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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

division of entomology.

Bulletin No. 18.

THE LIFE

ENTOMOLOGICAL ¥OEK

OF THE LATE

TOWNEND GLOVER,

FIRST ENTOMOLOGIST OF THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

PREPARED, UNDER DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST,
BY

Charles Richards Dodge.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1888.

LETTER OF SUBMITTAL.

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Division of Entomology,
Washington, D. G\, December 5, 1887.
Sir : I have the honor to submit for publication Bulletin No. 18 of
this division, being an account of the life and work of the late Townend
Glover, uiy predecessor as United States Entomologist, prepared by
Cnarles Eichards Dodge. I had for some time thought of preparing a
full bibliographical list of Glover's writings with a general index
thereto, because of the usefulness of such a publication in the work of
the Division. Such a compilation would naturally lead to some brief
statement of Mr. Glover's character, and especially of his official life,
and 1 would here acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. Glover's widow
and to his cousins in London for their kindness in furnishing informa-
tion. Mr. Dodge has fortunately been willing to relieve me of a task
which he is far more able to accomplish, not only because of the data
he has collected, but by virtue of his long and intimate relations, both
private and official, with Mr. Glover, who could certainly have had no
more appreciative biographer. 1 trust that the bulletin may prove ac-
ceptable and useful to all interested in economic entomology.
Eespectf ully,

0. V. ElLEY,

Entomologist.
Hon. Norman J. Colman,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Boston, Mass., December 1, 1887.

Dear Sir : In undertaking to tell the story of Mr. Glover's life, I feel
that, while it is a pleasant privilege to be able* to review such interest-
ing reminiscences of our long acquaintance as may bear upon the man
and his work, the account must be necessarily imperfect and incomplete
in portions from lack of important data.

The facts regarding his boyhood life are gleaned from your visits to,
and correspondence with, Mr. C. G. Oates and Mr. Abram Clapham, of
Loudon, England — Mr. Oates's mother and Mr. Clapham being Mr.
Glover's first cousins, the nearest English relatives who were living at
the time, — and also from early personal diaries and family papers?
loaned me by Mrs. Hopper.

Mrs. Glover has rendered me valuable aid by furnishing important in-
formation regarding dates, and by placing at my disposal a considerable
amount of documentary evidence relating to the middle period of his
life, which, with a few early letters and my own recollection of the man,
and of many conversations with him touching upon his personal history,
are the principal materials that have been available. I am also in-
debted to you for portions of the bibliography of his entomological
writings, prepared by Mr. B. P. Mann, and for your kind assistance in
other directions.

As the subject of this sketch was a man of great individuality, I have
t bought it best to present the main facts ot his life in such manner as
will more fully bring out his personal attributes and peculiarities, aud
leave the treatment of his entomological and museum work, or that
which bears directly on his connection with the Department of Agri-
culture, to special chapters. Some of the extracts or incidents may
seem trivial, but the make-up of the man embodies such diversity of
talent, and at the same time presents such originality, that it has seemed
best to use that material which will best show him forth as he was.
I am yours, respectfully,

Charles .Richards Dodge.

Prof. Charles V. Eiley,

Entomologist, U. 8. Department of Agriculture.

THE LIFE OF TOWNEND GLOVER.

Prof. Townend Glover, the first entomologist of the United States
Department of Agriculture, was born at Eio de Janeiro, February 20,
1813. His paternal grandfather was Mr. Samuel Glover, a merchant of
Leeds, England. His father, Mr. Henry Glover, an only son (though
there were several daughters) married Miss Mary Townend, of Learning
Lane, Yorkshire, and was engaged in commercial pursuits at Rio de Ja-
neiro when Townend Glover was born. His mother dying, after a few days
illness, when he was about six weeks old, he was sent to his relatives in
England; and, upon the death of his father, which occurred some six
years later, he was taken in charge of by his paternal grandmother
and maiden aunt in Leeds. Here his education began, as he was placed
in a private school of high reputation, of which the Rev. Mr. Holmes was
preceptor.

By nature the boy Townend was of a reserved disposition, making
few close friendships outside the immediate circle of his own family.
He was, nevertheless, abounding in high animal spirits, possessed of a
strong sense of fun and humor, which always made him an agreeable and
entertaining companion to those with whom he was wont to associate.
In liis studies at school he showed a fair degree of aptness, and being
endowed with good abilities he is said to have acquitted himself with
unfailing credit, and without any special effort on his part.

Even in boyhood his love for drawing showed itself, chiefly in cari-
cature of the people about him, admirably done at that early period, it
is said, his efforts sometimes bringing the youthful artist into trouble.

The beginning of his love for entomology dates back to these early
school- boy days, at which time, in company with the one congenial and
intimate friend of his boyhood, a lad with similar tastes, he was already
interested in making a collection of insects, which, it is said, he prepared
and mounted with skill. As a boy he was very clever with his hands
in anything requiring care and nicety, and was singularly quick and apt.
And not only was he drawn towards the insect world, but natural history
in all its branches, and even botany, had an early and peculiar fascina-
tion for him. Upon leaving school, we are told that young Glover was
prevailed upon by his friends to enter the warehouse of a firm of Leeds
merchants, with a view to acquiring a knowledge of the woolen goods

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trade. Mr. Glover alludes to this in his diary (Mareh 10, 1834) in char-
acteristic language, as follows :

Mr. C. this evening gave me my indentures of apprenticeship to Thompson, Scarf
& Co., by which I find that £300 of my money is gone forever, merely to Learn the
•• art and mystery " of a stuff merchant, a mystery I hope never to practice.

What other plans for his future may have been made for him, or were
entertained b}* himself at that time, are uot known, though his aunt was
once very desirious that he should study for the ministry. In after-life
he frequently referred to this with satirical allusions to having been cut
out for the clergy ; and in a letter written to friends in England many
years after coming to America it is amusing to find a joking refereuce to
his clerical education. In his commercial life, with its exacting routine.
though utterly at variance with every instinct of his nature, he fulfilled
the duties which the position entailed upon him conscientiously and
with assiduity as long as he continued in it. The early discipline did
him no harm, if, indeed, it did not fit him for the life of most exacting
routine of his later years, to which, though self-imposed, he gave the
best years of his existence.

But there suddenly came an end to Ms commercial education, for at
the age of twenty-one, or as soon as he had reached his majority, he
shook himself free at once and forever from the trammels of business
life.

His father had bequeathed him an ample fortune, but, as Mr. Glover
once gave the story to the writer, through the perfidy of his father's
partners in business, or others associated with him in Rio, the fortune
had been dissipated, save a portion which, unknown to Mr. Glover,
until he had reached his majority, was reserved in trust by relatives
in England. Mr. Glover not only thought that he had beep cheated
out of his patrimony, but on at least one occasion has intimated the
suspicion that his father's death had occurred from other than natural
causes. Some weeks after arriving at his majority he received the small
fortune held for him by relatives in Leeds, and having meantime fitted
himself for going abroad by the study of German, he began active
preparations for his journey. To one who has known Mr. Glover inti-
mately in later life his diary kept at this period is most interesting, as
showing, even at the age of twenty-one, so many of those traits of char-
acter or individualisms, if the term may be used, which so strongly
marked the mature man. Indifference to country or home, distrust of
mankind and of the motives of people about him, self-reliance and a
wish to be his own master, and at the same time frequent evidences
of the good influences by which he had been surrouuded in the family
circle in which he was reared, appear on many pages. Some are so
striking lean not forbear making a few brief extracts.

During a short visit to Burneston, in April, 1834, he wrote :

Sauntered about all day, reading Tarn O'Shanter; begin to think a country life
would be very tiresome. Could manage to spend some mouths very pleasantly in the

country, provided I bad books, paint box, borse, gun, flute, etc., not forgetting a
pleasant friend, witbout wbicb a man inigbt be tempted to sboot or drown himself
for very ennui.

The entry for the next day is confined to three short lines :

What with teasing the servant about her lover, plaguing the cat, and gossiping
with tbe villagers, managed with difficulty to live the day out.

Evidence of a restless nature, abhorring idleness.

Having decided to indulge his taste for artist life and at the same
time see something of the world, on the 19th of April, 1834, he quitted
Leeds and started for Munich, with a view of putting himself upon a
systematic course of study in different branches of painting. Regard-
ing his leave-taking he says :

Miss G-. [bis aunt] cried most prodigiously, as if I should never return borne — borne
did I say ? I forgot that I have no home and that for the future I must consider the
world as my home, or, rather, make a home wherever I am. I leave some few people
in Leeds whom I shall regret to lose, but on the whole I like my prospects very much.

He spent nearly a month en route to Munich, stopping at Hamburg,
Hanover, Gotha, and many other places, and arriving on the 14th of
May. Here he began study at once, though at first he confined himself
to the study of the German language under one Dr. Oaflish, and it was
not until a month later that he had made arrangements with the artist
Mattenheimer, " the inspector of the gallery," to give him lessons in
ruit and flower painting in oil.

Under date of June 19, 1834, he writes :

Took my first lesson in flower drawing and like it very much; he (Mattenheimer)
says he sees that 1 have talent, from my drawings, and that in a little time I shall
paint very well — flattery to make me learn — but don't care ; if it pleases me I intend
to continue it till I paint tolerably.

A week later, this :

For tbe first time handled palette and brushes and daubed a little in oil painting.
Mightily pleased to have advanced so far ; don't intend to say anything about it to my
friends in Leeds, or they will expect miracles of me.

A few days after this his master has been trying to persuade him to
be an artist. " Will not, though, whatever he says," closes the entry.

Regarding his art work at this time it has been said of him that still-
life and natural history subjects were his special delight, whether he
painted in water colors or oils; and so successful was he in what he under-
took in this way that with some who were well acquainted with his
work, it was a source of regret that he did not make painting the seri-
ous stud j7- of his life. Notwithstanding this statement, it is not likely
that Mr. Glover would ever have made a great artist in the sense of pro-
ducing strong, original pictures. From a study of examples of his best
efforts produced both in Europe and in America (oils aud water colors),
it is very evident that he was strongest in the direction of illustrative
work, or close studies, where great detail and accuracy of delineation
were absolutely essential. He was at his best in still-life, therefore, and
especially in the painting of fruits, flowers, and the lesser animal life.

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A number of his works in oil, which he brought to Washington, were
only copies from the productions of his masters or other p inters, and
should not be taken as standards of his ability.

His water color paintings of flowers and insects and a few Datura]
history objects, are most exquisite examples of artistic illustration, and
are drawn to the life, showing the expenditure of a vast amount of labor
and patience4, and giving assurance in the artist of a fair eye for color.
As a rule they are painted with little attention to modeling, the color
being laid on heavily, stippled and frequently lacking in transparency,
and without attempt at composition in the sense of making pictures of
them. But they are very realistic and sometimes quite decorative.
Many of his early drawings of the Florida insects are as exquisitely fin-
ished, though with his later originals he took less pains. When Mar-
garet Fuller first saw some of the flower paintings she would hardly be-
lieve that they had not been done under the microscope, so delicate was
the work. Whether or not his extreme shortsightedness made it diffi-
cult for him to paint in any other manner, it is impossible to say, how-
ever well adapted to the labors of his after life this special kind of work
may have been. He could not have painted broadly had he desired to
do so, for his almost microscopic vision saw everything in the minutest
detail. This explains, too, why his after engravings of insects, par.
ticularly of larvae, lack in action.

