounded; aperture subcircular, pearly and green within.
Hab. Japan. (Mus. Cuming.)
STOMATELLA HALIOTIDEA, Sowerby.
Hab. Philippines, Oalaguete ; Loon, isle of Bohol, under stones, low water ; San Estevan, prov. South Ilocos ; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) Stomatella haliotidea, Sowerby, Genera.
SToMATELLA ruLGURANS, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari, sub- perforatd, convexd ; spird acuminatd, apice acuto rosed, trans- versim sulcatd, carinulis transversis albo maculatis, longitudi- naliter striatis, striis subtus obsoletis, albidd lineis fuscis undu- latis variegatd ; aperturd ovali, obliqud, intus margaritaced, valdé sulcosd.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell suborbicular, subperforate, convex ; spire acuminated, apex acute, rosy, transversely sulcated, with small transverse keels marked with white, longitudinally striated, strize obsolete inferiorly, whitish variegated with brown undulating lines; aperture oval, oblique, pearly within and strongly sulcated.
Hab. Bais, island of Negros, under stones, low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
STOMATELLA SANGUINEA, Adams. S. testd orbiculatd, depressd ; spird prominuld, acutd, coccined, transversim tenuissimé sulcatd, longitudinaliter oblique striatd, carinulis transversis subdistan- tibus nodulosis ; aperturd ovali, obliqud ; columella subcallosd, ared umbilicali albd, intus margaritaced sulcosd.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell orbicular, depressed; spire rather prominent, acute, blood- red, transversely very finely sulcated, longitudinally obliquely stri- ated, with nodulous, transverse, rather distant carinze ; aperture oval, oblique ; columella somewhat callous, with a white umbilical area, pearly and sulcated internally.
Hab. Island of Ticao, under stones, low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
SromaTeLua speciosa, Adams. S. testd orbiculato-conicd, albd sanguineo maculatd, transversim carinatd, longitudinaliter valde striatd, carinis obtusis prominentibus carinulis intermediis ; spird prominuld, anfractibus tricarinatis ; aperturd ovali, intus margaritaced.
Hab. ad insulam Grimwoodianam.
Shell orbiculately conical, white marked with crimson blotches, transversely carinated, longitudinally strongly striated, keels obtuse, rather prominent, with small intermediate keels; spire rather pro- minent, whorls tricarinated ; aperture oval, pearly within.
Hab. Grimwood’s Island; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)
33
SToMATELLA coccINEA, Adams. S. testd orbiculato-conicd, subperforatd, coccined, maculis albis seriatim dispositis in an- fractu ultimo ornatd, transversim tenuiter sulcatd, anfractu ultimo subangulato; spird prominente, anfractibus bicarinatis ; aperturd subcirculari, labio posticé reflexo, calloso.
Had. in insulis Occidentalibus.
Shell orbiculately conic, subperforate, scarlet, adorned with white spots arranged in a row on the last whorl, transversely very finely sul- cated, last whorl somewhat angulated ; spire prominent, whorls bi- carinated ; aperture subcircular, inner lip posteriorly reflexed and callous.
Hab. St. John’s; Mr. Hartweg.
STOMATELLA TIGRINA, Adams. S. testd orbiculato-conicd, per- foratd, albidd, fasciis rufis radiatim dispositis ornatd, bicari- natd, carinis elevatiusculis, obtusis, transversim striatd, striis regularibus ; spird prominente, anfractibus angulatis ; aperturd subcirculari, labio subreflexo, calloso ; umbilico distincto, sub- obtecto.
Hab. 2
Shell orbiculately conical, umbilicated, whitish adorned with red
bands radiately disposed, bicarinated, keels rather elevated, obtuse, transversely striated, striee regular; spire prominent, whorls angu- lated ; aperture subcircular, inner lip somewhat reflexed and callous ; umbilicus distinct, partly covered.
Hab. ——?
STOMATELLA MARGARITANA, Adams. S. testd turbinatd, spird elevatd, anfractibus rotundatis, rubrd longitudinaliter sub- striatd, transversim costulatd, costulis subnodulosis inequali- bus; aperturd suborbiculari, intus margaritaced, labro semicir- culari ; umbilico callo, obtecto.
Hab. in littoribus Australiz. (Mus. Cuming.)
A small, red, transversely ribbed species, having very much the
appearance of a Margarita.
STroMATELLA BrporCATA, Adams. S. ¢estd turbinatd, subde- pressd, rubrd, albo obscure variegatd, transversim sulcatd; spird acuminatd, anfractibus quatuor, anfractu ultimo porcis duabus prominentibus instructd ; aperturd subquadratd, intus marga- ritaced, labio subrecto, labro in medio biangulato, umbilico callo, obtecto.
Hab. in littoribus Australie. (Mus. Cuming.)
A small red species with two rounded ridges on the last whorl and
a subquadrate aperture.
Sromatia, Helbling.
Animal spiral, too large to entirely enter the shell, tentacular lobes digitated. Foot large, tubercular, greatly produced behind ; lateral membrane fringed, ending anteriorly on the left side in a fimbriated
No. CCIII.—Proceepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.
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crest under the eye-peduncle, and on the right in a slightly projecting fold or gutter leading to the respiratory cavity. Operculum none. Shell subspiral, oblong, or suborbicular, carinated or tuberculated ; spire prominent ; aperture wider than long, pearlaceous within.
SromaTIA PHyMoTIs, Lamarck.
Hab. Philippine Islands, Matnag, province of Albay, Luzon, on the reefs; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
SroMATIA AusTRALIS, Adams. S. testd haliotided, ovato-ob- longd, sublatd, olivaced, dorso levigatd, transversim tenué stri- atd, carinis duabus rotundatis, inferiori tuberculatd ; apertura anticé dilatatd, labro supra ultimum anfractum ascendente.
Hab. in littoribus Australie.
Shell rather broad, olivaceous, back nearly plain, transversely finely
. striated, with two rounded keels, the lower one tuberculated ; aper-
ture dilated anteriorly, outer lip ascending on the body whorl.
Hab. Darnley’s Island, Torres Straits, under stones; Jukes.
(Mus. Cuming.)
SromaTia pupiicata, Sowerby. (P. Z. S. Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 13, 14, 15.)
Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, under stones, low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
SroMaTia ANGULATA, Adams. S. testd orbiculato-convexd, sub- depressd, viriduld, transversim valde costulatd, interstitiis lon- gitudinaliter striatis, carinis duabus elevatis simplicibus angu- latis ; apertura transversd, subcirculari, labro in medio biangu- lato.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell orbicular, rather depressed, olive-green, transversely coarsely costulated, interstices longitudinally striated, with two elevated, simple, angulated ridges ; aperture transverse, suborbicular, outer lip biangu- lated in the middle.
Hab. San Estevan, province of South Ilocos, island of Luzon and island of Ticao, under stones, low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
Sromatria pecussaTa, Adams. S. testd ovato-oblongd, longitu- dinaliter et transversim decussate striatd, carinis duabus sim- plicibus aut subtuberculatis angulatis prominentibus, pallidd maculis fuscis variegatd ; spird elevatd ; aperturd obliqud, feré orbiculari, labro biangulato in medio. -
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell decussately transversely and longitudinally striated with two acute simple or subtuberculated prominent keels, pale marked with light brown blotches and fine puncta; spire elevated ; aperture ob- lique, nearly orbicular, outer lip biangulated in the middle.
Hab. Sorsogon, province of Albay, island of Luzon, on smooth stones, 6 fathoms; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
35
Sromatia acuminaTA, Adams. S. testd haliotided, suborbicu- latd, subfused, cancellatd, transversim costatd, costis tribus pro- minentibus, medid valde prominuld tuberculatd, valde plicatd prope suturam, longitudinaliter elevate striatd; spird promi- nuld, acuminatd, anfractibus quatuor angulatis, labro in medio triangulato.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell reddish brown, cancellated, transversely ribbed, three ribs very prominent, the middle one more so than the others and strongly tuberculated, strongly plicated near the suture, longitudinally ele- vately striated; spire prominent, acuminated, whorls four, angled ; aperture suborbicular, obliquely transverse, outer lip triangulated in the middle.
Hab. Philippine Islands. (Mus. Cuming.)
SromatiA LirATA, Adams. S.testd orbiculato-converd, liris trans- versis subequalibus elevatis viz nodulosis, interstitis valde lon- gitudinaliter striatis, prope suturam subplicatd, pallidd, fusco radiatim marmoratd; spird subprominuld, anfractibus rotunda- tis; aperturd obliqud, oblongo-ovali, labro convexo, rotundato.
Hab. ? °
Shell orbicular, convex, with nearly equal transverse raised ridges,
ridges slightly nodulous, interstices strongly longitudinally striated, plicated near the spire, pallid, radiately marbled with brown ; spire rather elevated, whorls rounded ; aperture oblique, oblong-oval, outer lip convex, rounded.
Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)
SToMATIA RUBRA, Lamarck. Hab. Philippine and Corean Archipelago. (Mus. Cuming.)
SromatTia noratTa, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari, depressd, pallide rosed, maculis purpureis valde distinctis ornatd, trans- versim carinatd, carinis acutis prominentibus subdistantioribus, longitudinaliter valde oblique striatd ; spird subprominuld, an- fractibus carinatis, apice acuto; aperturd subcirculari, intus margaritaced et transversim sulcatd.
Hab. ? (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 16.)
Shell suborbicular, depressed, pale rose-colour, adorned with very defined dark purple spots, transversely keeled; keels acute, rather prominent, somewhat wide apart, longitudinally strongly obliquely striated ; spire rather prominent, whorls carinated, apex acute ; aper- ture subcircular, transversely suleated and pearly within.
Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)
SromaTrA CANDIDA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculatd, depressd, candida, transversim totd carinatd, carinulis parvis confertis permultis elevatiusculis subnodulosis, interstitiis longitudinali- ter tenuissime striatd ; spird depressiusculd, anfractibus rotun- datis ; aperturd obliqud, subcirculari, longiore quam latiore.
Hab. in insulis Koreanicis.
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Shell orbicular, depressed, white, transversely entirely carinated ; keels very small, close together and very numerous, subnodulous and slightly elevated ; interstices longitudinally very finely striated ; spire somewhat depressed, whorls rounded; aperture oblique, sub- circular, longer than wide.
Hab. Korean Archipelago, coral reefs; 4. H. (Mus. Cuming.)
Sromatia PaLuipA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari ; spird acu- minatd, albd, radiis pallidis longitudinalibus pictd, transversim liratd, interstitiis decussate striatis ; aperturd transversd, sub- ovali, intus porcelland, labio subrecto, calloso.
Hab. ad Insulam Lord Hood, dedicay. (Mus. Cuming.)
A species somewhat resembling in colouring the striped variety of
S. notata, but which differs materially in form and sculpture.
Microris, new genus.
Animal as in Stomatia, but the foot with a deep anterior fissure for the head, and the front edge bilobed. Operculum none. Shell spiral, suborbicular, depressed, with two tuberculated ridges; spire slightly prominent ; aperture very large, wider than long, pearly within, columellar margin spiral, visible as far as the apex of the spire.
Microtis TuBERCULATA, Adams. WM. testd suborbiculari, halio- tided, valde depressd, viride variegatd, transversim striatd, bi- carinatd, carinis tuberculatis, prope suturam nodulosim plicatd; spird viz elevatd, anfractibus carinatis ; aperturd magnd, ovali, intus bisulcatd margaritaced.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 8-12.)
Shell suborbicular, ear-shaped, greatly depressed, variegated with
green, transversely striated, bicarinated; keels tuberculated, no- dosely plicated near the suture ; spire scarcely elevated, whorls cari- nated ; aperture large, oval, pearly within, with two concentric parallel grooves.
Hab. Island of Capul, on the sands, high water; H.C. (Mus.
Cuming.) Gena, Gray.
Animal subspiral, oval, depressed, too large to enter the shell; tentacular lobes plumose. Foot very large, tubercular, posteriorly pro- duced ; lateral membrane not fimbriated, more or less extended, and covering the shell. Operculum none. Shell subspiral, oblong, ear- shaped, depressed, smooth or striated; spire flattened, nearly obso- lete ; aperture large, pearly within.
GENA PLANULATA, Lamarck.
Hab. Isle of Camaguin, under smooth stones, low water ; Gindul- man, isle of Bohol, under stones; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
Stomatella planulata, Lamarck, Hist. An. s. Vert. vol. vi. p. 210; Encyclop. Méth. pl. 40. f. 4 a, 6.
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37
GENA AuRICULA, Lamarck.
Hab. Eastern Seas; Red Sea; Celebes. (Mus. Cuming.) Stomatella auricula, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. vi. p. 210. Patella lutea, Linn.
GENA NIGRA, Quoy and Gaimard.
Hab. Eastern Seas. (Mus. Cuming.)
Stomatella nigra, Quoy § Gaimard, Voy. del Astr. v. 3. pl. 66 bis, fig. 10-12.
Gena pPLUMBEA, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd, dorso latere dextro gibbosd, sinistro planulatd, plumbed, decus- saté totd striatd; spird prominuld, anfractibus rotundatis, anfractu ultimo ad suturam gibboso ; aperturd posticé subcana- liculatd, labro in medio flexuoso.
Hab. Java.
Shell gibbous on the right side, flattened on the left, lead-coloured, decussately striated over the back; spire rather prominent, the whorls rounded, last whorl gibbous at the suture ; aperture slightly channeled posteriorly, outer lip flexuous in the middle.
Hab. Java. (Mus. Cuming.)
Gena srricosa, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd, dorso subplanatd, totd striatd, striis irregularibus subconfertis, olivaced lilaceo alboque varid, fasciis subfuscis, pallidis alter- nantibus longitudinaliter ornatd, labro haud sinuoso.
Hab. 2
Shell rather depressed, the back equally convex, striated all over,
olivaceous varied with white and lilac, marked with alternate light and dark bands, the light bands sometimes articulated; spire de- pressed, outer lip slightly sinuous.
Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)
GENA STRIATULA, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd, dorso planiusculd, totd striatd, striis profundis subdistantibus, rubrd, flaveolo aurantiaco fuscoque varie pictd ; spird prominuld, nunquam subdistortd ; labro valde flexuoso.
Hab. Australia; et in insulis Philippinis.
Shell very elongated, slightly convex, strongly striated all over the back, red varied with orange, light yellow and brown ; spire elevated, often distorted ; outer lip very flexuous.
Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on small stones, 9 fathoms; H. C. Swan River, Lieut. Preston; Australia. (Mus. Cuming.)
Gena vari, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd, politd, dorso equaliter convexd, latere sinistro striatd ; luteo, rubro alboque variegatd ; spird prominuld, erectd, acuminata.
Hab. Australia; et in insulis Philippinis.
Shell smooth, polished, back equally rounded, striated on the left side, varied with yellow, red and white ; spire rather elevated, lateral, upright and pointed.
Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on small stones, 9 fathoms; H.C.
38
Acapulco, on the sands, Col. Moffat; Australia. A pretty little spe- cies usually confounded with G. auricula. (Mus. Cuming.)
GENA CONCINNA, Gould. Hab. Sandy Island.
Gena minima, Dufo.
Hab. Seychelles, dredged from 6 fathoms; Dufo.
Stomatella minima, Dufo, Ann. Sc. Nat. Oct. 1840, p. 202. Spe- cies unknown to me.
GENA IRASATA, Dufo.
Hab. Seychelles.
Stomatella irasata, Dufo, Ann. Sc. Nat. Oct. 1840. Species un- known to me.
GENA PULCHELLA, Adams. G. testd convexo-depressd, ovali, albd, rufo maculata, dorso convexd, totd striatd ; spird prominuld, anfractibus rotundatis ; aperturd magna, ovali, intus margari- taced, iridescente.
Hab. 2
Shell convexly depressed, oval, white, with large rufous spots ;
back convex, striated all over ; spire rather prominent, whorls round- ed; aperture large, oval, pearly within.
Hab. ? (Mus. Metcalf.)
GENA LINTRICULA, Adams. G. testd haliotided, oblongd, dorso convexd, totd tenuissimeé striatd, tenui, fragili, carneold, rubro maculatd ; spird subterminalj, minima, ad latus decumbente ; aperturd apertd, valde elongatd.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell elongated, regularly convex, entirely striated, thin, fragile, pink, with darker spotted and articulated lines; spire nearly poste- rior, slightly elevated ; aperture elongated anteriorly, dilated.
Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on smooth stones, 9 fathoms ; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
GENA ASPERULATA, Adams. G. testd haliotided, dorso convecd, rufo-fuscd cinguld albd latd longitudinali ornatd, lines elevatis subconfertis, striisque longitudinalibus obliquis decussatd; spird posticd, subprominuld, albd ; aperturd elongatd, ovali.
Hab. ?
Shell ear-shaped, back convex, red-brown with a broad white lon-
gitudinal band, decussated with transverse raised lines and oblique longitudinal elevated strize ; spire posterior, slightly prominent ; aper- ture elongated, oval.
Hab. ? (Mus. Metcalf.)
GrENA NEBULOSA, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd, dorso totd striatd, albd rufo-fuseo nebulosd ; spird prominuld, anfractibus angulatis; aperturd elongatd, ovali; columella callo crasso rimam umbilicalem obtegente.
Hab. Australia.
be Si
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39
Shell flat, depressed, entirely striated, white clouded with red- brown ; spire rather prominent, the whorls angulated ; aperture elon- gated, oval ; columella with a thickened callus covering the umbilical fissure.
Hab. Australia. (Mus. Cuming.)
Gena orNATA, Adams. G. testd subturbinaced, ovali, levi, po- litd, dorso convexd, fusco-rubrd, lineis nigris albo-articulatis longitudinalibus ; spird prominuld, rosed ; aperturd ovali ; co- lumelld curvatd, simplici ; labro reflexo, postice subfleuoso.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mollusca, Pl. VII. fig. 17.)
Shell oval, smooth, polished, convex, red-brown, with regular di- stinct black longitudinal lines articulated with white; spire rosy, rather prominent; aperture oval; columella curved, simple; outer lip convex, slightly inflexed posteriorly.
Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines, on the reefs, low water ; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
Gena tineata, Adams. G. testd subturbinaced, solidd, levi, politd, convead, ovali, earneold lineis rubris longitudinalibus ornatd ; spird prominuld, anfractibus rotundatis ; aperturd sub- rotundatd ; columelld planulatd, callosd, labro simplice.
Hab. ?
Shell thick, smooth, polished, convex, oval, light pink, with regu- lar parallel continuous red lines arranged longitudinally ; spire pro- minent, whorls rounded; aperture nearly circular; columella flat- tened, with a callous deposit, outer lip simple.
Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)
Broverieta, Gray.
Animal unknown. Operculum? Shell ancyliform, nonspiral, ob- long-ovate, flattened, apex posterior, inyolute ; aperture very large, ovate, pearlaceous internally. '
Scutella, Broderip (pars).
BRODERIPIA TRIDESCENS, Broderip, sp.
Hab. Pacific Ocean, Grimwood’s Island. (Mus. Cuming.) Scutella iridescens, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. June 1834.
BropeERIPiIA ROSEA, Broderip, sp. Hab. Pacific Ocean, Grimwood’s Island. (Mus. Cuming.) Scutella rosea, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. June 1834.
Broperre1a Cuminen, A. Adams. B. testi ovatd, depresso- convexd, subpellucidd, pallidd, radiis rubris pictd, concentrice corrugato-striatd, striis granulosis, vertice postico excentrico- submarginali ; aperturd patuld, intus margaritaced, margine albo limbo maculis rufis picto ; margine columellari acute angu- lato prominente, postice subrecto.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis (Capul). (Mus. Cuming.)
Distinguished from B. iridescens by its prominent angulated colu-
mellar margin and granulato-corrugose surface.
40
ScissurELLA, D’Orbigny.
Animal unknown. Operculum none. Shell very small or minute heliciform ; spire depressed ; aperture suborbicular, effuse ; outer lip with a narrow fissure or slit ; umbilicus open.
? Anatomus, Montfort.
ScissURELLA ANGULATA, Lovén.
Hab. Scandinavia. Scissurella angulata, Loven, Index Moll. Scand. p. 20.
ScissuRELLA PLicaTa, Philippi.
Hab. Shores of the Peninsula of Thapsi.
Scissurella plicata, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 187, vol. ii. tab. 25. fig. 18.
Scissurella d’Orbignyi, Scacchi.
ScissURELLLA STRIATULA, Philippi.
Had. Peninsula of Magnisi. Scissurella striatula, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 160.
ScissuRELLA DEcussaTa, D’Orbigny. Scissurella decussata, D’ Orbigny, Mém. Soc. d’ Hist. Nat. de Par.i. p- 340.
ScissURELLA CRISPATA, Fleming. Scissurella crispata, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 361-366.
3. MonoGRAPH OF THE GENUS ANATINELLA. By Artruur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.
ANATINELLA, Sowerby.
Testa ovata equivalvis, subequilateralis, latere antico rotundato, postico subrostrato, subtruncato ; ligamento interno, processut cochleariformi affivo, dentibus duobus cardinalibus in utrdque valud ante processum positis ; impressionibus muscularibus dua- bus, anticd oblongd, irregulari, posticd subcirculari; tmpres- sione musculari pallii integrd ; appendice cardinali internd nulld.
Shell ovate equivalve, nearly equilateral, anterior side rounded, posterior slightly beaked and subtruncated. Ligament internal, fixed to a spoonshaped process in each valve, on the anterior side of which are placed two rather elongated cardinal teeth. Muscular impres- sions two, lateral, distant, the anterior oblong and irregular, the poste- rior nearly circular. Palleal impression entire, without any sinus. No testaceous appendage within the hinge.
ANATINELLA SippaLptt, Sowerby. A. testd solidiori, subopacd, levi, valde concentricé corrugatd, longitudinaliter obsoleté sub- striatd; latere postico, acuminato, subtruncato ; margine dor- sali posticé declivi ; processu cochleariformi erasso lato ; mar- gine ventrali valde arcuato.
Hab. 2
4
41
Shell rather solid, subopake, smooth, strongly concentrically wrinkled, longitudinally obsoletely substriated ; posterior side acu- minated, subtruncated; dorsal margin posteriorly sloping ; spoon- shaped process thick and wide ; ventral margin strongly arcuated.
Hab. Ceylon, on the sands. (Mus. Cuming.)
ANATINELLA DILATATA, Adams. A. testd ‘tenui, fragili, concen- tricé corrugatd, longitudinaliter striatd, latere postico dilatato, oblique valde truncato, margine dorsali postice horizontal recto, processu cochleariformi parvo tenut, dentibus cardinalibus valdé divergentibus ; margine ventrali arcuato.
Hab. ?
Shell thin, fragile, concentrically wrinkled, longitudinally striated ; posterior side dilated, obliquely strongly truncated; dorsal margin posteriorly horizontal and straight ; spoonshaped process small, thin ; cardinal teeth greatly diverging, ventral margin arcuated.
Hab. Puteao, Philippines, on sand-banks, at low water; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)
ANATINELLA vENTRICOSA, Adams. A. testd tenut, ventricosd, semipellucidd, concentricé corrugatd, longitudinaliter conspicue striatd, striis elevatiusculis, latere postico rotundato ; margine dorsali postice declhivi ; processu cochleariformi tenui, angusto ; margine ventrali leviter arcuato.
Hab. ?
Shell thin, ventricose, semipellucid, concentrically wrinkled, lon- gitudinally conspicuously striated, strie rather elevated, posterior side rounded, dorsal margin posteriorly sloping ; spoonshaped process thin, narrow, ventral margin slightly arcuated.
Hab. Puteao, Philippines, on sand-banks, at low water ; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
February 26, 1850. W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. The following paper was read :-—
1. Monocrapus or CycLostREMA, MaRRYAT, AND SEPARATISTA, GRAY; TWO GENERA OF GASTEROPODOUS Moutuusks. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.
CycLosTREeMA, Marryat.
Animal ignotum. Operculum umbilicata ; apertura circularis. Shell depressed ; aperture circular ; umbilicus very large, with the volutions of the whorls visible within it.
? Testa depressa, perspectivo-
CycLoOsTREMA CANCELLATA, Marryat. C. testd albd, lineis lon- gitudinalibus et transversis elevatis decussantibus inde cancel-
42
latd; aperturd labiis cancellatis ; cancellis transversim stri- atis.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell white, cancellated, with elevated, decussating transverse and longitudinal lines ; aperture with the lips cancellated ; cancelli trans- versely striated.
Hab. Baszay, island of Samar, 6 fathoms, coral sand; H. C.
(Mus. Cuming.) Cyclostrema cancellata, Marryat, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1818, vol. xii. p- 338. v CycLOSTREMA NIVEA, Chemnitz. C. testd orbiculari, nived, pel-
lucida ; spird depressd, anfractibus transversim costellatis, cos- tellis regularibus, superis distantioribus ; interstitiis leviter con- cavis ; suturis profundis subcanaliculatis ; labro simplict ; um- bilico peramplo.
Hab. in maribus Occidentalibus.
Shell orbicular, snowy white, transparent ; spire depressed, whorls transversely ribbed, ribs regular, the upper fewer and wider apart ; interstices slightly concave; sutures deep, slightly channeled ; lip simple ; umbilicus very large.
Hab. Seas of India. (Mus. Cuming.)
Turbo niveus, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. x. pl. 165. f. 1587 and 1588. Delphinula nivea, Reeve. Delphinula levis, Kiener.
CycLosTREMA Rerviana, Hinds. C. testd orbiculari, subdis- coided, muticd ; spird depressiusculd, anfractibus convexis, lon- gitudinaliter carinulatis, carinulis numerosis, superis distanti- oribus ; interstitiis liris obliquis corrugato-clathratis ; labro simplici ; umbilico peramplo.
Hab. 2
Shell orbicular, somewhat discoid ; spire rather depressed, longi-
tudinally keeled, keels numerous, upper ones wider apart ; interstices latticed in a wrinkled manner, with oblique ridges ; inner lip simple ; umbilicus very large.
Hab. Straits of Malacca, 17 fathoms. (Mus. Cuming.)
Delphinula Reeviana, Hinds, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843.
CycLostTREMA Cosisensts, Reeve. C. testd turbinatd, minutd, anfractibus convexis, carinulis transversis et longitudinalibus equidistantibus regulariter clathratis; umbilico mediocri; labro simplici.
Hab. Cobija, Peru.
Shell turbinated, very small ; whorls convex, regularly latticed, with equidistant, transverse and longitudinal ribs; umbilicus moderate ; lips simple.
Hab. Port of Cobija, Peru, under stones in rocky places, low water ; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
Delphinula Cobijensis, Reeve, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1843.
45) ® CycCLOSTREMA spiRULA, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, discoided, evolutd; spird depresso-concavd, anfractibus rotundatis, primis
43
contiguis, ultimd distinctd, transversim costulatis, costellis sub- confertis, equidistantibus ; interstitiis tenuissimé longitudina- liter striatd ; aperturd circulari ; peritremate continuo.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 22.)
Shell orbicular, discoid, evolute ; spire depressly concave ; whorls rounded, the first contiguous, the last separate, transversely ribbed, ribs equidistant, close together ; interstices very finely longitudinally striated ; aperture circular ; peritreme continuous.
Hab. Philippine Islands. (Mus. Cuming.)
CyYCLOSTREMA CINGULIFERA, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, ni- tidd ; spird depressd, anfractibus rotundatis, carinulis trans- versis, acutis, equidistantibus ; interstitiis (sub lente) tenuis- simé longitudinaliter striatis ; apertura subcirculari, supra subangulatd ; umbilico mediocri.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell orbicular, shining; spire depressed; whorls rounded, with equidistant, small, acute, transverse keels; interstices (under the lens) very finely longitudinally striated ; aperture subcircular, angu- lated above ; umbilicus moderate.
Hab. Dumaguete, island of Zebu, 4 fathoms; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
CycLostTrEMA NiITIDA, Adams. (C. testd orbiculari, levi, tenui, nitidd ; spird elevatiusculd, anfractibus prope suturam suban- gulatis ; suturis profundis, subcanaliculatis ; apertura subcir- culari, supra angulatd ; umbilico magno, peromphalo angulato, acuto.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell orbicular, smooth, shining; spire rather elevated ; whorls somewhat angulated near the suture; suture deep, subcanaliculated ; aperture subcircular, angulated above ; umbilicus large, peromphalus acutely angulated.
Had. Catanuan and Sual, island of Luzon, 10 fathoms, sandy mud ; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
CycLosTREMA PLANORBULA, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, plan- orbuld; spird depressd, anfractibus levibus, rotundatis, suturis distinctis ; aperturd subcirculari, supra angulatd ; umbilico permagno, patulo.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell orbicular, planorbular; spire depressed, whorls smooth, rounded, suture distinct ; aperture subcircular, angulated above ; umbilicus very large and open.
Hab. Sual, island of Luzon, 10 fathoms, sandy mud; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)
CycLOsTREMA PLANA, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, dorso plano- convexd ; spird depressd, anfractibus planis, supra transversim striatis, infra levibus ; aperturd subcirculari, supra angulatd ; umbilico peramplo, anfractibus intus conspicuis.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell orbicular, back plano-convex ; spire depressed, whorls flat-
“44
tened, above transversely striated, below smooth ; aperture subcircular, angulated above ; umbilicus very wide, the whorls visible within it. Hab. Dumaguete, island of Negros; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
CycLostrEeMA micans, Adams. C. testdé turbinatd, minutd, albd, nitidd, anfractibus conveais, longitudinaliter oblique costellatis, transversim carinulatis, carinulis nodulosis; umbilico mediocri; aperturd circulari ; peristomate continuo, incrassato.
Hab. Australia.
Shell turbinated, small, white, shining, whorls convex, longitudinally obliquely ribbed, transversely carinated, keels nodulous ; umbilicus moderate ; aperture circular; peristome continuous, thickened.
Hab. Port Lincoln; Metcalf. (Mus. Cuming & Metcalf.)
CyYCLOSTREMA ELEGANS, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, discoided, tenui, semipellucidd ; spird depressd, anfractibus rotundatis, transversim omnino striatis ; suturis distinctis ; aperturd sub- circulari, supra angulatd ; umbilico peramplo.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell orbicular, discoid, thin, semipellucid ; spire depressed, whorls rounded, entirely transversely striated ; suture distinct ; aperture sub- circular, angulated above ; umbilicus very wide and open.
Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, 10 fathoms, sandy mud; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)
CyctostreMA sutcaTa, Adams. C. testa orbiculari, diseoided ; spird planiusculd, anfractibus convewis, costellis transversis confertis regularibus, interstitiis profundé sulcosis ; suturis profundis canaliculatis ; umbilico patulo ; peromphalo levi.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell orbicular, discoid ; spire rather flattened, whorls convex, with regular, transverse, small ribs, numerous and close together, in- terstices deeply grooved ; suture canaliculated ; umbilicus open; um- bilical area smooth.
Hab. Tambay, island of Negros, coarse sand, 6 fathoms; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)
CycLosTREMA ANGULATA, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, discoided ; spird depressd, anfractibus transversim costellatis, costellis regularibus, equidistantibus, interstitiis tenuissime striatis ; anfractu ultimo biangulato, supra costellato, in medida plano, infra costellato; aperturd subangulatd ; peritremate inter- rupto ; umbilico permagno.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell orbicular, discoid ; spire depressed, whorls transversely cos- tellated ; ribs small, equal, equidistant, interstices very finely striated ; last whorl biangulated, costellated above, smooth in the middle, and ribbed beneath ; aperture somewhat angulated ; peritreme not con- tinuous ; umbilicus very large.
Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, 10 fathoms, sandy mud; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)
d
Lal
45
Separatista, Gray.
Animal ignotum. Operculum ? Testa orbicularis, subdiscoi- dea, anfractibus primis contiguis, ultimo distincto ; apertura patuld, effusd, angulis subcanaliculatis ; umbilicus magnus, in- fundibuliformis, usque ad apicem.
Shell orbicular, somewhat discoid, the first whorls contiguous, the last disunited ; aperture wide-spreading, angulated ; umbilicus large, infundibuliform, the whorls visible within as far as the apex.
The Cornu of Schumacher and the Lippistes of Montfort, founded upon the Argonauta cornu of Fichtel, appear to belong to Carinaria of Lamarck. Steira of Eschscholtz would seem by the figure given in Oken’s ‘Isis’ to be an Atlanta badly drawn in an inverted position, and indeed is founded upon the “Corne d’Ammon vivant” of Le- sueur, dtlanta Peroni.
Separatista, Gray (not described).
/ Separatista Graxit, Adams. S. testa spird depressd, anfrac- tibus carinulis quinque transversis ; aperturd oblongo-trans- versd ; labio reflexo, anticé rotundato.
Hab. apud Promontorium Bonz Spei.
Shell with the spire depressed, whorls with five transverse keels ; aperture transversely oblong ; imer lip reflexed, anteriorly rounded.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope. (Mus. Cuming.)
. Separatista Coemnirzit, Adams. S. testd spird elevatd, an- fractibus carinulis tribus transversis ; aperturd subcirculari ; labio subreflexo, anticé producto, angulato.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell with the spire elevated, whorls with three transverse keels ; aperture subcircular ; inner lip somewhat reflexed, anteriorly pro- duced and angulated.
Hab. Island of Bureas, Philippines; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)
Turbo separatista, Chemnitz.
Proressor OwEN communicated a Memoir *, in continuation of
_ his previous papers published in the Transactions (vol. iii. pp. 243,
307, 345), on the Gigantic Wingless Birds of New Zealand.
Having in the previous Memoirs determined and referred to their genera and species the different bones of the leg, he made those of the foot the subject of the present communication, which was illus- trated by the exhibition of an extensive series of remains from both the North and South (or Middle) islands of New Zealand ; com- prising the entire series of phalanges of one and the same foot of the Palapteryz robustus, a gigantic species from Waikawaite ; a similarly complete series of the Dinornis rheides ; and series more or less in- complete of the phalanges of the Dinornis giganteus, Palapteryx in- gens, and other genera and species of the singular extinct wingless
birds of New Zealand. The characteristics of the different phalanges
* This paper will be printed in the Transactions, vol. iv. Part 1.
5 Cori Witte
46
were minutely detailed, and the different proportions of the toes cha- racteristic of different species, especially of the two most gigantic, viz. the Dinornis giganteus of the North island, and the Palapte- ryx robustus of the turbary deposits of the Middle island. The adaptation of the claw-bones for scratching up the soil was obvious from their shape and strength. The generic distinction of Palapteryx had previously been indicated by a slight depression on the metatar- sus, supposed by the author to be for the articulation of a small back- toe, as in the Apteryx ; and he had since received a specimen of the principal bone of that toe, which was exhibited and described. A nearly entire sternum, a portion of a minute humerus, and a cranium of one of the smaller species of Dinornis, were also exhibited and described.
This magnificent series of remains of great New Zealand birds had been collected chiefly by the late Colonel Wakefield, and had been transmitted to the author through the kind interest of J. R. Gowen, Esq., a Director of the New Zealand Company.
March 12, 1850. W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. The following papers were read :—
1. Frrst THouGuts oN A Puysi0LOoGIcAL ARRANGEMENT OF Birps. By Epwarp Newman, F.L.S., F.Z.S. etc.
The systematic arrangement of the Class Aves is more unsettled than that of any other portion of the animal kingdom, a circumstance that may fairly be attributed to our attaching too high a value to characters purely structural or admensural, while we neglect others more intimately connected with reproduction ; in a word, to the sub- stitution of physical for physiological characters. In mammals, rep- tiles and fishes, we have a primary division based entirely on physio- logy: thus mammals are placental or marsupial ; reptiles are ovipa- rous or spawning ; fishes are viviparous or spawning ; and this primary division of these classes is admitted by all physiologists to be strictly natural. Notwithstanding, however, the purely physiological charac- ter, on which these primary divisions depend, it is found that physi- cal characters harmonise with physiological, and that intimate struc- ture in each instance bears out physiological difference. It were not wise altogether to discard structural differences even in the outset of an inquiry into system, but it is necessary to use them rather as cor- roborative than as indicative; and above all to draw a distinct and permanent line between such as are truly intimate and such as are purely adaptive. It has always appeared to me that one of the chief advantages of an extensive Vivarium like that possessed by our Society is the opportunity it affords for studying animated nature in an ani-
47
mated state, for ascertaining physiological as well as physical charac- ters. If then we avail ourselves of the opportunities which are or ought to be thus afforded us, we shall find that in the very outset of life a physiological character of the most obvious kind will divide birds into groups as distinct as are the placental and marsupial mammals, or the cartilagious and bony fishes. Prior to the extrusion of the egg, observed facts bearing on this subject are so few and so uncon- nected that they cannot be rendered available as affording evidence on the question to be considered ; it is therefore compulsory that our comparisons begin at that moment when the condition of the young becomes patent by the breaking of the shell. Commencing the inquiry at this point, which may safely be regarded as analogous to the birth of a placental animal, we have this obvious grand division of the class :—
1. Hesthogenous Birds.—In these, immediately the shell is broken ~ the chick makes its appearance in a state of adolescence rather than infancy: it is completely clothed, not with such feathers as it after- wards wears, but still with a close, compact, and warm covering: it pos- sesses the senses of sight, hearing, smelling, &c. in perfection : it runs with ease and activity, moving from place to place at will: it perfectly understands the signals or sounds uttered by its parent, approaching her with alacrity when invited to partake of food she has discovered, or hiding itself under bushes, grass, or stones, when warned of danger; in either case exhibiting a perfect and immediate appreciation of its parent’s meaning: it feeds itself, pecking its food from the surface of the earth or water, and not receiving it from the beak of its parent : although enteriag on life in this advanced state, it grows very slowly, and is long in arriving at maturity. When full-grown it uses its feet rather than its wings: it trusts much to its legs for means of escape : when it flies, it moves through the air by a series of rapid, powerful, laboured strokes of the wing, and invariably takes the earliest oppor- tunity of settling on the land or water, not on trees; it never takes wing for recreation or food, but simply as a means of moving from place to place : it is polygamous in its habits ; the number of females predominating over the males : the males are pugnacious, they accom- pany the females only until incubation has commenced, and abandon the duties of incubation and the care of the young solely to the females : the females make little or no nest, a depression scratched on the surface of the soil generally sufficing : the eggs are large in com- parison to the size of the bird: neither sex sings, or attempts to imi- tate the voice of men or animals. Birds included in this division approach more nearly to mammals than do those which it excludes : for instance, the habitual use of land or water for progression, the swiftness of foot, the strength and muscular development of the legs, the polygamous habits, the want of the extraordinary instinct of nest- making, are characters which, while they seem to degrade these birds as birds, certainly raise them in the list of animals, because they are thus brought nearer those animals which suckle their young, and which are always placed at the head of the animal kingdom. In an econo-
48
mical point of view, and considered in reference to man, the flesh of these birds is wholesome, nutritious, and is generally considered highly palatable. The division comprises the following orders, in each of which partial exceptions to one or other of these general characters occur :—
. Galline, or the Poultry order.
. Brevipennes (Cuvier), or the Ostriches. . Pressirostres (Cuvier), or the Plovers. . Longirostres (Cuvier), or the Snipes.
. Macrodactyli (Cuvier), or the Rails.
. Plongeurs (Cuvier), or the Divers.
. Lamellirostres (Cuvier), or the Ducks.
NOS Orb Oo Ne
2. Gymnogenous Birds.—In these, when the shell is broken, the ’ chick makes its appearance in a state of helpless infancy : it is naked, blind, and incapable of locomotion: it cannot distinguish its parent by means of its senses: it gapes for food, but does not distinguish between proper food offered by its parent, and a stick or a finger held over it: it cannot feed itself, and would die were not food placed in its mouth: it rapidly attains its full size, often before leaving the nest. When full-grown it uses its wings rather than its feet : it flies with a succession of deliberate and easy strokes: it takes wing for recreation and for food, and not merely for the purpose of moving from place to place: it is strictly monogamous; the sexes being equal in number: males share with females the cares of incubation and feeding the young until these are able to shift for themselves. Birds possessing these characters build elaborate nests in trees, and perch in trees rather than on the ground: many of them sing melo- diously ; others imitate, with wonderful facility, the voice of man or of animals. Asan economical character in connexion with man, their flesh is bitter and unpalatable, often offensive and disgusting ; hence man has never domesticated them for purposes of food. These are birds par excellence: they possess in perfection the essential charac- ters of birds: in the habitual use of air for progression and of trees for resting, in the want of abilities for terrestrial progression, in strength and bulk of pectoral muscle, in monogamous habits, in the fabrication of nests, in power of song, they are raised as birds, but degraded as animals, since in all these characters they recede from those animals which suckle their young. The division comprises the following groups, in each of which exceptions to one or other of the general characters occur :-—
. Totipalmes (Cuvier), or the Pelicans.
. Longipennes (Cuvier), or the Gulls.
. Accipitres, or the Birds of Prey.
. Cultrirostres (Cuvier), or the Herons.
. Passeres, or the Sparrow order.
. Grimpeurs (Cuvier), or the Climbing birds ; and . Columbee, or the Pigeons.
NO OS COD
ii i
49
2. ON A NEW SPECIES OF LYMN#A FROM THIBET. By Lovetu Reeve, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ere.
Lymna Hooxert. Lymn. testd ova- éd, tenuiculd, conspicue umbilieatd, anfractibus quatuor ad quinque, con- vexis, superne depresso-rotundatis, suturis subimpressis, aperturd orbicu- lari-ovatd, marginibus lamind latius- culd subverticali conjunctis ; sordideé olivaceo-fuscd.
The above-described freshwater mollusk, collected by Dr. Hooker on the Thibetian or north side of Sikkim Himalaya, at 18,000 = feet elevation, belongs to the same type as our well-known Lymnea peregra, and affords an interesting addition to the evidence which has been in part collected touching the wide geographical distribu- tion of corresponding forms of plants and animals over those parts of Europe and Asia where there are no extensive mountain-barriers. The European Lymnea stagnalis has been collected as far east as Affghanistan, and the typical form of Lymnea peregra is very cha- racteristic in this species from Thibet. A depression of the whorls next the sutures, which gives a more orbicular form to the aperture, and a conspicuous umbilicus, which is not in any degree covered by the columellar lamina, prove it to be specifically distinct from L. peregra; and these characters do not appear in the various modifica- tions of that species arising out of its more or less ventricose growth, or more or less attenuated convolution. South of the Himalaya range, where Dr. Hooker reckons the snow-line to be 5000 feet lower than on the north side, and 3000 feet lower than the locality inhabited by this species, the Lymnee are of quite a different type, more especially in the plains of Bengal, where the shell, owing to its being formed in so much warmer a temperature, is of stouter growth, and characterized by some design of colourmg. The European types of Lymnea, ranging over Russia and Siberia, appear abundantly in the stagnant waters of North America; and some are identical in spe- cies. L. elodes of Say, inhabiting Pennsylvania, is doubtless the same species as the European L. palustris; L. truneatula of the same author appears to be identical with L. desidiosa; and the L. peregra, represented by L. Hookeri in Thibet, is represented in Penn- sylvania by Say’s L. catascopium. The Lymnee of Australia are of a remarkable and very distinct type from either of those mentioned above.
I have much pleasure in naming this Thibetian Zymnea after the indefatigable traveller, whose researches into the natural and phy- sical history of that remote country into which few have penetrated, are likely to be attended with such important results. - I have placed the specimens in the British Museum.
The figure in outline is of the natural size.
No. CCIV.—ProceepinGs oF THE ZooLoGicaL Society.
50
3. On THE ANIMAL or LiIoTIA; WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF DELPHINULA AND LIOTIA, FROM THE CUMING- 1AN CotuecTion. By Artour Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.
(Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 18, 19, 20.)
An examination of the animal of Liotia Peronii tends to confirm the generic importance of a small group hitherto confounded with _ Cyclostrema and Delphinula, but which had been justly recognised by Mr. Gray under the name of Liotia. The shell is known by its thickened peritreme ; the operculum is peculiar, and the habits are peculiar in living at considerable depths, while Delphinula proper are chiefly littoral. In Liotia the head is proboscidiform, the tentacles subulate, the eyes on conspicuous peduncles at their outer bases ; there are no intertentacular lobes, but a conical lobe on each side of the head external to the eye-peduncles ; the lateral membrane of the foot is undulated, and furnished posteriorly with three cirrhi.
The operculum is arctispiral, the volutions being very narrow, nu- merous, and covered with a calcareous deposit, which is articulated at regular intervals, giving the upper surface of the operculum a tes- sellated appearance ; the periphery is ornamented with radiating, horny fibres.
LioTIA PULCHERRIMA, Adams. L. testd subdiscoided; spird ele- vatiusculd, anfractibus rotundatis, liris transversis et longitu- dinalibus elegantissimé cancellatd, liris transversis muricatis ; labro expanso, duplicati, radiatim fimbriato ; umbilico per- amplo, crenulato.
Hab. apud Promontorium Bone Spei. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 21.)
Shell subdiscoid ; spire slightly elevated, whorls rounded, very ele-
gantly cancellated with transverse and longitudinal raised ridges, the transverse being muricated ; outer lip expanded, with a double peri- treme, each being radiately fimbriated; umbilicus very large, the margins crenulated.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope. (Mus. Cuming.)
Liotia Arrinis, Adams. JL. testd globosd; spird subprominuld, anfractibus rotundatis, transversim elevato-striatis, costis vari- ciformibus longitudinalibus, distantibus, angulatis, mucronatis ; anfractuum parte inferiori serie unicd foraminum ; labro ex- panso ; umbilico patulo, crenulato.
Hab. in littoribus Australie.
Shell globose ; spire rather prominent, whorls rounded, transversely elevately striated, with variciform longitudinal ribs, wide apart, angu- lated, and with the angles furnished with sharp points ; lower part of the whorls with a single row of holes ; outer lip expanded ; umbilicus wide, crenulated.
Hab. Australia. (Mus. Cuming.)
A species partaking of the characters of L. scalarioides and L. va- ricosa of Reeve, but which can be referred to neither.
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Lrot1a pupxiicata, Adams. JL. testd orbiculari; spird de- pressd, anfractibus transversim et longitudinaliter costatis ; costis transversis duabus, tuberculatis ; anfractuum parte in- Seriori pland ; umbilico amplo, perspectivo, crenulato.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell orbicular ; spire depressed, whorls transversely and longitu- dinally ribbed ; transverse ribs two, tuberculated ; the lower part of the whorls smooth; umbilicus very large, the other whorls visible within, margin crenulated.
Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, Isle of Mindanao, Philip- pines. (Mus. Cuming.)
Lrotra noputosa, A. Adams. JL. testd orbiculato-depressd ; spird complanatd, transversim striatd, ultimo anfractu costis transversis duabus in medio puncto sulcatis et nodulis magnis subdistantibus imstructis, infra serie punctorum circa regionem umbilicalem ; aperturd orbiculari, peristomate refleco puncto Jimbriato, umbilico patulo margine crenulato.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mus. Cuming.)
DELPHINULA CoROoNATA, Adams. JD. testd subdiscoided, albd, nigro lineatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, supra, spinis squame- formibus subramosis nigricantibus sursum curvatis coronaté ; anfractuum parte alterd spinis brevioribus nigris in seriebus dispositis ; spird plano-convead.
Had. in littoribus Australie.
Shell subdiscoid, white, with black lines; whorls rounded, coro- nated above with blackish subramose scale-like spines curved up- wards, the other part of the whorls with shorter black spines arranged in parallel rows ; spire plano-convex.
Hab. Cape Upstart, North Australia, in crevices of rocks at low water; Jukes. (Mus. Cuming.)
DreLPHINULA EURACANTHA, Adams. OD. testd subdiscoided, al- bidd fusco rubroque variegatd, anfractibus supra levigatis, su- perne angulatis, angulo spinis squameformibus grandibus latis decurvatis ornate ; anfractuum parte inferiori serie unicd spi- narum et squamarum in seriebus parallelis dispositis ornatd ; umbilico amplo, squamis muricatis armato, peromphalo nodoso.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell subdiscoid, whitish varied with red and brown; whorls smooth above, angulated superiorly, the angle ornamented with large wide decurved scale-like spines ; lower part of the whorl with a single series of spines and numerous parallel rows of scales ; umbilicus wide, armed with muricated spines, margin nodose.
Hab. Isle of Mindora, Philippine Islands; H.C. (Mus. Cum.)
Like D. aculeata, Reeve ; but the spinose processes are broad and deflexed, and there is a single row of large spines on the under part.
DELPHINULA CALcCAR, Adams. JD. testd orbiculari, discoided ; spird depressd, albd, anfractibus angulatis acutis, peripheria serie unicd spinarum radiatim stellatd, spinis triangularibus
52
compressis prominentibus ; anfractuum parte inferiore pland ; umbilico patulo, crenulato.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell orbicular, discoid; spire depressed, white, whorls sharply angulated, periphery with a single series of prominent broad trian- gular compressed spines radiately disposed ; lower part of whorls smooth ; umbilicus wide, crenulated.
Hab. Catanuan, province of Tayabas, island of Luzon, sandy mud, 10 fathoms; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
A small species, partaking somewhat of the characters of D. stella- ris, Adams and Reeve, but much more depressed, and the lower part of the whorls simple.
March 26, 1850. W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. On a LeEcH NEW TO THE BritisH Fauna. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S.
Mr. Hoffmann lately sent to the Zoological Gardens a living spe- cimen of a very large leech which he had found near his house in the Regent’s Park. It has been preserved in fluid, and now forms part of the Collection of British Animals in the British Museum.
It proved to be an adult specimen of Trochetia subviridis, Dutro- chet (Lamk. Hist. A. s. V. v. 523), well-figured in the 2nd edition of Moquin-Tandon’s ‘ Monograph of Hirudines,’ t. 4. It is a very interesting addition to the fauna. It is the giant of the family, this specimen being more than 7 inches long.
2. On THE OccURRENCE OF REGALECUS GLESNE AT REDCAR, YorkKsuHire, IN 1850. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S.
A specimen of this fish was cast ashore on Redcar Sands, York- shire, on Thursday, the 3rd of January 1850. ‘“ The fish was alive when found, Length without the tail-fin, which is wanting, about 11 feet ; width at the broadest part, 12 inches ; weight, 4 stone 10 lbs.”
It was salted and exhibited at Redcar. During the exhibition the rays of the dorsal and ventral fins were almost entirely destroyed, and it broke transversely into three nearly equal lengths on being moved from the sand.
It was eventually sent to London, and now forms part of the Col- lection of British‘Animals in the British Museum. The specimen, when it arrived in London, agreed in general appearance and in all essential characters with the specimen from Cullercoats which was exhibited in London last year. Mr. Wrightson, who had the care of it at Redcar, considered, because it had no expanded forked tail, that the tail was wanting.
Molhisca. IX. #F
ARR
H Baily Printed by Hullmandel & Walton Fig la: b c. Helix vellicata. Forbes Fig:6 a.b. Bulimus chemnitzoides. Forbes AE ae al Kelletii 7, a.b. fimbriatus s d.a.b. H. Pandore 8.a.b Succinea cingulata. F 4a.b. H. labyrinthus. var 9.a.b. Cyclostoma purum. » 5a b. Bulimus achatinellinus, Forbes. 10 Fusus Kellen. »
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3. Nore on CALLICHTHYS AND ANABLEPS. By J. P. G. Suir, Esa.
The flesh of Callichthys, when cooked, is of a fine deep yellow colour, and in substance is somewhat cheesy or buttery on the tongue; it is very rich in flavour: no cleaning of the intestines appears to be necessary before preparation for the table.
In the creeks by which the island of Mexianna is intersected, these fish literally swarm and keep the waters alive and in a state of con- stant disturbance. I have witnessed them crossing a log of wood, which was lying in the water and intercepted the passage, in such numbers that they quite concealed it from view ; and the people, when they wanted a dish, were in the habit of going down to a favourable spot and picking them out with their hands, without going into the water.
Anableps swims in small shoals with the eyes above the surface of the water, generally close to the shore, and so near together that I have shot twenty to thirty at a time by firmg a gun among them ; their flesh is very sweet, and not unlike a smelt in taste.
4. On tHE species oF MOLLUSCA COLLECTED DURING THE SurveyING VoyaGEs oF THE HERALD AND PANDORA, BY Carr. Kexxett, R.N., C.B., anp Lieut. Woon, R.N. By Proressor Epwarp Forses, F.R.S.
1. On the Land-Shells collected during the Expedition. (Mollusca, Pl. IX.)
Officers employed on a hydrographical survey have seldom time or opportunity for making an extensive collection of land-shells. In the assemblage of mollusks collected by Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood, there are twenty-eight species, of which eight are undescribed forms. These have been collected at various pomts between the coast of the Equador to the south and Vancouver Island to the north, the Gele- pagos Islands, Pitcairn’s Island, and the Sandwich Isles. Unfortu- nately, in consequence of the mixing of unlabeled specimens, the pre- cise locality of several of the species cannot now be determined.
Of the genus Helix there are nine species. Of these, H. Towns- endiana, Nuttalliana and Columbiana are certainly from the neigh- bourhood of the Columbia river. Helix Kellettii and Pandore, both new, are probably from the same country, though the box in which they were contained was marked “Santa Barbara.” Helix areolata bears no indication of its locality. Helix labyrinthus, variety sipun- culata, is a very curious modification of H. labyrinthus, and, like its known near relations, comes from Panama. Helix ornatella (known also as H. Adamsi) was collected in Pitcairn’s Island, where it had originally been observed. A single specimen of the common Euro- pean Helix aspersa is marked “ Santa Barbara,” and probably owed its presence, wherever it was found, to transport by Europeans.
Of the genus Bulimus fourteen species were collected. Among the most interesting of these are seven species, two of them new, from
34
Chatham Island, one of the Gelepagos group. Five, viz. nua, cal- vus, eschariferus, unifasciatus, and rugulosus, are described forms ; two, to which I have applied the names chemnitzioides and acha- tellinus, are new, and very curious. Of these latter, the first is singularly isolated in many of its features, though bearing a resem- blance sufficient to indicate an affinity with certain elongated and tuirreted Bulimi, natives of South America. The other is equally distinct from any known members of this genus; but, moreover, instead of linking, as the majority of the Gelepagos land-shells do, the fauna of those singular islands with the American continent, rather points, as it were, in the opposite direction, and distantly indicates affinity with the fauna of the Sandwich Isles.
Unfortunately less certain as to exact locality, though contamed in a box labeled “‘ Panama,” is a curious small elongated Bulimus, to which I have given the name fimbriatus. A form such as this, suggests, when we bear in mind the varied characters of its congeners, considerable doubts as to the value of the generic sections at present generally received among the Pulmoniferous Mollusca. We speak of Bulimus, Helix, Pupa, Achatina, and Balea, as if they were so many marked groups, the species in each assimilating to ideal generic types, whereas the difference between certain forms of so-called Bulime and others placed under the same generic name is greater than be- tween many Bulimi and Helices or Pupe. Without assenting to the views of Férussac, which would have amalgamated the genera into one, on account of the similarity in external characters of the soft parts of the animal, and fully admitting that in certain tribes the shell alone may become a most important source of generic cha- racter—-in other words, granting that in certain groups the sources of generic distinction may lie in the pneumo-skeleton—I do thik that we have not yet attained a natural arrangement of the Pulmo- niferous Mollusks, and until we have solved that problem, we shall be seriously impeded in the study of the laws of their distribution as well as of their organization.
Besides the Bulimi already named, there are specimens of Bulimus iostomus, B. Hartwegii, and a beautiful new species lately described and figured by Mr. Reeve under the name of Bulimus Kellettii, all probably from the Equador; Bulimus alternatus, from Panama ; and Bulimus miltecheilus, marked from the Sandwich Islands, though this curious and beautiful shell is not known to inhabit that locality ; nor have we evidence sufficient that the specimen brought home by Lieut. Wood was gathered there. Hitherto it is only known from “San Christoval, south-eastern island of Solomon’s Group, north- east coast of New Holland” (Reeve), from which locality the speci- mens in Mr. Cuming’s collection were obtained, and the single ex- ample now referred to may have possibly been brought away from the same place.
Of the curious genus Achatinella, two species, livida and alba, are in the collection, both procured at the Sandwich Islands.
Of Succinea there is a new species, marked from Mazatlan ; I have named it Succinea cingulata.
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There are two species of Cyclostoma, the fine C. grande (no lo- cality is attached to it), and an equally beautiful one which I have named C. purum.
The following diagnoses of the new species in the collection have been modeled on those of Dr. L. Pfeiffer, whose admirable ‘ Mono- graphia Heliceorum Viventium’ is one of the most valuable contri- butions to Malacology that have been published for many years.
Hewrx Panpor#. UH. testd obtect? perforatd, depresso-globosd, tenui, rugulosd, concentricé minutissime striatd, anfractibus supra peripheriam fuscis, infra et prope peripheriam albidis fusco cin- gulatd, basi albidis ; aperturd rotundatd intus fuscd albido-fasci- atd, margine interno incrassato albo; peristomate reflexiusculo, extus albo-labiato, margine columellari dilatato, reflero, umbili-
“ cum occultante. + Diam. max. 17, min. 16, alt. 14 mill. (Pl. IX. fig. 3 a, 4.)
Collected near the Straits of Juan del Fuaco; allied to the last
species, but very distinct.
Hewrx Kewtetri. JZ. testd angust? umbilicatd, depresso-globosd, tenui, rugulosd, granulatd, fulvd, spird subturbinatd, sordidé flavo conspersd, rufo-unifasciatd, anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, ultimo ad peripheriam fascid pallida cincto, basi subinflato; aperturd lunato-rotundatd, intus pallide fuscd, unifasciatd ; peristomate reflexiusculo, margine columellari dilatato, reflexo, umbilicum oc- cultante.
Diam. max. 22, min. 19, alt. 19 mill. (Pl. IX. fig. 2 a, 6.)
This species is nearly allied to Helix Californiensis, Lea. It dif- fers in the more pyramidal contour of the spire, in the less tumid body-whorl, and consequently differently shaped, more lunate, slightly elongated mouth. The margin of the mouth is more reflected.
Hevrx vexxiicata. H. testd aperte umbilicatd, tenui, convero- depressd, subnitidd, sulcato-striatd, striis minutissimis spiralibus decussatd, lete viridibus ; spird conveviusculd, anfractibus 6, ulti- mo rotundato magno, anticé dilatato, subdescendente ; aperturd perobliqud, lunato-oblongd ; faux alba, peristomate margine sub- reflexo, superne deflexo-sinuato.
Diam. max. 22, min. 18, alt. 8 mill.
From Panama? (Pl. IX. fig. 1a, , ¢.
Distinguished from its near allies by the peculiar deflexion of the
upper portion of the lip-margin.
Butimus CHEMNITzIoIDES. Bul. testd subperforatd, turrito- subulatd, regulariter costatd, costis numerosis, nitidulis, flaviduld, fascia spirali fusco-purpured cinctd ; anfractibus 14, ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante, basi fusco-purpureo ; columella subrecta, albidd ; peristoma simplex, acutum ; margine externo supern? arcu- ato; aperiurd ovali-oblongd. ;
Long. 19, diam. 4 mill. ; apert. 3 mill. longa, 2 lata.
Chatham Island, Gelepagos. (Pl. IX. fig. 6 a, 5.)
This beautiful species strikingly resembles a marine Chemnitzia.
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It is very distinct from any known Bulimus, but has affinities with B. terebralis, B. columellaris, and B. clausilioides.
Buuimus rimpriatus. Bul. testd imperforatd, subuliformi, tenui, costis longitudinalibus subarcuatis, lineis confertis parallelis in interstitiis costarum sculptd, rufo-fuscd, suturd impressd ; an- fractus 7-8, tumidi, ultimus 4 longitudinis vix superans, infra medium obsolete carinatus ; columella subsimplex, ad basim aper- ture angulum formans ; apertura subovalis ; peristoma simplez.
Long. 9, diam. 2 mill. ; apert. 2 mill. longa, 1 lata.
(Pl. IX. fig. 7a, 6.)
In a box of shells labeled “Panama.” The nearest ally of this
very curious shell is the Bulimus gracillimus of Pfeiffer, from Cuba.
BuLimvus ACHATELLINUS. Bul. testd perforata, umbilico parvo, conicd, obsolete striatd, nitiduld, flavidd, fusco-fasciatd ; suturd cingulatd, crenulatd, albidd ; anfractibus 7-8 conveaiusculis, ulti- mo vir 4 longitudinis equante ; apertura semiovalis, peristoma rectum, simplex, acutum; columella obsolete contorta, margine columellari reflexo, perforationem semitegente.
Long. 19, diam. 10 mill. ; apert. 5 mill. longa, 4 lata.
(Pl. IX. fig. 5 a, 6.) This shell is from Chatham Island, Gelepagos; it is unlike any other known Bulimus, and its characters distinctly indicate affinity with the Achatinelline.
Succingea cincuLata. S. testd oblongo-ovatd, vix obliqud, soli- duld, striatd, nitiduld, fulvo-succined, sepe spiraliter albo-lineatd ; spird exsertd, obtusd ; anfractus 4, convexiusculi, ultimus 2 longi- tudinis equans ; aperturd elongato-ovata, superne acutd, basi ob- liqué pone axin recedente ; columelld arcuatd.
Long. 12, lat. 6 mill. ; apert. 7 mill. longa, medio 3 lata.
(Pl. IX. fig. 8 a, 6.)
This Succinea is distinct from any recorded by Pfeiffer. It is said to come from Mazatlan. The very fine white spiral lines are not always clearly marked in colour ; they correspond with lines of deeper depression at intervals of the strize of growth.
BA
CycLostoma puruM. C. testd orbiculari, depressd, albd, niti- duld, spird elevatiusculd, luteold ; anfractibus sex, rotundatis, spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis numerosis, transversé striatis ; aper- turd subcirculari, obliqud, peritremate simplici ; umbilico maximo ; operculo 3
Diam. 48, alt. 17 mill. (Pl. IX. fig. 9 a, 6.)
Very near C. Cumingii, a species described by Mr. G. Sowerby
from the island of Tumaco.
5. On THE CHARACTERS OF THE GENERA PUSIONELLA AND Cuavatuta. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S. etc.
In the List of Genera of Mollusca published in the Proceedings for ] 1848, I gave the name of Pusionella to a genus of shell, referring to the Nefal of Adanson and the Murex pusio of Born as the type.
o7
This genus is easily characterized by the smooth thin periostraca, and the sharp-edged oblique plait which crosses the lower part of the canal. At the time I formed the genus, which contains several spe- cies in my collection, all coming from Africa, I was convinced that it was separate from the other zoophagous mollusca, from the characters assigned to it above, though I am aware that several zoologists were inclined to consider that they were scarcely sufficient for the forma- tion of a generic group.
The examination of the operculum of the shells arranged in this group has shown that it affords a most excellent character, which separates it at once from all the other genera of the family. The operculum is formed of concentric laminze, with the nucleus or first- formed lamina placed on the straight front or inner side of the oper- culum, which is situated next to the pillar of the shell. With this peculiarity the genus must now be regarded as firmly established. This form of operculum had only before been observed in the genus Bezoardica.
The discovery of this character in shells which had been regarded by most authors as Fusi, induced me to examine the opercula of some other allied genera, and I was rewarded by the discovery that Pleurotoma bicarinata, which is very nearly allied in form to P. coro- nata, the type of the genus Clavatula of Lamarck’s ‘System,’ has the operculum of the same shape and formed nearly in the same man- ner as that of the genus Pusionella; while Pleurotoma Babylonica, P. Virgo, and P. oxytrophis, which may be regarded as the typical Pleurotome, have the ovate lanceolate operculum with the nucleus on the acute apex, like the typical Fusz.
This being the case, it appears to me desirable that the genus Cla- vatula should be re-established, and restored to the species which has the operculum of this kind. Should it be considered necessary to separate from Plewrotoma the species which have a very short ante- rior canal, which have hitherto been regarded as Clavatula, they may be called Drillie, as that was the name which was first applied to them before they were confounded with the true Clavatule.
These observations show the importance of studying the opercula of the different genera; and I may add, that the attention which I have been able to bestow on the subject has convinced me that they form quite as important a character for the distinction of the genera, and the arrangement of the genera into natural groups, as the struc- ture and form of the shelly valve, or of the external form of the ani- mals themselves; and this may well be believed, when we consider them, as I am inclined to do, as an imperfectly developed valve, and as homologous to the second valve of the bivalve shell.
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April 9, 1850. Prof. Owen, V.P., F.R.S., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. Notices or AusTRALIAN Fis. By Sir Joun RicHarpson, M.D., F.R.S. Ere.
(Fisees, FI, 3c Ve, TEE)
In the third volume of the ‘ Zoological Transactions ;’ the ‘ Maga- zine and Annals of Natural History,’ vol. ix.; a report on the “ Fish of New Zealand,’ made to the British Association in 1842; the Ichthyology of the Voyage of the Sulphur, and especially in the Ichthyology of the Antarctic Voyage of the Erebus and ‘Terror, com- pleted in February 1848, I have described various species of Austra- lian fish. Among other sources of information to which I had re- course, a collection of drawings, made by Deputy Assistant Commis- sary General Neill, in 1841, at King George’s Sound, is particularly valuable on account of the notices it contains of the habits and qua- lities of the fish. The drawings are so characteristic, that most of the species are easily recognised, but some novel forms could not be systematically described without specimens, and the opportunity now afforded me by Mr. Gray of inspecting a number of dried skins pre- pared on the spot by Mr. Neill, has given occasion to the present paper.
APISTES PANDURATUS, Richardson.
Radit.—B.7; D.17|7; A.3|6; C.122; P.14; Vi 1|5, spec.
(Pisces, Pl. I. fig. 3, 4.)
Among the various forms that the genus dpistes presents, the present one is remarkable for the elevation of the orbit, which rises in a semicircular protuberance, so high above the occiput as to give the hinder part of the head a relative depression like a Turkish saddle, and to render the snout and forehead almost vertical.
The mouth is terminal and small, and both jaws, with the chevron of the vomer and a round patch on each palatine bone, are furnished with minute, short villiform teeth. The intermaxillaries are mode- rately protractile, and the maxillary, whose dilated lower end drops below the corner of the mouth, has its posterior edge turned out- wards producing a ridge. The nasal spines are thick, but acute, and are bent to the curve of the forehead. There is a narrow deep groove between them. This groove widens on the top of the head, where it is bounded by smooth ridges continued from the nasal spies, and in con- junction with them the raised edges of the orbits form an exterior fur- row on each side. These four furrows and ridges end in obtuse emi- nences which cross from the superior-posterior angle of one orbit to the other. Behind them the skull sinks perpendicularly to the level of the nearly flat, depressed occiput, on which however the middle ridges are still visible. The preorbitar is small, very uneven, and emits a
59
strong spine whose acute point reaches back to the middle of the orbit. The second suborbitar in crossing the cheek to the hollow of the preoperculum forms a stout ridge of oblique, somewhat twisted and striated eminences, none of them spinous. The preoperculum has a smooth vertical upper limb, which shows as a narrow, slightly ele- vated ridge. At its curve or angle there is a strong spine, longer than the preorbitar one, but not reaching quite to the gill-opening. A short thick spine is adnate to its base above, and a little way below it there is an acute spine half as long, which is followed by three other angular or spinous points on the lower limb of the bone*. Two prominent but smooth ridges exist on the eill-plate without any spi- nous points. On the suprascapular region there are two ridges, the upper one having three thick, striated eminences with acute points, and the lower one has two such eminences, with two small points more posteriorly.
There are no scales on any part of the head, and there is a smooth space along the base of the dorsal, which is widest towards the shoul- der ; the space between the ventrals and the breast anterior to them, with the base of the pectorals and their axils, are scaleless; the rest of the body, including the belly and integuments adjoining the anal, is densely covered with small scales. The lateral line is marked by a series of small eminences and is straight.
Judging from the numbers given in the ‘ Histoire des Poissons,’ and also from the examination of several species not described in that work, the branchiostegous rays seem to vary in the Apistes from five to seven. In the species now under consideration there are seven rays, but the lowest one is very slender, and so closely applied to the following one that it can be detected only by dissection.
The dorsal commences between the second points of the supra- scapular ridges and extends to near the caudal. Its spinous portion is much arched; the spines are strong and acute, and the seventh one is the tallest, being equal to two-thirds of the greatest height of the body ; the other spines are slightly graduated, but the foremost three diminish more abruptly. The last spine is rather more than one-half as long as the soft rays or than the tallest spine. The last soft ray is bound at its base to the back by membrane, but this membrane does not reach to the base of the caudal. The anal terminates rather further from the latter fin, and has three strong spines, the second being the stoutest and as long as the third one; the soft rays surpass them by about a fourth part. The pectorals are large and obliquely semi- oval, the lower rays being the shortest. Their rays are forked, which is a characteristic mark of the genus, and is not common in the Cot- toid family. The ventrals are also rather large, exceeding the anal a little in length and in spread. Their spine stands behind the pecto- ral axil and under the fourth dorsal spine.
The length of the head exceeds the height of the body, and is contained thrice and one-half in the whole length of the fish, caudal included. Length of specimen 53 inches.
* In the figure, the angle of the mandible being strongly represented, looks like a fourth angular point.
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APLOACTIS MILESII, Richardson. Radii.—Br.5; D. 14]14; A.12; C.13; P.11; V. 1|2, spec. (Pisces, Pl. I. fig. 1, 2.)
This fish has the fins of a Synanceia with the lateral eyes and head of a Scorpena, but instead of the ridges of the cranium, face and gill-covers ending in spinous points, they produce only obtuse knobs. Its teeth in character and position resemble those of Pte- réis, and its dermal spine-like scales are similar to those of Centri- dermichthys (Zool. of Voy. of Sulphur, p. 73). I am not quite sure that it corresponds in all its general characters with the Aploactis aspera of the ‘Fauna Japonica’ (pl. 22), but it comes sufficiently near to be included in the same generic group.
The form of the fish is rather elongated, the height of the body, which is a little less than the length of the head, being nearly one- fourth of the total length of the fish, caudal included. The com- pression of the head is moderate, its thickness being only one-third less than its height, and equal to about half its length. The mouth is terminal, cleft only a very short way backwards, but having a mo- derately large gape. The intermaxillaries are slightly protractile, and their edges and those of the mandible are covered with very short and minute, densely crowded teeth. The chevron of the vomer is similarly armed, but there are no teeth on the very narrow edges of the palaie-bones, and the tongue, which is not in the least free at the tip, appears to be quite smooth. The premaxillaries are but slightly protractile, the tips of their pedicles when retracted not reaching half- way to the eye. The maxillaries have a protuberance in the centre of their lower dilated ends, and only their more slender upper halves glide under the preorbitar. When the head is viewed in front, two short parallel ridges are seen covering the pedicles of the premaxil- laries, above which, on the forehead, there is a deep oblong depression bounded by an elevated bony ridge, from which a side ridge formed by the prefrontals proceeds to each orbit. The margins of the orbits themselves are elevated and uneven, and there is a prominent bend upwards on the edge of each postfrontal bone; the rest of the top of the head is occupied by the front rays of the dorsal fin. The preorbitar sends one obtuse ridge forwards over the middle of the maxillary, and another and a larger one backwards in the situation of the spine of an Apistes ; this one is knobbed at the end and curved upwards. The suborbitar chain is elevated and very uneven throughout, particularly the ridge which traverses the cheek to the hollow of the preopercu- lum. There is a blunt process from the angle of the latter bone, representing the spine common in this family, and three smaller knobs below it, the edge of the bone being also raised in a slighter degree. Two slightly diverging ridges, ending bluntly, cross the operculum ; there is a small blunt point on the interoperculum, and four obtuse eminences between the eye and shoulder, representing the two ridges shown in that part in the Scorpene. The parts between the bony eminences on the head are covered with small spines like those of the body, and the whole, in the recent state, seems to have
a. ene
SNOLVUNUNVd SULSIdV PC IISATIW SILOVOTIV & 1
UAE % [epuewmg &q pormwy TL PP 1
61
been enveloped in soft skin, which in the dried specimen has left traces of a short skinny fringe on the lower jaw and of filamentous points elsewhere. There are several open pores on the limbs of the mandible. The gill-membrane is smooth and is sustained by five curved rays. The gill-openings are closed above the gill-plate, but extend from the point of the operculum downwards and forwards to opposite the articulation of the mandible, being sufficiently ample.
The whole skin of the body and the lower parts of all the fins are studded with straight acute spines, each enveloped in a skinny sheath. The lateral line is nearly straight, having merely a slight rise over the pectoral. It is marked by a smooth furrow and a series of ten or twelve skinny processes.
The dorsal extends from between the eyes the whole length of the back, but is not actually connected to the caudal fin. It is highest anteriorly, lowest over the pectoral, and of medium height and nearly even posteriorly, its end being rounded off. The second spine, which stands over the middle of the orbit, is the tallest, its height bemg but a little less than that of the head ; the first and third rays are only a little shorter, while the fifth and sixth are much lower, producing a deep notch in the fin. The eighth and following spines are very slightly graduated, and from thence to its rounded extremity the outline of the fin is even. The membrane is notched between the rays, and the tips of the jointed rays curve backwards. The first seven or eight spines are pungent, but the six following ones are less so, and are not easily distinguishable in the dried specimen from articulated rays in which the joints have become obsolete. The fore-part of the dorsal shows some small membranous points on the spines. The anal is similar to the soft dorsal, but terminates further from the caudal, and if it be furnished with a spine it is concealed at the base of the first soft ray, there being no appearance of one ex- ternally. The caudal when fully spread is almost circular in outline. Its rays are simple, with the tips projecting beyond the membrane, especially those of the extreme pairs above and below. The pectoral has the oblique semi-oval form of that fin in Synanceia, but is less adnate to the side. Its rays are simple, with projecting tips. The yentrals, formed of one spine and two unbranched rays, stand exactly under the base of the lowest pectoral rays, and are small.
The only vestiges of colour remaining in the dried specimen are brown and purple bands and blotches on the dorsal, caudal and pec- torals, with one or two rows of white spots on the two latter fins.
CHEILODACTYLUS CARPONEMUS, Cuv. et Val. v. p. 362. pl. 128.
Radii.—Br. 6; D.17|31; A.3|19; C.14§; P.8 et VIL.; V.1)5, spec.
This fish is the “‘Chettong,”’ No. 39, of Neill’s drawings, and the « Jew-fish”’ of the sealers who frequent King George’s Sound. Mr. Neill informs us that it is an inhabitant of rocky shores, and that individuals are often taken which weigh more than 16 lbs. It is readily captured by the hook.
The specimen described and figured in the ‘ Histoire des Poissons’
62
was obtained by Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard in the same locality with Mr. Neill’s, and the latter accords perfectly with it; but I am per- suaded that the references in that work referring to Solander and For- ster’s accounts of a New Zealand species ought to be struck out. Some notices of the discrepancies between the memoranda of these authors and the history of Ch. carponemus in the ‘ Histoire des Pois- sons’ have been given in the ‘Zoological Transactions,’ vol. ii. p. 101, and since the date of that publication the examination of various Australian specimens has strengthened the reasons I had for coming to that conclusion.
The Cheilodactyli do not accord well with the typical Scienide, and the evidences of the ptenoid structure of their scales are often deficient, the teeth on the disks becoming perfectly obsolete, and none existing on the margins of the scales of any species we have examined. In Mr. Neill’s specimen the length of the head is contained four and a half times in the total length of the fish, in which the caudal is included. The height of the preorbitar equals the diameter of the orbit ; and its length is considerably greater, beg about equal to one- third of the length of the head. The teeth on the jaws are needle- shaped, small, and arranged in a narrow, not crowded band. The vomer is smooth. The dorsal fin is low, the sixth and tallest spine being only equal to a quarter of the height of the body, and the fifth and seventh spines are scarcely shorter. The spines lower a little towards the soft rays, but there is no decided notch. None of the spines are stout. The second anal spine is as long as the third one and is thicker. The tenth or long pectoral ray reaches beyond the first third of the anal; the caudal is deeply forked. The transverse diameter of the scales generally exceeds the longitudinal one.
Mr. Neill’s drawing represents five yellowish lines on each side of the face, reaching backwards to the occiput, the three lower ones crossing the upper part of the preorbitar and being interrupted by the eye. ‘The under and fore edge of the preorbitar is marked by a blue line, which is prolonged to the temples, and there is also a short blue streak immediately under the orbit, the iris itself being likewise of that colour. Two blue lines traverse the summit of the back close to the dorsal, disappearing under the middle of the soft portion of that fin. The same colour exists on the membrane joming the first three dorsal spines, on the spines of the anal, the ventrals, the long pectoral ray, and the upper and under edges of the caudal, the tint in all these cases being a pure indigo. The rest of the fins are of a paler colour, approaching to mountain-blue.
CHEILODACTYLUS MACROPTERUS, Forster.
Scizenoides abdominalis, Solander MSS. Pisces Australia, p. 11.
Scixena abdominalis, Idem, op.citat. p.29 ; fig. pict. Parkins. 2-40.
Scizena macroptera, Forster, Descrip. Anim. p. 136. fig. 206. Georgio Forst. picta.
Radii.—Br. 6 ; D.17|26; A. 3/14; C.17; P.15; vee Soland. Br. 6; D.17|26; A. 3)14; C.30; P. Yet VI.; V.1|5, Forst.
63
Of this species I have seen no example, and it is known to me only by the descriptions and figures above referred to. It inhabits the bays of the middle island of New Zealand, and was taken on Cook’s first and second voyage in Queen Charlotte’s Sound and Dusky Bay. At the latter place its native appellation was ascertained to be “ Ta- raghee,”’ but the seamen called it “‘ Cole-fish.”” That it is different from the Ch. carponemus of the ‘ Histoire des Poissons’ I am inclined to believe, from the dissimilarity of the figure in the latter work with those drawn by Parkinson and George Forster, and from the more notched dorsal and stouter dorsal and anal spines than we find in authentic specimens of Ch. carponemus from King George’s Sound. These discrepancies, and the smaller number of dorsal and anal rays, authorise us to keep it distinct until an opportunity occurs of exami- ning the New Zealand fish. The broad black band which descends from the shoulder not quite as far as the pectoral is a good distinctive mark. The reader is referred to the ‘ Zoological Transactions,’ vol. iii. p- 101, for extracts from Solander’s notes, which may be compared with Forster’s description in the ‘ Historia Animalium,’ &c. p. 136.
Some specimens of Cheilodactyli from Sydney which I have seen point at a species nearly allied to the two preceding ones as existing in that part of Australia, but the materials I possess are not suffi- cient for the elaboration of its distinctive characters.
CHEILODACTYLUS NIGRICANS, Richardson.
Radii.—Br. —; D. 1526 ; A. 3/10; C. 153; P. 9 et Wee Wiis spec.
Toorjenung, Neill’s drawings, No. 42.
This fish is the ‘‘Toorjenung”’ of the natives of King George’s Sound, and the “Black Jew-fish”’ of the sealers. Mr. Neill says that it grows to a large size, feeds grossly, and that its flesh is dry and dark-coloured. It is much prized by the aborigines, and forms a principal article of food among the native families, who are expert in spearing fish. The head ofa large fish is said to make good soup. It is an inhabitant of rocky points that project from sandy bays, and moves sluggishly along the bottom, ploughing the sand with its soft fleshy lips; hence it falls a ready sacrifice to the native spear,
In shape this fish approaches to carponemus, but is rather more elongated in the body, and has a more arched spinous dorsal. Its eye is more remote from the gill-opening, being nearer to the middle of the head, and the preorbitar is shorter, its length not exceeding the diameter of the orbit. The most striking dissimilarity to the preceding species is in the longest pectoral ray, which projects only about one-sixth of its length beyond the membrane. It is the upper- most of the simple rays, and the four others are graduated and also project beyond the membrane as far in proportion. The disk of the preoperculum is broad, that of the interoperculum fully equal to it, and both these bones and the cheek are scaleless in the specimen, which has sustained some damage in the head, but not apparently in these places. Ch. carponemus and aspersus have interopercular bones rather narrower than the disk of the preorbitar, and both these
64
bones, with the cheek, are covered with small scales which do not extend to the preorbitar. In aspersus a small part of the cheek next the preorbitar is scaleless. In all these species the operculum and suboperculum are densely scaly. The integuments of the cheek of nigricans are full of pores, and the lips are large and fleshy. About forty-eight scales occur in a row between the gill-opening and caudal, with three or four rows in addition on the base of that fin. About seventeen compose a vertical row at the shoulder. The scales of the lateral line are, as in the other species, smaller than those above and below, which also overlap them. The exposed disk of a scale is rough, with minute points, but the exterior margin is thin and membranous. The base is faintly marked by a dozen or more slightly divergent fur- rows, which do not produce marginal crenatures. The sixth and tallest dorsal spine equals one-third of the height of the body and is higher than the soft rays, which rise considerably above the posterior spines. The third anal spine is more slender and considerably longer than the second one. None of them are strong. The caudal is forked to half its depth, and has acute lobes.
In Mr. Neill’s drawing this fish is represented as having a dark greyish-black colour on the back, head and fins, and as being pale on the belly. The lips are flesh-coloured. Length of the specimen 21 inches. The drawing is two feet long.
CHEILODACTYLUS ASPERSUS, Richardson.
Cheilodactylus carponemus, Richardson, Zool. Trans. vol. iii. p.99, exclus. synon.
Radii.—Br. 6; D. 17/27; A. 3|11; C.138; P.8 et VII.; A. 15, specimens.
This fish frequents Port Arthur in Van Diemen’s Land, and Dr. Lhotzky says that it is never taken at Sydney. In the ‘ Zoological Transactions’ for 1841 (vol. iii. p. 99) there is a notice of it, to which the reader is referred; but it is necessary to state that the number of fin rays there given are those of Ch. carponemus, as expressed in the ‘ Histoire des Poissons.’ I there pointed out some of the discre- pancies between the examples of this fish I had then before me and the description and figure of carponemus in the work just referred to; but being at that time very imperfectly aware of the number and variety of the Cheilodactyli existing in the Australian seas, I did not venture to indicate it as a proper species. This I am now enabled to do, after a careful comparison of the specimens then commented upon with Mr. Neill’s example of carponemus from King George’s Sound, the exact locality of the specimen of the latter described by Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Ch. aspersus is a higher fish than carponemus, the greatest height of the body being contained only three times and one-third in the total length, caudal included. It is much compressed, with an acute back and a deeply-forked caudal. The more arched form of the spinous part of the dorsal fin, and the much stouter dorsal and anal spines, afford a ready means of distinguishing the dried specimens. The different colours and markings of the recent fish are very appa-
65
rent. The first and last dorsal spines are much shorter than the cor- responding ones of carponemus, and the notch of the fin is conspi- cuous from the greater height of the soft rays. The second anal spine is very stout, and it rather exceeds the third one in length. The preorbitar is smaller than in that species, and its length does not ex- ceed the diameter of the orbit. ‘Ihe face is therefore shorter, and the profile rises more steeply to the dorsal, owing to the greater height of the fish. The elongated pectoral ray, which is the tenth, reaches no farther back than the beginning of the anal. The scales are rather large and much tiled. About fifty-two exist on the lateral line, besides six or seven rows on the base of the caudal, and there are twenty- two rows in the height of the fish.
Mr. Lempriere, from whom we had the specimens, says that the fish is known at Port Arthur under the name of “the Perch,” and has a bright silvery hue with dark spots. The specimens still ex- hibit many dark brown spots scattered thickly on the back and more sparingly on the sides, most of them being rather smaller than the exposed disk of a scale. The vertical fins, particularly the caudal, are more minutely spotted. The top of the gill-cover is blackish, and there is a dark mark on the humeral bone. As is usual in the genus, the inside of the mouth and lining of the gill-opening are purplish- black. Length 124 inches. Greatest height 32 inches.
The Cheilodactylus carmichaelis (Hist. des Poiss. v. 360) (Cheto- don monodactylus, Carmichael, Linn. Trans. vol. xii. p. 500. pl. 24) approaches aspersus in shape, in the length of its long pectoral rays, and in the number of fin rays generally, but it is distinguished by six short, broad dark bars on the back. The formula of its rays is as follows :—Radii.—Br. 6; D.17|24; A.3|12; P.9 et VI.; V. 1|5, Carmichael.
The Cheilodactylus fasciatus (Cuv. et Val. v. 357) of the Cape is distinguished by four or five vertical dark bands and five transverse
_lines on each lobe of the caudal. Its rays are stated to be :—
Radii.—Br. 5; D. 19|23; A. 3[11; C.17; P.10 et V.; V. 1/5. Hist. des Poiss.
CHEILODACTYLUS GIBBosus, Solander. (Chetodon.)
Cheetodon gibbosus, Banks, Icon. Parkins. ined. t. 23.
Cheilodactylus gibbosus, Richardson, Zool. Trans. vol. iii. p. 102.
Radii.—D. 17|36; A. 3/8; C.144; P. 8 et VI.; V. 1|5, spec. (Pisces, Pl. II. fig. 3, 4.)
This fish inhabits the seas of Van Diemen’s Land and the east coast of New Holland, as well as King George’s Sound. A full de- scription of it is contained in the ‘Zoological Transactions’ quoted above. It has the highest spinous dorsal of any described species of Cheilodactylus, and in the distribution of its black bands it bears a considerable resemblance to Eques americanus.
Mr. Neill gives a drawing of it (No. 24), and states that it is known to the aborigines of King George’s Sound by the name of
No. CCV.—Proceepin6s or THE ZooLoGicaL Society.
66
“Knelvek.”’ The natives spear it on sandy banks, but say that it is rare. Its scales are smooth, and the second and third anal spines are moderately long and equal to each other. The suboperculum is nar- row, and together with the other opercular bones and cheek is scaly. The figure is one-third of the size of the specimen. The scale is magnified. A considerable part of its disk retains the small asperi- ties or ptenoid teeth, which do not however extend to the margin of the scale, that being, as is usual in the genus, thin and membranous.
CHEILODACTYLUS NIGRIPES, Richardson.
Radii.—Br. 6; D. 18|26; A. 3/10; C. 13; P. 7 et V.; V. 1[5, spec.
The aborigines of King George’s Sound had no name for this spe- cies, and no drawing of it was made by Mr. Neill. The only speci- men of it obtained was speared by a native named Murrianne, and measures 13 inches in length. It has a conical eminence on the pre- frontal bone, like that existing in Ch. gibbosus ; its face is short, with the profile ascending almost as much as in the species just named. The length of the preorbitar is rather less than the diameter of the orbit, the eye is placed midway between the gill-opening and mouth, and the interoperculum is only about half as wide as the disk of the pre- operculum. The cheek and all the pieces of the gill-cover are densely scaly. The second of the simple pectoral rays is the longest and it falls short of the anus, while only about one-third of its length pro- jects beyond the membrane. The spinous part of the dorsal is arched anteriorly. Its fifth and longest spine rather exceeds one-third of the height of the body. The preceding ones are graduated to the first, whose height is only a fifth part of the fifth one, but the de- crease of the posterior spines is much less rapid, the last one having half the length of the fifth. The soft rays rise to nearly twice the height of the posterior spines, rendering the fin notched. The third anal spine is somewhat longer than the second one, which is stouter, but the spines generally are of moderate thickness, and are com- pressed. The caudal is forked to half its depth. The ventral spine is long and slender. The scales are without asperities, and the ex- posed part of their disk exhibits the concentric rings of structure distinctly. About sixty-one exist in a row between the gill-opening and caudal, exclusive of three or four on that fin. The teeth on the jaws are slender and closely set.
In the dried specimen the ventrals are pitch-black, and the other fins are neatly equally dark. The body is also dark, but in the absence of drawings or descriptions of the recent fish we cannot state its proper tints.
CHEILODACTYLUS ZONATUS, Cuy. et Val.
Cheilodactylus zonatus, Cuv. et Val. vol. v. p. 365; Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1845, p. 239.
Radii.—D. 17|31; A. 3|8; C. 142; P. 8 et VI. spec.
This fish, which is common to the China and Australian seas, appears to be called the “ Zebra-fish’’ by the sealers who frequent
67
King George’s Sound, though that name is most generally appro- priated by them to the Crenidens zebra. Its prefrontal bone pro- jects behind the nostril, but not so acutely as in Ch. nigripes or gibbosus. There is however a difference in this respect in different individuals. The width of the interoperculum is about half that of the preopercular disk, and these bones and the cheek are densely scaly. The scales of the cheek however are imbedded in spongy porous skin. The length of the preorbitar equals the diameter of the orbit. In the relative sizes of the opercular bones and preorbitar, and in the form of the dorsal, zonatus and nigripes closely resemble each other, but there is a difference in the anal spines, in the rays of the pectoral, in the shape of the caudals, that of zonatus being only sparingly excavated, and a striking one in the colours.
The dried specimen of zonatus shows very distinctly eight dark oblique bars on the body, the first crossing the nape and the last the base of the caudal, the intermediate pale spaces being equal to the bars in breadth. The entire head, including the preorbitar, is thickly marked by round dark spots of the size of duck shot. There are large spots on the caudal, which are so crowded on the margin of the fin as almost to form a continuous bar. Two or in some parts more rows traverse the dorsal, and there are dark marks on the tips of the anal and ventrals. The simple rays of the pectoral are orange. Mr. Reeves’s drawing of the Chinese fish represents it as dressed in very lively colours during the breeding season.
The dorsal is highest at the fifth spine, as in zonatus, and is in other respects similar in form ; but the anal spines are shorter, espe- cially the second, which is also stouter in proportion. Rather less than one-third of the longest pectoral ray projects beyond the mem- brane, and the membrane is less deeply notched between the other simple rays than in nigripes. The scales differ from those of the last- named species, being finely granulated on the disk, as in nigricans.
The rays are somewhat differently enumerated in the ‘ Histoire des Poissons,’ from a Japanese specimen. Radii.—Br. 6; D. 17|29; A. 3|8; P. 9 et V.; V. 1|5, Cuv. et Valence.
The Cheilodactylus brachydactylus (Hist. des Poiss. p. 361) of the Cape approaches more nearly to our examples of zonatus in the numbers of the rays, but it does not appear to possess the prefrontal prominence, and has no other markings than a triangular black mark behind the eye. Radii.—Br.5; D. 17/31; A. 3|9; C.17; P.8 et V.; V. 1|5, Cuy. et Valenc.
Cheilodactylus ciliaris, Richardson, Zool. of the Voy. of the Ere- bus and Terror, p. 37. pl. 26. fig. 6, 7 (Latris; Sciena ciliaris, Forster, &c.), is a species which is allied to the following ones, in the shortness of its simple pectoral rays.
CHEILODACTYLUS HECATEIUS, Richardson.
Latris hecateia, Richardson, Zool. Trans. p. 106. tab. 6. f. 1.
Radii.—Br. 6; D.18)36; A. 3/27; C.168; P.9 et IX.; V.1]5, spec.
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In the account of this species quoted above, I expressed doubts of the rank of Latris as a subdivision of the Cheilodactyli ; but now that I have had an opportunity of examining a more complete gradation of specific forms, I am not disposed to think that it merits to be con- sidered even a subgenus, though the non-prolongation of one of the pectoral rays (usually the tenth) makes it a convenient division of the Cheilodactyli, now known to be numerous.
This species inhabits the seas of Van Diemen’s Land.
CHEILODACTYLUS LINEATUS, Forster (Sciena).
Cichla lineata, Schneider.
Scizena lineata, 7’. R. Forsteri Descr. Anim. p. 134. An. 1844; Fig. pict. Georg. Forsteri in Bibl. Banks. servata.
Radii.—Br. 6; D. 18|36; A. 1|26; C. 30; P. 17; V. 1|5, Forst. Zc.
This species agrees nearly with the preceding in the numbers of its fin rays, except that Forster says expressly that it has only one anal spine. It has also four dark dorsal stripes, with three intervening silvery ones; but it differs from hecateius in the yellowish colour of its fins, and particularly of its caudal, which obtained for it the appel- lation of “ Yellow-tail”? from the sailors. It frequents, like the other Cheilodactyli, rocky places, was captured by Cook’s sailors with the hook, and was much approved as an article of food. It is a native of the seas washing the southern island of New Zealand. Length of specimen described by Forster, 24 inches.
Having seen no specimens we cannot institute a correct comparison with hecateius.
Turepterius, Richardson. (Operrijpios, ad alendum idoneus.)
Genus piscium acanthopterygiorum Cheilodactylis affine. Corpus catheto-plateum, ovato-oblongum, squamosum. Caput aliquantulum parvum, cute porosd tectum, absque spinis, angulis vel aciebus ser- ratis osseis. Os ut in Cheilodactylis extensibile. Dentes in pre- maxillaribus, mandibuia trigonioque vomeris una serie instructi, bre- vissimi, parvi, subconici. Ossa palatis levia. Gene craniumque esquamose. Os preorbitale angustum. Operculum subtriangulare squamis tectum. Membrana branchiostega radiis sex curvis, satis validis sustentata. Squamee leeves nec dentatee ; linea lateralis recta. Radii pinnarum pectoralium inferiores simplices. Pinna dorsi e nucha fer’ usque ad caudze pimmam regnans, squamulis apud radios instructa, membrand inter spas profundé emarginata ; lobulo tamen membranaceo e summis spinis pendente. Pinnz ventrales thoracicee sed a gula paulo remote.
The characters are deduced from dried specimens, and the pharyn- geal teeth and structure of the intestinal canal are unknown. The jaw teeth are not strictly disposed in a single row, since a few minute ones form a row behind the others in front of the premaxillaries ; but these can scarcely be visible in the recent fish. The chevron of
69
the vomer is acute and projects a little. The orifice of the mouth is rather larger than in the Cheilodactyli, but the jaws are extensible in about the same degree. The maxillary bone wants the flat thin plate near its head which exists in the Cheilodactyli and glides beneath the preorbitar. The latter bone is narrow, its width not being equal to one-third of the diameter of the orbit. The eye is comparatively large, three diameters and a half of the orbit beg equal to the entire length of the head, and two of these diameters measure the distance between the hinder edge of the orbit and the tip of the gill-cover. The position of the eye is high enough to encroach upon the profile. The cheek equals the diameter of the orbit in breadth ; the disk of the preoperculum is also wide, and the interoperculum moderately so. The operculum and suboperculum conjointly have a triangular form ; the former is notched, and the latter is prolonged by a membranous tip, which forms the apex of the gill-cover. Both these bones are densely scaly ; there is also a row of scales on the interoperculum, partially overlaid by the thin edge of the preoperculum, and the tem- ples are also scaly. The rest of the head is without scales, but the mucous skin, full of canals and pores, which envelopes the head, pre- vents us from ascertaining the exact extent of the scales, at least in the dried specimens. The top of the head is destitute of scales to the occiput, but in the Cheilodactyli, dense, small scales extend forward on the skull to before the eyes. In the absence of thick fleshy lips, the genus differs from Cheilodactylus. The preorbitar is neither wide enough nor long enough to conceal the maxillary, which however enters partially beneath its edge. The thin crescentic border of the preoperculum is striated, but not crenated. The same kind of streaks or furrows may be discerned, though not so readily, in some Cheilo- dactyli. The head forms a fourth of the total length. The height of the body is also equal to a fourth of the length of the fish, caudal included. The belly is prominent, and the tail, posterior to the ver- tical fins, is slender. The lateral line is straight, and each of its scales is marked by a short straight tube, which is placed somewhat obliquely to the general direction of the line. About fifty-two scales compose a row between the gill-opening and caudal, the base of whose rays are also scaly, and the lateral line is prolonged as far as the scales extend on that fin.
The dorsal commences over the upper angle of the gill-opening and reaches to within an inch of the caudal. Its seventh spine, which is the tallest, is nearly equal to half the height of the body ; the others are graduated very slightly posteriorly and more rapidly anteriorly. None of them are stout, and all of them are traversed on each side by a deep furrow. The membrane between them is deeply notched, as in the genus Pelors, and a slender process running up the back of each spine surmounts it in form of a small free lobe. The soft rays surpass the tallest spine a little, and are more than twice the height of the last one. The anal commences opposite to the beginning of the soft portion of the dorsal and ends beneath its tenth branched ray, or, in the specimens before us, about two inches and a half from the caudal. The spines are like the dorsal ones, grooved and slender,
70
and the second one, which is scarcely shorter than the third, is not quite twice as long as the first one. The seven inferior simple rays of the pectoral have free tips, their membrane being deeply notched as in the dorsal. The ventrals are attached under the middle of the pectorals, or opposite to the sixth dorsal spine. Their spine is slen- der, and about two-thirds of the length of the soft rays. The caudal is rounded, with the tips of the rays projecting beyond the mem- brane.
THREPTERIUS MACULOsUS, Richardson. (Pisces, Pl. IL. fig. 1, 2.)
This fish approaches the division Latris of the Cheilodactyli in the form of its pectoral fin and other characters, but differs so much in its general aspect, which reminds one of a cottoid fish, that it is well that we can find a structural difference which enables us to place it in a separate genus. This exists in the vomerie teeth, the vomer being smooth in the Cheilodactyli, but in this fish it is armed like the jaws by a single row of teeth, which, instead of being setiform and crowded, as in the Cheilodactyli, are short, somewhat conical, and confined nearly to a single row on the jaws as well as on the vomer.
The native name of the fish at King George’s Sound is “‘Cam- betik,” and it frequents rocky places, having apparently the same habits with the Cheilodactyli. The simple projecting rays of the pectoral would appear to perform the functions of an organ of touch, and are furnished to many fish that, like the Trigle, swim close to the sandy bottom, which they touch with these simple rays, whether they are wholly or partially free. The Ciimbeik is prized as an article of food, whence the generic name.
Mr. Neill’s figure represents the fish as having a pale brown colour, much lighter on the belly, and thickly studded with irregular dark liver-brown spots, most crowded along the back and becoming much smaller and more scattered on the belly. The fins are rather of a redder brown, and the soft dorsal, ventral and caudal are minutely spotted. Length 9 inches.
TAUTOGA PARILA, Richardson.
Paril and “Common Rock-fish,”’ Neill’s drawings, No.9; Richard-
son, Ichth. Erebus and Terror, p. 127, sub Labro fucicola.
Radii—Br. 6 ; D. 911; A. 3/10; C.134; P.13; V.1|5, spe- cimens.
This species of Labrus or Tautoga approaches Labrus tetricus (Ichth. of Erebus and Terror, pl. 55. f.1) in general form, but there is only a single row of scales on the temples, and they do not descend lower than the middle of the upper limb of the preoperculum. The scales covering the operculum and suboperculum are, as in the allied species, large. The cheek, preoperculum and the broad thin inter- operculum show no scales, but, in common with the top of the head, are covered with a thick skin full of mucous canals and open pores. The diameter of the orbit is less than the length of the preorbital,
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71
and is contained five times and a half in the length of the head when the jaws are retracted. The preorbitar lips are only slightly de- veloped, but the intermaxillary and mandibular ones are thick and plaited. Teeth arranged in each jaw in a series gradually decreasing towards the angle of the mouth, the anterior pair above and below being considerably larger and more curved. In the upper jaw there is a complete interior series of small rounded teeth which are on a level with the soft parts. On the mandible the interior row is con- fined to the fore-part of the jaw, and is less regular. The tubular ramifications on the scales of the lateral line are more numerous and crowded than in L. tetricus, or any of the other Australian species figured in the ‘Ichthyology of the Erebus and Terror.’ There are twenty-four scales on the lateral line having these clusters of tubes, and the clusters do not diminish in size towards the tail, though one or two less bushy occur under the soft dorsal. The line is as usual suddenly bent downwards under the end of that fin.
In the dried skins dark brown lines radiate from the orbit over the temples, cheek, and preorbitar, and there are dark spots on the jaws, top of the head and gill-plates. There are also some white blotches and bars on the cheek, preoperculum, interoperculum and lower jaw. The body is variegated with brown spots, crowded along the back, more scattered on the sides, and mixed with small round dots of the same tint. The dark marks extend to all the vertical fins. These spots have an umber-brown colour in Mr. Neill’s drawing.
No. 37 of the same drawings represents the “ Black-fish of the sealers’’ and the “ Paril’’ or “ Knhoul”’ of the natives, which is con- sidered to be a variety of the preceding. There is no specimen of it in the collection, but it has the back and upper part of the sides thickly sprinkled with reddish-brown dots without any larger spots. This variety or species is said to grow to the size of 15 or 20 lbs.
Cossypuus vuLPINUs, Richardson.
Radii.—Br. 4; D.12|11; A. 3]12; C.142; P.16; V.1|5, spec.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length of the fish, caudal included, and is about equal to the length of the head.
The profile rises in a slightly concave line from the acute snout to opposite the back part of the orbit at an angle of 30°. From thence to the beginning of the dorsal, which stands as far back as the axil of the ventrals, the line is almost horizontal, and judging from the dried specimen the dorsal ridge there is acute. When the jaws are pro- tracted the face has a hollow profile, and the strong series of teeth give it a sinister look. There are two pairs of canines at the extre- mities of the upper and under jaws, the upper ones being inclined forwards, and also a canine at the corner of the mouth, which is bent outwards. The smaller teeth are rather widely set, and there are six of them on each maxillary and fourteen on each limb of the lower jaw ; and of the latter the middle ones are somewhat longer than those towards each end of the jaw. Within the front teeth on both jaws there is a flat naked surface of bone fitted for grinding or crushing, and more interiorly a few minute granular teeth scarcely protruding
72
from the bone. The cleft of the mouth extends backwards to the front of the preorbitar bone, and is equal to the distance between the corner of the mouth and the eye.
The preorbitar is covered with smooth skin, presenting an even surface in the recent fish, but in the skeleton it presents three deep notches anteriorly, separated by linear processes. The rest of the suborbitar chain is narrow. The upper limb of the preoperculum is finely serrated, the serratures disappearing on the rounded angle. The disk of that bone, the other opercular pieces, the cheeks, temples and suprascapulars are scaly, but there are no scales on the limbs of the lower jaw, in which respect the species differs from the Cossyphus maldat of the ‘ Histoire des Poissons,’ to which it has some resemblance in general form. There are six rows of scales on the cheek and as many on the interoperculum ; the scales on the disk of the preoperculum are smaller than these, and those covering the operculum and suboperculum are considerably larger. The naked part of the scales exhibits little pits rather than granulations. There are thirty scales on the lateral line, each carrying a simple tube with its point turned upwards. The tube is more branched in C. maldat. There is no sudden bend in the lateral line, but it descends gradually under the soft dorsal rays to the middle height of the tail, on which there are eight rows of scales.
The anal and dorsal fins move in scaly sheaths, which are broadest on the soft rays. The spinous rays are strong, tapering, and acute. The first dorsal spine stands over the axil of the ventrals; and the ventral spine, which is as tall as the last and longest dorsal one, stands beneath the base of the lowest pectoral ray. The soft parts of the anal and dorsal are somewhat peaked, and rise above the spines. These two fins end exactly opposite to each other, and leave a considerable space of naked tail behind them. The angles of the caudal project a little beyond the straight intermediate border. The colours of the speci- men have faded. Length 16 inches.
Cossyruvus GouLptit, Richardson.
Labrus gouldii, Rich. Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 353.
Cossyphus, ve/ Lachnolaimus gouldii, Idem, Ichth. of Voy. of Erebus and Terror, p. 132.
Radii.—D. 11|10 vel 11; A. 3|10 vel 11; C.143; P.17 vel 16; V...1|5, spec.
(Pisces, Pl. III. fig. 3, 4.)
Mr. Neill’s collection contains a young specimen of this fish, which was previously known to me only by an example of considerably greater size, brought from Western Australia by Mr. Gould. Neither specimen retained the pharyngeal bones, and I still remain in doubt as to which of the dismemberments of the Linnzan genus Ladrus it ought to be referred.
It has the general form of Ladrus, with the scaly dorsal and anal sheaths of Cossyphus, and a peculiarity in the very compressed form of the spinous rays which I have not as yet seen in any other La- broid. It has the four anterior canines in each jaw which exist in
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73
some Cossyphi, and on the mandibles these canines are inclined for- ward like the corresponding teeth in Anampses. There are no ca- nines at the angle of the mouth. The lateral teeth are incorporated with the bone, and are small and uniform, not decreasing in succes- sion, as in the Labri. In the young specimen the bone of both jaws is thin, and the forms of the lateral teeth are distinctly seen, cemented laterally to each other, with a few very minute granular teeth scattered on the interior surface of the bones; but in the older specimen the premaxillaries have swollen behind the canines and acquired a smooth surface by friction, and the edges of the jaws having worn down the forms of the teeth composing them, are obscured—their rounded points alone being visible. On the other hand the granular teeth on the sides of the jaws have become more conspicuous in consequence
of their growth.
The cleft of the mouth is small, not exceeding the diameter of the eye. The length of the preorbitar is greater. The latter bone and the suborbitar chain, with the lower jaw and top of the head, are scaleless. The edge of the preoperculum is quite smooth, and its disk appears to be scaleless, but there are nine rows of small scales on the cheek, and the other gill-pieces are scaly, those on the oper- culum and suboperculum being larger than the rest. The uncovered disks of the scales of the body are rough, with small round points, the edges being thin, membranous, and striated or wrinkled. The descending curve of the lateral line under the soft dorsal is the gra- dual one of a Cossyphus, not the more sudden deflection of a Labrus. Each of the scales composing it has a loose arbuscle of sparingly branched tubes.
The dorsal spines are strong and comparatively short, and the an- terior ones are compressed so as to render their front edges acute. The compression diminishes in the posterior spines, and the last and tallest one is subulate, grooved and pointed. The foremost two anal spines are even more conspicuously compressed, and the third one is subulate. The ventrals are rounded, and have a compressed spine which stands under the second and third dorsal spines and base of the pectoral—being farther forward than in Cossyphus vulpinus.
This fish is represented as having a dark purplish colour, and is said by Mr. Neill to bear the names of “ Koojenuck,”’ “ Quejuinuck,”’ or “ Knowl,” among the aborigines of King George’s Sound. It attains the weight of 28 or 30 lbs. It is described more at length in the ‘Ichthyology of the Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,’ quoted above.
JULIS CYANOGRAMMaA, Richardson.
Radii.—D. 9|13; A. 3|13; C.123; P.13; V.1]5, spec.
This species is the “‘ Knelmick” or ‘‘ Kielnmick”’ of the aborigines frequenting King George’s Sound, and the “‘Common Rock-Cod” of the sealers. It is also an inhabitant of New South Wales, specimens of it having been sent to the Museum at Haslar by Mr. Miles. Its flesh is little prized.
In the numbers of its fin rays it comes near Julis dussumieri, but
74
differs from it in having smaller scales, in form and in colours; nor have I been able to refer it to any described species. Its body is elongated ; its height, which is not equal to the length of the head, being contained five times and a half in the total length of the fish, caudal included. The compression of the head is considerable, its thickness not exceeding half its height, and the occiput and nape are acute. The length of the preorbitar is considerably greater than the diameter of the eye, and the cheek and interoperculum are both high. There are no scales on the temples or any other part of the head. There are fifty scales on the lateral line, each marked by six or seven short, simple, diverging tubes. The lateral line is bent down- wards under the ninth, tenth and eleventh soft rays of the dorsal ; it is otherwise straight, and runs near the back. The dorsal commences far forward, over the top of the gill-cover, and runs back with an even outline ; its tip, which is acute, though not prolonged, reaching, when laid back, to the base of the caudal. Its spines, as well as those of the anal and ventrals, are flexible and very slender. The pectorals are not large, and the ventrals have tapering, acute, but not filament- ous tips. They stand under the base of the lowest pectoral ray. The caudal is moderately rounded, and it is scaly between the rays for more than one-third of its length.
When the open mouth is viewed in front, its teeth form a rhomb ; the front pair of teeth above and below are comparatively large and are curved. There is also a small curved tooth standing forwards from the angle of the mouth.
Mr. Neill’s drawing represents this fish as having an aurora-red ground colour on the head, back, dorsal and anal fins, the fins being of the deepest tint. The head is ornamented by deep blue lines, which are distinctly visible on the dried specimen. These all form curves more or less bold, with the convexity forwards. The anterior one begins on the nose, runs forward to the lips, and inclines backwards again on the lower jaw; the next descends from the nostrils over the disk of the maxillary and posterior part of the lower jaw. Two de- scend from the orbit over the interoperculum, and there are some finer intermediate ones which vanish on the cheek. There are also about six slender lines on the gill-cover, which are thickened on the suprascapular region. The body is traversed by seven or eight rows of short blue lines, which on the tail are superseded in part by dots. The dorsal and anal have about three rows of these short lines, and the caudal, which is reddish-orange, is streaked longitudinally with blue. The pectoral and ventrals are flesh-coloured.
Length of specimen 123 inches.
OuistHoers, Richardson. (Olisthops, ex odrcOnpos, lubricus, et a, vultus.)
Genus generis Odacis affine. Caput totum cute lubrica, esqua- mosa tectum (squamulze quatuor tantum inconspicuis regioni supra- scapulari utrinque insidentes). Labia simplicia cum cute faciei con-
79
tinua, labia preorbitalia nulla. Dentes cum ossibus lunatis pre- maxillaribus mandibulisque, modd Scarorum ferruminati. [Ossa pha- ryngea ab exemplaribus nostris excisa, hinc nobis ignota.] Squame cyloideze. Linea lateralis simplex, e tubulis rectis facta, continua ; antic arcuata, posticé recta. Pinna dorsi unica, prope humerum incipiens, in parte spinosa, modo proprio, emarginata ; radiis spino- sis apicibus flexilibus. Pinnz ventrales sub axillis pectoralium po- site. Membrana branchiostega in gutture continua, utrinque radiis quatuor sustentata.
The general form of this fish has been known to me for some years by the accurate drawing of Mr. Neill. It is an inhabitant of King George’s Sound in Australia, where it is recognised by the natives under the name of “ Toobitoet,” or ‘‘ Toobitooit,”’ and it is said to inhabit rocky places and to be rarely captured. In the construction of its jaws and in general form it approaches most nearly to Odaz, but it differs from that genus, and still more from Scarus, in the want of scales on the head, the single lips, and in the unusual form of the dorsal. The subjoined description is drawn up from a specimen pre- pared by Mr. Neill, which I have lately had an opportunity of in- specting.
In the shape of the jaws Olisthops resembles several species of Odax which inhabit the Australian seas, but does not agree altogether with the account of the dentition of that genus as given in the ‘ Histoire des Poissons’ (xiv. p. 299), nor with the drawing of the jaws of Odax pullus (op. cit. pl. 408. f. 2).
The jaws of Odaz, says M. Valenciennes, are composed, as in Sea- rus, of an assemblage of small teeth arranged in a quincuncial order and intimately soldered together, forming on each side a single body, whose cutting edge is crenulated ; but these jaws are neither so broad nor so convex as in Scarus, and are entirely covered by the lips. They differ from those of Searus in that the teeth form two spoon-bowls at the end of the mouth in front of the spinous pots which crown the teeth of the jaw. Olisthops and several Odaces want these poste- rior marginal toothlets, the spoon-shaped masses constituting the en- tire dental process of the jaw, and showing their origin merely by the reflections of the incorporated, minute pearly quincuncial teeth, so densely crowded as to form nearly the whole of their smooth exterior surfaces.
OLISTHOPS CYANOMELAS, Richardson. Radii.—Br. 4; D. 18|10; A. 3|10; C.124; V.1[5; P. 12. (Pl. III. fig. 1, 2.)
Form elongated, the greatest height of the body, which occurs just behind the ventrals, being contained five times and a half in the total length of the fish, caudal included. The bluffness of the head, pro- duced by the form of the jaws, is intermediate between that of Scarus and Odaz, and the profile, from the nostrils to the dorsal, is mode- rately ascending and but slightly convex. The jaws have the usual
76
structure of those of Scarus, being composed of a multitude of mi- nute teeth, arranged in a quincuncial order in many rows, and so in- corporated with the bone that they produce no inequality of surface, but reflect the light in certain positions so as to reveal their struc- ture. The two premaxillaries conjointly, and the two halves of the mandible, resemble half the bowl of a spoon with straight cutting edges, which under a lens appear to be striated and minutely crenulated. At the symphysis of the mandible, the cutting edge rises slightly, so as to seem very slightly peaked. The orifice of the mouth is com- paratively small, and the small maxillaries are concealed under the skin at its corners. Interiorly there is a conspicuous velum in both jaws. ‘The small nostrils lie in a membranous space above the pre- orbitar.
The entire head is covered with smooth integument, which has no inflexed folds at the edges of the opercular pieces or preorbitar, but is continuous with single lips, that are capable of covering the jaws. The gill-membrane is continuous with the edges of the interopercula, and passes over the isthmus to which it is partially adherent, leaving a small flap posteriorly. It is sustained by four flat thin rays on each side. In length the head is equal to five diameters and a half of the circular orbit, and the space between the eye and the tip of the gill- flap equals three of these diameters. The eye is near, but does not touch the upper profile of the head. A triangular preorbitar, having a length equal to the diameter of the orbit, is so concealed by the in- tegument that it is scarcely discernible in the recent fish, but in the dried specimen it shows a slightly raised disk bounded in a somewhat radiated manner by slightly prominent mucous canals. The rest of the suborbitar chain goes round more than half the orbit in form of a slender line of simple mucous tubes. The two limbs of the pre- operculum, equal to each other in length, meet at a right angle and inclose a broad and perfectly smooth cheek. In the dried fish the disk of the bone appears raised, and is edged irregularly with mucous prominences, but the under border of the bone is thin, and is scarcely distinguishable from the very thin, flexible interoperculum. At the temporal angle of the gill-plate there originates a bushy cluster of prominent ramifications, which disappear about the middle of the disk, and are most probably not visible at all in the recent fish. The rather narrow, very thin suboperculum is lengthened into the tip of the gill-cover, in which the flexible bone is scarcely to be distinguished from the membrane. The gill-opening is restricted above, the whole upper edge of the operculum being attached to the side of the head by membrane. Posteriorly and above the pectoral the gill-membrane is vertically truncated, and the gill-opening slopes from the level of the upper ray of that fin downwards and forwards till it terminates opposite to the angle of the preoperculum. A row of small scales exists on the suprascapular region, but there are no other scales, nor any bony or spinous points on the head.
The scales are cycloid and of smaller size than those of Scarus, there being forty-eight in a longitudinal row between the gill-opening
Proc. Z.S. Mammalia. XV
Printed by Hullmandel & Walton
77
and caudal; seven rows above the lateral line anteriorly, and fourteen below it.
The scales are oblong, with parallel or converging sides, a truncated or rounded base and a rounded or conical free end. Fine strize, from twelve to twenty in number, diverge from the centre towards the base, but do not produce lobes or crenatures on the margin ; there are some fainter diverging strize anteriorly. The lateral line is arched over the pectoral, and afterwards descends gradually, till opposite the three last dorsal spines, from whence it holds a straight course down the middle of the tail and runs out to the middle of the caudal membrane. It is formed of a series of single straight tubes, and is nearly perfectly continuous, especially posteriorly.
The dorsal spines are slender, and end in soft flexible tips. The first spine stands over the base of the lowest pectoral ray, and is the tallest*; the others gradually diminish in height to the penultimate one, which is a little shorter than the last one ; the soft rays are forked, and rise abruptly to nearly twice the height of the posterior spines. The anal, of similar height and shape to the soft dorsal, has its com- mencement and end a little posterior to those of the latter. The rather small ventrals are attached opposite to the third dorsal spine. The caudal is rather large, and is crescentic at the end with project- ing points, of which the upper one is the longest.
In general colour the fish appears from Mr. Neill’s figure to be blackish-green, deepening nearly to black on the back and dorsal fin. A deep prussian-blue streak covers the second pectoral ray, and there are two broader, interrupted ones on the caudal, viz. between the longest rays of the caudal above and below and the ray immediately interior to them. The iris is likewise blue, and there is a blue spot on the nostrils. These streaks are to be traced on the specimen, but have changed to green. The female differs in being much paler (a dull leek-green in the dried specimen), and in wanting the blue streaks. The lobes of its caudal also are less prolonged.
9. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF MONKEY, RECENTLY LIVING IN THE SocteTy’s MenaGERIE. By JoHn Epwarp Gray, Esa., F.R.S. etc.
(Mammalia, Pl. XVI.)
PRESBYTIS ALBIGENA. Grey-cheeked Presbytis.
Black ; throat, sides of the neck and front of the chest greyish ; face black, nearly bald, with a few short, rigid, black hairs on the lips; a tuft of elongated rigid hairs over each eye ; the cheeks are covered with short, adpressed, greyish hairs. The hairs of the body are uniform black to the base, rather elongated and flaccid, forming a fringe along each side, and a compressed crest on the crown and
* The artist has inadvertently drawn the first dorsal ray a little shorter than the second one, not having noticed that its tip was bent backwards in the speci- men put into his hands.
78
nape. The hands and feet are short; the fore-thumb is small, the hinder one rather large and broad.
Hab. West Africa?
This species is very like Presbytis obscurus, but it is blacker, and has no pale spot on the nape, and the hair of the body is much longer, more silky, and forms a compressed crest on the nape, which is quite wanting in P. obscurus.
It is more like P. melalophus, but differs from it in being black, and can scarcely be a black variety of that species.
Str Roperick Murcurson exhibited the head of a fish belong- ing to the genus Clarias, from the river Limpopo, and a portion of the skull of Phacocherus ethiopicus, which had been collected by Capt. Vardon, during his recent travels in South Africa. The Clarias had been seen by Mr. Oswell; and identified by him as being a species also found in the river Zonga, which flows out of the newly discovered Lake. In directing the attention of the meeting to what may be re- garded as the first indication which has reached us of the zoology of that most interesting region, Sir Roderick Murchison gave a summary of the knowledge already obtained by African explorers of the cha- racter of the country surrounding the Lake, and of the speculations in physical geography to which their discoveries have given rise.
Mr. R. C. Griffith exhibited some specimens of the “ Tstetze,”’ which had been entrusted to him for that purpose by Capt. Vardon. Sir Roderick Murchison having given some account of the supposed effects of the sting of this fly, Mr. Westwood undertook to describe the insect more particularly, as it appeared to be new to science, at a future meeting of the Society.
The Secretary exhibited some cocoons of a species of Saturnia, “the famous wild silk-worm from Leotang in Mantchouria,” which had been transmitted to this country by Mr. Rutherford Aleock, Her Majesty’s Vice-Consul at Shanghae, and obligingly presented to the Society by Dr. Lindley.
April 23, 1850. R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
The Secretary reported that he had received a letter from Lord Harris, Governor of Trinidad, announcing his Excellency’s intention of presenting some living animals from that island, and from Venezuela, to the Society.
The Secretary also stated that he had succeeded in purchasing for the Menagerie two healthy young specimens of Phacocherus ethio- picus, the Vlack Vark, from Port Natal. They are stated by the im- porter to be about fifteen months old. (Mammalia, Pl. XVII.)
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79 The following papers were read :—
1. On THE GARRULINE Birps, oR JAYS; WITH DeEscCRIPTIONS oF NEw species. By Cuartes Lucien, PRINCE Bona- PARTE.
(Aves, Pl. XVII.)
Having elevated the Garruline Crows to the rank of a full family, the forty-eighth of my Natural Classification of Birds, I now consider the family Garrulide, (including, besides the Glaucopine, Baritine, and the Jays, also the Hopping Magpies, notwithstanding their stronger bill and closer relation to the Corvide,) as formed of four different groups (subfamilies or great genera as you may call them, according to your notions, and you admit or not subgenera). And I say four, although I do not separate the Magpies from the Jays, but consider them as Garruline, because to the three old subfamilies, Baritine, Glaucopine and Garruline, 1 now add a fourth, for the reception of a good many birds hitherto scattered in different families, whose affinity to the Jays, taken for mere analogy, is now clear and manifest to my eye. Garrulaz, Actinodura, Oriolia, Turnagra, or rather Otagon, distinct from the much more Garruline Keropia, with those Kitéte which are not Coraciine, are all members of this my new group, to which (however enlarged) I give or rather preserve the name Ptilorhynchine, as it includes also Chlamydera and Ptilo- rhynchus, which in Sturnide were out of their place. But the ob- ject of the present paper is merely the enumeration of the genera and species of my Garruline subfamily.
The first that we meet, ending the Ptilorhynchine with Keropia, which may as well be the first of Garrulinze, is the genus Platylophus, Sw., judiciously changed by G. R. Gray, 1840, into Lophocitta, hitherto composed of but one species from Java, to which I now add a second from Sumatra, introducing to you the bird called Garrulus histriont- cus by Solomon Miller, struck in the native woods where he dis- covered it by its mimic gestures, whilst the skins he sent to the Ley- den Museum suggested the name of Garrulus rufulus, Temminck, than which there can be no better for closet-naturalists. I introduce it thus in the Systema Nature.
Loruocirra nistRiontca, Bp. Minor: fusco-ferruginea; collart nigro; maculd utringue coll: magnd, supraoculari pared, albd. Synonyms. Garrulus histrionicus, Mii//. Garrula rufula, Temm. Fig. nulla. Hab. Sumatra; Borneo.
The old species will stand as follows : Lopnocrrra GaLerrcuLata, Gr. Major : nigra ; collari nullo ; maculd utrinque colli magnd, supraoculari pared, albd. Synonyms. Corvus galericulatus, Cuv. Lanius scapulatus, Licht.
80
Lanius coronatus, Raffles; Levaill. Hist. Nat. Parad. t. 42.
Hab. Java.
The second genus of the family. will be my Perisoreus or the Dys- ornithia of Swainson, a northern group composed also of two spe- cies only, both well known, the European and Asiatic Perisoreus in- faustus and the American Per. canadensis ; for brachyrhynchus, Sw., is the young of the latter ; and as to Garrulus ferrugineus, Bechstein, we cannot think of admitting it as distinct, although sustained by Wagler ; plate 48 of Levaillant, on which alone it is based, being much more like Perisoreus infaustus than the very plate 47 constantly quoted under that name.
Third comes the true Garrulus, peculiar to the Old World, com- posed of our common Jay with its five closely-allied (or mere races), and two other more distinct, though hardly less typical, species ; one of which, the chief object of the present paper, is certainly by far the handsomest, if not at the same time the largest, resembling most, especially by the small, lanceolate, white-shafted feathers of its throat, with barbs still more disjuncted, Garrulus lanceolatus of Cen- tral Asia, so well figured by Gould in his ‘Century of Himalayan Birds’; which may be appreciated also in its adult state under the name of Garrulus gularis, and in immature plumage under that of Garrulus Vigorsi among the ‘Illustrations of Indian Zoology.’ Our new species, notwithstanding its stouter and longer feet, its higher and much more compressed bill, and elongated square tail, can by no means be called aberrant.
-(Aves, Pl. XVII.)
Garrutus Liprat, Bp. Rufo-vinaceus; capite colloque ex totis, alis, cauddque, saturate azureis ; fronte lorisque nigricantibus ; plumis gule lanceolatis, barbulis disjunctis, rachidibus albis : tectricibus alarum nigro-fasciolatis : remigibus, rectricibusque apicem versus nigricantibus, apice ipso albo.
Long. 13 poll.; rostr. 14 poll.; ale 7 poll.; caudee 53; tars. 1'8'".
Typicus ; quamvis ad ActrnopuRAm accedens simul et ad Cyano- picas!
Rostrum albidum, altum, valde compressum: cauda elongata, eequalis.
Color azureus capitis et colli sensim in rufo-vinaceum dorsi et ab- dominis transiens.
Hab. The precise country of this Jay is not known; but Asiatic as it shows, and all circumstances induce us to believe, it must live in some very remote and unexplored occidental spot of China or Indo- China. The specimen described formed part of Baron van der Ca- pellen’s collection, purchased after the death of that Dutch governor of Malasia by Prof. van Lidth de Jeude of Utrecht. I detected it last week during a visit I paid to that most splendid perhaps of private collections with my learned friend Schlegel *.
* We had a double object in view in visiting Utrecht and the munificent Pro- fessor, to whom it is more justice than compliment to dedicate his new Jay: 1. Of admiring the only adult bird in collections of the Japanese Sea-Eagle (Haliae-
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The tail alone, strongly rounded, would be sufficient to distinguish from our new species, and indeed from all others,
GARRULUS LANCEOLATUS, Vig. Cano-vinaceus: pileo genisque nigris: gula juguloque nigricantibus plumis lanceolatis, rachi- dibus albis: tectricum alarum minorum exterioribus candidis, corpori proximioribus nigerrimis absque fasciis: remigibus rec- tricibusque ceruleis nigro fasciolatis : cauda valde rotundata, apice alba.
Synonyms.
Garrulus gularis, J. Gr. adult.
Garrulus Vigorsi, J. Gr. juv.
Til. Ind. Zool. i. t.10 & t. 9. Hab. in Asia centrali, Himalaja.
N.B. The small coverts which in all other Jays are blue banded, in this are plain black and white (bipartite); which latter colour on the contrary is wanting on the quills, beautifully striated blue and black as are the small coverts of the others.
The comparison with this last species was the only one necessary to establish; but, considering that no little difficulty is met with in discriminating the different European and Asiatic Jays, and what a confusion prevails among the synonyms of the remaining, which may be considered as six races of the same great species, I shall try to take advantage of my long experience, peculiar fancy for the group, and especially of the rich collection I now have at my command, in order to point out their discrepancies.
1. GARRULUS GLANDARIUS, Vieill. Cinereo-vinaceus, dorso or- bitisque concoloribus: pileo albo-cinereo, plumis elongatis medio nigris: genis rufescentibus: gula juguloque albis: remigibus primartis extus basi albis; secundariis obsolete ceruleo-fascio- latis: rectricibus nigris subfasciolatis. Major: rostrum vali- dum.
Synonym.
Corvus glandarius, L. &c.
Pl. Enl. 481; Levaill. Parad. t. 40,41; Gould, Eur, t. 214.
Hab. Europ. 8. occ. et m. ab Hispania ad Greeciam.
tus pelagicus, leucopterus aut imperator), whose monstrously powerful bill must really be thunderstriking! 2. Of ascertaining the supposed new species of Miero- glossus, of which you may have read in the ‘ Comptes Rendus’ of the French Aca- demy, and which I am delighted to say proves to be a specimen of the oldest known, more likely to get the second abolished than a third established. Schle- gel (whose observations I shall always be happy to collect and profit by) de- clared that the two species of Microglossi will henceforth stand in precisely the same relation as the two Coracopsis (which he of course called Vasa) to each other. But even not considering that result of our investigation, our chief object would have become the least important, from the great variety of valuable and new ani- mals we saw on all sides in the newly-built galleries and well-kept museum, espe- cially among reptiles! And what can I say of the unique collection of fcetuses ? Even Englishmen could not help being amazed at seeing in the midst of other wonders, the ELEPHANT and Hrppororamvs bottled up in spirits!
No. CCVI.—Procrepincs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
82 2. GaRRULUs saponicus, Schlegel. Fusco-vinaceus, dorso con- colore: pileo albo-cinereo, plumis elongatis maculis nigris ex- pansis : orbitis, loris, remigibusque primariis basi externe ni- gris: secundariis ceruleo nigroque distincte fasciatis : rectri- cibus subunicoloribus. Synonym. Garrulus glandarius, var. annoy. sp.? Patrice ignotee, De Filippi, Cat. Mus. Mediolanens. 1847, sp. 18; Faun. Japonic. Av. t. 43. Hab. in Japan.
3. GarruLus Krynickit, Kaleniezenko. Cinereo-vinaceus, dorso orbitisque concoloribus : pileo nigro, plumis elongatis: cervice rufa: gula, genis, juguloque rufo-cinereis: remigibus secunda- ris unicoloribus : rectricibus mediis tantum fasciatis cerules- centibus ad basim. Major: rostrum robustum.
Synonyms.
Corvus glandarius, var. pileo nigro, Hohenacker, Enumeratio Anim. Schirwan, in Bullet. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1837, p. 141.
Garrulus Krynickii, Kalenicz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1839, p. 319. t. 14.
Garrulus iliceti, Mus. Lugdun.
Garrulus glandarius melanocephalus, Schleg. Rev. Critig. Ois. Eur. et Faun. Japon., et G. melanocephalus, Auct. quoad Av. Europ.! nec Bonelli; Susemihl, Eur. Vog. 11. t. 6.
Hab. in Europa magis orientali et Asia occid. in Regionibus Cau- casicis et transcaucasicis, Persia boreali, Crimea, Ukrania, Daouria.
4. GARRULUS MELANOCEPHALUS, Bonelli. Cano-vinaceus, dorso orbitisque concoloribus ; pileo nigro, plumis vix elongatis: cer- vice rufo-castanea: gula, genisque albis: subtus albido-cinereus : ceruleo alarum dilutiore, minus extenso: remigibus secundariis unicoloribus : rectricibus mediis omnino ceruleo-fasciolatis. Minor : rostrum gracilius.
Synonyms.
Garrulus atricapillus, Geoffr. 1832.
Garrulus iliceti, Mus. Berolin.
Pica stridens, Ehrenb.; Géné, Mem. Acad. Taur. xxxvii. t.1; Le-
vaill. jun. Exp. Alger. Av. t. 6.
Hab. in Africa s. Syria, Arabia.
5. Garruxvus Branptt, Eversm. Vinaceo-rufus, dorso cano ; or- bitis nigris : abdomine cinnamomeo canescente : pileo rufo-cinna- momeo, plumis elongatis, viv maculato: remigibus secundariis ex- terne candidis: rectricibus ad basin tantum obsolete fasciatis.
Synonym. Garrulus Brandti, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1845 ; Schleg. in Faun. Japon. p- 83; Brandt, Enum. Anim. Vert. Sib. Occ. p. 25. sp. 104. Hab. in Sibiria occid. et centr. Mont. Altai.
6. GARRULUS BISPECULARIS, Vig. Cinereo-cinnamomeus, dorso
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orbitisque concoloribus : pileo immaculato, plumis vix elongatis : remigibus secundariis (uti tectrices minores) nigro ceruleoque fasciolatis.
Synonyms.
Garrulus ornatus, J. Gr. Ill. Ind. Zool. t. 10. Garrulus bispecularis, Gould, Cent. Himal. B. t. 38. Hab. in Asia Centrali, Nepal. Mont. Himalay.
N.B.—I do not know Garrulus albifrons, figured by J. Gray on plate 12 of the second volume of Hardwicke, Ind. Zool. Ill., but not- withstanding the authority of Hartlaub, judging as he does from the figure, I have no hesitation in declaring it is not a Jay.
The fourth genus of my Garruline subfamily is Cyanogarrulus, Bp., a North American group, dismembered from Cyanocoraz, Boie, for the distinction of the Blue true Jays with shorter bills, short-tailed and crested, much more allied to the European Garruli than to the South American Cyanocoraces. Three species are known : cristatus, L., Stelleri, Pall., and coronatus, Sw.
Not professing Mr. Strickland’s principles as to the appropriation of names, we borrow from him the classical one Cyanocitta for a fifth group, still composed of a dozen species of both Americas, such as flavidanus, ultramarinus, &e., of which genus we shall say no more on this occasion, in hopes that such elegant birds tinged with blue will shortly make their appearance in a peculiar monograph published in the same style and with the same joint authorship as the mono- graph of those birds tinged with red, the Loviine, just ready to appear by the exertions of Dr. Schlegel and myself.
A sixth genus will necessarily be the one to which I restrict Boie’s name of Cyanocorax, because even by their size and less brilliant colours they are really Blue Crows, such as C. azureus and violaceus, which latter, even by its nuchal ornament (beautiful ornamental spot), shows a passage on one side to ©. ornatus, (which with the other smaller elegant species, such as armillatus, have again a tendency to the Jays;) and on the other, by C. cayanus, to the white-tailed spe- cies, much more crow-like, and which five, as they are, might consti- tute the group Uroleuca. ;
Then comes seventh, with its yellow tail, my new genus Xanthura, composed of three South American birds formed and coloured as Corvus peruvianus, one of which exhibits also the elegant nuchal spot which so much contributes to show the South American birds con- nected. The last of Cyanocorax must be the Sandlasiana, so ab- normal as to deserve perhaps the generic appellation of Cissilopha. More than ever convinced of the propriety of using old names for modified groups, I persist of course in retaining that of Cyanurus, Swainsonian synonym of Cyanocoraz, but recalling attention to the tail, for the Long-tailed Blue Jays with black bills: of these, two undescribed species appear to live in the far east of Asia, quite as beautiful as the two celebrated ones of occidental America, upon which so many names have been lavished :
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1. CyYANURUS BULLOCKI, Bp. Cyaneus, subtus albus: gula, ge- nis, pectoreque nigris: crista frontali parva: rectricibus dua- bus mediis mirifice elongatis, lateralibus apice latissime albis.
Synonyms. Pica Bullocki, Wagl. 1827. Pica miles, Licht. Pica formosa, Sw. Garrula gubernatrix, Temm. Pl. Col. 436. Psilorhinus gubernatrix, Gr. Hab. in Mexico.
2. CyaNuRUS COLLIEI, Bp. Cyaneus, subtus cum genis albus ; torque jugulari nigro: crista sincipitali magna: rectricibus mediis modice elongatis ; lateralibus apice latissimis albis.
Synonyms.
Garrulus bullocki, dud. nee Wag.
Psilorhinus bullocki, Gv.
Pica Colliei, Vig. Zool. Beechey’s Voy. f. 7.
Garrulus Burneti (err. bernetti, berneti and bennetti), J. Gr.
Garrulus ultramarinus, 4ud. nec Bp. Am. B. t. 96.
Had. in California.
3. Cyanurus parr, Bp. Cyaneus, subtus omnino albus : erista occipitali longa; rectricibus mediis valde elongatis ; omnibus apice nigris.
Hab. in Asia magis orientali, Corea.
4, Cyanurus cuso, Bp. Cyaneus, subtus antice niger: crista nulla: rectricibus mediis valde elongatis ; omnibus apice albis.
Synonym. San-zjak, Japonens. (which name applies also to the red-billed Calo- citta sinensis). Hab. in Asia magis orientali, Corea.
Naturalists acquainted with the two American species will see, in- dependently of these phrases, how much more strongly the characters contrast between my two new Asiatic species than between the old American ones, although in some aspects they may be considered to bear to each other the same relations. At all events that I should be excused, if not justified, my Chinese Black-billed Cyanuri must on every account be followed and supported by Schlegel’s own genus Biophorus and by its only species Biophorus paradisiacus of the Fauna Japonica, Av. Suppl. tab. B. Of this splendid bird also the portrait only has yet reached Europe, taken by a Japanese artist from the living bird under the eye of the celebrated Siebold, who is war- rant of its correctness.
The next genus will be that of the red-billed, long-tailed, Blue Magpies, to which I give the name of Calocitta, not being able to apply to the group any older than that given to it by my friend Gray
85
in 1840, though since withdrawn when he had the untoward idea of making the most unnatural amalgamation of Garruline under his arrangement of Psilorhinus! Those who call it Cissa are evidently wrong. I know three Indian species, nor do I believe in many more, at least among the described. Psilorhinus morio, fuliginosus or mext- canus, therefore, would have to stand alone, as Riippel probably in- tended it when he instituted the genus (excellent if not adulterated), if we had not from Chili a smaller new species as typical as the old one (Psilorhinus chilensis, Bp.).
Still less than the other intruders can Gymnorhinus eyanocephalus, Wied, be forced into it, as the name alone ought to have taught. That name, however, was preoccupied, when, in 1840, the Prince of Neu- wied proposed it for his new genus: and it was very reluctantly, and after requesting in vain the author to change it himself, that I was compelled in 1842 to make it Cyanocephalus, calling the bird Cyano- cephalus Wiedi, as a small compensation and a testimony of personal regard to the author, with whom I have long corresponded and pro- secuted all kinds of satisfactory scientific affairs. Now, in 1850, he requests me to take his new name of Gymnokitta, and I most willingly adopt it, hoping that all ornithologists will make an exception to the rule of priority in this very peculiar case, in which, after all, the Prince of Wied claims his own genus with a better name.
Intermediate between Garrulus and Pica, we come now to my Cyanopica, a genus of Blue Magpies about which some English journalists have chattered like pied (or rather paid) Magpies ! Tsub- join here the phrases of its three species, that of Vaillant, Pallas, and Capt. Cook, now Widdrington (so closely allied as to be taken for three races of but one species), to show they are really distinct, although the characters hitherto assigned to them by the most clever and accurate naturalists may have proved inconstant and fallacious.
1. CYANOPICA MELANOCEPHALA, Bp. Capite subcristato, ex toto cum guld nigro: dorso cerulescenti: rectricibus omnibus albo terminatis.
Synonyms.
Corvus cyaneus, Lath., Vieill.
Pica melanocephalos, Wagl.
Cyanopica Vaillanti, Bp. in litt.; Levaillant, Ois. Afr. t. 58.
Hab. in China,
2. Cyanopica cYANEA, Bp. Capite levi, supra tantum nigro- chalybeo : dorso cinereo-vinaceo, nucha vie canescente: rectri- cibus lateralibus apice tantum albis, mediis valde elongatis late albo terminatis.
Synonyms.
Corvus cyaneus, Pall.
Pica cyanea, Wagl., Schleg.
Cyanopica Pallasi, Bp. in litt. ; Faun. Japon. t. 42.
Hab. in Asia orientali, Daouria, Japan.
“Yh ys j
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3. Cyanopica cooxi, Bp. Capite levi, supra tantum nigro- chalybeo : dorso cano-rubello, nucha albicante: rectricibus lateralibus late albo terminatis, mediis modice elongatis vix apice albis.
Synonyms.
Pica cyanea, Cook.
Pie bleue d’ Europe, Schlegel (Cyanopica europeea).
Cyanopolius Cooki, Bp. Brit. Assoc. Birmingh. 1849 ; Gould, Eur.
t. 217; Susemihl, Eur. Vog. t.
Hab. in Eur. mer. Hispania.
We are thus arrived to the genus Pica, Br., or true Magpie (the pied long-tailed), which, as we observed from the beginning, must close the Garruline series, which it connects with the Corvide, show- ing as much affinity to those larger Crows as the first of the Jays do to the smaller Shrikes or Laniide. Of such Magpies we know eight species perfectly typical and quite close to each other, whilst two birds still allowed to remain in it are abnormal, each deserving of a genus by itself: to both these birds, however different in form and colour, the name of Corvus caledonicus has been applied, one of which is the slender-billed, more jay-like Pica albicollis, Vieill., Garrula torquata of the ‘ Pl. Col.’ of Temminck, to which the generic name of Streptocitta might be applied; whilst I propose that the name of Gazila (so congenial in this our family), applied to the legitimate Corvus caledonicus, should honour the person and perpetuate the martyrdom of a highly refined and scientific ecclesiastical friend of humanity, the lost victim of clerical machinations !
2. MonoGRAPH OF SPHZENIA, A GENUS OF LAMELLIBRANCHIATE Moxuvusca. By ArtHur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.
(Mollusca, Pl. X.)
In the unrivalled Collection of Mr. Cuming is a group of Bivalve shells, which appear to be neither Mya nor Corbula, but partaking of the characters of each. The animal, which is also preserved in spi- rits, resembles that of Coréula in having short united siphons, a small compressed foot, and in the mantle being closed, with the exception of an anterior elliptic opening; the shells, however, have the hinge of Mya, but do not gape at both extremities. The only genus, there- fore, into which they resolve themselves is Sphenia of Turton, which, with the hinge of Mya, gapes only at one end, and which moreover is deprived of a long coriaceous siphon. Mr. Hanley has published one species in the ‘ Zoological Proceedings,’ under the name of Mya semistriata, and M. Deshayes another, under that of Corbula decus- sata, in the ‘ Magazin de Zoologie,’ 1844, and I had described a third, under the name of Spitenia Mindorensis, in the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang ;’ and to these I now add several other large exotic species collected by Mr. Cuming.
) |
Frmted by Hullmandel & Walon
W.Wing del Wing bd
87
SpH2niA, Turton.
Animal ovatum ; pallium antice clausum, preter aperturam pro pede parvo digitiformi sulco byssali instructo ; siphones con- nati usque ad eatremitates, orificia cirrata ; sipho analis val- vuld tubulari membranaced extra orificium productd.
Testa oblonga, inequivalva, inequilateralis, magis minusve postice hians ; levis, vel rugosa, epidermide tecta ; umbones incurvatt ; cardo dente laminari dilatato erecto in valvuld sinistrd, alveo convenienti in valvuld dextrd; ligamentum internum ; impres- siones pallit sinu parvo.
Animal ovate; mantle closed in front, except an opening for the passage of a small digitiform foot furnished with a byssal groove ; siphons united to their extremities, their orifices cirrated ; anal siphon with a tubular membranous valve projecting beyond the orifice.
Shell oblong, inequivalve, inequilateral, more or less gaping poste- riorly ; surface of the valves smooth or rugose, covered with an epi- dermis; beaks incurved ; hinge composed of an erect, dilated, laminar tooth in one valve, with a corresponding pit in the other; ligament internal ; pallial impression with a slight sinuation.
Spuanza Bincuamt, Turton. S. testd inequivalvd, inequila- terali, ovato-trigonali, transversim concentricé sulcatd, epider- mide olivaceo tectd; latere antico breviore, rotundato, postico longiore, hiante, subtruncato ; impressione pallit sinu subpro- fundo, rotundato ; dente cardinis valvule sinistre posticé sub- sinuato.
Hab. in littoribus Britannicis.
Shell inequivalve, inequilateral, ovately trigonal, transversely con- centrically sulcated, covered with an olivaceous epidermis; anterior side shortest, rounded, posterior side longest, gaping, subtruncate ; sinus of pallial impression rather deep and rounded ; tooth of left valve posteriorly sinuated.
Had. British islands.
SpH=NIA DECusSATA, Deshayes, sp. S. ¢estd ovato-oblongd, sub- equilateral, postice truncatd, subrostratd, rostro basique ob- lique carinatd, albd, stris longitudinalibus, transversisque tenuissime decussatd ; umbonibus magnis, oppositis ; dente car- dinali magno, obliquo, compresso in valvd sinistrd, in valvd dextrd foveold profundd, marginatd.
Hab. in Sumatre maribus.
Shell ovately-oblong, subequilateral, posteriorly truncated, sub- rostrate, beak and base obliquely carinated, white, very finely decus- sated with longitudinal and transverse strie ; umbones large, oppo- site; cardinal tooth large, oblique, compressed in the left valve, in the right valve a deep marginated pit.
Hab. Seas of Sumatra.
SpHENIA SEMISTRIATA, Hanley, sp. 8. festd albd, transversd,. ovali, inequilaterali, concentrice striata ; latere antico breviore,
88
valde convexo, levi; postico longiore, angustiore, truncato, ra- diatim striato ; margine ventrali in medio sinuoso, posticé an- gulato, antice rotundato.
Hab. 2
Shell white, transverse, oval, inequilateral, concentrically striated ; anterior side shortest, very convex, smooth ; posterior side the longest, narrower, truncated and radiately striated ; ventral margin sinuated in the a ee posteriorly, rounded anteriorly.
Hab.
This species have sculpture similar to Sp. princeps, but the valves are more gibbous, especially at the anterior part; the shell is much thinner, and the general outline different.
Mya semistriata, Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1843.
SpH2nia princers, Adams. S. testd magnd, albd, transversd, ovali, inequilaterali, concentricé striatd ; latere antico, longiore, rotundato, levi; postico breviore, angustato, subtruncato, radia- tim sulcatd ; margine ventrali arcuato, integro; impressione palliali vix sinuatd ; dente cardinis emarginato.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell large, white, transverse, oval, inequilateral, concentrically transversely striated ; anterior side longest, rounded and smooth ; posterior side shortest, narrow, subtruncated and radiately sulcated ; ventral margin arcuated and entire ; pallial impression with a slight sinus; hinge with the edge of the cardinal tooth of the left valve emarginate.
Hab. Philippine Islands; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
SpH2nraA ELLIPTICA, Adams. _ S. testd transversd, ovali, sub- equilateral, albd, fragili, utrinque rotundatd, epidermide tenui partim obtectd, concentricé striatd ; latere antico levi, postico radiatim striato ; impressione pallii vix sinuatd ; dente cardi- nis sepe valde antice fisso.
Hab. in Australasia.
Shell transverse, oval, subequilateral, white, fragile, rounded at both ends, partially covered with a slight epidermis, concentrically striated ; anterior side smooth, posterior side radiately sulcated ; sinus of pallial impression very shallow; hinge with the tooth of the left valve often deeply fissured anteriorly so as to exhibit an apparent distinct anterior tooth.
Hab. Sydney, 4 fathoms, mud ; Mr. F. Strange. (Mus. Cuming.) Mus. Hanley.
SpH2ENIA DECURTATA, Adams. S. testd transversd, ovali, sub- equilaterali, albd, concentricé transversim sulcatd; longitudina- liter tenuissimée radiatim striatd; anticé latiore, rotundatd, postice angustatd, angulatd, abrupte truncatd ; margine ventrali arcuato, integro ; impressione pallii sinu parvo ; dente cardinis anticé valde fisso.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis. 3
Shell transverse, oval, subequilateral, white, transversely concentri-
“ANIL SMIVHd
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89
cally sulcated ; longitudinally very finely radiately striated ; anteriorly rounded and wider, posteriorly narrower, angulated and abruptly truncated ; ventral margin arched, entire ; pallial impression with a small sinus; hinge with the tooth of the left valve deeply fissured anteriorly.
Hab. Catanuan, province of Tayabas, island of Luzon, in sand at low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) .
SPHENIA PHILIPPINARUM, Adams. S. testd ovali, transversd, subinequivalvd, albd, tenut, ventricosd, inequilaterali ; latere antico longiore, rotundato, levi ; postico breviore, radiatim striato, vix truncato; epidermide fusco tenui tectd; margine ventrali interdum subsinuato ; impressione palliali sinu parvo ; dente cardinis valvule sinistre trilobato.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
Shell oval, transverse, slightly inequivalve, thin, white, ventricose, inequilateral ; anterior side longest, rounded, smooth ; posterior side shortest, radiately striated, slightly truncated and covered with a very thin brown epidermis ; ventral margin sometimes slightly sinuated ; pallial impression with a small sinus; hinge with the cardinal tooth of the left valve trilobate. (Mollusca, Pl. X. fig. 7—9.)
Hab. Sibunga, island of Zebu, fine sand, 30 fathoms ; H.C. Bay of Manila, clayey sand, 6 fathoms; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
Spuania Riprecyu, Adams. S. testd transverso-elongatd, trans- verse striatd, epidermide fusco tectd; latere antico breviore, rotundato, gibboso, obsolete radiatim striato ; postico longiore, angustiore, subrostrato, truncato; dente cardinis valvule sinistre subsinuato.
Hab. in Mari Rubro.
Shell transversely elongated, covered with a reddish-brown epider- mis, transversely striated ; anterior side the shortest, rounded, gib- bose, obsoletely radiately striated ; posterior side narrower, rather beaked, widely gaping and truncate; tooth of left valve slightly
uated.
Hab. Red Sea; Dr. Riippell.
SpHeNiA MINDORENSIS, Adams and Reeve. Foy. Zool. Samarang, t. 25. £13. aa ‘rye )
May 14, 1850. William Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.
The Secretary stated that, through the liberality of Ronald Gunn, Esq., and Dr. Grant, of Launceston, the Menagerie had been en- riched by the safe arrival of two living specimens of Thylacinus cyno- cephalus (Mammalia, Pl. XVIII.) : and he read the following letter in reference to this most valuable and interesting gift, which has
90
added one of the rarest and most difficult forms to the series of Marsupials which have hitherto been exhibited in the Gardens :—
“ Launceston, Van Diemen’s Land, 29th December, 1849.
“«‘Srr,—I have shipped on board the barque Stirlingshire, Chris". Gwatkin, master, two living Thylacines (male and female) for the Zoological Society of London, and which I trust will reach you alive and well. Captain Gwatkin, whom I have known for some years, has promised his utmost personal care and attention to them during the passage home. I have put on board twelve fat sheep (together with hay for their sustenance) as sea-stores for the Thylacines, and have made every arrangement I could think of to ensure their safe arrival in London.
“T have had the female in confinement for upwards of six months, and it has become sufficiently tame to permit its head to be scratched, or to be otherwise touched through the bars of its prison, without showing any anger or irritation. The male, for which the Society is indebted to my friend Dr. James Grant of Launceston, was only caught a month ago. We placed it at once with the female, with which it seems upon the best of terms, but it is not yet so familiar with the presence of man. I have purposely kept their cage close to the side of a path where many of my servants pass daily, and where my children are in the habit of playing, and I find that beyond a hissing noise made by the male, they do not seem at all disturbed by any one going close to them.
«T have fed them exclusively upon mutton. They prefer the parts containing bones, and do not seem to relish the liver, heart, lights, &e.
‘* Both these animals have been caught in snares upon the upper part of the St. Patrick’s River, about thirty miles N.E. of Laun- ceston.
“The female, which was first caught, was placed for some time in a small unfinished house at the St. Patrick’s until I could devise means of getting her down here; and when I sent a trustworthy person up for her, he assured me that she was excessively agile—springing from the floor to the top of the walls, 6 to 8 feet, and from joist to joist near the roof with the activity of a cat. He also informed me that the Thylacine will not eat the Wombat, an animal exceedingly abundant on the St. Patrick’s River, and with which they attempted to feed it during the month it was there, previous to my having it brought down to my residence. Otherwise I have not had any great opportunity of observing any peculiar habits.
«‘ Both Dr. Grant and I continue to offer high rewards for living specimens, and you shall have all the benefit of our success, whatever it may be. The great increase of sheep in all directions obliges the shepherds to destroy them by every possible means, and they are rarely caught alive, or if so caught, are killed whilst in the snares. I am therefore more than usually anxious that these should reach you safely, and I have offered the Captain a proportionate reward for their delivery alive.
“OEM % Teopreunmy Aq porarsy TAL? PPITEM
‘NIX Seay IX Seay SZ Old
91
** An observation of mine, contained in a letter to Sir W. Hooker, and which was not meant for publication, has been misunderstood, and has led to the propagation of error—for which I am very sorry. In it I said the Thylacine’s tail was not compressed—in reference to an observation of Mr. Swainson’s in the ‘ Encyclopzedia of Geography’ (then recently published), that the tail of the Thylacine was com- pressed, which suggested the supposition that it was used in swimming, &c. It was to the latter part of this observation that my remarks were particularly applied (vide Annals of Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 101-2), and I meant that the tail was not compressed to such an extent as to have justified the inference that it was useful in swimming ; and thus that the animal obtained its food principally from the sea, which the paragraph in the ‘ Encyclopedia of Geography’ implied. The tail is obviously slightly compressed, but not, I think, more so than the tails of the Dasyures, to which aquatic habits are not attributed. In writing hurriedly—and not for publication—I did not express myself with the precision I ought to have done. I mainly wished to point out that the tail would not justify the inference of Mr. Swamson (which I thought very far strained), that the animal was aquatic in its habits and piscivorous. Pray set me right whenever you have an opportunity.
** T beg to remain, Sir, yours very faithfully, “Ronap C. Gunn.” “D. W. Mitchell, Esq., Secretary Zoological Society.”
The Secretary then called the attention of the meeting to three eggs of the Wedge-tailed Eagle of Australia, Aquila audaz, Lath., which had been recently laid in the Menagerie (Aves, Pl. XIX.), and which were probably the only perfect specimens yet known. The same female had produced two eggs in the spring of 1849, but they were immediately destroyed either by herself or the male, as fragments only were discovered by the keeper.
The following papers were read :-—
1. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW Birps. By J. Gouxp, F.R.S. &c. &e. (Aves, Pl. XX.)
It is no less interesting than true, that during the past two years we have had accessions in ornithology of no ordinary value ; comprising as they do additional species of several anomalous forms, of each of which only one was previously known ; for instance, we have a second species of the genera Apteryx, Menura, and Ptiloris. On the present occasion I have the good fortune to offer to the notice of this Meet- ing new species of two forms, equal in interest to those above referred to, viz. that of Cephalopterus, a form known to all as being American, and of which the type is the remarkable species Cephalopterus orna- tus, commonly called the Umbrella Bird. The discovery of a second species of this form is due to the researches of M. Warzewickz, a gentleman who has just returned from Central America, after traver-
92
sing parts of that country hitherto untrodden by Europeans: it was in the high Cordilliera of Chiriqué in Veragua, at an elevation of 8000 feet, that this bird was found, and of which the individual now exhibited was the only one procured.
CEPHALOPTERUS GLABRICOLLIS. (Aves, Pl. XX.)
This new species differs in many particulars from its congener, par- ticularly in its smaller size, in the lesser development of its umbrella- like hood, and in its denuded fore-neck and chest, and in the ab- sence of feathers on the base of the tab or appendage at the basal part of the neck. M. Warzewickz describes the bare part of the neck to be reddish orange, and the bare base of the tab as bright red. This fine bird forms part of the collection of T. B. Wilson, Esq., of Philadelphia.
Independently of the novelty just described, M. Warzewickz brought me six species of Humming Birds entirely new to science ; these, with some other new species of the same group, I propose to characterize at a future meeting.
By Lord Gifford, who has recently returned from a journey in Thibet, ornithology has been enriched by the discovery of a new species of Syrrhaptes, a form as extraordinary in its way as that of any of those above noticed ; the new species is finer both in size and colouring than the Syrrhaptes paradoxus ; it was shot on the banks of the Stumerrerri Lake, where two examples were seen, but un- fortunately only one was procured ; it appears to be an adult male, for which I propose the name of
SyYRRHAPTES TIBETANUS.
Face hoary ; front and sides of the neck ochreous yellow ; feathers of the head and nape brown at the base, and alternately barred at the tip with black and white ; upper part of the back, front and sides of the breast buffy white, crossed by narrow irregular bars of blackish brown ; all the upper surface and wings buff, pencilled all over with dark brown, the pencillings being conspicuous on the back, and so minute on the wings as to be almost imperceptible ; scapularies largely blotched on their inner webs with black; primaries and secondaries slaty black, the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth primaries with an oblique mark of brownish white at the tip ; basal half of the two centre tail-feathers buff, pencilled with brown, their apical half narrow, filamentous and black ; lateral tail-feathers sandy red, crossed by three widely placed irregular bands of black, and tipped with buffy white; under surface buffy white, minutely pen- cilled on the breast with brown; legs of the same hue, but the feathers banded with faint bars of brown ; bill and nails black.
Total length, 151 inches; bill, $; wing, 10; tail, 71; tarsi, 1.
Hab, Ladakh in Thibet.
Remark. Distinguished from the S. paradoxus by its much larger size, by the primaries not being extended into the filamentous form so remarkable in that species, and by the absence of any black colour- ing on the breast.
Pmnted by Hnlmandel & Walton
93
The only example which has come under my notice is in the posses- sion of the Rt. Hon. the Lord Gifford, to whom I am indebted for per- mission to include a figure of it in my work on the ‘ Birds of Asia.’
Extraordinary as have beeti the new species discovered during the last few years, of that remarkable group the Ramphastide, no one is more singular than the bird which I now submit to the notice of the Meeting ; it may be regarded as an evidence that all the members of the group are not yet known to us, and that the productions of the rich forests of the Cordillerian Andes appear to be inexhaustible. It had long been my intention to propose a generic name for the Andean group of Toucans, characterized by the dense villose clothing of the under surface, the colouring of which is of a uniform tint, in- stead of being crossed by bars of black, red and yellow as in the typical Pteroglossi; and at no moment could such a step be more appropriately taken than at the present, when characterizing a new species of this section, for which, indicative of the country in which the members are found, I propose the generic term of Andigena, and for the new species, 4. /aminirostris; the other species pertaining to this genus are 4. hypoglaucus, A. nigrirostris, A. cucullatus, and A, Baillonit. The new species 4. laminirostris, which is distin- guished by the yellow lamine near the base of the upper mandible, is the property of Dr. T. B. Wilson of Philadelphia, to whom and to his brother, E. Wilson, Esq., I am indebted for permission to de- scribe this fine bird; the native habitat of which is the forests at the base of Pichincha, a high mountain of Ecuador.
Genus ANDIGENA.
Gen. Char.—Bill stout, swollen, and moderately large when com- pared with the bill of the true Pteroglossi; wings and tail very similar to those of Adulacorhynchus. General plumage long, loose, and hair-like.
The species belonging to this genus are—
Andigena hypoglaucus (Pteroglossus hypoglaueus, Gould). cucullatus (Pteroglossus cucullatus, Gould). nigrirostris (Pteroglossus nigrirostris, Waterh.). laminirostris, Gould.
Bailloni (Pteroglossus Bailloni, Wag].).
All are characterized by a uniform wash of colour on the under sur- face, in lieu of the bars of rich red and black so conspicuous in the true Pteroglossi.
ANDIGENA LAMINIROSTRIS.
Crown of the head and back of the neck deep black ; upper sur- face golden brown; primaries black; rump pale sulphur-yellow; upper tail-coverts very dark green ; tail dark slaty grey, four central feathers largely tipped with chestnut-red ; under surface ashy blue ; on either flank a large patch of rich yellow; thighs deep chestnut ; under tail-coverts blood-red ; orbits apparently orange ; culmen and apical half of both mandibles black ; a broad band on the base of
94
the upper mandible and the basal half of the lower mandible deep blood-red ; on either side of the upper mandible, immediately in front of the blood-red basal band, is a large buff-coloured plate or lamina, continuous with the structure of the billat its base, but separate and detached in front, thin on its upper edge, but thicker and projecting beyond the edge of the mandible below ; feet slaty blue.
Total length, 18 inches; bill, 33; wing, 63; tail, 63; tarsi, 1}.
Hab. Neighbourhood of Quito.
Remark. The only example I have seen belongs to the collection of T. B. Wilson, Esq., of Philadelphia, and which has been kindly lent to me by his brother Edward Wilson, Esq., to enrich my Mono- graph of the Ramphastide.
Equally inexhaustible appear to be the Odontophorine or Par- tridges of America, for in the.rich Museum of Leyden, I lately found a species which was previously unknown to me ; it pertains to the genus Odontophorus, and I propose for it the name of Odontophorus Columbianus.
ODONTOPHORUS COLUMBIANUS.
Crown of the head brown, minutely freckled with black ; back of the neck washed with rufous ; over each eye an indistinct mottled stripe; throat white, irregularly spotted, especially on the sides, with black ; upper surface brown, washed with grey on the centre of the feathers, each of which is delicately pencilled with black, and has a narrow stripe of buff, bounded on each side by a narrower one of black, down the centre; those of the scapularies and wing-coverts have moreover a large patch of rich dark brown on the inner web near the tip, bounded above by two narrow lines, one of buff, the other of dark brown ; primaries brown ; secondaries brown, freckled and barred with dark brown, and washed with rufous; tertiaries brown, washed with grey and rufous, freckled with black, having a broad V-shaped mark of black near the tip, and broadly margined and tipped internally with deep buff; under surface reddish brown, each feather with a large irregularly-shaped mark of white margined with black near the tip ; under tail-coverts, and vent mottled reddish brown and sandy buff; bill black ; feet lead-colour.
Total length, 11 inches; bill, 1; wing, 53; tail, 23; tarsi, 2 ; middle toe and nail, 21.
Hab. Caraccas.
Remark.—The fine specimen gracing the Museum at Leyden was transmitted by M. Landsberger, Netherlands Consul at Caraccas. There is also another specimen, from, I believe, the same locality, which differs in having the under surface of a nearly uniform greyish brown, with here and there a few of the white marks so conspicuous in the bird above described; it is also of a somewhat smaller size, but notwithstanding these differences, the two birds appear to be one and the same species.
The O. Columbianus has a stouter bill, and is of a larger size than O. dentatus, but is smaller than O. Balliviani, to which it is most nearly allied.
~ a
‘s 7 7
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73
‘SOIVUENAS SNIFONVIOd
AY esopnuuy:'S 7 001
95
Leaving America and India, and proceeding to Australia, I return to a country which has so long engaged my attention, to characterize a new genus of small creeping Insessorial Birds, nearly allied to the genera Hylacola and Dasyornis, under the name of Pycnoptilus, of which at present only a single specimen is known, and to which I beg to assign the specific name of floccosa ; it is from New South Wales and the country towards the river Darling.
Genus PycnopriLus.
Gen. Char.—Bill much shorter than the head; gonys and culmen gradually descending ; upper mandible notched at the tip ; nostrils covered with a distinct operculum; base of the bill beset with very fine feeble hairs; wings very short, round and concave, the sixth primary the longest ; ¢a7/ short, rounded, feathers very broad and of a soft texture ; ¢arsi strong, and somewhat lengthened compared with the size of the bird ; hind-toe strong, and armed with a rather long claw ; fore toes and nails rather feeble, the outer and inner toes of ce length ; plumage dense, lengthened and silky, especially on the
anks.
PycnoptTiLus FLOCCOSUS.
All the upper surface, wings and tail rich brown; throat and breast sandy buff, the feathers of the latter with a crescent of brown near the tip; remainder of the under surface brown, approaching to white on the centre of the abdomen ; under tail-coverts rusty red ; bill and feet dark brown.
Total length, 63 inches; bill, £; wing, 23; tail, 23; tarsi, 14.
Hab. New South Wales.
Remark.—Received in a collection made on the upper part of the river Morumbidgee.
This form is somewhat allied to Atrichia, Hylacola and Dasyornis, but differs from all those genera in several particulars.
I cannot conclude this paper descriptive of several new and im- portant birds, without congratulating. the Society upon the means they possess of making known to the scientific world through their Proceedings and Transactions, spread far and wide as they are, not only over our own country, but I may say over the world, the many interesting objects which from time to time are brought before their Meetings ; neither must I omit to bear testimony to the high estima- tion in which they are held by all the continental naturalists and every true lover of scientific research.
2. DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO SPECIES OF CRUSTACEA IN THE British Museum. By Apam Wuire, Assistant Zoou. Dep. Brit. Mus.
PoraMosBivs sERRATUS. (Annulosa, Pl. XV.)
Cancer serratus, Shaw, Zoology of New Holland, t. 8. Beak shorter than the peduncle of the outer antennze, with three teeth on the outside, above hollowed and slightly grooved down the
96
middle, edges over the eyes considerably thickened. Hands, outside with a double row of serratures extending to near the end of the fixed claw; inside edge serrated with four teeth and one tooth at the end ; moveable claw with six or seven teeth placed irregularly but chiefly on the ridge ; claws elongated, inner edge with a few bluntish teeth, the end somewhat hooked. Wrist with each of the lateral edges furnished with two strong teeth or spines. Carapace smooth along the back ; the sides of the front portion with a few spines, which on the lower part are almost reduced to tubercles; hinder part of the carapace separated from the front portion by a very deep groove, each of the sides in front with two spines; the sides of this portion are thickly covered with tubercles, which increase in size as they approach the back. Abdomen smooth on the dorsal line, the sides spined ; the first segment with a large prominent spine on each side of the first segment ; second segment with twelve or thirteen spines, four or five on each edge of the dilated part, the other two larger and situated on the sides; the spines are more or less conical and sharp, the one on each side nearest the back blunt; the third, fourth and fifth seg- ments with eight spines each, placed transversely, the two inner bluntest ; the sixth segment with ten or eleven small spines or tubercles ; the seventh or terminal segment with seventeen or eighteen small sharp spines arranged in a crescent-like figure, the convexity being outwards. The two posterior pairs of legs with the penultimate joint on the outside furnished with two rows of serratures.
Carapace and legs in the dead specimen of a dirty yellowish brown hue, tinged on the carapace with red. In Dr. Shaw’s figure, which slightly differs from Pl. XV., this crayfish is coloured of a bright red, the sides of the claws, carapace and abdomen, are tinged with blue ; the specimens, however, were preserved in spirits. Dr. Shaw does not mention from what part of New Holland the specimens described by him were received ; I cannot find any trace of them, neither does any author that I am aware of refer to his figure or description.
The species comes closest to the Potamobius (Astacus) Franklinii, described with three other Australian species of the same genus by My. Gray, in the Appendix to Eyre’s Discoveries in Central Austra- lia, vol. i. p. 409, t. 3. f. 1.
The specimen in the British Museum was found by Mr. Strange in freshwater creeks, Brisbane Water. Mr. Leicester informs me that the species is not uncommon also in the Richmond River.
GONODACTYLUS CULTRITER, N. sp. (Annulosa, Pl. XVI. fig. 1, 2.)
In a Chinese collection, part of which was acquired by the British Museum, there occurs a Gonodactylus quite distinct from any of the species of this genus which have been described. This species enters into the second section of Prof. Milne-Edwards, in which the rostral plate is rounded, or scarcely pointed, in front. From the elevated compressed process on the seventh abdominal ring, this species may be called G. cultrifer.
The sides of the carapace are very thin and membranaceous. The rostral plate is wider than long, but not so wide as in the G. scyl-
1-2. GONODACTYLUS CULTRIFER ae 8-5. ACANTHONOTUS TESTUDO . ae
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larus, neither is the tip so much deflexed as in that species. The raptorial legs are rather slender, and are considerably compressed, the base of the terminal joint is very slightly thickened, the terminal part elongated and knife-shaped, the inner edge with two teeth; tarsi of the three last pair of legs styliform ; abdomen with the lateral mar- gins of the first five segments thin and membranaceous, the fifth with a notch at the hind angle; the sixth segment with six slight crests terminating in short spines, the two middle approximating; the seventh segment with a sharp crest which rises nearly as high above its dor- sal surface, as the space between its base and the edge of the segment ; the end of this crest is pointed; the marginal teeth of the seventh segment are long and sharp, and have a slight ridge behind; the penultimate joint of the outer branch of the appendages to the sixth ring long, and furnished on the outer edge with a series of nine spines, which are depressed, and cover each other at the base. In the G. scyllarus there are twelve of these spines.
This species is about four inches long; in its dry state the greater part of the upper surface is tinged with a reddish hue, and along the middle of the back there is a pale line.
The species of the genus Gonopactytus are,—1. G. chiragra; 2. G. scyllarus; 3. G. Edwardsii, Berthold, Act. Gottingen. 1845, t.3.f.6; 4. G. eultrifer; 5. G. styliferus; 6. G. graphurus; 7. G. trispinosus. The G. Edwardsii is the species met with in nearly every box of insects and fish imported from China.
On the same plate with the G. cultrifer is figured an Amphipod, which may be the species figured by Colonel Montagu in the ninth volume of the ‘Linnean Transactions,’ t. 5. f. 5, under the name of Oniscus Testudo. I have named this on the plate dcanthonotus Tes- tudo: it belongs to Prof. Owen’s genus Acanthonotus: in the British Museum it bears Dr. Leach’s manuscript name, Vertumnus Cranchii. The head is produced and pointed between the antennz, and instead of the small number of segments assigned by Colonel Montagu to his Oniscus, there is the normal number of the various genera of Amphi- poda.
3. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW PUPINA AND TWO NEW HELICINAS, FROM THE COLLECTION or H. Cumine, Esa. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.
1. Puprna sruineuis, Pfr. P. testd oblongo-ovatd, tenui, pellu- cidd, nitidd, corned; spird sensim attenuatd, obtusiusculd ; suturd impressd, viz callosd ; anfractibus 6, supremis 3 converis, confertim striatis, sequentibus subplanis, levigatis, ultimo 4 lon- gitudinis paulo superante ; aperturd verticali, subcirculari, bi- canaliculatd, canali utroque aperto, ascendente, supero lamind validd, linguiformi, triangulari formato; peristomate subincras- sato, breviter expanso, margine columellari plano, linguiformi, acuto.
Long. 10, diam. 5 millim.
Hab. in Australia orientali.
No. CCVII.—Procrepineés or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
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2. Hexicina intuspiicata, Pfr. H. testd depresso-globosd, tenuiusculd, levigatd, nitidd, carned; spird breviter conoided, viz acuminatd ; anfractibus fere 5 convexiusculis, celeriter ac- erescentibus, ultimo rotundato, basi planiusculo; columelld rece- dente, pland, retrorsum in callum tenuem dilatatd; apertura parum obliqud, semiovali-subtriangulari, altiore quam latd, ad columellam angulatd et plicd intus fere ad marginem decurrente munitd ; peristomate simplice, breviter expanso, margine basali ad columellam subangulato.
Diam. 10, alt. 74 millim.
Locality unkown.
3. Hexicina piapHANA, Pfr. H. testd subconoideo-depressd, tenui, oblique striatuld, diaphand, nitiduld, fulvo-lutescente ; spird subelevatd, apice obtusd ; anfractibus 4 planiusculis, ul- timo obsolete subangulato ; columelld brevissimd, basi sub- nodosd, in callum circumscriptum, sub lente granulatum retror- sum dilatatd; aperturd subobliqud, semilunari; peristomate simplice, breviter expanso, margine basali leviter arcuato, in nodulum columellarem sensim transiente.
Diam. 5, altit. 33 mill.
Tab. Honduras ; Mr. Dyson.
May 28, 1850. William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Secretary reported, that on the morning of the 25th of May he had the gratification of finding, on the arrival of the Peninsular and Oriental Company’s steamer “Ripon” at Southampton, that the preparations which had been made in that vessel, and the precautions which had been taken by the Hon. C. A. Murray, for the safe trans- port of the Hippopotamus, had been eminently successful.
The animal had been assiduously attended during the voyage by Hamet Saafi Canana, to whom he had been entrusted since his arrival in Cairo on the 14th of November 1849, and towards whom he ex- hibits a very marked attachment. Mr. Murray, having returned to England in the “ Ripon,” had continued to direct this interesting undertaking to its final success. Captain Moresby and the officers of the “Ripon” had given every facility and assistance in their power throughout the voyage; and, owing to the liberal provision which had been made both in Egypt and at Malta, the supply of fresh water required for the animal’s bath had been constant and abundant.
The Hippopotamus was shut into his house with Hamet about 10 o'clock a.m. The house was then hoisted by a tackle from the main deck, and safely lowered to a railway truck on the quay at the New Dock. As soon as the other animals were landed, and arranged for the journey to London, they were conveyed by special train to Nine Elms, and ultimately reached the Garden at 10 p.m.
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The house in which the Hippopotamus and Hamet were inclosed having been taken from the waggon, the animal readily followed Hamet, ‘on the door being opened, to the building which had been prepared for him. He had now been twelve hours out of the water ; and as soon as he discovered the bath, which had been filled in anticipation of his arrival, he plunged into it with the most evi- dent enjoyment. (Mammalia, PI. XIX.) After this he fed freely on warm milk and meal, without exhibiting the slightest symptoms of fatigue, or of discomposure at the new situation in which he was
laced. : The remainder of the collection, which had been gathered together by the unceasing energy of Mr. Murray, included— :
Felis leo, 2.
» jubatus, go.
>» Cchaus. Genetta pallida, Gray. Viverra civetta. Herpestes ichneumon. Canis niloticus. Capra nubiana. Gazella dorcas. Sus aper, 9. Dipus egyptius. Gerbillus melanura.
ig tenuis.
Gyps fulvus. Otogyps auricularis. Casarca rutila. Pelecanus crispus.
8 onocrotalus. Psammosaurus griseus. Gongylus ocellatus. Scincus vulgaris. Cerastes Hasselquistii. Naia hae.
Coluber Cliffordii. Liryx jaculus.
Of these, the Lioness, the Chetah, the Ibex and the Wild Hog were gifts to the Society from H.H. the Viceroy, in addition to the Hip- popotamus.
As if to make the 25th a still more memorable day in the annals of the Menagerie, another collection arrived within an hour of that which has been thus briefly mentioned. Lord Harris, Governor of Trinidad, desirous of making the opportunities of his important station available for the advancement of science at home, transmitted under the care of a trustworthy agent, and as a gift to the Society, a box of skins, which will be exhibited at a future meeting, and some beautiful living animals, among which there have arrived remarkable examples of the following species :—
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Lagothri« Humboldtii. Chiropotes satanas. Penelope pipile.
as cristata. Boa constrictor.
The imperfect knowledge which we possessof the zoology of Trinidad, and the proximity of that island to the Spanish Main, where so many interesting forms abound, render the support of Lord Harris a most valuable addition to the strength of the Society; and it is to be earnestly hoped that the liberal and unhesitating manner in which his Lordship, as well as the Governor of Singapore, have acceded to the applications which were made to them for assistance in promoting scientific objects, will be rivalled by the governors of our other colo- nies, who have necessarily effectual means of conferring the most im- portant aid towards the progress of zoological inquiry.
The following papers were read :—
1. On SuHark Fisnine at KurracHee. In A LETTER FROM Dr. Buist, LL.D., F.R.S. erc., or Bompay, TO COLONEL Sykes. (CommunicatTeD By CoLoNeL Syxkes*.)
There are thirteen large boats, with crews of twelve men each, constantly employed in the shark fishery at Kurrachee ; the value of the fins sent to market varying from 15,000 ‘ to 18,000 rupees, or 1000 to 1200 rupees for each boat, after allowing the Banian or factor his profit. One boat will sometimes capture at a draught as many as one hundred sharks of different sizes. The fishermen are very averse to revealing the amount of their cap- tures. Inquiries of this sort are supposed by them to be made exclusively for the pur- pose of taxation. The average capture of each boat probably amounts to about 3000, so as to give the whole sharks captured at not less than 40,000 a year. The Great Basking Shark, or Mhor, is always harpooned : it is found floating or asleep near the surface of the water; it is then stuck with a harpoon
: dy ae ‘ Line, 600 fathoms. of the size and form indicated in the annexed Gangistates aire
Iron shaft, 1 foot 6 inches.
woodcut. Barb, 5 inches.
The fish, once struck, is allowed to run ; till tired ; it is then pulled in, and beaten with clubs till stunned. A large hook is now hooked into its eyes or nostrils, or wherever it
* Dr. Buist’s informant wrote from Kurrachee, in Scinde, to Dr. Buist in Bom- bay; who sent the analysis of the letter to Colonel Sykes; and Dr. Buist added the export of sharks’ fins from Bombay.—W. H. §
ee
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can be got most easily attached, and by this the shark is towed on shore ; several boats are requisite for towing. The Mhor is often 40, sometimes 60 feet in length; the mouth is occasionally 4 feet wide.
All other varieties of shark are caught in nets, in somewhat like the way in which herrings are caught at home. The net is made of strong English whip-cord ; the meshes about six inches; they are generally 6 feet wide, and from 600 to 800 fathoms, or from three- quarters to nearly a mile, in length. On the one side are floats of wood about 4 feet in length, at intervals of 6 feet ; on the other, pieces of stone. The nets are sunk in deep water, from 80 to 150 feet, well out at sea. They are put in one day and taken out the next ; so that they are down two or three times a week, according to the state of the weather and success of the fishing. The lesser sharks are commonly found dead, the larger ones much exhausted. On being taken home, the back fins, the only ones used, are cut off, and dried on the sands in the sun; the flesh is cut off in long strips, and salted for food; the liver is taken out, and boiled down for oil; the head, bones and intestines left on the shore to rot, or thrown into the sea, where numberless little sharks are generally on the watch to eat up the remains of their kindred.
The fishermen themselves are only concerned in the capture of the Sharks. So soon as they are landed, they are purchased up by Banians, on whose account all the other operations are performed. The Banians collect them in quantities, and transmit them to agents in Bombay, by whom they are sold for shipment to China..
Not only are the fins of all the ordinary varieties of Shark pre- pared for the market, but those of the Saw-fish, of the Cat-fish, and of some varieties of Ray or Skate: the latter indeed acquires almost the size, aspect, and the form of the shark. The Cat-fish, known here by the same name as at home, has a head very like that of its European congener, from which it differs in all other respects most remarkably. The skin is of a tawny yellowish-brown, shading from dark brown on the back to dirty yellow on the belly. It is beauti- fully covered all over with spots of the shape and size of those of the leopard, similarly arranged.
The fishermen along these coasts are divided into four great castes, over each of which a head man or Jemadar presides: 1. Koolies ; 2. Bundarries; 3. Sarras; 4. One great Jemadar, or chief, rules supreme in the craft over all these fisher castes. Our informers at Kurrachee were a chief of one of the castes and his brother, two of the finest men I ever saw. They were 6 feet 3 inches each, pro- perly made, and muscular in proportion, hut not overgrown. They had brown beards, long black hair and bushy eyebrows, with fine white teeth, a singular openness of countenance and pleasingness of expression. They seemed greatly flattered by our inquiries, and most willing to give information on every pomt but one, that of the amount of sharks caught. They were quite delighted with the sketches I made of their boats and implements.
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Sharks’ Fins exported from Bombay, chiefly to China, 1845-46. Weight, 8771 ewt. 50 lbs. Value, 182,316 rupees.
The following are some of the entries of imports of sharks’ fins into Bombay in 1845-46 :—
Weight. Value.
ewts. lbs. rupees.
African Coast ........ 104 28 2,118 Arabian Gulf.......... 1493 98 30,786 Malabar ........ PD 10,757 Cutch and Scinde...... 1149 98 25,076 AGEACHER. coche ccc sss cece 589 81 13,096 ICOTIKAM cs. coer tetas 692 44 14,118
2. DescRIPTION OF A NEW CRUSTACEAN. By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S. erc.
Cypripina Zeatanpica. (Annulosa, Pl. XVII.)
The valves of the carapace are of an oval form, somewhat flattened, but convex in the centre, and concentrically striated. The striz are numerous, close-set, and of a waved appearance. The surface of the valves is covered with minute punctations, which probably give origin in the fresh state to short hairs, though they are not visible in the dried specimens. The anterior extremity is slightly narrower than the posterior. The whole carapace is of a uniform white colour. The natural size is about one-fourth of an inch in length and one- fifth of ani inch in breadth.
Two specimens were sent to the British Museum by the Rev. R. Taylor of Waimati, New Zealand, along with a collection of marine and freshwater shells, but without any history attached to them.
3. CoNTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANATOMY OF THE TAPIR. By H. N. Turner, Jun.
A young American Tapir having unfortunately died in the Society’s establishment, I have been enabled, through the kindness of Mr. Mitchell, to make some interesting observations on the structure of that animal; and I now propose to notice a few points, which I be- lieve to be hitherto unrecorded, calling attention at the same time to certain interesting resemblances, both external and internal, existing between this form and those to which the more philosophic principles of modern zoology have proved that it is most nearly allied. Per- haps I may be permitted to recall the fact, that it was through the preference formerly given to those accounts which assigned to the Tapir a complex stomach, that Cuvier was led to abandon that me- thod of subdividing the Ungulata, which Professor Owen has since shown to be the true one, and which, in the paper that I last had the honour to communicate, I have endeavoured still further to support. It is very possible that Cuvier, had no accounts of the anatomy of the Tapir been extant, might have followed up and established his original idea; for on external examination alone, characters fully suf-
103
ficient are presented to indicate the group to which it should be re- ferred. The fore-foot, although from its having four toes it is appa- rently an exception to the Perissodactyle type, yet shows at a glance that the medius is the digit on which the body most immediately rests, instead of its being supported equally upon that and the annu- laris, which is the constantly prevailing character in the even-toed division. In the Tapir the annularis shares with the index a second- rate part in the function of support ; and the little finger seems quite pushed aside, so that its presence is no more a true exception than is the absence of the corresponding toe in the hind-foot of the Peccary, where the even number is destroyed by being reduced to three. As in the other Perissodactyla, the Tapir has the prepuce short and wide, not reaching, as in the Artiodactyla, to the middle of the abdo- men; and the penis (which is described by Professor Owen) resem- bles that of the Horse in being short, thick, and truncated. Another interesting external resemblance to the Horse is the elevated crest upon the neck, remarked upon by naturalists for its greater develop- ment in this, the common species, as a point of distinction from that discovered by M. Roulin in the mountainous districts of their habitat. This appendage, which adds greatly, in our domestic animal, to his characteristic majesty of form, has precisely the same structure in the Tapir, presenting, when cut into, the same hard fibrous substance well interspersed with fat.
With regard to the organs of digestion, I have scarcely anything to add to the observations already published. The small intestines in this specimen were about 12 yards long ; and the fine villi, which clothe their internal surface, were, in the duodenal portion, tipped with a dark pigment. The caecum was more than a foot long, and the fold of the colon 2 feet ; the caecum contained, like the stomach, large quantities of undigested food, while in the small intestines was little else but fluid chyle. The salivary organs, as usual in the Un- gulata, are very largely developed ; the parotids being of great extent, joining each other beneath, in front of the neck, and reaching up on each side to surround the base of the auricle. The molar glands, situated between the buccinator muscle and the mucous lining of the mouth, form a conglomerate mass, opening between two elevated ridges by a series of pores.
The generative organs, internally as well as externally, present a general conformity to the type usual in the Perissodactyla ; but as the individual was young, it is perhaps as well to defer the publication of any details until they can be confirmed by the dissection of a fully- developed specimen.
A remarkable anatomical character, which I find the Tapir to possess in common with the Horse, is the singular membranous sac communicating with the Eustachian tube*. It is placed beneath the ear, between the stylohyal bone and the base of the sphenoid, and is of an irregular form, being accommodated to the parts adjacent ; the tube itself runs as a groove along part of the upper surface of the sac, and opens into the posterior nares.
* They are called “ guttural pouches” by veterinary anatomists.
104
Nasal bones and cartilages of the American Tapir.
The dissection of the proboscis Fig. 1. has afforded some points of inter- = est. A brief description of its gene- p ral structure, derived only from the y dissection of a foetus, is given by ig Cuvier in the ‘Leconsd’Anatomie | Comparée,’ but some remarkable} details seem not as yet to have jf} been noticed. The deep notch on \\} each side of the base of the pro- \Vj jecting nasal bones, which forms \t so striking a characteristic in the skull, may be very readily, and probably always has been, pre- Z sumed to be intended for muscu- t FZ lar attachment ; but its real office is to lodge the posterior termina- , y tion of the lateral cartilage of the \ nose. These lateral cartilages, \ ] arising from that of the septum 4 immediately beneath the ossa nasi, / proceed outwards as usual, but the
{
edge curls inwards, forming one
entire convolution, of which the
outer part forms posteriorly a flat- tened tube with a blind extremity, ‘ j curved upwards, and its termina- ‘7’ tion lodged in the notch alluded § to. From the edge, which is of course concealed, a thickened l- near prominence is continued up- wards within the commencement of the blind tube, but, instead of following its curve, terminates in a rounded extremity. There is no trace whatever of the alar cartilages, the remainder of the proboscis being entirely of a soft substance. With the addition of the pair of
Superior aspect.
Fig. 2.
Lateral aspect.—A portion of the outer wall of the cartilage cut away to show the internal convolution.
105
special levator muscles, noticed both by Cuvier and by Professor Owen, in the possession of which the Tapir again resembles the Horse, the muscles of this organ are arranged upon the usual type. Their fibres radiate from a point just before the eye, some running backwards to form the orbicularis palpebrarum ;' others spreading upwards to the top of the proboscis, forming the compressor nasi ; others proceeding downwards and forwards, to constitute the levator labii superioris alzeque nasi. The depressor of the proboscis, and the orbicularis oris, are well developed, the latter muscle being very thick, especially in the under lip.
I have yet seen nothing to shake my opinion, that the structure of the larynx will one day become of great importance to the zoologist, although at present my opportunities have been far from sufficient to enable me to point out which peculiarities in its formation are truly characteristic of certain groups. In this case, therefore, I limit myself to the comparison of it with such as my collection possesses, namely with that of the Horse, as a near ally, and with those of the Peceary and the Sheep, as members of the other great Ungulate division. The os hyoides has the characters usual in the order ; its stylohyal pieces agree with those of the Horse in being very narrow at their junction with the lesser cornua, and gradually widening, the reverse being the case in the Peccary and the Sheep. The latter animal, however, like most ruminants, has an intermediate piece at the junc- tion of the stylohyal and the lesser cornu. The Tapir wants the sudden expansion of the upper end of the stylohyal, which is common in the Ungulata, and differs remarkably from the Horse in the small development of the true basihyal, and in the total absence of the strong epihyal process. The thyroid cartilage, however, agrees pre- cisely with that of the Horse in the great obliquity of its alz, in its median portion being much thickened above, and very deeply emar- ginated below ; the Peccary and the Sheep presenting the reverse of each of these characters. The cricoid and arytenoid cartilages do not present any essential points of difference; but in the Peccary the cricoid is very peculiar in having its anterior part drawn down, so as to encroach upon four of the tracheal rings, and deeply emarginated above. In the interior of the larynx the Tapir has the superior and inferior ligaments well-marked, though not very prominent ; the latter, or chordz vocales, are slight, but sharp, folds in the mucous membrane ; the former are thickened anteriorly. Just at the base of the epiglottis is a pair of arched openings, each leading into a small sinus, which extends upwards beneath the base of the epiglottis and inward thickening of the thyroid cartilage, and downwards in front of the anterior attachments of the superior ligaments. The Horse has, like the Tapir, a fossa excavated in the thickened upper part of the thyroid cartilage ; and it would appear from Cuvier’s remarks (who, however, had but a drawing to inspect), that the Rhinoceros has something similar. The Tapir entirely wants the lateral sacs observable in the Horse.
The muscles of this organ are arranged as usual. The homologues of the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles arise, as in some other
106
animals, from the first pair of ribs and their ‘cartilages ; the latter muscles are but narrow. There is no separate stylohyoideus, the digastricus giving some fibres to the os hyoides. The Tapir also pos- sesses the muscle whose fibres (to use the words of Cuvier) fill a por- tion of the interval of the two cornua of the same side. There is a double pair of thyro-arytenoid muscles, the upper being partly con- tinuous with the transverse arytenoid muscle, and forming a powerful constrictor of the glottis.
The muscles of the limbs formed also a portion of my investiga- tions ; but to point out all their peculiarities would involve the repe- tition of many that are known to be common to the Ungulata. A peculiar muscle arises near the top of the scapula, and covering the supraspinatus, joins the complex muscle formed by the union of the cleidomastoideus with portions of the trapezius and deltoid, called by the French anatomists ‘muscle commun de la téte, de l’encolure, et du bras.”’ The levator scapulee and pectoralis minor are wanting, as in the Horse. The coracobrachialis is a long slender muscle, reaching nearly to the inner condyle of the humerus. The brachialis anticus arises from the whole of the rounded posterior side of the humerus, immediately below its head; it consequently embraces and twists round this bone, to proceed to its usual insertion. The anconeus seems to be wanting, or confounded with the triceps. In the fore- arm, we find the pronator teres represented by a small bundle of fibres closely adherent to a tendinous ligament, which extends from the inner condyle of the humerus all down the sharp edge of the radius. In the hand, the special muscles of the outer toe are all well-deve- loped. In the posterior extremity, the soleus is wanting, and the tibialis posticus is wanting also. The flexor longus pollicis is here, as in all the lower animals, the principal flexor of the toes, arising principally from the fibula, which is here well-developed, and receiving the small tendon of the flexor longus digitorum, after both have passed the ankle in their usual places. j
All the organs were perfectly healthy, but the large veins were full of very dark blood, and considerable clots of fibrine were found, not only in the veins and heart, but even in the aorta.- Numerous bruises, received in its journey from Liverpool, disfigured the exterior of the animal, and probably assisted, with the unusual coldness of the weather, in causing its premature demise.
4, On THE Icuana or S™ Luctra, Metoroceros CORNUTUS oF WacuER. By Lieut. Tyuer, R.E.
(Reptilia, Pl. III.)
This species attains a length of five, and sometimes even of six feet, the tail being about twice and three-quarters the length of the body. When first hatched it measures four inches. The tail is thick at its commencement, and is so connected with the body that it becomes difficult to define precisely their respective limits. The fore and hind legs are thick and muscular, with five toes on each, armed with strong hooked talons, by any one of which the animal can support
A
SOHAOTONIHY VNVNDI
40
Taprey uNN we PG day’ oN ¥ PIOZ
DTM TP’ PIT HD
Ti eumdey g Z c01g
Re ; : 4 : :
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itself. Of the fore-legs the third and fourth toes are the longest ; and of the hind-legs the fourth toe is of an enormous length, and has five joints. Under the toes the scales form a double row of denticu- lations. The nostrils are large, oval, and not mobile, and above them are two horns, with five or six tuberculous excrescences between them and the nostrils, and surrounding the horns. The mouth is large, and armed with two rows of maxillary and two of palatal teeth, which appear simply to be intended to crop leaves and to provide the sto- mach with vegetable food. Each maxillary tooth is a little double- edged saw, and they are so lapped over each other that the reptile, in closing its mouth upon a leaf, cuts through it completely. The tongue is divided at the point, is very wide, and can be extended out of the mouth, although it is fastened to the interior of the lower jaw near its extremity. ‘The tongue is curiously used by the animal to draw food into the mouth, and to forward it down the gullet, or to repel it at will, and the only use of the palatal teeth appears to be to secure the food while the tongue moves forward to afford fresh assist- ance in its journey down the throat*. Between the lower jaw and the chest is a pouch, which the animal draws in or extends simulta- neously with the compression or swelling out of the body when en- raged or excited. The portion of the gular pouch attached to the jaw is inflatable, and food is sometimes retained im it for a consider- able period, but the lower part is merely extensible. On the anterior part of this pouch or dewlap, and immediately below the jaw, are from five to seven denticulations similar in substance and colour to the dorsal crest, but not so long.
This crest or mane commences behind the head, with three or four excrescences of different sizes, then suddenly becomes, in larger Igua- nas, an inch and a half or two inches in Jength, and runs uninter- ruptedly down the back and tail, gradually diminishing, excepting above the commencement of the tail, where a slight increase again takes place, until, at the extremity of the tail, it is undistinguishable. The dorsal crest consists of about fifty protuberances, and the caudal crest of about 218, each of the latter becoming gradually harder as they decrease in height, and so altering their shape as to resemble, down the greater part of the tail, the edge of a saw.
The ear is covered by a thin scale, which gives to the touch, but does not seem sensitive. There is no external opening, nor does the sense of hearing appear to be very acute or much used by the animal, who trusts more to the eye to discover both his food and his enemies.
The eye is bright. and prominent, and is protected by an inner cuticle as well as the lower eyelid; the upper lid not moving to aid in covering it, but only when the direction of sight is altered in a perpendicular direction. There are soft brows over the eyes of a spherical shape, and projecting above the remainder of the upper part of the head.
The general colour is bright green in the young and dirty grey in the old Iguanas, with about six black streaks across the body and
* The tongue is always covered by a glutinous secretion, which is perceptibly appended to the jaws when the mouth is open.