After finishing his journeyings in Europe aud having turned his back
upon Munich, the study of art was still an absorbing interest with him.
On his return to England he took up his abode at Leeds for a short time,
and, in a room set apart for the purpose of a studio, and surrounded by
pets of every conceivable description, he continued to paint with assi-
duity. And it is pleasant to learn that his love of natural history shared
equally with his love of art. Many delightful reminiscences of the young
painter-naturalist (who was now about twenty-three years old), are re-
called by those who knew him at this time, all indicating the manner of
life which he afterwards followed. Mr. Oates thus writes of him in a
memorial sent to Professor Riley :

He would sit before his easel with a favorite lizard nestled ill his breast, his coat
pockets tenanted by snakes, and a blackbird perched upon his shoulder, whilst hang-
ing on the walls of his apartment might be seen some tiny gauze cam's, daintily con-
structed for the reception of tame spiders, which were periodically supplied with flies.
There were also in the room a variety of other birds and such quadrupeds as mice,
rats, aud guiueapigs, all pets in a greater or less degree. Glover's early school friend.
previously referred to. still living at Whitby in Yorkshire, particularly recollects vis-
iting him in this apartment on one occasion when he was painting a bunch of grapes,
his blackbird as usual upon his shoulder. Glover had just completed the painting oi
The grapes, when the fancy seized him to add a fly, as though it had alighted on tin-
fruit. This he did. and had Bcarcely withdrawn his hand from the work, when the
blackbird darted from its master's shoulder and pecked lustily at the phantom fly.
About this time Glover had begun to give some attention to copper-plate engraving,
and also carved in wood. He sustained a great Borrow in tin- death of a little girl, t be
child of a first cousin, who was devotedly attached to him and for whose amusement he

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never wearied of exerting himself, for his affections once roused were acutely sensi-
tive and tender. Glover was possessed of great physical activity, and though not
skilled iu horsemanship was fond of riding. On one occasion, it is stated, that whilst
riding ou a friend's horse, which proved restive, he was thrown violently to the pave-
ment, and his head striking the curbstone, he sustained a fracture of the skull. For
some time his life remained in jeopardy, and though to all appearance he ultimately
recovered from the effects of the accident, it has been suggested that the injury then
received told on him in later years and led to the somewhat premature failure of his
powers.

Professor Glover has more than once stated to the writer that the
scar upon the side of his head was made by the bursting of a gun bar-
rel and Mrs. Glover verifies the statement. It occurred, too, before he
went to Munich, for there is a reference to his fractured skull in his
journal. However the injury was inflicted, I can not think the sug-
gestion made above has any weight, as Mr. Glover's peculiar and ir-
regular mode of life in after afters, without recreation, and his pro-
longs d ill-health for several years in a trying southern climate, were
sufficient causes for his breaking down before reaching three score and
ten.

Whether or no Mr. Glover returned to Munich again can not be stated
from any written records. During a few weeks of his first summer in
Germany (1834), he made an extended pedestrian tour through the
Tyrol with his German teacher by way of vacation and to learn the
language. Some of his pencil sketches made in Tyrol are dated 1836?
but as he sailed for America June 24 of that year, he could only
have made a flying visit to Germany, if at all. He decided to visit
the United States through the representations of some relatives, young
men who settled in America about this time, though he did not at
first entertain the idea of making it a permanent abiding place. His
roving disposition prompting a period of adventure and sight-seeing
before settling anywhere, he at first spent his time in travel.

This was a turning point in his life. The fine, open scenery, the lakes
and vast rivers of the United States appeared to exercise a powerful
influence on his impressionable nature and led to his making it his home.
For several years after coming to the New World he roamed at leisure
through different parts of the country, and ijarticularly in the South^
making New Eochelle his headquarters^ for there are records of his
having remained in New Eochelle, near New York, at various times
during the years 1836 to 1839. He was in New Eochelle August, 1836v
and in that month started on a journey through New York State, thence
West and South, the close of the year finding him in Louisiana and
Texas. Iu 1837 he was again traveling about through the picturesque
portions of New York State, and early in 1838 was once more South,
visiting the Garolinas, Georgia, and adjacent States.

Mrs. Glover tells me that he finally settled in New Eochelle in the
spring of 1838, and here his dog and gun, or rod and boat, were almost
constant companions ; his boat, which he built and was very much

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attached to, demanding the greater part of his time. When it was
launched there were some Hues written commencing:

To Townend we drink, that lad of much fuu,
So deeply in love with his dog and his gun.

A volume might be filled with the stories Mr. Glover has told me of
his life at this period. He was " hail fellow, well met," everywhere,
having all the friends he desired (sometimes too man}', doubtless), and
devoting himself to pleasure.

It was during a brief visit to Fishkill that Mr. Glover first met Miss
Sarah T. Byrnes, an estimable young lady, and the daughter of Joseph
T. Byrnes, a gentleman of prominence, who owned a large estate lying
upon the banks of the Hudson. An attachment having sprung up be-
tween them, they were married in September, 1840, in Xew Rochelle,
and in the following spring went to live in Fishkill-on-the-Hudson (then
known as Fishkill Landing), Mrs. Glover's native place.

During the five years which followed Mr. Glover chiefly interested
himself in floriculture, in natural history studies, and taxidermy, a large
case of the native birds of Dutchess County, X. Y., shot and prepared
by him, still remaining in excellent condition, evidence of his taste and
skill in this direction. He also employed a part of his time in art, as
Mrs. Glover particularly remembers two large oil paintings, one of fruit,
the other of flowers, which were produced at this time, and subse-
quently presented to relatives in England.

In the spring of 1846, in company with his wife, Mr. Glover visited
his relations in England, remaining until fall. Upon his return he went
to live upon his own place, which he had purchased from the Byrnes
estate, and a more romantic and beautiful spot he could hardly have
chosen. Lying upon the crest of a gentle slope, in sight of Storm King,
the surrounding country broken into majestic hills and deep vales, at
a point where the noble river makes a bend to the left and is joined by
the creek which swept at the foot of his garden, the view was one of
surpassing loveliness. 1 first saw it through the yellow haze of a bright
October day and wrhile viewing scenes which had been so familiar to him —
the orchard that he had planted, the garden plot where he spent so
much of his time, and the rocky creek, upon the banks of which he had
had so many piscatorial triumphs, for he was an expert disciple of Wal-
ton— the wonder came how he could have left it all, and become satisfied
with the hum-drum life into which he drifted in later years. In this
beautiful place, on his return from England, he began in earnest the
life of a country gentleman, busying himself with the planting and care
of fruit and ornamental trees, and with his garden, which was noted for
its fine flowers and vegetables. He also paid considerable attention to
the cultivation of small fruits, all the leading varieties of which were
tested by him.

Mr. Glover visited England again in the fall of 1849, and at this time
spent some days at Walton Hall, in Wakefield. Mr. Dates states that
while staying on one occasion with a cousin at Scarborough, with whom

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he was on intimate terms, he chanced to meet Charles Watertou, who
was stopping at the same place, and the two cousins subsequently be.
came for a short time the guests of the veteran naturalist at Walton Hall.
Upon his visit in 1849, Watertou presented Glover with several of his
works, the ;' Wanderings," now in the possession of Mr. William H. Ed-
wards, containing the naturalist's autograph.

During this period of Mr. Glover's life, that is, the latter part of the
forties, he made the acquaintance of Mr. A. J. Downing, and through
the intimacy which followed he became deeply interested in pomology,
his enthusiasm prompting him to devote himself to it for a time. Then
came the desire to do something of practical and lasting value that might
be appreciated beyond the narrow limits of the little world in which he
moved. The scheme of illustrating American pomology by a series of
perfect fac-similes, with special regard to the changes produced by differ-
ences of soils and climates, was planned and entered upon. At first he
experimented to find the best composition of which to make his models,
and practiced with the laying on of color to get the most natural effects.
His first efforts are said to have been very crude, but he worked persist-
ently until success was attained, and then he began the collection. Two
rooms were set apart for a workshop, materials purchased in quantity,
and the work was pushed as rapidly as possible during the fruit season,
and continued for several years.

The formation of this collection, without doubt, had more to do with
altering the course of his after life than has been supposed, for through
it the ten years of rural quiet at Fishkill were followed by a period of
roaming again. At various times between 1849 and 1852 his collection
of fruits were exhibited at State fairs and elsewhere, a number of cups
and medals having been given him as prizes. They were once or twice
exhibited in Albany, once in 1851 at the exhibition of the New York
State Agricultural Society, and subsequently at a meeting or exhibition
of the American Institufo in New York, the collection at this time be-
ing quite large. Correspondence in my possession shows that in 1852
he arranged for an exhibition in Horticultural Hall, Boston, though I
do not know that the fruits were ever exhibited there, though they were
exhibited in several other places.

Mr. Glover had now made considerable reputation as a pomologist.
He was invited to act as a judge at the New York State and other fairs,
and wrote for the American Agriculturist on pomological subjects. A
letter from the late Marshall P. Wilder, bearing date November 7, 1851,
makes mention of a " beautiful and correct cast of a Louise Bonne de
Jersey pear," recently brought to his notice, the letter closing with an
offer to send him some specimens of new fruits.

The attention that these models had attracted and the commenda-
tions Mr. Glover had received for his collection led him, in the winter
of 1853-54, to take them to Washington for exhibition and possible
sale. This was about the time that the new Bureau of Agriculture was
established in the United States Patent Office, and Mr. Glover very

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soon became connected with it. His commission bears date June 14.
1854, and bis appointment was made " for collecting statistics and other

information on seeds, fruits, and insects in the United States." A small
cabinet was at once begun in the single room then devoted to the Bureau
of Agriculture, the fruit models forming no small part of the exhibit.

The collection of fruit models now comprised some 2,000 specimens?
the matrices being also preserved and numbered, that duplicates might
be made if desired. "It has taken $3,000 in cash and six years of un-
remitting toil" to produce them, is Mr. Glover's written testimony about
this time concerning the collection.

Mr. Glover's name is not mentioned in any of the official reports of
the Commissioner of Patents. By inference, however, we know that he
held the dual position of entomologist and special agent, his duties
necessitating travel upon various missions bearing upon the agricult-
ural interests of the country, through tbe Southern States mainly, aud
at one time into South America. Charles Mason was Commissioner of
Patents at this time, the chief clerk in charge of the Bureau being D.
J. Browne, of New Hampshire.

Inl<S54 Mr. Glover studied in the held the insects affecting various
crops, the summer months being spent in South Carolina investigating
the grape insects .and the insects injurious to cotton. In 1855 he was
ordered to Florida, where he occupied himself during the entire season
of live or six months in studying the habits of various insects and in
investigations upon the insect enemies of cotton. In a private letter he
alludes to this summer having been spent most pleasantly '- with alli-
gators, mosquitoes, and red bugs." It may be worthy of note that
nearly all the drawings which subsequently appeared in his twenty-two
plates of the cotton insects were made at this time in and about Tal-
lahassee, though his field of observation extended from Columbia. S. C,
southward. It was in this year, too, that he first met the one congenial
friend and companion of his Florida experiences, a worthy gentleman.
Mr. Henry Wells, the friendship lasting through life. Mr. Wells was
always dignified with the pseudonym "Alligator" to the last of their
acquaintance, Mr. Glover's correspondent appellation being "Old June
Bug."

The experiences of this season also inspired the Florida litany, which
Mr. Glover was want to repeat upon occasions with great satisfaction.
He was frequently asked for copies of the lines, and lie always returned
an emphatic "no," for he never would allow original verse of this de-
scription to get out of his possession, at least when be could help it.
Here is the litany as jotted down by me during a chance recital not
long after a refusal to make a copy of the lines:

From red-bugs and bed-bugs, from sand-flies and land-flies,

Mosquitoes, gallinippers, and fleas,
From hog-ticks and dog-ticks, from hen-lice and men-lice,

We pray tin e, good Lord, give us ease :
And all the conjjreeatioE shall scratch and say Amen.

15

In the winter of 185G-57 be was ordered to British Guiana and Ven
ezuela to take charge of an expedition having for its object the restock-
ing of the Louisiana sugar plantations, the native cane having deterio- .
rated to a degree affecting the sugar interest. Au appropriation of
$10,000 having been granted for the purpose, the bark Release, with

a competent crew, was placed at __

the disposal of the Patent Office,
and Mr. Glover, as the Government
agent, placed in charge of the ex-
pedition. He was in every way

Fig. 2.

Fig. 1.

successful, bringing a large cargo of cane to New Orleans, though he
was attacked with fever very soon after, the result of his exposure in a
malarious country, and for a time was very ill. A couple of caricatures
of himself made at the time are interesting. (See Figs. 1 and 2.)

16

About the middle of August, 1S57, he was ordered to Mississippi,
where the remainder of the season was spent in visiting cotton planta-
tions in different portions of the State. It was a hard season for him, as
he was sick during the greater portion of the time, often being eon-
fined to his bed. An entry in his journal October G is characteris-
tic. " Quarrel betweeu doctors, so I have to dismiss one, and the other
says it is no use to attend. Saved my life by it."'

It is worthy of mention that at this time his observations were not
confined to entomology alone, but to all branches of natural history.
Indeed, he let nothing new escape him in any field of experience, his
" inems." indicating observations upon insects other tnau affecting cot-
ton, cotton diseases, soils and earths, vegetation, birds, animals, reptiles,
Indian mounds, and even human nature.

The year 1858 marks the period of his investigations upon orange
insects, he having been ordered to Florida in the latter part of April,
where he remained throughout the season. It was an eventful year
inasmuch as it was marked by events which later on led to his severing
his connection with the Patent Office, and beginning his work on ento-
mology.

He now had made the acquaintance of Baron Osten Sacken, Dr.
Morris, Mr. Uhler, and other of the earlier American entomological
authorities, and had become a member of the Washington Xaturalists'
Club. In the records of his life at this period are frequent occurrences
of the names of Professors Henry, Baird, Girard, Drs. Hayden, Kenm-
cott, Clemens, Formau, Meek, Messrs. Ulke, Cooper, and others, with
allusions to prominent Senators and Congressmen of the day. It was
almost at the beginning of this year, too, that the first evidences of
iriction between himself and his immediate superior officer became
apparent. He was working at this time upon the plates of his Cotton
Insects and Diseases, besides engraving special plates for publication
in the annual volume, under the direction of his superior, D. J. Browne.

In January we find such brief entries as the following: "Blow up
with B. about article on plows." — "At work etching tea-plant." —
"Writing reply to weevil article." — "Row about sorghum."

In February: "Heard at Browne's about Keuuicott wanting Fitch
here." — a Bothering about bees for Browne. Made sketch; not right.'" —
" Etching and fussing about the bee plate for B., as he don't know what
lie wants." — " Evening at B.'s; he will write all my reports himself, and
makes an ass of himself and a tool of me. Don't and won't acknowl-
edge it, as L have never written a word of what he says, and he has not
looked at my report yet."

In March: "Evening at Girard's, who advises me to stay, although
D. J. B. will make a false report of me."— "Another row with D. .1. B.
He must be crazy."

In April : " Browne at my room, evening, grumbling about Dr. Hig-
gins trying to supersede him ; he has got an idea (Heaven knows why)

■17

tbat I am as great a naturalist as Audubon ! That Audubon bad Bach-
man to write his articles, and I have (Lord save the mark !)" Browne!—
"Still waiting orders. Smithsonian — no cans, no bottles, no tins, no
nothin'". — "Spoke to Shugart, who will see Commissioner about my
report."—" Off to Florida," etc.

Through May and June he was hard at work in the field observing,
sketching, and experimenting with solutions for the destruction of the
orange insects. An extract from an official letter to him, signed by his
superior officer and bearing date June 23, is interesting at this point.
After referring to what has been done and the difficulties in the way it
says: "But a more effectual remedy would seem to consist in covering
the entire tree with some glutinous fluid, which would close up the aper-
tures of the shells and prevent escape of the perfect insects. Blood has
been suggested as being both feasible and economical, preserved by salt-
ing, aud made sufficiently dilute with water to be readily applied with a
syringe. Near the regions where the orange tree flourishes in Florida
the alligator is found in great numbers. It is well known that this rep-
tile abounds in blood, which could readily be taken in the winter, when
it is in an inactive state. This blood could be preserved in casks, etc.

July 3, this entry: "Killed alligator. After stabbing him in the
neck and dividing vertebrse he still lived several hours. Not one pint
of blood in its whole carcass, and nearly 5 feet long — one quart to 10
feet ; 100 alligators to 25 gallons. Absurd ! " As no after mention is
made of this proposed remedy, and there is no reference to it in Mr.
Glover's published report, it doubtless did not amount to anything.

A year after, however, when Mr. Glover had left the office, a series
of articles against D. J. B. appeared in a Washington paper, sigued
with a nom deplume, and among other things this matter was touched
upon. While Mr. Glover would never admit that he had written the
articles, he never denied their authorship. They bear his unmistakable
ear-marks, however, and were preserved by him with other personal
writings. As an example*of rich .satire this one extract on the alligator
question is presented :

I have been credibly informed by a gentleman who has had some practical experi-
ence in combatting his (the alligator's) obstinate disposition to shuffle off this mortal
coil, that, being an animal of warm and generous blood and of a highly excitable
temperament, he will yield the almost fabulous amount of one pint of the much -desired
crimson fluid. One of 10 feet then will give 2 pints, and 100 of that length somewhero
in the neighborhood of 20 gallons. Two hundred negroes might possibly capture 100
alligators in a day, one being necessary to hold the head and another the tail, whilst
the surgical operator undertakes the pleasing task of relieving him of his claret.
Supposing, then, each negro to measure only 5 feet in height, the account would stand
as follows: 1,000 feet of negroes to capture and demolish 1,000 feet of alligators, the
produce of which would be20 gallons of the coccus exterminating blood. Estimating,
then, the hire of each darkey at $1 a day, making $200 for 20 gallons of sanguinary
fluid, which might effectually syringe twenty orange trees in a grove, and, without
mentioning the fees of the saurian phlebotomist, you have one of the most astounding
1416:>— Bull 18 2

18

examples of economy in labor that has ever yet soothed and flattered the otium cum
dignitateofa Labor-shirking and a Labor-saving world. Wonderful D. J. B. ! Confid-
ing ex-Commissioner! Happy and grateful Floridiaus '"

A caricature on this theme, drawn by Mr. Glover in 1850, with him-
self portrayed as the "saurian phle-
botomist," is presented herewith
(Fig. 3).

During the remainder of the year
1858, while in Florida, be was in-

V ' Order* On US &ntc -mo/Wt to^kUCtrttomiu

Fig. 3.

^et^.cif^'/vUCvU#Xh/ ^cauSl

dustriously employed with field
observations, visiting plantations
and groves in different parts of the
State, syringing whole groves of
orange trees, engraving his plates
and writing his notes, besides other
work for the Department, such as
collecting live oak acorns, etc. He
was sick much of the time, and com-
plains sorely of mosquitoes and si mi
lar insect pests. A characteristic
entry in his journal is as follows :
" Etching, itching, and scratching as usual from 8 to 4; scratching with
pen from 8 till 12, and with finger nails continually."

He severed his connection with the office very early in 1859. His
final report is published in the volume for 1858, and in the Commission-
er's report in the same volume the statement is made that " the Ento-
mologist has brought his labors to a close." The principal reason for
his leaving the service was his inability to get along with the chief
clerk, whom he always considered of small ability, and a man who shone
only by borrowed light.

The appreciation of his efforts by others always gave Mr. Glover great
satisfaction. A little glimpse of this side of his nature, in statements
made confidentially to his cousin (Mr. Clapham), I trust will not be con-
sidered out of place here :

I am disgusted with United States service, as I have been situated, subject to the
whims and orders of a maceuvering and ignorant charlatan ; no doubt I could re-en-
ter in winter if I wished, as all the members and Senators are friendly to my views,
but 1 will not unless I have more scope and privileges, and can do my work in my own
way. As soon as the former Commissioner, the Hon. Judge Mason, heard, of my being
out of the service he at once told me if I would accept a situation next fall in Iowa.
he would have me appointed to make an (agricultural) entomological survey of the
State; and my friend, Doctor Rock, writes to me that he is now endeavoring to have a
bill passed for thai purpose. This was a greal compliment, as Judge Mason is uni-
versally admitted to be one of the ablest and most intelligent officers who has ever
been in Government service and, as my chief, always treated me as well as possible.
At t he same t ime he told me that " he always considered me as one of the chief stays
of the Agricultural Bureau, if not the chief stay itself," and paid me the compliment
that the service had lost one of its hot men when 1 left. Such things written to you

19

may, and no doubt will, sound egotistical, but to me they are very gratifying, as
showing the feelings of my late chief.

It was at this time that he wrote :

Heaven only knows where my fate may lead me, for at present I am like a feather
waited by the wind. If a good offer were made me, would start to-morrow for
either Van Dieman's land or Kamschatka.

But his fate led him to remain in Washington City for a time, where
he occupied himself in making new acquaintances and gathering mate-
rials for the commencement of his work on American Entomology —
meanwhile using his influence toward the removal of the chief clerk,
D. J. Browne.

It has been said of Mr. Glover :

In his dealings with men he was just even to a degree that was generous; but his
prejudices were stroug and almost unyielding. He never forgot a kindness, nor was
he in tne least delinquent in his recognition of a favor.

It may be added that he never forgot an injury and rarely forgave it ;
and concerning his old chief, he always spoke in terms of most sub-
lime contempt. He attacked his plagiaristic failings by means of the
a deadly parallel" column, in the public press of the day, and wrote
pages besides. His life of D. J. B. (not published), in the form of a
dozen pen and ink caricatures, is as taking as a Thackeray sketch, the
drawing being superlatively grotesque, while the explanations abound
in telling hits. This set of drawings would bear reproduction were
they not so personal. (The alligator's blood caricature is from this
series.)

TJie GriTcLeTueTi J)reava
qJ ftaa. a, /(s/y€a.Tn whick

Fig. 4. An early caricature.

20

While upon this theme it may be mentioned that several of Mr.
Glover's caricatures, made at an earlier period, were reproduced in
copper by himself for the amusement of his friends. Many others, not
so reproduced, and done in ink or pencil, show him to have been a
caricaturist of no mean pretensions. The drawing is frequently gro-
tesque and the action superb, while the satire is most pointed. The
caricature habit followed him through life, many examples having be< u
made while he was entomologist of the Department of Agriculture.
These were more hastily drawn, however, and were destroyed as soon
as shown to a select circle of friends. But he was even more severe in
shafts of doggerel verse, which were often written upon the spur of the
moment, wholly impromptu, and by means of which he was able to hold
up to ridicule those (sometimes in high official position) who had of-
fended him. But he never allowed a duplicate copy to be made, and it
is doubtful if there is one in existence.

For several months Mr. Glover continued to reside in Washington,
and in the fall of the same year (1S59) he entered the Maryland Agri-
cultural College as professor of natural sciences, though at a merely
nominal salary. Here he spent all of his time, when not engaged in held
work or in teaching and lecturing, in prosecuting the work on his re-
cently begun Illustrations of American Entomology, and in making a
collection of birds and insects. His life at the college was uneventful,
save that it gave him time to accomplish a vast amount of labor in two
important directions, and in April, 1863, about nine years after his first
connection with the Agricultural Bureau of the Patent Office, he was
appointed United States Entomologist, under Hon. Isaac iSTewton, the
new Department of Agriculture having been established in 1862, and
he entered upon the duties of the office at one.

His first reports, issued in 1863 and 1861, being for the most part
popular papers upon the more common insects injurious to vegetation
in the several orders, together with brief remedies for their destruction,
tell us little of his employment at this period. But wc know that be
made a second beginning of his museum in August, 1861, the reports
of the time giving intimations of the new interest which was now ab-
sorbing his thoughts. Though the report for 1865 closes with another
popular paper (relating to the uses of insects from an economic stand-
point), the consideration of seeds, grains, fibers, silkworms, birds, poul-
try, and domestic animals, including Angora goats, explains the manner
in which a large share of his time was now occupied. He received con-
siderable assistance at this time from his confidential clerk, Mrs. L.
B. Adams, a lady of fine intellectual attainments, who had had some
experience in literary and editorial work, and who took a great inter-
est in the new museum. The first part of this report for 1865 gives evi-
dence of her assistance ; in fact the preparation of these documents was
the most difficult and irksome of Mr. Glover's duties as entomologist-
He always shirked the responsibility as long as possible, and when it

21

could be put off no longer the work was begun and put through with
dispatch to the exclusion of everything else. He was not a ready
writer, and in much of his correspondence even, he first made a rough
draught of what he wished to say, from which the clean mailing copy was
afterwards prepared. Copies of official letters only were preserved, the
rule of the office requiring it, as during the entire period of Mr. Glover's
term as entomologist the Commissioner of Agriculture signed all pub-
lic communications.

As to the manner of preparing his reports, they were usually written
in pencil, with scarcely any attempt at punctuation, little attention be-
ing paid to paragraphs or even to periods and capitals; the work of
putting into shape for publication, the most disagreeable of all employ-
ments for Mr. Glover, was then given to others — his earlier reports to
his confidential clerk and the later ones to the writer. He always
knew what he wanted to say, however, as far as subject-matter was
concerned, leaving expression to take care of itself. He wrote in con-
densed style, at times rushing over the paper rapidly, rarely referring to
authorities save where he wished to quote literally, with credit, pro-
ducing his manuscript " out of his head" mainly, from a rough outline
previously prepared, giving the subjects to be treated. The drawings
for illustration were prepared in two ways, either drawn carefully from
the insect and finished in ink, or they were cut from proofs of his cop-
per plates, and touched up or not as might be required, before sending
to the wood engraver or lithographer. The illustrations for his last re-
port on the Hymenoptera were all reproduced from figures cut from his
plates in this mauner and arranged under his direction by others.