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fifteen across the tail, each streak being darker towards the head, and gradually shaded off towards the tail. These streaks extend over the dorsal and caudal crests, which partake entirely of the variegations of the body in the younger, but, in the older individuals, are tipped with red and yellowish brown at their bases and extremities. These black streaks do not unite under the belly or under the anterior part of the tail, but towards the extremity of the tail they gradually elon- gate and become more dull, encircling the tail, and at last becoming hardly discernible, mixing with the green or grey into one dull tint.
The dewlap, as well as the folding skin in front of the shoulder, connected with it, is interspersed with black and yellowish brown, of which colours the denticulations of the dewlap also partake. The upper part of the head is of a darker and richer green in the young, fading as the animal advances in years, and becomes weather-beaten, as is the case with the human species, and with all animal and vege- table life. The whole of the under part of the body is of a lighter colour in both old and young. The female has a more delicate colour and general appearance than the male.
Whilst always retaiming the same colours, this Iguana has the power of considerably changing his hues, but these changes are gradually performed. The colours become more dull as the period of the change of skin approaches, which is not, however, frequent. Each scale has its own tint, and the colours being thus irregularly blended, an appearance is given, particularly to the younger reptiles, very much hike that of worsted-work. The colour of the eye is dark brown, the pupil being surrounded by a golden rim.
Every part of this curious reptile is covered with scales, and these are of every variety of shape and size. Those on the top of the head are large, smooth, and unequal; between them and the mouth runs a row of smaller scales, while the mouth itself is surrounded, both in the upper and lower jaw, by large scales terminated at the extremity between the nostrils, by one large brownish and softer seale in the upper jaw, and a similar though smaller scale meeting it in the lower jaw. From this latter, and below those immediately surrounding the mouth, is a range of scales or rather plates, each larger than its pre- decessor, terminated on either side by a very large plate under the auricle. Below this row of scales is the gular pouch (Fanon) covered by small, smooth scales. The eye is protected above by small, smooth, unequal scales, which also form part of the covering of the top of the head. The scales of the lower eyelid are peculiarly small and deli- cate ; and a row of semispherical scales, resembling somewhat a string of small pearls on each lid, surrounds the eye. At the back of the head the scales become tuberculous, and a few on each side of the neck assume a pyramidal or rather a conical form. The scales of the neck and back are almost circular, but nearer the tail they become rhomboidal and carinated, their posterior points elongating, and their centres projecting more and more, both above and below, as they reach the extremity of the tail, so as to give it the form of a many-edged saw, the most severe edge being that presented by the caudal crest. The scales above the fore-legs are equal, carinated, and imbricated,
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assuming, at the foot and along the toes, a convex and smooth ap- pearance. Under the fore-legs they are smaller, and peculiarly so at the joints and under the feet; the most delicate, however, are those under the leg, and connecting it with the body. The hind-legs are similarly clothed to the fore-legs, excepting that they are provided with a single row of femoral pores, fourteen or fifteen in number, and which increase in size with the growth of the reptile. These pores are large and fully developed in the male, but small and sometimes even hardly perceptible in the female.
The scales of the belly are very different from those of the back, being larger, equal, and carinated, although generally worn almost smooth in the old individuals. They are divided by a distinct line from the termination of the dewlap to the vent.
The Iguanas live principally in trees, and near the windward coast of the island. They are not much seen excepting in the months of February, March, and April, when they quit their hiding-places, and repair to the sea-shore or other sandy places to lay their eggs in the sand. The older females lay a great number of eggs; I have known an instance of one in confinement laying five in one day ; and thirty- two, within the space of ten minutes, five days afterwards, making thirty-seven in all. I have taken the eggs from the bellies of small females in less numbers, such as eight, fourteen, and seventeen. They are not found in successive stages of advancement as in the hen, the tortoise, and many other animals, but all of the same size, and arrived at the same degree of maturity. Nor are the eggs always disposed, as I have seen it stated, in two rows, one on each side of the belly of the female. When very small, they are arranged in a long irregular cluster, closely packed together, and they seem to retain the same relative position as they increase in size. The eggs are very liable to destruction from ants, which fact probably accounts for their being usually deposited in sea sand. They are also hunted for and eaten by the Pilori (Mus pilorides), or “Rat Musqué,” and by a bird called the “Trembler.” They are soft and without any white, and their shell resembles the most beautiful kid used for French gloves, of a very light straw-colour. They are about the size of those of a pigeon, but rather longer; they vary however in dimensions, accord- ing to the age and size of the Iguana.
This Iguana is not averse to water, when not too cold, taking to it only when the sun is shining ; in fact, not moving about much at any other time. Its mode of swimming differs from that of other lizards, inasmuch as it places its four legs close by the side of its body, and swims entirely with its tail. It dives with great facility, and remains sometimes for a considerable time under water. I believe that the Iguana never ventures into the sea. The tail is a very valuable limb ; for besides being the sole means of swimming possessed by the ani- mal, it is‘of great use in climbing trees, although not prehensile ; and it is a most important weapon of defence, a blow from it being fre- quently sufficient to inflict a severe wound. In fact, this reptile is rather formidable when brought to bay in the woods. It is hunted
110
by the natives with dogs trained for the purpose. The dog imme- diately upon scenting it gives tongue, and if on the ground, the dog seizes it by the back, and either kills it or maims it, which makes its capture easy ; if ina tree, the Iguana is either shaken down, a matter ordinarily of no small difficulty, or the branch is cut off. It is almost useless to attempt to find these reptiles without dogs, as the resem- blance of their, colour to that of the trees they inhabit prevents them from being easily seen. Few dogs but those accustomed to the sport will touch them, as, in addition to the blows which they inflict with their tails, they bite and scratch furiously ; and when once they lay hold of anything with their teeth, they can only be made to let go by an inducement to bite, some other attractive object being offered to them. They run into holes when chased, if an opportunity offers, and when their eyes are hidden from view, they fancy that their whole body is safely covered. The flesh, particularly of the female, is a great delicacy ; it is cooked in various ways, sometimes in a fricassee, with the eggs whole, sometimes roasted or stewed. The eggs have a very glutinous taste. The flesh is said to disagree with some con- stitutions, although it does not, I believe, as has been asserted, dis- agree peculiarly with those persons who have been affected with vene- real diseases.
This Iguana is said by some of the natives to eat lizards and in- sects, but I have opened several, and I have never succeeded in find- ing any but vegetable matter in the stomach, sometimes, however, covered with imumerable small worms, the eggs of which must doubtless have been swallowed with the leaves, fruit, or bark of trees, upon which, I conceive, it feeds entirely.
Unless caught young, it is very difficult to induce these reptiles to feed in confinement, and particularly when watched. Their dispo- sition is sulky and savage, and I have known some of them die in confinement from starvation rather than feed. This has caused me to try the following plan, which I find very successful, of affording them nourishment. I hold them by the lower part of the body with one hand, and with the other I irritate them, until they open their mouths and attempt to bite, when I insert food; and by annoying them in this way, I have not only made them eat their natural food, but I have killed some of them by forcing them to eat corn, and leaves which appear to have disagreed with them.
This Iguana has a small rounded heart, reddish lungs, an oblong gall-bladder, a large dark-coloured flat liver, and a white, and very ex- tensible oblong stomach.
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June 11, 1850. W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. SyNopsiIs OF THE SPECIES OF ANTELOPES AND STREPSICERES, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S. etc.
(Mammalia, Pl. XX.)
The genera in this Synopsis are arranged after the plan, first sug- gested in a paper on the genera of the Hollow-horned Ruminants (Bovide) in the ‘ Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ xviil. 227.
ANTELOPES.
The Antelopes contain a large number of species separated into several genera, which may be arranged in the following sections :—
I. The ANTELOPES OF THE FiELps have a tapering nose, with the nostrils bald within.
1. The True Antelopes are light-bodied and limbed, and small- hoofed, with a short or moderate tail covered with elongated hair to the base ; horns lyrate or conical.
2. The Cervine Antelopes are large-sized, rather heavy-bodied and large-hoofed, and have an elongated tail with short hair at the base and tufted at the end; horns lyrate or conical. (See p. 128.)
3. The Caprine Antelopes are heavy-bodied and limbed, and large- hoofed, with a very short, depressed tail covered with hair to the base; horns conical. (See p. 135.)
II. The ANTELOPES OF THE SANDY Deserts have a broad nose, and the nostrils lined with bristles within.
4. The Equine Antelopes have the nose very broad, soft, spongy, and bristly. (See p. 138.)
5. The Bovine Antelopes have the nose moderately broad, with a black, moist muffle. (See p. 139.)
I. The ANTELOPEs OF THE FriELDs. Nose tapering, the nostrils bald within, close together in front and diverging behind.
1. The True AnTELopes. Body moderate-sized, elegant; legs slender ; tail moderately elongate, hairy ; horns placed over the eye- brows.
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a. Horns lyrate (or rarely cylindrical, subspiral\, strongly ringed at the base; nose ovine, without any naked muffle ; deep in- guinal pouches ; and tear-bag generally well-developed.
1. Sarea.
Horns short, strong, annulated, lyrate, white; nose very high, compressed, rounded ; nostrils very close together ; tear-bag distinct ; fur soft.
1. Sarga Tatarica. The Couus or Saica.
Pale yellowish, crown and back greyish washed ; belly and anal region beneath the tail white; young, crown greyer.
Capra Tatarica, Linn. 8. N. 97.—Antilope Saiga, Pallas.—Ibex imberbis, Gmelin.—Antilope Colus, H. Smith.—Colus Strabonis, Gesner.—Colus Tartarica, Wagner.—Cervicapra, sp. Blainv.—Saiga tatarica, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 3.
Inhabits Siberia. Cab. Brit. Mus.
2. Kemas.
Horns elongated, rather lyrate ; nose with a dilated pouch on each side; tear-bag distinct? hair close, erect, spreading ; nose-hole of skull very large ; females hornless.
1. Kemas Hopcsonu. The Currv.
Pale brown; chest, belly and inside of the limbs white; front of face and front of legs blackish.
Antilope Hodgsonii, Abel—A. Kemas, H. Smith (not horns, t. 181. f. 6).—A. Chiru, Lesson.—Kemas Hodgsonii, Gray, Knows- ley Menag. 3.
Inhabits Thibet. Cab. Brit. Mus.
3. Gazeta, H. Smith.
Horns strong, lyrate, black ; face tapering ; nose simple ; tear-bag distinct ; fur short, close-pressed. Females with smaller horns ; teats four.
* Knees with tufts ; back and rump brown, vent white.
+ Lower part of side with a dark oblique streak ; feet with a tuft of black hair beneath.
1. Gazetxa Dorcas. The GAzeL_e.
Fur rather elongate and harsh, grey brown; outside of fore legs, broad oblique streak along the side, edge of anal dise, front of face and face-streak, dark brown ; face-streak, throat, chest, belly, inside of thigh and anal dise, white ; tuft at under side of feet and end of tail black ; knee-tufts blackish ; young, back and side-streak rather paler.
Capra Dorcas, Linn.— Antilope Dorcas, Pallas ; Licht. 3. t. 5.— A. Gazella, Pallas. —Gazella Kevella, H. Smith, 2? .—G. Corinna, H. Smith, 2 .— Gazelle, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 22-25. ¢ .—Kevel, Buf- fon, H. N. xii. t. 26. ¢. not F. Cuvier.—Corinne, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 27.9. t. 30 (not F. Cuvier); Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. .—Kevel gris, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 3.—Antilope Cora, H. Smith.—
il
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A. Arabica, Hemprich and Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 5 ; Licht. Saugth. t. 6.—A. Cuvieri, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 35; Frazer, Zool. Typica, t.
Var. Nose with a dark spot or streak.
Var. Larger, legs thicker.
Gazella Dorcas, var. Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 3.
Inhabits N. Africa; shore of Red Sea; Mogador (Wilishire).
The Earl of Derby has specimens which he calls Gazella vera, figured Knowsley Menag. t. 3; they are rather larger, greyer, and the legs are much thicker and heavier than the specimens from the shore of the Red Sea. The fur is similar, but not quite so long on the under side of the neck. The Kevel gris (F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith.) well represents this variety.
The A. Cuvieri of Ogilby, from Morocco, is a much larger animal than the common G. Dorcas, but agrees with it in other characters, except, it is said, in having longer ears.
M. F. Cuvier (Mam. Lithog. vii. t. 8. 9 .) has figured and described an Antelope from Sennaar under the name 4. leptoceros, which he says is very like 4. Dorcas, but has larger horns, those of the males being twice and of the females half as long again as the head. The horns vary greatly in length in our specimens.
tt Upper part of sides with a pale streak.
2. Gazetva Isapetta. The IsaBeLya GAZELLE.
Fur short, very soft ; pale yellowish brown, with a broad, rather paler oblique streak on the upper part of the side; knee-tufts, front of face and lower face-streak, darker yellow brown ; upper face-streak, chest, back edge of tarsus, under side of feet, inside of limbs, helly and vent, white ; tail black. Female, horns very slender, longer than the head. Young, paler, the lower part of the sides rather darker.
Gazella Isabella, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846.— Anti- lope Iridis (Die Iris Antelope), Licht.—A. Dorcas, Licht. Darstell. t. 5.—A. Dorcas, var. a. Sundevall.
Inhabits N. Africa ; Egypt (J. Burton, Esq.), Kordofan (Sundev.).
This species is easily known from the foregoing by the softness and fineness of the fur, and the lower side-streak being of the same colour as the back, and from it and the following by having no dark edge to the anal disc.
3. GAZELLA suBGUTTUROSA. The JAIRON.
Pale brown ; upper part of sides with a broad, rather paler streak ; crown and knee-tufts greyer ; face-streak indistinct ; nose, lower part of sides, belly, hinder side of fore and front side of hinder limbs and anal dise white ; streak on haunches dark brown ; end of tail blackish.
Antilope subgutturosa, Guldenst.; Pallas; H. Smith, Griff. A. K. t. 183. f. 5, horns.—Capra Ahu, Keemp.—A. Dorcas, var. persica, Riippell.— Gazella subgutturosa, Gray, K. Men. 4.
Inhabits Tartary, Armenia and North Persia. Cab. Brit. Mus.
Larger than the Chikara.
No. CCVIII.—Proceepineés or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society,
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*k* Knees with tufts ; rump mark and throat-spots white : no dark side-streak ; tail slender, compressed, only hairy above (Dama, Bennett).
4. GAazELLA SOEMMERINGII. The AByssInrIAN Mour.
Pale brown; nose, forehead and lower edge of face-streak and end of tail blackish; chest and belly, angular mark on rump above the tail, face-streak and spot on the throat white; limbs pale. Female, forehead paler in the centre.
Antilope Soemmeringii, Cretzchm. in Riippell, Zool. Atlas, t. 19 g. — Gazella Soemmeringii, Gray, K. M. 5.
‘ Inhabits Lower Abyssinia; Sennaar. Brit. Mus.
5. GAzELLA Mour. The Mour.
Bay ; chin, spot on throat, chest, belly, edge and inside of limbs and angular spot on rump above the tail white; spot on side of face and end of tail black.
Antilope Mohr, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. i. t. 8; Knight, M.A.N.f. .—d. Dama, var. occidentalis, Sundevall.—Gazella Morr, Gray, K. M. 5.
Inhabits Morocco. Mus. Zool. Soc. Portendic. There called Seni-ci (Mr. Whitfield). Mus. Brit.
The specimen in the Frankfort Museum, which was received from the Zoological Society, is one-third smaller than the Andra. It is brown, rump mark, lower part of the sides, belly, inside and edge of legs white, face iron-grey with longer hair at the base of the horns; horns large, thick, the face-streak indistinct from the pale colour of the head.
There is a fine specimen of this species living at Knowsley, and a female which died on the passage in the British Museum.
6. GazeLua Dama. The NANGEvR.
Bay ; chin, spot on throat, belly, lower part of sides and hinder part of the back, inside of the limbs white; no spot on side of the face.
Antilope Dama, Pallas.—Gazella Dama, Gray, K. M. 5.—A. ru- bra, Afzelius.—Nangeur, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 32. f. 3. t. 34.
Inhabits W. Africa; Senegal.
Not seen since Buffon’s time; may be a bad figure of the former.
7. GAZELLA RUFICOLLIS. The ANDRA.
Whitish ; neck and front part of the middle of the back reddish ; no face-streak.
Antilope ruficollis, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 205.—A. Andra, Ben- nett.—d. Dama, Licht. Saugth. t.3, 4; Riippell, Zool. Atlas, t. 14, 16; Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys. t. 6.—<d. Dama, var. orientalis, Sun- devall.—Gazella ruficollis, Gray, K. M. 5.
Var. Young? with an indistinct narrow brown streak across the outside of the thighs, and the forehead iron-grey, with longer hair at the base of the horns; horns small. Mus. Frankfort.
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Inhabits North Africa; Kordofan. Brit. Mus. 2.
These species differ in size as well as markings. The Mohr and Andra differ from G. Soemmeringii in being of much larger size, and in wanting the black face and streaks. Bemnett’s Mofr has only an angular white spot on the rump, like G. Soemmeringii ; Buffon’s Nangeur is smaller, and has more white on the rump, thighs and sides; and the Andra, which agrees with the figures cited, is almost all white, with a reddish neck and withers.
**** Knees without tufts (but with rather longer hair, forming a linear keel in front); back and rump brown; sides with dark streak.
8. GAzELLA RuFIFRONS. The Korin.
Bay brown ; sides above paler, with broad dark streak below ; tail black ; chest, belly, inside of legs, back edge of tarsus, and under side of feet and anal disc white ; face bright bay, side-streak broad white.
Gazella rufifrons, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.—Kevel, male, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 3.—Corine, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. . young 9 .—A. levipes, Sundevall.—Gazella rujfifrons, Gray, K. M. 5. t.4.
Var. Nose blackish above (adult 9 ).
Young ; pale yellowish, side-streak brownish.
Inhabits W. Africa; Senegal. Mus. Paris. Gambia (Mr. Whit- field), called Seni. Brit. Mus. Sennaar (Swndevall).
Buffon mentions a Corine as coming from Senegal, but he says it is smaller than the Kevel, and Daubenton says that it has knee-tufts, so that it cannot be this species. Indeed the Gazelle, Corine and Kevel of Buffon are clearly all 4. Dorcas of this memoir.
The Kevel figured by M. F. Cuvier well represents this species. He says it was sent from Senegal, and probably it has not knee-tufts, for they are not indicated in the figure or mentioned in the text ; for, like other descriptions of this author, though it occupies more than two pages, all the peculiarities of the species are left out. The Corine of the same author, also from Senegal, well represents the young. M. F. Cuvier says the Kevel and Corine and A. Dorcas form one species, but afterwards, under Kevel gris, he thinks they may be two.
4. Procapra, Hodgson.
Horns strong, elongate, lyrate, black ; face tapering, nose simple ; tear-bag none; knee-tufts none; tail very short: female hornless ; teats two. Asia; not gregarious.
1. Procapra GuTrurosa. The DsEREn.
Pale yellowish ; hair long, soft, of anal region short, white; tail black.
Antilope gutturosa, Pallas, Spic. xii. 45. t. 2 5 H. Smith.— Gazella gutturosa, Gray, Knows. Menag. 3.
Inhabits Mongolia, Siberia. Cab. Brit. Mus., male and female. Thibet. Mus. Ind. Comp. ;
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2. PROCAPRA PICTICAUDA. The Racoa or Goa.
Hair sordid, brown with pale rufous tips; under side, inside of ears, limbs and anal disc, reddish white ; tail black.
Procapra picticauda, Hodgson, J.A.S. Bengal, 1846, 173. 334. t.
Inhabits Thibet; in the plains. Brit. Mus., skulls. Perhaps same as former in summer fur. :
5. Tracops, Hodgson.
Horns lyrate, short, black ; face tapering, nose simple; “‘tear-bag none ;”’ teats two : females with small horns. India; not gregarious.
1. Tracors Bennettitr. The CHIKARA.
Bay brown; sides uniformly coloured ; knee-tufts, end of nose and tail black ; streak on haunches blackish ; face-streak, chest, belly and inside of limbs white.
Antilope Bennettii, Sykes.—A. Christi, Gray.—A. Bharatensis, Hodgson.—A. Hazenna, I. Geoff., Voy. Jacq. Mam. t. 6, bad?— A. Dorcas, var. E., Sundevall.—Tragops Bennettii, Hodgson, 1847.
Inhabits India. Cab. Brit. Mus.
The feet are generally blackish, but sometimes brown like the back.
6. AnTIpoRCAs, Sundeyall.
Horns lyrate, short, black ; face tapering, nose simple; tear-bag not remarkably distinct ; back with an expansile white streak or fold ; hair close-pressed ; knees not tufted: females with small horns.
1. AntiporcAs Evcuore. The Sprinesoc or TSEBE.
Pale brown ; face, throat, chest, belly, broad expansile streak on back to base of tail, edge and inner side of limbs white; face-streak and middle part of forehead pale brown, side-streak oblique, dark brown: young paler; side-streak paler, back-streak distinct.
Antilope Euchore, Forster, Licht. t. 7; H. Smith ; Harris, W.A.A. t. 3.—A. saltatrixz, Link.—A. marsupialis, Zimm.—A. Pygarga, Blumenb.—A. dorsata and A. saliens, Lacep.—A. Ibex, Afzelius, 1810.—Gazella Euchore, Gray, Know. Men. 6.
Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.
7. Aipyceros, Sundev. MSS.; Antilope, Gray.
Horns elongate, wide-spreading, lyrate, black ; face tapering, nose simple; knees not tufted, feet with tuft of (black) hair near pastern ; teats two; no trace of suborbital sinus (Harris).
1. Hipyceros Metampus. The Pawan or Rooyve Boc.
Bay, sides paler beneath; belly, anal disc and lower side of tail white ; crown, anal streak and tip of tail blackish; tuft above feet and back of feet black.
Antilope Melampus, Licht.; H. Smith, t. 181. f. 7; Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 15.
Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.
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8. AntiLopg, H. Smith; Cervicapra, Gray.
Horns elongate, subspiral, erect, diverging; face tapering, nose simple ; tear-bag large. India; gregarious.
1, ANTILOPE BEZOARTICA. The ANTELOPE.
Grey brown ; lips, orbits, chest, lower part of sides and belly, edge and inside of limbs white; nose, front of shoulder and outside of thigh, end of tail and front of feet blackish ; neck redder.
Capra bezoartica, Aldrov.—C. Cervicapra, Linn.,? H. Smith.— A. Cervicapra, Pallas,,Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. .—Antilope, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. . 9 .—Cervicapra bezoartica, Gray, Knowsley Men. 6.
Var. and young. A narrow pale streak on the upper part of each side.
Antilope bilineata, Temm., Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t.
Inhabits India. Brit. Mus.
B. Horns small, slender, straight, conical, tapering, more or less diverging and often bent forward at the tip; the muffie is generally large and moist.
+ Tear-bag large ; muffle generally large.
9. TreTRAcERUS, Leach.
Mufile large; tear-bag large, longitudinal; horns, two pair very short, conical, straight ; knee-tufts none: female hornless.
1. TETRACERUS QUADRICORNIS. The CHouKa.
Front pair of horns conical, distinct.
T. quadricornis, H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 181. f. 3. t. 186.—Antilope quadricornis, Blainv.—A. striaticornis, Leach.— <A. tetracornis, Hodgson.— 4. Chickara, Hardw.; H. Smith.—T. Chicara, F. Cuv. Mam.t. .¢.—Cervus albipes, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. . female.
Inhabits India, Himalaya. Brit. Mus. Thibet. Mus. Ind. Comp.
M. De Blainville in describing this animal has read Moorshada- bad, the habitat, for Hoornadabad, and thought it the name of the animal.
2. TETRACERUS SUBQUADRICORNUTUS. The JUNGLIBUKRA.
Front pair of horns rudimentary, tubercular ; hinder horns conical, subcylindrical ; pale brown; side rather paler; chest, belly, inside and front of legs whitish ; feet paler, varied.
Var. Female, front of legs blackish.
Antilope subquadricornutus, Elliot, Madras Journ. 35. t. 4. f. 2.— Brown Antelope, Sykes.
Inhabits Madras. Brit. Mus. Larger than the former.
Mr. Hodgson, in MacClelland’s Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. 1847, notices and figures five species of this genus: 1. 7’. Iodes (rusty-red), t. 4. f. 3, and 2. 7. paccerois (full-horned), t. 4. f. 1, 2, from skull.
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10. CaLorracus, (part) Sundevall; Oreotragus, (part) Gray; Re- dunca, (part) H. Smith; Tragulus, H. Smith; Cervicapra, sp. Blainy.
Muffle large; tear-bag arched, transverse; horns subulate, elon- gate, erect; hoofs triangular, flattish beneath, acute in front ; crown smooth ; tail very short; groin and orbit nakedish: ‘females horn- less ; teats four; the knees not tufted ; inguinal pore none; ear elon- gate; false hoof small or none.
* False hoofs none.
1._CatotrraGus TraGguius. The STEINBOC.
Fulvous, ashy ; hair uniform; small spot on nose, and two diver- ging streaks on crown to nape blacker; upper part of throat, chest and abdomen white ; ears three-fourths the length of the head ; false hoofs none.
Antilope Tragulus, Forster, Licht. t. 14.—A. rupestris, H. Smith ; Harris, W. A. A, t. 25. f. 2.—A. campestris, Thunb. 1811; Afzelius, 1815.—A. pallida, H. Smith.—A. Pediotragus, Afzelius.— 4. fulvo- rubescens, Desmoul.— 4. rufescens, H. Smith, G. A. K. t, 188.— Calotragus tragulus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 7.
Var. Without the black crown-streaks, throat whiter.
Inhabits 8S. Africa. Brit. Mus.
This species varies much in colour, perhaps according to the season : sometimes the hairs are whitish at the tip, giving the fur a glaceous appearance ; the black streaks are as distinct in the young as in the adult.
** False hoofs small.
2. CALOTRAGUS MELANOTIS. The Grys Boc.
Red bay, with intermixed white hairs, crown with two dark streaks ; ears two-thirds the length of head; false hoofs small.
Antilope Melanotis, Thunb.1811; Afzelius; Licht. 8. t.12; Harris, W. A.A. t. 26.—A. grisea, Cuvier, D. 8. N. ii. 244, 1816; H. Smith. —A. rubro-albescens, Desmoul.—Calotragus melanotis, Gray, Knows- ley Menag. 7.
Var. pallida. Pale ashy white, hairs some white, others lead- coloured with grey tips. Brit. Mus.
Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.
11. ScororHorus, Gray ; Calotragus, part Sundeyall. Mufile small, bald; tear-bag transverse; horns subulate, elongate, acute, slightly recurved at the tip; knees largely tufted; inguinal pores distinct and bearded; ears moderate, with a naked spot on the outside of their base ; hoofs triangular, false hoof distinct.
1. ScoporpHorus OurEBI. The OvuresI.
Temple-spot small, indistinct ; fur red-brown; cheeks paler ; crown darker red brown ; orbits, chest, belly, and middle of upper
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part of inner side of legs white ; end of tail, arched line before the eye and spot between the ears black.
Var. End of nose blackish.
Antilope Scoparius, Schreb. Licht. S. t. 13.—A. Ourebi, Shaw ; Lesson.—Ourebi, Buffon, not F. Cuvier.—d. melanura, Bechst.
Inhabits S. Africa, Cape of Good Hope. Brit. Mus.
2. ScopopHoRUS MONTANUS. The GIBARI-
Temple-spot large, deep (more than half an inch over), naked ; fur greyish brown; cheeks paler; crown red brown; orbits, chest, belly, under side of tail and middle of the inner side of the upper parts of the legs white ; end of tail and arched line before the eye black.
Antilope montanus, Riippell, Zool. t. .—Scopophorus montanus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 5.
Inhabits W. and E. Africa ; Abyssinia (Riippell); Gambia. Called Gebari, or Mahomet’s Antelope (Zarl of Derby). Brit. Mus.
Very like the former, but grey brown, and the temporal spot much larger, deeper, more distinct and bald, both when alive and in the skin, so that it does not depend on the stuffing.
12. Orgorracus, Gray, Sundevall; Tragulus, H. Smith, not Pallas.
Muffle large; tear-bag arched, transverse; horns subulate, elon- gate; hoofs squareish, high, compressed, much-contracted, concave beneath ; false hoofs large, blunt; crown smooth; tail very short ; hair thick, quill-like, spread out: female hornless ; teats two.
1. OREOTRAGUS SALTATRIX. The Kriansi or KLIPPSPRINGER.
Dark brown, yellow grisled ; hair grey, brown at the end, with a short yellow tip ; beneath whitish ; edge of ears and feet above the hoofs black.
Antilope Oreotragus, Forster; H. Smith; Licht. Saugth. t. 15.— A. saltatriz, Bodd.; Harris, W. A. A. t. 24.—Oreotragus saltatriz, Sundev.; Gray, Knowsley Men. 8.
Inhabits S. Africa; Abyssinia (Riippel/). Brit. Mus.
Varies in brightness and depth of colour according to the season.
13. Nesorracus, Von Duben, Sundey. MSS.
“‘Muffle large, bald; lachrymal sinus deep, large ; face and fore- head not crested ; ears large; horns in males large; false hoofs none ; tail very short.
Very like Neotragus in form and character.
1. NesorraGus mMoscHATus. The NESOTRAGUS.
Reddish grey; belly white; feet pale red; hair of back brown, with a pale subterminal band and black tip.
Nesotragus moschatus, You Duben; Sundey. Vet. Ac. Oefversigt, 1846, 221; Pecora, 134; Gray, Knowsley Menag. 8.
Inhabits Zanzebar, east coast of Africa. Male and female in the Stockholm Museum.”
120 14. Neorracus, H. Smith; Madoqua, Ogilby.
Mufile none; nose ovine; nostrils close together ; false hoofs very small; tear-bag roundish ; tail very short; crown crested.
1. Neorracus SattTi1ana. The Mapvoava.
Antilope Saltiana, Blainv.—A. Hemprichianus, Ehrenb. S. P. t. 7; Licht. Saugth. t. 16.—Neotragus madoka, H. Smith.—A. Grimmia, Riippell.— 4. Hemprichii, Riippell, Abyss. 25.—N. Saltiana, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 8.—N. Hemprichianus, Sundev.
Inhabits Abyssinia. Brit. Mus.
++ A glandular line on the side of the face, in the place of the x tear-bag ; and the muffle large and bald.
15. Cepuatornus, H. Smith; Sylvicapra, Ogilby, Sundev.
Muffle large; tear-bag none, but a naked, glandular line, formed of two series of pores, on the side of the cheek ; crown crested, end- ing in a tuft between the horns.
* «Knees and hind legs tufted; ears and horns elongate ; tear-bag small, under the eye, and a narrow naked streak on cheek.”
1. CepHaLornus? auapriscopa. The Four-rurrep ANTE- LOPE.
« Buff, paler on the sides ; tail, knee-tufts, front of nose, narrow inferior lateral and anal streak and streaks across legs blackish ; lips, breast, belly, inside of limbs, vent and houghs white.”
Antilope quadriscopa, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 261. t. 188.—Cepha- lophus? quadriscopa, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 8.
“‘ Tnhabits Senegal.”
This species is only known from Colonel H. Smith’s description and figure.
** Knees not tufted ; ears elongate acute ; horns slender, elongated.
2. CepHaLopHus Grimmia. The Impoon or DvuyYKER or Duyxer Boc.
Yellowish brown, greyish in winter; hair yellowish, with blackish tip; forehead yellowish bay; inside of ears, chin, throat, abdomen and under side of tail white; feet, streak on the nose, up the legs, and upper part of tail black ; ears elongate, nearly as long as head, acute ; horns black, elongate, slender, base rugose and subangular in front.
Capra Grimmia, Linn. S. N. (ed.10) 70.—Moschus Grimmia, Linn. S. N. (ed. 12).—Antilope mergens, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1817; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 264; Licht. Saugth. t.11; Harris, W. A. A. t. 15.—A. nictitans, Thunb. Mem. Petersb. 1811, iii. 312.—A. Bur- chellii, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 262. adult in summer?—4A. Ptooz, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 265? jun.?—A. Platous, H. Smith, G. A. K. vy. 266.—Ceph. Grimmia, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t.1.f.1, t. 2. f.1, 2.
Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.
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This species varies greatly in the intensity of the colours and in the extent of the black on the feet and nose. In one young specimen in the British Museum the black on the nose is quite deficient ; though it has the bright colouring of the breeding-season, and is bright bay on the crown.
The specimen in the Museum of the London Missionary Society (No. 8 Blomfield Street, Moorfields, formerly in Austin Friars), Case 5, described by Colonel H. Smith under the name of 4. Platous, is the size and has the horns and ears of an adult C. Grimmia, but differs in being paler, and having no dark colour on the nose or feet ; but it is evidently much bleached. It has certainly no relation to the C. sylvicultriz, with which Colonel Smith was afterwards inclined to place it as a variety (Griff. A. K. Syn. v. 344).
There are three species which have been called Antilope Grimmia:—
1. The Capra sylvestris africana of N. Grimm, Misc. Cur. No- rimb. 1705, 131. t.13, the authority for Capra Grimmit, Ray, Syn. 80, and Linn. S. N. (ed. 10) 70. Moschus Grimmia, Linn. S. N. ed. 12, from the Cape, of a dull grey colour. Probably the Duyker.
2. Le Grimme of Buffon, H. N. xii. 307. 329. t. 41. f. 2, 3, from a head sent from Senegal by Adanson ; the Antilope Grimmia of Des- marest, F. Cuvier, and H. Smith, &c.; the Cephalophus rujilatus.
3. The 4. Grimmia of Pallas, with large ears and a black streak to the horns, like C. Campbellie, but is from Guinea. I know of no species common to the W. and S. coast of Africa, so that it is pro- bably yet to be distinguished.
The “Fitomba’’ or “Philantomba”’ appears to be the generic name of all the W. African Cephalophi or Bush Antelopes.
3. CerpHALOoPHUS CAMPBELLIZ. The BLAcK-FACED PHILAN- TOMBA.
Grey and black grisled, beneath white ; cheeks, neck and chest yel- lowish ; forehead yellow, with a black streak on the nose widening on the forehead and ending in a tuft behind the horns ; feet and front of fore-legs reddish black ; fur soft ; hair grey, with black ring and tip ; ears elongate acute.
Antilope Grimmia, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. 18. t. 1 21—C. Burchellii, var. (C. Campbellie), Gray, Cat. B. M. 162.—C. Campéellie, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, 164; Knowsley Menag. 9. t. 2. f. 3.
Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.
This species is at once known from the Duyker by being much darker and distinctly grisled or dotted, and the under side being much whiter.
We have an adult female of this species sent us as 4. mergens, var. Burchellii, by M. Sundevall (the other specimen of the same name being a true Duyker), and a young specimen which has been in the British Museum for several years, sent from Africa, under the generic name of Philantomba, by Mrs. Campbell.
The 4. Grimmia of Pallas, Spic. Zool. i. 18. t. 3, which he de- scribes as grey grisled, becoming brownish ash on the buttocks ; throat, chest and beneath the body white ; head and neck yellowish
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grey ; a black streak between the horns, forming a fascia on the fore- head and broader on the nose; fur softer than the Deer, but rough, of lower part of the neck rougher and more lax ; feet and line on fore- legs blackish ; tail black above ; ears rather acute: inhabits Guinea ; agrees in most respects with this species, but most probably is yet to be procured from W. Africa.
**k* Knees not tufted; ears moderate, acute; horns short, conical, thick.
4. CepuHaLtopuus Mapoqua. The Asyssin1AN Busu Buck.
Yellowish brown, slightly punctulated with black ; neck yellowish ; limbs blacker ; face-streak and feet black; hair rather rigid, close- pressed, reddish grey at the base, end polished yellow brown, with dark tips; forehead reddish.
Antilope Madoqua, Riipp. Abyss. t. 7. f. 2; Sundev.—Madoqua, Bruce’s Travels, vii. 360. t. 56.—C.Madoqua, Gray, Knows. Men. 9.
Inhabits Abyssinia. Mus, Frankfort.
This species is very distinct from C. coronatus, being darker, and the fur more rigid and close-pressed.
5. CePHALOPHUS CORONATUS. The RED-cROWNED BusH Buck.
Pale yellowish brown ; middle of back and front of fore-legs varied with a few scattered black hairs; crown bright bay; crest blackish brown, bay in front ; feet and streak up the nose blackish ; inside of ears, chin, throat, chest, belly and inner side of legs whitish ; horns short, conical; ears about half as long as the head, acute.
Cephalophus coronatus, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. x. 1842, 266. 1846, 164; Knowsley Menag. 9. t. 6. f. 1, 2.
Inhabits W. Africa; Gambia, Macarthy’s Island. Mr. Whitfield called it The Coquetoon. Brit. Mus.
*k** Knees not tufted; ears moderate, rounded ; horns eonical, thick ; without any streak over the eyes.
6. CEPHALOPHUS SYLVICULTRIX. The WHITE-BACKED BusH Buck.
Blackish brown, minutely grisled ; hair brown, with whitish tips ; back with a large yellowish white spot, narrow in front ; throat, chest and belly redder; crown, nape and legs darker ; horns 2
Antilope sylvicultrix, Afzelius, N. Act. Upsal. vii. 1238; H.Smith, ' G.A.K. t.187.—C. sylvicultriz, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 8. f.1.
Inhabits Sierra Leone, in swampy places. Brit. Mus.
Varies in the size of the dorsal spot.
In the British Museum is a young male: length 29 inches ; height 18; tarsus 6°9.
7. CePHALOPHUS OciteII. The Buack-stripepD Busy Buck.
Pale bay brown, with a deep black dorsal streak ; beneath pale ; crown and haunches brighter bay ; neck and withers, and sides of the
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dorsal line varied with deep brown hairs; streak up the fore-leg, upper part of hock, feet (above the hoof) and end of tail blackish ; horns short, thick, conical, very rugose on the inner front edges of the base.
Cephalophus Ogilbii, Gray, Ann.and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842; Knows- ley Menag. 10. t. 8. f.2; Frazer, Zool. Typ. t. .—Antilope Ogilbii, Waterh. P. Z. S. 1838, 60. 1842, 129.
Inhabits Fernando Po (J. Thompson, Esq.). Brit. Mus. Not half the size of the preceding.
8. CEPHALOPHUS DORSALIS. The Bay Busn Goat.
Dark bay ; shoulders and legs darker ; hair brown, a few on the haunches white-tipped ; crown and nape, broad streak along the back to end of tail black ; spot over each eye ; lips, sides of chin, front of chest, under side of tail and inside of thighs pale brown.
Cephalophus dorsalis, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, 165; Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 7. f. 1.
Inhabits Sierra Leone: called Bush Goat. Brit. Mus. The head is very large, the skull short, broad, forehead rounded. ,
9. CEPHALOPHUS NIGER. The Buack Busu Buck.
Sooty black, greyer in the front half of the body ; chin, throat, abdomen and inside of thighs grey ; forehead and crown dark bay and black mixed: cheeks pale brown and black varied ; tail, end whitish.
Antilope niger, Mus. Leyden.—Cephalophus niger, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, 165; Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 7.f. 2.
Inhabits Guinea. British Museum. Sierra Leone (Mr. Whitfield). Knowsley Museum.
In the British Museum there is a male from the Leyden Museum, nearly as large as the former.
10. CerpHatopuus Natatensis. The Natat Busu Buck.
Bright red bay ; nape, withers and feet varied with dark grey hairs; nose-streak short, blackish ; lips, chin, upper part of throat and end of tail white ; lower part of cheeks, throat and abdomen pale yellow- ish ; crown and tuft bright red; horns short, conical.
Antilope natalensis, A. Smith, 8. Afr. Quart. Journ. 217 ; Illust. Z. 8. A. t. 32.—Cephalophus natalensis, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 10.
Inhabits S. Africa. Port Natal. Brit. Mus. Five specimens of different ages. Resembles C. Ogilbii in size and colouring, but wants the dorsal streak. The females are horned.
11. CeEPHALOPHUS RUFILATUS. The CoQuETOON.
Deep reddish bay ; legs, nape, streak on the nose to the crown and broad streak on the back blackish grey; ears blackish; crest and upper part of tail black ; cheeks rather paler; chin and abdomen pale yellowish ; inside of ears whitish, with a brown spot on the outer side; horns conical, rather elongate, obscurely annulated, slightly recurved.
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Cephalophus rufilatus, Gray, Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, 166; Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 9.— Antilope Grimmia, H. Smith, G. A. K. y. 266.—Le Grimme, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 41. f. 2, 3?
Var. 1. Sides paler, greyish red; forehead rough.
Le Grimme, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t. . not good.
Inhabits Sierra Leone, called Coguetoon. Brit. Mus.
The hair is rather paler at the base, of the dorsal streak grey, with a blackish tip.
M. F. Cuvier’s (Mamm. Lithog. t. .) figure is the pale variety, which Mr. Whitfield regards as distinct ; he says it is called Grimme by the natives: the separate head of Cuvier’s plate appears to have been.taken from the Guevei.
**** Knees not tufted ; ears moderate, rounded ; horns short, thick, conical ; head with a pale streak on each side over the eyes to the base of the horns.
12. CepHaLtopHus Maxwetuiu. The GueEvet.
Grey brown or sooty brown; sides of head and body greyer ; chin, throat, chest and belly whitish grey; abdomen and front of thigh white ; broad streak over each eye to the base of the horns yellowish white ; feet and end of nose rather darker; fur rather rigid; hair uniform.
Antilope Maxwellii, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 267.—A. pygmea, Pal- las, Spic. xii. 18 ?—The Guevei, Buffon, H. N.— A. pygmea (Guevet), F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t. . good.— A. Frederic, Laur. ; Sundey. —A. Philantomba, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 121; 1839, 27.—Cepha- lophus Maxwellii, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 11. t. 12.
Inhabits W. Africa. Brit. Mus.
The adult male in the British Museum is bright sooty brown, darker near the rump; the female is nearly uniform pale grey brown. It is well figured by M. F. Cuvier. It is known from C. monticola by being larger, by the whiteness of the eye-streak, and of the front of the thigh and chest.
13. CerpHALopHUS MONTICOLA. The NoumMETGE or CAPE GuEVEI.
Grey brown; streak over the eyes, legs and outer part of thighs rufous ; feet grey brown; chin, chest, abdomen, and under side of tail and inside of ears white ; fur soft, grey, with intermixed rather rigid black hairs.
Antilope monticola, Thunb. Stockh. N. H. xxxii. t. 5.—d. cerulea, H.Smith, G.A.K.v.855; Daniell’s Afr.Scen.t. ; Harris, W.A.A. t. 26.—A. perpusilla, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 854.—A. pygmea, Licht. Saugth. t. 16; Sundevall.—Cephalophus monticola, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 11.
Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.
The colours vary in intensity ; in a female in the British Museum, the rufous colour of the thighs and the white of the chest are more distinct than in the male, but this may depend on the season when
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they were killed. A very young fawn (perhaps hardly born), which was brought home from the Cape by M. Verreaux, is darker, and the reddish tint extends over nearly the whole body.
Thunberg described the South African species, but says that there is a specimen in the Stockholm Museum, brought by Afzelius from Sierra Leone, which agrees with his animal; so he evidently did not observe the difference between the two species.
14. CEPHALOPHUS MELANORHEUS. The BLACK-RUMPED GuEVEI.
Grey brown ; throat and sides paler; rump and upper part of tail black ; chin, chest, abdomen, back and front edge of thighs and under part of tail white ; narrow streak over the eyes whitish ; feet like the back ; fur soft, pale grey, with intermixed rather rigid black hairs.
Cephalophus melanorheus, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846 ; Knowsley Menag. 11. t. 10.—C. Philantomba, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 163 (not H. Smith).
Inhabits Fernando Po (J. Thompson, Esq.). Brit. Mus.
This species is coloured like the Guevei from W. Africa, but smaller, and have the soft fur and interspersed black hair of the Cape Guevei, C. monticola, but they are easily known by the black mark on the rump.
15. CEPHALOPHUS PUNCTULATUS. The GRISLED GUEVEI.
Dark fulvous brown; sides and legs rather paler; narrow streak over the eyes and inside of ears pale brown; chin, throat, chest, belly and front of thighs and under part of tail white ; hair grey at the base, with brown ends and yellow subterminal rings ; crown and upper part of tail darker; feet pale, varied.
Cephalophus punctulatus, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846 ; Knowsley Menag.-11. t. 11. f. 1.
Inhabits Sierra Leone. Brit. Mus. A young specimen presented by Colonel Sabine, R.E.
It is at once known from the other Gueveis by the fulvous colour which is produced by the yellow subterminal rings of the hairs.
Colonel H. Smith indicates a species under the name of C. Philan- tomba, but so indistinctly, that it is impossible to know for what it is intended.
16. CePpHALOPHUS WHITFIELDII. The WHITE-FOOTED GUE- VEI.
Yellowish ash ; shoulders, outside of limbs and hinder parts of back rather darker ; ears and crown pale yellowish brown ; streak over the eyes, cheeks, throat, belly, inside of the limbs and ring round the feet above the hoof ashy white ; hair ashy grey; of the back brown at the end, with a yellow tip.
Cephalophus Whitfieldii, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 12. t. 11. f. 2.
Inhabits Gambia (Mr. Whitfield). Mus. Brit. Young.
Smaller than the Grisled Guevei, and much paler and yellower.
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**EEK No tear-bag nor glandular streak on the face, and the muffle large and moist; crown smooth.
16. Nanorracus, Sundev.; Neotragus, part H. Smith.
Horns very short, conical; legs slender; tail subpectinate ; hoofs small, triangular, false hoofs none; crown not crested; ears small, rounded.
1. NANOTRAGUS PERPUSILLUS. The RoyaL ANTELOPE.
Fulvous ; throat, belly and edge of thighs and tip of tail white.
Capra perpusilla, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fred. i. 12.—Moschus pygmeus, Linn. S. N. (ed.12) 92.— Antilope pygmea, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. 18; Cuv. D. 8. N. ii. 241; H. Smith.—4. regia, Erxleben, 278.—A. spi- niger, Temm. Monog.—Nanotragus regius, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 12.—Royal Antelope, Penn.
Inhabits W. Africa; Guinea. Brit. Mus.
The smallest-hoofed animal. The feet were formerly often used as tobacco-stoppers, and are figured mounted by Seba, t. 43. f. a, 6; Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 42, 43.
17. Exrzotracus, Gray; Redunca, H. Smith; Cervicapra, Blainv., Sundey.; Nagor, Laur.; Sylvicapra, Ogilby.
Horns conical, bent back and then forward at the top; hoofs and false hoofs rather large; tear-bag none; teats four; inguinal pores distinct.
+ Horns erect, slender, and face narrow ; nose swollen ; muffle large,
extended far behind the nostrils; fur woolly hair. PEE. S. Africa.
1. Exegorracus Capreotus. The Rewsock or PEELE.
Temple-spot none ; head slender, compressed ; horns erect, scarcely diverging, very slender ; fur short, woolly, grey brown; back redder ; throat and beneath white ; end of nose and chin blackish ; feet darker.
Antilope Capreolus, Thunb.; Afzelius, N. Act. Upsal. vii. 251.1818; Licht. Saugth. t.8; Harris, W. A. A. t. 25. f.1.—A. villosa, Burchell, 1822; H.Smith.—A. lanata, Desmoul.—Eleotragus Capreolus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 12. from life.
Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus. Knowsley, living.
+t Horns diverging, thick, conical; head broad ; nose not swollen.
* Muffie large, extended far behind nostrils; fur grisled, harsh, straight, with a subterminal pale band, and often whorled ; a naked spot on the temple. South Africa.
2. ELEOTRAGUS ARUNDINACEUS. The InGHALLA or Re1T Bock.
Head broad ; temple-spot naked; horns diverging, conical, taper- ing. Brown, yellow grisled; hair pale brown, with a subterminal yellow band; cheeks and neck yellower ; base of ears, chest, belly and insides of the legs and under side of bushy tail white; front of legs black.
i
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Antilope arundinacea, Shaw, Zool.—A. Eleotragus, Schreb. Licht. t. 9; H. Smith; Harris, W. A. A. t. 26.—A. redunca, H. Smith; Gray, Cat. B. M.—A. cinerea, Afzelius, 1815.—A. Lalandit, Desm.; Fischer.—A. Lalandiana, Desm.—Eleotragus arundinaceus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 12.
Var. Larger.
A. Isabellina, Afzelius, N. Act. Upsal. 1815, vii. 244; Licht. t. 10; H. Smith; Sundev.
Var. With a large black rhombic spot on the back of the head be- hind the ears. Female in Brit. Mus.
Inhabits S. Africa, in marshy places. Brit. Mus.
Afzelius, Lichtenstein, H. Smith and Sundevall have described two species of this genus as coming from South Africa; the smaller they call 4. Eleotragus, and the larger A. Isabellina. The latter author has given a comparative character between the two kinds, but he has only seen two specimens of the former (a male at Berlin and a female at Stockholm), and several specimens of the larger kind. I have ex- amined with care a series consisting of four males and five females from different parts of South Africa, and can find no distinction be- tween them, except a slight difference in the length of the fur and in its colour. Two specimens in the British Museum are larger than the rest, and have the tarsus one-fourth longer than the others ; they have a shorter fur and are of a rather brighter colour, and the front of the leg is blacker ; but the fur and colour probably depend on the season when they were killed. In these respects they agree with Sundevall’s description of A. Isabellina, but they both have the tem- poral spot large and quite naked, while Prof. Sundevall described the spot on this species as pubescent. The female of the larger specimen that has the black spot on the back of the head; some of the smaller ones have the temple-spot much smaller and less naked than the others. The two larger specimens have a single whorl of hair in the middle of the back; the others, with longer hair, show the whorls more distinctly, and have the hair from the central whorls to the shoulders forming a more or less diverging line. After examining these specimens and those in other collections, I conclude that they form only a single species. M. Sundevall, in a note just received, observes, “‘ Mr. Wahlberg considers 4. Isabellina and A. Eleotragus as very distinct, and our specimens seem to show a difference, though not very well expressed. Also I have committed a mistake, for the young female described in my Synopsis as y. under 4. Isabellina, is really 4, Eleotragus.”
** The muffle smaller, scarcely extending beyond the nostrils ; fur fulvous, not grisled; hair grey, with yellow tips; tail less bushy. W. and E. Africa.
3. ELgeorracus REDUNCUS. The Wonro or Nacor, or Rep ANTELOPE.
Head broad; horns conical, thick at the base, diverging; fulvous brown, rather pale on the sides ; hair soft, yellow tipped, all in regu-
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lar order ; chin, throat, spot under ears and over eyes, inside of limbs, under side of tail and lower side of body white; front of leg some- times blackish.
Antilope redunca, Pallas?; Riippell, Abyss. t. 7, good.—. rufa, Afzelius, 250, from Buffon.—A. reversa, Pallas ?—Nagor, Buffon, xii. t. 46 ?—Oureby, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t. 9 .— A. Isabellina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus.—Eleotragus reduncus, Gray, Knowsley Me- nag. 13. t. 13.
Inhabits ‘‘Senegal.”” Mus. Frankfort and Mus. Leyden. Gambia (Whitfield), where it is called Wonto. Male and fawn, British Mu- seum, and a young male living at Knowsley, from the Gambia.
Var. Larger, colour brighter.
A. Bohor, Riippell, Abyss. t. 7 ; Sundev.
Inhabits Abyssinia. Mus. Frankfort.
Pallas and Afzelius’s account of this species is derived from Buf- fon’s description ; both he and Adanson (Hist. Nat. xii. 326) say that it is “all pale red,” and Buffon further observes that it has not the white on the belly of the Gazelles. This does not agree with our ani- mal, which is white in several parts, but certainly not so white as the Gazelle, and has black on the legs; but as yet no other animal has been brought from West Africa, which better agrees with their account or figure.
M. Sundevall considers specimens of the Nagor of Senegal and the Bohor of Abyssinia, in the Frankfort Museum, as distinct, the former having the hair of the back whorled, the fore-leg with a dark stripe, and the latter having the hair not whorled and the legs pale. Our specimens, from Gambia, have the hair not whorled, and more or less distinct streaks on the fore-legs ; hence I am inclined to believe the Nagor and the Bohor to be alike. Sundevall’s animal may be the Koé, but that has only one whorl on each end of the back, a nearly cervine muffle, and the end of the tail black.
When in Frankfort, I observed that the male Antilope Bohor, from Abyssinia, was rather larger than the male of “ 4. redunca,” from Senegal, in the same collection, and much brighter, and the horns more slender; the female was darker and browner than the male; both sexes have more black on the carpus and tarsus than in the spe- cimen of 4. redunca in the same museum.
Colonel Hamilton Smith formed a genus for two pairs of horns on part of the frontal bones in the College of Surgeons belonging to this group of Antelopes, which he called Raphicerus acuticornis and R. subulata (Griffith, A. K. t. 181. f. 2,1). The figures are not suffi- cient to identify the species, and we now know that the horns of the same species differ greatly in individuals of the same species, and during the growth of the same specimen. AR. acuticornis may be the horns of the Duyker Boc, Ceph. Grimmia?
2. The Cervine ANTELOPEs have an elongated tail, cylindrical at the base, and with long hair at the end, often forming a compressed ridge; the body heavy and the limbs strong. They are of a large
size.
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A. Neck not maned. 18. ADENOTA.
Muffle cordate, moderate, cervine ; nose hairy between the back of the nostrils; horns sublyrate, ringed, when young rather recurved ; place of tear-bag covered with a tuft of hair ; hair of the back whorled, of dorsal line and back of head reversed; tail elongate, hairy.
This genus is very like Eleotrayus, but has a smaller, more cervine muzzle and lyrated horns; it differs from Cobus in the form of the tail, and wanting the mane, and from both in having a tuft of hair in the front of the orbit.
* Horns sublyrate ; tail hairy.
1. Apenota Kos. The Hauiroon.
Pale brown ; end of nose, inside of ears, chest, belly, inside of legs and thighs, tip of tail, and band above hoofs white ; front of fore and hind legs, and end of ears and tail black ; hair of the dorsal line re- versed, with a whorl on the shoulders and loins.
Antilope Kob, Erxl. from Kob, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 32. f. 1? —Kobus Adansonii, A. Smith, from Buffon.—Gambian Antelope, Penn. Syn. 39, from Buffon.—A. adenota, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 224. t. 184. and t. 183. f. 3, 4. horns?
A. Kob, Ogilby, P.Z.S.1836.—A. annulipes, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843.—Adenota Kob, Gray, Knows. Menag. 14. t.14,15.
Var. Female, hair longer, sides of face whitish.
A. sing-sing, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 159, not Bennett.
Inhabits W. Africa; Gambia. Called guitoon by the Joliffs, and Kob by the Mandingoes.
A fine pair has been at Knowsley some years. Thinking them new, I described them as 4. annulipes. Mr. Ogilby has called it the Nagor, but it is scarcely the Nagor of Buffon. An adult male no- ticed by Mr. Ogilby as the Kod is now in the Museum of the Zoological Society ; its horns, like the male at Knowsley, are much worn down. They whistle like a stag.
Buffon (H. N. xii. 219. 267. t. 32. f. 1) figures a skull with horns, brought from Senegal by Adanson, under the name of Kod, which is also called the Petit vache brune. Erxleben gave this figure the name of 4. kob, and Pennant called it the Gambian Antelope, Syn. i. 39. The figures somewhat resemble the head of a half-grown male of this species, but the horns are longer, and have more rings than the spe- cimen in the British Museum ; but I am inclined to agree with Mr. Ogilby in believing that it was intended for this species. In the Jar- din des Plantes they called the Sing-Sing the Kod of Senegal; this may be a mistake for the Koda. I may remark that the horns of the Koba in the same plate of Buffon are represented with more rings than are mentioned in the description. .
Colonel Hamilton Smith describes and figures a male and female specimen which were alive in Exeter Change, and figures the male and its skull and horns under the name of 4. adenota, which well
No. CCIX.—Proceepinecs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.
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agrees with this species, and has the peculiar distribution of its hair ; hence its name: but he says, it has “a long open suborbital slit, and small black brushes on the knees;’’ but this I suspect must be a mistake, as he himself observes no lachrymal cavity was found in the skull. He might have mistaken the tuft of hair for the gland at the distance at which he saw the specimens. He also (G. A. K. iv. 221) described a specimen which was in Exeter Change, which he regarded as the Gambian Antelope of Pennant, and calls 4. forfex. His cha- racters agree in most particulars with this species, but he says it had “a long lachrymal sinus, and had small brushes on the knees.” If there was not some mistake in transcribing these descriptions, both these animals should be Gazellas, but I have never seen any which agreed with them.
The young male in the British Museum shows the development of the horns of these animals. The upper rings of the growing horn fall off in large thick flakes as the horn increases in size beneath: this explains how the extent of the smooth tapering part of the horns in- creases in length as the horn grows, and how the number of rings are found to be nearly the same in the various ages, and different indi- viduals of the various species. Mr. Whitfield informs me that the scrotum is rarely developed or dependent externally in different kinds of Antelopes before they have completed their first year.
** Horns elongate, recurved at the tip; tail slender, end tufted.
2. Apenota Lecut. The Lecwt. (Mammalia, Pl. XX.)
Pale brown; orbits, chest and beneath white; front of legs dark brown ; fur short, adpressed, upper part of nape and withers with a small whorl of hair; tail slender at the base.
Léchee, Oswell, Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc, xx. 150, 1850.—Kobus Leché, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 23.
Inhabits S. Africa ; bank of river Zouga, lat. 22°S. (Capt. Frank Vardon). Oswell, 1. c. 150, Brit. Mus.
This animal is nearly as large as the Water Buck. The horns are very like those of that animal; the neck is covered with short ad- pressed hair, and has no appearance of a mane.
B. Neck maned on the sides.
19. Konus, H. Smith; Cervicapra, § Sundev. ; Zyocerus, Harris ; Kolus, Gesner, Gray.
Horns elongate, sublyrate, bent back and then forward at the top ; muzzle cervine; tear-bag none; inguinal pores none; hair rough, elongate ; neck covered with longer, diverging and drooping hair ; tail rather elongated, depressed, hairy on the sides and below : females hornless ; teats four; animal very large.
1. Konus ExuirstpryMNvus. The PHotomok or WATERBUCK.
Rump with a whitish elliptical ring near the base of the tail, brownish ; horns converging at the tip.
: Kerg GHOTT
NU 38 LE TOM
XY EYeULUe |] S re JOLT
a
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Antilope Ellipsiprymna, Ogilby, P. Z. 8. 1833, 47; Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 14.—Kobus Ellipsiprymnus, A. Smith, Illus. Z. 8. A. t. 28, 29.—Gray, Knows. Menag. 15.
Inhabits 8. Africa. Brit. Mus.
The horns figured as 4. Kemas? (H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 181. f. 6) appear to belong to this species.
2. Konus Sinc-Sine. The Sinc-Sine.
Anal ring none. Reddish or yellowish grey brown, rather greyer on the shoulders ; nose, lips and hinder part of the thighs, under the neck, from the ears to the gullet, a streak over each eye, and ring above the hoofs and false hoofs white ; belly and legs blacker; end of tail, and legs from shoulder to hough black. Female greyer ; belly and upper part of legs paler.
Antilope Sing-Sing, Bennett, Waterhouse, Cat. Zool. Soc. Mus. 41. n. 378.—A. defassa, Riippell, Abyss. t. 3.—A. unctuosa, Laur., D’Orbig. Dict. Univ. H. N. i. t. 622. 9. good. —A. Koba, Ogilby, Penny Cyclop. ii. 79. fig. 9; P. Z. 8S. 1836, not Erxleben.— Koda, Buffon, H. N. xii. 210, 267. t. 32. f. 2, horns?—Senegal Antelope, Pennant, Syn. 38 (part from Buffon only).-——Kobus Sing-Sing, Gray, Knows. Menag. 15.
Inhabits N. and W. Africa; Senegal; Gambia, where it is called Kassimause and Kob (Whitfield). Brit. Mus. Abyssinia (Riippel/). Mus. Frankfort.
This species varies much in the tint of the colouring, and in the length of the hair in the different seasons. In summer they are covered with very short, closely pressed fur, letting the skin be seen between the hairs. In the cold weather, and in England, the fur is longer and more abundant. The hair of the chin and neck is long and rigid in all seasons, and even in the young animals. The tail of the adult specimen is cylindrical and nearly bald, ending in a tuft of black hair ; in the young specimens, especially in the winter fur, the base of the tail is frmged with hair on each side. The male is much brighter coloured, and the chest and belly are nearly black like the legs. The hinder parts of the rump of the young animals are greyish white ; in the older specimens it becomes pure white and broader in extent.
This animal is called Sing-Sing by all the negroes. They do not think their flocks of cattle will be healthy or fruitful unless they have one of the Sing-Sings accompanying them, as some persons think a Goat necessary to be in a stable in England. The English on the Gambia call it the Jackass Deer from its appearance, and it is called Koba and Kassimause by the negroes at Macarthy’s Island. Its flesh is very strong, unpleasant, and scarcely palatable.
As far as I could judge by my recollection and description, the adult specimen at Knowsley, the young male and adult female in the British Museum, the male and female at Frankfort, and the adult male in the Paris menageries, are the same species.
Buffon figured (Hist. Nat. 210, 267. xii. t. 32. f. 2) under the name of Koda a pair of horns which were in the library of St. Victor
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at Paris. He described them as larger and more curved above than those of the Kod, eighteen inches long and five inches in circumfer- ence at the base, and he refers them to an animal which Adanson says is called Koba in Senegal, and the Great Brown Cow by the French colonists. Pallas refers these horns to 4. Pygargus, and the figures and description agree in many particulars with the horns of that species ; but they are rather longer, and have more rings. Pen- nant (Syn. Mam. 38) has given the name of Senegal Antelope to Buffon’s short account and figure, but has added to it the description and the figure of the head of a skin which came from Amsterdam, and appears to be 4. Caama of South Africa. Cuvier (Dict. Sci. Nat. il. 235) has translated Pennant’s name to 4. Senegalensis. Erxleben (Syn. 293) and Zimmerman (Zool. 345) have translated Pennant’s description of his skin of 4. Caama, and called it 4. Koba, referring to Buffon’s description and Daubenton’s figure. Fischer, Hamilton Smith and M. Sundevall regard the Koba of Buffon the same as the Korrigum of Denham and Clapperton, but the horns of that species are considerably longer and much thicker at the base than those described by Daubenton, and the annulations of the horns are higher and more regular: but it may be remarked that Buffon describes his horns as having eleven or twelve rings, but figures them as having seventeen or eighteen. Mr. Ogilby (Penny Cyclopedia and the Proceedings of the Zoological Society) considers Buffon’s Koba to be the Sing-Sing ; and in the length of the horns, and in the number, disposition and form of the rings, his figure more nearly agrees with the horns of that species than of that of the 4. Pygarga, to which Pallas first referred it; but the horns are represented much more lyrated than any horns of the Sing-Sing I have seen ; indeed, not one of the specimens which have come under my observation have had any inclination to assume that form: but as this is the only Western-African species which in any way agrees with Buffon’s figure, perhaps it is best to adopt Mr. Ogilby’s suggestion. The name of Koba or Kob appears to be common to many species. Schinz errone- ously considers Damalis Senegalensis, Antilope adenota and A. for- Jew (H. Smith) as synonyms of this species.
c. Nape with a linear, central, compressed, recurved mane.
20. Arcocerus, H. Smith; ZLgocerus, Desm. ; Hippotragus, Sundev.
Horns conical, elongate, rather compressed, ringed, recurved ; back of the neck with a linear reversed mane ; tear-gland covered with a tuft of hair; teats two.
1. Arcocrerus Eauinus. The Eraax or Equine ANTELOPE.
Spot above the eyes and pencil before the eyes fulvous grey ; nose whitish ; face black; nuchal mane distinct.
Aigoceros Equina, H. Smith; Harris, W. A. A. t. 21.—da. glauca, Forster.— 4. Osanne, Geoff.—A. barbata, H. Smith.—<A. Truteri, Fischer.—4. aurita, Burch. MSS.—Capra Aithiopica, Schinz.—
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Tzeiran, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 31. f. 6, horn.— digocerus Equinus and A, leucopheus, Gray, Knows. Men. 16.
Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus. W. Africa; Gambia (Whitfield). Horns. Brit. Mus.
Var." Smaller. ‘Fur glaucous grey; tuft before the eye short, brown; nuchal crest none; hoofs small.’’—Sundevall.
Antilope leucopheus, Pallas; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. t. 179.— Aigocerus leucopheus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 16.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; now extinct. Mus. Stockholm, Mus. Upsal and Mus. Paris.
The head of the female covered with the skin from Macarthy’s Island, on the coast of Gambia, which Mr. Whitfield brought home, did not appear to differ from the specimen from the Cape in the British Museum. The species does not appear to be uncommon in the locality, for Mr. Whitfield brought over several pairs of horns. He states the flesh is very good venison. “It is called Dacoi or White Mouth by the Mandingoes, Kod and Koba by the Joliffs, and Vache brune by the French at Senegal.” This is certainly not the Kob of Buffon (xii. t. 32. f. 1, 2). The negroes at the Gambia declare that this animal never bears more than one fawn; for after that period, the horns increase in length, and enter the loins and destroy the animals !
Buffon (xii. 271. t. 31. f. 6) figures the horn of this species, which had been made into a powder-flask, under the name of Tzeiran.
A. barbata of Daniels appears to be only a bad drawing of this species.
The variety is the size of the Common Stag, Cervus Elaphus. M. Sundevall observes that it is as different from 4. Equina, as the species of Hleotragi and Tragelaphi are from one another; and he observes, in a letter I have just received, “ I must tell you, that after the inspection of a whole series of 4. Hquina, which Wahlberg brought home, I am convinced that the 4. leucophea of Pallas is a very distinct race. Our stuffed specimen, that must have been adult, has much smaller hoofs than the very young 4. Hquina, male as well as female, amongst Wahlberg’s, and in the tuft over the lachrymal sinus, as I have shortly expressed in the printed survey.”
When I examined the specimen at Paris I regarded it as a young or rather dwarf specimen of 4. Equina, and the absence of the nuchal crest led to this belief; and I am not satisfied that the number of rings on the horns are a sufficient proof of its being adult.
2. AIGOCERUS NIGER. The Buack Box.
Black ; female and young brown; face white, with a dark streak.
Antilope niger and A. Harrisii, Harris, Wild African Anim. t. 23.— Aigocerus niger, Gray, Knows. Menag. 17.
Inhabits 8. Africa. Brit. Mus. Males and female and young.
21. Oryx, Blainv., H. Smith.
Horns elongate, subulate, ringed at the base, straight, or slightly arched, placed in a line with the face ; neck maned above and below ;
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tear-bag none; nose subcervine, with a marginal muffle; hoofs nar- rowed in front, false hoofs large ; teats four (two, Harris). In the skull there is a slight suborbital fissure, but no pit, and the grinders have supplementary lobes.
* Horns straight.
1. Oryx Gazetuta. The Kooxaam or GEmssoc.
Horns straight, shelving backwards ; throat with a bunch of black hairs; black streak on the face, conjoined under the chin; rump, face, spinal line, lateral streak, and very broad band on the thigh and cubitus black in summer. Young pale brown; hairs blackish at the base.
Capra Gazella, Linn.—Antilope Oryz, Pallas ; H. Smith.— A. be- zoartica, Pallas.—A. recticornis, Erxl.; Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiii. t. 10. f. 6.—Oryx Capensis, Ogilby ; Harris, W. A. A. t. 9.— O. Gazella, Gray, Knows. Menag. 17. t. 16. f. 2, young.
Inhabits S. Africa; Cape of Good Hope. Brit. Mus. Adult and
young. 2. Oryx Betsa. The Bérsa.
Horns straight ; throat without any bunch of hairs; black face- streaks separate. ‘‘ Pale; face, belly and limbs white ; front of face, two streaks on cheek, narrow line along throat, dorsal streak, streak on each side of abdomen, band round upper part, and streak in front of lower part of fore-leg and end of tail black.”
Antilope Beisa, Riippell, Atlas, t. 5—Ory« Beisa, Sundevall.— A, Dammah, Rippell.
Inhabits Abyssinia. Mus. Frankfort.
There is a male and female in the Frankfort Museum ; they are smaller than 4. Gazella of the Cape, and both have the face-streaks separate: there is a black streak on the throat, as in 4. Gazella, but no bunch, nor is there any in the Frankfort specimen of 4. Gazella: the mane of the nape of the male is small, indistinct, continued behind in a broader dark streak to the middle of the loins. In the male the mane is blackish, in the female like the back. They have no dark mark on the rump, found in 4. Gazella.
** Horns arched, recurved.
3. Oryx LEUCORYX. The Oryx.
Horns slender, slightly arched: white, reddish varied ; in winter greyish.
Antilope leucoryzx, Pallas; Ehrenb. S. P. t. 3; Licht. Saugth. t. 1.
— A. ensicornis, Ehrenb. ny Algazella, Rapp. t. .—A. Gazella, Pallas.—A. bezoartica, Erxl.; H. Smith.—Algazelle, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. .—dA. Eleotragus, Schreb. t. . (not descrip.) —Oryx
leucoryx, Gray, Knows. Menag. 17. t. 16. f. i. young ; t. 17, adult. Tnhabits N. and W. Africa; Nubia; Sennaar; Senegal. Brit. Mus. I have compared the Nubian and Senegal specimens, and cannot discover any difference between them.
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v. Throat slightly maned, neck simple. 22. Appax ; Oryz, part Blainv. and others ; Gazella, part H. Smith.
Horns slender, elongate, ringed, slightly spirally twisted, nearly on a line with the face; neck with a slight gular, but no nuchal mane ; nose ovine, hairy ; hoofs semicircular, edged ; tear-bag marked by a tuft of hair; forehead longly hairy.
1. Appax NasoMaAcuLaATus. The Appax.
White ; forehead and front of face darker ; grey in winter.
Antilope nasomaculatus, Blainy. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 78; H. Smith.—d. Addaz, Licht. Saugth. t. 2; Riipp. Atlas, t. 7; Mam. Lith. t. .—A. suturosa, Otto, N. A. Nat. Cur. xii. t. 48; Griffith, A. K. t. 180.—A. gibbosa, Savi.— A. Tao, H. Smith.—A. Mytilopes, H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 182, 183. f. 6.—Strepsiceros, Cajus.—Addaz, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. .. (winter and summer) ; Ehrenberg, S. Phys. t. 4, male and female.—Capra Cervicapra, Linn. 8. N. ed. 10. —Ant: Cervicapra, Children, Denham Trav.— Addaz nasomaculatus, Gray, Knows. Men. 17. t. 18.
Inhabits N. Africa. Brit. Mus.
3. The Goat-Like ANTELOPEs have a very short flat tail, hairy above. They have heavy bodies, covered with rough, rigid or woolly fur, strong legs, large hoofs and false hoofs. The horns are conical and recurved.
A. Nose cervine, muffle moderate ; horns short, inclined, recurved.
23. Capricorntis, Ogilby ; Nemorhedus, part H. Smith.
Horns short, strong, conical, ringed, inclined and recurved, arising behind the orbits ; nose cervine, muffle moderate, bald ; fear-bag and interdigital pores large; skull with a more or less deep rounded pit, and no suborbital fissure ; grinders without supplemental lobes. Asia.
1. Capricornis SumaTRENsis. The Campine Ouran.
Black ; chin and linear nuchal mane yellowish, especially near the withers ; inside of the ears white. Young like the adult.
Antilope Sumatrensis, Shaw; H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 189 (cop. from); F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. .—A. interscapularis, Licht.— Capricornis Sumatrensis, Gray, Knows. Menag. 18.
Inhabits Sumatra. Mus. Leyden.
2. Capricornis BuBALINA. The THAAR or THAR.
Grey brown, blackish washed ; crown and dorsal line black ; thighs and outside of legs rufous; nose, chin, inside of ear, lower part of mane and legs below the hocks whitish.
Antilope Bubalina, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1832, 12.—A. Thar, Hodg- son.— Nemorhedus proclivis, Hodgson.— Capricornis Bubalina, Gray, Knows. Menag. 18.
Inhabits India; Nepal. Mus. Brit.
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A head was sent to the United Service Museum by Lieut.-Colonel Childers, of the 11th Dragoons, in 1820, under the name of Serow or Imo. “It is not speedy, as might be inferred from its make. Its flesh is very coarse and bad. It is usually killed with poisoned arrows. ’—Hodgson, |. c. 14.
3. Capricornis’? crispaA. The JAPANESE Goat ANTELOPE.
Fur very fine, elongate, rather woolly, crisp; brown or brownish ; feet and ears darker ; throat whitish: female paler ; tear-bag a naked — spot ?
Antilope crispa, Temm. Faun. Japan. t. 18, 19.—Capricornis crispa, Gray, Knows. Menag. 18.
Inhabits Japan. Mus. Leyden.
** Nose ovine, hairy, without any muffle ; horns short, conical, re- curved, ringed.
24, NemMorHEDUS, part H. Smith; Kemas, Hodgson.
Horns short, conical, inclined and recurved, arising from behind the orbits; nose ovine, hairy; muffle none ; tear-bag none; inter- digital pores large ; fur short.
1. NemorHeEepDvus Gorau. The Gora.
Grey brown, black punctulated; streak on lower part of back of neck blackish ; cheeks, chin and upper part of throat white; front of fore-legs blackish ; feet rufous. Young paler; dorsal line rather darker.
Antilope Goral, Hardw. Linn. Trans. xiv. t. 14 ; Calcutta J. N. H. i. t. 12. f. 2, 3.—A. Goural, Hodgson.—Bouquetin du Nepaul, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. . (copy from Hardw.)—A. Duvaucellii, H. Smith. —WNemorhedus Goral, H. Smith; Gray, Knows. Menag. 18.
Inhabits Nepal. Brit. Mus.
A. Duvaucellii (H. Smith) was described from a drawing traced from one of General Hardwicke’s figures of this species, and badly coloured, which Duvaucel sent to Paris without any notes. It has no connection with C. Sumatrensis, to which many naturalists have referred it. In the Bengal Journal two Antelopes, said to resemble the Goral, are mentioned as found in Affghanistan, one called Suwa and the other Goomast.
25. Mazama, Rafinesque; Aplocerus, H. Smith.
Horns small, conical, nearly erect, slightly inclined and recurved at the tip, ringed at the base ; nose ovine, hairy ; muffle none ; tear- bag none: fur short, under fur woolly, outer very long, hairy and dependent.
1. Mazama Americana. The Mazama or SPRINGBUCK.
White ; horns, hoof and edge of nostrils black.
Rupicapra Americana, Blainv.—Antilope Americana, Desm.— Capra Americana, Rich. F. B. A. 268, t. 22.— Ovis montana, Ord.—
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Capra montana, Harlan.—A. lanigera, H. Smith.—Mazama dorsata and M. sericea, Rafin.—A. Mazama and Apl. Femmamazama, H. Smith.—Capra? Columbiana, Desmoul.—Rock Mountain Sheep, Jameson, Mem. Wern. Soc. iii. 306.—Mazama Americana, Gray, K. M. 19.
Inhabits N. America; Rocky Mountains. Mus. Linn, Soc. and Zool. Soc.
26. Rurricapra, H. Smith ; Capella, Keys. & Blas. ; Kemas, Ogilby.
Horns elongate, slender, erect, recurved at the tip; nose ovine, hairy ; muffle none; fur soft; skull without any pit, and with a minute suborbital fissure; grinders without supplemental lobes, cutting-teeth equal-sized, erect.
1. Ruprcapra Tracus. The Cuamoise or GERUS.
Brown yellowish, with a dark dorsal streak in summer, blackish in winter. ;
Capra Rupicapra, Linn.—-A. Rupicapra, Pallas; H. Smith, G.A.K. t. 90.--Rupicapra Tragus, Gray, K. M. 19.—R. Capella, Bonap.— R. pyrenaica, Bonap.—Tragus Dorcas, Klein.—Chamoise, Buffon, H. N. xu. t.16; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith.t. .
Inhabits S. Europe ; Switzerland, Pyrenees, and Pindarus. Brit. Mus.
I have compared the Swiss, Pyrenean and Greek specimens, and cannot find any character to separate them.
27. AntrLtocaPrRa, Ord; Dicranocerus, H. Smith ; Oreammos, Rafin. ; Cervus, Blainv.
Horns erect, the base compressed with a flattened process in front, the end conical, recurved; nose ovine, hairy; muffle none ; fur very close; hair stiff, coarse, flattened, wavy ; tail very short ; false hoofs none; tear-bag none; inguinal pores none; legs rather slenderer than the other Goat Antelopes; skull without any sub- orbital depression, but with a lengthened fissure ; grinders without supplemental lobes, cutting-teeth equal-sized and shelving.
1. Anrrtocapra Americana. The Casrit or PRoNGHORN.
Pale fulvous ; upper part of rump white.
Antilope Americana, Ord, 1815.—A. furcifer, A. palmata, H. Smith, Linn. Trans. xiv. t. 2,3; G.A.K. t. 178. t. 199. f. 1-5; Richards. Z. B. A. t. 21.— Cervus hamatus, Blainv.—C. bifurcatus, Rafin.— Antilocapra Americana, Ord; Gray, K. M. 19.
Inhabits N. America; in the plains in summer and in the moun- tains in winter. Called the Goat. Mexico (Coulter). Brit. Mus.
Dr. Coulter brought a head from Mexico which had the face dark brown, and the horns large, wide-spreading and much hooked at the tip, like the 4. palmata of H. Smith (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1826, 121). This is probably only a larger variety in the summer fur.
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II. The ANTELOPES OF THE Desert. Nostrils bearded within beneath, operculated, far apart ; horns on the frontal ridge ; nose sub- cervine, with a small muffle; legs rather stout ; tail elongate ; hoofs rather large.
4. The Equine ANTELOPEs have a very depressed, spongy and bristly muzzle.
28. CatrosLepas, Gray ; Connochetes, Licht.; Bos, Forster.
Horns,bent down on the sides, recurved at the tip; nose very broad, dilated, spongy, bristly ; nostrils operculated ; tail elongate, bushy, hairy from the base; hoofs compressed in front; teats four.
This genus has been placed with the Oxen by Forster, and in the Bovine group of genera by Sundevall, but it has all the characters of the true Antelopes in the proportion of its leg-bone.
* Nose with a crest of reversed hair ; chest maned. Catoblepas.
1. Carosieras Gnu. The Gnu or Koxoon.
Nose with a tuft of reversed hair; chest maned. Brown or blackish ; the lower part of the mane and tail often paler or white. Young: pale fulvous; nasal, gular, and nuchal mane black.
Antilope Gnu, Sparm. ; Zimmerm.— Bos Connochetes, Forster.— Antilope taurina, Burchell.—C. Gnu, H. Smith.—C. taurina, H. Smith, not A. Smith.— Gnu, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. ; Harris, W. A. A. t. 1.—Catoblepas Gnu, Gray, Knows. Menag. 19. t. 19. f. 1, young.
Var. Mane and tail black.
A. taurina, Burchell; A. Smith.
Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.
The A. Gnu of: Burchell, H. Smith, F. Cuvier and Harris, “ and the Kokong of Lichtenstein,” has a white tail and mane. Burchell and H. Smith have given the name of 4. taurina to the specimens, which have those parts black. When young they are fulvous, and become black as they reach maturity. The specimen of the Kokoon in the Museum of the London Missionary Society (Blomfield Street, Moorfields), named by Colonel H. Smith Kokoon (Cat. taurina, Griff. A. K. iv. 369, v. 368), is an adult common Guu, C. Gnu (Var. mane and tail white ; Kokong, Licht. Trav. Cape), and his description of Dr. Burchell’s specimen in the British Museum agrees with the Gnu, in having the ridge of hair on the face. Indeed Dr. Burchell (Travels, ii. 278) appears to consider the difference between the Gnu and A. taurina, that the former has a white and the latter a black tail. Dr. Andrew Smith (Illust. Zool. S. A.) has regarded the C. taurina and C. Gorgon as the same species. Dr. Sundevall, in his Synopsis, has, by mistake, given the name of C. taurina to the Gorgon, or Brindled Gnu (C. Gorgon, H. Smith).
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** Nose with smooth hair ; chest not maned. Gorgon.
2. CarosLtePAs GorGon. The Gorcon.
Face convex, smooth, covered with hair, lying towards the nose ; chest not maned; black grey, varied and striped. Young: dark grey ; face, gular and nuchal mane and end of tail black. Hialf- grown: blackish ; crown grey.
Antilope Gorgon, H. Smith ; Harris, W. A. A. t. 4.—Cat. taurina, Sundey., not Burch. or Smith.—Catoblepas Gorgon or Gorgon fas- ciatus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 20. t. 19. f. 2, young.
Inhabits 8. Africa. Brit. Mus.
Colonel H. Smith has figured a pair of horns which were in Mr. Brookes’s Museum under the name of C. Brookesii (t. 201. f. 1). He thinks it is also probable that Bos Pegaseus (H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 204, from a drawing of Prince Maurice’s) is a species of this genus (H. Smith, Jard. Nat. Lib.).
5. The Bovine ANTELOpEs have the nose moderately broad, with a moderate or small, bald, moist muffle ; the grinders are rather small, without supplemental lobes, the central cutting-teeth enlarged at the end.
29. Bosetaruus; Bubalis, Licht., Ogilby; Acronotus, H. Smith ; Bubalus, A. Smith ; Alcelaphus, Blainv.; Buselaphus, Ray.
Horns lyrate, end suddenly curved at a nearly right angle, thick at base, on the upper edge of the frontal bones; nose moderately broad, cervine ; muffle moderate, bald, moist ; tear-bag covered with a tuft of hair. Females: teats two.
1. BoseLaruus BuBAtis. The BuBALE.
Pale brown in early uniform ; rump like back.
Antilope Bubalis, Pallas.—Capra Dorcas, Houttayn, t. 24. eS Buselaphus Caji, Ray.—Bubalis Mauretanica, Ogilby ; Sundevall. — Acronotus Bubalis, H. Smith.—Buéale, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith.t. . —Cervine Antelope, Penn.—Boselaphus Bubalis, Gray, K. M. 20. t. 20. f. 1, young.
Inhabits N. Africa. Brit. Mus.
Var.1. Uniform pale brown ; with a dark brown streak down the outer side of the front of the fore-legs, like the streak on the leg of the Lecama or Harte beest from South Africa, which is not generally found in this species. This skin, without a head or hoofs, was brought by Mr. Frazer to the British Museum, from Tunis ; it probably indi- cates a third species, or perhaps this streak is only marked in the very adult or fully-coloured specimens.
2. BosetapnHus Caama. The Lecama or HARTE BEEST.
Grey brown ; dorsal line, streak on face, outer side of limbs black ; large triangular spot on the haunches whitish.
Antilope Caama, Cuv. D.S. N. ii. 242 (1816); Harris, W. A. A. t.7; A. Smith, Must. Z. 8. A. t. 31.—A. Bubalis, Licht. ; Erxleb.
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291.—Acronotus Caama, H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 197.—A. Dorcas, Thunb. ; Sparm. K. V. Hand. 1779, t. 5.—Bubale, Buffon, H. N. xil. t. 38. f. 2; Supp. iv. t. 15.—Caama, Cuvier, Menag. t. — Senegal Antelope, Penn. Synn. 38.—A. Senegalensis, Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat., from Pennant.— 4. Koda, Erxleb. Syn. 293, from Pennant. —Boselaphus Caama, Gray, Knows. Menag. 20. t. 20. f. 2, young.
Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.
Pennant figures the head and horns of this species under the name of Senegal Antelope, and erroneously refers to Buffon’s figures of the horns of the Koba as representing the species, which lead to some confusion ; for the 4. Senegalensis (Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. ii. 235) is an abbreviation, and 4. Koda (Erxleben, Syn. 293) is a translation, of Pennant’s description of this species. Pennant’s specimen is said to come from Senegal, but he describes the nuchal line and the knees as black, and the figure indicates the dark colour on the face of the Cape species.
30. Damauis; Damalis acronotus, sp.H.Smith; Bubalis, sp. Sundev.
Horns lyrate, diverging, subcylindrical; nose moderately broad, cervine, with a small, bald, moist muffle between and below the nostrils ; tear-bag exposed: females, teats two.
* Horns recurved above, diverging from the base ; face dark in Sront.
1. Damauis LunaTus. The Sassaysy.
Rufous glaucous, outer sides of the limbs dark.
Antilope lunata, Burchell, Tray. ii. 334, 335. fig. _.—Damalis (acronotus) lunatus, H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 198; A. Smith, Zool. S. Afr. t. 31; Harris, W. A. A. t. 8.—Bubalis lunata, Sundev.— Sassaybi, Daniel, Afr. Scenery, t. .—Damalis lunatus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 21.
Inhabits 8. Africa. Brit. Mus.
** Horns regularly lyrate, nearly parallel at the base, then diver- ging, and approaching at the tips ; face black marked ; tear-bag moderate.
2. DaAMALIs SENEGALENSIS. The Korricum.
Reddish grey ; front of face from nose to occiput, a small spot be- hind the eyes, a small streak above the angle of the mouth, and streak on outside of the limbs above the knees, and tuft of the tail, black. Very young: uniform pale brown, without any dark marks.
Antilope.and Damalis (acronotus) Senegalensis, H. Smith, G.A.K. v. t. 199. f. 3.— Antilope Koba, Children, in Denham and Clapper- ton’s Travels, not Erxleben.— Bubalis Koba, Sundevall.—B. lunata, Sundey. Act. Stockh. 1842, 201, 243, not Burchell.—A. Corrigum, Ogilby.—Damalis Senegalensis, Gray, Knows. Menag. 21. t. 21.
Inhabits W. Africa; Gambia River, Macarthy’s Island; called Yonga or Yongah by the Joliffs, and Tan Rong by the Mandingoes, Mr. Whitfield. Brit. Mus. Senegal? Sennaar. Mus. Stockholm.
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In Denham and Clapperton’s Travels I regarded this species as the Koba of Buffon, and H. Smith and Dr. Sundevall are of the same opinion: but on comparing the six pairs of horns of this species which I haye been able to examine with Buffon’s figure and descrip- tions, I find them all longer and much thicker at the base than But- fon describes them; the thinner (a female?) being 7 and the others 9 or 92 inches in circumference, while that which Buffon described is only 5 inches. The rings are also more elevated, and reach nearer to the top than in Buffon’s figure. All the characters lead me to believe that the horns figured as those of the Koba by Buffon belong to Da- malis Pygarga. They afford very good venison.
Colonel Hamilton Smith, in ‘ Griffith’s Animal Kingdom,’ de- scribed and figured the heads brought home by Messrs. Denham and Clapperton as 4. Senegalensis, but they are different from the one so called by Cuvier. Mr. Ogilby, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoolo- gical Society ’ (1826, 103), proposed to call these heads, 4. Corrigum.
Under the name.of Antilope Koba, Schinz (Syn. Mam. ii. 407) combines the 4. defassa, Riippell, Damalis Senegalensis and Antilope adenota, H. Smith, the Koba of Buffon, and the Antilope Koba or Caama of Erxleben.
*** Horns regularly lyrate, parallel at the base; face of adult
white.
3. Damauis Pyearca. The Bonte Boc.
Purple red, outside of limb dark ; rump and face white : fawn pale
ellowish brown.
Antilope Pygarga, Pallas.—Bonte Boc or Pied Antelope, Gazella Pygarga, Harris, W. A. A. t. 17.—Bubalis Pygarga, Sundev.— A. Dorcas, Pallas.— Antilope (Gazella) Pygarga, H. Smith.—Da- malis Pygarga, Gray, Knows. Menag. 21. t. 20. f. 3, young; t. 22. f. 2 & 3, adult.
Half-grown, face whitish.
A. personata, Wood, Zool. Journ. ii. t.
Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.
Male: bright purple red, face whitish, dark-edged, with a dark- edged white streak to between the horns; legs whitish, upper and lower part brown varied; temple and upper part of the throat whitish ; rump to above the tail pure white ; tear-bag round, distinct, moist. The female is similar, but the throat and under part of the pei! are white. These animals are often brought to the Cape market for food.
4. Damauis atprrrons. The Buess Bock.
Purplish red; face and back of thighs white ; rump like back.
Bless bok or Antilope albifrons, Burchell, Trav. ii. 335?; Harris, W. A.A. t. 21.—Buébalis albifrons, Sundev.—Damalis albifrons, Gray, Knows. Menag. 22. t. 22. f. 1, half-grown.
Inhabits S. Africa.
A half-grown specimen was darker, with a pale spot between the horns, separated by a dark spot from the white on the face; the
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temple was white, with a white spot; the legs had a brown stripe down the outer side of the front; and the throat and rump brown, the latter without any white spot.
Dr. Burchell, when speaking of the Bless bock, proposed to call it A. albifrons, as the name Pygarga has been used for both the Springer and the Bless bock ; but it is not certain if he intended by Bless bock this or the preceding species. Captain Harris’s figure shows the distinction of the species.
*e*X Horn unknown.
5. Damatis? Zesra. The Dorta.
Bright golden brown, with numerous black cross bands narrowing at the sides; outer sides of fore and hind legs dark.
Antilope Zebra, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1836.—4. Doria, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 121; Frazer, Z.T.t. .—A. Zebrata, Robert.— Viverra Zebra, Whitfield’s MSS.—Cephalophus? zebra, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M.—Damalis? zebra, Gray, Knows. Menag. 22.
Inhabits W. Africa; Gambia. Brit. Mus.
Skins without head and feet are alone known; they are brought down by the negroes. In the Catalogue of the Mammalia in the British Museum I have referred this species with doubt to Cephalo- phus. Mr. Ogilby (P. Z. S. 1836, 121) thinks it should be referred with the Harness Antelopes to Calliope. I am inclined, on account of the dark mark on the outside of the limb, to think it belongs to the genus Damalis. Mr. Whitfield believes it to be a species of Viverra.
THE STREPSICERES.
The animals of this family are peculiar as being the only hollow- horned or Bovine Ruminants which are marked with white stripes and spots. The bands are not very distinct in the Impoofo or Eland, but they are easily to be observed in the female, if it is looked at ob- liquely, which was brought home by Burke, and presented to the British Museum by the Earl of Derby. Their nostrils are near to- gether in front. They have four teats in a small udder. The horns generally incline backwards from their base; the skull, which some- what resembles that of the Deer, has a rather small nasal opening, no suborbital pit, and only a small suborbital fissure.
Colonel H. Smith forms of the larger species three of his four sub- genera of Damalis: he places the smaller kinds as a subgenus (T’rag- elaphus) of Antelopes.
Prof. Sundevall placed the genera I have here brought together in two different families; the genus Portax with the Bovina, and the others in the Sylvicaprina, or True Antelopes.
The AFRICAN GENERA have large heavy horns, only the rudiments of a tear-bag, and their limbs are nearly equal; they have no sup- plementary lobes to the grinders, and the central cutting-teeth are enlarged above.
ee
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A. The nose hairy, cervine, with only a small moist naked space be- tween the edges of the nostrils, and a narrow streak on the upper lip; the body is large, heavy ; the neck is maned.
1. Strersiceros, H. Smith; Calliope, Ogilby ; Tragelaphus, sp. Blainv.
Horns large, heavy, spirally twisted, keeled in front; tear-bag a naked space; throat with a central, linear mane: female hornless.
1. Strepsiceros Kupvu. The ErcHLONGOLE or Koopoo.
The horns diverge from the line of the forehead, and have two twists ; the calf is marked like the adult.
Antilope Strepsiceros, Pallas.—Damalis (Strepsiceros) Strepsice- ros, H. Smith, G. A. K.—A. Tendal, Riippell, Abyss. 22; Fischer, Syn. 475.—Strepsiceros Kudu, Gray, Cat. B. M.; Knowsley Menag. 26. t. 24. f. 2, young.—S. Capensis, Harris, W. A. A. t. 20.—S. ew- celsus, Sundev.—Striped Antelope, Penn.—Comdoma, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 39; Supp. vi. t. 13.
Inhabits 8. Africa. Mus. Brit.
Var. Smaller.
Inhab. Abyssinia. Mus. E. India Company, adult. Mus. Frank- fort, adult and young.
2. Oras, Desm.; Boselaphus, sp. Blainv., Gray ; Damalis (Boselaphus), sp. H. Smith; Damalis, Sundev.
Horns large, erect, slightly curved, with a spiral keel; throat with a longitudinal, crested dewlap; hoofs narrowed in front. Female with smaller, thinner horns.
I formerly adopted the name of Boselaphus, which Blainville had used for the genus, but Ray had previously applied this name to the Bubale, and Desmarest has formed a subgenus specially for it under the name of Oreas.
1. Orras Canna. The Impooro or ELAND.
Pale brown; throat and beneath whitish.
Antilope Oreas, Pallas.—Damalis (Boselaphus) Oreas, H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 200.—A. Oryz, Pallas, Mise. 9.—D. Boselaphus Canna, H. Smith, G. A. K. t.181.f. 5, horn ¢.—Oreas Canna, Gray, Knows. Menag. 27. t. 26, 27.Coudou, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 46 6.—Canna, Buffon, Supp. iii. t. 12.—land, Kolbe, Sparmann, K. Vet. Handl. 1779, t.8; Harris, W. A. A. t. 6; Daniel, Afr. Scen. t.
Inhabits S. Africa; Cape of Good Hope (Sparmann). Brit. Mus.
This Antelope has much the character of the Oxen, and Dr. Bur- chell informs me that it is the best food of any of the genus at the Cape, being the only one which is moist and has any fat intermixed with the muscle ; the flesh of the others is dry and hard. At Knows- ley it breeds with the facility of domestic cattle, but they are ravenous feeders, and appear liable to an epidemic.
It should be remarked that the skin of the specimen shot by Burke
144
at the Cape (the female especially) shows several pale whitish cross- bands on the hinder half of the body, similar to the streaks on the Koodoo, showing the affinity of this animal to that species; but I could not observe these bands in the living specimens at Knowsley Park.
2. Oreas Derpianus. The Ginc-e-JonGa.
Pale reddish brown ; front of the face, the neck, the front part of the under side, a spot on the front and hinder side of the upper part of the fore-leg, the dorsal streak, dark black ; the belly, the front and back edge of the upper part of the legs and under side of tail whitish ; a broad half-collar in front of the shoulder, narrowed above ; fourteen or fifteen narrow, waved, perpendicular streaks on each side of the body white ; withers with intermixed black hairs : female, throat dark brown; crown reddish brown. .
Boselaphus Derbianus, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. xx. 286 ;- Silliman’s Amer. Journ. v. 279.—Oreas Derbianus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 27. t. 25.
Inhabits W. Africa ; river Casaman. Called Ging-e-jonga. Mr. Whitfield. Brit. Mus. Imperfect skin of male and female, and horns.
B. The nose bovine, with a large coriaceous moist muffle, and a narrow bald space on the upper lip. The animals have very slender, elegant legs; small hoofs and false hoofs; conical, subangular horns ; with an oblique, indistinct keel.
3. TraGeLapuus; Antilope (Tragelaphus), Blainv., H. Smith.
Horns conical, subangular ; tear-bag distinct ; nape and back with a more or less distinct mane: they are brown; with spots on haunches, crescent on chest, and inside of legs white, and a dark dorsal stripe.
* Face with a curved band between the eyes ; horns large ; back cross-banded. Euryceros.
1. TRAGELAPHUsS EurycEROs. The Euryceros.
Head pale brown; broad band before the eyes, and two large spots on cheeks, chin and front of upper lip white ; horns elongate, thick, scarcely bent forward at the tip; throat with long black hairs.
Antilope Eurycerus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 120.—A., n. sp., Afze- lius, N. Act. Upsal. vii. 269. t. 8. f.3; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 361. —Tragelaphus Euryceros, Gray, Knows. Menag. 27. t. 23. f.1, horns.
Inhabits W. Africa. Horns in Brit. Mus. and Zool. Soc.
2. TraGeLapnuus AnGasiu. The Inyaua.
Black ; back with a dorsal streak and four or five bands on each side; head blackish; narrow band before eyes, two small spots on cheeks, front of upper lip and chin white; forehead and feet bay ; throat with a mane of long rigid blackish hair; horns rather slender, elongate, rather bent forward at the tip ; female bay, with many white bands.
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Tragelaphus Angasii, Gray, P. Z, S. 1848, 89. t. 4 & 5, male, fe- male and young; Knows. Menag. 27. Inhabits S. Africa; Port Natal. Brit. Mus. male, imperfect skin.
** Face without any frontal streak ; horns small.
+ Back with transverse white stripes.
3. TRAGELAPHUS scriptus. The ZaLorres or HaRNeEss ANTE- LOPE.
Pale bay ; back with four cross-bands and a central white streak ; haunches white spotted; cheek with two white spots; spot on chest, nose, feet, and spots on the legs blackish; dorsal streak and end of tail black. Adult: chest and outside of shoulder and haunches and legs black: the male with a high ridge of long, coarse white hair ex- tending the whole length of the back to the tail.
Antilope scripta, Pallas, Misc. 8.—Antilope (Tragelaphus) scripta, H. Smith.— A. maculata, Thunb.—<A. (Tragelaphus) Phalerata, H. Smith.—Tragelaphus scripta, Gray, Knows. Menag. 28. t. 28.— The Harness Antelope, Pennant, Syn. 27.—Guib, Butfon, H. N. xii. 305, 307. t. 40. t. 41. f.1; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t. ; Dict. Sci. INBE..f..”
Inhabits W. Africa; Senegal and Gambia. Called Oualofes or Zalofes.
The dark colour of the chest and outside of the limbs, and the high crest_of the male, are not developed until they are four or more years old.
This species varies in some having seven and others nine white cross-bands, and some are spotted and others not; but they breed together, and the produce is often a different variety from the parent.
They breed constantly at Knowsley : in May 1845 they had a small herd of two males and four females, three of which were expected to bear young.
4. TracetapHus Decuta. The Decuta.
Grey brown; back with three or four indistinct cross-bands; an arched streak on upper part of side, a few spots forming an arch on the haunches ; dorsal line, streak on nose, and in front of fore-legs blackish.
Antilope Decula, Riippell, Abyss. t.4.—Tragelaphus Decula, Gray, Knows. Menag. 28.
Var. Back without the cross-bands.
Inhabits Africa; Abyssinia (Riippell).
+t Back without any cross-bands or lateral streak.
5. TRAGELAPHUS SYLVATICUS. The Boscu Boc.
Blackish brown ; head pale brown; back, across forehead, black ; small spot on haunches, larger spot on insides of legs and on feet white ; dorsal line longly crested, black, white varied in. Female paler brown. Young: pale bay.
No. CCX.—PrRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
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Antilope sylvatica, Sparmann, Act. Holm. iii. t. 7.—Tragelaphus sylvatica, Harris, W. A. A. t. 26; Gray, Knowsley Menag. 28.—- Forest Antelope, Pennant.
Inhabits 8. Africa; Cape of Good Hope. Brit. Mus.
Var.? Smaller horns, rather more erect.
Antelopus Ronleynei (the Serolomoot broque), Ronaleyn; G. Cum- ming, Hunter’s Life S. A. ii. 178, 179.
Inhabits Limpopo.
The two pairs of horns, named by Colonel H. Smith Boselaphus canna (a, 6, in the List of Mamm. Brit. Mus. 155); one, presented by Dr. W. Burchell, is certamly the horns of this species, and the other appear to be those of a young male, Strepsiceros Kudu.
The Asiatic Strepsitceres have a bovine nose, with a large coriaceous moist muffle extending over the whole front of the upper lip; small, short, angular horns; a deep longitudinal tear-bag ; and the hind-legs much shorter than the fore-ones ;_ the skull without any suborbital pit, and only a minute fissure; and with supplementary lobes to the grinders.
4, Portax; Oreas, sp. Fischer; Tragelaphus, Ogilby ; Damalis (Portax), H. Smith.
Horns short, conical, angular, with an obscure oblique ridge ; tear- bag deep, longitudinal; shoulders higher than the rump.
1. PortTax TRAGOCAMELUS. The NYLGHAU.
Grey ; under surface, rhombic spot on the forehead and above the hoofs black and white ringed; tail, end black. Female browner. Young: dull reddish fawn ; lower part of fore-legs brighter ; under lip, spot on jaws, and line along belly on inside of legs and fore-part of hock, white; tip of tail, line on back of nose and on front of legs black.
Antilope Trago-camelus, Pallas, Misc. 5.—A. picta, Pallas, Spicil. xiii. 54; Gray, Cat. B. M.—4A. albipes, Erxl. 280.—A. leucopus, Zimm. Zool. 541.—Damalis(Portaz) Risia, H.Smith.—Portaz picta, Gray, Cat. B. M.—P. Tragocamelus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 28. t. 29. —Tragelaphus Hippelaphus, Ogilby.—P. Tragelaphus, Sundey.— Biggel, Mandelst. Reise (1658), p. 122.—Tragelaphus Cait, Raii Syn. 827%; Parsons, Phil. Trans. No. 476. p. 465. t. 3. f. 9.—Nylghau, Hunter, Phil. Trans. lxi. 170. t. 5.—Nilghaut, Buffon, H. N. Supp. v. t. 10, 11; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t. .—Indostan Antelope, Penn. Syn. 29.—White-footed Antelope, Penn. Syn. 29. t. 6. f. 1, 2.
Tnhabits India. The Roow of the Mahrattas, the Nylghau of the Persians. ;
This species has bred at Knowsley. In December 1845 they had two calves, both females, making a flock of one male and four fe- males; they are in the paddock with the Eland in summer. They have also bred in the Gardens of the Zoological Society (See P. Z. 8. 1831, 37), and in the Menagerie of Sir Robert Heron at Shibton.
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2. A MoNOGRAPH OF SCARABUS, A GENUS OF AIR-BREATHING Gastreroropous Mo.niuscA; FROM SPECIMENS IN THE Cumineian Conztection. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. ETc.
Scarasus, Montfort.
Testa ovata, spira subobtusa, anfractibus compressis, varice utrin- que instructis ; apertura ovali intus utrinque dentata ; peristo- mate non continuo, labro simplici, subexpanso.
The Scarabi have the eyes sessile on the inner bases of the ten- tacles, which are short and annulated; they live like most of the other genera of Awriculide, in the damp woods and mangrove marshes. None have been found in the African or American regions, but all the species at present known are from the East Indies.
ScaRABUS IMBRIUM, Montfort, Conch. Syst. vol. i.; Férussac, Prodrome, p. 101; Chemnitz, Conch. vol. ix. pl. 136. fig. 1249 & 1250.
Helix scarabeeus, Linn.—Helix pythia, Miiller.—Bulimus scara- beeus, Bruguidre—Auricula scarabzeus, Lamarck.
S. testd ovato-pyramidali, rufo-fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter valde striatd; spird acuminatd ; aperturd subrotundatd, spiram aequante ; labro postice inflexo.
Shell ovately pyramidal, variegated with red-brown, longitudinally strongly striated, spire acuminated ; aperture subrotundate, as long as the spire; outer lip posteriorly inflexed.
Hab. Island of Bohol, Philippines; in dry woods, under stones, and in earth; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
The large size, pyramidal form and strongly striated epidermis are peculiar to this species: the upper tooth on the inner lip is more tri- angular, and the posterior part of the outer lip is more inflexed than in S. Lessont.
Scarasus Lessont, Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat. pl. 48. fig. 32; Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, vol. ii. p. 334. pl. 10. fig. 4.
Auricula Petiveriana, var. Deshayes.
S. testd ovatd, longitudinaliter substriatd, rufo-castaneo varie- gatd; spird lateribus concavis ; aperturd oblongd, spird lon- giore ; labio subplano, labro postice arcuato.
Shell ovate, longitudinally substriated, variegated with chestnut- red; spire with the sides convex ; inner lip rather flattened, outer lip posteriorly arcuated.
Hab. New Ireland; Hinds. (Mus. Cuming.)
The oval form and oblong mouth render this species easily distin- guished from S. imbrium: the upper tooth on the inner lip is longer, and two of the five teeth in the outer lip are more prominent than the others.
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Scarasus PetivertANus, Férussac, Prodrome, p. 101; Petiver, Gazophylacia Nature, pl. 4. fig. 10.
Cochlea Bengalensis, Petiver.—Auricula Peteveriana, Desh.
S. testd ovato-oblongd, leviusculd, longitudinaliter tenuissime striatd, albidd castaneo variegatd ; aperturd spiram equante ; labro arcuato.
Shell ovately oblong, rather smooth, longitudinally very finely striated, whitish, variegated with chestnut-brown ; aperture as long as the spire; outer lip areuated.
Hab. Borneo; Cagayan, province of Misamis; Mindanao; in damp woods, under decayed leaves; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
This species is characterized by its smaller size, more ovate form, smoother epidermis, the arcuated outer lip, and rotundate aperture.
ScaRaBus TRIGONUS, Troschel, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1840.
S. testd triangulari, rufo-fuseo marmoratd, anfractu ultimo trans-
verso gibbo angulato, aperturd angustatd, labro valde reflexo.
Shell triangular, marbled with red-brown, last whorl transverse, gibbous, angulated ; aperture narrowed ; outer lip greatly reflected.
Hab. Sarsogon ; Luzon ; dense woods, damp places; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
The triangular form, approaching that of Tomogerus, at once di- stinguishes this species: the middle tooth on the inner lip is double, the upper tooth prominent: there are five teeth in the outer lip, two being more prominent than the others.
ScaRaBus PLICATUS, Férussac, Prodrome, p.101; Chemn. Conch. vol. ix. pl. 136. fig. 1252, 1253.
Helix scarabeeus, var. Chemn.—Auricula plicata, Deshayes.— Scarabus triangularis, Benson.
S. testd subtriangulari, obliqud, gibbosd, spird brevi, acuminatd, lateribus concavis, anfractu ultimo postice gibboso antice sub- angulato distorto, epidermide longitudinaliter oblique striatd, castaned, fasciis pallidis confuse ornatd ; aperturd angustd, la- bio antice flecuoso, labro arcuato, untice valde dilatatd, reflexd, rimd umbilicali longa transversd.
Ashy or chestnut-brown, with pale, rather indistinct bands ; much larger and more triangular than S. Borneensis, with the outer lip regu- larly arcuated.
Hab. India; Benson. Jaffna, in saline marshes; Dr. Gardner. (Mus. Cuming.)
ScaRABUS sTRIATUS, Reeve, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. ix. p- 220. fig. 9. ap
Auricula scarabeeus, Quoy, Voy. de’ Astrolabe, Zool. vol. ii. p.162. pl. 13. f. 24. S. testd ovato-trigonali, fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter valde striatd ; spird acuminatd ; labio antico subflexuoso.
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Shell ovately trigonal, yariegated with brown, longitudinally strongly striated ; spire acuminated ; inner lip anteriorly subflexuose.
Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)
The sharp-pointed spire, striated epidermis and flexuous inner lip, distinguish this form: in the outer lip two of the teeth are more pro- minent than the others, the intermediate ones being more or less di- vided or bifid.
Scarasvus Ceciuui1, Philippi, Zeitsch. fiir Malacol. 1847, August.
S. testd ovato-oblongd, leviusculd, tenuissimé in longum rugatd, corned ; anfractu ultimo interdum castaneo, superius corneo bifasciato ; epidermide lineis obseuris ziczac-formibus, punctis- que, marmoratd.
Shell ovately oblong, rather smooth, longitudinally very finely ru- gose, horn-coloured, last whorl chestnut-coloured, with two horn- coloured bands superiorly ; epidermis ornamented with zigzag reticu- lated lines and punctures.
Hab. China. (Mus. Cuming.)
The reticulated epidermis, narrow ovoid form, and angulated outer lip are peculiar to this species; the aperture is oblong, equal to the spire ; the outer lip below the angle is rectilinear, and but three teeth are visible in the outer lip.
Scarasus unpaATus, Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. vol. ii. p- 336. pl. 10. f. 6. '
Auricula scarabzeus, var. Desh.
S. testd ovatd, fuscd, longitudinaliter valde striatd ; striis undu- latis subdecussantibus ; anfractu ultimo posticé gibboso ; labio arcuato, valde refiexo.
Sheil ovate, fuscous, longitudinally strongly striated ; striee undu- lated, posteriorly decussating ; last whorl posteriorly gibbous ; outer lip arcuated, greatly reflected.
Hab. ——’ (Mus. Cuming.)
The waved elevated lines which cross each other irregularly on the back, and the last whorl posteriorly tumid, will characterize this species: the upper tooth is large and elongated on the inner lip, and the lower tooth of the outer lip is rather lamelliform.
ScaRABUS PYRAMIDATUS, Reeve, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. ix. p. 221. fig. 12.
S. testd ovato-pyramidali, pallidd, aurantio-fusco variegatd, lon-
gitudinaliter substriatd ; aperturd aured, labio circulart.
Shell ovately pyramidal, pallid, variegated with orange-brown, lon- gitudinally somewhat striated ; aperture golden orange, outer lip cir- cular.
Hab. New Ireland; Hinds. Solomon’s Islands; Capt. d Orville. (Mus. Cuming.)
The pyramidal form, golden aperture, and light yellow-brown mark- ings distinguish this species, though some specimens are much more ovate than others: the peritreme is double and thickened, the middle
150
tooth of the inner lip is simple and thickened, and in the outer lip two of the teeth are large aud conspicuous.
Scarasus Cumineianus, Petit.
S. testd ovato-trigond, fuscd, longitudinaliter substriatd ; anfractu ultimo valdé varicoso; aperturd aeratd, labio calloso, labro valde postice sinuato.
Shell ovately trigonal, brown, longitudinally substriated ; last whorl strongly varicose ; aperture copper-coloured ; inner lip callous, outer lip posteriorly sinuated.
Hab. Boljoon, island of Zebu, Philippines; in earth, among de- cayed coral in the woods. (Mus. Cuming.)
The upper tooth on the inner lip is thickened with a calcareous deposit ; the middle tooth is prominent, with a callosity at the lower part: on the outer lip three of the teeth are very prominent, the others are obsolete ; the varix on the last whorl is very prominent ; the umbilical fissure is wide and deep.
SCARABUS LEKITHOSTOMA, Reeve, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. ix. p. 220. fig. 6. .
S. testd ovatd, imperforatd, solidd, fusco variegatd; aperturd
aurantiacd, labio incrassato, labro duplicato, posticé subsinuato.
Shell ovate, imperforate, solid, variegated with brown; aperture golden orange; inner lip callous, thickened, outer lip double, poste- riorly somewhat sinuated.
Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)
The middle tooth of the inner lip is double ; in the outer lip there are three prominent teeth, the two posterior being approximated ; there is no umbilicus, and the spire is concave at the sides ; the back, moreover, is strongly plicated near the sutures.
ScaRABUS CASTANEUS, Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. p. 336. pl. 10. fig. 7.
S. testd oblongd, ovato-pyramidali, leviusculd, longitudinaliter substriatd, castaned ; spird elevatd, acuminatd; apertura ob- longd, spiram equante, labro semicirculari.
Shell oblong, ovately pyramidal, rather smooth, longitudinally sub- striated, chestnut-brown ; spire elevated, acuminated ; aperture ob- long, as long as the spire, outer lip semicircular.
Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, in the woods ; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
This is a smooth, oblong shell, with a regularly arched outer lip with four teeth within it, two of which are much larger than the others.
ScaRABUS POLLEX, Hinds, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Moll. p. pl. 16. fig. 9, 10. S. testd ovatd, compressd, fusco-castaned, longitrorsum valde stri- atd, anfractu ultimo confuse fasciato. Shell ovate, compressed, chestnut-brown, longitudinally strongly striated, last whorl indistinctly banded. Hab. Feejee Islands; Hinds. (Mus. Cuming.)’
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Distinguished from S. Lessoni by its coarsely striated surface and different markings; and from S. castaneus by its larger size and darker colour, in being more striated, and by two dark yellowish bands on the upper part of the last whorl.
Scarasus semisutcatus, A. Adams. S. testd ovato-pyramidali, leviusculd, rufo-castaned, longitudinaliter viz striatd, anfracti- bus convexiusculis semisulcatis, fascia nigricante prope sutu- ram; aperturd subrotundatd ; labio crasso, anticé rotundatd, dilatatd ; labro semicirculari, posticé subsinuato.
Shell ovately pyramidal, smooth, reddish dark chestuut colour, longitudinally slightly striated ; whorls rather convex, semisulcated, with a blackish band near the sutures; aperture rather round ; inner lip thickened, anteriorly rounded and dilated ; outer lip semicircular, posteriorly somewhat sinuated.
Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)
A pyramidal, smooth, dark-brown shell, with the whorls strongly sulcated longitudinally near the sutures; two of the teeth im the outer lip are much larger than the others, and the inner lip is rounded and thickened in front ; the umbilicus is large and deep.
Scarasus sinvosus, Adams. S. festd ovato-oblongd, flavescenti nigro-fusco maculatd; epidermide tenuissimé longitudinaliter substriatd ; spird obtusd, lateribus convexis ; aperturd oblongd ; labio anticé rotundato, reflexo ; labro posticé valde sinuoso, in medio inflexo, peritremate incrassato.
Shell ovately oblong, yellowish, spotted with blackish brown ; epi- dermis very finely longitudinally substriated ; spire obtuse, the sides convex; aperture oblong; inner lip anteriorly rounded, reflexed ; outer lip posteriorly strongly sinuated, inflexed in the middle, peri- treme thickened.
Hab. Island of Negros, Philippines. (Mus. Cuming.)
The posterior tooth of the inner lip is elongated, the middle tooth double ; in the outer lip three of the teeth are prominent, the two posterior being approximated ; the umbilicus is partly closed by the reflection of the inner lip.
ScARABUS IMPERFORATUS, A. Adams. S. festd ovatd, compressd, imperforatd ; spird brevi, acuminatd, lateribus concavis, levius- culd, longitudinaliter tenuissimé substriatd, lutescenti fusco- castaneo variegatd, anfractu ultimo posticé subangulato ; aper- turd oblonga ; labio anticée excavato, reflexo, labro semicirculari.
Shell ovate, compressed, imperforate; spire short, acute, sides
concave, rather smooth, longitudinally very finely substriated, yel- lowish, variegated with light chestnut, last whorl somewhat angulated posteriorly ; aperture oblong ; inner lip anteriorly flattened, excavated, reflexed ; outer lip semicircular, umbilicus closed.
Hab. Borneo. (Mus. Cuming.)
The last whorl is posteriorly gibbous ; the umbilicus is closed by
the inner lip; three of the teeth in the outer lip are prominent, the two posterior approximated.
152
ScARABUS PANTHERINUS, A. Adams. S. testd ovato-pyramidali, tenui, leviusculd, longitudinaliter substriatd, lutescenti, macu- lis rufo-fuscis ornatd; spird acuminatd, lateribus convezis ; apertura oblongd, labio anticé rotundato, reflexo, labro semicir- culari.
Shell ovately pyramidal, thin, rather smooth, longitudinally substri- ated, yellowish, ornamented with red-brown spots ; spire acuminated, the sides convex ; aperture oblong, inner lip anteriorly rounded and dilated, outer lip semicircular.
Hab. Siquejor ; Philippines, woods, under stones. (Mus. Cuming.)
The aperture is yellowish white ; three of the teeth in the outer lip are more prominent than the others, the intermediate ones being sometimes double; the umbilicus is large and deep.
ScaraBus BORNEENSIS, A. Adams. S. testd ovato-pyramidali, luteo-fuscd, castaneo confuse fasciatd, leviusculd ; epidermide tenuissime, longitudinaliter striatd ; aperturd oblongd, angustd, spiram subequante, anfractu ultimo inferne subangulato ; foved umbilicali angustd, transversd.
Shell ovately pyramidal, yellowish brown, obscurely transversely banded, rather smooth, very finely longitudinally striated ; aperture oblong, narrow, nearly as long as the spire, last whorl inferiorly sub- angulated ; umbilical fissure narrow, transverse.
Hab. Borneo; Lieut. Taylor. (Mus. Cuming.)
This species is narrower and more ovate than S. plicatus, of a much smaller size ; the outer lip is rectilinear in the middle; the teeth of the outer lip are connected by an elevated ridge, and three of the teeth are more prominent than the others.
Scarasus cHaLcostomus, A. Adams. S. testd ovato-pyrami- dali, spird elevatd, acutd, longitudinaliter substriatd, pallide luted, rufo-fuscd variegatd ; aperturd ovali, ened ; labio anticeé subrecto; labro semicirculari; umbilico patulo.
Shell ovately pyramidal, spire elevated, sharp, longitudinally sub- striated, pale yellow varied with reddish brown ; aperture oval, brassy ; inner lip anteriorly rather straight, outer lip semicircular ; umbilicus open.
Hab. Solomon’s Islands; Capt. D’ Orville. (Mus. Cuming.)
In general appearance this species resembles 8. pyramidatus, but it is more oval, larger, lighter, with the middle tooth on the inner lip double, and the lower tooth broad and ascending; two of the teeth in the outer lip are very large and tubercular.
3. A MonoGraru or PHos, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS Mouuvsca. By Artuur Apams, F.L.S., R.N.
Puos, Montfort.
Shell ovately fusiform, spire acuminated, whorls longitudinally ribbed and cancellated ; columella with a single anterior plait ; outer lip notched in front, striated within. The animal has a small head ;
153
the tentacles connate at the base, with the eyes near their distal third ; the foot is dilated in front, forming an elevated shield, acutely auriculate on each side, pointed behind, and ending im a single long filament. Operculum small, horny, and unguiform. In three species of this genus in which I have observed the animal, namely Phos senticosus, roseatus, and Blainvillii, the hind part of the foot ter- minated in a single median filament, and not, as in Nassa, in a
bifurcate tail.
1. Pos senticosus, Linn. sp.; List. Pl. 967. fig. 22. Buccmum senticosum, Linn.
Phos senticosus, Montfort.
Hab. Philippine Islands ; H. C.
2. Puos Buartnvituu, Desh. Chemn. pl. 125. f. 1201, 1202. Kiener, Mon. Buccinum, pl. 11. f. 38.
Buccinum pyrostoma, Reeve.
Hab. Philippine Islands; H. C.
3. Paos Cumrnett, Reeve, Elements of Conchology, pl. 3. fig. 16. Hab. ?
4. Puos crassus, Hinds, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Moll. p. 37. pl. 10. £42 Hab. Panama, Gulf of Fonseca.
5. Puos vireatus, Hinds, /. ec. p. 37. pl. 10. fig. 11, 12. Hab, Ceylon.
6. Puos rETEcosus, Hinds, /. ec. p. 37. pl. 10. fig. 3, 4. Hab. Ceylon.
7. Puos. vERAGuENsIs, Hinds, /. c. p. 37. pl. 10. fig. 13, 14. Hab. Pueblo Nueva, west coast of Veragua.
8. Puos articuLatus, Hinds, /.c. p. 38. pl. 10. fig. 7, 8. Hab. Panama.
9. Pos roseatus, Hinds, /. ec. p. 38. pl. 10. fig. 9, 10. Hab. North coast of Sumatra.
10. Paos GaupEns, Hinds, /. ¢. p. 38. pl. 10. fig. 5, 6. Hab. Gulf of Tehuantepec, west coast of Mexico.
11. Paros cancetuatus, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-fusiformi, albidd, obsolete fusco fasciatd; anfractibus subrotundatis, lineis elevatis longitudinalibus et transversis, valde cancellatis, cancellis ad angulos acute nodosis; aperturd intus fuscatd, anticé tuberculatd, plicd validd.
Hab. 2
This species resembles P. veraguensis; but the areas between the
cancelli are simple, whereas in P. veraguensis there is an intermediate, elevated line, crossing them, a circumstance not mentioned in the description of Mr. Hinds.
154
12. Puos rurritus, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-fusiformi, tenui, subpellucidd, spird turritd, acuminatd, albido-fuscatd ; anfrac- tibus rotundatis, costis longitudinalibus angustis numerosis, lineis elevatis, transversis, ad costas nodulosis, ornatis ; colu- melld plicd anticd subevanidd.
Hab. Panama, coral sand, 6 to 10 fathoms; H.C. -
13. Puos rextitis, A. Adams. P. testd elongate ovatd, albidd, spird acutd, costis rotundatis, crassis, infra suturam nodoso- angulatis, lineis transversis, planis, subconfertis, elevatis, inter- stitiis longitudinaliter subtilissimé striatis; columelld plicd anticd valida.
Hab. Dumaguete, Philippines; H. C.
In general form this species approximates P. Blainvillii, but the
elaborate and distinct style of sculpture and white aperture at once distinguish it.
14. Puos rurocinctus, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird productd, angustd, albidd, fascid rufa ornatd ; anfracti- bus rotundatis, costis crassis, infra suturam rotundatis, lineis transversis, elevatis, nodulosis, confertis, ornatis ; columelld plicd anticd productd.
Hab. Dumaguete; H. C.
The nucleus of this species is large and papillary.
15. PHos scatarrores, A. Adams. P. testd ovatd, acuminatd, turritd, albidd, fusco variegatd, obscure fusco bifasciatd ; an- fractibus rotundatis, costis longitudinalibus, distantibus, infra suturam rotundatis, lineis elevatis, transversis, ad suturas no- dulosis, interstitiis subtilissime longitudinaliter striatis ; colu- melld superné callosd, inferne plicd productd; labro intus lirato.
Hab. 2
A beautiful species, with regular, strong ribs, giving it the appear-
ance of a Scalaria.
16. Puos sprnicostatus, A. Adams. P. testd ovatd, spird acu- minatd, albidd, sparsim fusco nebulosd; anfractibus rotundatis, costatis, costis distinctis, subdistantibus, infra suturam angu- latis et spinosis, lineis transversis elevatis ornatis ; columelld rufo-fusco maculatd, plicd anticd productd ; labro intus rufes- centi lirato.
Hab. Batangas, in insulis Philippinis.
17. Puos nopicosratus, A. Adams. P. testd ovatd, turritd, acuminatd, albidd, rufo-fusco maculatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, costatis, costis distantibus, infra suturam angulatis et nodosis, lineis transversis, elevatis, ad costas nodulosis ornatis ; colu- melld plicis evanidis, plied anticd valida productd.
Hab. ad insulam Negros; H. C.
The two species, described above, are somewhat similar in form,
15
or
but the peculiarity of the ribs and colour of the apertures readily distinguish them.
18. Puos cytuenorpes, A. Adams. PP. testd ovatd, albido- fused, spird acutd, longitudinaliter plicato-costatd, costis su- perné nodosis, ad suturam evanidis, lineis impressis transver- sis sulcatd ; columella plicd antied, valde productd ; labro in- tus fusco lirato.
Hab. ww insulis Philippinis.
19. PHos cyanostoma, A. Adams. PP. testd elongaté ovatd, acuminatd, albidd, anfractibus rotundatis, costatis, costis cras- sis, equalibus, infra suturam plicato-nodosis, cingulis elevatis, transversis, subdistantibus, interstitiis longitudinaliter subtilis- simé striatis ; aperturd cyaneo tinctd ; columelld tuberculatd, plicd anticd validd.
Haé. in insulis Philippinis.
The interstices between the transverse ridges in this species are
very beautifully engraved with fine longitudinal lines, and the aper- ture is tinged with blue.
20. Puos txvicatus, A. Adams. P. testd elongate ovata, levi- gatd, pallide fuscd ; anfractibus subrotundatis, costatis, costis crassis, distantibus, levigatis, infra suturam valdé nodosis, lineis tenuibus transversis ornatis ; columelld plied anticd pro- ductd; labro extus plicato, plicis numerosis confertis, intus substriato.
Hab. Promontorium Bonz Spei.
A large, smooth shell, with thick, simple ribs.
June 25, 1850. William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following papers were read. :—
1. CaTALOGUE OF THE MAMMALIA OF CEYLON. COLLECTED AND OBSERVED BY E. F. Kexaart, M.D., F.L.S.
Order PRIMATES.
Fam. Sim1aDZ.
1. Presbytes cephalopterus, Gray. The Nestor or Purple-faced Monkey.
2. Presbytes Thersites, Blyth. The Wanderoo of Ceylon.
3. Presbytes Priamus, Elliot. The larger Wanderoo.
4, Simia sinicus, Desm. The Rillowwah or Green Monkey.
156
There is another Monkey found in Newera Ellia and its neigh- bourhood, resembling the P. Priamus. The Simia Silenus is not a native of Ceylon; it comes from the Malabar coast.
Ds
Fam. LEMURID. Loris gracilis, Geof’. The Loris or Ceylon Sloth.
The Loris tardigradus is said to be also found in the island, but I have not yet seen it.
6. fi 8.
9.
Fam. VESPERTILIONID.
Kerivoula picta, Gray. Painted Kerivoula.
Pteropus Edwardsii, Geof. The Flying Fox.
Cynopterus marginatus, F. Cuv. The Cynoptere (margin- eared).
Vespertilio pipistrellus, Gm. var. The Pipistrelle.
There are two other Bats in the island which Mr. Edgar Layard. has seen and identified.
Order FER.
Fam. FeLip#.
. Leopardus varius, Gray. The Leopard (Cheetah of Ceylon). . And var. black, Felis Melas, Peron. . Leopardus viverrinus, Gray. Var. of the Wagati Cat. The
Jungle Cat of Ceylon.
. Felis Chaus? The Lynx-like Cat.
. Felis domestica. The domestic Cat (several varieties).
. Viverra indica, Geof’. The Indian Genette.
. Herpestes griseus, Sykes. The Grisled-brown Mungous.
. Herpestes vitticollis, Hiliot. The Streaked-neck Mungous.
. Paradoxurus zeylanicus. Two varieties of the Ceylon Para-
doxure.
. Canis aureus, Linn. Two varieties of the Jackal. . Canis familiaris, var. Pariah. The Pariah Dog. . Lutra nair, Sykes. The Otter.
I have heard it stated that the Bengal Tiger (Felis Tigris) was seen some years ago in Newera Ellia and in the Jaffna district.
I have an imperfect skin of an animal killed at Newera Ellia re- sembling much that of a Prionodon.
Fam. Ursip#.
22, Ursus labiatus, Blainv. The Indian (lipped) Bear.
Fam. TALPip&.
23. Sorex murinus, Linn. The Musk Shrew. 24. Corsira Newera Ellia, Nobis. The Black Shrew.
Corsira nigrescens, var. or new species.
25, 26. Erinaceus, two species. The Hedgehog.
——
157
Order Crete.
27. Halicore Dugong, F’. Cuv. The Dugong.
28.
Delphinus, Sp. The Dolphin.
The Porpoise and the Whale are also sometimes seen on the coast of Ceylon.
29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.
35. 36.
37.
38. 39.
40. 41. 42. 43.
Order GuirEs.
Fam. Muripz.
Mus bandicota, Gray. The Bandicot or Pig Rat.
Mus decumanus, Pallas. The Norway Rat.
Mus niviventer, Hodgs.? The White-bellied Rat.
Mus musculus, Linn. var. The common Mouse, two varieties. Leggada booduga. The Booduga (Soil Rat).
Golunda newera, Nodis. The Golunda (Soil Rat).
Fam. Hystricip2.
Hystrix leucurus, Sykes. The Indian Porcupine. Cavia Cobaya. The domesticated Guinea Pig.
Fam. LerporipD&.
Lepus macrotus?, Hodgson. The Indian or Ceylon low coun- try Hare.
Lepus nigricollis, F. Cuv. The highland Black-naped Hare.
Lepus cuniculus, Linn. The tame Rabbit.
Fam. JERBOID.
Pteromys nitidus, Geof’. The Flying Squirrel. Sciurus macrurus, Forster. The Rokea, two varieties. Sciurus palmarum, Zinn. The Palm Squirrel.
Sciurus trilineatus? The Three-streaked Squirrel.
There are three other species of Squirrels in the island, and an- other flying Squirrel, the skin of which I possess without its head.
44. 45. 46. 47.
48. 49. 50. 51. 52.
Order UNGULATA.
Fam. Bovip.
Bos taurus, var. Indicus. The Ox. Bubalus Buffelus, Gray. The Buffalo (wild and domesticated). Ovis Aries, var. The Jaffna Sheep. Capra hircus, var. The Ceylon Goat. The Bos gaurus was once seen on the island. Meminna indica, Gray. The Meminna. Muntjacus vaginalis, Gray. The Muntjac. Axis maculata, Gray. The Spotted Axis. Cervus unicolor, H. Smith. The Ceylon Rusa or Stag. Cervus porcinus?, duct. The Hog Deer.
158
Fam. Equip.
53. Equus caballus, Zinn. The Horse. Introduced. 54. Equus asinus, Linn. The Ass. Introduced.
Mules are also bred in the island.
Fam. Equip.
55. Elephas indicus, Linn. The Asiatic Elephant. 56. Sus indicus, Gray. The Indian Wild Boar. 57. Sus scrofa, var. sinensis. 'The domesticated Hog.
Fam. Dasypip. 58. Manis pentadactyla, Zinn. The Pangolin, or scaly Ant-eater.
Remarxs.—The new species indicated in the foregoing Catalogue may be described as follows :—
34, GoLUNDA NEWERA, Nobis.
Fur soft, yellowish brown varied with black; chin and beneath yellowish grey ; under-fur dark lead-colour ; soft long hairs on the upper parts of the head and body, with longer black-tipped hairs having a subterminal yellowish band ; fur of belly dark lead-colour tipped with yellowish grey ; ears large, hairy on both sides, of a light rusty or ashy colour ; whiskers slender, moderately long, some greyish, others blackish ; tail shorter than the body, tapering to a point, scaly ; upper surface of a black colour and covered with short semi-adpressed black hair; lower surface yellow or ashy colour, covered with short hair of the same yellow colour; feet having dark brown claws, pur- plish ; four toes to the fore-feet, with a clawless rudimentary thumb ; five hind-toes, three middle subequal; soles nearly bald, blackish ; palma studded with four small tubercles ; planta with six tubercles, the two foremost considerably larger ; incisors yellow, superior ones grooved in the centre; molars flat, deeply 3-lobed, tubercles rising in three distinct lines, middle larger than those of the sides, and the front one extending beyond the two other lobes.
Length of body and head, 31 inches ; tail, 23.
This rat is found in the black soil of Newera Ellia, and is a great destroyer of peas and potatoes. The only two specimens I had, lived for some days in a cage and played like mice.
24, CoRSIRA NEWERA ELLIA, Nobis. (Or variety of Corsira ni- grescens.)
Slaty or ashy black, very slightly washed with rufous on the upper parts ; no trace of rufous beneath, which is paler slaty ; whiskers long, very thin, greyish ; legs from half way down the thighs covered with short adpressed hairs ; feet fleshy grey ; hair on the toes longer, and those of the hind-feet extending over the claws; claws white, those of the front feet elongated, compressed, acute ; toes 5-5, all clawed ;
159
ears large, naked, partially hid in the fur ; tail black, round, tapering, rather sealy, and thinly covered with short hair intermixed with much longer, glossy, shining, thin, stiff hairs, some of which are also seen in the upper parts and sides of the lower half of the body ; teeth white throughout.
Length of body and head, 34 inches; tail, 24.
Found in Newera Ellia and even on Pedrotellgala, the highest mountain in Ceylon, which rises from the plains of Newera Ellia, and is 8020 feet above the sea’s level. I had one quite docile in a box for some days, which fed ravenously on earth-worms ; it used to run about the table and on my arms without attempting to get away; it died one frosty night.
This shrew differs from the Sorex murinus chiefly in the absence of all unpleasant smell. I could not trace any glands or lectze in any part of the body. The elongated fore-claws is another good specific distinction. The Sorex murinus is also found here, and I am inclined to thik that a very diminutive shrew, of which I have seen only one specimen, is another species, but which for the present I have con- sidered as only the young of the above-described animal. It re- sembles in every point the Sorex pygmaeus of Hodgson (Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xv.). There are several characters in our Corsira which make me consider it not identical with the C. nigrescens of Gray, especially the greater length of its tail than in the animal found on the continent of India, which I know only from Mr. Gray’s de- scription.
Of the Mammals enumerated in the catalogue, the following are found in Newera Ellia :—Presbytes priamus, var. ; Vespertilio pi- pistrellus, var. ; Felis varius; Felis chaus?; Herpestes vitticollis ; Viverra indica; Paradoxurus (two var. or species) ; Canis aureus ; Mus Bandicota ; Mus musculus (variety with white feet) ; Mus albi- venter ; Golunda Newera; Sorex murinus; Corsira Newera Ellia; Lepus nigricollis ; Sciurus macrurus (very black-coloured variety) ; S. trilineatus’ Elephas indicus ; Lutra nair (perhaps another spe- cies, for I only saw it taking the water). The ZL. nair is found in abundance in the low country ; and a Prionodon, the skin resembling one I have.
Of Birds, the following I have here, besides those I have enu- merated as new: Cissa puella, Blyth ; Caprimulgus indicus, Latham; Paleornis Layardii, Blyth ; Hirundo domicola ; Acanthylis cauda- cuta?; Collocalia nidifica?; Gracula ptilogenys; Columba Elphinsto- nit, var.; Parus cinereus; Gallus Stanleyii or Lafayettii ; Galloper- dix bicalearatus ; Picus ceylonicus; Dendrophila frontalis ; Hypsi- petes nilgherriensis ; Hemipus picatus ; Corydala rufa; and a few others.
Newera Ellia, Ceylon, 8th May, 1850.
160
2. ON THE BLOOD-COLOURED EXUDATION FROM THE SKIN OF THE Hippopotamus. By Joun Tomes, F.R.S., SuRGEON- DENTIST TO THE MtppLESEX HosPITAt.
(Mammalia, Pl. XXI.)
The Honourable C. A. Murray, in a letter which he addressed from his residence at Cairo to Mr. Mitchell, states that the skin of the young Hippopotamus entrusted to his care was at times covered with a blood-coloured exudation, and that it was most abundant immediately after the animal had left his bath. At first this peculiar condition excited considerable alarm, but its constant recurrence, and the otherwise perfectly healthy appearance of the animal, induced the belief that the secretion was normal, or at all events portended no harm. - Tn a letter received at a later date than the one I have referred to, Mr. Murray says that the exudation, though ‘still preserving the same peculiar characters, has diminished both in amount and in in- tensity of colour.
On the day after the Hippopotamus arrived in the Zoological Gardens, I had a favourable opportunity of examining the general appearance of the skin. The upper surface of the body is dotted over with a number of deep brown spots, disposed on a comparatively faint brownish black ground. The spots are much more apparent when the skin is wet, than when it has become dry from exposure to the air. Immediately after leaving the bath, each of the deep brown spots may be seen to have a slightly raised centre, from which is poured a drop of pink fluid of the consistence of white of egg. This peculiar exudation speedily diffuses itself over the surface of the skin, and dries with a slightly glazed surface.
The Arab keeper who attended the Hippopotamus in his passage to this country, and who still has charge of him, says that he has never seen the red fluid exude, excepting immediately after the animal has left his bath ; that it quickly dries up, and does not reappear till the animal again emerges from his bath. The end of the nose is how- ever constantly a little damp, from the presence of a small quantity of a colourless mucous fluid, which escapes from minute pores situated ' in this part. At the line of junction with the skin and the smooth semi-mucous membrane which covers the extremity of the nose, the fluid has a faint pink colour.
On the second day of the animal’s residence in the Gardens, I col- lected a small portion of the coloured fluid from the middle part of the back, and after securing it between two slips of glass, placed it in the field of my microscope, which I had conveyed there for the purpose of making an examination previous to the fluid undergoing any change, either from decomposition or evaporation, which a slight lapse of time might possibly have affected.
The following particulars were obtained from the examination I then made:—The exudation is composed of a transparent fluid in which float two kinds of corpuscles ; one kind is tolerably abundant, and is both transparent and colourless; the other is comparatively rare and of a bright red colour. To the solution of these latter bodies the fluid owes its peculiar colour.
Proc.Z.S.Mammaha XX
1 Wing del A Tw Food & West, Lathofranbers 54 Hatton Garces
Exudatiaon from the skin of
day at
uwtT “SOIGIHdNV
SONVLOdOddIH
WT JOM
XIX “eeu,
“JOLY
a
161
The colourless corpuscles are spherical in shape, and vary in diameter from the 3450th to the 2100th of an inch; the majority however measure about the 3000th of an inch. Their structure is granular, and in about the same degree as the colourless corpuscles of blood, and the ordinary exudation corpuscles, to which they pre- sent a strong resemblance.
Many of these bodies preserve their figure for a considerable time, while others become collected into clusters and form irregular broken masses.
The coloured corpuscles are irregular in size and shape, and are eomposed of an aggregation of minute elongated and sometimes triradiate bodies, many of which appear, from their irregular and obscure outline, as though partially dissolved. In the immediate neighbourhood of these, the fluid has a much deeper colour than elsewhere. From these circumstances I have been led to conclude that the general pink colour of the fluid is due to the solution of the coloured particles, and not simply to their presence. In this parti- cular the fluid under consideration is strikingly different from blood, which owes its colour to the presence of coloured globules and not to their solution.
The colourless corpuscles are represented in the figure at A, and the coloured ones at B, together with the deeper colour of the fluid at the part in which the latter are present.
These observations were made May 28th, 1850. Since that time I have on several occasions sought to obtain a little more of the red exudation, but always without success. The creature on leaving the bath feels slimy, and a small quantity of transparent tenacious fluid issues from the elevations on the skin, but it quickly dries up.
On Sunday last, June 23, the nose was covered with colourless exudation, and near the upper margin of the nostril it had a percep- tible pink tinge. On this occasion the animal had been out of the bath for some hours, and the skin of the body was perfectly dry.
Whether the red colour of the exudation is a condition of youth, and of an imperfect condition of the skin, and has ceased im con- sequence of the increased age of the animal and the consequent more perfect development of the integument, or has ceased in consequence of the change of climate to which the animal has been lately subjected, is a question which, with the facts at present at our disposal, can- not be satisfactorily determined.
We have however sufficient evidence to warrant the conclusion, that the thick tenacious exudation, whether coloured or otherwise, is poured out only during the time the skin is immersed in water, and that it has an especial reference to the aquatic habits of the animal. It appears for the time to convert the surface of the body into a mu- cous membrane, and then, on the animal leaving the water, to furnish by its inspissation an epidermis. ;
Should further inquiry show that the thickness of the exudation arises from a solution of the colourless globules, its relation to mucus will be still further established, and a microscopic examination into
No. CCXI.—Procrepines or tHE Zoouocicar Socrery.
162
the structure of the skin will become a subject of great physiological interest.
3. ON six NEW sPEciIEs oF Hummine Birps. By Joun Goutp, F.R.S. etc.
Although the Trochilidee have lately received much attention both from our own and the continental naturalists, the subject is far from exhausted, as is shown by the circumstance of my being able to bring before the notice of the Society this evening no less than six species hitherto uncharacterized and unknown. These great accessions to the family are all from a state with which we have as yet had but little in- tercourse—that of Veragua in Central America ; and we are indebted for a knowledge of them to the researches of an enterprising traveller and botanist, M. Warzewicz, who has just returned from that coun- try, where he successfully explored many forests and other districts not previously trodden by the foot of civilized man. Unfortunately, both for myself and for science, he was not able, in consequence of the heavy rains which prevailed at the time, to procure or to preserve the examples in so fine a state as could be wished ; although much muti- lated and otherwise damaged, they are, however, sufficiently perfect to admit of my furnishing the following descriptions :—
1. TrocuiLus (SELOSPHORUS) SCINTILLA.
Male: upper surface bronzy green; on the throat a gorget of glit- tering fiery red, the feathers of which are much produced on either side ; beneath the gorget a band of buffy white ; wings purple-brown ; central tail-feathers brownish black, margined with rusty red ; lateral tail-feathers brownish black on their outer and rusty red on their inner webs; under surface reddish brown; bill black.
Female: upper surface as in the male, but not so bright ; under surface white ; throat-feathers less produced, and spotted with brown on a white ground; flanks buff; tail rufous, crossed by a crescentic bar of black near the tip.
Total length of the male, 23 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 13; tail, 1.
Hab. Volcano of Chiriqui, at an altitude of 9000 feet.
This is an extremely beautiful species, and forms a miniature re- presentative of the Trochilus rufus, to which it is somewhat allied.
2. TrocuiLus (THAUMATIAS ’) CHIONURA.
Male: upper surface very dark grass-green; wings purplish brown ; central tail-feathers bronzy green ; lateral tail-feathers white, largely tipped with black ; throat pale shining green; flanks green- ish; centre of the abdomen and under tail-coverts white; upper mandible black, base of the lower mandible fleshy white.
Female: upper surface as in the male, but paler ; lateral tail-fea- thers white, as in the male, but crossed near the extremity with an oblique band, instead of being tipped with black ; throat and under surface generally white.
Total length, 34 inches; bill, $; wing, 2}; tail, 1.
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Hab. Chiriqui near David, province of Veragua, at an altitude of from 2000 to 3000 feet.
This is a remarkable species, differing, as it does, from all other Humming-Birds with which I am acquainted, in the large amount of white on the tail-feathers, which shows very conspicuously when that organ is spread. In form it is very similar to the 7’. brevirostris and T. longirostris of the Brazils.
3. TrocuiLus (THALURANIA) VENUSTA.
The entire crown, back of the neck, and upper part of the back, shoulders, abdomen, and under tail-coverts, beautiful shining ultra- marine blue; throat and fore-part of the neck rich metallic green ; wings purplish black ; tail considerably forked, and of a blackish blue; bill black.
Total length, 4 inches; bill, 2; wing, 21; tail, 14.
Hab, Volcano of Chiriqui in Veragua.
Remark.-—Nearly allied to, and of the same form and size as, the T. furcatus, but a far finer bird.
4. TRocuiLvus ( ?) CHRULEOGULARIS.
Male: upper surface, shoulders, abdomen and under tail-coverts, shining grass-green ; throat, sides of the neck and chest, rich violet- blue; wings purple-brown; tail rather forked; central feathers bronzy green; lateral feathers purplish black ; upper mandible and tip of the lower black ; basal portion of the latter fleshy white.
Female: upper surface shining grass-green, but of a paler hue than in the male ; tail as in the opposite sex, except that the lateral feathers are tipped with white ; centre of the throat, abdomen and under tail-coverts white.
Total length, 33 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 2; tail, 12.
Hab. Near David, on the north side of the Cordillera, Veragua.
I am also indebted to Dr. T. B. Wilson of Phiiadelphia for the loan of a specimen from Panama. This species is precisely of the same elegant form as the 7. Gowdotii, but is of a larger size, and is at once distinguished from that bird by its blue breast.
5. Trocur.us ( ?) CASTANEOVENTRIS.
Crown of the head metallic green; upper surface green ; wings purplish brown ; tail dark bronzy green, crossed near the tip by a broad band of black ; the lateral feathers tipped with buff, which de- creases in extent as the feathers approach the central ones; all the under surface reddish chestnut ; bill black.
Total length, 4 inches; bill, 2; wing, 21; tail, 13.
Hab. Cordillera of Chiriqui, at an altitude of 6000 feet.
Remark.—This is a moderately sized species, and is not allied to any other member of the family with which I am acquainted; I am therefore unable to assign it a place in any of the sections hitherto proposed ; the specimens I possess appear to be immature, and are unfortunately in bad condition.
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6. Trocuitus (——?) NIVEOVENTER.
Crown of the head and back of the neck bronzy green; back rich coppery bronze; wings purple-brown ; upper tail-coverts reddish purple ; tail purple-black ; throat resplendent green ; abdomen snow- white; flanks green; under tail-coverts greenish brown, margined with white ; bill black, except the basal three-fourths of the lower mandible, which are fiesh colour.
Total length, 3 inches; bill, 2; wing, 24; tail, 1.
Hab. Near David; warm countries of Veragua.
Remark.—Nearly allied to T. Edwardi and T. erythronotus ; from the former, however, it differs in the colour of the tail, and from the latter in the white colouring of the breast.
July 9, 1851. John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. The following papers were read :—
1. ON THE GENERIC SUBDIVISION OF THE Bovip#, oR HoLtow- HORNED Ruminants. By H. N. Turner, Jun.
In the series of observations upon the Ungulate Mammalia, of which I attempted last winter to lay before the Society the more general re- sults, my attention was also in some measure directed towards the de- tailed arrangement of those portions of the order which have gene- rally proved subjects of difficulty. Of these, the classification of the Bovide, or hollow-horned Ruminants, has certainly been the greatest, since they form a well-marked natural group, including a great variety of forms, with but few remarkable differences of structure. I soon found, however, that even setting aside some of the more strikingly- modified genera, the distinctions afforded by the skull were much more decided than any that I could find among the Cervide, which, from their being less rich in number and variety, were always easier to subdivide correctly. Not having been able at that time to observe the skulls of certain of the more remarkable forms, I set the matter aside for better opportunities ; and now that the large and interesting collection of hunters’ spoils which Mr. Roualeyn Gordon Cumming has brought together, and is at present exhibiting in London, has given me the opportunity of supplying some of these desiderata, I venture, although there are yet a few points I could wish to ascertain, to lay this portion of my researches before the Society.
There cannot be a doubt that the horns present the best and most readily discernible characters, or that, when the genera are once cor- rectly determined, they may be pretty easily defined by the variations of these parts alone; but it has long since been seen how the con-
165
sideration only of the horns has led to very unnatural approximations. For example, Cuvier associates the Addax with the Indian Antelope ; and Mr. Blyth, his translator, inserts his belief that it is more allied to the Coudou, which I think modern naturalists will allow to be equally wide of the truth. Again, the species forming the genera Aigocerus and Nemorhedus of Major Smith are placed together in the ‘ Régne Animal,’ and Mr. Blyth hints that the Anoa may be allied to the Oryx.
It is certainly remarkable, that while the teeth have contributed so important a share in the characters by which the mammalia have been arranged by various authors, they should have been so entirely overlooked in the members of the present division ; for notwithstand- ing the great uniformity and strongly-marked character pervading the Ruminant dentition, very decided characters may frequently be found in the form and direction of the incisors, and in the presence or absence of the supplemental lobe in the molars; and it is the more to be wondered at when we consider that the incisors, from their position, may often easily be seen in dried specimens, and that the character alluded to in the molars has been found of considerable value in the interpretation of fossil remains. The remaining cha- racters I shall have to bring forward consist of certain little details of structure in the skull, which are very easy to be perceived, and which, as I have found them constant in those groups which I have characterized by their means, I trust may meet with due consideration from naturalists.
Of late years, while some zoologists have remained content to call all hollow-horned Ruminants that are neither oxen, sheep, nor goats, by the generic name Antilope, another class have run into the extreme of the modern fashion by using every trifling external difference visible in dried skins, or recorded in books (sometimes not even ex- cepting size and colour), to divide them so extensively, that the cha- racters of the genera become more difficult to remember than those of the species. Considering the difficulty of observing many of these characters in dry specimens, and of bearing such trivial details in the memory, it is not to be wondered at that many errors of observation have crept in, a few of which I will point out as I proceed, limiting myself in my own diagnoses to the characters of the skull and horns. There is no doubt that the suborbital sinus, improperly called “ lacry- mal sinus” (translated into “tear-pit”” by some authors, “‘tear-bag”’ by Mr. Gray), will form a valuable means of distinction when its structure in all the genera has been sufficiently observed upon fresh individuals, or on the parts preserved in fluid, provided that we do not attach too much importance to its relative dimensions; but although its dried appearance may assist discrimination, we cannot venture to describe it. As to inguinal pores and interdigital pits, it must always be difficult, and frequently impossible to determine their presence or absence in specimens that are dried and mounted. Tufts upon the joints of the limbs, and the extent of bare space upon the muzzle, are certainly much too trivial to warrant generic distinction, and never mark out any particular natural group.
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The last attempt to arrange this extensive family in subordinate groups is that of Mr. Gray, published in the eighteenth volume of the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History.’ His preliminary remarks, though brief, appear to me quite sufficient to dispose of the arrange- ments previously set forth, therefore I will content myself with the con- sideration of his own. The two primary divisions, which are founded only upon the horns, certainly do not indicate any very natural afti- nities, since, taking the whole structure into consideration, the Anti- lopee of Mr. Gray are not more closely allied to the Bovee than they are to the members of the second primary division, nor do the Strep- siceree ally themselves particularly to the Sheep and Goats. With regard to the subdivision of the Antilopee, he 1s certainly right in separating the “ Antelopes of the Desert” as a group, although there is no doubt that some of the divisions of the “ Antelopes of the Fields” are equally as distinct from each other as they are from the former. The division of the latter group into “True Antelopes,” “ Caprine Antelopes,” and “Cervine Antelopes,” also possesses some merit ; but the genera Capricornis and Nemorhedus are very distinct from the other Caprine Antelopes, and the genus Hleotragus (Re- dunca of Major Smith) is very distinct from the other true Antelopes, and ought, as I am quite convinced, to include the genus Kolus of Dr. Andrew Smith, placed by Mr. Gray among his Cervine Ante- lopes, and consisting of species not known at the time Major Smith was engaged in these researches.
It will be universally admitted, that for the generic division of the Ruminants, zoology is most indebted to Major Smith, and in the course of my observations I have found reason to reject but few of the divisions proposed by him as subgenera, and few, if any, in my opinion, need be added. As I thus propose to curtail the list of genera adopted by Mr. Gray, and to separate certain of them from those with which he has associated them, several will stand alone ; and of those which do ally themselves together, no group seems to manifest that particular relationship with other groups which should warrant us in separating the family, as Mr. Gray has done, into divisions of a primary, secondary, tertiary, and in some cases even a fourth and fifth degree of rank.
I will, therefore, while enumerating the characters which I have observed in the genera I propose to adopt, point out which of them appear to constitute groups, and mention those species which, from the inspection of entire specimens, skulls, or at least horns, I feel warranted in referring to the genera under which I place them. As I have seen nothing to guide me to a particular linear arrangement, any naturalist who may be pleased to adopt my divisions is at liberty to place the groups, and the genera contained in each, in whatever order he may think most convenient.
I will first proceed to the “true Antelopes”’ of Mr. Gray, excluding the genus Eleotragus. They all have the horns round, the middle incisors expanded at their summits, the others being bent outwards to make room for them, and the molars without supplemental lobes. The infraorbital depression when existing upon the skull is gene-
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rally suddenly pressed in before the orbit. The genera are as fol- lows :—
ANTILOPE.
No suborbital fissure nor fossa*, but a wide opening on the side of the muzzle, between the maxillary and intermaxillary bones ; the masseteric ridge rising before the orbit ; the auditory bulla large and prominent, with only a small groove on its outer side to receive the attachment of the stylohyal bone; the occiput broad, somewhat produced downwards; its basal portion with the posterior pair of tubercles broad, the anterior ones small. Molars without the supple- mental lobe.
Horns annulated, curving outward from the base, then bending backwards and towards the tip upwards.
Hab. South Africa.
A. Melampus.—Of this single species, to which modern zoologists have confined the old generic name, I have only seen skulls of the male, in Mr. Cumming’s collection: the lower jaw, as in most of his skulls of Ruminants, being wanting in all of them, I could not ascer- tain the character of the incisive teeth.
Major Smith assigns a suborbital sinus to this genus, making the principal distinction from the next to consist in the absence of horns in the female, thus associating with it the guttwrosa and colus, be- longing properly to the next genus,—the cervicapra, which it seems most convenient to separate,—and the adenota, which I must now refer to the genus Eleotragus. With his A. forfex I am at present unacquainted. Melampus alone remains, to which Mr. Gray rightly assigns no “‘tear-bag ;” this, together with the horns, must be the external character of the genus, if, indeed, it be essentially distinct from the Gazelles, for the horns might be considered as a distorted modification of the lyrate type, and some species of that genus seem to want the suborbital sinus.
GAZELLA.
A suborbital fissure, and a moderate, or very slight fossa, sud- denly pressed in before the orbit ; the masseteric ridge rising before the orbit ; the auditory bulla large and prominent ; the basioccipital bone having its tubercles moderately or but little developed; the median incisors expanded at their summits; the molars without sup- plemental lobes.
Horns annulated, more or less resembling an inverted lyre ; that is, bending a little outwards soon after their origin, and again inwards towards the tip.
Hab. Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa.
* I here use these terms with reference only to the skull, the fissure being that opening existing in most Ruminants, filled up during life by membrane, between the nasal, frontal, lacrymal and maxillary bones; and the fossa, the depression upon the surface of the lacrymal bone immediately before the orbit, generally affording some indication as to the existence and structure of the suborbital sinus.
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G. subgutturosa. G. Sceemmeringit.
G. dorcas.
G. Bennettii. Of these spe-
cies I have
G. euchore. ree Alls G. mhorr. G. gutturosa. ; G. colus. G. kemas.
Several of the so-called species that are closely allied in size and colour to G. Dorcas, appear to me to be merely varieties, as some of them have been considered by the older naturalists.
This genus seems prone to exhibit in certain species inhabiting more temperate regions, enlargements of, or appendages to, the re- spiratory passages ; for example, the enlarged larynx of G. gutturosa, the elevated nose of G. colus, and the appendages to its sides in the Chiru (G. kemas) ; these seem to be physiological adaptations, in no case marking a group, and therefore insufficient to warrant generic distinction, which has been made in the two latter instances. How- ever, not having as yet seen entire skulls of these species, I retain them provisionally in this genus, judging by the horns. I think few naturalists will set forth, with Mr. Gray, the colour of the horns of the Saiga as a generic character. Even in the G. Bennettii, so closely allied to G. dorcas, Mr. Hodgson states that the suborbital sinus is wanting, and he places the animal in a distinct genus, T'ragops (after- wards altered to Tragomma), on account of this difference ; while Colonel Sykes, the original describer of the species, affirms that it exists, though of very small size. Mr. Hodgson also denies it to the Chiru, which forms his genus Panthelops, and to which he assigns only five molars in each series.
CERVICAPRA.
A small suborbital fissure, and a very large fossa; the tubercles and median groove of the basioccipital bone well-developed. The other cranial characters as in Gazella.
Horns annulated, spirally twisted.
Hab. India.
C. bezoartica,
The remainder of this group, if we exclude the Cephalophi and the four-horned Antelopes of India, consists of a number of small spe- cies, apparently nearly allied, forming the subgenera Tragulus and Neotragus of Major Hamilton Smith. These are very distinguish- able by the former having vertical, the latter recumbent horns; to the former, however, must be added the Ourebi (A. scoparia), from his subgenus Redunca (Eleotragus). Mr. Gray divides them into several genera, depending upon the presence or absence of inguinal pores and knee-tufts, the shape of the hoofs, the presence or absence and form of the “‘tear-bag,”’ the condition of the fur ; and one genus, founded upon two very young specimens, is characterized by the ab- sence of the lateral rudimental hoofs. Most of these characters I must decidedly reject ; and as I do not consider the evidence of dried skins quite satisfactory with regard to certain others, and have as yet
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seen skulls of only two species, I will content myself at present with adopting only the two genera of Major Smith; using however, for the first one, Mr. Gray’s generic name Oreotragus, without at present wishing to enter into the question of its right to supersede that of Tra- gulus, because the latter name has been also used by Mr. Gray for a group of small Musk Deer, needlessly separated from the Meminna.
I do not see sufficient in the small horns contained in the Museum of the College of Surgeons to warrant the adoption, as a genus, of Major Smith’s subgenus Raphicerus. I will not attempt to conjec- ture to what species they may belong: they show nothing to prevent their ranking among the Oreotragi; and their locality, said to be the East Indies, while all the members of this genus are African, is not known with certainty.
OREOTRAGUS.
A small suborbital fissure, with a large deep fossa suddenly pressed in before the orbit; the masseteric ridge rising a little before the orbit ; the auditory bulla rather large and prominent; the basiocci- pital bone flat and smooth; the median incisors expanded at their summits, and the molars without supplemental lobes.
Horns small, placed forwards, vertical.
Hab. Africa. O. saltatriz. O. scoparius. | Of these two species I O. tragulus. have seen skulls. O. melanotis.
NEOTRAGUS.
Horns recumbent.
Hab. Africa.
N. saltianus.—Of this animal I have seen no skull, but adopt for the present Major Smith’s division, as the different direction of the horns is well-marked. It has the suborbital sinus, however, although its absence is assigned as a character by Major Smith. Of the other species included in the subgenus, I have seen but the two young speci- mens upon which Mr. Gray has founded his genus Nanotragus ; they haying no horns, I will not here venture to point out their location. The lateral rudimental hoofs are also wanting in at least one species of the last genus, the Oreotragus Tragulus, which Mr. Gray places in his genus Calotragus.
The skulls of the species of the two following genera are distin- guished from those of the preceding ones by their having no subor- bital fissure, and the fossa being large and not so suddenly pressed in in front of the orbit; and by the horns (or at least, in one case, the principal pair) being thrown back quite to the posterior edge of the frontal bone.
CEPHALOPHUS. No suborbital fissure, a large fossa occupying the whole side of the
*
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cheek ; the nasal bones expanded behind, reaching over a little way into the fossa. The other cranial characters as in Oreotragus. Horns placed far back, inclined backwards. Hab. Africa.
C. mergens. C. Maewellii. C. coronatus. C. monticola. C. silvicultriz. C. punctulatus. C. Ogilbir. C. grimmia.
C. Natalensis. C. Whitfieldii. C. rufilatus.
I have taken this list of species from Mr. Gray’s paper on the genus, published in the same volume of the ‘ Aunals and Magazine of Natural History,’ omitting a few that seem to me likely to prove varieties, and adding two, which I find named in the Museum, and not included in his paper. I have only seen skulls of two or three species, but no one will dispute the limits of this very distinct genus.
TETRACERUS.
The nasal bones not expanded ; the other cranial characters the same as in Cephalophus, with the addition of a second pair of horns of small size, placed over the orbits.
Hab. India.
T. quadricornis. T. subquadricornis.
ELEOTRAGUS.
Nasal opening rather lengthened, the nasal processes of the inter- maxillary bones long, yet not always reaching the nasal bones ; a large infraorbital fissure, but no fossa; the masseteric ridge ascending rather high ; the auditory bulla large and swollen; the basioccipital bone with its median groove and tubercles well-developed; the me- dian incisors expanded at their summits; a well-developed supple- mental lobe in the first true molar of each jaw, and usually more or less appearance of it in those behind.
Horns inclining backwards and outwards, transversely wrinkled, gently curving upwards, and a little inwards towards the tip.
Hab. Africa.
E. reduncus. FE. adenota.
E.. isabellinus. E. sing-sing.
EF. capreolus. E. ellipsiprymnus. EF. arundinaceus. EE. leché.
I have seen skulls of the four preceding the last-named.
It is quite evident, both from the structure of the skull and horns, and from the general external appearance and markings, that the Antilope adenota of Major Smith, and certain large species forming Dr. Andrew Smith’s genus Kolus, belong truly to this form, and that in the latter case, at least, naturalists must have been deceived by mere dimensions. The similarity of character between the horns of the Adenota and those of the other species is very recognizable, al-
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though Major Smith, judging by these parts alone, supposed them to belong to the lyrate type. The species does not appear among those mentioned in Mr. Gray’s paper in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natu- ral History,’ but from the name and place assigned to the specimen in the British Museum, he appears to have evaded the difficulty by constituting it a genus of itself, which is placed near the genus Kolus, the genus Eleotragus (as in his paper) being far removed. The skull in the Museum, although the occiput is lost, bears full evidence of its real affinity. Among the interesting additions to South African zoo- logy discovered by those travellers who have visited the great lake re- cently discovered in that region, an undescribed species of Antelope*, of which a beautiful skin was recently brought before the Society, will perhaps assist the more sceptical in osteological characters in arriving at a just conclusion on this point, since, while it has the sta- ture and lengthened horns of the ellipsiprymnus, it has the brilliant colour and the external marks (particularly the dark stripe down the fore-leg) which characterise the smaller species.
This genus does not seem to show any particular affinity for any of the rest, and forms a well-marked group, of which the species are scattered over various parts of Africa, and are mostly noted for their predilection for the vicinity of water.
I here again adopt Mr. Gray’s generic name, to avoid the neces- sity of altering the name of one of the species, the L. reduncus.
STREPSICEROS.
The nasal opening of moderate size ; a suborbital fissure, but no fossa; the masseteric ridge not extending high; the auditory bulla swollen and prominent ; the basioccipital bone with its anterior and posterior pairs of tubercles well-developed, the former separated by a deep median groove ; the median incisors expanded at their summits ; the molars without supplemental lobes.
Horns inclined backwards from the base, twisted, with one or more longitudinal angular ridges.
Hab. Africa.
S. cudu. S. Derbianus. S. euryceros. S. scriptus. S. Angasit. S. silvaticus. S. oreas. S. decula.
The general aspect of the skull in this group reminds one a little of that of the Deer. The species all agree very closely, both in struc- ture of the skull, and in the direction, twisting, and ridges of the horns, the Coudou differing only in having the spiral wide and open, and in the horns being confined to the male, while the Eland is only a gigantic representation of the smaller species. S. euryceros, S. An- gasii, and a species most probably distinct from the rest, of which Capt. Allen brought a skull from the Bight of Biafra, show an inter- mediate condition of the horns; and in S. Angasii, at least, they are known to be wanting in the female. Major Smith himself has here
¢ * Since named Kolus leché by Mr. Gray.
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been deceived by size, and been led to place the subgenus Trragela- phus under his genus Antilope, and the others under his genus Da- malis ; even availing himself of stature, and in the case of the Cou- dou, of a white streak over the eyes, to help out the meagre distine- tions. In associating the Nyl-Ghau with these animals, Mr. Gray has even allowed colour and marking to deceive him, for in this ani- mal the horns are not even spiral; but in another respect the charac- ters assigned to his Strepsiceree agree with the Nyl-Ghau, and not with the others, which certainly have no suborbital sinus, nor have any of them an ovine muzzle, by which Mr. Gray distinguishes the larger genera from the Tragelaphus. In these latter points Major Smith is correct.
I will now proceed to the “‘Antelopes of the Desert” of Mr. Gray,
a very well-marked, natural group, consisting of two distinct genera,
which have usually been widely separated. Mr. Blyth, however, in
the translation of Cuvier’s ‘ Animal Kingdom,’ hints at their affinity,
yand Mr. Waterhouse informs me that he has long held that opinion.
ndeed he has placed the species next each other in the Catalogue of the Society’s Museum.
ALCELAPHUS.
A large deep impression before the orbit, but no fissure ; the mas- seteric ridge not extending high; the bones of the face lengthened downwards and forwards, and the occiput also prolonged and drawn downwards ; the auditory bulla large and prominent, enclosing a large rounded space for the attachment of the stylohyal bone ; the basioccipital tubercles high and sharp, the groove between them nar- row in front, wide behind, with a flat space between the occipital con- dyles ; the median incisors expanded at their summits; the molars rather small, narrow, and without supplemental lobes, showing, when somewhat worn, a pit in the middle.
Horns placed high, ringed at the base, with double flexures more or less marked.
Hab. Africa.
A, bubalis. A. lunatus. A, Senegalensis. A. pygargus. A, caama.
I have seen skulls of the three last-named.
Mr. Gray calls a portion of this genus “ Boselaphus,” doubtless intending Alcelaphus of De Blainville, which being antecedent to Major Smith’s name dcronotus, should certainly be adopted. The genus is a very natural one, and the characters by which Mr. Gray proposes to divide it into two, are by no means sufficient. The last- mentioned species, 4. pygargus, has usually been placed among the Gazelles, where it was left by Major Smith and by Mr. Blyth, who speaks of it as leading “through 4d. Caama, Bubalis, &e. to the Guus.” Mr. Waterhouse, who in the Catalogue of the Society’s Mu- seum uses the generic name Antilope throughout, places this species
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between-the Gazelles and the others of its natural genus, to which the Gnu follows. Mr. Gray, who had left it with the Gazelles in the ‘List of Mammalia’ in the British Museum, has removed it to its true place in his paper in the ‘ Annals and Magazine.’
CATOBLEPAS.
The general characters of the skull the same as in Alcelaphus ; but the depression before the orbit less marked ; the occiput rather less prolonged, and its base, together with the auditory bulla, broader.
Horns broad at the base, inclining more or less downwards and outwards, and then bent upwards.
Hab. Africa.
C. gnu. C. taurina.
The next genus is included by Mr. Gray among his ‘Caprine Antelopes,”’ but differs from them in having a suborbital sinus or gland, of large size in some species, and of peculiar structure, opening externally by a single pore. Their nasal bones resemble those of the domestic Sheep, and their structure being altogether rather heavy, they might be called Ovine Antelopes.
NEMORHZEDUS.
No suborbital fissure ; the fossa rounded, shallow, very variable in size, sometimes very minute ; the nasal bones rather short and broad, joining the maxillaries only by the interposition of some imperfect ossification or separated from them altogether; the masseteric ridge extending high before the orbit ; the auditory bulla very small; the basioccipital bone broad, with moderately developed eminences ; the middle incisors slightly expanded at their summits; the molars without supplemental lobes.
Horns rising behind the orbits, annulated and wrinkled at the base, inclined and curved backwards.
Hab. Yndia and its islands.
C. bubalina. C. Sumatrensis. C. goral.
This genus is too well-marked by nature to admit of subdivision. Although the “‘tear-bag”’ is said to be wanting in the Goral, there is certainly a slight depression upon the lacrymal bone, and the pore with which the gland opens may be so small in this species as to escape detection in dried specimens; but if it be really absent, the instances of the genera Gazel/a and Ovis must warn us against found- ing a genus solely on the want of this organ, while on the other hand, a difference in its structure seems to be of great zoological import- ance.
Since the foregoing observations were written, I have perused Mr, B. H. Hodgson’s interesting account of the Budorcas taxicolor, in the ‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ and a glance at the representations of the skull indicates very plainly that it is closely allied to Nemorhedus, to which Mr. Hodgson admits certain resem- blances, and that it has no relationship with the Gnu, or the Musk
The characters that I assigned to Nemorhedus would appear 3
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to serve as well for this new and singular genus, except that there seems to be no suborbital depression, and the masseteric ridge, as may be expected from the general elevation of the skull, does not rise before the orbit. The horns, whose peculiar twist must constitute the diagnosis of the genus Buporcas, appear, from the rough figures given, to have the wrinkling at the base very similar to that in Ne- morhedus.
The following genera may be considered as in some degree allied, and deserve the name of Caprine Antelopes. They have no sub- orbital sinus, but have a fissure in the skull, and their incisors are not widened at the summits.
RupicaPRa.
A minute suborbital fissure, but no fossa; the masseteric ridge ascending high before the orbit ; the auditory bulla very small and compressed ; the basioccipital bone flat; the incisors equal-sized, vertical; the molars without supplemental lobes.
Horns slender, round, vertical, and hooked backwards at the tip.
Hab. Europe.
R. tragus.
DIcRANOCERUWS.
No suborbital depression ; the fissure lengthened ; the nasal bones widest posteriorly ; the orbit a little elevated above the line of the face, and the masseteric ridge not rising before it; the auditory bulla moderate, compressed and angular; the incisors equal-sized, sloping ; the molars without supplemental lobes.
Horns vertical, compressed, with a process on their anterior side, and hooked backwards at the tip.
Hab, North America.
D. Americanus.
APLOCERUS.
Horns round, vertical, gently curved backwards. Hab. North America.
A. Americanus.
I have seen no skull of this animal, but leave it for the present in this location.
I must forego all notice of the Ivalus probaton of Mr. Ogilby, as there is no skull to be seen, and the horns in the only specimen known are quite in a rudimentary condition.
The genera next to be considered are the “Cervine Antelopes”’ of Mr. Gray, exclusive of the genus Kolus, which I have rejected. With the exception of the Nyl-Ghau and some of the Eleotragi, they are the only members of the old genus Antilope that have well-developed supplemental lobes in all the true molars; they have always been placed near together. *
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ANGOCERUS.
A small suborbital fissure, but no fossa; the masseteric ridge ascending high before the orbit; the auditory bulla moderate; the occipital portion of the skull much prolonged ; the basioccipital por- tion widened, its two pairs of tubercles much developed, with a deep groove between them ; the incisors gradually increasing in size to the median pair, which are not expanded at their summits; the molars with largely-developed supplemental lobes.
Horns rising immediately above the orbits, curved backwards, annulated.
Hab. Africa.
ZB. leucopheus. 4B. niger.
Oryx.
A suborbital fissure, but no fossa, the masseteric ridge not extend- ing high ; the auditory bulla large and compressed ; the basioccipital bone with its tubercles well-developed ; the molars with supplemental lobes.
Horns straight or gently curved, annulated, placed in a line with the face.
Hab. Africa.
O. gazella. O. leucoryz.
It is only in Mr. Cumming’s collection that I have seen entire skulls of the Gemsbok, and the lower jaw being absent, I could not ascer- tain the character of the incisors. The skull of the Lewcoryz I have not seen.
ApDDAX.
A small suborbital fissure, but no fossa; the masseteric ridge ascending before the orbit ; the auditory bulla large, prominent, and compressed ; the basioccipital bone with its anterior pair of tubercles slightly, the posterior well, developed ; the median incisors expanded at their summits; the molars with supplemental lobes.
Horns nearly in a line with the face, annulated, spirally twisted.
Hab. Africa.
A. naso-maculata. 1 have seen but one skull of this animal, and that is a young one, in the Society’s collection, still retaining the whole of its milk dentition.
Before proceeding to the Sheep and Goats, the Nyl-Ghau requires to be introduced. It seems to stand alone, not having a decided affinity for any other genus.
Portax.
The nasal opening rather small, with the nasal bones small and narrow; a minute suborbital fissure ; no fossa, but a smooth line upon the lacrymal bone; the masseteric ridge not extending high ; the auditory bulla moderate, bulbous, compressed ; the basioccipital
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bone with the posterior tubercles moderately developed, the anterior ones scarcely at all; the molars with supplemental lobes.
Horns short, round, vertical, slightly bent forwards.
Hab. India.
P. picta.—The only skull that I have seen (that in the British Museum) wants the incisor teeth, so that I could not ascertain their structure. The smooth line upon the lacrymal bone terminates in a small foramen, but on one side is continued for some distance for- wards upon the maxillary bone, where it terminates in the same way; and it may even be faintly traced on the other side for some distance beyond the foramen.
CapRA.
A small suborbital fissure, no fossa ; the masseteric ridge ascending high before the orbit ; the auditory bulla prominent and compressed ; the basioccipital flat, with its processes developed ; the middle incisors not expanded ; the molars without supplemental lobes.
Horns erect, compressed ; curved backwards and a little outwards, or twisted; annulated or nodulous, and furnished with one or more
longitudinal ridges. Hab. The Northern portions of the Old World. C. hircus. C. Falconeri. C. ibex. C. jemlaica.
I do not see sufficient reason for separating the Jemlah Goat, as has been done, under the names of emicapra and Hemitragus.
Ovis.
A more or less marked, rounded, suborbital depression, but no fissure ; the masseteric ridge ascending high before the orbit ; the auditory bulla small; the basioccipital flat, more or less expanded anteriorly by the extension of the anterior pair of tubercles, the pos- terior ones small ; the incisors nearly equal-sized, sloping ; the molars without supplemental lobes.
Horns broad at the base, transversely wrinkled, bent outwards, with a more or less marked spiral curve in a direction contrary to that occurring among the Antelopes, and a longitudinal ridge or angle.
Hab. The Northern hemisphere.
O. ammon. O. nahura. O. Vignei. . O. tragelaphus. O. aries.
It is a matter of surprise to me that naturalists should almost uni- versally have given zo suborbital sinus, as characteristic of the genus Ovis, since it is very perceptible in the Domestic Sheep ; and in some other species, especially the O. ammon, judging by the appearance of the stuffed specimens, and by the fossa upon the skull, it must be of very considerable size. Ido not perceive it, however, in the O. trag- elaphus, nor in the O. nahura. Although Mr. Gray maintains the long-established error, the observations of Mr. Ogilby and Mr. Hodg-
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son agree with my own in this respect ; the latter gentleman, who far exceeds Mr. Gray in the number of generic divisions, even separates O. nahura and O. barhel as a distinct genus under the name Pseudovis, on account of the absence of “eye-pits.”
Ovisos.
A small depression in front of the orbit; no fissure; the masse- teric ridge ascending before the orbit ; the auditory bulla of moderate size ; the basioccipital bone broad and flat, with a ridge and a fossa on each side; the anterior part of which is rough; the fossa at the side of the occipital condyle filled up and produced into a blunt pro- cess, upon which the articulating surface is continued; the molars without supplemental lobes.
Horns broad at the base, tapering, pressed downwards against the sides of the head, and the points bent upwards.
Hab. The North Polar Regions.
O. moschatus.—This animal, which derives its name from its gene- ral aspect being intermediate between that of the Ox and that of the Sheep, has generally been placed among the Bovine forms. Taking the aggregate of its characters, it appears to me to be at least as nearly, if not more, allied to the Sheep, but should most properly stand alone.
The remaining genera constitute the true Bovine type, and agree among themselves in most characters of the skull. I fear that Mr. Gray’s distinctions, in the extent of the intermaxillary bones upon the sides of the nasal aperture, will not always hold good. Their general cranial character may be given first ;—
No suborbital fissure, nor fossa; the masseteric ridge ascending rather high before the orbit; the auditory bulla moderate, com- pressed ; the basioccipital bone with its tubercles well-developed, and a deep groove between them; the incisors nearly equal-sized, slightly bending outwards, and the molars with well-developed sup- plemental lobes.
Bos. Horns placed upon the extremities of the ridge terminating the occipital plane, directed outwards. Hab. Europe and Asia. B. taurus. B. gaurus. B. frontalis. B. bantiger.
Bison. Horns round, situated in a plane anterior to that of the occiput, directed outwards and curved upwards. Hab. The Northern Temperate regions. B. urus. B. grunniens. B. Americanus. The last-named species is a true Bison, as the position of the horns, No. CCXII.—ProceepineGs or THE ZooLoGicat Society.
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and the woolly fur, make apparent ; the fur being generally more copious, may reasonably be expected to extend further upon the muzzle; and the generality of instances proves that the extent of naked surface may differ in very nearly allied species, and is not sufficient to warrant generic distinction. Therefore I do not think it advisable to adopt the genus Poéphagus.
BuBALUS.
Horns attached in a plane anterior to that of the occiput, flattened or trigonal, inclined outwards and backwards, with the point bending upwards.
Hab. Southern Asia, its islands, and Africa.
B. buffelus. B. depressicornis. B. brachycerus. B. Caffer.
Although Major Smith was deceived as to the affinities of the Anoa, later as well as earlier naturalists have assigned it to its true place, and a glance at the stuffed specimen in the British Museum leaves the matter beyond a doubt. I have examined the skull in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, and cannot see that it has even a title to generic distinction. Naturalists seem at all times to have been prone to assign generic rank to whatever was mysterious or difficult to classify, and I can in no other way account for this species being made a genus.
It will be seen that my endeavour has been rather to ascertain and.
demonstrate whatever natural degrees of relationship exist among the species of this family, than to compose a system for mere convenience of reference; but so far from that being any hindrance to the prac- tical adoption of my views, I think that in arranging the specimens in a museum, or the materials of a work, it will generally be found more convenient to be able to dispose the members of a natural group in whatever order may suit our immediate object, than to be com- pelled to place them in accordance with the strmgent laws of a purely analytical method ; and that for the purpose of referring a new species to its true location, when we have not the means of observing all characters that may be necessary for the determination of a series of natural affinities, the external characters which can be assigned to a group when its limits are well made out, will be found sufficient ; while on the other hand, not only the external characters, but some- times even those of anatomical structure, will, in a group which has not been previously subjected to a full and careful examination, be as the letters of an unknown language, often leading into error and confusion.
With regard to nomenclature, I have used such names as I find most generally adopted by later naturalists who have given attention to this subject, generally taking, where I had a choice, such as appeared to have been of earliest date; and as I only enumerate such species as I have seen, I must not be considered, although I have omitted a few which appear to be varieties, as rejecting all that are left out.
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2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF THE FamiLy MELANIANA, AND OF MANY NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS MELANIA, CHIEFLY COLLECTED BY HuGcu Cumine, Ese., puRING HIS ZOOLOGICAL VOYAGE IN THE EAST, AND NOW FIRST DE- SCRIBED. By Isaac Lea anp Henry C. Lea, Puiwa- DELPHIA *.
Genus PacHycuILus f.
Testa conica. Apertura ovata, basi integro. Labrum crassum. Columella superné incrassata. Operculum suborbiculare, corneum.
The genus Melania has been found to embrace such a vast number of species in various parts of the globe, that it has become very de- sirable to separate any definite group with sufficient persistent cha- racteristics. The thickened lip sufficiently distinguishes the proposed genus from Melanopsis and Melaniat. It differs from Melanopsis also in its having no sinus, while it resembles it in the possession of a thickened columella above. From Melania it differs also in having this callous columella. The species on which it is proposed to found this genus has a mouth looking like a thick-lipped Bulimus. The operculum differs moMewtiat from that of any Melanian I have seen. Its polar point is subcentral, from which two or three spiral revolu- tions are made ; then a thinner margin surrounds these spirals.
The animal has not been observed, and may and probably will prove very different from Melania. Its proper position, however, in the system will most likely be found to be between Melanopsis and Melania, and there I would at present place it.
A second and very distinct species may be added to this genus— the Melania levissima, Sowerby, described in Deshayes’ edition of Lamarck. It inhabits Colombia, and is a shorter, wider, and much thicker shell, with a large white mouth.
Pacuycuitus Cuminer. P. testd levi, elevato-conicd, sub- crassd, nitidd, fusco-nebulosd ; spird elevatd, acuminatd ; anfrac- tibus undecim, convexiusculis ; suturis linearibus ; aperlurd par- viusculd, subrotundd, ad basim rotundd, intus fuscd ; labro vaide expanso ; columelld superne incrassatd.
Hab. Large rivers, Copan, Central America.
Length 1:4, diam. °5 of an inch.
Remarks.—This is a very remarkable shell among the Mélaniens.
It is of fine svmmetry, the whorls being very regular to the apex. The brownish cloudiness gives the whole surface a dark hue, while the smoothness of the whorls gives it almost a polished appearance. It differs very much in form from Melania levissima, Sow., which naturally belongs,to the same genus, and which is adopted above ;
but it has the same cs eee of mouth and exterior colour. Both
4
* All the species described are in the Cabinets of Hugh Cuming and Isaac Lea.
+ Tlayds, thick, and xeidos, lip.
+ Lamarck describes the family Mélaniens as having a sharp outer lip, “le droit toujours tranchant ; , but aa genus naturally belongs to Melania, Mela- nopsis, and Pirena.
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species under the microscope exhibit very minute revolving striz. The aperture is rather more than one-fourth the length of the shell. The operculum has its polar point subcentral.
The genus Melania of Lamarck abounds in a most extensive number of species, and is undoubtedly the most interesting of the genera of the family Melaniana. It is distributed round the whole circumference of the globe, and inhabits the fresh waters of America at least as far north as 45° latitude, and it probably exists quite as far south, as it is found in New Zealand. In the north of Europe there is not a single species known, while very few are found in the southern part of that quarter of the world. In the middle, southern and south-western portions of the United States, the greatest number of species seem to be developed on this continent ; and in the States of Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee and Alabama they are the most profuse, and present an almost endless variety of forms, extending to an incredible number of species. The rivers and lakes of India and Africa have not yet been well explored ; but while they present some of the most striking and beautiful species, it may be doubted if they abound in the variety of forms which are found in the United States. The Philippine Islands form a most prolific district, where the development of these forms seems to have been greatly extended. Mr. Cuming, with an industry, energy and per- severance which portray the true naturalist, devoted several years to the Mollusca of this remarkable group of islands, and his reward has been, the discovery of a vast number of species heretofore un- known to science ; and he well deserves the gratitude of all students of this branch of natural history for his devotion to the collection of a museum, almost, if not quite, unequalled in the Mollusca.
ME tania CANALIS. WM. testd levi, acuto-conoided, subtenui, tene- broso-castaned, flammis longitudinalibus ferrugineis ornatd ; spird elevatd, ad apicem costatd ; suturis impressis canaliculatisque ; an- Fractibus duodecim, subconvevis ; aperturd ovatd, ad basim patuld, tintus albidd.
Hab. Small streams, island of Guimaras, Philippines.
Length 2-1, diam. °6 of an inch.
Remarks.—This is rather a large and somewhat robust species. The full-grown specimens are of a dark chestnut-brown, the younger sometimes a pale horn-colour, with longitudinal flammate marks, nearly equidistant, and with distinct minute transverse strie. The most remarkable character of this species is the impressed and rather sharp channel at the junction of the whorls. The aperture is nearly one-third the length of the shell, and the base is expanded, the co- lumella below being flattened.
MeELANIA F@DA. WM. testd levi, conoided, subcrassd, tenebroso- fuscd, rufo-nebulosd ; spird subelevatd ; suturis subimpressis ; anfractibus decem, planulatis; aperturd ellipticd, subcontractd, ad basim subangulatd, intus tenebroso-castaned ; labro margine ceru- lescente.
Hab. Rocky stream, Java.
18]
Length 1:6, diam. *5 of an inch.
Remarks.—In the adult specimens the edge of the aperture is bluish white, and within more or less brown. In all cases the colu- mella is white in the four specimens under examination. They are covered nearly over the whole surface with a black deposit of oxide of iron. Near the base there are seven to ten indistinct strie. The aperture is about one-third the length of the shell. The operculum is ovate, and does not present any peculiar character.
Meania sopria. WM. testd levi, acuto-conoided, subcrassd, luteo-corned ; spird elevatd, ad apicem costatd ; suturis impressis ; anfractibus duodecim, planulatis ; aperturd parvd, subovatd, intus albidd, ad basim rotundatd ; columellé regulariter curvatd.
Hab. Very small streams, Siquijor, Philippines.
Length 1-5, diam. °5 of an inch.
Remarks.—A very regularly formed, light-coloured species. There are a few indistinct striz near the base. The sutures are very regu- lar and thread-like. The upper whorls are slightly maculate, and those nearest to the apex minutely plicate. The aperture is rather more than the fourth of the length of the shell, and is rounded at the base of the columella.
MeE.LaAnia susuLa. WM. testd levi, acuto-conoided, tenui, castaned ; spird valde elevatd, acuminata; suturis impressis ; anfractibus duodecim, subconvexis ; aperturd parvd, contractd, intus vel albida vel rufo-castaned.
Hab. Small river in the province of Ho Ho, isle of Panay, Phi-
lippines.
Length 1-8, diam. °4 of an inch.
Remarks.—-This is a delicately formed species, very much atte- nuated, with six or eight impressed, small striz at the base. In the darker specimens, the upper part of the whorl at the suture is lighter- coloured than the other part. The upper whorls are finely striate. The aperture is small, about one-fourth the length of the shell, and rounded at the base of the columella.
Mevania acus. WM. testd levi, conoided, subtenui, corned ; spird acuminatd, ad apicem costatd ; suturis subimpressis ; anfractibus undecim planulatis ; aperturd parvd, ovatd, intus cerulescente ; columella regulariter curvata.
Hab. Small stream, Guimaras, Philippines.
Length 11, diam. *3 of an incb.
Remarks.—This is a regularly formed, small species. The speci- mens under examination are nearly covered with a deposit of oxide of iron, which on removal displays a horn-coloured epidermis. The aperture is nearly one-third the length of the shell, and is rounded at the base.
MELANIA DERMESTOIDEA. WM. testd levi, politd, subcylindraced, crassd, tenebroso-castaned ; spird subelevatd ; suturis impressis ; anfractibus sex, subplanulatis ; apertura ovata, ad basim canali- culatd, intus rufescente ; labro incrassato.
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Hab. Seychelles Islands.
Length °6, diam. *2 of an inch.
Remarks.—The most marked character of this species is the notched channel of the base, where the colour is rather darker. The outer lip is thick and rounded. The superior part of the whorl in some specimens is lighter in colour. In its general aspect this species resembles Melania simplex, Say. The epidermis is very lustrous. The aperture is nearly one-half the length of the shell.
Mexania contracta. WM. testd levi, ovato-elongatd, pallida, tenui; spird elevatd ; anfractibus novem, planulatis ; apertura ovatd, constrictd, ad basim canaliculatd, intus vel albidd vel rufd ; columella contortd reflerdque.
Hab. Seychelles Islands.
Length ‘8, diam. *3 of an inch.
Remarks.—This, like the dermestoidea, herein described, from the same locality, is remarkable for the notched channel at the base. They may easily be distinguished by the contracta having a more elevated spire, greater number of whorls, being of a lighter colour, and in the aperture being longer and more twisted. There is a disposition in the upper part of the columella to be thickened and rufous, and the twist and backward turn are very remarkable. The aperture is about one-third the length of the shell.
MELANIA FERRUGINEA. WM. testd levi, nitidd, ventricoso-conoi- ded, inflatd, crassd, ferrugined ; spird subelevatd; suturis valde impressis ; anfractibus sex, convevis ; aperturd magnd, subro- tundd, intus albidd.
Hab. Zanzibar, East Africa.
Length -9, diam. *4 of an inch.
Remarks.—The rather inflated form of this species gives it the aspect of some of the Paludine. A single specimen, and not an entirely perfect one, has only been submitted for examination. It seems to differ from any described species, while it has no very di- stinctive character. The aperture is very nearly one-half the length of the shell.
Metania tmpurA. UM. testd levi, subcylindraced, compressd, subcrassd, viridi-corned; spird subelevatd; suturis valde im- pressis ; anfractibus planulatis, supra geniculatis ; aperturd ellip- ticd, subcontractd, ad basim retusd, intus albidd; columelld re- gulariter incurva.
Hab. Naga, province of South Cumarines, Luzon, Philippines.
Length °9, diam. °35 of an inch.
Remarks.—The angle on the superior portion of the whorls gives this species a very distinct aspect. This angle is not very acute, but it is very marked in all the four specimens under examination. The apex in each being decollate, the number of whorls cannot of course be correctly ascertained ; there may be about seven. The colour of the epidermis is uniform and of a greenish horn-colour. The aper- ture is rather more than one-third the length of the shell, and is rounded and retuse at the base.
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MetaniA Cocuuipium. WM. testd levi, subulatd, subcrassd, rufo- corned ; spird elevatd, acuminatd, ad apicem minut? plicatd ; sutu- ris regulariter impressis ; anfractibus tredecim, subcompressis, an- Sractu ultimo supra angulato, magno ; aperturd late ovatd, parva, ad basim retusd, intus albidd ; columelld regulariter incurvd.
Hab. Very small streams, islands of Siquijor and Guimaras, Phi- lippines.
Length 1-5, diam. °5 of an inch.
Remarks.—This is a very remarkable species, having a single ele- vated, revolving rib on the superior part of the last whorl, which causes a somewhat impressed channel above. The four specimens under examination from Siquijor are fresh and with perfect epi- dermis, which varies on the younger specimens to rather a pale horn- colour, while the more mature ones are of a reddish horn-colour. The four from Guimaras are “dead shells,’ rather more robust, with a portion only of the epidermis remaining, which is rufous. The aperture is about one-fourth of the length of the shell. The operculum has its polar point near the base on the left side.
Metania crncta. WM. testd levi, subulatd, subtenui, rufo-cas- taned ; spird valde elevatd, acuminatd, ad apicem plicatd ; sutu- ris impressis, linearibus ; anfractibus tredecim, subconveais ; an- Fractu ultimo uno-vittato ; aperturd dilatatd, ovatd, intus fusco Sasciaté, ad basim rotunda ; columella contortd.
Hab. India.
Length 2°2, diam. °6 of an inch.
Remarks.—The form of this species is very much like that of Melania aculeus (nobis), but it is a more attenuate species. The single light band on the lower whorl seems to be peculiar to this species. It is below the middle part of the whorl, and is distinctly visible on the inside in the three specimens under examination. The upper whorls have regular, oblique, somewhat distant folds, on two of the specimens, which are crossed by minute strie. The lower part of the whorl has indistinct strie. The aperture is not large, being less than one-fourth the length of the shell, and it is rounded at the base. The columella is much incurved.
MELANIA LANCEA. WM. testd levi, subulatd, subtenui, corned ; spird elevatd, ad apicem striata; suturis impressis ; anfractibus duodecim, convewxis ; aperturd ovatd, intus albidd, ad basim ro- tundd ; columelld angulariter incurvd.
Hab. Ohcataroa, Society Islands.
Length 1°6, diam. *5 of an inch.
Remarks.—This species is in form somewhat like the M. aculeus (nobis), but is a smaller shell and not quite so attenuate. In the four specimens under examination small strize are distinctly marked on the superior or younger whorls, and on two of them some of the striee are continuous on the lower whorls. The aperture is not large, being not quite one-third the length of the shell. The colu- mella is much incurved and recurved.
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Mexania EpiscopaLis. M. testa plicatd, turritd, subcrassd, tenebroso-castaned ; spird elevatd ; suturis impressis ; anfrac- tibus subconvexis, prope suturam superiorem concavis ; plicis raris, subacuminatis ; aperturd magnd, ellipticd, intus ce@rulescente ; columella contorta.
Hab. A sluggish river, Malacca.
Length 2°4, diam. °8 of an inch.
Remarks.—This is a remarkable and interesting species, and differs from any which has been described, in having rather large and somewhat distant folds rising on the upper part into nodular points, in all the four specimens submitted for examination. The apex of these specimens being truncated, the number of whorls cannot be ascertained. A perfect adult would probably present about ten. The folds are distinct on the four lower whorls only. On the middle of the lower whorl there is a slightly elevated line, below which are about six obscure strie. The aperture is large, and more than one-third the length of the shell ; it is twisted, and has an elongated base. The columella is whitish and very much incurved. The operculum is more spiral than usual, and the polar point more toward the centre.
Metania BuattTa. M. testd plicatd, elongate conoided, crassd, castaneo-nigricante ; spird elevatd, crebré costatd; anfractibus planulatis, infra suturas concavis ; plicis crebris ornatis ; aper- turd magnd, ovatd, superne angulatd, ad basim rotundd, intus ceruled ; columella tortad, superné incrassatd.
Hab. Rapid river and small streams, Luzon, Philippines.
Length 2°6, diam. *7 of an inch.