The months of August and September, 1865, were spent in Paris in
attendance upon the entomological convention held that year, and at
which he received the grand gold medal of the Emperor. This was given
for his work on entomology, which was adjudged by the jury " to be orig-
inal in its style and character and deserving to be copied by the ento-
mologists of France as a desideratum in the application of the science to
agriculture." The notes concerning the entomological exhibition as
well as those relating to the industrial or economic museums visited by
him during his stay abroad, appear in the volume for 1865 as a second
report. Unquestionably this visit to Europe gave a great impetus to
his museum work, and by familiarizing himself with the systems in
vogue in other museums of a similar character, he was enabled to pro-
duce a better scheme for his own.

The year 1867 was marked by the sale of his collection of fruit models
to the Government, which, with the collection of birds, included in the
sale, and the mass of material gotten together during the two years
that had passed since the museum was established, made quite an in-
teresting exhibit. The scheme was now fairly realized, and, with the
increased correspondence which it imposed upon the division, and the
preparation of additions to its collections— now quite numerous — the
entomologist's time was occupied by divided interests. The year 1867

22

was a busy one. The work of the division had increased so rapidly
that more help was necessary, and an assistant was assigned to him.
At this time Mr. Glover was very busy with the preparation of his
books of manuscript notes, particularly in Coleoptera and Lepidoptera,
adding to the mass of material which had accumulated for so many
years compilations from other authorities, to the end of " completing
to date" the histories of the insects he had figured. He was in frequent
correspondence at this time with Dr. Walsh, Messrs. Uhler, Riley, San-
born, Grote, and Robinson, and other leading entomologists, receiving
from them new material for the Department collection, or to be figured
in his work, sending them in return new species for description from
the material which was beginning to be received from collectors in the
South and West.

The museum was now attracting considerable attention, and the num-
ber of visitors was steadily increasing. To a man. of Mr. Glover's
enthusiastic temperament, so ready a means of imparting information
and proving to the world the value of his ideas as now presented it-
self, was not to be lost. So it came about that by no means the least
interesting of the objects there to be seen by visitors was the ento-
mologist himself. Notwithstanding that Mr. Glover's life for many
years had been that of a recluse— for in his devotion to his entomolog-
ical work it amounted to the same thing — he was a social being, and
thoroughly enjoyed meeting and talking with people of intelligence and
appreciation, whether strangers or not. It was a portion of the duties
of his assistants, at this time, to interest the museum visitors as far as
possible, and to explain to them its objects and uses. Professor Glover
kindly took upon himself a just proportion of this rather tedious occu-
pation— members of Congress, Senators, and other high officials, includ-
ing strangers who were in any way x^rominent, being his especial prey.
The professor always maintained that duty alone called him from his
desk upon >these occasions ; but sometimes there were ladies in the par-
ties, and the frequent peals of laughter from a merry group convinced
us, in our quiet corners, that the entomologist might have made himself
a very agreeable society man had he chosen to divorce himself from work
long enough to indulge in such frivolous existence. None could Id a me
him if indeed this devotion to duty at such times was mere pretense,
for it was almost his only contact with the world, and " all work and
no play" does not conduce to the proverbial "Jack's" intellectual de-
velopment.

In these years he was residing at the corner of Seventh and U streets,
occupying a single room which he was pleased to call his "den." and
in which, from choice, he ate, slept, wrote, sketched, engraved, and saw
his few intimate friends. What with his engraving and writing tables,
his book eases (constructed from boxes), trunks, tool-chest, and insect
cases, in addition to the stove and regular bedroom furniture, there was
little space to spare. But it was all he desired at the time, though a
very great change came over him in his rnauner of living a lew years

23

later, after having takeu up bis abode on Twelfth street, near F street.
Though a single room was sufficient at first, the need of a parlor ere
long began to be appreciated ; and he subsequently added to his suite
a bedroom for the use of his chance visitors. The larger part of his
library was brought to these apartments, bric-a-brac ana souvenirs of
travel were displayed, his pictures hung; and as he never did anything
by halves, these accumulated so rapidly by purchase that the vacant
wall space of the three rooms was in time literally covered. A descrip-
tion of these apartments will not be out of place.

The carpeted floors were covered with skins of animals, some of them
quite valuable, and not altogether devoid of beauty. In two of the
ay in do ws were plants, and a mass of vines clambered to the ceiling.
Near a side window was au aquarium filled with fish, turtles, and
aquatic plants, an ingenious fountain, of his own make, playing upon
some rock-work in the center, while English ivy was trained upon a wire
trellis around the window. The books were disposed in narrow, high
cases (boxes set one upon another, with glass-door fronts), and upon
the dressing-Ccise between the front windows rested a heavy silver tank-
ard, a family heirloom. The center table was covered with valuable
books, ceramics, and bric-a brae, the mantel opposite supporting a bronze
clock, with carvings and quaint metal work disposed about the shelf.
Against the paneling of the black mantel were hung a collection of
pipes gathered in his travels, some of them made by Indians. Around
the room upon light circular staucls were displayed several glass cases
of richly plumagecl humming birds and gaudy exotic butterflies and
beetles ; and over a central book-case was perched a solemn white owl
in spectacles, reading its own history from a work on ornithology.
This was his parlor. In the room adjoining (his bedroom) the wall upon
one entire side was covered with fire-arms, bows and arrows, toma-
hawks, and other warlike objects, a human scalp of long black hair
forming the rosette to one of his fantastic trophies. Another part of
the wall was devoted to rods, nets, and implements of piscatorial sport.
At one window stood his large writing table, and at the other a similar
table covered with his engraving tools, etching materials, bottles, boxes,
etc. Around the wood-work of the mantel-piece in this room were
hung cooking apparatus, certainly showing hard usage, and at the third
window, looking to the south, there were several cages of singing birds.
Some easy chairs, the bed, a stove, and a small refrigerator completed
the furnishing of the second room, while the third of the suite was
simply a bedroom, tastefully furnished and adorned. It was a veritable
curiosity shop where a very pleasant evening could be spent. I must
not forget the decanter of sherry, the French kisses aud confections or
fruit, served upon pink shell plates, which always formed a part of his
welcome to his visitors. When there were no visitors, however, the
rooms were dark, save as lighted by a student lamp with a heavy green
shade which always stood upon his writing table in the corner of the
bedroom, for he was never idle when alone.

24

In 1868 the Department removed to its new building, and the ento-
mologist was assigned to better quarters. The three or four years
whieh followed were marked by no strikiag events, though Mr. Glovei
labored on in his chosen work more indefatigably than ever, extending
his name and fame through the growth of his museum and through his
writings and large correspondence, as well as by the knowledge of his.
progress in his work on entomology. It was during this time that a
large adjoining room to his own was granted him for the use of his
division, and for the establishment of an entomologieal cabinet. This
was fitted up with low show-eases similar to those in the museum, one
or two of which were supplied with drawers for the insect collections.
Mr. Glover took very little interest in the entomological cabiuet, how-
ever, either in the preparatiou of the specimens and their classification
and arrangement or as a matter of reference afterward. But he always
went carefully through all new collections as soon as received, in search
of fresh material for his work, laying aside such as interested him, after
which the remainder of the collection had uo further attraction for him.
lie was interested in having a collection, though he often declared that
a series of well-drawn colored figures were quite as useful.

}>'ow comes the publishing period of his life, if it may be so termed,
the years from 1872 to 1878, daring which time he issued four volumes
and distributed twelve sets of his entire work, all except the Lepidop-
tera being supplied with the names. Iu 1871 he took up the Orthoptera,
which had been neglected by him for many years, and added half a
dozen or more plates, the labors of Mr. Cyrus Thomas upon new west-
ern material (from the surveys and elsewhere) proving the incentive. His
Orthoptera was published in 1872, and was followed at intervals of two
years or less by the other works. This matter is fully discussed, how-
ever, in another chapter.

The incessant labor of this period, with little exercise and no recrea-
tion— not even the Sabbath rest — told heavily upon Mr. Glover. He
took no leaves of absence, though repeatedly urged to do so, although
occasional visits to the country or to Baltimore, upon Sundays in sum-
mer, gave him a little change from the monotony of his every-day ex-
istence. At one time he had a strong desire to visit Florida again, and
later, after partially recovering from his first serious illness, he was
strongly advised to go, his old friend. Mr. Wells (-'Alligator") being
suggested as a companion on the trip. He continued at his work, how-
ever, though in the last year or two of his official life he was more care-
ful of his health, eating more rationally and regularly, and partaking
less of cold or such ready-cooked food as could be eaten at any time.
He now devoted the Sunday afternoons, when pleasant, to walking, in
company with the gentleman with whom he resided, and seemed less
averse to having his evenings broken in upon by visitors. lb' even
went out now and then evenings, when he could have the company of
a friend to and from his lodgings, asii was difficult for him to get about
easily after dark, and he disliked to be in the streets alone on account

25

of his defective vision. For this reason, during the last ten years of
his life he attended no meetings of scientific or other societies, not even
the meetings of the Masonic lodge of which he had been a member.

But the long years of constant application, together with possible im-
prudences in his manner of living aud exposure to malarial climates at
earlier periods, broke him down at last. We missed him from his ac-
customed place one morning, aud when an hour had passed and he did
not appear the circumstance was so unusual that a messenger was
dispatched to his rooms to learn the cause of his detention. The an-
swer was returned that Mr. Glover was very ill. How ill was not ap-
preciated by the writer until, standing by his bedside and listening to
his incoherent utterances, the unwelcome thought was forced upon the
mind that his labors were nearly finished. And so it proved, for al-
though he recovered in a measure from this sudden prostration and
lived for several years, he was never able to resume his work, save as
he interested himself in some such slight occupation, for sake of reliev-
ing ennuij as copying lists of names to accompany his plates. Though
his successor, Charles V. Riley, was soon appointed, he was still con-
tinued on the rolls of the Department at a less salary, coming to the
office as he was able, although in reality he rendered no service. Bub
in time his health further failed him. His disease had made such in-
roads upon his once iron constitution that it was unsafe for him to re-
side iu Washington away from his friends, and then he unwillingly
left Washington to take up his residence in Baltimore with his adopted
daughter, Mrs. D. C. Hopper.

Of the remaining years of his life there is little that can be written.
Feeling that his active labors were over, he disposed of his entomologi-
cal library, presented his birds, exotic insects, and other natural his-
tory specimens to the Druid Park Museum, and, as he had already
memorialized Congress for the sale of his plates, his MSS. having been
deposited with Professor Baird at the Smithsonion Institution, there
was little to occupy his thoughts but his own sufferings and the trifling
things of every day existence. Thus, almost blind and too feeble to go
far from home alone, he virtually retired from the world.

After so many years of busy life iu the nation's capital, the reaction
produced by the life of positive repose, both mental and physical, which
followed his coming to Baltimore must have been terrible. The full
force of the suggestion never came to me until the occasion of my first
visit to him amid his new surroundings. He evinced a boyish pleas-
ure at seeing me, and his eye brightened as kind messages were given
him from friends and associates iu Washington, or when the old life
was touched upon ; but withal an air of sadness made itself apparent
which told me that he was not altogether happy. Passing over other
visits I come to the last one, some months before he died, the recollec-
tion of which is as vivid as though it were but yesterday. For a time
he seemed like his old self, save that suffering and disease had laid a
heavy hand upon him; but after a while he began to talk of himself,

26

and with a voice hasky with emotion, and with eyes suffused with tears,
lie told me how unhappy he was and how he longed for the end to come.
Among other tilings he felt keenly the neglect of his old friends, some
of whom were residing then in Baltimore, and whom, he said, had never
called upon him or helped to relieve in any way the monotony of his
existence. My leave-taking from him on this occasion was most pain-
ful. I remained with him as long as I could do so. but when time
came to depart he clung to my hand like a child, walking with me out
upon the doorstep, aud stood looking after me as I walked away. I
never saw him again. His death came peacefully od the 7th of Sep-
tember, 1883, surrounded by his immediate family, his wile, and adopted
daughter, and he was laid at rest in the Loudon Park Cemetery, near
Baltimore.

One who knew Ma1. Glover intimately for twenty or more years of his
life has said of him, "In his personal habits and intercourse he was
peculiar." He was peculiar even to the verge of eccentricity, yet in
summing up the many traits of his character, to his very peculiarities
is due mainly the measure of success in life to which he attained. He
was a man of few friends. In his youth the friendship of one or two
enthusiastic boy lovers of nature, like himself, who could enter into his
pursuits and think as he thought, satisfied him. In middle life, after a
residence of five years in Washington, he says of himself, in touching
upon this theme, ''Acquaintances I have made many, but friends none."
That he made few friends I think was due to several causes — a slight
distrust of mankind in the first place, coupled with a feeling that too
close intimacy would bring a greater or less degree of annoyance. Then
he was a man so thoroughly interested and absorbed in his own pursuits
that few who came in contact with him, particularly in later life, found
in him that responsiveness or congeniality that one expects to call out
in a thorough man of the world. But it may be said of him, once a
friend always a friend.

Not averse to society, he enjoyed himself in it, yet in general terms
he regarded time spent in complying with its demands as so many hours
wasted. I scarcely ever knew a man whose character was made up of
such opposing traits. He was most generous in many things which, in
the estimation of the world, go to make up generosity, yet in the matter
of personal concerns, as far as the world went, his self-interest was so
absorbing that it left no heed for the interests of others. ••Never t rouble
Mr. Glover with your own affairs" was a gentle hint conveyed to me as
a piece of advice a few months after I became his assistant. Heeding
it, I won, in time, his friendship, and then another side of his nature
was revealed tome. An exacting task-master with himself at all times.
he demanded full and unhesitating compliance with his wishes, when
once made known, from those over whom he exercised authority : and
yet where the disposition was shown to be diligent and faithful or ioyal

27

he allowed the largest liberty. Strong in his opinions, preferring that
his own suggestions should take precedence of the suggestions of oth-
ers whom he thought less thoroughly informed upon a given subject, he
was never unreasonable save when the views of others ran counter to
his prejudices, and then he was as inflexible as iron. A little child could
lead him, but a regiment of soldiers could not drive him.

In disposition he was serious but rarely melancholy or cynical. On
the contrary, he had a rare fund of humor and a keen sense of the ridicu-
lous, appreciating a joke whether at his own expense or the expense
of a Mend, and never losing an opportunity for its enjoyment. His sa-
tire was pointed, his sarcasm cutting, the most common modes of ex-
pression being caricature and verse, in either of which he was very
ready. But he could also write very pleasant verse in a humorous vein
when wrought up to his subject, two examples of which, in my posses-
sion, "The Velocipede" and "A Valentine" (and very personal to the
writer) are highly-prized mementoes. "He never forgot a kindness,"
and it was not easy for him to forgive an injury, nor did he ever regain
confidence in those who deceived him or endeavored to use him. Of a
jealous nature, he was sometimes suspicious, and like many others with
this disposition, he was quick-tempered, and his anger, when aroused,
for the time being was almost uncontrollable.

Susceptible to the world's praise, he shrank from its censure, which
may be given as one reason for his never having described an insect.
Mr. Glover could never have been a specialist. While recognizing the
importance of, and necessity for, technical work to the end of settling
the vexed questions of classification and synonomy, he had no patience
with those whom he designated as " species grinders," and in his private
discourse was often quite denunciatory in his criticisms of their work.
He often made the boast that he had never named an insect, and as often
declared it to be his opinion that many of the existing species in our
lists were but varieties. In his entomological work generally he was
exceedingly cautious in making statements and averse to " rushing
into print ; " he often underrated his own judgment in an endeavor to
be on the side of fact, and he was always Justin giving credit to others.

In his habits of living he chose to be untrammelled by the conven-
tionalities of custom, attending to necessities of existence in a way that
offered the least personal inconvenience to himself. So the man who
from having moved in the cultivated society of his home on the Hud-
son, had in the performance of duty come to "herd with negroes and
Indians in Demerara, where a white man is as good as a darkey," or
summered in the Florida swamps " with pet alligators and rattlesnakes,"
found it no hardship to prepare a simple breakfast while the wax was
hardening upon his copper plate, or to eat it, while perchance the acid
was eating into the shining metal. His walk at sundown and his restau-
rant dinner later, his chief mental and physical recreation, gave him
zest for his evening's work.

28

He was methodical without being systematic. His very life in later
years was a life of routine only broken here and there by Sabbath
visits to •' Woodside," the childhood home of his adopted daughter. Nor
was he idle during- these visits, for upon his return Monday morning he
always brought back a considerable amount of fresh entomological ma-
terial, the result of his field rambles and excursions, frequently an-
nouncing a new fact or discovery, or displaying some unknown larvae
to rear, and always exhibiting something interesting.

His enthusiasm was the mainspring of his endeavor, his untiring in-
dustry, coupled with method, the means of accomplishing the under-
takings which it prompted. He cared little for the good opinion of the
world as far as relating to himself personally, but he not only found
pleasure in, but invited appreciation of, his utilitarian schemes. It was
a great satisfaction to hi m to feel that he possessed tshe friendship and
esteem of the leading scientific men of his age, but he never courted
their favor, and his modesty led him to shrink from posing as a con-
spicuous figure among them.

Had he lived to complete his work in his own way and found means
to publish it in its entirety the world would have had a better 'appre-
ciation of the immensity and scope of the undertaking than any sim-
ple statements of friend or biographer will ever convey.

I will close this brief sketch with a tribute to Mr. Glover from the
pen of an intimate friend, written in 1874, which appeared in Field and
Forest four years after. The last two stanzas proved prophetic.

THE PROFESSOR.
[Inscribed to Professor G .]

Little cares he for the world, but sits

Till evening, from earliest dawn,
And figures and etches and writes,

And the work goes bravely on.

And a monument grows, day by day,

That shall tell to the world his fame
When marble has crumbled away —

And he silently carves his name.

Carves it in Nature's soft lines.

With a graver skilled and true ;
And the acid eats till the eye defines

The outline of promise in view.

And the days and years go Heeling by,

Tasks are finished and new ones set :
Still the end is not. nor draweth nigh —

There are pages unwritten yet.

Pages unwritten that ever will be,

For the longest life is a span —
That his dream may approach reality,

He is working while he can.

HISTORY OF HIS WORK ON ENTOMOLOGY.

Mr. Glover commenced his immense work on insects, known as "Illus-
trations of North American Entomology," in 1859. Portions of the
work, that is, special plates of the orange and cotton insects, were en-
graved a year or two prior to that date ; in fact, it may be said that he
made two or three beginnings prior to the commencement of his ulti-
mate scheme. A very early idea was a set of pocket plates represent-
ing the common injurious species. Quite a number of these were en-
graved by him, the plates, or a part of them at least, having been de-
posited in the National Museum with those of his later work. These
little plates measure about 2£ inches by 4, the figures chiefly relating
to the commonest forms of beetles and the smaller moths, with a few of
their larvae, and a few insects in other orders. The plant affected
usually appears in the center of the plate, greatly reduced of course,
the insects in some cases being placed upon it. The work is well done,
some of the figures being very soft. From a study of his early plates I
place them among the first that he did after coming to Washington and
while in the employ of the Patent Office, probably 1855. It is interest-
ing to note that on all of Mr. Glover's early plates, made in any consecu-
tive number, whether upon stoneor copper, the ideaof showing plant and
insects together appears, and the same idea was carried into the first
plates of his final work, though soon abandoned.*

His second beginning was the outgrowth of the scheme for a grand
work upon economic entomology on octavo plates which should com-
prise the principal plants of American agriculture, with the insects
figured upon them. A motive for such work appears in the set of ex-
quisite water-color drawings of flowers and insects, painted by Mr. Glover
when a young man, and to which allusion has previously been made.
Here are shown the plant, flower, and leaf, and the various stages of
some species of the insect known to feed upon it. In a letter written
to Mr. Clapham in 1856, where he alludes to a scheme for an agricul-
tural museum, he says :

Another idea is to go on with my work on insects — to have large engravings of our
staple agricultural productions, such as cotton, corn, wheat, potatoes, and so forth.
Ou the wheat root place the cut-worm, chrysalis, and moth ; on the ear place the
wheat midge, etc., in short, to place every insect that destroys wheat upon the part
injured, natural size and magnified, the plates to he issued hy the Government, and
distributed to every leading society, to he placed in their agricultural rooms. By

* I have nearly the full series of his early plates, given me by their author from
time to time, the collection forming an interesting study.

30

looking at the place affected tin- fanner can Bee the insect id all its stages, and. at
the same time, by referring to the Patent Office Agricultural Reports, can find out
tin- remedies in general use.

That Mr. Glover contemplated such a work before he came to Wash-
ington is evident from a number of plates on stone1 still in existence,
made early in the decade from 1850 to I860, lie has more than once
alluded to it in conversations with me, and but for the counter interest
in pomology, and in the preparation of his models of fruit, he would
have attempted it at that time. I take pleasure in reproducing here a
plate made by him in February. 1852, which contains some ten species
of insects, all of which are tolerably well drawn. (Fig. 5.) His work at

Fig. 5.

that period had attracted the attention of Dr. Harris, and some ten
months after this plate was made he was in receipt of a letter from the
doctor acknowledging his superior skill in the delineation of insect
forms, and asking his cooperation in the preparation of a new work on
entomology. I give herewith the main portion of Dr. Harris's letter,
only omitting a page or more of explanation of figures in the plates
Mr. Glover had sent him. It is as follows:

Cambridge, Ma-.. Decemberlb, L852.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 7th instant with the specimens <>f your engraving and
the drawing of i lie pear-1 ree Insects, reached me this day, and J am very much grati-
fied by these tokens ot'yonr remembrance.

31

Some time last summer another specimen of your skill was seutto me from the hor-
ticultural ball, in Boston, hut at that time I was very much engaged in preparing
copy for the printer, and carrying through the press a new edition of my " Treatise
on Insects Injurious to Vegetation." My tables were covered with manuscript proof-
sheets, specimens, and various miscellaneous matters, among which your engrav-
ing was Jain, and it has disappeared in one of the clearings up of my clutter. It
is not lost, only mislaid, and will come to light again without doubt when I can
muster resolution and find time to overhaul my papers. I name these facts to ac-
count for my apparent neglect to acknowledge your favor. My hook at last is fin-
ished and bound ; and now, if you will tell me how I can send a copy to you, it
will give me much pleasure to forward it to your address. My scientific friends tell
me that all the book wants is a set of figures to illustrate the descriptions. I am
fully sensible that its value would be much increased by such illustration, and that
it would then supply fully a want that has long been felt for a work combining sci-
entific descriptions of our most common destructive insects with good colored figures
of the same.

I am very much pleased with your success in eu graving on stone. With practice
you will doubtless acquire the skill to represent insects in the very best style of this
kind of engraving. This kind of work is much to be preferred to engraving on cop-
per, because of its general cheapness ; the stone admitting of being ground down and
used again ; and a delicate and skillful engraver can represent insects about as well
on stone as on copper. I think you will find it quite as easy to execute engravings
on stone as on copper, and I hope you may be induced to perfect yourself in this art.
Your specimens certainly do you great credit, and I am very glad that you have so
promptly and successfully acted upon my suggestion. * * *

When you write me to inform me how to send you my book please to let me know
what you consider would be a fair price for the engraving of a plate with insects on
it of the size of your specimen plates. The cost of striking off, which must be done
by the press, would be another matter, and may be known by iuquiry. It would de-
pend in some measure, also, on the number of impressions wanted. I very much wish
some arrangement could be made with you for preparing a series of plates to illustrate
my book. To do this, however, it would be necessary for you to take up your residence
here. The plates might be issued in numbers, accompanied by brief descriptions
referring to pages of the treatise. I have also another plan in view, which has
long been a favorite one with me, namely : To prepare a series of small popular vol-
umes on our insects, with plates, somewhat like Jardine's Naturalist's Library, to be
entitled Insect Biography. The first volume to contain a brief, general introduction
somewhat like the introductory chapter of my treatise, with figures illustrating the
orders of insects. The second to treat of principal families, illustrating them with
the biography of one or two common insects of each family. The third to take up
some large group aud describe and figure the most prominent species in it, and so on
with the other volumes as the public taste and demand for the work might guide or
encourage it. A work of this kind would do more to promote a general taste for en-
tomology than anything else, and I think it would meet with very good encourage-
ment. Hitherto I have been deterred from undertaking it for the want of co-opera-
tion of a competent artist to execute the plates; our engravers having no skill in
such matters and no taste to make themselves acquainted with the details of insect
structure, and, moreover, being extravagantly high in their charges. SonreL a Swiss
engraver, is the only person who can do such work at all well, and he being a for-
eigner and not speaking English well, it will be difficult to get along with him.
Please let me know your thoughts on these plans of mine.
Trulv yours,

Thaddeus William Harris.