Remarks.—A very dark-coloured and remarkably fine species, with numerous, nearly parallel, perpendicular folds, which number some eighteen or twenty, and exist on every whorl in the eight speci- mens under examination. The four large ones are truncate, but the younger and more perfect would indicate the existence of about ten whorls. It differs from the episcopalis in being more attenuate, in having more folds and a much less twisted columella. The aperture is large, and rather more than one-fourth the length of the shell.
MELANIA COSTELLARIS. JM. testd plicatd, superné striatd, acu- minatd, subcrassd, tenebroso-castaned ; spird elevatd ; suturis line- aribus ; anfractibus decem, subplanulatis ; anfractu ultimo magno, geniculato; plicis numerosis; aperturd parvd, dilatatd, ovatd, supern? angulatd, ad basim rotundd, intus cerulescente ; columella
incurvd. Hab. Small streams in the islands of Negros, Tanhay, Siquijor ; Philippines, .
Length 1°5, diam. *5 of an inch.
Remarks.—The last whorl being angular gives this species a pe- culiar and remarkable character, and causes a channel immediately below the suture. Several of the specimens under examination have beautiful delicate impressed lines immediately above the sutures. In the superior whorls these lines cover the whole surface. The folds
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terminate on the angle, and are disposed to be nodulous there. The aperture is rounded, angular above, and not quite one-third the length of the shell. The base of the shell is rounded.
Me ania ReEcTA. M. testd plicatd, attenuatd, subcrassd, tenebroso- castaned ; spird valde elevatd ; suturis irregulariter impressis, sub- canaliculatis ; anfractibus tredecim, subplanulatis ; plicis numero- sis ; aperturd parvd, ovatd, ad basim rotundd, intus cerulescente; columelld ineurvd.
Hab. Very small streams, Siquijor and isle of Negros, Philippines.
Length 1-7, diam. *5 of an inch.
Remarks.—In many of its characteristics this species is like the M. costellaris. It differs entirely, however, in the enlargement of the last whorl, the angle on the superior part of it, and in the channel below the suture, which are important characters in the cos¢e/laris. Nor has it the minute revolving lines. The folds are remarkably regular and distinct, and number about eleven on each whorl! in the eight specimens under examination. On two individuals the epi- dermis remains quite perfect, and is deposited in regular, revolvin striz. The aperture is about one-third the length of the shell; it is rounded below and angular above, where it is slightly set off from the body of the whorl. The columella is but slightly curved.
Mevania austrauis. WM. testd plicatd, conicd, tenui, diaphand, rubiginoso-corned ; spird costatd, prope apicem turbinatd ; suturis impressis ; anfractibus septem, conveais, ad basim striatis ; plicis numerosis ; aperturd magnd, ellipticd, intus salmonid ; columella tortd ; labro superne emarginato.
Hab. Victoria river, North Australia.
Length -9, diam. *4 of an inch.
Remarks.—This is a very distinct little species, and the sudden enlargement of the third whorl below the apex gives it a somewhat turbinated appearance. The folds do not on the lower whorl reach the suture, and above and below these folds there are minute re- volving striz. The aperture is more than one-third the length of the shell. The outer lip is slightly crenulate and remarkably in- curved near to its junction with the body whorl.
MELANIA TORNATELLA. M. ¢estd plicatd, fusiformi, crassd, corned, inferne lineatd ; spird acuminatd ; suturis irregulariter impressis ; anfractibus novem, convexiusculis, ad apicem mucronatis, in medio concavis ; plicis numerosis, crebris ; aperturd constrictd, elongatd, intus alba ; labro superné incisd ; columelld levi, crassd, contortd, reflexd.
Hab. Shallow rivers, Tanhay, isle of Negros, Philippines.
Length -9, diam. -35 of an inch.
Remarks.—This belongs to a very remarkable group of Melania. The emargination of the outer lip, above the middle of the whorl, is strikingly characteristic of the group. It causes a slight flatness or convexity of the whorl, as well as a curve in the numerous ribs, which cover the whole surface in this species, except where it is superseded
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by the transverse lines on the lower part of the whorl. These lines are remarkably parallel, regular and well-impressed, and in the four specimens under examination are six in number. The folds are like ribs, very numerous, closely set, and very distinct. The form of this species, described above, is very like Tornatella, and the twist in the columella also resembles that genus. The ribs continue on the apex and give it a scalariform appearance. The aperture is nearly one- half the length of the shell. The edge of the lip, below the emargina- tion, is slightly crenulate. The columella is very thick towards and at the base, where it is so retuse as to permit the inside to be seen. One of the specimens is rubiginose at the base. No operculum ac- companied the specimens.
Metania RupIs. WM. testd plicatd, subfusiformi, crassa, corned ; spird subelevatd ; suturis irregulariter impressis ; anfractibus pla- nulatis transversim lineis impressis cinctis, superne canaliculatis ; plicis numerosis, crebris; aperturd parvd, ovatd, intus albidd ; labro superne emarginato ; columella levi, subcrassd, tortd.
Hab. Amboyna.
Length 1:1, diam. °4 of an inch.
Remarks.—Allied to Melania tornatella, it forms one of the emarginate group, but differs in the size of the aperture and in the form of the ribs, which are transversely cut by numerous fine lines, in groups, which lines traverse the whole whorls. The aperture is about one-third the length of the shell, and the lip is crenulate. The three specimens under examination are all truncate at the apex, and the number of whorls therefore not ascertained. It has the spiral operculum usual to Melania.
Mevania microstoma. M. testd plicatd, subfusiformi, subcrassd, luteo-corned ; spird elevatd ; suturis irregulariter impressis ; an- Sractibus octo, planulatis, transversim lineis impressis cinctis, su- perné canaliculatis ; plicis numerosis, crebris ; aperturd maximd, ovatd, ad basim truncatd, intus cerulescente ; labro superné emar- ginato ; columelld levi, ad basim subcrassd tortdque.
Hab. Mountain streams, isle of Negros, Philippines.
Length *9, diam. *3 of an inch.
Remarks.—This belongs to the group with emarginate lip, along with M. rudis and M. tornatella. It is a more slender species, more subulate, and has a smaller aperture than either. It takes more the form of Terebra. It has groups of lines which decussate the ribs as in the rudis. The aperture is not one-third the length of the shell, and the lip is crenulate. No operculum was received with the shells.
MELANIA TRANSVERSA. WM. testd plicatd, pyramidatd, crassa, cor- ned, castaneo-maculatd ; spird elevatd; suturis irregulariter impres- sis ; anfractibus subconvezis, transversim lineis impressis cinctis ; costellis verticalibus raris; aperturd parvd, oblique transversd, rhomboided, intus maculatd et cerulescente; labro terebreformi, crenulato ; columelld contortd, superné incrassatd, inferne emar- ginatd,
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Hab, Guiana.
Length 1:6, diam. *5 of an inch.
Remarks.—This species is remarkable for the unusual obliquity of its aperture and its auger-shaped lip. In its ribs and decussate strize it resembles the group consisting of M. tornatella, M. rudis and M. microstoma, but it has not the emarginate lip and therefore does not belong to them. The emargination at the base of the columella is quite a different, character, and is very remarkable in this species, representing as it does the dite of the auger. The chestnut-coloured spots are small, but so distinct as to mark the interior of the shell, which is white and thick. The two specimens under examination are both truncate at the apex, and the number of whorls not ascertained, probably about ten. The aperture is rather more than one-fourth the length of the shell. The operculum is spiral, with the polar point nearly in the centre and with at least five revolutions, which is un- usual with Melanie. It is allied to M. truncata, Lam. (semiplicata, Fer.), but is less cylindrical and differs somewhat in the aperture.
Mruanra Maxima. M. testd striatd, elevato-conoided, crassd, corned; spird valde elevatd ; suturis linearibus ; anfractibus duo- decim, planulatis; striis magnis, raris, tenebrosis ; aperturd magnd, rhomboided, intus albidad ; columelld valde contortd.
Hab. Copan, Central America.
Length 3, diam. 1:1 inches.
Remarks.—This very large species has a remarkable outline, form- ing a perfectly regular, rather obtuse cone above. The aperture is very large, and in the youngest of the three specimens the coloured striz are very distinct within. Under the microscope minute revolving lines may be observed over all the whorls. The aperture is rather more than one-third the length of the shell. The operculum has five revolutions and is very much like that of M. transversa, the polar point being nearly central.
Mexanra Minportiensis. M. testd striatd, elevato-conoided, sub- tenui, pallidd, ad apicem acuminatd ; spird elevatd ; suturis impres- sis ; anfractibus duodecim, subconvezis, striis crebris ; aperturd magnd, ellipticd, intus albd ; columelld incurvatd tortdque.
Hab. Small streams, Puerto Galero, isle of Mindoro, Philippines.
Length 1-9, diam. *7 of an inch.
Remarks.—The outline of this species is very regular, tapering to
a fine point. There are five specimens under examination, all of which have raised strize over the whole of the body whorl. Some of the specimens have the two next whorls ribbed, which ribs, the strize decussating, form granular elevations. The remaining whorls are perfectly smooth, with a few delicately impressed transverse lines. Some have brown spots, which towards the apex are more numerous and flammate. The aperture is more than one-third the length of the shell. The operculum has its polar point on the lower edge, and the curved lines of growth do not make one-eighth of a revolution.
MELANIA INDEFINITA. WM. testd striatd, elevaio-conicd, sub-
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crassd, tenebroso-corned; spird subelevatd; suturis valde im- pressis ; anfractibus convezis, infra suturas impressis, striis cre- bris impressis ; aperturd parvd, ovata, intus cerulescente, ad basim rotunda ; columella regulariter incurvatd.
Hab. Naga, Luzon, Philippines.
Length 1°6, diam. *5 of an inch.
Remarks.—The species has a very close resemblance to the striate varieties of M. Virginica, Say. The three adult specimens under examination are truncate, and the number of whorls therefore not ascertainable, but probably about nine. The impressed revolving lines are somewhat distant, regular and delicate. Between these, under the microscope, may be seen very minute revolving striz. The aperture is about one-fourth the length of the shell. The operculum has its polar point near to the edge of the lower margin.
Metantrs Luzonrensis. M. testd striatd, conicd, subtenui, tene- broso-corned ; spird erosd; suturis impressis ; anfractibus sex, converiusculis, transversim lineis rugosis impressis cinctis ; aper- turd magnd, elongato-ellipticd, intus rubiginosd ; columella alba tortdque.
Hab. Small streams, Calanang, province of Bai, Philippines.
Length 1°1, diam. *5 of an inch.
Remarks.—There is no peculiarity in the outline of this species, and the most striking character is perhaps in the impressed lines, which are somewhat distant, having minute numerous wrinkles across the groove. They are very distinctly visible under the microscope, and do not seem to have been observed in any other species. The superior part of the whorls is disposed to be granose, and one speci- men has four rows of granules. Immediately under the sutures there is a yellow line. The aperture is one-half the length of the shell. The operculum has its polar point close to the lower margin.
MELANIA ALBESCENS. WM. testd striatd, elevato-conicd, subtenui, albidd, lineis rufis interruptis ornatd ; spird acuminatd ; suturis impressis ; anfractibus undecim, planiusculis, lineis transversis vir impressis ; aperturd ovato-oblonga, intus albidd, rufo-macu- lata, ad basim rotunda ; columella incurva.
Hab. Small streams, isles of Guimaras, Negros and Siquijor, Phi-
lippines.
Length 2°5, diam. -9 of an inch.
Remarks.—This is a very regularly formed and graceful species, with rather a high and tapering spire. The impressed revolving strie are chiefly on the body whorl. The most striking character- istic is the numerous interrupted delicate brown lines, which cover nearly the whole of the whorls and are closer and better defined towards the apex. In some specimens there are beautiful brown spots on a white ground, below the sutures. The aperture is about one-third the length of the shell. The operculum has its polar point close to the lower margin on the left. There is a very great differ- ence in the size and thickness of the specimens. Some of the old are very large, heavy, and covered with the oxide of iron, showing
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beneath a brown epidermis and white nacre. In these the peritreme is very thick, and the columella more remarkably thick than hereto- fore noticed in any Melanian.
Metania HaAstuLA. M. testd striatd, nonnunquam plicatd, elon- gate subulatd, diaphand, tenui, fuscd, striis transversis crebris costulas decussantibus ; spird acuminatd ; suturis linearibus ; an- fractibus plano-convevis ; aperturd parvuld ; ovatd, intus vel fuscd vel albidd ; columella incurvd tortdque.
Hab. Various streams of Siquijor, Cagayan, Mindanao, and other
Philippine Islands.
Length 3°3, diam. °8 of an inch.
Remarks.—A very attenuate and greatly varied species, some being smooth with few strie, others with striee over the whole sur- face, and others again with numerous folds. In some of the speci- mens under examination the apex is eroded in a very unusual manner, the outer portion of the whorls there being so much decomposed as to present little more than the central column. Some of the speci- mens are dark brown, others are horn-colour with brown spots. There are probably about twelve whorls. Although some of the specimens have more or less distinct, somewhat distant folds, there are others which have no folds whatever. This species is placed among the striate group, as striee are found more or less developed on every specimen. ‘The striee immediately below the suture are more deeply impressed and cause a slight groove. A variety from Camiguing is flatter on the whorls and less disposed to plication. The aperture is not quite one-fourth the length of the shell, is rather open and somewhat patulous below. The operculum has its polar point near to the margin on the left.
Metania suncea. M. testa striatd, elongate subulatd, tenui, tenebroso-fuscd, infra suturas luteo-lineatd ; spird altenuatd ; suturis valde impressis, anfractibus undecim, convezis, lineis trans- versis impressis ; aperturd parvuld, ovatd, intus fused ; columella valde incurvd contortdque. Hab. Lake of Taal, province of Batanos, and small streams in Luzon, Philippines.
Length 2, diam. 5 of an inch. |
Remarks.—An attenuate and gracefully formed species. Some of the specimens are of a dark rich brown, others are flammate. Two have very small incipient folds on nearly all the whorls, others have a few towards the apex. From the same locality are four specimens, which, while they differ but little in form, are very different in colour, being yellowish, with longitudinal flammate brown marks. This variety answers very closely to M. flammulata, Von dem Busch, ‘Conchylien,’ &e. by Dr. Philippi, tab. 1. fig. 3,4. The aperture is about one- fourth the length of the shell and is rather small, with a patulous lip having a whitish border. The operculum has its polar point rather near to the margin. Gualtierus (tab. 6. fig. G) gives a drawing of a freshwater shell closely resembling this variety. Another variety is rather thinner, diaphanous, horn-colour, and obscurely maculate.
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Meuania conuxuus. WM. testd minute et crebrissime striatd, co- nicd, subtenui, fuscd; spird obtusd; suturis linearibus ; anfrac- tibus septem, planulatis, uno-vittatis ; aperturd elongato-ovatd, ad basim angulatd, intus fuscd ; columelld tortd.
Hab. Small streams, Fernando Po, West Africa.
Length 1-4, diam. *5 of an inch.
Remarks.—This interesting species is remarkable for its peculiar striee, which cover the whole surface of all the whorls. The lines are irregular, and so minute as to require the microscope to detect them. A little above the middle of the whorl there is an obscure, dark, rather broad band. The middle of the whorl is somewhat angular. The aperture is not quite one-half the length of the shell, and is somewhat angular below.
MetaniA opruta. WM. testd striatd, conoided, crassd, bivittatd, fusca; spird subelevatd ; suturis impressis ; anfractibus septem, conveviusculis, lineis crebris elevatis; apertura parvuld, sub- patuld, intus albd et bivittatd, ad basim emarginatd et retusa ; labro crenulato et arcuato.
Hab. 2
Length 1°3, diam. *5 of an inch.
Remarks.—In general form and outline this species is very like to the striate variety of M. Virginica, Say. It differs in being thicker and in having a crenulate and patulous lip. In the four specimens submitted, the two dark brown bands are beautifully distinct inside, and stop short of the margin. Three specimens have a suddenly enlarged body whorl. Two of the specimens have obscure, longitu- dinal brown marks. The aperture is about one-third the length of the shell, is very much curved on the edge of the lip, and disposed to be canaliculate at the base. The strize are coarse and elevated.
MELANIA TURRICULUS. WM. testd striatd, conoided, subtenut, obscure maculatd, corned, spird subelevatd; suturis impressis ; anfractibus novem, convewviusculis, lineis subraris impressis, su- perne angulatis; aperturd parvd, subconstrictd, intus albidd et obscure maculatd, ad basim rotundd ; columella regulariter cur- vatd.
Hab, Small rivers, Calanang, province of Bai, Luzon, Philippines.
Length 1-2, diam. *4 of an inch.
Remarks.—This species, like M. obruta, resembles in size and outline very closely M. Virginica, Say. It differs from the former in being less thick, in being maculate and not banded, and in having impressed lines. It differs from the latter in being maculate, and in being angular immediately under the suture. The aperture is rather more than one-third the length of the shell, angular above and rounded below. The operculum has its polar point somewhat re- moved from the lower margin.
Mepanta apis. WM. testd striatd, conicd, tenui, obscuré granosd, rufo-castaned ; spird obtusd ; suturis irregulariter impressis ; an- fractibus convevis, lineis paucis elevatis ; aperturd parvd, sub-
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rotundd, intus rufd, ad basim angulatd; labro repando, rufo- marginato ; columelld incrassatd.
Hab. Marshy places, Vera Cruz, Mexico.
Length °8, diam. *3 of an inch.
Remarks.—Neither of the four specimens under examination are perfect, all being much eroded at the apex. Under the microscope the surface may be observed to be papillose, a character rarely found in this genus, though not very uncommon in Helix. The aperture is rather more than one-third the length of the shell and is unusually rotund. The rufous line surrounds the peritreme. The aperture is reddish inside.
Mexania Cuminet. WM. testa striatd, turritd, superné uno-cari- natd, subcrassd, tenebroso-fuscd ; spird valdé elevatd; suturis regulariter impressis ; anfractibus planulatis, lineis raris impres- sis; aperturd magnd, subtriangulari, intus cerulescente ; colu- mella retusd contortdque.
Hab. Very small streams, island of Siquijor, Philippines.
Length 2°5, diam. *7 of an inch.
Remarks.—This is a very remarkable species. A single specimen only was sent by Mr. Cuming, and this unfortunately is by no means perfect. There is a good deal of ferruginous matter deposited over the surface, and the apex is so much eroded that the number of whorls cannot be well ascertained, perhaps about nine. The turrited form of the shell is very notable. Immediately under the suture there is an elevated and cordlike line, slightly angular on the superior part. Below this the whorl is slightly impressed. Part of the sur- face is wrinkled by the transverse striz decussating longitudinal lines. The aperture is about one-third the length of the shell, and remarkable for its triangular form. The columella is unusually white, which shows in contrast with the dark epidermis. The operculum is large and thick, having its polar point near to the lower border.
Meant pactyius. WM. testd striatd, valde elevatd, superni cos- tatd, crassd, vel fused vel luteo-corned ; spird valde elevatd ; su- turis impressis; anfractibus duodecim, convevis, lineis crebris elevatis ornatis ; costellis verticalibus crebris ; aperturd submagnd, subrotundatd, intus vel salmonid vel ceruled; columelld incrassatd, salmonid tortdque.
Hab. Small streams in Guimaras, Mindanao, Luzon and Seyte,
Philippines.
Length 3°2, diam. 1 inch.
Remarks.—This is a remarkably fine, large, and protean species. There are about two dozen specimens under examination from various islands of the Philippines. The prevailing character of the surface is striate with decussating costee on the superior whorls; but some specimens have these costze enlarged on the lower whorls, instead of their having vanished, as on others. Some again have their costz rising into a series of pointed tubercles. Under the microscope many numerous minute strize may be observed to revolve parallel with the coarser ones. Another variety is quite smooth on the upper whorls,
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with fewer strize and costz. This looks like an immature shell. The aspect of these three varieties is quite different, but I do not consider it safe to separate them into species. The aperture is rather more than one-fourth the length of the shell. The operculum is large, having several revolutions, and the polar point is near to the centre.
MELANIA CRENIFERA. M. testd granulatd, acuto-conicd, subfu- siformi, subtenui, corned; spird granulatd, acuminatd ; suturis irregulariter impressis; anfractibus novem, convexiusculis, ad basim striatis ; aperturd submagnd, ovatd, intus albidd ; columella albd tortdque.
Hab. Small river in Java.
Length ‘9, diam. °4 of an inch.
Remarks.—Three specimens under examination are all nearly co- vered with granules, a fourth has but few. It is a very symmetrical little species. The aperture is rather more than one-third the length of the shell. No opercula accompanied these specimens.
MELANIA NANA. UM. testd granulatd, conicd, fusiformi, tenui, dia- phand, vel corned vel fuscd, rufo-maculatd ; spird depressd, gra- nulatd ; anfractibus sex, subplanulatis, ad basim striatis ; suturis irregulariter impressis ; aperturd magnd, ellipticd, intus vel al- bidd vel fuscd ; columella tortd.
Hab. Mountain streams, isle of Negros, Philippines.
Length °6, diam. *3 of an inch.
Remarks.—The colour varies in this species owing to the number of brown spots, which differ much in different specimens. One of those under examination is horn-coloured, with a few distinct brown spots; another is quite dark in consequence of the multiplicity of them. The largest granules are immediately below the suture, and the line there is disposed to be of lighter colour. The aperture is about one-half the length of the shell.
MELANIA TESSELLATA. WM. testd granulatd, elevato-conicd, crassd, tenebroso-fuscd ; spird elevatd, crebre granulatd ; anfractibus planulatis, ad basim striatis ; suturis irregulariter impressis ; aperturd parvd, ellipticd, constrictd, crenulatd, intus tricostatd, ad basim canaliculaté ; columelld subrectd.
Hab. ?
Length 1:10, diam. *4 of an inch.
Remarks.—There is nothing striking in the general appearance of this shell ; but in looking into the interior, there will be observed a character which has not been known to exist in any other species— three elevated, revolving ribs, terminating short of the outer lip. The columella is simple, nearly straight, and ends in the angle at the sinus. These remarkable ribs may involve a difference of organic structure of the animal, in which case a new genus would be required for this species. One of the three specimens is entirely white inside, the other two have dark bands. The apex being eroded in them all, the number of whorls cannot be ascertained, probably about nine. The aperture is about one-third the length of the shell. The oper- culum has its polar point near to the lower margin.
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MELANIA CREBRUM. UM. testd cancellatd, elevato-conicd, crassd, tenebroso-castaned ; spird valde elevatd ; anfractibus decem, con- veaxiusculis, ad basim striis impressis ; suturis impressis ; aperturd parvuld, ovatd, intus albidd ; ad basim rotundd ; columelld incur- vatd.
Hab. Small streams, Guimaras, Philippines.
Length 1-5, diam. *5 of an inch.
Remarks.—The symmetry of the outline and the extreme regu- larity of the decussating lines over the whole of the whorls, except at the base, are distinguishing characteristics of this species. The ele- vated portions between the decussating lines are quadrangular and resemble brickwork. The four specimens submitted are all “dead shells,” and are partly decomposed towards the apex. The aperture is rather more than one-fourth the length of the shell.
Me ania RETICULATA. WM. testd cancellatd, conicd, crassd, pal- lidd; spird elevatd ; anfractibus septem, planulatis, crassé can- cellatis, ad basim striatis ; suturis impressis ; aperturd magna, trapezoided, ad basim angulatd, intus albd; columelld incurvata, contortdque.
Hab. China.
Length 1°8, diam. *7 of an inch.
Remarks.—This is a very remarkable and distinct species, covered all over, except the lower part of the base whorl, with coarse, some- what distant decussating striee, which rise into nodes and form qua- drangular areas. Altogether it is a rough Cerithium-looking species. The epidermis is remarkably thin and light-coloured, the upper por- tion of the spire being quite white in the two specimens under exami- nation. The aperture is more than one-third the length of the shell.
Me tania acuteus, Lea. WM. testd levi, nonnunquam striatd vel granulatd, elongate subulatd, crassd vel subcrassd, corned vel fusco-nigricante ; spird acuminatd ; suturis linearibus ; anfracti- bus planulatis; apertura ovatd, intus cerulescente ; labro expanso.
Hab. Siquijor, Naga, Cagayan, and others of the Philippines.
Length 2:6, diam. *7 of an inch.
Remarks.—When this species was described by J. Lea in 1832 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.), he had seen but a single specimen, which had neither granules nor strie. Among the large quantity of this genus taken by Mr. Cuming in his Eastern voyage, were about forty specimens of this singularly protean species. Were there but few, and these as different as many of them are, no one would hesitate to consider them as distinct species. But the large number and extra- ordinary difference in them enables one, or rather compels one to keep them in a group as curious divergent varieties. When we compare the large smooth variety with the small variety covered with granules, it is difficult to believe that they may have come from a common parent, but the xuance is too complete in the series to admit of a doubt.
It was deemed advisable to re-describe this species, so that it might No. CCXIII.—Proceepineés oF THE ZooLocica Society.
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embrace the various forms which it takes in the specimens now sub- mitted by Mr. Cuming from various localities.
Mexania prADEMA. MM. testd spinosd, acuminato-ovatd, transver- sim lineata, subpapyraced, diaphand, pallio lutescente ; spird sca- lariformi, acutd; suturd lineata; anfractibus octo, superné an- gulatis, planis supra et infra; angulo spinis instructo; spinis magnis, crebris, reguluribus, brevibus, eversis, aliquando decur- rentibus ; lineis transversis, minimis, decussatis ; anfractu ultimo bullato, ad basim lineato ; aperturd magnd, ovatd ; columelld al- bidd, incurvd ; epidermide hispida.
Hab. Small streams, isle of Guimaras, Philippines.
Length 1-4, diam. °8 of an inch.
Remarks.—Differs from M. amarula in the thinness of its sub-
stance, and regularity and eloseness of its spines, which are all bent outwards, at a regular angle.
Metanta cornuta. WM. testd spinosd, elongato-ovatd, crassd, fus- cescente vel viridescente ; spird exsertd, scalariformi, apice trun- catd; suturd lineari; anfractibus medio angulatis, superné sub- concavis; angulo spinis instructo ; spinis magnis, brevibus,incurvis, raris, acutis, basi latissimis, distortis, decurrentibus, antice cana- liculatis ; anfractu ultimo magno, ad basim transversim striatulo ; aperturd magnd, ovatd; columelld lacted.
Hab. Madagascar.
Length 1-5, diam. -9 of an inch.
Remarks.—The spines are short, stout, and irregularly bent, pre-
senting the appearance of horns, and distinguishing the shell from M. amarula, which it otherwise somewhat resembles.
Meania AcANTHICA. WM. testd spinosd, ovato-turritd, varicosd, transversim lineatd, subtenui, fused ; spird elongata, conicd, sca- lariformi; apice truncatd; suturd lineari; anfractibus superne angulatis, varicibus distortis ; angulo spinis instructo ; varicibus magnis, regularibus, subobliquis, superné in spinis productis ; spinis longis, tenuibus, irregularibus, extortis ; lineis transversis, crebris, parvis, subalternantibus ; anfractu ultimo parvo, ad basim lineato ; aperturd ellipticd, inferne effusd; labro inferne producto; columelld parvd, infern? incrassatd.
Hab. Manilla and isle of Negros, Philippines.
Length ‘8, diam. °4 of an inch.
Remarks.—Bears some resemblance to M. scabra, Férussac, and
M. bellicosa, Hinds.
MeaniA ZEYLANICA. WM. testd levi, ovatd, crassd, nitidd, albidd aut virido-fused ; badio flammulatd, spird brevi, acuminatd, apice acutd, aliquando erosd; suturd lineari ; anfractibus quinque, con- vevis, ad suturam superiorem impressis, maculis flammulatis aut sa- gittatis badiis; anfractu ultimo magno, bullato; basi levi; aperturd ovato-rotundd, superné angulatd, inferne rotundatd, intus albidd ; columelld magnd, albd, superneé incrassatd, inferné curvatd.
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Hab. Seychelles and Ceylon.
Length *9, diam. *6 of an inch.
Remarks.—The markings are very variable, being sometimes ob- lique, zigzag lines, extending over the whole surface of the whorls, sometimes sagittate or short zigzag spots in transverse series. Indeed some specimens are of a uniform dark green. The last whorl some- times has two impressed transverse lines. The mouth is nearly two- thirds the length of the shell.
MeELANIA PoLtyGonaTa. MM, testd tuberculatd, elevato-conicd, striatd, crassd, nigrd; spird elevatd, conicd, apice erosa; suturd pene obsoleta, flexuosd ; anfractibus superné et inferne striatis ; medio angulatis ; angulo serie unicd tuberculorum instructo ; tu- berculis maximis, transverse angulatis, levibus ; striis transversis raris ; anfractu ultimo magno; basi crebre striatd ; aperturd su- perne valde acutd, inferne productd et effusd, intus albidd; colu- melld albd, flexuosa; operculo parvo, subcentrali.
Hab. Copan, Central America.
Length 3:5, diam. 13 inch.
Remarks.—One of the largest and finest of the Melanie. The upper whorls are generally covered with a thick, smooth deposit, obliterating the sculpture. On them the tubercles appear to dege- nerate into elevated costee. The operculum is much smaller than the mouth. The tubercles and striz sometimes produce brown marks on the columella and inside the aperture.
MeEtaAnia DENTICULATA. WM. testd spinosd, ovato-turritd, trans- versim striatd, denticulatd, tenui, diaphand, ferrugined, maculis ba- diis minutis linearibus ; spird exsertd, conicd, scalariformi, apice acuminatd ; suturd lineari ; anfractibus septem, superné angulatis, angulo denticulatis ; denticulis parvis, acutis, obliquis; striis trans~ versis, parvis, alternantibus, rugosis, maculatis, lineolis longitu- dinalibus minutissimis decussatis ; anfractu ultimo parvo, ad-basim striato ; aperturd ovatd, inferne effusd; columelld flecuosd, tenut.
Hab. Mountain streams, isle of Negros, Philippines.
Length °6, diam. °3 of an inch.
Remarks.—Allied to M. spinulosa, Lam., but may be distinguished
by its abrupt denticulations.
MELANIA ARMILLATA. JM. testd cancellatd, ovato-turritd, cras- siusculd, graniferd, viridescenti; spird elevatd, subovatd, apice acutd; suturd parvd, crenatd; anfractibus undecim, planatis, prope suturam superiorem angulatis, superne albidis, costis longi- tudinalibus obliquis graniferis crebris ; granulis rotundatis, albi- dis ; anfractu ultimo superné compresso, inferné subturgido ; basi transverse striatd; aperturd ovatd, superné acute angulatd, in- Serne rotundatd et effusd ; labro inferné producto ; columella in- Sern? angulatd, superne recta.
Hab. India.
Length 1:4, diam. *5 inch.
Remarks.—Immediately below the angle of the whorls there is
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apt to be a larger series of granules, with a very small one succeed- ing it.
MELANIA COCHLEA. WM. testd subspinosd, turritd, costatd, striatd, tenui, fulvd, maculis badiis ; spird scalariformi, ovato-acuminatd, apice acutd; suturd lineari; anfractibus decem, inferne subcon- vewis, superné angulatis et concavis ; costis obliquis, longitudina- libus, anfractuum in angulo elevatis et acute? mucronatis, superne vix obsoletis ; striis transversis, minutis, aliquando obsoletis ; an- fractu ultimo parvo, ad basim striato; aperturd ovatd, superne acutd, inferne effusd.
Hab. 2
Length 1-, diam. *4 of an inch.
Remarks.—On the last whorl of the only specimen submitted, the
costee are almost obsolete. The strice are strongest near the sutures, and scarcely visible at the middle of the whorls.
MELANIA LATERITIA. WM. testd cancellatd, acut? ovatd, compressa, crassiusculd, striatd, graniferd, albidd, virido-fuscd, rufo fasciatd aut atrd; spird elevatd, plerumque scalariformi, apice acutd aut erosd; suturd impressd, crenatd; anfractibus decem, planatis, superne angulatis, supra angulum sepe albidis ; striis transversis crebris graniferis ; granulis quadratis, abruptis, planatis, serie- bus longitudinalibus positis; anfractu ultimo magno, subcom- presso ; basi graniferd ; aperturd ovatd, superné acute angulatd et sinuatd, inferne latd, expansd et retusd, interne sepe fasciatd ; columelld contortd ; operculo parvo, ovato.
Hab. Philippines.
Length 1-6, diam. *7 of an inch.
Var. a. Anfractibus superné graniferis, inferne striis transversis
impressis ; basi vix levi, striis raris.
Var. 6. Striis graniferis alternantibus.
Remarks.—A very variable species as to size, colour and sculp- ture. The operculum differs much in some individuals in both its shape and apex. This shell bears some resemblance to the M. gra- nifera, Lam. Its most remarkable characteristic is its square, flat- tened granules, bearing some resemblance to brickwork.
MELANIA MODICELLA. WM. testd levi, ovato-conicd, crassd, nitidd, virido-fuscd ; spird conicd, brevi, apice acutd, sepe erosd ; suturd lineari ; anfractibus quinque, convexis, rapide crescentibus, prope suluram superiorem depressis, prope suturam inferiorem striis parvis transversis duabus aut tribus; anfractu ultimo magno, medio striis tribus, basi levi; aperturd ovato-rotundd, superne subangulatd, inferne subeffusd, intus albidd ; labro acuto; colu- mella lacted, curvatd ; operculo ovato, subcentrali, concentrico.
Hab. Timor.
Length *7, diam. °5 of an inch.
Remarks.—This shell and the M. zeylanica may perhaps be taken
as the types of a new genus or subgenus. Further investigation with respect to the animal may decide; in the meantime, the name of
a
, aiA rae FOL TS
>
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Rivutrna is proposed provisionally. The general outline and oper- culum are those of the Patup1na. Inold specimens the peritreme of the mouth is continuous, but there is only a slight depression behind the columella in place of an umbilicus. The upper whorls are occa- sionally faintly lined or spotted with brown.
Meant PAGODA. M. testd spinosd, turritd, costatd, transversim striata, tenui, diaphand, corned, maculis badiis minutis linearibus ; spird elongatd, subovatd, acuminatd, scalariformi; suturd lineari; anfractibus decem, superne angulatis et subconcavis, angulo spinu- losis ; costulis obliquis longitudinalibus, inferné obsoletis, superneé in spinulas aut denticula eversa productis, in anfractibus superio- ribus crebrissimis et magnis, inferioribus minoribus rarioribusque ; striis transversis, parvis, crebris, alternantibus, maculatis, lineolis longitudinalibus decussatis ; anfractu ultimo usque ad basim striato ; aperturd ovatd, superné acutd, inferne effusda.
Haé. Isle of Guimaras, Philippines.
Length 1:4, diam. °6 of an inch.
Remarks.—A beautiful little species, with irregular spines, very strongly marked-on the upper whorls, but which sometimes diminish to denticulations on the lower. It can be mistaken for none of its congeners, except perhaps the M. cochlea.
3. DESCRIPTION OF FIVE NEW SPECIES OF ANODONT#, COL- LECTED BY H. Cumine, Ese. 1n THE East Inpies. By Isaac Lea.
Anoponta GrAciLis. A. testd latd, subcylindraced, inequila- terali; valvulis tenuibus; natibus subprominentibus ; epider- mide luted ; margaritd vel alba vel purpurea.
Hab. Dingle, Isle of Panay. _
Diam. 1; length 1:7; breadth 3-4 inches.
Remarks.—This species is more cylindrical than is usual with the Anodonte, and differs from the other species taken by Mr. Cuming in this character: it is rounded anteriorly, and is subangular pos- teriorly. The dorsal margin is nearly straight, the basal margin is slightly emarginate, the dise being disposed to be flattish. In the specimens under examination, the beaks are all more or less eroded, but in the youngest there are slight indications of undulations. The liga- ment is thin and long; the marks of growth are distant and rather dark, and the epidermis in the young is yellow or greenish, in the older it is darker and brown; the anterior cicatrices are distinct ; the dorsal small, and placed in the cavity of the beaks.
The five species herein described are remarkable in the character of the dorsal line, which rises immediately under the margin into a dentoid line, somewhat lamellar, and approaching in its character the more distinct tooth of the genus Dipsas (Leach). In the younger specimens this is much more distinctly marked, and in the older it becomes obsolete. This group of Anodonte, having this dentoid character, would seem to form a natural connexion on one side with
198
the genus Dipsas, and on the other with the genus Unio, connecting with U. Bengalensis, brought by Dr. Burrough from India, and described by me in the ‘Trans. Am. Phil. Soe.’ vol. vi. pl. 2. fig. 3. This peculiar form of tooth, if it may so be called, is peculiar to that part of the world, so far as my observation extends; for among the numerous species examined by me from Europe, Africa and America, South as well as North, I have never met with this character deve- loped as in those alluded to above.
ANODONTA CREPERA. A. testd ellipticd, subcompressd, inequi- laterali ; valvulis tenuibus ; natibus subprominentibus ; epider- mide tenebroso-fuscd ; margarité vel albd vel purpured.
Hab. Bongabon, Luzon, Philippines.
Diam. 1:1; length 1:8; breadth 3°3 inches.
Remarks.—Five of the six specimens under examination are purple, the sixth whitish. The outline is nearly oval. One of the specimens is obtusely biangular posteriorly ; the substance of the shell is slightly thickened anteriorly ; the beaks are too much eroded to observe any undulations ; the ligament is rather short and thin ; anterior cica- trices distinct ; dorsal cicatrices small, and placed in the centre of the cavity of the beaks. The species is closely allied to 4. tenuis, but is not quite so thin and is more transverse. Three specimens of the young have a well-defined anterior lamellar tooth and a distinct pos- terior raised line, which in the left valve is slightly divided. This is so marked in these young specimens, that one would scarcely hesitate to place them among the Uniones if we had not the adult, which have scarcely a vestige of the elevation on the dorsal line.
ANoponTA TENUIS. A. testd ellipticd, compressa, inequilate- rali; valvulis pertenuibus ; natibus subprominentibus ; epider- mide tenebroso-fuscd.
Hab, Sual, Luzon, Philippines.
Diam. 1; length 1:7; breadth 3 inches.
Remarks.—This is very closely allied to An. crepera herein de- scribed, and may, perhaps, when more specimens of the old and young of both species are compared, prove only to be a variety. The spe- cimens before me, however, differ in the tenuis being rather thinner and less elliptical, the outline inclining to oblong. The existence of teeth in the young, and the rudiments on the dorsal line in the adult, are very similar to the erepera. Of the four specimens before me, two have the nacre purple and two white. The beaks are too much eroded to observe any marks of undulations. The ligament is rather long and thin. Anterior cicatrices distinct ; dorsal cicatrices small, and placed in the centre of the cavity of the beaks.
Anoponta suscrassa. A, testd oblongd, subinflatd, subequi- laterali ; valvulis subcrassis ; natibus prominentibus undula- tisque ; epidermide luteo-fuscd ; margaritd albidd, colore sal- monis tinctd et iridescente.
Hab. Vaguna de Bai, Luzon, Philippines.-
Diam. 1:2; length 1°7 ; breadth 2-9 inches.
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Remarks.—It is rare to meet with an Anodonta of the thickness of this species, but it still is not so ponderous as the arewata, Fer., or as lato-marginata (Nobis). It cannot be confounded with either of these species, not being arcuate, and not having compressed beaks like the former, and being oblong and thinner than the latter, as well as also being destitute of the broad margin. The substance of the shell is slightly thickened anteriorly, and the basal margin is emarginate ; the beaks are submedial, and when perfect are beautifully ornate with numerous small folds which form an acute angle from the point of the beaks, nearly parallel to the line of the umbonal slope; the ligament is short and rather thick ; anterior cicatrices distinct; dorsal cicatrices large, and placed in the cavity of the beaks. The colour of a single young specimen before me is salmon inclining to purple, and the adults have the cavity of the beaks tinted in this manner. In the young specimen the lamellar line on the dorsal margin is very well defined, in the adults this character is nearly obliterated.
Anoponta Cuminest. 4. testd ellipticd, compressa, nequilate- vali; valvulis subcrassis; natibus vix prominentibus; epidermide atro-fused ; margaritd albd et iridescente.
Hab. Malacca.
Diam. 1; length 1:9; breadth 3 inches.
Remarks.—This is an interesting species, and remarkable in the form of the dorsal line, which is thickened and raised immediately under the beak, where it is slightly imeurved. This disposition to form a curve tooth reminds us of that group of Naiades which M. D’Orbigny discovered in the rivers of South America, and which comprise his genus Monocondylea. In fact, this species forms a perfect link between the Anodonte and his genus, and it is allied very closely to that species of this group which I described in the ‘ Trans. of the Am. Phil. Soc.’ vol. viii. pl. 18. fig. 39, under the name of Margaratina Vonderbuschiana, from Java. The form of the tooth of the M. Bonellii also approaches to these. The anterior margin of the Cumingii is rounded, the posterior is somewhat biangular ; the anterior cicatrices confluent ; the dorsal ciecatrices form a line across the cavity of the beaks. In all the four specimens under examination, the beaks are too much éroded to observe any undulations. An un- usually dark line marks the course of the pallial impression.
4. Nore on TraGetaruus Aneasir. By Mr. Provuproor.
The skins which I exhibit to the Society are those of an old ram and of a young female Antelope, which I shot on the banks of the Mapoota River, about sixty miles above its embouchure into Delagoa Bay. This river flows through the country of Mankazina, king of the Mathlengas (or Cutfaces), which people call this animal Inyala.
It is also found on another river called Umcoozi, running into St. Lucie Bay in the territory of Umpanda, king of the Zoolu, but very rarely.
On the Mapoota the Inyala are more numerous, and occur in small troops, composed of one ram and four or five females with their young.
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They are always found in the densest bush: they browse chiefly on shrubs, and resemble the Bush-buck in their general habits.
The average height of an adult male is within a third of an adult Koodoo, and very much above that of a Bush-buck.
The female has no horns, resembles a female Koodoo in form, and is rather smaller in size.
July 23, 1850. W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :—
1. ON NEW SPECIES OF Birps FROM AUSTRALIA. By J. Gouxp, F.R.S., F.Z.S. etc.
On the present occasion I propose to characterize seven more of the novelties sent home by Mr. MacGillivray, Naturalist to H.M.S. ‘Rattlesnake.’ Vide Proceedings, 1849, p. 109.
TANYSIPTERA SYLVIA.
Bill and feet sealing-wax red; crown of the head, wings, and five lateral tail-feathers on each side blue; ear-coverts, back of the neck and mantle black; in the centre of the latter a triangular mark of white ; rump and two middle tail-feathers pure white ; all the under surface cinnamon-red.
Total length, 15 inches; bill, 11; wing, 35; lateral tail-feathers, 3; middle tail-feathers, 91; tarsi, 1.
Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.
Remark.—About the size of T. Dea. Fine specimens are con- tained in the British Museum collection.
Hatcyon (Syma?) FLAVIROSTRIS.
Bill fine yellow, passing into brown at the tip; crown of the head, back of the neck, ear-coverts and flanks cimnamon-red; at the back of the neck a narrow, broken collar of black ; throat and lower part of the abdomen tawny white; back and wings sordid green; rump and tail greenish blue.
Total length, 7 inches; bill, 12; wing, 3; tail, 21; tarsi, 1.
Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.
Remark.—Smaller, but nearly allied to the Syma Tirotoro of M. Lesson. Some specimens have the crown of the head black. Fine specimens are contained in the collection at the British Museum.
DRYMODES SUPERCILIARIS.
Lores white ; immediately above and below the eye a black mark, forming a conspicuous moustache ; crown of the head and upper sur- face reddish brown, passing into chestnut-red on the rump and six middle tail-feathers ; remainder of the tail-feathers black, tipped with white ; wings black, with the base of the primaries and the tips of the coverts white, forming two bands across the wing; throat and
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centre of the abdomen fawn-white; chest and flanks washed with tawny ; bill black; legs fleshy brown.
Total length, 81 inches; bill, 4; wing, 33; tail, 4; tarsi, 14.
Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.
Remark.—About the size of D. brunneopygia. Fine specimens in the British Museum collection.
CARPOPHAGA ASSIMILIS.
Head, throat and ear-coverts grey; all the upper surface, wings and tail golden green ; wing-coverts with a spot of rich yellow at the tip, forming an oblique band across the shoulder ; line down the centre of the throat, chest and abdomen rich purple; under wing-coverts, vent, thighs and under tail-coverts rich orange-yellow ; basal portion of the inner webs of the primaries and secondaries purplish cinnamon.
Total length, 14 inches; bill, 1; wing, 7; tail, 6; tarsi, 2.
Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.
Remark.—Very similar to C. magnifica, but considerably less in all its admeasurements. Specimens in the British Museum.
CHLAMYDERA CERVINIVENTRIS.
Upper surface brown, each feather narrowly margined, and marked at the tip with buffy white ; throat striated with greyish brown and buff; under surface of the shoulder, abdomen, thighs and under tail- coverts light pure fawn colour.
Total length, 114 inches; bill, 1}; wing, 53; tail, 5; tarsi, 1.
Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.
Remark.—Intermediate in size between C. nuchalis and C. macu- lata, and distinguished from both by the fine fawn colouring of the under surface. A specimen in the British Museum of the male, appa- rently somewhat immature.
NEcTARINIA AUSTRALIS.
Crown of the head and upper surface olive-green ; over and under the eye two very indistinct marks of yellow; throat and chest steel- blue; remainder of the under surface fine yellow ; bill and feet black.
Total length, 43 inches ; bill, 7; wing, 24; tail, 13; tarsi, 5.
Hab. Eastern coast of Australia.
Remark.—Differs from N. frenata in its larger size, in its straighter bill, and in the stripe of yellow over the eye being almost obsolete. Specimens in the British Museum.
MonarRCHA LEUCOTIS.
Crown of the head, back of the neck, back, primaries and six middle tail-feathers black ; the three lateral tail-feathers on each side black with white tips; lores, a broad mark over the eye, ear-coverts, sides of the neck, scapularies and upper tail-coverts white ; throat white, bounded below with black, the feathers lengthened and protuberant ; chest and abdomen light grey ; bill and feet lead-colour.
Total length, 53 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 22; tail, 23; tarsi, $.
Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.
Remark.—About the size of M. trivirgata. Specimens in the British Museum.
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2. A Monocrapn or MacrocuisMaA, A GENUS OF GaAsTEROPO- pous MoLLuUscA BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FissuRrEL- Lip&. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.LS.
Macrocuisma, Swainson.
Animal? Shell elongated, clypeiform, radiately ribbed, extremities elevated ; foramen very large, elongated, placed near the hind part, with a groove posteriorly ; the hind margin sinuated.
1. Macrocuisma Maxima, A. Adams. M. testd oblongd, costis parum elevatis subrugosis, striisgue concentricis obsoletis ornaté, Susco radiatim maculatd, dorso elevatd, lateribus planutatis, extremitate anticd rotundatd; posticd elevatd, subtruncatd ;
oramen dilatatum, posticé excavatum. Hab 2 “ ab. -——?
2. Macrocuisma pizatata, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-oblongd, radiatim eostatd, rubra, albo variegatd, utrinque rotundatd, lateribus dilatatis ; foramen oblongum, in medio angustatum.
Hab. 2
3. MacrocuHIsMA HIATULA, Swainson, Manual of Malacology, . 356.
Spaeaseais macrochisma, Sow.
M. testd ovato-oblongd, radiatim costellatd, fuscd, subdepressa, lateribus concavis, utrinque rotundatd ; foramen magnum, ob- longum, postice dilatatum, extremitate postied valde elevatd ; margine vie sinuato.
Hab. 2
4. Macrocuisma compressa, A. Adams. WM. testd angusté oblongd, albidd, roseo radiatim pictd, costellis granulosis striis- gue concentricis decussatd, utringue rotundatd, dorso convexd, lateribus compressis, in medio inflexis, extremitate posticd valde elevatd ; foramen magnum, lanceolatum, postiee dilatatum.
Hab. -——?
5. MacrocHIsMA MEGATREMA, A. Adams. MM. testd ovato-ob- longd, albidd, roseo radiatim pictd, costellis rugosis striisque concentricis sculptd, dorso subelevatd, lateribus planulatis ; JSoramen ovato-lanceolatum, permagnum.
Hab. 2
6. Macrocuisma cusprpata, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-ob- longd, antice angustatd, productd, acuminata, posticé elevatd, rotundatd, margine valde undulatd, fuseatd, annulis fuscis con- centricis ornatd, lineis elevatis et concentricis cancellatd, circa foramen pallidd, extremitate posticd valde elevatd; foramen magnum, cuspidatum, postice dilatatum.
Hab. Cagayan, in insulis Philippinis; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
7. MacrocuismMa propucra, A. Adams. M. testd angusto-
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oblonga, dorso elevatd, convexd, albidd, fusco pallide variegatd, lineis elevatis striisque concentricis obsolete decussatd, antice angustd, productd, lateribus planulatis, extremitate posticd ro- tundatd, elevatd ; margine valde sinuatd ; foramen perlongum, triangulare, posticé dilatatum.
Hab. in littoribus Australie. (Mus. Cuming.)
8. Macrocuisma AncustaTa, A. Adams. UM. testd angustié, oblongd, dorso elevatd, utrinque rotundatd, albidd, lineis fuscis maculisque rufo-fuscis pictd et tessellatd, costellis obtusis sub- rugosis, lineisque depressis, coneentricis, subdistantibus, sculptd, extremitate posticd elevatd, margine sinuato; foramen mag- num, elongatum, subtriangulare, postice dilatatum, excava- tum.
Hab. ?
3. A MonocrapH or Moputus, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS Mottusca, oF THE FAMILY LitrorINIDZ. By ARTHUR
Apams, R.N., F.L.S.
Moputvs, Gray.
Animal with the head proboscidiform, the tentacles tapering, with the eyes near their distal ends. Foot small, the sides simple, without lobes or filaments. Operculum thin, horny, orbicular, paucispiral. Shell globose or conical, whorls nodulous ; aperture round, or qua- drangular, not pearly within ; columella anteriorly with a prominent lamelliform tooth ; umbilicus more or less open.
Modulus, Gray.—Turbo, sp. Adanson—Monodonta, sp. Lamek.— Monodonta, Swains.—Morulus, Reeve.
The aperture of the shell not being pearly within, and the animal being destitute of eye-peduncles, head- and foot-lobes or filaments, at once distinguishes this genus from Monodonta, and removes it from the family Trochide.
1. Mopvutus Lenticuaris, Chemnitz. Trochus lenticularis, Chem. Conch. 5. t. 171. f. 1665.
Trochus modulus, Linn. Gmel. Hab. Mexico. (Mus. Cuming.)
2. Moputus Tectum, Gmel. Trochus tectum, Gmel. p. 3569. no. 16.
Monodonta retusa, Lamek. Encyclop. Hab. Siquejar, Philippines; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
3. Moputus carcHepDonicus, Lamck.
Monodonta carchedonicus, Lamck. Hist. An.s.Vert. tom.vii. p. 33; Chem. Conch. 10. t. 165. f. 1583, 1584.
Monodonta Sayii, Nuttall.
Hab. Atooi, California; Nuttall. (Mus. Cuming.)
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4. Mopvutuvs crparis, Reeve.
Morulus cidaris, Reeve, Elements of Conch. p. 141. pl. 13. f. 63. Hab. St. Estivan; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)
5. Moputvus ceropes, A. Adams. WM. testd turbinatd, umbili- catd, albidd, fusco sparsim inquinatd, levigatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, supra planulatis, in medio cinguld bituberculatd, inferne cingulis nodulosis ornatis; aperturd rotunda; labio purpureo tincto, labro intus levigato ; umbilico profundo, callo columellari subobtecto.
Hab. ad Fretum Mosambicum. (Mus. Cuming.)
6. Mopuuus pupticatus, A. Adams. M. testd orbiculato-conicd, umbilicatd, cerulescenti, fusco variegatd, spird prominuld, acuta; anfractibus planulatis, transversim sulcatis, ad peripheriam cingulis duabus tuberculorum compressorum ornatis, tuberculis rufo-fusco maculatis, infimd fascid convexd, concentricé sulcatd ; apertura intus violascenti ; labro margine angulato, intus li- rato; umbilico mediocri.
Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)
7. Mopvutvus ostiauus, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-conicd, perobliqud, albd, umbilicatd, spird depressd ; anfractibus sub- planulatis, liris transversis, elevatis, supra radiatim nodoso- plicatis, ultimo in medio angulato, carind prominuld instructo, infra cingulis transversis elevatis numerosis ornato ; apertura rotundd ; columelld roseo tinctad; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Mare Rubrum. (Mus. Cuming.)
Eexrista Cuminert, A. Adams. J. testd turritd, solidd, albidd, longitudinaliter fusco-flammulatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, cin- gulis acutis, transversis (in anfractu ultimo sex), lineisque ele- vatis, transversis, interpositis, ornatis, interstitiis longitudina- liter tenuissime striatis, varicibus tenuibus, longitudinalibus, inequidistantibus, instructis ; aperturd rotundatd, peristomate continuo, labio incrassato, anticée producto, calloso, et reflexo ; labro simplici, acuto.
Hab. Japonia. (Mus. Cuming.)
The obscure longitudinal varices show the true position of this
genus to be between Turritella and Scalaria.
4. A Monocraru or CYLLENE, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS Mouuvusca. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. erc.
CYLLENE, Gray.
Animal unknown. Operculum thin, horny, unguiform, with ter- minal nucleus and imbricate elements. Shell ovate, volutiform ; spire short; suture channeled; aperture oval; columella anteriorly with oblique grooves; outer lip thickened externally, notched in front, grooved within, and subreflected at the margin.
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1. CyLLENE LyrRATA, Lamarck.
Buccinum lyratum, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 272 ; Kie- ner, Mon. Bucc. pl. 22. fig. 88.
2. CyLLENE Grayt, Reeve. Cyllene Grayi, Reeve, Elements of Conch. pl. 3. fig. 12.
3. CyLLENE Owenu, Gray. Cyllene Owenii, Gray, MSS. Brit. Mus.
4. CYLLENE PULCHELLA, Adams and. Reeve.
Cyllene pulchella, Adams and Reeve, Zool. of Voy. of H.M.S. Samarang, tab. 10. fig. 11.
5. CyLLENE LuGUBRIS, Adams and Reeve.
Cyllene lugubris, Adams and Reeve, Zool. Voy. Samarang, tab. 10. fig. 10.
6. CyLLENE concinna, Soland. C. testd ovato-fusiformi; spird productd, albd, maculis luteo-fuscis ornatd, longitudinaliter subsulcosd, transversim totd striatd ; columelld anticé oblique plicatd ; labro extus levi, incrassato.
Hab. Guinea.
Buccinum concinnum, Sol.
7. CYLLENE ORIENTALIS, A. Adams. C. testd ovato-fusiformi, albidd, maculis luteo-fuscis ornatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim striatd; spird prominuld; columelld anticé per- oblique sulcatd, labro intus levi.
Hab. Singapore, 6 fathowme, mud; H.C. Malacca, 6 fathoms,
coarse sand; H. C.
8. CyLuEeNneE striata, A. Adams. (C. testd ovatd, albd, maculis rufo-fuscis ad suturas pictd, cingulis duabus maculorum luteo- Juscorum ornatd, longitudinaliter subplicatd, transversim totd striatd ; columella anticé oblique sulcatd; labro tenui, intus levi, antice vix sinuato.
Hat. Albrokkas Islands, under coral, low water; Mr. Dring.
9. CyLtLene FuscaTa, A. Adams. C. testd ovatd, rufo-fuscd, fasciis transversis obscuris articulatis ornatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis numerosis, subconfertis, superné et inferné trans- versim valde striatd ; columelld anticé valde corrugato-plicatd, labro antice valde sinuato.
Hab. W. Africa.
10. CyLLENE pauLipA, A. Adams. C. testd ovatd, albidd, lon- gitudinaliter subsuleatd, obscure nodoso-plicatd, glabratd, su- perne et inferné transversim striatd ; columelld antice plicis obliquis, labro anticé valde sinuato.
Hab, West Africa.
11. CyLLeENE GRana, Lamarck. Buccinum grana, Lamk.; Kiener, Mon. pl. 16. tig. 58.
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12. CyLtene GuaBrata, A. Adams. C. testd ovato-fusiformi, glabrata, cinered, fasciis albis tribus transversis rufo-articu- latis ornatd, longitudinaliter subplicatd, plicis inferné evani- dis, superné et inferné transversim striatd ; aperturd angustd ; columella anticé oblique plicatd, labro anticé subsinuato.
Hab. Pasicao, 9 fathoms, fine sand; H. C.
5. On THE Umsretta Birp (CEPHALOPTERUS ORNATUS), “UrramimsBe,’ L. G. By Atrrep R. Wauuace. Com- MUNICATED BY Mr. S. STEVENS.
Having had the opportunity of observing this singular bird in its native country, a few remarks on its characters and habits may not perhaps be uninteresting, at a time when a consignment from me will have arrived in England.
The Umbrella Bird is about the size of a crow, averaging about 18 inches in length. Its colour is entirely black, but varied with metallic blue tints on the outer margin of the feathers. The colour of the iris is greyish white. It is a powerful bird, the bill being very large and strong, the feet short, and the claws acute.
Were it not for its crest and neck plume, it would appear to an ordinary observer nothing more than a short-legged crow.
The crest is perhaps the most fully developed and beautiful of any bird known. It is composed of long slender feathers, rising from a contractile skin on the top of the head. The shafts are white and the plume glossy blue, hair-like, and curved outward at the tip. When the crest is laid back the shafts form a compact white mass, sloping up from the top of the head, and surmounted by the dense hairy plumes. Even in this position it is not an inelegant crest, but it is when it is fully opened that its peculiar character is developed. The shafts then radiate on all sides from the tip of the head, reach- ing in front beyond and below the top of the beak, which is com- pletely hid from view. The top then forms a perfect, slightly elongated dome, of a beautiful shining blue colour, having a point of divergence rather behind the centre, like that in the human head. The length of this dome from front to back is about 5 inches, the breadth 4 to 43 inches. The other singular appendage of this bird is the neck plume. This is a long cylindrical plume of feathers de- pending from the middle of the neck, and either carried close to the breast or puffed out and hanging down in front. The feathers lap over each other, scale-like, and are bordered with fine metallic blue.
On examining the structure of this plume, it is found not to be composed of feathers only, growing from the neck, as seems to have been hitherto supposed. The skin of the neck is very loose ; looser and larger, in fact, than in any bird I know of. From the lower part grows a cylindrical fleshy process about as thick as a goose- quill and an inch and a half long. From this grow the feathers to the very point, thus producing the beautiful cylindrical plume quite detached from the breast, and forming an ornament as unique and elegant as the crest itself.
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When in motion, either flying or feeding, the crest is laid back and the plume carried close to the breast, so as not to be conspicuous. When at rest in the daytime, the crest is fully expanded, and the plume is rather enlarged and hanging forward. At night, when asleep, all the feathers are puffed out to their fullest extent, and some- times the head is turned so as to bring the dome of the crest on the middle of the back. It then presents a most singular appearance, the head and feet being quite invisible, the plume and crest alone being conspicuous amidst the mass of feathers.
These observations I was enabled to make by having a fine male alive for ten days. He had received a shot in the head, but ap- peared to suffer no ill effects from it, till on the tenth day he suddenly fell off his perch and died. I found, on skinning him, that the shot had broken his skull and entered the brain.
The Umbrella Bird inhabits the islands of the rivers, never having been seen on the main land. It is perfectly arboreal, never de- seending to the ground. Its food is fruit of various kinds, but when this is scarce it eats insects: my hunter saw one with a large hairy spider (Mygale) in his mouth. On seizing an insect or fruit, it strikes its beak against its perch several times, apparently to kill or soften it, or secure it more firmly in its beak, and then after two or three bites swallows it entire. Some of the fruits it eats are about the size of a damson, and have a stone, which it ejects through its mouth an hour or two after eating.
Its note is very loud and deep, and it is from this that it has re- ceived its Indian name “‘ Ueramimbé,” signifying the “ Piper-bird.”’ It utters its note early in the morning and in the afternoon. It fre- quents the very loftiest forest trees, but is said to build its nest rather lower. Its nest is said to be formed of sticks very roughly, and the young are very naked and ugly. The colour or size of the eggs I have not been able to ascertain.
In ascending the Amazon, it first occurs opposite the mouth of the Madeira, in some islands. In the Sohuives, as far as the boun- daries of Brazil, it also occurs, and probably further. The Rio Negro, however, is its head-quarters; and there, i the numerous islands which fill that river, it is very abundant. It extends at least four hundred miles up the river, and very probably much further. I have not heard of its occurring in the Rio Branco, Madeira, or any of the other great tributaries of the Amazon. [ have been informed by a hunter, that towards the sources of the Rio Negro another species is found, and this I hope soon to have the means of verifying.
Barra do Rio Negro, March 10th, 1850.
The meeting was then adjourned to Tuesday, November 12.
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November 12, 1850. W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.
Professor Owen read a paper “‘on the Cranium of the large species of Dinornis called giganteus and ingens*.” He commenced by refer- ring to a former memoir, in which four generic types of structure had been determined in fossil crania of birds from New Zealand, viz. Nestor, Notornis, Palapteryz, and Dinornis proper ; and proceeded to de- scribe an additional series of fossil skulls obtained by Governor Sir George Grey from a cave in the district which lies between the river Waikato and Mount Tongariro, in the North Island. The most re- markable of these specimens was an almost entire skull, measuring eight inches in length and five inches across the broadest part of the cranium ; which in the extent of the ossified part of the mandible and its downward curvature, resembled the smaller skull described in a former memoir, and there referred to Dinornis. In the structure of the occiput and base of the cranium, this large skull more re- sembled the characters of that ascribed to Palapteryx. The indica- tions of the muscular attachments, and the form and size of the massive beak, bespoke the great power and force with which it had been habitually applied in the living bird.
Its anatomical characters were minutely detailed. Comparisons of the area of the occipital foramen for the transmission of the spinal marrow with that of the spinal canal in different vertebrae, were made with a view of determining the species to which the cranium in ques- tion might belong; and the peculiar contraction of the spinal canal in the vertebrae of Dinornis as compared with that in the Ostrich was pointed out. The inference deduced was, that the cranium, not- withstanding its great size, belonged probably to the species called Palapteryx ingens, which was the second in point of size.
A mutilated cranium of a much younger bird, showing all the sutures, but of nearly equal size with the skull first described, might belong to the Dinornis giganteus. Two crania, referable to two di- stinct species of smaller birds of Palapteryx, were described, and sec- tions of the cranium were shown, to demonstrate the form and cha- racter of the brain. In the collection transmitted by Governor Grey, Professor Owen had, for the first time, recognized a portion of a diminutive wing-bone, similar, in the absence of the usual processes for the muscles of flight, to that in the Apteryx, and confirmatory, both by this character and its extreme rarity, contrasted with the abundance of vertebrae and leg-bones that had been transmitted, of the inference as to the rudimental condition of the wings in the Dinornis and Palapteryz.
The memoir concluded with a description of a cranium of the Not- ornis, more perfect than that fragmentary one on which the affinities
* This paper will appear in the Transactions as Dinornis, Part V., in continua- tion of Prof. Owen’s previous memoirs.
7
209
of that bird to the Rallide or Coot-tribe had originally been founded, and its generic distinction from Porphyrio established. . The speci- men exhibited confirmed the accuracy of the conjectural restorations in the figure of the original specimen in a former volume of the Transactions of the Society.
The following papers were also read :—
1. Notice oF THE DISCOVERY BY Mr. WALTER MANTELL IN THE Mrippte Isuanp or New ZEALAND, OF A LIVING SPECIMEN or THE Notornts, A BIRD OF THE RAIL FAMILY, ALLIED TO BRACHYPTERYX, AND HITHERTO UNKNOWN TO NATURALISTS EXCEPT IN A FOSSIL STATE. By GrpEoN ALGERNON Man- TELL, Esa., LL.D., F.R.S. etc.
Amongst the fossil bones of birds collected by my eldest son in the North Island of New Zealand, which I had the honour of placing before the Zoological Society in 1848, in illustration of Professor Owen’s description of the crania and mandibles of Dinornis, Pai- apteryx, &c., there were the skull, beaks, humerus, sternum, and other parts of the skeleton of a large bird of the Rail family, which from their peculiar characters were referred by that eminent anato- mist to a distinct genus of Rallide allied to the Brachyptery, under the name of Notornis * ; a prevision, the correctness of which is con- firmed by the recent specimen that forms the subject of the present communication. 1 ‘
Towards the close of last year I received from Mr. Walter Man- tell another extensive and highly interesting collection of fossils, minerals, and rock specimens, obtained during his journey along the eastern coast of the Middle Island, from Banks’ Peninsula to the south of Otago, in the capacity of Government Commissioner for the settlement of native claims. ‘This series comprised also a fine suite of birds’ bones from Waingongoro, the locality whence the former collection was chiefly obtained, and among them were relics of the Notornis, and crania and mandibles of Palapteryz.
The results of my son’s observations on the geological phenomena presented: by the eastern coast of the Middle Island are embodied in a paper read before the Geological Society in February last, and pub- lished in vol. v. of the ‘Quarterly Journal.’ It will suffice for my present purpose to mention that they confirm in every essential par- ticular the account given of the position and age of the ornithic ossi- ferous deposits, in my first memoir on this subject f.
~The only fact that relates to the present notice is the nature of the bone-bed at Waikonaiti, whence Mr. Percy Earl, Dr. Mackellar, and other naturalists procured the first relics of the gigantic birds, sent by those gentlemen to England, which are figured and described in the ‘ Zoological Transactions.’
This so-called tertiary deposit is situated in a little bay south of Island Point, near the embouchure of the river Waikonaiti, and is
# Zoological Transactions, vol. iii. p. 366. + Geological Journal, vol. iv. No. CCXIV.—ProceEpD1NnGs oF THE ZooLocicaL Society.
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only visible at low-water, when bones more or less perfect are occa- sionally observable projecting from the waterworn surface of the bog. This deposit is about 3 feet in depth and not more than 100 yards in length ; the extent inland is concealed by vegetation and a cover- ing of superficial detritus, and is supposed to be very inconsiderable. This bed rests upon a blue tertiary clay that emerges here and there along that part of the coast, and which abounds in shells and corals, of species existing in the adjacent sea.
This bone deposit was evidently a morass or swamp, on which the New Zealand flax (Phormium tenazx) once grew luxuriantly. Bones of the larger species of Moa have from time to time been obtained from this spot by the natives and European visitors ; and, as in the menaccanite sand beds at Waingongoro, they are associated with bones of one species of dog and two species of seal: my son also collected crania and other remains of a species of Apteryx (probably Ap. Au- stralis), Albatros, Penguin, and of some smaller birds whose cha- racters and relations have not yet been ascertained : no bones of the Notornis were observed in this locality.
It was from this ancient morass that my son obtained the entire series of bones composing the pair of feet of the same individual Di- nornis robustus, standing erect, the one about a yard in advance of the other, as if the unfortunate bird had sunk in the slough, and unable to extricate itself had perished on the spot. The upper or proximal ends of the tarso-metatarsals were alone visible above the sod on the retiring of the tide; these were carefully dug round, and the pha- langes exposed in their natural order and connection: the bones were numbered as they were extracted from the soil, and thus the normal elements of the locomotive organs of one of the colossal struthious bipeds of New Zealand were for the first time determined *.
It was in the course of last year, on the occasion of my son’s second visit to the south of the Middle Island, that he had the good fortune to secure the recent Notornis which I have now the pleasure of submitting to this Society, having previously placed it in the hands of the eminent ornithologist Mr. Gould to figure and describe, as a tribute of respect for his indefatigable labours in this department of Natural History.
This bird was taken by some sealers who were pursuing their avo- cations in Dusky Bay. Perceiving the trail of a large and unknown bird on the snow with which the ground was then covered, they fol- lowed the foot-prints till they obtained a sight of the Notornis, which their dogs instantly pursued, and after a long chase caught alive in the gully of a sound behind Resolution Island. It ran with great speed, and upon being captured ‘uttered loud screams, and fought and struggled violently; it was kept alive three or four days on board the schooner and then killed, and the body roasted and ate by the crew, each partaking of the dainty, which was declared to be de- licious. The beak and legs were of a bright red colour. My son
* The principal dimensions of these bones are given in the Quarterly Journal of
the Geological Society, vol. vi. p. 338 ; and figures with descriptions in ‘ The Pic- torial Atlas of Organic Remains,’ just published.
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secured the skin, together with very fine specimens of the Kakapo or Ground Parrot (Sérigops), a pair of Huias (Neomorpha), and two species of Kiwi-kiwi, namely Apteryx Australis and Ap. Oweni ; the latter very rare bird is now added to the collection of the British Museum.
Mr. Walter Mantell states, that, according to the native traditions, a large Rail was contemporary with the Moa, and formed a principal article of food among their ancestors. It was known to the North Islanders by the name of “Moho,” and to the South Islanders by that of “ Takahé;” but the bird was considered by both natives and Europeans to have been long since exterminated by the wild cats and dogs, not an individual having been seen or heard of since the arrival of the English colonists. That intelligent observer, the Rey. Richard Taylor, who has so long resided in the islands, had never heard of a bird of this kind having been seen. In his ‘ Leaf from the Natural History of New Zealand*,’ under the head of “‘ Moho,”’ is the follow- ing note: “Rar, colour black, said to be a wingless bird as large as a fowl, having a long bill and red beaks and legs ; it is nearly ex- terminated by the cat : its ery was ‘keo, keo.’” The inaccuracy and vagueness of this description prove it to be from native report and not from actual observation. ‘To the natives of the pahs or villages on the homeward route, and at Wellington, the bird was a perfect novelty and excited much interest. I may add, that upon comparing the head of the bird with the fossil cranium and mandibles, and the figures and descriptions in the ‘ Zoological Transactions’ (pl. 56), my son was at once convinced of their identity ; and so delighted was he by the discovery of a living example of one of the supposed extinct contemporaries of the Moa, that he immediately wrote to me, and mentioned that the skull and beaks were alike in the recent and fossil specimens, and that the abbreviated and feeble development of the wings, both in their bones and plumage, were in perfect accordance with the indications afforded by the fossil humerus and sternum found by him at Waingongoro, and now in the British Museum, as pointed out by Professor Owen in the memoir above referred to.
It may not be irrelevant to add, that in the course of Mr. Walter Mantell’s journey from Banks’ Peninsula along the coast to Otago, he learnt from the natives that they believed there still existed in that country the only indigenous terrestrial quadruped, except a species of rat, which there are any reasonable grounds for concluding New Zealand ever possessed. While encamping at Arowenua in the di- strict of Timaru, the Maoris assured him that about ten miles inland there was a quadruped which they called Kauréke, and that it was formerly abundant, and often kept by their ancestors in a domestic state as a pet animal. It was described as about two feet in length, with coarse grisly hair; and must have more nearly resembled the Otter or Badger than the Beaver or the Ornithorhynchus, which the first accounts seemed to suggest as the probable type. The offer of a liberal reward induced some of the Maoris to start for the interior of the country where the Kduréke was supposed to be located, but
* Published at Wellington, 1848.
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they returned without having obtained the slightest trace of the ex- istence of such an animal ; my son, however, expresses his belief in the native accounts, and that if the creature no longer exists, its ex- termination is of very recent date.
In concluding this brief narrative of the discovery of a living ex- ample of a genus of birds once contemporary with the colossal Moa, and hitherto only known by its fossil remains, I beg to remark, that this highly interesting fact tends to confirm the conclusions expressed in my communications to the Geological Society, namely, that the Dinornis, Palapteryx, and related forms, were coeval with some of the existing species of birds peculiar to New Zealand, and that their final extinction took place at no very distant period, and long after the advent of the aboriginal Maoris. As my son at the date of his last letter was about to depart on another exploration of the bone deposits of the North Island, I indulge the hope that he will ere long have the gratification of transmitting or bringing to England addi- tional materials for the elucidation of the extinct and recent faunas of New Zealand.
With much pleasure I resign to Mr. Gould the description of the ornithological characters and relations of this, in every sense, rara avis, from the Isles of the Antipodes.
Chester Square, Pimlico, November 1, 1850.
2. Remarks on Notornis Manrextui. By J. Gouxp, F.R.S. (Aves, PI. XXI.)
Dr. Mantell having kindly placed his son’s valuable acquisition in my hands for the purpose of characterizing it in the Proceedings of the Society, and of afterwards figuring and describing it in the ap- pendix to my work on the ‘ Birds of Australia,’ I beg leave to com- mence the pleasing task he has assigned to me.
The amount of interest which attaches to the present remarkable bird is perhaps greater than that which pertains to any other with which I am acquainted, inasmuch as it is one of the few remaining species of those singular forms which inhabited that supposed rem- nant of a former continent—New Zealand, and which have been so ably and so learnedly described, from their semi-fossilized remains, by Professor Owen; who, as well as the scientific world in general, can- not fail to be highly gratified by the discovery of a recent example of a form previously known to us solely from a few osteological frag- ments, and which, but for this fortunate discovery, would in all pro- bability, like the Dodo, have shortly become all but traditional. While we congratulate ourselves upon the preservation of the skin, we must all deeply regret the loss of the bones, any one of which would have been in the highest degree valuable for the sake of com- parison with the numerous remains which have been sent home from New Zealand.
Upon a cursory view of this bird it might be mistaken for a gigantic kind of Porphyrio, but on an examination of its structure it will be
UMO [TIPLNVW SINUOLON
uOTBy, y TepuEanmy Aq paursy [ep TaYONT
213
found to be generically distinct. It is allied to Porphyrio in the - form of its bill and in its general colouring, and to Tribonyx in the structure of its feet, while in the feebleness of its wings and the struc- ture of its tail it differs from both.
From personal observation of the habits of Tribonyx and Por- phyrio, I may venture to affirm that the habits and ceconomy of the present bird more closely resemble those of the former than those of the latter; that it is doubtless of a recluse and extremely shy disposition ; that being deprived, by the feeble structure of its wing, of the power of flight, it is compelled to depend upon its swiftness of foot for the means of evading its natural enemies ; and that, as is the case with Tribonyx, a person may be in its vicinity for weeks without ever catching a glimpse of it.
From the thickness of its plumage and the great length of its back-feathers, we may infer that it affects low and humid situations, marshes, the banks of rivers, and the coverts of dripping ferns, so abundant in its native country: like Porphyrio, it doubtless enjoys the power of swimming, but would seem, from the structure of its legs, to be more terrestrial in its habits than the members of that
enus. ij I have carefully compared the bill of this example with that figured by Professor Owen under the name of Notornis Mantelli, and have little doubt that they are referable to one and the same species ; and as we are now in possession of materials whence to obtain complete generic characters, I hasten to give the following details, in addition to those supplied by Professor Owen.
Bill somewhat shorter than the head; greatly compressed on the sides, both mandibles being much deeper than broad; tomia sharp, curving downwards, inclining inwards and slightly serrated ; culmen elevated, much arched and rising on the forehead to a line with the posterior angle of the eye; nostrils round, and placed in a depression near the base of the bill; wings very short, rounded, and slightly concave ; primaries soft and yielding ; the first short ; third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh equal and the longest ; tail-feathers soft, yielding, and loose in texture; tarsi powerful, longer than the toes, almost cylindrical; very broad anteriorly ; defended in front and on either side posteriorly by broad and distinct scutellze ; the spaces between the scutellz reticulated ; anterior toes large and strong, armed with powerful hooked nails, and strongly scutellated on their upper surface ; hind-toe short, strong, placed somewhat high on the tarsus, and armed with a blunt hooked nail.
Head, neck, breast, upper patt of the abdomen and flanks purplish blue ; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser wing-coverts and tertiaries dark olive-green, tipped with verditer-green ; at the nape of the neck a band of rich blue separating the purplish blue of the neck from the green of the body; wings rich deep blue, the greater coverts tipped with verditer-green, forming’ crescentic bands when the wing is ex-
anded ; tail dark green; lower part of the abdomen, vent and thighs dull bluish black ; under tail-coverts white ; bill and feet red.
Total length of the body, 26 inches; bill, from the gape to the
214
tip, 21; from the tip to the posterior edge of the plate on the fore- head, 3; wing, 83; tail, 3}; tarsi, 3}; middle toe, 3; nail, 2; hind-toe, 7; nail, 3.
I cannot conclude these remarks without bearing testimony to the very great importance of the results which have attended the re- searches of Mr. Walter Mantell in the various departments of science to which he has turned the attention of his cultivated, intelligent and inquiring mind, nor without expressing a hope that he may yet be enabled to obtain some particulars as to the history of this and the other remarkable birds of the country in which he is resident.
November 26, 1850. R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
The followmg papers were read :—
1. List or Brrps PROCURED IN Korporan BY Mr. J. PETHE- RICK. WirtH notes By H. E. Srrickuanp, M.A., F.G.S.
(Aves, Pl. XXII. XXIII. XXIV.)
[Species not enumerated in Riippell’s ‘Systematische Uebersicht der Vogel Nord-Ost-Afrika’s,’ 8vo, Frankfurt a. M. 1845, are marked N.
Species common to the West Coast of Africa are marked W. These are chiefly determined by reference to Dr. Hartlaub’s valuable list of West African birds in the ‘ Verzeichniss der 6ffentlichen u. Privat- Vorlesungen am Hamburgischen Gymnasium,’ 4to, Hamburg, 1850. ]
1. Neophron percnopterus.
2. Vultur occipitalis.
3. Otogyps auricularis.
4. Bureo ruripPennis, Strickland, n. s. Upper parts cinereo- fuscous, nearly black on the crown; feathers of back and wing-covers with black shafts; cheeks cinereous, a black line below them from angle of mouth ; chin whitish, with a medial dark streak ; breast and sides ferruginous brown, with a conspicuous medial black streak one- sixteenth of an inch wide on each feather; belly, thighs and vent plain fulvous ; primaries and secondaries bright ferruginous, tipped for about an meh and a half with black, and from three to five distant transverse black bands on the inner web; tail cinereo-fuscous, with five dark fuscous bands, each about a quarter of an inch wide, the distal one about half an inch, beyond which the extremity is cinereo- fuscous and the extreme tip white; cere and legs yellowish; beak and claws black.
Length 17 inches; wing, 12}; medial rectrices, 7}; external ditto, 71; tarsus, 21.
Hab. Kordofan. (Aves, Pl. XXII.)
BUTEO RUFIPENNI
a Q an
ickl
Punted byHullmandel, & Walton
. Aquila nevia.
. Aquila pennata.
. W. Circaétus brachydactylus.
. Helotarsus ecaudatus.
. Falco biarmicus,Temm. (fF. peregrinoides, Temm.; F. chi- queroides, Smith; F. feldeggi, Schlegel; F. lanarius, Schlegel; F. rubeus, Thienemann; F. cervicalis, Kaup.)
After a careful examination of many specimens, I feel justified in uniting the above synonyms under one species. This is essentially an African bird, extending from the Cape of Good Hope to Egypt, whence it has probably spread into Greece and Dalmatia, to which portions of Europe it is chiefly confined, though a single straggler has occurred in Germany. It is at once distinguished from F’. pere- grinus by the shorter toes, and the fulvous patch on the crown. The Falco jugger, Gray (F’. luggur, Jerdon), of India is closely allied, but seems to differ constantly in the plumes of the tibia being uniformly dark brown, while in F. biarmicus they are cream-coloured or white, like the rest of the under parts, with a small brown spot on the centre of each feather. This is one of the many species to which the name Falco lanarius has been given, under the supposition that it may be the Lanner of the old works on falconry ; but as the original F’. Ja- narius of Linnzeus is now admitted to be the young of F. gyrfalco, and as systematists are generally agreed not to trace binomial titles further back than Linnzeus’s Systema, of course the specific name lanarius must be dropped altogether, and the oldest binomial name, Falco biarmicus, Temm., adopted for the present species.
10. W. Tinnunculus alaudarius (Gm.). This widely diffused spe- cies extends, without variation of form or colour, from Britain south- wards to Central Africa and eastwards to India.
ll. N. W. Nauclerus riocouri, Vieill.
12. Accipiter sphenurus, juv.? Resembles 4. sphenurus, Ripp., in the cuneate form of the tail. Head and neck rufescent, with a fuscous medial stripe on each feather; belly white, barred with brown; back cinereous brown with rufous margins ; upper tail-covers white ; tail cinereous, with three broad fuscous bars, outer feather white, with five bars.
13. N. Accipiter carbonarius (Licht.). Two specimens agree with Lichtenstein’s description (in his Verzeichniss einer Sammlung von Satigethieren u. Vogeln aus dem Kafferlande, 8vo, Berlin, 1842, p.11), except in having only three or four white bands on the tail instead of five. With the exception of these bands, and the numerous light and dark brown bands on the remiges, the plumage is wholly black ; cere and legs yellow.
Total length, 12 inches; wing, 7; tarsus, 15%.
14. W. Melierax gabar (Daud.). (Accipiter erythrorhynchus, Sw.) 15. Melierax polyzonus, Riipp. United by Mr. Gray to M. ca- norus, Rislach (M. musicus, Daud.), but differs in its smaller size, and in having the upper tail-covers banded grey and white, while in M. ca-
COND or
216
norus they are pure white. The wing in M. polyzonus measures 12 inches, in M. canorus, 15 inches.
16. W. Polyboroides radiatus (Scop.). (Faleo gymnogenys, Temm.)
17. N. Circus pallidus, Sykes.
18. W. Scops leucotis (Temm.).
19. W. Seotornis elimacurus (Vieill.).
20. Caprimulgus infuscatus, Cretzschm., female. Agrees with Riippell’s plate, but wants the white wing- and tail-spots of the male bird.
21. W. Eurystomus afer (Lath.). (£. orientalis, Riipp.; E. ru- bescens, Vieill.; Collaris purpurascens, Wag}.)
22. W. Coracias abyssinica, Gm. (Coracias caudata, Wagl.)
23. W. Coracias nevia, Daud. (C. levaillanti, Riipp.; C. nu- chalis, Swains.)
24. W. Ceryle rudis (Linn.). (Ispida bicincta, Swains.; I. bitor- quata, Swains.) Identical with specimens from Smyrna and S. Eu- rope. The individuals with two pectoral bands (I. bicineta, Swains.) are the males.
25. N. W. Merops albicollis, Vieill. (M. cuvieri, Licht.; M. sa- vigny?, Swains.)
26. W. Merops nubicus,Gm. (M. superbus, Shaw; M. ceruleo- cephalus, Lath.)
27. W. Merops lamarcki, Cuv. (M. viridissimus, Sw.; M. egyp- tius, Kittlitz; M. viridis, Riipp.) Closely allied to M. viridis, Linn., of India, but smaller, with a larger mixture of golden yellow in the plumage, the throat not blue as in M. viridis, and the remiges are rufous on both webs, with scarcely any tinge of green externally.
28. W. Merops erythropterus, Gm. (M. minulus, Cuv.; M. col- laris, Vieill.; M. lafresnayei, Guérin.)
29. Irrisor senegalensis (Vieill.)? The Kordofan specimens agree, in the shortness and nearly straight form of their beak, with the black-beaked species of W. Africa, I. senegalensis, Vieill. (Nectarinia melanorhynchus, Licht.), but in the red colour of this organ they agree with the Cape species (I. erythrorhynchus). It is well known that the females of the latter have the beak much shorter and straighter than the males, yet in these Kordofan specimens the beak, though of the same length, is considerably straighter than in the female birds from the Cape. Like I. senegalensis they have a broad white bar crossing the inner webs of the first three, and both webs, shaft in- cluded, of the remaining primaries ; while in I. erythrorhynchus the white bar of the primaries is much narrower, and divided by the black shaft.
30. Nectarinia metallica, Ehrenb.
31. W. Nectarinia pulehella (Linn.).
32. Phylloscopus trochilus (Linn.). Identical with British spe- cimens.
33. Sazicola deserti, Temm.
34. Saxicola enanthe (Linn.).
35. Savicola isabellina, Cretaschm. This is probably the Sylvia
217
leucorrhoa, Gm., in which case it extends to Senegal. It resembles S. enanthe, but is paler on the upper part, and has less white on the lateral rectrices, the terminal black portion being 1,1; inch in length, while in S. enanthe it is only about 4 inch.
36. Motacilla capensis, Linn.
37. Budytes melanocephala (Licht.).
38. Anthus (undetermined species).
39. W. Melenornis? erythropterus (Gm.). (Turdus erythropte- rus, Gm.) This bird approaches nearly to the type of Melenornis, Gray (Melasoma, Sw.), though the beak is rather more elongated, and the rictal bristles less developed, than in M. edoliolides, Sw. Riippell refers it to Boie’s genus Cercotrichas, which is synonymous with Copsychus, Wagl. Dr. Hartlaub places it in Argya, Lesson, which is synonymous with Chetops, Sw.
40. W. Pyenonotus barbatus (Desfontaines). (Turdus barbatus, Desfont. in Mém. Ac. Sc. 1787; Turdus arsinoe, Licht.; Ixos ob- scurus, Temm.; I. inornatus, Fraser ; Hematornis lugubris, Less.)
41. Oriolus galbula, Linn.
42. W. Dicrurus divaricatus, Licht. (D. lugubris, Ehrenb. ; D. canipennis, Swains.) Nearly allied to the D. musicus, Vieill., of S. Africa, but has the tail less deeply forked, the culmen of the beak more acute, and the primaries pale internally.
43. Lanius algeriensis, Less. in Rev. Zool. 1839. This is probably the species termed L. ewcubitor by Rippell. It differs from the true excubitor of N. Europe in the greater extent of white on the prima- ries, and in the two external pairs of rectrices being wholly white (ex- cept the shafts). It closely approaches L. lahtora of India, and only differs in wanting the narrow band of black across the front.
44, Lanius nubicus, Licht. (L. personatus, Temm.)
45. Lanius collurio, Lim. A young male specimen appears refer- able to this species.
46. N. Lanius isabellinus, Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys. fol. e. This species is pale fulyo-cinereous above, cream-coloured below; rump and tail rufous ; a broad blackish band from the nostril to the ear-covers, margined above by a whitish streak. It much resembles L. arena- rius, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc: Beng. vol. xv. p. 304, but is of a more cinereous tinge above, and is distinguished from that and all the allied Asiatic species by possessing a conspicuous white band at the base of the fourth to the ninth primaries. ‘The specimen from Kordofan has an obscure dark transverse band near the tips of the rectrices.
47. W. Telophonus senegalus (Limn.). (Lanius erythropterus, Shaw.)
48. W. Corvus seapulatus, Daud. (C. leuconotus, Sw.)
49. Corvus umbrinus, Sundevall. Distinguished by the length and curvature of the beak, and by the grey-brown tint of the head and neck.
50. W. Juida rufiventris, Ripp.
51. W. Juida chalybea, Ehrenb. (Lamprotornis cyanotis, Sw.)
52. W. Ploceus luteolus, Licht. (P. personatus, Vieill., Jard. Contrib. to Ornith. 1849, p. 35. pl. 7-)
218
53. W. Ploceus sanguinirostris (Linn.).
54. W. Pyromelana ignicolor (Vieill.).
55. W. Vidua paradisea (Linn.). The series of immature speci- mens in the collection have enabled me to detect a curious structure connected with the development of the tail-feathers, which will be treated of in a separate paper. See Sir W. Jardine’s ‘ Contributions to Ornithology,’ 1850, p. 88. pl. 59. :
56. W. Vidua principalis (Linn.). The specimen from Kordofan, like those from Senegal, has a black spot on the chin, but it is not yet proved whether the presence of this spot amounts to a specific distinction.
57. W. Pytelia elegans (Gm.).
58. W. Amadina fasciata (Gm.). (Fringilla detruncata, Licht.)
59. W. Amadina cantans (Gm.). <A perfectly typical Amadina, though M. Riippell makes it an Estrilda.
60. W. Phileterus nitens (Gm.). (Amadina nitens, Sw.) From the peculiar form of the beak I am disposed to refer this species, as well as Estrilda squamifrons, Smith, E. musica, Gray, and Lowia frontalis, Daud., to the genus Phileterus.
61. Crithagra lutea (Licht.), Temm. Pl. Col. 365.
62. W. Passer simplex, Licht. (Pyrgita swainsoni, Riipp.)
63. Emberiza striolata, Riipp.
64. Galerida cristata (Linn.)? This is probably the bird so desig- nated by Riippell, who states it to be abundant in the whole of N. Africa. It precisely agrees with European specimens in form, but is of a much paler colour, which however may be easily explained by the bleaching effect of the sun’s rays in the scorching deserts which this bird frequents.
65. N. Mrrarra corporanica, Strickland, n. s. Above fer- ruginous, the feathers of the crown and back with an indistinct medial dusky streak, and margined on their inner side with rusty white ; tertials broadly margined with whitish, that colour being sepa- rated from the ferruginous of the medial portion by a narrow dusky line ; secondaries ferruginous, margined externally with whitish ; pri- maries ferruginous at the base, their distal half bemg pale rufo-fus- cous ; medial pair of rectrices ferruginous, the next pair pale rufo- fuscous, the two following pairs deep fuscous, with a very narrow rufescent margin, the penultimate pair deep fuscous internally ; the external web, and part of the imer at the tip, white; external pair white, the inner web fuscous towards the base; cheeks pale rufo- fuscous, chin and throat white, breast and lower parts pale cream- colour, the former with a few pale rufo-fuscous subtriangular spots ; lower wing-covers and sides rufescent ; beak, feet and claws pale yel- lowish. (Aves, Pl. XXIII.)
Total length, 51 inches; beak to front, 4, to gape, =; wing, 3,5; medial and external rectrices, 2,7; tarsus, ;9,; middle toe and claw, +53 hind toe, 3; hind claw, -%,.
This, which seems to be a typical Mirafra, is remarkable for the predominance of a pure ferruginous tint on its upper parts. The hind
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claw is remarkably short, though not more so than in some of the Indian species of Mirafra. The single specimen that occurred of this bird is now in the British Museum.
66. ALAUDA ERYTHROPYGIA, Strickland, n.s. Upper parts deep fuscous brown, the feathers narrowly margined with rufo-fulvous ; upper tail-covers ferruginous ; remiges deep fuscous, almost black on both webs, secondaries narrowly tipped with pale fulvous ; tail fuscous black, the middle rectrices narrowly margined with ferruginous, the bases of all ferruginous, extending obliquely nearly to the tips of the outer pair. Lower parts pale fulvous, the chin, throat and breast with a broad medial fuscous streak on each feather ; lower wing-covers black, margins of wing fulvous ; beak fuscous ; legs flesh-colour ; hind claw short and slightly curved. - (Aves, Pl. XXIV.)
Length 71 inches; beak to front, 5%, to gape, 77; wing, 4+; me- dial and-external rectrices, 3; tarsus, |; hind claw, ;3;.
Hab. Kordofan.
67. W. Colius macrurus, Linn. (C. senegalensis, Gm.)
68. W. Tockus erythrorhynchus (Kuhl).
69. W. Paleornis torquatus, Vig. ~(P. eubicularis, Wagl.) This species, which extends across Africa from Abyssinia to Senegal, is identical with specimens from India. 4
70. W. Pogonius vieilloti, Leach. (P. senegalensis, Licht.; P. rubescens, Temm.) N.B. This generic name was originally written Pogonia by Leach (Zool. Mise. vol. ii. p. 45), in which form it had been preoccupied by a genus of plants. [liger’s name, Pogonias, had also been preoccupied by a fish-genus; but Leach afterwards cor- rected it to Pogonius, which form had never been used before, and I therefore retain it instead of Mr. G. R. Gray’s name Lemodon (erro- neously written Laimodon).
71. Trachyphonus margaritatus, Riipp. (Tamatia erythropyga, Ehrenb.) z
72. Yunzx torquilla, Linn. Identical with specimens from Britain and from India.
73. N. Oxylophus serratus (Sparrm.). This Cape bird has never before, I believe, been obtained to the north of the equator. The nearly allied O. jacobinus (Bodd.) of India (Cueculus melanoleucus, Gm.; ©. passerinus, Vahl) has the lower parts constantly white. Ehrenberg, in his ‘Symbole Physicee,’ fol. 7, describes a Nubian spe- cies under the name of Cuculus pica, which from the description seems to be identical with the white-bellied O. jacobinus of India. Riippell erroneously refers this C. pica of Ehrenberg to the Ovylo- phus afer, Leach (Levaill. Ois. Afr. pl. 209), of S. Africa, which differs in having dark streaks on the throat, and which appears from Riip- pell’s observations to be also an Abyssinian bird.
74. W. Owylophus glandarius (Linn.).
75. W. Columba guinea, Lim. (C. trigonigera, Wagl.)
76. Numida ptilorhyncha, Licht.
77. Francolinus clappertoni, Vig. Mr. G. R. Gray has separated the F. clappertoni of Riippell as a distinct species, under the name of
220
F. riippelli ; but the specimens from Kordofan seem to agree equally well with Riippell’s plate of F. riippelli and with Gray’s plate of what he regards as the true clappertoni, between which I can see no dif- ference.
78. Coturnix dactylisonans.
79. N. W. Pterocles quadricinctus,Temm. (P. tricinctus, Sw.) This African species has long been confounded with the closely allied P. fasciatus (Scop.), (Perdix indica, Lath.), of India, figured by Mr. Jerdon in his ‘Illustrations of Indian Ornithology,’ pl. 10 and 36. Specimens sent by Mr. Jerdon have now enabled me to prove their distinction. The general arrangement of colour is almost identical in these two species, the chief distinction being in the feathers of the back, scapulars, tertials and greater wing-covers, which in P. fascia- tus are marked transversely with bars of a dull iron-grey (or “inky hue,’ as Mr. Jerdon well describes it), while in P. tricinctus these bands are of a deep glossy black. In P. fasciatus the wing-covers next the body have two or three of these dark bands alternating with white ones of equal breadth, the subterminal one being dark, and the tip of the feather ochreous yellow. In P. quadricinctus the wing- covers have only one black band, (or a very faint trace of a second,) narrowly margined on doth sides with a fine white line, the terminal and basal parts of the feather being ochreous. 'Temminck’s original description of P. quadricinctus is evidently taken from the African bird, but he erroneously gives India as its habitat, in consequence of having confounded it with P. fasciata. Vieillot has increased the confusion by figuring the quadricinctus in his ‘ Galerie des Oiseaux,’ pl. 220, under the specific name of bicinctus, while his description refers to the true P. dicinetus, Temm., a S. African bird.
80. W. Otis rhaad, Gm.
81. N. W. Eupodotis denhami (Vig.).
82. W. Ortyzelos meiffreni, Vieill.
83. W. Cidicnemus crepitans, Linn. This seems to me to be un- distinguishable from @. senegalensis (Swains. Birds W. Afr. vol. ii. p- 228), the description of which agrees with the European bird.
84. Cdicnemus affinis, Riipp. So exactly does this agree in size and form with @. crepitans, that I should have suspected it to be an immature bird, did not M. Rippell appear so convinced of its di- stinctness.
85. Pluvianus egyptius (Linn.).
86. Glareola limbata, Riipp. Closely resembles G. orientalis of India, but has the external rectrices about an inch longer.
87. N. W. Squatarola helvetica (Lin).
88. N. W. Rhinoptilus chalcopterus (Temm.). (Cursorius chalco- pterus, Temm.) This, with the nearly allied M. bitorquatus, Blyth, of India, form a very distinct group, connecting Cursorius with Cha- radrius. Mr. Blyth first formed it into a genus, under the name of Macrotarsus (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. xvii. part 1. p. 254); but as the name has been previously used by Lacépéde for genera of mammals and of birds, and by Schénherr for a coleopterous insect, I
221
propose the name Rhinoptilus, indicating the advanced position of the frontal feathers, which, with other characters, distinguish it from Charadrius.
89. N. Chetusia gregaria (Pall.).
90. W. Lobivanellus albicapillus (Vieill.). (Vanellus strigilatus, Swains.)
91. W. Hoplopterus persicus (Bonn.). (HZ. spinosus, auct. recen- tiorum.)
92. W. Sarciophorus pileatus (Gm.).
93. Charadrius hiaticula, Linn.
94. Charadrius alezandrinus, Lim. (C. cantianus, Lath.)
95. Charadrius pecuarius, Licht.
96. W. Ardeola coromanda (Bodd.). (Ardea coromandelensis, Kuhl; 4. coromandelica, Licht.; A. affnis, Horsf. ; A. russata, Temm.; A. bicolor, Vieill.; A. ruficapilla, Vieill. ; A. bubulcus, Au- douin; 4. caboga, Franklin; A. verrani, Roux ; A. lucida, Raff.; Lepterodas ibis, Ehrenb.) I could have wished that M. Riippell had given us the diagnoses of 4. bubuleus and coromandelica when he pro- nounced them distinct. As far as my own comparisons extend, the African and Indian birds are specifically the same.
97. Botaurus stellaris (Linn.).
98. Grus cinereus.
99. W. Ciconia alba.
100. Ibis ethiopica.
101. W. Glottis canescens (Gm.). (G. chloropus, Nilss.)
102. W. Totanus hypoleucus (Linn.).
103. W. Pelidna minuta, Leisl.
104. W. Pelidna subarquata (Gm.).
105. Machetes pugnaz (Linn.).
106. Crex pratensis, Bechst.
107. W. Sarkidiornis africana, Eyton.
108. Chenalopex egyptiacus.
109. W. Dendrocygna viduata (Linn.). We have the authority of Jacquin, Azara, and other authors, for the occurrence of this bird in S. America. If this be the case, it will form the only known instance of a non-marine bird being indigenous to both the African and South American continents, without occurring in Europe, Asia, or North America. Before, however, admitting this remarkable exception to the laws of geographical distribution, the absolute specific identity of the African and American specimens should be established by careful comparison, which, as far as I am aware, has not yet been done.
110. Sterna anglica, Mont.
111. Hydrochelidon nigra (Linn.).
112. W. Pelecanus rufescens.
222
2. SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF Deer (CERVINA), WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES IN THE GARDENS OF THE Society. By J. E. Gray, Esea., F.R.S. ete.
(Mammalia, Pl. XXII.—XXVIII.)
The Deer, spread over all parts of the Globe, are easily recognized by their deciduous horns, which are covered, when they are first de- veloped, with a hairy skin.
It has been supposed that the Deer were not to be found in Africa, but the discovery of a species in Barbary has dispelled that idea ; they are rare in that extensive quarter of the world, their place being sup- plied by Antelopes.
Since the publication of Cuvier’s Essay on Deer, in which he de- scribed several species from the study of the horns alone, many zoolo- gists have almost entirely depended on the horns for the character of the species, and Colonel Hamilton Smith has been induced to sepa- rate some species on the study of a single horn. But the facilities which menageries have afforded of studying these animals, and watch- ing the variations which the horns of the species present, have shown that several most distinct but allied species, as the Stag of Canada and India, have horns so similar that it is impossible to distinguish them by their horns. On the other hand, it has been shown that animals of the same herd, or even from the same parents, and some- times even the same specimen, under different circumstances, in suc- ceeding years have produced horns so unlike one another in size and form, that they might have been considered, if their history was not known, as horns of very different species. These observations, and the examination of the different cargoes of foreign horn which are imported for the uses of the cutler, each cargo of which is generally collected in a single locality, and therefore most probably belong to a single species peculiar to the district,—have proved to me that the horns afford a much better character to separate the species into groups, than to distinguish the allied species from one another.
Colonel Hamilton Smith, in his Monograph of the Genus, sepa- rated them into subgenera according to the form of the horns.
In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1836 I drew atten- tion to the glands on the hind-legs as affording very good characters to arrange the subgenera proposed. by De Blainville and Colonel Smith into natural groups, which in most particulars agreed with the geo- graphical distribution of the species.
Dr. Sundevall, in his Essay on Pecora, has availed himself of the suggestions in my paper, and has also pointed out some other exter- nal characters, such as the form and extent of the muffle, which afford good marks of distinction in these animals,—such as I believe are much more important for the distinction of the genera and species than those derived from the form of the skull or the modifications of the teeth, or the form and size of the horns; as they are not, like those parts, so liable to alteration from age, local circumstances and
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other changes during the growth of the animal, and they can be seen in the females as well as the males, which is not the case with the horns, as they can only be observed in the male sex.
The Deer may be thus divided :
A. The Deer or THE SNowy Reeions have a very broad muzzle, entirely covered with hair; the horns are expanded and pal- mated, and the fawns are not spotted.
. The Alcine Deer have no basal anterior snag to the horns, and a small, bald muffle between the nostrils, as the genus dices.
8
a
. The Rangerine Deer have a large basal anterior snag to the horns, close on the crown or burr, and no muffle, as Tarandus.
Bs. The Deer or THE TEMPERATE OR WARM Recions have a tapering muzzle, ending in a bald muffle; the fawn, and some- times the adult, are spotted.
c. The Llaphine Deer have a distinct anterior basal snag to the horns, the muffle broad, and separated from the lip by a hairy band, and the tuft of hair on the outside of the hind-leg above the middle of the metatarsus, as Cervus and Dama.
d. The Rusine Deer have a distinct anterior basal snag to the horns, the muffle very high, and not separated from the edge of the lip, and the tuft of hair on the outside of the hind-leg above the middle of the metatarsus, as Recervus, Panolia, Rusa, Axis, Hy- elaphus, and Cervulus.
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The Capreoline Deer have no basal anterior snag to the horn, the first branch being some distance above the burr; the suborbital crumen (and pit in the skull) generally small, as Capreolus, Ca- riacus, Blastocerus, Furcifer, and Coassus.
The Alcine and Rangerine Deer are confined to the Northern part of both continents; the Hlaphine and Rusine Deer to the Eastern World, the latter almost exclusively to the warmer part of Asia; the Capreoline Deer are peculiar to America. The only exception to these rules are, the Wapiti Deer of the Elaphine group is found in Northern America, and the Roebuck and Ahu of the Capreoline group are found in Europe and North Asia.
a. The Deur or THE SNowy Recions have a very broad end to the nose, which is entirely covered with hair, a short tail and pal- mated horns; the fawns are not spotted, but uniformly coloured like the adult ; the skull with a large nose-cavity, and with the intermax- illaries not reaching to the nasal.
a. The Aucine Derr or Exvxs have no basal snag, the first branch of the horn being cOnsiderably above the crown.
224
1. Aces; dice, H. Smith.
The muzzle is very broad, produced, and covered with hair, but there is a small, moist, naked spot in front of the nostrils; the neck is short and thick ; the hair is thick and brittle; the throat is rather maned in both sexes; the hind-legs have the tuft of hair rather above the middle of the metatarsus; the males have palmate horns. The nose-cavity in the skull is very large, reaching behind to a line over the front of the grinders ; the intermaxillaries are very long, but do not reach to the nasal; the nasals are very short. They live in woods in the northern parts of both continents.
1. Aucres maLcuis. The Exx or Moose.
Dark brown ; legs yellower.
Alces, Gesner; Plin.—Cervus Alces, Linn. S. N. i. 92; Pallas, Zool. R. A. i. 201; H. Smith; Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 232. —Aleces Malchis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135; Gray, Knows. Menag. 56.—Moose Deer, Dudley, Phil. Trans. n. 368. 165.—£/k, Laws, Ca- rol. 123; Pennant, Syn.—£lan, Brisson, H. N. xii. t. 7. Supp. vii. t. 25; Cuvier, R. A.—Orignal, La Houtan, Voy. 72; Charlev. Nouv. France, iii. 126.— American Black Elk (C.alces 3.), H.Smith, G.A.K. v. 771.—Loss, Russians in Siberia.
Inhabits the Northern regions of America and Europe.
Several naturalists, especially Colonel Hamilton Smith, thought they had observed a difference in the horns of the Russian and Ame- rican Elks; I have compared numerous specimens from both coun- tries, but can discover no appreciable distinction between them.
The Elks, like most of the other Deer, and especially of the ani- mals which inhabit the cold and mountain regions, present a very con- siderable difference in size, according to the scarcity or abundance of the food which the locality they inhabit affords, and the development of the horns appears to be greatly influenced by this cause; so that the horns of the animals inhabiting the more barren districts are much less developed than those found in more fertile situations, and I think I have observed this to be the case with both the Russian and the American horns: but on this head naturalists are like to be much misled, as the horns which are imported are generally chosen for their size and perfect development, and the small and less-developed speci- mens are only to be observed in the cargoes of horns which are im- ported for economic purposes.
These observations are equally applicable to the Rein Deer.
6. The Rancerine Deer or Retns have a large and well-deve- loped basal branch close on the crown of the horns.
2. Taranpus; Rangifer, H. Smith.
The muzzle is entirely covered with hair; the tear-bag small, covered with a pencil of hairs; the fur brittle, in summer short, in winter longer, whiter, of the throat longer; the hoofs are broad, de- pressed, and bent in at the tip; the external metatarsal gland above
225
the middle of the leg; horns in both seges elongate, subcylindric, with the basal branches and tip dilated and“palmated ; of the females smaller ; skull with rather large nose-cavity, about half as long as the distance to the first grinder; the intermaxillary moderate, nearly reaching to the nasal; a small, very shallow, suborbital pit.
They live in the Arctic Regions in both hemispheres, migrating in flocks, and eating lichens.
1. TARANDUS RANGIFER. The Carisovu or Rein Derr.
Dark brown in summer, grey in winter. Young: brown, yellow varied.
Tarandus, Plini.—Rangifer, Gesner.—Cervus Tarandus, Linn.; Pallas, Zool. Ross. A. i. 106; Cuvier, Mamm. Lith. t. ; Bennett, Gardens Z. 8. 241. fig.; Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 238.—C. Tarandus sylvestris (Woodland Caribou), Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 250.—C. rangifer, Raii Syn. 88.—C. platyrhynchos, Vrolich, Rendier, t. 2 (1828).—C. palmatus and C. mirabilis, Jonston, Quad. t.36, 37.—Tarandus rangifer, Gray, Knows. Menag.57.—Rein Deer, Pennant.—Caribou, Sagard. Theodat. Canad. 751.—Renne, Buffon, H. N. xii. 79. t. 10-12. Supp. iii. t. 18*.—Rhenne, Cuvier, R. A.— Caribou or Carrebeuf, French Canadians.— Oleen, Russians in Siberia.
Var. Smaller; horns more slender, less palmated ; hair short, smooth, close, brown, with throat and belly white in summer ; hair very close, thick, waved, brittle and erect and white in winter.
Cervus Tarandus Americanus, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 773.—C. Ta- randus v. Arctica (Barren-ground Caribou), Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 241. fig. 240, horns.—Common Deer, Hearne, Journ. 195. 200.
Inhabits Arctic parts of Europe and America.
Varies exceedingly in size. In the British Museum there are spe- cimens varying from 20 to 28 inches high at the withers, and pro- portionally as large in the horns and all the other parts. The variety is confined to the barren grounds.
Dr. Richardson observes, ‘‘ There are two well-marked and perma- nent varieties of Caribou that inhabit the fur countries; one of them (Woodland Caribou) confined to the woody and more southern di- stricts, and the other (Barren-ground Caribou) retiring to the woods only in the winter, but passing the summer on the coasts of the Arctic seas, or on the barren grounds so often mentioned in this work.” — Fauna Bor. Amer. 299.
The large Siberian variety are ridden on by the Tungusians. They also use them for draught, as the Laplanders do the smaller variety.
They have a large variety in Newfoundland, nearly as large as a heifer, having very large and heavy horns. There are some horns of this variety in the British Museum. M. Middendorf informed me that the horns of the large Siberian variety were as large as, and greatly re- sembled, the horns from Newfoundland (Nova Scotia) in the British Museum Collection.
Pallas observes, “ Americze forte continua gregatim verno tempore per glacies admigrant, paulo diversi a Siberize inquilinis et verosimil- lime Americani.’’—Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 208.
No. CCXV.—Procerpines or THE ZooLoeicaL Society.
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s. The Deer oF THE WARM oR TEMPERATE ReGions have a tapering nose, ending in a naked, moist muffle; they generally have a well-developed tail, distinct crumen, and rather long false hoofs ; their fawns are spotted, the spots generally disappearing in the adult, or only to be seen when the animals are in high condition; the fur is shorter and fulyous in the summer, becoming longer and greyer in the winter; the skulls have a moderate nose-cavity, and the inter- maxillaries reaching to or nearly to the nasal bones.
ce. The Exaruine Deer or Sracs have a low, broad muffle, narrowed and rounded below, and nearly separated from the edge of the lip by a hairy band, which has only a narrow interruption in the middle, and rather elongated ears; they have rough horns, generally supported on a more or less long process of the frontal bones, fur- nished with a frontal basal branch or snag close on the burr or crown ; the outer side of the hind-legs has a tuft of hair placed rather above the middle of the metatarsus, and another tuft on the inner side of the hock.
They are (except the Wapiti) exclusively confined to the woods of the Old or Eastern World.
3. Cervus; Elaphus, H. Smith; Cervus and Pseudocervus, Hodgson.
Horns round, erect, with an anterior basal snag, a medial anterior snag, and the apex divided imto one or more branches, according to the age of the animal; a well-developed crumen ; narrow triangular, compressed hoofs; they are covered with brittle, opake hairs; the rump is generally ornamented with a pale mark ; skull with a large, deep, suborbital pit.
* The True Stags have one or two branches on the middle of the front of the beam.
+ The American kind have rather broad semicircular hoofs, a very short tail, and the withers covered with softer hair in winter. Stron- gyloceros.
1. Cervus Canapensis. The Wapiti.
Red-brown ; rump with a very large pale disk extending far above the base of the tail, and with a black streak on each side of it; male with hair of throat elongated, black, with reddish tips.
Stag, Dale, Phil. Trans. n. 444, 384.—Cerfde Canada, Perr. Anim. ii. 55. t. 45?; Cuvier, R. A. i. 256.—Cervus Canadensis, Brisson ; Gray, Knows. Menag. 58.—Cervus Elaphus, var. Canadensis, Erxl.— Cervus Strongyloceros, Schreb. t.247 ; Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 251.—C. major, Ord.—C. Wapiti, Leach, Journ. Phys. Ixxxv. 66.— American Elk, Bewick, Quad.—North-Western Stag, C. occidentalis, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 101. t. . f. 2, horn; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 614, notSyn.— Wapiti, Warden, Etats Unis, v.638 ; Wied, Voy. Amer. Sept. iii. 302.
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Var. Smaller. ;
Red Deer (or Canadian Stag), Warden, Etats Unis, v. 637.—EIh, Lewis and Clerk.—Stag, Pennant, Arct. Zool. i. 27.—Wewashkiss, Hearne, Journ. 360. :
Inhabits N. America.
In summer red-brown ; ears, middle line of the back of the neck, and back of rump and front of legs blackish ; rump-mark yellowish.
++ The species of the Western World have narrow, triangular hoofs, a moderate tail, and are covered with harsh hair. Cervus.
2. Cervus Exvapuvus. The Stace.
Brown; rump with a pale spot extending rather above the upper surface of the base of the tail.
Cervus, Plin.; Gesner.—Tragelaphus, Gesner (old male).—Cervus Elaphus, Linn.; Gray, Knows. Menag. 58.—C. vulgaris, Linn.—C. nobilis, Klein. —C. Germanicus, Brisson.—C. Elaphus 3. Hippelaphus, Fischer, Syn. (old male).—Stag, or Red Deer, Pennant.—Cer/, Buffon, H.N. vi. t. 9.—Cerf commun, Cuvier; F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lith. t.
Inhabits Europe.
Mr. Blyth described a variety as the Hungarian Stag (Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841, 750. t. 3. f. 11).
The Deer which Buffon (H. N. vi. 95. t. 11) describes under the name of the Cerf de Corse, has been regarded as a variety to be di- stinguished by the smallness of its size, but Buffon observes, that he believes the ‘‘size to depend on the scarcity of nourishment ; for when moved to better pastures, in four years they became higher, larger and stouter than the Common Stags.”
3. Cervus Barsarus. The Barsary Derr.
Dark brown; obscurely white spotted, with a very indistinct, greenish brown, broad dorsal line, with a pale yellow spot extended considerably above the base of the tail ; back of haunches white, with a dark stripe on each side.
Cervus Barbarus, Bennett, MSS. Catal. Gardens Zool. Soc. ; Gray, Knows. Menag. 59; Frazer, Zoologia Typica, t. .—Burk-Goat (Al- Wassai), Moors (see Griffith, A. K. v. 775).
Inhabits Coast of Barbary ; Tunis.
4. Cervus Wauticuu. The Bara Srnea or Mort.
Brown, with a very large white spot on the rump, extending on back of the haunches and far above the base of the tail; the horns with two basal and one or two apical branches.
Cervus Pygargus, Hardw. Linn. Trans.—Cervus Wallichii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 50; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. from Hardw. Icon.; Sundev. Pecora, 55; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv.103.t. _. (from Indian drawing) ; Gray, Knows. Menag. 60.—Jaareel Stag, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1841, 750. t. —_. f. 7, young horn; Hodgson, Icon. ined. t. 198, called Gyana.—Pseudocervus Wallichii, Hodgson, Journ.
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Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x. 914, xi. 284.—?Cervus Caspianus or Hangool, Falconer, MSS.; Gray, Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 147.—? Cervus Cash- meriensis, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 65.—Kashmir Stag?, Blyth, P. Z. 8. 1840, 72; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1841, 750.t. . f. 8, 9. —Persian Deer, Maral or Gevezu or Gookoohee, MacNeil, P. Z. 8. 1840, 11; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1841, 750.t. . f. 10.
Inhabits Cachir (Hodgson) ; Persia (MacNei/).
The skull of Dr. Falconer’s Cashmere Stag is 15 inches long ; the suborbital pit is oblong, triangular, and rather deep. The skull and horns are very like Mr. Hedgson’s specimen of Cervus affinis, but they are considerably smaller.
Sir John MacNeil informs us they are called by the Persians Maral, or Gevezu, or Gookoohee, and are frequently noticed in their literature. It is found in all the wooded mountain districts of Persia, but apparently does not occur in the central parts of the country. They rarely descend into the plains. During the summer they are found in the highest wooded parts of the mountains, and during the winter in the lower ravines, near their bases, where they are frequently tracked in the snow. The horns of the adult males closely resemble those of the Red Deer of this country; insomuch that I doubt whether an unscientific observer could distinguish them, except by the supe- rior size of those of the Maral.—P. Z. S. 1840, 11.
5. Cervus arrints. The Saunt Forest Srac.
Pale brown ; rump without any distinct pale mark?; skull 16 or 17 inches long ; suborbital pit large, oblong, trigonal, rather deep.
Cervus affinis (Mool Baratingha, or Royal Stag of the Morung), Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. n. 197; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x. 741, 914; Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 291; Sundey. Pecora, 131 ; Gray, Cat. Ost. Sp. B. M. 65; Knowsley Menag. 60.—C. Elaphus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, iv. 648.—C. Wallichii, part, Gray, Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. in B. M. 32.—C. Wallichii, var. Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1841, 747.
Tnhabits India; Saul Forest.
Mr. Hodgson, in his figure of this animal, does not represent any pale spot on the rump: if this is correct, it must be a most distinct species, as Dr. Falconer informs me the Cashmere Stag has a large white rump.
6. Cervus Sika. The Sra.
Dark brown; cheeks and throat rather paler ; ramp brown, without ©
any pale spot; tail pale, white beneath; hair harsh; horns rather
slender, with a basal and medial snag, and a subapical internal one. Cervus Sika, Schlegel, Fauna Japon. t. 17; Sundey. Pecora, 55,
131; Gray, Knows. Menag. 60.——-C. Sitza, Temm. Mus. Leyden. Inhabits Japan. Mus. Leyden.
4. Dama, H. Smith; Platyceros.
Horns, upper part expanded, smooth, and branched on the hinder edge; tail rather elongated ; tear-bag well developed ; hoofs narrow,
a
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triangular, compressed ; they are covered with thin, rather adpressed hairs, and have the hair of the nape reversed ; the fur is spotted in summer ; the skull with a short broad face, an oblong, rather shallow, infraorbital pit; intermaxillary broad, reaching to the short broad nasals.
1. Dama vuteaRis. The Fattow Deer.
Fulvous ; white spotted, with the longitudinal streak on the lower part of the side, and the line across the haunches white.
Var. From nearly black to nearly pure white. :
Platyceros, Plim.—Cervus platyceros, Raii Quad. 85.—Cervus dama, Linn.— Dama vulgaris, Gesner, Quad. 335. f. ; Gray, Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 65; Knows. Menag. 60.—Fallow Deer and Buch, Pennant.—Daim et Daime, Buffon.—Daim fauve, F. Cuvier.—Cer- vus coronatus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. t. . f. 4, from monstrous horns.
Var. Blackish.
Cervus mauricus, F. Cuv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816.—C. Dama maura, Fischer.—Daime noire, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith.
Inhabits Persia. Domesticated in Europe.
This species is represented in the sculptures from Nineveh.
d. The Rustne Deer or Samsoos have a large moist mufile, which is as high as broad, and extends to the edge of the upper lip ; hind-leg with a large tuft of hair rather above the middle of the meta- tarsus, and with a pencil of hair on the inner side of the hock; a moderate tail, broad, short ears, and the fur consisting of hard, rather shining, thick, depressed hair ; they have no white mark on the rump. The horns are cylindrical, generally rather longly peduncled, with a distinct anterior basal branch or snag close on the burr or crown, and are forked, and sometimes reforked, at the tip; they have no medial snag. The skulls have a large, very deep, suborbital pit. They are confined to South-Eastern Asia and its islands.
* In some the upper part of the horns is variously branched.
5. Panouta, Gray.
The horns round, curved backwards and outwards, with a large anterior basal snag close on the burr ; the upper part bent in, forked, becoming rather expanded and branched on the immer or hinder edge ; the fur formed of rather rigid, flattened hair; muffle large; skull with a narrow face, a large, oblong, very deep suborbital pit, and the nasals short, broad, and dilated behind ; the frontal snag of the horns often has a tubercle or branch at the base.
1. Panoxia Eepu. The Sunenat.
Panolia Eedii, Gray, Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. B. M. 34; Knowsley Menag. 61.—P. acuticornis, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M.180.—P. platy- ceros, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 180 (adult horn).— Cervus lyratus, Schinz, Syn. ii. 395.—?Cervus Smithii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, 45.—Cervus Eedii, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. 413. t. 12.—Cervus
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(Rusa) frontalis, M‘Clelland, Calcutta Journ. N. H. 1. t.12. f. 1, i. 539, ii. t. 13; Sundevall, Pecora, 132.
Inhabits India.
General Hardwicke has a drawing of a Deer, the frontal snag of the horns very much elongated, and apparently forked: Colonel Hamilton Smith made an “improved” drawing from the sketch ; and in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1837 I mention the species under the name of C. Smithii, p. 48.
I am now doubtful if the sketch might not have been intended for this species or a new one allied to it.
6. Rucervus, Hodgson; Rusa, sp. H. Smith.
Horns cylindrical, with an anterior basal branch, and repeatedly forked at the tip; muffle large, high, continued to the edge of the upper lip below; they have a rather short, thick tail, a shortish face, a well-developed crumen, broad rounded ears, covered with hair, and narrow compressed hoofs. The fur is formed of rather soft adpressed hairs; they have no pale mark on the rump, and are indistinctly spotted. The skull has an elongate face, with a large nose-opening, and an oblong, rather shallow, suborbital pit.
1. Rucervus Duvavucetii. The Bawrarya.
Yellowish brown, without any rump-spot ; back with an indistinct dark streak, with a row of white spots on each side ; sides not spotted ; hair black, with yellow tips; neck with rather longer hair; throat, chest and belly with longer, scattered, greyish white hairs; muzzle and front of leg dark ; chin white. Fur in winter dark brown.
Cervus Duvaucelliz, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 29. f. 6, 8.—Rucervus Duvaueellii, Gray, Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. B. M. 33.—Rucervus ela-
phoides, Wodgson.—R. Duvaucellii, Gray, Knows. Menag. 61.— .
Cervus Bahrainja, Hodgson.—C. enclodocerus, Hodgson.—C. Bah- raiya, Hodgson, P. Z. 8. 1836,46.—C. Euryceros, Knowsley Menag. t. 40, 41.—Bahraiya, Hodgson.
Inhabits India.
* The True Rusas have the upper part of the horns simply forked.
7. Rusa, H. Smith; Cervus Hippelaphi**, Sundevall.
They are covered with hard, rigid, very thick hairs ; they are not, or only obscurely, spotted ; the horns are placed on a moderately long
peduncle, have an anterior frontal snag close on the crown, and are
simply forked at the tip.
+ The Larger kinds have the hair of the neck elongated, forming a kind of mane, at least in the males.
1. Rusa Aristoreuis. The Samsoo.
Tail not floccose, brown, rather darker at the end ; blackish brown, with the feet, the region of the vent, and a spot over the eyes fulvous. Male maned. Young obscurely white spotted (Hodgson).
ee
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Gona Rusa, Daniel, Ceylon, t. .—Cervus Aristotelis, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 502. t.39. f.10; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. ; Suudev. Pecora, 55.—Cervus Hippelaphus, C. Aristotelis, and C. heteroceros, Hodgson, Icon. ined.—Rusa Aristotelis, H. Smith; Gray, Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. B. M. 67; Osteol. Spec. B. M. 67; Knows. Menag. 62.—Cervus unicolor, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 780.—Cervus Benga- lensis, Schinz, Syn. Mam. ii. 390.—Daim noir de Bengal, Duvaucell, Asiat. Res. xv. 157.—Cerf noir de Bengal, F. Cuvier, Menag. Lith. t. .—Cervus equinus (Samboo Deer), Bennett, Tower Menag. 185, fig.— 7h, Indian Sportsmen ; Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc.—Var. Cervus heteroceros, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1841, 722.t. .
Var.? Biche de Malacca, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. female.—Cervus Malaccensis, Fischer, Syn.
Inhabits India; Ceylon.
The skull is about 17 inches long, and has a very deep, oblong, subtriangular, suborbital pit.
The specimen from Ceylon, in the Zoological Gardens, differs from the common Samboos from India in having shorter and thicker horns.
Nearly black in October ; the front of the muzzle rounded, the nose black, forming a band across the chin; front of chin (only) white ; tail all black ; face paler than back, and more grisled, but uniformly coloured, without any black streak over the eyes or up the side of the nose ; vent flesh-coloured. Much larger.
2. Rusa Dimorpue. The Srorrep Rwvsa.
Red-brown ; back with distinct series of small white spots; sides indistinetly white spotted ; limbs paler; neck and belly blackish; chin white ; the horns (deformed ?). Young bright fawn-red, white spotted.
Cervus Dimorphe, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1844, t. ; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. 74; Sundevall, Pecora, 132.—Rusa Dimorpha (Hodgson’s Rusa), Hodgson in Gray, Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. in B. M. 33 ; Gray, Knows. Menag. 62.
Inhabits Saul Forest ; Morang.
3. Rusa Eautnus. The Rusa or SMALLER SAMBOO.
Brown, not spotted ; tail rounded, floceose, black at the tip; hair (summer) elongate, rigid, thick, waved. Young very obscurely spotted ; hair rigid and rough.
Rusa, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii. 263.—Cervus equinus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 44. t. 5. f. 30, 37, 38,42; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 112. t. |; Sundevall, Pecora, 55; S. Miiller, Nederl. Verh.—Z/and or Elk of the Dutch Sportsmen.—Rusa Equinus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 62. t. 43.
Inhabits Sumatra ; Borneo.
4. Rusa Hiepetapuus. The Misancan BAnsoe.
Greyish brown ; tail not floccose, brownish at the tip ; anal region not pale; cheeks and upper part of the neck of the males maned ; hair (summer) short, rigid, close-pressed, not waved. Young: hair smooth.
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Rusa ubi, R. saput and R. Tunjue, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii. 260. — Cervus hippelaphus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5. f. 31, 34 & 42; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. ; Raffles, Mem. 645.—Cervus Tunjue, Vigors, in Raffles’ Memoir, 645.—Cervus Rusa, 8. Miiller, Nederl. Verh. 45. t. 43.—Great Muntjac, Waterhouse, Cat. Mus. Zool. Soc. 1839, 39.—Cerf noir de Bengal, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 2, in summer.— Cervus Leschenaultii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. , from horns only.—Rusa Hippelaphus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 62.
Var. Smaller. Eydoux, Guérin, Mag. Zool. 1836, 26.—Cervus Moluccensis, Quoy.—Cervus Rusa Moluccensis, 8. Miller, Nederl. Verh. t.45; Mus. Leyden, 1845.—Cervus Rusa Timorensis, Mus. Leyden, 1845.
Inhabits Java.
In all its states it was very distinct from the Samboo of Continental India. The horns are similar to those of R. Hquinus, but the body and horns are smaller, and the hair of the young is smoother.
** The Smaller Rusas have no mane; the peduncles of the horns are rather elongated, and covered with hair.
5. Rusa Peronit. The SMALuerR Rusa.
Brown, paler beneath ;_ hair rigid, thick, rmged ; muzzle dark ; tail brown, floccose ; anal disk white; the hind part of the feet hairy ; the horns are thick and heavy.
Cervus Peronii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 46. t. 5. f. 41, 45; Sundeyv. Pecora, 56.—Rusa Peronii, Gray, Knows. Menag.63.— Cervus Kuhlii, S.Miiller, Neder]. Verh. 45. t.44; Sundey. Pecora, 56.—Rusa Kuhlit, Gray, List. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 68.
Inhabits Timor, Luboc, Bavian and Ternate. Specimen in Bnit. Mus.
6. Rusa Puruippinus. Pxitiepine Rusa.
Forehead brown ; end of nose and eyebrows brownish ; feet behind naked ; hair rigid, not waved.
Cerf de Philippine, Desm. Mamm. 442.— Cervus Philippinus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 147. t.164. f. 5. head, v. 803; Fischer, Syn. 622; Sundey. Pecora, 56.—Rusa Philippinus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 63.
Var.? Tail black, dependent ; front of face dark.
Cervus Marianus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 45. t. 5. f. 30, 37, 38, 46; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 115. t. 168 (from Mus. Paris); Fischer, Syn. 453; Sundev. Pecora, 57.
Inhabits Philippines.
This species has the horn on an elongated peduncle, like the Munt- jacs, but it is easily distinguished from them by the absence of the ridge and of the grooves on the face.
7. Rusa teprmpa. The Lirrie Rusa.
“Reddish brown; back and sides varied with pale, spotted hair ; vent disk small, white, black edged above; tail longly hairy, white, above black ; face brown, with a roundish white spot in front of the
—
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usual oval black spot ; horns smooth, slender, nearly straight, elon- gate, the basal snag bent down on the forehead.” —Sundevall. Cervus (Hippelaphus) lepida, Sundev. Pecora, 57.—Rusa lepida, Gray, Knows. Menag. 63. Inhabits Java. Mus. Frankfort. Scarcely as large as a Roebuck.
8. Axis, H. Smith; Hippelaphus ***, Sundev.
Covered with moderately thick, polished hairs ; fulvous and beauti- fully white spotted at all seasons; the face is elongate, narrow, and the ears large, rather elongate and acute, with a rather elongate tail, and nearly equally long, slender legs ; the horns are placed on mode- rately long peduncles ; the skull is elongate, narrow, with an oblong, rather small, deep suborbital pit.
1, Axis mMacuLatTa. The Axis or CHILTRA. Fulvous, with a black dorsal streak, edged with a series of white
_ spots; sides with many white spots in an oblique curved line, and
with a short white streak obliquely across the haunches.
Young fawn, spotted exactly like the adult.
Avis, Plin.?; Buffon, H. N. xi. t. 38, 39; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. ; Oss. Foss. iy. 38. t. 5. f. 24, 29.— Cervus Avis, Erxl.; Schreb. t. 250; Bennett, Gard. Zool. Soc. 253; Sundev. Pecora, 57.—Azis maculata, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 178.—A. major, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x. 914.—A. minor, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x. 914.—A. medius, Hodgson, Icon. ned.—Cervus pseudaxis, Ger- vais, Voy. Bonite, 64. t. 12; Institute, 1841, 419; Sundev. Pecora, 57.—C. Axis Ceylonensis, H. Smith.
Var. Blackish. Cervus nudipalpebra, Ogilby, P. Z. 8. 1831, 136 ; Sundey. Pecora, 57.131.
Inhabits India.
The horns of this species vary greatly in size. Pennant describes two Deer under the names of 1. Greater Avis, Pennant, Syn. 52; Quad. 106= Cervus Axis y, Gmelin; 2. Middle-sized Axis, Pennant, Quad. 106= Cervus Axis 3, Gmelin, from the horns alone: these are probably only large-horned examples of the common species; 3. C. pseudaxis, which has been regarded as a species of Rusa, is only a small-horned variety.
9. Hyrvapnuus, Sundev.; Axis, sp. H. Smith.
Covered with moderately thick, polished hair ; fulvous, and spotted in the summer; with a rather elongated tail, and rather short legs, the front being rather the shortest; the face is short, broad, and arched in front; the ears short and rounded; the horns are placed on moderately long peduncles.
1. HyeLapruus rorcinus. The Lucena Para or SHGORIAH.
Brown or yellowish brown, with an indistinct darker dorsal streak, and with obscure whitish spots, but without any white streak on the sides or haunches; in the winter brown and spotless; front of face
234
and legs darker; line down the front and the inside of the thighs white.
Porcine Deer, Pennant, Syn. 42. t. 8. f. 2.—Cerf Cochon, Buffon, Supp. iii. 122.t.18 (in summer) .—Cervus porcinus, Zimmerm.; Schreb. t. 251; F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog. t. .—Hyelaphus porcinus, Sun- dev. Pecora, 58; Gray, Knows. Menag. 64. t.42; Cat. Ost. B. M. 67. —Axis porcinus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x. 914; Gray, Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. B. M. 33.—Cervus niger, Hamilton, Icon. ined.; Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 76; Fischer, Syn. 454 ; Sundey. Pe- cora, 60. 132.
Inhabits India.
Easily known from the Avis by being lower on its legs, and there is no distinct black dorsal streak, nor white streak on haunches; the tail bushy, and often carried erect: the males and females in summer are reddish brown, with numerous white spots, the middle of the back rather darker ; in winter the whole fur becomes blackish brown, and the spots disappear: the horns are generally short, with only short snags or branches, but they are sometimes as large as those of the Axis Deer.
10. Cervu us, Blainv. 1816; Muntjacus, Gray, 1821; Stylocerus, H. Smith; Prow, Ogilby, Sundev.
Horns on elongated pedicels, supported by longitudinal ridges on the face, which have a naked, moist groove on their side; the canine teeth are exserted; the tear-bags are large and deep; the tail elon- gate and tufted; the hoofs triangular, and partly united in front by a web; the false hoofs are small and transverse; they are covered with thin shining hair, and are not spotted; they have no tuft of hair on the hind-legs; skull with a very large, deep, nearly hemispherical suborbital pit.
1. CervuLus VAGINALIS. The Kisane or Muntsac.
Dark reddish brown ; narrow streak on the front edge of the thigh white.
Kijang, Marsden, Sumatra, 94.—Cervus Muntjac, Zimm. Schreb. t. 254; Horsfield, Java, vi.t.1; Raffles, Mem. 645.—Prox Muntjac, Sundeyv. Pecora, 61.—Cervus vaginalis, Bodd, Elenc. i. 1386.—C. sub- cornutus, Blainv. Schreb. t. 254 pn. f. 2.—Muntjacus vaginalis, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 173.—Cervus aureus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv.148. t. .v.805.—Ribbed-face Deer, Penn.—Chevreuil des Indes, Allam, Buff. Supp. v. 41. t. 17, vi. 195. t. 26; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5. f. 48, t. 3. f. 49, 54.—Cervulus vaginalis, Gray, Knows. Menag. 65.
Inhabits Sumatra; Java.
This chiefly differs from the following in being darker-coloured.
2. CrervuLus moscuatus. The KeGan or KAKkeEr.
Bright reddish yellow; streak on front of thigh and under part of the tail white ; chin and gullet whitish ; hair not ringed.
Var. With a triangular white spot on each side of the chest.
Musk Deer of Nepal, Ouseley, Orient. Collect. ii. t. .—Cervulus
ed
235
moschatus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 77; Schreb. t. 254 8. f. 1; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 149. t. . v. 806.—Cervus moschus, Desm. Mamm. 441.—C. Ratwa, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, i. 146. t. head; P. Z. S. 1834, 99; Royle, Flora Cashm. t. 5. f. 2.—Stylo- cerus Ratwah, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x. 914.—Munt- jacus vaginalis, part, Gray, Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. B. M. 31.—Prox Ratwa, Sundev. Pecora, 62.—P. albipes, Wagner, Suppl.; Sundev. Pecora, 62.—P. stylocerus, Wagner, Suppl.; Sundev. Pecora, 62, 64. —Cervus melas, Ogilby.—Prow melas, Sundev. Pecora, 62.— Cervulus moschatus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 65. Inhabits India, Nepal.
3. Cervutus Reeves. The Curnese Munrsac.
Greyish brown ; hair short, paler ringed.
Cervus Reevesii, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1838, 105.—Prow Reevesii, Wag- ner, Sundev. Pecora, 62.—Cervulus Reevesii, Gray, Knows. Men. 65.
Inhabits China.
Mr. Ogilby observes, this species has a longer head and tail than the Common Indian Muntjac, also less red and more blue in the gene- ral shades of colouring, and is readily distinguished by the want of the white over the hoofs, which is so apparent in its congeners. The fawn is spotted.
The Earl of Derby has these three kinds at Knowsley ; but they breed together, and it has hence become impossible to discriminate the mules from the original species.
e. The Capreotine Deer or Ross have rugose, very shortly peduncled horns, without any basal snag or branch ; the first branch arising some distance above the crown or burr; the upper part is more or less branched; the muftle is broad and naked ; the suborbi- tal. gland and the pit in the skull are very small and shallow, except in C. Pudu. Some species have a distinct tuft of hair on the outer side of the metatarsus, and more have the pencil of hair on the imer side of the hock, and others are without either ; indeed in some specimens of the same species the tuft of hair on the hinder legs is very visible, in others very indistinctly or not at all seen.
11. Carreouus, H. Smith; Caprea, Ogilby.
Horns nearly erect, small, cylindrical, slightly branched, with a very short peduncle ; they have no tail, but a large, white anal disk, a very indistinct tear-bag, and narrow triangular hoofs; the tuft on the hind-legs rather above the middle of the metatarsus; they are covered with thick brittle hair in winter, and thinner and more flexible hair in the summer ; the adults are not spotted, and have a black spot at the angle of the mouth; the skull has a very small, shallow sub- orbital pit. Found in Europe and North Asia.
1. Capreotus Caprwza. The Rorsuck.
Inside of the ears fulvous ; summer, red brown ; winter, olive, pale punctated ; horns short.
Caprea, Plin.; Gesner.—Capreolus, Brisson.—Cervus capreolus,
236
Tinn.; Pallas, Zool. Ross. A. i. 219.—Capreolus Caprea, Gray, Cat.
Osteol. B. M. 64.—Capreolus Europeus, Sundev. Pecora, 61.—Roe
Buck, Penn.—Chevreuil and Chevrette, Buffon, H. N. vi. 198. Inhabits Europe. A larger variety is said to have formerly inha-
bited the Tyrol.
2. CapREOLUS PyGARGUS. The Anu.
Interior of the ears fulvous; fur pale yellowish; horns elongate.
Cervus pygargus, Pallas, Reise, 1. 97, 198, 433. 11. 159; Spic. xii. 7 (not Hardwicke); Schreb. Saugth. v. t. 253.—C. capreolus [3, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 1. 219.—Cervus Ahu, Gmelin, Reis. iii. 496. t. 56 ; Griffith, A. K. iv. 122. t. .—Capreolus pygargus, Sundev. Pecora, 61.—Tailless Deer, Pennant, Quad. i. 121.—Tailless Roe, Shaw.
Inhabits Central Asia. Collection of the British Museum.
12. Furcrrer, part. Wagner, Sundev.; Mazama, part. Gray, H.Smith; Hippocamelus, Leuckart, 1816; Cervequus, Lesson; Capreolus? Gray.
Horns erect, forked, without any basal snag; ears narrow, acute ;
a short tail; covered with thick, brittle, waved hairs; there is a di-
stinct pencil of hairs on the inside of the hock, but none on the outer
sides of the metatarsus. Confined to South America. Differs from
Capreolus in the want of the outer tuft on the leg.
1. Furcirer Antisiensis. The Tarusu or TARUGA.
Yellow grey; hairs rigid, quilled, brown, with a yellow subterminal ring ; edge of muffle and throat white ; face with a brown longitudinal streak, and a lyrate band between the eyes; the hoofs rather broad, worn in front.
Cervus Antisiensis, D’Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid. t. f. ; Dict. Univ. H. N. iii. 328 ; Tschudi, Faun. Peru, t.18 ; Sundev. Pecora, 60.
Inhabits East coast of S. America; Bolivian Alps.
2. FurcireR Huamex. The GEemuu.
Fur dark, closely yellow punctated ; inside of the ears white.
Equus bisuleus, Molina, Chili, 520; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 430.— Auchenia Huamel, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 764.—Cervus Chilensis, Gay et Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 91.—Cloven-footed Horse, Shaw, Zool. ii. 441.—Guemul, Chilians.—Gemuel seu Huemul, Vidaure, Chili, iv. 87.—Camelus equinus, Triverianus, Mus. Biol. 1. 179.— Hippocamelus dubius, Leuckart de Equo bisulco, 24. 1816.—Cerv- equus andicus, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A.173.—Cervus (Capreolus) leu- cotis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 64. t. 12.—Capreolus? Huamel, Gray, Knows. Menag. 66.
Inhabits mountains on East coast of South America. Patagonia.
The female Gemul in the British Museum and in Lord Derby’s Museum at Knowsley is considerably larger, and has the legs thicker, than the Siberian 4hv, which is much larger than the European Roe Buck.
MM. Gay and Gervais, who have compared the two species, con- sider them distinct.
237
13. Buasrocervus, Wagner, Sundev. ; Mazama, sp. H. Smith; Furcifer, part. Wagner and Sundevall.
Horns straight, erect, three-branched, without any basal snag; a very short tail, and rather large ears ; are covered with very thin soft hair; they have a distinct pencil of hairs on the inside of the hock, but none on the outside of the metatarsus. Confined to Tropical America, east and west coasts.
1. BLasTocEerus PALUDOsUS. The Guazu-PUCO.
Fulvous ; orbit, sides of muzzle, belly and under side of tail white ; face-marks and feet blackish.
Cervus paludosus, Desm. Mamm. 443; H. Smith, iv. 134.t. . v. 796; Fischer, Syn. 444, 616; Licht. Darst. t. 17; Sundev. Pe- cora, 59.—C. palustris, Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. i. 379.— Cervus dichotomus (Guatzupucu), Iliger, Abhand. Akad. d. W. 1804 -1811, 117; Pr. Max. Neuw. Isis, 1821, 650. t. 6.—Blastocercus paludosus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 68.
Var.? Mazama furcata, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 64.
Inhabits the Brazils.
2. Buastocerus CAMPESTRIS. The Mazame or Guazurtt.
Fulvous brown ; the hairs of the lower part of the nape and front of the back reversed; the hoofs narrow. Young: middle of back not spotted ; sides with small white spots, the upper series forming a regular line.
Mazame, Hernandez, Mex.; Buffon, H. N.xii.317,--Veado branco, Veado campo, Aunchieta, Notic. i. 127.—Cervus bezoarticus, Linn. S. N. ed. 10. 67.—C. campestris, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. vii. 484 ? ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 51. t. 3. f. 46, 47.—C. campestris, Licht. Darst. t.19; Pr. Max. Abbild.t. ; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 29. fig. horns ; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 136. t. . v. 797.—C. leucogaster, Goldfuss, Schreb. Saugth. 1127.—Mazama campestris, H. Smith; Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 64.—Biche de Savanne, Buffon, Supp. iii. 126.—Gou-
zouti, Azara, Essai, i. 77.—Furcifer campestris, Gray, Knows. Me- nag. 68.
Inhabits 8. America ; N. Patagonia. Collection of British Museum.
The figure of C. campestris in F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog., is evi- dently a Cariacus, and not of this genus. The horns from Brazils figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. iv. t. 3. f. 48) appear to belong to quite a different species. It may be the variety of the Roebuck, figured in Griffith, A. K. iv. t. 164. f. 6.
14. Cartacus, Gray; Mazama, Sundeyv.; Mazama, part. H.Smith.
Horns cylindrical, arched, with a central, internal snag, the tip bent forwards, and with the lower branches on the hinder edge ; they are covered with soft thin hair, have a moderate tail furnished with long hair on the under side, a white anal disk, rather elongated, large, rounded ears; they generally have a tuft of white hair on the outer side of the hind-leg, rather below the middle of the metacarpus,
238
but it is sometimes not to be seen ; the skull has a very small, shallow, suborbital pit, and the nasal bone is broad and subtriangular behind ; the tail is elongate, slender, pale, with the lower part dark, and reach- ing nearly to the hocks in summer; much shorter and broader, and all dark olive in the winter. Confined to North America.
* Hoofs narrow, elongate; tail hairy beneath.
1. Carrtacus VirGIn1ANus. The AMERICAN DEER.
Bright fulyous in summer, greyer in winter ; tail fulvous above, the tip black, beneath white; carried erect when running ; nose brown ; side of mouth white, with an oblique black band from the nostrils ; hoofs narrow, elongate.
Dama Virginiana, Raii Syn. 86.—Fallow Deer, Lawson, Carol. 23; Catesby, Carol. App. 28.—Cervus Dama Americanus, Erxl. Syst. 312. —Cervus Mexicanus, Licht. Darstell. t. 20.—Cervus Strongyloceros, part, Schreb. Saugth.1074, not figure.— Cervus campestris (Mazame), F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. .—Cervus Virginianus, Gmelin, S. N. i. 179; Desm. Mamm. 442; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 205.— C. Mangivorus, Schrank, Ann. Wetter. i. 327, 1819, from Buffon.— C. (Mazama) Virginiana, Bennett, Gard. Z. 8. 205; Fischer, Syn. 449 ; Peale, U.S. Explor. Exped. 39 ; Sundeval, Pecora, 58.—Cervus Mar Long-tailed Deer, Douglas, Zool. Journ. xy. 330; Richard- son, Faun. Bor. Amer.i. 258. gp Mazama leucurus, Sundeval’ Pe- cora, 59.—Cariacus Virginianus, C.leucurus, and C. Mewicanus, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 63, 64.—Virginian Deer, Penn. Syn. 51. t. 9. f. 2; Quad. i. 104. t. 11. f. 1.— Cerf'de La Louisiane, Cuvier, R. A. i. 256; Oss. Foss. iv. 33. t. 5. f. 1-5.—Chevreuil, Charlev. Nouy. Fran. iii. 152.—Cariacou, Buffon, H. N. xiii. 347. t. 44.—Cariacus Virgini- anus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 66. t. 46, winter coat.
Inhabits N. America.
Mr. Peale observes,— We believe that the same species of Deer inhabits all the timbered or partially timbered country between the Coast of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. They vary in size, as all the animals of this genus do, in different feeding-grounds, but they are specifically the same.’’ The Mexican Deer (Penn. Syn. 54. t. 9. f. 3, and Quad. i. 20), Cervus Mezicanus (Gmelin, S. N. i. 179; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 729, iv. 130.t. ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5. f. 23), Cervus ramosicornis (Blainville), are all described from horns, which only appear to be much-developed horns of this species which have belonged to some well-fed animals.
The horns described and figured as C. clavatus (H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 132. t. _), appear to be only varieties of the common form.
1. The Cervus Mezxicanus (Lichten. Darst. t. 20; Sundeval, Pe-
cora, 59), 2. The Cervus nemoralis (H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 157. t. ; Sun- deval, Pecora, 59), 3. The Cervus gymnotis (Wiegmann, Isis, 1833 ; Sundeval, Pe- cora, 59), all from Mexico, appear to be varieties of this species. C. Mewicanus
239
is said to have a brown tail and indistinct chin-band. The nakedness of the ears, which is peculiar to C. gymnotis, is often to be observed in these animals when in change of fur. C. spinosus, Gay and Ger- vais, is only known from a single horn from Cayenne.
2. Cariacus Lewisi1. The BLAcK-TAILED DEER.
The tail black above towards the extremity, yellowish white beneath, covered with hair at all seasons, not carried erect when running ; ful- vous (in summer); hair very soft, not ringed; forehead and upper part of face before the eyes blackish; inside of the legs and belly white; chin-band distinct, black ; front hoofs narrow, elongate. Horns like C. Vi irginianus, but generally more slender, and commonly with- out the first antler.
Black-tailed Deer, Anglo-American in Oregon.—Black-tailed Fallow Deer, Lewis and Clerk, Travels to the Pacific, ii. 26, 125 (London edit. 1807).—Cervus macrotis B. Colombiana, Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. i. 257.—Long-tailed Deer (Cervus macrourus), H. Smith, G.A.K. iv. 134, v. 795, part ; Fischer, Syn. 615.—Cervus Lewisii, J. Peale, U.S. Explor. Exped. 39. t. 9, ined. fig. at p. 43, fore-foot ; Gray, Knows. Menag. 67. t. 44, in summer, t. 45, in win- ter fur.
Inhabits N.W. Coast of N. America.
3. CaRracus PuNcTULATUS. 'The CALIFORNIAN Roe. (Mammalia, Pl. XXVIII.)
Dark reddish brown (in summer), minutely punctulated by the yellow tips of the hair ; chin-mark distinct ; ears elongated, nakedish ; base of the ears, orbits: round the miiesle, under side of tail, and the upper part of the inside of the leg, white ; forehead, line down the face, and narrow streak on upper part of the nape black ; legs brown ; a very narrow, indistinct streak on the middle line of the rump yel- lowish ; tail like back, with a blackish tip.
Inhabits California.
There is a female of this species in the Zoological Gardens. It is much smaller than the Black-tailed Deer, and darker than C. Virgini- anus, and it differs in the hair being dark, with a distinct yellow sub- terminal band.
** The front hoof broad cordate ; tail not hairy beneath.
4. Carztacus macrotis. The Mute Deer.
Brownish fulvous ; chin without any or only an indistinct band ; tail pale ferruginous, with a black tuft at the end, and without any hair beneath ; ears very large ; hoofs of the fore-feet broad cordate, nearly as broad as long, flattened and concave beneath ; horns larger and more spreading than in C. Virginianus.
Mule Deer, Anglo-Americans of the Rocky Mountains.—? Mule or Black-tailed Deer, Le Raye ; Lewis and Clerk, Travels ; Wied, Voy. Amer. Merid. iii. 273, and Vig. A, B.—Cervus macrotis, Say, Long, Exped. Rocky Mount. ii. 88; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 794; Fischer,
240
Syn. 444, 615 ; Sundeval, Pecora, 59 ; Richardson, Faun. Bor. Amer. 254. t. 20; Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped. 41. t. 10 (ined.), fig. at p. 43, fore-feet ; Gray, Knows. Menag. 67.—C. auritus, Desm. Dict. Class. H.N. iii. 379.
Inhabits N.W. America; Arakansa.
We have several skulls of this genus in the British Museum, which offer very distinct characters, but unfortunately, not having the skins belonging to them, we cannot identify with certainty the species to which they belong.
These skulls vary considerably in width and comparative length of the face, and in the extent and depth of the suborbital pit ; in some, which are probably the skulls of the Black-tailed Deer as they come from the north-west coast, the pit is very large and deep ; and thirdly, in the extent of the intermaxillary lines. In some they scarcely reach to the nasal; in others they reach to it and are united to it by a rather broad suture ; and in others they do not nearly reach to it, but stop abruptly, ending in a notch in the front upper edge of the maxillary.
There is imported by the North Western American Fur Company the flat skin of two Deer which probably belong to this genus, and appear distinct from the preceding: 1. The Orenoka Deer (of the Company’s list). It came from Central America, is of a large size, of a bright red-brown colour, with the hair of the back short and rather adpressed, the chin and under part of the body white, the tail blackish ; 2. The Yucatan Deer, about the size of the American Deer (C. Virginianus), but very distinct from the skin of that species in the same store; the fur is short red brown with blackish tips.
15. Coassus, Gray; Subulo, H. Smith, Sundeval.
Horns simple, rudimentary, shelving back ; ears rather short, broad, rounded; tail short ; the facial line rather convex; the fur short, of the forehead (in both sexes) elongate, forming a rhombic tuft between the horns and face ; legs without any tuft on the outside of the meta- tarsus, but with a pencil on the inside of the hocks. Confined to Tro- pical or South America.
* Ears nakedish; skull with a very small, shallow, suborbital pit ; supraorbital foramens in a groove. East coast of America. Coassus.
1. Coassus NEMORIvAGUS. The CUGUACU-APARA. (Mammalia, Pl. XXII. XXIII. XXVII. f. 1, 3, 5.)
Pale brown; the hair dull-coloured, brown, with a yellow subterminal band which wears off; a paler streak over the eyes. Young: brown, white spotted; spots of sides unequal; nape dark. Skull elongate, suborbital pit broad, subtrigonal shallow ; grinders moderate, infra- orbital ridge very distinct, sharp-edged. The intermaxillaries do not reach to the nasal but fit into a notch in the maxilla.
Cervus nemorivagus, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. vii. 485 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 54. t. 5. f. 50; Fischer, Syn. 446, 618; H. Smith, G. A. K.iv. 142. t. ; Sundev. Pecora, 60; Licht. Darstel. t. 21.—
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Coassus nemorivagus, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 64; Knows. Menag. 68. t. 48.—Cervus nemorum, Desm. Mam. 446.—C. simplicicornis, Illiger, Pr. Max. Abbild. t. .—Young? Moschus delicatula, Shaw, Mus. Lever. t. 36.
Inhabits Brazils.
A male specimen at Knowsley Menagerie, drawn by Mr. Wolf inNov. 1850 (Pl. XXII.), was dark brown; streak on each side of the fore- head, upper part of the legs and spot on the angles of the lower lip blackish ; streak over each eye yellowish ; under lip and spot on upper lip near muffle, underside of the tail and inner side of the upper part of the thighs white; muffle smooth, bluish, upper edge slightly arched; ears small, lower half of the inner side black.
This male was the size of a full-grown Roebuck, as is the largest of the genus in the Menagerie.
There is a female at Knowsley (Pl. XXIII. and XXVII. f. 3), drawn by Mr. Wolf in November 1850, which is probably a young female of this species. Mr. Fraser thus described it: ‘‘ A female: dark grey, tinged with brown, greyer on the head and neck ; the lower part, and the inside of legs, the belly and round the eyes rust-coloured; the purple brown patch in the ears smaller and less distinct than C. rufus. A small white stripe in front of the eyes and the under surface of the tail white ; from the eyes to the nose short and thick compared with the other specimens.”
2. Coassus ruFus. The Cucuacu-eTe or Pita. (Mammalia, Pl. XXIV. XXVII. f. 2.)
The fur bright shining red ; crown and neck grey; sides of face and chest paler. Young: reddish, white spotted, spots of side un- equal; nape with a distinct white-edged dark central streak; the mufle carunculated, rather angularly produced above.
Var. With white rings above the hoofs.
Cervus rufus, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. vii. 485 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 53. t. 3. f. 41, 42, t.5. f.44; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 140. t. ; Pr. Max. Abbild. t. ; Fischer, Syn. 446, 618; Licht. Darst. t. 20; Sundeval, Pecora, 60.—Cervus simplicicornis (Apara 3.), H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 141. t. .—C. dolichurus, Wagner, Supp. iv. 389.— Cariacou de la Guyane, Buffon, ix. 90.—Biche rouge, Buffon, Supp. iil. 126.—Gouazou pita, Azara.—Coassus rufus, Gray, Knows. Men. 69. t. 47.
Inhabits 8. America.
The males cast their horns in the month of September, and they are very shortly replaced by a new pair.
Mr. Fraser has kindly sent me the following description of the fe- male at Knowsley, figured by Mr. Wolf in November 1850 (PI. XXIV.): «A female: light red brown, neck and head greyer; darker grey on the hocks and upper part of the fore legs; the forehead with one black stripe on each side a grey one in the centre, which leaves two brown yellow stripes on each side; ears with a purplish brown patch of about a third of the whole extent inside; the muffle is caruncu- lated as figured Pl. XXVII. f. 2, of a purplish hue.”
No. CCXVI.—Proceepinés or THE ZootoercaL Socrery.
242
_ 3. Coassus supercrLiARis. The Eveprowep Brocker. (Mammalia, Pl. XXV. XXVII. f. 4.)
Bright shining red; neck and head grey ; forehead darker ; hocks and front of the fore legs grey ; stripe in front of the eye and under- surface of the tail white ; muffle deeply arched above ; ears moderate.
Coassus superciliaris, Gray, Gleanings Knows. Menag. t. 48.
Inhabits the Brazils. Para.
This species chiefly differs from the former in the form of the muffle and in the presence of the white streak over the eyes. There is a male at Knowsley, and formerly there was a female in the Gar- dens of the Society.
4. Coassus AuRITUS. LARGE-EARED BROCKET. (Mammalia, Pl. XXVI. XXVII. f. 6.)
Bright pale red brown; head and neck grey; orbits pale brown- ish; spot on side of upper lip, chin, belly, hinder side of fore and front side of hinder thighs and under side of tail, white ; crown dark grey brown; ears very large, broad, acute, more than half the length of the head, with two lines of hairs in them.
Inhabits the Brazils.
There is a female of this species in the Gardens of the Society ; it greatly resembles the Indian Muntjac in the distribution of its colour.
In the British Museum there are two skulls which belong to these species. They have the face shorter and thicker than the skull of C. nemorivagus, the nasals are wider behind ; the suborbital pit small or less impressed, and the grinder larger.
The first belongs to a young specimen in the Museum Collection, apparently of C. rufus. It has a small slightly impressed pit just in front of the edge of the orbit. The second belongs to a more adult female, sent, without the skin, from Para by Mr. Reginald Graham ; it is considerably larger than the preceding, and there is scarcely any visible impression in front of the orbit, only a slight concavity of the general surface. This skull exactly resembles that of C. superciliaris, which was in the Zoological Society’s Gardens.
** Ears thickly covered with short hairs; skull with a very deep oblong suborbital pit ; face short ; grinders large. West coast of America. Pudu.
5. Coassus Pupu. The VENApDA.
Fur rufous, blackish in front and darker behind, and on the fore- head and lower part of the leg ; hairs ringed, of cheeks and neck grey- ish, of forehead and ears bright rufous; ears short ; tail very short.
Cervus humilis, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1831, 27. fem. ; Sundev. Pecora, 60.—C. rufus, Wagner, Supp. iv.— Capra Pudu, Molina.—Chevreuil, Poeppig, Froriep’s Notiz. 1529; Férussac, Bull. Sci. xix. 95.—Cer- vus Pudu, Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 90.—Antilope (Mazama) Temmamazama, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 291?
Inhabits Chili ; Conception and Chiloe (King). Brit. Museum.
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243
3. ON THE HABITS OF HELIX LACTEA. By J. S. Gasxoin, F.Z.S. erc.
As all facts relating to animated nature, elucidating the habits and powers of living creatures, however low their station in the scale of creation, must be interesting and instructive, I do not hesitate to place before the Zoological Society a few observations I have been enabled to make on some individuals of the genus Helix. In April 1849, I purchased four or five specimens of Helix lactea (African), and placed them in water to be cleaned for my cabinet ; one, some hour or two after immersion, resuscitated, and escaped from the vessel. These specimens were selected from a great many others, all of which had been together in a dry dusty drawer in the dealer’s shop for more than two years, and had been imported by a merchant of Mogadore, in whose possession they had remained, in a similar condition, for a still longer period. The test of submersion in water was afterwards prac- tised on the whole stock of the dealer, and none reviving, it was con- cluded all were dead. I placed the living stranger under a large glass bell on a tub of earth, and it lived well on cucumbers and the outside leaves of cabbages, &c., quite alone, until the end of the following October, when I discovered about thirty minute black helices, not the twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter, crawling on the inside of the glass, on the mould, &c. At first I had doubts as to their origin, but with growth the markings and form of my African captive being approach- ed, the point was no longer to be mistaken. Some of these are now (October 30, 1850) nearly as large as the parent, which measures 14 inch across the long diameter of the aperture, although the lip in no instance has begun to evert ; thus twelve months have not sufficed to attain the adult state. Now as the Helix is known to be bi-sexual, and not hermaphrodite, it follows that in this instance impregnation or conception must have occurred prior to the capture of the animal, after which it fell into a state of suspended animation, and.is traced to have remained so for more than four years; and we know nothing of the time it may have remained in the hands of the native gatherer before he took his collectings to the town dealer for sale; and I see no reason why, vitality having been latent for so lengthened a period, it might not have continued so almost indefinitely, and on the resto- ration of animation all the functions of the system resumed at once their natural powers: and what is most remarkable, utero-gestation resumed its process to accomplish the period, from the time it had been arrested, as though no circumstance had suspended the opera- tion, and the time destined by Nature for its completion. I conclude the Helix to be insusceptible of prospective fecundation, that is, one communication of the sexes being sufficient for more than one con- ception, or there would probably before this time have been another brood of young ones, as the parent is still living and flourishing.
To render this paper more perfect, I will add a few other examples relating to the same subject. Dr. Baird has recorded in the ‘Annals of Natural History’ for July last, the circumstance of an Egyptian Helix, the “Snail of the Desert,’ the Helix maculosa of De Férussae, having remained gummed to a tablet in a show-case of the British
244
Museum during four years, when the existence of an apparently re- cently formed epiphragm being observed, it was removed from the tablet and placed in tepid water, and in a short time crawled away. It fed on cabbage-leaf, and began very soon the completion of a re- pair of the aperture of its shell, which had been broken prior to its capture, the suspension of animation having arrested the execution of the work. It resuscitated on the 15th of March last, but has shown neither signs nor result of fecundation, although still living.
I am indebted to Mr. T. Vernon Wollaston (who interspersed his entomological pursuits, during a two seasons’ residence on the island, with a no less fruitful and valuable research in terrestrial eoncho- logy) for several species of living mollusks, principally Helices, indige- nous to Madeira and its adjacent rocks: all these had lain in a box in dry canvas bags for a year and a half, and had been restored to vitality by placing them in water. They were put under glass shades, on flower-pots filled with mould, or in large glass cases, and all fed well. Three individuals of the Helix undata of Lowe, within forty hours, deposited more than two hundred small, white, semipellucid pearl-like eges, which, on exposure to the air, soon became of an opake white ; not in a covering, nor agglutinated, but together, loose in the earth. One portion or nidus, about sixty in number, I immediately restored to their situation, about three-quarters of an inch below the surface, covering them with mould, hoping therefrom to learn the period of incubation. The parents burrowed their heads and bodies into the earth, remaining in that position some twenty or thirty hours, or forced themselves, shell and all, below the turf, and so deposited their ova. Other species have also produced eggs.
Curious and instructive as these facts may be, perhaps the conti- nuance of the vital principle in mollusks removed from their native element may seem still more so, especially in the case of a bivalve, which has so much less perfectly the power of excluding the influence of atmospheric air on its animal substance; yet the latency of ani- mation is a quality obviously necessary for the inhabitants of ponds and other shallows, which of course at certain seasons are liable to be dried, or the existence of the species would soon become extinct. An Unio, which lives in ponds, and much resembles the British species, Unio tumidus of Retzius, but is somewhat higher and shorter, was packed up by the Rev. Robert King, on the 26th of January 1849, at Wide Bay in Australia, having been enclosed in a dry drawer for 231 days, but was first submitted to the test of water, when its valves opened and it was alive. On its arrival at Southampton about the ~ latter end of June 1850, 498 days after it had been taken from the pond, Mr. Newnham, to whom it was consigned, in consequence of what Mr. King had written, a second time placed it in water, when it expanded its valves and was living. It was then forwarded, inter alia, to the British Museum, and is restored to its element with full vital powers, in the care of Dr. Baird of that establishment, to whom I am indebted for this relation.
I have now living, the Helix Fraseri, Australia; H. lactea, Africa ; H. turricula, Madeira; H. laciniosa, Madeira; H. undata, Madeira ; H. tectiformis, Madeira; and the Carocolla Wollastoni, Madeira.
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245
4. On new Birgps In THE CoLuecTion AT KNowsuey. By Mr. Lovis Fraser. In a LETTER TO THE SECRETARY.
(Aves, Pl. XXV.—XXIX.)
Knowsley Hall, November 11, 1850.
Sir,—Having received a notification, through Lord Derby, of my appointment to the Consulship at Whydah, my stay in England is necessarily drawing to a close. I have endeavoured to meet your wishes by forwarding a few brief descriptions from novelties contaimed in this extraordinary Collection, and with his lordship’s permission I forward the original drawings made by Mr. Wolf, who has been en- gaged here for some considerable time.
I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, Louis Fraser. D. W. Mitchell, Esq., Sec. Zool. Soc. Lond.
The first specimen to which I would wish to draw the attention of the Society is a Parrakeet of large size, which I propose calling
Patzornis Derpianus. (Aves, Pl. XXV.)
Forehead, round the nostrils, a small stripe from the nostrils to the eyes, and a broad moustache, black ; head, towards the bill and round the eyes, green, passing into a light violet-blue on the occiput and ear- coverts ; the remaining upper parts of the bird, the thighs, vent and under tail-coverts green, being more yellow on the back of the neck and centre of the wings; the shafts of the two centre tail-feathers dark purplish brown, with their webs, towards the apex, blue; from the hinder part of the ears, down the side of the neck, and behind the moustache, runs a narrow line of light rose-coloured purple, which colour extends over the whole under surface; the under side of the tail-feathers greyish yellow; bill black; feet the usual parrakeet colour ; eyes pale straw-colour.
Length from base of beak to sae of tail, 20 inches.
Curve of i mandible. . # satel ects
Wing 3,
H Nov ees |e eee Se ae eel Sena 104 ,, Hab. 2
This specimen has been many years in this collection, and I have chosen for its specific name that of its noble owner. The species is easily distinguished from all the other members of the genus by its larger size, and the colours of the bill, head and breast.
The next bird is a second species of the same genus.
PALZORNIS ERYTHROGENYS. (Aves, Pl. XXVI.)
Male: Green; the back, between the shoulders, mealy ; cheeks and ear-coverts red, which colour passes on to the hind head, where
246
it meets, in a more rosy tint; moustache black ; the tips of the two centre tail-feathers blue ; upper mandible red, lower black ; legs grey.
Length from base of bill to end of tail, 154 inches. Curve of upper mandible........... 13 VEE SS oe al a one eon
fo ah hee dh Ya Pe
Hab. 2
This bird is nearly allied to P. longicauda, Bodd., but is larger ; the tint on the cheeks is different ; the belly and under wing-coverts are green; the primaries are not edged with blue; the’ centre tail- feathers are only blue for half their length ; and the rump is green.
Crax Atperti. (Aves, Pl. XXVII. XXVIII.)
Male: Black, with blue gloss; the lower part of the belly, vent, under tail-coverts, and the tips of the tail-feathers, white ; cere beauti- ful azure blue ; bill yellowish green horn-colour ; eyes dark hazel.
Female: Red-brown; head and crest-feathers barred alternately with black and white ; rump and tail barred with brown, yellow and dark brown; bill black horn-colour; eyes dark hazel.
Hab. ?
The pair of birds from which the accompanying descriptions and figures were taken, are now living in his lordship’s aviaries. A new and beautiful species of a limited family like the Curassows must be looked upon as a valuable addition to our stock of ornithological acquaintances, and deserving of a distinguished cognomen. _ I there- fore propose to name it after Her Most Gracious Majesty’s illustrious consort, His Royal Highness Prince Albert, forming at the same time a companion to my Gowra Victorie.
The male is at once distinguished from its nearest ally (Crax Alec- tor, Linn.) by the blue cere: the female differs from all the speci- mens I have had an opportunity of examining by the broad bands on the tail.
PENELOPE NIGER. (Aves, Pl. XXIX.)
Male: Black, with blue, and in some lights green reflections ; bill, throat (nearly naked), tarsi and feet red.
Female: Brown, with green reflections, each feather having several bars of rust-colour, the colour and markings being less distinct on the under surface of the bird.
Length from base of beak to tip of tail, 23 inches.
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There are three specimens in this museum, two males and one female ; one of the males lived in the aviaries for many years.
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247
5. An Account or FISHES DISCOVERED OR OBSERVED IN Ma- DEIRA SINCE THE YEAR 1842*. By THE Rev. R. T. Lows, M.A
Family ZEn1pz,
1. Zeus concuirer. Lilacino-cinereus, capite inermi ; thorace pinnaque dorsali analique utrinque scutatis ; spinis dorsalibus anterioribus brevissime filamentosis ; pinnis ventralibus 1+ 5- radiatis ; caudali lunata.
D. 9 v. 104-25 v. 26; A.2+(14+25 v. 26); P.13; V.45;
_L+L+V: | MB. 7; Vertebree, 13 abd. + 21 cand. = 34. 1+1.4VI.
An example of this very fine new Dory was communicated, with a short notice, to the Zoological Society in 1845+. The row of large and remarkable naked bony scutellee on each side, at the base of the dorsal and anal fins, and along the breast or ventral line, afford a very striking character. They resemble the depressed shells of a Fvssu- rella seen in profile, and are beautifully radiato-striate, with a bright iridescent rose or lilac lustre, like the inside of a Trigonia. The umbo forms a smooth short strong spine or recurved prickle. The dark thumb-mark on the middle of the sides is present, as in Z. Gal- lus, L. Three examples only have occurred, measuring from eighteen inches to a little more than two feet in length.
The supposed affinity between Zeus and Oreosoma, Cuv.f, is much corroborated by this fish.
2. Arcyropeticus Ourersi. (Sternoptyx Olfersii, Cuv. R. An. (2nd edit.) ii. 316. t. 13. f. 2.)
A single example, caught with a boatscoop on the surface of the water in the Bay of Funchal, June 6, 1845.
The name of Pleurothysis, proposed in the ‘Fishes of Madeira,’ p. 64, for this portion of the Cuvierian genus Sternoptyz, has been anticipated by that of Argyropelicus, previously assigned to a Medi- terranean species by the Italian naturalist Cocco, and adopted in the ‘Fauna Italica’ by the Prince of Canino.
I have now succeeded in obtaining both the Cuvierian species of Sternoptyz in this part of the Atlantic ; though St. diaphana (Le St. d’ Herman, Cuv.) cannot, like 4rg. Olfersii, be perhaps fairly claimed at present to belong to the Madeiran fauna §. °
The Atlantic and Mediterranean species.of Argyropelicus may be thus distinguished : << Are. Ourersi1, Cuv pore altiore, altitudine dimidium lon- gitudinis (dempta pinna caudali) superante; parte postica (caudali) abbreviata ; capite duplo altiore quam longo; sterno
* Proc. Zool. Soc., June 1843, part 11. p. 81. + Ibid. part 13. p. 103. + Fishes of Madeira, Preface, p, xii. § Proc. Zool. Soc. part 11. p. 85.
248
postice in forcipem, preoperculo inferne in aculeum simplicem desinente. (St. Olfersii, Cuv. 1. c.)
Arc. HEMIGYMNUS, Cocco. Corpore angustiore, altitudine di- midium longitudinis (dempta pinna caudali) equante; parte postica (caudali) elongata; capitis longitudine altitudinem equante ; sterno postice in angulum simplex acutum, preoper- culo inferne in aculeos duos desinente. (Arg. hemigymnuus v. Sternoptyx mediterranea, Cocco et Buon. Faun. Ital. cum fig.)
This extraordinary group of fishes offers many points of analogy with Berycide.
Fam. Licup.
3. TEMNopon vapiGco. (Lichia vadigo, Cuv. et Val. vii. 363. t. 235.)
A single example was taken in February 1846, but it appeared to be quite unknown to the fishermen, and is therefore to be regarded as a mere straggler in these seas.
If the genus Temnodon be retained, this fish has precisely the same claims to a place in it as the common “Anchova”’ of Madeira (7. sal- tator, Cuy. et Val.).
Fam. ScomMBRID&.
4. Scomser coxias (Gm.), Cuv. et Val. viii. 39. t. 209. (The Spanish Mackerel, Yarr, Brit. Fish. i. 131.) In April 1844, the market in Funchal was plentifully supplied with these fishes for two or three successive days, They were said to have been brought from Porto Santo.
5. AUXIS VULGARIS, Cuy. et Val. viii. 139. t. 216.
A single example, February 3, 1845. Not quite unknown to the fishermen, but its occurrence said to be a mere chance.
6. PrLamys sArpA, Cuv. et Val. viii, 149. t. 217.
October 27, 1844: asingle example, called “Sarda” by the fisher- men, to whom it is not absolutely unknown, though, like the last, of merely casual occurrence.
Fam. T2NIOIDZ2.
7. TRACHYPTERUS GRyPHURUS. Corpore elongato, macula poste- riore laterali spatio tertiam partem totius longitudinis equante a basi pinne caudalis amota; pinnarum radiis scabris ; linea laterali inermi, postice supra marginem ventralem desinente. With D.5+166; P.10 v.11; V.14+5; A.0; C.——; M.B.6. Intermediate between T. fala and T. iris(of Cuvier and Valen- ciennes’ ‘ Histoire,’ vol. x. pp. 333, 341 3) approaching, perhaps, near-
est to the latter, but differing in its deeper shape ( D==> instead \ 7
249
L of Dor 10 13): and in the backwarder position of the third dark side-
spot. The ventral fins are short, only equalling one-twelfth of the body without the caudal fin, and the four first produced rays of the first dorsal are equal in length to the ventral fins. The lateral line ends as in MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes’ figure (t. 297) of T. iris, but is quite unarmed. The ventral line is serrulate, and the whole surface, particularly towards the ventral line, is finely shagreened or granulate; the granulations becoming stronger towards the ventral line, as in the same figure.
In shape and proportions it agrees better with 7. falz, but differs in several important particulars from MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes’ description of that fish.
The only individual examined of this beautiful and extraordinary fish occurred in June 1845, and has been added by me to the collec- tion of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. It was scarcely quite dead when I first saw it, and was in the most perfect state of preserva- tion. Another Trachypterus had occurred in June 1844, and was probably the same species ; but the example was unfortunately thrown away by the person to whom it had been mis-sent without my seeing it. It was said to have been about three feet long.
The whole body is pure bright silver, appearing as if frosted from the fine granulations of the surface. The fins are of a delicate scar- let or vermilion, the lower point or angle of the caudal being tipped, and the hinder end of the dorsal edged with black. On the sides are three blackish oval or elliptic spots. This example was twenty-tive inches long, exclusive of the caudal fin, which resembles a bat’s or griffin’s wing, and is erected in a fan-like manner; the lower lobe or portion being suppressed or undeveloped, and only indicated by the presence of five short spinules or abortive rays.
Fam. LaBrip&.
8. Lasprus LArvatus. Flavus, capite humerisque griseo-nigres- cente larvatis ; pinna dorsali antice caudaque utrinque infra lineam lateralem rectiusculam unimaculatis ; corpore oblongo elongato ; dentibus validis crebris, antice biseriatis ; pinne caudalis apicibus analisque ventraliumque margine ccruleo- nigris.
D.17+13; A.3+11; P.16; V.1+5; C.
Squamee lin. lat. 42—45.
In general appearance, shape, and the peculiar straightness of the lateral line, this fine species much resembles Cossyphus Darwini, Jen. ; but it is a true Zadrus, with the dorsal and anal fins naked, and the preopercle quite entire. Its nearest allies are therefore L. mixtus and L.Scrofa; from which however, besides other characters, the nume- rous strong teeth distinguish it. A single example only has occurred, measuring seventeen inches and a quarter in length.
3v.4+VI.
Qv.34V.? B.M.5;
250
Fam. CHEIRONECTID2.
Gen. Cuaunax, Lowe.
Gen. Char. Corpus subeubico-oblongum, sufflabile, nudum, cute presertim ad ilia ventremque flaccidissima laxa ; antice obesum, postice abrupte attenuatum subcompressum. Caput osseum mag- num subtetrahedrum, superne nuchaque latum planatum, utrin- que s. ad genas declive; oculis lateralibus, spatio interoculart convexo; ore rictuque amplissimis transversis plagio-plateis s. depressis. Dentes intermaxillares vomerinique palatinique parvi scobinati. Nares simplices (nec pedicellate nec tubulose). Spi- racula (foramina branchialia) postica s. ad ilia pone pinnarum pectoralium azillas. Pinna dorsalis unica; pectoralibus (pedi- cellatis) carnosis ; ventralibus jugularibus spathulatis carnosis ; analis postica; caudalis simplex truncata. Cirri, preter uni- cum in fossula internasalt, nulli.
9. Caaunax pictus, Lowe in Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. part 4. p. 340.
t."51: 1+IV.
Dod bs: As4j 21 db eM, 450 2411.
Species adhuc unica. Had. in mari Maderensi.
I have nothing to add to the full account of this curious fish above referred to, except by way of correction to the second paragraph in p- 344, which has been erroneously printed, and should stand thus:
“‘ Whilst Cheironectes seems its most natural, Halieutea is its near- est technical ally. Agreemg with Lophivs in the wide transverse mouth, and in the backward position of the breathing orifices in the flanks, but with Cheironectes more in shape, in the granular or velvety roughness of the skin, and in colour; it differs from both, and ap- proaches Halieutea, in the absence of crests or cilia on the back, and in the single dorsal fin. In these last two points, and in the rough- ness of the skin, it agrees with Halieutea, but differs in its Diodon-like shape, and in the position of the breathing-holes considerably behind, instead of above or before, the axils of the pectoral fins.”
Fam. ScorELiDz.
Gen. Po&#NopDoN.
Gen. Char. Caput magnum compressum, oculis magnis, rostro brevissimo obtuso, rictu magno pone oculos longe diducto, mento subtus ad symphysin cirro barbato. Dentes intermazillares uni- seriati ; anteriores (5 v. 6 utrinque) validi tenues prelongi la- niarti subrecurvi remoti distincti, extrorsum supra labia invi- cem claudentes ; ossibus palati dentibus minoribus uniseriatis, lingua biseriatis, armatis. Opercula simplicia plana. Corpus elongatum compressum nudum? s. exsquameum; abdomine pune- tis argenteis (ut in Scorexo) seriatis. Linea lateralis recta pinneque fere ut in Score.o, pectoralibus brevioribus.
251
10. PHa&Nnopon rincens. (Scopelus barbatus, nob. MS. olim.) 9+1.+IX. ma J). 16; 244D.0; A. 16; V.7; P. 9; C.—————-;; M..B..?
1™ D.16; 2% D.0; A. 16; Vi 7; Pog C. ST ViiL M.B
Closely allied to Scopelus, but with the head and teeth of Echio- stoma, which it also resembles in its single cartilaginous beard or barbule.
A single example occurred in May 1845, and was placed by me in the collection of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, under the MS. name of Scopelus barbatus. {t was seven inches long, and the above fin-formula is taken from it.
I have been favoured by the Duc de Leuchtenberg this winter with the opportunity of examining a second individual, procured from a fisherman. It agreed in all important details with the former, but was only from five to six inches long, and had a much shorter barbule.
Both these examples were entirely devoid of scales, but from cer- tain appearances I am inclined to attribute this defect to injury.
The colour is a uniform brownish or coal-black, except the silver ' pits, which are disposed in rows along the throat and belly, exactly as in Scopelus. -
11. ScopeLus MADERENSIs (Suppl. in Trans. Zool. Soe. iii. part 1. p- 14).
Appears to be distinguished from Sc. Humboldti by the forwarder (medio-dorsal) position of its first dorsal fin, and by the long pec- toral fins, which are contained from four to four and a half times in the whole length, and reach to the end of the base of the first dorsal fin. The anal fin has fourteen rays.
Examples have occurred of two other forms or species, with shorter pectoral fins, in one of which the anal fin has fourteen, and in the other twenty-two rays. In the first of these, the length of the pec-
toral fin is one-sixth of the whole length of the fish (P=3); in the
second it is one-fifth and four-sevenths of the same (p=3 Rae
rather longer. But further investigations will be requisite before these can be safely proposed as species. In general habit, colour, and appearance, they agree with S. maderensis.
12. Mrtorras typHtops (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, vol. xi. p. 90).
Another example has occurred of this most curious and anomalous little fish. It was brought to me in May 1849, from the same place, Magdalena, at which I obtained the former. It is of much larger size, measuring three inches and a half in length. I find nothing whatever to correct in the account above referred to, except that the maxillary teeth, instead of being “ uniseriate,” are in a scobinate or brush-like band in both jaws; narrow in the upper, broader in the lower jaw.
The acquisition of a second example, confirming the peculiar cha- racters before set down, is the more satisfactory, from the former
252
having been unfortunately destroyed by the wasting of the alcohol in
which it was kept. Fam. GADID.
13. Puycis rurcatus, Flem. (not Bowdich) ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. ed. 1. ii. 201. (Le Merlus barbu, Duham. Cuv. R. An. ed. 2. ii. p. 335.)
A single example occurred May 8, 1845; not quite agreeing with the figure in the ‘ British Fishes,’ yet certainly distinct from the com- mon “ Abrotea” of Madeira (P. mediterraneus, Lar.), of which, on the other hand, the P. furcatus of Bowdich (Excurs. p. 122. f. 28) was unquestionably a mere accidentally fork-tailed individual.
Fam. ECHENEIDZ.
14. EcHENrrs viTrara, Suppl. to Synops. in Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. iii. part 1. p. 17, and Hist. Fish. Mad. p. 77. t. 11.
The acquisition of an adult example measuring 2 feet 63 inches in length, has proved the fish above described to have been a young in- dividual of E. vittata, Riippell (Neu. Wirbel. p. 82). It is fortunate that the happy coincidence of name necessitates no change or con- fusion in rendering justice to my learned friend’s prior claim in the establishment of this well-marked species. The lateral dark band or vitta becomes indistinct in adult individuals. In the large full-grown example above mentioned it had disappeared entirely.
Fam. Mur2nNip&. Gen. LEpTORHYNCHUS, 106.
Gen. Char. Caput scolopaciforme, callo elongato distinetum ; maaillis in rostrum tenue productis, utraque dentibus minutissi- mis lime instar scabra ; rictu pone oculos diducto. Nares oculis contigue approximate, simplices nec tentaculate. Oculi magni. Corpus nudum anguilliforme compressum, gracile, elongatum ; postice longissime attenuato-productum filiforme, apice acuto. Aperture branchiales sat magne, ante pinnas pectorales ob- lique deorsum fisse. Pinnz pectorales distincte lanceolate, sat magne ; pinna dorsali ad nucham paullo ante, anali ad gulam paullo post pinnas pectorales incipiente ; utraque usque ad apt- cem caude continuata, membranacea, nec cute cooperta, sed ra- diis sat validis distinctis.
15. Leproruyncuus Levcutenserer. (The Snipe-LHel.)
I am indebted for an opportunity of describing this interesting new type of Murenide to the favour of His Imperial Highness the Due de Leuchtenberg, to whom an example was brought by a fisherman in January last. It approaches the dnguillide by its well-developed pectoral fins. The prolonged beak-like muzzle also reminds one of that of Leptognathus, Swainson. The unique individual examined, which measured 2 feet 9 inches in length, scarcely half an inch in height, and four lines in thickness, is included in the extensive col-
253
lections formed with so much scientific ardour and discrimination by His Imperial Highness the Duc de Leuchtenberg, during his late six months’ residence in Madeira.
Fam. BALIsTID&.
16. Monacantuus AauricA. Hispidus, cauda utrinque dense hispido-villosa ; pallide olivaceo-murinus, sublutescens, fusco- lutoso-maculatus v. interrupte longitudinaliter subfasciatus ; fasciis luteis inconspicuis evanescentibus 3 v. 4 ab oculis antice oblique radiantibus ; radiis 1 v. 2 anticis dorsalis prime ali- quando in filamentum productis.
1™D,1; 24D.31; A.30v. 31; P.13 v.14; C.14+X.+1.
From eight to ten or eleven inches long. On each side, towards
the base of the caudal fin, is an oblong patch, like plush or velveteen, of close thickset hairs or bristles. The occasional production of the second or first two rays of the second dorsal fin is perhaps sexual. Such examples have the muzzle rather longer and more produced be- fore the eyes than those which have not the elongated dorsal fila- ment. They are perhaps the M. filamentosus of M. Valenciennes, to whose figure and description, however, in MM. Webb and Berthe- lot’s ‘Canarian Fishes,’ I regret I have not access.
Several examples have occurred, chiefly in the autumn, during the
last five or six years, of this previously in Madeira unobserved or un- recorded species.
SQUALID. Fam. ALOPECID2.
17. Auorras vutpes, Buon. (The For Shark, Yarr. ti. 379.)
An example occurred this spring of unusual size, measuring eighteen feet in length, of which the tail was ten feet. The skin was preserved by the Duc de Leuchtenberg.
Fam. SpINAcIDz&.
18. CenrrorHorvus sauamosvs, Miill. und Henle, p. 90, with a
figure.
The Ramudo or Raimudo of Madeira, not unfrequently taken off the Dezertas at a depth of twelve or fourteen “Jinhas,” i. e. from 350 to 400 fathoms, belongs apparently to the above species, the habi- tat of which was unknown to its describers, MM. Miller and Henle. I have only examined female examples, and the fishermen profess themselves to be entirely unacquainted with the male, which I have however formerly (March 10, 1838) once seen, though without oppor- tunity for a close or accurate examination, and so perhaps without re- marking any spine near the tips of the claspers or ventral fin-append- ages. The individuals examined were five or six feet long, but the fish is said to grow to a much larger size.
Madeira, May 25, 1850.
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December 10, 1850. Prof. Owen, V.P., F.R.S., in the Chair. The following papers were read :—
1. DescrRIPTION OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES OF ENTOMOSTRACA. By W. Barro, M.D., F.L.S. erc.
(Annulosa, Pl. XVII. XVIII.)
Legion BRANCHIOPODA. Order PoyLLopropa. Family APopIDz&.
Genus Leripurus, Leach.
1. Lepipurvs viripis, Baird. (Pl. XVII. f. 1.)
Body of animal, including the flap of tail segment, about two inches long and one broad. The carapace and whole body are of a fine green colour, the carapace covering about two-thirds of the abdomen; the edges of the notch in the posterior part of carapace are strongly toothed, and those of the inferior half of the carapace are very finely serrated ; these teeth are of two sets, the one much larger than the others ; the larger teeth are of a green colour, tipped at the point with dark brown ; they are about eleven in number, and between each there are two or three much smaller ones interspersed. The appen- dages of the first pair of feet are very short and small, scarcely ex- tending beyond the edge of the carapace. The segments of the abdo- men are each studded with a row of stout, slightly curved spines of a green colour tipped at their edges with dark brown. The tail flap is oval, keeled down the centre, the keel being beset with short sharp spines, and the edges of the flap are finely serrated. The long setee of the tail are nearly the length of the whole animal, and are covered with short hairs.
Hab. Van Diemen’s Land. British Museum.
Legion Lopuyropopa. Order OstRacopDA. Family Cypripipz.
Genus Cypris, Miiller.
1. Cypris Donneti, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 19-21.)
Carapace valves elongate oval. Anterior extremity narrower than posterior, and considerably flatter ; posterior extremity rounded and very convex; dorsal edge arched; ventral slightly reniform. The surface of the valves is smooth and shining, of a brown colour, varie-
WWing. delet Lith Ford é West, Lithographers.64,Hatton Carden
1.LEPIDURUS VIRIDIS. 2,3,4. ESTHERIA DAHALACENSIS. , 6, 7. CYPRIDINA MARIA. 8,9,10. CYPRIDINA INTERPUNCTA 12,13, SESS anti es ZEALANDICA 4,
_————
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gated with patches of a darker shade. The pediform antenne are provided with about six bristles of considerable length.
Hab. Freshwater ponds, Coquimbo ; collected by — Donnet, Esq., Surgeon R.N. Brit. Mus. ; from the collection of H. Cuming, Esq.
2. Cypris cungata, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 22-24.)
Carapace valves wedge-shaped, much broader at anterior than poste- rior extremity. Dorsal margin highly arched ; ventral deeply sinuated in the centre, giving the shell a reniform appearance. Valves very convex in the centre, and surrounded by a prominent margin, which at the anterior extremity, when highly magnified, is seen to be mi- nutely and finely serrated. The whole carapace is of a deep green colour, and covered with fine hairs.
Hab. Duddingston Loch, near Edinburgh; August 1850.
Genus Cannon, Baird.
1. Canpona tacTeEA, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 25-27.)
Carapace valves oblong ovate, convex. Dorsal margin nearly straight ; ventral slightly sinuated in the centre. Anterior and poste- rior extremities of nearly equal size. Surface of valves smooth and shining, and of a dull white colour.
This species resembles in shape the Candona reptans, but is only about one-fourth the size, and is of a uniform dull white colour.
Hab. Freshwater pond at Charing, Kent; collected by W. Harris, Esq., to whom I am indebted for specimens. Regent’s Park (7. Ru-
_ pert Jones, Esq.).
Genus CyTHereE, Miller.
1, CyrHere TaRENTINA, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 31-33.)
Carapace valves obovate. Anterior extremity much broader than posterior, and having a broad flat margin striated on the surface and toothed round the edge; posterior extremity pointed, having the same margin, but not so broad, and with much fewer teeth. The valves are very convex in the middle, of a greyish colour, with a white patch in the centre, and are slightly pitted all over. Dorsal and ventral margins both somewhat prominent.
Hab. Tarentum. In Mr. Williamson’s collection.
2. Cyruere seTosa, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 28-30.)
Carapace valves oval. Anterior extremity narrower than poste- rior. Dorsal margin arched ; ventral sinuated about its anterior third. Surface of valves shining white, and studded all over with short stiff hairs.
Hab. Moreton Bay, Australia, and Tenedos. Mr. Williamson’s collection.
Genus CyTHEREIS, Jones. 1. CyTHEREIS AUSTRALIS, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 10-12.) Carapace valves somewhat quadrilateral. Dorsal and ventral mar-
256
gins nearly straight. Anterior extremity broader than posterior, and finely toothed ; teeth numerous. Posterior extremity emarginate on upper or dorsal edge, and toothed on ventral ; teeth few, and stronger than those on anterior margin. Surface of valves roughened with small asperities, and having one tubercle.on about the anterior third of its length. A raised margin encircles the whole valve.
Approaches very near Cypridina hieroglyphica of Bosquet, Ento- most. Maestricht, t. 3. f. 4.
Hab. Moreton Bay, Australia. Mr. Williamson’s collection.
2. CyTHEREIS RUNCINATA, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 7-9.)
Carapace valves ovate, flat. Anterior extremity broader than poste- rior, and rounded ; posterior extremity emarginate on upper or dor- sal margin. Surface of valves very flat and rugose ; a fiat projecting border surrounds each valve, which is serrulated at anterior extremity and toothed on posterior; a high raised sharp ridge runs across the centre of the valve somewhat in a diagonal direction, which is serru- lated along its whole length, and a smaller similar ridge is seen near the ventral margin.
Hab. Tenedos. Mr. Williamson’s collection.
3. CyTrHEREIS FISTULOSA, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 1-3.)
Carapace valves nearly quadrilateral, elongate. Anterior extremity a little more rounded than posterior, and armed with seven or eight small teeth ; posterior extremity armed with five or six larger teeth. Dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight. Surface of valves gra- nular and ornamented by four elevated straight ridges, which are per- forated near their margins with small round holes.
Hab. Manilla. Mr. Williamson’s collection.
4. CyTHEREIS PRAVA, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 13-15.)
Carapace valves subquadrangular. Anterior extremity considerably broader than posterior, rounded, smooth round the edge, and having a broad flat margin beset on inner edge with small round tubercles ; posterior extremity emarginate, and furnished on inferior half with several short teeth. Valves extremely gibbous in centre, and the surface very rough, wrinkled, and tubercled.
Hab. Tenedos. Mr. Williamson’s collection.
5. CyTHEREIS DEFORMIS, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 4-6.)
Carapace valves ovate, short and gibbous; the two extremities of nearly the same size. Dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight. Surface of valves very coarsely granulated and tubercled ; roughly ridged, but the ridges not perforated as in the preceding species.
Hab. Manilla. Mr. Williamson’s collection.
6. Cyrnerets senticosa, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 16-18.)
Carapace valves flat, ovate. Anterior extremity broader than poste- rior, and rounded. Dorsal margin sloping towards posterior extre-
~ Proe 2.8. Annals. PIXVIN. 27%
WiWing del et ith, Ford & West, Jathograpbers 54Hattan Garden 1,2,3.CYTHEREIS FISTULOSA. 4,5,6. CYTHEREIS DEFORMIS. 7,8,9.CYTHEREIS RUNCINATA. 10,1112.CYTHEREIS AUSTRALIS. _ 131415. CYTHEREIS PRAVA. 16,1718. CYTHEREIS SENTICOSA. ; _ 19,20,21.CYPRIS DONNETII. 22,23,24, CYPRIS CUNEATA. 2 ,26,27 CANDONA LACTEA 28,29,30. CYTHERE SETOSA. 31,32,33,CYTHERE TARENTINA i
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mity; ventral nearly straight. The surface 6f the valves is very rough, wrinkled, and beset all over, but especially near the margins, with strong spinous laciniz.
Hab. Tenedos. Mr. Williamson’s collection.
Genus Cypriprna, M.-Edwards.
1. Cypripina Zeaantca, Baird. (Pl. XVII. f. 11-13.)
Carapace valves of an oval form, somewhat flattened, but convex in the centre and striated; the strize are numerous, close-set, and of a waved appearance. Surface of valves covered with minute punc- tations, which probably give origin in the fresh state to short hairs, though they are not visible in the dried specimens. The anterior ex- tremity is slightly narrower than posterior. “The whole carapace is of a uniform white colour. Natural size one-fourth of an inch long and one-fifth of an inch broad. -.
Hab. New Zealand. Two specimens were sent to the British Mu- seum by the Rev. R. Taylor, of Waimati in New Zealand, along with a collection of marine and freshwater shells, but without any history attached to them.
2. CyPRIDINA INTERPUNCTA, Baird. (Pl. XVII. f. 8-10:)
Carapace valves oval. Anterior extremity narrower than posterior ; the notch near anterior extremity very wide, and its anterior margin blunt and projecting in form of a beak straight upwards ; posterior extremity obtusely rounded, and terminating near the ventral margin in a short blunt point. Dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight or slightly arched. The surface of the valves is of a dull white colour, and is densely and rather coarsely covered with impressed punctations.