Mr. T. Glover.

32

Mr. Glover did not take up with this offer, as be doubtless had otliw
plans in view for himself; but the letter is interesting, as furnishing
evidence that Mr. Glover not only worked upon copper at that early
date, but also upon stone. I have in my possession proofs of a number
of these plates engraved upon stone, the execution of which is far bet-
ter than the work on his copper plates of the same period. Of one of
these, illustrating parsnip insects, Dr. Harris says :

No. I is apparently one of the Ortalidaj ; its larva unknown to me before No. k2, I
have often seen the larva of this moth, but never succeeded in obtaining the perfect
moth.

So Mr. Glover was a good observer, as well as a tolerably skillful
engraver at this time.

Mr. Glover's reply to Dr. Harris's letter would be interesting could
it be produced. I have searched for it among the Harris correspond
ence at the jSTatural History Society rooms in Boston, but without avail.
The letter was very flattering to Glover, as he has himself told me; but
he was not then ready to enter into such an arrangement. What other
correspondence may have passed between them at that time can not be
stated, but a little over two years after Mr. Harris wrote another letter.
which not only gives some interesting facts in Harris's life hitherto un-
published, but is certainly most complimentary to Glover. This is the
letter :

Cambridge, Mass., February 13, 1855.

Dear Sir : On the 4th of September I received a letter from D. J. Browne, esq.,
then at New York, and on the point of sailing for Europe, informing me that you had
been engaged iu making drawings of insects to illustrate the next agricultural re-
port of the Commissioner of Patents, and wished to pre-engage my co-operation with
you. He further informed me that you were then absent from Washington, some-
where in Georgia or South Carolina, and that on your return in November you would
visit me in Cambridge. He also stated that he would communicate with me again
on the subject on his return from Europe. Under these circumstances there seemed
nothing for me to do but to wait till I saw you or till I heard from him. Moreover.
my oldest son was dangerously sick and remained so till his decease on the 19th of
October, and in our trouble Mr. Browne's communication was entirely forgotten till
it was brought to my mind by a letter received from Hon. C. Mason on the 29th of
November. To this letter I replied on the 6th of December, since which time nothing
has been heard of the subject therein proposed. 1 hope that you have seen my answer
to Mr. Mason ; if you have not, let me beg you to request him to show it to you. I
shall be happy to render you any service that is in my power consistent with my
other duties and engagements. These will fully occupy me from the 1st of March
till the middle of July ; so that you must not count on me for any assistance from me
during that time. At this present time, having a vacation in college, I am more at
Leisure than usual. I regret not to have received the expected visit before the open-
ing of the college session.

Iudeed, I have been long expecting a visit from yon as promised Bome two years
ago, iu which I hoped to have made some arrangements with you lor illustrating my
WOfk on insects. The time is <>me in which 1 have an expectation of being able to
defray the expense of illustrations to the work, and in which it will become neces-
sary for me to take some decided measure" lor having them done, if they are to be
done at all. The commit tee on agriculture of the Legislature of Massachusetts are
now considering the expediency of printing another (the third) edition of my work)

33

with illustrations. Moreover, overtures have been lately made to me by a publishing
firm in New York to get out a duodecimo edition of the book, in which it would be
easy to introduce wood-cuts, if a competent artist to make the drawings could be ob-
tained. My first proposal having been made to you to furnish illustrations, and hav-
ing ever kept this in mind, I now return to the subject to inquire whether your en-
gagements will allow you to undertake the same, and on what terms, and what time
you will be ready to begin. It would best promote the object were you situated in
the immediate viciuity, fori should need to communicate almost daily with you
while engaged on the work.

You may remember my having stated my wishes regarding auother work, or rather
a series of works, of a popular character, on our insects, in which I hope to have your
co-operation. The plan has long been matured; the execution with the means now
on hand would not be difficult, and the success seems to me to be almost certain.
With the pictures the books can hardly fail finding a good market. Without boast-
ing, I may he permitted to say that we could do in this department, together, what
no other persons in the United States can accomplish.

Have you seen Dr. Emmons's big book on the Insects of New York, or Professor
Jaeger's smaller one on the Life of North American Insects ? These will be a warn-
ing against any one's undertaking to deal with subjects with which tbey are not
familiar. Criticism will be thrown away upon them, and I forbear making further
remarks upon these remarkable productions.

Do me the favor to write to me at your earliest convenience and let me know what
is the extent of your previous engagements and what your plans are for the future.

Yours, truly,

Thaddeus William Harris.
Townend Glover, Esq.

I may mention here that, as far back as 1847, Mr. Glover spent some
time in Albany with Gavitt perfecting himself in work upon copper,
particularly in the handling of the roulette, by means of which the
dark effects in illustration are produced, as shading of wings, bodies, etc.
Among his early copper- plates is the one executed in February, 1852,
reproduced above (Fig. 4). Some of the figures on this plate show
clearly the methods used with stone engraving, namely, stipple shading,
as seen in figures 3, 4, and 10, especially. In 1 and 9, on the contrary,
the same effect is arrived at by means of lines, though apparently by a
hand not thoroughly skilled.

To return to Mr. Glover's plan of a work on insects, as outlined on a
previous page, it is impossible to say how far he progressed with his
scheme before finding it impracticable. The plates of the orange in-
sects finished in accordance with it (though only approximately) are to
be found, pretty nearly as originally engraved, in the Homoptera of the
final work by which he is now known. The 22 plates of Insects and
Diseases of the Cotton Plant are included in the 273 plates sold to the
Government, but were finished, or very nearly so, while he was yet in
the service of the Patent Office. Some extracts from his journal in
1858, when in Florida, throw very interesting light upon this point :

June 28 : Began plate on Coccus. July 6 : Began Plate 2, lemon (coccus). July 9 :

Commenced plate of Papilio thoas, on orange. July 21 : Began coccus, Plate 4 ;

orange ; etching all day. July 24 : Finished Plate 4 ; afternoon to Redwater Branch,

aud Drought home cargo of red-hugs. July 30 : Finished Plate 5. (The next day he

14162— Bull 18 3

34

commenced Plate 6, cotton terminal shoots. | August 6: Commenced Plate 7. young
boll. Augu8tcJ: Commenced Plate 8, Orange Aphis, grasshopper, etc. (insects of
different orders on the same plate). August 16: Commenced Plate [K orange-scale
parasites. August 20: Commenced Plate 10, Saturnialo. August 26: Began Plate 11,
Trichiua delta, and cotton flower. (The last mention of his plates is in the entry for
September 25.) Finished Plate Hi, corn worm, and have no more plates to do. Have
written to Washington for bhem, but, like all 1 write for, nothing comes.

After that his only work on plates was retouching and burnishing.
That these plates were not nil that he made for the cotton and orange
series is evident from various allusions to "etching" in the journal
for the year 1857. while in Mississippi, one entry being " etching cotton
blight."

The above extracts show the design originally of a work on cotton
and orange insects, in which the insects of different orders, on the same
plate, were grouped together indiscriminately. Other plates were pre-
pared in accordance with this purely economic scheme of arrangement,
and some of these, on w^hich some one order of insects predominated,
were afterwards incorporated in the final work, the inappropriate figures
being burnished out and other insects substituted. Some of these plates
may be known in the "illustrations" by having a flower or part of a
plant in the center, around which the figures are arranged. Other
plates, made in accordance with the purely economic scheme, were sup
pressed altogether. *

I notice in the private journal for 1855, at which time Mr. Glover was
in Florida and the Carolinas, under date of June 19, this entry : " Draw-
ing and sketching — improved method of coloring — pressed insects." A
note-book of this year's work was filled with lepidoptera drawn (?) after
this method, the process for which, when Mr. Glover first showed me
the series, he described as follows: The wings were carefully detached
and laid in proper position, after which very thin paper, coated with
some adhesive substance, probably mucilage, was pressed upon them ;
after going over every portion carefully, with gentle pressure, to insure
complete contact, the wings were removed, the scales only remaining,
by which means a very perfect fac simile of the markings was obtained.
The fragment of paper was then carefully trimmed to exact form of
wing, glued upon the pages of the notebook, body, etc., sketched in. and
the figure was complete. I think Mr. Glover only employed the process
(in part) during one or two seasons, as he explained to me that its chief
use was to save time in making drawings, or the annoyance of carrying
around a collection of the preserved insects.

After leaving the United States Patent Office, in the winter or early
spring of 1859, Mr. Glover gave himself heart and soul to his final con-
ception of an illustrated work on entomology, for ho had realized the

*The writer has a number of proofs of these, as well as impressions of two or three
plates as they appeared before alteration and the addition of new figures. (See plate
XXVII, Coleop. ; Plates ill. IV. and V, Orthop. ; Plate XXIV, Lepid op ; and Plates
IV, V, and VI, Homoptera, as illustrations of adapted Plates.

35

difficulties in the way of carrying out the former scheme and abandoned
it. In July, 1859, he writes to a friend as follows :

Since I left the office 1 have bad several offers from various States to continue my
work; and probably in the autumn I may make some arrangement with them, but
at present am collecting material for a large work on entomology, more especially
couuected with agriculture. I have already in four months etched aud nearly finished
twelve copper plates, large octavo, comprising nearly 150 of our principal Coleoptera,
begiuniug with the Cicindelidse and Carabidae, as beneficial to the agriculturist, inas-
much as both larva and imago destroy other insects injurious to the crops. I intend
at the same time, to make my work useful to the entomological student, as I shall
figure specimens of all the leading families unconnected with agriculture ; and as
there is no such work in America, I am encouraged by the scientific men here. The
work will not be finished for at least three years, but by that time I hope to have at
least 1,500 to 1,800 specimens etched aud colored."

Of the habits of his life at this time, not dissimilar to the habits of
his later years, the same letter gives a number of hints. He calls it a
hermit's life: up at 6 or 7, breakast in ins "den" (the writer of this can
readily picture both "breakfast" and "den"), after which he smoked
"a hookah" (nearly ten years later he gave up smoking altogether);
the rest of the day, nutil 5 o'clock, being given up to the arrangement
of his specimens and to etching.

Then he took a restaurant dinner, "Jewish passover fashion, with
cap or hat on," after which he hunted for specimens, and returned home
about 8 o'clock in the evening. From that time until 10 o'clock he made
his notes of the day, searched for references, and then to bed. An ex-
acting task-master, he applied himself without cessation, inaugurating
that severe routine in his labors, with little or no recreation, which
marked the last ten years of his life. At this time he wrote : " My
maxim now is 4 nulla dies sine linea,1 and it is astonishing at the end of
three months to see what the motto will accomplish." But the results
are due not to the motto, but to the persistent application, which in Mr.
Glover was second nature — more marked in his case than in that of
many men who perhaps have produced greater results, for he liter-
ally did not allow himself any recreation besides that which was de-
manded for the hours of sleeping and refreshment.

To his cousin, Abram Olapham, of Leeds, England, he writes at this
time as follows :

If you can procure me specimens of your common British insects, without trouble, I
would be much obliged, as I want them for comparison, to find corresponding types
here, and to see what differences there are between our AgrotidsD and the cut-
worms of England, as I believe that many will be found to be perfectly identical
Several insects have been imported we all know. Take, for example, the Gale-
ruca calmariensis, which is even at the present moment destroying all our European

* His work was commenced about March 1, 1859. From that time to the date of
his entering the Department of Agriculture, in 1863, was about four years. He held
the position of United States entomologist just fifteen years to a day, making nine-
teen years of labor upon his undertaking up to the time it was so suddenly discon-
tinued by the breaking down of his health. How many more years he would have
worked upon it, had health been spared, it is difficult to say.

36

elms iu Washington. Ami please, if yon send any. at the same time semi the scien-
tific names, as I can then identity them by referring t<> English works. By the way,
what are your best agricultural entomological works, as 1 shall order them here f I
have Morton's Encyclopaedia of Agriculture, West wood, and sundry other English
works; have ordered Eat/hurl's Foist Insecten, etc., so that I shall also be able to
compare with the German. Dr. Girard, who is at present in Germany, lias promised
to send me all the German insects he can procure. If you know of any one who has
ahout £5 worth of common (no rare) insects to sell, please let me know. I want those
principally that injure crops, and of all orders. As soon as my plates an- finished I
shall send you a copy, as likewise of the cotton aud orange insects I finished whilst
in the service of the Patent Office.