The carapace is convex, but much less so than in C. M‘ Andrei, and is of a much more oval shape.
Hab. Near the Isle of Skye; collected by R. M‘Andrew, Esq., August 1850.
3. Cypriprna Martz, Baird. (Pl. XVII. f. 5-7.)
Carapace valves elongate oval, of exactly the same size at each ex- tremity ; extremities rounded. Dorsal and ventral margins nearly plane, or very slightly arched. Surface of valves of a white shining colour, mottled with a few spots of a dull white, and covered with minute superficial punctations. Notch or ventral margin of anterior extremity blunt, leaving the upper and lower margins of the notch very obtuse.
Approaches Asterope elliptica of Philippi somewhat in figure of carapace, but is much more elongate, and is one-third larger.
Hab. Off the Isle of Skye; collected by R. M‘Andrew, Esq., Au- gust 1850.
Pl. XVII. f. 2-4. Estheria Dahalacensis. Vide Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 89. No. 5.
No. CCXVII.—Proceepincs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
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2. OBSERVATIONS ON THE DESTRUCTIVE SPECIES OF DipTEROUS INSECTS KNOWN IN AFRICA UNDER THE NAMES OF THE Tsrtsr, ZIMB, AND TSALTSALYA, AND ON THEIR SUPPOSED CONNEXION WITH THE FourtTH PLAGUE oF EeyrT. By J. O. Westwoopn, F.L.S., Pres. Ent. Soc. etc.
(Annulosa, Pl. XIX.)
The species of insects which attack the larger of our domestic qua- drupeds may be divided into two chief classes ; first, those which do so in order to obtain a supply of food for their own support; and second, those which do so with the object of depositing their eggs in such a position, that the larvee, when hatched from them, will be cer- tain of finding a proper supply of food derived from some part of the animal, either external or internal.
The insects composing the first of these two classes require for the performance of their dreaded functions an organization of the parts of the mouth especially fitting them to pierce the skins and hides of the quadrupeds upon the blood of which they subsist, and we accord- ingly find that it is precisely these insects which have the mouth- organs most fully developed in the different families to which they respectively belong. The Stomozxys calcitrans, and especially the different species of Tabanus, are pre-eminent in this respect; and the formidable array of lancets in the mouth of one of the latter insects is not to be met with elsewhere among the whole of the flies composing the order Diptera, to which they belong. The effects of the attacks of these insects upon the horse are perceived by the drops of blood which flow from the orifices caused by their bites, and sometimes these wounds are so numerous, that the beasts “‘ are all in a gore of blood.” A still smaller species, named by Linnzeus the Culex equinus, also infests the horse in infinite numbers, running under the mane and amongst the hair, and piercing the skin to suck their blood. This insect, although given by Linneus as a Culex, appears from his description to belong to the genus Simulium, to which genus also belongs an insect of fearful note, which attacks the horned cattle in Servia and the Bannat, penetrating the generative organs, nose, ears, &c. of these animals, and by its poisonous bite de- stroying them ina few hours. A species of the same genus of minute Tipulide is common in marshy districts in England, and I have often experienced its attacks, which have resulted in the raising of a tu- mour on the part of the flesh which has been attacked, attended by a considerable amount of local inflammation; and hence we may readily believe the well-authenticated effects produced upon the cattle above described. There are various other insects which attack the horse and ox, such as the Hippobosce, various species of ticks, Anthomyie, &c.; and if these do not, from their smaller size, cause a discharge of blood like the large Tabanide, it is certain that the irritation which they produce not only by their presence upon the skin, but also by the sharpness of their bite, must be very irritating to the quadrupeds which they infest.
25°R
Printed bpB Jecvard U1 Fleet Sr, eset]. GLOSSINA. MORSITANS:Westw. 2. GL. TACHINOIDES, Westw. a: TABANIFORMIS, Westw. 4) STYLOMVYIA LEONUM;Westw.
\ SP <7 ee hie tts A SOUND OE ae line
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The insects which do not themselves feed upon our cattle, but simply infest them for the purpose of depositing their eggs in some convenient place or other upon their bodies, are in no instance that I recollect provided with an increased development of the mouth organs; on the contrary, the @stride are either entirely destitute of a mouth, or have only very small rudiments of some of the ordinary parts of the mouth, so as to be entirely unfitted for biting or wound- ing cattle. The effects however which some of these species pro- duce are as annoying as those caused by the bites of the Tabani. The female fly of the common horse bot, @strus Equi, it is true, instils no dread into the horse round which she is intently engaged in flying, depositing her eggs here and there in particular spots where the horse is certain to lick the hairs, by which means the eggs are introduced into the mouth and pass into the stomach. So little indeed is the horse affected by the presence of this insect, that I have often stood close to one round which the Gstrus Lqui has been flying, until the latter has come within reach of my hand, when I have caught it with- out trouble. Another species, @strus hemorrhoidalis, is however much more troublesome ; depositing her eggs on the lips of the horse, and producing in her endeavours to effect this such an excessive titil- lation, as to cause great uneasiness to the horse, which tosses its head about ‘to drive off its enemy, gallops about, and as a last resource takes refuge in some neighbouring water, where the @s¢ri never fol- low it. The same kind of effect is also produced in rein deer by the Cstrus Tarandi *, and in oxen by another species of @strus, Hist. Bovis, respecting which however much difference of opinion has arisen. At certain seasons, the whole terrified herd, with their tails in the air, or turned upon their backs, or stiffly stretched out in the direction of the spine, gallop about the pastures, finding no rest till they also get into the water. This Gstrusis asserted by some writers to make a strong humming noise, and hence it has been supposed that the herd of cattle are alarmed at the noise; but this must surely be an incor- rect conjecture, as the @stri, if they make any hum at all, are far out- stripped in this respect by many other insects which instil no dread into oxen. Neither are they alarmed in consequence of being sub- jected to the same kind of attack upon so sensitive a part as the lips, as is the case with the horses attacked by @strus hemorrhoidalis. It is however asserted by some writers, that the dread is produced by the pain inflicted by the @strus in depositing her eggs, her ovipositor being represented as constructed like an auger or gimlet, only having several longer points it can wound with more effect. When it is stated, however, that the female @strus Bovis does not occupy more than a few seconds in depositing each egg, we may fairly doubt whether, with her long, fleshy, tubular ovipositor, she has been able to pierce the hide of an ox; or whether, as Mr. Bracy Clark suggests, she only
* At the present time (April 1851) some of the rein deer in the Gardens of the Society, which were imported last autumn from Lapland, are infected to a re- markable extent with the tumours of this species; there must, I think, be from fifty to a hundred tumours on one of these animals.
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makes use of this long instrument to thrust the egg down to the sur- face of the skin, which she does not pierce, but only glues its eggs to it, the young larvee when hatched burrowing into the flesh. If this be the case, the act of oviposition must be unattended with pain, as in the case of the deposition of the eggs of @strus Equi, and we must search for the cause of the alarm of the herd, either in an instinctive knowledge that a certain insect flying around them is the parent of a grub which at a future time will be a torment to them, or in the attacks of some other insect ; and I confess that I am inclined to consider that Virgil’s beautiful description of the annoyance caused by “ Myriads of insects fluttering in the gloom,
(Gstrus in Greece, Asilus named at Rome,) Fierce and of cruel hum ”’—
has a Tabanus rather than an (strus for its origin.
The larva of the Estrus Equi resides beneath the skin of the back of the ox, causing large tumours, and having the extremity of its body constantly placed at the orifice of the wound, where it was in- troduced as an egg, or introduced itself as a grub, the openings of its respiratory apparatus being placed at that part of the body.
These introductory remarks on the different modes in which insects attack our horses and oxen, and the different effects which they pro- duce, will enable us the better to estimate the effects produced by an insect, or several species of insects, of tropical Africa upon the horses of travellers who have lately returned from that part of the world, where their enterprising researches have been rewarded by the disco- very of the great central lake Tchad. Captain Frank Vardon, a gen- tleman who has travelled far in the interior of Africa, has placed in my hands some fragments of Dipterous insects which attacked his horses, causing the death of one of them. The following is an ex- tract from his note to me in reply to my inquiry as to the mode of its attack :—
“33 Oxford Terrace, Hyde Park, May 1850.
“Dear Str,—I had always heard that the fly of South Africa so destructive to cattle was a large gad-fly, the size of a bee or hornet. This is quite erroneous: it is not very much larger than the common house-fly, but a longer and more ‘rakish’-looking insect, and easily distinguished by the transverse black bars on its body.
“<1 fancy it is not met with south of the Tropic of Capricorn. It is usually found on hills, plains being free from it. I have ridden up a hill and found the Sétsé increasing at every step, till at last forty or fifty would be on my horse at once. The specimens you saw cost me one of the best in my stud. He was stung by some ten or a dozen of them, and died m twenty days. I myself have been bitten by the Sétsé ; you would almost fancy it was a flea biting you. Some parts of South Africa are, I should say, rendered inaccessible by the presence of this pest ; I mean of course to a man who travels in the usual way, with his oxen and horses.
** How far the Sétsé extends in the interior is of course as yet un- known, but I have certain information as to its being 200 miles north
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of the ‘Great Lake’ recently discovered by my friends, Messrs. Living-
ston, Oswell and Murray. “Yours faithfully,
“FRANK VARDON.” “* J. O. Westwood, Esq.”
The various specimens forwarded to me by Captain Vardon have enabled me to determine that the insect is a new species of Wiede- mann’s genus Glossina, which may be thus characterized :—
Guiossina MorsITANS, Westw. (Pl. XIX. fig. 1. and details.)
Luteo-albida, thoracis dorso subcastaneo, griseo subtomentoso, vit- tis quatuor longitudinalibus in medio interruptis nigris, scutelli apice punctis duobus parvis fuscis ; abdomine pallide lutescenti, segmento basali utrinque macula parva laterali nigra, singulo segmentorum quatuor proximorum ad basin fascia nigricanti, in medio interrupta, notatis ; alis parum infumatis.
Long. corp. lin. 5; expans. alar. lin. 8}.
The head is of a dirty buff colour, narrower than the thorax, with large eyes; the epistoma is paler coloured and clothed with whitish hairs; the proboscis is rather longer than the height of the head ; it consists of a slender, horny seta or compound bristle, chestnut- coloured in its chief length, but dilated at the base into a large oval bulbous horny lobe, and upon maceration I was enabled to withdraw from the upper side of the seta (which is consequently grooved), two . very delicate styles as long as the proboscis ; the sides of this instru- ment are defended by a pair of elongated, slender setose palpi, as long as the proboscis itself; these are concave on the inside and blackish at the tips, and the setee with which they are clothed are also black, as well as the branched setze with which the arista of the antennz is furnished ; the outer surface of the arista itself, under a powerful microscope, is evidently villose. The antennz are inserted in a de- pressed obconic space between the eyes, rounded above, and there are two dark spots on the upper part of the epistoma; the two basal joints of the antennee are dark in front, and the large third joint is dirty buff-coloured. The thorax is chestnut-red, clothed with a very delicate grey tomentosity and finely punctured ; it is impressed across the middle of the dorsum, and is marked with four longitudinal broad black bars, abbreviated in front and behind, the two central ones being longest in front, and the two lateral ones longest behind; the two former are united in front by a black streak from the front margin. The scutellum is dirty buff, with two dark dots at its extremity, from which, as well as from various dark dots at the sides, arise long black setee ; the halteres are nearly white. The wings are slightly stained with dusky ; the veins black, except at the base of the wing, where they are dirty-buff. The legs are dirty-buff, with the outside of the thighs stained with dark brown. The last two joints of the tarsi are black, with large pulvilli. The abdomen is flat, oval in outline, and dirty fulvous buff in colour, clothed above with numerous minute
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black setze, which are greatly elongated at the base of the abdomen and the extremity and sides of each segment; the first segment is marked at each side close to the anterior angle with a round black spot, and each of the four following segments has a broad basal fascia of dark brown, interrupted in the middle. The sides and under sur- face of the thorax are varied with black patches; the abdomen is pale-coloured beneath, with a large terminal oval plate, down the middle of which runs a pale longitudinal line, preceded by two small oblique oval patches, thickly clothed with minute black setze.
The peculiarities of the genus Glossina, whereby it is at once distin- guished from Stomowys, to which it is nearly allied, consist in the dilata- tion of the extremity of the discoidal cell, the rounded horny bulbous base of the proboscis, which is not angulated at its base, and the long and slender flattened palpi, which together form a sheath protecting the proboscis. Wiedemann’s typical species (which has remained unique to the present time), Glossina longipalpis, (subsequently de- scribed by Robineau Desvoidy under the name of Nemorhina pal- palis,) is a native of Sierra Leone, where it was collected by Afzelius. M. Macquart, judging from the structure of the mouth, considers it probable that it does not live upon the blood of animals, like Sto- moxys, but upon the nectar of flowers; the two setze which are en- closed in the proboscis and compose the sucker being so slender, that it is difficult to conceive that they can pierce the skin, the palpi being also elongated so as to form a protection to it, and thus further indi- cating its weakness. There is however so great a difference between the structure of the proboscis in these insects and Stomowys, that I do not doubt that they are able to pierce the skin of a horse, the proboscis of Glossina being a long, straight, horny, needle-like instrument, and not elbowed, with fleshy lips, as is that of Stomorys. Moreover, the bulbous dilated base of the proboscis must evidently play an import- ant part in the economy of the insect, either by giving additional support to the proboscis when in the act of piercing the skin, or by containing powerful muscles for the action of the enclosed sete ; or, as suggested to me by Prof. Owen, this dilated base may be analogous to the dilated base of the sting of the Scorpion, and like it contain a reservoir of some powerfully poisonous liquid.
The account of the irritating powers of the Glossina given by Cap- tain Vardon is, it is true, not so detailed as could have been desired, but we learn sufficient to arrive at the conclusion that its effects are, to a certain extent, exactly like those of the Tabanide ; how far the attacks may be attended with tumours, similar to those produced by the Simulium, and whether a tropical climate may not extend the effects of the attack, producing inflammatory action upon animals perhaps never before in those latitudes, are questions which have yet to be answered. One thing however appears to me evident, that the Séts¢ is no other than the Zimb of Bruce, (an insect respecting whose real family and even existence so many doubts have been expressed, ) or at least that that insect is a larger species of Glossina, to whose real habits Bruce has added those of a species of @istrus. With the view of establishing this assertion, as well as of clearing up what I
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consider the inconsistencies of Bruce’s account, I shall beg to intro- duce his description of the Zimb.
“Nothing was more opposite than the manners and life of the Cushite and of his carrier the shepherd. The mountains of the Cush- ite and the cities he built afterwards were situated upon a loamy black earth, so that, as soon as the tropical rains began to fall, a wonder- ful phenomenon deprived him of his cattle. Large swarms of flies appeared wherever that loamy earth was, which made him absolutely dependent in this respect upon the shepherd ; but these affected the shepherd also. This insect is called the Zimb * in modern or vulgar Arabic; it has not been described by any naturalist. It is in size very little larger than a bee, of a thicker proportion, and the wings, which are broader than those of a bee, are placed separate, like those ofafly. They are of pure gauze, without colour or spot upon them ; the head is large; the upper jaw or lip is sharp, and has at the end of it a strong pointed hair of about a quarter of an inch long; the lower jaw has two of these pointed hairs, and this pencil of hairs, when joined together, makes a resistance to the finger nearly equal to that of a strong hog’s bristle; its legs are serrated on the inside, and the whole covered with brown hair or down. As soon as this plague appears and its buzzing is heard, all the cattle forsake their food and run wildly about the plain till they die, worn out with fa- tigue, fright and hunger. No remedy remains but to leave the black earth and to hasten down to the plains of Atbara, and there they re- main whilst the rains last, this cruel enemy never daring to pursue them farther.
«What enables the shepherd to perform the long and toilsome journeys across Africa is the camel, emphatically called by the Arabs the ship of the desert. Though his size is immense, like his strength, and his body covered with a thick skin defended with strong hair, yet still is he not capable to sustain the violent punctures the fly makes with his pointed proboscis. He must lose no time in removing to the sands of Atbara, for when once attacked by this fly, his body, head and. legs swell out into large bosses, which break and putrefy to the certain destruction of the creature. Even the elephant and rhino- ceros, who, by reason of their enormous bulk and the vast quantity of food and water they daily need, cannot shift to desert and dry places as the season may require, are obliged to roll themselves in mud or mire, which when dry coats them over like armour, and en- ables them to stand their ground against this winged assassin ; yet I have found some of these tubercles upon almost every elephant and rhinoceros that I have seen, and attribute them to this cause. All the inhabitants of the sea-coast of Melinda, down to Cape Gardefan, Saba, and the south coast of the Red Sea, are obliged to put them- selves in motion and change their habitation to the next sand in the beginning of the rainy season, to prevent all their stock of cattle from being destroyed.
* Of all those that have written upon these countries, the prophet Isaiah alone has given an account of this animal and the manner of
* “See Appendix. It is the same name as Zebul in Hebrew.—E.”
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its operation (Isaiah, vii. 18, 19): ‘And it shall come to pass in that day, that the Lord shall hiss for the fly that is in the uttermost part of the rivers of Egypt .... and they shall come, and shall rest all of them in the desolate valleys, and in the holes of the rocks, and upon all thorns, and upon all bushes.’ ”’ (Travels, ii. pp. 314-317.)
* Tsaltsalya, or Fly.—We are obliged with the greatest surprise to acknowledge that those huge animals, the elephant, the rhinoceros, the lion and the tiger, inhabiting the same woods, are still vastly this fly’s inferiors ; and that the appearance of this small insect, nay, his very sound, though he is not seen, occasions more trepidation, move- ment and disorder, both in the human and brute creation, than whole herds of these monstrous animals collected together, though their number was in a tenfold proportion greater than it really is. Provi- dence from the beginning it would seem had fixed its habitation to one species of soil, being a black fat earth, extraordinarily fruitful.
“ We cannot read the history of the plagues which God brought upon Pharaoh by the hands of Moses, without stopping a moment to consider a singularity, a very principal one, which attended the plague of the fly. The land of Goshen, the possession of the Israelites, was a land of promise which was not tilled or sown, because it was not overflowed by the Nile. But the land overflowed by the Nile was the black earth of the Valley of Egypt, and it was here that God confined the flies —I have magnified him about twice the natural size.—He has no sting, though he seems to me to be rather of the bee kind; but his motion is more rapid and sudden than that of the bee, and resembles that of the gad-fly in England. There is something par- ticular in the sound or buzzing of this insect. It is a jarring noise, together with a humming, which induces me to believe that it pro- ceeds, at least in part, from a vibration made with the three hairs at his snout.
“The Chaldee Version is content with calling this animal simply Zebub, which signifies the fly in general as we express it in English. The Arabs call it Arob in their translation, which has the same gene-. ral signification. The Ethiopic translation calls it Tsal tsalya, which is the true name of this particular fly in Geez, and was the same in Hebrew. The Greeks have called this species of fly Cynomyia, which signifies the dog-fly ; in imitation of which, those I suppose of the church of Alexandria that, after the coming of Frumentius, were cor- recting the Greek copy and making it conformable to the Septuagint, have called this fly Tsal tsalya Kelb, in answer to the word Cynomyia. Salal in the Hebrew signifies ‘to buzz’ or ‘to hum,’ and as it were alludes to the noise with which the animal terrifies the cattle; and Tsal tsalya seems to come from this by only doubling the radicals : tTsalalou*, in Amharic, signifies ‘to pierce with violence.’ ”— Appendix, vi. 284 et seq.
* “ The name of this fly is undoubtedly derived from a word signifying ‘to buzz’ in Hebrew and Ethiopic. The drawing seems to have been made from a pre- served subject, an eminent naturalist (the late Prof. Walker) having observed that some of the jiner parts are wanting init. These may have been lost in keeping, or during the drawing of it at home.—Enrr.”
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From this account we learn that it is the sound of this insect which produces a great amount of trepidation in the cattle of Abyssinia. This accords with Bracy Clark’s ideas of Estrus Bovis. Bruce’s description of the position of the wings clearly indicates a Dipterous insect, and his figure shows a bee-like insect, with a long straight porrected pro- boscis exactly like that of Glossina. Bruce adds, that the insect punctures the thick skin of the camel with its proboscis, the parts attacked breaking out into large bosses, which are also occasionally found upon the rhinoceros and elephant. It will be observed how- ever that Bruce merely supposed these tumours to arise from the attack of the Zimb.
I think we have sufficient grounds for believing that Bruce has here jumbled together the notion of the buzzing of the strus instillmg dread into a herd of cattle, his knowledge of the piercing powers of the proboscis of the Séts¢, and his knowledge of the tu- mours caused by the presence of the larvee of @stri under the skin of the camel*, rhinoceros and elephant. The College of Surgeons possesses a specimen of the larva of the @strus of the rhinoceros, and the camel is also subject to the attacks of a species of the same genus ; whilst I consider that Bruce’s figure is made up from memory, taking the statement of its resemblance to a bee and its possession of a proboscis together +. No instance, in fact, is known of a spe- cies which attacks these animals with its proboscis, forming tumours upon their backs such as are described by Bruce, which agree on the whole with the tumours caused by the larve of @strus Bovis; and we have already seen that no @strus is capable of inflicting a wound with the organs of the mouth, of which in fact all the known species are destitute, whilst the boring powers of their ovipositors are very questionable.
The accounts given by Mr. R. Gordon Cumming of the destructive powers of the Tsetse fully confirm the opinion here advanced, and prove that although “‘its dite is certain death to oxen and horses,” it causes no dorsal tumours like an @strus. ‘This hunter’s scourge,” he says, “is similar to a fly in Scotland called Klegy{, but a little smaller ; they are very quick and active, and storm a horse like a swarm of bees, alighting on him in hundreds and drinking his blood. The animal thus bitten pines away and dies, at periods varying from a week to three months, according to the extent to which he has been bitten.” .. . . “The next day one of my steeds died of the ‘ Tsetse.’ The head and body of the poor animal swelled up in a most distress- ing manner before he died; his eyes were so swollen that he could
* Pliny was aware of the attacks of @stri upon the camel, and he informs us that the merchants of Arabia were in the habit of anointing their camels with whale- and fish-oils. (Hist. Mund. lib. xxxii. p. 302, et lib. xi. cap. 16. p. 36. edit. Pancoucke.)
+ It is evident from the note added by the editor of the 8vo edition, from which the above extracts have been made, that the drawing of the insect was not a bond fide one made on the spot, but was manufactured at home.
} Kleg is the local name for the Hematopota pluvialis.
266
not see, and in darkness he neighed for his comrades who stood feed- ing beside him *.”
The Marquis di Spineto, in a memoir published ‘‘ On the Zimb of Bruce as connected with the Hieroglyphics of Egypt+,’’ endeavoured to ascertain the characters of this imsect, and came to the conclusion that it belongs to the order Diptera, notwithstanding Bruce says that it very much resembles the Bee genus, and that it has “several of the properties of the Bombylius, the Tabanus, the Gstrus, and the Hip- pobosca, without belonging to any of them. In some of its generic and even specific characters it is like the Boméylius and Gstrus, in others like the Hippobosca and the Muscidae, in a few like the Taba- nus and the Dog-fly, whilst in the aggregate it differs from every one of these insects.” The Marquis points out the various relationships which the insect, as described by Bruce, presents to these different genera, considering that the porrected hairs or bristles forming the mouth “perform the office of suckers, simply because it does not lay its eggs in the flesh of animals; for according to the account which * Bruce gives of the evils attending the attacks of this fly, the bosses which are produced swell, break and putrefy, but never exhibit any larvee or maggots,” thus differing from the habits of the @stri; to which however he adds, by some curious misconception, that “ the larve of the Gstrus live in wood, which does not seem to be the cas with the Zimb.” :
The Marquis however identifies the Zimb with the Kuyéuua or ‘ Dog-fly’ of the Greeks, the ‘Tsal tsalya Kelb’ of the Alexandrian Church, the ‘Af an ouhor’ of the ancient Egyptians, the ‘Arob’ or ‘Oreb’ of Exodus viii. 21, and the ‘ @strus’ of Aristotle; and con- siders that it is the precise species of fly which caused the fourth of the plagues of Egypt{. As such, he also regards it as the insect represented on the Egyptian monuments at the head of the cartouches which enclose the hieroglyphical titles of the Pharaohs, and as a sym- bol of Lower Egypt (where only the insect occurs), the preceding figure being intended for a sceptre, in contradiction to the opinion of M. Champollion, who regards the figure of the insect as that of a bee; and consequently the signification of the two symbols as that of «King of an obedient people.” I can by no means however agree with this opinion of the Marquis Spineto, since an examination of various Egyptian monuments in the British Museum and elsewhere (in all of which the insect is represented under precisely the same form) has convinced me that it is intended to represent a Hymeno- pterous insect, and not one of the Diptera. It is in fact more like the figure of a common Wasp than any other ordinary insect ; the
* Five Years of a Hunter’s Life in the Far Interior of South Africa, ii. pp. 220, 227. + Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag. 1834, vol. iv. p. 170.
t In the Article “‘ Musquitoe” (Brit. Cyclop. Nat. Hist. iii. 299), I have sug- gested various reasons for supposing that the fourth plague of Egypt was caused by some species of Culicide, which, although not disproved, are certainly weakened by the knowledge now obtained of the real habits of the Tsetse or Zimd.
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appendages of the head, which are obliquely porrected, are evidently intended for antennze, and not for a bipartite proboscis; the wings, it is true, are only represented as two in number, but as the two on each side of the body in the Hymenoptera are hooked together, they would, by common observers, be regarded as but one ; while the con- tracted form of the base of the abdomen is precisely that of some of the Vespide figured in the great French work upon Egypt. The Polistes represented in pl. 8. fig. 2g. of that work indeed might al- most be considered as the identical species intended to be represented on the monuments.
Mr. S. Birch indeed informs me that there is a coloured represen- tation of this hieroglyphic figure on one of the Egyptian monuments in the British Museum, and that the banded colours of the abdomen leave no doubt that it is intended fora Wasp. Moreover the Egyptian name of this insect was the same as that of Upper Egypt, whilst the preceding figure was intended for a reed as emblematical of Lower » Egypt, and consequently the two figures indicated the power of the monarch over both these parts of the empire.
To render this article more complete, I have added descriptions of two more tropical African species of Glossina, from the Collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope, together with that of another remarkable hitherto undescribed genus allied to Glossina, but distinguished by the very singular recurved proboscis and long styliferous abdomen, also from tropical Africa.
Guossina TacHino1pEs, Westw. (Pl. XIX. fig. 2.)
Cinerea, faciei striga longitudinali media fulva, epistomate ar- genteo-sericeo, thoracis dorso brunneo-maculato, scutello griseo maculis duabus brunneis punctisque duobus minutis apicalibus nigris, abdominis dorso carneo-griseo segmento singulo maculis duabus maximis fuscis, pedibus luteo-albidis, tarsis supra nigris.
Long. corp. lin. 4; expans. alar. lin. 85.
Hab. in Africa occidentali tropicali. (Mus. D. Hope.)
This species is smaller than the preceding and differently coloured. The terminal joint of the antennz is more lunate in form and dusky coloured in front; the palpi are dusky coloured at the tip and clothed with black hairs. The upper surface of the thorax is ash-coloured, divided across the middle by an impressed line; the anterior half is marked on each side towards the fore angles with an oval brown spot, extending laterally and backwards into a lunate line, enclosing a smaller oval spot on each side towards the hinder angles : in the middle are two slender abbreviated brown lines, and two minute spots resting upon the transverse impressed line over which they are extended and dilated into a pair of somewhat larger spots in the middle of the upper surface of the thorax, each with a slender transverse line extending from it to the sides of the thorax, where it meets a curved lateral brown line enclosing a fainter oval spot, the hind extremity of each of which nearly joins, at the hinder angles of the back of the tho- rax, a straight line running forwards into the disk, where it vanishes.
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The upper side of the abdomen may be described as of a brown colour, with the lateral and posterior edges and an ill-defined longitudinal central band of fleshy ash: it is thickly clothed with minute black hairs on the disk, and with long ones at the base and sides. The wings and their veins are coloured as in Gl. morsitans.
GLossina TaBANIFoRMIS, Westw. (Pl. XIX. fig. 3.)
Griseo-fusca epistomate sericeo, thorace fusco-maculato, abdomine JSusco-rufescenti apice sensim obfuscato, pedibus fusco-luteis tibiis tarsisque nigro lineatis alis fusco infumatis.
Long. corp. lin. 6; expans. alar. lin. 134.
Hab. apud littus aureum Africe tropicalis occidentalis. (Mus. D.
Hope.)
This species is very much larger than either of the preceding. The head is comparatively much smaller and the wings much larger; the front of the head is dusky; it, as well as the basal joints of the an- tenn, is rather thickly clothed with black hairs; the arista of the antenne is luteous, with a dark line behind, and the brantling sete with which it is furnished are black; the palpi are thickly clothed externally with short black sete; the thorax is dark greyish brown, also very thickly clothed with short black setee and long curved lateral bristles ; the back of the thorax is marked with a dark central lon- gitudinal line, having a less distinct one on each side of it, between which and each side are two large brown spots, one behind the other ; the scutellum is paler, and marked with two ill-defined dusky spots ; the wings are stained brown; the legs are dirty luteous buff; the tibiz marked with one, and the tarsi with three very delicate longi- tudinal black lines ; the tibize are compressed, and the black line oceu- pies the superior compressed ridge.
Tribe Myoparr#, Macquart, Hist. Nat. Ins. Dipt. ii. 29. Genus StyLomyta, Westw. (Stylogaster, Wlk. nec Macq.)
Corpus subelongatum capite thorace parum latiori, facie antice dimidio supero carinato, dimidio infero valde coneavo. An- tenne porrecte articulo basali minimo, 2do obconico, 3tio sub- ovali precedentis longitudine, vel precedenti multo longiort compresso parum curvato, arista versus apicem maryinis supert inserta, porrecta. Haustellum capite et thorace conjunctim triplo longius, porrectum, in medio geniculatum, dimidio basali parum defleco et ad ejus apicem crassiori, dimidio apicali valde ineurvato. Thorax brevis quadratus. Abdomen supra subconvexum parum curvatum, apice pone segmentum Sum in sty- lum elongatum (longitudine quingue articulorum precedentium equalem), deflecum valde angustum, contracto, hujus styl apice supero in uno sexu, oblique truncato; seta elongata supra hirsuta, lobo breviori compresso filamentisque duobus elongatis simplicibus in cavitate truncata insidentibus. Ale breves cellula \ma postica clausa pediculata et postice dila- tata, vena obliqua cellulam postice contiguam claudente sub-
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obsoleta ; cellula anali brevissima vix pone pseudalulam ex- tensa vena brevissima transversa clausa. Pedes elongati gra- cillimi, calearibus duobus tibiarum parum elongatis, tibiis posticis difformibus, unguibus pulvillisque minutissimis.
This genus is very close to the American genus Stylogaster, but especially differs from the description given thereof by M. Macquart, in the very mimute condition of the anal cell of the wings. The form of the head and the unequal division of the haustellum, as repre- sented in M. Macquart’s pl. 13. fig. 15, are also characters at variance with those of the insects of which I have composed the present ge- nus. The anal cell is of small size in Stachynia, Meq. (Dalmannia, Rob. D.), but it is still more minute in Stylomyia. The long slender legs and minute claws and pulvilli are also unlike those of all the other Myoparie.
Srytomyia Leonum, Westw. (Pl. XIX. fig. 4, and details.)
Rufo-fulva, facie argenteo-sericea antennis rufo-fulvis arista nigra, vertice subplano macula ovali nigra ocellos postice includente, haustello nigro basi subtus parum pallidiori, thorace scutello abdomineque rufo-fulvis stylo concolori fascia lata fere apicali nigra, pedibus fulvis tarsis apice fuscis, tibiis duabus posticis dimidio basali fusco, apicali albido ; tarsis nigris.
Long. corp. lin., stylo excluso, 4; expans. alar. lin. 6.
Hab. in Sierra Leona, Africee. (In Mus. D. Hope.)
The facets of the middle portion of the inner margin of the eyes are rather larger than the posterior ones. The wings are but slightly tinged with grey, and the veins are blackish. The extremity of the anal style with its filaments are fulvous coloured. The two posterior tibice are very slender at the base; the apical half is dilated on the upper edge, the under edge not being quite straight.—Nofe. All the details are taken from the species figured.
Stytomyra conrusa, Westw. Fulva, facie argentea, vertice om- nino nigro; antennis fulvis articulo 3tio antennarum longitu- dinem 2di vix superanti, ovali-conico, arista nigra; tuberculo antennifero pallide fulvo, haustello nigro basi fulvo; thorace supra nigro marginibus lateralibus angulisque anticis distincte et irregulariter luteis setis longis nigris. Scutello fusco setis duabus longis terminalibus nigris, pedibus quatuor anticis om- nino luteo-albidis tibiis apice obscuris, femoribus duobus posti- cis fascia angusta ante alteraque pone medium fuscis ; tibiis dimidio basali fusco fascia lata media alba, tertia parte api- cali fusco, tarsis fuscis; abdomine fulvo segmentis 2do—5to margine postico tenui obscuro ; styli dimidio basali fulvo-rufo ; apicali nigro, genitalibus exsertis fulvo-rufis ; corpore subtus fulvo-albido. Precedenti e tertia parte minor.
Hab. ? (Un Mus. Brit.)
Although in general form and proportion of its parts, especially of
the terminal style of its abdomen, the specimen of this species in the British Museum agrees exactly with St. Leonum, yet the short third
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joint of the antenne, and the extraordinarily enlarged size of the middle facets of the inner margin of the eyes, might indicate it to be the opposite sex of the preceding. The second segment of the abdo- men is furnished on each side with a small fascicle of elongated black hairs.
This species is introduced by Mr. F. Walker into his ‘ List of the Dipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum’ (part iii. p- 680), under the name of Stylogaster stylatus; but it appears to me that it neither accords with Macquart’s generic characters of Sty- logaster, nor with the concise Fabrician specific description of Conops stylata (Syst. Antl. 177), nor yet with Wiedemann’s more detailed observations, especially with reference to the sexual difference in the form of the antennze (Auss. Eur. Zw. Ins. ii. 245).
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES. (Annutosa, Pl. XIX.)
Fig. 1. Glossina morsitans, magnified. 1a, the head seen in front with the hau- stellum removed; 10, the head seen sideways, the tips of the parts of the haustellum removed; 1c, the lower part of the head, with the parts of the haustellum separated and the hirsute palpi removed ; 1d, the underside of the extremity of the head and the bulb seen beneath, showing the bulbous base of the haustellum; le, antenna greatly magnified, showing the villose anterior edge of the arista and the hirsute hairs with which it is furnished; 1/, the terminal joint of the tarsus, showing the strong ungues and the large setose pulvilli.
Fig. 2. Glossina tachinoides magnified.
Fig. 3. Glossina tabaniformis magnified.
Fig. 4. Stylomyia leonum magnified. 4a, the head and haustellum seen sideways ; 4b, antenna; 4c, abdomen seen sideways; 4d and 4e, extremity of the abdomen with its appendages; 47, hind leg; 4g, ungues and pulvilli.
3. On THE Marine Mo.uuscaA DISCOVERED DURING THE VoyaGes OF THE HERALD AND PANDORA, BY Capt. Kewuert, R.N., anp Lieut. Woop, R.N. By Prorrssor Epwarp Forses, F.R.S. ere.
~ (Mollusca, Pl. IX. & XI.)
Out of 307 species of shells collected by the voyagers, 217 are ma- rine Gasteropoda, | is a Cephalopod, and 58 marine bivalves. The genera of which species are most numerous are—Murewx, Purpura, Trochus, Terebra, Strombus, Conus, Columbella, Littorina, Oliva, Cyprea, Natica, Patella, Chiton, Venus, and Arca. Among the more local genera represented in this collection are, Monoceros, Pseudoliva, Cyrtulus, Saxidomus, and Crassatella. The specimens are usually in very fine preservation. Many of the species are rare or local.
The localities at which they were chiefly collected were the coast of southern California, from San Diego to Magdalena, and the shores of Mazatlan. Unfortunately the precise locality of many of the individual specimens had not been noted at the time, and a quantity of Poly- nesian shells, mingled with them, have tended to render the value of
Proc. Z.9. Mollusca, A].
x
WH Baily. Printed by Hullmandel & Walton. hig-1. Trochita spirata. Forbes Fig: 7 Trochus aureotinctus. Forbes 2. Natiea Pritchardi ‘ oo Gallina 3. Nafsa Woodwardi f me castaneus Nuttall. 4 N. Cooperi . We Tr Fill Forbes 5 naxis pigra ae Lise. purpurahis , GE: migritella
‘ 12. Purpura analoga if 1 fuscata
)
— a)
eS
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the collection as illustrative of distribution less exact than it might have been. A few specimens of considerable interest were taken by the ‘Herald’ at Cape Krusenstern. The new species are all from the American shores. There are no products of deep-sea dredging.
As many of the following new forms are from the coast of Ma- zatlan, Mr. Cuming, whose experience and advice has been taken, and magnificent collection consulted in drawing up this report, has considered it desirable that some undescribed shells contained in his collection, from that region, should be described and figured at the same time.
TROCHITA SPIRATA, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 1.)
T. testd conicé, fusco-purpured, longitudinaliter radiato-sulcatd, sulcis numerosis, prominentibus, subrugosis ; anfractibus 6, angus- tis ; lamind internd spirali, depressd, magnd, margine undulato.
Diam. 2,3,, alt. 1,4, une.
A very handsome species of this group, allied to Calyptrea sor- dida of Broderip, and differing from the well-known T’. trochiformis in having very much narrower and more numerous whorls, as well as in its internal colouring. It was procured at Massaniello, in the Gulf of California.
Trocuus casTANEvs. Nuttall, MSS. (Pl. XI. fig. 9.)
T. testd late-conicd, crassd, lete castaned, spiraliter flavo-lineatd, anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, omnibus spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis numerosis, ultimo lato, basi subangulato, convexo, imperforato, aperturd subquadratd, margaritaced, suturis impressis. Oper- culum?
Alt. 58, lat. 8, long. apert. 54 unc.
The number of sulcations in the second whorl is about six; the cavities are always rich chestnut, the elevations yellowish. The ge- neral form is intermediate between that of ziziphinus and alabastrites. The shell has long been known under Nuttall’s manuscript name, but never, so far as I am aware, described. It is from Upper Cali- fornia.
(h.1g6>° TRrocnus (MonoponTA) GALLINA, sp. nov. (Pl. XI, fig. 8.)
T. testd obtuse pyramidali, crassd (adultus ponderosus), spird magna, anfractibus 5, glabris, obsolete obliqu striatis, convexiusculis, albidis, fasciis angustis numerosis purpureis ornatis, anfractu ultimo prope suturam subcanaliculato, basi lateribus rotundatis, umbilico albo, imperforato, impresso, aperturd subquadratd, labro externo subpatulo, margine acuto, levi, nigrescente, labro colu- mellari bidentato, albo, faucibus margaritaceo-albis, operculo cir- culari, corneo, fusco, spiris numerosissimis, confertis. Testa junior spird depressiusculd.
Alt. 13;, lat. max. 1,%,, alt. apert. 056 unc.
Probably from the Mazatlan coast.
(6m 1¢53TRocHUS (MonopONTA) AUREO-TINCTUS, Sp. Nov.
(Pl. XI. fig. 7.)
T. testd obtus? pyramidali, crassd, spird mediocri, anfractibus 4 vel
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5, convexiusculis, obtuse angulatis, subcanaliculatis, spiraliter 1— 2 late sulcatis, striis spiralibus minutis, longitudinalibus minutis- simis sculptis, colore nigro obscure minutissiméque grisco-lineato, ultimo anfractu basi subplanato 4—5 sulcis profundis spiralibus sculpto, margine obtuse subangulato, umbilico profundeé perforato, lete aurantio, aperturd subrotundd, labro externo tenui, nigro marginato, labro columellari albo 1-2-dentato, dentibus inequali- bus munitis, dente inferiore minimo, fauce albo-margaritaceo.
Alt. 0;',, lat. max. 1, alt. apert. 0-4, unc.
Variat costis obliquis transversis.
With the last
Trocuus (MARGARITA) PURPURATUS, sp. Nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 11.)
T. testd turbinatd, spird depressd, prominuld, anfractibus 5, con- vexiusculis, nitidis, levigatis, striis incrementi minutissimis, ro- seolis fasciis spiralibus lete purpureis cinctis, suturis impressis, basi margine subrotundato, umbilico imperforato, albo, aperturd subrotundd, labro externo tenui, labro interno levi, obsoleté un- dulato, albo-margaritaceo, faucibus purpureo-margaritaceis.
Alt. 0545, lat. max. 0,5, alt. apert. 0,2, unc.
A beautiful little species. W. coast of N. America?
Trocavus (Marearita) Hitun, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 10.)
T. testd late turbinatd, heliciformi, spird obtusd, parvd, depressd, anfractibus 5 convexiusculis, levigatis, politis, ad suturas appres- sis, flaveo-albidis, ultimo anfractu maximo, basi convero, margini- bus rotundatis, centraliter excavato, imperforato, apertura oblique- subrotundd, labro externo tenui, columellari leviter arcuato, albo ; Faucibus albo--margaritaceis.
Alt. 045, lat. max. 055, alt. apert. 0,3; unc.
From the northern shores of the W. coast of N. America?
I have dedicated this species to — Hill, Esq., Master of the
‘ Herald.’
Natica PritcHarpt, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 2.)
N. testé subglobosd, spird brevi, anfractibus 5, nitidis, sub lente striatis, flaveolis, fasciis transversis fusco-purpureis, angulato- undulatis flammulatis, in adulto obsoletis seu fascias obscuras spi- rales simulantibus ; aperturd ovatd, superné obsolete angulatd, co- lumelld costd callosd albd spirali in umbilicum oblique intrante, umbilico superne perforato ; faucibus fasciato-fuscatis. Operculo calcareo, albo, levi, polito, sulco angustissimo prope margine ex- terno, margine interno recto, crenulato. Alt. 1 une. ; long. anfr. ult. ,%, lat. $9 unc. ; long. apert. 58 une. Mazatlan. I have dedicated this pretty shell, which reminds us of the Atlantic intricata, to my friend Dr. Pritchard, Assistant- Surgeon of H.M.S. Calypso, who assiduously collected on the coast of Mazatlan, where he, as well as the officers of the ‘Herald’ and ‘ Pandora,’ met with this species in abundance.
Fig. 2 ¢. represents the young shell.
ee
273
PLANAXIS NIGRITELLA, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 6.)
P. testd ovato-lanceolatd, crassiusculd, fusco-nigridd, spird brevi, acutd, anfractibus 6, spiraliter sulcatis, interstitiis latis, planis, sulcis in medio anfractis ultimi obsoletis, aperturd ovatd, patuld, superne unidentatd, labro externo tenui, margine interno obsolete crenulato, labro columellari, superne striato, inferne abbreviato, levi; canali brevissimd, faucibus atropurpureis.
Long. 5%, lat. =3;, long. apert. 3; unc.
Straits of Juan del Fuaco. The operculum is preserved in some
of the numerous specimens, and has a subspiral nucleus (see fig. 6 @).
PLANAXIS PIGRA, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 5.)
P. testd ovato-lanceolatd, crassd, flaveold, spira mediocri, acutd, anfractibus 6, planatis, levigatis, aperturd breve-ovatd, patuld, superne obsolete unidentatd, labris incrassatis, marginibus levibus, canali brevissimd, faucibus albis.
Long. ;4,, lat. 2, long. apert. 7; unc.
Its surface is invested with a soft yellow epidermis. The operculum
is corneous, of subconcentric elements, with a lateral subspiral nucleus.
Pitcairn’s Island.
Nassa Cooper, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 4.) BH.\8SS.4.9.13
N. testd lanceolatd, turritd, crassd, anfractibus’ 6, convexiusculis, spiraliter sulcato-striatis, longitudinaliter 8-costatd ; costis di- stantibus, fortibus, distinctis ; anfractu ultimo 3 longitudinis teste equante, aperturd ovatd, canali brevi; labro externo crasso, sim- plici; labro columellari reflexo, albo; caudd albd; anfractibus
. fuscis, obscure albo-fasciatis.
Long. 58; unc., lat. anfr. ult. 4,, long. apert. 38.
Marked from the Sandwich Isles. Dedicated to Lieut. Cooper,
R.N., of the ‘ Herald.’
Nassa Woopwarpt, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 3.) BHASSS.4-S.1S
N. testd lanceolatd, turritd, crassd, albd, rufo-fasciatd, anfracti- bus sex convexiusculis, spiraliter sulcaiis, longitudinaliter dense- costatis, spird vir longitudinem ultimi anfractis equante ; aper- turd ovatd, caudé brevissimd; labro columellari reflerd, albd ; caudd alba ; fauce striato.
Long. 5; unc. ; lat. =, unc. ; long. apert. 7; unc.
With the last. Dedicated to — Woodward, Esq., R.N., Purser
to the ‘ Herald.’
PuRPURA ANALOGA, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 12.)
P. testa turritd, albidd, spiraliter lat rufo-fasciatd ; spird exsertd ; anfractibus 5 rotundatis, costis spiralibus (6 ad 8 in anfractu penultimo), quadratis, numerosis cinctis, interstitiis crenulatis, ad suturam obsoletis, labro subdenticulato.
Long. 1,4;, lat. 58, long. apert. 58; unc.
This species (from the Californian coast ?) bears a striking resem-
blance to the Atlantic Purpura lapillus, and is termediate between
No. CCXVIII.—ProcerepineGs or THE ZootocicaL Soctery.
274
it and the Purpura decemcostata of Middendorff, from the Icy Sea at Behring’s Straits, the place of which it probably takes on the western shores of North America.
Purpura, noy. sp.? A single specimen, to which I abstain giving a name, since its characters are intermediate between those of de- cemcostata and Freycinetii (a Kamtschatka shell) ; it is probably a variety of the former.
PURPURA FUSCATA, sp. nov. (PI. XI. fig. 13.) P. testd oblongd, subturritd, fuscd ; spird brevi; anfractibus con- vecis, costis spiralibus (2 in anfractu penultimo) paucis distan- tibus subsquamosis cinctis, interstitiis costis obsoletis; aperturd dilatatd, columella albidd. Long. 1,5, lat. 5%, long. apert. 58 une. A species of the Lapillus group. Said to have been taken at the Sandwich Islands.
Among the Purpure in the collection are P. planospira, P. colu- mellaris, and P. Carolensis, all Galapagos species, and probably col- lected during the visit to those islands.
Fusus Kexeri, sp. nov. (Pl. IX. fig. 10.) fea4}. 03
Ff. testd crassd, fusiformi, pyramidatd, anfractibus 9, spiraliter stri- atis, angulatis, noduloso-costatis, costis in anfractibus omnibus 8, prope suturam obsoletis excavatis appressisque ; anfractu ultimo 3 teste occupante ; aperturd elongato-pyriformi, superné angulatd ; inferné canali obliquo plus 3 aperture equante ; labro columellari, reflexo, incrassato, labro externo attenuato, subdenticulato ; caudd incrassatd, contortd, reflerd ; colore sordide albido, ore albo.
Long. 35 unc. ; lat. max. anfr. ult. 1,2; unc. ; long. apert. 23 une. ; long. caud. 52. ;
This remarkable shell was taken on the Californian coast, and is very distinct from any known Fusus. In general aspect it closely resembles a Fasciolaria, reminding us strongly of the European Fas- ciolaria tarentina, but is greatly larger and has uo plaits on the pillar lip. The strize which wind round the whorls are grouped in twos and threes. They become very strongly marked and assume the character of sulcations on the caudal portion of the body whorl. The ribs are mainly developed a little above the centre on the angu- lated portion of the body whorl and on the lower halves of the upper whorls, so prominently as to appear like large tubercles.
I have dedicated this unique shell to the eminent conductor of this important expedition.
Fusus Oregonensis was taken on the Californian coast, and F. sale- brosus on the coast of Mazatlan.
4. ON THE GENUS ApTERYX. By A. D. Bartuetr.
(Aves, Pl. XXX. XXXI.)
In calling the attention of the Meeting this evening to the large collection of specimens of the genus dpteryx on the table, I beg to state that I have been led to make a careful examination of all the
M.#.N. Hanhart, Imp,
_APTERYX AUSTRALIS, 3.4. A MANTEL .
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274
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_APTERYX AUSTRALIS.
275
individuals I could find in the Collections of the British Museum, the Museums of the Zoological Society, the Royal College of Sur- geons, and elsewhere, in consequence of an Apteryx belonging to Dr. Mantell having been placed in my hands by that gentleman a few days since, which appeared to me to differ from all that I had before seen. Asacareful comparison of this bird with the specimens in the collections before mentioned fully justified me in considering it as a distinct species, I was about to describe it as a new one; but most fortunately, I heard that the original specimen figured and described by Dr. Shaw (to which he applied the name Apteryx Australis) was in the collection of the Earl of Derby at Knowsley. It is with much pleasure I have to acknowledge the kindness of his lordship in honour- ing me with the loan of this bird, which has enabled me to identify the large Apteryx placed in my hands by Dr. Mantell as belonging to this species, and also to determine most satisfactorily the distinct- ive characters of the common species, which is considerably smaller, and to which the name of Apteryx Australis has long been erroneously applied. This bird differs from the original Apteryx Australis of Dr. Shaw in its smaller size, its darker and more rufous colour, its longer tarsus which is scutulated in front, its shorter toes and claws, which are dark horn-coloured, its smaller wings, which have much stronger and thicker quills, and also in having long straggling hairs on the face. I may however remark, that although individuals of this spe- cies differ much in size, depending probably on age, sex, &c., I have found no exception to the distinctive characters above given. I there- fore propose the name of Apteryx Mantelli for this smaller and more common species,—a humble effort to commemorate the exertions of Walter Mantell, Esq., to whom we are indebted for so many valuable discoveries in the natural history of New Zealand. ; I subjoin a short description of the two species, together with figures of their legs and wings, in order that they may be more readily distinguished.
ApTeERYxX MANTELLI.
Colour dark rufous brown, dark- est on the back.
Apreryx AUSTRALIS.
Colour pale greyish-brown, dark- est on the back.
Entire length ...... 30 inches*. | Entire length ...... 23 inches*. Bill from forehead.. 6 ,, Bill from, forehead BSE ee, 5 Tarsus (reticulated). 24 ,, ‘| Tarsus (scutulated). 23 ,, Middle toe and claw 32 ,, Middle toe and claw 21 ,,
Claws nearly equal in length, and | Middle claw longest, all the claws white. dark horn-colour.
Wings with soft slender quills; | Wings with strong thick quills ; face with short hairs. face with long straggling hairs.
In conclusion, I would remark that the specimen of Apteryx Au- stralis belonging to Dr. Mantell was collected by his son in Dushy
* The entire length, being taken from skins, I consider of little value; the en- tire length of a bird ought always to be taken before the bird is skinned.
276
Bay; and I have been informed by J. E. Gray, Esq., that the ori- ginal bird deseribed by Dr. Shaw was brought from the same locality. As far as I am able to ascertain, all the specimens of Apteryx Man- telli are from the North Island.
5. Notre upon BucEROS GINGINIANUS. By Lirut. Harpy, IN A Letter To CoLtonet Sykes, F.R.S., F.Z.S. erc. Com- MUNICATED BY COLONEL SYKES.
My pear Cotonet,—I was out shooting one day beyond Pah- lunpore, when a dull slate-coloured bird, about the size and figure of a magpie, flew past me; my beaters roared out to me to fire at it, but I let it go by. They made however such a fuss about it, and had marked it down on a tree, that I went after it and to their great delight shot it. They then told me that it was very valuable to them; that they would chop up the flesh, pickle and preserve it in a bottle, and sell it as a medicine to alleviate the pangs of child- birth, for which it was highly prized. In the course of the day two sepoys came to my tent and begged to have the bird, as they had been sent out by the Mewab expressly to shoot one, but had been out two days without success. They call it ‘Seerdtra.” None of my brother officers had ever seen or heard of it before. I kept the beak, and the other day turned it out with some other little trophies, and had it put together ; if you will keep it as a little sporting tribute to my father’s friend, I shall be very proud.
Sincerely yours, Epmunp Harpy.
6. Notre uron Turpus vuupinus, Harti. By Dr. Hartriavs.
(Aves, Pl. XXXII.)
In presenting the accompanying figure of my Turdus vulpinus, from Caraccas, I have little to add to the description of it in the Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, 1849, p..276. The only specimen I ever saw of this bird is in the Hamburg Museum. It is certainly a very aberrant species of Turdus and its American divisions, and would consequently justify a subgeneric separation, which however I leave to another.
7. On NEw AUSTRALIAN BIRDS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE ZootoceicaL Society or Lonpon. By Joun Govutp, F.R.S. etc.
(Aves, Pl. XX XIII. XXXIV.)
The first three species which I am about to describe in the present communication formed part of a collection presented to the Zoological Society of London by the late Captain Owen Stanley, R.N., whose
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MACHA RIRHYNCHUS FLAV
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276
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277
untimely death is a real cause of regret to every one who is interested in the sciences which he cultivated with equal ardour and success.
The collection in question was remarkable for the extreme beauty of the preparations, as well as for the rarity and interest of the spe- cies of which it was chiefly composed.
MALuRvus AMABILIS.
Male: Head, ear-coverts and centre of the back delicate violet- blue ; lores, throat, breast, crescent across the upper part of the back and the rump deep bluish black ; scapularies chestnut ; wings brown, the secondaries slightly margined with white ; abdomen white, very slightly tinged with buff on the flanks; tail dull greenish blue, the four lateral feathers margined externally and largely tipped with white ; bill black ; irides and feet dark brown.
Total length, 5} inches; bill, ; wing, 2; tail, 2$; tarsi, 7.
Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.
Remark.—This species is nearly allied to Malurus Lamberti, M. elegans, and M. pulcherrimus, but differs from them all in having the lateral tail-feathers distinctly margined and tipped with white, and in having a lighter-coloured abdomen. [I consider it to be the most beautiful species of the genus yet discovered ; the only example I have seen is in the collection of this Society.
Family MuscicaPip2? Genus MAcHZRIRHYNCHUS.
Gen. Char.—Bill rather shorter than the head, very much de- pressed and widely dilated, causing it to assume a lancet-like form ; culmen elevated, forming a distinct ridge down the centre of the upper mandible, and continued over its extremity in the form of a sharp hook ; under mandible convex ; tomiz straight, the upper very
’ slightly overlapping the lower ; rictus beset with fine but stiff bristles ; nostrils oblong, partly covered with an operculum, and seated in large and deep depressions oceupying the basal half of the upper mandible ; wings short and somewhat rounded, the first quill very short, the second much shorter than the third, the fifth the longest ; tail mode- rate in length, distinctly graduated, the outer feather being little more than half the length of the central ones; tarsi moderate in length and slight in structure; toes feeble, particularly the anterior ones ; the two outer toes equal in length, and united from the base to the first joint ; hind toe rather long; claws hooked and very sharp.
MAcCHZRIRHYNCHUS FLAVIVENTER. (Aves, Pl. XXXIII.)
Crown of the head, lores, ear-coverts, wings and tail black, the wing-coverts tipped with white ; the secondaries margined with white, and the outer tail-feathers margined on the apical portion of the ex- ternal web and largely tipped with white, the white becoming less and less, until only a slight trace of it is found on the central feathers ; back olive-black ; throat white; line from the nostrils over each eye,
278
the breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts bright yellow ; bill black ; feet bluish black.
Total length, 5 inches; bill, §; wing, 2; tail, 21; tarsi, 2.
Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.
In the possession of the Zoological Society.
PTILOTIS FILIGERA. (Aves, Pl. XXXIV.)
Upper surface, wings and tail rich olive-brown, with numerous small marks of greyish white on the apical portion of the nuchal feathers ; the wing-coverts broadly, and the remainder of the feathers narrowly edged with brownish buff; from the gape beneath the eye a streak of white; ear-coverts blackish grey; from the centre of the lower angle of the ear-coverts a very narrow streak of silky yellow, which, proceeding backwards, joins the line of white from beneath the eye ; throat brownish grey ; under surface sandy buff, the feathers of the breast and the middle of the abdomen with lighter centres ; bill olive- black ; naked space beneath the eye yellow ; legs and feet slate-colour.
Total length, 73 inches; bill, 1; wing, 4; tail, 3; tarsi, 2.
Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.
Remark.—The young is destitute of the white marks on the nape, and has the under surface more rufous, and without the lighter centres.
This species is somewhat allied to Ptilotis unicolor.
In the collection of the Zoological Society.
Arses Kaurt.
Small spot on the chin, crown of the head, lores, line beneath the eye, ear-coverts, broad crescentic band across the back, and a broad band across the breast, deep shining bluish black; wings and. tail brownish black ; throat and a broad band across the back of the neck white ; lower part of the back and abdomen white, the base of the feathers black, which, occasionally showing through, give those parts a mottled appearance; bill bluish horn-colour, becoming lighter at the tip; feet black.
Total length, 63 inches; bill, ; wing, 31; tail, 31; tarsi, 3.
Hab. North coast of Australia.
Remark.—I embrace this opportunity of paying a just compliment to my friend Dr. Kaup, whose ornithological labours are so well known to all naturalists: the compliment is the more appropriate, as he is at this time engaged in preparmg a monograph of the Muscicapide, to which family this bird belongs.
Genus Pycnoprti.us.
Gen. Char.—Bill shorter than the head, slightly notched at the tip ; culmen inclining downwards; nostrils basal, rather large, and partially covered with an operculum ; base of the bill beset with a few fine bristles ; wings short, very concave, round in form, the first quill very short, the second, third, fourth and fifth gradually increasing in length, the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth equal and the longest ; tail moderately long, rounded, the feathers soft and yielding ; tarsi
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279
considerably longer than the toes ; hind-toe strong, lateral toes equal ; plumage dense and silky.
PYCNOPTILUS FLOCCOSUS.
General plumage brown, inclining to rufous on the lower part of the back, upper tail-coverts and tail ; forehead, lores, throat and breast dark reddish buff, with a very narrow crescent of dark brown at the tip of each feather ; centre of the abdomen greyish brown, crossed by crescentic bands of black ; flanks and vent brown, passing into deep rufous on the under tail-coverts ; bill brown; base of the under man- dible fleshy brown; legs and feet fleshy brown.
Total length, 7 inches; bill, £; wing, 23; tail, 3; tarsi, 12.
Hab. Interior of New South Wales.
8. DuscrirpTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF ORIOLE. By Cuarwes Lucien, Prince Bonaparte.
Orio.us Broperipi, Bp. (Aves, Pl. XVIII.) O. vivide flavo- aurantius ; corond occipitali, alis, rectricibusque ad basim me- diis duabus ferée omnino nigris ; speculo alari flavo.
Hab. in insula Sumbava.
Magistratui illustri, litium Conciliatori intricatissimarum, qui inti-
mas Doctrine Naturalis recessus Populo humanissimé patefacit !
After the separation of aureus and regens this new species is cer-
tainly the most splendid of the true Orioli, of which I know fifteen species. It must therefore stand first in the series coming from Sericulus. Its nearest approach is O. cochinchinensis (hippocrepis, Wagl.), similar in form and stature. But in addition to its even stouter bill, the general orange hue and the yellow spot on the wing will at once distinguish our Broderipii.
Having dedicated an Oriole to Broderip, I dedicate a second new species to our Italian Broderip, Professor Fr. Baraffi of Turin, the celebrated and learned traveller.
Orro.us Bararri, Bp. O. flavo-olivaceus ; cervice, corporeque subtus flavissimis ; capite, nuchd, juguloque nigerrimis ; alis nigris, speculo angusté albo; rectricibus nigris, apice externa- rum magis magisque flavis.
Hab. Ashantee.
This bird, received at the Leyden Museum from the West Coast of Africa, is similar in stature and colour to Oriolus molowxita, Riipp. of the Eastern Coast, but well distinguished by the conical marking on the tail, which is similar to that of the common Oriole, the Bro- deripii, and chinensis, entirely wanting on the tail of O. molowita.
ie Oat n'y Me
INDEX.
The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in Ro- man Characters: those of Species previously known in J¢alies: those of Species re- specting which Anatomical Observations are made, in CaPiraLs.
Page Acanthonotus Testudo .......++ aro! Accipiter carbonarius, Licht........ .. 215 —— erythrorhynchus, Sw. ..+++++ . 215 SPRENUTUS woereeevevee Rania seal 215 Achatinella alba .....ccscseeverseenees .. 54 Vividas jk conn senitess eb RareicOnacas 54 Acronotus, H. Sm. ...... seveveeeeL39, 172 Acronotus Bubalis, H. Sm. ......... 139 Caama, H. Sm.......+ Loess 140 Addax, Gray, 1. &. seeeesesees goose es 135 ADDAX NASOMACULATA....seceueeeeee 175 nasomaculatus, Gray....+..-+++ 135 Adenota, Gray ...... ee ee waacsseesestha 129 Adenota Kob, Gray.......sseveeessoeee 129 Leché, Gray,n.sp....s....s0000.. 130 - FEGOCERUS ..25...cscccncessceees deseeree 17D Agocerus, Harris, H. Smith... 130, 165 Aipyceros, SuNA. .......ceeceeeeeeeseees 116 AEpyceros melampus, Gray........00++ 116 Agapete, Newm........ panten Satetensanes 13 Aigocerus, H. Smith ....cccesseceeeee 132 Aigocerus equinus, Gray....+.....++++ 132 —— leucopheus, Gray.........+-+ 133, 175 —— niger, Gray ...... Baheveces 133, 175 Alauda erythropygia, Strick., n. sp. . 219 Alce, H. Smith ..........cseeeee “ene 224 ALCELAPHUS «....scsseeeeereceees ee Alcelaphus, Blainv.....c..sseeereseeeees 139 Alcelaphus bubalis ..... ene: Soccer 172 —— Caama ...... RECO Chee, Pee cence 172 Wnatus) acccadcesecesaeswcese see 172 ——$ PY YAN GUS. vvensacerecserceeees coke, dg2 —— Senegalensis .....seeeceececereees 172 Alces, Ogilb., Grai/...cccescseeseseee .. 224 Alces Malchis, Ogilb., Gray .......+- 224 Alopecid@ .seaveeerssaceecnenees patedvea 253 Alopias vulpes, Buon.....0....e0eseeee 253 Amadina cantans, Gm. .....- Maeateachys 218 —— fasciata, G.....00.secceeeeeweees 218 —— nitens, SW...+.....000s Aegcateeatc 218 AMMONILES .....0000c 008 seen cpus dosahe 3 AmPHioxus 21 Anableps 53 ANacolus .......0008 siainsis)sncleuas 5 Sorel
Page
Anatinella, Sowerby ........2+0++++ -- 40 Anatinella dilatata, ddams, nu. sp.... 41 Sibbaldii, Sowerby.....+++0..+... 40 ventricosa, ddams, 0. sp. ...... 41 Andigena, Gould............s000+s oe 93 Andigena Baillonii ........+.01se1ee0e0 93 — cucullatus .........0 osseee ea - 93 —— hypoglaucs .se...seceereceeeeeee 93 —— laminirostros, Gould, n. sp. ... 93 NAGTUTOSEVIS — seescsenereeseeeeeees 93 Anguillid@ ......ccceeeee nee e nce nre «« 252 Anodonta arcuata, Fér. .....+.+- dageee LOD
—— crepera, Lea, 2. Sp. ...ee00e-00. 198 Cumingii, Lea, n. sp........2.... 199
gracilis, Lea, n. Sp.....0....0+- «. 197 latomarginata, Lea .+.......+4 199 — subcrassa, Lea, Ni. Sp.....-+.2+... 198 tenuis, Lea, 0. Sp. .....0..ceeeeee 198 Antelopus Rouleynei, G. Cum. ...... 146 ANEhOMYIA ...cercerseeeecees scnvacssecse” 200 Antidorcas, Sund. ...... sade ene eane 116 Antidorcas Euchore, Gray.....+..+++- 116 Antilocapra, Ord. ....0...seseceseeees 137 Antilocapra Americana, Ord, Gray . 137 ANTILOPE ...ceesssesee geeomot te. 167 Antilope, H. Smith ...ccecceeees 117, 165 Antilope addax, Licht. ......... weades 135 adenota, H. Sm. .....0+++++- 129, 167 albifrons, Burch., Harris ...... 141 —— albipes, Erxl. ...s0+..ecseeeeeeeees 146 —— Algazella, Riipp. ...000.-....00e 134 —— Americana, Ord. ..000-....0e0es 137 —-. , Desm. ......+ Loassere aga 136 Andra, Benn. ......++- beet IS annulipes, Gray .......++.+0+0+ see ee — Arabica, Hemp. et Ehr. ..... . 113 arundinacea, Shaw «++...+++... 127 — aurita, Burch. ....++.... steele barbata, Daniell...........++0+... 133 - barbata, H. Sm.......- weer 132 — Beisa, Riipp. ....+0...eeseeeeeeees 134 — Bennettii, Sykes .........---116, 168 — bezoartica, Gray .........+++ 117, 134
— Bharatensis, Hodgs. ............ 116
282 INDEX. Page Page Antilope bilineata, Temm. ..... seeesee 117 | Antilope Koba, Erxl., Child. ......... 140 — Bohor, Riipp........ Ganache scenes) LOD Koba, Ogilby, Erxl., Child., — bubalina, Hodgs. ....... Pcs 135 SSCWINZ) eseness-csacease «...-131, 140, 141 — Bubalis, Pallas, Licht. ....... o Jo Lalandiana, Desm..........++++ Pan 7 Burchelli, H. Sm. ......+ Bonens - 120 levipes, Sund. .........e2+eee00e 115 ETT ew OSE Se erore ea LOO Arley Lalandii, Desm.........+.+0+++.06 127 Caama, Cuv., Harris, A. Sm.... 139 Tanata, Deswt.” <2 .:..ecs0x0se << 26 — cerulea, H. Sm.......- oto see. 124 | —— lanigera, H. Sm. ....0+.......+- 137 campestris, Thunb. .....+.+-+++ 118 leptoceros, F. Cuv......+...20+00+ 113 Capreolus, Thunb..... Pert «+... 126 | —— leucopheus, Pallas.............++ 133 Cervicapra, Child. ......... 135, 167 | —— leucopus, Zimm.......-+++.2..s00+ 146 — Chicara, F. Cuy. ...... Said 117 | —— leucoryz, Pailas......... ahesomave 134 — chickara, Hardw. .........6++ vee LLZ | —— lumata, Burch. .........000.00e os 140 ins ITU LICNSs) “avec eysceoccidocseuce 112 maculata, Thunb. ...+0+.....000+ 145 —— Christi, Gray ....cscseeereeeseeere 116 Madoqua, Riipp.............0++0+. 122 OinereA, AiZs <éucscsevcnscassce>ss 127 | —— marsupialis, Zimm. .......+... - 116 —— Colus, H. Sm. .......... veeeell2, 167 | —— Maawellii, H. Sm..........00000 124 Cora; TASME yr «,2sssesees-nses « L12 Mazama, H. Sm. .......0...... 137 —— Corrigum, Ogilb. ........eceeees 140 | —— (Mazama) Temmamazama, H. CrispA, TEMM. ceeresseeeresoeres 136 GI, cestesssvcsseocs steno deceserteste. 242 —— Cuvieri, Ogilby .....-..seseeeeees 113 | —— melampus, Licht.......... -+116, 167 —— Dama, Pallas ........c..ceessseee . 114 | —— melanotis, Thunb. ...........-.++ 118 Dammah, Riipp. ebaibscvess 134 melanura, Bechst. ..........+2++. 119 — Decula, Riipp. ...+0+...+00 wav. 145 mergens, Blainv. ...+++-++++- 120, 121 — defassa, Riipp......s+00.0-0.+ 131, 141 | —— Mohr, Benn. ............+ OE 114 dorcas, Pallas .......++ 112, 113, 141 | —— montanus, Riipp. ............. 15h Dorcas, Thunb., Sparm. ...... 140 | —— monticola, Thunb...............- 124 Doria, Ogilb., Fraser.......++... 142 | —— mytilopes, H. Sm. .......+.0ee00+ 135 —— dorsata, Lacep. ......s0eseeeesees 116 nasomaculatus, Blainv. ......... 135 Duvaucellii, H. Sm. ..........-. 136 Natalensis, A. Smith............ 123 Eleotragus, Schr. ..«...++.-+.127, 134 nictitans, Thunb............. 120, 121 ellipsiprymnus, Ogilby ........+ BBL | NIGER. cncnoreeeseccesoaysee sarevsaee 123 — ensicornis, EDX. .......0eee0..e0+* 134 Niger, Harris ....0..cscerseoesseee 133 — Euchore, Forst. .....+....++ 116, 168 | —— Ogilbii, Waterh..............0000- 123 Euryceros, Ogilb. .....ceeees0e0 144 oreaS, Pallas .c0..,2....cseoeseeee 143 Forfex, H. Sm....cc0ceceseee 130, 167 Oreotragus, Forst.........+s0+0++ 119 Frederici, Lau. ......+.. sbectteurnnliad: Oxya, Pally cs 9.vetewsade- eas 134, 143 —— fulvorubescens, Desm. ......- . 118 Osanne, Geoff. ..........-02-008 132 Surcifer, H. Sm. .... Ba eee 137 | —— Ourebi, Shaw.........ceeceeveeee 119 — Gazella, Pallas ..0...-eseesesseee 112 pallida, H. Sm. .......c0cceeeeees 118 —— gibbosa, Savi .....ceeeecreeeees e- 135 palmata, H. Sm. ........ pesesod glaucd, FOYSt....+sccececerseeereee 132 pediotragus, AfZ. .........0200+ 118 —— Gnu, Sparm. ......c0eseeeee svesey LOB perpusilla, H. Sm.......+ ectete 124 Goral, Hardw. .......0ssss.esees 136 | —— persica, Riipp. .........000...00e 113 —— Gorgon, H. Sm...........000008 .. 139 | —— personata, Wood .........+++0++ 141 —— Goural, Hodgs. ........0..se00ss- 136 | —— philantomba, Ogilby .......+.... 124 Grimmia, Riipp. ...+-+.+++6+ 120, 124 | —— picta, Pall., Gray ..............- 146 grisen, CNV. Bidenqseccseesttese 118 platous, H. Sm. ...eeeeeeseeeeeeee 120 —— gutturosa, Pallas ..........+. 115, 167 | —— Ptoor, H. Sm. .......00...000.. 120 Harrisii ....++00 sl testes edteeeae 133 | —— Pygarga, Blum., Pall....... 116, 141 Hazenna, Geoffr. ....... Reece L1G | —— PyGargus.....cceccccececserecrecees 132 — Hemprichianus, Ehr........-.... 120 | —— pygmeaa, Pallas .....+...++ 124, 126 — Hemprichit, Riipp.........+..+-.+ 120 quadricornis, Blainy...... Wie sees 117 Hodgsonii, Abel .........se+.2004+ 112 | —— recticornis, Erxl. ....... see USE pS ber, Aira s.nseobeece aoveescteres 116 redunca, H. Sm. ....00...00e 127, 128 interscapularis, Licht. ......+.- 135 regia, EYXl.....00...seeeee0 enemas 126 IF IMIS, LACH. .54 scceecacsebedeuees 113 | —— reversa, Pallas ......c.0..ss000- 128 Tsabellina, Afz.,Gray ...... 127,128 | —— rubra, Afz........c-ce0scceceseeees 114 ——— Kemas, H. Sm: .....0s000. 112, 168 | —— rubro-albescens, Desm. ........ 118 —— Kob, Erxl. ........00008 heetiies 129) } ———_ rrfity ALZ. ... soses.e0enesventes seh28
INDEX. 283 Page Page Antilope rufescens, H. Sm. «...++++ . 118 | Ardea russata, Temm. ...+++.sseeeeee 221 —— ruficollis, H. Sm. ....-- aiewaidee 114 Verrani, ROUX «+secserseeeees .. 221 — rupestris, H. Sm. ......++++ vacee 118 | Ardeola coromanda, Bodd.....++..+++ 221 Rupicapra, Pallas ...+++..++-- ... 137 | Argonauta Cornu, Ficht. .....+.++++ 45 Saiga, Pallas ....se+++.-++ seseese 112 | Argya, Less. ..+--+.e-00+ vivien wean aedme . 217 saliens, Lacep. ....- sue’ edece'v 116 | Argyropelicus hemigymnus, Cocco. . 248 —— saltatrix, BOodd.....0e.seeeeeeees L119 | —— Olfersii, Cuv. ....+.++++ oe re 247 saltatrix, Link ......+. iakeniipee 116 | Arses Kaupi, Gould, n. Sp. «--+0++++++. 278 _——+ Saltiana, Blainy. ........se++--- 120 | Asterope elliptica, Phil. ......+++++++++ 257 scoparius, Schr. ...+e-++++- 119, 168 | Atalanta Peronii......... dcakasheasiins 45 —— scripta, Pall. .....sseeeeeees seoeee 145 | Abrichia ........ceeeceeees eS oe en 95 —— Senegalensis ....++.++++++++ ves... 132 | Auchenia Huamel, H. Sm. «.....+-+++ 236 Senegalensis, Cuv., H. Sm. 140,141 | Auricula Petiveriana, Desh. ...147, 148 Sing-Sing, Benn. .....-+ exssmaaeislee plicata, Desh. ...... acbaneaes 148, 152 Sing-Sing, Gray ..-...+ santhissmaep lao scarabeus, Lamk. ...«++++ 147, 148 — Soemmeringii, CretzZ. ..-..++0+++ 114 | Ausis vulgaris, Cuv. «+.++++- coestueate 248 spiniger, TEMM.......++++++ seceee 126 | Axis, H. Smith ceeecesseccsserseee waeee 20D — striaticornis, Leach ....++..+++ 117 | Awis Ceylonensis, H. Sm. ...-..-.. +. 233 — subgutturosa, Guld, .........+» L13 | —— maculata ....0cc.eceeveneeeees 157, 233 — subquadricornutus, Elliot ..... ~ 17 major, Hodgs. ..+...++-+seeeeees 233 Sumatrensis, Shaw....-+.++ seeeee 135 | —— medius, HOdgs. .....++0-++++s000* 233 —— sutur0sd, OttO ..s.seereeeererers 135 minor, Hodgs. .....+++++++« seeee 230 — sylvatica, Sparm. ..-++++++0+++++ 146 | Balistid@....0+..1--+--000+ ere ee. 203 —— sylvicultrixv, AfZe ....-++-seeees 122 | Batrachians......ceseeeeeseeeeesens adeews 9 —— Tao, H. Sm. ....-. eee 135 | Berycid@......csecceseseeeecereecees cones 248 taurina, Burch. ....+++++.-++++.-. 138 | Bimia, White, 1. S.seceeessseerees geneasig he tetracornis, Hodgs. .....-+--+- 117 | Bimia bicolor, White, n. sp. «++---++ 13 —— Thar, Hodgs.......sssseerseereeee 135 | Biophorus paradisiacus ....+++++.+++ aso a (Tragelaphus), Blainv., H.Sm. 144 | Blastocerus, Wagn......02+200s a ee 237 —— (——) Phalerata, H. Sm.... -. 145 | Blastocerus campestris, Gray ...-+. 237 — t ) seripta, H. Sm....... we 145 paludosus, Gray....-- aise debs 237 tragocamelus, Pall........+- seseee 146 | Bombylius ...c0e..ceeeeeeeeee aunteonseeesi200 —— Tragulus, Forst....+++++-++++ sesee LIS | Bos, Forst. ....-cssseeeeveeeeeee ..-138, 177 —— Truteri, Fisch. ...++...sse++e+ee+ 132 | Bos Connochetes, Forst.....+.-..+++++ 138 unctwosa, Laur. ...+0s++++-++ .» 131 GAUTUS ...ccereceseceeree BARS E 157 —— villosa, Burch. «++++e.ee+se0+ we. 126 | —— Pegaseus, H. Sm. .....+seseeree- 139 —— Zebra, Gray ...seeesrerererere wo. 142 CAULUS..+.+-+ stcRaEaes aaaenaenie « 157 —— Zebrata, Robert..........-02++++ 142 | Boselaphus, Licht., Ogilb., Blainv., Apistes panduratus, Richdn., n. sp. - 58 GAY seceeeveceeseceeeee +++2139, 143, 172 Aploactis ASPera ...+--.eeeesrereererrers 60 | Boselaphus Bubalis, Gray .++..+.++.+- 139 Milesii, Richdn., n. Sp. ..+.++-+- 60 Caama, Gray .......+++0008 meas 139 Aplocerus, H. Sm. ...+++++++ Bena aie 136 Derbianus, Gray ...-++ ceeteea 144 Aploceros Temmamazana, H. Sm.... 137 | Botaurus stellaris, Linn. .«...-+...++- 221 Aplocerus Americans +++-..00-+++0+* 174 | Bovide...... ee noe snedaaasenteae - LLL Apodide ..... secscenccaccceeececeeseccees LOL | BOVIDAE coeesseeeseesers eveaeses eepateee 164 Aptery® eceecveceveeereres esas Js 208, 209 | Branchiopoda .......--.-++ eapesisnensissas 254 Apterya Australis .+.......+++- «211, 275 | Breviceps Gouldii, Gray ........-++++++ 10 —— _ Oweni.....-++++ osidemdacdenss .-... 211 | Broderipia, Gray «-+-++---- +o Peet] —— Mantelli, Bartlett .......++.-++++ 275 | Broderipia Cumingii, ddams, n.sp.. 39 AptyChus...secrseeeress sdesensecaneness = 3 iridescens, Brod. «+++++.+++ waite ache Aquila audax, Lath. ........++++++++++ 91 | —— rosea, Brod. ...sss.seeereseeeeee 39 — n@via ...... sieskdwtbutewseoeas ..... 215 | Bubalis albifrons, Sund.......+++-+++++ 141 pennata ...+ aurkeces eauaes 215 Buffelus ....++.+ swodens Seusiasees lke Ardea affinis, Horsf. .....+.+++ Savteed Koba, Sund. ......+ eke <-BOSMBAA 140 bicolor, Vieill.........cseeeeeeeeees 221 | —— lunata, Sund.....0+-.s.eeeeeeeeee 140 —— bubulcus, Aud. ......++- nae 221 | —— mauretanica, Ogilb. ....-+..-- el ehee — caboga, Frankl. ..++++.+2+01-++0+ 221 Pygarga, Sund. «++....+++00022+++ 141 —— coromandelensis, Kuhl ......+++ 221 | Bubalus, A. Sm. ...cee-e-e-seeeeereees -- 139 lucida, Raff. ........-++0+-+ veeeee 221 | Buecinum concinnum, Sol......-+ dase Loo —— ruficapilla, Vieill. ....-.++++.+0++ 221 grana, Lawk.......++ + spreasp acer 205
284 INDEX. Page Page Buceinum lyratum, Lamk.......... «. 205 | Capra Rupicapra, Linn.........-....++ 137 —— pyrostoma, Reeve ..........+00+ 153 sylvestris africana, N. Grim.... 121 — senticosum, Linn. ......000.....: 153 Tatarica, Linn. .....0+.....206++- 112 Buceros ginginianus ...+00.eeeeeeeeeee 276 | Capraa, Ogilby ........0.....eesseeeeee 235 BUDORCAS TAXICOLOR ...-..++0e0000 173 | Capreolus, H. Smith .........0+-00s08 235 Budytes melanocephala, Licht. .....- 217 | Capreolus Caprea, Giay............++ 235 Bulimus achatellinus, Forbes, n.sp.. 56 Europeus, Sund.........0..0++00+ 236 CQVOUS Ys c0ceascoeceecccsceecttenes 54 | —— pygargus, Sund..........0-+...++ 236 —— Chemnitzioides, Forbes, n.sp.. 55 | Capricornis, Ogilby ...........- 135, 166 —— C1gusiligides. scscaccccccecccvooecs 56 | Capricornis bubalina, Gray.........+++ 135 columellaris ........0000e suena 56 erispa, Gray vee... .020pcocnseeeee 136 CECHATISCTUS ....ceccsereeeeveeses 54 | —— Sumatrensis, Gray ...... 135, 136 —— fimbriatus, Forbes, n.sp. ...... 56 | Caprimulgus infuscatus, Cretz. ...... 216 gracillimus, Pfr. .....esseeeeee 5G || CABTACUS® ivevwcccscscreveccesscotevece 237 Far twegit .ccsccssvecccscscoscscns 54 | Cariacus, Gray ..........0++ ivecer wee 20d GORLOMUS cocdeccugeczovoweceveccetes 54 | Cariacus Lewisii, Gray ..........-.+6+ 239 — Kellettii, Reeve .........secers-e. 54 | —— macrotis, Gray ....+-.0.0e+-0e0ee 239 —— Miltechetlus .1.......eeeeeseseres 54 punctulatus, Gray, 0. sp. «..... 239 = NUD. 5a cvescveesssess Wesabe obvereec 54 virginianus, Gray ......++. re aoe ——_ PUGUIOSUS 26. .seenereeeeeee Soeeet 54 | Carinaria, Lamk. ....... A oct S305 45 scarabeus, Brug. ....eseeeeeeeee 147 | Carpophaga assimilis, Gould, n.sp... 201 —— ferebralis .......ceseveeseseneeers 56 | ——— magnifica 6s. ..eeeeeeeseeeenerees 201 unifasciatus .....+ Stubueveeeered 54 | CATOBLEPAS .....--+e000 SettOee csese 173 Buselaphus, Ray .....+...ceceeeseceevees 139 | Catoblepas, Gray ...secceecceeeseeeee 138 Buselaphus Caji, Ray .........++ Soe 139 | Catoblepas Brookesii,H. Sm. ...... 139 Buteo rufipennis, Strick., n. sp...-... 214 | —— Gow, Gray.........cee.e0e- 138, 173 CALANDARA PALMORM ....0+...00000+ 19 | —— Gorgon, Gray .....-.00.--.--0+ 139 Callichthys .....s..ceese+s00e here wees 53 | —— taurina, H. Sm., Sund. 138,139,173 Calliope, Ogilb. .....-.seeeeeeee sebetacs 1435. | Cavia Cobaya i252... . ccc. cevenncocn tee 157 Calloctenus, White, n. g. ..+...-.ee0e 12 | Centridermichthys ............0++++ See Ue Calloctenus pulcher, White, n.sp..... 12 | Centrophorus squamosus, Mill....... 253 Calocitta, Bonp. .......-.++ Bpevteve ss 84 | Cephalophus, H. Smith ....s..+se0se+ 120 Calocitta sinensis .....s+ereeeeesseeees 84 | Cephalophus Campbellie, Gray...... 12} Calocomus Desmarestii ......+0++++.+- 11 | —— coronatus, Gray ........- 122, 170 Kreuckelyt ......+ Reeteadsacseecee 11 dorsalis, Gray ..cce.s.....eeees 123 —$$._ DY CHUB ee sccsccevescceconececess 1l | —— Grimmia, Gray............ 120, 170 morosus, White, n. Sp. se+-...- 11 | —— madoqua, Gray .....+....-.++8+-- 122 Calotragus, Sund., Gray ...... 118, 169 | —— Maxwellii, Gray ......... 124, 170 Calotragus melanotis, Gray ....... .. 118 | —— melanorheus, Gray ............ 125 —- Tragulus, Gray .....+.+-+ BING 118 | —— monticola, Gray ......... 124, 170 Camelus equinus, TYiv. .+....seeeeeee 236 | —— Natalensis, Gray ......... 123, 170 Cancer serratus, Shaw .... 95 niger, Gray ........-+0++ bane 123 Candona lactea, Baird, n.sp.......... 255 | —— Ogilbii, Gray .....-..-++ 123, 170 TEPEANG © ..c..cnseeeecesoseensescce 255 | —— philantoméa, Gray.............-- 125 Canis QUreUS ......cceeeeeee coeeees ..... 156 | —— punctulatus, Gray ...... 125, 170 Familiaris ......c00000 A EEE 156 quadriscopa, Gray........-++++-+ 120 Capra Athiopica, Schinz. ............ 132 | —— rufilatus, Gray............ 123, 170 Ahu, Kemp. .......+ Goeusteednes 113 sylvicultrix, Gray......... 122, 170 — Americana, Rich. .......++...+++ 136 | —— Whitfieldii, Gray ......... 125, 170 bezoartica, Aldrov.......+++00++: 117 ? Zebra, Gray......+ ae sessagteeees 142 cervicapra, Linn., H. Sm., Cephalopods .......0+.s+severeeeeeceees 3 alli -cevtcrastceoceetecceeres ease 117, 135 | Cephalopterus glabricollis,Gould,n.sp. 92 — ? Columbiana, Desm..........+++ 137 | Cephalopterus ornatus .......+...+++ 206 P Doreas, Houtt.-......0.00-cccees 139 | Cercotrichas, Boie ......+--..+...eee00e 217 ———— Orcas, LiNNS..2ssesacccssesces=se 112 | Cerveguus, Less. ...... Sera -. 236 Gazella, Linns) \ecccc..e.ecereees 134 | Cerveguus andicus, Less. ......+++... 236 — Grimmia, Linn....... Frat 120, 121 | CERVICAPRA ......0c0.ceceeeeceeeeseeee 168 WAV CUS ESE acecteacuececucsscsoeses 157 | Cervicapra bezoartica, Gray... 117, 168 ——— montana, Harl.".:.cc.ccses+ssese US7 |i \Gepwind *c2<cccs2..ccsccceersceoecsenccees 222 —— perpusilla, Linn. ....++...+0000+ 126 | Cervulus, Blainv. ......scececereeeeeee 234
INDEX. 285
Page Page
Cervulus moschatus, Blainv. ......... 234 | Cervus (Mazama) Virginiana, Benn. 238 —— Reevesii, Gray ..é.s......0se8ee 235 | —— melas, Ogilb. ......e0ecccceseeeees 235 vaginalis, Gray ......+. soesedis «. 234 Mexicanus, Licht. ...... SSRI 238 Cervus, Blainv. ....00.....+ seseceeeeee 137 | —— mirabilis, Jonst..........00000- eee 220 Cervus, Briss., Gray .......c.00es00e -. 226 | —— moschus, Desm............0.0.00 235 Cervus affinis, Hodgs........ Sunteeste -- 228 | -—— Muntjac, Zimm., Horsf. ...... 234 — Ahu, Gmel. .......... eON eee 236 | —— nemoralis, H. Sm. ............... 238 albipes, F. Cuy. ...... eLoauee ete 117 nemorivagus, F. Cuy. ... 240, 242 Alees, Vint tank. kceses esse. 224 | —— nemorum, Desm. .........+.0005 241 Antisiensis, D’Orb. .........+ -- 236 | —— niger, Hamilt. ..............000 234 Aristoteles, CUv.........+0-se0008 Ql nobilis, Klein...... Ld So 227 aureus, H. Sm. .........e0eee0... 234 | —— nudipalpebra, Ogilb. ............ 233 auritus, Desm. .........eeeeeeees 240 occidentalis, H. Sm. ........+... 226 aA ees, EIR. nuesatattoneses ccsets 233 | —— palmatus, Jonst. ............068 225 Barbarus, Benn..........0...000+ 227 paludosus, Desm. ...........2. 237
— Bengalensis, Schinz ..........+- 231 palustris, Desm.......2....0.0005 237 bezoarticus, Linn. ..........+.... 237 Peronti, Guvs sc.casse5.5 08335228. 232 — bifurcatus, Rafin. ........... -... 137 | —— Philippinus, H. Sm. ............ 232 campestris, ¥. Cuy., Licht...... 237 | —— platyceros, Raii..............00.08 229
- Canadensis, Briss. ..........2.2++ 226 platyrhynchos, Vrol.......-.-. 2265 capreolus, Linn. ........- 235, 236 | —— porcinus.....c.ccccccsscosscecceass 157 — (Capreolus) leucotis, Gray ... 236 Porcinus, ZiMM.......+60...00000. 234 Cashmeriensis, Gray .....+.+2..+ 228 pseudaxis, Gerv....see..seceseseee 233
—— Caspianus, Falc............2-0s008 228 | —— Pudu, Gerv. ........+. sevee 200, 242 — Chilensis, Gay et Gerv. ......... 236 | —— Pygargus, Hdw............00..06 227 clavatus, H. Sm. .....2....0008 238 | —— pygargus, Pall. .........ceecceee 236 coronatus, H. Sm. ...........000e 229 ramosicornis, Blainy.......- Reece 208 dama, Linn. ...... ee ers oe 229 Rangifer, Raii Syn. ......... ee. 225 — (Dama) Americanus, Erxl. ... 238 Ratwa, Hodgs. ..........06...00 235 dichotomus, Ill. ..........0+ wenee 237 Reevesii, Ogilb. ..........00c00.00 235 — Dimorphe, Hodgs............. «. 231 | —— rufus, F. Cuv., see wee 241, 242 —— dolichurus, Wagn.....+..0...6. 241 | —— (asa), frontalis, MeO): 230 Sa) Heditin isc aptatstessistels. Genes 229 | —— Rusa, S. Mill. ....0.....00- ousde Doe Hlaphus) <. ccnivte inet ideas 133 | —— Sika, Schl. Fest alls Lite A «. 228 --— Elaphus, Linn., Hodgs.... 227, 228 | —— simplicicornis, Ill. ..............- 241 — Elaphus, v. Canadensis, Erxl... 226 | —— Smithii, Gray............ svatvcds. 229 — Elaphus 8. Hippelaphus, Fisch. 227 | —— strongyloceros, Schr...... 226, 238 equinus, Benn., Cuy......... .... 231 | —— subcornutus, Blainv. ............ 234 Germanicus, Briss. .........+++ 227 Tarandus, Linn.........0..00008 «. 225
— gymnotis, Wieg. ....00..-...005 238 Tarandus Americanus, H. Sm. 225 hamatus, Blainy. .........+0.... 137 Tarandus var. Arctica, Richd. 225 heteroceros, Hodgs. .........++ 231 | —— Tunjuc, Vigors .............005 -. 232 — Hippelaphi, Sund. ............... 230 MNICOLOR \.oe0sscecessvtetestes as rae! Lyf — Hippelaphus, Hodgs., Cuv. 231, 232 unicolor, H. Sm..........+. Res: 231 —— (Hippelaphus) lepida, Sund.... 233 vaginalis, Bodd.............++++ 234 — humilis, Benn. ......se.002..0.8. 242 Virginianus, Gm. ......... 238, 239 Kuhlii, 8. Mull. ............ betses 232 | —— vulgaris, Linn. ..............005. 227
—— Leschenaultii, Cuv............... 232 Wallichii, Cuv........... 227,228 — leucogaster, Goldf. ............ 237 Wapiti, Leach ................+ 226 leucurus, Dougl. ...... Sided 238 | Ceryle rudis, Linn................+ ae 216
——. Lewisti, Peale: ...cs.ccscescesese 239 | Chetodon gibbosus, Banks............. 65 lyratus, Schinz ...2.0......00003. 229 monodactylus, Carm..........+++ 65 — macrotis, Say, H. Sm. ......... 239 | Chetops, Sw. ....... wen ebapeswucereaee, 217 macrotis (3. Columbiana, Richd. 239 | Chetusia gregaria, Pallas ............ 221 macrourus, H. Sm. .s.....00..- 239 | Chalcopsitta, Bonp. ..........s0000... 26 major) Ondiszisccteraducse eke +. 226 | Chalcopsitta rubiginosa, Bp.,n.sp.... 26 Malaccensis, Fisch. .......0.... 231 | Charadrius....c...c..cccccceeeeees 290, 221 ~—- mangivorus, Schr. ....05......6+5 238 | Charadrius Alexandrinus, Linn...... 221 Marianus, Cuv. ..........00+ wit. -232 cantianus, Lath..........cesee0e0e 221
—— (Mazama) leucurus, Sund...... 238 | —— hiaticula, Linn. ....... Sesdedeets - 221
286 INDEX.
Page Charadrius pecuarius, Licht ...... soe (221 CharMosina.......++000 posnaies <ecaaie 27 Ghaunax;| Lowe: . 2205, t>sscessocae wk 250 Chaunax pictus, LOWC .........000+0 250 Cheilodactylus aspersus, Richds.n.sp. 64 brachydactylus, Cuv........++.+ 67 Carponemus, CUY. ...000..seeee =» GL ciliaris, Richdn...........esse.s« 67 —— fasciatus, Cuy. ....... pavwaoweies 65 — gibbosus, Solander............... 65 — hecateius, Richdn., n. sp....... 67 — lineatus, Forster .......... ete G8 macropterus, Forst. ...c0.s00. 62 —— nigricans, Richdn., n. sp. ...... 63 nigripes, Richdn., n. sp. .....- 66 ZONAtUS, | CUD. ceneseesscsvavecetaas 66 Cheironectes .eeeeessseee dads dpacaesbce. 250 Cheironectid@ ....++..seeeeeees 5 Chenalopex Aigyptiacus Chlamydera cerviniventris, Gould,
TNs SPs, jeececercccccaccecaueaduseuebas «- 201 maculata .....0008 ba deaauenaavas2OL nuchalis ......++ sib sg@acbiecse Unive 201
Chrysodomus despectus «.... LoS Heros, Gray, n. sp. .- oe- 5 Cichla lineata, Schn. ............ aiGuae 68 Ciconia alba ...... Reaeedavees eekeveesee noe Circaétus brachydactylus ....0600000. 215 Circus pallidus, Sykes ...... Scasweens 216 iavingienens 01 ne seetkeees shearer. - 48 Glavatiia, Lamia lt. .sinadsscescvesase. OG Goassus;, Grayyerceqwastivevesvernsesesse 240 CoassuUS NEMORIVAGUS, Gray...... 240 Coassus auritus, Gray, Nn. Sp....... s+» 242 Ruduy Gray i. siavvekisyeigher’. 242 ————— TMOR,, GTAY, , <ns-nedaves tb easewns 241 superciliaris, Gray...... aeuepetit. 242 COME o s0n 3335 oe guna bab «his Sanioud eaves 129 Cochlea Bengalensis, Pet. .........++- 148 Colius macrurus, Linn. ............246 219 Senegalensis, Gm. «+4...+0+s000+ 219 Collaris purpurascens, Wagl.......... 216 Columba guinea, Linn. ......+++... ase 229 trigonigera, Wagl. .......0+...0+ 219 Colus Strabonis, Gesn. ......0s0000.0- 112 —— Tartarica, Wagn. .......0+...... 112 Connochetes, Licht. ......cecceeseevae 138 Conops stylatus, Fab. ........ssesceeeee 270 Copsy chus,, Wagl.,\>-iswsexss <asesxtete- 217 Coracias Abyssinica, Gmel. .......- « 216 caudata, Wagl. ...... phisiva stead 216 — Levaillanti, Riipp......... aeWaglee 216 ROVE DAU es pheen patios «aks 216 nuchalis, Swains. .......20ese00e 216 Corbula decussata .....sececcseeeesere 86 Corine; Be Guyate .assees wdseatnded 112, 115 COE MSTUS Uscsas etek dose andaavsetateeen 27 Cornu; Schutt, yesctessescnltne ceases 45 Corsira Newera Ellia, Kelaart, His HD ip esanccacaamnagteimabnce «teal weoel56\158
Page Corsira nigrescens......+ eee «-0..156, 159 Corvus Caledonicus.......++++++ Susesens 86 cyaneus, Lath. ....--20..+4+ seces SD Cyaneus, Pall... jcc. secebedede stan 85 galericulata, Cuv. .......+++ nates eee glandarius, Linn. .....+...++++ ars —— leuconotus, SW. ....00.ccceeceeees 217 scapulatus, Daud. .........-++... 217 umbrinus, Sund. ......seee00ee. 217 Cossyphus Darwinii, Jen. .........+++ 249 Gouldii, Richdn......... eres we 72 Gd al ac cccendetes owte adesotieeks 72 vulpinus, Richdn., n. sp... 71 Coturnia dactylisonans .++.....000000+ 220 Crax Alberti, Fraser, n. sp. «........ 246 Alector, Timniac . eevieeseseees 246 Crenidens zebra .....0+++.00s evestesseeeesOy Crex pratensis, Bechst. ..... goodie: 221 Crithagra lutea, Licht. ..........+4++- 218 Cuculus melanoleucus, Gm. ...... obey 2LO passerinus, Vahl .........- son 219 —— pica, Er, ...se..seceeee sean ib MeO Cule® CQUuinus ...ccceesseceeecserers sovee 208 Culictd@ ....12.s.secesve Ob .seudeSetpeeeke 266 Cumingia, Sowerby........-.. attics none Cumingia antillarum, 4. Adams, ih. BDeejasdowssevasetuss Fe eee | — Clerii, 4. Adams, n. sp. ...... 24
— fragilis, 4. Adams, n. sp....... 25 —— similis, 4. ddams, n. sp. ...... 24
sinuosa, 4. ddams, n. sp. ...... 25 striata, 4. Adams, n. sp. ...... 25 Cursorius chalcopterus, Temm. ...... 220 Cyanopica Cooki, Bp.......sees-+...00 86 Cyanea, ps |) cateces..ceeessooees 85 — melanocephala, Bp. .........++- 85 Pallas; Bp. © scvcc.coce dceveaveree 85 Vailanti, Bpi...csieis 08 ees 85 Cyanopolius Cooki, Bp. ....+0...... 86 Cyanurus Bullocki, By. ..............- 84 Colliel, By iitst Rasch .. 84 cnbo, Bp neinpss. Pete es «. 84 —— Diardi, Bp., n. sp. ....00.....2006 84 Cyclostoma Cumingii, Sowerby...... 56 purum, Fordes, n. sp. ........- 56 Cyclostrema, Marryat .......++...0+ 41 Cyclostrema angulata, ddams, n. sp. 44 cancellata, Mar.......... socstivee Al cingulifera, Adams, n. sp....... 43 Cobijensis, Reeve ....... Svausee. 42 elegans, ddams, 0. Sp. +++....- a4 — micans, Adams, 0. sp. ....0... 44 nitida, 4dams, 0. Sp...+....-000- 43 Nivea, Chemn........0....000-08 meri 42 plana, Adams, 0. Sp. ....-.+0+.0- 43 planorbula, ddams, n. sp....... 43 — Reeviana, Hinds .............4+ 42 spirula, ddams, 0. Sp. ...00... 42 — sulcata, ddams, n. sp. ........++ 44 Cyllene, Gray ......c-ccecsercescsereeeee 204
eee ee llr
INDEX. 287
Page
Cyllene concinna, Solan..........000++. 205 —— fuscata, Adams, n. sp. ......++- 205 —— glabrata, ddams, n. sp......... . 206 — grana, Lamk.......... Se tania -. 205 — Grayi, Reeve ...........2cceeeeeee 205 —— lugubris, Ad. et Reeve ......... 205 lyrata, Lamk.......+ a desinect -» 205
— orientalis, 4dams, n. sp. ...... 205 —— Owenii, Gray .......+. saapesrcaccs 205 pallida, ddams, n. sp. «........ 205
— puichella, Adams et Reeve ... 205 striata, ddams, D. sp. ...+++... 205 Cynopterus Marginalus ....0.6.0.0000 156 Coprudide,, .5ti)it<tsdah bark 2. seats 254 Cypridina hieroglyphica, Bosq. ...... 256 —— interpuncta, Baird, n. sp....... 257 MacAndrei..........00000 sésdclee dor — Maria, Baird, n. sp. .......+0..- 257
Zealandica, Baird, n. sp....102, 257 Cypris cuneata, Baird, n. sp. ......... 255
Donnetii, Baird, n. sp. ......... 254 Cythere setosa, Baird, n. sp.......... 255 —— Tarentina, Baird, n. sp....... sue B5S
Cythereis Australis, Baird, n. sp. ... 255 — deformis, Baird, n. sp. ......... 256 —— fistulosa, Baird, n. sp. ......... 256
prava, Baird, n. sp. ......s0000s 256 —— runcinata, Baird, n. sp.......... 256 —— senticosa, Baird, n. sp.......... 256 Daimannia, Rob. D. ....00.....2.005 «. 269 Dama, A. Smith..icccseccccsereccsesaee 228 Dama vulgaris, Gesn. ............0.000+ 229 Damalis, H. Smith, Gray, Sund. 140,
143,172 Damalis (acronotus) lunatus,H.Sm., Aa Sina Harek. aden sees sedis vas 140 — (acronotus) Senegalensis, H. MBs daca oo bath ustacsvona aca 140
— albifrons, Gray .....,.....0...... 41 —— (Boselaphus) Canna, H. Sm.... 143
— ) Oreas, H. Sm. ......... 143 — lunatus, Gray.....cccseeceereeee « 140 ——. (Portaz), H. Sm) iscueseiieasscs, 146 — (—) Risia, H. Sm. ......... 146 — Pygarga, Gray .......ssecesseee 141 —— Senegalensis .........cece-e..000 132 — Senegalensis, Gray, H.Sm. 140, 141 — ? Zebra, Gray ....... Seipauses. 3 142 Dasyornis ....cccceeeee dgampieahe aces tas 95 Delphinula aculeata, Reeve ...... ww. «OL — calcar, ddams, n. sp. 51 — Cobijensis, Reeve ............... 42 — euracantha, Adams, n. sp. .....- 51
mivea,, Reeve . ...i.eicivsenascteces 42 — Reeviana, Hinds........ Etnahii abe 42
stellaris, Ad. et Reeve ......... 52 DeBp hens ienteasiaccaiscansitoneeste 157 Dendrocygna viduata, Linn. ......... 221 DicRANOCEROS AMERICANUS ...... 174 Dieranocerus, H. Smith............... 137
Page Dicrurus canipennis, SW. ...00+..05.. 217 divaricatus, Licht. ....2....... 217 —— lugubris, Ebr. ...cceceecsceeees 217 — musicus, Vieill. .......... auee bats 217 DINORNIS GIGANTEUS ..e.ccsseeeeeee 208 —— FigANtOUS seeeeseserseees oeseveece 45 PTEUIES,, cuscareonrsencsecea ageuawe WAD Dipsas, Leach...... salaries bik saan od Drillie....... Pe Pe oe 57 Drymodes brunneopygid.......+0.00.0 201 —— superciliaris, Gould, n. sp....... 201 DyTICUS MARGINALIS ......+- ckegad eS Helieneide, .. saisbiwivccsionaccass aie aoe 202 Echeneis vittata, Lowe, Rupp. ...... 252 Eclectus .....+.. naspoaWebexs adavtivs sees 27 Eglisia Cumingii, 4dams, nu. sp....... 204 Egocerus, Desm. ......... panaemesas canst 132 Elaphus, H. Smith ..............00000 226 ELROPRAGUS.,.,...-<cdesudqhdeeaesueease 170 Eleotragus, Gray ......... mes Adwas 126, 166 Eleotragus adenota............ seccseuoet haa —— arundinaceus, Gray......... 126, 170 — Capreolus, Gray ......0....126, 170 ellipsipryMnus ......00000 seesee 170 tsabellinus .seecsereeeee avast 170 —— Leche .....2..00+8 aie appeweexce ans 170 —— reduncus, Gray .. Sing-sing Elephas indicus ...... Emberiza striolata .........+ sms (2 Te eae Eos cervicalis ......s.ss0ee Peery Try) Bs hed COCCINEE .eeeeeneee apap Manes eAk ee 27 cochinchinensis ......+0+..+++ iia ed — guebiensis, Wagl. ..............- 28 — cyanostriata, Gr. ....... axedene 20 —— cyanogenia, Bp., n. sp. .......2. 27 —— indica, Wag]. ...........+s0-00e00- 28 — Isidorii, Wagl. ........0......00+ 27 = OFNGEGA__ cewenacecsdenacdnsackocves= 27 —riciniata, Bp. ........ wtawe tia ery pee!) — rubra, Wag]. ...0....c.s.eeeeee... 28 —— scintillata, Gr. ....ceceecccceeees 26 — semilarvata, Bonp., n. sp. ...... 27 variegata, Wagl. ....-+...+0++ sca Eques americanus .......+- ses ccc sess 65 EPQUUS QStNUS . ...400.ccennecasdasseees --- 158 CODAHUR, .0csnessceccccesees-siesuse~LoS Erinaceus......e0e000+ Shes saa-58oneee unebe 156 Estheria Dahalacensis .......0+...... 257 Estrilda musica, Gray......--- aaanuay «- 218 squamifrons, Sm. .........0+ aa. 218 Eupodotis Denhami, Vigors ......... 220 Eurystomus afer, Lath. .......0....+++ 216 orientalis, Rupp. ...+++..0e0+00. 216 —— rubescens, Vieill. .........0+e00. 216 Falco biarmicus, Temm................ 215 — cervinalis, Kaup .........+++00. 215 — chiqueroides, Smith ............ 215 Feldeggi, Schl. ........+04.++4 qe 215
288 INDEX. Page Page Falco gyrfale0...ccc..sceesssssceseeeeseee 215 | Gazella Soemmeringii, Gray 114,115,168 Jug ger, GLAY ceccessecesceceneere 215 subgutturosa, Gray ...... 113, 168 lanarius, Schl. .....sesseeeees Pe 2S |) Gazola, Bonp.y.. ust .icvetcess seeders ene . 86 —— luggur, Jerd. .......cseeeeseeeees 215 | Gena wee..scsereee Nesaisty sdseUssieweentien > ed peregrinoides, Temm. ......... DIS.|) Geta iGrayscscce---.secsesccdvesdereses 36 PlLOYTINUS .oeeceesereeceseerecens . 215 | Gena asperulata, ddams, n. sp....... 38 TUDEUS, THICN...00e..eeeeerseeeees 215 auricula, Lamk..........+0+ oth 237 Fasciolaria tavrentind .secevecsseeeesees 274 concinna, Gould.....+..seee.seees 38 Felis Chaus? -.ccvcccvevcesstece wcusaedes 156 trasata, Dufo. ...........2eeeee- 38 domestica ......++ Seat Peeee 156 lineata, Adams, n. sp. ......++ 39 MELAS Mode tetas ateteceed teeters 156 lintricula, ddams, n. sp. ....-. 38 LIGHIT cst MEN AAI aees 156 | —— minima, Dufo..................065 38 Fissurella macrochisma, Sow. ....++ 202 nebulosa, ddams, n. sp. ...... 38 Francolinus Clappertoni, Vig. ...... 219 | —— nigra, Quoy and Gaim.......... 37 Riippelli, Gray ....seeveeeseeees 220 ornata, ddams, 0. sp. ........- 39 Fringilla detruncata, Licht. ......... 218 planulata, Lamk. ...... ++... 36 Furcifer, Gray, Wag., Sund. ...236, 237 plumbea, Adams, n. sp........-. 37 Furcifer Antisiensis, Gray .........- .. 236 | —— pulchella, ddams, n. sp. .-.... 38 campestris, Gray .....+ setae 237 | —— striatula, ddams, n. sp.......... 37 —— Huamel, Gray we....cscceeeeeee . 236 | —— strigosa, Adams, n. sp. ......... 37 Fusus Kelletii, Forbes, n. sp. ....-. 274 varia, Adams, 0. Sp. «+...20000 37 OFEGONENSIS — ... +00 Sees etentes 274 | Glareola limbata, Rupp..............++ 220 SAIEDTOSUS. .cceeeseecscssecrreeeees 274 | —— orientalis ......eeecceccseeeeeeeee 220 GAdiA® weecscvsescosedecee aves sale doe 252 | Glossina longipalpis, Wied............ 262 Galerida cristata, Linn.......+++..0++ 219 | ——wmorsitans, Westw., n. sp....... 261 Garrula rufula, Temm. ......0000000 79 Tabaniformis, Westw., n. sp. . 268 —— torquata, Temm. ......s0.ce00e 86 | —— Tachinoides, Westw., n. sp. ... 267 Garrulus atricapillus, Geoffr.......... 82 | Glottis canescens, Gm. ............65- 221 bispecularis, Vigors ...... B2 SHeSS. chloropus, Nilas.........s00.0000+ 221 Brandti, Eversm. ........ bree 82 | Golunda Newera, Kelaart,n.sp. 157,158 Burneti, J. Gr. cscccovecesesseees 84 | Gonodactylus chiragra .........+.0.+- 97 glandarius, Vieill. ............81, 82 | —— cultrifer, White, n. sp. ....++... 96 gubernatrix, Temm. ......+++06 84 | —— Edwardsii, Berth. ............... 97 —— gularis, J. Gray ....6....0000. vee BL | —— graphurus .............ccceceeesee 97 histrionicus, Mull........0..2..+6 99. | ——-— s0yllarusscsWervccsasadecebeleotece 96 BULCOLL Acne ca Senate ea cseeedetenes B82 | —— styliferus ...crcccereceeececeeeee 97 Japonicus, Schi........0c.seeeenes 82 ErispinOGUs’. 5200... J/teckesstedens 97 — Krynickii, Kalen. ......+006006+ 82 | Gorgon fasciatus, Gray ....+-....--.-+ 139 lanceolatus, Vigors ...-+++0+.. 81 | Goura Victoria, Fraser .........+++..- 246 2 LidthieBonp.,neiSproteersese. 80. | Grus CiNeTeUS ...0.....cceceerecsceceeee 221 — melanocephalus, Bonelli ...... 82 | Hematopota pluvialis.......cs.eseveee 265 ——- ornatus, J.. Gray .s..ceccceseees 83 | Hematornis lugubris, Less. ........- 217 —— ultramarinus, Aud. .........++- 84 | Halicore Dugong.......0+....2cccsec00s 157 Vigorsi, J. Gray......000.....00++ Bl.) Batieuteass2Oitendes tenes nose yeee 250 Gazella, H. Sm.) ceccescev.scsee.s- 135, 167 | Halcyon (Syma?) flavirostris, Gould, GazeLLA BENNETTIL ...00+...-+- 167, 168 Ds BP a eisesiAcvces rek'es Met oeudmeverete 200 ——— .GUTTUROBSA seeseceersecucnecrses 168 | Helicina diaphana, Pfr., n. sp. ..-... 98 SEE NGOUR datz secede sleasetandeteeeesel > 168. | Helix Adami. s..00..betsttessceewee 53 2E*~, Corinna; Ee Sms-'sesasczsaseeses V2 | neat ce vsvesesvecsesace..ctccene 53 Dama; Gray eRe kes DIA | ——= aspersa (2.000. scccbeecsess ce osenes 53 dorcas, Gray «+++... 112, 115, 168 Californiensis, Lea.......++++++++ 55 $=. CUCHONE sca ccsvorersons Sea er 168 | —— Columbiana °.....0...c0ccsssvees 53 —— gutturosa, Gray.......c..seeeeene 115 FY GSeri ooo. yicdecacccsscedecsoncede 244 —— Isabella, Gray ...ccrccseceseeoes 113 intusplicata, Pfr., n. sp. ...... 98 ReMaS Aes tis s oteeteenes 168 | —— Kellettii, Forbes, n. sp.......+++ 55 Kevella, H. Sm.........-.00sec00e 112 labyrinthus var. sipunculata... 53 Mohr, Gray ........- 114, 115, 168 | —— laciniosa .........000-++ erected 244 — Pygarga, Harris, H. Sm. ...... 141 TACEER ceaacsdenatcesb estes 243, 244 —— ruficollis, Gray ...... PITIRRS. 114 | —— maculosa, De Fér. ......--+...+6 243 —— rufifrons, Gray .........000 eoese LUS | —— Nuttalliana .........ccreossseees 53
INDEX. 289 Page Page
Helix ornatella ......... Sea aa oe .. 53 | Lamia(Cerosterna)trifasciella, White, Pandore, Forbes, n. sp. .....- 55 Ml SpaWosacteedsscetccvusnasensee vascseus 13 —— pythia, Miller ...........+... .. 147 | Lamprotornis cyanotis, Sw. ........- 217 scarabeus, Linn., Chemn. 147,148 | Lanius algeriensis, Less. ...........+++ 217 LectifOrmis......ceeeeeeeeseeeeeees 244 arenarius, Blyth «.....0.s.e0000- 217 —— Townsendiand .s...+...0000. de. Ss collurio, Linn. ......seeeeeeeeees 217 furricula sccscccevsecceceeee wee. 244 | —— coronatus, Raff. ....00.cecseeereee 80 undata, LOWE .«......++ “cH ecen 244 | —— erythropterus, Shaw ..........-. 217 vellicata, Forbes, n. sp...-....+- 55 | —— eaxcubitor, Riipp. ..........e000es 217 Helotarsus ecaudatus ........ccecceeeee 215 | —— tsabellinus, Ehr. .......sceeseeee 217 HOMicapra)-<covecdacscavensecssaesteseess 176 | —— Uahtora........000.cceeeeee wwaeeead 217 Hemitragus ..cccoceesscsvssesccceeseens .. 176 | —— Nubicus, Licht. ........-...... we 217 Herpestes griseus ..00+...0++6 seseseeeese 156 | —— personatus, Temm............ eeaecai/| WELLICOUNS ivan secse'sadouane®s wee... 156 | —— scapulatus, Licht. ...... ste A 79 Hippelaphus, Sund, .....2+ esseeeeeee 233 | Lathamus ........+++- @uaseetdersbscvetes Absa Fippobose®...seecceseeceeeee .. 258, 266 | Latris hecateia, Richdn. ............. 67 Hippocamelus, Leuck. ..+.+..++++++ ... 236 | Leggada Booduga ............. Povactecs 157 dubius, Leuck.. .......++.see8e00 236 | Leopardus varius. ......+ otnbehs wee 156 HipeoroTaMUS AMPHIBIUS .......-. 160 VDIVEFTINUS .eseeeesesecees 332 .aeeed 156 Hippotragus, Sund. ................... 132 | Lepidurus viridis, Baird, n. sp. ...... 254 Hoplopterus persicus, Bonn. .......-. 221 | Lepterodas Ibis, Ehr. ............+02+0 221 SPinOsus, AUCt. sereeereeveeseees . 221 | Leptognathus, SW. ..-....s.ceceereeeee 252 Hydrochelidon nigra, Linn. ......... 221 | Leptorhynchus, Lowe, n. g. .......... 252 Hyelaphus, Sund. ....cseessseeeeee .... 233 | —— Leuchtenbergi, Lowe, n.sp.... 252 porcinus, Sund. ......ses0000... 233 | Lepus cuniculus ....+ daakda cote sees .. 157 Hylacola.....s0«ee.sececes Bea dceseee ere =95 MACTOEUS ssserereeee dad sen. eeweuee 157 Hystriat leucurus ....csceeecevecseecees 157 | —— nigricollis ...c0.cccecesscececeeees 157 Thea imberbis, Gin. .....00c..0eee00e... 112 | Lichia vadigo, Cuv. et Val. ..-...... 248 AGthiOpicd .ossercecssecssesvees sep POQMe |e DACKHA@ + iisccccssaseceseet bode tek eves te. 248 [quand .......22++. ret PE Beco meat 106 | Liotia affinis, 4dams, n. sp. ...-.-... 50 Trrisor erythrorhynchus .....+++0004+ 216 | —— coronata, ddams, n.sp. ........ 51 senegalensis, Vieill. .........+++++ 216 | —— duplicata, ddams, n.sp......... 51 Ispida bicincta, Sw. ....+-..- sot eee 216 | —— nodulosa, Adams, n. sp. .....-. 51 — bitorquata, Sw....... Riel hsosees 216 | ——- PERONIL «.......sceeeeeeeees seseee 90 Txos inornatus, Fraser ...++..++++. we... 217 | —— pulcherrima, ddams,n. sp. ... 50 obscurus, TeEMM, ......seeeseeeee 217 scalarioides, Reeve ..... ees. 50 Juida chalybea, Ebr. ...00....+.- Sees 217 VAVICOSA, REEVE ...c00...e0000>s . oO rufiventris, Riipp. ...++++0....08 . 217 | Lippistes, Mont. ...........0.seeseee eee 45 Julis cyanogramma, Richdn., n.sp. 73 | Lobivanellus albicapillus, Vieill. ..... 221 —— Dussumieri ...0....00.06+ creer nee 73 | Lophius ...cccvceccsccvncocecessens eseeeese 200 Kemas, Hodgs. .........++ 112, 136,137 | Lophocitta galericulata, Gr.......... 79 Kemas Hodgsonii, Gray .........++ 112 | —— histrionica, Bonp. ............++- 79 Kerivoula picta ...... odeeee advan «... 156 | Lophyropoda ....... dee: Wiipereserces 254 Kevel, F. Cuv. ........0066 seseseee LIZ, 115 | Loris gracilis ....cscoeccreseeceeoes wees 156 Kevel gris, F. Cuv. ........+0++ Ber sey.5 112 tar digradus .....ceccsss00.coeeeees 156 Kobus, H. Smith ........... .-... 130,171 | Lowxia frontalis, Daud. .........+++++ 218 Kobus Adansonii, A. Smith ......06. 129 | Lutra nair .......0.scseeceeeeeseeceeees . 156 — ellipsiprymnus, 4. Smith ...... 130 | Lymnea catascopium ...........++++ Sora — Leché, Gray, n. sp. ...... 130, 171 desidiosa...... seeueveccccwecces wees 49 Sing-Sing, Gray essecsssesee ee 131 elodes, Say ..........sessceereseees 49 Kolus, Gesn. ......+. Neca .seeee 130,170 | —— Hookeri, Reeve, n.sp. ....--... 49 Labride ....... mseencies ass soeteete's avast 249 | —— palustris s.....++..00+ Bawessauaes 49 Labrus Gouldii, Rich. .....cc0..ceeeee. 72 | ——— POTEGTA ...ceerereerveeers aeetesse> 49 — larvatus, Lowe, n. sp. ...+2...... 249 SLAGNALIS .10...eeeeeerecseceercecees 49 —— MILTUS 0... eee iateeaubentecscas 249 | —— truncatula .......00..ceeeeceneeees 49 $= SCF OFA. csneeececseosevevcsvescccerss 249 | Macherirhynchus, 0. g. ...........-++ 277
tetricus, Richdn. ........+...+6+ 70 | Macherirhynchus flaviventer, Gould, Lachnolaimus Gouldii, Rich. ...... opr ai Tig BPoe*tasclavusehautascvcactvespece ess 277 Lemodon ........ Suncmyagedeuesnees seeee 219 | Machetes pugnax, Linn. ......00....+- 221 Lamia Assamensis, Hope ...........+ 14 | Macrochisma, Swains. ......+.s01...+- 202
No. CCXVIII*.—ProceEepincGs or THE ZooLoGicAL Society.
290 INDEX, Page Page Macrochisma angustata, ddams,n.sp. 203 | Melania levissima, Sow. ehehécsss 179
— compressa, ddams, n. sp. .+-... 202
— cuspidata, ddams, n. sp. .....- 202 — dilatata, Addams, 0. sp. .....-++. 202
hiatula, Swains....... atiienadsaus 202 — maxima, Adams, n. sp. ....+.... 202
Madoqua, Ogilby.........+++ sep inswbes 120 Mallaspis .....--.ecsevececeeecesseccensees 12 Malurus amabilis, Gould, n. sp. 277 CLLGANE), xan saain’ donewe vhmarevese 277 — Lamberti ........ t. sattaedawesas 277 PUlchervimus o2-...secverveceeeees 277 Manis pentadactyla .....++.+00e0e+- 158 Margaratina Vonderbuschiana, Lea. 199 Mazama, Rafin. ...+.0..-seecereveveeees 136 Mazama, Gray, H. Smith ...... 236, 237 Mazama Americana, Gray .......+-... 136 campestris, H. Smith ........... 237 dorsata, Rafin. ...-....++++ aswel LOZ SUrcata, GYAY .ercerseccesescees 237 —— sericed; Rafin, .......0.ss0eseeree 137 Melenornis, Gray Melanopsis .....+......s0eeeeeee piatiiae Melania acanthica, Lea, n. sp......... 194 — aculeus, Lea, n. sp. .....- 183, 193 — acus, Lea, n. Sp. .......--++ Samet OL — albescens, Lea, 0. Sp. «..-+.++.-- 188 ————- AMA TU oon ene areceeeceeves rr ore 194 —— apis, Lea, 0. SPs esreserereeenee - 190 armillata, Lea, n. Sp. «....-000- 195 Australis, Lea, n. sp. ...+...... 185 bellicosa, Hinds .......0+..+.-++5- 194 — blatta, Lea, n. sp. ..-e0e..seeeeee 184 canalis, Lea, 0. Sp. «...+.++ wan¢- 80
=— cincta, Lea, Ds,8ps.siessnoo--n 0000) LOO — cochlea, Lea, n.sp. «.-... 196,197 — cochlidium, Zea, n. sp.......... 183 constellaris, Zea, n. sp. ... 184, 185 conulus, Lea, n. Sp. .......+ee0ee 190
— contracta, Lea, i. Sp. .....+--00+ 182 ——— cortuta, Lied, D. 8p. , .sass-se0s-s 194 — crebrum, Lea, 0. Sp. ........-00+ 193 crenifera, Lea, 0. Sp. s..+.....- 192 Cumingii, Lea, n. sp. .........+- 191 — dactylus, Lea, n, sp. ........+++- 191 —— denticulata, Lea, n. sp. ........- 195 dermestoidea, Lea, n.sp. ...... 181 —— diadema, Lea, n. sp. ......... «ee 194 —— episcopalis, Lea, n. sp. ....+.... 184 ferruginea, Lea, n. Sp. .....+..- 182 —ifoeda, ed, 0, Sp. sconaroatnacknene 180 flammulata, Von dem Busch... 189 graniferd, LAM. .....00.s.00eeee 196 ——_Shastnls, Bea; ) Spajfsare<-ceeenst 189 —— impura, Lea, 0. Sp. ..eeeeees eee 182 — indefinita, Lea, n. sp. ...+-...... 187 —— juncea, Lea, n. Sp. ...-+..seeees 189
lancea, Led, 0. SP. sceeseseeeeee lateritia, Lea, n. Sp. ...cese0s.--
— Luzoniensis, Lea, n. sp. ........ 188 —— maxima, Lea, n. Sp. ...-.+-++.-- 187 — microstoma, Lea, n. sp. «....+++ 186 — Mindoriensis, Lea, n. sp. ...... 187 —— modicella, Lea, n. sp. .......++ 196
nana, Led, N. Sper &. .sekesocceds 192 — obruta, Lea, n. Sp. ........000-++ 190
pagoda, Lea, n. sp. ....002------ 197 —— polygonata, Lea, n. sp. «00... 195
recta, Led, D. Sp. sssse-.seceee .- 185 — reticulata, Lea, n. sp. ........-. 193 — rudis, Lea, n. sp. ......... 186, 187
scabra, Fé. ..... pavonsecactphtnens 194
semiplicata, FEr, .....0..ss000+0 187
sunplem, SAY. -.tasace qideaevemle — sobria, Lea, n. Sp. ..-...000.6+- — spinulosa, Lam..........
tornatella, Lea, n. sp. ... 185, 187 — torriculus, Lea, n. sp. ......- -- 190 transversa, Zea, n. sp. ... 186, 187 — truncata, Lamk. ............0+++ 187 -— Virginica, Say .......0.++.- 188, 190 Zeylanica, Lea, n. sp. ... 194, 196 Melasoma, Sw. ........+ ix SeeER Se 217 Melasoma edoliolides, Sw. ......+++-+- 217 Melierax canorus, Risl. ...........++ we 215 gabar, Daud. .........-ssesesess 215 ——— musicus, Daud. oos.....s0reeeseee 215 —— polyzonus, Riipp. ..+.....0...-+++ 215 Meminna indica .....cs00...20ceeceveeee 157 Merops Aigyptius, Kitt. ......00+0.-.. 216 —— ceruleocephalus, Lath. .....-... 216 COMATIS. .,..00.066 bcpatissamecs meee 216 erythropterus ........2-00 deans 216 Lafresnayei, Guér. .......+--+++ . 216 Lamarki, Cnv.......00scsssseccses 216 ——. minulus, Cuv. ....cccecersrccceee 216 nuhieus, GIN. ..2000ssseskss senses 216 —— superbus, Shaw .....-. Jekeb cote eee viridis, Riipp. ....000.--+ waegee 216 viridissimus, SW. .....0+0-++ eves LD Metopias typhlops, Lowe..........+++ . 251 Microtis, Addams, 1. g. -.-...+++ee0e0s 36
Microtis tuberculata, ddams, n. sp. 36 Mirafra Cordofanica, Strick., n. sp.. 218
SULTS ep seh saTeaiece=s canngennennee 209 Modulus, Gray.......0...20s--+00-0se008 203 Modulus carchedonicus, Lamk. ...... 203
cerodes, ddams, N. sp. «.-.++++ 204
cidaris, Reeve .........-.0++.sse6s 204 — duplicatus, ddams, n. sp. ...... 204 — lenticularis, Chemmn. ...........- 203 —— tectum, Gmel. ....... ein Pboue 203 UMD IOC CTS Onna solaslacisrancttas sat Coote 13 Monacanthus auriga, Lowe........... 253
INDEX. 291
~ Page Page
Monacanthus filamentosus, Val. ... 253 | Neotragus, H. Smith ............ 120, 168 Monarcha leucotis, Gould, n. sp. ... 201 | Neotragus Hemprichianus, Sund.... 120 — trivirgata a. 201 madoka, H. Smith...........++++ 120 Monocondyi@a, D’Ord. .......0+.s0+08 199 | —— saltiana, Gray ...........-- 120, 169 Monodonta, Lamk. ....+....eeeeeeeeee 203 | Nesotragus, Von Duden......... 119, 126 Monodonta carchedonicus, Lamk.... 203 | Nesotragus moschatus, Von Duben... 119 retusa, Lamk., ........seeeeeeees 203 | Nestor venvscsencessccevscecsecsccdeceseces 208 Sayii, Nutt. ...-......0008 eI 203 | NITIDULA ANEA .....c00.eeseeeeeeee eee 19 Morulus, Reeve .........++seeereeeeeeee 203 | Norornis MANTELLI ........... 208, 209 Morulus cidaris, Reeve ......+ Tore 204 | Notornis Mantelli, Owen ............. 212 Moschus delicatula, Shaw .....+...... 241 | Numida ptilorhyncha, Licht. ......... 219 Grimmia, Linn. «.....+++002+.000e 120 | Odontophorus Balliviani ........+++..+ 94
—— pygmaeus, Linn. ........-..20ee ees 126 Columbianus, Gould, n. sp. ... 94 Motacilla capensis, Linn. ...--...-.-. 217 | —— dentatus ............csseeeeeeees Syl! Myobatrachus Gouldit, Gray .....-... 10 | Gdicnemus affinis, Riipp. ....--...-.- 220 Muntjacus, Gray.......++++-+ a duawae ees 234 | —— erepitans, LinM. ........0...-.06+ 220 Muntjacus vaginalis ....,...-..- 157, 234 Senegalensis, SW. ....-.+0++.+++ 220 Murenid@ woe... ..se00ee+ sevens pees, D52 ) CESTRIDAR. ...ccrsscceecesccscsecseneeses 209 Murex pusio, Born .s......200-00eeeeees 56 | Gstrus Bovis ...s.ccceceeeeesecees 259, 265 Mus bandicota ......120...e0000+ ee irs CQUi.. 22-0006 ee eri «. 259 ECUMANUS «2. .000erevereeeees sevee 157 | —— hemorrhoidalis ......+0000++.+- 259 ——. MUSCULUS 0... seeeeecereeeanet secee LBZ | —— Tarand. ........sccceeeecereeeeeees 259 —— niviventer ..rssecceseereee veeeeeee 157 | Olisthops, Richdn., n. g. .1....0.2-00 74 Muscid@ ......cceeveeee eee Bae ae 266 | Olisthops cyanomelas, Richdn.,n.sp. 75 Mya semistriata, Hanley .......--++- 86 | Oniscus Testudo, Mont. .......++...++. 97 Myobatrachida, Bp. .++...+++++++0+++ . 10 | Oreammos, Rafin. ..........:+.00e-00+ 137 Myobatrachus, Schl., n. g. «+-...+++++ 9 | Oreas, Desm., Gray, Fisch. .... 143, 146 Myobatrachus paradoxus, Schi.,n.sp. 10 Oreas canna, Gray .........222eeeeeeeee 143 Myochama, Stutch. ...0--++-.+-0+ese0++ 22 Derbianus, Gray .....+++..- seoeee 144 Myochama anomioides, Stutch. ..... 23 Oreosomad, CUy. seeseeeceeeeeeseese Bere Yi —— Strangei, ddams, n. Sp. «+... 23 | OREOTRAGUS ....... beeper sabes --. 169 transversa, 4dams, 0. Sp. ...... 23 | Oreotragus, Gray, Sund. ........ 118, 119 Myoparia, Macq. .«...+-..+++++++ 268, 269 | Oreotragus melanotis .........++ gO. 169 Nagor, Laur. ...cccseecseessseeseeeesees 126 saltatrix, Sund., Gray -... 119, 169 Naiades .........cseecceesocesoesccnees «- 199 | —— SCOparius ......00..-.0ee008 Bibeetes 169 Nangeur, Buff. .......00.sseeee+ 114, 115 EVAGUIUS ..200+.0cecrnccsceesceeses 169 Nanotragus, Sund. .....-. ahesees 126, 169 | Oriolus aureus ....+++0+++ faces eee ve 209 Nanotragus perpusillus, Gray ........ 126 | —— Baraffii, Bp., n. Sp. --+e+es.s0ee 279 regius, GLAY .....eseeeeeeeeeeeees 126 Broderipii, Bp., 0. Sp. «+... Peet) Nassa Cooperi, Forbes, n. Sp. «++... 273 COChINCHINENSIS ..2.....ee0eeeeees 279 Woodwardi, Forbes, n. sp. ... 273 galbula, Linn. «....++...s00seeee 217 Natica intricata ......- Se UE eeeeee 272 | —— hippocrepis, Wagl. «+....+.06- 279 Pritchardi, Forbes, n. sp. ...... 272 | —— molowita, Riipp. .....+.-.+0-+ 279 Nauclerus Riocouri, Vieill. ..... eni2is TOGENS ..eceseeveee ah; bate ee 279 NAUTILUS POMPILIUS ....-0se+0.+-00- 1 | ORTHAGORISCUS MOLA esesesseereeree 19 Nectarinia Australis, Gould, n. sp... 201 | Ortyxelos Meiffreni, Vieillce.csi.e.5. 220 —$ Fr ENALA oo cconececrecennrreereeeaees 201 | ORYX ......eeee eee Sede apenssewelaw ses « 175 —— melanorhynchus, Licht. ...... 216 | Oryx, Blainv. ...c00..ceeeeeecceeeeeeeees 133 — metallica, Er. ......0+ee00..+00+ 216 | Oryx Beisa, Sund. ...ce.seseerseeeeeees 134 pulchella, Linn. ....0++++...22+06+ 216 Capensis, Ogilby ..+0..++..2+-+--- 134 Nefal, AdansOn «++...seeeeesseneeeeeees 56 | —— Gazella, Gray...........+++- 134, 175 NEMORHEDUS «1... ceeeeeeeeeees “Eee « 173 leucoryx, Gray ..........+- 134, 175 Nemorhedus bubalina ........+++ veces 173 | Ostracoda .....s0ccceceeccecsceceveceees 254 Sumatrensis ...+.0..e0000ee- sees. 173 | Otis Rhaad, Gel. ............20000--+ 220 Nemorhedus, H. Smith 135, 136,165,166 | Otogyps awricularis ..........+++++++--- 214 Nemorhedus Goral, H. Smith ...... 136 | Oureby, F. Cuv. .++......+0+-0200 128, 168 proclivis, Hodgs. ........-+++++ 135 | OvisBos MOSCHATUS ....... Seog i Nemorhina palpalis, Desv. ......+++... QG62 | Ovis Aries ...ccc-cce.scesnsecccseverscees 157 Neomorpha .....0.0.000cceeeeeeecees ences 211 montana, Ord. «.+...seseeeeeee -- 136 Neophron percnopterus +++...-++0+-00+ 214 | Oxylophus afer, Leach .......-++++++- 219
292 INDEX. Page Page Oxylophus glandarius, Linn......... 219 | Picea cyanea, Wagh> arialassaeiaiew: 85 jacobinus, Bodd. «......-+0+-+00+ 219 FOrMOSA, SW. seceseesesecesseee ret serratus, Sparr. o..+.+++ seeees. 219 | —— melanocephalos, Wagl. ........ Fret Pachychilus, Lea, n. g- ..-++++ esceccee 179 | —— miles, Licht. .......00.....2eecee 84 Pachychilus Cumingii, Lea, n. sp. ... 179 stridens, Ehrenb. ....00...-++... 82 levissima, Sow., Lea....+.+-+++- 179 | Planaxis nigritella, Forbes, n. sp. ... 273 Paleornis cubicularis, Wag). ......... 219 pigra, Forbes, n. sp. ......--++++ 273 Derbianus, Fraser, 0. Sp. «--..- 245 | Platycercin® .....+....0sceeccseceeeeees 27 —— erythrogenys, Fraser, n. sp.... 245 Platyceros, Plin. ..... soso cenegees See 228 — longicauda, Bodd. .....++..-- ... 246 | Platycercus ater, Gr. ....00..000...... 26 —— torquatus, VigOrs ........++0+++ 219 | Pleurotoma Babylonica ............+++ 57 PALAPTERYX cccccccccscsccseecees 208, 209 DICATINGEG Wn2ceusencc asedeetaeeUewe 57 Palapteryx ingens ..... pore ae 45, 209 | —— coronata...... actesel peters 57 FODUSEUS , .cccocessescosdenssse 45, 209 | —— owytrophis ....0..c0eeveecseeeeees 57 Panthelops .......00s-ceeecseteeees Saerer 168 Vit 90. .2osc000 deodeeee- ee Be 57 Panolia, Gray ....+-+++-+0-+ Lestat. 229 | Pleurothy8is .......0..-scecsecsescossooes 247 acuticornis, Gray «.+....eeeeeeee 229 | Ploceus luteolus, Licht. .........+++.0+ 217 — Eedii, Gray...+++..++++++ sescessee 229 | —— personatus, Vieill. .........00+.-- 217 platyceros, Gray «.....+- Retawsees 229 sanguinirostris, Linn, .......-+. 218 Paradoxurus Zeylanicus ......++0+++++ 156 | Pluvianus egyptius, Liun. ............ 220 Paroaria, Bonp. .«....-.++ piceatstesce. 26 | Pecilosoma .........0++++++ dapastesset= 12 Passer simplex, Licht. .... 218 | Pogonius rubescens, Temm. ......... 219 Pelamys sarda, Cuv. «+++ gout 3248 Senegalensis, Licht. ......++ aa. 2a9 Pelecanus rufesCens .+..seeeseeseeeceees 921 | —— Vieilloti, Leach .........000.20.. . 219 Pelidna minuta, Leisl. ........++000+++ OO} | \Palistemiccscs cere eck. Ree 267 subarquata, Gm. «+.+..++ aaeete 221 | Polyboroides radiatus, Scop. ......... 216 Penelope niger, Fraser, 0. Sp. ..-++ 246 | POLYDESMIDA .......cceceeceneeeeeceeee 16 Perdix indica, Lath. ....+.seesesseeee 220 |) PorphyTio) sicta.sccieaent: pabdetanecceney 213 Phacocharus @thiopicus w....000.0+0++ 78 | Portax, Gray .........ceeees We coeds 146 Pheenodon, Lowe, n. B. ....eeeeeeeeeee 950 | PORTAX. PICPA .0..¢0...s0seddecsdeveesss 175 Phenodon ringens, Lowe, 0. Sp. «++ 251 | Portax picta, Gray.......0......0e0eee 146 Phileterus nitens, Gin. .++...-.-0000++ 218 Tragelaphus, Sund. ....-+...++ 146 Phos, Mont/. ...cecceesecseeeeeeeeeeeees 152 trago-camelus, Gray ............ 146 Phos articulatus, Hinds ......--++++++ 153 | Potamobius Franklinii, Gray ......... 96 Blainvillii, Desh. ......++- 153, 154 serratus, White, n. sp. .....-+++ 95 cancellatus, Adams, n. sp. .... 153 Presbytes Priamus .10......000.0000000* 155 crassus, Hinds ....+00..++sse000 153 PREF RLCE ances oo oee es = eae 155 —— Cumingii, Reeve ..... Saeeeeeseans 153 | Presbytis albigena, Gray, u. sp. ..... 77 — cyanostoma, Addams, 0. sp. -+- 155 | —— melanophus ....+..-sceceeeeeeeees 78 — cyllenoides, 4dams, n. sp. «-... 155 OOSCUTUS: 2a ee seee setae ee Reet 78
gaudens, Hinds ....+++++-+-+-+++ 153 —— levigatus, Addams, n. Sp. ...-+- 155 —— nodicostatus, 4dams, n. sp. ... 154
retecosus, Hinds ....+...+++eeere+ 153 roseatus, Hinds ...... seedeesyses! LOS —— rufocinctus, ddams, n. sp. .... 154 —— scalaricides, ddams, n. sp. ... 154 senticosus, Linn. ..... asvesesel.c2 200 —— spinicostatus, 4dams, 0. sp. --- 154 textilis, ddams, N. Sp. «.-.-.++- 154 — turritus, Adams, 0. Sp. ..-..-+++ 154 — Veraguensis, Hinds ...........++- 153 virgatus, Hinds .......++.++.+++ 153 Phycis furcatus, Flem. .....+-++++++ . 252 Mediterraneus, Lar. ......+++++ . 252
Phiyllopoda ....s.s0e.eceerececccteeeeeeee 254 Phylioscopus trochilus, Linn. ........ 216 Pica albicollis, Vieill. .........+++.-.++ 86 Bullocki, Wagl. .......-s0e+ss00 84 Colliei, Vigors ....-+seseeeeeeeee .. | 84
Prionacalus atys, White, n.sp. ... 10, 11 cacicus, White, n. sp. ......--+-» 10
Iphis, White, n. sp. ........- 10, 11 Procapra, Hodgs. .....++-..++ ele bceee 115 Procapra gutturosa, Gray ..........+- 115
picticauda, Hodgs. ....-.........- 116 Prox, Ogilby .....-..cceeeeeeeeeeseesees 231 Prox albipes, Wagn. ...+.-s0eeee---00 235
melas, SUNG. ..0......c2rseseeeee 235
Muntjac, Sund. .......+0..-.-00+ 234
Ratwa, Sund. .......0+00+.00+0-- 235
Reevesii, Wagn. ...0.5.0.0002-00e 235
stylocerus, Wagn. ......-++000++ 235 Psalidognathus, G. R. Gray -+++--..- 10 Pseudocervus Wallichii, Hodgs. ..... 227 Psilorhinus Bullocki, Gr. ..........+++ 84
gubernatrix, Gr. sesseeseeseeeee 84 Psittacodis intermedius, Bonap.,n.sp. 26
magnus et sinensis, Gm. .«...... 26
Westermanni, Bonp., n. sp. ... 26
etal
INDEX. 293
Page Pterocles bicinctus, Temm. ...,........ 220 Fasciatus, SCOP. .........eeeeee- 220 —— guadricinctus, Temm. ........ 220 tricinctus, Sw. ......... siavivene 220 PRCT OIE on cca. bn genes cones Bde apaicdsth sane 60 Pteromys nitidus ........++.+ Seco 157 Pteropus Edwardsit ....+20.....020000 156 Ptilotis filigera, Gould, n. sp. ...... 278 VIECOIOT op ask ccenenenceunesiewedetes 278 Pupina bilinguis, P/r., n. sp. ........ 97 Purpura analoga, Forbes, n. sp. ....+. 273 Caralena (28. iisccstaobt ck veces 274 © —— columellaris sescccccscseveeeees +. 274 decemcostata .........+ Geceraeues 274 Freycinet... -26adsuccieusosteses . 274 fuscata, Forbes, n. sp. «++...+ oe 274 Papelatay . debian oe. <enetdeseds teen 273 ——_ PIANOSPITa 2... .ceceevecereecevers 274 Pusionella, Gray ........eeseeeeeee bess enoO Pycnonotus barbatus, Desf. ......... 217 Pycnoptilus, Gould, n. g. . . 95, 278 Pycnoptilus floccosus, Gould, n. sp. 95, 279 Pyrgita Swainsoni, Riipp. ...........+ 219 Pyrodes Smithianus, White, n. sp... 12 tenuicornis, White, n. sp. .....- ll Pyromelana ignicolor, Vieill. ....-.... 218 Pytelia elegans, Gm. ........20.0eeee0s 218 Rangifer, H. Smith .............c.0006 225 Raphicerus acuticornis, H. Smith... 128 subulata, H. Smith.............. 128 Rhaphicerus ...... On mace ecr Core 169 Redunca, H. Smith ........ 126, 166, 168 Regalecus glesn€ ...c0+...eee.ceeeee seer oe Rhinoptilus chaleopterus, Temm. ... 220 Rucervus, Hodgs. .........+.eseeeseeees 230 Rucervus Duvaucellii, Gray ......... 230 elaphoides, Hodgs. .......-+.-++- 230 Rupicapra, H. Smith .......2+...000.. 137 Rupicapra Americana, Blainv. ...... 136 Capella, Bonap. ........4.0.00+00 137 —— pyrenaica, Bonap. .......+++... 137 Tragus, Gray’<.5¢..Jcsaees.sese<-. 137 RUPICAPRA TRAGUS .....eceeeeeeseeee 174 Rusa, H. Smith ..... ane Ro Sesdss 230 Rusa AristTore.is H. Smith ....... 230 Rusa Dimorphe, Gray .........++....+. 231 —— equinus, Gray ........ aw vase z oss 231 — Hippelaphus, Gray .............. 231 — Kuhilii, Gray ..............ceeeeee 232 — lepida, Gray ...............+ sone 202 Peronil;: Gray2ases haseksecstsce 232 — Philippinus, Gray .............6. 232 saput, Raffles: .......00csecsss.00e 232 —— Tunjuc, Raffles. .......02......... 232 —— ubi, Rafiles............ceseeeeceees 232 Saiga Tatarica, Gray ....... bao! 3. atacts 112 NGS 2HER on «sin sins taunedecdeenia nes ¥ees 84 Sarciophorus pileatus, Gm. .....-++- 22] Sarkidiornis africana, Eyt. ......... 221
Page
Saturnia ........ wuveccpavadiuadies ates ons Saxicola deserti, Temm. .............- 216 isabellina, Cretz. .......se0esse006 216 —— enanthe, Linn. ......000...000008 216 Scarabus, Monéf. ......c.csccccsccecees 147 Scarabus Borneensis, 4dams, n. sp. 152 castaneus, Less. ...0....+++ 150, 151 — chalcostomus, Adams, n.sp. ... 152 === / Cecillit, Piadenths «cave vetetennss 149 — Cumingianus, Petit ............ 150 imbrium, Monff. ............... 147 —- imperforatus, ddams, n.sp.... 151 +— lekithostoma, Reeve ............ 150
— Lessoni, Blainv. ........... 147, 151 pantherinus, ddams, n. sp. ... 152
— Petiverianns, Férus. .:.......... 148 —— plicatus, Férus. ..........eeceeeee 148 pollex; Finds... vse dudes tose 150 —— pyramidatus, Reeve ...... 149, 152 — semisulcatus, ddams, n. sp. ... 151 sinuosus, Adams, 0. Sp. ....+++- 151 —— striatus, Reeve .............000ees 148 — trigonus, Trrosch. .........+000-. 148 undatus, Less. .........seeecseeee 149 Sciena abdominalis, Sol. ...........0++ 62 lineata, Forst. ..........+ aelvsciees 68 macropterd, FOrst. ......sse0se- 62 SCUOCNIAE 3.0 veces cechniceh teeta merch 62 Scienoides abdominalis, Sol. Vaaeag ude ~ 62 Scissurella, D’Orb. .6....00.c00ssc00e «. 40 Seissurella angulata, Loven. ......... 40 crispata, Flem. .....0.0.s.sseee0 40 decussata, D’Orb. ...........2..- 40 — D’Orbignyi, Scacchi ............ 40 —— plicata, Phil. .......... waidouese 40 striatula, Phil. «.c....<s0sceceudes 40 SCiUTUS MACTUTUS .erccecceceeececeecee 157 palmarum ...... Mad. wesaente -- 157 —— CriliNCALUS ...eeceeerececedereecees 157 Scomber colias, Gm. .........++eeeeeee 248 Scombrid@ ......+ gavensss< <u sees atwese 248 SCQPCHAO 5.2... nccesseeveasdeoovee. uses 251 Scopelus barbatus, Lowe «..++.......++ 251 umiboldtiasic.. (sdectdesatens ates 251 Maderensis, Lowe ..........+..++ 251 Scopophorus, Gray .......0c.cceeeeeeeee 118 Scopophorus montanus, Gray ....... 119 Ourebi, Gray .......... ientantoats 118 Scops leucotis, Temm. ....+++......+ -. 216 SCOT POM cris 5 s<dd8. Ge ccecaeadan «debe tes 60 Scotornis climacurus, Vieill. ......... 216 Separatista, Gray, Addams ............ 45 Separatista Chemnitzii, ddams,n.sp. 45 Grayii, ddams, 0. sp. «...-...++ . 45 Simia silenus ....0.0.ceeeeeeee ee - 156 GPROUS oss cans ccewnsaceccecaasdaend 155 MRUTGUTIR cao ss0enanns coeuties baer 258, 262 Solenoptera ......... aweaGunes CR wie le Sorve® MUTINUS .......2000.20eeeens 156, 159 Spheenia, Purton), 20. kisenscs. sated 87
294 INDEX. Page Page Sphenia Binghami, Turt. ........ .... 87 | Strepsiceros Capensis, Harr. ......... 143 — decurtata, 4dams, n. sp. ...... 88 CeGula severess-ceeetss cheese renee 171 — decussata, Desh. ..........00.0005 87 | —— Derbianus ............. sass teeta 171 —— elliptica, Addams, n. Sp. ..+...... 88 UT y@erOs- i... ss ites cdecscecstrees 179 —— Mindorensis, Adams et Reeve. 89 excelsus, Sund. ......see00e..00e- 143 —— Philippinarum, Addams, n.sp.. 89 | —— Kudu, Gray ......... 143, 146, 171 —— princeps, ddams, n. sp. ........ 88 OTCAB™ .vectessuwessesteresestevecs rive Riippellii, 4dams, n. sp. .....- 82 scriptus ...... etse Res seck sen deced 171 semistriata, Hanley ........... Peay BYlVALICUS ~2.5..0e0ve.s0cdvesenvers 171 SPINDCIAB crowns devcbsasstectvocseatwaeue Streptocitta, Bonap. ...ee.sscsceeeees 86 Spiza, Bonp. .... SUVEJOMB s. soab~ ceo beer cress secneveutes cusp 211 SQUANA@.. J. Weccedcosccececesdconeree bees Stylocerus, H. Smith ..........000.000+ 234 Squatarola helvetica, Linn. ........... 220 | Stylocerus Ratwa, Hodgs. ....... Jette 2a Stachynia, Macq. ...... svcebbwateeeeesws 269 | Stylogaster, WIk. .......cc0eeseceee -. 268 Steira, Esch. ...+......000+ Sicibuev ees 45 | Stylogaster stylatus ......0..0ccee0e000 270 Sterna anglica, Mont. «......2..+.s0+ . 221 | Stylomyvia, Westw., n. g. ....+00...008 268 Sternopteryx diaphana ...... edsoteae’ . 247 | Stylomyia confusa, Westw., n.sp.... 269 Olfersii, Cuv. .......+6 eenvtedeves 247 Leonum, Westw., n. sp. . . 269 Stomatella, Lamk. .......0e.seeeeeee... 29 | Sudulo, H. Smith, Sund. ........... .. 240 Stomatella articulata, 4dams,n.sp. 30 | Succinea cingulata, Forbes, n.sp.... 56 — biporcata, ddams, n. sp. ...... 33 | Sus indicus ....... Thedhcweeertetmeetes 158 cancellata, Kra. ......ceeeceeeees 30 SCrofa..... Sas eR FT, ESS 158 — coccinea, Adams, u. sp. ......++ 33 | Sylvia leucorrhoa, Gm. .....0++.000+ 216 — costellata, Adams, n. sp........ 30 | Sylvicapra, Ogilby ....... Pencucee 120, 126 decolorata, Gould ............+++ 31 | Syma tirotoro, Less. ...+.+...+00.0s00s 200 — fulgurans, Addams, n. sp........ 32 | Synanceia ........ decries We sestetcstdosee 7 TOU haliotidea, SOW. .s.sscsceceeeece 32 | Syrrhaptes paradoxus ......+0+.s000 92 —— imbricata, Lamk. ..... desecdey ev 230 Tibetanus, Gould, n. sp. ....... 92 —— Japonica, Adams, n. sp. ....++. SY |) Dabanus weccdecevscsssuete seebees'es 258, 266 maculata, QUOY «...+.+4+ sdeeaces 30 | Taenioida..........00...+ ee Ce ee: 248 —— malukana, Addams, n. sp. ...... BL | Tanysiptera ....cessccocsseceesscsncees 200 —— margaritana, Addams, n. sp. ... 33 | Tanysiptera sylvia, Gould, n. sp. .... 200 monilifera, 4dams, n. sp. «.... 30 | Taprrus AMERICANUS ......+00..e005 102 —— orbiculata, Adams, n. sp. ...... 31 | Tarandus, Gray ....... avoed eeeestats 224 papyracea, Chemn. .........+0+ 31 | Tarandus Rangifer, Gray........+.+.+ 225 sanguinea, ddams, n. sp....... 32 | -—— sylvestris, Rich. ........+ Wilton 225 speciosa, Adams, n. sp. ......... 32 | Tautoga parila, Rich., n. sp. ....+.... 70 — sulcifera, Lamk. ...... Saco 30 | Telophonus senegalus, Linn. ..... Sy 4 —— tigrina, ddams, n. sp. ....++... 33 | Temnodon sallator, Cuv. ....... potas Naae tumida, Gould .....cccceesseeveeee 31 | —— vadigo, Cuv. ....... Seacaubectevess 248 Stomatellide .............. Jiviesceestess WOOF) TRERAGERUS \.2.csdcescelecstearsctsesse 170 SbGMaUG siiecicdeseriiieen. bes rcee. Jones 29 | Tetracerus, Leach .......cscecsecceees ay Stomatia,, elbs- Aiise.. cece ac ceee cave 33 | Tetracerus Iodes, Hodgs. ............ 117 Stomatia acuminata, Adams, n. sp. . 34 paccerois, Hodgs. ...... a deieeewe 117 angulata, ddams, n. Sp. «+++. 34 quadricornis, H. Smith... 117, 170
australis, ddams, n. sp. ........ 34 candida, Addams, n. sp. ......... 35
— decussata, ddams, n. sp. ...- . 34 duplicata, SOW. se.csccccceveeees 34 lirata, ddams, n. sp. 35
SS notata itr d ceccetededWweaaeees 36
—— notata, Adams, n. sp. . 35 pallida, 4dams, n. sp. 36
—— phymotis, Lamk. ..... ddtdeette “OS rubra, Lamk. ....0s+esccscsseee » 39
SUGMMOEIYS 3 A coaeetiresctasacesteuecton se 262
Stomoxys calcitrans ....... wopweitttees 258
SPREPSICEROS: s..42:<sctcseccsecsssesece 171
Strepsiceros, H. Smith ene ee 135, 143
Strepsiceros Angasii .........sessesees 171
—— subquadricornutus, Gray 117, 170 68
Threpterius, Rich., N. F. ...+0.....0008
Threpterius maculosus, Rich., n. sp. 70 Thylacinus cynocephalus .....+++.+++0 89 Tinnunculus alaudarius, Gm. ......++ 215 Dipulid@ sd: suas seeccssooscgreese act pecwes 200 Tockus erythrorhynchus, Kuhl. ..... 219 POMOGEPUS \ecssccdedeccenss:sercnebeccoes 148
Totanus hypoleucus, Linn. ............ 221 Trachyphonus margaritatus, Riipp. .219 Trachypterus iris, CUy. ve+..ssseeeeres 248 SMB OWN icdescsateesecesecevesess 248 gryphurus, Lowe, n. sp. «....... 248 Tragelaphus, Gray, Ogilby, Blainv. 143,
144, 146, 172
INDEX. 295
Page Page Tragelaphus Angasii, Gray..... 144,199 | Trochus lenticularis, Chemn. ...... 203
Cait, Rati Syn. ..............0000 146 (Margarita) Hillii, Forbes, —— Decula, Gray wrccceercceeecseeee 145 WG BPsteracswas du siscehaatome ase Snare 272 —— Euryceros, Gray.........+0+00.... 144 | —— —— purpuratus, Forbes, n. sp. 272 — hippelaphus, Ogilby ............. 146 | —— modulus, Linn. ...........-..+... 203
—— scriptus, Gray .......scceseceeeeee 145 (Monodonta) aureotinctus, —— sylvaticus, H. Smith, Gray .... 145 ORDER NS eu aevessvccanskesacccss. yp TRAGOMMA BENNETTIL..+..+eeeeeeees 168 gallina, Forbes, n. sp. ... 271 Tragops, HOd8.......c+esesswcescaecuees 116 tectum, Gmel. o.....00...0se0s0ee 203 Tragops Bennettii, Hodgs. ........... 116 trOchifor Mis ......+0+.cseeeeeeees 271 Tragulus, A. Smith.. 118, 119, 168, 169 ):ZECUDINMUG) Sos sn ccasponsecssacesae 271 Tragus Dorcas, Klein....0......+++0++ . 137 | Turbo niveus, Chemn. ......0..0....00s 42 DYADONY DI recs ud seadiewcsnadceatscceeds 213 separatista, Chemn. .........+++ 45 Trichoglossus ....0sscssscsseees apseceass 27 | Turdus arsinoe, Licht. ......... Paeeae 217 Trochetia subviridis, Dutrochet ..... 52 erythropterus, Gm. ....+.0s060. 217 Trochilus brevirostris...........+c00+ -. 163 | —— vulpinus, Hartl. .............+- 276 ? ceruleogularis, Gould, n. sp. 163 | Unio Bengalensis, Lea.................. 198 ——? castaneoventris, Gould, n. sp. 163 tumidus, Retz .....00....0eeeeeeee 244 —— Fdwardi....c.c.c...c0esesves eeoeee 164 | Ursus labiatus ..........cscceeccsccovees 156 —— CErYthrONOtUs ...cceceercsssseceeee 164 | Vanellus strigilatus, Sw. ............. 221 — Goudotii.......... pose Saoor en aaa 163 | Vertumnus Cranchii, Leach .......... 97 —— longir0stris....00...cereceseesesees 163 | Vespertilio pipistrellus .............00 156 —— niveoventer, Gould, n. sp. ...... 164 | Vespide ..... dex uucanenoseidanusnesencnaes 267 = PUSUS. conavs casetenes Re atatunainaces 162 | Vidua paradisea, Linn. ............- « 218 —— (Selosphorus) scintilla, Gould, principalis, Linn. ......... senses 218 TU ADsie-c oacaacwe st Ataeastatt <ieoeesdatce 162 | Viverra Indica ...........+ mansewcamenee 156 — (Thalurania) venusta, Gould, —— Zebra, Whitf. ......eccceceeeeeee 142 MSD nce seman tecinttandeas dadeenaccas « 163 | Vultwr occipitalis .............5+ Sree 214 —— (Thaumatias?) chionura, Gould, Yunz torquilla, Linn. ...... Pobseecrah: 219 MIRO g ee ues ps caneserecemhiene ook ecoeei Oe OACMMLE lech, sets (oS am vas sane Gan ceaeneninch 247 Trochita spirata, ‘Forbes, n. sp. cece 271 | Zeus conchifer, Lowe, n. sp. ......... 247 Trochus alabastrites .......... oda vonins 271 gallus, Linn. ............ ayaa 247
Nutt., 0. Sp. ....2.00. 271 ee AA i <\or f ; oN {a a ~ \* n *} ERRATUM.
Page 106, Art. 4, for Metopocerus cornutus read Iguana rhinolopha throughout.
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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
: *C/ Y sss ty
PART XIX. 1851.
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ;
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE, AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER ROW.
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4 te
LIST
OF.
CONTRIBUTORS,
With References to the several Articles contributed by each.
Apams, ARTHUR, Esq., R.N., F.L.S. &c. page Catalogue of the Species of Emarginula, a Genus of Gasteropodous Mollusca, belonging to the Family Fissurel-
lid, in the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. . . - .- = Oo Catalogue of the Species of Nassa, a Genus of Gist pe- dous Mollusca, belonging to the Family Buccinide, in the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq.; with the Description of
some New Species . . . Bora . 94 Descriptions of Fifty-two New ‘Spikes of the Genk ‘Mitra, from the Cumingian Collection . . . . . - 132 Contributions towards a Monograph of the eaaliaes a Family of Gasteropodous Mollusca. . . - 150 A Monograph of Scutus, a Genus of Gasteropodays Mol- lusca, belonging to the Family Fissurellide . . . . . . 221
A Monograph of the Genus Monoptygma of Lea . . . 222 Descriptions of New Shells from the Cumingian Collection 224 Note on the Genus Nematura. . . . - 225 A Monograph of the Recent Species of Ricwula; a Gok
of Mollusca, belonging to the Family Fissurellide. . . . 226 A Monograph of Puncturella, a Genus of Gasteropodous
Mollusca, belonging to the Family Fissurellide. . . . . 227 Descriptions of Sixteen New Species of Rissoina, a Genus
of Marine Gasteropodous Mollusks, from the Cumingian
Collection: . 2-0: gaes«: sles” yo. ne, ae aA aah, mane BGS Descriptions of several New Species of pres Rissoina,
Planazis, and. Eulima, from the Cumingian Collection . . 267
iv Apams, ArTuHouR, Esq., R.N., F.L.S. &c. page
Descriptions of New Species of Eulima, T: doa fe &e., from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. - . - - . 276
Bartcett, Mr. A. D. On some Bones Gieaieinst es bee 6) es) a ~) w BO
Bonaparte, Prince CHARLES LUCIEN. On the largest known Species of Phaleridine Bird. . . 201
BonyAn, Dr. G. R. Notes on the Raptorial Birds of British Guiana. . . . 53
BoweERBANkK, J. S., Esq., F.R.S. &e. On the Pterodactyles of the Chalk Formation . . . . 14
Davy, Dr., F.R.S. &e. Observations on the Eye of the Mole. (Ina Letter to WiSpenee} EsqyFeRv8.)\.a. by esisagi adie Ie osrnolem’). 129
Ditiwyn, L. LLewEttyn, Esq., F.G.S. &e. On an undescribed Species of Megapodius . .. . . 118
Dueurn, Dr. Letter on the Deal Fish. (Communicated by Mr. Yarrell.) 116
Forses, Prof. EpwArp, F.R.S. &c. On a Species of A/quorea inhabiting the British Seas. . 272
Gasxotn, J. S., Esq. Descriptions of Twenty Species of Columbelle, and One Spetics: Ot Wap a ee ay ees, eo te fe Ree ot pe
Gou_p, Joun, Esq., F.R.S. &e.
On a new and most remarkable form in Ornithology . . 1 Letter from J. W. G. Spicer, Esq., concerning Two Hybrid
Birds.) vies thito lt. Ae. Ge On a New Sisecioa, of Musiphiga agate slinWido SS On a New Species of the Genus Montifringilla . olfte f- 114 On some New Species of Trochilide . ... . . .115 Remarks on the Genus Hapalotis . . . siqhrniatl. 126 Descriptions of Two New Species of Mainartlin, of the
Genus Antechinus . . . - 284 Descriptions of a New Species ‘of Prilotis, silk a Netw Spe-
cies of Hopsaliria ves ciine 3 Ads tert and dite vaso 285
Gray, J. E., Esq., F.R.S. &e. Descriptions of Two New Genera and some New Species of Scutellide and Echinolampide, in the Collection of the British Museum «. . + O Od bapa s mise ‘ Description of a New Gatas and Family of Cuclwiiion Lizards from Para . . + + + Description of a New Species of Bibiiadia from Callao, collected by Erneste Denicke. . -. - Bite Description of a New Genus of einiginadite adr wis vat Description of a New Genus of Bivalve Shells, and a Sea Egg, from New Zealand . - - - hy ens Notice of Two Viverride from Ceylon, lately living in the
page
- 34
38
92 124
- 125
Gardens. . .- EE - 131 On a New oe of pe eta alt in te ‘Collection of Mr. Cuming. -. .- a realgen irs ba ige «te hoe
Description of a New Form of Lainie from Australia, with a Synopsis of the Family
Han ey, H., Serjeant-Major 1st Life Guards. Observations on the Breeding of the Nightingale in Cap- tivity. . - « © -« ast vition ke
Harcourt, Epwarp VERNON, Esq. Notice of the Birds of Madeira. (In a Letter addressed to the Secretary.) - + + + + + + + + *
HeERRMANNSEN, Dr., of Kiel. On some Genera of Shells, established in 1807 nol the late H: B. Link ee we a es or
Kaup, Dr. Descriptions of some New Birds in the Museum of the Earl of Darey aes: shane Pere Phe hemos es
Mack, Mr. Remarks on the fact of Black Eggs being laid by a White Duck. (Communicated by Mr. Oswald.) . . - + + =
Mertcatre, W., Esq. An Enumeration of Species of recent Shells, received by W. J. Hamilton, Esq,, from Borneo, in November 1850, with Descriptions of the New Species . - - + + + + *
- 235
- 196
» 14]
- 228
39
192
70
vi
Newman, Epwarp, Esq., F.L.S. &c. page A few words on the Synonymy of Distichocera, a Genus of Longicorn Coleoptera from New Holland, with Characters of Three Species supposed to be undescribed . . . + « 75
Nicuotson, Dr., H.E.I.C. Medical Service. Note on a New Species of Francolin . . . . . . - 128 Notes on an undescribed Species of Tailor-bird. . . . 194 Notes on a New Species of Artamus from India. . . ~ 195
Owen, Professor, F.R.S. &e. On a New Species of Pterodactyle (Pterodactylus com- pressirostris, Owen) from the Chalk ; with some Remarks on the Nomenclature of the previously described Species . . 21 On the Anatomy of the Wart-Hog (Phacocherus Pallasii,
Van der Hoeven). . 63 On the Skeleton of Tr. hoptotk sites Gorilla (which will ie published in the Transactions) . . - 263
On the Capacity of the Cranium in the mie ius Cesie. and the Gorilla (which will be sient a in the Transac- SAMS) Gee ee ae Se Ts ea pout ele os area
Preirrer, Dr. L. Descriptions of New Land Shells from the Collection of
H. Cuming, Esq.. . . - oh LY Descriptions of Forty-three ‘New Species of Ohbiehtoladild, from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. . . . 242
Descriptions of Fifty-four New Species of ee a the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq... . . - . - « + « 252
Puivier!, Dr. Descriptiones Naticarum quarundam novarum ex collec- tigme Wane ee kee ne se wes pee wg ere
Reeve, Lovett, Esq,., F.L.S. &e. Description of a New Species of Bulimus from Australia 198
ScLaTEr, P. L., Esq., B.A. On Two New Species of Birds of the Genus Tenioptera . 193
Tomes, Joun, Esq., F.R.S. &e. On the Structure of the Teeth of the American and Indian Tanira,: .. J: 1+ 1. aiitenrel a nad medley tarent Aa
Vii
Turner, H.N., Jun., Esq. page Note on the Suborbital Gland of the Nylghau . . . . 116 On the Change of Colour in a Chameleon (Chameleo
PEIN ee Cota eo py TR oe ay an es ee
On the Arrangement of the Edentate Mammalia . . . 205 Westwoop, J. O., Esq., F.L.S. &e. ~
Observations on the Dentition of the Tiger Beetles . . 198
YARRELL, W., Esq., F.L.S. &c. Letter on the Deal-fish, from Dr. Duguid to Dr. Barker . 116.
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Plate XXIX.
XXX. XXXII.
XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX.
XII.
XX.
mu. {
IV.
LIST OF PLATES.
1851.
MAMMALIA.
Molar Tooth of the American Tapir ............-.-- Herpestes Smithii, Gray .....6 cece ee cece ence eens Cynictis Maccarthie, Gray ...........eeseeeerenees
AVES.
Baleniceps rex, Gould... 1.6 cece cece seen eee eens Saurophagus Derbianus, Kaup ........00+e ee eeeeee Psaris Prasertt $6, Kaup ..........cceccecvceaeee
Megapodius Cumingii, Dillwyn ....:.....0e ee ee eens Francolinus yemensis, Nicholson ..........--+++0+: Tenioptera erythropygia, Sclater ..........+.+.+00. —- striaticollis, Sclater ...........0ceeeeees Artamus cucullatus, Nicholson ..........:0+eeeeee Sagmatorrhina Lathami, Bonap. ..........+++++e0s SOMES OL PES ere ten nnalctagore lojesco. xfol'o oievs. « onoiu le Rslurevegene
PISCES. Petromyzon marinus, &c. &e. &e. «1... ee eee Genet PARRENGUISY (os stare: a/c nistate cya! ake! ty aise erat clade? >,0) afeyero REPTILIA. Pterodactylus longirostris, Bowerbank .............. Anadia ocellata, Emminia olivacea, Iphisa elegans, Gray MOLLUSCA.
Bulimus Maconelli, Reeve ........ cece cece eee e eens
ANNULOSA.
Distichocera Kirbyi 3, Newman ..........seeeeees
RADIATA. Gonigoria clavata, Nidalia occidentalis, SGTAY c+eesssssceeeeevenens Afquorea Forskaled ...ccscvceceeeseveeeenceeenaes
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PROCEEDINGS
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
ss
January 14, 1851. Prof. Owen, F.R.S., Vice President, in the Chair. The following papers were read :-—
1. ON A NEW AND MOST REMARKABLE FORM IN ORNITHOLOGY. : By Joun Govuxp, F.R.S. Etc.
(Aves, Pl. XXXV.)
I haye the pleasure of introducing to the notice of the Society on the present occasion the most extraordinary bird I have seen for many years, and which forms part of a collection made on the banks of the upper part of the White Nile, by Mansfield Parkyns, Esq., of Not- tingham. For this bird I propose the generic name of BALENI- cEps, with the following characters :-—
Bill enormously robust, equal in breadth and depth; sides of the upper mandible much swollen; culmen slightly elevated, depressed in the middle of its length, and terminating at the point in a very powerful hook ; tomize sharp, turning inwards and very convex ; lower mandible very powerful, with a sharp concave cutting edge and a truncated tip; nostrils scarcely perceptible, and placed in a narrow slit at the base of the bill, close to the culmen; orbits denuded ; head very large; occiput slightly crested; wings very powerful, the third, fourth and fifth feathers the longest ; tail of moderate length and square in form; plumage soft and yielding ; skin of the throat loose, and capable of dilatation mto an extensive pouch ; tibize and tarsi lengthened, the latter a fourth shorter than the former; the lower third of the tibize denuded; toes four in number, all extremely long, and without the slightest vestige of interdigital membrane ; hind-toe on the same plane as the anterior ones and directed inwards ; tibice and tarsi reticulated, the reticulations becoming much smaller
No. CCXIX.—Proceepincs or THE ZooLoeicaL Society.
2
on the joints; upper surface of the toes scutellated; nails powerful, and not much curved; the nail of the centre toe impectinated.
BAaLzniceps Rex.
Bill pale yellow, becoming horn-colour on the culmen and tip, and blotched with dark brown; orbits pale yellow; head and neck slaty grey, darkest on the crown; chest ornamented with lanceolate feathers of a similar colour, with a dark stripe down the centre; abdomen, flanks, thighs and under tail-coverts very pale grey ; upper surface generally very dark grey, most of the feathers margined with light grey ; primaries, secondaries and tail blackish grey ; rump and upper tail-coverts light grey ; legs greyish black.
Total length, from the tip of the bill to the extremity of the tail, 52 inches; from the tip of the bill to the end of the centre toe, 67 ; bill, from the gape to the tip, 9; depth of the bill, 43; breadth, 4; wing, 27; tail, 12; tibie, 13; tarsi, 10; middle toe and nail, 7; ex- ternal toe and nail, 64; internal toe and nail, 51; hind toe and nail, 4.
Hab. The upper part of the White Nile, in Eastern Africa.
Remark.—This is evidently the Grallatorial type of the Pelecani- de; at least such is the conclusion to which I am directed after a care- ful examination and comparison of it with Pelecanus, Grus, Ardea, and Cancroma, to none of which genera is it so nearly allied, except in general contour, as to Pelecanus. Perhaps the most singular feature connected with this form is the entire absence of interdigital mem- brane, a character so conspicuous in the Storks, Herons, and the Boat- bill, which latter bird is as nearly allied to Nycticorax as the present bird is to Peleeanus. Both Cancroma and Nycticorax have the uail of the centre toe strongly pectinated, which character is not found in Pelecanus nor in Baleniceps.
2. DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY SPECIES OF COLUMBELLA, AND ONE SPECIES OF Cypr#@A. By J. S. GAsKoIN.
1. CoLuMBELLA TENUIS. Testa pyramidalis, subventricosa, levis, tenuis, albicans, maculis irregularibus fuscis magnis longitudinaliter dispositis; anfractibus octo, duobus anticis gibbosis ; spird subelongatd, acuminatd ; aperturd latd, anticé divergente, postice acuminatd, labio externo tenui, internoque edentulo, varice externo subelevato; striis tenuibus ab varice anticé continuis ; canali brevi.
Shell pyramidal, rather ventricose, smooth, thin, of a dull whitish colour, with large distant dark brown markings extending, irregu- larly, in width and form longitudinally over the volutions, which are eight in number, the two anterior being gibbous, the others proceed to form an acuminated apex; the spire constitutes more than one- half the length of the shell *; aperture wide, diverging anteriorly,
* Jn estimating the proportionate length of the spire of the shell, I take the measurement from the termination of the last volution at its junction to form the posterior point of the aperture; and the width, at the largest diameter of the an- terior whorl.
3
acuminated posteriorly ; outer lip curved outwards, thin, without den- ticulations, as is also the inner lip, which is shining, and within of the same colour as the shell; a slightly elevated varix terminates the inner edge of the aperture, from which fine strize pass obliquely for- ward over the dorsum to the anterior portion of the outer lip; chan- nel short, slightly curved.
Length, 52, of an inch; width, ,2,4, of an inch.
Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin, specimen unicum.
2. CoLUMBELLA ALBINODULOSA. Testa oblongo-ovata, palli- dissimé luteo-fulva, fasciis angustis interruptis tribus brunneis; spird acuminatd, anfractibus septem ; nodulis latis prominenti- bus subdistantibus albi-coronatis; aperturd oblongd subqua- draté albd; labio externo crasso, recto, submarginato, intus den- ticulato; dentibus posticis majoribus, labio interno dentibus irregularibus subvaricosis ; canali recto latiusculo subelongato.
Shell oblong-ovate, of a very light yellowish brown colour, with
three interrupted or dotted dark brown narrow bands, the first ex- tending from the anterior point of the outer lip to the centre of the aperture, the second from the anterior third of the margin of the outer lip to the posterior part of the aperture, and the third from the posterior third of the margin of the outer lip along the anterior portion of the volutions spirally to the apex; broad nodules or tu- bercles, moderately prominent and rather distant, exist from the posterior portion of the outer lip over the dorsum or shoulder, and. continuously on the centres of the whorls, and as the whorls become narrow, occupy them longitudinally on to the point of the spire, each nodule being crowned with an opake white blotch ; opake white irre- gular markings are also on the anterior volution ; spire acuminated, constituting rather less than one half the length of the shell; seven volutions, rather convex; aperture straight, rather wide; outer lip sharp at its edge, straight, curving suddenly on forming the channel ; just within the lip is a row of about eight rather prominent teeth, the posterior being the larger ; inner lip slightly denticulated with about six irregular varices, with a slight sharp prominence at its margin, the large whorl ribbed with fine striee, most prominent anteriorly ; channel straight, rather wide, slightly elongated and recurved.
Length, 45, of an inch; width, 29, of an inch.
Hab.
2 Cab. Gaskoin.
3. CoLUMBELLA INTERRUPTA. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans, fasciis duabus interruptis latis rufescenti-brunnets ; Sascid an- ticd pallidiore; spird acuminatd, anfractibus septem vel octo ; aperturd latiusculd precipue ad partem posticam ; labio ex- terno crasso margine acuto, intus denticulato, denticulis qua- tuor vel quinque; labio interno cum margine externo denticu- lato, aurantiaco; testd extus cancellatd striis spiralibus vali- dis, longitudinalibus tenuibus ; peritremate pallide aurantiaco, posticé subobtuso angulari ; canali breviusculo latiusculo.
Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull greyish white colour, with two distinct,
4
strongly marked, interrupted, broad, dark reddish brown bands, the anterior being the less deeply coloured, the markings being rather crescentic, with the horns pointing towards the aperture becoming more arrow-shaped advancing onwards; the anterior band extends from the fore part of the outer lip to the middle of the inner side of the aperture, the second from the posterior part of the edge of the outer lip over the dorsum at the shoulder, and spirally on the centres of the volutions to the apex ; at the superior portion on the aperture side of each marking is an opake white colouring ; spire acuminated, seven to eight whorls ; at the suture, spirally on to the apex, is a fine whitish varix having interrupted brown markings along its entire course; aperture rather straight and broad, widening posteriorly ; outer lip thick, sharp at its edge, orange-coloured at its inner border, | where there are four or five slight denticulations; inner lip has a finely denticulated ridge at its outer edge of an orange colour, within it is an angular projection forming the commencement of the chan- nel; the whole external shell is cancellated, the transverse strize being much stronger than the longitudinal, and especially anteriorly ;_peri- treme of a light orange colour, rather obtusely angular posteriorly ; | channel rather short and moderately wide. | |
Length 4°, of an inch; width, ;23, of an inch.
Hab. 2? Cab. Gaskoin.
PHOLOT/ PE 4. CoLUMBELLA LEUCOsToMA. Testa ovata, albicans, nitens, posticée fascid latd brunned spirali ornata; apice albicante di- midio antico anfractis ultimi albido ; spird acuminatd, anfrac- tibus septem; aperturd guldque albis latiusculis, illd posticeé subquadratd, labio externo intus subdenticulato, dentibus sex posticis majoribus ; canali brevi latiusculo.
Shell ovate, shining, of a whitish colour, having a broad brown band occupying the posterior half of the anterior volution and the entire of the sixth, fifth and fourth, except at their posterior edge, which is white, the brown band terminating in an undefined line near the suture ; the three apicine whorls are white, with very fine lightly es coloured linear markings, and in like manner is the white anterior
half of the last whorl finely but irregularly streaked ; spire acumi- nated, seven volutions, which constitute the greater half of the length of the shell; aperture white, as is also the interior, rather broad, somewhat square posteriorly; outer lip gradually curved inwards, having within it about six slight denticulations, the posterior being
| the larger ; inner lip smooth, spiral ; a few fine strize extend obliquely
| forwards over the dorsum of the channel from the slight varix at its outer edge; channel short, rather broad.
: Length, 535, of an inch; width, ;13, of an inch.
: Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.
:
5. CotumBetta Pacirica. Testa oblongo-ovata, lacteo-opaca, maculis irregularibus distantibus rufescenti-brunneis ornata ; intus alba; spird acuminatd, anfractibus convexis septem vel octo posticé obtusissimée coronatis ; aperturd latd rectiusculd ;
5
labii externi margine tenui intus edentulo; labio interno levi externe margine tenui; anfractu ultimo antice valde striato, striis tenuioribus longitudinaliter decussantibus ; canal brevi, lato, subrecurvo.
Shell oblong-ovate, of an opake milk-white colour, distantly macu- lated with dark reddish brown irregular markings, internally white ; spire acuminated, constituting the greater half of the length of the shell; volutions seven to eight, convex, their posterior margin gene- rally very obtusely and distantly coronated; aperture wide, rather straight ; outer lip thin at the edge, even, no denticulation within, marginated ; inner lip even, having a very slight straight edge or varix externally, from which rather strong striations pass over the anterior of the dorsum to the outer lip, and very much finer strize longitudi- nally pervade the same ; channel short and wide, very slightly curved.
This shell differs from Columéella Miser, Sowerby, in the absence of denticulation, in the last volution being much more gibbous, the aperture much wider, the channel decided, the spire more pyramidal, and much less coloration and markings.
Length, 45, of an inch; width, 25, of an inch.
Hab. Sandwich Islands. Cab. Gaskoin.
6. CoLuMBELLA vARIcosA. Testa oblongo-ovata, nitens, crassa, albicans, colore nigricanti-brunneo irregulariter induta ; mar- ginibus posticis anfractuum albicantibus ; spird acuminatd, an- fractibus septem vel octo subventricosis varicosis validis promi- nentibus subobliquis instructis ; parte anticd ultimi anfractis levigatd, anticé supra canalem transverse striatd ; aperturd ob- longd subquadratd rectd intus cerulescente, labio externo recto, marginato postice incisurd magnd instructo, intus denticulato denticulis posticis validiusculis, labio interno levi margine ele- vato tenui; canali brevi latiusculo.
Shell oblong-ovate, shining, thick, strong, of a white colour, gene- rally irregularly and greatly covered, more or less intensely, with an almost black-brown coloration, excepting the posterior edges of the whorls, where it remains nearly white ; spire acuminated, constituting one half the length of the shell, has seven to eight volutions, rather convex, slightly diagonal; strong, prominent, somewhat distant varices exist on the posterior margin of the last whorl, the anterior portion of which have many striee passing transversely and obliquely for- wards from the columellar edge of the aperture; aperture oblong, rather square and straight, internally of a bluish white colour ; outer lip straight, marginated, having a rather large notch at the junction with the body of the shell, and having anteriorly to this notch, within, about five or six slight denticulations, the posterior being the larger ; inner lip smooth, without denticulation, edge slightly elevated and thin; channel short, rather broad.
Length, 8°, of an inch; width, ,35, of an inch.
Hab. Peyta, Peru. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.
7. CorumBeLta Ausrrais. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans, \4720%
6
maculis parvis irregularibus brunneis inequalibus ornata, ma- joribus saturatioribusque apud marginem posticum anfractuum positis ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus octo subgibbosis, apice al- bicante ; aperturd latiusculd intus cerulescente, labio externo recurvo ad canalem convergente, intus denticulis septem ad octo subprominentibus subdistantibus, labio interno levi anticé angu- lifero ; canali latiusculo brevi recurvo, anfractu ultimo anticé transversim striato ; peritremate posticé angulari.
Shell oblong-ovate, of a whitish colour, greatly covered with small, irregular, dark brown, conjoined specklings, of unequal intensity in coloration, the larger and darker markings being at the edges of the whorls ; three rather narrow interrupted bands traverse the last whorl, the posterior one proceeding along the anterior margin of the volu- tions ; spire acuminated, being rather the greater half-length of the shell; volutions eight, slightly gibbous, the four apicine white ; aper- ture rather broad, internally of a bright pinkish blue-white colour, slightly iridescent ; outer lip a little curved, converging at the chan- nel; within are seven or eight irregular, slight elevations or denticu- lations, rather distant, at the anterior portion of the edge are several fine denticulations ; inner lip smooth, with a very slight thin varix at the anterior part ; an obtuse angularity forms the commencement of the channel; channel rather wide, short, and a series of rather fine parallel striz traverse the anterior part of the last whorl; peritreme angular posteriorly.
Length, ;£° of an inch; width, 25, of an inch.
Hab. Sydney. Cab. Gaskoin, Cuming.
At PROBA LE 8. CoLUMBELLA CANCELLATA. Testa ovata, pallid? aurantiaco- “SWATY PES brunnea ; apice roseo, superficie omnino cancellatd, serie posticd 972027 granulorum majore; spird acuminatd anfractibus septem; aper-
turd latiusculd brevique, labio externo-subrecurvo convergente, intus denticulis quatuor vel quinque subprominentibus, labio in- terno levi; canali latiusculo, brevi, peritremate postice obtuse angulart.
Shell ovate, of an uniform light orange-brown colour, except the apex, which is pink, deeply cancellated over its entire surface, having the posterior line of nodules larger than the others; spire acuminated, and forms rather more than half the length of the shell ; volutions seven ; aperture rather broad and short ; outer lip slightly curved, converging towgrds the channel; within it are four or five rather prominent denticulations; inner lip smooth, very obtusely nodulated at its exterior slightly elevated edge ; channel moderately
: broad, short, curved towards the columella; peritreme obtusely an- gular posteriorly.
Length, 535, of an inch; width, 48, of an inch.
Hab. West Indies. Cab. Gaskoin.
9. CoLuMBELLA PULLA. Testa oblongo-ovata, saturate brun- nea; parte anticd ultimi anfractis, columelldque albicantibus ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus octo vel novem, convewxiusculis,
7
suturd levi; aperturd latiusculd postice acuminatd, labio ex- terno tenui levi, intus subdenticulato, saturate brunneo, labio interno levigate subdenticulato, antice subalbido, margine in- terno varicem rectum efformante, parte antied teste trans- versim striatd ; canali mediocri, recto.
Shell oblong-ovate, of an uniform dull, very dark brown colour, and also within, excepting the columella and edge of the outer lip, which are white ; spire acuminated ; volutions eight or nine, slightly convex, even at the suture; aperture rather acuminated posteriorly ; outer lip thin, smooth, internally slightly denticulated ; inner lip shining, with slightly elevated nodules or teeth, and its edge forms a fine straight varix, from which a few thin strize pass over the dorsum of the channel; channel moderately wide and straight.
Length, 582, of an inch; width, 2% of an inch; length of spire, 32, of an inch; length of last whorl, 23, of an inch.
? Cab. Gaskoin.
Hab.
10. ConuMBELLA INTEXTA. Testa oblonga, angusta, levis, al- bicans, strigis punctulisque irregularibus saturate brunneis ornata ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus novem vel decem; margt- nibus posticis anfractuum brunneo maculatis, ultimo anfractu anticé similariter colorato; suturd elevatd; aperturd brevius- culd angustdque, labio externo arcuato, ad marginem acutius- culo, extus crassiusculo, ad canalem convergente, labio interno ad marginem subvaricoso, levi, edentulo; canali breviusculo, angustato, extus transversim striato.
Shell elongated, narrow, smooth, of a dull whitish colour, having dark brown irregular dottings and streaks pervading the entire sur- face of the shell ; irregular, rather large and distant, similarly coloured spots are on the posterior margin of the volutions to the apex, and a band, similarly indicated at the anterior part of the last whorl ; spire acuminated, constituting about two-thirds of the length of the shell ; volutions nine to ten, suture elevated ; aperture rather short and nar-
row; outer lip arched, sharp at its edge, thickened externally, con-.
verging towards the channel; inner lip slightly ridged at its edge, smooth, without denticulations ; channel rather short, somewhat nar- row, externally transversely striated.
Length, 553, of an inch; width, 2% of an inch. ;
Hab. Australia. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.
11. CoLuMBELLA CONTAMINATA. Testatoblonga, levis, saturate brunnea, intus subalbida, lined suturali albicante subinterruptd ; spird acuminata dimidium teste superante, anfractibus octo vel novem convexiusculis ; aperturd postice latd, anticée angustiore, margine externo lato, crasso, intus denticulis linearibus sex vel septem ; margine interno tenui, albicante, intus denticulis pro- minentibus confertis albicantibus sex supra columellam conti- nuis, columelld interstitiisque rufescenti-brunneis ; canali pro- minente angusto subrecurvo, margine interno violaceo, parte ex- ternd transversim striata.
8
Shell oblong, smooth, of an uniform light brown colour, whitish within ; a narrow interrupted white band proceeds from the middle of the margin of the outer lip and continues along the posterior edge of the volutions to the apex ; a less defined band traverses the dor- sum more anteriorly, and terminates at the middle of the inner side of the aperture; spire acuminated, comprising more than one half the length of the shell; volutions eight to nine, slightly convex, su- ture a little elevated; aperture rather wide, shining, broader poste- riorly ; outer lip whitish, and thick externally, edge sharp, violaceous for a little distance within, with six or seven linear denticulations ; inner lip, a fine whitish varix extends from the curve of the aper- ture to the anterior point of the channel; within this varix, at its centre, are five or six denticulations, closely set, parallel, prominent, proceeding over the columella, whitish at their edges, the inter- stices and the portion exterior to them being of a reddish brown colour; channel projecting, narrow, slightly recurved, with a dark violaceous colour within ; a number of rather strong striz pass from the inner side of the aperture to the edge of the anterior half of the outer lip.
Length, 5°, of an inch ; width, 29, of an inch.
Hab. Cab. Gaskoin.
I have seen but one of this characteristic species: the aperture is allied in form to that of Columbella Puella, Sowerby. It may be convenient to readers to state, that the species Col. Puella is by acci- dent, in the index of the ‘Thesaurus Conchyl.’ of Sowerby, jun., entered as Col. Nympha.
12. CotumBeLttA Maravursa. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans ; anfractibus sex vel septem; 4 vel 5 posticis roseis, longitudi- naliter striatis, anfractibus tribus anticis levibus spiraliter rufescenti-brunneo lineatis ; spird acuminatd, dimidium teste equante ; aperturd mediocri rectiusculd ; labii eaterni margine tenui postice marginato, extus incrassato, edentulo, labio colu- mellari levi nitido, margine crassiusculo elevato; canali extus transversim striato, brevi.
Varietas hujus teste major differt pro colore.
Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull white colour ; spire acuminated, form- ing about one-half the length of the shell; volutions six to seven, which, with the last volution, the columellar side of the shell forms an even convexity; the first four or five whorls are of a rose or bluish-pink colour, minutely longitudinally striated ; the others are smooth, with somewhat distant fine brown lines, seven, eight, or so in number, passing spirally and continuously from just within the outer lip along the three last whorls, to the commencement of the pink striated volutions ; aperture moderately wide and long, rather straight ; outer lip sharp at its edge, forming a notch at its junction with its next whorl, thickened externally, without denticulation ; inner lip also edentulate, smooth, shining, externally forming a rather thick, slightly elevated varix, which extends to the extremity of the channel, and from the whole length of this varix fine strize pass over
9
the dorsum of the channel to the anterior portion of the outer lip ; channel short.
A variety of this species is rather larger in size, with the markings along the posterior edge of the three last whorls in somewhat distant, brown, square spots, from which rather distant undulating lines of a lighter colour pass longitudinally over the volutions, while in some specimens the colour is more en masse on the last whorl with small circular spots in it, showing the colour of the shell.
Length, 35, of an inch; width, 54%, of an inch.
2 100 2 100
Hab. Marquesas. Cab. Gaskoin, Gubba.
13. CotumBEeLLA AustRiINA. Testa oblongo-ovata, levis, nitens, albicans, punctulis distantibus pallidissime brunneis, fascidque anticd latd brunned ornata; spird acuminata, anfractibus sep- tem vel octo, convexiusculis ; suturd distinctd ; aperturd latius- culd, labio externo posticée intus emarginato ; margine acutius- culo versus canalem incurvo, intus denticulis prominentibus octo vel novem ; labio columellari recto, nitido, denticulis septem an- tice positis, margine externo subelevato ; peritremate albicante, aperturd intus violaceo-brunned ; canali subprominente, latius- culo, dorso canalis transversim striato.
Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull white colour, smooth and shining, with light brown coloration, or interrupted from the anterior side of the volutions of the spire, and extending, more or less faintly, over them ; a much darker broad band occupies three-fourths, at its centre, of the last whorl, the colour gradually softening into the whitish an- terior, posterior, and outer portions of the whorl ; spire acuminated, constituting less than one half the length of the shell; volutions seven to eight, rather convex, slightly ridged at the suture ; aperture rather long, and moderately wide and straight ; outer lip forms a broad notch at its juncture with the body of the shell, edge sharp, curving much towards the channel, externally thickened ; within are eight or nine rather prominent denticulations, diminishing in size from their com- mencement at the anterior edge of the notch; imner lip straight, smooth and shining, with a row of about seven small, even, round teeth, which extend over the columella, and a very slightly raised sharp varix forms the outer edge of the aperture proceeding to the end of the channel; from this varix fine striz pass over the dorsum of the channel to the anterior part of the outer lip ; peritreme whitish, the interior of the shell of a rather violaceous colour ; channel slightly projecting, moderately wide.
Length, 55° of an inch; width, 23, of an inch.
Hab. Australia. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.
14. CotumBetua BAccaATA. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans, fas- ciis tribus interruptis saturate rufescenti-brunneis, punctulis opacis albicantibus rotundis per lineas obliquas vel longitudi- nales positis ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus septem, quorum tri- bus anticis levibus, posticis obtuse longitudinaliter striatis ; apice albicante ; aperturd latiusculd intus albicante fasciis
{@4
‘ost Cooara
On 1y
i
)
are C)
10
brunneis tribus conspicuis; labio eterno crassiusculo denticulis paucis intus prope centrum positis ; labio interno recto, ad marginem eaternum varice prominente instructo ; canali lato, obtuso.
Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull white colour, with three dark reddish brown interrupted bands traversing the last whorl, the anterior ex- tending from the fore-part of the outer lip to that of the aperture, the second continuing along the anterior margin of the volutions to near the apex, and the third passing similarly on their posterior mar- gin to the same extent; opake, whitish, distinct, small round spots pervade the four anterior volutions, being in rows, obliquely or longi- tudinally placed ; shell, within of a dull white colour, the three bands being conspicuous ; spire acuminated ; volutions seven, the three an- terior smooth, the posterior obtusely striated longitudinally, apex whitish ; aperture rather wide and straight; outer lip somewhat thick, having a few (one or two) rather prominent denticulations within the edge, about the centre; inner lip straight, with a rather strong varix at its outer edge; channel wide and obtuse; a few striee pass obliquely over the anterior part of the columellar side of the dorsum.
Length, 25, of an inch; width, 33, of an inch.
100 Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.
15. CotumBeELLA sAciTra. Testa oblonga, subcylindracea, an- gustata, levis, nitens, semipellucidula, pallidissime brunnea ; fasciis duabus angustis interruptis albidi-opacis, ab postico margine anfractuum ad apicem continuis; spird acuminata, 3-5 longitudinis teste ; anfractibus octo ; aperturd brevi, latd ; labio externo crassiusculo extus margine albini-opaco, versus canalem incurvato, labio interno levi nitido; dorso anticé transversim striato; canali longiusculo, latiusculo; peritremate subquadrangulo.