Mr. (Hover was now in his forty-seventh year. Of his work daring
the last six months of 1859 there is little to record, save that he applied
himself most industriously to his undertaking. After becotniug eun-
nected with the Maryland Agricultural College, about I860,* he found
himself in better position to push his work. Living in the country, there
were more opportunities for observation and for the study of" the habits
of insects. Then he was accompanied iu his field rambles by his stu-
dents: and with their aid, and the material contributed from his breed-
ing cages, he soon accumulated a fair collection of the principal insect
forms of the locality. Always ready with his pencil and colors, he fig-
ured everything he saw that was thought to be new, even making draw-
ings of caterpillars and chrysalids of species that he was unable to rear
to the perfect state, and which in many instances he was not able to
identify until years after. Some have never been identified. This par-
tially accounts for the incongruous arrangement of the insects on the
later plates, as relating to classification, in comparison with the earlier
ones, where family grouping of well-known forms is the rule.

It is to be regretted that Mr. Glover did not regard his insect collec-
tion of more value, and had not shown more care in the preparation
and after-preservation of the specimens. After figuring an insect the
specimen had little further interest for him. Indeed he did not take the
trouble to set some of them at all, or only iu such manner as would ad-
mit of their being correctly drawn. He used for the purpose entomolo-
gical pins, the ordinary pins of the dressing-case, or even needles : the
specimens were set at various heights, and were sometimes badly dam-
aged in the mounting. Many of the Lepidoptera, as well as other forms
with large wings, were most carelessly prepared, these appendages
drooping or stickiug out in several directions. When I first saw his
cases, in 1866, the ravages of mold, verdigris, and anthrenus appeared
in almost every box ; single wings, antenna . and legs were often want
ing, and now and then a body. Nor could it have been otherwise, for
the boxes, made to open like books, were mostly without cork, the tough
pine wood at the bottom making it difficult to secure a specimen, the
pins being frequently bent or broken at the points and sometimes turned
at a right angle. Had his collection been better preserved and his types

"lean not learn the exact date of .Mr. Glover's connection with the Maryland
Agricultural College. It must have been the latter part of 1859.

37

for illustration indicated, the necessity for subsequent identification of
many of his figures from the figures themselves would have been obvia-
ted. Some figures, particularly moths, have never been identified and
are not named upon the plates. It is, of course, recalled that he figured
many loaned specimens, particularly upon his later plates ; these also
should have been indicated in every case, although any doubtful iden-
tification, as they were received from specialists, is hardly a probability.

I am at a loss to account for his lack of system and want of care in
so important a matter, when he showed such nicety, and such delicacy
of manipulation in the preparation of his bird collections, unless it
came from his belief, frequently expressed, that figures were as good as
originals, and far more easily cared lor.

When it was proposed to establish an insect cabinet in connection
with the museum of the Department of Agriculture, examples of the
latest and most improved cases in use at Cambridge for this purpose
were obtained and brought to Mr. Glover's notice. It was a peculiarity
of his nature that he took slowly to "newfangled notions;" and partly
considering the expense, he decided that shallow pine drawers with
loose glass covers were good enough. He was prejudiced against cork
bottoms, though the use of cork was strongly urged, and finally com-
promised on paper felt. As the sequel proved, the splitting and shrink-
ing of the cases and drawers in the dry steam heat of the Department
building altered his views materially, but only when it was too late to
remedy the matter.

In the letter previously quoted Mr. Glover states that his work will
be finished in three years. The time had expired a year previous to
his again entering the service of the Government, but I do not think
even at that time that the work was any nearer completion, as regards
his own ideas upon the subject than when he bad been working four
months. It is evident from the very manner in which he worked that
he had placed no definite limit to it. He conceived the scheme, and
seemingly without having measured the magnitude of the undertaking,
he went industriously to work to carry it out. As the end proved,
" completion" in this case meant when there were no more insects to
figure, for with no fixed limit it could have been carried on indefinitely.

Mr. Glover became Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture
April 1, 1863. It was then located in the basement of the Patent Office
building. In time two rooms were secured for the purpose of a mu-
seum, and in the corner of one of these the Entomologist finally estab
lished his office. This was in the summer of 1864. A letter to Baron
Osten-Sacken, written in October, 1864, in reply to one from this spe-
cialist, shows that his work was now temporarily interrupted. He
says :

* I have been so ranch engaged for the last year in the Department of Agri-
culture, with office work and laying the foundation for an agricultural museum, that

38

I have not been able to etch at all, so tbat my work remains at a stand-still ar present-
In a few weeks, wbeu I am not so fully occupied as I am now, lintend to recommence
etching. wheD I sball be happy to attempt your plates,* although I am afraid that
you overestimate my abilities to do them, etc.

For the next two or three years bis work was still more or less inter-
rupted by Department affairs. There was now a divided interest. The
new museum had been established, and to a certain extent it absorbed
his attention and his thoughts. Then in 18G5 he spent several months in
Europe, as has been mentioned, the exhibition of insects in Paris call-
ing him abroad. I have his Paris note book, filled with pencil outlines
of insects, and with written descriptions, which tells how well he spent
his time while there. And the fact that the design of his work se-
cured to him the grand gold medal of the Emperor above all other
competitors was proof that it was practical and valuable even at
that time, when it had not reached the half of its present scope or
dimensions. s

The writer became Mr. Glover's assistant in the Department of Ag-
riculture in 1867. By this time entomological science in America had
made such rapid strides and the study had become so widespread that
there were workers and observers in all parts of the country. Through
acquaintance and correspondence with many of these and through the
regular correspondence of the office he was now able to secure large
acquisitions of new material, so that the work, for a time partly neg-
lected, was now being pushed forward uninterruptedly, saving the in-
terruption of official hours, from 9 a. m. to 3 p. m. As near as I can re-
call, on hasty examination of the plates, the Lepidoptera had been com-
pleted, at this time, to plate 67 and supplement D, the supplement series
having been commenced in order to keep the diurnals and their larvae
together upon consecutive plates as the work progressed, the numbered
plates being devoted to the moths. The Coleoptera had only reached
plate 28 j the Orthoptera less than half its present number, 18 ; and the
remaining orders even a less number.

Meanwhile the text to accompany the plates was begun on somewhat
the same principle as the ready -reference books which Mr. Glover had
from time to time prepared for his private use. The earliest of these
reference books were compiled or prepared in the years of service in
the Patent Office (or perhaps even earlier), and at first, seemed to have
been used by him as " vest pocket editions" of notes on the habits ol
common insects. They were tiny blanks books, measuring 2J by 4 inches
(of the size of a small pocket diary, and no thicker), into which had been
closely copied, in penmanship as clear as copper-plate and as fine as
print (250 to 300 words to the page), the chief facts connected with the
natural history of well-known and injurious species, the food plants.
habitat and other brief data, the whole conveniently arranged and iu-

*These were drawings of the whig-veins of some thirty or forty species of Diptera.
and which he afterwards prepared.

39

dexed for use. A photoengraving of one of these pages, exact size, is
here reproduced (Fig. 6):

Sfl/ja I If. dlAt&AX) ?&

&j iky c^'UHCC dUuJ £&yfaviz<t>& ofmta* }\aUu. V Y diefy of

'h^jxSk, Sfwicdb t&viaujLJ or /in a^'iJX^e <^\e¥b, tyyisx'iMa-^
MfHtw^/y ft. fLcu/y* iff SloJLi /i/uM ec&^>4 Viu stnuje) ex

iS-j ty*'b

lOA-dlu

tJU-

of Sort Jo

Mhju Via^A-ia /Hvu^ebs fiotHtir <L"-&zMs aV YeJt.
Viddw-I' nCova>- V- OX/ ^»kmi/' atiMdj O^mJcmW iu-i/M<$7

O^-ejL/mslJk ay-ox tyudh .

oj C^vte*tD i o-u2ZLJ*J is-fusi*- o-Ut-e& ' tJct

W ^i CiAXty O-u*. of £tuJ V"U*. try /t-004 rj^t- cctr n*!fr&J- tt- tLev+uS

VV Ijj, QumA - tain LrrwJi *W^5 eAMMXL> l**- &OtjHrnj> ..

Fig. 6.

By the time the numbers of his plates had assumed some importance
a set of larger note books had been prepared, into which he recopied
tiie data above mentioned, together with notes of his own observations,
besides references to figure and plate of hi^ own work. These were
prepared for each of the principal orders 5 and for two or thre?, as the
Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera, an additional series in which the
food plants were alphabetically arranged, with a list of the species of
insects frequenting or destroying them following each plant named. In
time, as the number of plates increased, as his observations became
more extended, and entomological publications had become more numer-
ous j and as the old books were bursting their covers, a set of letter-
size blank books were obtained, and the entire mass of notes recopied
on a far more exhaustive plan, the whole finally constituting the material
of the text which would accompany the plates when published.

This was evolution pure and simple, for I have always considered
that the text of Professor Glover's work was the direct outgrowth of

40

these little pocket reference books, a number of which he gave me, and
which are valued souvenirs.

When recently examining the manuscript left by Mr. Glover, now in
the National Museum, 1 found with his text of the Diptera the preced-
ing volume of notes also, from which it had been copied, illustrating
perfectly his method, as described above. In this volume, as with
others, when the blank pages had been covered, slips of paper of vari-
ous shapes and sizes were pasted in ; the accumulation of these slips
and the inserted pages making it in time difficult to find any thing
readily, and then the new blank book was necessitated. With each re-
copying he made changes, revising, adding new facts, and giving fullei
accounts of particular insects, so that the new volume of notes 111 a
short time grew to twice the size of the one that preceded it. As an-
other example, the manuscript of his " list of animal and vegetable sub-
stances injured," accompanying the Lepidoptera, in all something less
than 100 pages, he copied in seventeen days, in the winter of 1870, the
dates of commencement and completion being recorded on one of the
fly leaves of the volume.

The fact that the text of his work was brought together in this man
ner will account in a measure for its apparent incongruity in the differ-
ent parts, considered in the light of an entomological work, which the
plates were supposed to illustrate. In reality the plates were the
u work," and the text or subject-matter a secondary consideration.
That it has been gradually evolved from a very early beginning is
shown, too, by its many references to Westwood, to the old German
work by Leunis, and other of the earlier authorities whose publications
in modern times have been entirely superceded by the many recent
works that have kept pace with the progress of entomological science
in the United States. As these extracts and references referred chiefly
to general habits of groups and families and to classification, the neces-
sity for a later revision was not fully appreciated. Mr. Glover always
had a very high appreciation of Westwood,* regarding the work some-
thing in the light of an entomological bible, and to that extent always
a safe rule and guide for the seeker after truth. In minor portions,
therefore, his text was not fully adapted to the American student: and
his material from Leunis less so. In his treatment of species, however,
he aimed to give in very condensed form the known facts , from whatever
reliable source they were obtainable. That the work remains in an un-
finished condition is due to the sudden failing of his health.

But the scheme of the work as contemplated by its originator was a
grand one. No more complete reference book of entomology was ever
conceived or more practically carried out as far as he had been able to
carry out the design. This, in substance, is the scheme of arrangement
as tar as relating to species.

'Introduction i<> the Modern Classification <>i Insects, -' vols., is;ii.

41

Under the name of the insect appeared first the Greek or Latin de-
rivation (both genera and species) ; then followed the reference to plates
and figures of the work, for sometimes the larvae and imago were figured
upon different plates, and even the male and female appeared in differ-
ent places ; then a list of the synonyms, followed by a short and con-
cise account of the life history of the species, from egg to imago ; then
followed habitat, food plants, and, lastly, the best-known remedies, the
parasites, and references to other authorities. In another portion of the
work was given alphabetical lists of the food plants in the different
orders, with the insects figured upon them; and the whole work was to
be so simplified and made so available for consultation by an admirable
system of cross-references that the merest tyro could make use of it.
When a new fact was discovered it was at once jotted down in the
proper book of manuscript notes. When a new number of some ento-
mological publication was received it was carefully digested, and the
new facts transcribed into the appropriate place, with due credit, so
that the work grew by almost daily accretion to its pages, and, as far
as the later material is concerned, it was up to date. In these manu-
script notes Mr. Glover should have indicated, however, the records of
his own personal observations. How much injustice he may have done
himself by locking up in an unpublished work the results of these obser-
vations for many years will never be known. The folly of prema-
turely " rushing into print" is conceded; but it should be known that
Mr. Glover made many new and interesting discoveries that were wor-
thy to have been placed on record at the time of their discovery that he
received no credit for whatever.