Shell oblong, subcylindrical, narrow, smooth, shining, semitrans-
parent, of an extremely pale brown colour, with a very narrow inter-
rupted opake white band arising from about the middle of the outer lip, and continuing along the anterior edge of the whorls to the apex ; the markings forming this band are pointed, the points being toward the outer lip; large white opake markings occupy the entire poste- rior margin of the volutions, conjoined at the suture by broad bases, and, diminishing pyramidally to a point, extend across the volutions, and between each pyramidal mark, fitting the interstices, are dark, reddish-brown, barb-shaped colorations ; spire acuminated, constitu- ting three-fifths the length of the shell ; volutions eight, very slightly convex ; aperture short, rather wide; outer lip moderately thick, much incurvated to form the channel, with a whitish opake strong
margin externally, edentulous; inner lip even, and shining, with a
slight varix along its outer border, from which several rather promi-
nent striz traverse the anterior part of the dorsum to the fore part of the outer lip ; the columella terminates angularly at the beginning of
1]
the channel; channel rather long, moderately wide; peritreme sub-
quadrangular. Length, ;32, of an inch; width, 13, of an inch.
Hab. Africa; West Indies. Cab. Metcalfe, Cuming, Gaskoin, &c.
16. ConuMBELLA CoNsPERSA. Testa oblongo-ovata, pyrami- ~
dalis, pallide brunnea, maculis anticis, albi-opacis, irregulari- bus; fasciis tribus albi-opacis, brunneo interruptis, duabus posticis ab aperturd ad apicem continuis ; spird acuminatd an- Jractibus novem vel decem convexiusculis; aperturd rectd, latius- culd ; labio externo ad marginem acuto, margine externo lato prominente, intus denticulis quatuor quinque vel sex parvis ; labio interno levi, nitido, intus varice parvo denticulato, extus varice subprominente ad laterem canalis extenso ; striis tenui- bus per anticam partem dorsi continuis ; canali longiusculo, an- gusto, leviter recurvo ; peritremate subquadrangulo, lilacino. Shell oblong-ovate, pyramidal, of a dull pale-brown colour, with opake white, irregular markings on the anterior half of the last whorl; three opake white bands ; the two anterior, interrupted and edged posteriorly with dark brown coloration, traverse the last whorl; the second, arising from the middle of the outer lip in narrow streaks, continues along the anterior edge of the volutions close to the suture, on to the apex; the third arises at the posterior part of the outer lip, sometimes in conjoined nodules, edged anteriorly and interrupted by a dark brown colour, passes over the dorsum and continues in irregularly broad, even streaks on the posterior margin of the whorls on to the apex. [These characters are marked in fine specimens, but are sometimes rendered less conspicuous by irregularity in the opake white deposition.] Spire acuminated, constituting rather more than one-half the length of the shell; volutions nine to ten, slightly convex ; aperture straight, moderately wide ; outer lip sharp at the edge, converges abruptly to form the channel, a broad promi- nent margin externally, within are four, five, or six denticulations ; inner lip smooth and shining, within is a little ridge forming about six nodules or teeth, and at the outer edge is a rather strong varix extending on to the side of the channel, and from the outer side of which varix fine striee traverse the anterior portion of the dorsum ; channel rather long and narrow, slightly recurved ; peritreme rather quadrangular, and of a lilac colour. Length, 5°, of an inch; width, 23, of an inch. Hab. —-? Cab. Gaskoin.
17. CotumBELLA rorMosaA. Testa oblongo-ovata, levis, nitida, colore flori-lacteo induta ; fasciis duabus maculis albicantibus brunneisque interruptis; spird acuminatd, ad dimidium longi- tudinis teste equali; anfractibus septem vel octo convexiuscu- lis, suturd subprominente ; aperturd latiusculd et breviusculd ; labio externo levi tenui, interno levi; canali lato.
Shell oblong-ovate, smooth and shining, of a light delicate cream
colour, with two interrupted bands of opake white and brown mark-
HaLOWPE 114 12.\1.10S
12
ings mingled together, the first arising from the anterior point of the outer lip, and proceeding to the inner edge of the aperture; the second from the middle of the outer lip, and extending along the anterior mar- gin of the volutions to the apex ; spire acuminated, of half the length of the shell; volutions seven to eight, rather convex, suture slightly prominent ; aperture somewhat wide and short; outer lip smooth and thin; inner lip even and also edentulous, no varix at its inner border; channel short and wide; a few strize traverse the anterior part of the dorsum. Length, 4° of an inch; width, 2°, of an inch.
27100 > 100 Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.
18. CotumBELLA HIRUNDO. Testa ovato-pyramidalis, levis, nitens, pallida, strigis punctisque brunneis leviter maculata ; spird mucronata, dimidium longitudinis teste aequante; an- Sractibus novem vel decem planis ; apertura latiusculd ; labio externo crasso albo semicirculari, dentibus duobus vel tribus latis posticis internis, margine externo crasso albo; labio in- terno levi, subspirali, dente solitario majusculo ad posticam partem; canali longo, latiusculo, recurvo, rostris prominenti- bus, externo divergente quasi furcato ut in formd caude hirun- dinis.
Shell ovato-pyramidal, smooth and shining, pale in colour, lightly speckled with fine brown streaks and dottings, with intermissions of colour along the darker coloration of the posterior edge of the volu- tions ; spire sharply mucronated, bemg about half the length of the shell; nine to ten flat volutions; aperture rather broad; outer lip thick, white, semicircular, with two or three broad denticulations within posteriorly, converges abruptly to form the channel ; external margin strong and white; inner lip smooth, subspiral, with a single rather large node or tooth at the posterior part ; channel long and moderately wide, recurved, beaks prominent, outer one diverging, giving a forked appearance, as in the tail of the swallow.
This species is of the stamp of Col. bicanalifera of Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. part ii. page 113; Sowerby’s Thesaurus, fig. 144.
Length, 55°, of an inch; width, 2.6 of an inch.
Hab. Per the ‘Samarang.’ Cab. Gaskoin.
19. CotuMBELLA CALIFORNIANA. Testa oblongo-ovata, sub- pyramidalis, levis, nitens, brunnea, vel brunneo variabilis, ali- quando lineis tenuibus, fortioribus, aut latiusculis irregulari- bus; spird acuminatd dimidium teste subequante ; anfracti- bus septem convexis; aperturd latd subquadrangulari; labio externo tenuiusculo intus denticulato, labio interno leviter den- ticulato ; dorso anticé transversim striato; peritremate pur- pureo-nigricante ; canali brevi.
Shell oblong-ovate, smooth and shining, rather pyramidal, of a brown colour, varying much in intensity and markings, in being sometimes uniform, in others with one or two thin darker coloured cinctures, or with broad and continuous dark regular markings
13
spirally passing on the whorls to be.lost in the deeper colour of the apicine volutions ; spire acuminated, about half the length of the shell; volutions seven, convex; aperture wide, subquadrangular ; outer lip rather thin, denticulated within on its whole extent ; inner hp slightly denticulated along its rather angular inner edge; fine strize traverse the anterior part of the dorsum; peritreme of a dark purple-brown colour ; channel very short. Length, ;4°, of an inch ; width, 2° of an inch.
Hab. Sandeago, California. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.
20. CorumpeLta Iopostoma. Testa oblongo-ovata, irregula- HOLCOTYEE * riter brunnea; spird acuminatd, apice ceruleo-brunneo; an- \274.\2 \\ \\2 Jractibus septem vel octo raptim longitudinaliter decrescen- 2 sae tibus ; costellis prope aperturam minus prominentibus, costis ad posticum marginem in tuberculis postice terminantibus ; aperturd posticé latiusculd, antice subacutd; labio externo tenui, intus denticulato ; labio interno intus denticulato, varice prominente marginato ; dorso anticé extus striato; canali lon- giusculo ; margine peritrematis purpureo-brunnescente.
Shell oblong-ovate, of an irregular brown colour ; spire acumina-
ted, apex dark bluish brown colour ; volutions seven to eight, greatly decreasing in circumference on to the apex, strongly ribbed longitu- dinally, less strongly towards the aperture, the ribs terminating in colourless nodules at the posterior edge of the volutions; aperture rather broad posteriorly, subacute anteriorly ; outer lip thin, denticu- lated to its full extent within ; inner lip denticulated within, bordered by a rather prominent varix, from the outside of which strie pass over the dorsum of the channel; channel rather long and broad ; edge of peritreme of a dark purplish brown colour.
Length, 5°, of an inch; width, 22. of an inch.
Hab. Port Essington. Cab. (specimen. unicum) Gaskoin.
Cyprma Crara. Testa subcylindraceo-ovalis, rufescenti-cinerea, anticé et posticé supra extremitate maculd brunned ornata ; fas- ciis latis saturatioribus tribus ; basi marginibusque albescenti- bus ; aperturd latiusculd subspirali ; labio externo crassiusculo, dentibus circa viginti-sex, regularibus, prominentibus ; interno subspirali, dentibus circa viginti; sulco columellari profundo latoque, intus denticulato ; marginibus rotundatis, incrassatis ; extremitatibus obtusis, punctis minutissimis nigris notatis.
Shell subcylindrical-ovate, of a lightish red-ash colour, with three
broad bands placed about the anterior and posterior thirds and middle of the shell, the middle one being narrowest, the lighter colour of the shell being observed between them; a rather large reddish-brown marking over the anterior and posterior extremities, gradually fading along the margins ; base whitish in a degree tinted with pink, round ; the calcareous deposit forming the denticulations extends on to the sides of the shell; aperture moderately wide, subspiral; outer lip thick, with about twenty-six regular, even, rather prominent teeth occupying the entire thick edge of the lip but not extending on to
14
the base; inner lip subspiral, about twenty projecting teeth termi- nating outwardly in an even line at the edge of the aperture ; co- lumellar sulcus broad and deep, which about eight of the anterior teeth traverse and strongly serrate its inner border, no columellar groove ; the posterior teeth, proceeding but a little distance within the aperture, terminate on the columella; the sulcus being so deep causes a rather angular prominence of the inner side of the channel; mar- gins thick and round ; extremities, the external posterior broad and obtuse, the internal edge-formed concave within ; the anterior project moderately and converge; all are dotted with very minute black points which extend in a slight degree on to the margins; channels, anterior rather narrow and short, posterior moderately wide, both inclining towards the columella.
Length, 125, inch; width, 575, of an inch.
Hab. ? Cab. Cuming. This species is of the stamp of Cyp. Isabella, Linn.
3. On THE PreERODACTYLES OF THE CHALK FoRMATION. By J. S. Bowersank, Esa., F.R.S. ere.
(Reptilia, Pl. IV.)
On the 14th May 1845 I exhibited at the Meeting of the Geological Society the snout and under jaws, extending from the point to about the middle of the cavitas narium, of a new and gigantic species of Pterodactylus, with some other bones, a portion of which belonged to the same individual, and others which have every appearance of having belonged to another animal of the same species *, and I then stated my belief that the bone figured by Prof. Owen, in the ‘ Trans- actions of the Geological Society,’ vol. v. pl. 39, 2nd Series, would probably ultimately prove to be that of a Pterodactyl. From the great size of the snout, and the gigantic proportions also indicated by the bones accompanying it, I was induced to give it the specific name of giganteus. Ona subsequent occasion, June 9, 1847, I continued my remarks on these Reptile remains, in a paper entitled “ Microsco- pical Observations on the Structure of the Bones of Pterodactylus giganteus and other fossil animals,” in which I endeavoured to prove, by the strongly-marked peculiarities of the bone-cells in Mammals, Birds and Reptiles, that the whole of the bones described in my former paper, and those figured by Prof. Owen in the Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd Series, vol. vi. pl. 39. figs. 1 & 2, were in truth of purely Repti- lian character ; and I also figured a radius and ulna from the Cabinet of Mrs. Smith of Tunbridge Wells, of nearly the same gigantic pro- portions as the one formerly in the possession of the Earl of Ennis- killen, but now in my collection (fig. 1. pl. 39, Geol. Trans.), and a bone from the Cabinet of Mr. Toulmin Smith, equivalent to that represented by Prof. Owen in the same plate, fig. 2, which bones presented the same structural evidence of their Reptilian nature, and
* Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. ii. p. 7. pl. 1. figs. 1-6.
4Ly rp) iat
] | {
NEW BIRD.—(BALAINICEPS REX), FROM THE WHITE NILE fished by the Palxontographical Society, and to which species the bones in ques- tion have been referred.
— —_——-— ——_ ep Ve ERO TCOPCCUIVELY WIOLLED
5, Mapetester and Birmingham have also manifested a similarly judicious
to ¢. Operate witi: the suggestions of the Executive Commitiee for the ogeneons disposition of each section of contributions. The arrangements of uondon Committee have been somewhat marked by delay, and, to our own vledye, in occasional instances, by a careless and apathetic spirit. Sheffield, is reported as behiud-hand in its departments, Contributors in the division achinery are urged to be early in forwarding their specimens. The fixing ctensive machinery is not the work of a day, and, unless proper efforts are 2, itis feared tha: this, which should be the strongest point of our national ay, will be but poorly represented.
e reception of goods has commenced, the first arrival from our Continental -yitors being a specimen of German sculpture, on the 12th instant.
e Agricultural Committee announce that implements, &c. will be received
the 29th of March ; all stands, frames, and fittings to be on the ground arch 22nd, The judges to select implements will meet at the Building on -stof April. The tield implements will at once be sent into the country for ; the others will be then and there tried. at
‘orce of sixty constables of the reserved men of th: A division, with an _ctor and sergeants, under the command of Superintendent Pearce, have 1 possession of the approuches and entrances. ‘They are to strictly enforce agulations of the Executive Committee relative to the workmen and attend- engaged in the admission of packages containing articles fur the Exhibition. | ty men will be in attendance, each division relieving the other at certain
ds of the day. ; 2 conversation in the House of Commons, on the 10th, between the member eading and the Home Secretary, shows how eonpletely the Commissioners or themselves independent of any assistance from the Government: (See ’arliamentary Report, page 121 of SuPPLEMENT, published with the pre- No.) "persons employed by the Customs, and foreign exhibitors, &c., must enter :east end of the Building; British exhibitors, &c. will have to enter at the and ; all carmen in charge of carts, &. will enter at the south side only; cs, &c. of the Counmission will be admitted at the central entrance. 9 kinds of passes will be issued, signed by Mr. Digby Wyatt—tliose availa |
more than one day, those for one day only. Personal application must ide.in every case to Mr. Wyatt for the pass two days before it is wanted. -9ass wi!l specify the entrance and particular part of the Building to whic! ‘jlder will only be admitted. Exhib:tors will ulso have a brass counter ii a number, which they will deposit as they enter, and resume as they leave nilding; it can thus at once be ascertuined whether any individual is in the ‘ing or not. Every pass-bearer will be first required to sign a declaration ‘iform to the rules of the Executive Committze, not to part with his ti-ket nission, and to generally assist in the provection of the property, &c. of ixhibition. Restrictive as these and other temporary requirements appear, nmense work under the responsibility of the Executive Committee, for the -wo months and a half, mast be considered ; what with delays of exhibitors, afte arranzemeats to be undertaken by the contractors, the location and stion of the thousands of industrial specimens yet to be received, no chance rruption must be tolerated ; and the entrance to the interior of the Building be watched like the Gardens of the Hesperides, or, as the Times says, *‘ like nond mine or a powder magazine.” uggestion of Mr. Deputy Brit en hasbeen adopted by the Common Conncil che renewal and legibie repainting of the names of streets in the metro- Ny it will be wellif this hint is taken by the street authorities at the West- nd specially of the circuit of the Exhibition itself. sady so frequent have been the inquiries for season tickets, that an official sation has appeared, stating that they are now in the course of preparation, _ Sen ready wil! be obtainable +t several offices specially appointed by the tive Committee for te disposal of them. "Bric wh and Foreign Bible Society will display a polyglot arrangement of - siptur.%8, in 150 dialects, already accomplished through their exertions. A ent of . Neir etiurts for the last forty-six years, with the advantages they > effer,in “ae modern and old langnages, will be furnished at the stand spe-~ allotted to : ne Society in the Extib rion. ie Dresden pu.“cclain ware a curious specimen will be afforded, in a camel- e. Every Jeu. to the spectator is a real leaf, more or less developed, ery Dlosso:n mars @ distinct stage in the growth of the flower up to its
as of the diamon4 ornaments for the Queen of Spain to be exhibited
ceed, it is atfirmed, 1,900,000 francs. They are enumerated among the
- mtions of a jeweller in (he Place Vendéme.
“mpanying anether list of articles from the United States, mainly of the
ser of the previcus classes, is the announcement of the employment of Wa j a
i
mit
—. "4 ra 1 obese \", <4
alarm was given that a sloop was on fire with powdé on The Captain.was shortly there, and, with assistance, very | hic thought of the powder first, and got it safely landed on the beach. Thé pi > consisting of six barrels, proved to be stowed in the boat on deck, with tarpaulin over it; the hold being full when he left the docks. =The fir caused by the overheating of the cabin stove. The cabin w. stroyed, as was also tie bulkhead between it and the hold; ar siderable damage was done to the cargo. At this time there we or five other vesse's lying in the immediate neighbourhood, witl powder on board. There was, as you may suppose, great consternation the inhabitants, to whom the fact of a vessel on fire with powder on boz came known; many ran from their houses attired as they chanced to one poor woman was so alarmed as to be in danger of losing her intelle
MONETARY TRANSACTIONS OF THE WEEK. (From our City Correspondent.)
A fluctuation of 4 per ‘cent. in Consola is a good indicator of thet amount of busivess, either speculative or real, that has been transacted English market during the past week. The monthly settling was comple Wednesday without difficulty, but the market has not been remarkable fo ness since, notwithstanding the support arising from purchases by the Gq ment broker. Exchequer Bills are a shade lower, evidencing an increas mand for Money in commercial transactions ; while on the S:ock Ex nary temporary scarcity gave rise to a belief that the directors of the Bank of Ei would probably increase the present rate of interest. The committee on 7 day separated, however, without making any alteration. At the close week the Market was fiit, at the following rates:—Bank Stock, 215 duced, 97; Consols, 964; New Three-and-a-Quarter per Cent. Annuitie: Long Annuities, to expire January, 1860, 73; India Bonds, £1000, 62 p; under £1000, 66 p; Consols for Account, 964; Exchequer Bills, June, 54 p; £500, June, 54 p; Small, June, 54 p. 4
Spanish Stock bas been the only security showing any animation Foreign House during the weck; finctuation, however, being confined Active and Passive Bonds. The extreme range of the Active fluctuatio been between 194 and 20, and the Passive between 4} and 4j. The prope the Madrid Government was acquiesced in at a meeting of the Spanish holders held on Wednesday, except that portion which relates to the Cov and for which the creditors demand that the capital sh«ll remain intae! miserable expedient of cutting down the interest to 1 per cent., andr gradually until it reaches three per cent. in nineteen years, i enough, without calling upon the bondholders to give up their capital. F the payment of the interest in London is strongly insisted on. alterations in the proposition are just sufficient to enable Spanish Government to withdraw the offer, an opportunity that | not at all improbable it will avail itself of, bad faith and having characterised all its previous affected intentions of Danish and Russian Bonds continue firm, with an upward tendency. have also improved a fraction. At the close of the week, the official que were, for Buenos Ayres Bonds, 6 per Cent., 52; Ditto, Account, 5233 Bonds, 3 per Cent.,65; Mexican, 5 per Cent., ex Jan. Coupons, 334; P Bonds, 44 per Cent., 804; Ditto, Deferred, 36; Portuguese, Conve 344 ex div.; Ditto, 4 per Cent., 33; Russian Bonds, 114; Ditto, 44 per @ 97%; Spanish, 5 per Cent., 1840, 20; Ditto, Account, 203; Ditto, Passiv f Ditto, 3 per Cent., 384; Dutch, 24 per Cent., 583; Ditto. 4 per Cent., 91f
Ata meeting of the Eastern Counties Company on Thursday, the ments between that line and the Eastern Union were agreed to, the shareh betraying a most remarkable apathy on the occasion. The parties mo terested in the amalgamation being the speakers, everything passed 0 satisfactorily. The EastermUnion Company also held a meeting on the si agreeing to the proposition; and the Norfolk meeting will, withont ¢ equally accommodate itself to so desirable an offer. At the Great Wey meeting, also held on Thursday, a dividend after the rate of 4} per cen annum was declared. The market has been flactuating during the wee prices now show much firmness, and a large business doing seems to ren :
pas arses
|
further advance in the dividend paying lines probable. Speculation lias bee with the low-priced shares of the Chester and Holyhead, Caledonians, Oxford cester, and Wolverhampton, &c. A comparison of the subjoined list will of the previous week will show some extraordinary advances in the val shares; upon which any hopes of a dividend for years to come would by height of sanguine absurdity :—Aberdeen, 13}; Ambergate, Nottingham ton, and Eastern Junction, 3; Bristol and Exeter, 85 ; Buckinghamshire, Caledonian, 113 ; Chester and Holyhead, 213; Ditto, Preference, 16; > - . 1,381 , |
rs)
_
15
which description of evidence has, I am happy to say, been more fully developed and firmly established by the talented coadjutor of Prof. Owen, Mr. Quekett of the Royal College of Surgeons, who has publicly taught it in the Theatre of that Institution without question or contradiction of its truth. This great radius and ulna in Mrs. Smith’s Collection I referred to my previously established species, P. giganteus, believing at that time that they were probably the bones of a fully developed animal, while those previously described were the remains of animals not developed to the full extent of their capa- bility.
Sines the publication of these specimens it has been my good for- tune to obtain the snout of another and still larger species of Pte- rodactyl, from the same pit at Burham in Kent, and which it is probable will ultimately prove to belong to the species to which the enormous pair of bones in the Cabinet of Mr. Charles of Maidstone belongs. Should this hereafter prove to be the case, it will then re- main to be shown whether the beautiful specimen of radius and ulna in the Collection of Mrs. Smith of Tunbridge Wells, and the bone nearly corresponding in size with them, and which was in the possession of the Earl of Enniskillen, belong to the newly discovered species, which I purpose designating Pterodactylus Cuvieri, or to the pre- viously named species, P. giganteus ; or whether there be yet a third species existing in the chalk, to which these bones of an intermediate size may hereafter be referred *.
The snout of the new species, P. Cuvieri, differs materially in its form from the same part of P. giganteus: while the latter agrees as nearly as possible in that respect with P. crassirostris and P. brevi- rostris, the former appears to approach very closely the proportions of P. longirostris. Thus, if we take the length of the snout from the distal end of the cavitas narium, as compared with its height, at the same point of P. crassirostris, P. brevirostris and P. giganteus, we find the relative proportions to be,—of the first-named, 29 of height to 56 of length; of the second, 28 of height to 50 of length; and of the third, 28 of height to 58 of length ; we may therefore reasonably conclude that, when perfect, the head of P. giganteus very closely re- sembled in its proportions that of crassirostris. The length of the fragment of the snout of P. Cuvieri at the upper portion of the head is 7°20 inches ; at the palatal bones, 6°38 inches; and in this space there are sockets for twelve teeth on each side. The distance between each tooth is about 14 of the long diameter of the sockets, which are somewhat irregularly placed, but are nearly equidistant from each other. The pair of teeth at the distal end of the snout appear, both from the position of the sockets and the tooth remaining in situ, to have been projected more or less forward, in a line with the palatal bones. The head appears to have been exceedingly narrow through- out the whole of its length. At the third pair of teeth from the distal
* A third species, C. compressirostris, has since been described by Prof. Owen, page 95, Part III. of ‘The Fossil Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations,’ pub- lished by the Palzontographical Society, and to which species the bones in ques- tion have been referred.
16
end of the snout it measures ‘66 inch, and at the eleventh pair of teeth, ‘78 inch wide. Opposite the seventh pair of teeth the skull curves upward suddenly and considerably, which is not the case at any part of the corresponding portion of the skull of P. longirostris ; it is therefore probable, that although in the number and disposition of the teeth in the upper jaw, as far as our evidence goes, it strongly resembles longirostris in its structure, yet in the length of its skull it is probably shorter in proportion than that species, apparently in that respect being intermediate between longirostris and crassirostris; thus uniting the long-nosed with the short-nosed species of Pterodactyls.
There are no remains of the cavitas narium in the new species, but it is not to be expected that it should make its appearance so near to the termination of the snout, as in Jongirostris the distal portion of that cavity is situated as far backward from the last of the dental series of the upper jaw as that tooth is from the end of the snout. The number of teeth on each side of the upper jaw in P. longirostris is twelve, and the like number of sockets are apparent in our speci- men; it is therefore probable that we have the whole of that portion of the head.
If we estimate the size of the head on the scale of P. longirostris, it would appear to be 25°52 inches in length ; but as we have observed that the skull curves upward considerably at the seventh pair of teeth, it is probable that its length may not be so much.
The length of the wing of P. crassirostris in proportion to the length of its head is 3-91 times. The length of the wing of P. longi- rostris compared with the length of its head is 2°51; if therefore we assume, from the peculiar form of the snout of P. Cuvieri, that the head as regards length is intermediate in its proportions between P. crassirostris and P. longirostris, it should be 3°21 parts of the length of the wing.
The snout contracts in width gradually upwards from the sockets of the teeth, so that its upper portion forms a narrow ridge, and this is its form as far backward as it can be traced. The palatal bones are depressed, the suture forming a prominent ridge as far as it is visible, but not in so great a degree as in P. giganteus.
One of the first pair of teeth remains in its socket ; the whole of the other large teeth are displaced, but there are two of them imbed- ded in the chalk, one within an inch and the other an inch and a half of the sockets, and in the fifth right and eighth left socket there is a rudimentary tooth in situ. The largest of the displaced teeth ex- ceeds 1°32 inch in length, and has been buried in the socket for nearly an inch ; the second large tooth, which is imbedded near the third pair of sockets, does not exceed an inch in length; both teeth are slightly curved, smooth, and are hollow at the base.
The great diversity in the size of these remarkable Reptiles will ren- der a short review of some of the known species interesting ; and if we arrange them in order, as they increase in size, the following will be the series :—1. P. brevirostris, 2. P. longirostris, 3. P. crassirostris, 4. P. Bucklandi, 5. P. grandis, 6. P. giganteus, 7. P. Cuvieri; and to these may be added the bones in the possession of Mrs. Smith, the
= ee ee
17
Earl of Enniskillen, and Mr. Charles. Of these, brevirostris, crassi- rostris and giganteus are short-nosed species, longirostris and Cuvieri long-nosed. | With regard to relative length and proportions of the other parts of the skeleton we have ample means to arrive at tolerably correct conclusions, in consequence of the nearly perfect condition of brevirostris, crassirostris and longirostris. In the former two we find the cervical vertebree short and thick, the length being about equal to the height in the latter of the two, while in longirostris they vary in length from three to five times their own diameter at the middle. Very uncertain results therefore would arise from finding single bones of this portion of the skeleton, excepting that along and attenuated cervical vertebra would seem to indicate a corresponding length of snout ; but from the other bones of the animal, more espe- cially those of the wing, much more satisfactory results may arise. Upon a careful measurement of the casts in the British Museum from the original specimens, I find the following to be the length of the bones of the wing of P. longirostris :—
inch Humerus .......... 1°25 = 8°55 of length of wing. Radius and ulna... .. 190K ==95 57 Pf . * Carpas oi ee oh fs oes SOrep 3 Metacarpus ........ 1:34 = 7:97 » Ist Phalange ....... 1:90 = 5°57 ” BH TRUE ) 199 18 1°75 = 6:10 re 3rd Ha Ato eee 1:25 = 8:55 Be 4th PA ee OR DAS Os “3 10°69
inches.
The length: af theshéad» o)506 0.0, yes he.s) 45 From the tip of the nose to the commencement
of the cavitas narium................... 2°10 Height of the skull at the commencement of
the cavitagmeanain. . posses yr eiey- 0°38
Length ofthe femir.) 494) .)600 Pod euad. 784
Lepeth ofthe tiie ets. dQ 2/9. e228. | 1990 Smallest diameter of the radius near the distal
extrematy.) Pmidh ok Sek, J tips eae 0°14
By these measurements it is apparent that the tibia, radius and ulna and Ist phalange are equal in length. The humerus and 3rd phalange are also equal to each other, and so likewise are the meta- carpus and femur equal to each other. If we also compare the small- est diameter of the radius, 0°14 inch, with its length, 1:90 inch, we find that the bone is 13,8; diameters long, and in P. Macronyzx (Buck- landi) it is 13. We may therefore be enabled, by keeping these comparative measurements in view, to predict with a tolerable degree of certainty the spread of wing of any Pterodactyl of which we may find one or more of the principal bones of the wing, and especially if
No. CCXX.—Procrepin¢s or tHE Zooocicar Socrery.
18
we take into consideration the comparative length of each bone with regard to its total extension, as exhibited in the table of the dimen- sions of P. longirostris. In the case of the great specimens of radius we may arrive at their length in many cases, although the bone may be imperfect at even both terminations. Thus the diameter of the smallest portion of the bone formerly in the possession of the Earl of Enniskillen and figured by Prof. Owen, is *81 inch at the smallest portion of the shaft: this bone therefore, on the scale of 133 diame- ters to its length, should be 10°93 inches in length. The measure- ment of the smallest portion of the bone belonging to Mrs. Smith (Geol. Journ. vol. iv. pl. 2. fig. 1a) is*77 mch: we may therefore, by the same rule, conclude that its length was 10°39 ches when per- fect. The length of the imperfect ulna beside it is 9°25 inches in the specimen. The diameter of the smallest portion of the bone (Geol. Journ. vol. ii. pl. 1. fig. 6) is *45 inch, which, in the proportion of 13} diameters to its length, will give 6°07 inches for its length. The width of the corresponding bone in the possession of Mr. Charles of Maidstone is 1°25 inch at the smallest diameter: by the same rule, therefore, the approximate length should be 16°87. The remains of the bone alongside of it is, although imperfect at both ends, actually 12°25 inches in length.
Upon these grounds therefore, in every case derived as much as possible from direct measurements from the skeletons of the respective species, I have given the following table of the dimensions of a series of species of Pterodactyls, the most interesting either from the state of perfection in which their remains have been found, or from the gigantic proportions which they present; and thus have endeavoured to realize to the mind an idea, as nearly as possible correct, of the di- mensions of the animals when alive.
Table of the relative proportions of known species of Pterodactylus, with the length of each of the wing-bones and half of the width of the body.
3 co 3 s |% 1 ot
ia aa Mae Me a BP re uth
BE ils¢ia) 2121221 2 |Pe/3gs
Bles(e | 2/8] e151] & je*|gee
Bike ooleSol 2ch.4.| Sioa lees
in in. fin. in. in. in. in. in, ft. in.
P. brevirostris ...| 0°48 | 0°75 |0°06| 0°52| 0°82] 0°76] 0°48} 0°35 |0°19| 0 9 P. longirostris ...) 1°25 | 1-90 0°13 | 1°34] 1:90] 1°75} 1:25] 1:17 |0°47) 1 10 P. crassirostris...| 2°08 | 4°42 0°34] 1°32] 2°83] 2°53] 2°08] 2°32|1°10| 3 2 P. Bucklandi.....| 3°25 | 4°25 0°40} 3°75 | 3°91] 4°83] 3°25] 3:00/1°06| 4 7 P. grandis ........ 3°75 | 5°70 0°39] 4°02] 5°70) 5°50} 2°75) 3°51 (1-42/5 5 P. giganteus...... 4:43 | 6°74 0°46 | 4°75] 6°74) 6-21] 4:43) 414/168) 6 7 P. (Mrs.Smith’s)} 6°76 |10°39 0°70 | 7°26 |10°39| 9°49] 6°76] 6°33|2°59 |10 2 P. Cuvieri ........{10°99 |16°87 |1-14 |11°79 |16°87 |15°56 |10-99 |10°29 |4°22 |16 6
In the above table I have presumed that the largest bones should be associated with the snout described as the type of P. Cuvieri, but the truth of this assignment of the bones belonging to Mr. Charles
19
can alone be determined by the acquisition of more complete speci- mens of the animal than those at present known.
In the construction of this table I have taken the proportions of P. longirostris as the foundation, as it is the only species from which I could get the measurements of all the bones of the wing from the same animal; but it must not be supposed that the restorations effected in the table will be absolutely correct at all times in its appli- cation, for we see that in P. longirostris the radius and first pha- lange are equal, but in erassirostris and Bucklandi this is not the case: the greatest discrepancy rests with erassirostris, while Buck- landi and brevirostris accord much more nearly with the proportions of longirostris ; and if we may judge by the comparative difference between those bones in Jongirostris on the one part, and Bucklandi and crassirostris on the other, it may perhaps be fairly surmised that the greater length of wing would be found to exist in the long-nosed species, and consequently that Bucklandi will prove to belong to the short-nosed ones; and this also would seem to be indicated by what remains of the cervical vertebre in the original specimen in the Bri- tish Museum.
Prof. Owen, in treating of these animals in my late friend Mr. Dixon’s work ‘On the Geology and Fossils of the Tertiary and Cre- taceous Formations of Sussex,’ has thought proper to re-name P. gi- ganteus, and designate it P. conirostris, Owen. I certainly did not lend my specimens to my late friend Mr. Dixon for the illustration of his work, with a view of having the name which I had assigned to this new and gigantic species subverted, and without in the slightest degree being consulted on the subject. Nor can I concur with the reasons given by Prof. Owen for thus re-naming it, as the name gi- ganteus was not given, as stated by the learned Professor, “‘ because certain bones of another and larger animal, of a different species, have been erroneously referred to it ;” but, in truth, from its being the largest distinct species at that time known, exceeding P. Bucklandi (or Macronyzx) by two feet in the spread of its wings, and P. grandis of Cuvier by above a foot. The beautiful specimen of radius and ulna in the possession of Mrs. Smith, and subsequently figured in my second paper, was at that time unknown to me, and the bone then in the possession of the Earl of Enniskillen was claimed by the Professor as that ofa bird. I had therefore no other material than that in my own possession on which to base my name of giganteus.
If the learned Professor’s reason for the proposed change of name is to hold good, that of exclusive fitness in specific nomenclature, then the one he proposes is also inappropriate, as it might be with equal propriety given to either crassirostris or brevirostris; or if specific names, based on comparisons of size, are to be extinguished, and new names given on the discovery of new species, there would be no end of the confusion generated ; thus, as P. brevirostris is thicker in its proportions than erassirostris, they would require to exchange names, or the latter at least to be re-named ; medius would no longer be me- dius, with the addition of our new species, and grandis would no longer be grand in comparison. Into what an unenviable state of confusion
20
should we not plunge nomenclature if we were to adopt the practice of the learned Professor, instead of the precepts so judiciously laid down by himself and others of the Committee of Nomenclature of the British Association, and which I quote as a justification on my part for my refusal to adopt the learned Professor’s exchange of my name for the one he has proposed !
In page 4 of the Report, under the head of “ Law of Priority the only effectual and just one,” we find the following passages :—“ It being admitted on all hands that words are only the conventional signs of ideas, it is evident that language can only attain its end effectually by being permanently established and generally recog- nized. This consideration ought, it would seem, to have checked those who are continually attempting to subvert the established lan- guage by substituting terms of their own coinage.” ...... ** Now in zoology no one person can subsequently claim an authority equal to that possessed by the person who is the first to define a new genus or describe a new species; and hence it is that the name originally given, even though it be inferior in point of elegance or expressive- ness to those subsequently proposed, ought, as a general principle, to be permanently retained. To this consideration we ought to add the injustice of erasing the name originally selected by the person to whose labours we owe our first knowledge of the object.’ To these excel- lent principles the learned Professor has given the sanction of his signature. Prof. Owen, in the article on Pterodactylus in Mr. Dixon’s work, has not quoted my observations on those Reptiles so fully as I could have wished; inasmuch as he has adverted to the strongly- marked peculiarities of the bone-cells, which are the principal cha- racters in the question at issue, in so slight a manner, as almost to induce me to imagine that he must have forgotten them entirely. I shall simply content myself in challenging Prof. Owen to produce any such general structure and proportions of the bone-cells from the skeleton of any recent or extinct bird as those existing in the long bone described as Cimoliornis, or to produce any such radius and ulna of a bird containing similar bone-cells as those in the possession of Mrs. Smith, and figured by me in my paper in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for February 1848,’ vol. iv. pl. 2-
On the subject of the strictures with which Prof. Owen has fa- voured me at the conclusion of his observations in Mr. Dixon’s work, and how far I have been “wanting in a due comprehension of the subject, and have been a hindrance instead of a furtherance of true knowledge,” I am content to leave to the judgement of those who may feel a sufficient degree of interest to induce them to peruse what I have written in my former papers on the Pterodactyles of the Chalk.
"——— =
21
January 28, 1851. R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. ON A NEW SPECIES OF PrERODACTYLE (PTERODACTYLUS COM- PRESSIROSTRIS, OWEN) FROM THE CHALK; WITH SOME Re- MARKS ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE PREVIOUSLY DE- SCRIBED species. By Pror. Owen, F.R.S.
(Reptilia, Pl. V.)
The honour of having first made known the existence of remains of the Pterodactyle in the Chalk deposits belongs to James Scott Bowerbank, Esq., F.R.S. This indefatigable collector had the good fortune to receive in 1845, from the Kentish Chalk, the characteristic jaws and teeth, with part of the scapular arch and a few other bones, of a well-marked species of Pterodactyle, and the discovery was briefly recorded in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of Lon- don,’ and in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society for May 14, 1845, with an illustrative plate (pl. 1).
Mr. Bowerbank concludes his notice by referring to a large fossil wing-bone from the chalk, previously described and figured by me in the ‘ Geological Transactions,’ and remarks that, “if it should prove to belong to a Pterodactyle, the probable expansion of the wings would reach to at least eight or nine feet. Under these circum- stances,” he says, “I propose that the species described above shall be designated Pterodactylus giganteus.” (loc. cit. p.8.) Subsequent discoveries and observations have inclined the balance of probability in favour of the Pterodactylian nature of the fossils to which Mr. Bower- bank refers, but have shown them to belong to distinct species.
These fossils are not, indeed, amongst the characteristic parts of the flying reptile: one of them is the shaft of a long bone exhibiting those peculiarities of structure which are common to birds and ptero- dactyles ; the other shows an articular extremity, which, im our pre- sent ignorance of those of the different bones of the Pterodactyle, has its nearest analogue in the distal trochlea of the bird’s tibia. These two specimens, which are figured in the sixth volume of the Second Series of the ‘Transactions of the Geological Society,’ 1840, pl. 39. figs. 1 & 2, were transmitted to me by the Earl of Enniskillen and Dr. Buckland, as being “the bones of a bird” (p. 411), and my com- parisons of them were limited to that class.
The idea of their possibly belonging to a Pterodactyle did occur to me, but it was dispelled by the following considerations. The act of flight—the most energetic mode of locomotion—demands a special modification of the Vertebrate organization, in that subkingdom, for its exertion. But in the class Aves, in which every system is more or less adapted and co-adjusted for this end, the laws of gravitation seem to forbid the successful exercise of the volant powers in species beyond a certain bulk ; and when this exceeds that of the Condor or Albatros,
22
as, for example, in the Cassowary, the Emeu, or the Ostrich, although the organization is essentially that of the Vertebrate animal modified for flight, flight is impossible ; and its immediate instruments, to the exercise of which all the rest of the system is more or less subordi- nated, are checked in their development ; and, being unfitted for flight, they are not modified for any other use. There is not, per- haps, a more anomalous or suggestive pheenomenon in nature than a bird which cannot fly! A small section of the Mammalia is modi- fied for flight ; but the plan of the organization of that warm-blooded class being less directly adapted for flight than that of birds, the weight and bulk of the body which may be raised and transported through the air are restricted to a lower range, and the largest frugi- vorous Bat (Pteropus) does not exceed the Raven in size. The Rep- tilian modification of the Vertebrate type would seem to be still less fitted for any special adjustment to aérial locomotion ; and in the pre- sent day we know of no species of the class that can sustain itself in the air which equals a Sparrow in size. And the species in question— the little Draco volans—sails rather than flies, upborne by its out- stretched costal parachute in its oblique leaps from bough to bough.
Of the remarkable reptiles now extinct, which, like the Bats, had their anterior members modified for plying a broad membranous wing, no species had been discovered prior to 1840 which surpassed the largest of the Pteropi, or Flying-Foxes, in the spread of those wings, and there was, @ priori, a physiological improbability that the cold- blooded organization of a Reptile should by any secondary modifica- tion be made to effect more in the way of flight, or be able to raise a larger mass into the air, than could be done by the warm-blooded Mammal under an analogous special adaptation. When, therefore, the supposed bird’s bone (Geol. Trans. 1840, pl. 39. fig. 1) was first submitted to me by Dr. Buckland, which on the Pterodactyle hypo- thesis could not be the humerus, but must have been one of the smaller bones of the wing, its size seemed decisive against its reference to an animal of flight having a cold-blooded organization. The sub- sequent discovery of the portion of the skull of the Pterodactyle, de- scribed by Mr. Bowerbank at the last meeting of the Society (Jan. 14), shows that the resources of Creative power in past time surpass the calculations that are founded upon actual nature.
It is only the practised Comparative Anatomist that can fully realize the difficulty of the attempt to resolve a paleeontological problem from such data as the two fragments of long bones first submitted to me in 1840. He alone can adequately appreciate the amount of research involved in such a generalization as that “there is no bird now known, north of the equator, with which the fossils can be compared ;”” and when, after a wearying progress through an extensive class, the spe- cies is at length found to which the nearest resemblance is made by the fragmentary fossil, and the differences are conscientiously pointed out—as when, in reference to the humerus of the Albatros, I stated that ‘it differs therefrom in the more marked angles which bound the three sides’’—the genuine worker and searcher after truth may conceive the feelings with which I find myself misrepresented as
23
having regarded the specimens “as belonging to an extinct species of Albatros.” My reference of the bones even to the longipennate tribe of natatorial birds is stated hypothetically and with due caution : **On the supposition that this fragment of bone is the shaft of the humerus, its length and comparative straightness would prove it to have belonged to one of the longipennate natatorial birds equalling in size the Albatros.” (oc. cit. p. 411.)
Since the discovery has been made of the manifestly characteristic parts of the genus Pterodactylus in the Burham chalk-pit, it has been objected that the bones first discovered there, and described by me as resembling birds of flight, ‘are so extremely thin, as to render it most improbable that they could ever have sustained such an instru- ment of flight as the powerful wing of the Albatros, or of any other bird: their tenuity is in fact such,” says the ew post facto Objector, “as to point out their adaptation to support an expanded membrane, but not pinions *.”’
The reply to this assertion need only be a simple reference to na- ture: sections of the wing-bones of birds may be seen in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and have been exposed to view, since the discovery of their structure by the Founder of: that Collec- tion, in every Museum of Comparative Anatomy worthy to be so called.
To expose the gratuitous character of the objection above cited, I have placed on the table a section of the very bone that directly sus- tains the large quill-feathers in the Pelican ; its parietes are only half as thin as those of the antibrachial bone of the great Pterodactyle which is figured in my ‘ History of British Fossil Reptiles,’ pl. 4, and is not thicker than those of the bone figured in the Geological Trans- actions, 1840, above cited.
Hunter, who had obtained some of the long bones with thin walls and a wide cavity from the Stonesfield slate, has entered them in his MS. Catalogue of Fossils as the “Bones of Birds,” and per- haps no practical anatomist had had greater experience in the degree of tenuity presented by the compact walls of the large air-cavities of the bones in that class. Of all the modifications of the dermal system for combining extent of surface with lightness of material, the ex- panded feather has been generally deemed the consummation. Well might the eloquent Paley exclaim, ‘‘ Every feather is a mechanical wonder: their disposition all inclined backwards, the down about the stem, the overlapping of their tips, their different configuration in dif- ferent parts, not to mention the variety of their colours, constitute a vestment for the body so beautiful and so appropriate to the life which the animal is to lead, as that, I think, we should have had no conception of anything equally perfect, if we had never seen it, or can imagine anything more so.” It was reserved for the author of the ‘ Wonders of Geology’ to prefer the leathern wing of the Bat and Pterodactyle as the lighter form, and to discover that such a structure as is displayed in the bone described and figured in the ‘ Geol. Trans.’
* Mantell, ‘Wonders of Geology,’ 1848, vol. i. p. 441.
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vol. vi. pl. 39, was a most improbable one to have sustained a power- ful wing of any bird!* Let me not be supposed, however, to be concerned in excusing my own mistake; I am only reducing the unamiable exaggeration of it. Above all things, in our attempt to gain a prospect of an unknown world by the difficult ascent of the fragmentary ruins of a former temple of life, we ought to note the successful efforts, as well as the occasional deviations from the right track, with an equal glance, and record them with a strict regard to truth. The existence of a species of Albatros, or of any other actual genus of bird during the period of the Middle Chalk, would be truly a wonder of Geology ; not so the existence of a bird of the longipen- nate family.
I still think it for the interest of science, in the present limited extent of induction from microscopic observation, to offer a warning against a too hasty and implicit confidence in the forms and propor- tions of the Purkingean or radiated corpuscles of bone, as demon- strative of such minor groups of a class as that of the genus Ptero- dactylus. Such a statement as that “these cells in Birds have a breadth in proportion to their length of from one to four or five ; while in Reptiles the length exceeds the breadth ten or twelve times,”’ only betrays the limited experience of the assertor. In the dermal plates of the Tortoise, e. g., the average breadth of the bone-cell to its length is as one to six, and single ones might be selected of greater breadth.
With the exception of one restricted family of Ruminants, every Mammal, the blood-dises of which have been submitted to examina- tion, has been found to possess those particles of a circular form: in the Camelide they are elliptical, as in birds and reptiles. The bone- cells have already shown a greater range of variety in the Vertebrate series than the blood-dises. Is it then a too scrupulous reticence to require the evidence of microscopic structure of a bone to be corrobo- rated by other testimony of a plainer kind, before hastening to an absolute determination of its nature, as has been done with regard to the Wealden bone, figured in the Geol. Trans., 2nd Series, vol. v. pl. 13. fig. 6+? As a matter of fact, the existence of Pterodactylian remains in the chalk was not surmised through any observation of the microscopic structure of bones that are liable to be mistaken for those of birds, but was first plainly proved by the characteristic portions of the Pterodactyle defined by Mr. Bowerbank, as follows, in his original communication of this discovery to the Geological Society of London, May 14, 1845 :-—
“T have recently obtained from the Upper Chalk ¢ of Kent some
* Mantell, ‘ Wonders,’ &c. ed. 1848, vol. i. p. 441.
t+ Compare, for example, two of the longest of the cells figured by Mr. Bower- bank in pl. 1. fig. 9, ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. iv. as those of a bird, with two of the widest of the cells figured in fig. 1 of the same plate as those of the Pterodactyle; and contrast the want of parallelism in the bone-cells of the Wealden bone, fig. 9, with the parallelism of the long axes of the cells in that of the Albatros, fig. 3.
+ Mr. Toulmin Smith, in an able paper ‘‘ On the Formation of the Flints of the
— eS Ol
25
remains of a large species of Pterodactylus. The bones consist of —
“1. The fore part of the head as far as about the middle of the cavitas narium, with a corresponding portion of the under jaws, many of the teeth remaining in their sockets.
**2. A fragment of the bone of the same animal, apparently a part of the coracoid.
“3. A portion of what appears to be one of the bones of the auri- cular digit, from a chalk-pit at Halling.
“4. A portion of a similar bone, from the same locality as No. 1.
“5. The head of a long bone, probably the tibia, belonging to the same animal as the head, No. 1.
“6, A more perfect bone of the same description, not from the same animal, but found at Halling.”
In a subsequent communication, dated December 1845, Mr. Bower- bank states with regard to the specimens Nos. 5 and 6, which he supposed to be parts of a tibia, that “on a more careful comparison with the figures of Pterodactylus by Goldfuss, I am inclined to be- lieve they are more likely to be portions of the ulna.”
With respect to the long bone, No. 6 in the above list, comparing it with that figured in the Geol. Trans., 2nd Series, vol. vi. pl. 39. fig. 1, and referred by me to Cimoliornis diomedeus, Mr. Bowerbank writes :—
“Although the two specimens differ greatly in size, there is so strong a resemblance between them in the form and regularity of the shaft, and in the comparative substance of the bony structure, as to render it exceedingly probable that they belong to the same class of animals ;’” and he concludes by remarking, that “If the part of the head in my possession (see fig. 1) be supposed similar in its propor- tions to that of Pterodactylus crassirostris,—and there appears but little difference in that respect,—it would indicate an animal of com- paratively enormous size. The length of the head, from the tip of the nose to the basal extremity of the skull, of Pt. crassirostris is about 4 inches, while my specimen would be, as nearly as can be estimated, 9} inches. According to the restoration of the animal by Goldfuss, P¢. crassirostris would measure as nearly as possible three feet from tip to tip of the wings, and it is probable that the species now described would measure at least six feet from one extremity of the expanded wings to the other; but if it should hereafter prove that the bone described and figured by Prof. Owen belongs to a Pte- rodactyle, the probable expansion of the wings would reach to at least eight or nine feet. Under these circumstances I propose that the spe- cies described above shall be designated Pterodactylus giganteus.” (Quarterly Geol. Journ. vol. ii. p. 8.)
In a subsequent memoir, read June 9, 184 7, and published in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. iv. February 1848, Mr. Bowerbank gives figures of the ‘bone-cells’ from the jaw of a Upper Chalk,” in the ‘Annals of Natural History,’ vol. xx. p. 295, affirms that no
upper chalk exists in the localities whence the above-defined specimens came. They are from the “ Middle Chalk.”
26
Pterodactyle (pl. 1. fig. 1), from the shaft of the bone in question (7b. fig. 2), and from the femur of a recent Albatros (7d. fig. 3), in corroboration of the required proof: and he adds, “ Fortunately the two fine specimens from the rich collection of Mrs. Smith of Ton- bridge Wells, represented by fig. 1. pl. 2, in a great measure justify this conclusion; and in the bone a, which is apparently the corre- sponding bone to the one represented by fig. 1 in Prof. Owen’s paper, the head is very nearly in a perfect state of preservation.’’ (op. cit. p- 5.) Mr. Bowerbank, in his explanation of plate 2, describes the two fine specimens above mentioned as “Fig. 1. Radius and ulna of Pterodactylus giganteus, in the cabinet of Mrs. Smith of Tonbridge Wells.” (tom. cit. p. 10.) He proceeds to state, “There are two other similar bones, imbedded side by side, in the collection of Mr. Charles of Maidstone, of still greater dimensions than those from the cabinet of Mrs. Smith ;” and he assigns his grounds for the conclu- sion, that “the animal to which such bones belonged could, therefore, have scarcely measured less than fifteen or sixteen feet from tip to tip of its expanded wings.”’
The Committee of the British Association for the Reform and Re- gulation of Zoological Nomenclature, amongst other excellent rules, have decided that, ‘A name which is glaringly false shall be changed” (Report, p. 113). I submit that this is the case when the name gi- ganteus is proposed for a species less than half the size of others pre- viously discovered. Now, although those remains of the truly gigantic Pterodactyles had not been demonstrated to be such, yet they were suspected so to be by Mr. Bowerbank when he proposed the name giganteus ; and the name is in fact proposed, subject to the condition of that demonstration, and under the evident belief that they be- longed to the same species as the obvious Pterodactyle remains he was describing. He says, ‘‘ Under these circumstances I propose that the species shall be designated ‘ giganteus’,’ and the circumstances referred to are the probable case that the bones, which from their large size I had supposed to belong to a bird, should prove to belong to a Pterodactyle.
The Committee for the Reform of Zoological Nomenclature next proceed to determine that, “Names not clearly defined may be changed. Unless a species or group is intelligibly defined when the name is given, it cannot be recognised by others, and the signification of the name is consequently lost. Two things are necessary before a zoological term can acquire any authority, viz. definition and publi- cation. Definition properly implies a distinct exposition of essential characters, and in all cases we conceive this to be indispensable.” (Report, pp.113,114.) Now with regard to the Pterodactylus gigan- teus, Mr. Bowerbank had unreservedly applied the term to the species to which the long wing-bone first described by me might appertain, under the circumstances of its being proved to belong to a Pterodac- tyle ; inasmuch as he had figured two similar and equal-sized bones in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. iv. pl. 2. fig. 1 (Proceedings of the Society for June 9, 1847), as the ‘‘radius and ulna
—
a 27
of Pterodactylus giganteus.”’ So far as a species can be intelligibly defined by figures, that to which the term giganteus was in 1845 pro- visionally, and in 1847 absolutely applied, seemed to be clearly enough pointed out by the plate 2 in the work above cited. But, with the large bones appropriately designated by the term giganteus, some parts of a smaller Pterodactyle, including the portions of jaws first announcing the genus in the Chalk, had been associated under the same name. Supposing those bones to have belonged to a young individual of the Pterodactylus giganteus, no difficulty or confusion would arise. After instituting, however, a rigid comparison of these specimens, when drawing up my Descriptions for Mr. Dixon’s work, I was compelled to arrive at the conclusion that the parts figured by Mr. Bowerbank in plate 2, figs. 1 & 2, of vol. ii. of the ‘Quarterly Geo- logical Journal,’ and the parts figured in plate 2, figs. 1 a & 4, of vol. iv. of the same Journal, both assigned by Mr. Bowerbank to the Ptero- dactylus giganteus, belonged to two distinct species. The portions of the scapula and coracoid of the Pterodactyle (pl. 1. fig. 2, tom. cit.) indicated by their complete anchylosis that they had not been part of a young individual of the species to which the large antibrachial bones (pl. 2. fig. 1 a & 6, tom. cit.) belonged; although they might well appertain to the species to which the Jaws (pl. 1. fig. 1) belonged. Two species of Pterodactyle were plainly indicated, as I have shown in the above-cited work, by my lamented friend Mr. Dixon, ‘On the Tertiary and Cretaceous Deposits of Sussex,’ 4to, p- 402. The same name could not be retained for both, and it was im obedience to this necessity, and not with any idea of detracting an iota from the merit of Mr. Bowerbank’s original announcement of the existence of a Pte- rodactyle in the chalk, that I proposed the name of conirostris for the smaller species, then for the first time distinctly defined and di- stinguished from the larger remains to which the name giganteus had also been given by Mr. Bowerbank. I proposed the name, more- over, provisionally and with submission to the ‘Committee for the Reform of Zoological Nomenclature,’ according to whose rules I be- lieved myself to be guided.
My conclusions as to the specific distinction of the remains of the smaller Pterodactyle (pl. 1, tom. cit. 1845) from those figured in plate 2. tom. cit. 1848, have received full confirmation by the va- luable discovery of the portion of the cranium of the truly gigantic Pterodactyle, about to be described, to which they belonged ; and it is certainly to be wished that, in determining to assign to Mrs. Smith’s specimens the name of ‘ giganteus,’ Mr. Bowerbank should have con- formed to the following equitable rule of the ‘Committee of Nomen- clature’ :—‘*The author who jirst describes and names a species, which forms the groundwork of later generalizations, possesses a higher claim to have his name recorded than he who afterwards de- fines a genus which is found to embrace that species. ...... B giving the authority for the specific name in preference to all others, the inquirer is referred directly to the original description, habitat, &c. of the species, and is at the same time reminded of the date ae its discovery.’’ (Reports of the British Association, 1842, p. 120.)
28 .
Now the species which I originally described under the name of Cimoliornis diomedeus comes precisely under this category: it has formed the groundwork of later generalizations, which have led to its being embraced by another genus. In this case the Committee of Nomenclature, whilst determining that the specific name should be retained, recommend that the describer should “append to the ori- ginal authority for the species, when not applying to the genus also, some distinctive mark, such as (sp.), implying an exclusive reference to the specific name.”’ In conformity with the above recommenda- tion, the gigantic species of Pterodactyle, of which parts have been described by Mr. Bowerbank, and parts previously by myself, would be entered into the Zoological Catalogues as follows :—
Pterodactylus diomedeus, Owen (sp.), Proceedings of the Zoolo- gical Society, January 1851.
Cimoliornis diomedeus, Tbid., British Fossil Mammals and Birds, p- 545, cuts 230, 231 (1843-1846).
Osteornis diomedeus, Gervais, Thése sur les Oiseaux Fossiles, 8vo, p- 38 (1844).
Pterodactylus giganteus, Bowerbank, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. iv. p. 10. pl. 2. figs. 1 & 4 (1848).
Leaving, however, the question of names, regarding which I have no personal feeling except that they should mdicate their objects without ambiguity or obvious impropriety, I proceed to lay before the same Society to which Mr. Bowerbank has communicated his last interesting and important discovery, similar evidence of a third spe- cies of Pterodactyle from the chalk, intermediate in size between the species of which the jaws were figured as the Pterodactylus giganteus in 1845, and the truly gigantic species which he has named Ptero- dactylus Cuviert.
The specimens, which consist of two portions of the upper jaw, form part of that gentleman’s collection, and were in fact exhibited on the table, but unnoticed, at our last meeting, their true nature not having been recognised. The chief portion might well indeed be mis- taken, at first sight, for a crushed portion of an ordinary long bone ; and it was not until after a close comparison of several specimens of these rare and interesting remains of Pterodactyles, kindly confided to me by Mrs. Smith of Tonbridge Wells, Mr. Toulmin Smith of Highgate, Mr. Charles of Maidstone, and by Mr. Bowerbank him- self, for description in my forthcoming ‘ Monograph on the Fossil Reptiles of the Chalk,’ that I discovered them to be parts of a skull of an undescribed species of Pterodactyle.
In order to make this understood, it will be necessary to premise a few words on the Pterodactyles in general, and on some of the cha- racters of the jaw of the Pterodactylus Cuvieri in particular.
The Order Pterosauria includes species of flying reptiles so modi- fied in regard to the structure and proportions of the skull, the dis- position of the teeth, and the development of the tail, as to be refer- able even according to the partial knowledge we now possess of this once extensive group, to different genera.
29
M. Von Meyer e. g. primarily divides the Order into—
A. DIARTHRYI, with a two-jointed wing-finger. Ex. Pterodactylus (Ornithopterus) Lavateri.
B. TETRARTHRI, with a four-jointed wing-finger. Ex. All the other known species of the order.
These again are subdivided into—
1. Dentirostres. Jaws armed with teeth to their ends; a bony sclerotic ring; scapula and coracoid not confluent with one an- other * ; a short moveable tail.
Ex. Pterodactylus proper.
2. Subulirostres. Jaws with their ends produced into an edentu- lous point, probably sheathed with bone; no bony sclerotic ; scapula and coracoid confluent ; a long and stiff tail.
Ex. Pterodactylus (Ramphorhynchus) Gemmingi +.
The extremity of the upper jaw of the Pterodactylus Cuvieri is sufficiently perfect to demonstrate that it had a pair of approximated alveoli close to its termination, and we may therefore refer it to the Dentirostral division.
In this division, however, there are species which present such dif- ferent proportions of the beak, accompanied by differences in the rela- tive extent of the dental series, as would without doubt lead to their allocation in distinct genera, were they the living or recent subjects of the modern Erpetologist. In the Pterodactylus longirostris, the first species discovered and made known by Collini in 1784 ¢, the Jaws are of extreme length and tenuity, and the alveoli of the upper jaw do not extend so far back as the nostril. In the Pterodactylus erassirostris, Goldfuss §, on the other hand, the jaws are short, thick, and obtusely terminated, and the alveoli of the upper jaw reach as far back as the middle of the vacuity which intervenes between the nostril and the orbit, and which Goldfuss terms the ‘cavitas inter- media.’
In the solid or imperforate part of the upper jaw anterior to the nostril, the Pterodactylus longirostris has twelve long, subcompressed teeth, followed by a few of smaller size: the same part of the jaw in the Pt. crassirostris has but six teeth, of which the first four are close together at the end of the jaw, and the first three shorter than the rest. The cavitas intermedia in Pt. longirostris is much smaller than the nostril; in the Pt. crassirostris it is larger than the nostril. Were these two species of dentirostral Pterosauria to be taken, as by the modern Erpetologist they assuredly would, to be types of two
* The condition of the scapular arch in the Pt. giganteus, Bow., Pt. conirostris mihi, demonstrates the fallacy of this character.
t Palzontographia, Heft 1, 4to. 1846, p. 19.
t Acta Academie Theodoro-Palatine, V. p. 58, tab. 5.
é Beitrage zur Kenntniss verschiedener Reptilien der Vorwelt, 4to. 1831, sec. 1. tab. 7, 8, 9.
30
distinct genera, the name Pterodactylus should be retained for the longirostral species, as including the first-discovered specimen and type of the genus; and the crassirostral species should be grouped together under some other generic name.
The specimen of gigantic Pterodactyle described by Mr. Bower- bank at the last meeting of the Society consists of the solid anterior end, 7. e. of the imperforate continuous bony walls, of a jaw, com- pressed and decreasing in depth, at first rapidly, then more gradually, to an obtusely-pointed extremity. As the symphysis of the lower jaw is long and the original joint obliterated, and its depth somewhat rapidly increases by the development of its lower and back part into a kind of ridge in some smaller Pterodactyles, the present specimen, so far as these characters go, might be referred to the lower jaw, and its relatively inferior depth to the upper jaw in the Pt. conirostris would seem to lead to that conclusion. But the present is plainly a species which has a longer and more slender snout in proportion to its size, and the convex curve formed by the alveolar border, slight as it is, decides it to be part of the upper jaw. The lower jaw, moreover, might be expected, by the analogy of the smaller Pterodactyles, to be flatter or less acute below the end of the symphysis.
The specimen of Pt. Cuvieri consists of the anterior extremity of the upper jaw, of seven inches in extent, without any trace of the nasal or any other natural perforation of its upper or lateral parietes, and corresponds with the parts marked a, 4, in figs. 10& 11. From the number of teeth contamed in this part, the Pt. Cuvieri presents a much closer resemblance to the Pt. longirostris than to the Pt. erassirostris ; and if the entire skull were restored according to the proportions of the Pt. longirostris, it would be twenty-eight inches in length.
But nature seems never to retain the same proportions in species that differ materially in bulk. The great Diprotodon, with the den- tal and cranial characters of a Kangaroo, does not retain the same length of hinder limbs as its living homologue ; the laws of gravity forbid the saltatory mode of locomotion to a Herbivore of the bulk of a Rhinoceros; and accordingly, whilst the hind-legs are shortened the fore-limbs are lengthened, and both are made more robust in the Diprotodon than in the Kangaroo. The change of proportions of the limbs of the Sloths is equally striking in those extinct species which were too bulky to climb, e. g. the Megatherium and Mylodon. We may therefore infer, with a high degree of probability, when a longirostral Pterodactyle much surpassed in bulk the species so called «par excellence,’ that the same proportions were not maintained in the length of the jaws; and that the species to which the fine frag- ment belonged, far as it has exceeded our previous ideas of the bulk of a flying reptile, did not sustain and carry through the air a head of two feet four inches in length, or nearly double the size of that of the Pelican.
Although the fractured hinder part of the jaw of the Pé. Cuvieri shows no trace of the commencement of the wide nasal aperture, there is a plain indication that the jaws were less prolonged than in the Pé.
31
longirostris, in the more rapid increase of the vertical breadth of the jaw. Opposite the ninth tooth, e. g., the depth of the jaw equals two- fifths of the length in advance of that tooth, whilst in the P¢. longz- rostris it is only two-sevenths. The contour of the upper border of the jaw in the P¢. Cuvieri differs from that in both the Pt. longi- rostris, Pt. crassirostris, and Pt. Gemmingi, in sinking more sud- denly opposite the ninth, eighth and seventh teeth, than it does along the more advanced part of the jaw; a character which, while it affords a good specific distinction from any of those species, indicates the hinder parts of the head that are wanting in the present specimen to have been shorter and deeper than in the P#. longirostris.
The first pair of alveoli almost meet at the anterior extremity of the jaw, and their outlet is directed obliquely forwards and down- wards ; -the obtuse end of the premaxillary above these alveoli is about two lines across. The palate quickly expands to a width of three lines between the second alveoli, then to a width of four lines between the fourth alveoli, and more gradually, after the ninth alveoli, to a width of six lines between the eleventh alveoli: here the palate ap- pears to have been slightly crushed; but in the rest of its extent it presents its natural form, being traversed longitudinally by a mode- rate median ridge, on each side of which it is slightly concave trans- versely. It is perforated by a few small irregular vascular foramina. There are no orifices on the inner side of the alveoli; the successional teeth emerge, as in the Crocodiles, from the old sockets, and not, as in certain Mammalia and Fishes, by foramina distinct from them. The second and third alveoli are the largest; the fourth, fifth and sixth the smallest, yet they are more than half the size of the fore- going, with which the rest are nearly equal. The outlets of the alveoli are elliptical, and they form prominences at the side of the jaw, or rather the jaw sinks gently in between the alveoli, and is continued into the bony palate without any ridge, the vertical wall bending round to form the horizontal plate. The greatest breadth of the under sur- face of the jaw, taken from the outside of the alveoli, varies only from seven lines across the third pair to nine lines across the eleventh pair of alveoli; and from the narrow base the sides of the jaw converge with a slight convexity outwards at the anterior half of the fragment, but are almost plane at the deeper posterior half, where they seem to have met at one acute superior ridge; indeed such a ridge is con- tinued to within an inch of the fore part of the jaw, where the upper border becomes more obtuse.
The whole portion of the jaw appears to consist of one uninter- rupted bone—the premaxillary ; the delicate crust of osseous sub- stance, as thin as paper, is traversed by many irregular cracks and fissures, but there is no recognizable suture marking off the limits of a maxillary or nasal bone. ‘The bone offers to the naked eye a fine fibrous structure, so fine as to produce almost a silken aspect, the fibres or strize being longitudinal, and impressed at intervals of from two to six lines by small vascular foramina.
Having premised so much with reference to the characters of the
32
Pt. Cumeri, 1 proceed to the description of the distinct species, for which I propose the name of Pterodactylus compressirostris.
PTERODACTYLUS COMPRESSIROSTRIS, Owen. (Reptilia, Pl, V. figs. 1, 2 & 3.)
This species is represented by two portions of the upper jaw, ob- tained from the Middle Chalk of Kent, the hinder and larger of which includes the beginning of the external nostril (figs. 1 & 2,7). The depth of the jaw at this part is fourteen lines, whence it gradually de- creases to a depth of ten lines at a distance of three inches in advance of this, indicating a jaw as long and slender as in the Pt. longirostris, supposing the same degree of convergence of the straight outlines of the upper and alveolar borders of the jaw to have been preserved to its anterior end: that this was actually the case is rendered most pro- bable by the proportions of the smaller anterior part of the jaw (figs. 1', 2', 3'), obtained from the same pit, if not from the same block of chalk, and which, with a vertical depth of seven lines at its hinder part, decreases to one of six lines in an extent of one inch and a half in advance of that part. The sides of the jaw as they rise from the alveolar border incline a little outwards before they converge to meet at the upper border. This gives a very narrow ovoid section at the fore part of the larger fragment (fig. 2), the greatest diameter at its lower half being four lines, and the sides meeting above at a slightly obtuse ridge. This very gradually widens as the jaw recedes back- wards, where the entireness of the walls of the smoothly convex upper part of the jaw proves that the narrowness of that part is not due to accidental crushing. Had that been the case, the thin parietes arch- ing above from one side to the other would have been cracked. The only evidence of the compression to which the deep sides of the jaw have been subject is seen in the bending in of the wall above the alveoli, close to the upper ridge at the fore part of the fragment.
In an extent of alveolar border of three and a half inches there are eleven sockets, the anterior one on the right side retaining the frac- tured base of a tooth: the alveoli are separated by intervals of about one and a half times their own diameter ; their outlets are elliptical, and indicate the compressed form of the teeth: they are about two lines in long diameter at the fore part of this fragment, but diminish as they are placed more backwards, the last two being developed be- neath the external nostril. The bony palate is extremely narrow, and presents in the larger portion (fig. 3) a median smooth convex rising between two longitudinal channels, which are bounded externally by the inner wall of the alveolar border. There is no trace of a median suture in the longitudinal convexity. The breadth of the palate at the back part of the fragment is eight lines; at the fore part it has gra- dually contracted to less than three lines, but it is somewhat crushed here. The naso-palatine aperture, p, commences about half a line in advance of the external nostril, three inches behind the fore part of the larger portion (fig. 3) of the upper jaw; which exemplifies the characteristic extent of the imperforate bony palate formed by the
33
long single premaxillary bone in the genus Pterodactylus. The frag- ment from the more advanced part of the jaw (fig. 3') contains five pairs of alveoli in an extent of two inches, these alveoli being rather larger and closer together than in the hinder part of the jaw. Owing to the compression which the present portion has undergone, the ori- fices of the alveoli are turned outwards, the bony palate being pressed down between the two rows, and showing, as the probable result of this pressure, a median groove between two longitudinal convex ridges; but the bone is entire and imperforate.
The form of the upper jaw in the present remarkable species differs widely from that of the two previously known species from the chalk, in its much greater elongation and its greater narrowness ; and from the P¢. Cuvieri, in the straight course of the upper border of the jaw, as it gradually converges towards the straight lower border in advanc- ing to the anterior end of the jaw. The alveoli, and consequently the teeth, are relatively smaller in proportion to the depth of the jaw than in the Pé. Cuvieri, and are more numerous than in the P¢. gigan- teus ; they are probably also more numerous than in the Pt. Cuvieri 5 although, as the whole extent of the jaw anterior to the nostril is not yet known in that species, it would be premature to express a decided opinion on that point. As we may reasonably calculate from the frag- ments preserved (Pl. IT. figs. 1, 2, 3), that the jaw of the P¢. com- pressirostris extended seven inches in front of the nostril, it could not have contained less than twenty pairs of alveoli, according to the num- ber and arrangement of those in the two portions preserved.
The osseous walls in both portions present the characteristic com- pactness and extreme thinness of the bones of the skull of the genus : the fine longitudinal striz of the outer surface are more continuous than in the Pt. Cuvier, in which they seem to be produced by a suc- cession of fine vascular orifices produced into grooves. The conspi- cuous vascular orifices are almost all confined to the vicinity of the alveoli in the Pé. compressirostris. This species belongs, more de- cidedly than the Pé. Cuvieri, to the ‘longirostral’ section of the Pte- rosauria: whether it had an edentulous prolongation of the fore part of the upper and lower jaw remains to be proved.
_In attempting to form a conception of the total length of the head of the very remarkable species of Pterodactyle represented by the portions of jaw above described, we should be more justified by their form in adopting the proportions of that of the Pt. longirostris than in the case of the Pé. Cuvieri: but allowing that the external nostril may have been of somewhat less extent than in the Pt. longirostris, we may still assign a length of from fourteen to sixteen inches to the skull of the Pterodactyle in question.
It could not have been anticipated that the first three portions of Pterodactylian skull—almost the only portions that have yet been discovered in the cretaceous formations—should have presented such well-marked distinctive characters, one from the other, as are de- scribed and illustrated in Mr. Bowerbank’s Memoirs and in the present communication. Such, nevertheless, are the facts: and, however im- probable it may appear, on the doctrine of chances, to those not con-
No. CCXXI.—Procerpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Sociery.
34
versant with the fixed relations of osteological and dental characters, that the three corresponding parts of three Pterodactyles for the first time discovered, should be appropriated to three distinct species, I have no other alternative, in obedience to the indications of nature, than to adopt such determination *.
2. DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW GENERA AND SOME NEW SPECIES oF ScuTELLIDZ AND ECHINOLAMPIDZ IN THE COLLEC- TION OF THE Britisa Museum. By Jonn Epwarp Gray, Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S. ere.
The collection of the British Museum is extremely rich in species of recent Echinoids, and fortunate in possessing long series of different ages of several of the species.
Having been recently occupied in arranging and forming a cata- logue of these animals, I transmitted to the ‘Annals of Natural Hi- story’ for February a description of several genera and species of Spatangide.
MM. Agassiz and Desor having recently published, in the Mono- graph of Echini and other papers on these animals, all the species of these two families then known to them, and as they had every facility for examining the British Museum specimens, the species now to be described are but few in number.
Fam. 1. ScuTELLIDZ. Genus EcHINANTHUS.
Among the species which have the base concave, of which LZ. ro- saceus may be considered the type, are to be added—
1. EcninantTuus AUSTRALASIZ,. Vent beneath, at a little distance from the edge; back very convex
* The same criticism or objection may be offered to the conclusions in the text, as the following one, which was called forth by my determinations of the species of Balenodon found in the red crag. ‘The specimens exhibited by Prof. Hens- low were only eleven in number ; so that, without allowing anything for the cir- cumstance of each whale having ¢wo tympanic bones, and the probability of some of the above being in pairs, we have the first twelve determinable cetaceous bones discovered in the red crag appropriated to no less than five species. I have no pre- tensions to call in question the decision of Prof. Owen upon osteological grounds, but I must own that I am disposed, upon the doctrine of chances, to consider it hardly probable that these determinations are accurate.’’—Searles V. Wood, Feb. 16, 1844, London Geol. Journal, p. 35. The fifth species is a gratuitous addition to the four described by me, the determinate characters of which have been con- firmed by numerous additional discoveries. Mr. Wood should have remembered, before he attempted to discredit the determinations from anatomy, and to substi- tute the numerical test, that the second mammalian fossil from the oolite, although a lower jaw, like the first, was of a different species, and that of five subsequently discovered unequivocal mammalian remains from Stonesfield, al/ are parts of the lower jaw, whilst two of them demonstrate a third species. Very improbable this to him, on the doctrine of chances; but only showing, as Sir Charles Lyell has remarked, “ the fragmentary manner in which the memorials of an ancient terres- trial fauna are handed down to us.”
EEE
35
in the middle ; upper margin rather flattened, with a slight concavity
at the end of the ambulacra; under side flat near the margin, deeply
concave in the middle ; spines of the under side near mouth very fine. Haé. Australia; N.S.W., Brisbane Water.
2. EcuINANTHUS TESTUDINARIUS.
Vent beneath a little within the edge, depressed; back slightly raised, evenly convex ; under surface rather concave from the edge. Hab. Indian Ocean; Borneo.
3. ECHINANTHUS OBLONGUS.
Ovate-oblong, elongate, rounded at the end; sides thick, rounded; back depressed round the end of the ambulacra ; crown rather convex; ambulacra ovate, lanceolate, broad, and closed at the end ; under side concave nearly to the edge; ambulacral grooves indistinct ; vent near the margin.
Hab, Philippines ; Siquijor.
4. ECHINANTHUS PRODUCTUS.
Shell ovate, elongate, the hinder end produced and flattened, the edge rather thick, thinner behind; the ambulacral petal broad, the bands not quite united at the end; under side concave to the margin ; vent near the margin.
Hab. 2
5. Ecuinantuus Coie.
Shell ovate, subpentagonal, depressed; margin thick, rounded; back depressed as far as the end of the ambulacra, and then rather convex in the middle, the under side concave nearly to the edge ; ambulacral petal ovate lanceolate, closed at the end; vent near the margin.
Hab. Mauritius. Lady Mary Cole.
To those which have a flat base may be added—
6. EcoHinantuus EXPLANATUS.
Depressed, much expanded, centre of the back rather convex ; ambulacra occupying rather more than half the space between the vertex and margin, the lines of pores of the anterior pair and posterior odd one far apart at the end; cavity with thin concentric lines of short compressed columns near the margin ; jaws depressed.
Hab. Mauritius ?
Genus Roruta.
The British Museum series induces me to believe that Rotula digi- tata of Agassiz is not distinct from R. Rumphii, as M. Agassiz first considered it to be.
Genus Ecuinopiscus. I cannot find any permanent difference to distinguish Lobophora
byissa from L. aurita ; they are found together in the same habitat in the Red Sea.
36
Genus MELLITA.
The larger spines on the back of this, the former, and succeeding genus are short, equal in size, and furnished with a more or less sphe- rical head.
The Museum series of specimens show a very gradual passage between the Echini which have been called Mellita testudinaria and M. quinquefora by Agassiz.
The species which have six slits on the disc are found on the coast of Tropical America, and others on the shores of the Red Sea ; I be- lieve they form two species, which appear to have been confounded under one name.
The American Mellita hexapora has only narrow linear bands of larger tubercles (bearing the larger spines) between the branched lines radiating from the mouth on the under surface, and these lines are very much branched.
Mellita similis and M. lobata. of Agassiz, also from the West Indies ; the first appears to be only a variety, and the latter a mon- strosity of this species.
The Red Sea species I have named
MELLITA ERYTHRZA.
Shell depressed, with five ambulacra and one posterior interambu- lacral slit; inferior oral grooves branched, branches very slightly divided ; the larger spines and tubercles in a broad band, occupying nearly the whole interambulacral space between the inferior oral grooves.
Hab. Red Sea. Sir J. Gardiner Wilkinson.
There is a new genus which has the edge of the disk perforated and the vent near the mouth, as in Echinoglyphus, but differs in the oral grooves being more simple and only branched near the edge, in the lanceolate form of the ambulacra, and in the square form of the tesseree of the ambulacral zones beyond the tip of the ambulacra.
Genus Lrop1ia.
Body depressed, with a posterior slit and five perforations between the end of the ambulacra and edge ; the marginal ambulacral tesserz squarish, like the interambulacral ones; ambulacra lanceolate, acute at the tip, the anterior one most narrow and longest ; pores united by a groove ; ovarial plate pentangular ; ovarial pores three ; oral grooves simple, slightly impressed, converging towards the margin in front of the ambulacral perforations ; vent near the mouth, in front of the anal perforation, with a group of three or four larger spines between it and the mouth.
1. Leop1a RicHARDSONII.
Body suborbicular, slightly depressed, five-lobed, hinder edge trans- verse ; ambulacra lanceolate, not reaching to the discal perforations ;
37
discal perforations ovate, small, the anterior smaller, the hinder largest, with two pairs of rather large tesserze between the ends of the ambu- lacra and the foramen, the upper pair subtrigonal ; oral grooves simply forked near the edge.
Hab. West Indies.
The single specimen I have seen of this species was presented by Sir John Richardson. It is rather deformed and sinuous on the right side, the hinder lateral perforation being nearly obliterated on that side.
In Echinoglyphus the tesseree of the ambulacral bands are broad and band-like between the ambulacra and the ambulacral slits.
Genus Ecutnociyruvs, Van Phelsum. The Encore of Agassiz.
The large Brazilian species of this genus appear to be very va- riable. The young specimens have large notches on the edge of the shell, and as the animal increases in size, the marginal edges of these notches more or less approximate together, and sometimes even be- come united, so as to transform the notch into a perforation. M. Agassiz on these variations has formed several species; but the Museum series, from the Brazils and other parts of the east coast of Tropical America, show that they are all mere variations of the spe- cies which Van Phelsum called Echinoglyphus frondosus, and La- marck Seutella emarginata. I am induced to believe that Scutella quinqueloba of Eschscholtz, Encope Valenciennesii, Encope subclausa, Encope oblonga, and Encope Michelini, are only varieties of this spe- cies: they are all remarkable for the large size and longly-rayed star- like form of the madreporiform plate.
Genus Fisuaria.
The following species is peculiar as having an oblong, longitudinal vent.
1. FipuLARIA OBLONGA.
Shell ovate, elongate, ventricose; vent oblong, longitudinal, ac- cording to the axis of the shell.
Hab. N. Australia.
Fam. 2. Eco1noLAMPID. Genus Ecu1noLampas.
The species of this genus may be divided into two sections, accord- ing to the form of the ambulacra.
Echinolampas oviformis and its allies have the porous bands of the anterior and other pair of ambulacra equal ; the lower side of the shell flat ; the mouth oblong, transverse, with (5) tubercles between the oral ambulacra.
The other species have the anterior porous band of the anterior pair of ambulacra shortest ; under side rounded, convex ; mouth ob- long, transverse, large, marked with no tubercles, and only very rudi- mentary oral ambulacra.
38
1. EcHINOLAMPAS DEPRESSUS.
Ovate, depressed, subpentangular ; back regularly convex. Hab. ?
Genus Mortonta.
Shell ovate, thin, rather produced in front, rounded behind, co- vered with small tubercles; vertex central, convex; internal cavity quite simple ; ambulacra petaloid, narrow, open at the end; bands rather diverging ; pores rather crowded, united by an oblong groove ; beneath concave, especially near the mouth and vent ; mouth rather large, roundish oblong, transverse, without any ambulacral star ; vent large, transverse, oblong, in the middle of the space between the mouth and hinder edge; ovarial pores four; madreporiform plate small, central.
? Echinocyamus, sp., Desmoulin.
Mortonia, Gray, Cat. Echinoida in Brit. Mus.
This genus differs from Echinocyanus in the thinness of the shell, and especially in the ambulacra being larger, more perfect, and in the pores of the ambulacra being united in pairs by a cross groove. It differs from the fossil genus Pygaulus in the vent being inferior, in- termediate between the mouth and edge, and transverse.
This genus is named after Dr. Morton, the historian of Northamp- tonshire, who first attempted to arrange the fossil Hchini into generic groups.
MorrToniA AUSTRALIS.
Elliptical, depressed, rather acute in front, rounded behind, under side concave near the mouth and vent; vent large, oblong, trans- verse, in the centre between the mouth and hinder margin.
Fibularia australis, Desm. Tab. Syn. 240.
Echinocyamus australis, Agassiz et Desor, 1. c. 140. Hab. South Sea. Mallet.
February 11, 1851. William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair. The following papers were read :-—
1. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND FAMILY or CycLosau- RIAN Lizarps, From Para. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S.
(Reptilia, Pl. VI.)
This interesting Lizard has lately been purchased by the Museum, from a collection of Saurians recently made by Messrs. Wallace and a during their excursion within a circuit of about 300 miles of
ara.
& y) '
Tapty) wHER Wo smyeBorwy ‘480 yY pay
SNVOAXTH VSIHdI'€ VHOVAITO VININNG @ VLIVTTHOO VICVNV T
PSBSeesses ine
iim so. cc cree LE Reete
|, Weundey's'z001g i bbigutibe ve ~ chs ————
J .Wolf, lith
SAUROPHAGUS DERBIANU 58. Aas
; Proc Z.5.Aves. Xk
Pa 4
M & N Hanhart Jmp*
a —a= . . o.
39
It is exceedingly interesting as presenting an entirely new form, different in many particulars from any before observed ; so much so, that I am induced to form for it a new family, to be placed near dua- diade and Cherviolide, which may be thus characterized :—
1, IpHisaDz.
Scales of the back, belly, nape and throat smooth, broad, six-sided, transverse, forming a single series on each side of the tail, narrow, lanceolate, elongate, regularly keeled, in rings alternating with each other; head shielded; chin shielded; ear open, circular; femoral pores distinct.
IpHIsa.
Head depressed, shielded; anterior frontal single, broad, four- sided; posterior frontals two, small, subtrigonal; vertebral single, rather elongate ; posterior vertebral two, small, five-sided ; occipital three, larger, middle one narrow, longitudinal ; superciliary shield 3-3, hinder smaller, anterior smallest ; temple with small shields ; labial shields moderate ; rostral and mental broad; chin entirely shielded ; anterior single, transverse, first pair very large, triangular, covering nearly the whole of the chin, second pair small, at the outer hinder angle of the former ; nostrils lateral, in the lower edge of the nasal shield, between it and the labial shield ; eyes large, lateral ; eye- lids scaly?; ears circular, open; nape, back, throat and belly covered with two series of broad, smooth scales; sides rounded, covered with three or four series of six-sided, smooth scales, placed in oblique series ; chest with a collar of five scales, the central one elongate, triangular, the lateral ones four-sided, the outer pair very narrow; preanal shields three, the central one elongate, narrow, subtriangular ; limbs short, weak, covered with broad smooth shields above, the hinder shield beneath ; femoral pores 10-10, distinct, the series nearly united in front of the preanal plates; toes 5-5, unequal, the inner very short, the outer hinder separated from the other by a space like a thumb ; tail elongate, cylindrical, tapering, covered above and below with whorls of narrow, elongate, regular, lanceolate, strongly keeled pointed scales, those of each series alternating with those that suc- ceed and follow it.
1. IpHisa ELEGANS. (Reptilia, Pl. VI. fig. 3.) Olive-brown black marbled; sides darker, white varied ; chin and
beneath yellowish white. Hab. Para.
2. DescRIPTIONS OF SOME NEw Birps IN THE MusEUM OF THE Eart or Dersy. By Dr. Kaur.
(Aves, Pl. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII.) During my visit to London last year I had the honour to receive an invitation from the Earl of Derby, to visit his collection at Knows- ley Hall, with permission to use the materials I might find there for
40
the monography of Muscicapide on which I was engaged. Of that collection I had already formed very high expectations; but I was agreeably surprised by finding them all surpassed, so great is the rich- ness of this noble collection. It contains more than 14,000 speci- mens of stuffed birds, besides skins, which are not yet numbered. What adds still greater interest to this collection is, that it contains a large number of the original specimens described by Latham and other English authors, of whose writings these specimens are the only explanation. To the pleasure of working in so rich a collection must be added the command of a colossal library, to which not one work of importance is wanting. ll this, with the aviaries of magnificent living birds, from every zone of the world, must have the greatest charm for the naturalist, and make Knowsley Hall for him a perfect Eden, which once seen shall never be forgotten.
The new birds described here include only one portion of my re- searches, because I could not finish so many genera. The materials of the very rich family of Muscicapide are too extensive, for a com- plete elucidation during the limited period of my visit from a foreign country ; I wish my descriptions therefore to be considered only as fragments.
The object of my visit to England was to collect materials for a complete monography of the Muscicapide ; but notwithstanding the many favours I received, and the extreme liberality with which my labours were facilitated in every English collection, I must confess with sorrow that I shall never be able to make a complete whole (per- fectly free from objection), with materials collected in different mu- seums. A perfect arrangement can only be achieved by the study of the materials present together, so that at every moment a compari- son may be made between any two or any number of the species.
Were it my good fortune to assemble the whole materials of one family in my rooms at Darmstadt, one winter only would be neces- sary to finish each family in such a manner as to satisfy the require- ments of modern science.
Were any one museum willing to accord me the whole materials in its possession, it is probable that all the supplementary species not contained in that collection would be readily furnished by other mu- seums, as the absence of a few species for a short period would be of little or no importance.
That we can only climb to the summit of our science by means of well-made monographies, there can be no possible doubt ; and I attach a higher value to a monography constructed on philosophical prin- ciples, than to the best fauna of any single part of the world: for only by a strict comparison of the birds of the five parts of the globe can we know what is a family, a subfamily, genus, species and sub- species. Only in this way—a difficult way no doubt—can we learn the true harmony of nature; and thus shall we be filled with admi- ration, when we see that every species, genus, family or order repre- sents a certain type, and must receive its place in a scheme of classi- fication according to fixed laws, which man must discover, but over which he has no control.
41
This charm can never belong to merely descriptive ornithology, because even the best descriptions are only like mosaic stones, which, when placed without rules, or arranged according to false principles, give us only a scattered mass of heterogeneous materials, or a picture destitute of truth.
These claims I have urged over and over again in my dissertations, but hitherto without effect. When shall the time arrive when a catholic spirit shall guide the destinies of science, and lead onward to that triumph of true knowledge, in which every director of a mu- seum, and every student of the works of nature, may take his part?
At present it is impossible that a naturalist can without help arrange the whole materials of one class in his museum. Our mu- seums are little more than great exhibitions for the people, who look too often only to colour, instead of being stores of nature’s trea- sures, ready to be communicated to every naturalist who has proved himself worthy of the name. Every museum ought to accord freely and liberally the wished-for materials, for this is the cheapest way in which a family can be properly named and accurately classed. The common excuse that the lent materials might come to harm, is little more than an excuse. Time and destructive insects will do the harm, without the slightest advantage to science.
Nisus (seu ACCIPITER) CHIONOGASTER, Kaup.
Diagnosis.—Above dark blue grey, beneath pure white.
Description.—The male is less than the Nis. fringillarius. Above dark blue grey, the crown, lorum, and a stripe over the eye- and ear- cover feathers more approaching to black; ear-covering, cheek and crop with fine black quill lines; tail with three black bands and a broader band at the end, which is white bordered ; the underside of the tail has the bands more silver-grey ; the first tail-feather with five bands before the large end-band ; the wings on the inner side with four bands before the large end-band. Before the emarginations the bands are grey, and after them whiter.
The larger female with a white eye-stripe, and broader black quill stripe on the crop; the cover feathers of the tibia with a fine rufous tint.
According to the ticket of M. de Lattre, the iris of the female is orange, and that of the male dark brown, like burnt sienna.
These two specimens were procured by M. de Lattre in Coban, in the year 1843.
Dimensions in millimetres.— r | a Fes eee aaa 21 ange aie 45 Gape. . DD enn 19 BAT oO RE REY a LS eee 206 oO Sra ened, om aera i: | i ee 160 "TIBI. 2 Go, eee a ao ss aes 56 Middle toe without nail... 32 ...... 37
We possess several species in the genus Misus, Cuv., seu Accipiter of the English authors. Most of these are very near to the common Sparrow-Hawk ; and I think some of them, like the North American
42
fuscus seu velox, the African rufiventris, the madagascariensis, and perhaps the erythrocnemius of G. Gray, are not true species, but that they are subspecies of the common European Nisus fringillarius, forming a group amongst themselves, and exhibiting by no means the decided differences apparent between fringillarius and pileatus, or pileatus and tachiro.
In the same near relation to the chiquera of Western Africa do I consider the true chiquera, Vaill. 30, from India; and this opinion I found on the following characteristics.
The West African chiquera has the body above darker cinereous, with very distinct narrow black lines, and the stripe beneath the eye, and the black stripe over the eye and ear-covers, are more distinct ; the rufous head with darker fine stripes.
The Indian chiquera has the head without stripes ; the body above lighter grey, with very few traces of black bands ; and the black semi- circle round the eye is shorter and not so complete.
But these slight differences will not justify us in considering the West African chiquera as a true species distinct from the Indian true chiquera ; it is only a subspecies of the latter true species. As such we must make a distinction, and as such it must be accorded a place in the system. I think the best way is to give a description of the oldest known subspecies, and arrange all the other subspecies with different names, distinguished by the letters of the alphabet, a, 4, c, &c., amongst the true species. In this way it would only be neces- sary to give a very short description of the subspecies, consisting of the few marks by which it differs from the old known subspecies. Until we have discovered all the species contained in one and the same subgenus, we can never say with certainty whether a given speci- men represents a true species, or only a subspecies; I must there- fore confess that in the following descriptions of the family Musci- capide, it is very probable that I have described as species some spe- cimens which hereafter will be arranged as subspecies, when the whole species composing the subgenus are completely known.
One of the most interesting birds in the collection of Lord Derby is a little Falcon, belonging to the subfamily Falconine, which en- abled me to correct the characters of the genus Harpagus.
The characters must be changed as follows :—Bill large, with two teeth, slender and indistinct, or strong and distinct ; wings short, and in the proportions of the quills very like Nisus seu Accipiter ; toes short, and the inner and outer toes of the same length.
The genus Harpagus must be divided into two subgenera.
The older subgenus Harpagus must be distinguished by the follow- ing characters :—Two strong and distinct teeth; the nostrils placed near the end of a soft membrane covering a large cavity; tibia with scales not divided.
Two species, diodon and bidentatus.
The other subgenus, in which this new species must be placed, must be characterized :—Two slender indistinct teeth; the nostrils round, very small, and bored in the nasal bones; the first wing-
le
—
43
feathers with very distinct emarginations, the fourth the longest ; tibia with whole and divided scales (fig. 3).
I give this subgenus the name of Spiziapteryx, and the species I have named
HARPAGUS CIRCUMCINCTUS.
Diag.—Size of the Kestril, with white stripe over the eye, which encircles the whole head and is connected with a white collar; the tail-covers, above and beneath, white.
Descr.—Rufous ash-grey, beneath lighter, with dark brown shaft- stripes; the white stripe over the eye, and the collar black marginated; tibia-covers white; the arm and hand wings white at the roots, and like the stronger cover-feathers, with white spots and bands on the inner and outer webs ; the first wing-feather without spots on the ex- terior web, and with fine white spots on the interior web ; tail black- brown; beneath with white roots and three small white bands and an end band; the fifth without spots on the exterior web; the fourth with only traces; the third exhibits round white spots; and the two exterior feathers are white-banded. From this very irregular distribution of spots, the tail, seen from above, exhibits a very irregular drawing. Cere, naked eye region and feet yellow; nails dark brown.
I apprehend that this specimen, the only one in England, is not a very old bird. Lord Derby received this bird from Chili, by Mr. Bridges.
Dimen.—Head, 49 ; bill, from the cere, 16; from the gape, 22 ; height, 13; breadth, 20; over wing, 123; tip of the wing, 56; middle tail-feather, 148 ; outer tail-feather, 115; tarsus, 45 ; middle-toe, 26 ; nail, 11; outer-toe, 174; nail, 10; imner-toe, 16; nail, 12; after-toe, 13; nail, 13.
A new species of the subgenus SAuRroPHAGuS, Swains.
In the little subgenus Saurophagus, Swains., we had, till now, only three species. These are, lictor, sulphuratus, and flavus. I received by Mr. Wollweber from Zacatecas in Mexico an only specimen of a fourth species ; but I found in the collection of Lord Derby, and in the British Museum, a great number of the same species.
To this species I have given the name of Derbyanus, as a mark of my respect for that distinguished patron of ornithological science, the Earl of Derby, President of the Zoological Society.
All the species of this little subgenus have the same general colour- ing, and are distinguished only by very few characters taken from the colouring of the wings and from the dimensions. The young ones have, like the young birds of Scaphorhynchus, the bill shorter and bigger, and the head is black, without the beautiful crest of the old birds. The old birds have a white front, connected with a white band over the eyes and over the black ear-covers, and surrounding the black head, which in the middle is ornamented with a yellow erest; the chin and underpart of the neck white; breast, belly,
44
under-wings and tail-covers yellow ; back olive-coloured ; wings and tail brown, with red margins.
SauropHacus Lictor, Gray & Mitch. Genera of Birds, t. 62.
Lanius lictor, Licht.—Saurophagus pusillus, Swains.—Swainsonii, Gould.
Diag.—Only the margins of the outer webs of the wings rufous ; wings 86 mm. long. It shows the finest bill, a more graduated tail, and the smallest dimensions.
Hab. Brazil, Para.
SAUROPHAGUS SULPHURATUS.
Lanius, Gmel.—Tyrannus, Vieill. Enl. 296.
Diag.—Only the margins of the outer webs of the wings rufous ; wings 110--114 mm. long.
Hab. Amer. meridional.
SAUROPHAGUS FLAVUS, Gray.
Corvus, Gmel.
Diag.—Only the margins of the outer webs of the wings rufous ; wings 126-130 mm. long.
Hab. Brazil meridional. Bolivia.
SauropHaGcus Dersianus, Kaup. (Aves, Pl. XXXVI.)
Diag.—The wing-feathers from the second to the sixteenth have the whole outer webs on the greatest part of the length rufous ; wings 128 mm. long.
Hab. Zacatecas, in Mexico.
Comparison of the dimensions.—
Saur. Saur. Saur. Saur.Der-
lictor. sulphuratus. JSlavus. byanus. Heal caveats tee hee OAL SeRUey Ri ee-oe .-: 60 Bill, from the forehead... 22 .. 29-30 .. 35 .. 32 — from the gape...... 26 .. 32-36 .. 40-42 .. 38 Wingtieiei alas s04 colleen OBE peo MOS 4 2005130015. ESB Dad oti h Seed. Te eotiortbfdiorie rt 82586 I IF 1B eve £98 Tarsus). .veneegn nuns oie DG hztaz G25 =2 7; es) MA 2B) les SMES Middle-toe with the nail.. — .. 21 C ai3Om oes
In these dimensions Saurophagus Derbianus is very near to Saur. avus.
‘5 In what relation with the subgenus Scaphorhynchus, Pr. Max., this
little subgenus Saurophagus is to be placed, I shall determine in my
next monography, Muscicapide.
Of the subgenus Scaphorhynchus, Ch. Bonaparte, in his very use- ful Conspectus, has given five species :—pitangua, flaviceps, atriceps, audazx, and chrysocephalus.
The species flaviceps and atriceps must go down, because flaviceps, Sw., is a female, and atriceps a young bird of pitangua; audax does
; }
45
not belong to this subgenus, and is to be placed in the neighbourhood of rufinus, Spix, and cireumcinctus, Sw., which have the same bill and similar covering.
We have only two species, pitangua and chrysocephalus, Tchudi, in the section of Scaphorhynchus.
Scaphorhynchus, with its broad bill, shorter and feebler tarsi and toes, represents more the Swallow type, and must be placed in the second rank of his genus.
Before I finish I may allow myself the observation, that, till now, the whole family of Muscicapide has been in a condition of the great- est confusion, and that the greatest number of genera must go down, or must be considered as subgenera of some larger genera. As an example of the way in which this is to be effected, I give for instance we eee Psaris, into which I transplant three genera of the new authors.
Some remarks on the genus Psarts, Cuv.
The genus Psaris, which is synonymous with Tityra, Vieill., is a true genus, which cannot be considered as the only type of a sub- family, and which cannot be divided into several genera. It is an indivisible genus, which I have separated into some little subgenera only. I prefer, from well-known reasons, the name Psaris.
The characters of this genus are :—Thick, strong, slightly com- pressed bill, without strong bristle-feathers on the mouth gape; tarsi moderately high, with broad scales on the front; on the sides and behind with small scales. The old males have the second hand wing- feather abnormously short and of an unusual formation. The females and young birds have the wings regular.
The species of this large genus are limited to the southern parts of America.
a. Subgenus CHLOROPSARIS.
They have the bill and the feathered lorum of the Pachyrhamphus, but the wings are shorter and the tail more graduated. Size of a Sparrow, colouring more variegated and greenish on the back.
1. Psarts Cuvrert, Swains. Spix, tab. 45. 2. 2. Ps. arRicapityus. Muscicapa, Gmel. Enl. C. 871g. 831 2.
3. Ps. versicotor. Vireo, Hartlaub.
b. Subgenus PacuyrHamPuus, G. Gray.
The bill unicolor black, shorter than the head, not compressed on the sides; the bristle-feathers moderately long ; the abnormous hand- feather like Chloropsaris, with broader inner webs and emarginated only on the tip; tail unicolor, very little graduated. Size of a Lanius colurio. The colouring is dark and not so variegated.
We can give by the diagnosis the colouring of the abnormous hand- feather of the males.
46
4. Ps. vauipus. Lanius validus, Licht.
The second hand wing-feather with a long white spot on the inner web, which reaches to the third part of its length.
5. Ps. nigrescens. Pach. nigrescens, Cab.
The second hand wing-feather black, with white margin on the ex- terior web.
6. Ps. pecrorauis. Pach. pectoralis, Swains.
The second hand wing-feather black, with white spot near the root, and fine white exterior margin,
7. Ps. Actarz. Pach. Aglaia, Lafr.
The second hand wing-feather with an oval white spot near the root, and without white exterior margin.
e. Subgenus Psarts.
The red and black bill on the anterior part more compressed, and like Cassicus, with broad root, surrounded by the frontal feathers ; lorum and eye region naked; the bristle-feathers over the gape very indistinct ; the second hand wing-feather extremely narrow, formed like a sword, without an emargination on the tip. The colouring is silver-grey, like Lanius excubitor, with more or less black head, face, wings and tail. Size of Lanius excubitor.
8. Ps. cayanus, Cuy.
The black colour covers the whole head, and extends to the tip of the ear-feathers ; the bill two-thirds red-coloured ; tail black, on the root only white or silver-grey ; the wings 116-122, and the abnormous second hand-feather 40 mm. long.
9. Ps. BRASILIENSIS, Swains.
The black of the ear-feathers extends further than the black of the head; the bill one-third red-coloured ; the inner webs of the wings white-bordered ; the wings 129, and the abnormous second hand- feather 41 mm. long.
This species is probably a subspecies of cayanus.
10. Ps. semirasciatus. Pach. semifasciatus, Spix, t. 442.
The black on the head covers only the front to the eye, and de- scends to the anterior ear-feathers round the eye to the chin; tail black, with a silver-grey or white band under the tail-covers, and a white band on the tip; the wings 127-134, and the abnormous second hand-feather 46 mm. long; it is on the exterior web black, and on the interior white.
The female with dirty brown head and a greyish brown back, with a tinge of red.
11. Ps. maximus, Kp. In the collection of Lord Derby I found a young bird of very large
————
i le a
ao
‘Proc. Z.S Aves. #8.
Jd Wolf, lth. M & N.Hanhart, imp
PSARIS FRASERII.Aaup.é.
. | if z
tntead
) ~~
Proc. Z.S.Aves. XXXYVIL
J Wolf lith. M & N.Hanhart,:
PSARIS FRASERII.Aaup.?
47
dimensions, which does not belong to any of the preceding species. The bill is reddish on the root ; the under parts are lighter than on the young cayanus; the stripes are more obsolete, and are reduced on the side as black shaft-stripes; shafts of the tail reddish brown ; under tail and interior wing-covers white, without spots.
Ps. cayanus. Ps. maximus. When ewe es oe. ik Oke een OO Gape. . . 35 35 nals) esluel Pangea eee T2Q he setters 129 Le dae Ra FORE eat 73 Height of the bill ..... 11 13 Breadth: spo. Akt Wy ge: eeperas 133
It would be very interesting to discover the old bird of this species.
d. Subgenus Erator.
It unites the size, colourmg and formation of the second hand- feather of the true Psaris with the bill and feathered lorum and eye region of the other subgenera.
This little subgenus, with its mixed characters, gives the clearest proof that Psaris, Pachyrhamphus and Bathmidurus cannot be con- sidered as true genera.
12. Ps. rwquistror, Orb. Lanius inquisitor, Olf.
Diag.—Tail black.
Descr.—The male with black head and white ear-covers, connected with a white collar, which divides the black head from the silver-grey body ; tail black, at the root white, which extends to the margins of the inner webs; end of the tail without white band ; the second hand- feather on the inner web white.
The female (Jardinii, erythrogenys, Selbyt, and Nattereri, Sw.) with white front and rufous ear-covers.
13. Ps. Fraseru, Kaup. (Aves, Pl. XXXVII. XXXVIII.)
Diag.—Tail two-thirds white, with black white-bordered end.
Descr.—The head to the ear-covers black ; ear-covers and under the posterior part of the eye white; the second hand wing-feather light ash-grey, with white root.
The dimensions of these two species are nearly the same :—head, 52; gape, 32; height of the bill, 10; breadth, 14-15; wing, 105- 113; tail, 63-70.
I give to this very distinct species the name of a very able zoolo- gist, who is going a second time to Western Africa. From this jour- ney we may anticipate the greatest benefit to our science, and we wish Mr. Fraser the best success. For all his kind assistance in the col- lection of Lord Derby I give him my best thanks.
e. Subgenus Baramrpurvs, Cab.
They have the bill like Chloropsaris, Pachyrhamphus and Erator, but the tail in most of the species is more graduated. The colouring
48
of it is black, with white or yellow end spots. Size of a Finch. The predominating colour of the males is black, white and grey.
In this little subgenus we have different type-species, about which the different subspecies arrange themselves. One of these is
Ps. MARGINATUS.
Head-feathers black, on the tip with steel-blue; wings black ; shoulder-covers, wing-covers and arm-wings white marginated ; tail graduated, black with broad white tip.
The female has all the margins and the under parts rufous yellow, the back greenish, and the head darker coloured.
a. Ps. MARGINATUS MINOR.
Lorum and a small line on the front whitish ; ear-covers, back part of the neck, lower part of the back light grey; upper part of the back black ; all the under parts white with grey tint ; the abnormous second hand-feather white, on the exterior web on the root with a black spot, and from this spot till the end; along the shaft on the interior web a small long black stripe.
6. Ps. MARGINATUS MAJOR. Bathmidurus major, Cab.
Lorum and a small line on the front whitish; before the eye a black spot of bristle-feathers; the shoulder-covers all white; over- back black ; the abnormous second hand-feather longer, white, with a small stripe along the shafts on both sides.
c. Ps. MARGINATUS TRISTIS, Kp.
Without a small white line on the front; lorum and the whole head black; the feathers on this part are more massive on the tip, and have more lustre; the shoulder-covers only on the tip white ; the whole neck and upper part of the back black ; lower part of the back, ear-covers and all the under parts dark grey, mixed with black ; the tail has not so much white on the tip ; the under side of the wings with smaller white margins ; the second abnormous hand wing-feather on the inner web whitish with grey spots, on the outside black, with a grey margin on two-thirds of the upper part ; the emargination on the tip very distinct.
Mus. Derb.
. Ps. marg. Ps. marg. Ps.marg. Comparison.— hinted preity tristis.
g 3
LET Roe ee eee ee ee oF «. SOS) Uepey From the gape to the tip of the bill 18 .. 19 19 .. 20 Winlerewesh. eof kh seteg ff ods BSicwesce SA nial oS SBeaid Spee Soe Co fey sy ada <RP SSW othe heat 5D if) B40 y ase yy
A new species in the collection of Lord Derby and in the British Museum, forming a second type-species, I have called
Ps. parrnus, Kaup. Size of Parus major ; head-feathers black, with a soft violet lustre, and not imitating the form of scales; lorum, ear-covers and all the
a
——————
Cer Ses
49
under parts dirty white; the whole back and shoulder-covers grey ; the little plumage of the wings black or grey, with whitish margins ; hand-wings black, arm-wings dark grey, marginated with whitish yellow ; the inner webs of the wings broadly marginated with whitish yellow ; tail-feathers grey, along the shafts black and on the margin narrowly bordered with yellowish white ; the second abnormous hand- feather with broader inner web black, with white margin from the emargination to the end, and with a large long white spot from the root to two-thirds of the feather.
The female rufous with darker head ; wings black-brown, with pre- dominating rufous yellow margins ; belly and under tail-covers lighter- coloured.
This species comes from Para.
Very near to this species must be placed the Psaris surinamus (Muscicapa, Gmel.), which is characterized with the following dia- gnosis :—Caudd rotundatd, apice albd ; corpore nigro, subtus albo.
I have not hitherto seen this species, nor Ps. niger variegatus and melanoleucus.
Dimensions of Ps. parinus :—head, 34; gape, 17; wing, 68; tail,49.
Genus SeroruaGa, Swains.
This genus is one of the finest of the whole family of Muscicapide. It is found only in America. Only one species inhabits the northern part, namely the very distinct species, Set. ruticilla, with its yellow or red-banded wings and tail. The tail-feathers are pointed.
The greater part inhabit the southern parts. They form various little subgenera, distinguished by their very different colouring. One of these, and I think the most beautiful, is the little section to which the following species belong. They have much yellow on the head and under side; on the over parts dark cinereous.
SETOPHAGA RUFICORONATA, Kp.
Diag.—With red head-spot ; the first tail-feather all white.
Descr.—The hind ear-feathers black ; front, lorum and eye-region yellow ; the first tail-feather all white; the second white, with black spot on the outer web, and black margin on the inner web; under tail-covers black-spotted.
Mus. Derbyanum.
Very near to this species is
SET. RUFICAPILLA, Cab.,
of which Bonaparte gives the diagnosis in the following manner :— Fusco-plumbea, subtus omnino flava, \ateribus fuscis ; pileo castaneo, rectricibus extimis apice albis. Guiana.
SET. LEUCOMPHOMMA, Kp. Diag.—Lorum, eye-region and chin white. Deser.—Ear-covers black, the yellow colour reaching only to the
after part of the eye; tail and under tail-covers like ruficoronata. Hab. Bogota. Mus. Derb.
No. CCXXII.—ProcrepinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
50
Ser. ornaTA, Boss.
Diag.—The whole head beautiful yellow.
Descr.—The head-feathers longer (10 mm.) ; the face and chin white ; the anterior ear-feathers on the tip black, the hind ear-feathers all white ; the first tail-feather all white, the second only on the basal inner web black ; under tail-covers black-spotted.
Hab. Andes. Mus. Derb.
SET. FLAVEOLA, Lafr.
Diag.—The hind ear-feathers with black stripes.
Descr.—The face orange ; the anterior ear-feathers black, the hind ear-feathers yellow, black-striped ; under tail-covers white ; the first to the third tail-feather with white shaft and shaft-spot, which is en- larged on the tip.
Hab. Columbia. Mus. Derb.
A third type-species is vULNERATA, Wagl.
The species belonging to this type-species have the breast and belly beautiful red.
They are natives of Mexico.
Set. VULNERATA, Wagl. Above cinereous, with black front, throat and rufous spot on the head ; first to third tail-feather with white spots on the tip.
Set. picra, Swains. Zool. Ill. t. 3. tricolor, Licht.
Above, throat and sides of the lower parts black; margins of the first hand-wing and the three least arm-wings white, like the cover- feathers of the wings; the first and second tail-feather nearly all white, the third white, with broad black margin on the inner web.
SET. MULTICOLOR, Bonap.
Black ; front, small band over the wing-covers, belly and the tips of the tail-feathers white.
A fourth type-species is
Set. verTIcALIs, Lafr.
‘inereous, head rufous; breast and belly yellow; the first tail- feather three-fourths, the second half, and the third only on the tip white.
Hab. Bogota. Mus. Derb.
Ser. FLAMMEA, Kp.
Breast and belly orange ; the first to the third tail-feathers only on the tips white.
Hab. Guatimala. Mus. Derb.
Set. MELANOCEPHALA, Tchudi, p. 192. t. 12.1.
A small line of the front, lorum, eye-region, like all the lower parts, yellow ; the four exterior tail-feathers white.
Hab. Peru. Mus. Derb.
a
51 Genus TyRANNULA, Swains.
The genus Tyrannula, as Prince Ch. Bonaparte has apprehended it, is too large, and the forty species must be divided into some natu- ral genera and different subgenera.
The manner of arranging these species in geographical sections is very simple, but very often the wrongest way, although so very clear that it can be understood by everybody. It is true that some genera are limited to a certain part of the world; but there are also many genera which are composed of species from all parts of the world, or from different zones of the same part of the earth.
A very natural section is formed by the species which Bonaparte called “ Ultimi Tyrannorum sive Tyrannularum prime.”
The bill of the length of the head; over the nostrils as high as broad; the back rounded off; the gape bristle-feathers of moderate length ; the wings moderately long, reaching to the tail-cover feathers ; the tip of the wing short ; the first wing-feather as long as the eighth, third and fourth the longest ; the long tail of the length of the body ; the head unicolor, without yellow crest, but the feathers can be erected ; above dirty olive, with darker-coloured head ; gorge and over breast rahe the belly yellowish ; the margins of the wings and tail ru- ous.
1. Tyr. Coorert. Muscicapa, Nuttall.
With shorter wings than mezicanus, but with longer bill, like eri- nita ; throat and over breast light grey, not so dark as erinita; the black stripe along the inner webs of the tail-feathers is broader, like stolida.
Hab. Northern America and Chili. Brit. Mus.
2. Tyr. crinita. Muscicapa, Linn. ; irritabilis, Vieill.
With longer wings; throat and over breast darker grey; all the wing-feathers, except the first, black-brown with rufous margins.
Hab. North America. In every museum.
3. Tyr. Gossi1, Bonap.
With longer wings ; the anterior part of the outer webs of the first and second hand-wing whole rufous ; the head darker, and the ash- grey dark, like crinita.
Hab. Jamaica. Brit. Mus.
4. Tyr. Mexicana, Kaup.
With short wings; all the wing-feathers, except the first, with ru- fous margins ; breast light ash-grey ; above lighter.
Mr. Wollweber sent me this species, which I found also in the British Museum.
5. Tyr. srottpa. Myobius, Gosse.
With short wings; the rufous margins on the wing-feathers very fine ; the black stripe along the shafts of the inner webs of the tail-
52
feathers reaching only to the middle of the feathers ; the inner webs of the exterior tail-feathers with extinguished bands. Hab. Jamaica. Brit. Mus.
Comparison of the dimensions.—
Tyr. Tyr. Tyr. Tyr. Tyr.
Cooperi. crinita. Gossii. mexicana. stolida. Head ak. erie AG ron@iim a! (AB me handGl one 1S Bill from the ape #28 So. w «2B fap Slow. 924 beveres Winner la. aie 94... 100-105..; 104. ..° 93 2. 86 Taal. ovis. frac BBN ie, S89 Ose Bi Gs ae BE+O07 tt Be Parsual, <nin.esmzeds.20 liQe a g24oe: ieee eas
It is possible that all these species are subspecies of one or two type- species. This point, however, can only be determined by future re- searches.
Genus TopIRHAMPHUS.
I found in the collection of Lord Derby two new species belonging to this genus.
Top. PECTORALIS.
Green, with a white spot before the eye ; throat and chin dark ash- grey ; next this with white on the crop; breast light ash-grey; the inner margins of the wing-feathers and the inner wing-covers yellow ; outer margins of the wing-feathers and tail olive ; belly and sides white.
Head, 28; gape, 14; wing, 45; tail, 42; tarsus, 15 mm. long.
Hab. ° Mexico.
Top. RUFICEPS.
With red head and dark ash-grey occipital feathers ; next this an ash-grey collar; over part of the wings black, with two light yellow bands ; wing- and tail-feathers with olive margins, which on the arm- wings are more white; lorum black ; ear-covers brownish ; chin and throat white, with brownish tint, and divided from the yellow under parts with a black striped band ; the tibial feathers black.
Head, 26; gape, 13; wing, 46; tail, 36; tarsus, 17 mm. long.
Hab. ° Mexico.
PurynorHampnts, Kaup. Smithornis, Ch. Bonap.
The bill very broad, half as high as broad, with sharp culmen ; the wings short ; the first wing-feather long, nearly as long as the seventh, the second as long as the third and fourth ; outer toe at the base con-
nected with the middle toe. I am strongly inclined to believe that this section does not possess
the song-muscles. PHRYNORHAMPHUS CAPENSIS. Plalyrhynchus capensis, A. Sm.
Descr.—Upper mandible black, lower mandible yellow ; front and lorum rufous yellow; head black; the bristle-feathers with white
— ee
53
roots ; ear-covers ash-grey, with whitish shafts and shaft-spots ; back olive-grey, with black spots ; the roots of all the feathers on the back pure white ; wing-covers with rufous yellow margins, which form two small bands; lower parts white, on the sides tinted with brownish rufous, and with broad black shaft-spots ; the middle of the throat, belly and under tail-covers white; tail black-brown, with olive margins.
Head, 40; gape, 22; height of the bill, 7 ; breadth, 12; wing, 72; tail, 55; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 15 mm. long.
Lord Derby’s collection. Brit. Mus.
A communication was received from Dr. G. R. Bonyan, of British Guiana, on the Raptorial Birds of that country, of which the follow- ing is an abstract :-—
3. Nores on THE RaproriaAt Birps or Britis GUIANA. By Dr. G. R. Bonyan.
There are, I believe, only three species of Vulture in British Gui- ana. The first is the well-known
KING OF THE VULTURES.
Sarcorhamphus Papa of Dumeril.—Irubicha, Azara.—Vultur Papa, Linn.—Le Roi des Vautours, Cuv.—Carrion Crow Governor of negroes.
There is a very good drawing of this bird in Latham’s ‘General Hi- story of Birds.’ It is by no means common in Demerara, but young birds are occasionally brought from the upper rivers, particularly the upper parts of the Mahaica and Mahaicony creeks, where they abound, to the town. They are easily tamed and eat any sort of meat, not showing a particular predilection to putrid meat. Although I have seen this bird in its wild state, I have never witnessed it alight- ing upon a carcase ; the common Carrion Crows, it is said, cede place until the king has fed. Mr. Waterton witnessed this singular fact, and I have heard it corroborated by more than one person of veracity. I know nothing of its habits or nidification. The colours about the head and neck are remarkably beautiful and varied, and have a down bloom as it were, which it is impossible to imitate by painting the preserved specimen.
The Common Carrion Crow. Cathartes iota.
If this bird be the same as “ Vultur iota” of Charles Bonaparte, it is imperfectly described by Cuvier as having only the head naked ; whereas it has the head and the neck more than half way down, naked, warty and black ; nor is its plumage of a shining black, but dull and inky. The Carrion Crow is seen over the whole surface of the country, either soaring on dry sunny days at an immense height in the air, or swooping down in wide gyrations towards the ground. If a carcase be thrown out on a dam, no Carrion Crow being within the range of vision, after a short time one will be seen in a distant
o4
part of the horizon; presently another will appear ; then another and another, until they will be observed coming from all quarters ; not, however, in a direct line towards the object, but in more or less ex- tensive gyrations. There can be no doubt that the first Carrion Crow that sees the object, by an increased energetic quickness of its flight, gives notice to those which are within its sphere of vision that there is game in view, which accounts satisfactorily enough for the vast number of these birds which are collected from every quarter of the horizon in so short a time after a dead body is exposed. Indeed, to the eye of the common observer, the difference of motion of a Vultur iota on the look-out, and after it has sighted its quarry, is very re- markable. The former is a slow, steady and gentle soar, in small gyrations, at an equal height ; the head of the bird, if it be examined with a glass, being seen turning from side to side. The latter is a rapid and energetic advance, every hundred yards or so the speed being increased by several vigorous flaps of the wings. It appears to me to be quite unnecessary to enter into the discussion, as to whether this bird hunts by sight or scent, as it is quite sufficiently established that it is assisted by both senses. The instant a snake is killed, the Carrion Crow will, if in the neighbourhood, sight the object, and speedily descend and commence his attacks upon the dead animal. Or if a negro lets fall a calabash with eggs, and they are broken, the Carrion Crow will soon be seen feasting on the unwonted luxury. If, on the other hand, a body be imperfectly interred, this bird will, so soon as putrefaction has commenced, be seen in the neighbourhood perched upon a tree or tombstone, and apparently much puzzled to know where the piece of mortality can lie concealed which evolves the, to him, delicious fragrancy. If the body be that of a tough- skinned animal, such as an ox or horse, the Crows will wait, perched on trees in the neighbourbood, until putrefaction has softened it suffi- ciently for them to feed on it. Their bills and feet are remarkably weak. They build in very high trees nests of broken sticks. The eges when broken have a semi-putrid odour. It is worthy of remark that the Carrion Crow is common about the streets of New Amster- dam, scarcely getting out of the way of the passengers; while in George- town, not more than sixty miles distance, this bird is never seen in the streets. The former town is said to be much more cleanly and well-kept than the latter.
The YELLOW-NECKED CARRION Crow.
This bird is smaller and more slender than the common Carrion Crow. It is found principally about the creeks of Mahaica and Ma- haicony. It is less numerous than the Black-headed Carrion Crow. It is not either so gregarious a feeder, and appears to search for smaller carcases, such as the putrid fish on the dried savannahs bor- dering the creeks. There is certainly, with the exception of the colour of the head and neck, the absence of warts, and the slender form of the body, but a very slight specific difference between this bird and the former. The colour is black, with blue and greenish iridescence.
55
The Fisurne-Hawk. Pandion.
A very handsome little fishing Eagle. I do not think this is the same species as Le Balbusard of Cuvier. It enlivens very much the scene about the flat swampy lands of the sea-coast, when the trenches are full with the mixed tide and bush water. It hovers for a length of time in one spot at a considerable height, and then suddenly de- scends vertically on its finny prey, or it alters its position to another part of the trench, When it makes a capture it flies off to a neigh- bouring tree to devour it.
The Large Buve Hawx ov THE CaTARACTS.
This bird I shot with a single bullet while descending the long and swift rapid of Twansinki, lat. 5°, on the Essequibo. It is very rarely seen on the lower parts of the rivers. The manner of its death was as follows, as I find on referring to my journal of the trip :—10th November. An exciting day’s journey in the descent of the rapids between Twansinki and Waraputa. Some of these we did not ven- ture to shoot, as it is called, but had to let the boat down, by means of the tow-line, most ignominiously, stern foremost. We had, how- ever, the satisfaction of being very nearly swamped in descending a long rapid in the lower Twansinki range, which made up somewhat for the slight we considered had been put upon our courage by our coxswain, Hermanus, refusing to shoot down those rapids he con- sidered to be dangerous. Our indignation against the noble captain was considerably cooled. The great danger in the descent of these long rapids is from the boat being carried down by the rush of the torrent, and the bow being at the same time more or less submerged by the curling back of the water, when it meets the resistance of the rocks in its passage. Thus the descent, although very swift, is in a succession of violent plunges, at each of which the boat, if not built with a sufficient spring in the bow, which was unfortunately the case with us, takes in a large quantity of water, and is in great dan- ger of being swamped before it reaches the foot of the rapid. Every- thing depends of course on the way the boat has on it, and our crew, on this occasion, urged by the frantic gestures and shouting of the steersman and bowman, pulled with amazing vigour and energy. In the very midst of the hurly-burly of this descent, a Large Blue Hawk flew rapidly across our bow and alighted on a high dry tree. My soul had long yearned after a “‘ Blue Hawk” of the Cataracts. Be- fore I could fairly cover it, the bird was eighty yards behind us. The report of the gun was scarcely audible in the tremendous noise, and the Hawk for a second remained immoveable and apparently unhurt, when his head sunk, his body swung forward, and the powerful grasp of his talons relaxing in death, he fell plumb down.
There are three species of Ibycter, or ‘“Carracarra Hawks,’’ as they are called by the creoles. These are very numerous on the banks of the rivers and creeks, and appear to be continually on the alert, flying from tree to tree, alighting and scratching on the sands, and indeed being the only specimens of the bird kind on the higher
56
rivers which are always to be met with during the whole day. The first is
The Lavcnine Hawk.
A well-known bird, which has been described by Waterton, Schom- burgk and others. It is remarkably noisy, and is generally seen in company with three or four others of the same species flying about and perching on the high trees on the borders of creeks, uttering almost constantly a discordant loud gabbling, from whence it has got the name of the ‘‘ Laughing Hawk.” ‘This bird feeds on eggs, young birds, insects, and does not despise certain sorts of fruit. It is, in fact, omnivorous,
The YELLOW-HEADED CARRACARRA Hawk.
Smaller than the preceding. Three or four are generally seen to- gether. They frequent chiefly in the months of September, October, and November, when the guana and river turtle lay their eggs, the extensive sand-banks on the river Essequibo, beyond the first rapids in latitude 6° 10’. I have seen them in companies of from three to five, assiduously scratching up the sand in which the guana or turtle had laid ; and as these reptiles deposit their eggs at least eight inches beneath the surface, their rasorial powers are very considerable. The sands on this part of the Essequibo extend in every direction, lying on the beautiful bosom of the placid river, among finely wooded islands of all sizes, with most inviting sand beaches, enticing you to land at every turn. If you do land, you will probably see on the hard fine sand the scrambling track of a guana, which, if petrified, would set a paleontologist frantic with delight. Close by, the steadier aud more decided footstep of the cayman, clearly showing that he is made of somewhat sterner stuff than his herbivorous friend, and still further off, a camoude has dragged his slow length along. There are tracks of turtle, ducks, snipes, lizards, and all sorts of Coprie ; in fact, a first-rate piece of interesting geology, only not baked or compressed yet. Edging the bank is the eternal forest.
The Rep-HEADED CARRACARRA.
This bird is of the same size as the preceding, but its habits are somewhat different, as its food appears to be principally confined to insects and small reptiles. I found the stomach of one I dissected full of fragments of beetles. Mr. Swainson places these birds at the head of the Kites, where they are certainly more naturally situated than among the Eagles, where they are placed by Cuvier. ;
The next birds are the Awl-beaked Fish-Hawks. I only know two, and they are very near one another.
The LarGer AWL-BEAKED FisH-Hawk
Is remarkable for the great length of the curve of the upper man- dible, and is somewhat larger than the next. Both are savannah birds, feeding on freshwater fish. They are often seen in large flocks, particularly on an extensive savannah, through a part of which is dug
07
the freshwater canal called the “ Lamaha,”’ which was intended to supply the city of Georgetown with water. They prey particularly on the Hassar (Callichthys, Schomb.). This curious fish, which builds a nest in or under which it lays its eggs, is found in abundance in the small pools and water-holes of the savannahs. It is a very do- mestic fish. The female, when the time for spawning arrives, collects a number of small pieces of stick, and places them together, across one another; it then, descending beneath this structure, which is about a foot in diameter, exspumates a quantity of viscid matter, which, being mingled with air, causes the nest to float. In this viscid exspumation the eggs are laid, and both the male and female remain near the nest, making furious strokes at any intruder; and as they are provided with a very sharp bony first ray to the dorsal fin, if a wound be inflicted it is generally a severe one. The form of the beak of the Fish-Hawk is admirably adapted for separating the plates of mail in which the Hassar is enveloped. It is when the water in the pools and water-holes is reduced in the first part of the dry season to soft mud, that flocks of these birds are seen on the savannahs, feast- ing on Hassar.
The SmaLtLerR AWL-BEAKED Fisu-Hawk.
Habits the same as the former. From the habits of this group of birds of scouring the savannahs in search of prey, the length of their wings, and the strength of their claws, they approach near to the Harriers.
The Scissors-raitep Kite. Nauelerus furcatus.
This is a very graceful bird, and is generally seen soaring, with widely-forked tail, above the lower parts of creeks, or over rivers when the water is fresh. They are, when perched, generally in companies of from five to six. They strike at small birds, creepers and such like, when feeding. I do not think that they strike at birds on the wing, and I never saw the Nauclerus pounce on a fish, although they appear to prefer to soar over the broad parts of creeks and fresh rivers. In fact, they are scarcely ever seen elsewhere. The Camouni creek, a few hours’ sail up the Demerary river, is a favourite haunt of the Scissors-tail. Here they may be seen by the now rare traveller in this once thickly populated and very beautiful creek, either soaring high up in the brilliant sunshine, with a gentle undulatory motion, moving the head from side to side, and alternately opening and shut- ting the fork of the tail, whence their name of “ Scissors-tail’’ ;_ or perched in a small company upon some high creek-side tree, attracted probably by a flock of creepers or manakins. In coming down the Camouni one morning with a pleasant company of sportsmen—we had bivouacked near the source of the river the night before—I was much struck with the remarkable gracefulness and beauty of the Nau- clerus. A company of six had selected a high tree cluse to the water’s edge, at a wide and graceful bend. The approach of our boat alarmed them, and they flew up and around the tree as if inclined to settle again after we had passed on; but on one of our party firing, the
58
birds, finding the danger impending, sought for safety in the higher regions of the atmosphere, and it was in their gyrations to obtam a suitable elevation that their gracefulness and beauty were particu- larly remarkable. I am not acquainted with any Hawk which soars to such a height as the Nauclerus. I have seen them over the river Pomeroon, at an elevation so great as to be scarcely visible.
The whole of the next group, nine in number, with the exception of three, are birds which frequent the extensive abandoned fields near the sea and the courida trees (Avicenna nitida et tomentosa), which form a narrow belt of vegetation along the coast, between the sea and the high roads. These fields, which were for the most part formerly in cotton, are often inundated, either from imperfect drainage of bush- water, or the incursion of the sea, which, since the British people commenced to make us pay the penalty of having had slaves, is fast resuming its ancient dominion, from whence it was dammed out by our Dutch predecessors. Over these fields may be seen hunting with indefatigable industry the first two of the group; viz.
The Brown-BACKED HaARRIER, and
The Lone AND SLENDER-LEGGED BuzzaARD.
They search every bush, destroying old and young alike, snatch up the little grass-finches, and in fact are a most dreadful scourge to the feathered inhabitants of these woe-begone and miserable look- ing swamps, remembrances of our former glory and shame. The next is
The Curstnut HarrieEr.
A very rare bird, which was shot while flying over the Mahaica creek. Nothing whatever is known of its habits, but from its struc- ture they must be similar to those of the two former.
The Larce Sra-FrisH1nG Hawk.
The coasts of Demerara, it may not be unnecessary to inform the English reader, are bound by vast mud-flats, which at high tide are covered by the sea. At dead low tide the water-mark is, at many parts of the coast, not visible. It is on the courida trees which bor- der the coast landward that the Large Sea-fisher may be seen waiting patiently for the influx of the tide, which brings with it his food. At about half-tide he begins to bestir himself, and as there is always an abundance of fish brought up by the water, he soon captures as much mullet and other such-like coast-fish as gratifies his hunger. The Sea-fisher fishes on the hover from a considerable height, pouncing down vertically on its prey. The next is
The Birp Haws,
With striated chestnut belly, which does not hunt on the wing, but sights its prey, small birds, from the perch, generally a courida tree. It builds a nest of dry sticks upon these trees. The next is
59 The Parrot-BEAKED BuzzarRD.
A rare bird, and was shot in a cocoa-nut tree in the Mahaicony. It sights its prey, small birds, from the perch. Another species,
The LonG-LEGGED SNAKE-EATER,
Leads us back to the abandoned fields. This bird, a large, brown, dirty and ruffianly-looking animal, is very often seen, particularly on the east sea-coast, undergoing the punishment peculiarly appropriated to bullies, namely, being severely thrashed by fellows much smaller than himself. The Kiskadee, a tyrant shrike, is the little champion who thrashes the Snake-eater. Sometimes two or three of these birds will be seen, always keeping above it, pecking the Hawk most unmercifully, and they seldom fail in bringing it to the ground, when the sight of its powerful talons I presume, reminding them that the better part of valour is discretion, causes them to fly off to some neighbouring tree and set up a glorious “Io Pzan” of Kiskadee, Kis-kis-kiskadee over their victory. I have seen this Hawk capture snakes more than once and fly off to its perch to devour the prey. Another species,
The CRAB-EATER,
Frequents the courida trees, from whence it sights its prey on the mud-flat, namely crabs. It pounces upon any unwary crab that quits its hole, and, unlike the Snake-eater, consumes it on the spot where it takes it, and then returns to its look-out. They build a nest of sticks in the courida bush. Another species,
The INSECT-EATER,
Is the most ignoble of all our Hawks. Its feet and claws are sin- gularly weak, and it feeds almost exclusively on beetles and other insects, which it captures on the courida bush, which it frequents. I have opened them and taken a large quantity of the fragments of in- sects out of the stomach.
The CresteD AND BooTep EAGLE.
A live specimen of this beautiful bird was brought to me as a present by an old servant who had left me a long time, and had been living far up the Demerary river. He unfortunately knew nothing of its habits, and told me that it was the only one he had seen. I have never seen one in the wild state. This bird lived for some days, but would not eat. Apparently, the beautiful semicircular crest of black feathers with a white central star was only elevated when the bird was excited. This however was almost constantly the case, from extreme wildness. The cry was a loud, plaintive, diminishing ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha. This bird certainly has most of the characters of a true Eagle. It is heavy and robust, with a beak somewhat straight at base; tarsi plumed to the toes ; wings moderately long, with the fourth feather the longest ; and the general air is that of an Eagle.
60
There are only three Falcons that I have seen here ; the first two true Falcons, with the typical characters and habits marked, and the third with all the typical characters (excepting the two-toothed beak) and the habits wanting. The first two are little Falcons, namely,
The CHESTNUT-BELLIED FALcon, and
The WHITE MOTTLE-BELLIED FALCON.
They are both birds that strike their prey on the wing, and are capable of killing birds nearly as large as themselves. The yellow- bellied species may be seen very busy at dusk, hunting bats with amazing swiftness. I have never been able to find either of their nests.
The Two-rootHep Barip1.
A bird with precisely similar habits to the next three birds. Like them, the Baridi never strikes, but confines himself to pillaging nests and destroying young birds. He is a sneaking marauder and burglar, and not audacious enough to commit highway robbery and murder, like the true Falcons. His wings are very short, and the characteristic formula of the quill-feathers is wanting. Consequently, I have placed this bird at the head of the succeeding group.
The PLAID-CHESTED SHORT-WINGED Hawk. The BRown-BACKED SHORT-WINGED Hawk.
The YELLOW-CERED SHORT-WINGED Hawk.
They are characterized by the same habits as the Baridi, stealing eggs and murdering unfledged birds.
The two next Hawks are large and powerful. The first is a large Black Hawk. It is a very fierce and destructive bird. It will kill rats and other small quadrupeds, as the Adouri (Cavia agouti), &c., and will strike at and kill so large a bird as a Currycurry ([éis rubra). My huntsman Benjamin tells me that some time ago he shot a Curry- curry, and before the bird fell to the ground, a large Black Hawk seized it and bore it away. It is very destructive to hen-roosts. The next species is found far up the river Demerary, and is by no means common. Mr. John King, a very respectable bird-stuffer and an observant naturalist, tells me that in a period of many years, con- stantly occupied in procuring species of birds and animals, he has only seen a few specimens of this bird. I have ascertained from the same authority, that its habits are very similar to the Large Black Hawk of the coasts.
I only know of five Owls in this country ; of four I have procured specimens. The first two, Booted Owls without ears, are common enough, and I have not been able to ascertain anything in their habits differing from the well-known and frequently described habits of their European congeners.
61
The SMAUL-BOoTED Brown Ow t.
This is seen frequently at dusk in company with the Little Bat- falcon, hunting bats. The larger one, or Large-booted Black and White Owl, is strictly a night bird, and found principally in the forests. The next two are likewise strictly night birds.
The Larce LonG-LEGGED STRIix, or JumB1 Birp,
Inhabits hollow cabbage-trees or old and dilapidated houses, un- fortunately that style of habitation in Georgetown, and over the whole country, being at this time the rule, and not the exception. They make a great noise at night, a sort of clack, clack, clack, &c., termi- nating with a harsh, disagreeable and ominous scream. They are held here, as elsewhere, to be birds of ill omen, portending death, wherefore they are called “ Jumbi,” or Ghost Birds, by the negroes.
The Lirrte LoNG-LEGGED STR1Ix
Is a very handsome little mouse-coloured Owl, which preys upon moths and other night insects as well as small bats. They are mostly seen on the savannahs and in the courida bushes, and are strictly nocturnal. : :
It will be perceived that I have not described the Harpya de- structor. This is in consequence of my not having had an oppor- tunity of examining a dead specimen ; a living specimen which I have access to, in the possession of Governor Barkly, being altogether too fierce to take liberties with. It has a very owlish appearance, both in its facial disk and soft plumage. I have seen another imperfect skin of a very large Eagle feathered to the toes, with tremendous talons; both this and the Harpy I hope to be able to describe in a subsequent communication.
February 25, 1851. R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
Mr. Gould directed the attention of the Meeting to two Hybrid Birds, concerning which he read the following letter, which had been addressed to Mr. B. Leadbeater, F.Z.S.
“Cottimore, Walton-on-Thames, December 17, 1850.
‘“‘Srr,—With reference to the bird which you now have of mine to preserve, I will tell you all which I have ascertained concerning it. It was shot at Henley Park, in the county of Surrey, by the keeper of H. Halsey, Esq., on a part of his property called the Peat Moor, and not far from the Frimley ridges ; a wild tract of country, with a good many black-game upon it. The keeper was shooting pheasants for the supply of the house, and this bird rose on the opposite side
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of the hedge to that on which he was, on the outside of a large covert : he did not see it distinctly ; but as in rising it made the sort of ery or crowing which a cock-pheasant is apt to do when disturbed, he shot it. I found it hung up in the larder, but was just in time to rescue it from the cook, and Mr. Halsey allowed me to take posses- sion of it to be preserved. There is no doubt of its being a hybrid between the black-cock and hen-pheasant, as it appears that a black- cock has for the last two years frequented this particular covert and fed with the pheasants. The keeper, after feeding his pheasants, has frequently hid himself, to count his stock of those beautiful birds, and always saw this black-cock come to feed with them; and so it lasted for two years or more. I have no doubt that this bird is the produce of his intimacy with a hen-pheasant. The old black-cock used to play like a cock-turkey, the keeper tells me, dragging his wings, and could drive all the cock-pheasants, being completely master over them; which I wonder at, as the pheasant has spurs and he has none. The hybrid was shot on the 26th of October, and had he lived another month, would have been a beautiful bird. You will observe that he crowed on rising as a cock-pheasant does, which I believe a black-cock does not do. As far as I can ascertain in the number of instances of hybrids mentioned in Yarrell’s ‘British Birds,’ they seem all to be the produce of cock-pheasants and grey-hens, whereas there is no doubt this is the reverse.
«T may mention while on this subject, that in another wood on Mr. Halsey’s property two Hybrids were produced between the cock- pheasant and hen golden pheasant; this took place about thirteen years ago. A hen golden pheasant had escaped from confinement, and it was known that she was alive in the coverts ; and in one par- ticular wood it was remarked that the pheasants were always disturbed and driven out of it, and it was not known for some time by what ; till at last, by watching at the feeding-places, it was discovered that this golden hen-pheasant and two other curious-looking birds were so pugnacious, that they drove every thing from the place. They were all three shot, when the other two proved to be cock-birds, and there is no doubt whatever of their parentage, both from their shape and plumage. They are small birds and not handsome, partaking of the plumage of both sorts of pheasants, without any of the beauty of either. I believe this to be the first instance on record of their ever breeding in a wild state; and you must remember that they were not in a Norfolk covert, full of half-tame pheasants, but in one of the wildest parts of England, as the presence of black-game will tell you. They were shot in the month of November, and therefore had pro- bably got as good plumage as they ever would have. They are now in my possession through the kindness of Mr. Halsey.
«J think it a very curious circumstance that these birds should have been produced in a wild state, as I find in the ‘Gardens and Mena- gerie of the Zoological Society,’ vol. ii. Birds, under the head of Golden Pheasant, that in China, where the two sorts are wild, they have never been known to produce a mixed breed, and that in confine- ment it is sometimes obtained, but with the greatest difficulty. Also,
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in the ‘ Natural History of Ireland,’ vol. ii. Birds, by W. Thompson, it is stated, as a reason for the Golden Pheasant not doing well in a wild state in this country if introduced where the common pheasant is now abundant, that they are such a shy, timid bird, and would be easily driven off by the other species. This fear is evidently ground- less, as not only the half-bred birds, but the golden hen drove all the other pheasants, as was seen frequently by the keeper ; and they were so cunning, and so well able to take care of themselves, that after it was known they were there, and the mischief they did, the covert was beat in the usual way for pheasants, in the hopes of being able to destroy these birds, but without meeting with them, and the keeper was obliged to watch for them and shoot them at feed.
“J remain, your obedient servant, « Joun W. G. Spicer.”
The following papers were also read :—
1. On THE ANATOMY oF THE Wart-HoG (Paacocuervs Patzasn, Van DER Hoeven). By Pror. Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.8. etc.
The female Phacocherus died, without previous symptoms of ail- ment, on Wednesday, February 5th, having lived in the Menagerie of the Society ten months, during which it throve, like the male, and grew rapidly ; its weight at the time of its death was 105 lbs.
The length of the body from the extremity of the jaws to the root of the tail was 3 feet 6 inches; the length of the head 1 foot; that of the tail 1 foot: this part is naked, very slender, tapering towards the end, which is subcompressed, a little dilated, and ornamented with a tuft of long and slender black bristles, growing chiefly from the opposite margins, as in the Elephant. A layer of lard or fat ad- hered to the under surface of the corium, as in the Common Hog, preventing the movement of the skin by a panniculus carnosus.
The hair is of one kind, coarse, scanty, and moderately long ; the bulb of each is imbedded im a flattened whitish body, about 3 lines broad. The cuticle is impressed by curved lines, giving it the ap- pearance of being composed of imbricated scales from 3 to 4 lines in breadth. There is a strong callosity in front of each carpus, formed by, or connected with, the frequent habit of this animal of walking on its fore-knees. The suborbital wart-like appendage, situated 14 inch below the eye, is composed of a mass of fibrous and adi- pose tissue. A double row of strong cilia project from the upper eyelid; but there are none on the lower lid. There is a broad ‘membrana nictitans.’ An arch of long black hairs forms an eye- brow. The upper lip is bent upwards, or folded over the base of the upper tusk, and many short hairs grow from the thickened margin of this fold. There is a slightly curved callous ridge of the integu- ment, 5 inches in length, parallel with the middle of the lower bor- der of the lower jaw. There are but four nipples, one pair abdomi- nal, about an inch behind the umbilicus; the other pair inguinal.
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The anus is situated about an inch below the base of the tail, is a transverse crescentic aperture, with a thick upper border. The vulva is situated about 10 lines below the anus; it is a little peaked below, and the clitoris, like a small caruncle, projects 4 lines within the margin.
There was no appearance of incisors in either jaw; but in the substance of the alveolar border of the lower jaw were four rudi- mental incisors, 9 lines long by 2 lines wide, which probably were never destined to come through, and are smaller than those in the Caffra- rian Phacocheere, called ‘ Harruja,’ in the British Museum. The present specimen also differed from that species in having no incisor in the upper jaw; not even the rudiment of one could be found in the substance of the premaxillary. Hence I conclude the species to be that which Van der Hoeven has characterized by the absence of in- cisors in both jaws, and has called Phacocherus Pallasii. The ex- serted crown of the canine tusks was 2} inches long in the upper, and 2 inches long in the lower jaw. Five molars were apparent on each side the upper jaw, and four molars on each side the lower jaw. The first in each jaw was a small, obtusely rounded premolar, with three long diverging fangs above and two below, answering to p 3; the second molar in the upper jaw was a much-worn milk-tooth, m 4 ; the third grinder above and the second below were the first true mo- lar, m 1, with the crown worn down nearly to the roots. The fourth grinder above and the third below were the second true molar, m 2, with a body or crown 14 of an inch in length before the giving off of the short bent fangs. The last tooth in both jaws was the anterior point of the third true molar just beginning to cut the gum*.
The absence of any incisors above the gum in this young animal, and the presence of four rudimental ones hidden in the lower jaw, just where they are occasionally found in old individuals of the Pha- cocherus Pallasii, show that this hidden condition and small size are not due to age, but are specific characters.
The roof of the mouth presented about twenty-two pairs of trans- verse, arched, palatal ridges, with their convexities turned forwards ; gradually decreasing as they were placed more backwards, and ter- minating opposite the end of the molar series ; beyond this part the membrane of the palate was smooth and soft. The tongue is long and narrow, with small, obtuse, well-defined papille below its mar- gins, with a smooth dorsum, beset with very fine gustatory papillze for two-thirds of its extent. At the base of the tongue, 6 inches from the tip, are two large fossulate papilla, on the same transverse line, and behind these the dorsum of the tongue is beset with numerous soft, moderately large, pointed and retroverted papille.
* The grinding surface of the teeth in place closely corresponded with those of the Phacocherus Pallasii figured in my Memoir on the Teeth of the Wart-Hogs (Philosophical Transactions, 1840, pl. 34. fig. 8, m1, m2 and m3). The pre- sent specimen shows a stage anterior to the one there figured, the last milk- tooth intervening between the first molar and the small premolar in the upper jaw. There was no trace of the germ of a p4 above the crown of d@ 4 in place, whence it may be concluded that, at corresponding phases of dentition, the Phac. Pallasii has fewer grinders than the Phac. #liani.
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Two mucous sacculi, about 1 inch in diameter and 14 inch in depth, are produced from the upper and back part of the pharynx into the pterygoid fossee, on each side the basisphenoid. Between the mouths of these sacculi there projects from the back part of the pharynx a glandular prominence or caruncle, about 7 lines long by 5 lines broad. At the lower and back part of the pharynx a third median sacculus is developed, just below the ‘ constrictores pharyngis’; in this re- markable structure the Wart-Hog resembles the Babyrussa*. The cesophagus commences between this sacculus behind and two large post-arytenoid sacculi in front, and is divided from both by a trans- verse membranous ridge or wall. The long ligamentous crura of the epiglottis are continued from the sides and back part of the post- arytenoid sacculi to that cartilage, which is unusually distant from the larynx. The convex border of the broad epiglottis projects into the posterior nostril. The cesophagus descends behind the trachea to the thorax, and in the posterior mediastinum it is suspended by a fold of the pleura, about 13 inch broad, which attaches the tube to the descending aorta, after it has passed through the arch.
The stomach is of small size and simple shape; its length in a straight line is 9 inches; following its greater curvature 1 foot 7 inches ; the lesser curvature, or the distance from the cardia to the pylorus, being only 3 inches. The left end extends about 33 inches beyond the cardia, and the right end projects about 2 inches to the right of the pylorus. It presents the usual form of the simple sto- mach, but the cardiac blind end is marked off by a slight constric- tion, hardly, however, to the same degree as in the Common Hog ; and far from presenting the complexity of the stomach in the Baby- russa. The great omentum is continued from behind the great cur- vature, and was folded or crumpled up behind and beneath the sto- mach, enclosing the spleen, which was to the left and a little behind the great end of the stomach. No part of the omentum was visible when the abdominal cavity was exposed, and but little of the stomach could be seen. Almost the only viscera that presented themselves were the large spiral coils of the colon, closely united together by mesocolic bands laden with fat, about an inch in breadth. The czecum was in the left lumbar region. The stomach extended from the left hypochondrium across the epigastric to the right hypochon- driac regions. The liver extended from the right hypochondrium to the left, but did not cover all the great end of the stomach. The small intestines lay concealed behind the colon.
The cesophagus, which is 2 inches in circumference at its termi- nation in the stomach, opens nearer the posterior than the ante- rior surface of the lesser curvature, 34 inches from the left end, which forms a prominence above the concavity leading to it from the gullet.
The cesophageal epithelium is continued a little way on the inner surface of the stomach, forming a thin, narrow, oval patch, extend- ing 1} inch to the left of the cardia, 2rds of an inch to the right and
* See Prof. Vrolik’s excellent memoir on that animal, ‘ Recherches d’Anatomie comparée sur le Babyrussa,’ 4to, p. 30, pl. 3.
No. CCXXIII.—Proceepines or tHe ZooLoeicat Soctety.
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back part of the cardia, and 3rd of an inch to the front of the cardia. The rest of the stomach is lined by the usual gastric vascular mem- brane, which in the distended state shows one or two short and very narrow, straight rugze, and is smooth in the rest of its extent, except near the commencement of the short and narrow canal leading to the pylorus, where a number of longitudinal rugee converge. The mus- cular coat of the stomach is 2 lines in thickness at the cardia, where its texture is unusually firm ; it diminishes in thickness to 1 line after a course of 2 inches from the cardia, and is less than half a line thick over the great dilated portion of the stomach. It resumes its thick- ness of 2 lines at the narrow pyloric portion. A few longitudinal rugee radiate from the cardia a little way upon the epithelial part, but there is no valvular apparatus there.
The form of the pylorus is crescentic, bounded below by an arched protuberance, receiving in its concavity a single longitudinal protube- rance from the upper side.
The bile-tube (ductus choledochus) opens on a mammillary emi- nence half an inch from the pylorus.
The duodenum, which is about 1 inch in diameter at its com- mencement, where it receives the ductus choledochus and pancreatic duct, contracts to a diameter of 2rds of an inch as it bends down in front of the right kidney, suspended by a narrow mesentery ; it then crosses the first lumbar vertebra, and becomes attached to the back of the ascending colon ; there it ascends a little way, bending obliquely round the colon, and becomes suspended, as jejunum, upon the proper mesentery. The jejunum and ilium lie im close coils sus- pended by the narrow mesentery, which is loaded with fat, termina- ting next the intestine in lobes which project as a free border on each side the junction of the mesentery to the gut. The mesenteric vessels pass straight through this fat, without forming anastomotic arches. The mesenteric glands are arranged in a semicircle about the root of the mesentery. The small intestines preserve a pretty uniform diameter until near the end of the ilum, which gradually contracts to a diameter of about half an inch. The length of the small intestine is from 18 to 20 feet, or about five times the length of the body ; which is proportionally one-half the length of the small intestines of the domestic Hog. The ilium passes near its termination from the right to the left lumbar region, and ascends to terminate in the czecum, to which it is attached by a duplicature of the perito- neum. The czecum was situated in the advanced part of the left lumbar region. It was 34 inches in length, and about 24 in diame- ter, with an obtuse rounded end ; its parietes were slightly puckered or sacculated on two longitudinal bands, about 4 lines in breadth, a third band commencing near the entry of the ilium; its cireumfe- rence is 7 inches. It is divided by a constricted neck, 3} inches in circumference and 14 inch in length, from the colon, and this con- tracted part was sacculated only on one side, the other side being smooth, with a strong coat of longitudinal fibres external to the cir- cular ones. At this part the ilium, caecum and beginning of the colon are attached by a strong mesentery to the spine: the colon ascends
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in front of the left kidney to the great curvature of the stomach, and bends over to the right side in front of the epiploon, and descending describes a large spiral curve, then a second, third and fourth, pro- gressively diminishing im extent; the last and innermost is folded upon itself, and repeats two spiral coils in the opposite direction, the extent of these increasing; and the gut, quitting the mass of closely connected coils, passes backwards, and bends round the root of the mesentery, adhering to that part and to the pancreas above, then descends in front of the duodenum, much diminished in size, and getting to the back of the lumbar region becomes the rectum, and is continued, tightly bound to the sacrum, behind the genital organs and bladder to the vent. The coils of the colon, which are the first viscera that present themselves, and conceal almost all the others in the abdomen, are attached to one another by bands of meso- colon of about an inch in breadth ; and these were laden with lobes of fat. There were many small, dark-coloured glands at the root of the mesocolon, from which straight blood-vessels radiated in groups of from four to eight or ten. The colon, where it forms the first series of coils, is 10 inches in circumference, and is slightly sacculated on two longitudinal bands. The sacculi subside with a slight dimi- nution of diameter in the returning coils.
The length of the ‘large intestines’ was 13 feet 6 inches, or nearly four times the length of the entire animal.
The mucous membrane of the small intestines is produced in the duodenum into four or five narrow longitudinal folds, which in the jeyunum are six or seven in number, and are here or there connected together by oblique folds. Towards the middle of the jejunum these folds disappear, and then reappear at intervals progressively increa- sing ; and in the ilium the mucous lining is even and simply villous. In the partial or interrupted extents of the plicated structure, the rugze are more reticulate in their arrangement. The lining membrane of the colon was smooth and even, but gorged with blood, and varied in many parts from a deep vinous to an almost black colour. The lining membrane of the rectum was disposed in numerous fine longi- tudinal rugee. The small intestines contained only mucus; the large intestines a dark fluid matter of the usual fecal odour, with one or two masses of hard feces, about the size and shape of a pullet’s egg.
The liver weighed 2 lbs. 4 0z. i tconsisted of three principal lobes, viz. a right, middle and left ; the right is the largest, and is partially subdivided at its free extremity, which is closely connected with the right supra-renal body and the summit of the right kidney. The middle lobe is bifid, a gall-bladder 4 inches long by 14 inch broad being lodged in the cleft; a small ‘lobulus Spigelii’ projects near the neck of the gall-bladder. The left lobe of the liver terminates on the left side, about 3 inches from the cardiac end of the stomach. The hepatic duct joins the cystic after a course of an inch; the ‘ductus communis’ is about the same length, and has a width of 3 lines at its termination, which is at the upper part of the beginning of the duodenum.
The pancreas is a long flattened band, from an inch to an inch
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and a half in breadth, extending in two directions from the begin- ning of the duodenum, where its duct terminates. One portion fol- lows the first part of the curvature of the duodenum to the extent of 6 inches ; the other and chief part of the gland passes from the py- lorus behind the stomach to the spleen, and is 7 inches in length.
The spleen is a long, flattened, ellipsoid body, about 11 inches in length and 21 inches across its broadest part at the middle. It weighed 3 oz.
The kidneys together weighed 6} 0z.; they are not cleft or lobu- lated, and are situated symmetrically at the back of the hypochon- dria. The supra-renal bodies are of an elongate, subcylindrical shape.
The heart is a somewhat flattened cone, with a produced pointed apex formed by the left ventricle. The pericardium adheres to the sternum ; it was covered with much fat. There is a large pleural sae between the pericardium and the diaphragm, which contains the azy- gous lobe of the lung, the long intra-thoracic inferior cava, the ceso- phagus and descending aorta.
The right lung is divided into three lobes and the ‘lobulus azygos’; the left lung into two lobes, the upper and smaller lobe being slightly subdivided. The tracheal rings overlap each other behind. The thymus gland extended from the fore-part of the pericardium into the neck. The thyroid gland consists of one elongate, narrow lobe, concave where it is applied to the fore-part of the trachea, convex where it is covered by the ‘ sterno-thyroidei’; it is about 2 inches in length and 8 lines wide. The thyroid cartilage is of unusual length, shaped like the side or section of a vase, convex outwards at its lower half, and concave above, by the bending outwards of its broad upper margin ; its length is 2} inches, its breadth 1} inch. The arytenoid cartilages are still more unusual in their conformation ; they are very long, curved backwards, and confluent at their apices ; on each side of this prolonged confluent point they are deeply cleft, so as to form two lateral pointed processes or appendages. A fold of membrane is con- tinued from each lateral appendix outwards to the ligamentous crura of the epiglottis ; these folds form the outer walls of two large post- arytenoid sacculi, which intervene between the larynx and pharynx. A median fold of membrane is continued backwards from the middle line and confluent apices of the arytenoids, and forms the septum between the post-arytenoid sacculi. The mucous membrane of the larynx is continued from the anterior and upper border of the thyroid forwards and upwards into the concavity of the basihyal, forming a wide but not very deep anterior sacculus.
The brain weighed 3} oz.
Female Organs.—The ovarium, 9 lines long, 6 broad and 4 thick, is kidney-shaped, and is suspended by the middle of the concave bor- der by a short, thick peduncle, to which is attached the commence- ment of the ostium abdominale of the oviduct ; this orifice’is not fim- briated, but has some delicate wrinkled processes on its inner surface. The peritoneal fold continued from this part to the end of the cornu uteri, and which approximates it thereto, forms one side of the open- ing of a wide oyarian pouch, upon the outer and fore-part of which
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the oviduct describes its convolutions in its course towards the uterus. The stroma ovarii contained at its periphery a few advancing ovisacs about a line in diameter.
Each cornu uteri is about 1 foot 4 inches in length, and of a nearly uniform circumference of 2 inches. It is beset with narrow, wrinkled, oblique, irregular ruge, forming longitudinal elevations as they ap- proach the body of the uterus, and again becoming oblique—patches of the rugous surfaces alternating with smooth patches.
The common uterus presenis large, longitudinal, wrinkled rugze for the first inch of its extent, and then a spiral valve begins to be formed, about 2 lines in thickness, which describes thirteen close coils before subsiding in the common vagina ; the length of the spiral portion, which may be compared to the ‘cervix uteri,’ is 33 inches ; the length of the vagina is 4 inches. The rug of the vagina are longitudinal, and longer at its beginning and end, where they termi- nate on a well-defined circular fold, dividing the vagina from the uro- genital canal, and constricting the orifice; the free borders of the spiral valve are beset by free, fine, longitudinal folds of the lining membrane of the uterus.
The urethra is about 3 inches in length, and becomes closely con- nected with the vagina 2 inches before it terminates. Its orifice is defended by two longitudinal folds.
In comparison with the Common Hog, the Wart-Hog, as regards its internal anatomy, differs in the more simple form of the stomach, the relatively shorter small intestines, and the relatively longer large ones ; but, like the Common Hog, the czecum is small, and the colon disposed in spiral coils, in both which characters they resemble the Ruminants ; the cecum is broader in proportion to its length than in the Common Hog. In both the Common Hog and Wart-Hog the intestinal canal is more tied down by the fat-laden processes of peritoneum, and appears to have less motion allowed it, than in other quadrupeds. The liver and gall-bladder, the kidneys and the tho- racic viscera, much resemble those of the Common Hog. The inner surface of the jejunum shows a reticulate disposition of rugze in the Common Hog, but not the regular longitudinal folds in the duode- num and beginning of the jejunum, as in the Wart-Hog.
The epiglottis passes into the posterior nares in both the Wart-Hog and Common Hog, and has the hyo-epiglottidei muscles ; but the pha- rynx in the Common Hog does not present the superadded sacculi, nor the larynx those peculiarities which distinguish the Wart-Hogs. These resemble the Babyrussa in the sacculated structure of the pharynx, but differ in the more simple stomach. The Wart-Hog differs from the Common Hog in the smaller size and more simple form of the ovaria, and the fewer mammze. The most marked dif- ference from all other Suide, and that which best justifies the generic separation, is presented by the dentition of the Phacocherus; the modifications of the alimentary canal are not of the same degree.
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2. AN ENUMERATION OF SPECIES OF RECENT SHELLS, RECEIVED sy W. J. Hamiiton, Esa., rrom BorNEO, IN NOVEMBER 1850, wirn DescRIPTIONS OF THE NEW Species. By W. METCALFE.
1. Hextrx Brooker, Adams and Reeve, Zoology of the Voyage of the Samarang, Mollusca, p. 60. pl. 15. fig. 4 a, 6.
2. Hexix virrata, Adams and Reeve, Zool. of the Samarang, Mollusea, p. 60. pl. 15. fig. 7 a, 4, ¢.
This species, having been previously described by Mr. Benson, in the ‘Magazine of Natural History,’ under the name of H. reglis, ought to retain that name. ™
In addition to the variety figured in the Mollusca of the Samarang, Mr. Hamilton received two other varieties, in which the pale green bands are wanting, the brown colour more or less predominating, with bands of yellowish brown, and a brown circle surrounding the um- bilicus.
3. Heirx ScHUMACHERIANA, Pfeiffer.
4. HeLix RESPLENDENS, Philippi in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1846, p. 192.
y 5. Hewix nasuta, nobis. AH. testd subdiscoided, sinistrorsd, carinatd, angusté perforatd, tenuissimd, lineis incrementi et spiralibus confertis subtilissimée decussatd, pellucidd, hyalind ; lined angustd pallide brunned ad carinam ornatd; spird sub- conicd ; anfractibus 54 planulatis, ultimo acutissime carinato, subtus nitescente ; apertura subrhomboided, ad angulum exte- riorem valde productd et coarctatd; peristomate simplici, tenut, margine superiore via reflewo, basali anticé reflexiore, umbilt- cum subtegente.
Long. 1,45; lat. 135; alt. , une.
This elegant species is covered with a thin epidermis, of a pale straw colour, under which the shell is milky white. It bears some analogy to H. Tayloriana (Adams and Reeve, Zool. of the Sama- rang, Mollusca, pl. 15. fig. 2 a, 6), but the projection at the extre- mity of the aperture is much more acute, and the shell is of a more gelatinous texture: it differs also in being sinistral.
v 6. Hexix eiutrnosa, nobis. A. testd orbiculato-converd, an- gusté perforatd, tenui, nitidissimd, diaphand, pallidé brunned, carinatd ; supra carinam fused, infraque lined angustd flaves- cente, ornatd; spird conoided, obtusd; anfractibus 5 parum convexis ; ad carinam supra infraque lined impressd circulari, striisque numerosissimis transversis notatd ; peristomate sim- plict, acuto, margine columellari viz reflexo.
Long. 14,; lat. 1; alt. =& une. A bright shell, resembling a thin film of glue, with a keel of a darker shade ; slightly indented above and below the keel, the in-
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dentation elegantly crossed with slight striz, the effect of which, as well as the darker line, is partially visible throughout the sutures.
v 7. Heuirx conicoipes, nobis. H. testd imperforatd, trochi- Sormi, acute carinatd, tenui, pellucidd, luteo-corned ; spiraliter leviter striatd, striis ad suturam majoribus, confertioribus ; apice mamillari ; anfractibus 7, superioribus subconvexis, duo- bus ultimis planulatis, ultimo subtus convexo, nitido, ad cari- nam et in medio depresso ; aperturd trapeziformi, subtus arcu- atd; peristomate simplici, acuto, subtus flexcuoso, marginibus callo tenui junctis.
Long. =; lat. 5%; alt. 4, une.
8. Buximus citrinus, Bruguiére; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Bul. pl. 31. fig. 187 a.
9. Buximus cuuoris, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Bul. pl. 37. fig. 223.
_ 10. CycLtostroma Borneensts, nobis. C. testd suborbiculari, depresso-conoided, acuminatd, albidd, fusco-variegatd, maculis ad suturam, cinguloque infra medium fusco ornatd ; striis ob- liquis minutis, aliisque circularibus minutissimis impressd ; an- Sractibus quinque planiusculis, carinatis; ultimo magno, margine acute carinato, circa umbilicum obtuse angulato ; apie dub circulari ; peritremate albo, reflexo; supra productiore, subtus refleco, ad columellam subsinuato ; umbilico magno, profundo ; operculo corneo, tenut.
Long. 14%; lat. 1,%5; alt. 3% unc. Varietas minor, magnitudine solum diversa. Shell bearing some characters in common with both C. aquilum,
Sow., and C. acutimarginatum, Sow. ; but having a more depressed
spire, and flatter whorls than either of those species.
11. Cyciosroma, apparently C. parvum, Sow. Thes. Conch. Cycl. fig. 254, 255.
12. CycLosroma unDaTuM, nobis. C. testd globoso-pyramidali, tenui, pellucidd, albd, lineis hyalinis undatis decurrentibus or- natd, tenuiter striatd; anfractibus 6, parum rotundatis, pri- mis conicis regulariter crescentibus ; ultimo magno, obtusé cari- nato; aperturd circulari, supernée angulatd ; peritremate lato, expanso, vie nist ad columellam reflexo ; suturis mediocribus ; none ——
Long. 58; lat. 355; alt. ,% une.
This species belongs to the division of the genus of which C. leve,
Gray, may be considered the type.
13. CycLOSTOMA TENUILABIATUM, nobis. OC. testd discoided, spird depressd, pland, colore pallido, superné castaneo-macu- laté et undulatd ; epidermide luteo-castaned, indutd ; anfrac- tibus 5 rotundatis, 4 primis levibus, ultimo lineis impressis irregularibus ruguloso ; suturd impressd; aperturd circulari ; peritremate duplici ; interno simplici, superné emarginato ; ex-
72
terno tenui, lato, planiusculo, supra ascendente, fornicato, dein compresso ; umbilico patulo ; anfractibus intus distinetis. Long. 1,;; lat. =8; alt. 4; une. Belonging to the genus Pterocyclos of Benson.
14. Cyctostoma sictLiatum. Pterocyclos biciliatum, Mousson, Land- und Siiss. Moll. von Java, p. 49. t. 20. fig. 9.
Several individuals of this species having been received, its locality is thus fixed. It is observable that the complete shell, which was not known to Mousson, exhibits a tubular spiracle near the aperture, similar to that apparent in C. spiraculum, Sow. ; also, that the aper- ture is circular, depressed, with the peritreme white, expanded, slightly reflected, and at the upper part faintly undulated.
15. Scarasus piicatus, Fer. var. major.
This variety, in place of the usual purple colour of the shell, ex- hibits a deep yellow ground, with four broad bands of dark brown colour.
16. Scarasus Borneensis, A. Adams.
17. AuRICULA suBNODOsA, nobis. <A. testd ovato-oblongd, crassa, albd, epidermide castaneo-fuscd, infra suturas decus- satim granosd, medio levi, ad basim striis decussatd ; anfrac- tibus convexiusculis, suturis distinctis, subcrenulatis ; anfractu ultimo superné longitudinaliter plicato-subnodoso ; aperturd medio paululum angustatd ; columelld biplicatd.
Long. 2,4,; lat. 1,3; une.
A species distinguishable from 4. Mide by the convexity of the upper whorls and the smoothness of their lower halves, the depth of the sutures, and the longitudinal nodulous folds which surround the upper part of the final whorl: the aperture is also proportionally wider than in 4. Midge. In the single specimen received, the colu- mellar lip has an interior protuberance above the upper fold.
18. AuRIcULA PoLiTa, nobis. A. testd ovato-oblongd, basi an- gustiore, spird brevi ; epidermide castaneo-fuscd, nitidd ; striis numerosis minutissime granulosis circumdatd, granis superius distinctioribus ; aperturd medio coarctatd ; columelld tripli- cata, plicd infimd linear.
Long. 1,5; lat. 8, unc.
Although the characters of the aperture resemble those of 4. Jude,
the form of the shell differs entirely in its greater breadth, and in the © shortness of the spire.
19. AuURICULA FELIS, Lam.
20. AURICULA MUSTELINA, Desh.
21. NeERITINA CREPIDULARIA, Lam. Conch. Ill. fig. 25.
22. Neritina Becxu, Reclus, Thes. Conch. fig. 13.
23. NERITINA PIPERINA, Chemn. Thes. Conch. fig. 166, 167.
73 24. Neritina pupiA, Chemn. Thes. Conch. fig. 81-88.
25. MeLANIA crirCUMSTRIATA, nobis. WM. testd elongatd, tur- ritd, solidd, fusco-viridi ; anfractibus convexiusculis, infra su- turam paululum constrictis ; superioribus striis 6 transversis elevatis, plicisqgue 8 majoribus longitudinalibus ornatis ; ultimo striis 13; aperturd ovali-oblongd, basi dilatatd, superius acute angulatd, et feré rimatd, intus albidd; peritremate sinuato, columelld callosd.
Long. 2,5; lat. ,8 une.
26. Mevanta suBsuTURALIS, nobis. M. testd turritd, fusco- viridi, lineis castaneis longitudinalibus obliquis varieyatd ; an- Sractibus feré planis, quorum superiores striis elevatis perpau- cis validis, inferiores pluribus minoribus inequalibus ornati ; ultimo ad basim crebristriato; suturd distinctd, excavatd ; aperturd ovali, superné angulatd, intus albido-cerulescente ; peritremate acuto, sinuato, extus effuso.
Long. 1,4,; lat. 5, une.
27. Panupina Hamitront, nobis. P. testd ovato-conicd, tenut, perforata, viridi, concolore; striis transversis undulatis, aliis- que longitudinalibus tenuissimé decussatd ; anfractibus 5 rotun- datis, superioribus etate erosis; suturd impressd ; aperturd ovali, supra angulatd, intus cerulescente, margine paululum incrassato, albido ; peristomate acuto, lined tenui nigrd cir- cumdato.
Long. 5%; lat. ;5, une.
The Bornean specimens being scarcely adult, the description is
drawn up from individuals in my cabinet, which have long been there without any locality assigned.— W. M.
28. Lirrorrna scaBRa. AHeliz sc., Linn. 29. Lirrorrina MELANOsTOMA, Gray, Zool. of Beechey’s Voy.
30. Litrorina AaLBicans, nobis. L. testd ovato-oblongd, acu- minatd, tenui, albidd, apice levi, nitente ; anfractibus 7 vel 8, quorum 5 ultimi strits numerosis paulatim crescentibus ornati ; ultimus rotundatus, etate varicosus, strid unicd majore, quasi carinatus, striis ad basim minoribus circumdatus ; apertura rotundato-lunari, lacted ; peristomate subreflexo.
Long. ;4,; lat. 4, unc.
A delicate species, of a milk-white hue, the older specimens having
many varices produced by the previous reflexions of the outer lip.
31. CeriTHiumM ostusuM, Lam.; Zool. of the Samarang, Moll. pl. 13. fig. 3.
32. CERITHIUM UNICARINATUM, nobis. C. testd turritd, tenui, apice truncato, hine inde varicosd, cinered, longitudinaliter pli- catd, interstitiis longitudinaliter striato-rugosis ; suturd parum impressd ; anfractibus viz rotundatis, regulariter crescentibus ; ultimo acuté carinato, infra carinam crebristriato; apertura
74
mediocri subfuscd; columelld rectd; peritremate modicé re- fiexo, albescente. Gia 5 Long. 1,5; lat. ;5 une.
33. Amputtaria, probably 4. Celebensis, Quoy, Voy. de l Astr. pl. 57. fig. 1-4.
34. Natica macutosa, Lam. pellis-tigrina, Chem.
35. NovacuLina oLtvacega, nobis. WN. testd oblongd, valde in- equilaterali, epidermide olivaced, ad extremitates fuscescente, indutd ; natibus erosis ; anterius rotundatd, posterius angulato- rotundatd ; margine superiore fere recto, postice paululum de- scendente, ventrali medio subcompresso; intus albd, dentibus lamellatis duobus recurvatis in utrdque valvd, posteriore bifido.
Long. 53, ; lat. 3,3, une.
A large example of this species, in the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq., exhibits a character which will probably be found generic ; namely, a shelly protuberance in each valve, attached to the interior ligament at nearly its hinder extremity. These shelly substances have not, that I am aware, hitherto been noticed. It is probable that they become detached in most specimens by the removal of the animal.
36. CyRENA TRIANGULARIS, nobis. C. testd trigond, solidius- culd, epidermide fusco-virescente, transversim striatd, stris marginalibus lateralibusque eminentioribus, sulco ab umbone ad marginem posteriorem leviter impressd ; margine antico de- scendente, vix excavato, angulo anteriore rotundato ;\ margine superiore subrotundato, postice fere biangulato, propter suleum dorsalem subsinuato ; intus lacted, margine continuo nitentiore ; dentibus cardinalibus in utrdque valvd tribus, duobus bifidis ; dentibus lateralibus brevibus, tenuissime rugosis, haud striatis.
Long. 3; lat. 3,5; alt. 1,8 unc.
The characters of this shell bear some resemblance to C. Suma- trensis, Sow. Gen.; but on comparison with the type of that species, now in the Cabinet of Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., the present is found to differ materially, in its triangular outline, as well as in the character- istic furrow from the umbo to the posterior margin, affecting the curvature of the posterior angle, and producing a slight sinuosity in the margin.
37. Unto.
38. Unio.
I am unwilling to describe as new these two species of the genus Unio, from want of acquaintance. with the great American collections of the genus.
Although no letter accompanied this box of shells, Mr. Hamilton presumes that they have been sent to him by his friend Sir J. Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak. The remittance is undoubtedly from Borneo.
_
“J o
March 11, 1851. J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. The following papers were read :—
1, A Few worps on THE Synonymy oF DisTICHOCERA, A GENUS or Loneicorn CoLeopreRA From New Ho.uanp, wIitH CHARACTERS OF THREE SPECIES SUPPOSED TO BE UNDE- SCRIBED. By Epwarp Newman, F.L.S. erc.
(Annulosa, Pl. XX.)
Among the invaluable labours of the late Mr. Kirby, none are more useful to the general entomologist than his lucid and masterly de- scriptions of new and remarkable forms of exotic Coleoptera ; and of these, none afford to myself so much instruction and pleasure as that entitled ‘A Description of several New Insects collected in New Holland by Robert Brown, Esq.,” and published in the twelfth vo- lume of the ‘Linnean Transactions.’ In this admirable paper is the first description I can find of the extraordinary genus Distichocera, although, as Mr. Kirby himself informs us, it was known long pre- viously under the same name, and although he himself gives it as “Distichocera of MacLeay,” a name which I am inclined to conclude existed in manuscript only. Concerning the genus in question I lay no claim to any additional knowledge of the structure, habits or affi- nities of the insect described by Mr. Kirby; but the labours of col- lectors, amid the seemingly inexhaustible riches of our Australian colonies, have placed within my reach a greater number and greater variety of specimens. Mr. Kirby has only made us acquainted with a single species, and a single sex of that species. Mr. MacLeay has added a second, which has also been described by Guérin, Boisduval and myself under a variety of names. Three other forms of the genus have occurred to me, making the number five in all. Of these, three are certainly females, and two as certainly males. The object of this communication is to express my views as to associating the sexes, and to make known two supposed species which were pre- viously uncharacterized.
Genus Disticuocera, MacLeay (MSS.’).
Distichocera, Kirby, Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. 471.
‘‘Labrum transversum, tetragonum. Labium membranaceum apice bilobum : lobis divaricatis. Mandibule trigonze, edentule apice incurvee acute. Maxillee basi trigonze, apertee. Palpi filiformes. Mentum transversum, trapeziforme. Antennze sensim crassiores, disticho-ramose.”’—Kirby, 1. ec.
1. DisriIcHOCERA MACULICOLLIS.
Mas. Distichocera maculicollis, Kirby, 1. c. Distichocera maculicollis, Audinet Serville, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. iii. 59.
%6
Distichocera maculicollis, Boisduval, Faune de l’Océanie.
“Corpus fere cuneiforme, subtus pilis argenteis nitidum, supra ni- grum, obscurum. Caput subcordatum, pilosum, canaliculatum utrinque ante antennas carinatum. Oculi brunnei. Antenne breviores, nigree: articulis omnibus apice biramosis (duobus pri- mis brevissime); ramis oppositis compressis vertice rotundatis sinistris paulo longioribus, articulo extimo simplici clavato. Thorax subcylindricus: maculis quatuor dorsalibus quadratim ordinatis. Elytra cuneiformia: lineis tribus longitudinalibus elevatis: striga apud scutellum et alia majori in medio apud suturam piloso-argenteis, apice truncata. Femora brunnea. Tibize bicalcaratee. Alee elytris longiores.” — Kirby, 1. c.
Fem. Distichocera rubripennis, MacLeay, App. King’s Voyage.
“ Rufo-testacea subtomentosa, capitis lateribus oreque nigris, ver- tice canaliculato, antennis nigris, articulis vix biramosis, ramis sinistris brevissimis ; thorace atro, vittaé utrinque rufo-testaced, scutello nigro, elytris rufo-testaceis tomentosis apice obtusis de- hiscentibus ; corpore cuneiformi subtus villo argenteo micante, abdomine utrinque nigro maculato, pedibus nigris.””—MacLeay, U. ec.
Distichocera ferruginea, Guérin, Voyage de la Coquille.
Distichocera ferruginea, Boisduval, Faune de l Océanie, 467.
“Nigra; capite macula frontali, thorace vittis duabus elytrisque dense villoso-fulvis.’’—Boisduval, 1. c.
Distichocera fulvipennis, Newman, Ent. Mag. v. 492.
“Antenne nigre; caput nigrum, fronte fulvo: prothorax niger, Ineis 2 dorsalibus, longitudinalibus, latis, fulvis: scutellum ni- grum: elytra fulya: abdomen piceum, lanugine argentea vesti- tum: pedes picei. (Corp. long. 9 unc. ; lat. 3 unc.)’—New- man, l. c.
I have cited entire the original specific characters in every instance, in order to save the reader the trouble of making the references. I will now proceed to give more detailed characters.
Male.—Head somewhat cordate, black, velvety, having a slight epicranial sulcus, which is prolonged anteriorly between the bases of the anteunze: face slightly inclined, rather long: eyes arcuate, reni- form, pitchy brown, large, approaching on the epicranium, somewhat dilated on the cheeks : antennz as long as the body, 12-joited, black ; the first joint short, stout, somewhat obconical; the second very short ; the following, to the eleventh inclusive, moderately short, still much longer than the second, somewhat cyathiform as regards the shaft, and emitting from its apex two long branches; these increase in length from the first pair, and those on one side of each antenna are uniformly longer than those on the other ; this discrepancy is par- ticularly observable in the third (or first branched) joint ; the twelfth joint is club-shaped and undivided; it is longer than either of the others, yet scarcely exceeds in length the branches of the eleventh. Prothorax subquadrate, its anterior and posterior margins nearly equal, its lateral margins somewhat uneven, but not produced into a central
77
tooth ; pronotum somewhat uneven, black, with four greyish spots, which are due to a grey velvety pilosity ; the two smaller of these touch the anterior, the two larger the posterior margin, and appear as though forming parts of two vittee, each of which is interrupted in the middle ; prosternum produced between the procoxz and there deeply notched, pitchy red, and clothed with a grey pilosity. Scu- tellum rounded, black, and glabrous. Elytra black, broad at the base, gradually tapering to the apex, where they are slightly divari- cate, truncate, and furnished with a small obtuse and obscure tooth in the middle as well as at each angle of the truncature: each elytron has three carinz ; the first is prominent, originates near the base, and curves towards the suture but without reaching it, terminating in the apical area; the second originates on the disk considerably below the humeral angle, and running parallel with the first, unites therewith in the apical area; the third is nearly obsolete; it is situate on the apical half of the elytron, between the second carina and the costal margin; the costal margin is pitchy red, and clothed with a grey pu- bescence: the wings are fuliginous, slightly longer than the elytra, and unfolded: the legs are rather long; the metatibie slightly in- curved, and furnished with two apical spimes: the under surface of the thoracic and abdominal segments is of a pitchy red colour, clothed with a sparse grey pubescence ; the legs are of a similar colour, but the pubescence is scarcely observable.
Fem.—Head somewhat cordate, black, velvety, with a large ful- vous spot occupying the face and extending to the epicranium be- tween the eyes, but not reaching the anterior margin of the pro- thorax ; a deep longitudinal epicranial sulcus extends forwards to between the bases of the antennze: eyes arcuate, reniform, pitchy black : antennee more than half the length of the body, 11-jointed ; the first joint rather short, somewhat obconical; the second very short ; the third the longest, but still not disproportionately so, di- lated at the apex ; the fourth and fifth of the same form, but shorter ; the remainder, to the eleventh, slender at the base, but dilated and somewhat cupshaped at the apex, receiving into the cup the base of the next succeeding joint, and being produced into a strong obtuse lobe, tooth, or serrature on one side; this is very conspicuous, and gives the antenna a subserrated appearance ; on the opposite side is a very slight, scarcely perceptible indication of a like lobe ; the eleventh joint is sesquialterous. Prothorax nearly equal in length and breadth, the anterior narrower than the posterior margin, the lateral margins uneven and slightly lobed in the middle; pronotum uneven, with a slightly impressed anterior and posterior submarginal transverse sul- cus, velvety black, with two broad irregular longitudinal vitte of a bright fulvous orange colour ; prosternum produced between the pro- coxze, and the process notched. Scutellum short, rounded, black, shining. Elytra at the base much wider than the prothorax, gra- dually narrowing to the apex, where they are slightly dehiscent, trun- cated, and the truncature produced in the middle into an obtuse, scarcely perceptible tooth ; each elytron has three carine ; the first is prominent, originating near the base, and curves very gradually to-
78
wards the suture without reaching it, terminating in the apical area ; the second is indistinct, origmates near the humeral angle, and run- ning parallel with the first, ceases in the apical area; the third is still less distinct, and its limits are obscure ; at both extremities a junction between the first and second carinze may be made out, but is not very manifest : the wings are fuliginous, slightly longer than the elytra, but scarcely so long as the abdomen; the entire under-surface is pitchy red ‘clothed with a silvery grey pubescence, but there is an ovoid denuded space on each side of each abdominal segment. Legs pitchy red ; tarsi pitchy black ; metatibize with two apical spines.
Obs.—I believe that no author has hinted at the union of these very dissimilar insects under one specific name, but I think such a pro- ceeding will be borne out by the evidence. In the first place I would observe that both forms are equally abundant ; that they occur in the same situations and at the same season; that collectors have several times reported them as only sexually different ; and finally, that all the individuals of maculicollis are males, and all the individuals of fu/- vipennis females. Then, as regards structure, the cibarian organs of the two forms closely approximate ; so also does the direction and general figure of the head; the antennze indeed are remarkably dif- ferent, but this discrepancy obtains equally in several genera of lon- gicorns and in many other groups of Coleoptera, the males invariably possessing in such instances the longer, more compound and more ornate antennz. The discrepancy in the prothorax, which at first is very striking, will be found more in appearance than in fact, and more in colour than in figure; and even in colour an analogy exists that would be likely to escape the superficial observer ; the two fulvous vittee so conspicuous in fulvipennis appear divided, paler, and semi- obsolete in maculicollis, and the difference in the figure of this part is in simple accordance with the more robust habit in the supposed female: the discrepancy in the elytra again is considerable as regards width, and particularly striking as regards colour; but their strue- ture is normally the same; the number, direction and comparative length of the carine being identical: the legs are precisely alike in the two forms in structure, proportions, size and colouring. So that the reasons for uniting the forms under one specific name are stronger than any that can be urged for keeping them distinct ; and their not having been united by Kirby, MacLeay, Guérin, or Boisduval, merely implies that the idea did not occur to those distinguished entomolo- gists: there is no evidence that they maturely weighed and then re- jected the conclusion.
2. DisticHocerA PAR. Sexuum amborum color par: testaceo- fusca, maris capite prothoracisque disco saturatioribus ; om- nin) pilis cinereis obsita.
Maris long. corp. *525 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. *2 une.
Femine long. corp. *7 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. *225 une.
Male.—Antenne, anterior margin of prothorax, elytra, legs, and
entire under-surface testaceous brown, the head and disk of the pro- thorax being darker ; a longitudinal, narrow, silvery spot, due to the
/ Proc. 1.8, Ammuilose..;
DISTICHOCERA KIRBIL. Newmar -¢
79
presence of a velvety pilosity, is observable in the centre of each ely-
tron; every part of the body is more or less thickly beset with a grey pilosity.
Y PF headde Abeta exactly resembling the male, but the prothoracic
disk is not darker than the elytra, and there is no silvery mark in
their centre.
In both sexes the carination of the elytra follows that of D. ma- culicollis, but is less pronounced.
Compared with D. maculicollis both sexes of this species are of smaller size, and the discrepancy in breadth is rather more obvious than in length; the antennz of the males are very similar, but the apical joint is more clavate in per ; their colour is decidedly different, in maculicollis being black, in par testaceous, with the apices of the ramuli slightly darker ; the prothorax is more rounded at the sides in per than in the older species ; but the plaimness and purity of colour in par are sufficient at once to distinguish it.
Male and female in the cabinet of Mr. Scott, to whom I am in- debted for the opportunity of describing it.
3. Disticuocera Kireyt.
Mas. Caput nigrum, longitudinaliter sulcatum, antenne dimidio corporis longiores, 11-articulate, articulis 3-10 biramosis, 11o sesquialtero: prothorax niger vittis 2 latis fulvis, dorso inequa- lis lateribus medio \-dentatus : scutellum nigrum : elytra fulva, 5-earinata, apice dehiscentia, singulo truncato, truncaturd bi- sinuatd : pedes nigri.
Corp. long. 1°15 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. *3 unc.
Fem. Caput nigrum, longitudinaliter suleatum, antenne dimidio corporis viz longiores, 11-articulate articulis 4-8 apice emar- ginatis: prothorax niger vittis 2 latis fulvis, lateribus medio 1-dentatus: scutellum nigrum lateribus fulvum : elytra fulva 5-carinata apice dehiscentia, singulo truncato, truncaturd bi- sinuatd, pedes nigri.
Corp. long. 1°25 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. °375 unc.
Male.—Head black, with the exception of a scarcely perceptible
fulvescent tinge on the short velvety down of the epicranium ; a deep epicranial longitudinal sulcus extends forwards between the antenne : eyes arcuate, reniform, pitchy black, large, approaching on the epi- cranium, dilated and gibbose on the cheeks: antenne more than half the length of the body, 11-jointed ; the first joint rather short, stout, somewhat in the common shape of a reversed cone; the second joint very short ; the following, to the tenth inclusive, short, some- what cup-shaped towards the base, and emitting at the apex two long branches, which are slightly incrassated externally ; the eleventh joint is much longer than either, slender towards the base, somewhat club-shaped and very decidedly sesquialterous: prothorax uneven on the back, somewhat restricted just behind the anterior margin ; lateral margins produced in the middle into a decided strong but obtuse tooth ; the posterior half of each lateral margin concave, yet the anterior and posterior margins are straight and nearly equal in breadth ; the colour
80
of the prothorax is black, with the exception of two broad fulvous irregular vittze extending from the anterior to the posterior margin : prosternum black, shining, projecting between the anterior coxze, and the projection deeply emarginate: scutellum rather long, blunt at the apex, perfectly black: elytra fulvons, slightly divaricating, conspi- cuously carinated, truncate at the apex, and the truncature sinuate carinated ; the carine five discoidal, one costal and one sutural; the first discoidal originates at the base, and nearly runs into the sutural at about one-third of its length; the second unites with the first at the base and runs into the apical area of the wing; the third origi- nates at the base and runs into the apical area; the fourth originates in the humeral angle, dividing at one-third of its length, and the two branches counting as two carine, there uniting with the two pre- viously described in a confused manner in the apical area: the wings are fuliginous, slightly longer than the elytra, and scarcely folded at the tip: the abdomen and legs are black, the latter of moderate size and proportion: the metatibiee are armed with two spurs. .
Fem.—Head black, with the exception of a fulvescent tinge on the short velvety down of the epicranium: eyes reniform, or almost ar- cuate, ferruginous (probably by accident): antennee rather more than half as long as the body and moderately stout, 11-jointed ; the first joint moderately long; the second very short ; the third about equal in length to the first, and together with the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth inclusive, deeply notched at the apex, and receiving the base of the next preceding joint in the notch: prothorax uneven on the back, somewhat curved anteriorly, and the anterior half of each lateral margin uniting therewith in producing a somewhat semicir- cular outline ; the posterior half of each lateral margin is concave, and a strong but obtuse central tooth is produced on each side at the point of union of the convex and concave portions of the margin ; the posterior margin is nearly straight ; the colour is velvety black, with two broad fulvous vittee, extending from the anterior to the posterior margin: prosternum black, thickly sprinkled with a grey pilosity, projecting somewhat between the procoxee, and the pro- jection emarginate: scutellum rather long, rounded at the apex, vel- vety black with fulvous margins: elytra bright fulvous, conspicuously earinated, slightly divaricating, truncate at the apex, and the trunca- tures sinuate: the carinz on each elytron are five in number, and are thus disposed ; the first is near the suture and parallel therewith for rather more than a third of its length; it unites with the second at the base, and this runs into the apical area and there joins the third ; the third originates at the base, exceeds the second slightly in length, and joins the fourth in the apical area ; the fourth originates near the humeral angle and divides at about a third of its length ; both branches proceed to the apical area, and there unite with the second and third : wings fuliginous, exceeding the elytra in length, and scarcely folded at the tip: legs black.
Hab. Australia. I have seen but a single specimen of the male, which is in the Cabinet of the Zoological Society, and one of the fe- male, in the Cabinet of the British Museum.
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fb BIN2 124738
81
4. DisticHoocersa MacLeayit.
Fem. Caput nigrum, fronte ferrugined, longitudinaliter sulcatum: antenne desunt: prothorax ferrugineo-lanuginosus, lateribus bi- tuberculatus, haud dentatus : scutellum ferrugineo-lanuginosum lateribus nigrum, glabrum: elytra ferruginea 5-carinata apice viv dehiscentia viz truncata: pedes nigri.
Corp. long. 1°35 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. 5 unc.
Fem.—Head, including the eyes, black ; the face clothed with fer- ruginous down ; epicranium impressed with a longitudinal sulcus, which is very deep between the eyes; the eyes are moderately large and reniform, the lower or cheek lobe being the largest ; the face has a large and deep depression occupying the basal or upper portion of the clypeus; the first and second joints of the antenne alone are present: prothorax black, clothed with ferruginous down, without any trace of that central black velvety vitta which obtains in the females of other described species ; the anterior portion of the pro- thorax is smooth and somewhat ring-like ; the rest of the dorsal sur- face uneven and tuberculated on each side; it has two obtuse tu- bercles: prosternum produced between the procoxze into two short incurved, backward-directed processes which approximate at their apices, leaving an aperture through which the point of a needle may be passed: scutellum semicircular, clothed with ferruginous, with the exception of the margin, which is glabrous: elytra ferruginous and clothed with ferruginous down, wide at the base, narrowing to the apex and then truncate, the angles of the truncature being ob- tuse; the elytra are carinated, each having five carine ; the first is very short and nearly obtuse ; it commences near the scutellum and ceases before it has reached a third of the length of the elytron; the second and third commence near the base of the wing and unite in the apical area; the third and fourth commence almost together just below the humeral angle, and unite in the apical area; the two pairs are also united, and below their union several other raised anasto- mosing lines form a kind of network : the abdomen and legs are black, with a short hairy pubescence; metatibize with two distinct apical spines. sigh Australia. A single specimen of the female, taken by Mr. Ince, R.N., in that gentleman’s cabinet.
Perhaps I may be permitted to avail myself of the opportunity of stating that I am assiduously engaged in the preparation of a de- scriptive list of the longicorn Coleoptera of our Australian colonies, and that I shall feel deeply indebted to any members of the Zoological Society who would kindly assist me by the communication of speci- mens. As the extent and value of her colonies have always been a distinguishing character of Great Britain, so I think should the in- dustry of her sons take precedence of other nations in making known to the world the abundant riches of those colonies in the field of Natural History.
No. CCXXIV.—ProcerepDINGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
32
2. A CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF EMARGINULA, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS MOLLUSCA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FIsSURELLIDZ ; IN THE COLLECTION oF H. Cuming, Esa. By Artuur Apamsgs, R.N., F.L.S. ere.
Genus EMarGinuta, Lamarck.
Head proboscidiform ; tentacles subulate, with the eyes on tuber- cles at their external bases; foot with a range of cirrhi round the sides; mantle-margin simple; branchial plumes two; anal siphon with its angulated membranous sides projecting from the edges of the fissure ; tongue with a central laminar subquadrate tooth and nume- rous lateral teeth.
Shell conical, with an elevated slightly recurved entire vertex turned towards the posterior end ; surface cancellated ; aperture emarginated in front by a slit, which runs for some distance up the shell; interior without a partition; muscular impression crescentic, interrupted in front.
Emarginulus, Montf.—Patella, sp. Linn.
1. EMARGINULA FISSURA, Linn.
Patella fissura, Limn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p.1261.—Emarg. fissura, Flem.—£marg. levis, Recluz.—Emarg. curvirostris, Macgil.
Hab. British Islands. Mus. Cuming.
2. EMARGINULA RETICULATA, Chemn.
Emarg. reticulata, Chemn.; Sowerby, Genera (Emarg.), f. 5.
Hab. Malta, on stones. Mus. Cuming.
3. EMARGINULA CANCELLATA, Philippi.
Emarg. eancellata, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. pl. 7. fig. 15.—? Patella erystallina, Wood. Hab. Sicily, and island of Paros. Mus. Cuming.
4, EMARGINULA FISSURATA, Chemn.
Patella fissurata, Chemn. 11.1929-30; Sowerby, Genera(Emarg.), fig. 3.—Emarg. rubra, Lam. Hist.
Hub. Seas of Europe. Mus. Cuming.
5. EMARGINULA CURVIROSTRIS, Deshayes.
Emarg. conica, Blainville, Man. pl. 48. fig. 4.
Hab. 2
6. EMARGINULA ROSEA, Bell.
Emarg. rosea, Bell, Zool. Journ. vol. i. 1824.—Emarg. pileolus, Michaud.—Emarg. capuliformis, Philippi. Hab. British Islands. Mus. Cuming.
7. EMARGINULA cRAsSA, J. Sowerby.
Emarg. crassa, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch. pl. 33; Forbes and Han- ley, Brit. Moll. pl. 63. fig. 2. Hab. Norwegian Seas. Mus. Cuming.
83
8. Emarernuta Huzaroit, Payrandeau.
Emarg. Huzardii, Payr. Hab. ?
9. EMARGINULA SOLIDULA, Costa.
Emarg. solidula, Costa. Hab. Catania. Mus. Cuming.
10. EmarGInuLa ELONGATA, Philippi.
Emarg. elongata, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. pl. 110. fig. 2. Hab. Mediterranean. Mus. Cuming.
11. Emarernuna VANIcORENSIS, Quoy et Gaimard.
Emarg. Vamecorensis, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. de l’Astrol. pl. 68. fig. 19, 20. Hab. Vanicoro. Mus. Cuming.
12. EMARGINULA STRIATULA, Quoy et Gaimard.
Emarg. striatula, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. de l’Astrol. pl. 68. fig. 21, 22. Hab.
13. Emareinuta Cuviert, Savigny.
Emarg. Cuvieri, Savigny, Egypt, tab. 3. fig. 2. Hab. Egypt. Mus. Cuming.
? Mus. Cuming.
14. Emarernuta ciypeus, A. Adams. Z£. testd elongato-ellip. tied, valdé depressd, testaced, maculd luteold in medio dorsi, ver- tice subcentrali, posticé inclinato ; costis confertis, equalibus, radiantibus, imbricato-asperis, ornatd ; basi arcuato; aperture
: margine crenulato, anticé valde fissurato ; fissurd magnd ; aper-
turd intus bimaculosd. Hab. Isle of Burias, Philippines, on dead shells, 7 fathoms, sandy mud. Mus. Cuming.
15. EmMarGinvuxa scaBriuscua, A. Adams. E. testd elongato- ellipticd, depresso-conicd, testaced, vertice subpostico, retror- sum inclinato ; costis inequalibus, radiantibus, imbricato-sub- aculeatis, asperis, et lineis elevatis, concentricis, cancellatd ; aperturd anticé angustatd, basi arcuatd, margine ereno-denti- culato.
Hab.
16. Emareinuta opovata, A. Adams. LZ. testa elongatd, ob- ovatd, depresso-conicd, testaced, vertice subcentrali, retrorsum inclinato, costellis radiantibus, imbricato-asperis, et liris ele- vatis, concentricis, cancellatd ; aperturd posticé rotundatd, an- tice angustatd, margine creno-denticulato, antice profunde in- ciso.
Hab. Catbalonga, isle of Samaar, on stones, 4 fathoms. Mus.
Cuming.
? Mus. Cuming.
84
17. EmarGinuta tncisura, A. Adams. J. testd elongato- ovali, planulatd, pallide fulvd, vertice antico retrorsum ineli- nato, costellis inequalibus, radiantibus, longitudinalibus, im- bricato-asperis, et lineis elevatis, concentricis, decussatd, basi arcuato, aperture margine crenulato, anticé declinato, valdé jissurato, incisurd magnd, longd, haud usque ad verticem pro- ductd, marginibus intus callosis.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
18. Emareinuna micans, A. Adams. J. testd elongato-ovall, pallide fuscd, nitidd, vertice postice declinato, costellis radian- tibus et lineis elevatis transversis, regulariter cancellatd, can- celli quadrati; aperture margine denticulato, incisurd magna et longd.
Hab. Rains Island, North Australia (Lieut. Ince). Mus. Cuming.
19. EMARGINULA PuNCTATA, A. Adams. LJ. testd ovato-conicd, albido-grised, pulcherrimé viridi punctatd, vertice subcentrali, posticé inclinato ; costis longitudinalibus (majoribus cum mi- noribus alternatis) concinnée granulatis ; aperture margine cre- nulato, excurvato, anticé valde fissurato.
Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, under stones, low water.
Mus. Cuming.
20. EMARGINULA VARIEGATA, A. Adams. J. testd ovato-conicd, albidd, rufo-fusco variegatd, vertice acuto, subcentrali, posticé inclinato, costellis radiantibus, equalibus, imbricato-asperis, ornatd ; aperture margine denticulato, antice fissurato, fissurd brevi subquadratd.
Hab. Isle of Camaguan, Philippines, on exposed rocks, low water.
Mus. Cuming.
21. EMARGINULA PuNCTICULATA, A. Adams. JZ. testd elevato- conicd, capuliformi, albd, fusco punctulatd, costellis planulatis, crebris, longitudinalibus, radiantibus, ornatd ; apertura ovali, margine crenulato, antice profunde fissurato ; fissurd magnd et longa.
Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, Philippines, on stones, 12 fa-
thoms. Mus. Cuming.
22. EMARGINULA FULIGINEA, A. Adams. JL. testd ellipticd, valde depress, fuligined, apice subcentrali, posticé inclinato, costellis equalibus, radiantibus, granulosis, confertis, et lineis incrementi concentricis, ornatd ; aperturd ovali, intus viridi, margine crenulato, anticé fissurato, incisurd intus in canalem productd.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
23. EMARGINULA GALERICULATA, A. Adams. LE. testd oblique conicd, capuliformi, vertice valde curvato, ultra marginem poste- riorem decumbente, costellis angustis, crenulatis, radiantibus, interstitiis lineis elevatis, transversis, concinné clathratis ;
85
costd anticd, supra incisuram, granulato-punctatd ; aperture margine crenulato, antice profunde inciso. Hab. Calapan, isle of Mindoro, on stones, 12 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
24. EMARGINULA puLCHRA, A. Adams. JE. testd depresso- conied, viridi, albo pulcherrimé radiatim pictd, vertice subcen- trali, posticé inclinato, costis radiantibus, inequalibus, acu- leato-asperis, interstitiis lineis elevatis transversis clathratis ; aperture margine denticulato, antice inciso, fissurd brevi sub- quadratd.
Hab. Isle of Camaguan, Philippines, on exposed rocks, low water.
Mus. Cuming.
25. EMARGINULA conciInNA, A. Adams. JE. testd ovato-de- pressd, albidd, vertice postico, ad marginem declinato, costis sulcosis, distantibus, radiantibus (cirea 12), interstitiis lineis longitudinalibus, et transversis, concinné decussatis ; aperture margine dentato, antice profunde inciso.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
26. EMARGINULA viminea, A. Adams. EZ. testd ovato-conicd, albidd, vertice centrali, retrorsum inclinato, costellis radianti- bus, nodulosis, subequalibus, et lineis crassis, transversis, regu- lariter cancellatd ; cancelli profundi, punctiformes ; aperture margine erenato, antice profunde inciso.
Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.
27. Emarcinuta excurvata, A. Adams. E. testd elongato- ellipticd, depresso-conicd, testaced, apice acuto, subpostico, re- trorsum inclinato, costis radiantibus, et liris concentricis, ele- vatis, cancellatd, liris ad costas nodulosis, basi arcuato ; aper- ture margine excurvato, crenulato, anticé profunde inciso.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
28. Emareinuta pitecta, A. Adams. LE. testd elongato-ovali, subquadrangulari, albd, valde depressd, vertice subpostico, re- trorsum declinato, costis subdistantibus, radiantibus, asperu- latis, et liris elevatis, concentricis, pulcherrimé cancellatd ; basi arcuatd ; aperture margine denticulato, anticé valde Jissurato.
Hab. King George’s Sound, South Australia. Mus. Cuming.
29. EMarGINULA scaBrRicostatTa, A. Adams. E. festd ovali, valde depressd, albidd, fasciis tribus, lutescentibus, radiantibus, anticé ornatd; vertice subcentrali, posticé inclinato, costis radi- antibus, distantibus, corrugatis, interstitiis valdé clathratis et corrugatis ; aperture margine dentato et denticulato, antice valde inciso.
Hab. Isle of Corrigidor, Bay of Manila, on dead shells, sandy mud,
12 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
04,0. EMARGINULA CANDIDA, A. Adams. LE. testd ellipticd, de-
presso-conicd, obliqud, albd, vertice subpostico, retrorsum decli-
86
nato, costis radiantibus, imbricato-asperis (majoribus cum mi- noribus alternatis), interstitiis clathratis ; aperture margine denticulato, anticé profunde inciso.
Hab. Port Adelaide, Australia, on the sands. Mus. Cuming.
31. EMARGINULA BELLULA, A. Adams. E. testd elongato-ellip- tied, subdepressd, albidd, vertice subpostico, declinato, costis distantibus prominentibus, lineisque transversis concinné scul- ptis ; carind, supra incisuram, puncturatd ; aperture margine denticulato, intus sulcato, antice profunde inciso.
Hab. Catanuan, province of Toyabos, island of Luzon, on dead
shells, 10 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
32. EmarGinuta retecosa, A. Adams. J. testd elevato- conicd, elliptied, albidd, vertice subcentrali, posticé inclinato, costis radiantibus, equalibus, subnodosis, ornatd ; interstittis regulariter cancellatis, cancelli in serie unico dispositi ; aper- ture margine erenulato, incisurd profundd.
Hab. Bolinao, province of Tambalas, island of Luzon, sandy mud,
- 10 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
33. EMARGINULA EximiA, A. Adams. JZ. testd elongato-ovali, valdé depressd, albd, subpellucidd, vertice postico retrorsum inclinato, costis radiantibus, distantibus, prominentibus, imn- bricato-nodosis, interstitiis liris transversis et longitudinalibus laté cancellatd ; totd superficie lineolis radiantibus et concen- tricis pulcherrime decussatd ; aperture margine denticulato, antice profunde inciso.
Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, under stones, low water. Mus.
Cuming.
34. EMARGINULA PLANULATA, A. Adams. J. testd elongato-
e. ovali, complanatd, vertice subcentrali, postice inclinato, albidd,
Me ES costellis radiantibus, equalibus, imbricato-asperis, lineisque
“C6 “eso G65 972 eoncentricis inerementi decussatd, basi arcuato ; aperture mar- Set haw) Bol aelwe)i S48 gine anticée valde inciso ; incisurd latd et profundd.
Hab. Singapore, coarse sand and shells, 7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
35. EmMARGINULA cucuLLATA, A. Adams. . testd obovali, ob- lique conicd, albd, vertice producto, subpostico, intorto ; costis prominentibus, nodulosis, radiantibus, interstitiis cancellatis ; aperture lateribus anticé angustatis, margine denticulato, postice rotundato, anticé profunde fissurato, incisurd longa et latd.
Hab. Singapore, on shells, 7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
36. EmMARGINULA ACULEATA, A. Adams. J. testd elongato- ovali, depressd, rufescente, vertice subpostico, retrorsum in- clinato ; costis radiantibus, aculeato-asperis, prominentibus, interstitiis valdé clathratis; aperture margine denticulato, anticé fissurato, fissurd profundd.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
_—-.
87
37. EMARGINULA La&vicostata, A. Adams. JE. testd parvd, ellipticd, valde depressd, apice subpostico, retrorsum inclinato, costis levibus, radiantibus (circa 14), interstitiis costellis lon- gitudinalibus, et lineis transversis late clathratis ; aperture margine denticulato, lateribus anticé angustatis, anticé valde inciso.
Hab.
’ Mus. Cuming.
Subgenus Ciypripina, Gray.
Shell ovate, conical, surface with radiated ribs; vertex acute, cen- tral, not recurved ; aperture with the margin crenulated ; muscular impression fungiform, anal groove and emargination inclining towards the right anterior margin (in the natural position of shell).
1. Cuyprpina norarta, Linn.
Patella notata, Linn. Chemn. Conch. vol. x. p. 321. Vign. 25. fig. C. D. Hab. West Indies. Mus. Cuming.
2. CLYPIDINA RUGOSA, Quoy and Gaimard.
Emarginula rugosa, Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de l’Astr. p. fig. . Emarg. conoida, Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 160. fig. 7. Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
3. CLypIpINA AsPERA, Gould.
Emarginula aspera, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 12. Hab. Sydney, New South Wales. Mus. Cuming.
4, CLtyprpina FUNGINA, Gould. Emarginula fungina, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 12. Hab. Upolu. Mus. Cuming.
5. Ciyprpina sutcirerA, A. Adams. (C. testéd ovali, depresso- conied, viridescenti, vertice obtuso, ad partem posteriorem po- sito; costellis radiantibus, interstitiis haud equantibus, et striis increment ornatis ; basi arcuatd ; aperture margine crenulato, incisurd haud profundd, sublaterali, intus in canalem productd.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
6. CLypipina Rupis, A. Adams. C. testd crassd, rudi, albidd, depresso-conicd, costis octo angulatis radiantibus, interstitiis costellis longitudinalibus et lineis concentricis decussatis ; apice subcentrali; basi arcuato; aperture margine crenato, antice sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
7. CLYPIDINA STELLATA, A. Adams. (C. ¢estd soliduld, albidd, ellipticd, depresso-conicd, apice subcentrali, costis elevatis, sub- spinulosis, radiantibus ; interstitiis costellis et striis crebris decussantibus, exasperatis ; aperture margine dentato, sinu sublaterali, intus in canalem apicem versus producto.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
88
8. Ciyprpina scaBricuLa, A. Adams. C. testa elongato-ovali, oblique conicd, costis radiantibus, elevatis, distantibus, asperu- latis, interstitiis costellis longitudinalibus et lineis scabriusculis valde cancellatd ; vertice subcentrali, postice inclinato ; aper- ture margine dentato-crenulato ; incisurd profundd, intus in canalem productd.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
9. Cryprpina ANNuLATA, A. Adams. C. testd crassd, ellipticd, albidd, annulo luteo-fusco circumcinctd ; costis elevatis asperis radiantibus distantibus, interstitiis costellis longitudinalibus et lineis transversis elevatis concinné clathratis ; aperture mar- gine duplicato, incrassato, pulcherrime fimbriato, sinu quadrato intus in canalem producto ; aperturd intus annuld albidd.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
10. Cryperpina AcuminaTA, A. Adams. C. testdé elevato-conicéd, albidd, viridi annulatd, costis longitudinalibus radiantibus, im- bricato-asperis, interstitiis tricostulatis, costellis imbricato- asperis ; sulcis transversis concentricis, distantibus, impressd ; vertice acuminato, acuto, subcentrali ; aperture margine valdé erenulato, sinu subquadrato, intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
11. Cuypiprna canpipa, A. Adams. C. testd ellipticd, soliduld, conicd, candida, costellis asperulatis inequalibus, radiantibus, et striis elevatis transversis, concentricis, decussatd ; vertice subcentrali; aperture margine crenulato, sinu brevi, intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Port Adelaide, Australia. Mus. Cuming.
Subgenus Tueaut, Gray.
Shell oblong, narrow anteriorly, back elevated, cancellated ; apex posterior and recurved ; aperture with the margin crenulated, and deeply sinuated anteriorly.
1, TuGaLt ELEGANS, Gray.
Tugali elegans, Gray, Cat. Moll. New Zealand. Hab. New Zealand. Mus. Cuming.
2. TUGALI INTERMEDIA, Reeve.
Parmophorus intermedius, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842; Conch, Syst. pl. 139. fig. 5, 6.
Hab. ——? Mus. Cuming.
3. TuGALi ossEa, Gould.
Emarginula ossea, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 13.
Hab. Feejee Islands. Mus. Cuming.
4. TuGALI CINEREA, Gould.
Emarginula cinerea, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 13. Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
a Ts
89
5. TUGALI PARMOPHOROIDEA, Quoy et Gaimard.
Emarginula parmophoroidea, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de !’Astrol. pl. 68. fig. 15, 16. Hab. Eastern Seas.
6. TuGaui cartnata, A. Adams. T. testd elongato-ovali, dorso carinatd, costis longitudinalibus, radiantibus, confertis, et striis transversis, concentricis, decussatd ; apice posticé declinato ; basi arcuatd ; aperture margine crenulato, extremitate ante- riori sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
ih, 7. TuGaxt crcatricosa, A. Adams. T. testd elongato-ovali, albd, * dorso valde depressd, costellis radiantibus et lineis concentricis elevatis decussatd, vertice subpostico depresso excavato quasi cicatricoso, subpellucido ; basi arcuato ; aperture margine cre- nulato, extremitate anteriori sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto. Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
8. TuGALi scuTELLARis, A. Adams. T. testd elongato-ovalt, virido-fused, tenui, dorso planulatd, vertice postico, acuto, vir elevato, costellis radiantibus subdistantibus, et striis concen- trieis incrementi, decussatd ; extremitate anteriori vir sinuato ; aperturd intus fused, margine subcrenulato.
Hab. Bais, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
9. TuGaui RADIATA, A. Adams. T. testd elongato-ovali, luteolé, valdé depressd, costis radiantibus, rotundatis, elevatiusculis, distantibus, et striis concentricis, ad incrementum ornaté ; aper- turd intus albidd, margine crenulato, extremitate anteriori vir sinuato.
Hab. Catanuan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
10. Tugati pecussata, A. Adams. T\. testd elongato-ovali, albidd, planulatd, dorso carinatd, costellis longitudinalibus, radiantibus, et lineis elevatis concentricis eleganter clathraté ; vertice acuto, postico; aperture margine crenulato, anticé si- nuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.
Subgenus Susemarcinvta, Blainville.
Shell conical, compressed, vertex inclined towards the posterior margin ; aperture with the anterior margin folded in the form of a gutter or channel ; surface cancellated.
Hemitoma, Swainson.
1, SUBEMARGINULA EMARGINATA, Blainy.
Emarginula emarginata, Blainv. Man. de Malac. pl. 48 bis. fig. 2. Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming.
90
2. SUBEMARGINULA OCTORADIATA, Gmel. Patella octoradiata, Gmel.; Lister, 532.11.—Emarg. Listeri, Aut. Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
3. SUBEMARGINULA DEPRESSA, Blainv. Emarginula depressa, Blainv. Man. de Malac. pl. 48 7s. fig. 3. Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming. “
4. SUBEMARGINULA CLATHRATA, Adams and Reeve.
Emarginula clathrata, Adams and Reeve, Moll. Zool. Voy. Sama- rang, pl. 11. fig. 6.
Hab, Mindoro Sea. Mus. Cuming.
5. SUBEMARGINULA PANIHENSIS, Quoy et Gaimard.
Emarginula Panihensis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’ Astrol. pl. 67. fig. 7, 8.
Hab. Island of Panhi. Mus. Cuming.
6. SUBEMARGINULA TRICOSTATA, Chemn. Patella tricostata, Chemn.; Sowerby, Gen. of Shells, No. 34. fig. 6. Hab. ?
7. SUBEMARGINULA AUSTRALIS, Quoy et Gaimard.
Emarginula australis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de lAstrol. pl. 68. fig. 11, 12.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
8. SUBEMARGINULA ELARGIE, Quoy et Gaimard. Emarginula elargie, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de!’ Astrol. pl. 68. fig. 9, 10. Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
9. SuBEMARGINULA GALEATA, A. Adams. S. testd griseo-rufes- cente, elevato-conied, tenui, vertice subcentrali, posticé inclinato, costis tuberculosis, radiantibus, albidis, et lineis transversis, ele- vatis, subclathratis, costd anticd prominenti; aperture mar- gine dentato, anticé valdé sinuato, sinu intus in canalem pro- ducto.
Hab. Philippine Archipelago. Mus. Cuming.
10. SuBEMARGINULA ARABICA, A. Adams. S. testd albidé, crassd, depresso-conicd, vertice obtuso subcentrali, posticé in- clinato ; costis radiantibus tuberculosis et liris elevatis trans- versis clathratd ; aperture margine incrassato, crenato, anticé sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Red Sea. Mus. Cuming.
11. SuBEMARGINULA ALVEOLATA, A. Adams. _ S. testd tenuz, albd, subpellucidd, depresso-conicd, vertice subcentrali, postice inclinato ; costis radiantibus lirisque transversis irregulariter alveolatd ; costis ad liras nodulosis ; alveolis pellucidis ; aper- ture margine dentato, anticée sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming.
91
12. SUBEMARGINULA ImBRIcATA, A. Adams. S. testd ovato- oblongd, subquadrangulari, cinereo-albidd, vertice parvo, cen- trali, postice inclinato ; costis radiantibus imbricato-asperis, inequalibus, et lineis crassis irregularibus incrementi decus- satd ; aperture margine dentato, anticé valdé sinuato, sinu subquadrato, intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Mouth of Victoria River, north-east coast of Australia, under
stones, low water. Mus. Cuming.
13. SuUBEMARGINULA PuMILA, A. Adams. S. testd orbiculato- ovali, valde depressd, apice subcentrali, posticé inclinato ; costis radiantibus, nodosis, inequalibus, et lineis elevatis concentricis incrementi, decussatd ; aperture margine denticulato-crenato, anticé profundé sinuato; sinu subquadrato, intus in canalem producto.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
14. SuBeMARGINULA caTiLLUus, A. Adams. S. testd elongato- ovali, valdé depressd, vertice vix elevato, posticé inclinato ; costis radiantibus nodulosis, crassis, et lineis incrementi trans- versis, ornatd ; aperture margine irregular, crenulato, intus calloso, anticée valdé sinuato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
15. SUBEMARGINULA DENTICULATA, A. Adams. S. festd elon- gato-ovali, albd, novem-radiatd, vertice acuto posticé inclinato, costis novem, crassis, rugulosis, radiantibus ; intervallis costel- latis, costellis longitudinalibus, asperulatis ; aperture margine dentato, et denticulato, anticé emarginato, incisure lateribus incrassatis, antice in dentes duos productis.
Hab. Mexico. Mus. Cuming.
16. SUBEMARGINULA POLYGONALIS, A. Adams. S. festd elon- gato-ovali, depresso-conicd, albd, octoradiatd, vertice subcentrali, postice inclinato, costis radiantibus subnodulosis, longitudina- libus (octo majoribus), lineis concentricis incrementi asperd ; aperturd octagonali, margine crenulato, anticé valdé sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab, Catanuan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
17. SUBEMARGINULA CRASSILABRUM, A. Adams. S. testd ellip- tied, crassd, rudi, albd, depresso-conicd, vertice subcentrali, eroso, costis radiantibus distantibus, inequalibus, subaculeatis, ornatd ; aperture margine crenato-denticulato, posticé recto, anticé rotundato, sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
18. SUBEMARGINULA NopDuLosA, A. Adams. S. testd ovaté, oblique conied, albido-rufescenti, vertice subcentrali, posticé de- clinato ; costis longitudinalibus nodosis, radiantibus, duabus latere anteriortbus permagnis, liris irregularibus transversis,
92
decussatd ; aperture margine irregulari, posticé acuminato, an- tice truncato, sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto. Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, on small stones, 10 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
19. SuBEMARGINULA crRaTITIA, A. Adams. _ S. testd ovatd, conicd, albidd, vertice obtuso, centrali, posticé haud inclinato, costis radiantibus distantibus, nodulosis ; interstitiis costellis duabus longitudinalibus, et lineis elevatis, transversis, elegan- ter cancellatis ; aperture margine crenulato, anticé sinuato, sinu quadrato, intus in canalem producto.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
20. SUBEMARGINULA scuLPTiILIs, A. Adams. _ S. testd ovali, ob- liqué conicd, albidd, viridi radiatim maculata ; vertice subcen- trali, posticé valde declinato ; costis radiantibus, longitudinali- bus, corrugatis ; interstitiis pulcherrimé punctato-clathratis ; costd anticd prominenti, crenulatd; aperture margine undu- lato et crenulato, posticée rotundato, antice truncato et sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on small stones, 12 fathoms.
Mus. Cuming.
3. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BuLIMUS FROM CALLAO, COLLECTED BY ERNESTE DENICKE. ComMMUNICATED By J. E. Gray, Esa., V.P.Z.S.
Mr. Erneste Denicke, a sailor on board a Hamburg vessel trading with Chili, called at the British Museum, and informed me that he had a new species of Bulimus, which he had discovered on the White- sand Hill at Chala, near Callao. He further stated that he had col- lected the Chilian shells, and had studied shells in general, and that he was convinced that it was a new species. Having compared the shell with the species in the English collections and the descriptions in Pfeiffer, and being satisfied that M. Denicke was correct in his idea, I propose that it should be named after that conchologist.
It was pleasing to see the intimate knowledge which he had acquired of the genera and species of shells, and the interest which he took in the study, when we consider the laborious nature of his occupation, and the very little time that he had at his command. The only holidays he had while his ship was in London were spent at the British Museum, at Mr. Cuming’s collection, and in the gar- dens of the Zoological Society.
Buuimvus DENICKEI.
Shell conical, trochiform, white, the upper whorls small, forming a rather produced tip, the others rapidly enlarging, slightly convex, forming a conical spire, the last angularly keeled ; axis perforated ; mouth rhombic ; outer lip slightly reflexed, acute; throat deep rose-
coloured. Hab. Chala, near Callao, on the Whitesand Hills.
>
93
To the preceding communication by Mr. Gray, the following de- tails were added by Mr. Lovell Reeve :—
Buuimus Denicxer. Bul. testd pyramidali-conicd, subampliter umbilicatd, apice papillari, anfractibus superne convexo-decli- vibus, medio acutangulis, carinatis, undique peculiariter cor- rugatis et malleatis, opaco-albis, immaculatis, apertura sub- oblongo-ovatd, labro tenui, simplici, effuso, aperture fauce in- tense purpureo-rosed.
Hab. Found imbedded in sand at the top of a lofty hill near the
Port of Chala, Peru, by Mr. Erneste Denicke.
This interesting species of Bulimus is of about the same size and form, and belongs to the same type, as B. lemniscatus, inhabiting Ilo, Peru. Specifically it is very distinct, the entire surface of the shell being peculiarly indented and shrivelled, and of an opake un- spotted white. The interior of the aperture is of a deep purple-rose colour.
4. ON A NEW SPECIES OF MusoPpHAGA. By Joun Govu pn, F.R.S.
Mr. Gould exhibited to the meeting a drawing by Lieut. J. R. Stack, of a new and beautiful species of Musophaga, of which a living ex- ample had been for the last ten years in the possession of Lady Ross, at St. Helena. Mr. Gould also exhibited some feathers shed from the wings and tail of the bird, an examination of which, and of the drawing, satisfied him that the bird was quite distinct from all pre- viously described members of the genus.
Lady Ross, who is at present in England, had informed Mr. Gould that the bird was about the size of a hen-pheasant, and that it had been brought to St. Helena from the western coast of Africa, but the precise locality in which it had been procured was unknown to her.
For this interesting addition to the Musophage Mr. Gould pro- posed the specific appellation of Rosse, in honour of its amiable owner, who has promised that in the event of her not returning to St. Helena, she will have the bird brought to England, where its arrival will be hailed with pleasure by every lover of ornithological science.
Musoruaca Ross.
Body, wings and tail rich deep blue; primaries and secondaries arterial blood-red, narrowly margined and more broadly tipped with purplish brown, as in the other species of the genus; crown sur- mounted with a high rounded crest of hair-like blood-red feathers ; bill and denuded orbits yellow ; irides brown.
94
March 25, 1851. William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair. The following papers were read :—
1. CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF NassA, A GENUS OF GASTERO- popous MoLLusCcA BELONGING TO THE FAMILY BUCCINID&, IN THE COLLECTION oF Hueu Cumine, Ese@., WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW SPECIES. By ARTHUR ADAMS, F.L.S. ere.
Subgenus Nassa.
Shell cassiform ; spire short ; inner lip with the callus greatly de- veloped. A. Shell ribbed or nodulous.
Noe 1, Nassa ARCULARIA, Linn.
Buce. arcularia, Linn. ; List. Conch. pl. 970. f. 24; Kien. Buce. pl. 28. f.115.
Hab. Mauritius ; Philippines, on the reefs (H. C.).
wos 2. Nassa puLLus, Linn.
= Buce. pullus, Linn. ; Gualtieri, Test. pl. 44. fig. R; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 28. f. 114.
Hab. ? wow 3. Nassa coronata, Brug. Sr Buce. coronatum, Brug.; Gualtieri, Test. pl. 44. fig. C, D; Kien. pl. 28. f. 112.
Hab. Philippines, on the reefs (H. C.).
rson 4, Nassa MuTABILIs, Linn. fh Buce. mutabile, Linn. ; List. Conch. t. 975. f. 30; Kien. pl. 24. f. 30. Hab. Red Sea; Philippines, coarse sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.).
nom 5. NAssA MARGINULATA, Lam. Buce. marginulatum, Lam.; Gualtieri, pl. 44. fig. 2 ; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 29. f. 117. Hab. Cagayan, Philippines (H. C.). Son 6. Nassa TIARULA, Kien.
S“ Buce. tiarula, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f. 4. Hab. Isle of Ticao, Philippines, under stones (H. C.).
won 7. NASSA POLYGONATA, Lam.
Buce. polygonatum, Lam. Voy. de I Astrol. pl. 32. f. 28, 29. Hab. Port Jackson, New Holland.
uh
95
8. Nassa LUTEOsToMA, Kien. Kon
Buce. luteostoma, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f. 1. i Hab. Coast of Senegal.
9. NASSA PAUPERATA, Lam. WORMS
Buce. pauperatum, Lam.; Gualtieri, pl. 44. fig. m. om Hab. Signet Bay, North Australia (Mr. Dring).
10. Nassa LIvESCENS, Phil. Non Buce. livescens, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p.135. S** Hab. Philippines (7. C.). 11. Nassa CANDENS, Hinds.
Nassa candens, Hinds, Voy. Sulph. Zool. Moll. pl. f. Hab. Marquesas Islands.
BN, (Q73S
12. Nassa GEMMULATA, Lam. Row BA
Buce. gemmulatum, Lam.; Petiver, Amb. pl. 64. f. 7; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 22. f. 84.
Hab. Indian Seas.
13. NasSA ANTILLARUM, Phil. Ren Buce. antillarum, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 139. =" Hab. West Indies.
14, Nassa Sturmat, Phil. seb ie. 3 Buce. Sturmii, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 135. ct Hab. Philippines (H. C.).
15. Nassa vom FERA, Phil. Wo ag @ Buce. nodiferum, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 136. "= WYpLMe* Sep pints Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (H. C.).
16. Nassa ma@sra, Hinds. Biv, '@uu,9,23.3-%4 Nassa mesta, Hinds, Moll. Zool. Sulph. pl. f. 1682.9, 26-43
Hab. Central America.
17. Nassa Lyrixua, Beck.
Nassa Lyrilla, Beck. Hab. East Indies.
18. Nassa IsaBexxer, d’Orb. Buce. Isabellei, @ Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 61. f.19. Hab. Central America.
19. Nassa cREMATA, Hinds. Nassa cremata, Hinds, Zool. Voy. Sulph. pl. 9. f. 8, 9. Hab. Philippines.
20. Nassa veNustTA, Dunker. aie Bucc. venustum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f.1. Bm Hab. Corrigidor Island, 6 : coarse sand (H.C.). Mus. Cum.
96
21. Nassa Gruner, Dunker.
Buce. Gruneri, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) ta Quads Qe Hab. Island of Ticao. Mus. Cuming.
22. Nassa crassa, Koch; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 2. f. 4. Buce. crassum, Koch. Hab. Swan River; Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
23. NASSA MARGARITIFERA, Dunker.
Buce. margaritiferum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t.2. f.12. Hab. ?
24. Nassa CAPERATA, Philippi.
Buce. caperatum, Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 18. Hab. Philippines.
25. Nassa Jonasi, Dunker.
Buce. Jonasi, Dunker; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 2. f. 10. Hab. 2
wee 26. Nassa Gemma, Philippi.
3.11. 19722U
SUAOTE MG
Su WSTSUT
Bucc. gemma, Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 1. f. 5. Hab. Island of Ticao, under stones, low water. Mus. Cuming.
27. NASSA SEMIGRANOSA, Dunker.
Buce. semigranosum, Dunker; Phil. Abild. t. 1. f. 9 (Buccinum). Hab. 2
28. NASSA ALBESCENS, Dunker.
Buce. albescens, Dunker; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 2. f. 15 Hab. ?
29. NAssSA SPLENDIDULA, Dunker.
Buce. splendidulum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 3. f. 13. Hab. 2
30. Nassa coronuta, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, cine- rescente, fascid supra albidd, infra fusco ornatd; spird brevi ; anfractibus ad suturas angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis distantibus rotundis supra nodulosis ; labio callo crasso obtecto ; columelld rugosd ; labro extus marginato, intus lirato.
Hab. Corrigidor, Bay of Manila, under stones, low water (#7. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
31. Nassa pispar, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, ventricosd, levi, lutescente, rufo cinereoque varie pictd ; anfractibus superné gibbosis ; labio callo albo mediocri tecto ; columella transversim corrugatd ; labro antice dentato, intus lirato.
Hab. Philippines, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
32. Nassa stiamMaria, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-ventricosd, rufescente, albo fuscoque variegatd et punctatd; liris granosis
97
transversis ornatd, granis planis quadratis ; labio levi, callo albo nitido obtecto, labro margine dentato.
Hab. Island of Siquijor, Philippines, under stones (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
33. Nassa Stauisorensis, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, subturritd, S.4.I474\\8_ rufescente, fascid pallida cinctd, longitudinaliter costellatd; suturd tuberculis moniliformibus ornatd, costellis permultis confertis, interstitiis transversim striatis 3 columelld corrugatd, labro antic valde dentato.
Hab. Island of Siquijor, Philippines (H. C.). Mus, Cuming.
34. Nassa rerecosa, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, acuminatd; spird &:4j)97 39 _ acutd, rufescente, suturd canaliculatd, cingulis albis transversim et longitudinaliter cancellatd ; labro crenato, antic? dilatato et sinuato ; labio caillo, subexpanso, antic? recto.
Hab. Albay, Luzon, coarse sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cum.
35. Nassa VERRUCOSA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-acuminatd, &.4. \972\20 Spird productd; suturd canaliculatd, rufescente, fusco sparsim punctatd, liris transversis granosis ornatd, granis rotundis verru- ciformibus in seriebus obliquis longitudinalibus dispositis ; labio valde calloso, tuberculato, albo ; labro margine serrato. Hab. Eastern Seas.
ae, 2 . 36. Nassa varrecata, A. Adams. Ntestd ovato-ventricosd, @ Hi@7s\Z\ albido-grised, fuscoque variegatd, iongitudinaliter striatd, liris transversis granosis subdistantibus ornatd, granis rotundis in seriebus obliquis longitudinalibus dispositis ; labio tuberculato callo tenui eapanso tecto, labro margine crenato.
Hab. Dalmaguete, island of Negros, Philippines (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
37. Nassa cmHuara, A. Adams. N. testa ovatd, acuminatd, sub- &4.\922\22 turritd, albidd, fascid rufa cinctd, suturd tuberculis moniliformi- bus ornatd, longitudinaliter costellatd 3 costellis simplicibus, inter- stitits concinne clathratis, labio callo tenui obtecto, labro margine crenulato.
Hab. Cagayan, Mindanao, sandy mud, 25 fathoms (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
38. Nassa RAMIDA, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, acuminatd, sub- 21 \97 S125 _ turritd, rufescente, cingulis transversis granosis sculptd, granis elongatis subquadratis in seriebus obliquis longitudinalibus dis- positis ; columella rugosd ; labio non calloso, labro vald? dentato.
Hab. Burias, 6 fathoms, coral sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
39. Nassa sorprpa, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, albidd, fusco Sasciatd; suturd tuberculis moniliformibus ornatd; longitudinaliter costatd, transversim vald2 liratd ; labio callo albo crasso tecto ; columelld corrugatd ; labro margine calloso reflexo.
Hab. Siquijor, on the reefs.
No. CCXXV.—Procrepines OF THE ZoouoGiIcaL Society.
By IS73V2u ——
98
B1962%\4 40. Nassa Cumineu, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, ventricosd albidd, rufo nebulosd ; suturd canaliculatd, liris transversis gra- nosis sculptd, granis quadratis in seriebus longitudinalibus dispo- sitis; aperturd ringente; labio corrugato, tuberculifero; labro intus valde sulcato.
Hab. China. Mus. Cuming. Unique specimen.
BM 19732 4]. NASsSA CRENELLIFERA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, acumi- wee natd, subturritd, albidd, fascid pallida rufa cinctd ; suturd cana- liculatd, margine crenellifero, transversim striatd, longitudinaliter tenuissime costatd ; columelld sublevi ; labro integro. Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
em.i97e125 42. Nassa sutcrrera, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-ventricosd ; __ spird productd, cinerescente, luteo-fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter subplicatd, transversim liratd ; anfractu ultimo infra suturam sulco impresso ; labii callo crasso mediocri ; collumelld anticé bi- plicatd ; labro intus lirato. Hab. Algoa Bay.
3.197326 43. Nassa corticata, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, spird productd, epidermide viridi-fusco obtectd; anfractibus superne nodosis ; anfractu ultimo anticé cinguld subnodosd ornato, postice nodulis coronato ; labio vir calloso; columella antice biplicatd ; labro extus marginato, intus lirato.
Hab. New Zealand.
B.MISTSUY 44. Nassa LaBecuLa, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, obliqud ; spird subacuminatd, pallide fuscd ; anfractu ultimo fascid fuscd obsoletd cincto ; anfractibus planulatis supremis costatis, ultimo superneé costato, inferneé plano; labii callo expanso, tenui, nitidd labeculd fuscd ornato ; labro posticé incrassato, intus dentato.
Hab. Burias, 6 fathoms, coral sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
mm \a7si2g 45. Nassa mutricosrata, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, acuminatd, oo albo rufoque variegatd, longitudinaliter costatd; costis planis obliquis confertis permultis ; labio cum callo parvo tecto ; columelld levi, antice biplicatd ; labro intus sulcato, margine acuto integro. Hab. Batangas, island of Luzon, 4 fathoms, coarse sand (#H. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
BM. 197327 46. Nassa costata, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, spird acutd, productd, pallidd, anfractu ultimo maculd rufo-fuscd or- ; natd ; anfractibus convexiusculis, longitudinaliter costatis, inter- stitiis planis ; anfractu ultimo anticé transversim striato ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto; columella transversim rugosd ;
labro antic® dentato, intus lirato. Hab. Island of Burias, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
Bn 197212 47. Nassa cauxosa, A. Adams. N. testd parvd, ovatd, spird —— acutd, albd fusco-maculatd, longitudinaliter costatd, transversim sulcatd ; labio cum callo magno albo nitido expanso tecto; columella
99
antice triplicatd ; labro margine incrassato calloso, intus dentato- lirato. Hab. Bais, island of Negros, 7 fathoms, sandy mud (H.C.). Mus.
Cuming.
48. NassA GEMMULIFERA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, spirdé acutd, productd, cinerescente rufo variegatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim cingulatd, cingulis ad plicas noduliferis ; labio cum callo expanso albo tecto ; columelld transversim corru- gatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Burias, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
49. Nassa FisstLaBRis, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, obliqud, cinerescente, pallide fasciatd, longitudinaliter costatd, anfractu ultimo antice transversim sulcato ; labio cum callo expanso obtecto ; columelld anticé tuberculis duobus transversis ; labro anticé sinuato, posticeé valde inciso.
Hab. Cagayan, Prov. Misamis, island of Mindanao, 25 fathoms,
sandy mud (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
50. Nassa nopicostaTa, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, albd, fascid pallidd fulvd cinctd ; anfractibus planulatis, longitudinali- ter costatis, transversim evanide liratis; costis nodis distantibus instructis, superné nodosis ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ; columella rugosd, antice acutd, productd; labro extus limbato, anticé valde sinuato.
Hab. Island of Corrigidor, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
51. Nassa pexicata, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, subpel- lucidd, albidd, fascid angustd, fuscd, maculisque fuscis ornatd, lon- gitudinaliter costatd, costis planulatis superné nodosis, interstitiis lineis elevatis transversis clathratis ; labio calloso; columelld an- tice plicis quatuor ; labro margine acuto, intus longitudinaliter sul- cato, transversim lirato.
Hab. Sorsogon, Albay, Luzon, coarse sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
52. Nassa cANCELLATA, A, Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, spird acutd, fulvescenti, fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis planis rotundatis, interstitiis concinné cancellatis; labio callo magno expanso crasso obtecto; columelld levi, simplici; labro margine calloso incrassato, anticé subsinuato.
Hab. Masbate, under stones (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
53. Nassa cLarHRaTuLa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, spird acutd, anfractibus convezis, nived, longitudinaliter costatd ; costis nodulosis, interstitiis valde clathratis ; labio cum callo mediocri obtecto ; columella anticé biplicatd; labro extus varicoso, intus lirato.
Hab. Island of Siquijor, deep water, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
&MiN97I3 3S
B.4. |O7SS6
BM et BV
B.Hi1O7332
B.M.197320
SN VAIS2S
100
BM N97TS3O 54, Nassa CRENOLIRATA, A. Adams. N,. testd parvd, ovatd, pallidd, lineis angustis transversis fuscis ornatd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis nodulosis, supern? nodosis; aperturd angustatd ; labio cum callo obtecto; columella plicis quatuor transversis in- structo ; labro extus marginato, intus valde dentato-lirato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
B.mMiO7U2e 55. Nassa stnusicera, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, ob- liqud ; spird acuminatd, pallida, fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis superné nodulosis, transversim sulcatd ; labio cum callo mediocri tecto; columelld transversim corrugato-plicatd ; labro anticé valde sinuato.
Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samaar, 8 fathoms, coarse sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
BH.19a7559 56. Nassa Genicutata, A. Adams. N. testd parvd, ovato-conicd, a fulvd, albo variegatd; fascid latd, transversd, cinereo-fuscd cinctd, transversim striatd, longitudinaliter costatd ; costis geni- culatis ; labio subcalloso, antice bituberculato; labro extus in- crassato, intus dentato-lirato. Hab. Island of Ticao, 4 fathoms, sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
B.nNI9TSI2A 57. Nassa speciosa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, acumi- natd, lutesceate, albo variegatd, transversim liratd, liris confertis granulosis, longitudinaliter plicatd ; plicis distantibus obliquis, su- perneé nodosis, nodulis albis ; aperturd albd, anticé rufo-fusco ma- culatd ; columelld levi, callo subexpanso tectd ; labro intus evanid? lirato, margine anticé maculd fused.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
BaMIO7NS 58. Nassa osptusata, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, spird — obtusd, pallidd, rufo-fusco variegatd, transversim liratd, longitu- dinaliter costatd, costis distantibus superné nodosis ; labio callo crasso albo obtecto; labro intus incrassato, sulcato et transversim
lirato. Hab. Island of Ticao, coral sand, 7 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming. B.N.197310 59. Nassa aByssicoua, A. Adams. N. testd parvd, ovato-conicd,
sordidé alba ; costellis confertis longitudinalibus permultis, inter- stitiis concinne clathratis ornatd ; labio arcuato, mediocriter cal- loso; labro intus dentato-lirato, extus incrassato. Hab. Loay, island of Bohol, clayey ground, 60 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
BH.197%130 60. Nassa pusto, A. Adams. WN. testd parvd, ovato-conicd, — fulvd, fusco variegatd et maculosd ; costellis planis, longitudinali- bus confertis ornatd ; anfractu ultimo anticé sulcato, labio cum callo nitido subexpanso tecto; labro intus sulcato, margine subreflexo. Hab. Sorsogon, Albay, isle of Luzon, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
101
B. Shell spinulose ; inner lip with the callus moderate, defined.
61. Nassa suspspinosa, Lam.
Buce. subspinosum, Lam.; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 26. f. 103. Hab. Gindulman, island of Bohol, Philippines, low water (H.C.).
62. NassA muRICATA, Quoy et Gaim.
Buce. muricatum, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astr. pl. 32. f. 32, 33. Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro (H. C.).
63. Nassa viBEx, Say.
Buce. vibex, Say. Hab. West Indies, Philippines.
64. Nassa ampBieua, Montag.
Buce. ambiguum, Mont.; Kien. Bucce. Mon. pl. 21. f. 81. Hab. British Islands.
65. Nassa norripA, Dunker.
Bucc. horridum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 8.—Buec. seabrum, Dunker, olim.
Hab. Eastern Seas.
66. Nassa nisprpa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-acutd, albido- cinered, rufo-fusco punctatd, nodispinosd, longitudinaliter plicatd ; plicis cum seriebus novem tuberculorum spiniformium armatis.
Hab. Loon, island of Bohol, on the reefs, low water (H. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
Plicated, the rows of tubercles rather close together, the upper
row distinct from the rest.
67. Nassa ecurnata, A. Adams. N. testd elongato-ovatd, al-
BM, 197A
B.H.147 3I3 |
bidd, nodispinosd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis quinque, seriebus -
tuberculorum spiniformium armatis. Hab. Galeo, island of Mindoro, 3 fathoms, sandy niud (H. C.). Plicated, with the upper row of tubercles larger and distinct from the others. Subgenus Erong, Risso.
Shell with the back gibbous; inner lip with the callus greatly de- veloped, surrounding the circumference of the shell.
1. EronE GIBBOsULA, Linn.
Buce. gibbosulum, Linn.; List. Conch. t. 973. f. 28; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 28. f. 116.
Hab. ?
2. EIONE CLATHRATA, Kien.
Buce. clathratum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 27. f. 108. Hab. ?
3. E1loNE GRANIFERA, Kien.
Buce. graniferum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 27. f. 111. Hab. ?
102
Non 4. Erone Tuersites, Brug. atl Buce. Thersites, Brug.; List. Conch. t. 971. f. 26; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 28. f. 113. Hab. 2 8197822 5. Nassa crrcumcineta, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, cinered,
nitidd, dorso gibbosd; spird brevi, acutd, suturd fuscd; labio cum callo crasso albo nitido tecto, marginibus usque ad spiram decur- rentibus fusco marginatis ; columella levi, antice uniplicatd ; labro calloso marginato, intus levi.
Hab. Red Sea. Mus. Cuming.
“2497385 6. Nassa porsvosa, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, depressd ; spird acutd, dorso in medio nodatd, olivaced, levi, longitudinaliter sub- plicatd ; labio cum callo magno crasso lutescente tecto, marginibus incrassatis usque ad spiram decurrentibus ; columelld levi, labro margine calloso incrassato, intus sublirato.
Hab. Masbate, on the mud-banks at low water (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
_B.M.\975132 7, Nassa orsicunata, A. Adams. N. testd semiorbiculari, con- vexo-depressd, levi, olivaced, apud dorsum gibbd; spird brevi, labio cum callo expanso crasso tecto, marginibus usque ad spiram decurrentibus, columelld levi, labro extus calloso incrassato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
BM 197319 8. Nassa caALLosprra, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, pallidd, fascid transversd cinered ornatd ; spird acutd, transversim liratd, plicis nodosis longitudinalibus instructd ; labio cum callo magno albo ex- tenso tecto, marginibus usque ad spiram decurrentibus ; columelld antice biplicatd ; labro crasso calloso, marginato, intus valde lirato.
Hab. Island of Burias, 6 fathoms, coral sand (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
BH 1a73133 9 Nassa nana, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, spird acutd; an- ————"=— fractibus rotundatis, rufescente, fascid pallidd luted ornatd, lon- gitudinaliter plicatd, transversim semistriatd ; labio cum callo expanso tenui tecto; columella rugosuld ; labro marginato, intus sulcato. Hab. Dumaguete, island of Negros, coarse black sand, 11 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
SB.H.1AT3IE 10. Nassa BELLULA, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, spird acumi- natd, acutd; anfractibus angulatis, palliduld, fascid luteold or- natd, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim liratd ; interstitiis con- cinne longitudinaliter striatis, labio callo magno tecto ; columelld rugosd ; labri margine rugoso calloso, intus crenulato.
Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samaar, under stones, low water. Mus. Cuming.
@.uM.\over7 11. Nassa srmacutosa, A. Adams. N. testd suborbiculari, apud a; ~~ . . . . ——————- dorsum valde converd, nodosa ; spird acutd, longitudinaliter sub-
103
plicatd, antice transversim sulcatd, olivaced, fascid pallida trans- versd cinctd, labio cum callo crasso albo magno suborbiculari cincto ; columella levi, antice uniplicatd ; labro valde incrassato marginato, antice sinuato, intus lirato, extus maculis duabus rufo- Suscis ornato.
Hab. Island of Siquijor, on mud-banks (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
12. Nassa Leptospira, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, apud dorsum %.™.\97 SK converd, nodosd; spird productd, acutd, lutescente longitudinaliter plicatd, antice transversim striatd, labio cum callo luteo crasso tecto ; columella corrugatd, labro intus lirato. Hab. Mio Ilo, island of Panay, on mud-banks, low water (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
Subgenus ALectRION, Montfort.
Shell bucciniform ; spire elevated ; inner lip with the callus mode- rately developed ; outer lip dentate, or serrate at the margin.
A. Shell papillose ; inner lip spread.
1. Nassa PAPILLosa, Linn. mire Buce. papillosum, Linn. ; List. Conch. t. 969. f. 23. Hab. Island of Capul, on the reefs (H. C.).
2. NAssA NASSOIDES, Reeve. Buce. nassoides, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Buccinum, pl. f. Hab. 2
3. NASSA NODIFERA, Powis.
Nassa nodifera, Powis. Hab. Philippines.
Br 1% 726
4. Nassa MONILIS, Kien. kag te Bucce. monile, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 11. f. 40. Bm Hab. New Guinea. 5. Nassa CRENULATA, Brug. +s Buce. crenulatum, Brug. ; Petiver, Gaz. t. 64. f.8; Kien. Mon. ©“ pl. 23. f. 90, pl. 14. f. 49.
Hab. Indian Seas. 6. Nassa urrta, Kiener. eo Bucc. hirtum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 19. f. 72. aa Hab. New Holland. 7. Nassa JAcKsoniAna, Kiener. sans Bucc. Jacksonianum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 19. f. 73. on Hab. Port Jackson, New Holland.
Nor
8. NASSA VARIABILIS, Phil. me Buce. variabile, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 221.—B. subdia- phanum, Bivon.—B. stolatum, Gmel.—B. zonale, Brug.—B. costu-
104
latum, Broce.—B. angulatum, Broce.—B. Cuvieri, Payr.—B. Ferus- saccit, Payr.—B. corrugatum, Broce. Hab. Mediterranean.
Bo, (827366 9, NassaA COMPLANATA, Powis. Nassa complanata, Powis. Hab. Atacamas, West Columbia.
BM .\97 8134 10. Nassa semrnoposa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, acu- minatd, levi, nitidd, fulvo-fuscescente ; suturd tuberculis moni- liformibus ornatd ; longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis superné sub- nodulosis ; anfractu ultimo antice transversim sulcato, labio levi, cum callo tenui expanso obtecto, labro anticé dentato intus li- rato.
Hab. Island of Annaa, South Seas, on the reefs (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
B. Shell smooth, polished.
atte 1. Nassa Gians, Linn. Buee. glans, Linn.; List. Conch. t. 981. f. 40; Kien. Mon. pl. 15. f. 52. Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines, on the reefs (1. C.). send 2. Nassa sutura.is, Lam. vy Buce. suturale, Lam. Chem. pl. 125. f. 1199, 1200; Kien. Mon. pl. 24. f. 96.
Hab. Swan River.
Nons 3. Nassa ELEGANS, Kien.
ii Buce. elegans, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 24. f. 97. Hab. Indian Ocean. Now 4. Nassa RUFULA, Kien.
Buce. rufulum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 24. f. 95. Hab. Swan River. wom 5, Nassa tara, Philippi.
Buce. letum, Phil. Zeit. f. Mal. 1848, p. 141. Hab. 2
Non 6. Nassa Bronntt, Philippi. Buce. Bronnii, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 137. Hab. Corrigidor, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.).
SM siegu.d.23.17 7. Nassa caupiosa, Hinds.
Nassa gaudiosa, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulph. pl. _ . f. Hab. Straits of Malacca.
“or 8. Nassa prora, Dunker.
; Bucecinum pictum, Dunker, Phil. Abild. (Buecinum), t. 2. f..6.
Hab. Philippines. Mus, Cuming.
105
mow 9. Nassa Reeviana, Dunker. am
Buccinum Reevianum, Dunker, Phil. Abild. (Buccinum), t. 2. f. 3. Nassa filosa, Gray MSS. Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
10. Nassa mucronata, A. Adams. N. testa ovato-conicd, sub- GM. \978\3S levi, nitidd, longitudinaliter plicatd, lutescenti fusco variegatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo gibboso ; spird acutd, mucronatd ; labio levi; labro intus lirato. Hab. Dumaguete, isle of Negros, 11 fathoms, black sand (ZH. C.). Mus. Cuming.
11. Nassa optiquatTa, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, obliqud, levissimd, nitidd ; lineis fuscis transversis, fascid pallidd ornatd, =O0™%> cinerescente, aie variegatd ; labio levi, simplici; labro intus 1S lirato.
Hab, Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, sandy
mud, 25 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
12. Nassa puncrara, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd ; spird 8.4. \97T3\36 acuminatd, levi, cinered, albido punctatd, lineolis fuscis transversis ornatd ; labio callo tenui expanso tecto ; columella rugosd; labro extus incrassato, intus lirato. Hab. Puerto Galero, province of Albay, isle of Luzon, coarse sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
13. NassA LeNnTIGINosA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd ; S.4.\973S46 spird acuminata, levi, nitidd, lutescente aut cinerescente, lincis undulatis confertis pictd, lineolis fuscis transversis ornatd ; labio cum callo tenui tecto ; columelld anticé rugosd ; labro margine in- crassato, intus valde lirato. Hab. Masbate, 7 fathoms, sandy mud (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
14. Nassa tuctuosa, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, elongatd, acu- @ A\9734 8 minatd, subnitidd, transversim sulcatd, nigricante nonnunquam Sasciis albo-articulatis ornatd ; anfractibus planulatis ; labio callo nitido obtecto ; columelld anticé biplicatd et tuberculis tribus in- structd ; labro extus incrassato, intus valde lirato.
Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, isle of Mindanao, under
stones on the reefs (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
15. Nassa stotrpa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd; spird BM: at acuminatd, solidd, cinered, fusco maculatd, longitudinaliter pli- catd; aperturd antice effusd; labio reflexo, levi, valde calloso ; labro intus levi, fusco alboque fasciato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
16. Nassa pisrorta, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, nitidd ; S44. \I7TSBAL spird acuminatd, distortd, pallidd, cinereo variegatd, lineis fuscis transversis ornatd ; aperturd antice valde effusd ; labio levi, an- tice biplicato ; labro anticé producto, intus lirato.
Hab. ? - Mus. Cuming.
106
2.4.1072\3% 17. NassA MARMOREA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, levi, — —< nitidd ; spird subacuminatd, albidd, fusco marmoratd, fasciis dua- bus pallidis ornatd ; anfractibus planiusculis ; labio corrugato ; labro extus varicoso, intus lirato. Hab. Cagayan, Mindanao, 25 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
18. Nassa sprraTA, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, acuminatd, levi, nitidd, albidd, luteo-fusco nebulosd ; anfractibus convexius- culis, prope suturas angulatis ; labio levi; labro intus lirato, ex- tus incrassato, antice margine simplici non dentato.
Hab. Swan River. Mus. Cuming.
Bu 1973169
C. Shell smooth or ribbed. Inner lip defined.
1. Nassa oxtvacea, Brug.
Buce. olivaceum, Brug. Favanne Conch. pl. 33. f. 2; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 15. f. 53.
Hab. Philippines.
2. Nassa CANALICULATA, Lamarck.
Buce. canaliculatum, Lam. Chem. Conch. pl. 125. f. 1194-95; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 23. f. 89.
Hab. Philippines.
ae 3. NAssA UNICOLOR, Kiener.
Bucc. unicolor, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 19. f. 69. Hab. Australia.
Now 4. Nassa ornaTA, Kiener.
Buce. ornatum, Kiener, Mon. Buce. pl. 124. f. 168. Hab. Tranquebar, Ceylon, Indian Seas.
BM tA?7R64 5, Nassa ExILtis, Powis. Nassa exilis, Powis. Hab. ?
e@usa7s\t© 6. Nassa ruFrocincta, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, sub- turritd, albidd, fascid transversd rufd ornatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim striatd ; anfractibus subrotundatis ; labio callo albo circumscripto tecto; labro extus marginato, intus sul- cato. Hab. Honduras (Dyson). Mus. Cuming.
St i1ove\, 7. Nassa micans, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-fusiformi, albidd, levi, nitidissimd ; anfractibus convexiusculis supremis costellatis ; labio callo tenui tecto ; labro anticé crenulato, intus lirato. Hab. Cagayan, Misamis, Mindanao, 25 fathoms, sandy mud (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
& wo ovsty@ 8. Nassa pattipuLa, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, subacuminatd, pallidd, levi, anfractu ultimo anticé transversim sulcato; suturd
107
canaliculatd ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ; columelld sim- plicit; labro extus marginato, intus lirato. Hab. Malacca, coarse sand, 10 fathoms (H. C.).
9. Nassa compTa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, subturritd, levi, nitidd, rufescente pallid? variegatd ; anfractibus convezius- culis, supremis costellatis ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ; columella anticé corrugatd ; labro margine incrassato, albo, sub- reflexo.
Hab. Cape St. Antonio, Africa.
10. Nassa succincta, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, subturritd, levi, cinerescente ; fascid pallidd, cinctd, anfractibus planulatis, supremis costellatis ; suturd subcanaliculatd ; labio cum callo incras- sato circumscripto tecto ; columelld dentato-rugosd ; labro postice inflero, anticé valde sinuato et dentato, extus limbato, intus lirato.
Hab. Masbate. Mus. Cuming.
11. Nassa zonauis, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-acuminatd, levi, nitidd, longitudinaliter striatd ; anfractu ultimo transversim sul- cato; lutescente, fasciis tribus transversis rufo-fuscis cinctd ; labio cum callo tenui expanso tecto; columella levi; labro extus incrassato, intus lirato.
Hab. Isle of Ticao, on the reefs (H. C.). .Mus. Cuming.
12. Nassa sertTuLA, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, acuminaid, levi, nitidd, fulvd, albo nebulosd ; anfractibus conveciusculis, supremis costellatis ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ; columella trans- versim corrugatd ; labro extus incrassato, intus lirato.
Hab. Masbate, on the reefs (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
13. Nassa semipxticatTa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, ci- nered, fascid pallida transversd ornatd, nitidd, sublevi, longitu- dinaliter plicatd, plicis in anfractu ultimo sepe evanidis, inter- stitiis transversim striatis ; labio callo circumscripto ; columelld transversim corrugato-plicatd ; labro extus albo marginato, intus lirato.
Hab. Chusan (Benson). Mus. Cuming.
14. Nassa CINNAMOMEA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-acuminatd, cinnamomed, levi, nitidd, levigatd, sempellucidd, anfractibus con- vexis ; labio simplici ; labro extus marginato, intus sublirato.
Hab. Dumaguete, isle of Negros, under stones, low water (H. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
15. Nassa spapra, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-acuminatd, levi, nitidd, castaned; anfractibus planis, supremis longitudinaliter plicatis, anfractu ultimo transversim striato ; labio simplici vir calloso ; labro extus marginato, intus plicato. ;
Hab. Sinaat, province of North Ilocos, island of Luzon, on the
reefs (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
BH AAT Bie et
B.S
BM \Q7SiKG
Guy, 1973147
CB. 1AISS!
3H, MISS
108
eM.i%73!46 16. Nassa mrrrauis, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, acumi- natd, fuscd, sublevi, longitudinaliter semiplicatd ; anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo antice transversim sulcato; labio subcorrugato; labro extus marginato, intus valde lirato. Hab. Isinimalan, isle of Negros, on the mud-banks (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
Bmrarsiaa 17. Nassa sERoTINA, A. Adams. UN. testd turritd, acuminatd,
_————__ serotind, anfractu ultimo antic? cingulis duabus elevatis articulatis ornato ; transversim sudstriatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis rotundis subdistantibus; aperturd albd; columelld levi, subcallosd ; labro extus incrassato, intus lirato.
Hab. Australia. io 18. Nassa putcuetua, A. Adams. WN. testd turritd, acuminatd, / wr - nitidd, albidd, luteo variegatd, fascid fuscd transversd ornatd ;
_ longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis subdistantibus rotundatis tuberculis
net found (27S — albis transversis instructis ; labio calloso nitido ; labro extus mar- ginato, intus lirato.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope. Mus. Cuming.
B.M IV73ISO 19. Nassa TERETIUSCULA, A. Adams. N. testd subturritd, acu- minatd, lutescente aut plumbed, fascid angustd fuscd transversd ornatd ; levi, nitidd, longitudinaliter valde plicatd ; labio cum callo mediocri tecto; columelld antice tortuosd, plicatd; labro extus limbato, intus lirato.
Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.
Briss: 20. Nassa varicrFerA, A. Adams. UN. testd turritd ; spird acu- minatd, pallidd, fasciis fuscis duabus transversis ornatd ; anfrac- tibus subplanulatis, varicibus albis, spiraliter instructis ; suturd canaliculatd ; columella antic? plicis tribus transversis ; labro extus marginato, postice angulato, intus valde lirato.
Hab. Eastern Seas.
e
BM 1A72iSZ 21. Nassa scararis, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, subtur- ritd, pallidd, rufo-fusco fasciatd ; longitudinaliter costatd, trans- versim liratd; anfractibus rotundatis, tuberculis moniliformibus apud suluram ; suturd subcanaliculatd ; labio cum callo subexpanso tenui tecto; columelld corrugatd, antice biplicatd ; labro antice
crenulato, intus lirato. Hab. Island of Corrigidor, 7 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
BMi9721<% 22. Nassa pLanocostata, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, cinerescente, fascid rufo-fuscd transversim cinctd ; costellis planis confertis longitudinalibus, interstitiis concinne clathratis ornatd ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ; columelld transversim plicato- dentatd ; labio antice denticulato, intus valde lirato.
Hab. Payta, Peru, under stones, low water (H. C.). Mus. Cu- ming.
109
D. Shell scalariform, cancellated.
1. Nassa SCALARIFORMIS, Valenc. ae
Buccinum scalariforme, Val. ; Kiener, Monograph Buce. pl. 21. an f. 80.
Hab. New Guinea.
2. Nassa Roissy1, Deshayes. ne Buce. Roissyi, Belang. Voy. aux Ind. Or. pl. 3. f. 3, 4; Kiener, Mon. Bucc. pl. 21. f. 82. Hab. Indian Ocean. 3. Nassa Reever, A. Adams. Bucc. elegans, Reeve. Hab. 2 4. Nassa nuc.eouvs, Philippi. NAaa Buce. nucleolus, Philippi. Sm Hab. 2 5. Nassa nopata, Hinds. BH, uu. 4% 2a
Nassa nodata, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, pl... f. Hab. Malacca.
6. NassSA PERPINGUIS, Hinds. Bn.igul 2235.5 Nassa perpinguis, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, pl. _ . f. Hab. Bay of Magdalena, California. Mus. Cuming.
7. Nassa mica, Adanson. are Buce. miga, Adanson, Voy. au Senegal, pl. 8. f. 10; Kiener, Mon. Buce. pl. 22. f. 87. Hab. Senegal. Mus. Cuming. 8. Nassa MyRIsTIcATA, Hinds. Bu 1¢ 23.4
Nassa myristicata, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, pl. 9. f. 10, 11. Hab. Cape of Good Hope.
9. Nassa PALLIDA, Powis. Nassa pallida, Powis. Haé. Panama, sandy mud, 6 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
Sr, GVISEK
10. Nassa NODULIFERA, Philippi. ome Buccinum noduliferum, Phil. Abild. (Bucc.) t. 1. f.3. ~ > ~ :
11. Nassa ANGULIFERA, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, sub- SO 01S 2 turritd, pallide fulvd; fascid fuscd cinctd, transversim sulcatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis distantibus, postice apud suturas angulatis ; labio cum callo albo nitido tecto ; labro margine sub- reflexo, intus crenulato.
Hab. Galapagos Islands, 10 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
110
@eMia73isu 12, Nassa nopicincta, A. Adams. N, testd ovato-turritd ; spird acuminatd, pallidd, lineis rufis transversis cinctd, transversim sulcatd ; plicis distantibus longitudinalibus, apud suturas noduli- feris ornatd ; labio cum callo albo levi nitido tecto ; labro extus varicoso, intus lirato.
Hab. Galapagos Islands, 7 fathoms (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
@m yout. 13. Nassa Sancta Heiena, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, subturritd ; spird productd ; anfractibus rotundatis, albidd rufo- variegatd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis distantibus subnodosis ; anfractu ultimo anticé transversim sulcato ; labio levi, calloso ; columelld antic uniplicatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. St. Helena, sandy mud, 20 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
meaty. 14. Nassa crnctetua, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, albidd, ———————_ lineis fuscis transversis cinctd, longitudinaliter valde plicatd, plicis distantibus, liris transversis albis, interstitiis fuscis or- natd ; labio corrugato, vie calloso; labro extus varicoso, intus valde lirato. Hab. St. Helena, 20 fathoms, sandy mud.
Sr iA7S2S 15. Nassa corrueata, A. Adams. N. testd elongatd, subturritd, Sfulvescente, rufo nebulosd ; transversim liratd, longitudinaliter plicatd ; plicis nodulosis ; anfractibus convexiusculis ; labio sim- plici, non calloso ; labro intus lirato, margine crenulato ; colu- melld tortuosd, antice productd.
Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.
Bu j97S'<= 16. Nassa TuRRiTA, A. Adams. UN. testd elongatd, subturritd, pallide fulvd; anfractibus rotundatis ; suturd subcanaliculatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim liratd, liris subnodulosis ; labio cum callo tenui tecto; columelld anticé abrupte truncata ; labro intus valde lirato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
17. Nassa Japonica, A. Adams. N. testd turritd, pallide fulvd, fascid rufo-fuscd cinctd ; longitudinaliter plicatd, cingulis trans- versis ad plicas nodulosis ornatd, interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; labio subrugoso ; columelld antice productd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Japan (Dr. Siebold). Mus. Cuming.
‘Bet ig7suy 18. Nassa DENTICULATA, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, ful- $ vescente rufo maculosd ; anfractibus conveziusculis, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim liratd, liris planis, interstitiis tenuissime longitudinaliter striatis ; labio cum calla albo nitido tecto, anticeé producto, libero ; labro intus lirato, margine denticulato. Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
SM \973'S6 19. Nassa nivea, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, candidd, nitidd ; anfractibus planulatis plicis longitudinalibus distantibus, transversim sulcatd ; labio cum calio mediocri tecto, margine acuto
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producto ; labro margine subcrenulato, intus lirato ; columella an- tice triplicatd. Hab. Batangas, island of Luzon, 21 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
20. Nassa pticaTeLLa, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, fulvd ; BMS? labro albido; anfractibus subrotundatis longitudinaliter plicatis transversim liratis, liris ad plicas nodulosis ; labio cum callo me- diocri ; columella anticé uniplicatd ; labro margine acuto, intus lirato.
Hab. Wallwich Bay, Africa. Mus. Cuming.
Subgenus TrironeLua, Adams; Tritonia, Fleming.
Shell turrited, cancellated ; aperture rounded, not produced into an anterior canal; outer lip not dentate, with a marginal varix.
1. Nassa pEcussaTA, Kiener. WOR
Buce. decussatum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f. 3. Hab. Brisbane Water, East Australia (Mr. R. Strange).
2. NASSA TRITONIFORMIS, Kien. shtaas Buce. tritoniformis, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f. 2. or Hab. Senegal. 3. Nassa ascanias, Brug. Non Bucce. ascanias, Brug. Dict. no. 42.—B. asperulum, Broce.—B. bein macula, Montag.—N. rudis, Gualt.—B. Lacepedii, Payr.—Tritonia varicosa, Fleming.—B. coccinella, Lam.—B. incrassatum, Mill.— B. minutum, Penn. Hab. Mediterranean. 4. Nassa rascrata, Lamk. a
Buce. fasciatum, Lam.; Gualtieri, pl. 43. fig. m; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 22. f. 86. Hab. New Holland.
5. Nassa DENTIFERA, Powis. BM ATS 6%
Nassa dentifera, Powis; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. f. Hab. South America.
6. Nassa Festiva, Powis.
Nassa festiva, Powis. Hab.
7. Nassa ANOMALA, Reeve.
Triton anomalus, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulph. pl. 4. f. 13, 14. Hab. Island of Quibo, Veragua.
8. Nassa scABRIUSCULA, Powis. BHAA SEY Nassa scabriuscula, Powis. Hab,
) ~ e.m, (974365 a a et
112
sor 9. NASSA MULTIGRANA, Dunker.
=P Buce. multigranum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 13. Hab. ?
Wor
10. Nassa sienata, Dunker.
Buce. signatum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 17. Hab. 2
Now 11. Nassa OBLIQUEPLICATA, Dunker.
Buce. obliqueplicatum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t.1. f. 13. Hab. ?
BSMIQISS7 12. Nassa ruscata, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, spird acumi- natd, anfractibus convexiusculis, fuscd, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim liratd, plicis ad liras tuberculatis, interstitiis trans- versim striatis ; columelld rugosd; labro postice sinuato, intus dentato-lirato. Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
Subgenus Tritt, Risso.
Shell turrited ; inner lip spreading ; outer lip not dentate, without a marginal varix. Ror 1. Nassa RETICULATA, Linn.
Buce. reticulatum, Linn.; List. Conch. t. 966. f. 21 @; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 23. f. 91 & pl. 19. f. 71. Hab. Mediterranean.
Non 2. Nassa Gayi1, Kiener. Buce. Gayii, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 21. f. 79. Hab. St. Helena, sandy mud.
worn 3, Nassa suucata, Kien.
Buce. suleatum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. f. Hab. ?
&s™,1273862, 4. Nassa CONCINNA, Powis.
Nassa concinna, Powis. Hab. Philippines.
Now 5. NASSA TRIVITTATA, Say.
Buce. trivittatum, Say. Hab. New York.
&m,.1Q7SS* 6, Nassa DEALBATA, A. Adams. UN. testdé ovato-conicd, acumi- natd, subturritd, albidd, fascid pallidd luted cinctd ; anfractibus planulatis longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis nodulosis, transversim liratis ; columella tuberculato-dentatd ; labro extus incrassato, intus dentato-lirato.
Hab. Dumaguete, isle of Negros, 11 fathoms, black coarse sand
(H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
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7. NASSA COSTELLIFERA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, B.MAQISIGT acuminatd, albidd, fusco-variegatd, fascid fuscd in ultimo an- Fractu longitudinaliter costulatd, transversim liratd ; costellis nodulosis ; anfractibus planiusculis ; labio transversim corrugato- plicato ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Curimas. Mus. Cuming.
8. Nassa Trrrascrata, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-acuminatd; 8,Hit%7 3158 spird acutd, productd, pallidé cerulescente aut albidd, fasciis tri- bus transversis rufis ornatd, longitudinaliter subplicatd, transver- sim sulcutd ; columelld levi, callo cum nitido expanso tecto ; labro margine acuto, intus lirato.
Hab. Vigo Bay (M‘Andrew). Mus. Cuming.
Subgenus Desmou.ea, Gray.
Shell subglobose, covered with a downy epidermis; spire short ; apex papillary.
1. NASSA ABBREVIATA, Wood.
Buce. abbreviatum, Wood, Chem. Conch. pl. 153. f. 1463; Kien.
Mon. Buccinum, pl. 26. f. 105. Hab. Indian Ocean.
2. Nassa RETUSA, Lam. Buce.retusum, Lam., Chem. Conch.t.153.f.1465; Kien. pl. 24.f.94. Hab. ?
3. DesmouLea pincuis, A. Adams. D. testd ovatd, abbreviatd, BHANATBMSS ventricosd; spird brevi, apice mucronato ; anfractibus gibbosis, lutescente albo variegatd ; epidermide fusco villoso tectd, trans- versim striatd; labio calloso; columella levi, antic tuberculo unico, uniplicatd ; labro intus lirato. Hab. Senegal. Mus. Cuming.
4, DEsMouLEA pyramipa.is, A. Adams. D. testd ovato-conicd; SUIT SIG spird acuminatd, apice obtuso, violascente, longitudinaliter eva- nidé plicatd, transversim sulcatd ; labio fusco subcalloso simplici ; labro extus marginato, intus lirato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
5. Desmoutra crassa, A. Adams. JD. testd ovato-conicd, ab- BM.197328_ breviatd, solidd, levi; spird obtusd, apice violaceo ; anfractibus superne gibbosis, rufescente albo variegatd, transversim sulcatd ; labio cum callo crasso tecto; columella transversim liratd, antic? uniplicatd, tuberculis duobus instructd ; labro intus lirato. Hab. Japan. Mus. Cuming.
6. Desmoutea Japonica, A. Adams. DD. testd ovatd, levi, BM AQTS4D nitidd, antice transversim sulcatd, fulvescente, maculis lineisque transversis fuscis ornatd, albo variegatd ; labio anticé calloso ; columella anticé tuberculis tribus instructd; labro extus incras- sato, intus lirato. ' Hab. Japan (Siebold). Mus. Cuming.
No. CCX XVI.—ProceEepinés oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.
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Subgenus Acrcutina, A. Adams.
Shell turrited ; inner lip with a circumscribed callus free anteriorly ; outer lip with the margin thickened and flexuose.
8.M.I97360 1. Acicutrna costata, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, acuminatd, serotind, nitidd, longitudinaliter costatd, transversim sulcatd ; labio calloso, antice fusco, producto ; labri margine subrecto, intus li-
rato. Hab. ? Mus. Cuming. aie 2. AcrcuLina striata, A. Adams. A. testd ovato-turritd, fuscd, ers fascid pallidd transversd ornatd, anfractu penultimo gibboso ad ie se suturas longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim valde striatd ; labio
calloso ; labri margine vix incrassato, intus lirato. Hab. San Nicholas, isle of Zebu, 5 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
BMsQ2S4S 3. Actcutrna LaBraTa, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, acuminatd, nitidd, cinerescente, fascid pallidd transversd ornatd, longitudi- naliter costatd, costis ad suturam nodulosis, transversim sulcatd ; labio fusco, calloso ; labro margine incrassato, fusco, valde flex- uoso, postice sinuato, in medio producto.
Hab. Malacca, coarse sand, 10 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
BHM 197340 4, AcICULINA GLABRATA, A. Adams. A. testd turritd,acuminatd, levi, nitidd, longitudinaliter substriatd, albidd, fasciis cinerescen- tibus maculisque fuscis ornatd; labio calloso, anticé uniplicato ; labri margine incrassato, fleruoso, in medio producto.
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
BMtQ73et 5. Acicutina macuLaTa, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, levi, nitidd, albd, maculis luteo-fuscis longitudinalibus ornatd, trans- versim sulcatd, sulcis distantibus ; labio calloso, antice producto ; columelld uniplicatd ; labro extus marginato, intus lirato.
Hab. Banang, Sargassinan, isle of Luzon, muddy sand, low water (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
@.w.\a73tez 6. AcicuLtina virrata, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, albidd, ni- tidd, fascid transversd fuscd interruptd ornatd, transversim sul- catd, longitudinaliter costatd; labio cailoso; columelld bituber- culatd, et antice valde uniplicatd ; labro extus varicoso, intus den- tato-lirato.
Hab. Ticao, coral sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
2. ON A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS MoNTIFRINGILLA. By Joun Govutp, F.R.S.
For a knowledge of this species we are indebted to Lord Gifford, by whom several examples were killed in Thibet. It is intimately allied to Montifringilla Gebleri, but differs in being of a larger size,
115
in the darker colouring of the head and face, and in the deeper tint of the back and rump ; the latter part is moreover ornamented with a patch of blood-red, which has suggested the specific name of hemato- pygia as an appropriate appellation ; it also differs from M. Gedleri in being destitute of the orange-red mark on the shoulders.
MonTIFRINGILLA HAMATOPYGIA.
Face and forehead brownish black, gradually blending into the light greyish brown of the upper surface ; rump stained with blood- red; upper tail-coverts brown, tipped with dull white; tail dark brown, each feather margined externally with white ; wing-coverts hoary ; wings dark brown, the first four primaries narrowly edged with white, the next five primaries with a broad streak of white along the basal portion of their external webs, terminating in a line with the extremities of the secondaries, which are externally fringed with hoary ; spurious wing dark brown, margined at the base with whitish ; under surface very light brown, gradually becoming paler, until on the under tail-coverts the hue is buffy white; bill and feet bluish black.
Total length, 63 inches; bill, }; wing, 43; tail, 23; tarsi, 1.
3. ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF TROCHILIDE. By Joun Govuxp, F.R.S.
Mr. Gould exhibited some remarkably fine examples of the Tro- chilus Jardinii of Bourcier, and then characterized the following species :—
TrRocuitvs ( ?) AMABILIS.
Crown of the head shining metallic green; chin black; breast beautiful shining blue, with a line of lustrous green commencing at the angle of the bill, passing down the sides of the neck and sur- rounding the base; upper surface bronzy green; tail-coverts and central tail-feathers greenish bronze; lateral tail-feathers brownish black ; wings purplish brown ; under surface like the upper, but less brilliant ; centre of abdomen and under tail-coverts grey, the centre of the latter bronzy green.
Total length, 32 inches; bill, 3; wing, 24; tail, 14-
Hab. New Grenada.
Remark.—About the size of T. albirostris.
PHAETHORNIS GRISEOGULARIS.
Head, upper surface and wing-coverts bronzy brown; upper tail- coverts rufous; ear-coverts blackish brown; wings purple brown ; base of the tail dark brown, the apical third of the two central feathers dark grey, tipped with white, the apical third of the next feather on each side grey on the inner web, buff on the outer web, and tipped with white ; the three lateral feathers on each side tipped with buff ; under surface sandy buff, with a wash of dull grey down the chin and a crescent of black across the breast ; upper mandible black ; basal
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two-thirds of the under mandible yellow, apical third blackish brown ; feet yellow.
Total length, 33 inches; bill, 1; wing, 1}; tail, 13.
Hab. Columbia.
Remark.—Nearly allied to P. Eremita and P. pygmea, but dif- fering from them in being of a larger size, in the total absence of any crescentic black mark on the chest, in having the throat clouded with dark grey instead of buff, and the two central tail-feathers tipped with grey and their shafts black.
4. Nore on THE SuBORBITAL GLAND OF THE NYLGHAU. By H. N. Turner, Esa., Jun.
Among the cranial characters of the genus Portaz I have adduced the want of a suborbital depression, and the existence of a smooth line running along the surface of the bone; and as I had observed appearances of a suborbital sinus in the living animal, which I could not detect in the dried specimens, I felt much interested in the exa- mination of the parts in one that recently died in the Gardens, and which Mr. Mitchell kindly forwarded to me for dissection.
Externally there is a slight pit immediately in front of the orbit, and anteriorly to it a small longitudinal fold of the skin, in the middle of which is a little round pore, through which exudes a yellowish secretion, furnished by a gland placed just underneath. The gland itself is slightly larger than a hazel-nut, and is laid upon the surface of the bone without any fossa to receive it, but is firmly attached to the smooth line before observed. The tendo oculi, and a few fibres of the orbicularis palpebrarum are attached to it.
The small pit immediately in front of the orbit is merely the space below the tendo oculi, between the gland and the rim of the orbit. In the Nylghau, the existence of a “lacrymal sinus” has usually been acknowledged ; but it affords a good example of the incertitude with which we can ever deny that it exists in a species of which fresh specimens have not been examined with a view to this character, and in which no traces of the organ are discernible, either in the dry skin, or in the existence of a fossa in the skull.
Pimlico, March 1851.
5. Letrer on THE DEAL-FISH, FROM Dr. DucGuIpD To Dr. BARKER. COoMMUNICATED BY Mr. YARRELL. “ Kirkwall, 5 March 1851. “In April 1829, I received from Mr. Strang, Sanday, a specimen of a fish which had been found on the shores of that island, with a request that I should give him some information about it. He men- tioned that he had met with many specimens during a series of years,—that it was well known to the natives of the island, by whom it was called the Deal-fish, and that they often found it thrown ashore, and even occasionally used it as food. I easily ascertained, from the works to which I had access, that it was a fish unknown to
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the British Fauna, but could not determine what it really was. The specimen being a good deal mutilated about the head and abdomen, and in a state of partial decomposition, I did not attempt to preserve it, but drew up as correct a description of it as its condition admitted of, which I sent to Dr. Fleming, along with all the information about it which I could obtain from Mr. Strang, and also a somewhat rough drawing. Dr. Fleming wrote, of date 8th May, 1829, at once deter- mining the fish to be the Gymnogaster arcticus of Brunnich, or Vaagmaer, as described by Cuvier in his ‘ Régne Animal,’ ii. 246, a native of the seas of Iceland ;—at the same time mentioning some slight discrepancies, which more perfect specimens, since procured, have completely removed. With my consent, he drew up a notice of it, which was inserted in the 4th volume of ‘ Loudon’s Magazine of Nat. Hist.,’ along with a plate from the drawing sent. This article I have not met with, having merely seen Yarrell’s quotations from it. Since 1829 I have met with seven or eight specimens, some of which were mutilated by birds, and some quite entire, and from the latter I have ascertained the existence of ventral fins, which are exceedingly minute and rudimental, and easily overlooked, more especially if the specimen be not quite fresh and perfect. I am now therefore enabled to say with certainty that there can be no doubt of the identity of the fish occurring in these islands with the Vaagmaer, as described and figured in Yarrell’s Supplement to the Ist edition of his ‘ British Fishes,’ from information supplied by Professor Reinhardt of Copen- hagen, and there named Trachypterus vogmarus. In the first figure, given at page 14, the ventral fins are much too long and conspicuous, but they are quite correctly represented in the vignette at page 18. The late Dr. John Reid, of St. Andrews, published an article in the Annals of Nat. Hist., June 1849, describing a specimen of the T'ra- chypterus Bogmarus thrown ashore on the coast of Fifeshire, in which he says, ‘ No unquestionahly genuine specimen of this rare fish has, as far as I am aware, been hitherto found in the British seas; for the description and figure of the fishes thrown ashore in Orkney, supposed to be specimens of the Deal-fish or Vaagmaer, given by Dr. Fleming on the authority of Dr. Duguid, differ in so many im- portant points from the Vaagmaer as must excite doubts as to their identity.’ Now Dr. Reid has not stated what the important points of difference are between my description and that of Prof. Reinhardt. It is true there is one important point—important as determining the proper classification of the fish—the existence or non-existence of ventral fins. These I did not detect; but it is not surprising, con- sidering their minuteness, and the mutilated condition of the only specimen I had then seen. We have at this moment three dried ones in the Orkney Museum, not so perfect as could be desired, but sufficiently so to determine this point, as well as the identity of the fish with the Icelandic Vaagmaer. It is strange also that Dr. Reid never mentions the existence of ventral fins in his specimen at all, and that also, while he denies that the fishes thrown ashore in Ork- ney are the Deal-fish or Vaagmaer, he should forget that the popular name Deal-fish is strictly of Orcadian origin.’
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6. ON AN UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF MEGAPODIUS. By L. Luewettyn Ditiwyn, Esa., F.G.S., F.Z.S. ere.
(Aves, Pl. XX XIX.)
My friend Mr. James Motley, who is now conducting the operations of the Eastern Archipelago Company in Labuan, has lately sent me home a box of zoological specimens which he has collected in that island, and among the birds was the pair of the Megapodius, one of which I now produce; it is, I believe, identical with the species in the British Museum sent home by Mr. Cuming from the Philip- pine Islands. In the catalogue accompanying the specimens, and, in several letters which I have received from him, he has described some of the habits of these curious birds, and deeming that original observations, however scanty, on the habits of almost any animal from that remote region might not be uninteresting to the Society, I have abstracted from his communications to me the following notice respecting them :—
These birds are said to be principally confined to small islands, and to such more especially as have sandy beaches; they are not uncommon in Labuan, but are, however, very rarely to be seen, as they are very shy, and frequent dense flat parts of the jungle, where the ratans grow and where the luxuriance of the vegetation renders concealment easy.
The Malays snare them by forming long thick fences in unfre- quented parts of the jungle; in these they leave openings at intervals in which they place traps; the birds, running through the cover in search of food, meeting the obstruction caused by the fence, run along it till they come to one of the openings, through which they push their way and are trapped.
Their food principally consists of seeds and insects.
In walking they lift their feet very high from the ground, and set up their backs something like guinea fowls; they frequently make a loud noise, like the very loud screech of a chicken when caught.
They are very pugnacious, and fight with great fury by jumping upon one another’s backs and scratching with their long strong claws.
The eggs are of a fine dark cream-colour, and of very large size, three of them weighing nearly as much as a full-grown bird. Ac- cording to the general account given to Mr. Motley by the Malays, each bird lays about eight or ten at each time of breeding ; the place they select for depositing them is always situated near the beach, and close within the edge of the jungle, and here they bury them in the sandy soil to the depth of about eighteen inches; over the place where they are thus buried the bird collects a large heap of shells and rubbish, so that a person who has seen their nest has no diffi- culty in finding it again; the eggs thus deposited are left to be hatched by the heat of the sun, and this the natives assert requires between three and four months to complete. Mr. Motley himself found upon breaking an egg which had been thus situated for nearly six weeks, that it contained merely the embryo of a chick, about as much ad- vanced as that of a hen’s egg at four days. Some other eggs which
ACM LIeTOR A NC YW ;
WINTY saay G7 90L7
119
were brought him, but which he had no means of ascertaining how long they had been laid, he buried in a box of sand about 3 feet deep and exposed to the weather. At the end of about three weeks a young bird came up, not downy, but covered with little shafts or pens ready to form feathers. One of the Malays employed by Mr. Motley saw it emerge, and said that it just shook off the sand and ran away so fast that it was with difficulty caught. On the next day, when Mr. Motley first saw it, it appeared to him to be about half-grown. From the first it fed itself without hesitation, scratching and turning up the earth like an old bird. Two more afterwards emerged in the same state. According to Mr. Motley, the sexes are alike, except that the naked skin about the head is redder in the male than in the female.
In his investigations respecting the nidification of these birds, Mr. Motley was much assisted by Mr. Low, who is resident in the island.
As the Philippine specimens brought home by Mr. Cuming have not yet been characterized, I propose to name this species
Mercapopivus CuMINGII.
Sp. Char. Olivaceous brown above; blackish slate colour with a slight olivaceous tinge below ; the feathers on the throat and nape are thinly dispersed, so as to leave that part nearly bare; on the hind head the feathers are somewhat lengthened, forming a kind of crest ; bill black at the base, yellowish towards the tip; legs, feet and claws black ; the bare skin about the head is redder in the male than in the female.
in. lin.
Length from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail, about 14 0 Op, DUN GONE DADE eae ase oe ae ga es a eas estes Leng
GE BU ee PORE el seo yin et tase Cee. Sak UE oS ates “Gell Seu alan cerd idea Hineermnabae aaa at « sill GCA, SIDEMAN ee GER ne tone sop ene Sng OO
TSU S 39 onktenthedenaiedina raf enc edge maracas atte ae ted
CAPE GTT (2h ON ee eee data an ee in ampere abe Pi i i Poi TCU LS: pe clnet Re a dale ep a ees ag
The front toes are nearly equal, the middle toe being rather the longest, and the inner one shortest.
To the foregoing account some additional details of considerable in- terest may be subjoined. These details, although dated Labuan, July 1850, were not received until after Mr. Dillwyn’s communication :—
ExtTrRAct From A Letter From Mr. Hues Low, DATED LaBvan, 4TH oF JuLy, 1850.
«‘T have been using great exertions to procure for the Earl of Derby a very remarkable Gallinaceous bird, the existence of which I ascertained only three months back ; having no books I am unable to refer to its genus, but it is nearer a Guinea fowl than anything else. I heard from the natives that such a bird existed, and that its eggs
120
were occasionally to be procured. I offered a dollar each for all they would bring me; and first one was brought, afterwards five, but I could not succeed in hatching either of these under fowls. The first, after having been set upon for a month, was picked to pieces by its foster-parent, and the chick had apparently but just begun to form. The five eggs were addled. Having learned that the birds abounded on a small island, about a hundred miles along the coast, I bired a boat and five men, and sent them, about fourteen days since, with snares, &c., to endeavour to catch some of the old birds and to seek for the nests, this being the laying season, and to gather plants of Phalcinopsis, which grows on the same island (Pulo Tigu and Pulo Guya). They returned yesterday, bringing with them 102 eggs and only two birds, both of which had their legs injured by the snares. The sight of the eggs and birds have pertectly astonished me, the body of the former being no larger than that of a bantam, while the egg is as long, though not so broad, as that of a Chinese goose. The men say that on the different islands they visited they found a good many nests, which are placed at a little distance from the sea-shore, in the jungle of small islands, the spot being invariably marked by a large collection of sticks and branches. The eggs are found about three feet deep in the sand, and the men assure me that the bird has no communication with them except by rasping away the sand. ‘The man I employed has lived all his life on small islands, hunting for tortoise-shell, and well knows the habits of the bird; he says the eggs are hatched entirely by the sun’s heat, or rather the heat in the sand. One of the birds he brought died this morning, and I shall put its skin together with some of the eggs in a box, that you may send them to Earl Derby. I do not like to take the liberty of writing to his lordship myself, but if I can succeed in getting a lot of young birds, I shall not fail to send them to him by the very first opportu- nity. I have placed some of the eggs under fowls, and some in sand out of doors; some also in sand in a warm house, where I can regu- late the temperature; and I have hopes of rearing, or at least of hatching, some of the chicks, if the eggs are still good: but I think that by sending the men again in three months’ time with snares I might catch a lot of the young ones hatched naturally, and be able to rear them. The bird is said not to be found on the mainland: the eggs are reported excellent eating.
* Aug. 12. Of the eggs I wrote to you so much about last mail, . one only has hatched: the chick came up full-fledged from under three feet of sand, and immediately ran about with the most surprising activity. It eats rice, ants’ eggs, &c. with the greatest avidity, and as it is now three weeks old, I have every hope of preserving it. More of the eggs appear to have chickens in them, and I hope will hatch. The bird, as I have ascertained, is an undescribed species of Mega- podius.”
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Molar tooth of the American Tapir:
section through the crown.
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121
April 8, 1851. Professor Thomas Bell, Sec. R.S., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE TEETH OF THE AMERICAN AND Inp1An Tarirs. By Joun Tomes, F.R.S.
(Mammalia, Pl. X XIX.)
It is now upwards of fifteen years since the attention of physiolo- gists and comparative anatomists was drawn to the structure of the tissues which enter into the composition of the dental organs. In 1678 Leeuwenhoek communicated a paper to the Royal Society, on the Structure of the Teeth and other Bones, in which he described the dentinal tubes. His researches, however, were not confirmed by sub- sequent observers, and indeed were almost entirely overlooked until the period to which I have referred. Purkinjé, in 1835, confirmed the correctness of Leeuwenhoek’s observations, at the time uncon- scious that the tubular structure of the dentine had been previously recognised. He also described the structure of the cementum.
Prof. Retzius was in the same year engaged in examining the structure of the dental tissues, and published the results in 1836. In 1837 Prof. Retzius published a work on the subject, the substance of which was in 1839 printed in our own language by Mr. Nasmyth.
In the latter part of 1837 I was engaged in examining the dental tissues, at that time unconscious that the subject had occupied the attention of the German or Swedish anatomists. In June 1838 the results of my examination were read before the Royal Society. In September of the same year, Prof. Owen read a paper on the Structure of the Teeth, before the British Association. In 1840 the publication of Prof. Owen’s ‘Odontography’ was commenced, and completed in 1845. In this work will be found descriptions of the structure of the teeth of animals belonging to each division of Vertebrata.
In these various essays the authors agreed generally in the main facts of dental structure, and in each successive publication new facts were related. Judging from the amount which had been published, it might have been concluded that the subject was well nigh ex- hausted. Such however was not the case: many blunders, in the hurry which is incident to a new subject, had been committed and required correction, while many important facts had failed to be recog- nised. Prof. Owen pointed out that in the Order Edentata the teeth are destitute of enamel, while it is present in the other mammalian orders, with the exception of a few isolated cases.
Having neglected the subject of dental structure for some years, in consequence of more urgent pursuits, in 1847 I again entered on the inquiry, which to me possessed great attractions, not only on account of various modifications which are to be found in the arrange-
122
ment of the components of the tissues in different animals, but also in minor modifications in the teeth of the same animal.
My inquiries were first directed to human teeth ; the results, both as regards structure and development, were published in my ‘ Lec- tures on Dental Physiology and Surgery,’ 1838. The teeth of mar- supial animals next occupied my attention. In this order it was found that the dentinal tubes are continued into and form a consider- able portion of the enamel, excepting only in the Wombat. The re- sults of these investigations will be found in the Second Part of the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1849.
By the help of this Society I have been enabled to make an ex- tensive series of investigations in the teeth of the Order Rodentia, with results which have far exceeded my expectations. Each family, as arranged by Mr. Waterhouse, has its peculiar structure of enamel, an account of which, with illustrations, is published in Part 2 of the ‘ Philosophical Transactions,’ 1850.
Having, by way of preface, given a very cursory and imperfect in- dication of what has been done in dental structure, or rather of what has been recognised as peculiar to certain groups of mammalian ani- mals, in order to show that the subject is not without importance, I shall proceed to lay before the Society certain peculiarities which I find exist in the teeth of the two Tapirs, and which are, to the best of my belief, confined to those creatures. It should however be under- stood, that similar conditions may be found in the teeth of other ani- mals, but at present I believe they have not been seen. I have myself examined numerous examples from each of the mammalian orders, and from the great majority of the genera, and have failed to find a condition of dentine similar to that of the Tapir’s tooth. Under these circumstances, it may, I think, be fairly assumed to be charac- teristic of those animals, and hence has a degree of importance which it otherwise would not possess. With this impression, I have thought it desirable that the facts should be recorded.
The dentine of the molar teeth, when exposed by making a longi- tudinal section through the centre of the crown and fangs, and re- ducing it sufficiently thin to be viewed by transmitted light, is seen to be composed of tubes which pursue a uniform course. Those which are destined to reach the highest parts of cusps or ridges pursue a straight course, subject to slight undulations, while others, which pass to the sides of the cusps, are turned in the latter part of their course away from the central line of the cusps or ridges ; others again, which pass to the lowest points of the depressions on the masticating sur- face of the tooth, follow a tolerably straight course. The dentine which forms the sides of the tooth is occupied by tubes which in the outer third of their course describe a bold curve outwards, the con- vexity of which is directed towards the crown of the tooth, but on approaching the enamel turns a little upwards. In the fangs of the teeth, the dentinal tubes, in addition to describing a double curve, are subject to strongly-marked secondary undulations. The dentinal tubes, as they leave the pulp-cavity for the crown of the tooth, have
123
a diameter of about the 7500th of an inch, which is gradually dimi- nished to the 15,000th. When within a short distance of the enamel, they suddenly dilate into a more or less oval cell, from which a few very minute tubes pass off towards the line of junction of the enamel and dentine. The bulbous terminations of the tubes are more con- stant and larger about the prominences of the cusps, and diminish in size and frequency on the sides of the tooth, where the enamel be- comes thin, at the termination of which they altogether cease. The bulbs have an average diameter of about 3450, and are in length about the 1000th of aninch. In addition to the terminal dilatations, the coronal tubes are subject to occasional dilatations in their course. It is by no means uncommon to find instances where a peripheral layer of cells lies underneath the enamel, into which the dentinal tubes pass, and through which an anastomosis is effected; but in no other teeth save those of the Tapir do the coronal tubes termi- nate in well-marked and uniform cell-like dilatations having distinct parietes. I have pointed out several examples, in my paper on the teeth of Rodentia, in which these peripheral cells are found, but they are irregular in shape, have not distinct parietes, and are entered by the ultimate branches of the dentinal tubes ; whereas in the Tapir the cells are formed by the expansion of the tubes, which previous to the expansion give off few if any branches. Some however subdi- vide once or twice in their course ; in which case the smaller of the divisions do not commonly dilate into terminal cells, but form anasto- moses with other tubes similarly circumstanced.
In the fangs the dentinal tubes leave the pulp-cavity with a dia- meter of the 7500th of an inch, and speedily dilate to the 6000th. During the greater part of their course they give off very minute, hair-like, short branches; but when near their termination they in- crease in size, turn a little upwards towards the crown of the tooth, and send out numerous branches, the majority of which pass from the lower sides of the tubes. The ultimate branches pass into the granular tissue, which, interspersed with irregular cells, forms the outer part of the dentine of the fangs. Near the neck of the tooth the granular dentine exists as a thin layer, which becomes thickened and more opake from the greater number of cells in the lower part of the fang.
Partially obliterated vascular canals enter from the surface of the fang, and proceed in straight lines through the dentine to the pulp- cavity. In the Indian species similar vascular canals proceed from the pulp-cavity towards the ridges of the masticating surface, and appear to terminate in loops. They have a diameter of about the 1000th of an inch. In a molar tooth of the American Tapir, for which I am indebted to the Society, vascular canals do not exist in the crown. This difference will, if found to be constant, serve to distinguish the molars of the two species. Near the extremities of the fangs the dentine graduates insensibly into the granular condition, and this again into the cementum, without offering any generic pecu- harities.
124
The cementum is in no part of the fang very abundant, as com- pared with the amount which is found in the teeth of many other animals. Near the neck of the tooth it is arranged in minute rods or columns, similar to that which I have described as existing in the teeth of many Rodents. In this situation it is destitute of lacunee ; but in tracing it downwards towards the root of the tooth, where it is increased in quantity, lacunze possessing the usual characters are found. In addition to the lacunz the cementum is traversed in parts by ill-defined canaliculi, which proceed from the surface of the fang in tolerably straight lines.
In tracing a longitudinal section of a molar tooth downwards from the crown to the end of the fang, it will be seen that at places the dentine has been removed and the space filled up with cementum. Here and in other parts the cementum is abundantly supplied with vascular canals.
The enamel does not differ in any material points from that of the teeth of Ruminants. The fibres have a minutely granular appearance and have a diameter of about the 5000th of an inch. On the sides of the tooth they pursue an outward course, and make one bold curve, the convexity of which is directed towards the masticating surface, while on the crown of the tooth their course is waved and irregular ; an arrangement which no doubt adds much to the strength of the tissue in that part where the greatest strength is required.
In the incisor teeth similar peculiarities may be observed, but they are much less strongly marked than in the molar teeth. Vascular canals are, too, of less frequent occurrence in the incisor teeth.
I hope on a future occasion to be enabled to lay before the Society a statement of the peculiarities which pertain to and are characteristic of other groups of animals.
2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF GORGONIADZ. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S. etc.
(Radiata, Pl. III.)
The Coral here described was sent to me by Sir John Richardson.
It is nearly allied to Gorgonia, but the branches are erect, clavate, and very rarely subdivided. The bark is very thick, formed of nu- merous close diverging cells radiating round a very thin, small, black compressed axis, each of the cells ending in a conical prominent tu- bercle closely covered externally with red calcareous spicula. The expanded base and the base of the stem and the interspaces between the cells are covered with smaller red calcareous granules.
This genus may be named and characterized thus :—
GoniGoRIA.
Coral clavate, slightly branched; the root dilated; axis horns, black, compressed, thin; bark thick, calcareous, covered with conical tubercles, each covered externally with numerous close red spicula.
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125
Gonigoria cLAvATA. (Radiata, Pl. III. fig. 1.)
Coral clavate, rounded at the end, simple, or rarely forked.
Hab. 2
The coral is almost two inches high, and the thickest part is about one-third of an inch in diameter.
I take this opportunity of presenting a figure of another Coral, which, although described\by me several years since, has not yet been engraved.
NIDALIA OCCIDENTALIS, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 60. (Ra- ; fy
diata, Pl. III. fig. 2.)
f P AS Hab. West Indies, Montserrat. f St l
3. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF BIVALVE SHELLS, AND A Sra Ecc, rrom New ZEALAND. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S. erc.
Mr. Richard Taylor, of Wanganui, New Zealand, has kindly sent to the British Museum a series of marine and freshwater shells, col- lected by him in 1847. Among many other interesting specimens is one which combines the form and internal appearance of a Solen with the hinge-characters of a Mactra, and evidently forming the type of a genus not hitherto observed. It may be thus named and character- ized :-—
VANGANELLA.
Shell equivalve, oblong, transverse, thin, compressed, rounded be- hind, rather produced and tapering in front, covered with a thin, hard, polished periostraca; the inner surface of each valve straight, with two diverging, thickened ribs just within the stars of the ab- ductor muscles, which are large and far apart, and the upper front edge of the valve double; siphonal inflection short, broad; hinge- tooth of left valve folded together, moderate; of right valve small, separate ; lateral teeth short, small, close to hinge-tooth of left valve double ; the ligament small, just within the cardinal edge, not sepa- rated by any shell plate from the cartilage, and partly hidden from view by the upper edge of the hinge-margin ; the cartilage very large, inclosed in a large, elongate, shallow, triangular pit on the upper part of the hinder internal rib.
The position of the cartilage-pit and the internal ribs at once sepa- rate this genus from Spisula.
VANGANELLA TAYLORII.
Shell rather compressed, white, smooth, covered with a pale brown- ish-white polish ; periostraca darker coloured on the upper part of the front edge; the upper hinder slope irregularly wrinkled with periostraca.
Hab. New Zealand.
126
ARACHNOIDES ANTIPODARUM.
Body rather convex, with five broad sunken grooves, rather more than one-third the width of the sections of the body, and forming in- flexed spaces on the edge of the circumference; ambulacra nearly straight, and regularly diverging, without any isolated pores between the end of the ambulacra and the circumference of the body.
Hab. New Zealand. Coast of Wanganui.
This species is easily known from the A. placenta of the North Sea (Agassiz, Monog. t. 21. fig. 25-42) by its being rather larger and con- siderably more convex, and in the grooves edged above by the ambu- lacra being broader compared to the sections of the shell. It differs also in having the ambulacra nearly straight and without any isolated pores between them, as in the edge of the shell figured by Agassiz, t. 21. f. 39.
The specimen was unfortunately broken in the carriage from New Zealand, and the part of the shell containing the ovarial pores was destroyed.
The upper and lower part of the shell is supported by compressed perpendicular columns, about one-third the width of the disk; near the oral disk there are placed five pairs of short processes for the sup- port of the jaws; the jaws are triangular; they agree, as does the disposition of the spire, tubercle, and all the other external characters, with the northern species as figured by Agassiz from the specimen in the Museum collection.
4, REMARKS ON THE GENUS HAPALOTIS. By Joun Goutp, F.R.S.
With the view of correcting some errors respecting the members of the genus Hapalotis, and of describing two new species, Mr. Gould exhibited an extensive series of specimens, including several species of this curious form of Rodent, from his own collection: viz.—
1. Hapauoris ausipes, Licht.
2. Hapatoris Apicauis, Gould, n. s.
This new species is about the size of, and similar in colour to, H. albipes, but it has larger ears, and its feet, which are perfectly white, as in that animal, are much more delicately formed, and the tail is nearly destitute of the long brushy hairs towards the tip; the eye is also much smaller.
Face and sides of the neck blue-grey ; upper part of the head, space between the ears, the ears and upper parts of the body, pale brown interspersed with numerous fine black hairs; under surface white ; flanks mingled grey and buffy white; fore feet white, with an ob- lique mark of dark brown separating the white from the greyish brown of the upper surface ; hinder tarsi and feet white ; basal three-
fourths of the tail brown, apical fourth thinly clothed with white hairs.
127
inches. Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 8 65 0 of 01S) NT aa i x ra ea 8i of the tarsus and toes............-...-055 13 from the tip of the nose to the base of the ears 13 PIPER CT ASD. CRSA al aR oa
3. Hapatortis nirsutus, Gould.
Mus hirsutus, Gould in Proc. Zool. Soc. part x. 1842, p. 12.
Since this singular species was brought from Port Essington by Mr. Gilbert, at the close of 1841, a second and more perfect indi- vidual, also Sani the northern coast of Australia, has been deposited in the British Museum.
This is the largest species of the genus.
4. Hapatoris conpiror, Gould in Sturt’s Narr. of Exp. to Cen- tral Australia, vol. i. pl. in p. 120; vol. ii. App. p. 7.
5. Hapatoris tonercaupatus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. part xii. p- 104.
6. Hapatoris Goutpu, Gray, App. to Grey’s Trav. in Australia, vol. ii. pp. 404, 413; List of Mamm. in Brit. Mus. Coll. p- 116.
H. Richardsonii, Gray, on specimens in Brit. Mus.
H. macrotis, Gray, on specimens in Brit. Mus.
H. Mitchellii, Gould, Mamm. of Australia, part i. pl. 15.
Hab. Western and Southern Australia.
7. Hapatoris muRiNus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. part xiii. 1845, p. 78. Hab. South Australia and the Liverpool Plains in New South Wales.
8. Hapatotis CeRvINvs, Gould, n. s.
The whole of the head, upper surface and sides of the body, of the most delicate fawn colour, interspersed with numerous fine black hairs on the head and back ; whiskers greyish black ; nose and under sur- face white ; tail pale brown, lighter beneath ; ears very large, some- what pointed, and nearly destitute of hairs.
inches. Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 43 Givthe. tallest 4 neta se ted cres Cee 54 of the tarsus and toes. . x Be from the tip of the nose to the base of the ears 1t BE CICATAE os. sso See tet. eke nsec as li
This beautiful species was brought from the interior of South Australia by Captain Sturt. It is one of the smallest members of the genus, and is remarkable for the delicacy of its colouring and for the large size of its tail in comparison with that of its body.
128
5. NOTE ON A NEW SPECIES OF FRANCOLIN. By Dr. Nicuotson, H.E.1I.C. Mepicau Service.
(Aves, Pl. XL.)
While in Arabia in February 1836, I proceeded into the interior as far as the town of Moosa, about twenty miles to the eastward of Mocha in Yemen, accompanied by Captain Bull of the Indian Navy, in quest of plants and other objects of natural history, as well as with the view of seeing the country. Having delivered our intro- duction to the chief of that district, he assigned us quarters in his palace and appointed an Arab huntsman to attend us—as well to show us game, as to be a guardian to our persons. We started at daylight, mounted on asses, and pursued our course to the eastward for about six miles, when at the foot of a range of hills, in a jungle of Acacia arabica, we came on several large coveys of guinea-fowl. We soon found that it was of no use to attempt to get a shot by walking after them, as they soon left us; so we followed, and whenever they entered a thick piece of jungle we ran up in time to get a shot at them, being pressed to take wing. In this way we made a very good bag, to which we afterwards added a bustard (differing from the Indian) and several small hares, which were very abundant. At the first shot I brought down, as I supposed, a couple of guinea-fowl, right and left, but on picking them up found that one of them was a fine species of Francolin, coloured as in the accompanying sketch.
Bill and legs coral-red, the latter with blunt knobs for spurs; the top of the head, a line under the eye from the angle of the mouth, and a patch below it, black; round the eye and some way down the neck, buff; breast and side covered with large patches of black, buff, and light blue or french-grey ; all the back and other parts french- grey ; the quills are light buff.
This magnificent bird we found afterwards in pairs, betraying the same habits as the two species of Francolin in India, the male often standing and crowing on some small eminence. These birds are fully as large as the gallina, which is not quite so large as the domesticated species, but as large as a good-sized fowl.
I propose for this bird the name of Francolinus yemensis.
2
Proc’. Z 8; Aves’. XL’.
J. Wolf, Lith M.&.N. Hanhart , Imp*
FRANGOLINUS YEMENSIBS Wchotson.
129
May 13, 1851. John Edward Gray, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. The following papers were read :—
1. OBsERVATIONS ON THE Eye OF THE MOLE, IN A LETTER ADDRESSED TO W. Spence, Esaq., F.R.S. By Joun Davy, M.D., F.R.S.
In a letter with which you favoured me some weeks ago, you made mention of Schiddte’s ‘ Faunze Subterraneze Specimen,’ and of the interesting discoveries described in it of several species of eyeless animals, the inhabitants of caves into which the sun’s rays never penetrate, and where, in utter darkness, visual organs would consequently be useless.
Reflecting on the subject, I thought it worth while to examine with some care the eyes of the common Mole, an animal that spends the greater portion of its time beneath the surface of the earth, and seems in its general organization specially adapted for a subterraneous life.
I shall chiefly notice what, in the dissections I have made, appears to be peculiar.
The first peculiarity that arrests attention is, that the eyes of the Mole are not contained in bony sockets, but lie unprotected by any bony prominences in the cellular tissue, beneath the common integu- ments ; and, in consequence, were this animal an extinct one, and its skeleton found in a fossil state, there being no orbit, the palzeontolo- gist might be led to infer that it is a species destitute of eyes.
The next peculiarity I would mention is in regard to eye-lashes. These too it seems to be destitute of. The hair in which the eyes are buried, and by which they are defended, seems to be the common fur of the head. I could detect in that immediately surrounding them no hairs of larger dimensions, or in any respect different from those of which its fine fur is composed.
The apertures for the admission of light constitute another pecu- liarity. When the fur is removed from the skin surrounding the eyes, a minute aperture appears over each, about ;;th of an inch in length when closed, and, in this state, linear and straight, but cir- cular when fully expanded. The extreme margins of these openings in the integuments being covered with fur, there is no well-marked appearance of eyelids,—indeed, it may be a question, whether the Mole, in strictness, can be said to possess these appendages. From the observations I have made, I am disposed however to infer that it does possess them, but imperfect ;—imperfect, not having been able to detect beneath the marginal cutis any vestige of ciliary cartilages, and yet having found in the surrounding subcutaneous cellular tissue muscular fibres so arranged as if designed for closure, resembling an orbieular muscle, and probably designed for and performing the part of such a muscle.
No. CCXXVII.—ProcreEpInGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
130
As to the other muscles of the eye, one only, an abductor, was distinguishable from adjoining muscles. It is of large size compara- tively, and it may be inferred powerful: by acting on it, seizing it with a forceps, and drawing it upwards, the ball of the eye was re- tracted, thus denoting its office. I sought in vain for other muscles. That they were not discovered, supposing them to exist, is not sur- prising, considering the smallness of the organ and its peculiar un- insulated position, most unfavourable for discriminating the subordi- nate parts pertaining to it, such as the muscles.
Relative to the constituent parts of the organs themselves, except- ing their delicacy and minuteness, I am not aware of any peculiarity. The eye-ball is about ;.th of an inch in diameter; the iris dark brown ; the pupil circular ; the lens about ;,rd of an inch in dia- meter. Traces of a vitreous humour, and also of an aqueous, were observable ; the former in the appearance of a cellular texture, as seen under the microscope with a high power; the latter as an exudation of moisture, a just perceptible quantity of fluid, when the ball was ruptured. From the situation of the eyes low down in the face, the optic nerves are necessarily of unusual length.
The dissections, of which I have thus briefly given the results, I need hardly remark were made chiefly under water, and with the aid of the microscope.
To return to the subject which led to the inquiry, viz. the subter- raneous eyeless Fauna brought to light by the Danish naturalist, you in your letter briefly advert to the speculations which this curious discovery gives rise to, as, ‘‘ whether these animals originally had eyes, and have lost them from want of use by inhabiting for ages dark caves; or, whether they were originally created without eyes, for those abodes where they have no occasion for them,” &e. Allow me to ask—fully appreciating the difficulty of solving such pro- blems—whether the preceding observations on the eyes of the Mole are not rather in favour of the latter than of the former solution? It is easy to imagine how the optic nerve and the more important parts of the organ of vision might diminish in size from little use ; but it is difficult to suppose that the same circumstance could have any material effect in obliterating a cavity in bone—the eye’s orbit—and, if the Mole’s eyes were thus originally designed, why may not the eyeless animals have been formed in the first instance without eyes ? Do not we see throughout Nature the most perfect harmony between the organic structure and the modes of life and habits of the living beings, so that the one is the true index of the other,—and that in the most minute details? Excuse my touching on these speculative questions, which, probably, from their nature, always must be specu- lative,—unless indeed the eyeless species are found otherwise identical with species possessing eyes, and there be found also a gradation in them, as to power and size in accordance with the degrees of light to which the individuals have been habituated, as in advancing from the open air and the entrance of the dark abodes to their deepest recesses. Also, excuse me if the matter of this letter should not be new to you.
Lesketh How, Ambleside, April 28, 1851.
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P.S.—It may be deserving of mention, that notwithstanding the small size of the eye of the Mole, its appearance in foetal development is early : thus, in a foetus which I have recently examined, the length of which was about three-quarters of an inch, the eyes were distinct ; they were visible—conspicuous in the naked face, even without the aid of a magnifying glass, and indeed were not much smaller than those of the adult, and but little different in appearance : the diameter of each was about ;4,th of an inch.
2. Notice oF Two VIVERRIDZ FROM CEYLON, LATELY LIVING IN THE GARDENS. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. etc.
(Mammalia, Pl. XXX., XXX1.)
The specimens here noticed were brought from Ceylon by Alex. Grace, Esq., and lived some time in the Gardens of the Society.
The first is the species which I described some years ago under the name of Herpestes Smithii (Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, ii.), from a speci- men which was living in the Surrey Zoological Gardens, now pre- served in the Collection of the British Museum: that specimen was said to have been sent from the Cape of Good Hope, but this must have been a mistake, as it is quite unknown to Dr. Burchell, Dr. A. Smith, Mr. Smut, Dr. Wahlberg, or other zoologists who have written on the animals of South Africa.
Mr. Grace informs me that it is an inhabitant of the interior part of Ceylon. It is by far the most beautiful species of the genus, as will be seen from the accompanying illustration (Mamm., Pl. XXX.).
- The second is a new species of Cynictis, which I propose to call
Cynictis Maccartui£®. (Mammalia, Pl. XXXI.)
Teeth normal. Red brown; hair elongate, flaccid, pale brown, with a broad, black subterminal band, and a long whitish brown tip; of hands and feet shorter. Feet blackish brown, hair white tipped. Claws elongate, slender, compressed, especially of the two middle toes of the fore feet. Tail redder; hair elongate, one- coloured, red. Ears rounded, hairy. :
Hab. Ceylon; Jaffna, North of Ceylon (4. Grace, Esq.).
This species somewhat resembles Cynictis melanura in general colour, but the hairs are much longer, not so adpressed, and, when the individual colour of the hair is examined, most distinct.
I have proposed to name this interesting animal after Mrs. Mac- Carthy, the wife of the Treasurer of the Colony and the daughter of Mr. Hawes, the Assistant Secretary to the Colonies, who is much interested in the study of natural history, and has kindly sent me several very interesting natural productions from Ceylon.
The skull differs from all the other Herpestes that [ have examined, in the back of the nape being deeply and sharply notched instead of transversely truncated, the notch in the living animal being filled up with a cartilaginous septum.
frre
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3. DESCRIPTIONS OF FIFTY-TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS Mirra, FROM THE CUMINGIAN COLLECTION. By Artuur Apams, F.L.S. etc.
1. Mirra serotina, A. Adams. M. testa oblongo-fusiformi, acuminatd, serotind ; spird productd, longitudinaliter plicatd, pli- cis confertis, undulatis ; transversim sulcatd, sulcis subdistantibus ; apertura antice dilatatd ; columella quadriplicatd, basi contortd et recurvd ; labro intus lirato, margine recto, antic subangulato.
Hab. Marquesas.
A light orange species, with a produced spire, and the outer lip pro-
duced and rather angulated anteriorly.
2. Mirra cratitia, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, albidd, nitidd, liris elevatis transversis, acutis, et lineis elevatis, longitudinalibus, decussatim ornatd ; interstitiis subtilissime lon- gitudinaliter striatis ; aperturd intus aurantiacd ; columelld plicis quinque instructd.
Hab. South Africa.
The shell from which the description is taken is worn, and not in
good condition, but it appears to be distinct from any species already described.
3. Mirra straminea, A. Adams. M. testd oblongo-fusiformi, stramined ; anfractibus planulatis, liris transversis rugulosis, in- terstitiis cancellatis, suturd subcanaliculatd ; aperturd oblongd, antice subproductd ; columella plicis quatuor, basi subrecurvatd ; labro intus levi.
Hab. 2
An oblong, transversely-ridged species, rather faintly cancellated
between the interstices.
4. Mrrra rnsients, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-acuminatd ; spird acutd, levi, nitidd, albidd ; anfractibus planis, fascid angustd albo fuscoque articulatd, ornatd ; anfractu ultimo antice transversim striato ; columelld sinuatd, biplicatd, anticé incurvatd.
Hab. Rains Island (Mr. Ince).
This is a very peculiar form, reminding one almost of the genus
Pusionella of Gray.
5. Mirra travis, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, apice acuto, levi, nitidd, albidd ; anfractibus planis, supremis cancel- latis, ultimo fascid latd transversd, rufescenti ornato ; columelld plicis quatuor, supremis magnis imbricatis.
Hab. Zanzibar.
A smooth Oliva-shaped species, with a polished surface, and a red-
brown band blending into the white of the last whorl ; the plates of the columella are imbricate.
6. Mirra tierra, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-ovatd ; spird crassiusculd, apice mucronato, rufo, albo strigosd; anfractibus
—_—
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planiusculis, transversim subsulcatis ; columelld plicis quinque ; labro intus rufo. Hab. Philippines. Several specimens of this species, all agreeing in form, were col- lected by Mr. Cuming ; but one only retained the natural colour of the surface.
7. Mirra TIARELLA, A. Adams. MM. testd oblongo-ovatd, fused, nodulis albis, ad suturas coronatd, longitudinaliter subplicatd, transversim liratd, interstitiis valdé punctatis ; columelld plicis quatuor ; labro margine crenulato.
Hab. Island of Ticao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms.
This small, brown-coloured species is beautifully crowned, in adult
specimens, with a diadem of white nodules at the suture of the whorls.
8. Mirra piera, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, ob- scuro-fuscd, lineis pallidulis transversis prope suturas, albidd, maculis rufis, ornatd ; levi; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus sep- tem, planulatis ; aperturd subdilatatd, intus albd ; columelld pli- cis quatuor, albis, obliquis, instructd, anticé subintortd.
Hab. Australia.
This species partakes somewhat of the character of M. sacerdo-
talis.
9. Mirra tucruosa, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, obscuro-fuscd, fascid unicd pallidd transversd ornaté; spird acutd, anfractibus planulatis, transversim liratd ; interstitiis valde clathrato-punctatis ; aperturd oblongo-ovatd ; spird bre- viort ; labio crassiusculo ; columelld plicis quatuor salientibus.
Hab. China Seas.
This species was obtamed during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang.
10. Mirra rnscunpra, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird brevi, acutd; aperturd breviori; anfractibus planulatis, pallidé fuscd, maculis rufis, longitudinalibus, variegatd ; cingillis integris, acutis, prominentibus, equidistantibus ; liris intermediis submoniliformibus ; interstitiis longitudinaliter valdé sulcatis ; aperturd elongatd ; columelld plicis tribus ; labro acuto margine crenulato.
Hab, Ceylon (Dr. Gardner).
This species also belongs to the same group as M. cingulata.
11. Mrrra exarata, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird aperturam equante ; anfractibus subrotundis ; suturd subcanalicu- latd, olivaced, fasciis duabus pallidis transversis, longitudinaliter costatd ; costellis equalibus, subdistantibus ; interstitiis lineis in- sculptis, profundis, transversis ;. columelld plicis tribus, validis, instructd.
Hab. Bais, island of Negros, coarse sand, 7 fathoms.
The most characteristic feature of this species is the sculpture be-
tween the ribs, consisting of deep, engraved, transverse lines.
.
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134
12. Mirra rurocineta, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird aperturam e@quante; anfractibus rotundis, sordidé albd, fascid transversd lata rufo-fuscd ; longitudinaliter costatd, cos- tis obtusis, rotundis, distantibus ; interstitiis lineis impressts transversis ; aperturd subdilatatd ; columelld plicis quatuor in- structd ; labro tenui anticé dilatato.
Hab. 2
A small, slightly-worn specimen serves for this description, but it
is of peculiar form and sculpture.
13. Mirra nitipa, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi; spird [ere aperturd breviort; anfractibus subrotundis, levi, nitidd, badid, anfractu ultimo antice et postice sulcis nonnullis transversis in- structo; aperturd oblongd, antice subdilatatd; columella plicis quatuor ; labro simplici. Hab. ? A small, brown, shining species, with only a few transverse spiral lines for sculpture.
14. Mirra cometa, A. Adams. MM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird aperturd longiore; anfractibus subrotundis, superne angulatis, sordidé albd, longitudinaliter plicatd ; transversim liratd, liris apud plicas nodulosis ; interstitiis valde et regulariter clathratis ; anfractu ultimo antic angustato et reflexo ; columella plicis quin- que instructd ; labro interne sulcato, margine crenulato.
Hab. China Seas.
This species, remarkable for the strong cancellations between the
longitudinal plicee, was brought home in H.M.S. Samarang.
15. Mirra tieata, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi; spird xi” - apertura longiore, anfractibus planis ; castaneo-fuscd, lined unicd pallida, transversd in medio anfractuum, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim subliratd ; columelld plicis quatuor ; labro simplici, margine acuto. Hab. Pasacao, province of South Camarinas; isle of Luzon, on the sands. The colouring of this species is very different from the allied spe- cies, and the sculpture is peculiar to many species belonging to the subgenus Turris of Schumacher.
Br 16. Mirra vipex, A. Adams. MM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird [ aperturam equante ; anfractibus rotundis ; fuscd, prope suturas palliduld, zonuld albd angusta transversd in medio anfractuum ; phe longitudinaliter corrugato-plicatd, transversim liratd, liris apud plicas nodulosis ; interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; anfractu ultimo angustato et antice subreflexo ; columella plicis quatuor in- structd ; labro acuto. Hab. 2 This species somewhat resembles armillata of Reeve, but the cor- rugated nature of the plice distinguishes it.
- LK Ls
Pim.
Hab.
This pretty little species belongs to the same group as M. leta, but the sculpture and markings are quite different, although the colour is nearly similar.
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17. Mirra 1nTerRRuptTA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird acuminatd ; aperturd breviori ; anfractibus planis, prope suturas angulatis ; albidd, rufo-fusco variegatd ; cinguldé trans- versd fuscd moniliformi in medio anfractuum ; longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis equalibus, obliquis, obtusis, distantibus ; trans- versim corrugato-liratd ; interstitiis punctatis ; anfractu ultimo anticé recurvato ; columella superné excavatd, plicis tribus in- structd ; labro simplici.
Hab. North Australia.
The peculiar interrupted, dark, transverse band distinguishes this elegant species.
18. Mirra extmta, A. Adams. M. testd ovata; spird brevi, ob- tusd ; nitidd, aurantiacd, maculis triangularibus albis, cingillis levibus, latis, transversis ; interstitiis valdé longitudinaliter cla- thratis ; aperturd lineari-oblongd ; columella plicis quatuor ; la-
bro intus levi, margine crenulato. 2
19. Mirra muttinirata, A. Adams. WM. fusiformis, spird acu- minatd, aperturam equante ; anfractibus rotundatis, ad suturas angulatis ; pallide rufo-fuscd, cingillis levibus transversis, equi- distantibus, obtusis, ornatd; interstitiis lineis longitudinalibus, elevatis, subconfertis, instructis ; anfractu ultimo antict producto et subreflexo ; columella anticé truncatd, plicis quatuor instructd ; labro intus sulcato, margine crenulato.
Hab. China Seas. This species was obtained during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang.
Y 20. Mrrra vxra, A. Adams. M. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, auran-
Hab. This species is peculiar for its regular form and exactness of seul-
tiacd, punctis albis ornatd ; longitudinaliter plicatd ; anfractibus planiusculis, transversim nodoso-liratd ; interstitiis simplicibus ; columella plicis quinque instructd ; labro crenulato.
Hab. Ticao, under stones, low water.
An oblong-ovate, shining, orange species, with scattered round white granules and regular nodulose lire; the spire is obtuse; the whorls are flattened and longitudinally plicate.
pr.
21. Mirra ornata, A. Adams. M. testd oblongo-fusiformi, acu- =
minatd ; spird acutd; anfractibus novem, ad suturas angulatis ; suturd subcanaliculatd ; albd, fasciis transversis rufo-fuscis or- natd ; longitudinaliter costatd ; costis regularibus, obliquis, sub- crenatis ; interstitiis transversim valde clathratis ; anfractu ultimo antice subumbilicato et recurvo ; columella plicis quatuor ; labro
postice subangulato. ?
pture, as well as for its beauty of colouring.
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[>
136
pw 22. Mirra nopiirrata, A. Adams. MM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, Paki pallidé fulvd, fascid latd rufa transversd ornatd ; spird acumi- natd, turritd ; anfractibus octo planis, infra suturas angulatis ; nitidd, longitudinaliter plicatd; plicis distantibus, prominenti- bus, obliquis, prope suturas valdé nodulosis ; interstitiis lineis im- pressis apes ornatis ; columelld plicis quatuor ; labro acuto. Hab. f
An elegant form, with the pliciform ribs strongly nodulose at their hind part.
23. Mirra pura, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi; spird aper- turd longiori; anfractibus subplanulatis ; albd; cingulis trans- versis angustis, subelevatis, crenulatis, rufo subarticulatis ; liris tribus intermediis ; interstitiis valde punctatis, ornatd ; aperturd oblongd, antice dilatatd ; columella plicis quingue ; labro intus sulcato, margine crenato.
Hab. ?
An elegantly formed species, with the last whorl somewhat recurved.
[zen
(2tr 24. Mirra cincuxata, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; f spird acutd, aperturam equante ; anfractibus planulatis ; sordide albd ; cingillis prominentibus subcrenulatis, acutis, transversis ; interstitiis longitudinaliter valde clathratis, ornatd ; anfractu ul- timo antic? producto et recurvato ; columelld plicis tribus. Hab. 2 This species belongs to that group in which the whorls are encir- cled with transverse ridges.
An . 25. Mirra reticutata, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; ki spird aperturd breviori ; anfractibus subrotundis ; albd ; cingulis transversis, @quidistantibus, acutis, crenulatis, sulcis obliquis longitudinalibus decussatis, ornatd ; columelld plicis quatuor ; la- bro intus sulcato. Hab. Port Essington, 7 fathoms, sandy mud (Jukes). Remarkable for the acute, crenated, transverse ridges which give the surface a reticulated appearance.
é An - 26. Mirra asperuuata, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, pallide rufo-fuscd, ad suturas albidd, longitudinaliter sulcatd, transversim liratd, liris nodulis, subacutis, asperulatis ; spird pro- ductd ; anfractibus sex, subrotundis ; aperturd spire dimidium equante, antice abrupte truncatd ; columelld plicis tribus ; labro acuto.
Hab. Australia. The transverse ridges are set with subacute nodules, which give a rough appearance to the surface.
Ly 27. Mirra mrrapitis, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi; spird [ofr ; acuminatd, aperturd longiori ; anfractibus novem, planulatis, su- perne angulatis ; albd, maculis rufis triangularibus, et punctis trans- verso-elongatis, rufescentibus, ornatd ; longitudinaliter plicatd,
137
plicis obtusis, regularibus, distantibus, nodosis ; nodis postice
prominentibus ; cingulis transversis nodulosis, obtusis, elevatis,
instructd ; anfractu ultimo in medio angustato ; antice productd
et subreflexd ; aperturd elongatd ; columella plicis quatuor ; labro
posticé angulato, in medio inflezo, intus sulcato, margine crenulato. Hab. Socotra.
28. Mirra atpina, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, albd; spird conicd, longitudinaliter plicatd ; anfractibus subrotundatis, liris transversis ornatis ; anfractu ultimo levi, posticé subplicato, antice sulcis transversis punctatis ornato ; columelld plicis quin- que ; aperturd oblongo-lineari ; labio subcalloso ; labro acuto.
Hab. Batangas, Isle of Luzon, on the reefs.
This Mitra is perfectly white, and of a very peculiar form; Mr.
Cuming possesses but a single specimen.
29. Mirra amana, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, albd, maculis rufis variegatd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus octo, sub- rotundis, carinulis transversis, levis, elevatis, rufo-fusco articu- latis, lird intermedia crenulatd, interstitiis eleganter longitudina- liter clathratis ; aperturd angustd; columellé plicis quinque ; labro tenui, acuto.
Hab. Red Sea.
This elegant species belongs to the annulated group.
30. Mirra rutTita, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, acu- minatd, aurantiacd, maculis albis sparsis ornatd, fasciis pallidis transversis prope suturas, suturis maculis aurantiacis maculatis ; spird productd, acutd ; anfractibus septem, transversim liraté ; anfractu ultimo liris antice distinctioribus; aperturd dilatatd; colu-
melld plicis quatuor ; labro acuto, anticé crenato. ‘Hai. 2 runrtra Dwhran — Aro
31. Mirra petrceata, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird aperturd longiore ; anfractibus planis; suturd subcanaliculatd, sor- didé albd, fasciis transversis duabus pallidis ; longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis angustis, acutis, crenulatis, interstitiis transversim clathratis, anfractu ultimo antice angustato et recurvato; colu- melld plicis quatuor ; labro margine acuto, crenulato.
Hab. Cape York, 8 fathoms (Jukes).
A species of great delicacy, both of colour and sculpture.
32. Mirra rurescens, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird acuminatd, sordidé albd, rufo variegatd, cingillis transversis, acutis, subdistantibus, liris duabus intermediis, interstitiis longi- tudinaliter valde sulcatis, sulcis subdistantibus ; columella anticé tortuosd, plicis quatuor obliquis instructd ; labro intern? sulcato, margine crenato.
Hab. China Seas.
This species, obtained during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang,
partakes of the same kind of sculpture as M. annulata and others, for which Swainson has formed a subgenus.
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aot \ >
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138
33. Mirra rormosa, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, alba rufoque eleganter variegatd ; spird acuta ; anfractibus 8, rotundis, ad suturas subangulatis, cingillis transversis nodulosis ornatd, nodulis subquadratis, in seriebus regularibus ; aperturd spird bre- viore ; columella plicis quatuor ; labro acuto, margine crenato.
Hab. Marquesas (Rohr).
A very handsome species, entirely covered with close-set granules
arranged in transverse rows.
34. Mirra sacerpoTatis, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusi- [¥r . formi ; spird acuminata ; anfractibus novem, subplanulatis ; fulvd, lineis fuscis transversis ornatd, prope suturas albidd, rufo macu- losd ; levi, sulcis distantibus, transversis insculptd ; anfractu ulti- mo basi recurvatd; aperturd spire dimidium equante, recurvatd et antic? truncatd ; columelld plicis quatuor, obliquis ; labro albo, acuto, anticé rotundato. Hab. Australia. A fine species of a peculiar character, both as regards form, colour and sculpture.
35. Mirra mAcrosptra, A. Adams. M. testd pyramidali-turritd ; spird valde productd, albidd, maculis rufis irregularibus ornatd ; anfractibus planis, longitudinaliter costellatd, costellis levibus sub- confertis, interstitiis clathrato-punctatis ; anfractu ultimo antice angustato, basi subrecurvo ; columelld plicis quinque ; labro intus lirato, margine acuto, antice producto subangulato.
Hab. ?
A whitish species with a produced acuminate spire, and the short
aperture with the base narrowed ; the outer lip dilated anteriorly.
: 36. Mirra pecituxa, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, [Bw albd, nitidd, maculis rufis moniliformibus ad suturas ornatd ; transversim sulcatd; anfractibus planis, supremis cancellatis ; aperturd angustd, antice productd, contortd, et recurvd ; columella plicis quatuor instructd.
Hab. Isle of Capul, on the reefs, low water.
A small, transversely grooved, polished species, with a necklace- like row of reddish spots near the sutures.
37. Mirra ecuinaTA, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turritd ; spird acuminatd, albido-carneold, ad apicem rufescente, ad basin fascid lata transversd rufescenti ornatd ; anfractibus planis, longi- tudinaliter costatd, costis prominentibus, prope suturas echinato- nodulosis, et inferne subnodosis, interstitiis sulcato-clathratis ; labro intus lirato ; columelld plicis quatuor instructd.
Hab. 2
38. Mirra scrruta, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turritd ; spird acuminata, anfractibus planiusculis, carneold ; punctis ru- fescentibus sparsim pictd ; longitudinaliter costatd, costis undula- tis, levibus, subdistantibus ; interstitiis valde clathratis ; apertura
139
antice angustatd, basi subrecurvd ; columelld plicis quatuor in- - structd. Hab. China Seas. A small, turreted, light-coloureds pecies, with undulating ribs and clathrated interstices.
39. Mirra MARMOREA, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turritd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus planiusculis ; olivaced, rufo-fuscd marmoratd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis levibus, crassis, superneé subnodosis ; interstitiis transversim exaratis ; columelld plicis quingue ; basi subcontortd et recurvd.
Hab. Tambay, Isle of Negros, coarse sand, 10 fathoms.
Greenish, marbled with fuscous; ribs flat and broad ; interstices
with transverse engraved lines.
40. Mirra turricuta, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turritd, albd, carneo sparsim pictd, anfractibus superné angulatis ; longi- tudinaliter costatd, costis crassis,levibus, distantibus, supra nodosis, interstitiis sulcato-clathratis; aperturd spiram equante ; columella plicis quatuor, supremis duabus duplicatis ; basi vir recurvd.
Hab. 2
A small, elegant, turreted species, with smooth, thick ribs, and the
interstices punctate-clathrate.
41. Mrrra patuipa, A. Adams. WM. testd turrito-fusiformi ; spird productd, acuminatd ; anfractibus convexiusculis ; albidd, sparsim rufo-fusco pictd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis nodulosis, interstitiis clathrato-punctatis ; aperturd brevi, antice angustatd, basi productd, tortuosd et recurvd ; columella quadriplicatd.
Hab. Marquesas.
A delicate, small, pale species, with scattered red-brown blotches,
and with the interstices between the ribs clathrate-punctate.
42. Mirra Juxesiu, A. Adams. M. testa ovato-fusiformi; spird acutd, aperture dimidium equante ; anfractibus planis, prope su- turas angulatis; albidd, fasciis castaneis transversis ornatd; trans- versim sulcatd, sulcis, prope suturas, profundioribus ; longitudina- liter plicatd, plicis obtusis, distantibus, prope suturas nodulosis ; columella plicis quatuor instructd ; labro intus levi.
Hab. North Australia (Jukes).
This species is intermediate between M. corrugata and M. vulpe-
cula, but is distinct from both.
43. Mrrra crenipiicata, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus planulatis ; brunned, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis crenatis tenuibus ; transversim liratd, liris equali- bus, confertis, nodulosis ad plicas; aperturd spiram equante : labio posticé calloso, antice dilatato ; columella plicis quatuor in- structd ; labro intus dentato-lirato, margine incrassato.
Hab. ?
This species belongs to the group named by Mr. Gray Zierliana.
foe,
140
A». 44. Mirra crenivaBris, A. Adams. M. testd fusiformi; spird aperturam equante; anfractibus planis ; fulvd, longitudinaliter substriatd, transversim sulcatd ; aperturd oblongd, antice dilatatd ; columella plicis quatuor, antice incurvatd ; labro, in medio, recto, margine crenato et incrassato.
Hab. 2
This Mitra resembles in many particulars M. fulva, Reeve, but in all the specimens I have seen the outer lip is thin and smooth in that species.
BA 45. Mirra castTaneA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird productd ; anfractibus rotundatis ; castaned, nitidd, trans- versim punctato-striatd; aperturd quam spira breviore, antice dila- tatd ; columella plicis quinque.
Hab. 2 This species most closely resembles M. badia, Reeve, but the whorls are rounded, and it differs in other particulars.
46. Mirra picuroma, A.Adams. M.testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird acuminata; anfractibus planis ; suturd canaliculatd, antice castaneo- Suscd, postice albidd ; longitudinaliter substriatd, transversim sul- catd, sulcis anticé profundis ; aperturd antice dilatatd ; columelld plicis quinque instructd, antic productd ; labro intus lirato, mar- gine crenulato.
Hab. i
/3Jm.. 47. Mirra peaupata, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird apice cancellato ; anfractibus planulatis ; suturd profundd, albd, transversim sulcatd, sulcis distantibus ; aperturd oblongd, antic? dilatatd ; columella postice excavatd ; plicis sex ; labro an- tice dilatato, intus lirato. Hab. ? This species somewhat resembles M. erenilabris in form, but it is much more slender, and the sculpture is different.
48. Mirra Nopuuirera, A. Adams. M. testd turritd, fusiformi; spird quam apertura longiore ; anfractibus, prope suturas, angulatis ; albidd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis, ad suturas, nodulosis, pro- minentibus, distantibus ; transversim liratd, interstitiis longitudi- naliter striatis ; aperturd intus fulvd, postice angulatd ; columelld plicis quatuor ; labro margine flexuoso.
Hab. t
A small species, somewhat resembling M. cymelium, Reeve, but
without the transverse black lines.
49. Mirra Mariz, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-conicd; spird
[Peyn . acuminatd ; anfractibus planis, cingulis tribus, transversis, acutis, elevatis, interstitiis longitudinaliter profundé sulcatis, instructis ;
postice albd, antice hepaticd, reticulationibus albis punctisque rufo-
fuscis, ornatd ; anfractu ultimo, sulcis transversis, interstitiis
14]
simplicibus ; columelld plicis quingue instructd ; labro intus sul- cato, margine crenulato.
Hab. Eastern Seas.
Somewhat like M. incisa, but of very different form and colour.
50. Mirra pusiiua, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird turritd, elongatd ; anfractibus subrotundatis ; albidd, fascid lata transversd, carneold, antic? ornatd ; longitudinaliter costatd, costis regularibus, equalibus, subconfertis, interstitiis transversim valde sulcatis ; aperturd brevi ; columelld plicis quatuor.
Hab. 2
A small species, with a single, transverse, faint pink band at the
fore part of the last whorl.
51. Mrrra cotumBexiina, A. Adams. 4M. testa ovato-fusifor- mi; spird brevi, acutd ; anfractibus subrotundatis, albo castaneoque concinne pictd, transversim evanidé sulcatd ; aperturd ovato-ob- longd, anticé dilatatd ; columella plicis quatuor ; labro intus levi.
Hab. 2
This species is very prettily painted with white and dark chestnut-
brown, and in form somewhat resembles a Columbella.
52. Mrrra Puitirprnarum, A. Adams. WM. testd ‘ovato-fusi- Sormi; spird brevi, acuminatd ; anfractibus planulatis, cinered, flammulis rufo-fuscis, longitudinalibus, variegatd ; transversim sulcatd, sulcis regularibus, subdistantibus, profundis ; apertura lineari-oblongd, intus fuscd ; columella plicis sex; labro margine albo, crenato.
Hab. Philippines.
This species is figured in Mr. Reeve’s Monograph as M. flammea
of Quoy, the original type of which, however, Mr. Cuming possesses, and it is entirely different.
May 27, 1851. W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P.L.S., in the Chair. The following communications were received and read :—
1. Notice or THE Brrps or MapeEIRA, IN A LETTER ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY. By Epwarp Vernon Harcourt, Esa.
Sir,—According to your request, I send you a short account of the birds that breed in Madeira, together with a list of those that visit the island.
The birds of Madeira are less numerous than might be expected in so genial a climate, and most of them are merely varieties, where they differ from European species.
lea
/. 2) 5
142 The birds that breed in Madeira are these :—
Latin Name. English Name. Portuguese Name. 1. Faleo Tinnunculus, Linn. Kestrel. Francelho. 2. ——- Buteo, Linn. Buzzard. Manta. 3. Strix flammea, Linn. Barn Owl. Coruja. 4. Turdus Merula, Linn. Blackbird. Mérlo-preto. 5. Sylvia Rubecula, Lath. Redbreast. Papinho. 6. atricapilla, Lath. Black-cap Warbler. Tinto-Negro.
(Curruca Heinekeni, Jard.) Variety of the former. Tinto-Negro de Capello. 7. Curruca.conspicillata,Gould. Spectacle Warbler. None. 2
8. Regulus ? 2 Abibe. 9. Motacilla boarula, Linn. Grey Wagtail. Lavandeira ama- rella.
10. Anthus pratensis, Bechst. Meadow Pipit. Corre de Caminho. 11. Fringilla butyracea, Linn. Green or Wild Canary. Canario. 12: Carduelis, Linn. Goldfinch. Pinta Silva. 13 Petronia, Linn. Ring Sparrow. Pardao. 14 Tintillon, Webb § Buff-breasted Chaf- Tentilhao.
Berthelot. finch. 15 cannabina, Linn. Greater Redpole or Tinto roxo. Linnet.
16. Cypselus unicolor, Jard. —_ Lesser Swift. Andorinha daSerra. 17. —— murarius, Temm. Common Swift. do Mar. 18. Columba Trocaz, Hein. Long-toed Wood- Trocaz.
Pigeon.
19. —— Palumbus, Linn. Ring-dove. Pombo. 20. —— Livia, Briss. Rock-pigeon. Pombinho. 21. Perdix rubra, Briss. Red-legged Partridge. Perdix. 22 Coturnix, Lath. Quail. Cordonez. 23. Scolopax Rusticola, Linn. Woodcock. Gallinhola. 24. Sterna Hirundo, Linn. Tern. Garajao. 25. Larus argentatus, Brunn. Herring Gull. Gaio, Guivata (after
3rd aut. moult). 26. Procellaria Puffinus, Linn. Cinereous Shearwater. Cagarra.
27 Anglorum, Temm. Manks Shearwater. _Boeiro. 28. obscura, Gmel. Dusky Petrel. Pintainho. — anginho, Hein. Angel Petrel. . 29.{___ Bulwerii, Jard. --Bulwer’s Petrel. Anginho. 30. ——? —? Roque de Castro.
The Kestrels are very numerous and very tame, perching on the roofs of houses, from whence they dart frequently at canary-birds hanging in their reed cages outside the windows, and they generally succeed in securing their prey ; they live principally on lizards, grass- hoppers, and mice.
The Buzzard is seldom seen about the town, but confines his flights to the highest mountains, feeding on small birds, insects, and reptiles.
The Barn Owl inhabits the ravines in small numbers ; it is a little darker than the British Owl. It may be remarked that all the birds of Madeira are darker than their European brethren.
The Redbreast is very common ; it is frequently caged, and seems to flourish in captivity.
—————
143
The Blackbird, which in some parts is very plentiful, does not differ from the English bird.
The Black-cap Warbler, which is here the most domestic songster, has been sometimes called the Madeira Nightingale; there is a ful- ness in its warble which in a degree justifies such praise. A Ma- deiran variety of this bird has been described by Sir William Jardine * as a new species, under the name of Curruca Heinekeni; Dr. Heine- ken, however, in his paper on the subject in the ‘Zoological Journal,’ No. xvii. Art. xvii., disproves the supposition of its being a distinct species, and I am able to confirm the view that Dr. Heineken takes of it. The popular belief amongst the natives is, that where the nest of a “Tinto Negro” contains five eggs, the fifth always turns out a ‘Tinto Negro de Capello.” The variety is much prized ; for where you could buy a common “Tinto Negro” for sixpence or a shilling, you would be asked eight or ten shillings for a “Tinto Negro de Ca- pello.” The size of the two birds is precisely the same in all parti- culars ; the chief difference consists in the black cap in the variety being extended to the shoulders, and I have sometimes seen the black extended over all the under parts: the under parts are generally much the same as those of the common female Black-cap, and the upper parts as those of the common male.
The Wren is one of the prettiest feathered inhabitants of Madeira ; it lives amongst the laurel forests, in the less frequented parts of the island. It seems intermediate between the Gold and Fire-crested Wrens of Britain, and is a little larger and brighter than either.
The Spectacle Warbler is very locally distributed ; it is found in brakes and bushes in some of the unfrequented parts.
The Grey Wagtail is very common, frequenting the cisterns attached to houses, as well as the streams; where, from its familiar habits amongst the washerwomen, it has been admitted in Madeiran phraseo- logy into the ranks of the sisterhood, under the title of ‘‘ Lavandeira.”’
The Meadow Pipit is plentifully found on the cliffs and fields near the sea, and on the serras.
The Green Canary is the original stock of the bird so well known to us as the Yellow Canary ; it flies about in large flocks, with linnets and other birds, and is easily distinguished by its song, which is the same as that of the captive variety. The price of a good singing ca- nary, either in Madeira or the Canary islands, varies from five to nine shillings, so that in fact it may be bought much cheaper in London. This bird has been admirably described by Dr. Heineken, in the ‘Zoological Journal,’ No. xvii. Art. xvii.
The Goldfinch is very common, and differs in no respect from our own.
The Ring Sparrow here takes the place, in a way, of our House Sparrow: it is universal; on the bleak serras, near houses, on the rocks by the sea; there is no place that it does not frequent. It differs thus in habits, though in nothing else, from the Ring Sparrow of Europe.
* Edinb. Journ. of Nat. and Geog. Science, Jan. 1830, vol. i. p. 243.
144
The Chaffinch of Madeira is nearly identical with the bird figured, under the name of “ Fringilla Tintillon,’ in Webb and Berthelot’s work on the Canary islands.
The Greater Redpole is very abundantly met with ; it differs from the English Linnet in retaining its carmine colouring through the year.
The Lesser Swift is mentioned in Brewster’s ‘Journal,’ by Dr. Heineken, under the title of “‘ Black-chinned Swift.” This property is however by no means general amongst the species: I have several in my possession with the chin fully as white as that of the common Swift. One of the chief differences is in size, the ‘ unicolor’ being much the smallest. The tail is forked about an inch and a half, and the plumage is rather darker than that of the common Swift.
The common Swift is not quite so plentiful as the Lesser Swift. Both species remain in the island throughout the year; their nests are built in the cliffs; their habits vary from those of Swifts in En- gland ; here they seem to take the place of the Swallow, hunting and skimming along the ground in a manner that would appear very de- grading to their northern brethren.
The Ring-dove appears to be rather larger than the English bird ; in other respects it is similar. It lives in the forests on the north side of the island.
The Long-toed Wood Pigeon has been described by Dr. Heineken, in ‘ Brewster’s Journal,’ under the name of ‘‘ Columba Trocaz ;’’ it is about an inch longer than the Madeiran Ring-dove ; one of its chief peculiarities, and which seems to have escaped observation, is the great length of its centre toe, being more than an inch longer than that of the Ring-dove ; it has a silvery ring all round its neck ; it is darker in its general plumage than the Ring-dove, and is excellent eating. It inhabits the forests on the north side of the island, feeding upon grasses and the acorns of the laurel-trees.
The Rock Pigeon inhabits the sea cliffs, and rocks in the ravines all over the island. There is a variety here which is darker in its plumage and in the colour of its feet than the common Rock Pigeon.
The Red-legged Partridge is shot on the serras.
The Quail is more plentiful than the Partridge, and approaches nearer to the habitations of man ; it pairs, laying about sixteen eggs, and has three or four broods in the season.
The Woodcock is found chiefly in the west, and on the Paul da Serra, sometimes plentifully. It is a large bird, but I think of in- ferior flavour; it breeds in the island, and is met with throughout the year.
The Tern appears chiefly at the Dezerta islands and at Point Sio Lourengo.
The Herring Gull is common everywhere; Dr. Renton says it is quicker by some months in obtaining its mature plumage than with us.
The Cinereous Shearwater breeds plentifully on the Dezerta islands ; its cry, whether on the wing or on shore, is very remarkable; the natives salt it and consider it eatable.
The Manks Shearwater is also very plentiful at the Dezertas ; it is
145
easily distinguished from the Dusky Petrel, which is another inha- bitant of the Dezertas, by its superior size, and by the colour of its feet. In the Dusky Petrel the feet are bluish ash-colour, and in the Manks Shearwater flesh-colour ; in the Dusky Petrel all the secre- tions are green, and in the Manks Shearwater yellow. The Dusky Petrel is a very tame bird, and will live upon almost anything ; it runs along the ground on its belly, and uses its curious-shaped bill in climbing up the rocks.
The Angel Petrel of Heineken has the tail slightly forked, and differs from the other smaller Petrels in having no white about the rump or flanks; it is entirely uniform black ; it is very common on the Dezerta islands; when approached it emits a highly offensive matter.
The Bulwer’s Petrel, as described by Sir Wm. Jardine +, I never saw at Madeira, nor have I ever met with any one that has seen it there. Sir Wm. Jardine says, “‘it is easily distinguished from any other, by having the two centre tail-feathers elongated, as in the genus Lestris, and not even or forked, like the other Petrels.”’ It is pro- bably identical with the Angel Petrel.
There is another Petrel, called by the natives ‘‘ Roque de Castro,” pronounced “ Roque de Crasto,” which differs from any I have ever seen described ; it approaches perhaps nearer to Leach’s Petrel than any other, though the shape of the bill alone is sufficient to separate it from that species. It is common on the Dezerta islands, where it breeds, though it is by no means so abundant as the Angel Petrel.
The following is a list of the stragglers found in Madeira :—
Latin Name. English Name. Authority {. 31. Cathartes percnopterus, Temm. Egyptian Vulture. x % * 32. Falco nisus, Linn. Sparrow Hawk. * * * 33. Corvus corax, Linn. Raven. # 8 34. corone, Linn. Carrion Crow. Mr. Lowe. 35. Oriolus galbula, Linn. Golden Oriole. * * 36. Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. Common Starling. * * & 37. Turdus iliacus, Linn. Redwing. Mr. Lowe. 38. —— musicus, Linn. Common Thrush. Mr. Penfold. 39. Sylvia hortensis, Lath. Greater Petty-chaps. Mr. Penfold. 40. Troglodytes europeus, Selb. Common Wren. Mr. Lowe. 41. Motacilla alba, Linn. Pied Wagtail. * * * 42. Alauda arvensis, Linn. Skylark. Mr. Lowe. 43. Fringilla chloris, Linn. Green Grosbeak. x * # 44. —— domestica, Linn. Common Sparrow. Mr. Penfold. 45. Cuculus eanorus, Linn. Cuckoo. € % % 46. Musophaga africana, Temm. African Bee-eater. Mr. Lowe. 47. Upupa epops, Linn. Hoopoe. * *% & 48. Merops apiaster, Linn. Bee-eater. Mr. Lowe. 49. Alcedo ispida, Linn. King-fisher. Mr. Lowe.
+ Sir W. Jardine on the Birds of Madeira, ‘ Edinb. Journ. of Nat. and Geog. Science,’ Jan. 1830, p. 245, and ‘Illustrations of Ornithology,’ by Jardine and Selby.
{ Where there are stars it is on my own authority.
No. CCXXVIII.—ProcerpinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Latin Name.
50. Hirundo urbiea, Linn. 5 rustica, Linn. 52. —— riparia, Linn. 53
. Caprimulgus europzus, Linn. . Columba cenas, Linn. . — Turtur, Linn.
. Gdicnemus crepitans, Temm. . Calidris arenaria, J7/. . Vanellus cristatus, Meyer. . Charadrius hiaticula, Linn.
pluvialis.
. Strepsilas interpres, Leach. . Ciconia nigra, Temm.
. ? Ardea cinerea.
. Ardea russata, Wagler.
purpurea, Linn.
. —— minuta, Linn.
. — stellaris, Linn.
. —— nycticorax, Linn. . Limosa melanura, Leis/er. - Numenius arquata, Lath.
phzopus, Temm.
. Tringa pugnax, Linn. - —— subarquata, Temm.
variabilis. Meyer. cimerea, Temm.
- Totanus hypoleucos. - —— glottis, Bechst. . Scolopax gallinago, Linn.
major, Temm.
. Crex Baillonii, Temm. . Gallinula chloropus, Lath. . Ortygometra crex, Temm. . Fulica atra, Linn.
. Anser segetum, Steph. . Mareca penelope, Selb. . Anas crecea, Linn.
. — boschas, Linn.
. Sterna nigra, Linn.
Dou
gallu, Mont.
. Larus tridactylus, Lath.
. Lestris cataractes, Temm. . Colymbus glacialis, Linn. . Sula alba, Temm. 94. Procellaria Leachii, Temm.
pelagica, Linn.
146
I have the honour to remain, Sir,
English Name. Authority 7. House Martin. eer er Chimney Swallow. x * * Bank Martin. Doubtful. European Goatsucker. Mr. Hinton. Stock-dove. Mr. Lowe. Turtle-dove. are ah Thick-knee. Mr. Lowe. Sanderling. Mr. Lowe. Crested Lapwing. x % % Ringed Plover. Mr. Lowe. Golden Plover. Mr. Hewitt. Turnstone. Mr. Lowe. Black Stork. Mr. Lowe. Common Heron. a Og: Buff-backed Heron. eo aee 1 Purple Heron. Sige eee 5 Little Bittern. * *% Common Bittern. Mr. Lowe Night Heron. x * Black-tailed Godwit. * * * Common Curlew. Mr. Hinton Whimbrel. Mr. Lowe Ruff. % % % Pigmy Curlew. Mr. Lowe Dunhn. eee Knot. Mr. Lowe. Sandpiper. x 8% Greenshank. a ea Common Snipe. Mr. Hinton. Great Snipe. ¥ * ¥ Baillon’s Crake. > Lae” | ae Gallinule. ae ee Land-rail. Mr. Lowe. Coot. 2» lee Bean Goose. hy ee Wigeon. Mr. Penfold. Teal. elie Mallard. Mr. Penfold. Black Tern. Mr. Lowe. Roseate Tern. Sir W. Jardine. Kittiwake. x Skua. 2 ele Northern Diver. e lene Gannet. Mr. Lowe. Leach’s Petrel. Sir W. Jardine. Stormy Petrel. Doubtful.
Yours, &c.,
Epwarp VERNON Harcourt.
+ Where there are stars it is on my own authority.
147
2. DEescriprion or NEw LAND SHELLS FROM THE CoLLecTIoNn or H. Cuming, Esa. By Dr. L. Preirrer.
1, Hetrx aupesaront, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, conoideo- globosd, soliduld, nitidd, castaneo-fulvd, strigis saturatioribus confertis ornatd ; spird conoided, apice obtusiusculd, albidd 3; an- Sractibus 54 convevis, summis granulatis, ultimis irregulariter rugoso-striatis, ultimo inflato, antice deflexo ; columella perdecilivi, subarcuatd, latd, pland, alba ; aperturd perobliqud, truncato-ovali, intus ceruled, nitidd ; peristomate incrassato, subreflexo, albo.
Diam. maj. 48, min. 39, alt. 35 mill.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
2. Hexix Auperstana, Pfr. JH. testd umbilicatd, subturbinato- depressd, tenui, acute et confertim costatd, diaphand, rufo-corned ; spird subturbinatd, apice acutd ; anfractibus 44 conve.is, celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo antice deflero, basi jurta umbilicum an- guste constricto ; aperturd perobliqud, lunato-ovali ; peristomate tenut, marginibus subconniventibus, dextro breviter expanso, colu- mellari dilatato, reflero, intus plicd obligqud, dentiformi munito.
Diam. maj. 143, min. 12, alt. 82 mill.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sailé).
3. Heurx pupescens, Pfr. 4H. testd angustissime umbilicaté, depressd, tenui, pilis mollibus, brevibus, confertis pubescente, dia- phand, lutescente ; spird viv convexd, obtusd ; anfractibus 5, con- veriusculis, ultimo subrotundato, altiore quam lato, non descen- dente ; aperturd vir obliqud, rotundato-lunari ; peristomate sim- plice, recto, margine columellari superne breviter reflexo.
Diam. maj. 11, min. 10, alt. 6 mill.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sailé).
4. Hexrx tevucornarpue, Pfr. H. testé angusté umbilicatd, depresso-turbinatd, subtilissime striatuld, diaphand, luteo-corned, fascid angustd, cretaced, ad suturam ornatd 3 spird subturbinatd, apice obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 6 planiusculis, ultimo conveziore, non descendente, basi subplanato ; aperturd vir obligud, lunari ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari reflexiusculo.
Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, alt. 6 mill.
Hab. St. Domingo (Saillé).
5. SuccinEA pomrnicensts, Pfr. S. testd ovali, soliduld, sub- striatd, corneo-albidd, punctis corneis irregulariter aspersd ; spird conicd, acutd ; anfractibus 34 convexis, summis corneis, ultimo 3 longitudinis equante ; columella subcallosd, vir recedente 3 aper- turd parim obliqud, ovali, subregulari, supernd vie angulatd.
Long. 114, diam. 7, alt. fere 6 mill. Apert. 73 mill. longa, medio
43 lata. Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
6. Butrmus moussont, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, oblongo-conicd, sublevigatd (lineis impressis spiralibus obsoletis notatd), nitiduld,
148
albd, fasciis sub 5, roseis ornatd; spird conicd, apice acutd, rubra; anfractibus 6, subplanis, ultimo spird pauld breviore ; columella arcuatd, superne subtortd; aperturd oblongo-ovali, intus concolore ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari fornicatim reflexo.
Long. 26, diam. 12 mill. Apert. 12 mill. longa, 7 lata.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
Next allied to B. Hondurasanus, Pfr.
7. ACHATINA DUNKERI, Pfr. A. testd turritd, tenuiusculd, levi- gatd, pellucida, nitidd, fulvescente ; spird elongatd, apice obtusd ; suturd impressd, marginatd, obsolete crenulatd ; anfractibus 9, vir conveaiusculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis non attingente ; columella arcuatd, alte et subverticaliter truncatd ; apertura subtriangulari- semiovali; peristomate simplice, margine dextro antrorsum ar- cuato.
Long. 28, diam. 7} mill. Apert. 9 mill. longa, medio 4 lata.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sail/é).
8. AcHATINA IMpREsSA, Pfr. A. testd oblongo-turritd, tenui, levigatd, lineis impressis longitudinalibus irregulariter notatd, fulvida ; spird turritd, apice acutiusculd ; suturad impressd, sub- marginatd ; anfractibus 63 planis, ultimo 2 longitudinis sub- e@quante ; columella arcuatd, basi abrupt? truncaté ; apertura obliqud, sinuato-ovali ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro basi recedente.
Long. 83, diam. 22 mill. Apert. 3 mill. longa, medio 1} lata.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
9. BaLea pomrnicensis, Pfr. B. testa subperforatd, sinistrorsd, turritd, sublevigatd, nitidd, olivaceo-corned ; spird regulariter attenuatd, apice acuta ; anfractibus 12, convezis, ultimo infra me- dium subangulato ; apertura verticali, subovali ; peristomate sim- plice, recto, margine columellari verticali, breviter reflexo.
Long.114, diam.3 mill. Apert.23 mill.longa, 13 lata. (An adult.?)
Hab. St. Domingo (Sal/é).
10. CyLINDRELLA MONILIFERA, Pfr. C. testd subrimatd, ob- longd, soliduld, truncatd, confertissime et arcuatim costulato- striatd ; opacd, sordidé albidd ; suturd impressd, nodulis albidis subdistantibus notatd ; anfractibus (superst.) 9, convexis, ultimo non soluto, basi subacuté carinato ; aperturd oblique subcirculari, ad carinam canaliculatd ; peristomate albo, reflexiusculo-expanso, superne appresso.
Long. 19, diam. supra medium 6 mill. Apert. cum peristomate
oblique 5 mill. longa, 4} lata.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé ).
11. CyLINDRELLA ADAMSIANA, Pfr. C. testd vir rimatd, ob- longo-pupiformi, truncatd, nitidd, conferté striato-punctata, albidd, cornea, irregulariter strigatd et variegatd ; suturd lineari, albo- crenulatd ; anfractibus (superst.) 8-9, planis, ultimo angustiore, non soluto, basi cristd compressd, obtusd munito; aperturd vir
149
obliqud, subcirculari, ad cristam subcanaliculatd ; peristomaie albo, breviter expanso-reflexo, superne interrupto. Long. 14-153, diam. 5 mill. Apert. 44 mill. longa et lata. Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
12. CyLINDRELLA SALLEANA, Pfr. C. testd non rimatd, cylin- draced, gracili, truncatd, oblique confertissime costulato-striatd, nitidd, pallide fuscescente, vel rufo-fuscd ; anfractibus (superst.) 17-18, viz conveviusculis, ultimo angustiore, basi carind com- pressd, acutd munito, antrorsum breviter porrecto ; aperturd sub- obliqudé, rhombeo-rotundatd, ad carinam distincte canaliculatd ; peristomate albo, nitido, undique refleviusculo-erpanso.
Long. 27, diam. (prope basin) 5 mill. Apert. cum peristomate 43
mill. longa et lata. Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
13. CyLINDRELLA GOULDIANA, Pfr. C. testd vir subrimatd, tur- ritd, truncatd, confertissimé costulato-striatd, sericed, pallide cor - ned; suturd impressd, subdenticulatd ; anfractibus (superst.) 9, convexiusculis, ultimo soluto, antrorsum breviter descendente, basi subcompresso ; aperturd subobliqud, feré circulari, latere dextro subangulatd ; peristomate albo, undique breviter expanso.
Long. 10, diam. 21 mill. Apert. 2 mill. longa et lata.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
14. CycLosroma orsienyl, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, elongato- pupoided, solidd, confertim arcuato-striatd, rubello-fulvd ; spird subcylindricd, sensim attenuatd, apice conicd; suturd profundd ; anfractibus 8 vir convexis, penultimo lato, ultimo fascid lata vio- laced, antrorsum evanescente, ornato, basi cristd compressd, ob- tusd munito; aperturd circulari; peristomate incrassato, subre- flexo, superné appresso, infra cristam anfractibus penult. subex- ciso. Operculum tenue, albidum, extus concavum, arctispirum.
Long. 27, diam. 9 mill.
{. Unicolor virenti-fulvum.
y. Minus, interdum omnino violaceum, anfractibus convexioribus.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
15. Hexicina versicouor, Pfr. H. testa depressa, tenui, levi- gatd, citrind, sepe viridi variegatd, suturd vel vertice purpureo ; spird parim elevatd, obsolet? papillatd ; anfractibus 43, planius- culis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo lato, subdepresso, antic? viz descendente ; aperturd diagonali, subtriangulari-semiovali ; colu- melld brevissimd, callum crassum, semicircularem, nitidum, album emittente ; peristomate breviter expanso, margine basali subreflexo, immediate in columellam continuato. Operculum tenue, submem- branaceum, castaneum, margine columellari et nucleo pallidis.
Diam. maj. 8, min. 62, alt. 55 mill.
Hab, St. Domingo (Sai/é).
16. Henicina pominicensis, Pfr. H. testa globoso-conicd, so- liduld, concentrice confertim striatd, partm nitida, albidd, luteo-
WS G5
150
vel fulvo-zonatd ; spird conicd, acuta ; anfractibus 6, planiusculis, suturd profundd junctis, ultimo convexiore, vix descendente ; colu- melld brevissimd, basi denticulatad, callum emittente tenuem, vir circumscriptum ; aperturd parim obliqud, semiovali ; peristomate acuto, subrecto. Operculum tenue, testaceum, carneum, margine columellari elevato.
Diam. maj. 63, min. 53, alt. 5 mill.
Hab. St. Domingo (Salié).
3. CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A MonoGRAPH OF THE TRO- CHIDA, A FAMILY or GastEROPODOUS MOLLUSCA. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.
Genus 1. Trocuvus, Linn.—Pyramidea, sp. Swains.
1. Trocuus niztoricus, Linn.
Trochus niloticus, Linn.; Gmel. p. 3565. no. 1 ; Chemn. Conch. v. t.167. f.1605, t.168. f.1614.—Trochus marmoratus, Lamk. (young). Hab. North Australia (Dring).
2. Trocuus maximus, Koch.
Trochus maximus, Koch; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 6. f. 3. Hab. 2
3. Trocuus acuraneutus, Chemn.
Trochus acutangulus, Chemn. Conch, vy. t. 163.—Trochus conus, Gmel. Hab. Burias.
4. Trocuus spinosus, Lamk.
Trochus spinosus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. Hab. 2
5. Trocuus Asperutus, Lamk.
Trochus asperulus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 22. Hab. 2
6. Trocuus Cuminen, A. Adams. 7. testd turrito-conied, vio- laced, maculis viridibus pulcherrimé pictd ; anfractibus planis, cingulis, granorum moniliformibus ornatis, inferne nodoso-pli- catis, anfractu ultimo angulato, peripherid radiatim nodo-spi- nosd, basi concavd, cingulis granulosis, insculptd, centro pro- Sunde excavato umbilicum simulante ; columella superné tor- tuosd, basi dente terminatd ; aperturd tetragond ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, under stones at low water (H. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
7. Trocuus rastieratus, A. Adams. 1. testd conicd, imper- foratd, rubra, maculis albis longitudinalibus variegatd ; an-
151
fractibus planis, in medio concavis, superne cingulis tribus nodulorum ornatis, ad suturam nodis subspinosis instructis, basi pland, concentrice liratd ; liris crenulatis ; columelld pos- tice canaliculatd, antice truncatd ; labro in medio angulato. Hab.
Genus 2. Carpinaia, Gray. Pyramidea, Swains.
. CARDINALIA VIRGATA, Gmel.
Zee i a Gmel. p. 3580. no. 83. Hab.
Genus 3. Pyramis, Chemn. Tectus, Montf.—Pyramidea, sp. Swains.
1. Pyramis pEentATus, Forskal.
Trochus dentatus, Forsk. Egypt. Desc. Anim. p. 125. no. 67.— Trochus foveolatus, Gmel. Hab. Port Essington (Jukes).
2. Pyramis NoDULIFERUS, Lamk.
Trochus noduliferus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 18. Hab. Mindanao and Madagascar.
3. PyRAMIS CHRULESCENS, Lamk.
Trochus cerulescens, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vi. p, 18. Hab.
4. Pyramis oBELIsCcUS, Gmel.
Trochus obeliscus, Gmel. p. 3579.—Trochus pyramis, Chemn. Hab. Bolinao, island of Thilo, on the reefs (H. C.).
5. Pyramis acutus, Lamk.
Trochus acutus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 23. Hab. Ticao, on the reefs.
. 6. Pyramis TRISERIALIS, Lamk.
Trochus triserialis, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 22. Hab. Philippines.
7. Pyramis pRAsiInusS, Menke.
Trochus prasinus, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 16. no. 64. Hab. Eastern Seas.
. 8. Pyramis MaurITIANUus, Gmel.
Trochus mauritianus, Gmel. p. 3582. no. 99. Hab. Capul, on the reefs.
9. PyraMIS FENESTRATUS, Gmel.
Trochus fenestratus, Gmel,; Chemn. Conch, v. t. 163. f. 1549-50. Hab.
152
+10. Pyramis CRENULATUS, Lamk.
Trochus crenulatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 22. Hab. Guimaras, under stones (#. C.).
By 9891. PyRAMIS ARCHITECTONICUS, A. Adams. P. testd conicd,
imperforatd, albidd; anfractibus planis, subimbricatis, longi- tudinaliter costatis, costis crassis, rotundis, subnodosis, basi pland, liris concentricis exaratd; columelld brevi, tortuosd, anticé truncata ; labro margine fimbriato.
Hab. Signet Bay, North Australia (Dring).
12. Pyramis Leucocastrer, A. Adams. P. testd conicd, im- perforatd ; spird acutd, in medio tumidd, albd, viridi variegatd ; anfractibus planulatis, longitudinaliter corrugatis, transversim cingulis nodulosis ornatis, ad suturam nodis sulcatis fimbriatis, bast pland, albd, concentricé suleatd ; columella brevi, valde tor- tuosd ; labro anticé intus lirato.
Hab. 5
Genus 4. TeGuua, Lesson.
1. TEGULA PELLIS-SERPENTIS, Wood.
Trochus pellis-serpentis, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 4.—Tro- chus strigillatus, Anton.
Hab.
Genus 5. InrunpiBULUM, Montf.—Carinidea, Swains.
1. INFUNDIBULUM ConcavuM, Linn.
Trochus concavus, Linn. ; Chemn. v. pl. 168. f. 1620-21. Hab. ?
2. INFUNDIBULUM RADIATUM, Chemn.
Trochus radiatus, Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1640-42. Hab. Zanzibar.
3. INFUNDIBULUM CARINIFERUM, Beck.
Trochus cariniferus, Beck ; Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 218. f. 8. Hab. Signet Bay, North Australia.
4. InruNp1IBuULUM Kocuu, Phil.
Trochus Kochii, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, vi. t. 3. f. 8.—? Trochus Listeri, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. p. 5. f. 8.
Hab. 2
5. INFUNDIBULUM DELICATULUM, Phil.
Trochus delicatulus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 105; Chemn. v. pl. 171. f. 1669.
Hab. St. Elena.
6. INFUNDIBULUM SaGa, Phil.
Trochus Saga, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 103. Hab. ee 3
—
153
7. INFUNDIBULUM DEPRESsUM, Gmel.
Trochus depressus, Gmel. 3573 ; Chemn. Conch. v. pl.171. f. 1668. Hab. 2
Ah, 1453 8: INFUNDIBULUM CHLOROMPHALUS, A. Adams. I. testd de- presso-conicd, pseudo-umbilicatd, viridi, atro-purpureo punc- tatd ; anfractibus planis, cingulis confertis granorum ornatd, basi concavd, cingulis inequalibus articulatis insculptd, regione umbilicali infundibuliformi, intus viridi; columella superné tortuosd, tuberculatd.
Hab. 2
fi%,'483 9. INFuNDIBULUM CaLIrorNicum, A. Adams. JI. testd de- presso-conicd, pseudo-umbilicatd, albidd, viridi rufoque varie- gatd ; anfractibus planis, supra angulatis, ultimo angulato, eingulis tuberculorum subdistantium multiformium ornatd ; interstitis longitudinaliter oblique costatis, basi concavd, cin- gulis confertis crenulatis insculptd, regione umbilicali infundi- buliformi, viridi, lined albd elevatd cincto; columelld superné tortuosd, tuberculatd.
Hab. California.
Genus 6. Potyponta, Schumacher.—Lamprostoma, Swains.
1. PotypontTa MacuLaATA, Linn.
Trochus maculatus, Linn. ; Chemn. v. pl. 168. f. 1615-18. Hab. Port Essington, adhering to rocks, deep water (Jukes).
2. PoLypDONTA IN=ZQUALIS, Chemn.
Trochus inequalis, Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1635-36.—Trochus gra- nosus, Lamk.
Hab. Philippines.
3. PotyponTa REGIA, Chemn.
Trochus regius, Chemn. vy. p. 170. f. 1637. Hab. ?
4. Potyponta Tentorium, Chemn.
Trochus Tentorium, Chemn. v. p. 169. f. 1628. Hab. Philippines.
5. PoLtyponTA STELLATA, Chemn.
Trochus stellatus, Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1630. Hab. 2
6. PoLyDONTA VERRUCOSA, Gmel.
Trochus verrucosus, Gmel.; Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1638.—Trochus elatus, Lamk. Hab. Zanzibar.
7. Potyponta costata, Chemn.
Trochus costatus, Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1633-34. Hab. ?
154
8. Potyponta SpENGLERI, Chemn. Trochus Spengleri, Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1631. Hab. 2
9. PoLyDONTA OCHROLEUCOS, Gmel.
Trochus ochroleucos, Gmel.; Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1629. Hab. 2
10. Potyponta VERNALIs, Chemn.
Trochus vernalis, Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1625-26.—Trochus ver- mis, Gmel.—Trochus subviridis, Phil.
Hab. ?
11. PotypoNTA VIRIDESCENS, Chemn.
Trochus viridescens, Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1643-44.—Trochus vi- ridis, Gmel.
Hab. Capul, Philippines.
12. PotypoNnTA RETICULATA, Wood. Trochus reticulatus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 38. Hab. Bencoonet, Sumatra, on the reefs (77. oe
13. Potyponta LINEATA, Lamk. Trochus lineatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 23. Hab. Swan Point (Dring).
14. Potyponta Hanueyana, Reeve.
Trochus Hanleyanus, Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. f. —Trochus en- grainus, Philippi.
Hab. Swan Point (Dring).
15. PotyponTa TIARATA, Quoy & Gaim. Trochus tiaratus, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. del Astr. t. 64. f. 8.—Poly-
donta elegans, Gray. Hab. New Zealand (Earl).
16. Potyponta rncrassata, Lamk.
Trochus incrassatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 20; Chemn. Conch. v. p. 169. f. 1632.
Hab. ?
17. PotyponTa ELEGANTULA, Wood. Trochus elegantulus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. p. 5. f. 9. Hab. 2
18. PotyponTa asPERA, Chemn.
Trochus asper, Chemn. Couch, v. pl. 169. f. 1633-34.
Hab. Banguey, province of North Iloco, island of Luzon, on the reefs at low water (H. C.).
19. Potyponta concrinna, Philippi. Trochus concinnus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 105. Hab. 2
Bh 1963
155 20. Potyponta TuRRIs, Phil.
Trochus turris, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 102. Hab. 2
21. PoLypONTA INCARNATA, Phil.
Trochus incarnatus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 103. Hab. Suez, Red Sea.
22. PoLYDONTA IGNOBILIS, Phil.
Trochus ignobilis, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 102. Hab. 2
23. Potyponta PusTuLosa, Phil.
Trochus pustulosus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 44. f. 6. Hab. 2
24. PoLYDONTA GIBBERULA, A. Adams. P. testé elevato-conicd, in medio gibbosd, anfractu ultimo angustato ; albidd, lineis roseis flammulatis radiatim picta ; anfractibus subconvexis, cingulis gra- nosis transversis ornatd, ultimo obtuse angulato ; basi conveai- usculd, albd, fasciis roseis radiatim picta ; centro excavato, umbi- licum mentiente ; columelld superné soluta, margine tuberculo-den- ticulato ; labro intus lirato, inferne denticulato.
Hab. Philippines.
25. PoLyDONTA PALLIDULA, A. Adams. P. testd elevato-conicd, albidd, maculis luteolis picta ; anfractibus planis, cingulis tuber- culorum ornatd, tuberculis inferné in costas excurrentibus, basi converd, cingulis granosis ornatd, cavitate contortd umbilicum simulante ; columelld superné solutd, margine tuberculato-dentato ; labro intus lirato, inferne denticulato.
Hab. ?
26. Potyponta corrvueata, A. Adams. P. testd elevato-conicd, albida, rufo-fusco variegata ; anfractibus planiusculis, sulcis trans- versis, sulcisque obliquis nodoso-reticulatis, inferné oblique costa- tis, costis nodosis ornatis ; basi planiusculd, in medio concavd, ex- cavatd, umbilicum mentiente ; columelld superné solutd, margine tuberculato-dentato ; labro intus lirato, inferné denticulato,
Hab. 2
27. PotypoNnTA squamiIcERA, A. Adams. PP. testa elato- conicd, albidd, cinereo-viridi radiatim pictd ; anfractibus planius- culis, cingulis granulorum tribus ornatis, inferne oblique costatis, costis in spinis squamiformibus excurrentibus, basi pland striis granosis, fasciisque rufo-viridibus ornatd, centro excavato umbili- cum simulante, intus albo lineis elevatis cincto; apertura lineis acutis elevatis, transversis in faucibus instructd.
Hab. ?
156
Genus 7. PHorcus, Risso.— Omphalius, Philippi.
1. PHorcus MELALEUCOS, Jonas.
Trochus melaleucos, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, p. 169; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. v. f. 7.
Hab. 2
2. PHORCUS OCCULTUS, Phil.
Trochus occultus, Phil. Abbild. p. 17. t. 5. f. 8. Hab. 2
3. PHORCUS MODESTUS, Koch.
Trochus modestus, Koch ; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 30, t. 5. f.10. Hab. 2
4, PHORCUS VARIEGATUS, Chemn.
Trochus variegatus, Chemn. v. pl. 171. f. 1677.—Trochus viridu- lus, Gmel. ; Wood, Ind. Test. p. 28. f. 42.—Trochus Byronianus, Wood.—Trochus Brazilianus, Menke.
Hab. 2
5. PHORCUS CARNEUS, Gmel.
Trochus carneus, Gmel. 3574 2 Trochus indusii, Chemn. Hab. 2
6. PHorcuUSs CRUCIATUS, Chemn.
Trochus cruciatus, Chemn. pl. 171. £167: Hab. is
7, PHORCUS QUADRICOSTATUS, Wood.
Trochus quadricostatus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. p.5. f.15. —Trochus torulosus, Phil. Abbild. t. 2. f. 12.
Hab. ?
8. PHORCUS DENTATUS, Gmel.
Turbo dentatus, Gmel. ; Chemn. Conch. v. p._ f- Hab. I
9, PHORCUS QUADRICARINATUS, Gmel. Trochus quadricarinatus, Gmel. ; Chemn. ii. t. 196. f. 1892-93.— Trochus rubro-flammulatus, Koch.
Hab. ?
10. PHoRCUS UMBILICARIS, Linn.
Trochus umbilicaris, Linn. ; Chemn. v. p. f. —Trochus exca- vatus, Lamk.—-Trochus cinereus, Da Costa. Hab. 4
11. PHorcus scavaris, Anton.
Trochus scalaris, Anton. ; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 18. t. DHS ark Hab. 2
157
12. Pworcus ruscescens, Phil.
Trochus fuscescens, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 3. f. 8. Fab. 2
13. PHorcus nopicinctus, A. Adams. P. testg conoided, um-
bilicatd, fusca luteo variegatd, levi ; anfractibus subplanulatis,
: cingulis tribus nodulosis, liris elevatis transversis ornatis, an- Sractu ultimo subangulato, basi convexiusculd, lineis elevatis > concentricis sculptd, regione umbilicali albidd ; columella brevi,
arcuatd, basi dentibus duobus terminatd ; labro Susco marginato. Hab. 2
14. Puorcus Granirer, A. Adams. P. testd orbiculato-conicd, fusca, cingulis transversis granorum distantium ornatd, cingulis remotiusculis, interstitiis transversim liratis ; anfractibus rotun- datis, suturd canaliculatd ; umbilico aperto, perspectivo ; columella
sinuatd, basi dentibus duobus terminaté ; labro intus crenulato. Fab. 2
15. Puorcus tiratus, A. Adams. P. testd conoided, umbilicatd, Suscd, lineis pallidis undulatis ornatd, cingulis distantioribus trans- versis insculptd; columella sinuatd, basi dentibus tribus ter- minatd, umbilico aperto, perspectivo, peromphalo viridulo ; labro intus levi.
Hab. 2
16. PHorcus semicranosus, A. Adams. P. testd orbiculato- conoided, umbilicatd, purpureo alboque variegatd, transversim tenuiter striatd ; anfractibus planiusculis, cingulis confertis sub- granosis ornatis, ultimo subangulato, basi planiusculd, cingulis granosis insculpto ; margine umbilici lined alba elevatd cincto ; labio supra calloso ; columellé supern® sinuatd, basi in tuberculis
duobus terminatd et infra tuberculos dentibus duobus instruct ; labro intus levi, antic? callo marginato. Hab. West Indies.
yy 04S? 17. PHorcus catirornicus, A. Adams. P. testa orbiculato- conicd, profundé umbilicatd, viridi, atro-purpureo radiatim ma- culata, liris transversis subnodulosis inequalibus ornatd; an- Sractu ultimo subangulato ; basi convexiusculd 3 umbilico perspec- tivo ; labio in medio valde excavato, columella antic? dentatd, intus levi.
Hab. California. Mus. Cuming.
Genus 8. CLancuxus, Montfort.
Polydonta b., Schum.—Fragella, Swainson.— Apiculum, sp., Humph.—Monodonta, sp., Lamk.—Otavia, Risso (not Cantraine).
1. Cuancuxus Puaraonts, Lim.
Trochus Pharaonis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. no. 584; Chemn. Conch. pl. 171. f. 1672-73.
Hab. 2
158
2. CLANCULUS CORALLINUS, Gmel.
Trochus corallinus, Gmel. no. 3576 ; Adans. Senegal, p. 183. t. 12. f. 4. —Monodonta punicea, Phil. Hab.
3. CLANCULUsS SmiTuHiI, Wood. Trochus Smithit, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 20. Hab. Japan.
4, Cuancutus Mavuceri, Wood. Trochus Maugeri, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 27. Hab. Australia.
5. CLANCULUS FLORIDUS, Phil. Trochus clangulus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 31. Hab. New Zealand (Jukes).
6. CLANCULUS MEDITERRANEUS, Wood.
Trochus mediterraneus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 32.— Monodonta Vieilloti, Payr.—Mon. Araonis, Bast.
Hab. Naples; on rocky ground (Philippi).
7. CLANCULUS CLANGULOIDES, Wood. Trochus clanguloides, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. esi Hab.
8. CLANCULUS LIMBATUS, Quoy et Gaimard. Trochus limbatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy.de! Astrol. p.245. pl.63. f.16. Hab.
9. CLancu.us Paraconicvs, d’Orbigny. Monodonta Patagonica, d’ Orb. Voy. dans ! Am. Mérid. t. 55. f. 2 Hab.
10. Cuancuius Couturu, Payr. Monodonta Couturii, Payr. Cat. p. 134. t. 6. f.19, 20. Hab. Malta.
11. CLANCULUS RINGENS, Menke. Monodonta ringens, Menke, Moll. Noy. Holl. sp. p. 14. Hab. New Holland.
12. Ciancuus aGrestis, Chemn.
Trochus (Globulus) agrestis, Chemn, Conch. p. HL f. 1678.— Monodonta Rese Phil.
Hab.
13. CLrancutus Guranicus, Chemn. Trochus (Globulus) Guianicus, Chemn. Conch. pl. 171. f. 1680.— Trochus Guineensis, Gmel.—Trochus (Globulus) Subucula, Chemn.
(var.). Hab.
?
159 14. Crancuus Jussievt, Payr.
Monodonta Jussieui, Payr. Cat. pl. 6. f. 17. Hab. Corsica; Languedoc ; France.
15. CLaANcULUS TURGIDULUS, Brocchi.
Trochus turgidulus, Brocchi. Hab. Corsica.
16. CuancuLus Lupinus, Menke.
Monodonta lupina, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 15. Hab.
17. Cuancuxius Kravsit, Phil.
Monodonta Krausii, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 101. Hab. 2
18. CLaNcULUS CoRRUGATUS, Koch.
Trochus corrugatus, Koch ; Phil. Abbild. p. 67. Troch. t. 2. f. 7. Hab. z
19, CLaANCULUS OCHROLEUCUS, Phil. Trochus ochroleucus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.
20. CLANCULUS sPADICEUS, Phil. Trochus spadiceus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.
21. CLANcULUS ANUS, Phil. Trochus anus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.
22. CLANCULUS PERSONATUS, Phil.
Trochus personatus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. Hab. New Holland. Mus. Hanley.
23. CLANCULUS SCABROSUS, Phil. Trochus scabrosus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.
24. Cirancutus Lupwie1, Krauss. Trochus Ludwigi, Krauss, Sudafrik Moll. t. 5. f. 33.
25. CLANCULUS MARGARITARIUS, Phil. Monodonta margaritaria, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 100.
26. CLANCULUS ORMOPHORUS, A. Adams. C. festd depresso- conicd, umbilicatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, cingulis granorum equalibus ornatis, cingulo primo, secundo et tertio granis fuscis albis alternantibus, quarto granis fuscis ornatis ; anfractu penul- timo gibboso, ultimo rotundato; umbilico crenulato; columelld callosd, subreflexd, basi dente triplicato.
Hab. 2
G3, 199 >
\4, 195? Dh
160
27. CLANcULUS vARIEGATUS, A. Adams. C. testd depresso- conicd, pallida, rufo-fusco variegata ; anfractibus supra tumidis, cingulis granorum ornatis ; interstitiis striis obliquis longitudinali- bus ; anfractu ultimo acuté angulato, basi pluno ; umbilico crenu- lato ; columella supra tortuosd, margine reflexd, crenulatd, basi dente biplicato terminatd ; labro intus dentibus lamellaribus, su- periore majore.
Had. Island of Siquijor, under stones (#. C.).
28. CLANCULUS CINGULIFER, A. Adams. (C. testé elevato-conoi- ded, carneold, cingulo albo rufoque articulato, ornatd ; anfracti- bus rotundatis, cingulis transversis granosis sculptis ; basi con- cava, peromphalo albo roseo radiato, margine plicato ; columella crassa, supra nodosd, infra uniplicatd ; basi dente triplicato ter- minatd ; labro intus lirato; tuberculo maximo, prope marginem superiorem.
Hab. 2
29. CuancuLus macu.osus, A. Adams. C. testd elevato-conoi- ded, rufo-fuscd, maculis albidis variegatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, cingulis granorum ornatis, interstitiis oblique striatis, margine um- bilict crenulato ; columella supra tuberculo magno instructd, basi
dente biplicato terminata ; labro intus lirato, lird supremd maximd. Hab. ?
30. CuancuLus sutcarius, A. Adams. C. testa parva, albida, fasciis fuscis radiatim ornatd, cingulis distantioribus granorum instructd, interstitiis longitudinaliter oblique striatis ; anfractibus parum convezis ; margine umbilici crenulato; columella dente pliciformi ; labro intus crenulato.
Hab. Island of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fathoms (#. C.).
31. CLancuLus acuminatus, A. Adams. C. testa elevato- conicad ; spird acuminata, fuscd, nigro-fusco punctatd, cingulis transversis subdistantibus granorum ornatad; interstitiis Llineis transversis et longitudinalibus decussatis ; margine umbilici sub- noduloso ; columella margine reflexo, integro, basi dente simplici magno terminatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, under stones (H. C.).
32. CLancuLus ALBInus, A. Adams. C. testd conoided, albidd, cingulis granorum confertis ornatd, granis nonnullis fusco punc- tatis ; anfractibus convexis, ultimo rotundato ; margine umbilici plicato-dentato ; columella callosd, plicis duabus transversis, basi dente triplicato terminatd ; labro superné inflexo, intus lirato ;
ane ae pn trisulcato prope marginem superiorem. ab. f
33. CLANCULUS TURBINOIDES, A. Adams. C. testd turbinato- conoided, fusca, cingulis subdistantibus granorum ornatd ; inter- stitiis lineis transversis prominulis ; anfractibus rotundatis, su- turd canaliculataé ; basi cingulis concentricis granorum instructd ;
161
umbilico dentato ; columellé sulcatd, margine reflerd, tuberculis quatuor ; labro intus lirato. Hab. 2
34. CLaNcuLUS sTIGMATARIUS, A. Adams. OC. testa elevato- conicd, cingulis confertis granorum ornatd, lutescenti cingulo ter- tio et septimo granis albis et roseis subdistantibus, basi granis roseis ornatd; umbilici margine subnodoso; columella crassd, transversim subplicata, basi dente magno triplicato terminatd ; labro supra inflexo, intus lirato, tuberculo magno bisulcato prope marginem superiorem.
Hab. Island of Corigidor, bay of Manila, coarse sand, 9 fathoms
CH. C.)a
35. CLANCULUS TExTILOSUS, A. Adams. (C. testd conoided ; spirad acuminata, cingulis granorum inequalibus ornaté, primo, tertio et sexto coccined, secundo, quarto, quinto et septimo granis albis nigris alternantibus ornatd ; margine umbilici dentato ; colu- mella biplicatad, margine acutd, basi dente triplicato terminata ; labro intus lirato, prope marginem superiorem tuberculo magno.
Hab. Island of Ticao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.).
36. CLancuLus minor, A. Adams. C. testa parva, conicd, al- %,'
bida, fasciis rufo-fuscis radiatim ornatd ; anfractibus planis, cin- gulis transversis granosis sculptd, anfractu ultimo angulato, basi planiusculd, margine umbilici crenulata ; columelld tuberculo de- curvato terminata ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Island of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fathoms (H. C.).
37. CLANCULUS BRUNNEUS, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-conicd, fy /9%3 fuscd, cingulis granorum subdistantibus ornatd ; interstitiis lon- gitudinaliter elevate striatis; anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo acute angulato, umbilici margine plana; columella transversim plicatd, margine fimbriatd, basi dente biplicato terminata ; labro intus lirato, lira supremd majore.
Hab. ?
38. CLancuLus unepo, A. Adams. C. testa elevato-conoided ; spird prominuld, apice roseo, cingulis granorum confertis (in anf. ultim. quinque) ornatd, coccined, cingulo secundo, quarto et quinto granis albis et nigris ornatis ; umbilici margine plicato-crenulata ; columella obliquad, crassd, margine reflexd, basi dente magno tri- plicato terminatd ; labro intus lirato, supra tuberculo magno.
Hab. ?
39. CLANCULUS zEBRIDES, A. Adams. C. testd conoided, fus- cescenti, nigro-fusco radiatim pictd, cingulis granorum sculptd ; interstitiis lineolis transversis elevatis ; anfractibus rotundatis ; umbilici margine crenulatd ; columella supra tuberculo, margine callosd, basi tuberculo magno terminatd ; labro intus dentibus linearibus instructo.
Hab. ?
No. CCXXIX.—ProcerpinGés or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
162
40. CLANCULUS EDENTULUS, A. Adams. C. testd orbiculato- conoided, sordidé rufa, ulbo variegatd, cingulis transversis gra- nosis sculpta ; anfractibus parum convevis ; umbilici margine sub- crenulatd ; columella supra plicatd, infra edentuld, margine infra tuberculis tribus ; labro intus subsulcato.
Hab. 4
41. Crancuus niericans, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-conicd, umbilicata, nigricante ; anfractibus planis cingulis quinque gra- nulatis ornatd, ultimo angulatd, carinis planis duabus in parte inferiore, cingulis 5-6 articulatis sulcisque intermediis sculptd ; umbilict margine crenulato; columelld rectd, superné solutd, in parte superiore tuberculatd, extus tuberculis tribus instructd ; labro intus levi.
Hab. ?
42. CLANcuLus CARINATUS, A. Adams. (C. testd conicd, albidd, flammulis rubris pictd, anfractibus planis, cingulis inequalibus confertis granorum ornatd, supra suturam angulatd, anfractu ul- timo margine carinato, carind albo rufoque articulatd ; umbilici margine plano; columelld rectd, supra subcallosd, basi dente
simplici acuto terminatd ; labro intus sulcato. Hab. q
43. CuancuLus micropon, A. Adams. C. testd orbiculato- conicd, fuscd, nigro-fusco maculatd, cingulis granorum ornatd ; interstitiis lineis elevatis transversis ; anfractibus rotundatis, basi cingulis subnodosis, rufo- et nigro-fusco articulatd ; umbilici margine dentato, dente superiore majore ; columelld supra flecu- osd, plicatd, margine reflexo, sulcato-crenulato, basi dente parvo terminatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. ?
44, CLANCULUS OMALOMPHALUS, A. Adams. C. testd depresso- conicd, pallidd, fusco maculata, anfractibus paulum rotundatis, cingulis granorum ornatd ; interstitiis striis longitudinalibus, an- Fractu ultimo acute carinato, carind albo rufoque articulatd, basi pland ; umbilict margine plano; columella transversim plicatd, margine reflezo dentato, basi dente biplicato terminatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Sydney (Strange).
45. Cuancuus e1psosus, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-conicd, pallida, fasciis fuscis radiatim dispositis ornatd, cingulis trans- versis equalibus granosis sculptd ; anfractibus rotundatis, suturd profundd, canaliculatd, anfractu ultimo gibboso, infra subangu- lato ; umbilici margine crenulato ; columella plicatd, margine re- flexo supra dentato, basi dente magno biplicato terminatdé ; labro intus corrugato-crenulato, supra inflexo, tuberculo magno in- structo.
Hab. New Ireland (Jiakes):
163
AMD 65346. CLaNncuLus conspersus, A. Adams. C. testd orbiculato-
conicd, rufescente, albo rubroque variegatd, cingulis moniliformi-
bus transversis ornatd, cingulo infra suturam majore, anfractu
ultimo angulato ; columellé postice subcanaliculatd vix tortuosd,
antice plicd magnd transversd terminatd ; labro intus valde den- tato-lirato. Hab. ?
47. CLANCULUS NoDILIRATUS, A. Adams. C. testd depresso- turbinatd, carneold, liris transversis nodulosis subdistantibus ornatd ; interstitiis longitudinaliter tenuissime striatis ; anfrac- tibus subquadratis, margine umbilici dentato; columella rectd, anticé tuberculo parvo terminaté ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. 2
Genus 9. ZizipHinus, Leach. Calliostoma, Swains.—Labio, sp. Oken.—Trochilus, sp. Humph.
1. ZizipHinus vuLeaRis, Gray; Mrs. Gray, Fig. of Moll. An.
p- 89. Trochus ziziphinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1231.—Trochus = conulus, Penn.—Trochus zyziphinus, Born.—Trochus zezyphinus,
Chemn.—Trochus discrepans, Brown.—Trochus Lyonsii, Leach.— Trochus albidus, Wood.—Trochus Sisyphinus, Macgill.—Trochus Sedgwickii, Sow.—Trachus conuloides, Lamk.
Hab. British islands ; Mediterranean; Norway, &c.
2. ZIZIPHINUS CONULUs, Linn.
Trochus conulus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p: 1230.—Trochus vio- laceus, Risso. Hab. British islands.
3. ZIZIPHINUS ALABASTRUM, Beck.
Margarita alabastrum, Beck ; Lovén, Ind. Moll. Scandin. p. 20. —Trochus occidentalis, Mighels & Ad.—Trochus formosus, Forbes.
Hab. British islands.
4, ZizIPHINUS GRANULATUS, Born.
Trochus granulatus, Born, Test. Mus. Cees. Vind. p. 337. pl. 12. f. 9, 10.—Trochus papillosus, Da Costa.—Trochus fragilis, Pultney. —Trochus tenuis, Montague.
Hab. British islands.
5. ZIZIPHINUS SELECTUS, Chemn.
Trochus selectus, Chemn. Conch. xi. t. 196. f. 1896-97.—Zizi- phinus tigris, Gray.
Hab. New Zealand.
6. ZizipHINUS DOLIARIUS, Chemn.
Trochus doliarius, Chemn. Conch. x. t. 165. f. 1579-80.—Zizi- phinus canaliculatus, Gray. Hab. Australia; New Zealand.
164
7. ZizipHinus CUNNINGHAMI, Gray. Ziziphinus Cunninghami, Gray, Brit. Mus. Hab. ?
8. ZizipHINUS ANNULATUS, Martyn.
Trochus annulatus, Martyn, Conch. i. t. 33.—Trochus virgineus, Gmel. Hab. Monterey, California (Hartweg).
9. ZIZIPHINUS GRANATUM, Gmel.
Trochus granatum, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. t. 170. f. 1654-55. Hab. Australia, Port Essington (Jukes).
10. ZizipHiInus ORNATUS, Lamk.
Trochus ornatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 27. Hab. 2
11. Ziz1pHINUS ARMILLATUS, Wood.
Trochus armillatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 5. Hab. 2
12. ZizZIPHINUS INTERRUPTUS, Wood.
Trochus interruptus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 42. Hab. 4
13. ZizIPHINUS TRANQUEBARICUS, Chemn.
Trochus Tranquebaricus, Chemn. Conch. v. t. 166. f. 1595-96. Hab. ie
14. ZizipHINusS PYRAMIS, Gmel. Trochus Pyramis, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. pl. 170. f. 1652-53. —Trochus crenulatus, Broce.—Trochus Matonii, Payr.—Trochus
punctatus, Ren.—Trochus conulus, Donov.—Trochus tricolor, Risso. Hab. 4
15. ZiziIpHINUS MONTAGUI, Gray.
Trochus Montagui, Gray ; Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 43.— Trochus striatus, Forbes. Hab. British islands.
16. ZizipHINUS INDISTINCTUS, Wood.
Trochus indistinctus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 41. Hab. ?
17. ZizIPHINUS PYRAMIDATUS, Lamk. Trochus pyramidatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 30. Hab. 2
18. ZizipHINUS LANGIERI, Payraud.
Trochus Langieri, Payraud. Cat. TTab. ?
165
19. Z1z1PHINUS JUJUBINUS, Gmel.
Trochus jujubinus, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. pl. .f. . Hab. Java.
20. ZizipHINus FiILosus, Wood.
Trochus filosus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 23.—Trochus castaneus, Nuttall ?—Trochus ligatus, Gould.
Hab, Straits of Juan de Fuco, Upper California.
21. ZizipuHinvus pustivs, Philippi.
Trochus dubius, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. ii. p. 149. t. 25. f. 7. Hab. Sicily.
22. ZIZIPHINUS GEMMosus, Reeve.
Trochus gemmosus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842; Conch. Syst. pl. 218. f. 9.
Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindanao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms.
23. ZiziIPHINUS EXIMIUvS, Reeve.
Trochus eximius, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842; Conch. Syst. pl. 218. f. 12.
Hab. 2
24. ZIZIPHINUS ANTONI, Koch.
Trochus Antonii, Koch; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 2. t. 1. f. 4. Hab. 2 ,
25. ZizipHINUS ExiGuUS, Pultney.
Trochus exiguus, Pultney Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 44.—Tro- chus erythroleucus, Gmel.; Lamk.—Trochus exasperatus, Penn.— Trochus erythroleucus, Hanley.—Trochus conulus, Da Costa.—Tro- chus minutus, Chemn. ; Dillw.
Hab. Mediterranean ; British islands.
26. ZizipHiNus stRIATUus, Linn.
Trochus striatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1230.—Trochus par- vus, Da Costa.—Trochus conicus, Donov.—Trochus erythroleucus, Maton & Rack.—Trochus depictus, Deshayes.—Trochus Sartori, Arad & Magg.—Trochus vittatus, Lamk.
Hab. British islands.
27. ZizIPHINUS CILIARIS, Menke.
Trochus ciliaris, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. p.17; Phil. Abbild. Tro- chus, t. 7. f. 11. Hab. 2
28. ZIzZIPHINUS DECORATUS, Phil.
Trochus decoratus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 102. Hab. ?
29. ZizipHINUS L&vIGATUS, Phil.
Trochus levigatus, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. v. 1. t. 11. f. 2. Hab. Naples, rocky shores.
166
30. ZizIPHINUS STRIGOSUS, Gmel.
Trochus strigosus, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. t. 170. f. 1651.— Trochus callichrous, Phil.
Hab. Morocco.
31. ZizipHINuUS LURIDUs, Nuttall.
Trochus luridus, Nuttall. Hab. Fayal.
32. ZIZIPHINUS BICINGULATUS, Lamk. Trochus bicingulatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 27.—
Trochus vinctus, Phil. Hab. Rains Island (Ince).
33. ZIZIPHINUS MILLEGRANUS, Phil.
Trochus millegranus, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. v. 1. p. 183. pl. 10. f. 25. —! Trochus Clelandi, Wood.—Trochus Martini, Smith.—Trochus miliaris, Scace.
Hab. 2
34. Z1zIPHINUS AGRESTIS, Phil.
Trochus agrestis, Phil. Abbild. p. 33, Trochus, t. 1. f. 6. Hab. Singapore, fine sand, 6 fathoms (Z. C.).
35. ZizipHINUS CHLOROSTOMUS, Menke.
Trochus chlorostomus, Menke, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 17; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 2. f. 8.
Hab. New Holland.
36. ZizipHINUS PERSPECTIVUS, Koch.
Trochus perspectivus, Koch; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 2. t. 1. f. 5. Hab. ?
37. ZizieHINuUS MINIATUS, Anton.
Trochus miniatus, Anton, Verzeich. p. 58; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, tin Nn bah
Hab.
38. ZizipHINUS GiILvuS, Phil.
Trochus gilvus, Phil. Hab. 2
39. ZizipHINUS METAFORMIS, Phil. Trochus metaformis, Phil. ; Kust. Conch. Cab. t. 43. f. 13. Hab. 2
40. ZizipHinus zonamestus, A. Adams. Z. testd oblique pyra- midali, umbilicatd, carned, cingulis transversis granosis permultis ornatd ; interstitiis purpurascentibus, striis obliquis longitudinali- bus ; anfractibus planis, supra suturas angulatis, ultimo acute angulato, basi plano-concavd, cingulis granulatis insculptd ; umbi-
?
———— LE LU
BY, 4 1953
167
lico magno, infundibuliformi, intus albo; aperturd rhomboided, intus albd; columelld rectd, basi truncatd. Hab. Honduras (Dyson).
4]. ZizipHinus Ticaonicus, A. Adams. Z. testa elevato-conicda, perforata, luted vel carned, liris transversis rufo articulatis prope suturas ornatd; anfractibus paulum rotundatis, longitudinaliter striatis, apice atro-purpureo; anfractu ultimo subangulato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis rufo-articulatis insculpta ; aperturd sub- quadrata ; columella rectd, antic subtruncatd ; apertura intus alba.
Hab. Island of Ticao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.).
42. ZiziIpHINUS JAPonicus, A. Adams. Z. testa turrito-conicd, levi, nitidd, imperforata ; anfractibus planis, basi lineis duabus impressis, ultimo angulato, rubra flammulis fuscis et albidis ornata, basi converd, cingulis articulatis insculptd ; aperturd subquadratd, intus viride iridescenti.
Hab. Japan.
43. ZiziPHINUS ELEGANTULUS, A. Adams. Z. testdé conicd, im- perforata, lutescenti ; anfractibus planis, lineis elevatis distantibus granulatis moniliformibus violaceis alternis minoribus cinctd ; interstitits longitudinaliter striatis ; basi planiusculd, cingulis quatuor violaceis ornatd ; aperturd subquadratd, intus alba ; columellé basi subtruncatd.
Hab. Malacca, coral sand, 10 fathoms (H. C.).
44. ZizipHinus pecussatus, A. Adams. Z. testd elevato-conicd, subperforatd, albidd, maculis viridibus longitudinalibus ornaté ; anfractibus planis, basi marginatis, prominulis ; cingulis trans- versis granulatis lineisque elevatis longitudinalibus decussate in- sculptd ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis granulatis ornatd ; aperturd subquadratd ; columelld rectd, basi truncata.
Hab. Calipan, Mindoro, coarse gravel, 12 fathoms (H. C.).
45. ZizipHinus RuBRoPUNCTATUS, A. Adams. Z. testd parvd, orbiculato-conicd, lutescenti; cingulis transversis spinulosis or- nata (in anfractu ultimo quatuor), interstitiis clathratis pulcher- rime rubro-punctulatis.
Hab. 2
46. ZizipHinus unicinctus, A. Adams. Z. testdé turrito-conicd, imperforatd, luteold ; anfractibus planis, subimbricatis, basi cin- gulis prominulis rubro-articulatis lineisque transversis confertis ornatis ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi productd, lineis concen- tricis et cinguld elevatd articulatd sculptd ; aperturd subtrigond ; columellé rectd, basi subcanaliculatd.
Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, on pearl oysters, 8 to 10 fathoms
(H. C.).
168
47. ZizipHinus NEBULOsuS, A. Adams. Z. testd conoided, im- perforata, rufo-fuscd albo variegatd ; anfractibus planiusculis, cingulis inequalibus granorum ornatd, ultimo subangulato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis subgranulosis rufo alboque articulatis or- natd ; apertura subtetragond ; columella alba, incurvatd, basi sub- truncata ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Rains Island (Ince).
48. ZizipHinus picturatus, A. Adams. Z. testd turrito-conicd, imperforatd, viridi aut violaced, fasciis undulatis lineisque ziczaci- formibus ornatd ; anfractibus planis, basi marginatis crenulatis, lineis impressis transversis sculptaé ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi conveviusculd ; aperturd subquadratd, intus albdé ; columella incurvd, basi truncata.
Hab. Delaguete, island of Negros, sandy mud, 7 fathoms (H. C.). .
49. ZizIPHINUS ASPERULATUS, A. Adams. Z. tesid conicd, im- perforata, albidd, maculis purpureis radiatim ornatd ; anfracti- bus planiusculis, in medio carinatis, cingulis inequalibus ornatd, superioribus granulatis, inferioribus subplanis ; anfractu ultimo subangulato, basi pland, cingulis planis insculptd ; regione umbili- cali depressd, callo obtectd ; apertura subrotundad ; columella rectd, basi truncata ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. 2
50. ZizipHinus PpotycHroma, A. Adams. Z. testé turrito- conicd, perforata, viridi, fasciis albidis undulatis, lineis luteis angulatis varie pictéd; anfractibus planis, subimbricatis ; basi marginatis articulatis prominulis, lineis transversis subdistanti- bus impressis ornatd, longitudinaliter substriatd ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis luteo articulatis insculptd ; aperturd subquadratd, intus viridi; columella rectd, basi sub- truncata.
Hab. Island of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fathoms (H. C.).
51. ZizipHinus pupticatus, A. Adams. Z. testd turrito-conicd, imperforatd ; anfractibus convexis cingulis granorum ornatd ; basi cingulis duabus majoribus prominentibus instructis ; inter- stitiis longitudinaliter striatis; anfractu ultimo subrotundato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis granorum insculpté ; apertura sub- rotundatd ; labro intus lirato; columelld basi tuberculo termi- natd.
Hab. 2
52. ZizipHinus caLirornicus, A. Adams. Z. testd elevato- conicd, imperforatd, rufescenti; anfractibus subrotundatis, supra excavatis, liris transversis granulosis, duabus, supra suturam, majoribus ; anfractu ultimo subrotundato, basi convexiuscula ; aperturd subquadratd ; columella rectd, antice subtuberculatd.
Hab. California. (Mus. Cuming.)
na
ct
169
Genus 10. Canrurripus, Montfort.
Eleuchus, sp. Humph.; Swains.—Phasianella, c., Menke.—Trochus, sp. Philippi. 1. CANTHIRIDUS IRIDIS, Chemn. Trochus iridis, Chemn. Conch. v. t. 161. f. 1522-23.—Trochus iris, Gmel.
Hab.
2. CANTHIRIDUS PURPURATUS, Martyn.
Trochus purpuratus, Martyn; Chemn. v. t.161. f. 1524-25.—Tro- chus notatus, Gmel.—? Trochus elegans, Gmel.—? Phasianella ru- bella.
Hab.
3. CANTHIRIDUS NITIDULUS, Phil.
Trochus nitidulus, Phil.; Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 43. f. 10. Hab. 2
4. CANTHIRIDUS CINGULIGER, A. Adams. CC. testé elevato- conicd, cinered, punctis fuscis in lineis flammulatis dispositis, transversim sulcatd; anfractibus planis, cinguld prominenti supra suturam, anfractu ultimo angulato, cingulo plano cincio ; umbilico poruecers ; columelld rectd; labro intus albo, levi.
Hab. d
2
2
5. CANTHIRIDUS PUNCTULOsSUS, A. Adams. (C. testd elevato- conicd, imperforatd, levi, nitidd, cinered, transversim sulcatd ; cingulis transversis, luteo alboque punctatis nigro-maculatis ornatd; anfractibus planis, ultimo acuté angulato; regione umbilicali rosed ; aperturd subquadratd ; columelld albd, rectd, anticée subtruncatd ; labro intus levi, limbo punctulato. ’
Hab. Swan River, 4 fathoms (Jukes).
6. Canruiripus zEaLanpicus, A. Adams. C. testd obliqué conicd, subturritd, imperforatd, levi, nitidd ; atro-purpured, lineis pallidis transversis, ubique cinctd; anfractibus paulum convexis ; aperturd obliqud, subrotundatd ; labio albo, simplici, arcuato ; labro intus sulcato, margaritaceo, vivide iridescenti.
Hab. New Zealand.
7. CANTHIRIDUS MONILIGER, A. Adams. OC. testd elevato- conicd, imperforatd, cinered, cingulis moniliformibus transversis ornatd ; interstitiis longitudinaliter elevate striatis ; anfracti- bus planis, apice purpureo, suturd canaliculatd ; anfractu ulti- mo angulato ; aperturd subquadratd ; columelld anticé subtrun- catd; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. Swan River, 8 fathoms (Jukes).
8. CANTHIRIDUS ARTICULARIS, A. Adams. C. testd elevato- conicd, levi, nitidd, cinered; cingulis confertis, nigro alboque
170
articulatis ornatd ; interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; anfrac- tibus planis, ultimo angulato, basi planiusculd, cingulis articu- latis sculptd; aperturd subquadratd ; columelld anticé sub- truncata ; labro intus levi, limbo articulato.
Hab. 2
9. CANTHIRIDUS ARTIZONA, A. Adams. (C. testd elevate conoi- ded, pallidd; cingulis carneolis angustis elevatis transversis ornatd ; interstitiis transversim striatis ; anfractu ultimo an- gulato; aperturd intus viridescenti; labro intus lirato, limbo rufo articulato.
Hab. 2
10. CanTuiripus RuFozona, A. Adams. C. testd conoided, pallidd, cingulis rubris transversis interstitiis planis ornatd; anfractu ultimo rotundato ; labro intus albo, levi, limbo rufo- articulato ; columelld albd.
Hab. 2
11. CanrHiripus TENEBROsSUS, A. Adams. C. testd parvd, elevato-conicd, imperforatd, subnigrd, transversim sulcatd, sul- cis albicantibus planis; anfractibus paulum convewis, ultimo subangulato, basi convexd ; aperturd subrotundatd, intus albd, margaritaced ; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. 2
12. CanrHiRipus nigricans, A. Adams. C. testd depresso- conicd, atro-purpured, cingulis elevatis transversis ornatd ; in- terstitiis longitudinaliter oblique striatis ; anfractu ultimo sub- angulato ; labro intus albo, sublevi, limbo nigro.
Hab. 2
13. CANTHIRIDUS PALLIDULUS, A. Adams. C. testd elevato- conicd, imperforatd, pallidd ; cingulis transversis elevatis luteo- articulatis ornatd ; interstitiis concinné longitudinaliter stria- tis; columelld subrectd, in medio tumidd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Australia.
Genus 11. ELeycuus, Swains. Phasianella, d., Menke.—Canthiridus, sp. Gray.
“yu
1, ELeycuus Baprus, Wood.
Trochus badius, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. fig. 46. Hab. 2
2. Eredcuus rosevs, Lamk.
Monodonta rosea, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 37. Hab. ?
3. Eveucuus LINEATUS, Lamk.
Monodonta lineata, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 38. Hab. ?
‘ 171 Ye
4. Evgewcuus rrisoponTEs, Quoy & Gaim. Trochus irisodontes, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de l’Astr. iil. p. 246.
. 63. f. 7-12.—Monodonta virgata, Menke.
Hab.
5. Ex.evucuus BELLULvS, Dunker.
Trochus bellulus, Dunker ; Phil. Abbild. t. 7. f. 6. Hab. 2
?
6. ELeucuus aprcinus, Menke.
Monodonta apicina, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 15.
Hab. 2
7. E.ewcuvus Leucostiema, Menke.
Trochus leucostigma, Menke; Phil. Abbild. t. 7. f. 7.—Phasia-
nella leucostigma, Menke.—Canthiridus variegatus, Gray.
Hab. 2 '
8. ELEYCHUS AUSTRALIS, Quoy & Gaim.
Trochus australis, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de l’Astr. pl. 63. f. 13, 14. Hab. 2
9. ELEYCHUS SPLENDIDULUS, Swains.
Eleuchus splendidulus, Swains. Treatise on Malacol. p. Hab. ?
10. Exretcuus vuuearis, A. Adams. Z£. testd ovato-conoided, subturritd, imperforatd, levigatd, virenti, transversim tenuis- simé striatd ; lineis undulatis viridis pictd, basi convexd ; aper- turd ovatd ; columellé basi dente acuto terminatd ; labro posticé subangulato.
Hab. Swan River.
11. Exevcuus rutizus, A. Adams. JZ. testd turrito-conicd, imperforatd ; spird acuminatd, virido-fuscd, lineis longitudina- libus rufescentibus ornatd, transversim striatd; anfractu ul- timo viz angulato; aperturd intus vivide iridescente; labro viridi marginato.
Hab. Australia.
Genus 12. Banxivia, Deshayes.
1. BANKIVIA PURPURASCENS, Beck. Bankivia purpurascens, Beck ; Deshayes, Manuel de Conchylio-
logie.— Bankivia varians, Gray, MS. Mus. Brit.
Hab. Australia.
2. Bankivia mAsor, A. Adams. B. testd ovato-turritd, nigro- Sused albo variegatd, levigatd, longitudinaliter oblique striatd ; anfractu ultimo ventricoso, transversim sulcato ; columelld albd, tortuosd.
Had. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
172
3. Banxivia nitipa, A. Adams. B. testd turritd, acuminatd, carneold, suturis nigricantibus, levi, nitidd, transversim tenu- issime striatd ; columelld anticé tortuosd; labro ad marginem nigricante.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
Genus 13. Tuatotsa, Gray. Elenchus, sp. Humph.—Helenchus, Herman.
1. TuHaxvotra picta, Wood.
Trochus pictus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 28.—Thalotia picta, Gray.—Monodonta turrita, Menke. Hab. New Holland.
2. THALOTIA PULCHERRIMA, Wood.
Trochus pulcherrimus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 45.—Tro- chus Preissii, Menke.—Trochus porcatus, Philippi. Hab. New Zealand.
3. THALOTIA AUSTRALIS, Quoy et Gaim.
Trochus australis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astrol. pl.63. f.13, 14. Hab. Australia.
4. Taatotia Lenmannt, Menke.
Trochus Lehmanni, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 18.—? Pha- sianella elegans, Lamarck. Hab. New Holland.
5. THALOTIA ELONGATA, Wood.
Trochus elongatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 19.—Trochus attenuatus, Jonas. Hab. ?
6. THALOTIA OBSCURA, Wood.
Trochus obscurus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 26.—Trochus signatus, Jonas. Hab. ?
7. THALOTIA PyRGoOs, Phil.
Trochus pyrgos, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 43. f. 14. Hab. ?
8. THALoTIA zEBUENSIS, A. Adams. Th. testd elevato-conoided, perforatd, atro-fuscd, fasciis longitudinalibus ornatd, transver- sim suleatd; anfractibus planulatis, ultimo rotundato, basi convead ; labio subrecto, anticé reflexo, dilatato ; apertura sub- circulari, intus albd ; labro intus levi, atro-marginato.
Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H.C.).
9. THALoTIA stRiGATA, A. Adams. Th. testd turrito-conicd, per- foratd, albidd, fasciis latis rufo-fuscis radiatd ; anfractibus in
a
173
medio angulatis porcis transversis subgranulosis, interstitiis lon- gitudinaliter striatis ornatd, basi convexd, concentricé porcatd ; umbilico aperto ; aperturd subrotundatd ; columella subflecuosd, basi truncatd ; labro intus lirato, margine crenulato.
Hab. Swan Point, N. Australia (Dring).
10. TwatoTiA zEBRIDES, A. Adams. Th. testd turrito-conicd, subperforatd, virescenti, lineis atro-purpureis longitudinalibus ornatd, porcis transversis confertis sculptd, longitudinaliter striatd, basi convexd ; umbilico subobtecto; columelld sinuaté, callo terminatd; labro intus lirato, margine atro-purpureo articulato.
Hab. ig
11. THatotia suturatis, A. Adams. Th. testd conied, subper- foratd, virescenti, lineis purpureis longitudinalibus undulatis ornatd, transversim liratd, longitudinaliter striatd ; anfractibus planis, supra suturam elevatis ; suturd canaliculatd, basi plani- usculad ; columella brevi, basi tuberculo terminatd ; labro intus levi, viridi.
Hab. Cape Upstart, Torres Straits, Australia, under stones, low
water (Dring).
12. THauotia TRIcINGULATA, A. Adams. Th. testd conicd, im- perforata, nigrd, lineis albis longitudinalibus ornatd ; anfrac- tibus angulatis, ultimo cingulis tribus transversis prominentibus
: instructo, basi convexd, cingulis concentricis nigro alboque ar- | ticulatis ornatd ; labio ad basin tuberculato; aperturd subro- tundatd, antes albd ; labro intus liris elevatis, atro-marginato.
Hab. f
13. THALOTIA CRENELLIFERA, A. Adams. Th. testd elevato- conicd, imperforatd, rufescente, rubro maculosd; spird acumi- natd, apice rubro; anfractibus planulatis, liris confertis, cre- nellatis, transversis, interstitiis oblique longitudinaliter striatis ; anfractu ultimo subangulato, basi convexiusculd ; aperturd sub- quadratd, intus albd ; columelld alba, incurvatd, antice truncatd.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
Genus 14. Monoponta, Lamarck.
Monodon, Schweiger.—Monodontes, Montfort.— Odontis, Sow.— Trochidon, Swains.—Diloma, Phil.—Trochulus, sp. Humph.
1. Monoponta LaBio, Linn. Trochus Labio, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. no. 595. p. 1230; Chemn.
Conch. pl. 166. fig. 1579-81. v. p. 60. Hab. 2
2. MONODONTA TURBINATA, Gmel.
Trochus turbinatus, Gmel. t. 63. f. D. E. Hab. ?
174
3. MonopontTa ASPERA, Chemn.
Trochus asper, Chemn. v. pl. 166. f. 3582. Hab. 2
4. MonoponTA CANALIFERA, Lamck.
Monodonta canalifera, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vil. p. 35. Hab. 2
5. MonopontTA AUSTRALIS, Lamck.
Monodonta australis, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vil. p. 35 ; Chemn. Conch. ii. t. 196. f. 1890, 1891.
Hab. ?
6. MonopontTa ATRATA, Gmel.
Turbo atratus, Gmel. 3601; Chemn. Conch. pl. 177. f.1754, 1755. —Monodonta canaliculata, Lamck.—Monodonta Fermoni, Payr. Hab. Island of Ticao, on stones on the reefs, low water (H. C.).
7. Monoponta viripts, Lamck. Monodonta viridis, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vil. p. 35. Hab. Port Essington (Jukes).
8. MonoponTA TRICARINATA, Lamck.
Monodonta tricarinata, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. vii. p. 36. Hab. 2
9. Monoponta BaccaTa, Menke. Monodonta baccata, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 14. no. 51. Hab. New Holland.
10. Monoponta DunxeErt, Koch. Monodonta Dunkeri, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, tab. 2. f. 5. Hab. ?
11. Monopvonta Puruiprtt, Koch. Monodonta Philippii, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, tab. 2. f. 6. Hab. 2
12. MonoponTAa CRENULATA, Menke.
Monodonta crenulata, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p.
Hab. 2
13. Monoponta AsPeRsA, Koch.
Trochus aspersus, Koch, Zeit. fur Malac. 1846, July, p. 103. Hab. 2
14. Monoponra INDECORA, Phil.
Trochus indecorus, Phil. Zeit. fur Malac. 1846, July, p. 104. Hab. 2
15. Monoponta GEMMATA, Gould.
Trochus (Monodonta) gemmatus, Gould, Exp. Shells, p. Hab. Sandwich Islands.
i
175
16. Monoponta Inconspicva, Phil. Trochus (Monodonta) inconspicuus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. t. 43. 12:
Hate
17. MonoponTa RuGuLosA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-conoi- ded, depressd, atro-fuscd, fasciis latis luteo-albis irregulariter pictd, cingulis rotundatis interruptis ornatd ; columelld basi bituberculatd, canali parallelo instructd, dente magno acuto ter- minatd ; labro duplicato, intus lirato.
Hab. 2
18. Monoponta crrcumcincta, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato- conoided, imperforatd, levi, nitidd, crassd, cingulis rubris albo viridt maculatis alternantibus pictd; anfractibus convezxis ; columelld basi tuberculatd, dente magno acuto terminatd ; labro duplicato, intus lirato.
Hab. Island of Ticao, on the stones on reefs at low water (H. C.).
19. MonopontTa TuBEeRCULATA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato- conoided, imperforatd, crassd, viridescenti, cingulis tuberculo- rum oblongorum violaceorum ornatd ; anfractibus convezis; colu- melld basi trituberculatd, canali parallelo instructd, dente pro- minente acuto terminatd ; labro duplicato, intus lirato.
Hab. 2
Subgenus Arapasta, Gray. Operculum suborbicular, paucispiral.
Aradasia, Gray, in Mrs. Gray’s Figures of Molluscous Animals, p. 90. —! Otavia, Cantr.
20. Monoponta suucirerA, A. Adams. M. testd globoso- conicd, umbilicatd, fuscd, cingulis granorum distantium monili- Sormibus, interstitiis profundé sulcatis, sulcis sublevibus longi- tudinaliter striatis ornatd ; columelld ad basin trisulcatd, dente parvo acuto instructd ; labro tenui, intus sulcato.
Hab. Roebuck Bay, North Australia (Dring).
21. Monovonta cLaTHRaAtTA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-conoi- ded, alba, imperforatd, cingulis subgranosis distantibus ornatd, in anfractu ultimo septem, interstitiis costulis longitudinalibus eleganter clathratis; columella tuberculo parvo terminatd ; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. Guidulman, island of Bohol, rocky ground, 60fathoms(H.C.).
22. Monoponta TricineuLata, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso- conoided, umbilicatd, rubente, albo et fusco variegatd, cingulis parvulis granorum ornatd; suturd canaliculatd; anfractibus convexis, carinis tribus transversis prominentibus cinctis ; um- bilico profundo ; columella ad basin tuberculo parvo terminatd ; labro expanso, tenui, intus levi.
Hah. Malacca ; Singapore, fine sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.).
176
23. Monoponta PHILIPPINA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso- conicd, perforata, fused nigro punctatd ; cingulis granulatis in- a@qualibus ornatd, interstitiis clathratulis ; umbilico parvo ; columelld tuberculo parvo terminatd ; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, in coarse sand, 9 fathoms ;
Bolinao, province of Zambales, island of Luzon, sandy mud, 10 fa- thoms (H. C.).
1, 24. Monovonta epentuLA, A. Adams. MM. testd ovato-conoi- y ded, umbilicatd, fused, costellis transversis imbricatis, interstitiis clathratis sculptd; anfractibus valde rotundatis ; umbilico in- fundibuliformi ; columelld subrectd, basi tuberculo terminatd ; labro margine crenulato. Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samar, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
wh9 UVF
25. Monoponta roveotata, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso- conoided, subperforatd, crassd, albd, cingulis transversis nodulo- sis subdistantibus (in anfractu ultimo septem), interstitiis cos- tellis longitudinalibus foveolatis ornatd ; columelld dente minuto terminatd ; labro intus crasso et lirato.
Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, on pearl oysters, 8 to 10 fathoms (H.C.).
Mus. Cuming.
26. Monoponta exicua, A. Adams. M. testd parvd, conoided, umbilicatd, albidd fusco variegatd, cingulis transversis granulosis interstitiis longitudinaliter liratis ornatd; anfractibus parum convexis, ultimo subangulato ; umbilico recto, dente valido acuto terminatd ; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. Japan (Siebold).
27. Monoponta ruBRA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-conoided, umbilicatd, rubrd, cingulis transversis granorum moniliformibus a@quantibus interstitiis lineis longitudinalibus impressis ornatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, suturd canaliculatd, umbilico magno ; columella rectd, dente prominente terminatd ; labro intus crasso, sulcato.
Hab.
28. Monoponta ALveouaTa, A. Adams. M. testd globoso- conoided, umbilicatd, albidd, fasciis fuscis longitudinalibus undulatis pictd, cingulis transversis granorum acutorum inter- stitiis costis longitudinalibus alveolatis ornatd ; suturd canali- culatd; umbilico angusto; columelld rectd, dente valido termi- natd; labro intus valde lirato.
Hab. Guidulman, island of Bohol, rocky ground, 60 fathoms ;
Baclayon, island of Bohol, under stones, low water ; island of Capul, on the reefs at low water (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
4
29. Monoponta anGuuirERA, A. Adams. M. testa elevato- conoided, imperforatd ; anfractibus planiusculis, imbricatis, in- ferne angulatis, longitudinaliter nodoso-costatis, cingulis trans-
177
versis tuberculorum subdistantium interstitiis alveolatis ornatd ; anfractu ultimo subangulato ; columelld rectd, brevi, dente parvo terminatd ; labro subduplicato, intus sulcato. : Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, sandy mud, 6 fathom (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
30. Monoponta stranGeE1, A. Adams. WM. testd conoided, perforatd, fuscd, cingulis granorum equalibus confertis ornatd ; anfractibus parum convexis, ultimo subangulato ; columelld cur- vatd, dente obtuso terminatd; labro intus sulcato, tuberculo prope basin columelle.
Hab. Sydney, under stones (Strange).
31. Monoponta puncticeRa, A. Adams. UM. testd globoso- conoided, umbilicatd, albd fusco punctatd, cingulis granulosis inequalibus rufo-punctatis ornatd; suturd canaliculatd ; an- Sractibus rotundatis ; umbilico aperto, infundibuliformi ; colu- melld recta, brevi, basi bituberculatd, dente parvo acuto termi- ' natd; labro expanso, intus sulcato.
Hab. Singapore, fine sand, 6 fathoms (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
32. Monoponta ExASPERATA, A. Adams. M. testd globoso- conoided, umbilicatd, subdepressd, albidd nigro-variegatd, cin- gulis spino-granulatis exasperatd ; columelld sinuatd, dente prominenti terminatd ; labro incrassato, duplicato, intus valde lirato.
Hab, Sibonga, island of Zebu, at low water (H.C.); island of
Siquijor, under stones. Mus. Cuming.
33. Monoponta spiLoTa, A. Adams. WM. testd parvd, ovato- depressd, conoided, imperforatd, levi, nitidd, viridi, maculis pal- lidis triangularibus ; columelld pland, albd, canali parallelo instructd, dente obtuso terminaté ; labro duplicato, intus lirato.
Hab. ?
34. Monoponta tirostoma, A. Adams. WM. testd elevato- conicd, imperforatd, albidd ; anfractibus planis, cingulis tribus granulatis, interstitiis valde clathratis; suturd canaliculatd ; anfractu ultimo angulato; columelld tuberculatd ; labro intus valde lirato.
Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, on pearl oysters, 8 to 10 fathoms (H.C.).
Mus. Cuming.
Genus 15. Lasio, Oken.
Osilinus, Philippi.—Trochius, Leach. — Gibbium, Gray.—Monodonta, sp. Lamek.—Melagraphia, Steutz.
1. Lasio constricta, Lamck.
Monodonta constricta, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 36.— Monodonta interrupta, Menke (olim).—L’ Oslin, Adanson.
Hab. Australia. No. CCXXX.—Procrepinés or THE ZooLoGicaL Socrery.
178
2. LaBio TESSELLATA, Chemn.
Trochus tessellatus, Chemn. Conch. t. 166. f. 1583-87.—Trochus tessellatus, Born.—Monodonta fragarioides, Lamck.—Monodonta Olivieri, Payr.
Hab. New Zealand.
3. Lasio ZEBRA, Wood.
Trochus zebra, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 18.—Trochus atratus, Wood.
Hab. 2
4. LABIo RETICULARIS, Wood.
Trochus reticularis, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 35.—Turbo lunaris, &c., Chemn. Conch. pl. 185. f. 1849.—Tr. concameratus, Wood.
Hab. New Zealand and Australia.
5. LABIO ARTICULATA, Lamck.
Monodonta articulata, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 36.— Monodonta Draparnaudii, Payr.
Hab. Malta.
6. Lasro suLcata, Wood. Trochus sulcatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 40. Hab. New Zealand (Earl).
7. LaBio TZNIATA, Quoy et Gaim.
Trochus teniatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrol. p. 249. pl. 63. f. 15-17.
Hab. New Zealand.
8. Lasio stTRIOLATA, Quoy et Gaim.
Trochus striolatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astr. p. 253. pl. 63. f. 18-22.
Hab. Australia.
9. LaBio ZEALANDICA, Quoy et Gaim.
Trochus Zealandicus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. del Astr. p. 237. pl. 64. f. 12—15.
Hab. New Zealand.
10. Lasio c1neuLaTA, Quoy et Gaimard.
Trochus cingulatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de |’ Astr. p. 259. pl. 64. f. 16-20.—Trochus radula, Philippi.
Hab. New Zealand.
11. Lasrio NIGERRIMA, Gmel.
Turbo nigerrimus, Gmel. Chemn. v. pl. 185. f. 1848. Hab. New Zealand (Earl).
12. LaBio suBROsTRATA, Gray.
Monodonta subrostrata, Gray. Hab. Australia.
179
13. Lasro MELANoLoMA, Menke.
Monodonta melanoloma, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. specim. p. 14. no. 50.—Trochus melanonoma, Phil. Abbild. p- 22.
Hab. New Zealand.
14. Lasro Tamstt, Dunker. Trochus Tamsii, Dunker, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 5. f. 3. Hab. South Africa; Guinea; Cape of Good Hope.
15. Lasro scorpio, Gray.
Monodonta scorpio, Gray. Hab. New. Zealand.
16. Lasio pica, Chemn.
Turbo pica, Chemn. Conch. vy. pl. 175. f. 1850.—Trochus zebri- nus, Philippi.
Hab. New Zealand.
17. Lazio tineata, Da Costa.
Turbo lineatus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p- 100. pl. 6. f. 7.—Trochus erassus, Pultney.—Monodonta lugubris, Lamk.—Trochus punctula- tus, Blainv.— Monodonta crassa, MacGill.—Trochus lineatus, Forbes & Hanley.
Hab. British Islands.
18. Lasro TURGESTINA, Phil. Trochus turgestinus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.
19. Lasio rypEcora, Phil. Trochus indecorus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.
20. Lasio ruteurata, Phil. Trochus fulguratus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.
21. Lasio crinrrvs, Phil. Trochus crinitus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.
22. Lasio porcata, A. Adams. J. testd ovato-conoided, imper- Soratd, fuscd albo reticulata 3 anfractibus convexis, transversim carinatis, carinis numerosis, elevatis, distantibus 3s labio albo, inferné subcalloso ; labro intus suleato.
Hab. Australia.
23. Lasio PORCIFERA, A. Adams. L. testd orbiculato-conicd, imperforatd, fulvescente, liris transversis @equidistantibus nigro- articulatis ornaté ; longitudinaliter oblique striatd ; labio plano, regione umbilicali impresso ; columella tuberculis duobus, infe- riore majore ; labro intus duplicato, margine luteo nigro-articu- lato.
Hab.
24. Lasio rupis, A. Adams. LZ. testd orbiculato-conicd, imper- Soratd ; spird obtusa, lutescente, lineis transversis nigris ornati,
2
180
longitudinaliter oblique striatd, transversim subexaratd ; labio complanato ; columelld anticé subtuberculatd ; labro nigro luteo- que intus marginato.
Hab. Australia.
25. Lasio ruticrnea, A. Adams. L. testd orbiculato-conicd, imperforatd, nigra, liris transversis equidistantibus luteo-ar- ticulatis ornatd; regione umbilicali impressd ; columelld tu- berculis duobus, antico majore; labro duplicato, nigro-margi- nato.
Hab.
26. Lasio corrosa, A. Adams. L. testd turbinatd, imperforatd, spird elevatiusculd, anfractibus rotundatis, rugosd, cinereo- lutescente; anfractu ultimo subangulato ; labio complanato ; columella simplici ; labro luteo marginato.
Hab. New Zealand (Hart).
27. Lasro concotor, A. Adams. L. testd turbinato-conicd, im- perforatd; spird acutd, brunned, longitudinaliter oblique stri- atd, transversim subliratd ; labio complanato, regione umbili- cali impresso ; columelld arcuatd, anticé tuberculo terminatd ; labro nigro-fusco marginato.
Hab. New Zealand (Hart).
2
Genus 16. CHLorostoma, Swainson.—Ozystele, Philippi.
1. CHLOROSTOMA ARGYROSTOMA, Chemn.
Trochus argyrostomus, Chemn. v. pl. 165. f. 1562, 1563. Hab. Cape of Good Hope.
2. CHLOROSTOMA AGRESTE, Chemn.
Trochus agrestis, Chemn. v. pl. . f. 1645, 1646.—Trochus rusti- cus, Gmel. Hab. South Seas.
3. CHLOROSTOMA NIGERRIMUM, Gmel.
Trochus nigerrimus, Gmel.; Chemn. v. pl. . f. 1647. Hab. New Zealand.
4. CHLOROSTOMA ATRUM, Lesson.
Trochus ater, Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Moll. pl. 16. f. 2.— Trochus atropurpureus, Jonas.
Hab, Valparaiso, under stones (H. C.).
5. CHLOROSTOMA M@STUM, Jonas. Trochus mestus, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, August, p. 113. Hab. Chili.
6. CHLOROSTOMA TIGRINUM, Chemn.
Trochus tigrinus, Chemn. v. pl. 165. f. 1566. Hab. Algoa. Bay.
181
7. CHLOROSTOMA CARINATUM, Koch.
Trochus carinatus, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Troch. t. 2. f. 3. Hab. Valparaiso, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.).
8. CHLOROSTOMA EURYOMPHALUS, Jonas.
Trochus euryomphalus, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, August, p.113. Hab. West coast of America.
9. CHLOROSTOMA STENOMPHALUS, Jonas.
Trochus stenomphalus, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, August, p. 114. —Trochus tridens, Jonas, olim.—Trochus microstomus, D’Orbigny.
Hab. Valparaiso.
10. CHLOROSTOMA MERULA, Chemn.
Trochus merula, Chemn. v. pl. 165. f.1564, 1565.—Trochus Sinen- sis, Gmel.—Trochus lugubris, Lamk. Hab. Cape of Good Hope.
11. CHLOROSTOMA MARGINATUM, Nuttall.
Trochus marginatus, Nuttall, MSS. Hab. Upper California.
12. CHLOROSTOMA CICER, Menke.
Trochus cicer, Menke, Phil. Abbild. Troch. t. 3. f. 5. Hab. 2
13. CHLOROSTOMA SAGITTIFERUM, Lamk.
Trochus sagittiferus, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. Hab. 2
14. CHLOROSTOMA TABULARE, Krauss.
Trochus tabularis, Krauss, Sudafrik. Mollusk. p. 97. t. 5. f. 30. Hab. Cape of Good Hope.
15. CHLoROsTOMA LzvVE, Chemn.
Trochus levis, Chemn. Conch. v. p. 171. f. 1670.—Trochus levi- gatus, Gmel.—Trochus Richardi, Payraud.
Hab. 2
16. CHLoROsToMaA sAuciAaTuM, Koch.
Trochus sauciatus, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 5. f. 7. Hab. 2
17. CHLOROSTOMA BICANALICULATUM, Dunker.
Trochus bicanaliculatus, Dunker, Phil. Abbild. Troch. t. 5. f. 4. Hab. 2
18. CuLorostoma Preirrert, Philippi.
Trochus Pfeifferi, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 104. Hab. 2
182
19. CHLOROSTOMA G ALLINA, Forbes.
Trochus gallina, Forbes, Molk-Kellett-s-Vey= P. ” $8 $ in 8 Sa. 27 7 Hab. 2
20. CHLOROSTOMA PULLIGO, Martyn. Trochus pulligo, Martyn.
Hab. ?
21. CHLOROSTOMA 1MPERVIUM, Menke.
Trochus impervius, Menke, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holland.—Trochus suavis, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 42. f. 1. Hab. New Holland.
22. CHLOROSTOMA ODONTIS, Wood.
Trochus odontis, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 37. Hab. Port Philip, on the rocks at low water (Jukes).
23. CHLOROSTOMA CASTANEUM, A. Adams. C. testd obliqué conicd, umbilicatd, castaned ; anfractibus planis, longitudinali- ter obsoleté nodoso-plicatis et obliqué striatis, penultimo infra marginato, ultimo acutangulo, basi concavo pallide fusca, lineis viridi-fuscis radiatim pictd; umbilico infundibuliformi, per- spectivo, intus albo, peromphalo albo lined elevatd cincto ; aper- turd subrhomboided ; columelld supra sinuatd, basi dente ter- minatd.
Hab.
24. CHLorostoma unpuLosum, A. Adams. C. testd globoso- conicd, imperforatd ; spird depressd, virescenti lineis undulatis atro-purpureis longitudinalibus ornatd, longitudinaliter sub- striatd ; labio complanato, margine columellari subtuberculato ; labro intus sulcato, margine luteo, atro-purpureo articulato.
Hab. New Zealand (Zar).
25. CHLOROSTOMA TURBINATUM, A. Adams. C. testd turbi- natd, profunde umbilicatd, nigrd ; spird obtusd, longitudinaliter subplicatd, transversim sulcosd ; anfractu ultimo rotundato, re- gione umbilicali partim callo lutescente obtectd ; columella anticé bituberculatd ; labro nigro marginato.
Hab. 2
26. CuHLorostoma ruGosuM, A. Adams. C. testd turbinato- conoidali, profunde umbilicatd, luteo-fuscd, nigro variegatd, lon- gitudinaliter nodoso-plicatd, transversim sulcatd ; anfractu ul- timo rotundato, infra suturam angustato ; columelld incurvatd, anticé bituberculatd, tuberculo supremo magno, prominente ; la- bro fusco marginato.
Hab. §
27. CHLOROSTOMA CORRUGATUM, A. Adams. C. testd orbicu- lato-conoidali, profundé umbilicatd ; spird subacutd, longitudi-
2
183
naliter corrugato-plicatd et oblique striatd; anfractu ultimo subrotundato, basi plano convexo, regione umbilicali albido sub- calloso ; columelld tuberculis duobus, supremo magno.
Hab. ?
28. CHLOROsTOMA TROPIDOPHORUM, A. Adams. C. testd or- biculato-depressd, profunde umbilicaté ; spird brevi, nigrd, trans- versim sulcatd, cingulis transversis prominentibus ornatd; an- Sractu ultimo carinato, basi concentrice exarato, regione um- bilicali albo sulco circulari cireumdato; columelld tuberculis duobus, supremo acuto, prominente.
Hab. Valparaiso.
29. CHLOoROsTOMA MACULOSUM, A. Adams. (C. testd conicd, profundé umbilicatd, viridi-fuscd, maculis nigro-fuscis ornatd ; anfractibus planulatis, longitudinaliter substriatis, transversim striatis ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi concavo 3 columellé anticé tuberculo acuto terminaté.
Hab. ?
30. CHLOROsTOMA SEMINODOSUM, A. Adams. (C. testd de- presso-conicd, profunde umbilicatd, fusca ; anfractibus planulatis, superné subnodosis, longitudinaliter oblique striatis ; anfractu ultimo angulato, supra angulum cinguld transversd elevatd or- nato, basi planiusculd ; columelld tuberculis duobus, supremo acuto, prominente.
Hab.
31. CHLOROSTOMA ARTICULATUM, A. Adams. (C. testd orbicu- lato-conicd, umbilicatd, nigro-fuscd, cingulis transversis elevatis albo-articulatis ornaté ; anfractu ultimo subangulato, basi cin- gulis albo-articulatis instructo, regione umbilicali viridi; colu- melld tuberculo parvo terminatd.
Hab. 2
32. CHLOROSTOMA XANTHOsTIGMA, A. Adams. C. testd conoi- Wy
ded, imperforatd, glabra, nigrd, longitudinaliter oblique sub- striatd ; anfractibus parum rotundatis, basi concentrice [i- rato, luteo-carneolo ; regione umbilicali callo luteo obtectd ; columella arcuatd, basi dente terminatd et infra tuberculo in- structd.
Hab.
33. CHLOROSTOMA TURBINATUM, A. Adams. (C. testéd ovato- conoided, imperforatd, castaned, levi, longitudinaliter oblique striatd, striis transversis indistinctis insculptd ; anfractibus rotundatis, suturd angusté canaliculatd, regione umbilicali im- pressd ; labio curvato, basi dente et tuberculo terminatd 3 labro intus sulcato.
Hab. 4
2
Edy od SF
184
Genus 17. Gissutxa, Leach. Trochus, sp. Linn.—Steromphala, Leach.—Monodonta, sp. Lam.
1. GrpBuLA maGus, Linn.
Trochus magus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1228.—Trochus tuber- eulatus, Da Costa.
Hab. British Islands.
2. GiBBULA FanuLum, Gmel. Trochus Fanulum, Gmel., Petiver, Gazoph. t. 156. f. 15. Hab. Malta.
3. GrpsuLa pbectivis, Forskal.
Turbo declivis, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p.126; Chemn. Conch. pl.171. f. 1663, 1664.—Trochus Asgyptiacus, Gmel.
Hab. Suez.
4. GIBBULA CINERARIA, Linn.
Trochus cinerarius, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1229.—Trochus lineatus, Da Costa.—Trochus perforatus, Smith.—Trochus inflatus, Blainv.—Trochus versicolor, Andrg.—Trochus lineolatus, Potiez and Mich.—Trochus littoralis, Brown.—Trochus electissimus, Bean.
_Hab. British Tslands.
5. GiBBULA SCABRA, Linn.
Trochus scaber, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. no. 510. p. 785; Chemn. Conch. t. 171. f. 1667.
Hab. European Seas.
6. GIBBULA QUADRATA, Gmel.
Trochus quadratus, Gmel., Wood, Ind. Test. pl. 29. f.45; Chemn. Conch. pl. 171. f.1683.—Trochus Biasoletti, Philippi.—Trochus ma- gulus, Deshayes.
Hab. Mediterranean.
7. GIBBULA FuSCATA, Born.
Trochus fuscatus, Born, Test. Mus. Ceesar. t. 12. f. 1, 2.—Trochus umbilicaris, Lamk. (not Linn.)
Hab. 2
8. GippuLA CINEREA, Montague. Trochus cinereus, Mout., Donov. Nat. Hist. Brit. Sh. v. t.155. f. 3. Hab. Britain. ,
9. GrpBuLA prvaRicaTA, Linn.
Trochus divaricatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1229.—Trochus rarilineatus, Michaud.—? Turbo sanguineus, Gmel.
Hab. Mediterranean.
10. GisspuLa TumrDA, Montague. Trochus tumidus, Mont. Test. Brit. t. 10. f. 4. —Trochus Rackettii,
185
Payr.—Trochus patholatus, Dillw.—? Trochus nassaviensis, Chemn. —Trochus nitens, Woodward.—Margarita undulata, var. trochifor- mis, Forbes.—Fry, Skenea serpuloides, Macgillivray.
Hab. British Islands, Mediterranean.
11. GrpsuLa ADANSONI, Payraud.
Trochus Adansonii, Payr. Cat.—Trochus radiatus, Phil.—Trochus turbinoides, Desh.—Trochus euxinicus, Andrg. Hab. Corsica, France.
12. GrpBuLa AGATHENsIs, Recluz.
Trochus Agathensis, Recluz. Hab. ?
13. GrpBuLA varia, Gmel.
Trochus varius, Gmel.—Trochus varians, Desh.—T rochus Gabal- dianus (quibusd.).—Trochus levigatus, Gmel.? Hab.
14. GrpspuLa MULTICOLOR, Krauss.
Trochus multicolor, Krauss, Sudafrik. Moll. t. 5. f. 31. Hab. Cape of Good Hope.
15. Gisputa Paiipertt, Recluz.
Trochus Philberti, Recl. Hab. 4
16. GipBuLA sucunpa, Gould.
Trochus jucundus, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p- 56. Hab. ?
17. Grpputa Caprensis, Gmel.
Trochus Capensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. no. 40; Chemn. Conch. y. t. 171. f. 1661, 1662. Hab. Cape of Good Hope.
18. GIBBULA VULNERATA, Philippi.
Trochus vulneratus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846. Hab. 2
19. Grepua Fascrata, Born. Trochus fasciatus, Born.—Trochus canaliculatus, Phil.— Mono-
donta Fermonii, Payr. Hab. ?
20. GiBBULA UMBILICATA, Montague. Trochus umbilicatus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 286.—Trochus umbili- caris, Pennant.—Trochus umbilicalis, Da Costa.—Trochus oblique-
radiatus, Chemn.—Trochus cinerarius, Pultney. Hab. British Islands.
186
21. GiBBULA ROTELLIFORMIS, Philippi.
Trochus rotelliformis, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846. Hab. 2
22. GispuLa Apexarpa, Philippi.
Trochus Adelaide, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846. Hab. 2
23. GIBBULA OBLIQUATA, Gmel.
Trochus obliquatus, Gmel. Syst. Nat.; Wood, Suppl. Hab. 2
24. GipBuLA rumosa, Philippi.
Trochus fumosus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846. Hab. 2
25. GipspuLa sutcosa, A. Adams. G. testd conoided, umbili- catd, maculis roseis flammulis albo-punctatis variegatd, an- fractibus paulum convexis, longitudinaliter substriatd, trans- versim sulcatd, sulcis subdistantibus, anfractu ultimo subangu- lato, basi convewiusculd, lineis impressis concentricis sculptd ; aperturd suborbiculart ; columella superné sinuatd, basi sub- truncata.
Hab. Sir C. Hardy’s Island, North Australia, 8 fathoms, coarse
sand (Mr. Jukes).
26. GIBBULA MINDORENSIS, A. Adams. G. testd elevato-conot- ded, perforata, viridi-fuscd, fasciis pallidis longitudinalibus ornatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, liris transversis subgranulosis cinctis, ultimo subangulato, basi convexd ; columelld subrectd, basi tuberculo terminatd ; labro intus sulecato.
Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, in coarse sand, 9 fathoms
(H. C.).
27. GipspuLA unposA, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoided, umbilicatd, virescenti, lineis fusco-viridibus undatis longitudina- libus pictd ; anfractibus rotundatis, transversim tenue liratis, ultimo subangulato, basi convexd ; aperturd expansd, intus irt- descenti ; columelld superné sinuatd, basi rotundatd.
Hab. 2
28. GIBBULA PORCELLANA, A. Adams. G. testd depresso-conicd, late umbilicatd, glabrd, solidd, nitidd, lacted, lineis radiantibus undulatis pulcherrime pictd ; anfractibus planis cingulis pro- minentibus, duabus maculis albis et rufo-fuscis vivide pictis ornatd ; interstitiis transversim sulcatis, basi convexiusculd, cingulis concentricis lineis maculisque rufo-fuscis ornatd ; wm- bilico perspectivo, intus concentrice lirato, margine lined elevatd cincto ; columelld subrectd, basi rotundatd.
Hab. New Holland.
aN ‘
187
29. GipBuLA puLcurRa, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conicd, umbilicatd, rosed, ad suturam albo luteo Suscoque radiatim pul- cherrime pictd ; anfractibus planis, biangulatis, transversim suleatis, sulcis rubro-articulatis, anfractu ultimo angulato, cin- guld albo luteo nigro fuscoque eleganter pictd, basi convexd, concentricé suleatd ; umbilico intus albo, basi rotundatd.
Hab. Australia.
30. Gipputa Kauinota, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoi- ded, perforatd, virescenti, carneo cinereo variegatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, lineis elevatis albo-articulatis, superné gibbosis; su- turd profundd, anfractu ultimo rotundato, basi convex, cin- gulis articulatis concentricis ornatd, margine umbilici angulato, lined elevatd cincto ; columella superne sinuatd, basi subtrun- catd ; labro intus levi.
Hab. ?
31. GippuLa venusta, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoi- ded, umbilicatd, viridi-fuscd, maculis albis prope suturas, cin- gulis subdistantibus fusco rubroque articulatis, interstitiis li- ratis, longitudinaliter oblique striatd ; anfractibus superné gibbosis, rubro pictis; suturd canaliculatd, anfractu ultimo rotundato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis Susco alboque articu- latis, regione umbilicali roseo pictd ; columella sinuatd, basi truncatd. er
Hab. Australia. Sa thay
eee
32. GrsBuLa PuNcTo-costata, A. Adams. @G. testd turrito- conicd, lutescenti, umbilicatd ; anfractibus superné cingulis tri- bus nodulosis, rubro-articulatis nodulis punctatis, inferneé liris transversis nodulosis rubro-articulatis, infra, cinguld punceto- nodosd basi pland, cingulis concentricis subnodosis rubro-arti- culatis ornatd, margine umbilici lined elevatd cinctd ; columelld subrecti, basi truncatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Island of Capul, on the reefs at low water (H. C.).
33. GipBuLA Leucosticta, A. Adams. G. testd conoided, per- Soratd, ngrd, punetis lacteis pictd, anfractibus convexiusculis, transversim liratd, longitudinaliter striatd, liris subdistantibus albo-punctatis, interstitiis lineis elevatis transversis ornatd ; anfractu ultimo angulgto, basi convexiusculd, cingulis nigro alboque articulatd ; aperturd subrotundatd ; columella superne sinuatd, basi rotundatd.
Hab, Gindulman, island of Bohol, rocky ground (H. C.).
34. Grpputa nivosa, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoided,
umbilicatd, cinered, maculis nivosis subrotundatis pictd, trans- versim sulcatd, longitudinaliter substriatd ; aperturd subrotun- datd ; columelléd flexuosa, basi rotundatd.
Hab, ——?
> anda’
om .1953
Mm. 19¢
188
Genus 18. Monit, Swainson.—Talopia, Gray.
1. MoniLea CALLIFERA, Lamk.
Trochus calliferus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 27.—Tro- chus callosus, Wood. Hab. Philippines.
2. MoniLEA CALYCULUS, Wood.
Trochus calyculus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 2. f. 44.—Trochus Belcheri, Philippi. Hab. Eastern Seas.
3. MoniI.Lea BENZI, Krauss.
Trochus Benzi, Krauss, Sudafr. Moll. p. 99. t. 5. f. 32. Hab. South Africa.
4. MoniLeA NuCcLEvS, Phil.
Trochus nucleus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846. Hab. 2
5. Moniiea LentTiGiInossa, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato- conicd, umbilicatd, albidd, luteo fuscoque variegatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, cingulis subgranulosis confertis ornatis, ultimo rotun- dato, basi convexiusculd, regione umbilicali excavatd ; columella superné callosd, basi dente terminatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Ilo Ilo, island of Panay, 7 fathoms (H. C.).
6. MoniLea KALIsomA, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-conoi- ded, umbilicatd, lutescenti, cingulis purpureo-articulatis ornatd, cingulis subdistantibus, supremis granulatis, infimis planis ; an- fractibus planiusculis, ultimo subangulato, basi paulum con- vead, cingulis purpureo-maculatis insculptd ; columelld superné sinuatd, basi dente terminatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. 2
7. Moniiea pLtumBEA, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-conoided, umbilicatd, plumbed ; anfractibus rotundis, cingulis granorum transversis in paribus dispositis ornatd, basi convexd ; umbilico mediocri, intus albo; columelld brevi, superné sinuatd, basi dente terminatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. 2
8. Monruea tirata, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-conicd, umbilicatd, pallidd ; anfractibus paulum convezis, liris trans- versis elevatis distantibus, interstitiis decussate striatis orna- tis ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi convexd, margine umbilici sulco cincto.
Hab. 2
9. MoniLea pusttuA, A. Adams. WM. testé orbiculato-conicd, umbilicatd, rubescenti, fusco variegatd ; anfractibus planiuscu- lis, cingulis granorum transversum distantibus (circa quatuor)
189
ornatis, interstitiis transversim striatis ; columelld in medio sinuatd. Hab.
10. Monrzea swarnsontil, A. Adams. WM. testd conoided, umbi- licatd, albidd, nigro variegatd ; anfractibus planis, cingulis sub- granosis, albo nigroque articulatis ornatis, ultimo subangulato, basi planiusculd, cingulis rufo-articulatis ornatd ; columella basi tuberculaté ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. 2
2
Genus 19. Marearita, Leach.—Trochus, sp. Auct.
1. Marearita HeEticrna, O. Fabricius.
Turbo helicinus, O. Fabr. Faun. Greenland. p. 393.—Trochus ne- ritoides, Gmel.—Turbo margarita, Montag.— Helix margarita, Las- key.—Phorcus margarita, Risso.—Trochus margaritus, Gray —Mar- garita vulgaris, Leach.—Margarita arctica, Gould.—Margarita helicina, Moller.—Margarita margarita, Brown.—Margarita heli- coides, Beck.—Turbo inflatus, Totten.—Paludina inflata, Menke.
Hab. British Islands.
2. MARGARITA GRENLANDICA, Beck.
Margarita Grenlandica, Beck ; Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. 10. Hab. Greenland.
3. MARGARITA UMBILICALIS, Brod. and Sow.
Margarita umbilicalis, Brod. and Sow. Zool. Journ. iv. ; Conch. Tllustr. f. 5.
4. MARGARITA sTRIATA, Leach.
Margarita striata, Leach, Append. Ross’s Voy. to North Pole ; Gray, Zool. Journ. vol. ii. p. 567.—Turbo carneus, Lowe.—Marga- rita carnea, Sow.
Hab. 2
5. Marearita Guauca, Moller.
Margarita glauca, Maller, Ind. Moll. Greenland. p. ¥ Hab. Greenland.
6. MarGarira unpuLata, Sowerby.
Margarita undulata, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. 4.—Turbo incarnatus, Couthouy.
Hab. Casco Bay.
7. Marearita ospscura, Couthouy. Turbo obscurus, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.ii. 100. pl. 3.f.2. Hab. 2
8. Marearira vanuxit, Moller.
Margarita Vahlii, Moll. Ind. Moll. Greenland. p. 81. Hab. Greenland.
190
9. MarGariITA ACUMINATA, Sowerby.
Margarita acuminata, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. 7. Hab. ?
10. Marearita cosTeLuata, Sowerby.
Margarita costellata, Sow. Conch. Ilustr. f. 15. Hab. q
11. MarGARITA ARGENTEA, Gould.
Margarita argentea, Gould, Invert. Massachuss. p. 256. f. 164. Hab. Casco Bay.
12. MARGARITA NITILIGINEUS, Menke.
Trochus nitiligineus, Menke, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl. p. Hab. Misamis, island of Mindanao, sandy mud (ZZ. C.).
13. MarGarita cineREA, Couthouy. Turbo cinereus, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 99. pl. 3. f.9.
—Trochus costalis, Lovén. i
14. MARGARITA SULCATA, Sow.
Margarita suleata, Sowerby, Conch. Illustr. f. 1. Hab. Greenland.
15. MarGaRITA SOLARIIFORMIS, Sowerby.
Margarita solariiformis, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. : Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.).
16. MARGARITA BICARINATA, Adams and Reeve.
M. bicarinata, Adams and Reeve, Moll. Voy.Samarang, pl.11. f.11. Hab. Eastern Seas.
17. Marecarira cartnata, A. Adams. WM. testd elevato-conicd, perforatd, fuscd, liris transversis ornatd, supertoribus duabus costellis longitudinalibus decussatis, inferioribus planis, inter- stitiis longitudinaliter tenuissime striatis; basi planiusculé, cingulis concentricis, interstitiis radiatim striatis insculptd ; margine umbilict crenulato. .
Hab. Catbalonga, coarse sand, 8 fathoms (H. C.).
18. Marcarira ancuuaTA, A. Adams. M. testd orbiculato- conicd, laté umbilicatd, albidd, fusco variegatd ; anfractibus supra angulatis, transversim omnino striatis ; basi convexd, con- centricé striatd ; umbilico magno, perspectivo.
Hab. Sandwich Islands.
19. Margarita caALosroma, A. Adams. WM. testd conoided, erassd, perforatd, transversim valde sulcatd, albidd; anfracti- bus subrotundatis, ultimo subangulato ; aperturd rotunda, intus vivide violascenti iridescenti ; umbilico callo, columellari subob- tecto; labri margine argenteo.
Hab. Juan de Fuco, Upper California.
191
42,9020. Marearira cuminet, A. Adams. M. testd elevato-conicd,
cinered, lineis fuscis undulatis pictd, late umbilicatd ; anfracti- bus costellis transversis ornatis, ultimo tribus liris intermediis cincto, longitudinaliter elevate striato ; umbilico magno, cinguld erenulatd cinctd, intus lineis radiantibus et transversis elegan- ter decussato.
Hab. Philippines.
21. Marearita vARIABILIS, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculdto- conicd, subdepressd, laté umbilicatd, pallidd, fusco griseo al- boque varie pictd; anfractibus rotundatis, transversim valde sulcatis ; umbilico perspectivo, margine crenulato; basi plani- usculd ; labio margine subcrenulato.
Hab. 2
22. MarGarita BALTEATA, A. Adams. UM. testd orbiculato- conicd, vix umbilicatd, grised, fusco tessellatd ; anfractibus gib- bosis, transversim valde sulcatis ; anfractu ultimo subangulato ; basi planiusculd, concentricé sulcatd; columelld curvatd, vir truncatd,
Hab. 2
23. Marearira TessELLATA, A. Adams. M. testd depresso- conicd, laté umbilicatd, levi, cinered, regulariter griseo tessel- latd; anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo subangulato; basi convexd; umbilico intus albido; aperturd rotundd, intus viridi-irides- centi.
Hab.
2
Subgenus Puotina, H. and A. Adams.
Shell smooth, subconical; spire depressed; axis covered by a
smooth callus; columella ending in a simple point.
This section includes all the species of Margarita that are not
umbilicated.
1. PHotina TH2N1IATA, Wood. Trochus teniatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 12.—Trochus
bicolor, Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille.—Margarita teniata, Sow.
Hab. East Falkland (Don).
2. PHOTINA CHRULESCENS, King.
Margarita cerulescens, King, Zool. Journ. vol. v. Hab.
3. PHotina ExPAnsa, Sow.
Margarita expansa, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. : Hab. 2
4, PHOTINA SIGARETINA, Sow.
Margarita sigaretina, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. 14. Hab.
V
192
5. Puotina viovacea, King.
Margarita violacea, King, Zool. Journ. vol. v. p- 346. Hab. 2
6. PHoTiIna LINEATA, Sow.
Margarita lineata, Sow. Proc. Zool. Soc.
Hab. 2
(oh, 1993 7. Puorina nigra, A. Adams. P. testd depresso-conicd, im-
19 ge " hi) 4» (VFS
perforatd, solidd, nigrd, levi ; anfractibus subrotundatis, trans- versim sulcatis ; longitudinaliter oblique substriatd ; anfractu ultimo subangulato; regione umbilicali impressd ; callo albo obtecto.
Hab,
8. Puotina Frusca, A. Adams. P. testd obliqud, subconicd, ni- tidd, fusco variegatd ; anfractibus parum convexis, transversim sulcatis, ultimo subangulato; aperturd subrotundatd, intus viridi tridescenti.
Hab. ?
9. PHotina Sanpwicatana, A. Adams. PP. testd orbiculato- conicd, imperforatd, levi, albidd, viridi fuscoque maculata ; anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo subangulato, apice roseo ; aper- turd apertd, orbiculatd, intus viridi margaritaced ; labio albo ; umbilico callo albo obtecto.
Hab. Mataineka, Sandwich Islands.
?
Mr. Oswald then communicated the following remarks by Mr. Mack, on the fact of black eggs being laid by a white duck of the ordinary domestic breed :—
“« The egg (observes Mr. Mack) which is herewith sent was laid by a white duck, one of two belonging to Mr. Dickinson of Mitcham, which stray during the day on the common, but are confined at night. The drake was lost about a month since, and then one of the ducks commenced laying black eggs, the other still continuing to lay white ones,—she laid ten or twelve and then ceased for some days ; she has again commenced laying black eggs. The ducks are fed once a day with barley, at the time the other poultry are fed.
«* Mr. Dickinson, showing the egg this morning to one of the guards on temporary duty on the Brighton rail at Croydon, he said he had a duck which laid the same colour, or even blacker, and that he had raised (at East Bourne) two broods of ducks from black eggs.”
Haling Cottage, Croydon, May 24, 1851.
y J
J. Wolf,
lith
TZN LP TE FA
ie ond)
Troc.. 7. O. AVGsaee lie
ERYTHROPYGIA. Sclater a
J Wolf’ lith.
TA NIOPTERA STRIATICOLLIS. Selgter
193
June 10, 1851. John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. The following papers were read :—
1. ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF BIRDS OF THE GENUS THNIOPTERA. By Puiure Lutruey Scrater, B.A., F.Z.S. etc.
(Aves, Pl. XLI. XLII.)
TZNIOPTERA ERYTHROPYGIA, Sclater. T. nigrescens ; vertice Sronte guldque canescente-griseis; maculd secundariorum albd ; uropygio, abdomine toto crissoque, cum tectricibus caude supe- rioribus et alarum inferioribus levitér brunneo-rufis ; rectricibus brunneo-rufis nigro terminatis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.
Long. tot. 9 unc. 5 lin. ; alee, 5 unc. 7 lin. ; caudee, 4 unc. 4 lin. ;
rostri 4 rictti, 1 unc. ; a fronte, 6 lin.
Hab~ in republicé Equatoriana.
Wings and interscapulars black, growing lighter towards the crown, and greyish white on front and throat; breast darkish grey ; outer web of the last four or five secondaries broadly edged with white, forming a white mark on the wing ; lower back and tail-coverts and whole body beneath below the breast, as also under wing-coverts, light brownish rufous; tail-feathers the same, but broadly tipped with black. For the loan of this and the following species I have to thank Mr. Edward Wilson, who received them from M. Verreaux of Paris. I was at first inclined to refer both species to the genus Agriornis of Mr. Gould, but having had through Mr. G. Gray’s kindness an op- portunity of examining the type of that form, Agriornis lividus* (Kit- litz), I now consider them better placed in the present genus Teni- optera, with which they agree in all their distinctive characters.
TZNIOPTERA STRIATICOLLIS, Sclater. T. supra saturate fumoso- brunnea ; uropygio paululim rufescente tincto; superciliis ru- Fescente-albidis ; pennis cauddque nigris ; secundariis tertiartisque leviter brunnescente marginatis ; infra leviter brunneo-rufa ; gut- ture toto colloque albis nigro striatis ; rectricibus remigibusque brunneo-rufis nigro terminatis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.
Long. tot. 9 unc. 5 lin. ; alee, 5 unc. 3 lin. ; caude, 4 unc. ; rostri a
rictu, 1 unc. 4 lin.; a fronte, 74 lin.
Hab. in republica Equatoriana.
Above dark smoke-brown ; an obscure whitish line from the bill to the top of the eye; quill-feathers brown-rufous, outer margins and ends black ; secondaries, tertials, and wing-coverts nearly black, mar- gined with light brown; beneath brown-rufous ; chin, throat and neck white, with longitudinal striz of black ; tail-feathers brown- rufous, the two outer broadly tipped with black ; the rest have also the outer web black, except the two medial, which are wholly black.
* Tyrannus gutturalis, Voy. de la Favorite, Ois. t. 11. No. CCXXXI.—Procerpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
194
This species is of the same form as the former, from which it may be distinguished by its shorter and weaker beak, and the want of the rufous colouring on the rump and upper tail-coverts, as also by the conspicuous striz on the neck and throat.
2. NOTES ON AN UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF TAILOR-BIRD. By Dr. NicHotson.
It may appear irregular to use what has been meant and applied as a specific name, as a generic one, but then that name appears to me to include, and to be indiscriminately applied to, two or three di- stinct birds, as we may gather by looking at the accompanying sketch, by the examination of the species described by Colonel Sykes as inhabiting the Dukhun, and by reading the following description, taken from Forbes, ‘Oriental Memoirs,’ p. 34. vol. i., under the name of Motacilla sutoria :—“ The Tailor-bird resembles some of the humming-birds at the Brazils in shape and colour ; the hen is clothed in brown, but the plumage of the cock displays the varied tints of azure-purple, green and gold, so common in those American beauties.” Often have I watched the progress of an industrious pair of Tailor- birds, in my garden, from their first choice of a plant, until the com- pletion of the nest, and the enlargement of their young.
Now, it is evident either that Mr. Forbes alludes to a distinct and an uncommon species, which I have never met with, or else he must have mistaken the common Cinnyris or Sun-bird representing the Humming-birds, and both sexes of which he has generally described above. But then the Cinnyris builds a common-shaped nest in the fork of a branch, in fashion resembling that of the humming-birds.
This is a resident bird, not very conspicuous, as it keeps hopping about among the brushwood and plants. It has a loud, short, and not unmelodious song ; its general cry is ‘ wheet, wheet, wheet,’ often repeated ; but its alarm-cry is like ‘ cheertah, cheertah, cheertah.’
I have found its singular sewn nest containing eggs or young at all seasons of the year, in May and in November; and this may be owing to the vegetation of gardens being always kept up by means of artificial irrigation ; for cultivated spots seem its favourite, if not exclusive resort at least in the north of India. Though no doubt it haunts suitable jungles, I never observed it there, nor ever disco- vered its nest so situated; but I have found many nests in my gar- dens, both at Surat and at Raghote, as well as in Cutch. It seems to prefer the leaf of the Bringal (Solanum esculentum), or that of the Cucurbita octangularis, for the purposes of nidification ; and it lays four small white eggs, marked with faint dark spots at the larger end. After selecting a fitting leaf, it proceeds by means of its feet and beak to draw the edges together, perforating holes therein, and securing their proximity by threads of cotton, with bunches at the end to prevent their giving way. Then the nest is constructed inside the leaf, now forming a sort of corve, with cotton; the entrance is at the top, and the nest seems small in proportion to the bird. If this
rf>
ee
% Proc 7.5 Aves, ¥@
} M&N 7
195
bird should prove a distinct species, I would suggest the name of Sutoria agilis for it.
Weight of the male 23 drachms.
Length from bill to tail 54 inches. Alar extent 63 inches.
Head: bill long, slender and curved towards the point. Culmen slightly divides the frontal feathers, and is nearly on a line with the top of the head: there is an almost obsolete notch at the end of the upper mandible. Tongue short, slightly extensible, and divided into several filaments at the point. Gape wide, commissure under the eye; a small denuded spot above the commissure. Nostrils basal, pyriform, under a tegument; some small bristles and feathers re- flexed from the canthus of the eye towards the bill and over the nares. Eyes small. Iris greenish yellow. Eyelashes edged with small feathers. Eyelids bare. Four remarkable (but inconspicuous) bristles, like feathers, project from the back part of the occiput.
Wings short and perfectly rounded ; first quill only half as long as the second; fourth and fifth quills are longest ; the second, third and fourth graduated ; the first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh quills are emarginate“on the outer web.
Tail of twelve graduated feathers, the two outer being the short- est ; under-coverts are long.
Legs long, the tarsus iths of an inch; the outer toe longer than the inner. Hallux very strong, and as long as the outer toe, with a large pad beneath the base, its claw the largest; the tarsus is co- vered with seven scales in front and one entire behind; two large scales lie across the front of the foot; the claws are curved and sharp.
Contents of stomach a mass of insect exuvie.
Colours : all above dull green, tinged with ash, light brown towards the end of the tail and quills, which are lighter on the edges. Two- thirds of the front breadth of the neck, round the eye, the breast, belly and thighs (except a chestnut spot on the hallux) are silver- white ; there is, besides, a remarkable spot on the neck, of a brown colour, as if the white feathers had been deranged, showing the roots of a different colour. Bill ash-brown or horn-colour, the lower jaw lighter, and both lighter on the edges, as also are the legs and claws of the same colour; forehead of a fine chestnut ; crown of olive-brown.
3. NoTes ON A NEW SPECIES OF ARTAMUS, FROM INDIA. By Dr. NicHo.Lson.
(Aves, Pl. XLIII.)
These birds are only found in very thick jungles among the brush- wood, where they are always moving about, and are shot with great difficulty, and even then, if not killed outright, they are so tenacious of life, that they creep into the first hole or crevice they come to. The only note I ever heard was like ‘chick, chick.’ I think they
196
are residents, but the few I have seen just appear and are lost again in a moment, so that I know little of their habits; the one figured here had one leg and both wings broken, and still crept into the hole of a jerboa-rat, from which I dug it out dead.
Male: weight 6} oz.
Length from bill to tip of tail 72 inches. Alar extent 10 inches.
Head large. Bill strong, narrow and sharp, gently arched on the culmen ; a distinct notch near the tip of upper mandible ; gape wide. Tongue horny and divided at the pomt. Nostrils basal, small. Eye rather small. Iris of a silvery colour, tinged with yellow.
Wings rounded; first quill very short; third longest; second, third and fourth quills emarginate on outer web.
Tail short, and nearly even at the end, of twelve feathers, 2% inches long.
Tareas strong. Hallux and claw stronger than the other toes, and as long as the inner toe, and has a large pad at its base; the outer toe is shortest ; the claws are much hooked.
Contents of stomach were a few grains of Holcus spicatus and the exuviee of insects.
Plumage is soft and loose.
Colours: the whole top of the head is covered with a cap of black. Bill lead-colour at base and black at the point. The chin, the breast, and all underneath white; the body all above of a leaden colour. Quills and tail of a light black, edged with light on both webs; the outer web of the outer tail-feather is white, as well as the tips of the first five on each side. Feet and legs black.
I propose for this species the name of Artamus cucullatus.
4. OBSERVATIONS ON THE BREEDING OF THE NIGHTINGALE IN Captivity. By H. Han ey, Serceant-Masor Ist Lire Guarps.
Being of opinion that any bird which breeds in this country in a wild state, might, by studying its habits, be brought to do so ina state of captivity, I made preparations during the winter of 1844 for trying the Nightingale, which I considered to be the most retired in its habits of any of our summer visitants. I had a cage made, 4 feet long by 3 feet high, the back, ends and top solid, with a wire front, in which I placed a small Scotch fir-tree, planted in a flower-pot ; to each end of the cage I attached a common-sized canary’s breeding- cage, communicating with the large cage by a hole about 4 inches square. I broke a new birch-broom, and filled up the cages at each end, to make them resemble as near as possible the bottom of a thick hedge, and then put in a plentiful supply of withered oak-leaves and moss, of which the nightingale forms its nest, covering the fronts of the two small cages with green glazed calico: I placed the cages high up against a wall facing a landing-window. The following spring, that is, about the latter end of April 1845, I directed a bird-catcher (Blake, of John-street, Tottenham-court-road), who goes to Watford
197
every season to catch nightingales, to bring me a cock and hen bird which had paired naturally ; he did so, and, fortunately, they meated off very readily. By “ meating off,’ I mean that such birds as live on insect food will not peck at dead food until taught to do so, which is effected by enclosing meal-worms in a small glass tube, corked up at each end, and then placing the tube in their food; on pecking at the worm the beak slips off the glass amidst the food, which they swallow, and will afterwards go to it without the aid of a tube. On finding my birds feed freely in the small cage, in which until then I had confined them, I turned them into the place I had fitted up for them, and was much gratified, about a week afterwards, to observe the hen bird flying about with an oak-leaf in her beak. She made her nest in one of the small cages at the end of the large one ; laid four eggs, of which she hatched and brought up three young ones. During the time she was sitting, the cock sang as well and as loud as I ever heard one in a wild state: when the young were excluded he left off singing, and was most assiduous in assisting to feed and rear them.
June 24, 1851. J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The following communications were made :—
1. ON A NEW GENUS OF ANOMIAD&, IN THE COLLECTION or Mr. Cumine. By J. E. Gray, Ese., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., P.B.S. etc.
TEDINIA.
Shell irregular, loosely lamellar ; upper or right valve with a broad cardinal groove, and with three muscular scars, the upper small, ob- long near the cartilage, the other two large, subcentral, upper sub- trigonal, lower oblong, transverse, united by a nearly straight medial cross line ; left or attached valve with an elongated, triangular, con- vex cardinal ridge, with a deep groove on each side, having the car- tilage on its inner edge, with two muscular scars, one small, half ob- long near the cardinal ridge, the other large, subcentral, subcircular, and with a roundish circular hole near the upper edge, with a slight impression showing the grooves to the margin some distance from the cardinal ridge ; the plug shelly, fixed into and exactly fitting the hole, with a triangular base sunk into the surface, commencing from the apex of the shell on the outer surface, and formed of erect shelly longitudinal plates within.
The shell has the plug and much the external appearance of the subgenus Pododesmus, but differs from it and all the other Anomia-
198
de in the following particulars: 1. That the line which indicates the junction of the two edges of the sinus which forms the perforation, instead of being placed on the side of the ridge which supports the cartilage, is placed at a considerable distance from it; 2. The sides of the sinus are firmly soldered together, leaving only a circular hole ; 3. The support of the cartilage, instead of being merely a ridge or process, here forms a large elongated subtriangular talus, like that found in the genus Ostrea; 4. It differs greatly in the number and form of the muscular scars ; the two large ones in the free valves are placed as in the genus Placunanomia, and there is a third anterior one in each valve not found in any genus of the family, and very un- like the third scar of the genus Anomia. I know only of a single specimen of the genus, which is in the collection of Mr. Cuming, who believes that it came from California. It may be called Tedi- nia pernoides; subquadrangular, reddish, subsquamose, obscurely radiated, internally reddish brown.
2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BULIMUS FROM AvustrratisA. By Lovett Reeve, F.L.S. etc.
(Mollusca, Pl. XII.)
Butimus Maconetur. Bul. testdé acuminato-oblongd, tenuiculd, suboblique convolutd, spird brevi, suturis rudibus, anfractibus qua- tuor ad quinque, minute et creberrimé spiraliter undulato-striatis, ultimo valde inflato, columelld subcontortd, aperturd subampld, labro simplici ; brunned, maculis parvis punctisque nigris undique pictd et seriatim fasciatd, maculis infra suturas regularibus, aper- ture fauce fuscescente.
Hab. Brisbane, Moreton Bay, Australia.
This fine species has been forwarded to me from the Manchester Museum of Natural History, with the above name attached to it in manuscript, by Captain Brown. It is chiefly remarkable on account of its absolute similarity in texture, in colour, and in pattern, to Helix Falconari of the same locality. It appears to differ in nothing but in that difference of convolution which characterizes the respective genera. Mr. Cuming possesses an exactly similar un-umbilicated specimen ; and none of several examples of H. Falconari, with which it has been compared and which are all largely umbilicated, present any indication of an intermediate form. It is the first instance on record of a strictly typical richly painted Bulimus and Helix agreeing in colour, in pattern, and in all respects save that of form.
3. OBSERVATIONS ON THE DENTITION OF THE TIGER BEETLES. By J. O. Westwoop, Pres. E.S., F.L.S. etc.
Mr. Westwood directed the attention of the meeting to the neces- sity which existed of a more precise examination and description of the diversity in the dentition of the mandibles of insects, especially
Proc. 2.8. Mollusca. X11
eee eee
Punted by Halimanddl& Walton.
“ BULIMUS MACONELLI, Reeve
; 1 q ]
199
Hymenoptera and Coleoptera, than had hitherto been bestowed thereon. In the higher orders of animals so much importance had been given to this character, that it was remarkable that, in general, entomologists contented themselves with examining, describing, and figuring a single mandible as affording a sufficient diagnosis of the structure of both of the mandibles, overlooking the necessary result which arose from the circumstance of the horizontal instead of per- pendicular action of these organs in insects, and the variation in the position of the teeth which such action must necessarily induce. In general, indeed, the teeth of the mandibles were not greatly developed, and there was a general similarity between the two jaws; but when these organs are of an increased size, and especially when the extre- mity of one jaw laps over that of the opposite one, a diversity in the dentition will necessarily exist. It was likewise necessary to examine the mandibles of both sexes of a species, as it occasionally happened that there was considerable difference in their dentition. These ob- servations were illustrated by the case of the Tiger Beetles (Cicinde- lide), which offered a much greater range of diversity in their denti- tion than had hitherto been supposed. It was chiefly to the genus Megacephala that Mr. Westwood directed the attention of the members.
In the type of that genus (Megacephala senegalensis, Latr., Dej., Cic. megalocephala, Fabr.), an apterous species frum Senegal, the right mandible of the male has two large, nearly equal-sized, acute teeth in the middle of the inner margin, the extremity being hooked and very acute; there is also a small tooth at the base of the large, broad, compound basal tooth. The left mandible is nearly similar, ex- cept that the two teeth in the middle of the inner margin are unequal in size, the upper one being the smaller of the two. The figure of the jaws of this species, given in the Crechard edition of the Animal Kingdom (Ins. pl. 16. f. 2 a), is very incorrect, being apparently reversed. The dentition of the female is almost identical with that of the male. In the allied bat-winged African species, Megacephala 4-signata, Dej., from Senegal, the toothing of the mandibles is simi- larly arranged, but the two teeth in the middle of the inner margin, in both sexes, are broad and obliquely truncate. In the male of M. euphratica (which has recently been observed to extend from Spain to India), the teeth are nearly as in M. senegalensis, except that the subapical tooth of the left mandible is considerably smaller. But in the species lately received from the north-west of Australasia (M. Australasia, Hope), we find a different arrangement as well as number-in the teeth, the right mandible having three teeth in the middle of the inner margin (exclusive of the small tooth* at the base of the upper side of the large compound basal tooth), the upper one small, the middle one very small, and lower one large, all being acute.. The left mandible has also three teeth in the same position,—the
* This small tooth exists in all the species, and in both sexes; and as it appears
‘. to form part of the great basal tooth, I have omitted noticing it in the descriptions
given in this paper.
200
upper one very small, and the middle and lower one large and nearly equal in size.
On turning to the New-World species of the genus, we find four
variations in the dentition of the mandibles; the group of pale spe- cies typified by M. equinoctialis, De}. (bifasciata, Brullé), corre- sponds almost identically in the dentition of both sexes with the old type (M. senegalensis), as described above, the right mandible having two equal-sized large acute teeth in the middle of the inner margin, and the left one also two, the upper one being very small. For this group I have proposed the subgeneric name of Ammosia, in allu- sion to their habits, which differ materially from those of the other species. an black-coloured species from South America (M. sepulchralis, Fabr., M. variolosa, Dej.) differs from the Ammosie in the left man- dible, while the inner margin has only one tooth in the middle, of considerable size, and exhibiting on its wader side a minute tooth, being all that remains of the large middle tooth of the left mandible of the dmmosie. This species is the type of Mr. Hope’s subgenus Anaira.
Another very fine Brazilian species (M. testudinea, Klug) differs in the dentition of the sexes in a more striking manner than any of the preceding. The right mandible of the male is long and sickle- shaped, with a small tooth obliquely truncated below the middle of the inner margin, and between this and the tip of the jaw is a mi- nute acute tooth. The left mandible has two teeth on the inner margin above the middle, the lower one broad and acute, but rather obliquely truncate, whilst the upper one is very small. The right mandible of the female, on the contrary, has two very large equal- sized teeth in the middle of the inner margin, whereas the left jaw in this sex is quite similar to that of the male.
There still remains a numerous group of American species (the type of which is Cic. Carolina, Linn.), which differ from the rest of their continental brethren in possessing three teeth in the middle of the inner margin of each jaw, thus resembling the Australian species above noticed, and hence I proposed the name of Tetracha, or four- toothed, for this group, counting the acute apical portion of the man- dible as a fourth tooth. In general, in both sexes, the tooth next below the apex of the jaw is equal in size to, or even larger than, the apical part or tooth itself (thus differing from the Australasian spe- cies), and the middle of the three teeth is smaller than the rest; but in the left mandible in the males the tooth below the apical tooth is even still larger, whilst the middle tooth is much smaller, and the lower tooth is quite minute. In the female, on the contrary, the middle one of the three teeth of the inner margin is rather larger than the upper one (which is only of a moderate size), and the lower one is small.
From these particulars (united with the peculiarities of colouring, geographical range and habits of the species) we are enabled to pro- pose well-founded subgenera, a task which has hitherto been con- sidered hopeless in the genera of Cicindelide. The Old-World spe-
lee
201
cies thus seem to form only one group, divisible however into still smaller sections from the presence or absence of wings, and form and colouring of the elytra; the Australian species stands alone; and the New-World species constitute the four following subgenera :—
Ammosta, Westw. Type, M. bifasciata, Brullé. ——_——, Westw. Type, M. testudinea, Klug. Anarra, Hope. Type, M. sepulchralis, Fabr.
Tetracua, Westw. Type, M. Carolina, Linn.
July 8, 1851.
In consequence of the death of the President, no meeting was held on this day.
“ July 22, 1851. John Edward Gray, Esq., F.R.S. &c., Vice-President, in the Chair. The following papers were read :—
1. ON THE LARGEST KNOWN SPECIES OF PHALERIDINE Birp. By Cuarwes Lucien, Prince BonApPARTE.
(Aves, Pl. XLIV.)
Among the new additions lately made to the British Museum I was struck by one of the Aleide, which I had never seen before, and which was very properly placed close by two beautiful specimens of my singular Ceratorrhina, also lately added to the zoological treasures of the English nation. The bird which is the subject of the present note is evidently the Labrador Awk of Latham, so miscalled from the erroneous impression that it came from those eastern shores of America, but too well described not to be recognized. Gmelin com- piled his Alcea labradora from the description of Latham, and all those who did not follow him blindly, have referred that indication to an immature state of the Razor-bill (Mormon arctica), a course in which they were led by geographical consideration only. Although our bird belongs to the family of the Alcide, it is not even an Alecine, as the Razor-bill, but, as is shown by the nakedness of the cere, it belongs to the other subfamily, or Phaleridine, of which it is at pre- sent the largest known.
202
In its family it is certainly allied to Ceratorrhina, but well de- serving to constitute a genus by itself. The bill still more com- pressed, is in fact much more angulated beneath, and covered at the base, not by a bony process or horn, but by a soft membrane or saddle, which leaves a simple slit along the margins for the imper- vious nostrils.
Genus novum PHALERIDINARUM. SaGMATORRHINA, Bp. Saddle-Bill.
Rostrum duplo longius quam altum ; maxilla ad basin recta cerd maximd induta, apice incurva ; mandibula ultra medium statim adscendens, angulum obtusum constituens ; nares lineares, mar- ginales.
As the bird has been so well described by Latham, Mr. G. R. Gray
very properly suggests that its specific name should be taken from that author.
SAGMATORRHINA LatHami, Bp. Maxima; nigricans; subtus albido-fuliginosa: rostro pedibusque rubris; cerd palmisque nigris.
Long. 16 poll.; rostr. 2 poll. long., 1 altum, 3 latum ad basin, $ ad
med. ; ale 7} poll.; cauda 3}; tars. 1}; digitorum longissimus 23.
This species is the largest of the subfamily, which is well known to contain the dwarfs of the Water birds; it is one-third larger than Ceratorrhina monocerota, of which it has precisely the colouring, wanting only (at least in the state we have it) the little white feathers above the eye and at the corners of the mouth. The proportions of wings, tail, feet and toes are the same: the bill and toes must have been reddish ; the cere and membranes black. Like the Cerator- rhina, it seems to be confined to the North-western Arctic regions of America; and we are led to believe it does not extend to the Siberian shores, from the circumstance of its not having been noticed by Russian naturalists.
The well-marked family of Alcide forms, with the Colymbide, Podicipide and Spheniscide, the great section of the Urinatores, which, with the Lamellirostres, constitutes alone the Order Anseres, as it must be restricted to the web-footed Precoces of Prof. Owen. The other two sections, Longipennes and Totipalmi, constitute now the Order Gavie of my Conspectus, being, in fact, web-footed Altri- ces, which have no more right to remain in Anseres than the Pigeons among the Galline,—than the Herodiones among the Gralle. The passage between my Gavia or web-footed Altrices, and my Herodiones or grallatorial Altrices, is beautifully exemplified by that most re- markable bird the Baleniceps, whose affinity with Pelecanide has so well been pointed out, and even exaggerated, by Mr. Gould. On the other hand, it is no less obvious that the Longipennes, some of which, with tumid bills, have been considered as Sea-Pigeons, connect them (the Gavie) with the Columbe ; whilst between the two subclasses the connections and correspondence (affinity and analogy) take place
eS ———e—e——————EeEee rr rm cre eee
203
in different degrees and by different means and sides, chiefly as exemplified in the following table :—
AVES. 1, ALTRICES (Insessores). 2. PRASCOCES (Grallatores).
1. Psrrract. 2. ACCIPITRES. 3. PAssEeREs.
a. OscINES. b. VoLucrEs.
4. CoLUMBz.
a. INEPTI. 8. STRUTHIONES. b. GYRANTES. 9. GALLINZE. Flint ae. 10. ANSERES. a. TOTIPALMI. a. LAMELLIROSTRES. 5. LONGIPENNES. 6. URINATORES. 6. Heropiones. 7. GRALLZ:
a. ALECTRIDES. 6. CuRsoREs.
2. ON THE CHANGE oF CoLouR 1N a CHAMa&LEON (CHAMa- LEO VULGARIS). By H. N. Turner, Jun.
Notwithstanding that the peculiarity of the Chameleon in changing its colour is so universally known, and that an illustrated work on the subject was published by Van der Héven, I have thought that a careful record of the varieties of tint, presented by the specimen which has lived for some time in my possession, might prove ser- viceable to the naturalist if compared with similar observations upon other species and upon the same one under different circumstances, and might also assist in the determination of the means by which it is effected, the influences by which it is regulated, and the objects which it serves in the ceconomy of the animal.
Its general tints vary between different shades of brown, olive, yel- low, and light green, the last-named being the most rarely observed, and the yellow being the tint usually assumed when the animal has been hidden from the light. This is the colour it always presents if taken for inspection at night, and when brought into the influence of lamp-light it appears at first almost white, but may soon be seen to darken and some of the markings to appear. The side that is next the light will change rather sooner than the other, the changes being always gradual. It has three distinct sets of markings, the first to appear being two ranges of irregular distant elongated spots, which may appear either as a dark tint upon the ground-colour when that is light, or a light one if it be dark. These marks are never entirely absent when either of the other sets is present, although sometimes but faintly discernible.
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The other two sets of markings consist of an irregular marbling, and a number of full round spots; the latter never appear otherwise than as dark upon the ground-colour, and the marbling, which is ge- nerally also dark, only occasionally appears a little lighter than the ground-colour, and then of a different tone; either may be visible without the other, or both may be distinctly traceable. Sometimes the marbling will be apparent together with such of the spots as are placed within its intervals, those upon the surface occupied by the marbling being amalgamated with it.
When the general colour is light yellow or pale greenish, which is the case if the animal be suddenly brought into the light, the elon- gated spots, which form two rows on each side, will begin to appear of a very delicate purple tint. After that the marbling gradually shows itself, and the general tint begins to darken; when some time has elapsed a brown colour is assumed, and the elongate spots, at first purple of a darker tint than the yellow ground-work, are seen to be brown, of a lighter and rather richer tint than that which now per- vades the whole. These distinctions may go on increasing, may then decrease and again increase ; the spots may appear, may come and go with different degrees of intensity, so that the variety of appearances presented is almost indefinite. When visited in the day-time, the colour is generally brown, sometimes without markings, generally with the elongate spots of a lighter tint, and the marbling or the round spots, or both, more or less apparent. Occasionally it presents a uniform dull olive, and then has no markings. Sometimes it is of a light drab colour, with the different marks faintly indicated. The ventral series of prominent scales remains constantly white, as stated by Van der Hoven, not participating in the changes of the surrounding parts.
This author does not in any of his plates represent the longitudi- nal rows of markings as a decided dark upon the ground-colour, nor is the marbling anywhere clearly shown as pervading the whole body ; neither does he give the deep brown tint with the marbling as a dark, and the longitudinal rows of spots definitively marked as a light.
I have never seen my specimen present anything like the appear- ances delineated in his plates 4 and 5, probably because I have not irritated it.
It has generally been imagined that the purpose of this singular faculty accorded to the Chameeleon is to enable it to accommodate its appearance to that of surrounding objects, but the observations of Van der Hoven seem to negative that idea, and the few experiments I have made with that view have not led to any such results. The box in which it is kept is of deal, with a glass at the top and a piece of flannel laid at the bottom; a small branching stick being introduced by way of a perch. I have introduced at various times pieces of coloured paper, covering the bottom of the box, of blue, yellow and scarlet, but without the slightest effect upon the appear- ance of the animal. Considering that these primary colours were not such as it would be likely to be placed in contact with in a state of nature, I next tried a piece of green calico, but equally without re- sult. The animal went through all its usual changes, without their
205
being in any way modified by the colours placed underneath it. The general tints approximate, as may readily be observed, to those of the branches of trees, just as those of most animals do to the places in which they dwell; but I have never seen the faculty of changing called into play with any apparent object. It is only when the light is removed that the animal assumes a colour which absorbs but little of it.
Regretting that I have not been able to attain any more definite conclusions, I offer these few remarks, hoping that to some naturalist, who may undertake the investigation of these singular phenomena, they may prove not to have been thrown away.
Pimlico, July 1851.
3. On THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE EDENTATE MAMMALIA. By H. N. Turner, Jun.
In offering to the Society a summary of my observations on the craniology of the Edentate order, I have not so great a number of hitherto unrecorded facts to bring forward as in some of my former communications. The very remarkable modifications which this order is seen to present, not only in comparison with the rest of the Mam- malian class, but also among its own members, and the wonderful variety of extinct gigantic species which the New World has yielded to research, have caused the osteology of the group to be more mi- nutely investigated ; while the small number of species and the striking external differences which they exhibit, have left but little room for doubt in the minds of naturalists as to their true arrangement. I will therefore simply point out such of the cranial peculiarities as seem to be characteristic of the order and of its families and genera, dividing it, as appears to me necessary, into five families, since the two forms inhabiting the Old World differ so much from each other, and from the three groups into which those of the New World naturally divide themselves, that although each consists of a single genus, and one of but a single species, it seems requisite that both should stand di- stinct. It will also be necessary to remodel the genera of the Arma- dilloes, and to define them anew by their external characters as well as by those of the skull, since the presence of a tooth in each of the intermaxillary bones of a single species of the family has prevented the essential similarities and differences from being duly appre- ciated.
Although some few naturalists may still associate this order with the true Ungulata, for the sake of keeping the divisions of the class within the predetermined number five, I think that most of those who have given particular attention to the subject will agree, that so natural and strongly-marked a group is well worthy of isolation, which was the opinion of Linnzeus and Cuvier, although the former wrongly associated with it a few genera belonging properly to other
roups. The characters possessed in common by the members of so diver-
206
sified an order, must be expected to be comparatively few; those which I have observed in the skull are as follows :—
The tuberosity of the maxillary bone is articulated by the whole of its upper surtace to the frontal and orbitosphenoid bones.
The zygoma is flat and straight, projecting at once outwards and forwards, its articulating surface being more or less confiuent with a concavity at the inner side of it which forms a portion of a more or less elongated cone, whose apex would point backwards. In such forms as have the articulation longitudinal, the glenoid surface is distinguishable from that of Rodents by its posterior termination, which is not a thin free edge like the anterior.
The alisphenoid bone never extends high, so that the pterygoid ridge forms its upper boundary, or even extends above it.
The absence of enamel in the teeth, when they exist, must also be named among the cranial characters.
Fam. 1. BrapyPopIDz.
The intermaxillary bones confined to the lower part of the nasal opening ; the maxillary bones provided with simple teeth, shortened, their malar processes much pushed forwards upon them, and the molar series converging behind ; the posterior palatine foramina re- placed by a series of minute openings extending the whole length of the palate ; the malar bone having a descending masseteric process transversely compressed, longitudinally extended, and with a di- stinct superadded process arising between its frontal and zygomatic processes ; the foramen rotundum distinct, and opening exteriorly at the base of the pterygoid process some distance below the spheno- orbital foramen and anterior to the foramen ovale; the zygoma straight and trigonal, its origin thick and extensive, reaching back quite to the posterior part of the squamous bone; the mastoid bone with a wide digastric fossa, and a strong thick styloid process, ter- minating in a circular concavity for the reception of the stylohyal bone ; the lower jaw widened anteriorly with an extended symphysis.
Tt must be observed that the superadded process of the malar bone is peculiarly characteristic of this family, and is quite distinct from any of the processes of that bone to which special names have been assigned. It is situated between the frontal or postorbital and zygo- matic processes, both of which seem also to exist in a more or less rudimental form in most of the known species ; and when the latter is wanting as in the genus Cholepus, the fact that the new process stands aloof, above the zygoma, is enough to prevent its beg taken for the zygomatic process, which in all mammalia possessing a com- plete zygomatic arch either abuts simply against the extremity of the zygoma, or more generally seems to support it from beneath.
The zygomatic process is well developed in the Megatherium, and completes the arch, leaving the other, which might be called the supratemporal process, projecting above it. In Mylodon robustus the frontal process is reduced to a slight angle upon the base of the supratemporal process. In the Scelidotherium the process existing
—— ———— — a ne
207
above the zygomatic process appears to be broken off, but the obli- quity of its base renders it improbable that it would be the true frontal process so largely developed.
The circular pit for the attachment of the stylohyal bone is pre- cisely similar in the Sloths to that in the large fossil genera, and it is somewhat remarkable that Prof. Owen, while describing the cha- racter in these extinct forms, should have made no allusion to its existence in the recent Sloths, even though Cuvier expressly points it out. The tongue is largely developed in this family, and the living sloth may be seen to make great use of it in taking food into its mouth, as was observed by Mr. Ball, in a short communication pub- lished in the < Proceedings’ some years back. On the other hand, it is long and slender in the insect-feeding tribes, so that the maximum degree to which it was developed in the Glossotherium is certainly no indication that such was the food of that remarkable genus.
CuoLervs, Illiger.
Intermaxillary bones small, produced anteriorly ; postorbital pro- cess well-developed; malar bone with a well-marked frontal process, but no zygomatic process, the supratemporal process projecting backwards or bent a little upwards; pterygoid bones inflated ; crotaphite impression approaching near to the occipital ridge; tym- panic bone reduced to a simple ring; lower jaw produced ante- riorly, straight below, its condyle depressed; teeth =, simple, rounded, the anterior ones in each jaw enlarged, trigonal.
C. didactylus.
siderable distance from the occiput ; tympanic bone well-developed, forming a bulla; lower jaw with a flattened Square process in front, deep posteriorly, the lower outline convex, the condyle elevated ; teeth =, simple, rounded, the anterior ones similar, small in the upper jaw.
B. crinitus.
In addition to the character of the pterygoids, which, in the absence of actual knowledge, might possibly have belonged to age or sex, I find'this species to be clearly distinguishable from those of the next genus by the great distance that intervenes between the posterior termination of the temporal fossee and the occiput, which is much
smaller, of a rounder form; the digastric fossee converging a little superiorly, instead of diverging as in the other genus. The lower jaw also presents a character more decided than the anterior pro-
208
duction which Mr. Gray points out in his paper on the genus Bra- dypus: it is much deepened behind, rendering the lower outline very convex. And further, there are certain characters pointed out by Cuvier in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles’ which appear to be constant, so far as I have been able to observe, as it is only in young specimens that the sutures are discernible. They are, first, that in this species, the 47 @ collier, the nasal bones are bevelled towards the middle pos- teriorly, so that they form a point between the frontals, while in the other species they are bevelled in the opposite direction, the frontals descending between their extreme points. Secondly, that the pala- tine bone forms but a narrow slip within the orbit, and the alisphenoid bone occupies a much larger portion of the temporal fossa than in the other species.
The skull spoken of by Mr. Gray as being taken from a skin, pre- sents characters intermediate between the other one and that upon which the B. affnis is founded, therefore I refrain from inserting the latter as a species until further evidences are obtained.
ArctopitTHecus, Gray.
Intermaxillary bones short and small; postorbital process slightly developed; malar bone with the frontal and zygomatic processes slightly marked, or the former wanting, the supratemporal process rising obliquely ; pterygoid bones compressed and simple; crota- phite impression extending to very near the occipital ridge ; tympa- nic bone well-developed, inflated ; lower jaw with its inferior outline concave posteriorly, its condyle elevated ; teeth —*, simple, rounded,
the anterior ones similar, small in the upper jaw.
A. gcuuaris. Ai a dos brulé.
A broad patch of soft yellow hair between the shoulders, and a black line running through it down the back; the upper anterior molars proportionally larger, and the second less, than in the fol- lowing species; the occiput again affords us a very good distinction, as it is much wider and not so deep as in the following species, and the foramen magnum not so large. Two skulls in the British Museum present these characters, and evidently belong to adult, probably aged, individuals; that of the skeleton, also from Bolivia, seems reterable to the other species.
A. MARMORATUS.
Fur everywhere more or less lengthened, no yellow spots, dorsal line grey brown; anterior upper molars very small, the next rather larger than those which follow; occiput deeper and narrower than in the preceding species, its foramen larger.
The A. Blainvillii is not distinguishable by external markings, and the skulls bearing that name in the Museum collection all present a general robustness, such as age and sex might very probably occasion. One of them, which, from retaining some of the sutures, seems to be younger than the others, has the frontal bones less swollen, and the
209
lower jaw with its angular process as much produced as in those labelled marmoratus, though deeper, but not so deep as in the others.
The 4. flaccidus may be only a local variety, the skulls not being very clearly distinguishable, for there are not two between which some individual peculiarities may not be traced.
The skull to which the name problematicus is given is evidently young, having all its sutures well-marked, and in the absence of the fur cannot be safely looked upon as the type of a species. It agrees with the others in the character of the occiput, which distinguishes them all from the a. gularis, as well as from the Bradypus crinitus. The palzontologist is well aware of the uncertainty of establishing species upon trivial details of form, although slight distinctions are in some cases known to afford a true indication: the skulls of the Three-toed Sloths vary greatly, and all present a coarse, rough-hewn appearance which must detract from our confidence in little differ- ences of detail. With regard to the lower Jaw, they certainly do not present differences so strikingly characteristic as those upon which the species of Mylodon are established.
Mereatuerivum, Cuvier.
Intermaxillary bones lengthened and prominent ; postorbital pro- cess lengthened and drawn out, but not inflated; malar bone with its frontal and zygomatic processes well-developed, the latter attached firmly to the zygoma; the supratemporal process rising obliquely ; pterygoid bones compressed, and not inflated ; crotaphite impression approaching near to the occipital ridge; tympanic bone attached, small, and not inflated ; (immediately in front of the circular facet for the stylohyal bone there descends a strong process, which may probably belong to the tympanic bone and form a portion of a vaginal process ;) lower jaw produced in front, deepened in the middle by the extensive implantation of the molars, the condyle much elevated ; teeth =", quadrate, grooved transversely on the crown when worn, the cementum being thickened on the anterior and posterior surfaces ; the posterior upper one small.
M. Cuvier.
Dr. Lund figures a tooth having the characters of this well-known genus, but of smaller size, under the name of Megatherium Laurillardi.
Meeatonyx, Jefferson. General cranial characters unknown ; teeth as subelliptical, with a ridge on the inner side. M. Jeffersonii.
Mytopon, Owen.
Intermaxillary bones small (lost in the skeleton) ; postorbital pro- cess but little developed, thick; malar bone with the frontal process indicated by a slight angle, the zygomatic well-developed, touching
No. CCXXXII.—Procerpinés or THE ZooLoeicat Society.
210
the zygoma, the supratemporal process rising obliquely ; pterygoid bones thin and compressed ; crotaphite impression approaching near to the occipital ridge; tympanic bone reduced and separate; (the foregoing characters can of course apply only to the Mylodon robustus, it being the only species of which the cranium is known ;) lower jaw broad and more or less prolonged in front, the lower outline straight,
the condyle depressed ; teeth —, the anterior ones rounded or tri- gonal, the posterior ones larger, trigonal in the upper jaw, gradually becoming bilobed in the lower. The species can only be characterized by the lower jaw, as it is the only part that is known in all of them.
The characters are taken chiefly from Prof. Owen’s works.
M. Darwintt.
Lower jaw much produced anteriorly, with a double mammelliform tuberosity upon the symphysis below. The first tooth rounded or subtrigonal, the second subelliptical, with a slight depression on the inner side; the third subquadrate, grooved on the inner side; the posterior internal angle produced ; the fourth bilobed, sharply grooved on the inner side.
M. Harvant.
Lower jaw with the symphysis short; the second tooth sub- quadrate, grooved on the inner side, with the posterior internal angle produced ; the third trapezoid, obliquely placed, with the inner side rounded ; the fourth bilobed, the inner groove biangular, and a small shallow one anterior to it.
M. ropvustus.
Lower jaw produced and very broad anteriorly, the first tooth round, the second subtrigonal, grooved internally, the third sub- quadrate, oblique, the fourth bilobed, with a deep scallop on the inner side and a smaller one anterior to it.
GLossoTHERIUM, Owen.
Crotaphite impression approaching near to the occipital ridge ; tympanic bone reduced and separate. The general cranial characters are unknown, but the fragment is recognizable by the great size of the surface for the stylohyal bone, and of the precondyloid foramen.
ScELIDOTHERIUM, Owen.
Malar bone with a well-developed zygomatic process; the cha- racter of its frontal process cannot be determined through mutilation of the specimen ; crotaphite impression approaching near to the occi- pital ridge ; tympanic bone reduced and separate ; lower jaw greatly
curved below, its condyle depressed ; teeth —. transversely extended, the anterior ones fully as large as the others, the first in each jaw elongate trigonal, the others gradually becoming bilobed, the last
upper one trigonal. S. leptocephalum.
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Puatyonyx, Lund.
This genus is proposed by Dr. Lund, to include a series of species discovered by him, the first three of which he had previously referred to the genus Megalonyz, and Prof. Owen, in the conspectus at the end of his memoir on the Mylodon, has placed them in his genus Scelidotherium ; but I prefer to adopt, for the present, Dr. Lund’s latest arrangement, since in the lower jaws figured, the last lower molar has a deep groove on its posterior side, and the fourth species, of which an entire skull is figured (tab. 38), agrees in this cha- racter, and shows a marked distinction from the S. leptocephalum in the zygomatic arch being incomplete ; the malar bone has no frontal process, and but a slight angular indication of the zygomatic process.
P. Cuvieri. P. minutus. P. Bucklandi. P. Brongniartii.
In addition to these, Dr. Lund represents a metacarpal bone of a species which he calls P. Owenii, and an os scaphoides of the foot of another, which he names P. Agassizii.
The genera Ceelodon and Sphenodon of Dr. Lund seem open to the objection suggested by Prof. Owen, namely that the teeth would be first developed in the form of hollow obtuse cones, not assuming the cylindrical form until worn down to the part which has acquired in process of growth the normal thickness; but while I feel natu- rally cautious of introducing into my category any genera or species, the establishment of which is not made fully satisfactory to my mind, I must not be considered as rejecting any of those of Dr. Lund, when his illustrations and lists of names are the only evidences I can attain ; since his original specimens are far beyond my reach, and my ignorance of the Danish language prevents my comprehending his de- scriptive memoirs.
Fam. 2. Dasyrpopip.
The nasal bones long, of nearly uniform width, their extremities projecting forwards beyond the intermaxillaries ; the intermaxillaries are portions of cylinders, reaching further especially on their palatal surface than in the other families ; the maxillary bone swollen and provided with simple teeth ; its zygomatic process projecting boldly outwards, and a ridge continued from it for the masseter, the molar series diverging behind ; the posterior palatine foramina are replaced by a row of minute openings extending the whole length of the palate ; the malar bone, when there is a descending masseteric pro- cess, or a rudiment of one, has it compressed longitudinally, extended transversely ; the foramen rotundum is included in the foramen sphe- no-orbitarium ; the zygoma is flat, gently twisted upwards towards its extremity ; the mastoid bone with a deep narrow groove, con- taining one or more mastoid foramina; the basi-occipital bone with a transverse depression just anteriorly to the edge of the foramen magnum, and (excepting in the genera Tolypeutes and Glyptodon) with an articular surface upon the lower edge of that foramen receiving the odontoid process of the axis when the head is deflexed ;
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the occipital condyles are portions of cylinders, placed horizontally, each in a line with the paroccipital process ; the precondyloid foramen is placed close to the condyle ; the supra-occipital bone is broad above, forming on each side a strong thickened ridge; the lower jaw is narrowed and slenderly produced anteriorly.
The true affinities existing among the various Armadilloes have been rightly perceived by the Baron Cuvier, and are well pointed out in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles’ ; but he did not designate the subgenera by any particular names, and naturalists, for the most part, have adopted the arrangement of Mons. F. Cuvier, which limits the genus Dasypus to the single species that has teeth in the intermaxillary bone, and unites all the rest, excepting the Giant Armadillo, under the generic name Tatusia. Mr. Gray, in the ‘ List of Specimens of Mammalia in the British Museum,’ has adopted in addition the genus Xenurus of Wagler, and it will be further necessary to make use of Illiger’s genus Tolypeutes for the Apara or Three-banded Armadillo. The species v//osus and minutus must be associated, as Baron Cuvier has done with the Encoubert in the genus Dasypus.
The groups recognized in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles’ being thus restored and the names proposed by other authors applied to them, I shall proceed to characterize them by their external armour, by which they may very easily be distinguished, and to add the cha- racters of the cranium, in which my observations have been assisted by the immortal work alluded to.
TATUSIA.
Ears thrown backwards and approximated ; plates of the head of irregular shape and smooth ; those of the scapular and pelvic shields much smaller than those of the bands, and surrounded with others smaller still; fore-feet with four toes, the claws straight, the index and medius nearly equal, the pollex and annularis small; maxillary bone terminating in a pointed process behind; teeth rather small, none of them being further back than the root of the malar process ; this process concave anteriorly, projecting outwards and backwards ; the infra-orbital canal entirely below it ; malar bone simply a portion of an inverted arch, hollowed on the outer side for nearly its whole length by the masseteric impression, merely abutting against the zygoma; palatine bone reduced in vertical extent, being encroached on above by a large thickened portion of the ethmoid bone which appears in the orbit, the sphenopalatine foramen being a narrow fissure between them ; pterygoid bone simply bordering the termi- nation of the palatine, without hamular process ; zygoma compressed and elevated, its glenoid surface circular ; tympanic bone reduced to a ring; mastoid narrowed ; lower jaw slender, its condyle but little elevated, transverse and flat, coronoid process elevated.
T. SEPTEMCINCTA.
Ears about one-third of the length of the head ; plates smooth ; tail as long as the body.
T. affinis of Dr. Lund may possibly be identical.
213
T. HYBRIDA.
Ears about one-fourth of the length of the head; plates of the pelvic shield convex and elevated ; tail about two-thirds of the length of the body. The characters of this species, which was named by M. Desmarest, are carefully pointed out by Mr. Martin in the ‘ Pro- céedings ’ of the Society, January 1837.
Cuvier speaks of a third species brought from Brazil by M. de Saint-Hilaire, under the name of Tatou verdadeiro, differing from the mule Armadillo in having the tail terminated by a horny sheath of one piece, the bands broader, and the plates of the pelvic shield larger.
Dr. Lund figures two ossicles of a Tatusia, indicating dimensions much greater than those usually attained by specimens belonging to the genus, and applies the name Dasypus punctatus. I find in the Museum of the College of Surgeons a recent carapace, denuded of its horny epidermal scutes, and wanting the scapular shield; it is as large as Dr. Lund’s figures would imply, and has the same punctate depressions in the grooves which mark the surfaces of the component ossicles. It differs from a smaller one, still a large specimen, also denuded of the epidermal scutes, in the latter having the central area of each ossicle a little elevated at its posterior margin, and the punc- tate depressions fewer and smaller behind this area than in front of it ; while in the larger specimen they are all about equal in size.
It is difficult to compare these specimens with those which retain their natural covering ; but the punctate character seems to belong to the genus rather than to the species, it not being perceptible until the horny scutes are removed: and whether the Tatusia punctata be a species, or merely a large variety of one of the others, it would appear not to be extinct.
Cuiamypuorvus, Harlan.
Plates of the head, the scapular shield and the body forming an uninterrupted series, each a parallelogram, those of the neck smaller, and those of the muzzle irregular ; pelvic shield small, flat, or slightly convex, placed vertically, at right angles to the dorsal armour, and composed of concentric semioval rows of trapezoid plates ; fore-feet with five toes, the medius being the longest, the two inner claws the smallest, and the three outer ones very deep and compressed ; frontal bone with a large thickened process above the eye ; malar bone thin, deep anteriorly, with a rudiment of a descending masseteric process assuming a transverse position ; auditory process bending forwards round the base of the zygoma ; lower jaw with the ascending ramus much elevated, the condyle higher than the coronoid process.
C. truncatus.
Dasypvus.
Head broad behind, ears wide apart, its plates.irregular, marked like those of the body ; those of the scapular and pelvic shields ob- long parallelograms, like those of the bands, but becoming penta- gonal or hexagonal towards the neck and croup—all the plates
214
marked with an indented pattern ; bands about six or seven ; fore- feet with five toes, the index nearly as thick as the medius, which is the longest, the claws a little twisted outwards; maxillary bone ter- minating behind in a strong vertical column formed by the alveolus of the last tooth, and concealing the sphenopalatine and pterygo- palatine foramina ; teeth rather large ; malar process compressed in the antero-posterior direction, suddenly projecting, concave anteriorly ; infra-orbital canal short, pierced through the base of the process ; malar bone angular, with a rudiment of a descending process, com- pressed in the antero-posterior direction ; its zygomatic process deep, extending beneath the zygoma; palatine bone ascending into the orbit ; no appearance of the ethmoid within the orbit; pterygoid bones with well-defined hamular processes, bent outwards; zygoma well-developed, flat; its glenoid surface slightly convex, reniform ; tympanic bone well-ossified, forming a bulla ; auditory process largely developed ; mastoid bone very broad, placed entirely in the occipital region ; lower jaw deep and thick, its ascending ramus high ; coronoid process largely developed, condyle broad.
D. SEXCINCTUS.
Muzzle broad ; plates large, distinct, but slightly indented ; bands six or seven, ”o separate band on the anterior edge of the scapular shield ; terminal plates of the bands and pelvic shield small; hairs
few, white ; teeth os. the first upper one on each side being in the
intermaxillary bone.
D. vILLosus.
Muzzle broad ; plates closely united, roughly tubercular, those of the bands closely united and small; bands eight ; a separate band on the anterior edge of the scapular shield, behind the row of nuchal plates ; terminal plates of the bands and pelvic shield large and fal- cate ; hairs profuse, brown.
D. MINUTUS.
Muzzle tapering, narrow at the end; plates of the head smooth, those of the shield and bands closely united, and flatly tubercular ; terminal plates of the bands and pelvie shield large and falcate ; bands six or seyen ; a separate band on the anterior edge of the sca- pular shield, behind the row of nuchal plates ; upper parts with black hairs ; sides of the head and limbs with brownish hairs; under parts with whitish hairs ; teeth 8, none in the intermaxillary bones, nasal and intermaxillary bones lengthened.
Xenvurvs, Wagler.
Head broad behind, ears wide apart, its plates irregular, smooth ; those of the scapular shield irregular in the middle, hexagonal towards the sides ; bands twelve, composed of short and square plates ; pelvic shield with square plates in the middle, becoming hexagonal towards the sides; tail almost naked; fore-feet with five toes, the index longest, but very slender, the three outer toes rapidly diminishing in
215
into a fossa which contains the foramina of the orbit ; pterygoid bones with their hamular processes styliform, projecting backwards ; zygoma small, rounded above ; tympanic incompletely ossified ; mas- toid bone broad, placed obliquely ; lower jaw slender, its condyle elevated, reniform ; coronoid process feebly developed, lower than the condyle.
X. UNICINCTUs.
Cuvier mentions a species with a shorter and more entirely naked tail; it is probably the same that has been called nudicaudis by Dr. Lund. X. antiquus of the same distinguished author may possibly be identical.
Priopontes, Frederick Cuvier.
Head broad behind, ears wide apart ; plates of the head and body as in Xenurus ; tail closely covered with quadrangular scales, placed im a quincuncial arrangement ; fore-feet as in Aenurus, the outer toe much reduced ; maxillary bone articulated posteriorly by suture to the palatine; teeth numerous and minute ; infra-orbital canal long, commencing below the malar process, and terminating nearly on the middle of the bone; malar bone forming simply a portion of an in- verted arch, round, and devoid of processes ; palatine bone ascending into the orbit ; pterygoid bone strongly developed, with an angular termination ; zygoma .rather small, the glenoid surface lengthened, the lower part of the Squamous and the alisphenoid bone forming a longitudinal swelling within it; tympanic bone small, and loose ; mastoid bone broad, forming the sides of the occiput which are rounded ; lower jaw thin and compressed, condyle longitudinal, but little elevated ; coronoid process much reduced.
P. gigas.
Totyreures, Illiger.
posed of oblong parallelograms, equally subcireular, and closely arti- culated; fore-feet four-toed, the outer being absent; the medius slightly longer than the index, with a much larger claw, both having
and simply abutting by an oblique suture against the zygoma ; _pala- tine bone ascending into the orbit, pterygoids with blunt hamular
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processes, a little bent outwards; zygoma rather narrowed, glenoid surface flat, reniform ; tympanic bone reduced to an annular form ; lower jaw slender, condyle moderately elevated, reniform, coronoid process elevated.
T. TRICINCTUS.
Cuvier cites the Cheloniseus of Fabricius Columna as being this species, but represented with four bands instead of three; the last row of plates of the scapular shield is composed of oblong parallelo- grams like those of the bands, which may have given rise to such an error.
CHLAMYDOTHERIUM, Lund.
Judging by the plates that accompany Dr. Lund’s Memoir, this appears to be a genus of extinct gigantic Armadilloes, having the body provided with moveable bands like the recent ones, and teeth of a compressed form, and irregularly fluted; two species are distin- guished.
C. Humboldtii. C. giganteum.
Hereropon, Lund.
Distinguished by the unequal sizes of the teeth: the fragment of the lower jaw figured contains six teeth, of which two are much larger than the others.
Hi. diversidens.
Evuryopon, Lund.
Dr. Lund figures a tooth resembling those of the Armadilloes, but apparently broader in proportion to its antero-posterior diameter.
E.. latidens.
GLYPTODON, Owen.
Carapace ovoid, without distinction of shields or bands, composed of small hexagonal pieces with sculptured surfaces ; teeth divided into narrow transverse lobes ; malar bone with a lengthened descending process, placed transversely ; zygoma flat, its glenoid surface elevated, transversely elongate, looking a little backwards; mastoid propor- tionally small, placed laterally.
G. CLAVIPES.
The central tubercle upon each ossicle large, round, or subhexagonal, conspicuous above the surrounding ones, which are small, and more cut up by reticulate depressions.
G. ORNATUS.
The central tubercle of each ossicle not conspicuously marked above the rest ; all more finely granular.
This may possibly be the young of that to which the name retieu- latus has been applied, and which, therefore, I will at present omit.
eee ao
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G. TUBERCULATUS.
Ossicles approaching to a square or rhomboidal form, their surface divided into numerous irregular elevations.
The genus Hoplophorus of Dr. Lund appears to be identical with Glyptodon ; he figures two teeth in which the characters of that genus are clearly shown, and several detached ossicles and portions of carapace bearing a general resemblance to the species of Glyptodon, principally to the G. ornatus. He distinguishes two species, the H. Luphractus and H. Selloi. Prof. Owen refers to the H. Euphractus a portion of carapace brought home by Mr. Darwin, and figured in the ‘ Voyage of the Beagle,’ which very closely resembles those afterwards figured in the ‘Catalogue of Fossil Mammalia and Aves in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons’ under the name G. ornatus.
I am not as yet acquainted with the Pachytherium magnum of Dr. Lund’s catalogues.
Fam. 3. MyrMEcoPHaGID&.
The nasal bones simple, of uniform width, emarginated at the ends ; the intermaxillary bones much reduced ; the maxillary bones much lengthened, toothless, the malar process projecting backwards, outwards and downwards ; the posterior palatine foramen single, or wanting ; the malar bone reduced to a slender stylet free at the pos- terior end; the foramen rotundum included in the foramen spheno- orbitarium ; the zygoma very small, and.pushed quite to the anterior superior angle of the squamous portion ; the supra-occipital bone en- croaches upon the upper surface of the skull, and has a median pro- tuberance ; the lower jaw much lengthened and slender at the end, without coronoid process.
Not having seen the skull of the little Two-toed Ant-eater, I have used a little caution in characterizing this family. For example, I have avoided alluding to the peculiar character of the pterygoids, as Cuvier informs us that they do not enclose a long canal ‘as in the larger species. I therefore limit the diagnoses of the genera to the few points, in which, in the absence of a skull of the small species, they are known to differ*.
Myrmecornaca, Linneus.
Fore-feet with four toes; hind-feet with five toes; palatine and pterygoid bones united beneath the nasal canal for their whole length.
M. supata, Linn.
Varied with black and grey, the latter predominating on the head, back, sides, fore-limbs and tail; throat, a mark running obliquely from the shoulder upwards and backwards, and hind-limbs black ; fur very coarse ; tail but little longer than the body, very bushy.
* I have since seen the cranial portion of the skull of the Little Ant-eater, and find that although the pterygoid bones do not enclose the nasal canal below, they resemble those of the larger species in their great extent backwards.
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M. TamManpnva.
Head, shoulders, fore-limbs, outside of the hind-limbs, and middle third of the tail white ; a stripe from each side of the neck over the shoulder and remaining parts black ; tail but little longer than the body, its terminal third scaly. Varies chiefly by the diminution of the intensity of the black.
I have found that the Yellow Ant-eater, hitherto considered to be one of the varieties of this species, differs remarkably in the length and size of the tail ; the ears also appear to be larger, but this latter character is less decisive, owing to the different degrees to which they may shrink when dry. A specimen in the British Museum, and one in that of this Society, resemble each other exactly, while a young pale specimen of M. Tamandua has a tail proportionally of the same length as the larger and darker individuals. Under these circumstances I have been induced to propose a name for the Yellow Ant-eater, deem- ing it probable that the species may be distinct.
M. LoNGICAUDATA.
General colour uniform light ochraceous, a paler line runs down the middle of the back ; tail nearly double the length of the body, its terminal half covered with small scales and a few scattered black hairs ; ears large, round, about one-third the length-.of the head.
Although the flanks show a slightly darker reflection in certain di- rections of the light, there is no trace of the mark which runs across the shoulder.
On referring to the figure, in Krusenstern’s Voyage (tab. 6 e), on which M. Desmarest founded his Myrmecophaga annulata, I find it to be a very excellent representation of a Coati-mondi, probably the brown species. The head is bent downwards, the tongue pro- truded, and curved beneath the left fore-foot ; from under the further side of the foot there comes a small twig of a tree, which, if it were not branched, would look like a continuation of the tongue. But the figure published in Griffith’s translation of the ‘ Régne Animal’ is not so easy to interpret. The general form of the body is more like that of an Ant-eater, though rather too long and slender ; the tapering head and the dark stripe from the end of the muzzle to the eye remind one of the Myrmecobius, which was not known until several years afterwards ; the tail is just such as a Coati-mondi might have supplied. The figure is said to have been drawn from a stuffed specimen, but the authors do not state where the specimen existed, and possibly may never have seen it.
Cuvier asserts, with much probability, that the animal from which Buffon took his figure of the Tamandua was made up of the skin of a Coati-mondi, to which striped markings had been artificially applied.
_ CycLoruurvs, Gray.
Fore-feet with two toes, the outer one much the larger; “the pala- tines only meet below for two-thirds of their length, and the bony canal of the nares there terminates, the pterygoids not meeting, but presenting only two long parallel and little prominent crests.”
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C. DIDACTYLUS.
Dr. Lund inserts in his lists of fossil species one which he has named Myrmecophaga gigantea, but I have seen no representation of any portion of the animal among the figures published.
Fam. 4. Manip.
The intermaxillary bones small, having ascending processes run- ning upwards and backwards; each encloses a separate incisive fora- men ; the maxillary bones short, toothless, their malar processes pro- jecting backwards, outwards and downwards; the palatine bones much spread out in front, and with distinct posterior palatine fora- mina; the malar and lacrymal bones wanting, but a large lacrymal opening ; the alisphenoid bone much reduced ; the zygoma deep, thin, concave exteriorly, and pushed downwards to the anterior and inferior angle of the squamous portion; the occipital condyles prominent, oblique, the precondyloid foramina at some distance anterior to them.
This family consists of but one genus, containing several well- marked species.
Manis, Linnzus.
In characterizing the species of this genus, I give the number of scales in each transverse row, instead of the number of longitudinal rows, which has been the usual method adopted. The number in each case will appear much less, but it will be recollected that this is owing to the scales of one row being alternate with those of the next one.
M. pentapactyta, Linn. (macroura, Desm.)
Each transverse row of scales composed of three on each side of the median one; scales striated at the base, smooth at the end, the striated part distinctly separated from the smooth portion ; ends of the scales simple; under parts naked; tail very broad at the base, about equal to the body in length ; fore-feet five-toed, the claw of the medius much the largest, that of the annularis next, that of the index much less, the other two very small; hind-feet with lengthened claws; limbs scaled to the bases of the claws.
M. savanica, Desm.
Four scales on each side of the median one in each transverse row, the lower ones on each side, and the lateral ones beneath the tail, keeled and pointed at the ends ; tail broad at the base, equalling the head and body in length; under parts with short white hairs ; limbs scaled to the bases of the claws; fore-feet with the middle claw largest, the index a little less than the annularis, the others very small ; hind-feet with lengthened claws.
M. Temmuincxku, Smutz. ,
Body altogether very broad ; scales broad, three on each side in every transverse row, striated to the tips which are rounded, none of them carinate ; under parts naked ; tail about the length of the body, broad and rounded at the end ; limbs scaled to the bases of the claws;
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fore-feet with the middle claw largest, the two next less, the remain- ing two much less; those of the hind-feet vertical, truncated.
M. rerrapactyta, Linn. (Africana, Desm.)
Scales large, three on each side in every transverse row, striated to the tip, which is square, with a point projecting from the middle, the lower ones at the sides and the lateral ones beneath the tail cari- nate; tail double the length of the body, a little narrowed at the base, soon becoming broad ; limbs only scaled at the base, then covered with black hairs like the under parts; fore-feet with the middle claw very long and compressed, the index and annularis much less and nearly equal, the minimus less still, the inner toe very small; hind-feet with lengthened claws, nearly equal.
M. muttiscutatTa, Gray, Proc. Z. 8. Feb. 1843.
Five scales on each side of the median one im every transverse row; scales striated to the tip, which is square, with a median point; those on the sides of the trunk and limbs, and the lateral ones be- neath the tail, carinate ; tail nearly double the length of the body, of moderate width ; under parts with short whitish brown hairs ; fore- limbs scaled to the carpus ; toes all well-developed, except the thumb, which is small, the medius longest ; hind-feet scaled nearly to the base of the claws, which are all lengthened and well-developed, ex- cept the thumb, which is small; the annularis nearly as long as the medius.
M. aurita, Hodgson.
Fam. 5. ORYCTEROPODID&.
The nasal bones long and much spread out behind, narrowed and not projecting anteriorly ; the intermaxillaries well-developed, pro- minent below, not enclosing foramina; the maxillary bones length- ened and deep, provided with compound teeth; the palate termina- ting soon with a strong transverse ridge, having a pair of large poste- rior palatine foramina ; the lacrymal bone large, extending much upon the face; the malar bone large, extending much upon the face, but its zygomatic process small and slender; the frontal bone large and swollen, with a small and contracted post-orbital process ; the parie- tals extended downwards at their anterior inferior angles to articulate with the alisphenoids; the zygoma slender, twisted as in the Arma- dilloes ; a strong post-articular and a post-auditory process, and just within the latter a short truncate styloid process, not enclosed by any vaginal process, as the tympanic bone is much reduced and separate ; the occipital condyles hemicylindrical, but with a portion of articular surface continued from them upon the lower edge of the foramen magnum ; the paroccipital processes in a line with them, but distinetly separated.
As this family consists, so far as is yet satisfactorily known, of a single species, its characters might be multiplied to almost any extent ; should another form be discovered, they will of course need revision.
ES
a
——_
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This communication having extended far beyond the length that I at first contemplated, notwithstanding that I have limited myself in most cases to the distinctive peculiarities of the skull, it will readily be seen that, had I entered upon the whole osteology of the order, or even introduced in every instance the characters by which the genus or species may be known externally, I should have swelled this little monograph to such a degree as almost to preclude its insertion in the “ Proceedings’ of the Society, and entailed upon myself an amount of labour from which I would by no means shrink, but fear I shall be compelled to defer until more favourable opportunities present them- selves; but I trust that the little I have as yet accomplished may afford the naturalist a clearer insight into the relations of the living Edentata among themselves, and with those that formerly peopled the portion of the world which was then, as now, the principal abode of this remarkable group.
Pimlico, July 1851.
4. A Monocrapu or ScuTus, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS MOLLUSCA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FissuRELLID2. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. erc.
Genus Scurus, De Montfort.
Animal with the head proboscidiform ; tentacles thick and subu- late, with the eyes on tubercles at their outer bases; mantle reflexed over the sides of, and nearly covering, the shell; sides of foot with a series of short cirrhi.
Shell oblong, scutiform, flattened ; apex dorsal, oblique, posteriorly inclined ; margin of aperture sinuated in front ; muscular impression horse-shoe shaped, open anteriorly.
Parmophorus, Blainv.— Dascinus, Rafin.—Seutellites, Auct.— Scutum, Sow. jun.—Parmophora, Desh.— Emarginula, sp. Sow. — Patella, sp. Lamk.
1. Scurus uneurs, Linn.
Patella unguis, Lim. Mus. Ludovic. Ulric. Regin. p. 69. no. 419. —Patella ambigua, Chemn.— Seutus antipodis, Montf.— Parmo- phorus australis, Lamk.—Parm. elongatus, Blainy.
Hab. New Zealand. Mus. Cuming.
2. Scurus ELonGatus, Lamarck.
Patella elongata, Lamk. Ann. du Mus. i. p- 310.—Parmophorus elongatus, Lamk. Hist.—Emarginula elongata, Sow. Gen.
Hab. East Australia. Mus. Cuming. Also occurs fossil.
3. Scurus GRANULATUS, Blainy.
Parmophorus granulatus, Blainy. Bullet. des Scienc. 1817; Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. vol. vii. pt. ii. p.5; Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 139. f. 4. Hab. Port Essington, on the rocks, low water. Mus. Cuming.
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4. Scutus corrueGatus, Reeve.
Parmophorus corrugatus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842; Conch. Syst. pl. 139. f. 1.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
5. Scurus pumepus, Quoy et Gaimard.
Parmophorus taumidus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astrol. pl. 69. f. 6. —Parm. gibbosus, Anton.—? Parm. breviculus, Blainv. Bull. des Sci. 1817; Sowerby’s Gen. (Emarg.) fig. 2. a
Hab. Madagascar. Mus. Cuming.
6. Scurus imBricaTtus, Quoy et Gaimard.
Parmophorus imbricatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astrol. pl. 69. f. 17, 18. Hab. Island of Burias. Mus. Cuming.
7. Scurus ancustatus, A. Adams. S. testd elongatd, subqua- drangulari, lateribus angustatis, coarctatis ; dorso plano, con- centrice striato, vertice subcentrali, postice declinato ; extremi- tate anticd sinuatd, posticd excurvatd, subelevatd.
Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.
5. A MonoGRAPH OF THE GENUS MonoptTyGMaA oF LEA. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.
Genus Monopryema, J. Lea. (? Menestho, Mill.)
Animal unknown.
Shell subulately turreted, transversely striated, apex simple, acute ; aperture oval, longer than wide, rounded and entire in front ; colu- mella with a single oblique fold.
This genus differs from ct@on in being elongated, and in having an oblique fold, instead of a transverse plait on the columella.
. 1, Monopryema striata, Gray. M. testdé turrito-subulatd, so- lidd, olivaced, anfractibus planis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis profundis, distantibus ; aperturd oblongd, intus albd.
This species, which is typical, is a very thick and strong shell, with
a somewhat convex lateral outline, and strongly transversely grooved
across the flattened whorls. Mus. Cuming.
2. Monopryema FuLva, A. Adams. WM. testd turrito-subulatd, graciliori, solidd, fulvd, anfractibus planis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis profundis, distantibus ; aperturd oblongd, intus fused.
This elegantly-formed shell is more slender than M. striata, and
of a different colour; the transverse grooves are also much closer together, and their edges are rounded ; the twist of the columella is not so distinct, and the aperture is brown internally. Mus. Cuming.
3. MonopryGMA GRANULATA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-tur- ritd, albd, solidd, anfractibus planiusculis, gradatis, longitudi-
223
naliter corrugato-plicatis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis profundis, valde distantibus ; interstitiis levibus ; aperturd oblongd, colu- melld plicd subproductd. This is a rather short and obtuse white and solid species, very strongly grooved transversely, and with the whorls longitudinally corrugately plicated. Mus. Cuming.
, 4. Monopryema tauta, A. Adams. WM. testd turrito-subulatd, albidd, tenui, subpellucidd, anfractibus planiusculis, longitudi- naliter eleganter striatis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis distanti- bus, interstitiis crenulatis ; aperturd oblonga, columella obliqud et curvatd.
A very beautifnlly-sculptured species, dredged from 10 fathoms, at Bolinao, by Mr. Cuming ; the outline is subulated, and the whorls rather flattened and longitudinally striated. Mus. Cuming.
{ 5. Monorpryema amaena, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-acuminaté, tenui, subpellucidd, albidd, longitudinaliter substriatd, anfrac- tibus convexiusculis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis valdé distanti- bus, interstitiis eleganter punctatis ; aperturd oblongd, antice dilatatd, columelld rectd.
This is a most exquisite species, both in form and sculpture; the whorls are rounded and punctate-striate, and the shell is nearly pel- lucid; it is from Bolinao, 10 fathoms water. Mus. Cuming.
6. Monortyema casta, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-turritd, albd, tenui, semipellucidd, anfractibus convexiusculis, transversim sul- catis, sulcis subconfertis, interstitiis pulcherrimé striatis ; aper- turd oblonga, antice productd, columelld obliqud, subtortuosd.
This pure white ovate form is from the China Seas, being collected
by the writer during the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang. The whorls are grooved, with the interstices striated. Mus. Cuming.
. 7. Monopryema speciosa, A. Adams. UM. testd turritd, subu- latd, albidd, tenui, semipellucidd, anfractibus octo, convexius- culis, suturd profundd, cingillis transversis elevatis, interstitiis concinné cancellatis, ornatd; aperturdé oblongo-ovali, columella subrectd, superné plicd obliqud subobsoletd instructd.
Hab. Baclayon; Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
An elegant semipellucid species, resembling an elongated Acteon, with the whorls encircled with elevated cingilli, and the interstices cancellated.
. 8. Monopryema sprrata, A. Adams. WM. testd turritd, albd, epidermide fusco tectd, anfractibus octo, planiusculis, gradatis, suturd canaliculatd, plicis longitudinalibus, angustis, confertis, et sulcis transversis decussatim ornatd ; aperturd oblongd, labio plicd unicd obliqud instructo.
Hab. Camaguin; Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
A small turreted species, covered, in the living state, with a light brown epidermis, and with the surface regularly and beautifully de- cussated with raised lines.
224
9. MonopTyGMA TENELLA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-turritd, albd, subpellucidd, anfractibus quatuor, convewiusculis, trans- versim tenuiter striatd; aperturd ovali, labio subreflexo, plicd obsoletd instructo ; labro dilatato, margine flecuoso incrassato et subreflexo.
Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.
A small Rissoa-like shell, with only a faint indication of a plait on
the columellar lip ; the aperture dilated, and the outer lip expanded and slightly thickened anteriorly.
. 10. Monopryema srytina, A. Adams. WM. testd subulatd, in medio incrassato, albd, subpellucidd, anfractibus 9-12, planius- culis, transversim tenuiter sulcatd, longitudinaliter substriatd ; aperturd oblongd, labio superne plicd obliqud instructo ; labro, in medio, subrecto.
Haé. Catanuan; Philippines. Mus. Cuming. A remarkable white subulate shell, with the middle whorls, espe- cially those near the apex, enlarged.
11. MonorryGMa suTuRALIS, A. Adams. WM. testd subulato- turritd, subumbilicatd, albd, nitidd, subdiaphand, anfractibus septem planis, suturd canaliculatd, transversim sulcatd, an- Sractu ultimo subsoluto, fasciis angustis, albo articulatis, or- nato; apertura oblongo-ovali, labio plicd evanidd instructo.
Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.
A small white species, with the last whorl nearly free, and having
the suture deeply channeled.
6. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SHELLS, FROM THE CUMINGIAN CoL- LECTION ; WITH A NOTE ON THE GENUS NEMATURA. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. erc.
PyRAMIDELLA METULA, A. Adams. P. testd subulatd, turritd, apice obtusiusculo, albidd anfractibus decem planulatis, longi- tudinaliter costatd, costis confertis equantibus, interstitiis lineis transversis elevatis ornatd ; aperturd ovali, labio incras- sato, in medio plicd unicd instructo; labro margine subin- crassato.
Hab. Mizamis, Cagayan. Mus. Cuming.
A small elongated species, somewhat resesembling a Rissoina, with
the intervals between the ribs finely cancellated, and the whorls very numerous.
PyRAMIDELLA AcLis, A. Adams. P. testd subulatd albd nitidd, anfractibus octo planiusculis longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis equalibus subconfertis, interstitiis levibus; apertura semiovatd, labio subincrassato plicd unicd munito ; labro subdilatato.
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
This is a slender subulate species, likewise resembling in appear-
ance a Rissoina.
225
Lacuna CARINIFERA, A, Adams. L. testd ovata, spird acuminatd, anfractibus quatuor, late umbilicatd, fulvd, anfractu ultimo angulato, carind transversd elevatd, rufo-fusco articulatd, or- nato; aperturd semiovatd ; labro acuto, angulato, labio recto, Jissurd umbilicali elongatd.
Hab. Borneo. Mus. Cuming.
The single prominent keel round the periphery of the last whorl
is the principal feature of this species.
Vexutina Sirxensis, A. Adams. JV. testd nigro-fused, epider- mide liris elevatis transversis confertis obtectd, longitudinali- ter valde sulcatd, sulcis subdistantibus ; aperturd ovali, intus suleatd ; labro margine reflexo, nigro, incrassato ; postice non- producto supra anfractum ultimum.
Hab. Sitka. Mus. Cuming.
The dark brown colour and oval form distinguish this species from
V.. levigata, which also has the outer lip arched and expanded poste- riofly.
Otrna Fusca, A. Adams. O. testd magnd, solidd, semiopacd, Sused, sine epidermide, dorso convexd, longitudinaliter subpli- catd, transversim tenuiter striatd, labio lato, plano, et exca- vato ; labro recto, non reflexo aut expanso.
Hab. Benguela. Mus. Cuming.
The large size of this species, and its convex form, distinguish it from O. otis, and its absence of bands, and the outer lip not being ex- panded, from O. zonata, Gould, the only two species at present known to me.
7. Note on Nemartura, sy A, ADAMS.
The genus Nematura, established by Mr. Benson, appears to have the closest affinity with Bithynia of Leach, but the horny opercu- lum, with grooved margins, and the contraction of the aperture, will distinguish them. There appear to have been found at present but six species, three of them known, and three here indicated for the first time ; in the rivers and streams of the East are doubtless many more; they aré usually found adhering to the under surface of dead floating leaves.
1. Nematura Detts, Benson. N. testd magnd, pallidé fulvd, globosd, levi; aperturd orbiculari, peritremate simplici.
Mus. Cuming.
2. NEMATURA MINIMA, Benson. WN. testd parvd, corned, semi- pellucidd, ovali, spird subproductd ; politd, fasciis rufis sub- obsoletis ornatd ; apertura orbiculuri, peritremate simplici.
Mus. Cuming.
No. CCXXXIII.—Procrepincés or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
226
3. Nemarura pouita, Sowerby. JN. testd magnd, castaneo- fused, compressd, subvaricosd ; aperturd ovali, peritremate an- tice striato ; regione umbilicali lird callosd cireumdato ; punc- tato-striatd.
Mus. Cuming.
4. Nematura onivacea, A. Adams. WN. festd ovatd, opacd, olivaced, viridi-fusco reticulatd ; aperturd oveli, spird elevatd, apice decollato, peritremate simplict.
Mus. Cuming.
5. NeMATURA GLABRATA, A. Adams. WN. testd magnd, ovatd, non compressd aut varicosd, subviridi-corned; spird acutd, apice acuminato, levi, politd; aperturd orbiculari, angustatd, peritremate ngro.
Hab. Penang. Mus. Cuming.
6. NemaTuRA PUNCTICULATA, A. Adams. WN. testd mediocri, pallide fulvd, compressd, anfractu ultimo gibboso, et subangu- lato ad latera, lineolis punctatis transversis ornatd, peritre- mate simplici.
Hab. Eastern Islands. Mus. Cuming.
8. A MonoGRAPH OF THE RECENT SPECIES OF RIMULA, A GENUS or MoLLUSCA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FISSURELLID&. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.
The genus Rimula of Defrance has been usually confounded with Puncturella of Lowe, or the Cemoria of Leach, but it is at once distinguished by the absence of the arcuated plate in the interior of the vertex. The species already known are fossil, to which we now add a few recent examples.
Genus Rimuta, Defrance.
Shell conical, with an elevated, recurved, entire vertex, turned towards the posterior end; surface cancellated, with radiating ribs ; a linear perforation in the upper part of the shell, half-way between the vertex and anterior margin; margin of aperture crenulated ; in- terior simple, with no shelly plate; muscular impression crescentic, interrupted in front.
1. Rrmvuta exauisita, A. Adams. R. testd magnd, ovali, semi- pellucidd, albd, costis longitudinalibus, radiantibus, lineisque elevatis, transversis, concentricis, cancellatd ; cancelli subqua- drati; costis crenulatis, inequalibus, prominentibus, anterio- ribus duabus divergentibus, interstitits costellis duabus in- structis ; supra perforationem concavd ; perforatione elongatd subquadratd.
Had. Catanuan, island of Luzon and island of Burias, found on
dead shells, 7 and 10 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
——— SS OS EEE
227
2. Rimuta Cuminen, A. Adams. R. testd pared, ovatd, opacd, costellis longitudinalibus, radiantibus, lineisque transversis, cras- 818, concentricis, cancellatd 3 cancelli transversi, elongati ; costis nodulosis, subequalibus, prominentibus, distantibus, anteriori- bus duabus antice divergentibus, interstitiis costellis duabus in- structis, perforatione elongatd, subquadratda.
Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.
3. Rimuta cartnata, A. Adams. R. testd parvé, ovali, costel- hs simplicibus, permultis, confertis, longitudinalibus, radianti- bus, ornatd ; interstitiis cancellatis 3 cancelli punctiformes ; cos- tellis duabus anterioribus, antice convergentibus, et apud aper- ture marginem junctis ; interstitiis, supra perforationem, con- vexis, supra verticem extendentibus, quasi carind ; perforatione ovali, angustd, antice angustaté.
Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, on dead
shells, 25 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
4. Rimuta PRoPINquA, A. Adams. R. f¢estd pared, elongato- ovali ; costellis prominentibus, asperis, longitudinalibus, ra- diantibus, subdistantibus ; interstitiis valde cancellatis ; can- celli transversi, subquadrati; costellis duabus anterioribus, antice convergentibus, ad aperture marginem junctis ; perfo-
ratione angustato-ovali, antice acuminata. Hab. Catapan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
9. A Monocrapu oF PUNCTURELLA, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS MOoLLUuscA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FissuRELLID2. By Arruur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. erc.
Genus Puncrure.ta, Lowe.
Head proboscidiform, tentacles subulate, with the eyes on swell- ings at their outer base; sides with a range of cirrhi, interrupted be- hind on each side; mantle-margin simple ; branchial plumes two; anal siphon prominent, forming a truncated membranous canal pro- jecting from the subapical perforation.
Shell conical, with an elevated, slightly recurved, obliquely spiral entire vertex, turned towards the posterior end ; aperture expanded, oval; surface with radiating ribs ; margin entire; a linear perfora- tion in the upper part of the shell, between the vertex and front margin, in the line of an elevated rib. Interior with a linear groove, vaulted over with a shelly plate corresponding to the perforation ; muscular impression crescentic, interrupted in front.
Cemoria, Leach, MSS.—Sipho, Brown.—Rimula, Lovén ; Gould ; Couthouy.—? Diadora, Gray.
1. Puncrurenia Noacuina, Linneus.
Patella noachina, Linn. Mantissa, p- 551; Chemn. Conch. Cab. vol. xi. p. 186. pl. 197. f. 1927, 1928.— Patella fissurella, Miiller,—
228
Fissurella Noachina, Schum.—Puncturella Noachina, Lowe.—Ce- moria Flemingii, Leach, MSS.—Cemoria Noachina, Lowe.—Rimula Flemingii, Macgill.—Rimula Noachina, Couthouy.—Sipho Noachina, Brown.
Hab. British Islands. Mus. Cuming.
2. PuNCTURELLA CUCULLATA, Gould.
Rimula cucullata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 14. Hab. Puget Sound.
3. PuNCTURELLA GALEATA, Gould.
Rimula galeata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 14. Hab. Puget Sound. Mus. Cuming.
4, PuncTruRELLA coGNata, Gould.
Rimula cognata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 14. Hab. Orange Harbour.
5. Puncrurexxia conica, D’Orb. Voy. Am. Mer.
6. Puncrurewxa FasTiciaTa, A. Adams. P. testd albidd ele- vato-conicd, nitidd, vertice acuminato involuto, costellis longitu- dinalibus equalibus equidistantibus, interstitiis planis lineis incrementi concentricis ; fissurd lanceolaté; apertura ovali, margine crenulato, fornice costa, costd valde arcuatd, transver- sali, simplici.
Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.
7. PUNCTURELLA PRINCEPS, Mighels and Adams.
Cemoria princeps, Mighels and Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. p. 43.
10. ON SOME GENERA OF SHELLS, ESTABLISHED IN 1807 BY THE LATE H. F. Linx. By Dr. HeRRMANNSEN, OF KIEL.
In several programs, hitherto not at all taken notice of by any Conchologist, the renowned Botanist Link of Berlin, then Professor of Natural History, Chemistry and Botany at Rostock, in the course of the years 1806 to 1808, has published an account of the Collections of the Rostock University. These little treatises seem to be very rare, nor do I remember ever to have found them mentioned, before my ‘Index Generum Malacozoorum’ recorded them. Yet they may claim priority in many instances, which I hope will be re- deemed by simply noticing their contents. The German titles of these octavo pamphlets are as follows :—
Beschreibung der Naturalien-Sammlung der Universitat zu Ros- tock, von Dr. H. F. Link. Rostock. Gedruckt bei Adlers Erben.
: :
229
Erste Abtheilung; zum Weihnachtsfest, d. 25 Dec. 1806 (p. 1-48). Zweite Abth.; zum Osterfest, d. 29 Marz 1807 (p. 49-98). Dritte Abth.; zum Pfingstfest, d. 17 Mai 1807 (p. 99-165). Vierte Abth.; zum Weihnachtsfest, d. 25 Dec. 1807 (p. 1-30). Finfte Abth.; zum Osterfest, d. 7 April 1808 (p. 1-38). Sechste Abth.; zum Pfingstfest, d. 5 Juni 1808 (p. 1-38).
Passing over those genera which are either superfluous because formerly rightly published under other names, or unhappily con- trived, I will hint at those that may deserve to be attended to.
Mo.uvusca. GasTEROPODA. SIPHONOBRANCHEA.
Lameinpivum, Link, 1807, /. c. iii. p. 112.
Spire little prominent ; aperture longitudinal, narrow ; inner lip callous, with raised points; outer lip marginated ; base truncated ; shell destitute of varices or spines.
Lambidium oniscus (Strombus), Linn.
This genus having been indicated in 1798, by Dr. Bolten, as Mo- rum, but without definition, the botanical signification of that name may have induced Link to select another, which, being correctly founded, must be preferred to Oniscia of Mr. Sowerby ; or at least, if we should dissect the genus with Dr. Gray, into Oniscia, Sconsia, and Morum, to the last.
Puativum, Link, 1807, /. c. iii. p. 112.
Spire shorter than the last whorl ; aperture longitudinal, wide ; inner lip callous and smooth, or extended into a folded or granulated lamina; outer lip marginated; shell often varicose; base strongly recurved, notched ; inner columella not folded.
A. Lamina of the inner lip folded: Phalium glaucum (Buccinum), Linn. &c.—B. Lamina of the inner lip granulated : Phalium erinaceum (Buce.), Linn. &e.
This is Bezoardica, Schum., or Cassidea, Swains.
Cassipka, Link, 1807, /. c. iii. p. 111.
Spire little prominent ; aperture longitudinal, narrow; outer lip marginated, like the inner one, with many folds ; shell spineless, often varicose ; base strongly reflected, notched ; inner columella folded.
Cassidea rufa, tuberosa, cornuta, testiculus, flammea, pennata.
This has been proposed by Mr. Stutchbury as Cyprecassis, but must at all events retain the name of Cassis, Browne, 1756.
Gateopga, Link, 1807, J. ¢. iii. p. 113.
Spire much shorter than the last tumid whorl; inner lip extended in shape of a smooth lamina; outer one slightly marginated ; base rather elongated, reflected, not emarginate.
Galeodea echinophora (Buce.), Linn.
Synonyms are Moro, Montf., and Cassidaria, Lamck., both of a more recent date.
230
Tuats, Link, 1807, /. ec. iii. p. 114.
[Thais of Bolten Mus. includes some Ricinule and Monoceros of Lamarck, from which Link has depurated it. }
Spire shorter than the last, ventricose whorl; aperture semicircular; inner lip plane, obliquely cut off, callous, smooth ; outer lip scarcely marginated ; shell without varices; base short.
Thais Persica (Bucc.), Linn.—patula, Linn. sp.—hemastoma (Chemn. fig. 964, 965).—/fueus, Gmel. sp.—minuta, Link.
This genus, which is synonymous with Microtoma, Swainson, i should think advisable to be retained at least as a section of the hitherto confused genus Purpura.
Mancrinetta, Link, 1807, /. c. iii. p. 115.
Spire much shorter than the last whorl; aperture longitudinal, rounded ; inner lip smooth and callous, outer one little or not at all marginated ; shell without varices, but provided with spines and im- bricate scales; base short, or scarcely elongated, twisted outwards, slightly notched.
Mancinella aculeata (Chemn. 967, 968).—hystriz, Linn. sp.— castanea, Link (Chemn. 956-958).—armigera, Chemn. sp.—muta- éilis, Chemn. 951-953.—Bezoar, Chemn. 754, 755.
This genus, combining some Purpure with some Pyrule of La- marck, comes near to Rapana a, Schum., and perhaps may be adopted.
Vorema, Link, 1807, J. ¢. iii. p. 115. (Volema, Bolt. emend.)
Spire much shorter than the last whorl, often distorted; aperture oblong, rounded ; inner lip smooth and callous, outer lip simple ; shell without varices ; if grown old, with spines or imbricated scales ; base elongated, rather turned aside.
The species are to be found in my ‘ Ind. Gen. Malacoz.’ vol. ii.
. 699. ; This genus unites Busycum, Bolt. (=Fulgur, Montf.) with Cassi- dulus, Humphr., Gray.
Xancus, Bolten, 1798, Mus. (edit. 1819, p. 94) ; Link, 1807, /. e. il. p. 116.
Spire shorter than the last whorl; aperture above rounded, wide, below narrow; inner lip callous, with three folds ; outer lip simple ; shell heavy, without varices or spines ; base elongated.
Xancus pyrum, Linn.sp., and maculatus, Link (Chemn.f.917,918).
This genus, by Humphrey called Rapum, by Fabricius Pyrum, by Dr. Gray Turbinellus, and by M. Deshayes Scolymus, is here cha- racterized for the first time, and sufficiently.
Cymatium, Link, 1807, /. c. ii. p. 119.
Spire rather long ; aperture above rounded ; inner lip callous, with three folds; outer one marginated ; a great number of crowded and ridged varices run down the shell, to which they are firmly grown ; base little elongated.
Cymatium polygonum, &e.
This is quite identical with Latirvs, Montf., or Polygona, Schum.
231
Vasum, Link, 1807, J. c. ui. p.119. (Vasum, Bolt. emend.)
Spire rather long; aperture longitudinal ; inner lip callous, with alternately larger folds; outer lip simple; shell without distinct va- rices ; base elongated.
Vasum Ceramicum, Linn. sp., &c.
This is Cynodonta, Schum., Scolymus, Sw.
Tupicxa, Link, 1807, /. c. ii. p. 120. (Tudicla, Bolt. emend.)
Spire very short, depressed; aperture above semicircular ; inner lip callous, with a single fold ; outer one simple ; no varices or spines ; canal straight, thin.
Tudicla spirillus, Linn. sp.
Subsequently established as Haustellum a, Schum. » Pyrella, Swains., Spirillus, Schlut., Spirilla, Sow. jun.
Tritonium, Link, 1807, J. ¢. iti. p. 121.
Spire rather long ; aperture above rounded ; inner lip callous, ge- nerally with small folds; outer lip marginated; shell with varices that are commonly discontinuous ; base rather elongated.
With respect to this genus I may refer to my ‘ Ind. Gen. Malacoz.’ vol. ii. p. 609.
Distortrix, Link, 1807, /. c. ii. p. 122.
Spire rather long; whorls distorted; inner lip callous, folded ; outer lip marginated ; varices indistinct ; base short-tailed.
Distortrix anus, Linn. sp., and reticulata (Chemn. f. 405, 406).
This name then is to be substituted in the place of Persona, Montt.
Gyrinevum, Link, 1807, J. c. iii. p. 123.
Spire nearly equal to the last whorl; aperture rounded; inner lip callous, often slightly folded or granulated ; outer lip marginated ; shell compressed, with two opposite varices; base short or a little elongated.
Gyrineum echinatum (Chemn. f. 1274, 1275), rana (f. 1269, 1270), bufonium (f.1240, 1241), natator (f.1229, 1230), verrucosum (f. 1233, 1234), caudatum (f. 1045-1047), serobiculator, = Ranella, Lamck.
Canrena, Link, 1807, /. c. iii. p. 126.
Spire short ; aperture longitudinal ; inner lip folded ; outer lip in- teriorly strongly dentated ; shell crowded with spines, but without distinct varices ; base short.
Canrena neritoidea (Mart. f. 972, 973, 976-979) = Ricinula, Lamck. &ce.
ADELOBRANCHEA.
Astra.ium, Link, 1807, /. c. iii. p. 135.
Spire depressed ; aperture broad, rounded, bending downwards.
Astralium deplanatum (Chemn. f. 1718-1720).— Astralium cal- car, Gm., sp.
This genus will no doubt be acknowledged, being congruous with Calcar, Montf., Phil. It had been indicated before by G. Humphrey,
232
under the name of Sol, and by Bolten as Astrea. But I think it should be extended farther, so as to receive Imperator and Her- coles, Montf., Stellaria, Schmidt, Cyclocantha, Canthorbis, subg., and Tubicanthus, Swains., Bolma, Risso, Cookia, Less., and Astra- lium, Phil.
Umsonivum, Link, 1807, J. c. iii. p. 136.
Spire much depressed ; aperture directed downwards, or to the side, simple ; base showing a convex callus in the place of the um- bilicus.
Umbonium vestiarium, Linn. sp., and excisum (Chemn. f. 1602).
That Link’s name is to be adopted instead of Globulus, Schum., or Rotella, Lamck., can hardly be controverted ; although his second species belongs to another tribe.
Pyruta, Bolten, 1798, Mus. (ed. 1819, p. 74); Link, 1807, /. ¢. iii. p. 139. Whorls, each of them composed of two pieces ; aperture longitu- dinal, toothed on both sides. Pythia scarabea, Linn. sp. This name is preferable to that of Fischer, Polydonta, which, although contemporary, is badly made, and wants correction.
ACEPHALA.
Sunetra, Link, 1807, J. c. ii. p. 148.
Equivalve, in front rather obtuse, closed; hinge with two cardinal teeth, lateral ones indistinct ; anterior slope shorter than the furrow- shaped posterior slope; ligament external.
Sunetta scripta (Chemn. f. 261-265) = Cuneus, Muhlf. 1811 = Meroé, Schum. 1817.
Trve.a, Link, 1807, 7. c. ii. p. 152. *
Equivalve, longitudinal, without epiderm, closed; hinge with two cardinal and one elongated lateral tooth ; anterior and posterior slopes equally elongated ; ligament external.
Tivela vulgaris (Chemn. f. 362).—T. tripla (Venus), Linn.= Tri- gona, Muhlf. 1811.
Muscutrvum, Link, 1807, l. c. iii. p. 152.
Equivalve, closed; hinge with two small cardinal teeth, no lateral ones ; anterior and posterior slope nearly equal.
Musculium lacustre (Tellina), Linn.
The genus established here, fourteen years afterwards was pub- lished as Pisidium.
TrENTACULATA. See ‘Ind. Gen. Malacoz.’ ii. 541.
Verpa, Bolten, 1798, Mus. (ed. 1819, p. 49) ; Link, 1807, JZ. e. iii. p. 159. Shell tubular, partly straight, partly winding, at one extremity open, at the other closed by a convex perforated blade. Verpa penis (Serpula), Linn.
233
The oldest denomination of this genus that can be admitted ; Pen:- cillus (Da Costa, p.p.), Brug., being a term since the times of Ron- delet consecrated to the Annulate class: all the other names, Aquaria, Arytena, Clepsydra, Aspergillum, are of younger date, and will give way to Verpa, Bolt., defined by Link.
The following descriptions of new Natice were communicated by Dr. Philippi :—
11. Descriptiones NATICARUM QUARUNDAM NOVARUM EX COLLECTIONE CUMINGIANA, AUCTORE R. A. PHrLiprt.
—
. Natrca caTeNaTA, Phil. WN. testd subglobosd, tenui, lividd, zonis quatuor albis, maculas fuscas semilunatas exhibentibus pictd; anfractibus rotundatis; spird breviusculd, nigricante ; sulcis radiantibus profundis superiorem anfractuum partem oc- cupantibus ; aperturd semiorbiculari, intus purpured ; umbilico amplo, margine acuto cincto; callo spirali satis valido medium umbilict occupante.
Alt. 83, diam. 82 lin.
Hab. 2
Differt a WN. teniatd, Menke, anfractibus superius non horizon- talibus sed. declivibus, zonis longitudinaliter maculatis, callo labiali et callo umbilicali longe latioribus, ete.; a N. depressd forma globosa, umbilico amplo, callo umbilicari mediano, etc.; a N. maroccand forma globosa, umbilico longe ampliore, callo ejus mediano, etc.
2. Natica Ince1, Phil. WN. testd depressd, suborbiculari, solidd, striatuld, nitidd, luteo-albidd ; anfractibus superius planatis ; spird late conicd, acutd; apertura semiorbiculari, valde obliqud ; angulo basali columelle incrassato; suturd duplicatd; callo maximo albo umbilicum magnum omnind implente.
Alt. ab apice ad basin aperture 93, a dorso ad ventrem 6 lin. ;
diam. 12 lin.
Hab. ad insulam Raines, in freto Torres, ubi legit Capt. Ince, R.N.
Cave ne hane speciem cum JV. Josephinid, Risso (N. Olld, M. de
Serr.), confundas, cui simillima est, et a qua unice differt: ambitu paullo magis orbiculari; anfractibus minus rapide crescentibus ; an- gulo umbilicum cingente paullo magis distincto ; columella basi valde incrassata ; callo umbilicari albo ; colore fere albo in luteum vergente, preesertim versus basin, denique sutura duplici. Linea superior su- turze a callo labiali, inferior a margine superiore anfractiis formatur, pariter ut in Bulliis d. Gray.—Operculum corneum.
3. Narica INTEMERATA, Phil. WN. testd globoso-ovatd, solidd, striatuld, nitidd, lacted, ad suturam versus umbilicum et in parte ultimd anfractés ultimi flavd; anfractibus superius planiusculis ; spird conicd, circa 1 altitudinis equante ; aperturd semiorbicu- lari; columelld rectd, incrassatd; umbilico magno, pervio, lacteo, suleo profundo lato exarato ; funiculo semicylindrico ejus a callo labiali distincto.
234
Alt. 183, diam. 174 lin.
Hab. in sinu Californie ; legit Rever. Steel.
Simillima videtur NV. porcellanee d’Orb., sed umbilico multo am- pliore et colore flavescente differt; a NV. castd, Phil., testa solidiore minus depressa, umbilico albo angustiore, funiculo umbilicali longe magis elevato, etc. distinguitur; a N. pede elephantis testa haud de- pressa, funiculo umbilicali minus elevato satis superque discrepat.
4, Natica carismA, Phil. J. testd ovatd, sordidé albd, ad su- turam zond lacted munitd; anfractibus superius vix convezis ; spird brevi, acutd; aperturd semiorbiculari ; umbilico parvo ; callo lato cum labio confluente illum maximd ex parte opplente.
Alt. 8, diam. 7 lin.
Hab. in mari Caribzeo ad insulam St. John.
Forma omnino accedit ad NV. mammillam vel N. lacteam et umbi- lico pervio cum N. dacted convenit. Differt tamen umbilico longe angustiore, et callo ejus longe majore ; an nihilominus mera varietas ? N. uberind, dOrb., testa longe angustiore magis differre videtur.— Operculum tenue, corneum.
5. Natica vEesTAuis, Phil. J. testd ovato-oblongd, acutd, lacted, substriatd, nitidissimd; spird acutd, conicd, sextam vel septimam totius altitudinis partem occupante ; apertura semiorbiculari ; callo convexo, crassissimo, cum callo labiali confluente, et sulco longitudinali ante marginem columellarem instructo, umbilicum Sere omnino claudente.
Long. 163, diam. 16 lin.
Hab. ad oram Mozambique dictam ; legit Rev. Steel.
Forte nihil nisi varietas N. mammille, a qua unice differt callo umbilicali crassiore conyexiore, sulco longitudiali ante medium mar- ginis columellaris, parte libera umbilicum cingente.
Obs.—Queestio valde difficilis, utrum sub NV. mammilld, L. plures species lateant, an merze varietates, vix examine singulorum specimi- num in Museeis asservatorum decidi poterit, sed unice investigatione numerosz gregis in ipso loco natali.
6. Natica? pomum, Phil. WN.? testd ovatd, inflatd, tenuiusculd, striatd, glauco-fulvd, basi albd ; anfractibus convexis, superiori- bus superné subangulatis; spird quartam altitudinis partem aquante, subcontabulatd ; aperturd ovato-oblongd, propter an- Sractum penultimum prominentem fere lunatd ; umbilico angus-. tissimo, perforato; labio parum calloso, basi supra umbilicum reflexo.
Alt. 19, diam. 183 lin.
Hab. 2
Hee species a reliquis Naticis valde aliena et forte ad genus d4m-
phibolam, Schum. ( Ampullacera, Quoy et Gaimard) mandanda est, etenim sinus latus satis profundus in parte suprema labri hujus teste in nulla alia specie generis Naticee observatur.
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235
12. DEescRIPTION OF A NEW FORM OF LAMPREY FROM AUSTRA- LIA, WITH A SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. erc.
(Pisces, Pl. IV. V.)
The Lamprey. which I have now to present to the attention of the Society differs in so remarkable a degree from any other known spe- cies, that, premising that I propose for it the name of Geotria Austra- lis (Pisces, Pl. V.), I think it best to connect with the description a revision of the whole Family to which it belongs. ;
PETROMYZONIDZ. Nasal aperture closed, and the palate entirely covered with skin.
Lampredia, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 94, 1818.—Petromyzonide (Petro- myzonini), Bonap. Syst. Ichth. 1838; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York,379.—(F am.) Hyperoartia, Mill. Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1836, 77; Mag. Zool. & Bot. i.406.—Petromyzide, Gray, Syn. B.M.1842, 148, 150.
Miller (Abhandl. Akad. Berlin) divided the genera thus :— 1. Petromyzon, with visible teeth. 2. Ammocetes, without visible teeth.
Synopsis of Genera. A. Petromyzonina. Teeth distinct ; eyes visible.
1. Perromyzon. Upper inner teeth two, conical, close together ; lower single, crescent-shaped ; labial teeth numerous, conical ; lin- gual teeth two, pinnate (Pl. IV. f. 1).
2. Lamprrra. Upper and lower teeth transverse, crescent- shaped; labial teeth in two submarginal rows; inner lateral teeth larger, two- or three-lobed, lingual teeth pectinate (Pl. IV. f. 2).
3. Georria. Upper and lower teeth transverse, crescent-shaped; upper lobed ; labial teeth numerous, distant, acute, nermost largest ; lingual teeth elongate, conical, arched (Pl. IV. f. 3).
4. Vexasia. Upper and lower teeth transverse, crescent-shaped ; upper two-lobed ; labial teeth numerous, crowded, truncate ; imner- most largest ; lingual teeth elongate; arched.
5. Caracoxa. Upper internal teeth two, farzapart, three-lobed ; lower crescent-shaped, nine-lobed ; labial teeth transverse, band-like, four tubercles ; lingual teeth flattened (Pl. IV. f. 5).
6. Morpacta. Upper inner teeth two ; lateral three-lobed ; lower nine, conical, in an arched series ; labial teeth conical, in a single sub- marginal series ; lingual teeth elongate, conical, arched (Pl. IV. f. 6).
B. Ammoceetina. Teeth none; eyes hidden. 7. AMMOC@TES.
236 A. Petromyzonina. Teeth distinct. 1. PETROMYZON. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 1.)
Upper inner teeth two, triangular, close together. Lower imner tooth single, large, crescent-shaped, many-toothed. Labial teeth conical, acute, numerous, in diverging, arched series; the inner one largest, and gradually becoming smaller near the edge. Tongue with two compressed, pectinated teeth above, and a broad, lunate, dentated tooth beneath, which is strongly bent up between the upper teeth in the centre.
Yarr. Brit. Fish. fig. p. 603; De Kay, Zool. New York, t. 56, 216 (bad).—Petromyzon, sp., Linn. Syst. Nat.; Rafin. Anal. Nat.; Mull. Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1834, 77 (1836).—Petromyzon, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851.
1. Perromyzon Marinus. The LAMPREY.
Petromyzon marinus, Linn. Bloch, iii. pl. 77 ; Linn. (édit. de Gme- lin) Faun. Suec. 292; Artedi, Ichth. gen. 64. syn. 90; Neue Schrift. der Berl. Naturf. 7. 466; Schneid. Bloch, i. 530, 1801; Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 102. pl. 10, 1776-78; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. 251. pt. 2. pl. 133, 1804; Don. Brit. Fish. pl. 81, 1820-21; Flem. Brit. An. 163. sp. 1, 1827; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 404, 1829; Mill. Mém. de Il’ Acad. Berlin, 1834, 78. t. 4. f.1,5,; Osteol. t. 9, 65, 67, 68. £.9; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2 ed. ii. 598, 1841.—Lamproie marbrée, Daub. Encycl. Méth.; Bonn. Planches d’Hist. Nat. de Enc. Méth.—Petromyzon maculosus, Ar- tedi, Ichth. gen. 64. syn. 90.—Petromyzon lamproie, Bloch, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 31, 77. pt. 13.—Petromyzon maximus, Cuy. Rég. An. ii. 118, 1817.—Petromyzon, Klein, Mise. Pisce. iii. f. 30. n. 3.—Mustela sive Lampetra, Belon, Aquat. 76; Salv. Aquat. f. 62 6.—Lampetra mgpor, Schwenck. Theriotr. Siles. f.451; Charlet, Onom. f.153.n.3; Aldrov. 539. liv. 4.c.13; Jonston, liv. 2. tit. 2. c. 3. pl. 24. f. 5.—Lamproie, Coms. Hist. Nat. v. 284; Fermin, Surin. 85; Rond. 310. pt. 1. liv.13; Valmont de Bomare, Dict. Hist. Nat.—Lampetra Rondeletii, Lam- prey or Lamprey-Eel, Will. Ichth. 105. pl. 2. f. 2, 1685; Ray, Syn. f. 35. n. 3.—Ioatzma unagi, Keempfer, Voy. au Japan, i. pl. 12. f. 2. —Il mustilla, Forsk. Desc. Anim. f. 18.—Plota fluta, Authors.— Lampetra, Lampreda kentmanni, lampreda, marina, mustela, Gesn. (germ.) 180 5. et paralip. 22.—Le Pétromyzon Lamproie, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss. i. 2, 3. pl. 1, 1798.—La Grande Lamproye, Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 404, 1819. ;
Hab. European Seas.
2. Perromyzon Jur&.. MacCuxtocn’s Lamprey.
Petromyzon Jure, MacCull. West. Isles, ii. 186, 187. t. 29. f.1; Jen. B.V. A. 522.—Petromyzon fluviatilis, var., Flem. Brit. An. 162.
Hab. Coast of Scotland, east shore ; island of Jura.
Probably a variety of P. marinus: the drawing of the teeth shows it has no relation to P. fluviatilis.
Peay
237
3. ?PETROMYZON AMERICANUS. AMERICAN Sea Lamprey.
Petromyzon marinus, Schepf. Beobachtungen, &c. viii. 184; Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i. 461 .—Petromyzon americanus, Le- sueur, Amer. Phil. Soc. (N. 8.) i. 382; Hist. N. A. Fish. ined. plate ; Storer, Rep. on the Fishes of Massachusetts ; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 379. pl. 66. f. 216. pt.1; Zool. 1842.
Hab. N. America.
4. PeTROMYZON NIGRICANS. Buuisn Sea Lamprey.
Petromyzon nigricans, Lesueur, Amer. Phil. Soc. (N. S.) i. 385; Storer, Rep. on the Fishes of Massachusetts ; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 381. pl. 79. f. 247 (teeth indistinct), pt. 1; Zool. 1842.
Hab. N. America.
5. PETROMYZON ARGENTEUS. SILVERY LAMPREY.
Petromyzon argenteus, Kirtland, Boston Journ. iii. 342. pl. 4. f. 3; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 382. pt. 1; Zool. 1842. Hab. N. America, river Ohio.
2. LAMPETRA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 2.)
Upper inner tooth single, transverse, lunate, entire, with a conical prominence at each end. Lower inner tooth single, transverse, lu- nate, many-toothed, outer lobe largest. Labial teeth unequal, the outer numerous, small, subequal, conical, in a single, submarginal series, the inner larger, unequal ; of the upper part small, in series ; of the sides in a single series, larger, with two or three conical tu- bercles. Tongue with two compressed, pectinated teeth above, and a large, crescent-shaped, transverse tooth below, crenated on the edge, and with a larger, conical projection in the centre.
Yarr. Brit. Fish. fig. p. 604; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, t. 79, 249 (bad).—Petromyzon, sp., Linn., Cuv., Miull.—Lampetra, sp., Ray.—Lampetra, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851.
* Dorsal fins separate.
1. LaMPetTRA FLUVIATILIS. LAMPERN or River Lamprey.
Petromyzon fluviatilis, Linn. Bloch, pt. 3. pl. 78. f.1; Linn. (edit. de Gmel.); Mull. Prod. 37. n. 307 ; Aldroy. 587; Penn. Brit. Zool. v. pt. 106. pl. 10, 1776-78; Schneid. Bloch, 530, 2, 1801; Shaw, Gen. Zool. 257. pt. 2, 1804; Don. Brit. Fish. pl. 80, 1820-28 ; Flem. Brit. An. 404, 1827; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 404, 1829; Mém. de P Acad. Berlin, 78, 1834; Jen. Man. Brit. Vert. 521. sp. 210, 1835; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2 ed. ii. 598, 1841 ; Parnell; Rich. Faun. Bor. 294, 1836. —Petromyzon fluviatilis, Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 118, 1817.—Lamproie prycka, Daub. Eneycl. Méth.—Nein-oga natting, Faun. Suec. 106. —Petromyzon, §c., Artedi, gen. 64. syn. 89. sp. 99.— La petite Lam- proie, Bloch, 34. pt. 3. pl. 78. f. 1.—La Lamproie branchiale, Bonn. Planches de l’Encyel. Méth.—Petromyzon, Prick (negen-oog), Gro-
238
nov. Mus. i. 64. n. 114; Zooph. 38.—Mustela, Pliny, liv. 9. c. 17. —Mustela fluviatilis, Belon, Aquat. 75.—Lampetra subcinerea, ma- culis carens, Salv. Aquat. 62.—Lampetra, alterum genus, Gesn. Aquat. 597.—Lampreda, Icon. Anim. 326.—Lampetra, medium ge- nus, Will. Ichth. 106. tab. g. 2, 3. f.1,2; Ray, Syn. Pisc. 25. n. 1. —Lampetra fluviatilis, Aldroy. 587; Jonston, 104. pl. 28. f. 11; Schone, 41 ; Charlet, 159. n.7; Marseli, Dan. Pann. iv. 2. t. 1, 1726. —Lampetra fluviatilis, media, Schwenck. Theriotr. Siles. 532.— Jaatz me unagi, Kempfer, Voy. dans le Japan, i. 156. pl. 12. f. 2.— Minog, Rzezynski,.134.—Lamproie, Fermin, Hist. Nat. de Surinam, 85.—Petromyzon, Kramer, Elenchus, 38. n. 1; Klein, Mise. Pise. iii. 29.n.1.t.1.f. 3.—Le Petromyzon pricka, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. i. 18, 1798. Hab. Europe.
2. LAMPETRA PLANERI. FRINGED-LIPPED LAMPERN.
Petromyzon planeri, Linn. Bloch, vii. pl. 78. f. 3; Linn. (édit. de Gmelin) ; Schneid. Bloch, 531, 532, 4, 1801; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 259, 1804; Jen. Man. Brit. Vert. 522. sp. 211, 1835; Mill. Mém. de I’Acad. Berlin, 78, 1834; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 404, 1829; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2 ed. ii. 607, 1841.—Lamproiea planer, Bonn. Planches de l’Encycl. Méth.—Le Pétromyzon planer, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. i. 30. pl. 3, 1798.
Hab. Europe.
** Dorsal fin in contact with the second.
3. LAMPETRA SANGUISUGA. LErErcH LAMPERN.
Petromyzon Sanguisuga, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. ii. 99. pl. 1; Supp. to Petromyzon; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 261, 1804. —Petromyzon planeri, var., Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 118.
Hab. Europe, Seine.
A very doubtful species ; Cuvier says it is the same as the former.
4, Lampetra LAMoTTENTI. AMERICAN LAMPERN.
Petromyzon Lamottenii, Lesueur, Hist. N. A.; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 382. pl. 79. f. 249 (mouth), pt.1; Zool. 1842. Hab. N. America, New York.
3. GEOTRIA, n.g. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 3.)
Upper internal tooth large, transverse, crescent-like, divided into four lobes ; the two inner lobes small, acute; outer truncated. The lower internal tooth transverse, narrow, slightly simuous. The labial teeth numerous, far apart, conical, acute, in arched series, diverging from the throat; the innermost one larger, rest small; the inner- most one of the lower part on each side small, elongate, transverse, with two small, rudimentary tubercles. ‘Tongue with two elongate, conical, arched teeth, with a triangular plate on the lower side of the base. Throat with a very large dilatable pouch. Dorsal. fins two,
239
far apart. Mouth very large, surrounded with rather large, trans- verse, torn leaves.
This genus chiefly differs from Velasia in the rudimentary state of the lower internal tooth, in the form of the labial teeth, in the large size of the oral disk, and the extraordinary development of the throat-pouch, which is found in a rudimentary state in the Petro- myzon marinus. ‘This development of the pouch is perhaps to adapt the animal to the long drought of the Australian rivers.
1. Gzorria austRALIs. Poucuep Lamprey. (Pisces, Pl. V.) Hab, South Australia. Fresh water.
4. VELASIA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 4.)
Upper internal teeth large, transverse, crescent-like, divided into four flat, elongated lobes ; the outer lobes largest. The lower inter- nal teeth large, transverse, crescent-like, convex, denticulated on the edge. The labial teeth very numerous, truncated, in crowded, arched series, diverging from the throat; the inner ones large, and gra- dually diminishing in size to the edge. Tongue with two very large, long, curved teeth, with a triangular plate beneath at their base. Dorsal fins two, far apart. Mouth moderate, edged with transverse foliations.
1. VELASIA CHILENSIS. CHILIAN LAMPERN. Hab. Chili. In fresh water.
5. CARAGOLA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 5.)
Upper inner teeth two, large, separate, lateral, submarginal, each with three acute tubercles. Lower inner teeth large, crescent-shaped, nine-lobed ; the central and two lateral lobes on each side larger. The labial teeth in a subcircular, submarginal series, large, trans- verse, band-like, with three or four tubercles. Tongue with two flat- tened teeth, and a triangular, transverse plate below, with an acute process between the teeth on the upper edge. Dorsal fins two, far apart.
1. Caracoua Lapicipa. CARAGOL. Hab. West Coast of America.
6. MORDACIA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 6.)
Upper inner teeth two, separate, lateral, subtrigonal, each with three tubercles. The lower niné conical, acute, in an arched series ; the five central smaller. Labial teeth small, conical, in a single, cir- cular, submarginal series, with a single, additional, odd tooth in the centre above. Tongue with two conical, arched teeth. (Rich. Voy. Erebus & Terror, t. 38.)
Petromyzon, sp., Rich. Voy. Erebus & Terror, t. 38, 1845.
240
1. MorpaciA MORDAX. AUSTRALIAN LAMPERN. Petromyzon mordaz, Rich. Voy. Erebus & Terror, t. 38, 1845.—
Mordacia mordax, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851. Hab. Tasmania.
Species of Doubtful Situation in the Family.
1. PeTROMYZON APPENDIX. SMALL LAMPREY.
Petromyzon appendix, De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 381. pl. 64. f. 211. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.
Hab. N. America, Hudson River.
**A ring of irregular-shaped corneous processes within the oral orifice, and a large isolated double tooth of the same texture on the inferior portion of the mouth.” —De Kay.
2. PETROMYZON TRIDENTATUS. TRIDENTATE LAMPREY. Petromyzon tridentatus, Gairdener, Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. 293,
1836; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 381. pt. 1; Zool. 1842. Hab. N. America, Falls of the Walamet.
3. PETROMYZON ARGENTEUS. SiLveRY LAMPREY.
Petromyzon argenteus, Bloch, t. 415. f. 2; Schneid. Bloch, 532. t. 102. f. 1, 1801; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 262, 1841.
Hab. Indian Seas.
4, PeTRoMYZON BICOLOR. BriLLiAntT LAMPREY.
Petromyzon bicolor, Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 263, 1804.— Petromyzon niger, Lacépéde, iv. 667.
Hab. Europe, Seine.
5. PrTRoMYZON PLUMBEUS. LEADEN LAMPREY.
Petromyzon plumbeus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 263, 1804. —Petromyzon Septeil, Lacépéde, iv. 667. Hab. Europe, Seine.
Bs. Ammoceetina. Teeth none; eyes none.
7. AMMOCETES.
Teeth none.
Ammocetes, Dum. Zool. Anal.; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 118, 1817; Mill. Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1834, 8 (1836). —1Lampreda, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 94, 1815.
1. AMMOC@TES BRANCHIALIS. Pripsr or SANDPIPER. Ammocetes branchialis, Dum. ; Flem. Brit. An. 164. sp. 3, 1828;
Cuy. Rég. An. 406, 1829; Mill. Mém. de l’Acad. Berlin, 1834 ; Jen. Man. Brit. Vert. 522. sp. 212, 1835; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2 ed. ii.
—
241
609, 1841.—Petromyzon branchialis, Linn. (édit. de Gmelin) 1815; Bloch, pt. 3. pl. 78? f.2; Linn. Faun. Suec. 292; Wulff. Ichth. Borus. 15. n. 20; Miill. Prod. Zool. Dan. 37. n. 3076; Kramer, Elench. 483; Penn. Brit. Zool. iti. 107. pl. 10, 1776-78 ; Shaw, Gen. Zool. 260, 1804.—Petromyzon corpore annuloso, §c., Artedi, gen. 42. syn. 90.—Lamproie branchiale, Bonn. Planches de YEncycl.; Daub. Encycl. Méth.— Petromyzon, Gronov. Zooph. 38. n. 160; Klein, Mise. Pisce. iii. 30. n. 4.—Petromyzon cecus, Couch, Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 23. f. 60.—Mustela fluviatilis, Gesner, Aquat. 589 ; Icon. Anim. 286; Thierb. 159 b.—Lampetra minima, Aldrov. 539. —Lampern, or Pride of the Isis, Will. Ichth. 104.—Pride, Plot, Hist. of Oxford, 182. t. 10.—Lampetra ceca, Will. Ichth. tab. Z,3. f.l; Ray, Syn. Pisce. 35. n. 2, 4 ; Couch, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 23. f. 9, 10.—Lampreta neunange, Jouston, t. 28. f. 10.—Lam- proyon et Lamprillon, Rond. Hist. Poiss. ii. 202.—Querder, Schlam- querder, Schwenckf. Theriotr. Siles. 423.—Der Kieferwurn, Miill. l. ec. ii. 234.—Lampreyon, Valmont de Bomare, Dict. Hist. Nat.— Le Petromyzon lampreyon, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. i. 26. pl. 2. f. 1, 1798.
Hab. Europe, rivers.
2. AMMoca@Tes RUBER. Rep Lamprey.
Ammocetes ruber, Cuv. Reg. An. 406, 1829; Mill. Mém. de P Acad. Berl. 78, 1834.—Petromyzon ruber, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. ii. 99. pl. 1; Supp. to Petromyzon; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v.
pt. 2. p. 261, 1804.— Ammoceetes branchialis, var., Cuv. Rég. An. i. 118, 1817.
Hab. Europe, Seine.
3. AMMOC@TES CONCOLOR. Mvp Ee or Burnp Er.
Ammoceetes concolor, Kirtland, Boston Journ. iii. 473. ps 27. f. la, b, 1841.
Hab. N. America, Mahoning and Scioto rivers.
4. AMMOC@TES BICOLOR. CoLovurEep Mup Lamprey.
Ammocetes bicolor, Lesueur, Amer. Phil. Soc. (N. S.) i. 386.— Ammocetes bicolor, Storer, Fishes of Massachusetts, 198; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 383, 679. f. 248. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.
Hab. N. America, Connecticut river.
5. AMMOC@TES UNICOLOR. PLAIN Mup Lamprrey.
Ammoceetes unicolor, De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 383. pl. 79. f. 250. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.
Hab. N. America, Lake Champlain.
No. CCXXXIV.—Procrepincs OF THE ZooLoGIcAL Society.
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242
13. Descriptions oF Forry-THREE New Species oF CycLosto- MACEA, FROM THE CoLLecTIoNn oF HueH Cuming, Esa. By Dr. L. Preirrer.
A
ann? 1. Cyctosroma Himatayanum, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, glo- boso-turbinatd, soliduld, costis spiralibus obtusis, 10-12, lineisque interjacentibus obsoletis sculptd, sub epidermide decidud, .... al- bidd ; spird turbinatd, supern? rufd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo ventroso, circa umbilicum angustum, infun- dibuliformem vix compresso; aperturd subverticali, circulari ; peristomate simplice, continuo, breviter adnato, fusco-igneo, sub- incrassato, breviter expanso, superne subangulato.—Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 48, min. 39, alt. 35 mill.
Hab. in Himalaya.
2. CycLosToMA EUCHILUM, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, turbinato- subglobosd, soliduld, oblique confertim striatd, lineis impressis distantioribus obsolet? clathratuld, albidd, violaceo-fusco et fulvo variegatd, parum nitidd; spird turbinato-elevatd, apice acuti- usculd ; anfractibus 54, convexis, ultimo rotundato, ad suturam subdepresso, medio albo-fasciato, basi confertim et valide spirali- ter sulcato; umbilico mediocri, infundibuliformi; aperturd vir obliqud, subangulato-circulari, intus purpurascenti-carneo-micante ; peristomate subcontinuo, albo, marginibus superne dilatatis, callo subemarginato junctis, dextro et basali latissimis, fornicatim revo- lutis, sinistro angustato, vir reflero.— Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 43, min. 32, alt. 28 mill.
Hab. Madagascar.
p% ise 3. CyCLosToMA CRASssUM, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, turbinato- “ae globosd, crassd, striata et minut? malleatd, rubello-fulvd, fasciis Aw et lineis interruptis castaneis ornatd ; spird turbinatd, obtusius-
culd ; anfractibus 5, convezis, ultimo superné turgido, infra medium carind funiformi et fascid latiore nigricante circumdato, basi sub- planulato, circa umbilicum angustum, infundibuliformem subcom- presso; aperturd obliqud, subangulato-rotundd, intus rubelld ; peristomate duplice: interno continuo, externo crasso, expanso, ad anfractum penultimum breviter interrupto.—Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 27, min. 23, alt. 18 mill.
Hab. Liew Kiew, et var. minor in insula Ibyat (Bashee group).
4. CycLostoMA EXPANSUM, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, turbinato- subglobosd, solidiusculd, spiraliter confertim striata, opacd, superne castaneo et albido variegatd ; spird conoided, apice acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5, conveviusculis, ultimo conveaiore, dilatato, peripherid subcarinato, basi fasciis angustis castaneis ornatd ; umbilico an- \ gusto, pervio; aperturd subverticali, fere circulari ; peristomate subsimplice, continuo, breviter adnato, pallide aurantiaco, undique equaliter angulatim plano-expanso, margine subrevoluto.— Oper- culum?
Diam. maj. 30, min. 22, alt. 19 mill.
Hab. ?
243
5. CycLostomMa uNicoLor, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, globoso- conicd, solidd, longitudinaliter confertissime et regulariter striatd, spiraliter confertim sulcatd, opacd, fulvido-stramined; spird conicd, subtruncatd ; anfractibus 6, conveviusculis, ultimo supern? et medio acute carinato: carind tertid, validissimd, circa umbilicum angus- tum, infundibuliformem, intus profunde spiraliter sulcatum ; aper- turd parum obliqud, angulato-circulari; peristomate simplice, marginibus callo lunatim exciso junctis, dextro expansiusculo, sinistro medio dilatato, patente.—Operculum?
Diam. maj. 20, min. 17, alt. 16 mill.
B. Majus, striis longitudinalibus obsoletioribus, albidum.
Diam. maj. 28, min. 22, alt. 20 mill.
Hab. 2
6. CycLostoMA ponpDEROsUM, Pfr. C. testd lat? umbilicatd, conoideo-depressd, crassd, ponderosd, subtiliter et oblique mal- leato-rugulosd, olivaceo-fusculd ; spird breviter conoided, obtusd ; anfractibus 5, parum convezis, celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo lato, subdepresso, ad peripheriam obtuse funiculato-carinato ; apertura obliqud, angulato-ovali, intus albd, nitidd ; peristomate crasso, recto, subcontinuo, superne angulato-dilatato, margine columellari perarcuato.—Operculum membranaceum, pellucidum, fusculum, arctispirum.
Diam. maj. 36, min. 30, alt. 20 mill.
Hab. Guatemala.
7. Cyctostroma Dysoni, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, conoideo- orbiculatd, solidd, pliculis confertis undulatis, subconfluentibus sculptd, fusco-olivaced, pallidius strigatd et obsolete fasciatd ; spird conoided, obtusuld ; anfractibus 44, conveviusculis, celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato; umbilico mediocri, conico; aper- turd fere verticali, angulato-subcirculari, intus c@rulescente, ni- tidd ; peristomate simplice, recto, superne angulato, breviter ad- nato, margine dextro declivi, columellari subdilatato-patente.— Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 27, min. 22, alt. 16 mill.
Hab. Honduras (Mr. Dyson).
8. CycLostoma piscutus, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, depressd, discoided, solidiusculd, nitidd, alabastrind ; spird planissimd ; an- Sractibus vir 4, conveviusculis, ad suturam impressam striatis, ultimo teretiusculo, subdepresso, in umbilico lato distinctius striato, antice brevissimé soluto; aperturd subverticali, circulari ; peri- stomate continuo, simplice, recto.—Operculum?
Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 5 mill.
Hab. 2
9. CycLostoma pEsciscens, Pfr. C. testd late umbilicatd, de- presso-semiglobosd, superné confertim sulculatd, albidd; spird convexd ; anfractibus 44, convexiusculis, ultimo terete, antic® subito deflexo, basi levigato ; apertura fere horizontali, lunato-
Be ‘qs?
244
rotundatd, intus albd ; peristomate incrassato, marginibus remotis, callo junctis, basali reflexo, columellari subito arcuatim ascendente. —Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 10, min. 83, alt. 53 mill.
Hab. Socotra.
10. CycLosroma MARGARITA, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, globoso- conicd, soliduld, levigatd, nitiduld, rubello-succined ; spird conicd, apice acutiusculd, sanguined ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo subrotundato ; aperturd parum obliqud, ovali; peristomate inter- rupto, simplice, recto, margine columellari perarcuato, subincras- sato.—Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 7, min. 6, alt. 6 mill.
Hab. in insula Rapa Oceani pacifici.
11. CycLtosroma (LEpTOPOMA) LATELIMBATUM, Pfr. C. testd perforata, globoso-conicd, tenui, minute spiraliter striata et lineis obtusis elevatis, subequidistantibus cinctd, diaphand, parum nitidd, albd, maculis et fasciis pallidé fulvis variegatd ; spird turbinatd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5, conveziusculis, ultimo rotundato, medio lined acute elevatd subcarinato; umbilico angusto, viv pervio ; aperturd obliqud, subcirculari ; peristomate duplice, albo : interno interrupto, breviter porrecto, marginibus callo tenui junctis, ex- terno undique equaliter dilatato, angulatim patente, supra perfo- rationem exciso.—-Operculum?
Diam. maj. 17, min. 13, alt. 1] mill.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
12. CycLostoma (LEPTOPOMA) REGULARE, Pfr. C. testd an- gustissime perforatd, conicd, globosd, tenui, lineis approximatis superne equalibus sculptd, interstitiis spiraliter confertim striatd, diaphand, albidd, maculis fulvidis regulariter tessellatd ; spird turbinatd, apice acutd, pallide corned, anfractibus 53, convexius- culis, ultimo convexiore, infra liram periphericam inflato, obso- letius lirato ; apertura obliqud, lunato-circulari ; peristomate inter- rupto, tenui, albo, breviter patente, margine columellari basi sub- angulatim dilatato. Operculum?
Diam. maj. 123, min. 10, alt. 10 mill.
13. CycLtosroma (LerToroma) seRiIcaTuM, Pfr. C. testd per- foratd, globoso-conicd, tenui, pellucidd, sericed, lineis obliquis, subdistantibus sculptd, superné lineis 4-5 elevatis, spiralibus munitd, hyalino-albidd, liris corneis (vel undique violacescenti- fulvd, basi pallidiore); spird turbinatd, acutd, apice nigricante ; anfractibus 5, superis parum convexis, ultimo inflato, subcarinato, infra carinam fascid unicd castaned ornato, basi liris spiralibus non- nullis obsoletioribus sculpto ; umbilico angustissimo, non pervio ; aperturd parum obliqud, subemarginato-circulari ; peristomate simplice, interrupto, tenui, horizontaliter patente, margine colu- mellari medio sublingulatim dilatato.—Operculum?
Diam. maj. 12, min. vix 10, alt. 9 mill.
Hab. in insula Borneo (Taylor).
245
14. CycLostomMA PLEUROPHORUM, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, globoso-turbinatd, tenui, longitudinaliter conferte striatd et costulis jilaribus, prominentioribus sculptd, diaphand, parum nitidd, albido- Sulvescente ; spird turbinatd, apice acutiusculd, corned; suturd costis denticulatd ; anfractibus 5, convezis, ultimo subterete, antice breviter soluto ; umbilico mediocri, profundo, angulo cariniformi cincto ; aperturd subverticali, ovato-subcirculari ; peristomate con- tinuo, simplice, recto, margine columellari expansiusculo.—Oper- culum duplex, lamind externd testaced, 5-spiratd, marginibus anfractuum liberis, internd pland, cartilagined.
Diam. maj. 11, min. 92, alt. 92 mill.
Hab. Honduras.
15. CycLosroma FAscicuLARE, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, acumi- nato-ovatd, soliduld, confertissimé costulato-striatd, vix sericed, griseo-corned ; spird conicd, acutiusculd ; suturd costularum fasci- culis crenatd ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato, basi spiraliter sulcato ; apertura vix obliqud, ovali; peristomate sim- plice, recto, acuto.—Operculum terminale, testaceum, planum, paucispirum, anfractibus oblique striatis.
Long. 12, diam. 8 mill.
Hab. 2
16. Cyctosroma GuaTEMALENSE, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, ob- longd, soliduld, subtruncatd, striatuld, olivaceo-fuscd ; spird con- vexiusculo-turritd ; anfractibus 6, parum convexis, ultimo angus- tiore, anticé descendente, breviter soluto, basi, circa perforationem apertam, compresso, nec carinato ; aperturd verticali, subcirculari; peristomate libero, albo, duplice: interno continuo, vix porrecto, externo dilatato, horizontaliter expanso, supra perforationem exciso.—Operculum?
Long. 24, diam. 8 mill.
Hab. Vera Paz in Guatemala.
17. CycLosroma CANESCENS, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, oblongo- turritd, truncatuld, solidd, lineis longitudinalibus et spiralibus elevatis regulariter clathratd, parum nitidd, griseo-albidd ; spird elongatd ; suturd tuberculis confertis, albis crenata ; anfractibus superstomate 7, vix convexiusculis, ultimo basi attenuato, circa perforationem obsoletam distinctius spiraliter sulcato; aperturd verticali, angulato-ovali, intus fusco-carned ; peristomate duplice': interno viz porrecto, externo undique breviter expanso, superné angulato, anfractui penultimo breviter adnato.— Operculum ?
Long. 20, diam. 7 mill.
Hab. ie
18. CycLostoma vioLaceum, Pfr. C. testd subobtecté perforatd, ovato-turritd, truncatd, soliduld, lineis elevatis spiralibus et con- Sertioribus longitudinalibus oblongo-granulatd, haud scabrd, non nitente, saturate violaced ; spird turritd, truncatd; anfractibus superstomate 43, convexis, ultimo rotundato ; aperturd subverticali,
=)
4. ae
246
ovali ; peristomate simplice, albo, continuo, margine dextro sub- incrassato, angusté angulatim patente, columellari in laminam sinuosam, perforationem occultantem, nec claudentem, dilatuto.— Operculum immersum, testaceum, planum, cinereum, paucispirum. Long. 20, diam. 11 mill. Hab. 2
19. Cyctostoma SHutTTLEWoRTHI, Pfr. C. testd clause umbili- catd, oblongd, truncata, spiraliter confertim plicatd, lineis longi- tudinalibus obsoleté decussatd, sericed, pallidissimé fulvidd, fasciis valde interruptis castaneis ornatd; spird oblongd; anfractibus superstomate 3, convexiusculis, ultimo basi rotundato ; aperturd verticali, angulato-ovali ; peristomate duplice: interno brevi, ex- pansiusculo, externo late patente, concentricé striato, radiatim plicato et castaneo-radiato, ad columellam exciso, lamind alba fornicatd umbilicum prorsus claudente-—Operculum terminale, cartilagineum, paucispirum, nucleo basali.
Long. 22, diam. 11} mill.
Had. in insula Cuba.
20. CycLosToMA RADULA, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, ovato-oblongd, truncatd, tenui, lineis elevatis spiralibus et costis acutis longitudi- nalibus subtiliter asperato-decussatd, pallidé corned, Sfasciis an- gustis, rufis, interruptis ornatd, non nitente ; spird sursum atte- nuatd, laté truncatd ; suturd profundd, subsimplice ; anfractibus superstomate 4, conveais, ultimo angustiore, rotundato ; aperturd verticali, circulari; peristomate duplice: interno continuo, vix porrecto, externo dilatato, horizontaliter patente, concentricé striato, ad anfractum penultimum subexciso, margine sinistro fim- briato-inciso.—Operculum planum, e duabus laminis compositum, externa subtestaced, anfractibus 34, nucleo subcentrali.
Long. 14, diam. 7 mill.
Hab. Almendares prope Havana.
21. CycLostoma ovatuM, Pfr. C. testd obtecté perforatd, oblongo- ovatd, truncatd, tenui, longitudinaliter confertim plicatuld, sericed, fusco-corned, vel pallidissime corned, maculis rufis seriatim dispo- sitis ornatd ; spird ovato-conicd, truncatd ; suturd levi, irregula- riter tuberculato-crenatd ; anfractibus superstomate 5, convexius- culis, ultimo paulo angustiore, basi obsolete spiraliter sulcato ; aperturd verticali, rotundato-ovali ; peristomate fusculo, duplice : interno breviter porrecto, externo undique dilatato, campanulato- expanso, radiato-costato, superne angulatim reflero, anfractui penultimo longé adnato, perforationem claudente, margine sinistro subauriculato, libero.—Operculum?
Long. 173, diam. 8 mill.
Hab. in insula Cuba.
22. CycLostoma Grateouprt, Pfr. C. testd perforata, oblonga,
pupiformi, truncatd, tenuiusculd, spiraliter confertim sulcatda et costis longitudinalibus, conferlis, non interruptis sculpta, diaphand,
a
247
: parum nitidd, corneo-albidd, fasciis strigatim interruptis castaneis | ornatd ; spird sursum parum attenuatd, late truncatd; suturd levi, crenatd: crenis superne minutis, confertis, in anfractibus ultimis fasciculatim dilatatis, obtusis ; anfractibus superstomate 4, pix convexiusculis, ultimo anticé breviter soluto, basi rotundato ; aperturd verticali, ovali; peristomate duplice: interno breviter expanso, adnato, externo campanulato-patente, rufo radiato, superneé cucullatim elevato, tum emarginato et anfractui penultimo adnato.— Operculum testaceum, planum, anfractibus 3, marginibus lamelloso- liberis. Long. 16, diam. 7 mill. B. T. minor, crenulis suture confertis, acutis. Hab. Yucatan, var. (3. in India occidentali.
23. CycLosroma uisTrRi0, Pfr. C. testd profundé rimatd, ovato- conicd, solidiusculd, longitudinaliter confertim plicatd, parum ni- tidd, albidd, strigis latis obliquis, angulosis, fuscis pictd; spird elato-conicd, vix truncatuld; suturd superné minute denticulatd, anfractuum inferiorum subsimplice ; anfractibus 43, convezis, ul- timo rotundato, basi ultra axin subproducto ; aperturd subobliqud, subcirculari, intus nitidd, fulvidd, nebulosd ; peristomate lateritio, duplice: interno continuo, late expanso, appresso, externo latiore, horizontaliter patente, superné sinuato-angulato, ad anfractum penultimum breviter interrupto.—Operculum ?
Long. 20, diam. 11 mill.
Had. in insula Jamaica.
24, CycLosroma InTEGRUM, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, turritd, tenuiusculd, integrd, lineis obsolete elevatis spiralibus et costulis confertis longitudinalibus (tertid vel quartd qudvis validiore) sub- decussatd, fulvidd, fasciis interruptis rufis cingulata ; spird regu- lariter turritd, apice obtusiusculd ; suturd subconferte denticulatd ; anfractibus 7, convexis, 2 primis levigatis, ultimo rotundato, antrorsum breviter soluto, vir descendente, basi rotundato, fasciis 2-3 continuis rufis ornato; aperturd vix obliqud, ovali; peri- stomate subduplicato: interno continuo, adnato, externo patente, superne subangulato-dilatato, tum emarginato, latere columeliari undulato.— Operculum cartilagineum, planum, paucispirum.
Long. 12, diam. 5 mill.
Hab. in India occidentali.
25. CycLostoma HARPA, Pfr. C. testd breviter rimatd, oblongo- turritd, tenuiusculd, plicis longitudinalibus chordiformibus sub- distantibus munitd, cinnamomeo-carned, haud nitente, lineis rufis strigatim interruptis ornatd; spird turritd, integrd, sursum nigro- violaced, apice obtusd ; suturd profundd, plicis prominentibus sub- crenatd ; anfractibus 6, conveais, ultimo rotundato ; apertura ver- ticali, ovali-subcirculari ; peristomate rubello, duplice: interno expansiusculo, appresso, externo undique vix dilatato-patente, anfractui penultimo breviter adnato.—Operculum ?
Long. 12, diam. 6 mill.
Hab, Almendares prope Havana.
248
26. CycLosroma pineugE, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, oblongo-. turritd, truncatd, solidd, liris spiralibus obtusis undulatd, striis longitudinalibus confertissimis sculptd, oleoso-micante, cinnamo- meo-fuscd ; suturd profundd, simplice ; anfractibus superstomate 4, convexis, regulariter accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato ; apertura subverticali, fere circulari; peristomate albo, duplice: interno expansiusculo, adnato, externo continuo, horizontaliter expanso, anfractui penultimo brevissimé adnato, superne angulato.—Oper- culum?
Long. 125, diam. 6 mill.
Hab. 2
27. CycLosToMA PALLIDUM, Pfr. C. testd perforata, ovato- turritd, truncatd, tenui, lineis elevatis spiralibus et confertissimis longitudinalibus (hic illic irregularibus, subconfluentibus) minuté decussatd, pallidé corned, lineolis rufis interruptis obsolete pictd ; suturd profundd, subsimplice ; anfractibus superstomate 4, con- vexis, ultimo rotundato ; aperturd verticali, ovali-circulari ; peri- stomate duplice, interno albo, porrecto, expansiusculo, externo dilatato, horizontaliter patente, concentricé striato, anfractui pen- ultimo breviter adnato, margine sinistro angustiore.— Operculum terminale, testaceum, anfractibus 3}, oblique striatis, marginibus subliberis.
Long. 174, diam. 8} mill.
Hab. Almendares prope Havana.
28. Cyctosroma CuMANENSE, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, turrito- oblongd, truncatd, tenui, longitudinaliter confertim plicatd, sericed, pellucida, corneo-lutescente, maculis castaneis fasciatim dispositis ornatd ; suturd plicis excurrentibus confertim subcrenatd ; an- Sfractibus superstomate 5, subconvexis, ultimo basi rotundato, antice breviter soluto, dorso carinato ; aperturd subverticali, ovali, superné subangulatd ; peristomate libero, simplice, undique vix expanso.— Operculum cartilagineum, planum, paucispirum.
Long. 15, diam. 7} mill.
29. CycLosroMaA TuRRITUM, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, turritd, truncatuld, lineis elevatis spiralibus et longitudinalibus regulariter clathratd, albidd, lineolis rufis interruptis cinctd; suturd subpro- Sunda, confertim denticulatd; anfractibus superstomate 6, convezi- usculis, regulariter accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato ; aperturd verti- cali, ovali, intus fulvidd; peristomate subduplice: interno continuo, expansiusculo, externo superne angulatim dilatato, margine dextro vie patente, columellari et sinistro exciso.—Operculum ?
Long. 16, diam. 7 mill.
Hab. Honduras (Mr. Dyson).
30. CycLostoma pDIAPHANUM, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, ob- longo-turritd, truncatd, tenuiusculd, lineis elevatis spiralibus con- Sertis, costulisque illas transgredientibus filaribus confertioribus decussatd, diaphand, unicolore albidd; spird elongaté; suturd irregulariter crenatd ; anfractibus superstomate 4}, convevxis, sub-
: |
249
equalibus, ultimo anticé soluto, dorso carinato, basi rotundato, distinctius spiraliter sulcato; aperturd verticali, angulato-ovali ; peristomate subsimplice, continuo, undique breviter expanso.— Operculum ?
Long. 12, diam. 5 mill.
Hab. ——? ©
31. CycLosroma LucuBRE, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, turrito- oblonga, solidd ; truncata, liris obtusis spiralibus, costulisque sub- membranaceis illas transgredientibus sculptd, fusculd, violaceo- Susco late unifasciatd ; spird parum attenuata; suturd confertim et subacute fasciculato-crenatd ; anfractibus superstomate 5, con- vexiusculis, ultimo antice breviter soluto, subdescendente, dorso compresso, basi distinctius spiraliter lirato; aperturd verticali, oblique ovali ; peristomate subsimplice, continuo, margine sinistro breviter, reliquis pauld latius expansis, subundulatis.— Operculum ?
Long. 16, diam. feré 7 mill.
Hab. in insula Jamaica.
32. CycLtostoma Kustert, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, ovato-turritd, truncatd, tenui, sulcis spiralibus et costulis longitudinalibus con- Sertis regulariter granulato-reticulatd, vix nitente, diaphand, fusco- corned, lineis obsoletis rufis interruptis pictd; spird convexo- turritd, late truncatd; suturd profundd, simplice; anfractibus superstomate 4, convevis, ultimo angustiore, rotundato ; aperturd subverticali, subcirculari; peristomate duplice: interno breviter expanso, adnato, externo campanulato-expanso, concentricé striato, anticé concavo, rufo-radiato, superné angulato, ad anfractum pen- ultimum angustato.— Operculum ?
Long. 14, diam. 7 mill.
Hab. Honduras (Mr. Dyson).
33. CycLostoMA TROCHLEA, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, oblongo- turritd, truncatd, costis filaribus spiralibus et longitudinalibus subregulariter clathratd, haud nitente, pallide fusculd, punctis rufis subseriatis variegatd ; spird elongata, trochleari, lat? trun- catd ; suturd profundd, simplice ; anfractibus superstomate 5, per- convexis ; aperturd verticali, subcirculari; peristomate duplice : interno vie porrecto, externo horizontaliter expanso, supern® in rostrum recurvatum dilatato, ad anfractum penultimum breviter interrupto, latere sinistro inciso-crenulato.—Operculum?
Long. 14, diam. 6 mill.
Hab. ?
34. CyCLOSTOMA ALTERNANS, Pfr. C. testd mediocriter umbili- catd, conoideo-depressd, tenuiusculd, acute multiliratd, liris al- ternis minoribus, haud nitente, subepidermide pallide lutescente Sugace albd ; spird breviter conoideo-elevatd, obtusiusculd ; suturd subcanaliculatd ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato ; aperturd parum obliqud, subcirculari ; peristomate simplice, recto, Jusco-limbato, subcontinuo, marginibus ad anfractum penultimum
4, 1993 t <i
250
callo nitido junctis—Operculum membranaceum, planum, cereum, arctispirum,.
Diam. maj. 20, min. 16, alt. 10 mill.
Hab. Madagascar.
35. CycLostoMa RustTicuM, Pfr. C. testa laté umbilicatd, de- pressd, subdiscoided, solidd, spiraliter confertim liratd, non nitente, sordide albidd, pallide fusculo irregulariter variegatd ; spird parum elevatd, vertice submucronato ; anfractibus 44, convexiusculis, ad suturam subdepressis, ultimo terete, antice descendente ; aperturd diagonali, subcirculari, intus carned; peristomate simplice, breviter expanso, marginibus callo brevi junctis, supero repando.—Oper- culum?
Long. maj. 174, min. 133, alt. 74 mill.
Hab. 2
36. CycLosroma pstLomituM, Pfr. C. testd mediocriter umbili- catd, depresso-conoided, soliduld, virenti-luted, via nitiduld, lineis spiralibus subtilissimis, piloso-elevatis crebris obscurioribus cinctd ; spird breviter conoided, obtusd ; suturd subcanaliculatd ; anfrac- tibus 4, convexis, ultimo terete, non descendente ; aperturd fereé verticali, subcirculari, intus albidd ; peristomate simplice, acuto, marginibus fere contiguis, callo brevi junctis—Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 15, min. 11, alt. 8 mill.
Hab. Venezuela.
37. CycLosTtoMaA aLatum, Pfr. C. testd laté umbilicatd, conoideo- depressd, soliduld, oblique confertim et inequaliter costulatd, vir diaphand, albidd, fasciis angustis pallidissime corneis variegatd ; spird brevissime conoided, acutiusculd ; suturd simplice ; anfrac- tibus 4, modice convezis, ultimo subterete, antic vix descendente, lilaceo-nebuloso ; aperturd diagonali, subcirculari, intus lilaceo- fusculd ; peristomate subduplice, latere dextro et basali connato, expanso, externo superné alatim dilatato, latere sinistro subreflexo. —Operculum? —
Diam. maj. 16, min. 13, alt. 8 mill.
Hab. 8. Yago de Cuba.
38. CycLosToMA SCALARE, Pfr. C. testd angusté umbilicatd, co- noided, soliduld, oblique striatuld, nitiduld, corneo-luted ; spird elatd, scalari, apice acutd ; suturd profundd ; anfractibus 43, per- convexis, ultimo terete, antice subsoluto; aperturd obliqud, cir- culari, intus margaritaced; peristomate simplice, continuo, undique vir expansiusculo.—Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 9, min. 7, alt. 65 mill.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
39. Cyctostoma (CycLopHorus) LuTESCENS, Pfr. C. testa umbilicatd, depresso-conoided, solidd, oblique filoso-striatd, sericed, fusco-lutescente; spird breviter conoided, apice acutiusculd; suturd profundd, simplice; anfractibus 44, convexis, rapide accrescentibus,
251
ultimo non descendente; umbilico mediocri, profundo; aperturd vir obliqud, rotundato-ovali ; peristomate simplice, recto, acuto, con- tinuo, breviter adnato, superné vir angulato.—Operculum mem- branaceum, paliidé corneum, rectispirum, extus profunde concavum. Diam. maj. 20, min. 153, alt. 12 mill. Hab. in Brasilia.
40. CycLosroma curraTuM, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, depressd, @% “7 te solidd, glabrd, nitidd, lete castaned, maculis albis subtriangulari- bus guttatd ; spird vix elevatd, apice fuscd, submucronatd ; an- Sractibus 43, convexiusculis, celeriter crescentibus, ad suturam im- pressam striatulis ; umbilico latiusculo, pervio; aperturd parum obliqud, circulari, intus albidd ; peristomate subduplice: interno via distinguendo, externo expanso, superne in linguam brevem, anfractui penultimo adnatam, dilatato.—Operculum ? Diam. maj. 19, min. 15, alt. 9 mill. Hab. if
41. CycLostoMa IGNESCENS, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, globoso- : conicd, tenui, lineis spiralibus subtilissimis confertim sculptd, dia- phand, nitidd, ignescente ; spird turbinatd, obtusiusculd ; suturd profundd ; anfractibus 43, convevis, ultimo basi distinctius sulcato ; aperturd obliqud, subcirculari; peristomate simplice, expanso, mar- ginibus approximatis, non junctis.—Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 14. min. 11, alt. 11} mill.
Hab. in Nova Hibernia.
42. CycLostoma FuscuLuM, Pfr. C. testd angustissime umbili- catd, globoso-conicd, tenui, lineis elevatis spiralibus subconfertis,
: lirdque periphericd validiore cariniformi sculptd, vie nitiduld, unicolore fusculd, fascid unicd angustd rufd infra carinam pallidam
5 ornatd; spird conicd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 5, convexis, ultimo
( interdum carind, secundo superne notato, basi minute spiraliter suleato ; aperturd parum obliqud, rotundato-ovali; peristomate simplice, tenui, undique expansiusculo, marginibus approximatis, non junctis.—Operculum testaceum, planum, cinereum, 4-spirum, nucleo subcentrali.
Diam. maj. 114, min. 93, alt. 9 mill.
Hab. ?
43. CycCLosToMA CASTANEUM, Pfr. C. tesid anguste umbilicatd, globoso-conicd, tenui, oblique striatuld et liris subacutis multis sculptd, nitidd, saturate castaned ; spird eleuato-conicd, apice ob- tusiusculd ; anfractibus 43, angulato-convezis, ultimo liris 6 sub- equalibus, pluribusque minoribus, confertioribus in umbilico mu- nito ; aperturd parum obliqud, subcirculari ; peristomate simplice, tenui, undique expansiusculo, marginibus approximatis, non junctis. —Operculum testaceum, planum, paucispirum, nucleo subcentrali.
Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 9 mill.
Hab. in insula Madagascar.
To this was added the following description of various species of Helicea.
252
14, Description or Firry-rour New Species or Heticea, FROM THE CoLLECTION oF HuGcu Cuming, Esa. By Dr. L. Preirrer.
1. Srrepraxis piscus, Pfr. S. testd lat? umbilicatd, discoided, subregulari, levigatd, albido-hyalind ; spird pland, vertice promi- nulo ; anfractibus 64, vix convexiusculis, irregulariter varicosis, ultimo depresso, subtus deviante, pone aperturam rotundato, de- flexo ; aperturd subhorizontali, transverse sinuato-auriformi, plicd obliqud parietali et dentibus peristomatis coarctatd ; peristomate candido, reflexo, margine supero impresso, obsolete dentato, dextro dente distinctiore munito, basi intus transverse calloso.
Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 43 mill.
Hab. 2
2. Hexix Ricumonnpiana, Pfr. 4H. testd imperforatd, trochi- Sormi, solidd, striatd et irregulariter granulatd, nitidd, castaned; spird castaned, sursum pallidiore, apice obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 53, plunis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo compressé carinato, anticé vie deflexiusculo ; basi plano; aperturd perobliqud, subrhombed, ad carinam rostratd, intus livido-opalind; peristomate nigro- Susco, subincrassato, marginibus callo tenui junctis, supero expanso, basali dilatuto, reflexo. .
Diam. maj. 54, min. 47, alt. 30 mill.
Hab. ad Richmond River, Australia.
3. Hextix semipecussata, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conoided, solidd, superne minute decussatd, opacd, unicolore rufo-fuscd ; spird conoided, acutiusculd ; anfractibus7, vix convewiusculis, ultimo cari- nato, non descendente, basi convexo ; aperturd diagonali, angulato- lunari ; peristomate simplice, recto, obtuso, margine columellari superne brevissime reflexiusculo.
Diam. maj. 33, min. 30, alt. 18 mill.
Hab. in insula Mauritii.
4. Hetrx Sovutreyetiana, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conoideo- depressd, soliduld, rugoso-striatd, superné inter strias sub lente confertissime undulato-lineatd, pallide fulvd; spird breviter co- noided, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 6 subplanis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo acute carinato, infra carinam castaneo-fasciato, convexo, medio profunde excavato; aperturd perobliqud, angulato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, marginibus subparallelis, dextro antrorsum subarcuato, columellari subincrassato, superné brevissimé reflexo.
Diam. maj. 52, min. 36, alt. 18 mill.
Hab. ?
5. Hexrx raptians, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, depressd, tenui, levigatd, nitidissimd, pellucidd, corned, strigis albidis irregulariter radiatd ; spird brevissimd, convexd ; suturd impressd, submargi- natd ; anfractibus 4}, planiusculis, ultimo non descendente, superne
Se eee ee eee eee
253
angulato, basi convexo, medio subimpresso ; aperturd subverticali, angulato-lunari ; peristomate simplicissimo, recto.
Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 4 mill.
Hab. in insula Tahiti.
6. Herix Garrnertana, Pfr. A. testd umbilicatd, coniformi, solidd, irregulariter elevato-striatd, opacd, nitiduld, lutescenti- carned ; spird conicd, apice obtusd ; suturd submarginatd ; anfrac- tibus 7, convexis, ultimo peripherid subangulato, lined rubra cincto, anticé non descendente, subtus planiusculo ; umbilico angustissimo, pervio ; aperturd parum obliqud, subtetragond ; peristomate albo, margine supero fere angulatim arcuato, expanso, basali substricto, columellari lilaceo, brevi, verticali, reflexo.
Diam. maj. 22, min. 19, alt. 22 mill.
Hab. 2
7. Hewix wirurata, Pfr. A. testd imperforatd, turbinato-semi- globosd, striatd, minute rugoso-malleatd, nitiduld, roseo-carned, Sasciis punctatim vel lituratim interruptis rufis ornatd 3 Spird depresso-turbinatd, apice acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5, conveviuscu- lis, ultimo vix descendente, peripherid rotundato, fascid castaned, subtessellatd circumdato, basi convexiusculo 3 aperturd diagonali, rotundato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro viv ex-
. pansiusculo, columellari subcalloso.
Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, alt. 15 mill.
Hab. 2
8. Hexrx Brarprana, Pfr. H. testé umbilicatd, subturbinato- depressd, tenui, striatd, fulvd, pellucidd, maculis luteis opacis irregulariter variegatd ; spird subturbinatd, apice acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5, vir conveviusculis, ultimo non descendente, peri- Ppherid angulato, basi conveviore ; umbilico angusto, pervio ; aper- turd parum obliqud, rotundato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, tenui, undique expanso, margine columellari subdilatato, patente.
Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, alt. 82 mill.
Had. in insula Bourbon.
9. Hexix Srurmiana, Pfr. H. testd mediocriter umbilicatd, de- presso-semiglobosd, solidd, supern? confertim plicatd, parum nitidd, unicolore fusco-lutescente ; spird brevi, converd, obtusd ; anfrac- tibus 4, planiusculis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo antic? descen- dente, subdepresso, peripherid rotundato, basi convexo, levigato ; aperturd parum obliqud, lunato-ovali, intus margaritaced ; peri- stomate simplice, marginibus conniventibus, callo tenui Junctis, su- pero recto, basali subreflezo.
Diam. maj. 22, min. 183, alt. 12 mill.
Hab. z
10. Hexrx Layarnt, Pfr. JH. testd perforatd, turbinatd, tenui- usculd, ruguloso-striatd, parum nitente, pellucidd, pallide corned ; spird conoided, apice acutiusculd ; anfractibus 54, converiusculis, ultimo carinato, non descendente, basi convexo ; aperturd parum
254
obliqud, rotundato-lunari, vix angulatd ; perisiomate recto, tenui, acuto, margine columellari superne brevissime refleviusculo.
Diam. maj. 13, min. feré 12, alt. 9 mill. Hab. in insula Ceylon (Mr. Layard).
11. Hexirx Woop1ana, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depressd, tenui,
levigatd, nitidissimd, corneo-fuscd ; spird parum elevatd, vertice subtili; suturd impressd ; anfractibus 5, vie convexiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo depresso, obsolete angulato, non descendente, basi planiusculo ; umbilico angusto, pervio ; aperturd subverticali, lunari ; peristomate simplice, recto, acuto, margine columellari vix reflexiusculo.
Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, alt. 45 mill. Hab. in insula Ceylon (Mr. Layard).
12. Hetrx Forsterrana, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, globoso-
depressd, tenuiusculd, undique minute granulatd, diaphand, corneo- isabellind, fasciis 2 angustis rufis superne ornatd ; spird parum elevatd, convexo-conoided, vertice acutiusculo ; anfractibus 6, con- veviusculis, ultimo antice vie descendente, basi subplanulato ; um- bilico mediocri, pervio ; aperturd obliqud, rotundato-lunari ; peri- stomate simplice, marginibus remotis, dextro recto, basali reflexo, columellari in laminam triangularem, violaceo-fuscam, fornicatim dilatato.
Diam. maj. 203, min. 18, alt. 12 mill. Hab. in Australia boreali.
13. Hextix prycHompnata, Pfr. H. testa umbilicatd, depresso-
globosd, tenui, superné confertim costulatd, lineis concentricis paucis obsolet? decussatd, nitidd, castaneo-corned ; spird vig con- verdad; anfractibus 4, vix conveviusculis, ultimo non descendente, obsoletissime angulato, basi convexo, levigato, corneo-virente, circa umbilicum mediocrem, pervium confertim plicato; aperturd parum obliqud, irregulariter truncato-ovali, multo altiore quam laté ; peristomate simplice, obtuso, margine columellari elongato, substricté descendente, superne fornicatim reflexo.
Diam. maj. 22, min. 20, alt. 13 mill. Hab. ad Portum Essington.
14. Hexrx Porretiana, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conicd, solidd,
striatuld, nitidd, carneo-albidd, strigis pallide fusculis irregulari- ter pictd; spird conicd, obtusiusculd ; suturd impressd, subtilis- sime crenulatd; anfractibus 7, vix convexiusculis, ultimo subro- tundato, fascid und fuscd signato, antice breviter descendente ; apertura diagonali, lunato-rotundatd ; peristomate acuto, margine dextro repando, basali subincrassato, columellari fornicatim re- fiexo, perforationem fere tegente.
Diam. maj. 193, min. 183, alt. 23 mill. Hab. ad Portum Essington.
15. Heuix Dituwyniana, Pfr. WH. testd umbilicatd, depressd,
solidd, irregulariter rugosd et subtilissime malleatd, nitidd, cre-
255
taced; spird subpland, vertice papillatim prominulo, castaneo ; anfractibus 44, planiusculis, ultimo rotundato, antic? breviter de- flexo, basi inflato ; umbilico angusto, non pervio; aperturd per- obliqud, late lunari, intus albd; peristomate acuto, intus incras - sato, margine supero subhorizontali et dextro arcuato expansis, basali substricto, reflevo, columellari brevissimo, angusto, patente.
Diam. maj. 31, min. 25, alt. 14 mill.
Hab. 2
16. Buximus eLaucoputTHaLmus, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, ovato-oblongd, solidd, striatuld, nigro-castuned, epidermide hy- drophand fusco-cinered strigatd; spird convewxo-conicd, apice saturate ceruled, obtusd; suturd impressd; anfractibus 5, con- vexiusculis, ultimo spird breviore, basi obsolete angulato ; colu- melld subdeclivi, dilatatd, pland, albd, basi subdentatd ; apertura obliqud, truncato-ovali, intus lividd; peristomate simplice, bre- vissime expanso, margine dextro repando.
Long. 36, diam. 25 mill.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
17. Butimvus suturauis, Pfr. B. testé imperforatd, oblongo- conicd, tenui, striatuld, nitiduld, alabastrino-albidd ; spird conicd, apice obtusd ; suturd parum impressd, candidd, confertissimé no- duloso-crenatd ; anfractibus 7, planiusculis, ultimo 3 longitudinis subequante, infra medium obtuse angulato et fasciis 2 nigricanti- castaneis ornato ; columelld superné fusco-callosd, subtortd ; aper- turd obliqud, truncato-oblongd ; peristomate simplice, vir expan- siusculo.
Long. 43, diam. 23 mill.
Hab. in Africa occidentali.
18. Buximus tuctuosus, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, oblongo-acu- minatd, soliduld, obsolete decussatd, viz nitiduld, atro-castaned ; spird elongatd, apice obtusd ; suturd impressd, submarginatd ; anfractibus 7, convexiusculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis paulo supe- rante, basi circa perforationem angustam subcarinato ; columelld verticali, levissime arcuatd; aperturd parum obliqud, subsemiovali, ad columellam angulatd, intus lividd ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari fornicato, breviter reflero.
Long. 39, diam. 17 mill.
Hab. in Africa occidentali.
19. BuLimus INFUNDIBULUM, Pfr. B. testd umbilicatd, ovato- conicd, subfusiformi, confertim striatd, opacd, albd ; spird convexo- conicd, apice attenuatd, rosed, acutiusculd ; suturd lineari ; anfrac- tibus 9, feré planis, ultimo 3 longitudinis subequante, basi atte- nuato, circa umbilicum latum, pervium, infundibuliformem com- presso ; aperturd subverticali, angustd, oblongd ; peristomate sim- plice, marginibus superne approximatis, dextro breviter expanso, columellari subdilatato, patente.
Long. 18, diam. 7 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Peruvianis.
Nearly allied to Bul. umbilicaris, Souleyet.
256
20. BuLimus suBINTERRUPTUS, Pfr. B. destd perforatd, subfu- siformi-oblongd, tenuiusculd, levigatd, sub lente spiraliter striatd, nitiduld, albidd, fasciis 5 latis, subinterruptis, spadiceis ornatd ; spird elongato-conicd, acutd ; suturd parum impressd ; anfractibus 6, planiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, basi attenuato ; columelld substrictd, recedente ; aperturd obliqud, angustd, acu- minato-semiovali ; peristomate simplice, tenui, lutescente, margine dextro late expanso, columellari triangulatim e basi dilatato, su- perné late reflexo.
Long. 37, diam. 13} mill.
Hab. in Andibus Boliviee.
21. Buximus varicosus, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, oblongo-acumi- natd, tenui, striatd, sub lente obsoleté decussatuld, parum nitente, albidd, strigis castaneis sparsis irregulariter variegatd ; suturd ir- regulariter crenulatd ; spird elongato-conicd, acutiusculd ; anfrac- tibus 6, convexiusculis, varicosis(varicibus prioribus obtusis, ultimo acute prominente), ultimo spird vix breviore, basi subcompresso ; columelld superne subtortd; aperturd parum obliqud, oblongo- ovali; peristomate simplice, tenui, margine dextro late expanso, columellari dilatato, applanato, patente.
Long. 35, diam. 14 mill.
Hab. in republicé Mexicana.
22. BuLimus aTTENUATUS, Pfr. B. testd subperforatd, fusiformi- oblongd, solidiusculd, sublevigatd, nitidd, albd, strigis latis, ma- culatim subinterruptis, spadiceis, ornatd; spird conicd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus fere 6, convexiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, antic? striato, basi attenuato ; columella intrante, tortd, funali ; aperturd vix obliqud, ovali-oblongd ; peristomate simplice, tenui, margine dextro breviter expanso, columellari breviter reflexo, su- perne adnato.
Long. 34, diam. 13 mill.
Hab. Vera Cruz.
23. Butimus eLmopes, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, ovatd, tenui- usculd, rugoso-striatd, transverse submalleatd, diaphand, nitidd, castaneo-olivaced ; spird conoided, apice obtusd; anfractibus 4, convexiusculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante, antice descen- dente, basi subrotundato; columella intrante, subtortd, rosed ; apertura subverticali, ovali, intus margaritaced ; peristomate roseo, subincrassato, breviter reflexo, marginibus callo supra regionem umbilici dilatato junctis.
Long. 36, diam. 18 mill.
Had. in Andibus Nove Granade.
24. Buuimus scyTopes, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, ovato-conicd, tenui, remote striatd, undique minute granulatd (granulis non se- riatis), haud nitente, fuscd, maculis rufis majoribusque nigrican- tibus irregulariter adspersd, lineis longitudinalibus flexuosis, an- gulatis, luteis, sepe geminatis vel anastomosantibus pictd ; spird brevi, convexo-conicd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 4, conveaiusculis,
257
ultimo magno, + longitudinis equante, antic? deflexo, basi rotun- dato ; columelld filari, intrante, leviter arcuatd ; aperturd parum obligqud, ovali, intus concolore, nitidd ; peristomate simplice, tenui, rubello, undique breviter expanso.
Long. 35, diam. 173 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Novee Granade.
25. Butimus meueacris, Pfr. B. testa imperforatd, acuminato- ovatd, tenuiusculd, striis incrementi confertis et lineis spiralibus granulatd, parum nitente, fulvd, fusco-strigatd et irregulariter guttatd ; spird conicd, acutd ; suturd subcrenulatd ; anfractibus 54, planiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, convexiore, antic? descendente, basi rotundato; columelld filari, leviter arcuatd ; apertura obliqud, oblongo-ovali, intus submargaritaced ; peristo- mate simplice, recto.
Long. 31, diam. 14 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.
26. Buxtimus nicroutimsatus, Pfr. B. iestd imperforatd, ovatd, tenui, rugosd, striis confertis spiralibus subgranulatd, parum ni- tidd, olivaceo-fulvd, strigis angustis castaneis variegatd ; spird conicd, apice obtusd ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, convexiore, basi rotundato ; columelld tenui, sub- callosd, subrecedente ; aperturd obliqud, angulato-ovali, intus pli- catd, margaritaced ; peristomate simplice, recto, obtuso, nigro- limbato. .
Long. 28, diam. 14 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.
27. Butimus pusius, Pfr. B. testd subperforatd, oblongo-fusi- formi, tenui, striatd, nitiduld, albo-lutescente, strigis spadiceis subundulatis ornatd ; spird gracili, elongato-conicd, apice obtu- suld ; suturd submarginatd ; anfractibus 6, vir convexiusculis, ultimo spird paulo breviore, basi attenuato, subcompresso ; colu- melld subverticali, fere ad basin aperture elongatd ; aperturd vir obliqud, oblongd, utrinque angustatd, intus concolore ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine dextro levissime arcuato, columellari bre- viter fornicatim reflexo, subappresso.
Long. 28, diam. 10 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.
28. Butimus nusBecuxatus, Pfr. B. testd umbilicatd, ovato- oblongd, soliduld, sublevigatd, nitidd, pallid corned, saturatius nubeculatd ; spird conicd, apice obtusuld ; suturd profundd ; an- Sractibus 5}, convexis, ultimo 3 longitudinis equante, basi rotun- dato ; columella verticali, ad basin aperture porrigente ; aperturd parum obliqud, subellipticd, basi subangulatd, intus albidd ; peri- stomate simplice, recto, margine dextro perarcuato, columellari dilatato, fornseatim reflexo, libero.
Long. 16, diam. 8} mill.
Hab. in America centrali (Morelet.)
No. CCXXXV.—Proceepinés or THE ZOOLOGICAL Sociery.
258
29. Butimus Eeanus, Pfr. B. testd perforata, conico-ovatd, tenui, lineis longitudinalibus et spiralibus sub lente obsolete decus- satd, vix nitiduld, quasi pruinosd, fusco-corned; spird conicd, apice obtusd; suturd mediocri ; anfractibus 5, modice convezis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, medio obsolete angulato, basi vix compressiusculo ; aperturd obliqud, subellipticd, basi subangulatd ; peristomate simplice, tenui, margine dextro repando, columellart sursum dilatato, reflero, subappresso.
Long. 13, diam. 6} mill.
Hab. Ega Brasilie.
30. Butimus acatues, Pfr. 3B. testd subperforatd, ovato-conicd, tenui, longitudinaliter confertim striatd et distantius plicatd, haud nitente, fulvo-grised ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd, fulvescente ; an- Sractibus 43, vie convexiusculis, ultimo spiram superante, basi ro- tundato ; columelld vix arcuatd, subrecedente ; aperturd obliqud, ovali, intus fulvo-carned ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine dextro arcuato, columellari superné reflexo, subadnato.
Long. 10, diam. 6 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Peruvianis.
31. Butimus Dituwynianus, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, ovato- oblongd, solidd, ruditer striatd et irregulariter malleatd, vir niti- duld, carned, fusculo punctatd et variegatd ; spird convexo-conicd, apice obtusuld ; suturd impressd, marginatd ; anfractibus 5, con- vexiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, basi attenuato, subcom- presso ; columelld valide torto-plicatd ; aperturd vix obliqud, sinu- oso-oblongd ; peristomate albo, expanso-reflero, margine dextro leviter arcuato, columellari superne dilatato, perforationem fere claudente.
Long. 39, diam. 163 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.
32. ACHATINA FULGURATA, Pfr. A. testd conico-ovatd, tenui, striis longitudinalibus superné confertis, in anfractu ultimo obso- letis, lineisque spiralibus granulatd, corneo-luted, strigis latis ful- guratis nigricantibus ornatd ; spird conicd, obtusd ; anfractibus 64, superis parum conveais, ultimo ventricoso, lineis paucis spiralibus infra suturam granulato, infra medium sublevigato ; columelld cerulescente, vix arcuatd, supra basin aperture elliptico-semi- ovali abrupte truncatd ; peristomate simplice, recto.
Long. 67, diam. 36 mill.
Hab. in Africa oecidentali.
33. ACHATINA PLICATULA, Pfr. A. testd oblongo-fusiformi, tenut, longitudinaliter confertim plicatuld, lineis spiralibus obsolete de- cussatd, diaphand, parum nitente, fusco-carned ; spird elongato- conicd, apice obtusd ; suturd marginatd, minute crenulatd ; anfrac- tibus7, vix convexiusculis, ultimo spiram equante, paulo conveaiore, basi attenuato ; columella callosd, viv arcuatd, ad basin apertura
259
semiovali, intus nitidissime, abrupte truncatd; peristomate sim- plice, tenui.
Long. 60, diam. 25 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.
34. AcHATINA ALBICANS, Pfr. A. testd ovato-conicd, tenui, lon- gitudinaliter striatd, lineis spiralibus infra medium anfractu ul- timi obsoletis decussatuld, diaphand, vir nitidd, albicante ; spirad pyramidatd, obtusiusculd ; suturd submarginatd ; anfractibus 6}, viz convexiusculis, ultimo spird paulo longiore, basi vix attenuato ; columelld verticali, substrictd, supra basin aperture rhombeo- semiovalis horizontaliter et breviter truncata ; peristomate sim- plice, recto, margine basali leviter arcuato.
Long. 46, diam. 23 mill.
Hab. in Africa occidentali.
35. ACHATINA INnoRNATA, Pfr. A. testd turrito-oblongd, solidd, confertim striatd, pallide fulvd, strigis saturatioribus variegatd ; spird turritd, apice obtusiusculd ; suturd levi, confertissime cre- nulatd ; anfractibus 7}, planiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis sub- equante, bast vix compresso, leviore ; columelld perarcuatd, albo- callosd, oblique abrupté truncatd; aperturd sinuoso-semiovali, intus albd ; peristomate simplice, obtuso, margine dextro repando.
Long. 28, diam. 11 mill.
Hab. in insula Ceylon.
36. AcHATINA vioLACEA, Pfr. A. testd oblongo-conicd, solidd, striatd, parum nitente, violaced ; spird elongato-conicd, sursum ru- bella, apice obtusd; suturd levi, marginaté; anfractibus 7, con- vexiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, infra medium angu- lato; columelld subarcuatd, tenuiter callosd, supra basin aperture oblique, angulato-ovalis breviter truncatd ; peristomate simplice, recto.
Long. 38, diam. 18 mill.
Hab. in Africa oceidentali.
37. Acwatina (GLANDINA) ATTENUATA, Pfr. A. testd oblongo- Susiformi, gracili, tenui, levigatd, nitidissimd, fulvd, strigis arcuatis saturatioribus pictd ; spird elongato-conicd ; apice obtu- siusculd ; suturd levi, subsimplice; anfractibus 7, planiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, basi attenuato ; columelld sub- callosd, leviter arcuatd, subtortd, basi oblique truncata ; aperturd angustissimd, oblongd, superné acutd, prope basin sinistrorsum dilatatd ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro repando.
Long. 31, diam. 11 mill. Hab. in America centrali.
38. Heuix susrueata, Pfr. H. testd subperforatd, depresso- turbinatd, distanter subrugatd, pellucidd, pallide corned; spird breviter conoided, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 53-6, planiusculis, ultimo carinato, basi convewiusculo, levigato ; aperturd diagonali,
260
subangulato-lunari ; peristomate recto, acuto, margine columellari superné viz reflexiusculo.
Diam. maj. 13, min. 113, alt. 65 mill.
Hab. ad Clarence River, New South Wales.
39. Hexrx otrostoma, Pfr. H. testd angusté umbilicatd, sublen- tiformi, solidd, acute carinatd, striatd et subtiliter granulatd, olivaceo-nigricante vel castaned ; spird subconoideo-converd, ob- tusd ; anfractibus 5, planiusculis, ultimo utrinque convexo, anticé subito deflexo, supra et infra carinam ascendentem profundeé scro- biculato ; apertura perobliqud, subrhombeo-ensiformi, ringente ; peristomate continuo, ad anfractum penultimum sinuoso, medio laminam longe intrantem emittente, margine supero dente conico obtusulo munito, basali medio subangulatim descendente, parte sinistrd dentem validum, compressum, parte dextrd dentem leviter et irregulariter bifurcatum gerente.
Diam. maj. 31, min. 26, alt. 13 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.
40. Hexix anNuULIFERA, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depressd, len- tiformi, curinatd, solidd, striatd et minute granulatd, saturate cas- taned, ad carinam acutam late albo-fasciatd ; spird breviter co- noided, obtusa; anfractibus 5, planiusculis, ultimo anticé breviter deflexo, basi convexo, anticé strangulato et scrobiculato ; umbilico mediocri; aperturd subhorizontali, irregulari, ringente ; peristo- mate subincrassato, albo, continuo, margine parietali perarcuato, laminam elongatam intrantem emittente, in umbilicum descendente et cum basali parallelo juncto ; margine basali usque ad medium substricto, acute dentato, tum angulatim descendente, late reflexo, lamind lingueformi latd munito, ad carinam ascendente, a dextro expanso canali angusto, superne in annulum apertum desinente separato.
Diam. maj. 34, min. 29, alt. 13 mill.
Hab. Panama.
This is the shell figured by Prof. E. Forbes in Trans. Zool. Soc.
1850, p. 53. Moll. t. 9. f. 4, under the name of H. labyrinthus var. sipunculata.
41. Heurx Gasxorni, Pfr. A. testd umbilicatd, turbinato-de- pressd, solidd, oblique rugato-plicatd, nitidd, albd ; spird conoideo- convexd, obtusd ; anfractibus 53, convexis, ultimo antice deflexo, medio carinato, basi convexiusculo, sublevigato ; aperturd perob- ligud, lanceolato-ovali; peristomate subincrassato, marginibus callo umbilicum mediocrem, pervium semioccultante junctis, supero breviter expanso, basali reflexo.
Diam. maj. 31, min. 27, alt. 15 mill.
Hab. in insula Haiti (Sallé).
42. Butimus Tasmanicus, Pfr. B.testd imperforatd, ovato-conicd, soliduld, rugoso-striatd, vir nitidd, albidd ; spird conicd, acutius- culd, apice subcrubescente; anfractibus 5, vix convexiusculis, ultimo
261
spiram paulo superante, basi rotundato ; columella filari, subrece- dente ; aperturd obliqud, ovali, intus pallide fulvescente ; peri- stomate simplice, recto, margine dextro leviter arcuato, columellarit vie reflewiusculo, adnato.
Long. 25, diam. 11 mill.
Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.
43. Buuimus Betcuert, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, ovato-oblongd, solidd, glabriusculd, fulvido-albidd, castaneo-fasciatd ; spird con- vexo-conicd, obtusa; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo spird viv breviore, ad suturam et basin late, medio angusté fasciato ; columella pland, substrictd, supra basin recedente ; aperturd obli- gud, truncato-oblongd ; peristomate subincrassato, nigricante, re- flexiusculo.
Long. 40, diam. 233 mill.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
44, Buttmus Newcomeianvs, Pfr. B. testd sinistrorsd vir sub- perforatd, ovato-turritd, tenuiusculd, plicis validis longitudinalibus sulcisque spiralibus sculptd, olivaceo-fuscd ; spird turritd, gracili, obtusuld ; anfractibus 53, summis planis, sequentibus convezius-
culis, ultimo 3 longitudinis subequante, medio inflato ; columella callosd, substricté recedente; peristomate recto, acuto, margine ex- terno leviter arcuato, subrepando, columellari reflexo, subappresso.
Long. 143, diam. 53 mill.
Hab. in insulis Sandwich.
This species is nearly allied to Achatinella plicata, Gould, which must be rather referred to the genus Bulimus, in which there being already a Bulimus plicatus, I have marked it in Mr. Cuming’s Mu- seum with the name of Bulimus liratus.
45. Butimus rorpHyrostomus, Pfr. B. testd imperforaté, ovato-conicd, solidd, rugoso-plicatd, pallide carned, epidermide decidud fusco-olivaced indutd ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd ; an- Sractibus 6, vix convexiusculis, ultimo spiram equante, basi sub- attenuato; columelld oblongé plicatd, alba; aperturd verticali, angustd, oblongd, oblique recedente, intus saturaté purpureo- castaned, nitidd ; peristomate incrassato, recto, albo, margini- bus callo crasso, albo, medio tuberculifero junctis.
Long. 62, diam. 28 mill.
Locality unknown.
46. Butimus micropon, Pfr. B. testd breviter rimatd, sub- Susiformi-turritd, oblique costulato-striatd, albidd, strigis spar- sis corneis, lacteo-marginatis ornatd; spird elongatd, apice acutiusculd ; anfractibus 12, vix conveaiusculis, ultimo 2 longi- tudinis subequante, infra medium filoso-unicarinato ; columelld superné plicd dentiformi munitd ; aperturd vix obliqud, trun- cato-ovali ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro breviter ex- panso, columellari dilatato, angulatim reflexo.
Long. 15, diam. 4 mill.
Had. in insula Jamaica.
262
47. Acuatina Newcomsi, Pfr. 4. testd turritd, solidd, lon- gitudinaliter rugoso-striatd, cingulis obtusé elevatis sculptd, castaned ; spird elongatd, sursum in conum convexiusculum, acuminatum attenuatd ; anfractibus 9, planiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, infra medium angulato, fascid pallide cincto, basi nigro ; columelld lamelld angustd, tortd, albd mu- nitd, basi subtruncatd; aperturd obliqud, subrhombed ; peri- stomate simplice, recto.
Long. 71, diam. 19 mill.
Hab. in insulis Sandwich (Newcomb).
48. ACHATINELLA MELAMPoIDES, Pfr. A. testd oblongd, solidd, ruguloso-striatd, vie nitiduld, saturate fused; spird convexo- conicd, acutiusculd ; suturd impressd, submarginatd; anfrac- tibus 6, vix convexiusculis, ultimo spird paulo breviore, basi rotundato ; columelld medio acuté tuberculatd ; aperturd ver- ticali, sinuato-ovali ; peristomate recto, acuto, intus labiato, margine columellari calloso, albo, appressé reflexo.
Long. 13, diam. 52 mill.
Hab. in insulis Sandwich.
49. Parruta noposa, Pfr. P. testd perforatd, conico-ovatd, soliduld, obsoleté decussatuld, castaned, ad suturam fascid latd albd et interdum nonnullis pallidis ornatd ; spird conicd, acuta ; anfractibus 53, planiusculis, ultimo spiram subequante ; colu- melld superné profunde plicatd, tum subnodosd ; aperturd sub- vertical, oblonga, angustd ; peristomate extus vix expanso, in- tus callo acuté prominente munito, marginibus subparallelis, dextro strictiusculo.
Long. 16, diam. 8 mill.
Hab. in insulis Tahiti et Navigatorum.
50. Parruta ritosa, Pfr. P. testd perforatd, conico-ovatd, solidd, lineis impressis spiralibus, confertis sculptd, haud nitente, castaned, strigis filaribus cinéreis ornatd; spird co- nicd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 5, planiusculis, ultimo spiram @quante, convexiore ; columelld superné vix plicatd; apertura parum obliqud, subtriangulari-semiovali ; peristomate expan- siusculo, intus callo crasso prominente munito.
Long. 16, diam. 8} mill.
Hab. in insulis Navigatorum.
51. Hexrx Guasriuscuna, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conoideo- semiglobosd, tenui, levigatd, pellucidd, nitente, lutescente, rufo angulato-lineata ; spird convexo-conoided, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 53, convexiusculis, ultimo non descendente, basi planiusculo ; aperturd obliqud, subdepressd, lunari; peristo- mate simplice, recto, margine columellari declivi, superné vix reflexiusculo.
Diam. maj. 34, min. 3, alt. 2 mill.
Hab. in Nova Seelandia (Strange).
263
52. Hexurx souipa, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, conoideo-semi- globosd, crassd, striatd, fulvescente, epidermide tenui, fuscd, non nitente obductd ; spird convexd, obtusd, apice rubelld ; an- Sractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo convexiore, dimidium altitu- dinis formante, medio obsoleté angulato, anticé vix descendente ; columelld strictd, declivi, latd, albidd ; aperturd obliqud, sub- tetragono-lunari, intus albd; peristomate subincrassato, vir expansiusculo, fusco-limbato.
Diam. maj. 37, min. 33, alt. 27 mill.
Hab. prope Nanjan, insule Mindoro.
53. Hewix osiitra, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, sublenticulari, tenuissimd, superné confertim arcuato-plicatd, pellucide, pal- lide corned; spird depresso-turbinatd, acutiusculd ; anfracti-
| bus 6, viz convexiusculis, ultimo non descendente, medio obtuse
. denticulato-carinato, basi convexiore, radiatim striato; aper-
turd parum obliqud, lunari ; peristomate simplice, tenui, recto, margine basali leviter arcuato, ad perforationem breviter re- flexo.
Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, alt. 11} mill.
Hab. in India.
54. Heurx vitis, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depresso-globosa, tenuiusculd, granulato-striatd, corned ; spird breviter conoided, acutiusculé ; anfractibus 5, vix convexiusculis, celeriter accres- centibus, ultimo anticée deflexo, peripherid obsolete subangu- lato, basi convexo; umbilico angusto, non pervio; aperturd diagonali, fere circulari; peristomate intus valide labiato, marginibus approximatis, columellari superné dilatato, pa-
tente. Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 6 mill. Hab. ——?
September 9, 1851.
Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, G.C. St.S., F.R.S. &., in the Chair.
Professor Owen read an elaborate paper “On the Skeleton of Tro- glodytes Gorilla,” which will be published in the Transactions of the Society.
264
November 11, 1851. W. J. Broderip, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Professor OwEN read a paper “On the Capacity of the Cranium in the Negro, the Orang, and the Gorilla,” which will be published in the Transactions of the Society for the present year.
The following papers were also read :—
1. DerscripriIONS OF SIXTEEN NEW SPECIES OF RISSOINA, A Genus or Marine Gasteropopous MOoLuusks, FROM THE CuminGian Coxtitection. By ArtHuR ADAMS, SURGEON R.N., F.L.S. etc.
Rissorna, D’Orbigny.
About eighteen species of this genus, as restricted by M. d’Or- bigny, have been already described, inhabiting various countries. Those here named are a portion of the discoveries made by Mr. Cu- ming among the islands of the Philippine Archipelago, and are many of them of considerable size; and it is in these that the peculiarity of operculum is best seen.
The process of the semiovate, horny, subspiral operculum, first pointed out by D’Orbigny, is sometimes very long and slender, and very much resembles in appearance the analogous appendage of the operculum of Nerita and Neritina. The genus Jeffreysia of Alder, or Rissoella of Gray, has a similar appendage, but the position of the eyes, and the peculiar structure of the fore part of the head, place the latter genus in a different family, viz. Pyramidellide. The Rissoine may also readily be known from the neighbouring genus Rissoa, by the aperture being somewhat channeled anteriorly, whereas in Rissoa it is continuous and entire. The nature of the animal re- sembles Rissoa, according to D’Orbigny, who places the genus among the Melaniade.
1. Rissorna puicata, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-subulatd, subpyramidali, albd, sordidd, anfractibus octo, planis, longi- tudinaliter valde plicatd, transversim striatd, plicis elevatis, postice subangulatis, interstitiis transversim striatis ; aperturd semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labro anticé subdilatato, margine incrassato.
Hab. Isle of Masbate. Mus. Cuming.
2. Rissorna rascrata, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd, solidd, sordidé albd, rufo-fusco fasciatd, anfractibus octo, con- vexiusculis, transversim tenuissimé (sub lente) striatd, longitu- dinaliter plicatd, plicis obliquis, equalibus, subdistantibus ; aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labro subdilatato.
Hab. Sydney, under stones, low water (Mr. Strange). Mus.
Cuming.
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3. RissoINA SCALARIANA, A. Adams. QR. testd subulato- turritd, albd, solidd, anfractibus octo, convexiusculis, trans- versim tenuissime striata, longitudinaliter costatd, costis ele- vatis, equalibus, subdistantibus, anfractu ultimo anticé callo circumdato ; aperturd semiovali, anticée subcanaliculatd ; labio anticé callo desinente ; labro flecuoso, anticé subproducto.
Hab. Isle of Burias, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
4. Rissoina pyramipais, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-pyra- midali, sordidé albd, solidd, anfractibus octo, planiusculis, transversim tenuiter striatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis obliquis, confertis, subelevatis, interstitiis transversim striatis ; aperturd semiovatd, anticée subcanaliculatd ; labio anticé callo desinente ; labro subdilatato, incrassato.
Hab. Isle of Baclayon. Mus. Cuming.
5. Rissorna p’Orxpienyi, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-tur- ritd, albidd, subpellucidd ; anfractibus decem, convexiusculis, supremis costellatis, lineolis elevatis, transversis, et longitudi- nalibus, decussatd ; aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labio anticé subcalloso; labrp dilatato, subreflexo, margine flexuoso, subacuto.
Hab. Isle of Luzon. Mus. Cuming.
6. Rissorna cuarHrata, A. Adams. QR. testd subulato-turritd, albd, solidd, anfractibus convexiusculis, lineis elevatis, longi- tudinalibus et transversis decussatis, valde clathratd, anfractu ultimo anticé sulco transverso instructo; aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labro flexuoso, anticé producto, margine extus varicoso.
Hab. Isle of Bohol. Mus. Cuming.
7. Rissorna micans, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-subulatd, albd, solidd, nitidd, anfractibus convexis, novem, longitudi- naliter plicatd, plicis elevatis, subdistantibus, equalibus, in- terstitiis transversim striatis, anfractu ultimo anticé valde sulcato ; aperturd semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labro fiexuoso, anticée subproducto, extus varicoso.
Hab. Island of Mindanao. Mus. Cuming. é
8. Rissorna nivea, A. Adams. R. testd parvd, subulato-tur- ritd, subpellucidd, nived, subnitidd, anfractibus converiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis obliquis, anticé subobsoletis ; aperturd semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labro subdilatato, extus incrassato. «
Hab. Port Lincoln, Australia. Mus. Cuming.
9. Rissorna monitis, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-subulatd, solidd, fulvd, anfractibus septem, planis, granulis monilifor- mibus ad suturas, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis confertis, an- gustis, equalibus, interstitiis punctato-clathratis ; aperturd
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semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labio subincrassato ; labro extus valde varicoso, margine transversim striato.
Hab. Philippine islands. Mus. Cuming.
10. Rissorna BeLLuLA, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd, albd, semipellucidd ; anfractibus octo, convexiusculis, cingillis transversis, elevatis, granulosis, interstitius longitudinaliter concinné clathratis, ornatd ; anfractu ultimo sulco profundo instructo; aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labio antice callo terminato; labro flecuoso, margine extus valde varicoso.
Hab. Isle of Calapan. Mus. Cuming.
11. Rissorna srriouaTa, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd, albd, tenui, pellucidd; anfractibus undecim, supremis longi- tudinaliter plicatis, planulatis, prope suturas subangulatis ; transversim striatd, striolis confertis concentricis ; aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculata ; labio posticé incrassato, an- tice callo desinente; labro dilatato, margine incrassato, sub- reflexo.
Hab. Baclayon island, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
12. Rissorna costata, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd, alba, opacd, solidd, anfractibus septem, convexiusculis, longi- tudinaliter costatd, costis crassis, elevatis, postice subangula- tis, anfractu ultimo antice sulco transverso valido instructo ; aperturd semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labio antice tuber- culo terminato; labro subdilatato, margine varicoso, flexuoso.
Hab. Cobiga, Peru. Mus. Cuming.
13. Rissorna nitrpa, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-subulatd, albd, solidd, nitidd, anfractibus novem, convexiusculis, longi- tudinaliter costatd, transversim liratd, liris ad costas nodu- losis ; aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labio anticé callo desinente ; labro extus incrassato, margine subacuto, anticé diaphano producto.
Hab. Isle of Camaguing. Mus. Cuming.
14. Rissorna conctnna, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd, albd, solidd, nitidd, anfractibus septem, planiusculis, longitu- dinaliter plicatd, plicis antice evanidis, transversim striatd, striis creberrimis, confertis ; apertura semiovatd, anticé sub- canaliculatd ; labio calloso; labro margine valde incrassato et rotundato.
Hab. Cagayan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
15. Rissomna Noptcrncta, A. Adams. RR. testd subulato-tur- ritd, albd, solidd, anfractibus 10-12, convewis, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis angustis, distantibus, transversim tenuissimé stri- atd, in medio anfractuum cinguld elevatd ad plicas nodosd, or- natd, suturd nodulis moniliformibus cinctd; aperturd semiovatd,
267
antice subcanaliculatd; labio anticé callo terminato; labro dila- tato, extus incrassato, margine flexuoso. Hab. Isle of Capul, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
16. Rissorna caxata, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd, albidd, solidd ; anfractibus octo, convexiusculis, supremis cla- thratis, ultimo cingulis elevatis, equalibus, subdistantibus, transversis, interstitiis lineis elevatis, longitudinalibus et trans- versis, decussatim. ornato ; aperturd semiellipticd, anticé sub- canaliculatd ; labio calloso ; labro anticé dilatato, margine in- crassato, subreflexo.
Hab. Siquijor. Mus. Cuming.
The two following species are true Risso, characterized by the simple aperture, which is not channeled in front, and by the absence ef the calcareous appendage to the operculum. Many species of small shells have been inaccurately referred to Rissoa, some of which belong, however, to entirely different families.
' cae Becua, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-subulatd, albd, solidd; anfractibus quinque, planiusculis ; spird apice obtuso, lineis transversis, elevatis, concentricis, confertis, ornatd ; aperturd ovali, antice integra; labio subcalloso; labro sub- dilatato, extus marginato, margine flecuoso. Hab. Philippine islands. Mus. Cuming.
Rissoa Evecans, A. Adams. RR. testd subulato-turritd, albd, semipellucidd ; anfractibus 7, convexiusculis ; suturd canalicu- latd, lineis elevatis transversis concentricis et longitudinalibus concinné decussatd; aperturd ovali, subproductd, anticé inte- gra; labio calloso; labro anticé dilatato, extus varicoso, mar- gine acuto, subreflexo.
Hab. Philippmes. Mus. Cuming.
2. DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES OF Murex, Ris- SOINA, PLANAXIS, AND EvULIMA, FROM THE CUMINGIAN Couutection. By Artuur Apams, F.L.S. etc.
1. Murex tostomus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird acuminatd; anfractibus planulatis, squamulosis, spinis acutis, in serie elevato disposito ornatis, cinered ; anfractu ul- timo spinis elevatis, bifidis, in seriebus quatuor dispositis in- structo, varicibus sex, longitudinalibus ; aperturd ovato-oblongd, intus violaced ; labio subtuberculari ; labro fimbriato.
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
2. Murex soxtipus, A. Adams. WM. testé solidd, profundé um- bilicatd, albd ; spird brevi, obtusd ; anfractibus planulatis, lon- gitudinaliter plicato-varicosis (varicibus in anfractu ultimo 7), transversim liratis ; liris, ad plicas, incrassatis, interstitiis lon-
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gitudinaliter cancellatis ; aperturd subrotundatd ; canali recto, aperturam equante ; labro simplici, intus levi. JTab. Ichiboe, West Africa. Mus. Cuming.
3. Murex ruracantuus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi, umbilicatd ; spird acuminata ; anfractibus planis, serie tuber- culorum spiniformium in medio dorsi, albd, spinis et parte an- ticd rubro tinctis ; anfractu ultimo liris squamulosis, et spinis tubulosis, longis, in seriebus duobus dispositis, ornato ; aper- turd ovata, oblongd ; labio anticée producto et tuberculato; ca- nali brevi, subrecurvd.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
Figured by Mr. Reeve as M. noduliferus, which is very different
from the present species.
4. Murex exasperatus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi, umbilicatd, albd, nitidd; spird acuminata ; anfractibus angu- latis, in medio longitudinaliter plicato-varicosd, transversim liratd ; liris subspinulosis ad plicas; aperturd ovatd; canali mediocri, subincurvato ; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
5. Murex tienarius, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi, subumbilicatd ; spird acuminatd, rufo-fuscd; anfractibus su- perné excavatis, in medio liris duabus, elevatis, nodulosis ; trans- versim liratd, liris elevatis rugulosis, inequalibus, longitudi- naliter trivaricosd, varicibus, in medio, spinis duabus, elevatis, jimbriatis ; apertura ovato-rotundatd, intus albd ; canali aper- turam equante, subrecurvato.
Hab. West Africa. Mus. Cuming.
6. Murex rusirormis, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi, cinered, fulvo variegatd; spird productd ; anfractibus rotundis ; vari- cibus longitudinalibus, subelevatis, nodospinosis, et lineis ele- vatis, transversis, laté clathratd ; aperturd oblongo-ovatd ; ca- nali aperturam equante, recto ; labro extus varicoso, intus sul- cato.
Hab. Africa. Mus. Cuming.
7, Murex spinosus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovatd, umbilicatd, albd, lineis rufo-fuscis transversis ornatd ; anfractibus rotundis, transversim liratd; varicibus longitudinalibus regularibus (6 in anfractu ultimo), spinis longis, rectis, acutis, armatis; canali subrecurvato, aperturam equante ; aperturd ovato-rotundatd.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
8. Murex serotinus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird peracutd, serotind, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim liratd ; liris, ad plicas, nodulosis; aperturd ovatd, oblonga ; labio anticé bituberculato ; labro extus incrassato, margine den- tato, intus lirato ; canali mediocri, subrecurvato.
Hab. ——-? Mus. Cuming.
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9. Murex sirasciatus, A. Adams. WM. testd ventricosd, pro- Sunde umbilicatd ; spird brevi; anfractibus rotundatis ; albd ; anfractu ultimo fasciis duabus, latis, rufo-fuscis ornato, trans- versim elevate liratd, liris rugosis ; longitudinaliter varicibus equalibus (in anfractu ultimo 9) subelevatis, rotundatis, fimbria- tis ; aperturd ovato-rotundatd ; labio subproducto, fulvo ; canali aperturd breviore, valde recurvato.
Hab. Senegal. Mus. Cuming.
10. Murex crassus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi, umbi- licatd, solidd, fulvd; spird mediocri; anfractibus rotundatis, superne angulatis, obsoleté transversim liratd, varicibus crassis, distantibus, irregularibus (4 in ultimo anfractu), ornatd ; aper- turd ovatd, intus violaced; labro extus incrassato, intus den- tato.
Hab. China. Mus. Cuming.
11. Murex Paconvus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird acuminatd, levi, albd, anticé maculis fuscis sparsim pictd ; anfractibus septem, concavis, seriebus spinarum ornatis, spinis regularibus, tubulosis, recurvatis, marginibus fimbriatis ; aper- turd subrotundatd; columelld levi; canali recurvato, ad dextram inclinato, aperturam equante.
Hab. —--? Mus. Cuming.
12. Murex excavatus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi, subumbilicatd, albd, solidd; spird acuminata; anfractibus con- cavis (quasi excavatis) ad partem anticam ; in medio angulatis, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim liratd, liris ad plicas no- dulosis ; anfractu ultimo liris duabus elevatis ornato ; aperturd semiovali ; canali mediocri, viz recto ; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. ? Maus. Cuming.
13. Murex tnornatus, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi, valde umbilicatd ; spird acuminata ; anfractibus rotundis, albidd, liris transversis, elevatis, squamulosis, et varicibus longitudinalibus, rotundatis (in anfractu ultimo 7), ornatd; aperturd ovali ; canali subrecurvato, aperturam equante; labro extus fimbriato, intus lirato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
14. Murex opettscus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-pyramidali, subtrigonali ; spird elevaté ; anfractibus planis, apice obtuso, albd, seriebus transversis macularum rufo-fuscarum ornatd, transversim liratd, liris subgranosis, varicibus tribus, longitu- dinalibus, varice intermedio, brevi, triangulari, ad partem po- sticam instructd ; aperturd ovatd ; canali valde recurvato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
15. Murex tyratus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi, sub- umbilicatd ; spird acuminatd; anfractibus planiusculis, albd, varicibus rufo-fuscis ornatd, transversim lratd; liris trans-
270
versis, angustis, asperulatis, varicibus longitudinalibus, rotun- datis, subfimbriatis (7 in ultimo anfractu); apertura subrotun- datd, intus albé; columelld posticé callosd ; canali brevi, recto, viz clauso ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
16. Murex putcuer, A. Adams. UM. testd ovato-fusiformi, subtrigonali ; spird acuminatd; anfractibus rotundatis, nodu- losis, varicibus tribus subspinosis; liris transversis, elevatis, anfractu ultimo varicibus prominentibus, subspinosis, ornato ; varicibus antice fimbriatis et spinosis ; aperturd ovato-rotundd ; labio tuberculato ; labro intus crenato-lirato, canali perlongo, subrecurvo, viz clauso.
Hab. St. Croix, 60 fathoms; M. Sueuson. Mus. Cuming.
17. Murex Sincaprorensis, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusi- formi; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus rotundatis ; fulvd, longi- tudinaliter plicatd, plicis rotundis, transversim liratd, liris asperulatis, squamulis aculeatis obsitis; aperturd ovatd, oblongd, intus lividd ; canali aperturam equante, subreflexo ; labro intus dentato.
Hab. Singapore. Mus. Cuming.
18. Murex niveus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovatd, umbilicatd, nived; spird brevi, acuminata; anfractibus rotundatis ; longi- tudinaliter plicatd, plicis rotundis, prominentibus, crassis (8-10 in anfractu ultimo), transversim liratd, liris squamulis, confertis, longitudinalibus, obsitis; aperturd ovatd, oblonga ; canal brevi, subrectd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
19. Murex Cuminet, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, trivaricosd; spird subproductd, anfractibus rotundatis, pallide rufo-fuscd, fasciis tribus, transversis, rufo-fuscis, ornatd ; vari- cibus longitudinalibus, tribus, continuis, obtusis, liris intermediis : nodosis, liris transversis inequalibus, rufo-fusco articulatis, in- structd ; aperturd ovali, labro intus crenato-lirato extus fimbriato, fimbriis non squamulosis, canali clauso, antice recurvato.
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
Somewhat closely allied to M. triquetra of Born.
20. Mirra Marauesana, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi, anfractibus planis, spird acuta, carneold, maculis albis et lineis un- dulatis, longitudinalibus rufo-fuscis, eleganter picta, longitudinali- ter substriatd, transversim liratd, interstitiis valde punctatis ; apertura spiram majorem equante, columeild plicis quinque in- structd, labro margine crenato.
Hab. Marquesas. Mus. Cuming.
Markings very similar to those of M. serpentina, Lamk. The Mitra figured in Mr. Reeve’s Monograph, as M. nebulosa of Swain- son, is quite different from that species, and requires therefore a change of name ; I have called it M. propinqua.
271
21. ANcILLARIA LINEOLATA, A. Adams. A. testd ovato-fusi- Sormi; spird brevi, subacutd, suturis albis, pallide fulvd, lineis longitudinalibus, confertis, fuscis, ornatd; anfractu ultimo cingulé elevatd transversd, ad marginem labri, in dente acuto desinente ; aperturd oblongd ; columelld tortuosd, albd, antice plicis obliquis instructd. aii
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
A very pretty species, distinguished by the fine longitudinal brown
nes.
li 22. PLANAxIs opscurA, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-conicd, epi- dermide fusco obtectd ; fusco-rufescente; anfractibus planis, suturd distinctd, transversim valde sulcatd, interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; apertura ovato-oblongd, columelld longitudinaliter sul-
catd ; labro subdilatato, margine acuto, intus valde lirato. Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
23. Puanaxis Futva, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-conicd, Sulva ; spird acuminatd, apice acuto, anfractibus planis, ultimo angulato, transversim tenuiter striata ; aperturd ovato-oblongd ; columella incurvatd, antice callosd; labro margine subdilatato, extus in- crassato, intus lirato.
Hab. Swan River. Mus. Cuming.
Allied to P. mollis, Sowerby, but the last whorl is angulated.
24, PLanaxis zonata, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-conicd, rimatd, glabrd, nitidd ; spird acuminata ; anfractibus convexiusculis, pal- lidé lutescente, zonuld transversd rufo-fuscd cinctd ad suturas, et, in anfractu ultimo, Jasciis duabus transversis ornatd, transversim tenuissime striata ; aperturd ovatd; columella incurvatd ; labro subdilatato, intus lirato.
Hab. Calapan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
25. Puanaxis crncunatTa, A. Adams. P. testg ovato-conicd, solidd, rimatd; spird acutd; anfractibus convexiusculis, Sulvd, zonulis rufo-fuscis transversis, prope suturas, duplicatis, ornaté, longitudinaliter tenuissimé striatd, transversim valde sulcatd ; aper- turd ovato-oblongd, coarctatd ; columelld incurvatd ; labro extus incrassato, intus dentato-lirato.
Hab. China Seas. Mus. Cuming.
Species collected by me during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang.
26. Pranaxis succinetra, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-conicd, spird acuminatd, apice acuto, anfractibus convevxiusculis, pallide Suscd, fasciis linearibus, transversis, multis, rufo-fuscis, ornatd, longitudinaliter substriatd ; anfractu ultimo transversim sul- cato ; apertura ovato-oblongd ; columella fuscd ; labro intus sul- cato. 4 it
Hab. Peru, and the West Indies. Mus. Cuming. ~ ‘y
Allied to P. lineata of Montagu, but of larger growth and different
form.
272
27. PLANAxis BuccinEA, A. Adams. P. testd ovatdé; spird brevi, acutd, apice obtuso, rubro ; anfractibus planis, plicato-gra- nulosis ; nigro-fuscd, cingillis articulatis, transversis, ornatd ; longitudinaliter substriatd, transversim valde sulcutd ; aperturd ovato-oblongd ; columella excavatd; labro intus creno-plicato, extus incrassato, varicoso.
Hab. West Indies. Mus. Cuming.
28. Puanaxis LABiosa, A. Adams. PP. testd ovato-conicd, spird acutd, anfractibus convewiusculis, atro-purpured, fasctis pallidis (5-6) transversis, in anfractu ultimo; transversim striatd ; apertura ovato-oblongd; columelld incurvatd et dilutatd ; labro dilatato, margine reflexo et incrassato, intus lirato.
Hab. Sandwich Islands. Mus. Cuming.
29. Lacrena Caxirornica, A. Adams. LL. testd solidd, ovato- Susiformi ; spird, in medio, tumidd, anfractibus planiusculis, in- Sern nodospinosis, albd, cingulis transversis, elevatis, rufo-fuscis articulatis ornatd, interstitiis obscuris, fuscis ; anfractu ultimo longitudinaliter plicato, seriebus duobus tuberculorum subspinoso- rum instructo ; aperturd ovato-oblongd ; columelld carneold, plicis quatuor, albis, obliquis ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. California. Mus. Cuming.
Allied to L. picta, Lamk., but of different form and markings.
30. Nassa Austratis, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird acuminaté, pallid? olivaced, fasciis tribus, transversis, fuscis, ornatd, longitudinaliter valde plicatd, interstitiis valde transversim sulcatis ; anfractu ultimo anticé liris transversis subgranosis, postice, prope suturam, tuberculis moniliformibus ornato ; aper- turd ovato-rotundatd, intus fuscd, et dentato-liratd ; labro margine albo, postice valde inflexo et dentato.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
November 25, 1851. W. J. Broderip, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. On A SPECIES OF AEQUOREA INHABITING THE BriTIsH SrEas. By Pror. Epwarp Forses, F.R.S.
(Radiata, Pl. IV.)
In the first volume of the ‘ Wernerian Memoirs’ a “‘ Medusa equo- rea’”’ is mentioned by Prof. Jameson as an inhabitant of the seas of the north of Scotland, and in the ‘ History of British Animals’ by Dr. Fleming, the name “Geryonia equorea”’ is used to designate it. As no
Tr LY,
Proc.Z.8. Radiata
) E Forbes, del. W.H Baaly, kth.
4EQUOREA FORSKALEA Peron.
273
description or figure was ever published of this creature, and as the diagnosis of the “Medusa’’ to which Linnzeus applied the name of “equorea” was too brief for identification, it is possible that some one out of several Acalephe inhabiting our seas might have been in- tended.
It is also possible, however, that a true Eiquorea had been seen, for there is a most beautiful species of this genus an inhabitant of the Scottish seas. I met with it for the first time in August 1850, when exploring the Minch (the channel between the outer Hebrides and Skye) in company with Mr. MacAndrew and Prof. Goodsir, with the advantages of the appliances for natural-history research with which Mr. MacAndrew has furnished his yacht, the Naiad. As there is neither figure nor description of any British Zquorea to be found, and as considerable obscurity hangs around the Atlantic species of the genus, I have drawn up the following notice.
A number of individuals were observed : they were swimming near the surface of the sea on a very calm and hot day: they varied in size, from three inches in diameter to as much as half a foot or more: they resembled broad shield-shaped discs of glass, slightly prominent above, incurved at their sides and concave beneath: through the discs were seen shining the pendent brown-tinged stomach, and around it, like so many equal stripes or rays proceeding to the margin, the linear violet genital glands: from the margin depended highly-con- tractile violet tentacles.
The umbrella is broad, shallow, and dise-shaped, its outline de- scribing a gentle curve. It is hyaline, not very thick, and quite smooth. The central portion of its interior, occupying about one- fourth of its diameter, has dependent from it the membranous veil- like walls of the stomach ; these hang not quite so low as on a line with the margins of the umbrella. The stomach, although equal in width throughout, may be divided: into two regions, an upper and a lower. The latter has a furbelowed and somewhat scalloped, but not cirrated margin, and may be regarded as the mouth. The former is marked internally by eight bands of transverse fibres, separated by as many longitudinai ones ; these appear to be muscular. The whole of the membrane of the stomach and lips is tinged with pale foxy brown, partly disposed in streaks. Around the upper and inner margin of the cavity are the orifices of the gastro-vascular canals; these run, without dividing or anastomosing, to the circular marginal canal of the umbrella. In a specimen five inches across, they were 136 in number. From the lower side of each canal depend two narrow, rather wavy membranes of a violet colour, causing the ray-like streaks that shine so conspicuously through the disc; each of these arises gradually near the superior extremity of a gastro-vascular canal, and ceases abruptly at about one-eighth of the entire length of the canal from the margin: they are the genital glands. At the junction of each alternate gastro-vascular canal with the circular marginal one is the bulb-like base of a marginal tentacle: these tentacles arise from ovate bulbs and gradually taper toa fine point. The bulbs are pale,
No. CCXXXVI.—Proceepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soctety.
274
but the tentacle is tinged with violet. Opposite the intermediate canal there is a smaller bulb with a tentacle, hollow and containing corpuscles in its centre, and on each side, between it and the neigh- bouring tentacle, is a still smaller lobe-like body. Along the upper margin of the circular canal are very minute pedunculated organs that move to and fro. On the bulb at the base of the tentacula is a minute tongue-shaped process at the base of a depression ; at its own base the ocellus or rudimentary eye is lodged. When seen laterally, the peculiar tissue of the base of the tentacles is observed to be set obliquely. Within the umbrella, from a line just opposite the ten- tacular circle, a short but rather broad veil with a simple edge is seen to depend; this veil is tinged with pale brown. A band of motor tissue, forming a sphincter to the umbrella, accompanies the circular vessel.
According to the size of the example, the number of genital glands and of tentacula varied: they increase with age. The smallest num- ber of tentacula seen was sixteen, and there is reason to believe that they are never fewer.
To ascertain whether this beautiful animal be the Medusa equo- rea of Linnzus and the naturalists who wrote during his time, it is necessary to inquire into the history of that species. The name just mentioned occurs first in the ‘Iter Hispanicum’ of Peter Loefling, published in 1758. In his journal of observations on the 18th of April, at Cumana, he notices, along with Medusa (i. e. Aurelia) aurita, Medusa pelagica (Pelagia eyanella’?), and Velella, another Medusa, which he styles Zquorea, and describes as “ orbicularis, planiuscula, tentaculis plurimis ex margine inflexo, branchiis nullis.” This notice, which occurs at page 105 of the Swedish edition of his ‘ Travels,’ is the entire original foundation for numerous references in after-authors. Linnzeus, in the first instance, adopted Loefling’s name and brief record, which, when read with our present knowledge of Acalephe, barely indicates the genus to which the animal observed probably belonged. In 1775, the descriptions and figures of animals observed during his journey to the East by the lamented Forskal were published under the superintendence of Carsten Niebuhr. Among them was a representation and description of a Medusa, referred to the equorea of Linnzeus, both excellent, as indeed may be said of all that Forskal did. In 1776 a Medusa equorea was noticed, scarcely more than by name, in the ‘ Zoologize Danicee Prodromus’ of Otho Frederic Miller. In 1780, Otho Fabricius, in his excellent ‘ Fauna Groenlandica,’ gives a shorter account than usual with him of a Me- dusa, which he refers to the equorea of Linneeus. He speaks of it as a very simple animal, smaller and softer than Medusa aurita, con- vex above, concave beneath, with very much inflected margins and white marginal cilia. The two last-mentioned characters are opposed to the notion of Medusa equorea, as represented and described by Forskal, and the first of them to the slight idea of its shape that we gather from Loefling. In 1791 Adolph Modeer commenced the work of hair-splitting by separating the animal of Forskal, under the name of Medusa patina, from that of Loefling, for which he reserved the
275
name Medusa equorea. In 1809 Peron and Lesueur published in the ‘Annales du Muséum d@’ Histoire Naturelle,’ vol. xiv., their important classification and synopsis of all known Medusze. In that paper, ex- cellent though it be, they increase the confusion, by giving the name of Hquorea atlantica to Loefling’s animal, 4g. danica to Miller’s, Aq. grenlandica to that of Fabricius, Zq. Forskalea to that of For- skal, and Zy. stauroglypha to a new species of their own, probably identical with all the others. In 1829 Eschscholtz, in his ‘System der Acalephen,’ attempted to rectify this confusion, by rejecting all these names excepting Hq. Forskalina, that alone having been sufii- ciently described. In 1843 Lesson published his History of Acale- phee in the ‘Nouvelles Suites 4 Buffon,’ and, to make confusion worse confounded, rejected all rectifications and restored all the names and imperfectly noticed individuals to full specific rank.
After attentively considering the notices more or less perfect that the various older observers have given, of what they call Medusa @quorea, I am led to the belief that in most instances one species, not several, was met with, and that the creature I now describe and figure as British is identical with the Medusa equorea of Loefling, Forskal and Miiller. Since Forskal alone described and figured it in a comprehensible manner, the name Aquorea Forskalea, proposed by Peron, is peculiarly appropriate, the more so since that of Medusa patina of Modeer was proposed under a mistake. Forskal expressly states that his species is common to the North Atlantic and the Medi- terranean, and that it inhabits the Danish seas, where it is called “ Vandmand,” that is, Waterman.
It remains to be seen whether our species is related to the Hquo- rea violacea of Milne-Edwards, well described and beautifully figured in the 16th volume of the 2nd series of the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’ and observed by that eminent naturalist in the Mediter- ranean. From an examination of its anatomy he first showed the serious error committed by Eschscholtz in considering the #quoride as cryptocarpous. I am inclined to agree with Milne-Edwards in considering his species distinct from that of Forskal. The genital glands are not prolonged nearly so close to the margin; the lips of the stomach are not furbelowed ; the bases of the tentacles are not bulbous, and originate regularly between the gastro-vascular canals.
There were no eyes observed by the distinguished zoologist just quoted in the species he examined. In ours the eyes are evident, and a determination of their position and appearance is of conse- quence, since they confirm the affinity of Hquorea with the Naked- eyed Medusze, whilst at the same time, in the little appendage or rudimentary lid projecting above them, they indicate an approach to the Steganophthalmatous type, such as is consistent with the general high organization and aspect of the Zquorea when compared with other Gymnophthalmatous forms.
_ It is interesting to remark that the Hquorea ciliata of Eschscholtz is a North Pacific species, beautifully representing, yet quite distinct from, quorea Forskalea.
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2. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF EuuimA, TRIPHORIS, ETC., FROM THE CoLLECTION oF HucuH Cuming, Esa. By Arruur Apams, F.L.S. etc.
1. Eunrma mopicetxa, A. Adams. JZ. testd subulato-pyramidali, albd, subpellucidd, flecuosd ; anfractibus 11, planulatis, varicibus lateralibus continuis impressis, instructis; anfractu ultimo, in medio, vir angulato; aperturd ovali; columelld antice subrectd ; labro anticé producto.
Hab. Island of Zebu, sandy mud, 7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
2. Evtima Granpis, A. Adams. £. testd subulato-pyramidali, albd, solidd, flexuosd, opacd ; anfractibus 15, planulatis, varicibus lateribus continuis instructis ; anfractu ultimo angulato ; aperturd obliqud, oblongo-ovali, labio antice calloso; labro margine flexuoso, antice subreflexo.
Hab. Island of Burias, coral sand, 7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
3. Evia porcettana, A. Adams. Z£. testd subulatd, albd, solidd, opacd, apice subflexuoso ; anfractibus 13-14, planulatis, varicibus impressis irregularibus lateralibus ; aperturd oblongo- ovali, labio anticé calloso, vix reflero; labro margine, in medio, dilatato.
Hab.
4. Euuia acuta, A. Adams. LE. testd aciculato-turritd, albidd, rectd, subopacd ; anfractibus duodecim, planiusculis, ultimo rotun- dato ; aperturd oblongd, antice subreflerd, labio subincrassato ; labro margine recto.
Hab. Sual, province of Cangisanan, island of Luzon, sandy mud,
7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
? Mus. Cuming.
5. Evuima cusprpata, A. Adams. ZE. testd subulato-pyramidali, albidd, solidd, recta; anfractibus 12, convexiusculis, anfractu ul- timo rotundato ; aperturd oblongo-ovali, labio antice calloso, sub- recto; labro acuto.
Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, in loose coral under stones, low
water. Mus. Cuming. :
6. Evtima opesuta, A. Adams. LE. testd pyramidali-ovatd, albd, solidd, nitidd, opacd ; anfractibus sex, convexis, ultimo rotundato; aperturd oblongo-ovali ; labro margine incrassato, nec limbato vel reflexo.
Hab. Gindulman, isle of Bohol, in soft mud, 8 fathoms. Mus.
Cuming.
7. Eutima TEINosTOMA, A. Adams. J. testd subulato-turritd, rectd, albidd, nitidd, subpellucidd; anfractibus 12, planulatis, lined impressd infra suturas; anfractu ultimo rotundato; aperturd oblongo-ovali, antic? producto, labio subrecto, antice reflexo ; labro margine, in medio, dilatato.
Hab. Feejee Islands, on coral reefs, in sand, low water. Mus.
Cuming.
277
8. Evurmma rtexvosa, A. Adams. J. testd subulato-turritd, albd, flexuosd, solidd, subopacd ; anfractibus 15, planulatis, lined im- pressd subpellucidd ad suturas ; anfractu ultimo rotundato ; aper- turd oblongd ; labro margine flexuoso, in medio producto.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
9. Euurma acuis, A. Adams. JF. testd subulato-turritd, albidd, solidd, subopacd ; anfractibus 11, planulatis, ultimo rotundato, antice subproducto ; aperturd oblonga, labio antice subreflexo.
Hab. Singapore, coarse gravel and sand, 12 fathoms. Mus.
Cuming.
10. Evurma pyramipauis, A. Adams. Z£. testd subulato-pyra- midali, albd, nitidd, subpellucidd ; anfractibus decem, planulatis, lined impressd prope suturas, anfractu ultimo subangulato ; aperturd oblongo-ovali ; labro margine, in medio, subproducto.
Hab. Isle of Capul, on the reefs in sand, low water. Mus. Cuming.
11. Evurma potyeyra, A. Adams. LE. testd subulato-pyramidali, albd, subopacd, apice tortuoso ; anfractibus permultis, planulatis, ultimo angulato; aperturd obliqud, subtetragonali, labio antice refleco ; labro, in medio, valde dilatato.
Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, isle of Mindanao, sandy mud,
50 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
12. Euurma virres, A. Adams. Z. testd subulatd, acutd, recta, albidd, vitred, pellucida; anfractibus planulatis, lined impressd prope suturas; anfractu ultimo rotundato; aperturd oblongo- ovali, labio antic? recto, in medio subtortuoso ; labro antice sub- reflexo.
Hab. Feejee Islands ; from the stomach of a Holothuria (Captain
Swain). Mus. Cuming.
13. Evtrma Gurupinen, A. Adams. LZ. testd subulatd, rectd, nitidissimd, albd, pellucidd; anfractibus planulatis, ultimo sub- rotundato, elongato ; aperturd oblongo-ovali, labio vie tortuoso ; labro margine flecuoso.
Hab. St. Vincents, West Indies, sandy mud, deep water. (Rev.
L. Guilding.) Mus. Cuming.
14. Evurma Cumineu, A. Adams. £. testd subulato-turritd, albd, rectd, solidd, opacd ; anfractibus 13, converiusculis, varici- bus irregularibus impressis instructis ; anfractu ultimo rotundato ; aperturd oblongo-ovali, labio anticé calloso, incrassato; labro margine recto.
Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, South Seas, on the Avicula margariti-
fera. Mus. Cuming.
15. Tripnoris varrecatus, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyra- midali, in medio tumidd, albd, maculis triangularibus rufo-fuscis variegatd ; anfractibus planulatis, triseriatim granulatis, granis equalibus, interstitiis punctatis, suturis impressis ; canali brevi, apertd.
278
Hab, St. John’s. Mus. Cuming. A large variegated species, somewhat resembling in general appear- ance 7’. ornatus, Desh.
16. TRrpHoris PuLCHELLUs, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyra- midali, in medio tumidd, fuscd, serie moniliformi albo ornatd ; an- Sractibus convexiusculis, triseriatim granuloso-carinatis, granorum serie inferiore prominuld, superiore multo minore; aperturd rotundatd, constrictd ; canali brevi, recurvo.
ab. ? Mus. Cuming.
A handsome brown species, with a white series of bead-like granules
at the lower part of each whorl.
17. TRipHORIS NiGRO-Fuscus, A. Adams. T. testd pyramidali, nigro-fuscd ; anfractibus planis, triseriatim granulatis, granulis equalibus, confertis, anfractuum suturis impressis, basi con- vex.
Hab. Sydney, low water, under stones (Mr. Strange).
A black-brown species, with three rows of regular, equal-sized
granules on each whorl. Mus. Cuming.
18. TripHorts Festivus, A. Adams. T. testd pyramidali, basi pland fused, albidd, fasciis fuscis interruptis, transversis, ornatd ; anfractibus planis, cingulis duabus granorum instructis ; interstitiis valde punctatis.
Hab. Port Lincoln. Mus. Cuming.
A small prettily-marked species, with two rows of granules on each
whorl, and the interstices deeply punctured.
19. TripHoris scituLus, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyrami- dali, albidd, nitidd, subpellucidd, suturis rufo-tinctis ; anfractibus convexiusculis, cingulis tribus nodorum ornatis, cinguld mediand majore moniliformi, nodorum interstitiis fuscis, anfractu ultimo basi fusco ; canali brevi, aperto.
Hab. Port Lincoln. Mus. Cuming.
A semipellucid, white and brown species, with the middle row of
nodules very prominent.
20. TripHoris ALBIDUS, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyrami- dali, albidd, nitidd ; anfractibus planulatis, subimbricatis, granoso- clathratis, granis oblongis, serie granorum inferiore prominuld, anfractu ultimo basi fulvo ; canali brevi, subrecurvo.
Hab. Honduras (Dyson). Mus. Cuming. ;
A solid, white, shining, pyramidal species, with oblong granules
disposed in three series on each whorl.
21. TripHoris vesTauis, A. Adams. T. testd turrito-subulatd, dextrorsd, albd, subnitidd ; anfractibus 13, convexis, suturis im- pressis, triseriatim granulatis, interstitiis alveolatis.
Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming.
A delicate and chaste right-handed species, with convex whorls, and
pits between the granules.
279
22. TripHoris cineuLaTus, A. Adams. T. testd elongato-pyra- midali, cinered ; anfractibus sexdecim ad octodecim, spiraliter tri- cingulatis, cinguld mediand minore, interstitiis carinarum longitu- dinaliter valde striatis.
Hab. Red Sea (Riippell). Mus. Cuming.
An ashy-grey species, with three smooth keels on each whorl, and
the interstices strongly striated: somewhat similar to the 7’. corru- gatus of Hinds.
23. TripHoris LABiaTus, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyrami- dali, nigro-fuscd, in medio tumidd, spird apice obtuso ; anfractibus 10, planulatis, triseriatim granuloso-carinatis, suturis concavo- impressis ; labro reflexo, dilatato, albido ; canali brevi, subrecurvo. Hab. Sydney, under stones, low water (Mr. Strange). Mus. Cuming. A small, nearly black shell, with the outer lip dirty white or pale fuscous. ,
24. Mesauia srriata, A. Adams. WM. testd subulato-turritd, Sulvd ; anfractibus 10-12, plunulatis, superioribus longitudinaliter plicatis, inferioribus levibus, transversim striatis, striis impres- sis, subdistantibus ; anfractu ultimo subangulato ; aperturd ovali, labio subplanulato, antice subreflexo ; labro acuto, integro.
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
25. Mesaxia pecussaTa, A. Adams. WM. testd subulato-turrité, in medio subcylindraced, pallide rubro-fuscd; anfractibus novem, convexiusculis, plicis longitudinalibus confertis, et sulcis impressis, transversis, decussatim ornatis ; aperturd semiovali, labio subcal- loso, antice subreflexo, integro ; labro incrassato, margine integro.
Hab. Masbate, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
26. RissoOINA SEMIGLABRATA, A. Adams. R. testd subulato- pyramidali, albd, solidd, nitidd ; anfractibus conveaiusculis, supre- mis transversim striatis, inferioribus glabratis; aperturd semiovali, antice subcanaliculatd, labio incrassato; labro dilatato, crasso, intus tuberculis parvis instructo, margine subreflexo.
Hab. Deleguete, isle of Zebu, found under stones, low water.
Mus. Cuming.
A species having very much the aspect of a Zulima. In this spe-
cies there are two tubercles on the inner surface of the outer lip.
27. Rissorna Evuimoipes, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-pyra- midali, albd, solidd, nitidd ; anfractibus planiusculis, suturis im- pressis ; aperturd semiovali, anticé subcanaliculatd, labio levigato, subincrassato ; labro margine crasso, in medio dilatato, intus tuberculo minuto instructo.
Hab. Island of Capul, on coral reefs in sand, at low water. Mus.
Cuming.
A small polished Eulima-like species, with a single small tubercle
on the inner surface of the outer lip.
280
December 9, 1851. W. Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. On some Bones or Dinpus. By A. D. Bartetr,
say, that in the year 1830 a collection of bones arrived in Paris, which attracted the attention of the scientific world. These bones came
collections were made in the year 1831 by the late Mr. Telfair. One of these collections was forwarded to the Andersonian Museum in Glasgow, the other to the collection of this Society, and at: the even- ing meeting, March 12, 1833, the bones sent by Mr. Telfair were
Grant pointed out that they were the bones of the hinder extremity of a large bird, and the head of a humerus. With reference to the metatarsal bone, which was long and strong, Dr. Grant pointed out
and form.”
I beg now to read a paragraph from Mr. Strickland’s book. At page 52 we find: “The bones sent by Mr. Telfair in 1833 to the Zoological Society have met with some unfortunate fate. Three or four years ago, Mr. Fraser, the late Curator of that Society, made, at my request, a diligent search for these specimens, but all’ his endea- vours to find them were fruitless: he found the identical box sent by Mr. Telfair, but, alas! the bones of the Solitaire, apterous as it was, had flown away, and the only bones that remained belonged to tortoises.”
In the month of July last an opportunity was afforded me by the Secretary of renewing this search, and I had the good fortune to
ete
287
Aves XLV
2.
Prog: Z
Fs
3.of Didus ineptus
2.af Didus solitarmus
Metatarsal bone of Didus Nazarenus.
Ford & West. imp.
7
rr
OT pes \SH MUss ~
ree) ym, Le \ 2 “ 7
281
find what I believe to be all the specimens sent to the Society by Mr. Telfair.
Upon my informing Mr. Mitchell of my success, that gentleman, knowing the trouble and interest I had taken to recover them, granted me permission to examine, compare, and describe them, and to bring the subject before the Society.
In the first place, we are led to believe (and I think without the slightest doubt) that these bones came originally from the island of Rodriguez. There cannot be any doubt, also, that Rodriguez and the neighbouring islands were at one period inhabited by several spe- cies of large birds. Whether any of the same species of these birds inhabited different islands, or whether each island was inhabited by distinct species, is a quostion to which I beg most particularly to call your attention: the most recent publication by Mr. Strickland and Dr. Melville would lead us to believe that the true Dodo (Didus in- eptus) was solely confined to the island of Mauritius, and another species, known as the Solitaire, was said to be its representative on the island of Rodriguez. If this be true, I should have the pleasure of introducing to your notice the bones of at least two new species of birds from that island: I do not however myself feel justified in so doing, but believe some of the bones sent here by Mr. Telfair belong to the true Dodo (Didus ineptus). There are also in the collection (I think without doubt) bones of two other species, one of these of much larger size than the Dodo, the other considerably smaller. The bones in question having all the usual and well-known charac- teristics of those of adult birds, we cannot therefore suppose the dif- ferences which they present to be such as might arise from age; and on the other hand, you will perceive that the proportions are too dis- similar to allow of our regarding them as having belonged to different sexes of the same species. There often exists great difference of size in the bones of the opposite sex, but I have never noticed any very evident difference of proportion. These are to me satisfactory reasons for considering them specifically distinct. But to return to the ques- tion,—Was the Dodo found on the island of Rodriguez? Sir Thomas Herbert says z¢ was; and his evidence appears to me of much im- portance, considering the number of years he spent travelling about, visiting these islands, and collecting rare and curious things; having also repeatedly described the Dodo, and very probably brought one to England. I am therefore inclined to regard the assertions made by Sir Thomas Herbert with more respect than they have elsewhere received. It may appear at first sight impossible that the same spe- cies of birds which were destitute of the power of swimming or flying could inhabit islands so far from each other; but, were these islands always in the state in which we find them? may they not at some distant period have been united and formed part of the same land? In endeavouring in this manner to account for the existence of the Dodo upon the island of Rodriguez as well as at Mauritius, it has been remarked that this argument would not hold good, as the islands in question were of volcanic origin: if this be the case, to account for its existence at either place appears to me equally difficult. I am
282
fully aware it has been the practice of late to consider the animals obtained from localities remote from each other specifically distinct ; they may be so; but unless we have some certain means of distin- guishing them, I do not think we ought to regard them as such.
I now venture to introduce to your notice what I believe to be the tibia of the Dodo (Didus ineptus): its agreement with the foot in the British Museum struck me as being exceedingly remarkable and conclusive: its size and proportions, as compared with the metatarsal in question, are exactly what I should have expected upon the sup- position of their belonging to the same species: they fit each other so perfectly, that one might think they belonged to the same indi- vidual. With this evidence before me, I cannot for one moment hesitate in considering the Dodo of the Mauritius to be identical with thé Dodo of Rodriguez. There are also in this collection two other bones, which, from their size and form, I believe to belong to this species: the most remarkable is the head of the humerus, which would indicate by its magnitude and broad attachments that it belonged to a bird of large bulk, while the sudden reduction in the size of its shaft clearly indicates a bird with small wings. The great thickness and consequent weight is sufficient to cause us to suppose that this bird had not the power of flight.
The next bone to which I will call your attention is a right meta- tarsal, which appears to me to have belonged to a bird known to Leguat as the Solitaire, and described by him during his residence on the island of Rodriguez. I beg to read Leguat’s description, in order to point out to you its near agreement in point of size and form with the Turkey, with which bird Leguat compared the bird he called the Solitaire :—
“Of all the birds in the island, the most remarkable is that which goes by the name of the Solitary, because it is very seldom seen in company, though there are abundance of them. The feathers of the male are of a brown-grey colour: the feet and beak are like a Tur- key’s, but a little more crooked. They have scarce any tail, but their hind part covered with feathers is roundish, like the crupper of a Horse; they are taller than Turkeys. Their neck is straight, and a little longer in proportion than a Turkey’s when it lifts up its head. Its eye is black and lively, and its head without comb or cop. They never fly, their wings are too little to support the weight of their bodies ; they serve only to beat themselves, and flutter when they call one another. They will whirl about for twenty or thirty times together on the same side, during the space of four or five minutes. The motion of their wings makes then a noise very like that of a rattle, and one may hear it two hundred paces off. The bone of their wing grows greater towards the extremity, and forms a little round mass under the feathers, as big as a musket-ball. That and its beak are the chief defence of this bird. ”Tis very hard to catch it in the woods, but easie in open places, because we run faster than they, and sometimes we approach them without much trouble. From March to September they are extremely fat, and taste admirably well,
283
especially while they are young; some of the males weigh forty-five pounds.
«The females are wonderfully beautiful, some fair, some brown ; I call them fair, because they are of the colour of fair hair. They have a sort of peak, like a widow’s, upon their breasts (Jege beaks), which is of adun colour. No one feather is straggling from the other all over their bodies, they being very careful to adjust themselves, and make them all even with their beaks. The feathers on their thighs are round like shells at the end, and being there very thick have an agreeable effect. They have two risings on their craws, and the feathers are whiter there than the rest, which livelily represents the fine neck of a beautiful woman. They walk with so much stateli- ness and good grace, that one cannot help admiring and loving them ; by which means their fine mien often saves their lives.”—Leguat’s Voyage to the East Indies, 1708, p. 71.
You will perceive this bird was said to be larger and taller than a Turkey. A comparison of this metatarsal bone with the metatarsal bone of the Turkey I think will satisfactorily show the accuracy of Leguat’s description, and at the same time justify our conclusion that this metatarsal bone belonged to the Solitaire of Rodriguez, to which the name of Didus solitarius has been applied. I trust I shall be pardoned for avoiding the use of the new generic term adopted by the authors of ‘The Dodo and its kindred,’ for in a group so little known, and at present so limited in species, it seems to me so much to increase the trouble and difficulty of those who endeavour to study such subjects, that I cannot help expressing my belief that many of the new names so often introduced serve only to impede and embarrass us, and I therefore regard them as much worse than useless.
I have now remaining the bone of a bird which when alive was much larger, heavier, and more powerful than the Dodo. For further examples of this bird’s bones, I must refer to the plates in the work before alluded to, by Mr. Strickland and Dr. Melville: plate xv. fig. 2, the metatarsal bone of the large species in the Andersonian Museum, Glasgow; fig. 3, a metatarsal bone in the Parisian collection. A glance at these specimens will, I imagine, convince any one that this bird was of gigantic size, and probably double the weight of the Dodo. I am sure it cannot be supposed (after what has been said) that Leguat was describing this great bird when he wrote his beautiful description of the Solitaire. Another important fact will, I think, set this question at rest. Leguat states, that some of the males of the Solitaire weigh Sorty-five pounds. Now we know the weight of the largest Turkeys to be considerably less, rarely reaching thirty pounds, while the weight of the Dodo is stated to have been at least fifty pounds. It cannot, therefore, be supposed, had Leguat seen birds nearly double the size of the Dodo, he could have made the statements or comparison he has made between the Solitaire and Turkey.
I have before expressed my great dislike to an unnecessary increase of names: I feel, however, the necessity of finding an appropriate
284
name for this large bird, and therefore propose one somewhat familiar to all who have paid any attention to the subject, and apply the name of Didus Nazarenus to this the largest species of the genus. In doing this, I may remark that Mr. Strickland, in his work before alluded to, has considered the Didus Nazarenus to be a phantom species, which he says has haunted our systems of ornithology from the days of Gmelin downwards.
The conclusions which I have arrived at from the examination of the bones to which I have just called your attention are these :—That there existed formerly three distinct species of Apterous birds in the island of Rodriguez; namely, one which is apparently identical with the Dodo (Didus ineptus) of the Mauritius; a second, which was well described under the name of Solitaire; and a third, which was much larger than either of the above.
12 College Street, Camden Town.
2. DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALIA OF THE Genus ANTECHINUS. By Jonun Gou_p, F.R.S. etc.
One of these species is remarkable for being spotted on the under instead of on the upper surface, and the other for its very diminutive size: both rank among the smallest members of the genus. For the former I propose the specific appellation of maculatus ; it may be thus deseribed :—
ANTECHINUS MACULATUS.
Fur short, dense, and closely applied to the skin ; general tint of the upper surface dark blackish brown, minutely grizzled with yellow- ish brown ; lower part of the flanks and under surface of the body dark brownish slate-grey, ornamented with oblong spots of greyish white arranged in irregular rows in the direction of the body ; down the centre of the throat a streak of white.
inches.
Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 33
aithastall 13 god cel aes sah baw » apteuiiene 21
from the tip of the nose to the base of the ear 4 Of thie/earsotoaey: af as cet. tation Bick pete ARE
olthestarshand toes stock eee bec ees feu. Hab. Brushes of the river Clarence, on the east coast of Australia.
The other species I propose to name
ANTECHINUS MINUTISSIMUS. Fur short, dense, and closely applied to the skin; upper surface and flanks brown, slightly grizzled with black ; under surface pale buff, approaching to white on the throat ; tail brown above, lighter be- neath ; feet buffy brown, toes covered with hairs of a somewhat lighter
hue.
285
inches.
Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 23 DE Chee Bane ey end Pye a aisdaes ie fret eben ese 25
from the tip of the nose to the base of the ear 75
Of-fhe, GAR ct. te thee ares Oats wlaebenate cae +
of the tarsi and toes ..... 5
Hab. Brushes of the east coasts of Australia, =
3. DescRIPTIONS OF A NEW SPECIES OF PTILOTIS AND A NEW species oF EdpsatTRiA. By Joun Gouxp, F.R.S.
Mr. Gould also exhibited two new species of birds of the genera Ptilotis and Eépsaltria, which he characterized as follows :—
PrILOTIS FASCIOGULARIS.
All the upper surface, wings and tail olive-brown, the feathers of the head and back with darker centres, and the primaries and tail- feathers narrowly margined externally with greenish wax-yellow ; lores and a streak down the side of the head from the posterior angle of the eye blackish brown; ear-coverts pale yellow; on each side of the neck a patch of yellowish white; feathers of the throat brownish black, each bordered with pale yellow, presenting a fasciated appearance; breast blackish brown; under surface striated with brown and buffy, becoming paler towards the vent ; irides lead-colour ; bill and feet black.
Total length, 74 inches ; bill, $; wing, 32; tail, 3; tarsi, 1}.
Hab, Mangrove Island, Moreton Bay.
Female.—Similar in colour, but of smaller size.
Eépsautrria Capito.
Upper surface olive-green, inclining to brown on the head ; wings and tail slaty brown, faintly margined with olive-green ; ear-coverts grey ; lores and a line descending in front of the eye and the throat greyish white; under surface yellow; irides hazel; bill black; feet brownish flesh-colour.
Total length, 5 inches; bill, 3; wing, 33; tail, 2}; tarsi, Z.
Hab. Brushes of the River Brisbane, New South Wales.
Remarks,—Shorter and less elegantly formed than FE. Australis, with a stout broad bill and a proportionately large and heavy head.
INDEX.
The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel information is given, in Jtalics: those of Species respecting which Anatomical Ob-
servations are made, in CAPITALS.
Accipiter chicquera, 42
Achatina albicans, Pfr., n. sp., 259 — attenuata, Pfr., n. sp., 259
— Dunkeri, Pfr., n. sp., 148
— fulgurata, Pfr., n. sp., 258
—— impressa, Pfr., n. sp., 148 inornata, P/r., n. sp., 259
—— Newcombi, P/r., n. sp., 262
— plicatula, Pfr., n. sp., 258 violacea, Pfr., n. sp., 259 Achatinella melampoides, Pfr., n.sp., 262 plicata, Gould, 261
Aciculina, 4. Addams, n. g., 114 Aciculina costata, 4. 4dams, n. sp., 114 — glabrata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 114 — labiata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 114 maculata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 114 —— striata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 114 —— vittata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 114 Equorea atlantica, Peron & Lesueur, 275 — ciliata, Eschscholtz, 275
danica, Peron & Lesueur, 275 Forskalea, Peron & Lesueur, 275 —— Forskalina, Eschscholtz, 275 grenlandica, Peron & Lesueur, 275 stauroglypha, Peron & Lesueur, 275 — violacea, Milne-Edw., 275
Alauda arvensis, Linn., 145
Alcedo ispida, Linn., 145
Alectrion, Montf., 103
Alectrion complanata, Powis, 104
—— crenulata, Brug., 103
— hirta, Kien., 103
monilis, Kien., 103
Jacksoniana, Kien., 103
— nassoides, Reeve, 103
—— nodifera, Powis, 103
papillosa, Linn., 103
—— seminodosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 104 variabilis, Phil., 103
Ammoceetes, Dum., 235, 240 Ammoceetes Jicolor, Lesueur, 241 branchialis, Dum., 240
— concolor, Kirtl., 241
Ammoceetes ruder, Cuv., 241
—— unicolor, De Kay, 241
Ammocetina, 235-240
Ammosia, Westw., 201
Ampullaria celebensis, Quoy, 74
Anaira, Hope, 201
Anas, 192
Anas boschas, Linn., 146
erecca, Linn., 146
Ancillaria lineolata, A. Adams, n. sp., 271
Anser segetum, Steph., 146
Antechinus rmaaculatus, Gould, n. sp., 284
minutissimus, Gould, n. sp., 284
Anthus pratensis, Bechst., 142
Apiculum, Humph., 157
Aquaria, 233
Arachnoides antipodarum, Gray, n. sp., 126
Aradasia, Gray, 175
ArcToPiTHEcts, Gray, 208
ARcTOPITHECUS BLAINVILLII, 208
—— GULARIS, 208
—— MARMORATUS, 208
Ardea cinerea, 146
minuta, Linn., 146
—— nycticoraz, Linn., 146
—— purpurea, Linn., 146
— russata, Wagl., 146
stellaris, Linn., 146
Artamus cucullatus, Nicholson. n.sp , 196
Arytena, 233
Aspergillum, 233
Astrea, Bolten, 232
Astralium, Link, 231
Astralium calcar, Gmel., 231
deplanatum, Chemn., 231
Auricula felis, Lam., 72
— mustelina, Desh., 72
—— polita, Metcalf, n. sp., 72
subnodosa, Metcalf, n. sp., 72
Baleniceps, Gould, 1
Baleniceps Rex, Gould, n. sp., 2
Balenodon, 34
Balea Dominicensis, Pfr., n. sp., 148
288 INDEX.
Bankivia major, A. Adams, n. sp., 171 —— uitida, 4. Adams, n. sp., 172 —— purpurascens, Beck, 171 varians, Gray, 171 Bathmidurus, Cab., 47 Bathmidurus major, Cabd., 48 —— marginatus, Kaup, n. sp., 48 — minor, Kaup, n. sp., 48 tristis, Kaup, n. sp., 48 Bezoardica, Schum., 229
Blue Hawk of the Cataracts, The, 55 Bolma, Risso, 232 Bravypropip”, 206 BRapypus crinitus, 207 Buccinum abbreviatum, Wood, 113 albescens, Dunk., 96 ambiguum, Mont., 101 angulatum, Brocc., 104 antillarum, Phil., 95 arcularia, Linn., 94 ascanias, Brug., 111 —— asperulum, Broce., 111 Bronnii, Phil., 104 canaliculatum, Lam., 106 caperatum, Phil., 96 clathratum, Kien., 101 — coccinella, Lam., 111 coronatum, Brug., 94 — corrugatum, Brocc., 104 — costulatum, Broce., 104 crassum, Koch, 96
—— crenulatum, Brug., 103 Cuvieri, Payr., 104 decussatum, Kien., 111 —— echinophora, Linn., 229 elegans, Kien., 104
, Reeve, 109
— erinaceum, Linn., 229 Jasciatum, Lam., 111 Ferussacii, Payr., 104 —— gemma, Phil., 96
— gemmulatum, Hinds, 95 — gibbosulum, Linn., 101 — glans, Linn., 104 glaucum, Linn., 229 graniferum, Kien., 101 — Gruneri, Dunk., 96 hirtum, Kien., 103
— horridum, Dunk., 101 Jonasi, Dunk., 96
— incrassatum, Mill., 111 Isabellei, D’Orb., 95 —v— Jacksonianum, Kien., 103 Lacepedii, Payr., 111 — letum, Phil., 104
— livescens, Phil., 95
— luteostoma, Kien., 95 — macula, Mont., 111 margaritiferum, Dunk., 96 marginulatum, Lam., 94 —— miga, Adanson, 109
Buccinum minutum, Penn, 111 ~ monile, Kien., 103 multigranum, Dunk., 112 —— muricatum, Quoy, 101
— mutabile, Linn., 94 nassoides, Reeve, 103 nodiferum, Phil., 95 noduliferum, Phil., 109
— nucleolus, Phil., 109 obliqueplicatum, Dunk., 112 olivaceum, Brug., 106
— ornatum, Kien., 106 papillosum, Linn., 103 pauperatum, Kien., 95 pictum, Dunk., 104 polygonatum, Lam., 94 pullus, Linn., 94
Reevianum, Dunk., 105 — retusum, Lam., 113
Roissyi, Belang., 109
— rudis, Gualt., 111
— rufulum, Kien., 104
—— scalariforme, Val., 109 semigranosum, Dunk., 96 signatum, Dunk., 112
—— splendidulum, Dunk., 96 stolatum, Gmel., 103
— Sturmii, Phil., 95
— subdiaphanum, Biv., 103 —— subspinosum, Lam., 101 —— suturale, Lam., 104
— Thersites, Brug., 102 tiarula, Kien., 94 tritoniformis, Kien., 111 — unicolor, Kien., 106 variabile, Phil., 103
—— venustum, Dunk., 95
—— vibex, Say, 101
— zonale, Brug., 103
Bulimus acalles, Pfr., n. sp-, 258 attenuatus, Pfr., n. sp., 256 Belcheri, Pfr., nu. sp., 261 — chloris, Reeve, 71
— citrinus, Brug., 71
— Denickei, Gray, n. sp., 92, 93 — Dillwynianus, Pfr., n. sp., 258 — dubius, Pfr., n. sp., 257 —— Eganus, Pfr., n. sp., 258 — elexodes, Pfr., n. sp., 256 glaucophthalmus, P/r., n. sp., 255 —— infundibulum, P/r., n. sp., 255 — liratus, Pfr., 261 . luctuosus, Pfr., n. sp., 255 — Maconelli, Reeve, n. sp., 198 —— meleagris, Pfr., n. sp.,'257 —— microdon, Pfr., n. sp., 261 — Moussoni, Pfr., n. sp., 147 —— Newcombianus, Pfr., n. sp., 261 —— nigrolimbatus, Pfr., n. sp., 257 — nubeculatus, Pfr., n. sp., 257 —— plicatus, Gould, 261
INDEX. 289
Bulimus porphyrostomus, P/r., n.sp., 261
—— scytodes, Pfr., n. sp., 256
—— subinterruptus, Pfr., n. sp., 256
suturalis, Pff., n. sp., 255
—— Tasmanicus, Pfr., n. sp., 260
varicosus, Pfr., n. sp., 256
Busycum, Bolt., 230
Buzzard, The long and slender-legged, 58
, The Parrot-beaked, 59
Calcar, Montf., 231
Calidris arenaria, Ill., 146
Calliostoma, Swains., 163
Canrena, Link, 231
Canrena neritoidea, Mart., 231
Canthiridus, Montf., 169
Canthiridus articularis, 4. Adams, n. Sp., 169
—— artizona, 4. Adams, n. sp., 170
cinguliger, 4. ddams, n. sp., 169
iridis, Chemn., 169
—— moniliger, 4. ddams, n. sp., 169
—— nigricans, 4. Adams, n. sp., 170
—— nitidulus, Phil., 169
pallidulus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 170
—— punctulosus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 169
—— purpuratus, Martyn, 169
rufozona, 4. ddams, n. sp., 170
—— tenebrosus, .4. ddams, n. sp., 170
variegatus, Gray, 171 -
Zealandicus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 169
Canthorbis, Swains., 232
Caprimulgus europeus, Linn., 146
Caragola, 235, 239
Caragola lapicida, 239
Cardinalia, Gray, 151
Cardinalia virgata, Gmel., 151
Carinidea, Swains., 152
Carracarra Hawk, 55
, The Red-headed, 56
, The Yellow-headed, 56
Carrion Crow, The Common, 53
, The Yellow-neched, 54
Cassidaria, Lam., 229
Cassidea, Link, 229
Cassidea cornuta, 229
Jlammea, 229
—— pennata, 229
rufa, 229
— testicula, 229
Cassidulus, Humph., 230
Cassis, Browne, 229
Cathartes iota, Cuy., 53
percnopterus, Temm., 145
Cemoria, Leach, 227
Cemoria Flemingii, Leach, 228
noachina, Lowe, 228
princeps, Migh. et Ad., 228
Cerithium obtusum, Lam., 73
—— unicarinatum, Metcalf, n. sp., 73
Chamaleo vulgaris, 203
Chameleon, 203
Charadrius hiaticula, Linn., 146
pluvialis, 146
CuiamyporueErium, Lund, 216
Chlamydotherium giganteum, 216
—— Humboldtii, 216
Cutamypuorus, Harlan, 213
Chlamyphorus truncatus, 213
Chloropsaris, Kaup, 45
Chloropsaris atricapillus, Gmel., 45
—— Cuvierii, Swains., 45
versicolor, Hartl., 45
Chlorostoma, Swains., 180
Chlorostoma agreste, Chemn., 180
argyrostoma, Chemn., 180
—— articulatum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 183
—— atrum, Less., 180
bicanaliculatum, Dunk., 181
carinatum, Koch, 181
—— castaneum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 182
—— cicer, Menke, 181
—— corrugatum, 4. Adams, n. sp., 182
—— euryomphalus, Jonas, 181
—— gailina, Forbes, 182
—— impervium, Menke, 182
— leve, Chemn., 181
maculosum, 4. ddams, un. sp., 183
—— marginatum, Nutt., 181
merula, Chemn., 181
—— mestum, Jonas, 180
—— nigerrimum, Chemn., 180
— odontis, Wood, 182
— Pfeifferi, Phil., 181
—— pulligo, Martyn, 182
rugosum, 4. ddams, un. sp., 182
—— sagittiferum, Lam., 181
sauciatum, Koch, 181
—— seminodosum, 4. ddams, n.sp., 183
stenomphalus, Jonas, 181
tabulare, Krauss, 181
—— tigrinum, Chemn., 180
tropidophorum, 4. 4dams,n.sp., 183
—— turbinatum, 4. Adams, n. sp., 182, 183
—— undulosum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 182
xanthostigma, 4. ddams, un. sp., 183
Cuo.epvus, Jil., 207
Cholepus didactylus, 207
Cicindela megalocephala, Fabr., 199
Ciconia nigra, Temm., 146
CImoLIoRNIS DIOMEDZUS, Owen, 28
Clanculus, Montf., 157
Clanculus acuminatus, 4. Addams, n. sp., 160
agrestis, Chemn., 158
—— albinus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160
anus, Phil., 159
—— brunneus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 161
—— carinatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 162
—— cingulifer, 4. ddams, n. sp., 160
conspersus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 163
— corallinus, Gmel., 158
No. CCXXXVII.—Proceepinés or THE ZOOLOGICAL SocteTy.
290
Clanculus corrugatus, Koch, 159 Couturii, Payr., 158
edentulus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 162 clanguloides, Wood, 158
Jfloridus, Phil., 158
— gibbosus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 162 — Guianicus, Chemn., 158
—— Jussieui, Payr., 159
Krausii, Phil., 159
— limbatus, Quoy, 158
Ludwigi, Krauss, 159
— lupinus, Menke, 159
maculosus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 160 margaritarius, Phil., 159 Maugeri, Wood, 158
— mediterraneus, Wood, 158
— microdon, A. Adams, n. sp., 162 minor, 4. ddams, n. sp., 161 nigricans, 4. ddams, n. sp., 162 — nodiliratus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 163 ochroleucus, Phil., 159
— omalomphalus, 4. ddams, n.sp., 162 —— ormophorus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 159 —— Patagonicus, d’Orb., 158
—— personatus, Phil., 159
— Pharaonis, Linn., 157
ringens, Menke, 158
scabrosus, Phil., 159
— Smithii, Wood, 158
spadiceus, Phil., 159
— stigmatarius, 4. ddams, n. sp., 161 — sulcarius, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160 -— textilosus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 161 turbinoides, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160 turgidulus, Broce., 159
unedo, 4. Adams, n. sp., 161 variegatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 160 zebrides, 4. ddams, n. sp., 161 Clepsydra, 233
Clypidina, Gray, 87
Clypidina acuminata, A. Adams, n.sp., 88 annulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 88 aspera, Gould, 87
candida, 4. Adams, n. sp., 88 Sungina, Gould, 87
— notata, Linn., 87
—— rudis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 87
—— rugosa, Quoy, 87
— scabricula, 4. ddams, un. sp., 88 — stellata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 87 — sulcifera, 4. Adams, n. sp., 87 Celodon, Lund, 211
Columba enas, Linn., 146
livia, Briss., 142
palumbus, Linn., 142
Trocaz, Hein., 142
Turtur, Linn., 146
Columbella albinodulosa, Gaskoin, n.sp., 3 Australis, Gaskoin, n. sp., 5
—— Austrina, Gaskoin, n. sp., 9
—— baccata, Gaskoin, n. sp., 9
INDEX.
ColumbellaCaliforniana, Gaskoin, n.sp., 12 cancellata, Gaskoin, n. sp., 6 conspersa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 11 —— contaminata, Gaskoin, n. sp., 7 —— formosa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 11 —— hirundo, Gaskoin, n. sp., 12 interrupta, Gaskoin, n. sp., 3 —— intexta, Gaskoin, n. sp., 7 —— iodostoma, Gaskoin, n. sp., 13 leucostoma, Gaskoin, n. sp., 4 — Marquesa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 8 Pacifica, Gaskoin, n. sp., 4 pulla, Gaskoin, n. sp., 6
—— sagitta, Gaskoin, n. sp., 10 tenuis, Gaskoin, n. sp., 2 varicosa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 5 Colymbus glacialis, Linn., 146 Cookia, Less., 322
Corvus corax, Linn., 145
corone, Linn., 145 Crab-eater, The, 59
Crex Baillonii, Temm., 146 Cuculus canorus, Linn., 145 Curruca conspicillata, Gould, 142 Heinekenii, Jard., 142 Cyclocantha, 232
Cyclostoma alatum, Pfr., n. sp., 250 alternans, Pfr., n. sp., 249 biciliatum, Mousson, 72 Borneensis, Meécalf, n. sp., 71 canescens, Pfr., n. sp., 245 — castaneum, Pfr., n. sp., 251 — crassum, Pfr., n. sp., 242 Cumanense, Pfr., n. sp., 248 — desciscens, Pfr., n. sp., 243 -— diaphanum, P/r., n. sp., 248 — disculus, Pfr., n. sp., 243 —— Dysoni, Pfr., n. sp., 243 euchilum, Pfr., n. sp., 242 expansum, Pfr., n. sp., 242 — fasciculare, Pfr., n. sp., 245 fusculum, Pfr., n. sp., 251 Grateloupi, P/r., n. sp., 246 Guatemalense, Pfr., n. sp., 235 \t guttatum, Pfr., n. sp., 251 harpa, P/r., n. sp., 247
—— Himalayanum, Pfr., n. sp., 242 —— histrio, Pfr., n. sp., 247 ignescens, Pfr., n. sp., 251 integrum, Pfr., n. sp., 247 Kusteri, Pfr., n. sp., 249 — lugubre, Pfr., n. sp., 249 lutescens, Pfr., n. sp., 250 —— margarita, Pfr., n. sp., 244 Orbignyi, Pfr., n. sp., 149 ovatum, Pfr., n. sp., 246 —— pallidum, Pfr., n. sp., 248 pingue, Pfr., n. sp., 248
—- pleurophorum, Pfr., n. sp., 245 —— ponderosum, Pfr., n. sp., 243 —— psilomitum, Pfr., n. sp., 250
INDEX. 291
Cyclostoma radula, Pfr., n. sp., 246 —— regulare, Pfr., n. sp., 244
— rusticum, Pfr., n. sp., 250 — scalare, Pfr., n. sp., 250 sericatum, Pfr., n. sp., 244 —— Shuttleworthi, Pfr., n. sp., 246 —— tenuilabiatum, Metcalf, n. sp., 71 —— trochlea, Pfr., n. sp., 249 turritum, Pfr., n. sp., 248 —— undatum, Metcalf, n. sp., 71 unicolor, Pfr., n. sp., 243
— violaceum, Pfr., n. sp., 245 CycLoruurus, Gray, 219 Cyclothurus didactylus, Gray, 219 Cylindrella Adamsiana, Pfr., n. sp., 148 Gouldiana, Pfr, n. sp., 149 —— monilifera, Pfr., n. sp., 148 Salleana, Pfr., n. sp., 149 Cymatium, Link, 230
Cymatium polygonum, 230 Cynodonta, Schum., 231
Cynictis Maccarthie, Gray, n. sp., 131 Cypreea Clara, Gaskoin, n. sp., 13 Cyprecassis, Stutch., 229
Cypselus murarius, Temm., 142 — unicolor, Jard., 142
Cyrena triangularis, Metcalf, n. sp., 74 Dascinus, Rafin., 221
Dasypopip#, 211
Dasypus, 213
Dasypus minutus, 214
— punctatus, Lund., 213 SEXCINCTUS, 214
VILLOosus, 214
Desmoulea, Gray, 113
Desmoulea abbreviata, Wood, 113 —— crassa, A. Addams, n. sp., 113 —— Japonica, 4. Adams, n. sp., 113 pinguis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 113 —— pyramidalis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 113 —— retusa, Lam., 113
Diadora, Gray, 227
Didus, 280 ¥
ineptus, 281
solitarius, 283
Nazarenus, 284
Diloma, Philippi, 173
Diproropon, 30
Distichocera, MacLeay, 75 Distichocera ferruginea, Guer., 76 — fulvipennis, Newm., 76
— Kirbyi, Newm., n. sp., 79
—— MacLeayii, Newm., n. sp., 81 —— maculicollis, Kirby, 75
—— par, Newm., n. sp., 78
—— rufipennis, MacLeay, 76 Distortrix, Link, 231
Distortrix anus, Linn., 231 reticulata, Chemn., 231
Eagle, The Crested and Booted, 59 Echinanthus, 34
Echinanthus Australasice, Gray, n. sp., 34 — Coleex, Gray, n. sp., 35 explanatus, Gray, nu. sp., 35 — oblongus, Gray, n. sp., 35 — productus, Gray, n. sp., 35 testudinarius, Gray, n. sp., 35 Echinocyamus australis, Agassiz, 38 Echinodiscus, 35
Echinoglyphus, Van Phelsum, 37 Echinoglyphus frondosus, Van Phelsum, 37 Echinolampas depressus, Gray, n. sp., 38 oviformis, 37
Eione, Risso, 101
Eleuchus, Swains., 170
Eleuchus apicinus, Menke, 171 australis, Quoy, 171
badius, Wood, 170
bellulus, Dunk., 171
—— irisodontes, Quoy, 171
—— leucostigma, Menke, 171 lineatus, Lam., 170
—— roseus, Lam., 170
rutilus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 171 — splendidulus, Swains., 171 —— vulgaris, 4. ddams, n. sp., 171 Emarginula, Lam., 82
Emarginula aculeata, A. Adams, n. sp., 86 aspera, Gould, 87
australis, Quoy, 90
—— bellula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 86 cancellata, Phil., 82
—— candida, 4. Adams, n. sp., 85 capuliformis, Phil.,. 82
—- cinerea, Gould, 88
— clathrata, Adams & Reeve, 90 —— clypeus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 83 —— concinna, 4. Addams, n. sp., 85 conica, Blainy., 82
— conoida, Reeve, 87
crassa, Sowerby, 82
—— cucullata, 4. ddams, un. sp., 86 —— curvirostris, Desh., 82
— —,, Macg., 82
—— Cuvieri, Sav., 83
—— depressa, Blainv., 90
—— dilecta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 85 élargie, Quoy, 90
— elongata, Phil., 83
elongata, Sow., 221
— emarginata, Blainv., 89
—— eximia, 4. Adams, n. sp., 86 excurvata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 85 Jissura, Linn., 82
—— fissurata, Chemn., 82 fuliginea, 4. ddams, n. sp., 84 Jungina, Gould, 87
—— galericulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 84 Huzardii, Payr., 83
—— incisura, 4. ddams, n. sp., 84 —— levicostata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 87 — levis, Recl., 82
292
Emarginula micans, 4. Addams, n. sp., 84 — obovata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 83 — ossea, Gould, 88
Panihensis, Quoy, 90 parmophoroidea, Quoy, 89
—— pileolus, Mich., 82
—— planulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 86 pulchra, 4. ddams, n. sp., 85 —— punctata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 84 —— puncticulata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 84 ~-— retecosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 86 —— reticulata, Chemn., 82
— rosea, Bell, 82
—— rubra, Lam., 82
—— rugosa, Quoy, 87
scabricostata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 85 scabriuscula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 83 solidula, Costa, 83
—— striatula, Quoy, 83
—— Vanicorensis, Quoy, 83
variegata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 84 viminea, 4. Addams. n. sp., 85 Encope Michelini, 37
oblonga, 37
— subclausa, 37
Valenciennesii, 37
Eépsaltria capito, Gould, n. sp., 285 Erator, Kaup, n. g., 47
Erator Fraserii, Kaup, n. sp., 47
—— inquisitor, Orb., 47
Eulima aclis, A. Adams, un. sp., 277 acuta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 276 Cumingii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 277 —— cuspidata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 276 —— flexuosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 277 —— grandis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 276 Guildingii, 4. ddams, n. sp., 277 — modicella, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 276 — obesula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 276 —— polygyra, 4. ddams, n. sp., 277 —— porcellana, 4. Adams, un. sp., 276 —— pyramidalis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 277 — teinostoma, 4. Adams, n. sp., 276 —— vitrea, 4. Adams, un. sp., 277 EuRYODON LATIDENS, Lund, 216 Falco Buteo, Linn., 142
nisus, Linn., 145
— tinnunculus, Linn., 142
Falcon, The Chestnut-bellied, 60 Fibularia australis, Desm., 38
oblonga, Gray, n. sp., 37 Fish-Hawk, The Large Awl-beaked, 56 , The Small Awl-beaked, 57 Fishing-Hawk, The, 55
Fissurella noachina, Schum., 228 Fragella, Swains., 157
Francolinus Yemensis, Nich., n. sp., 128 Fringilla butyracea, Linn., 142 cannabina, Linn., 142
carduelis, Linn., 142
-— chloris, Linn., 145
INDEX.
Fringilla domestica, Linn., 145 petronia, Linn., 142
Tintillon, Webb, 142
Fulica atra, Linn., 146
Fulgur, Montf., 230
Galeodea, Link, 229
Galeodea echinophora, Linn., 229 Gallinula chloropus, Lath., 146 Geotria, Gray, n. g., 237-8
Geotria australis, Gray, n. sp., 239 Geryonia equorea, Fleming, 272 Gibbium, Gray, 177
Gibbula, Leach, 184
Gibbula Adansonii, Payr., 185
—— Adelaide, Phil., 186
—— Agathensis, Recl., 185 Capensis, Gmel., 185 cineraria, Linn., 184
—— cinerea, Mont., 184
declivis, Forsk., 184
— divaricata, Linn., 184
—— fanulum, Gmel., 184
—— fasciata, Born, 185
—— fumosa, Phil., 186
Juscata, Born, 184
jucunda, Gould, 185
— Kalinota, 4. Addams, n. sp., 187 —— leucosticta, 4. Addams, n. sp., 187 —— magus, Linn., 184
—— Mindorensis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 186 — multicolor, Krauss, 185 nivosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 187 obliquata, Gmel., 186
— Philberti, Recl., 185 porcellana, 4. Adams, n. sp., 186 pulchra, 4. ddams, n. sp., 187 —— puncto-costata,.4.d4dams,n.sp., 187 —— quadrata, Gmel., 184 rotelliformis, Phil., 186
—— scabra, Linn., 184
— sulcosa, 4. Adams. un. sp., 186 — tumida, Mont., 184
—— umbilicata, Mont., 185
—— undosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 186 varia, Gmel., 185
—— venusta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 187 — vulnerata, Phil., 185
Globulus, Schum., 232 GLossoTHERIUM, Owen, 210 GuLypTopon, Owen, 216 GLYPTODON CLAVIPES, 216
— ORNATUS, 216
— reticulatus, 216 TUBERCULATUS, 217 Gonigoria, Gray, n. g., 124 Gonigoria clavata, Gray, n. sp., 125 Gymnogaster arcticus, Brun., 117 Gyrineum, Link, 231
Gyrineum dufonium, Chemn., 231 caudatum, Chemn., 231 echinatum, Chemn., 231
INDEX. 293
Gyrineum natator, Chemn., 231 rana, Chemn., 231
—— scrobiculator, 231
—— verrucosum, Chemn., 231 Hapalotis albipes, Licht., 126 apicalis, Gould, n. sp., 126 cervinus, Gould, n. sp., 127 —- conditor, Gould, 127
—— Gouldii, Gray, 127
—— hirsutus, Gould, n. sp., 127 longicaudatus, Gould, 127 macrotis, Gray, 127
— Mitchellii, Gould, 127 murinus, Gould, 127 Hapalotis Richardsonii, Gray, 127 Harpagus, 42
Harpagus circumcinctus, Kaup, nu. sp., 43 Harpya destructor, 61
Harrier, The Brown-backed, 58
, The Chestnut, 58
Haustellum, Schum., 231
Hawk, Carracarra, 55
, The Bird, 58
——,, The Brown-backed Short-winged, 60 of the Cataracts, The Blue, 55 ——,, The Fishing, 55
——,, The Large Awl-beaked Fish-, 56 —_, The Large Sea-fishing, 58
—, The Laughing, 56
——,, The Plaid-chested Short-winged, 60 —., The Red-headed Carracarra, 56 —, The Small Awl-beaked Fish-, 57 —, The Two-toothed Baridi, 60 —, The Yellow-cered Short-winged, 60 , The Yellow-headed Carracarra, 56 Helenchus, Herman, 172
Helicina Dominicensis, Pfr., n. sp., 149 versicolor, Pfr., n. sp.» 149
Helix albersiana, Pfr., n. sp., 147
— annulifera, Pfr., n. sp., 260
-— Audebardi, Pfr., n. sp., 147 Brardiana, Pfr., n. sp., 253 Brookei, Adams & Reeve, 70 —- conicoides, Metcalf, n. sp., 71 — Dillwyniana, Pfr., n. sp., 254 — Forsteriana, Pfr., n. sp., 254 — Gartneriana, Pfr., n. sp., 253 — Gaskoini, Pfr., n. sp., 260
— glabriuscula, Pfr., n. sp., 262 —— glutinosa, Metcalf, n. sp., 70 leucorhaphe, Pfr., n. sp., 147 — Layardi, Pfr., n. sp., 253
— liturata, Pfr., n. sp., 253 margarita, Laskey, 189
— nasuta, Metcalf, n. sp., 70
oblita, Pfr., n. sp., 263
— otostoma, Pfr., n. sp., 260 Poiretiana, Pfr., n. sp., 254
—— ptychomphala, P/r., n. sp., 254 —— pubescens, Pfr., n. sp., 147
—— radians, Pfr., n. sp., 252
Helix reglis, Benson, 70
resplendens, Phil., 70
—— Richmondiana, Pfr., n. sp., 252
Schumacheriana, Pfr., 70
—— semidecussata, Pfr., n. sp., 252
——- solida, Pfr., nu. sp., 263
— Souleyetiana, Pfr., 0. sp., 252
—— Sturmiana, P/r., n. sp., 253
—— subruyata, Pfr., n. sp., 259
— vilis, Pfr., n. sp., 263
—— vittata, Adams & Reeve, 70
— Woodiana, Pfr., n. sp., 254
Hemitoma, Swains., 89
Hercoles, Montf., 232
Herpestes Smithii, Gray, 131
HETERODON DIVERSIDENS, Lund, 216
Hirundo riparia, Linn., 146
— rustica, Linn., 146
urbica, Linn., 146
Hoplophorus, Lund, 217
Hoplophorus Euphractus, Lund, 217
Selloi, Lund, 217
Hybrid Pheasants, 92
Hyperoartia, Mill., 235
Ibycter, 55
Imperator, Montf., 232
Infundibulum, Montf., 152
Infundibulum californicum, 4. Adams, n. sp., 153
cariniferum, Beck, 152
—— chloromphalus, 4.ddams,n.sp., 153
concavum, Linn., 152
— delicatulum, Phil., 152
depressum, Gmel., 153
Kochii, Phil., 152
radiatum, Chemn., 152
saga, Phil., 152
Insect-eater, The, 59
Iphisa, Gray, n. g., 39
Iphisa elegans, Gray, n. Sp-, 39
Iphisade, Gray, 39
Jeffreysia, Alder, 264
King Vulture, 53
Kite, The Scissors-tailed, 57
Labio, Oken, 163, 177
Labio articulata, Lam., 178
— cingulata, Quoy, 178
concolor, 4. ddams, n. sp., 180
constricta, Lam., 177
corrosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 180
— crinitus, Phil., 179
—_ fulgurata, Phil., 179
fuliginea, 4. ddams, n. sp., 180
— indecora, Phil., 179
lineata, Da Costa, 179
melanoloma, Menke, 179
—— nigerrima, Gmel., 178
pica, Chemn., 179
—— porcata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 179
— porcifera, 4. Adams, n. sp., 179
reticularis, Wood, 178
294
Labio rudis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 179 —— scorpio, Gray, 179
-— striolata, Quoy, 178 —— subrostrata, Gray, 178 — sulcata, Wood, 178
— teniata, Quoy, 178
— Tamsii, Dunker, 179 — fessellata, Chemn., 178 — tergestina, Phil., 179 zealandica, Quoy, 178 zebra, Wood, 178 Lacuna carinifera, 4. Adams, u. sp., 225 Lagena californica, 4. ddams, n. sp., 272 Lambidium, Link, 229 Lambidium oniscus, Linn., 229 Lampetra, 235, 237.
Lampetra ceca, Will., 241 — fluviatilis, Linn., 237 —— Lamottenii, Lesueur, 238 —— major, Schw., 236
— minima, Ald., 241
—— neunauge, Jonston, 241 —— planeri, Linn., 238
— Rondeletii, Will., 236 —— Sanguisuga, Lacép., 238 subcinerea, Salv., 238 Lampredia, Rafin., 235 Lamprostoma, Swains., 153 Lanius lictor, Licht., 44
Larus argentatus, Brunn., 142 tridactylus, Lath., 146 Latirus, Montf., 230
Laughing Hawk, The, 56 Leodia, Gray, n. g., 36
Leodia Richardsonii, Gray, n. sp., 36 Lestris cataractes, Temm., 146 Limosa melanura, Leisler, 146 Littorina albicans, Metcalf, n. sp.,'73 melanostoma, Gray, 73 scabra, Linn., 73 Lobophora aurita, 35
bifissa, 35
Mancinella, Link, 230 Mancinella aculeata, Chemn., 230 —— armigera, Chemn., 230 Bezoar, Chemn., 230 — castanea, Link, 230
— hystrix, Linn., 230
—— mutabilis, Chemn., 230 Manip, 219
Manis, Linn., 219
Manis Africana, Desm., 220 aurita, Hodgs., 220 javanica, Desm., 218 macroura, Desm., 219 —— multiscutata, Gray, 220 —— pentadactyla, Linn., 219 —— Temminckii, Smutz, 219 tetradactyla, Linn., 220 Mareca penelope, Selby, 146 Margarita, Leach, 189
INDEX.
Margarita acuminata, Sow., 190 angulata, A. Adams, nu. sp. 190 arctica, Gould, 189
argentea, Gould, 190
—— balteata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 191 —— bicarinata, Adams & Reeve, 190 —— cerulescens, King, 191
—— calostoma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 190 —— carinata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 190 carnea, Sow., 189
—— cinerea, Couth., 190
costellata, Sow., 190
Cumingii, 4. ddams, n. sp., 191 Margarita expansa, Sow., 191 glauca, Moller, 189 Grenlandica, Beck, 189
— helicina, O. Fab., 189
—— helicoides, Beck, 189
—— lineata, Sow., 192
—— margarita, Brown, 189
—— nitiligineus, Menke, 190 obscura, Couthouy, 189 sigaretina, Sow., 191
—— solariformis, Sow., 190
—— striata, Leach, 189
—— sulcata, Sow., 190
—— teniata, Sow., 191
—— tessellata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 191 undulata, Forbes, 185
» Sow., 189
—— umbilicalis, Brod. & Sow., 189 Vahlii, Moller, 189
variabilis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 191 violacea, King, 192
vulgaris, Leach, 189
Medusa equorea, Linn., 272
aurita, Linn., 274
patina, Modeer, 274
pelagica, Linn., 274 MEGACEPHALA ZQUINOCTIALIS, Dej.,200 AUSTRALASLE, Hope, 199 EUPHRATICA, 199
—— quaprisicnata, De., 199 SENEGALENSIS, Latr., 199 —— SEPULCHRALIS, Fabr., 200 —— TESTUDINEA, Klug, 200 Mgeatonyx Jerrersonit, 209 Megapodius Cumingii, Gould, n. sp., 119 MEGATHERIUM, Cuvier, 206, 209 MeGaTHeriuM Cuviert, 209 Laurillardi, Lund, 209 Melagraphia, Steutz., 177
Melania circumstriata, Metcalf, n.sp., 73 subsuturalis, Metcalf, n. sp., 73 Mellita, 36
Mellita erythrea, Gray, n. sp., 36 —— hexapora, 36
—— lobata, Agassiz, 36
quinguefora, 36
similis, 36
—— testudinaria, 36
INDEX.
Merops apiaster, Linn., 145
Mesalia decussata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 279 —— striata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 279 Microtoma, Swains., 250
Mitra albina, A. Adams, n. sp., 137 ameena, 4, Adams, n. sp., 137 —— asperulata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 136 —— bellula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 138 —— castanea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 140 —— cingulata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 136 columbellina, 4. ddams, n. sp., 141 —— compta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 134 — cratitia, 4. ddams, n. sp., 132 crenilabris, 4. ddams, n. sp., 140 —— creniplicata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 139 —— dealbata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 140 — delicata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 137 — dichroma, 4. Adams, n. sp., 140 — echinata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 138 exarata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 133 —— eximia, 4. Adams, n. sp., 135 Slammea, Quoy, 141
—— formosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 138 — insculpta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 133 insignis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 132 —— interrupta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 135 —— Jukesii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 139 — leta, A. Adams, n. sp., 135
—— levis, 4d. Adams, n. sp., 132 ligata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 134 — luctuosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 133 — macrospira, 4. Adams, n. sp., 138 —— Marie, A. Adams, n. sp., 140 marmorea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 139 —— marquesana, A. Adams, n. sp., 270 —— mirabilis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 136 multilirata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 135 —— nebulosa, Swains., 270
—— nitida, 4. Adams, un. sp., 134 — nodilirata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 136 — nodulifera, 4. Adams, n. sp., 140 —— ornata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 135 —— pallida, 4. ddams, n. sp., 139 — Philippinarum, 4. Adams, n.sp., 141 —— pigra, 4. ddams, n. sp., 133 propingua, 4. Adams, n. sp., 270 —— pura, A. Adams, n. sp., 136 pusilla, 4. ddams, n. sp., 141 — reticulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 136 —— rufescens, 4. Adams, n. sp., 137 — rufocincta, 4. Adams, un. sp., 134 —— rutila, 4. Adams, n. sp., 137 —— sacerdotalis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 138 —— serotina, 4. Addams, n. sp., 132 serpentina, Lamk., 270
— scitula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 138 — straminea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 132 — tiarella, 4. Adams, un. sp., 133 —— tigrina, 4. Adams, n. sp., 132 — turricula, 4. ddams, un. sp., 139 virex, 4. Adams, n. sp., 134
295
Motz, 130
Monilea, Swains., 188
Monilea Benzi, Krauss, 188
eallifera, Lamk., 188
calyculus, Wood, 188
—— kalisoma, 4. Adams, n. sp., 188 lentiginosa, 4. Adams, 0. sp., 188 lirata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 188 nucleus, Phil., 188
—— plumbea, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 188 pusilla, 4. Adams, n. sp., 188 —— Swainsonii, 4. ddams, n. sp., 189 Monodon, Schweig., 173
Monodonta, Lamk., 157, 173. Monodonta alveolata, 4.Adams, n.sp., 176 angulifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 176 apicina, Menke, 171
— Araonis, Bast., 158
— articulata, Lamk., 178
— aspera, Chemn., 174
—— aspersa, Koch., 174
atrata, Gmel., 174
australis, Lamk., 174
— baccata, Menke, 174
— canalifera, Lamk., 174
— circumcincta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 175 — clathrata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 175 — constricta, Lamk., 177
— crassa, MacGill, 179
—— Couturii, Payr., 158
— crenulata, Menke, 174 Draparnaudii, Payr., 178
— Dunkeri, Koch. 174
— edentula, 4. Addams, n. sp., 176 exasperata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177 —— exigua, 4. ddams, n. sp., 176 foveolata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 176 — Fermonii, Payr., 185 Ffragarioides, Lamk., 178
—— gemmata, Gould, 174 inconspicua, Phil., 175
—— indecora, Phil., 174
—— interrupta, Menke, 177
—— Jussieui, Payr., 159
—- Krausii, Phil., 159
labio, Linn., 173
— librostoma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177 — lineata, Lamk., 170
—— lugubris, Lamk., 179
—— lupina, Menke, 159 margaritaria, Phil., 159
— melanoloma, Menke, 179
—— Olivieri, Payr., 178
Patagonica, d’Orb., 158
—— Philippii, Koch, 174
—— Philippina, 4. Adams, n. sp., 176 —— punetigera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177 punicea, Phil., 158
—— regulosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 175 —— ringens, Menke, 158
—— rosea, Lamk., 170
296
Monodonta rubra, 4. Adams, n. sp., 176
scorpio, Gray, 179
—— spilota, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177
Strangei, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177
—— subrostrata, Gray, 178
sulcifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 175
tricarinata, Lamk., 174
—— tricingulata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 175
—— tuberculata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 175
turbinata, Gmel., 173
turrita, Menke, 172
—— Vieilloti, Payr., 158
—— virgata, Menke, 171
viridis, Lamk., 176
Monodontes, Montfort, 173
Monoptygma, Lea, 222
Monoptygma ameena, 4. Adams, n.sp., 223
— casta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 223
-— fulva, 4. Adams, n. sp., 222
granulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 222
lauta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 223
— speciosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 223
—— spirata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 223
—— striata, Gray, 222
—— stylina, 4. Adams, n. sp., 224
suturalis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 224
tenella, 4. Adams, n. sp., 224
Montifringilla hematopygia, Gould, n.sp., 115
Mordacia, Gray, 235, 239
Mordacia mordaz, Rich., 240
Morio, Montf., 229
Mortonia, Gray, n. g., 38
Mortonia australis, dgassiz, 38
Morum, Bolten, 229
Motacilla alba, Linn., 145
boarula, Linn., 142
sutoria, 194
Murex bifasciatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 269
crassus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269
— Cumingii, 4. Addams, nu. sp., 270
euracanthus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 268
—— exasperatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 268
excavatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269
fusiformis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 268
inornatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269
iostomus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 267
—— lignarius, 4. Adams, n. sp., 268
—— lyratus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 269
—— obeliscus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269
niveus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 270
noduliferus, Reeve, 268
—— pagodus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 269
—— pulcher, 4. ddams, n. sp., 270
serotinus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 268
Singaporensis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 270
—— solidus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 267
spinosus, 4. ddams, un. sp., 268
Muscicapa crinita, Linn., 51
Cooperi, Nuttall, 51
—— irritabilis, Veeill., 51
INDEX.
Musculium, Link, 232
Musculium Jacustre, Linn., 232 Musophaga africana, Temm., 145 Rosse, Gould, n. sp., 93
Mustela fluviatilis, Belon, 238 Mytopon, Owen, 209
Mytopon Darwini, 210
Harwant, 210
—— RoBustus, 206, 210
Myobius stolida, Gosse, 51 Myrmecobius, 218
MyrmMecopnaea, Linn., 217 Myrmecophaga annulata, Desm., 218 jubata, Linn., 217
longicaudata, 218
Tamandua, 218 MyRMEcopHAGIDA, 217
Nassa, 94
abbreviata, Wood, 113
—— abyssicola, 4. Adams, un. sp., 100 albescens, Dunker, 96
ambigua, Montf., 101
angulifera, 4. ddams, un. sp., 109 anomala, Reeve, 111
antillarum, Phil., 95
arcularia, Linn., 94
ascanias, Brug., 111
australis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 272—"~ a —— badia, A. Adams, n. sp., 107 yates —— bellula, 4, Adams, n. sp., 102
—— bimaculosa, 4. Adams, u. sp., 102 Bronnii, Phil., 104
—— callosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 98
— callospira, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 102 canaliculata, Lamk., 106
—— cancellata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 99
candens, Hinds, 95
caperata, Phil., 96
— cinctella, 4. Adams, n. sp., 110
— cinnamomea, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 107 cireumcincta, 4. 4ddams, n. sp., 102 clathrata, Kien, 101
clathratula, 4. Addams, n. sp., 99
— celata, A. Adams, n. sp., 97
— complanata, Powis, 104
compta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 107
concinna, Powis, 112
coronata, Brug., 94
coronula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 96 i. —— corrugata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 110 - © ~~ — corticata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 98
— costata, 4. Adams, vn. sp., 98
— costellifera, 4. Addams, n. sp., 112 crassa, Koch, 96
— cremata, Hinds, 95
crenellifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 98 , crenolirata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 100 — crenulata, Brug., 103
Cumingii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 98
—— dealbata, A. Adams, n. sp., 112 decussata, Kien., 111
aw: Vw)
INDEX. 297
Nassa delicata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 99 denticulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 110 — dentifera, Powis, 111
—— dispar, 4. Adams, n. sp., 96 —— distorta, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 105 dorsuosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 102 —— echinata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 101 elegans, Kien., 104
exilis, Powis, 106
fasciata, Lam., 111
Festiva, Powis, 111
Silosa, Gray, 105
—— fissilabris, 4. 4dams, n. sp., 99 fuscata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 112 gaudiosa, Hinds, 104
Gayii, Kien., 112
gemma, Phil., 96
gemmulata, Lam , 95
—— gemmulifera, 4. Adams, n. sp., 99 —— geniculata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 100 —— gibbosula, Linn., 101
glans, Linn., 104
granifera, Kien, 101
— Gruneri, Dunker,; 96
hirta, Kien., 103
—— hispida, 4. Addams, n. sp., 101 horrida, Dunker, 101
Jonasi, Dunker, 96
Isabellei, d’Orb., 95
Jacksoniana, Kien., 103 Japonica, 4. Adams, n. sp., 110 —— labecula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 98 — leta, Phil., 104
—- lentiginosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105 —— leptospira, 4. Adams, n. sp., 103 — livescens, Phil., 95
— luctuosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 105 luteostoma, Kien., 95
— Lyrilla, Beck, 95
margaritifera, Dunker, 96 marginulata, Lam., 94
—— marmorea, 4, ddams, un. sp., 106 —— micans, 4. Adams, un. sp., 106 —— miga, Adanson, 109
— mitralis, 4. Addams, n. sp., 108 — mesta, Hinds, 95
— monilis, Kien., 103
— mucronata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105 —— muricata, Quoy, 101
—— mutabilis, Linn., 94 multicostata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 98 multigrana, Dunk., 112
—— myristicata, Hinds, 109
nana, 4. Adams, n. sp., 102 nassoides, Reeve, 103
nivea, 4. ddams, n. sp., 110 —— nodata, Hinds, 109
nodicincta, 4. Addams, n. sp., 110 nodicostata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 99 — nodifera, Phil., 95 ; — —, Powis, 103
Nassa nodulifera, Phil., 109
nucleolus, Phil., 109
—— obliquata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105
—— obliqueplicata, Dunker, 112
—— obtusata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 100
—— olivacea, Brug., 106
orbiculata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 102
ornata, Kien., 106
—— pallida, Powis, 109
—— pallidula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 106
papillosa, Linn., 103
pauperata, Lam., 95
perpinguis, Hinds, 109
picta, Dunker, 104
—— planocostata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 108
—— plicatella, 4. Adams, n. sp., 111
polygonata, Lam., 94
—— pulchella, 4. Adams, n. sp., 108
—— pullus, Linn., 94
—— punctata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105
—— pusio, A. Adams, nu. sp., 100
ranida, 4. ddams, n. sp., 97
Reevei, A. Adams, 109 es
Reeviana, Dunker, 104 3
—— retecosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 97
reticulata, Linn., 112
retusa, Lam., 113
— Roissyi, Desh., 109
rufocincta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 106
— rufula, Kien., 104
—— Sanctz Helenz, 4. Adams, n. sp., 110
scabriuscula, Powis, 111
scalariformis, Val., 109
scalaris, 4. Addams, n. sp., 108
—— semigranosa, Dunker, 96
—— seminodosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 104
semiplicata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 107
—— serotina, 4. Addams, n.sp., 108
sertula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 107
signata, Dunk., 112
sinusigera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 100
— Siquijorensis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 97
— sordida, 4. ddams, n. sp., 97
— speciosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 100
—— spirata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 106
—— splendidula, Dunker, 96
—— stigmaria, 4. ddams, n. sp., 96
—— stolida, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105
—— Sturmii, Phil., 95
—— subspinosa, Lam., 101
— succincta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 107
sulcata, Kien., 112
—— sulcifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 98
—— suturalis, Lam., 104
—— teretiuscula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 108
— Thersites, Brug., 102
—— tiarula, Kien., 94
—— trifasciata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 118 3
tritoniformis, Kien., 111
— trivittata, Say, 112
No. CCXXXVII*.—ProceepINGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
298
Nassa turrita, 4. 4dams, n. sp., 110
unicolor, Kien., 106
variabilis, Phil., 103
varicifera, 4. Adams, n. sp., 108
variegata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 97
—— venusta, Dunker, 95
verrucosa, A. Adams, nu. sp., 97
vibex, Say, 101
zonalis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 107
Natica caribea, Phil., n. sp., 234
catenata, Phil., n. sp., 233
— Incei, Phil., n. sp.,. 233
intemerata, Phil., n. sp., 233
— maculosa, Lam., 74
— pomum, Phil., n. sp., 234
vestalis, Phil., n. sp., 234
Nauclerus furcatus, 57
Nematura, Benson, 225
Nematura Deltz, Benson, 225
glabrata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 226
— minima, Benson, 225
olivacea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 226
—— polita, Sow., 226
puncticulata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 226
Nerita, 264
Neritina, 264
Neritina Beckii, Reclus., 72
—— crepidularia, Lam., 72
dubia, Chemn., 73
piperina, Chemn., 72
Nidalia occidentalis, Gray, 125
Nightingale, 196
Nisus chionogaster, Kaup, n. sp., 41
Novaculina olivacea, Metcalfe, n. sp., 74
Numenius arquata, Lath., 146
pheopus, Temm., 146
Nyienau, 116
Odontis, Sow., 173
Edicnemus crepitans, Temm., 146
Omphalius, Phil., 156
Oniscia, Sow., 229
Oriolus galbula, Linn., 145
Ortygometra crex, Temm., 146
OrycTEROPODIDS, 220
Osilinus, Phil., 177
Otavia, Risso, 157
Otina fusca, 4. Adams, n. sp., 225
Owl, The Large Long-legged, or Jumbi Bird, 61
, The Little Long-legged, 61
, The Small-booted Brown, 61
Oxystele, Phil.; 180
Pachyrhamphus, Gray, 45
Pachyrhamphus Aglaia, Lafr., 46
nigrescens, Cab., 46
pectoralis, Swains., 46
semifasciatus, Spiv, 46
validus, Licht., 46
Paludina Hamiltoni, Metcalfe, n. sp., 73
— inflata, Menke, 159
Pandion, 55
INDEX.
Parmophora, Desh., 221 Parmophorus, Blainy., 221 Parmophorus australis, Lam., 221 breviculus, Blainy., 222 corrugatus, Reeve, 222 elongatus, Blainv., 221 — gibbosus, Anton., 222 granulatus, Blainv., 221 — imbricatus, Quoy, 222 intermedius, Reeve, 88 tumidus, Quoy, 222 Partula filosa, Pfr., n. sp., 262 -— nodosa, Pfr., n. sp., 262 Patella ambigua, Chemn., 221 erystallina, Wood, 82 elongata, Lam., 22] —— fissura, Linn., 82 jissurata, Chemn., 82 Jissurella, Miller, 227 —— noachina, Linn., 227 —— notata, Linn., 87 octoradiata, Gmel., 90 — tricostata, Chemn., 90 unguis, Linn., 221 Pelagia cyanella, 274 Penicillus, Da Costa, 233 Persona, Montf., 231 Perdix coturnix, Lath., 142 rubra, Briss., 142 Petromyzide, Gray, 235 Petromyzon, 235, 236 Petromyzon Americanus, Lesueur, 237 appendix, De Kay, 240 argenteus, Bloch, 240 —— —-—, Kirtl., 237 bicolor, Shaw, 240 —— branchialis, Linn., 241 cecus, Couch, 241 fluviatilis, Linn., 236, 237. — Jure, M‘Cull., 236 — lamproie, Bloch, 236 — maculosus, Artedi, 236 marinus, Linn., 236, 237 —— maximus, Cuv., 236 —— mordaz, Rich, 240 —— niger, Lacép., 240 — nigricans, Lesueur, 237 —— plumbeus, Shaw, 240 Sanguisuga, Lacép., 238 —— Septeil, Lacép., 240 tridentatus, Gaird., 240 Petromyzonide, 235 Petromyzonina, 235, 236 Phaéthornis griseogularis, Gould, n. sp., 115 Puacocuervs Patrasit, 63 Phalium, Link, 229 Phalium erinaceum, Linn., 229 glaucum, Linn., 229 Phasianella leucostigma, Menke, 171 Pheasants, Hybrid, 62
‘
INDEX. 299
Phorcus, Risso, 156 PhorcusCalifornicus, 4.4dams,n.sp., 157 carneus, Gmel., 156
— cruciatus, Chemn., 156
—— dentatus, Gmel., 156
—— fuscescens, Phil., 157
—— granifer, 4. ddams, n. sp., 157 —— liratus, 4. Addams, n. sp., 157 margarita, Risso, 189
—— melaleucos, Jonas, 156 modestus, Koch, 156
—— nodicinctus, 4, Adams, n. sp., 157 occultus, Phil., 156
—— quadricarinatus, Gmel., 156 —— quadricostatus, Wood, 156 scalaris, Anton., 156
—— semigranosus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 157 —— umbilicaris, Linn., 156
—— variegatus, Chemn., 156 Photina, H. & 4. Addams, 191 Photina cerulescens, King, 191
—— expansa, Sow., 191
fusca, 4. ddams, n. sp., 192 — lineata, Sow., 192
-—— nigra, d. ddams, n. sp., 192 —— Sandwichiana, 4, ddams, n.sp., 192 —— sigaretina, Sow., 191
— teniata, Wood, 191
violacea, King, 192 Phrynoramphus, Kaup, 52 Phrynoramphus capensis, Smith, 52 Pisidium, 232
Planaxis buccinea, A. Adams, n. sp., 272 cingulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 271 fulva, 4. ddams, n. sp., 271 —- labiosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 272 —— obscura, 4. Addams, n. sp., 271 —— succincta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 271 —— zonata, Ad. ddams, n. sp., 271 Piatyonyx, Lund, 211
Piatyonyx Agassizii, Lund, 211 Brongniartii, 211
- Bucklandi, 211
—— Cuvieri, 211
minutus, 211
— Owenii, Lund, 211 Platyrhynchus capensis, Smith, 52 Polydonta, Fisch., 232
Polydonta, Schum., 153
Polydonta aspera, Chemn., 154 concinna, Phil., 154
— corrugata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 155 costata, Chemn., 153 elegantula, Wood, 154
—— gibberula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 155 Hanleyana, Reeve, 154
— ignobilis, Phil., 155
— inequalis, Chemn., 153 -
—— incarnata, Phil. 155
—— incrassata, Lam., 154
— lineata, Lam., 154
Polydonta maculata, Linn., 153
—— ochroleucos, Gmel., 154
—— pallidula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 155
—— pustulosa, Phil., 155
regia, Chemn., 153
reticulata, Wood, 154
-—— Spengleri, Chemn., 154
squamigera, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 155
—— Tentorium, Chemn., 153
-—— tiarata, Quoy, 154
turris, Phil., 155
— vernalis, Chemn., 154
verrucosa, Gmel., 153
viridescens, Chemn., 154
Polygona, Schum., 230
Portax, 116
PRIODONTES GIGAS, 215
Procellaria anginho, Hein., 142
Anglorum, Temm., 142
— Bulwerii, Jard., 142
Leachii, Temm., 146
obscura, Gmel., 142
—— pelayica, Linn., 146
puffnus, Linn., 142
Psaris, Cuv., 45, 46
— Aglaia, 46
—— atricapillus, Gmel., 45
—— brasiliensis, Swains., 46
—— cyanus, Cuv., 46
— Cuvieri, Swains., 45
—— eryithrogenys, 47
—— Fraserii, Kaup, n. sp., 47
— inquisitor, d’Orb., 47
Jardinii, 47
— major, Cab., 48
— marginatus, Kaup, n. sp., 48
—— maximus, Kaup, n. sp., 46
—— minor, Kaup, n. sp., 48
Nattereri, 47
—— nigrescens, 46
—— parinus, Kaup, n. sp., 48
— pectoralis, 46
— Selbyi, 47
—— semifasciatus, Spix, 46
Surinamus, Gmel., 49
—— tristis, Kaup, n. sp., 48
— validus, 46
—— versicolor, Hartl., 45
Pterocyclos biciliatum, Mousson, 72
PTERODACTYLUS BREVIROSTRIS, 15
Cuviert, Bowerbank, n.sp., 15, 29
—— COMPRESSIROSTRIS, Owen, n. sp., 21,32
—— cRAssirnostris, 15, 29
—— DIOMEDEUS, Owen, 28
GIGANTEUS, 14, 21, 28
— Loneirostris, 15, 29
—— Macronyx (Buckianp1), 17
Ptilotis fasciogularis, Gould, n. sp., 285
Puncturella, Lowe, 227
Puncturella cognata, Gould, 228
300 INDEX.
Puncturella conica, D’Orb., 228
cucullata, Gould, 228
—— fastigiata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 228
-— galeata, Gould, 228
noachina, Linn., 227
princeps, Migh. & Ad., 228
Pyramidea, Swains., 151
Pyramidella aclis, A. Adams, n. sp., 224
metula, 4. 4dams, n. sp., 224
Pyramidellide, 264
Pyramis, Chemn., 151
Pyramis acutus, Lam., 151
is architectonicus, 4. Adams. n. sp., 2
cerulescens, Lam., 151
crenulatus, Lam., 152
dentatus, Forsk., 151
Jenestratus, Gmel., 151
—— leucogaster, 4. ddams, n. sp., 152
mauritianus, Gmel., 151
noduliferus, Lam., 151
obeliscus, Gmel., 151
prasinus, Menke, 151
triserialis, Lam., 151
Pyrella, Swains., 231
Pyrum, Fab., 230
Pythia, Bolten, 232
Pythia scarabea, Linn., 232
Rapum, Humph., 230
Regulus, 142
Rimula, Defr., 226
Rimula carinata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 227
—— cognata, Gould, 228
cucullata, Gould, 228
—— Cumingii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 227
exquisita, 4. ddams, n. sp., 226
— Flemingii, Macg., 228
galeata, Gould, 228
noachina, Couth., 228
—— propinqua, 4. ddams, n. sp., 227
Rissoa, 264
Rissoa bella, A. ddams, n. sp., 267
—— elegans, 4. Adams, n. sp., 267
Rissoella, Gray, 264
Rissoine, 264
Rissoina, D’Ord., 264
Rissoina bellula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 266
clathrata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 265
— celata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 267
— concinna, 4. Addams, n. sp., 266
costata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 266
—— d’Orbignyi, 4. Adams, n. sp., 265
Eulimoides, 4. ddams, n. sp., 279
—— fasciata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 264
—— micans, A. Adams, n. sp., 265
—— monilis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 265
nitida, 4. ddams, un. sp., 266 nivea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 265 —— nodicincta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 266 —— plicata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 264 —— pyramidalis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 265
Rissoina scalariana, 4. ddams, n. sp., 265
semiglabrata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 279
striolata, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 266
Rotella, Lamk., 232
Rotula digitata, Agassiz, 35
Ramphii, 35
Sagmatorrhina, Bonap., 202
Sagmatorrhina Lathami, Bp., n. sp.; 202
Sarcorhamphus papa, Dum., 53
Saurophagus Derbianus, Kaup, n. sp., 43, 44
—— flavus, Gray, 44
—— lictor, Gray, 44
— pusillus, Swains., 44
— sulphuratus, 44
Swainsonii, Gould, 44
Scaphorhynchus atriceps, 44
audax, 44
chrysocephalus, 44, 45
—— flaviceps, 44
—— pitangua, 44, 45
Scarabus plicatus, Fer., 72
ScELipoTHERIUM, 206, 210
ScCELIDOTHERIUM LEPTOCEPHALUM, 210
Scolopax rusticola, Linu., 142
Scolymus, Desh., 230
Sconsia, 229
Scutella emarginata, 37
quinqueloba, Esch., 37
Scutellites, Auct., 221
Scutum, Sow., 221
Scutus, De Montf., 221
Scutus angustatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 222
antipodis, Montf., 221
corrugatus, Reeve, 222
— elongatus, Lam., 221
granulatus, Blainy., 221
— imbricatus, Quoy, 222
—— tumidus, Quoy, 222
unguis, Linn., 221
Setophaga, Swains., 49
Setophaga flammea, Kaup, n. sp., 50
flaveola, Lafr., 50
— leucomphomma, Kaup, n. sp., 49
melanocephala, Tschudi, 50
multicolor, Bonap., 50
ornata, Boss., 50
—— picta, Swains., 50
ruficapilla, Cad., 49
ruficoronata, Kaup, n. sp., 49
ruticilla, 49
tricolor, Licht., 50
— verticalis, Lafr., 50
vulnerata, Wagl., 50
Sipho, Brown, 227
Sipho noachina, Brown,, 228
Skenea serpuloides, Macgill., 185
Smithornis, Bonap., 52
Snake-eater, The Long-legged, 59
Sol, Humphrey, 232
Sphenodon, Lund, 211
INDEX.
Spirilla, Sow., 231 Spirillus, Schlut., 231 Spiziapteryx, Kaup, n. g., 42, 43 Stellaria, Schmidt, 232 Sterna Dougallii, Mont., 146 hirundo, Linn., 142 ~ —— nigra, Linn., 146 Steromphala, Leach, 184 Strepsilas interpres, Leach, 146 Streptaxis discus, Pfr., n. sp., 252 Strix flammea, Linn., 142 Strombus oniscus, Linn., 229 Sturnus vulgaris, Linn., 145 Subemarginula, Blainv., 89 Subemarginula alveolata, 4. 4dams,n.sp., 90
Arabica, 4. Addams, n. sp., 90 -— Australis, Quoy, 90 , — catillus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91 clathrata, Adams & Reeve, 90 >—— crassilabrum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91 —— cratitia, 4. Addams, n. sp., 92 —— denticulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91 —— depressa, Blainv., 90
elargie, Quoy, 90
— emarginata, Blainv., 89
—— galeata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 90 —— imbricata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 91 —— nodulosa, .4. Adams, n. sp., 91 octoradiata, Gmel., 90 Panihensis, Quoy, 90
—— polygonalis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91 —— pumila, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 91 sculptilis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 92 tricostata, Chemn., 90 Succinea dominicensis, Pfr., n. sp., 147 Sula alba, Temm., 146
Sunetta, Link, 232
Sunetta seripta, Chemn., 232 Sutoria agilis, Nicholson, n. sp., 195 Sylvia atricapilla, Lath., 142 hortensis, Lath., 145
rubecula, Linn., 142
Talopia, Gray, 188
Taxra, 130
Tarrrus AMERICANUS, 121 Tatusia, 212
Tatusia afinis, Lund, 212
—— HYBRIDA, 213
SEPTEMCINCTA, 212
Tedinia, Gray, n. g., 197
Tedinia pernoides, Gray, n. sp., 198 Tegula, Less., 152
Tegula pellis-serpentis, Wood, 152 Terracua, Westw., 200, 201
Thais, Link, 230
Thais fuscus, Gmel., 230
—— hemastoma, Chemn., 230 —- minuta, Link, 230
patula, Linn., 230
—— persica, Linn., 230
301
Thalotia, Gray, 172 Thalotia Australis, Quoy, 172 ’ crenellifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 173 — elongata, Wood, 172 Lehmanni, Menke, 172 — obscura, Wood, 172 —— picta, Wood, 172 —— pulcherrima, Wood, 172 —— pyrgos, Phil., 172 strigata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 172] — suturalis, 4. ddams, un. sp., 173 tricingulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 173 zebrides, 4. Adams, n. sp., 173 zebuensis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 172 Tivela, Link, 232 Tivela tripla, Linn., 232 — vulgaris, Chemn., 232 Todirhamphus pectoralis, Kaup, n. sp., 52 ruficeps, Kaup, n. sp., 52 Tenioptera erythropygia, Sclater, n. sp., 193
—— striaticollis, Sclater, n. sp., 193 TOLYPEUTES TRICINCTUS, 216 Totanus glottis, Bechst., 146 -—— hypoleucos, 146
Trachypterus vogmarus, Reinh., 117 Tringa cinerea, Temm., 146 —— pugnaz, Linn., 146 — subarquata, Temm., 146 variabilis, Meyer, 146 Triphoris albidus, A. Adams, n. sp., 278 cingulatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 279 — festivus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 278 —— labiatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 279 —— nigro-fuscus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 278 pulchellus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 278 — scitulus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 278 variegatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 277 —— vestalis, d. ddams. n. sp., 278 Tritia coneinna, Powis, 112 — costellifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 113 dealbata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 112 Gayit, Kien., 112 reticulata, Linn., 112 — sulcata, Kien., 112 —— trifasciata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 113 trivittata, Say, 112 Triton anomalus, Hinds, 111 Tritonia, Flem., 111 Tritonia varicosa, Flem., 111 Tritonium, Link, 231 Tritonella, 4dams, 111 Tritonella anomala, Reeve, 111 ascanius, Brug., 111 — decussata, Kien., 111 — dentifera, Powis, 111 Sasciata, Lam., 111 — festiva, Powis, 11] —— fuscata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 112 multigrana, Dunker, 112 —— obliqueplicata, Dunker, 112
302.
Tritonella scabriuscula, Powis, 111 — signata, Dunker, 112 tritoniformis, Kien., 111 Trochius, Leach, 177 Trochidon, Swains., 173 Trochilus amabilis, Gould, n. sp., 115 Trochus acutangulus, Chemu., 150 acutus, Lam., 151
—— Adansonii, Payr., 185 — Adelaide, Phil., 186
— Aigyptiacus, Gmel., 184 —— Agathensis, Recl., 185 agrestis, Chemn., 158, 180 —— ——,, Phil., 166
albidus, Wood, 163 annulatus, Martyn, 164 — Antonii, Koch, 165
anus, Phil., 159 argyrostomus, Chemn., 180 armillatus, Wood, 164 —— asper, Chemn., 154 asperulus, Lam., 150 ater, Less., 180
atratus, Wood, 178 atropurpureus, Jonas, 180 — attenuatus, Jonas, 172 —— Australis, Quoy, 171, 172 badius, Wood, 170 bellulus, Dunker, 171 — Benzi, Krauss, 188 Biasoletti, Phil., 184 bicanaliculatus, Dunker, 181 bicingulatus, Lam., 166 bicolor, Less., 191 Brazilianus, Menke, 156 —— . Byronianus, Wood, 156 callichrous, Phil., 166 calliferus, Lamk., 188 calyculus, Wood, 188 canaliculatus, Phil., 185
- —— Capensis, Gmel., 185 carinatus, Koch, 181 cariniferus, Beck., 152 carneus, Gmel., 156 castaneus, Nutt., 165 chlorostomus, Menke, 166 cicer, Menke, 181 ciliaris, Menke, 165 cinerarius, Linn., 184
, Pult., 185
cinereus, Da Costa, 156 —, Mont., 184 cingulatus, Quoy, 178 clanguloides, Gray, 158 clangulus, Gray, 158
—— Clelandi, Wood, 166
— cerulescens, Lam., 151 concameratus, Wood, 178 concavus, Linn., 152 concinnus, Phil., 154 conicus, Donov., 165
Doeeneueen
INDEX.
Trochus conuloides, Lam., 163
conulus, Da Costa, 165
——, Donov., 164
, Penn., 163
conus, Gmel., 150
corallinus, Gmel., 158
corrugatus, Koch, 159
costalis, Lovén, 190
costatus, Chemn., 153
crassus, Pult., 179
crenulatus, Broce., 164
, Gmel., 152
— crinitus, Phil., 179
cruciatus, Chemn., 156
— Cumingii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 150
decoratus, Phil., 165
—— delicatulus, Phil., 152
—— depictus, Desh., 165
—— depressus, Gmel., 153
— dentatus, Forsk., 151
—— , Gmel., 156
— diserepans, Brown, 163 ,
divaricatus, Linn., 184
—— doliarius, Chemn., 163
dubius, Phil., 165
— electissimus, Bean, 184
elegantulus, Gray, 154
— elongatus, Wood, 172
— erythroleucus, Gmel., 165
—— euryomphalus, Jonas, 181
—— euvinicus, Andrg., 185
exasperatus, Penn., 165
excavatus, Lam., 156
— exiguus, Pult., 165 |
— eximius, Reeve, 165
Fanulum, Gmel., 184
fasciatus, Born., 185
—— fastigiatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 150
— fenestratus, Gmel., 151
—— filosus, Wood, 165
—— formosus, Forbes, 163
—— foveolatus, Gmel., 151 fragilis, Pult., 163 |
—— Fulguratus, Phil., 179
—— fumosus, Phil., 186
—— fuscatus, Born., 184
—— fuscescens, Phil., 157
Gabaldianus, 185
gallina, Forbes, 182
gemmosus, Reeve, 165
—— gilvus, Phil., 166
granatum, Gmel., 164
granulatus, Born., 163
— Guianicus, Chemn., 158
Guineensis, Gmel., 158
Hanleyanus, Reeve, 154
— ignobilis, Phil., 159
— impervius, Menke, 182
— inequalis, Chemn., 153
— incarnatus, Phil., 155
— incrassatus, Lam., 154
METTTT TT
Trochus indecorus, Phil., 179 —— indistinctus, Wood, 164 inflatus, Blainy., 184 interruptus, Wood, 164 iridis, Chemn., 169 —— iris, Gmel., 169 irisodontes, Quoy, 171 jucundus, Gould, 185 jujubinus, Gmel., 165 — Kochii, Phil., 152
— levigatus, Gmel., 181, 185 ——. ——, Phil., 165
— levis, Chemn., 181 Langieri, Payr., 164 Lehmanni, Menke, 172 —— leucostigma, Menke, 171 —— ligatus, Gould, 165 — limbatus, Quoy, 158 — lineatus, Da Costa, 184 » Forbes, 179
, Lam., 154 lineolatus, Potiez, 184 Listeri, Wood, 152 —— littoralis, Brown, 184 — Ludwigi, Krauss, 159 lugubris, Lam., 18] luridus, Nutt., 166 —— Lyonsii, Leach, 163 maculatus, Linn., 153 — magulus, Desh., 184 magus, Linn., 184 margaritus, Gray, 189 marginatus, Nutt., 181 Martini, Smith, 166 marmoratus, Lam., 150 Matonii, Payr., 164 Maugeri, Wood, 158 mauritianus, Gmel., 151 —— maximus, Koch, 150 —— mediterraneus, Wood, 158 —— melaleucos, Jonas, 156 melanoloma, Phil., 179 merula, Chemn., 181 —— metaformis, Phil., 166 —— microstomus, D’Orb., 181 —— miliaris, Scacc., 166 —— millegranius, Phil., 166 —— miniatus, Anton., 166 — minutus, Chemn., 165 modestus, Koch, 156 — mesius, Jonas, 180 — Montagui, Gray, 164 multicolor, Krauss, 185 nassaviensis, Chemn., 185 —— neritoides, Gmel., 189 —— nigerrimus, Gmel., 180 — niloticus, Linn., 150 — nitens, Woodw., 185 — nitiduius, Phil., 169 —— nitiligineus, Menke, 190 —— noduliferus, Lam., 151
INDEX. 303
Trochus notatus, Gmel., 169 nucleus, Phil., 188 obeliscus, Gmel., 151 — obliquatus, Gmel., 186 obliqueradiatus, Chemn., 185 obscurus, Wood, 172 occidentalis, Migh., 163 — occultus, Phil., 156 ochroleucos, Gmel., 154 ochroleucus, Phil., 159 odontis, Wood, 182 ornatus, Lamk., 164 papillosus, Da Costa, 163 parvus, Da Costa, 165 patholatus, Dillw., 185 —— pellis-serpentis, Wood, 152 —_ perforatus, Smith, 184 —— personatus, Phil., 159 perspectivus, Koch, 166 — Pfeifferi, Phil., 181 —— Pharaonis, Linn., 157 — Philherti, Recl., 185 pictus, Wood, 172
— porcatus, Phil., 172 prasinus, Menke, 151 Preissii, Menke, 172 pulcherrimus, Wood, 172 —— pulligo, Martyn, 182 punctatus, Ren., 164 — punctulatus, Blainy., 179 —— purpuratus, Martyn, 169 —— pustulosus, Phil., 155 — pyramidatus, Lam., 164 —— Pyramis, Gmel., 164 pyrgos, Phil., 172
— quadratus, Gmel., 184 — quadricarinatus, Gmel., 156 —— quadricostatus, Gray, 156 Rackettii, Payr., 184 radiatus, Chemn., 152
, Phil., 185
radula, Phil., 178 rarilineatus, Mich., 184 — regius, Chemn., 153 reticularis, Wood, 178 reticulatus, Gray, 154 — Richardi, Payr., 181 rotelliformis, Phil., 186 —— rubro-flammulatus, Koch, 156 — rusticus, Gmel., 180 saga, Phil., 152 sagittiferus, Lam., 181 Sartorii, Arad., 165 sauciatus, Koch, 181 scaber, Linn., 184 scabrosus, Phil.,, 159 —— scalaris, Anton., 156 — Sedgwickii, Sow., 163 —— Selectus, Chemn., 163 —— signatus, Jonas, 172 sinensis, Gmel., 181
304
Trochus Sisyphinus, Macg., 163 Smithii, Gray, 158
—— spadiceus, Phil., 159 — Spengleri, Chemn., 154 —— spinosus, Lam., 150 stellatus, Chemn., 153 stenomphalus, Jonas, 181 striatus, Forbes, 164 —— ——, Linn., 165 strigillatus, Anton., 152 strigosus, Gmel., 166 striolatus, Quoy, 178 —— suavis, Phil., 182
— subucula, Chemn., 158 —— subviridis, Phil., 154 — sulcatus, Wood, 178 tabularis, Krauss, 181 —— teniatus, Quoy, 178
, Wood, 191 Tamsii, Dunker, 179 —— Tentorium, Chemn., 153 —— tenuis, Mont., 163 tergestinus, Phil., 179 -— tessellatus, Chemn., 178 tiaratus, Quoy, 154 —— tigrinus, Chemn., 180 torulosus, Phil., 156 Tranquebaricus, Chemn., 164 tricolor, Risso, 164 — tridens, Jonas, 18] triserialis, Lam., 151 tuberculatus, Da Costa, 184 —— tumidus, Mont., 184 turbinoides, Desh., 185 turgidulus, Broce., 159 —— turris, Phil., 155
—— umbilicalis, Da Costa, 185 — umbilicaris, Lamk., 184 —— ——, Linn., 156
—— ——,, Penn., 185
— umbilicatus, Mont., 185 varians, Desh., 185 variegatus, Chemn., 156 varius, Gmel., 185
— vermis, Gmel., 154 —— vernalis, Chemn., 154 verrucosus, Gmel., 153 —— versicolor, Andrg., 184 vinctus, Phil., 166 violaceus, Risso, 163 virgatus, Gmel., 151 —— viridescens, Chemn., 154 — viridis, Gmel., 154 viridulus, Gmel., 156 — vittatus, Lam., 165 — vuilneratus, Phil., 185 Zealandicus, Quoy, 178 zebra, Wood, 178
— zebrinus, Phil., 179 ziziphinus, Linn., 163 Troglodytes Gorilla, 263
INDEX.
Troglodytes europeus, Selby, 145 Tubicanthus, Swains., 232
Tudicla spirillus, Link, 231
Tugali, Gray, 88
Tugali carinata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 89 cicatricosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 89 —— cinerea, Gould, 88
— decussata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 89 —— elegans, Gray, 88
—— intermedia, Reeve, 88
— ossea, Gould, 88 parmophoroidea, Quoy, 89 —— radiata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 89 scutellaris, 4. ddams, n. sp., 89 Turbinellus, Gray, 230
Turbo carneus, Lowe, 190
cinereus, Couth., 190
declivis, Forsk.,’ 184
helicinus, O. Fab., 189 inearnatus, Couth., 190 inflatus, Totten., 189
lineatus, Da Costa, 179 lunaris, Chemn., 178
—— margarita, Mont., 189
—— nigerrimus, Gmel., 178 obscurus, Couth., 190
—— pica, Chemn., 179
—— sanguineus, Gmel., 184
Turdus iliacus, Linn., 145
merula, Linn., 142
—— musicus, Linn., 145
Tyrannula, Swains., 51
Tyrannula Cooperi, Nutt., 51 crinita, Linn., 51
Gossii, Bonap., 51
—— Mexicana, Kaup, n. sp., 51 —— stolida, Gosse, 51
Umbonium, Link, 232
Umbonium excisum, Chemn., 232 vestiarium, Linn., 232
Upupa epops, Linn., 145
Vanellus cristatus, Meyer, 146 Vanganella, Gray, n. g., 125 Vanganella Taylorii, Gray, n. sp., 125 Vasum, Link, 123
Vasum ceramicum, Linn., 231 Velasia, 235, 239
Velasia Chilensis, 239
Velutina Sitkensis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 225
Verpa, Bolten, 232
Verpa penis, Linn., 232 Volema, Link, 230
Vultur iota, 53
papa, Linn., 53 Vulture, The King, 53 Xancus, Bolten, 230
Xancus maculatus, Link, 230 pyrum, Linn., 230 Xenurvs, Wagler, 214 Xenorvs antiguus, Lund, 215 nudicaudis, Lund, 215
———
NY a
INDEX. 305
XENURUS UNICINCTUS, 215
Ziziphinus, Leach, 163
Ziziphinus agrestis, Phil., 166
—— alabastrum, Beck, 163
annulatus, Martyn, 164
— Antonii, Koch, 165
armillatus, Wood, 164
—— asperulatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 168 —— bicingulatus, Lamk., 166
—— Californicus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 168 —— canaliculatus, Gray, 163 chlorostomus, Menke, 166 ciliaris, Menke, 165
conulus, Linn., 163
—— Cunninghami, Gray, 164
—— decoratus, Phil., 165
—— decussatus, 4. Addams, n. sp., 167 —— doliarius, Chemn., 163
—— dubius, Phil., 165
—— duplicatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 168 —— elegantulus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 167 exiguus, Pult., 165
—— eximius, Reeve, 165
filosus, Wood, 165
—— gemmosus, Reeve, 165
—— gilvus, Phil., 166
granatum, Gmel., 164 granulatus, Born., 163
—— indistinctus, Wood, 164
Ziziphinus interruptus, Wood, 164
—— Japonicus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 167
—— jujubinus, Gmel., 165
—— levigatus, Phil., 165
Langieri, Payr., 164
luridus, Nutt., 166
—— metaformis, Phil., 166
—— millegranus, Phil., 166
—— miniatus, Anton., 166
—— Montagui, Gray, 164
nebulosus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 168
ornatus, Lam., 164
—— perspectivus, Koch, 166
—— picturatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 168
—— polychroma, 4. Adams, n. sp., 168
—— pyramidatus, Lamk., 164
—— pyramis, Gmel., 164
—— rubropunctatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 167
—— selectus, Chemn., 163
—— striatus, Linn., 165
—— strigosus, Gmel., 166
—— Ticaonicus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 167
— tigris, Gray, 163
Tranguebaricus, Chemn., 164
—— unicinctus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 167
—— vulgaris, Gray, 163
—— zonamestus, 4. Addams, n. sp., 166
H i “5 ~~
ERRATA.
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