Some of these he was urged in vain to publish by contributions to
the scientific periodicals of the day ; but alwavs looking forward to that
indefinite point of time when his entire work would be completed (as
though it ever could be finished by such a man while there were insects
to figure or new facts to record), he declined publishing any portion
fugitively, save as it might be appropriately used in his special reports
as entomologist of the Department of Agriculture, and even then he
used as little as possible. He was extremely cautious in making state-
ments, disliked criticism, and oftentimes in giving the life-history of a
particular species, stated the facts on the authority of others, with
credit, in preference to his own, when both were equally full and au-
thentic.

If he did not give to the world the results of his observations during
these years, the entomological world was kept fully posted as to the
progress he was making with his plates. Dr. Walsh, Messrs. Grote,
Saunders, Strecker, Sanborn, and others loaned him box afcer box of
unfigured species, which, with other material, enabled him to complete
almost two plates a month. Copies of these plates were printed as soon
as the engraving was finished and corrected, and after coloring half a
dozen or more copies of the plate with his own hand, they were mailed

42

to Leading authorities whom he wished to compliment, or to those who
had loaned him insects. The borrowed material was not necessarily

retained until the plates had been finished, lor his first work on receipt
of a species new to him was to make a careful drawing of it in detail,
after which it was colored to life; the name was then written upon the
drawing, together with brief notes (sometimes) for his guidance when
it came to be engraved. The plates were laid out most carefully and
the position of each insect indicated before a line was drawn. The fig-
ures were then carefully traced upon gelatine, the lines tilled with dry
red lead, and the outline transferred to the copper. After this they were
etched and finished with the graver in the usual manner.

It has been a matter of surprise to me that Mr. Glover did not more
carefully preserve the original drawings from which the figures on his
plates were engraved. Many he did preserve, but by far the larger por-
tion of the earlier ones are not now in existence, as far as I have been
able to learn. Some of the more recent ones are now in the possession of
the National Museum, though chiefly relating to two orders.* But he
always made a practice of coloring the first copy of a new plate very
carefully for his private set of plates, his working set, as he called it.t
and subsequent copies were colored from this.

In 1868, when the Department of Agriculture was removed to its
new building, the entomologist was able to have a room to himself, to
which he brought a large library, and where he deposited his plates for
safe keeping. An amusing peculiarity of the man at this time was
shown in the matter of book-shelves, which, for reasons of his own. he
fitted up at his own expense, from boxes, though there was no necessity
for his doing so.

He was now allowed a special museum assistant, a taxidermist, and a
messenger, in addition to the regular entomological assistant, and the
demands of the museum upon his time were thereby lessened. This
left the hours of official duty more free for entomological investigation,
for the compilation of notes from current literature and from authori-
ties which previously had been only partially reviewed; though it
should be stated that no inconsiderable portion of the day was devoted
to callers, and to those seeking information upon a wide range of sub
jects connected with the museum display or otherwise. To all he showed
the utmost courtesy, though the more prominent of his visitors were
invariably taken to his private office to see the work on insects. The
scheme was there unfolded in detail, and he ever delighted to talk to an
intelligent listener. He described the design in full, and at the same
time ill u.st rated its utility by referring to some well-known injurious
species, invariably closing with the reading of a brief acconnl of its his-
tory, wiih references to remedies and to the figures of the insect in dif-
ferent stages upon his plates, and with the stereotyped querj : " How
do you like the plan?"

Many of the Florida drawings arc in the Harvard College library,
t This is now in the National Museum.

43

There was a humorous side to this almost daily practice, which is
also illustrative of the man. Occasionally it happened that he told
the story a second time to the same individual, who was dropped po-
litely, but instanter, when he had learned of his mistake; and an inci-
dent like the following Wcis not of infrequent occurrence :

Enter visitor, who grasps his hand warmly and familiarly, showing
the greatest interest in his entomological work, and perhaps introducing
a friend who is with him. The professor makes a great show of delight
at again meeting him, quietly gets him into the museum, and excusing
himself a moment, rushes into the room of his assistant with a half
whispered : " Charlie, who the d — 1 is that?"

As every man is said to have some particular weakness or idiosyn-
crasy, Mr. Glover's seemed to be an absorbing pride in his work on en-
tomology and in his museum, which amounted to almost childish vanity.
A man who cared little for compliment in a general sense, his work was
his life, and he expected every one with whom he came in contact to
appreciate it almost to the point of his own enthusiasm, which was
boundless. On the other hand, disparagement hurt him like the barb
of an arrow. Sensitive as a woman, he could not bear adverse criticism,
published or written. It seemed to him almost a personal thrust, and
where one showed the least approach to being hypercritical, it filled
him with most unkind feelings toward the author. Nevertheless, friendly
criticism given in the shape of kind advice or suggestion, if delicately
put, was always thankfully received, and particularly from those whose
opinion or judgment he respected. I can not but recall a certain cor-
respondence with Dr. Walsh, relating to some accidentally damaged in-
sects, which, if produced here, would prove spicy reading. There were
others, too, with whom Mr. Glover seemed always at swords-points
whenever he came in contact with them, and towards whom he was
wont to express himself in the most emphatic language, for he was a
royal hater.

As an illustration of how Mr. Glover's feelings could be outraged by
unjust censure and fault-finding criticism, reference may be made to a
little publication issued in 1872, purporting to be a history of the De-
partment of Agriculture, from the pen of its chief clerk, which* aroused
his indignation and stirred him to the very depths. The work of the
division was commented upon in an exceedingly unkind way, a garbled
quotation from one of the professor's reports given, making him say in
substance that the new facts and the records of observations emanating
from the division were quoted " extensively " from the published mate-
rial of other entomologists, who were named. The remarks which fol-
lowed were filled with left-handed compliments, written in a satirical
vein, and closing with this extract :

It is not required of the entomologist that he should visit the fields and orchards, and
there study the habits of obnoxious insects of which but little is known. A contrary
impression has been entertained; but it is proper that the exact truth should be
stated. It would seem, however, that the entomologist of the Department should fre-

44

qnently verily, by personal observation in the Geld aud orchard, the correctness of the

theories and suggestions of other entomologists, and there aid them in devising rem-
edies against ravages of insects. Many State governments have employed entomologists
to aid the fanners in their warfare against noxious insects, and in this great work,
which requires that the broad country be frequently visited, the entomological division

of the Department of Agriculture might sometimes, without presumption, take the
lead.

Mr. Glover defended himself in a little brochure which he ('ailed "A
Vindication," which was published shortly after, wherein the extract
referred to was given in full, the extent of quotation from other authors
stated, and other portions fully replied to. Moreover, the chief clerk
was privately held up to ridicule in a clever bit of doggerel verse,
which the professor read to all his intimates in the Department, though
it was not permitted to get out of his hands.

Regarding the fact that the Entomological Division was not engaged
in held work throughout the country, Mr. Glover considered that his
twelve years of previous field work amounted to something, and also
maintained that it was sufficiently difficult to obtain the necessary funds
for the routine work of the division without considering the greater
expense of field observations and investigations. On this one point I
think Mr. Glover was open to criticism, as he never made the effort to
secure appropriations for the purposes of field work, but rested on past
laurels. His private work may have been partly responsible.

1 think the period from 1869 to 1872 marks the most active years of
his entomological work during his connection with the Department of
Agriculture. Xot only was he more interested in the work of the En-
tomological Division, but the preparation of the text of his private work
received a greater impetus at this time, while the engraving of his
plates was steadily pushed forward. By 1870 over ten years of labor
had been spent upon his undertaking, and it had grown to such pro-
portions that the framed plates, cut to octavo size aud hung upon racks
nearly 7 feet high, occupied one entire end of the Museum hall, which
was 50 feet wide. His life was now a perpetual round of systematic
employment, and he was even more settled in his habits than in 1859,
when he detailed to a iriend how he spent his time in a letter previ-
ously quoted. Frequently up as early as 5 in the morning, he etched
or drew until almost 9, saving a short intermission for breakfast, which
for many years he had been in the habit of providing himself; though
later, to save additional time, it was prepared for him and sent to his
room. The hours from 9 to 3 in the afternoon were spent at the office
in an entire change of occupation ; then back to engraving again, which
occupied him as long as he could see; then he took a short walk and
obtained his supper. The evenings were always spent in writing: and
it was a matter of pride to accomplish each night a certain task which
he set tor himself, and which he would not relinquish until the last line
was written.

45

As Mr. G-lover finally sold his plates to tlie Government (he gave his
manuscripts for nothing), the question has more than once been asked
of me if he ever employed himself upon them in any way during
the hours of official duty. To this question there is but one answer.
No ! Mr. Glover himself appreciated the force of the suggestion and
the possibility of such a charge being made; and, not to be misunder-
stood in the matter, he rarely lost an opportunity to explain to visitors,
while showing his work, that it had all been done "outside of office
hours, before 9 o'clock and after 3." Naturally the phrase in time be-
came stereotyped.

'The closing of this period marks the opening of his publishing period,
as may be termed the years from 1872 to 1878. For many years he had
talked of publication, but, as has been shown, it was always a thing of
the future. As far back as 1860 the matter of publication had been
discussed with his associates, and with the accumulated material often
years it seemed to his frie nds that the time had come if ever to bring
the work before the world. The late Professor Baird, a firm friend to
Mr. Glover during a period of twenty-five years, was very enthusiastic
about the matter, and upon several occasions stated his willingness to
secure a publisher. But the engraver author was not ready. The work
had reached such magnitude that he wished to complete it from his
stand-point of completion, and make it an exhaustive illustrated ency-
clopaedia of American entomology, that would find a place in every
large library in the land. He did not wish to issue the entire work as
a private venture with a probable contingency of great personal pe-
cuniary loss, because it was his dream that it should be published by
the Government and be widely distributed gratuitously. The idea
had been in his mind for years, and he frequently told me, in conversa-
tions of a confidential nature, that in the event of his death he should
leave the entire work to the United States Government any way ; and
at one time he seriously considered the expediency of bequeathing
with it a portion of his private fortune to complete it, and to insure its
publication in a proper manner after his death.

The talk concerning publication was not without its influence. The
preparation of the plates had been known to the entomological public
for so long a time, and there was now so little possibility of publishing
the work in its entire ty in the immediate future, its author forsaw the
advantage of, if not the necessity for, a present recognition of the im-
portance and utility of the undertaking, which could best be secured by
preliminary publication of some of the plates themselves. It must be
admitted, too, that he was actuated toward publication in this manner
by a secondary motive — other than a wish to bring to the scientific
world a knowledge of the value and immensity of his undertaking —
and, prompted no doubt by his desire for the world's golden opinion, a
wish to know the exact position his work would obtain in entomologi-
cal literature.

46

In 1871 he decided to bring out an author's editiou of the plates of
Orthoptera, which had recently been increased to thirteen by the addi-
tion of new Western material : the new specie8 described by Dr. CyiOJS
Thomas and material furnished by Mr. Scudder and others forming
a considerable portion. An edition of 250 copies, large quarto, was de-
cided upon, and the letter-press was produced a single page at a time
at a small printing office in the rear of a Seventh-street book-store in
Washington. The work was very incomplete, and does not in the
smallest degree represent or carry out the design followed in the prep-
aration of his mass of unpublished "manuscript notes." He does not
even fulfill the promise of his introduction.

His table of classification occupies about half a page, and his notes
on food and habits of Orthoptera only two pages and a half, the remain-
der of the text, some five pages, being devoted to u lists of substances
injured," and lists of genera and species figured, or, in other words, to
the index. This is the published work on Orthoptera. In short, as a
work, so incomplete and imperfect, and giving so little idea of what had
really been done by Mr. Glover in his twelve or more years of almost in-
cessant labor, that it is to be regretted that he published it in this
shape at all. To that extent it placed the author and his great work in
a false light, even though the gratuitous publication of a dozen or more
of admirable plates alone, with over two hundred figures of correctly
named bisects in a some what neglected order, was a valuable contribu-
tion to the entomological literature of America and of the times. Xot
over 50 copies of the work were bound (in paper), and these were pre-
sented to the prominent entomologists and scientific institutions of the
country. The remainder of the edition lay piled in the office in sheets
for a long time; but was eventually disposed of for waste paper.

Mr. Glover received many flattering letters and complimentary no-
tices following this initiatory publication, and a year later he took steps
to bring out a small edition of the Diptera in somewhat the same man-
ner, though rather more full and complete as to the text or letter-press.
This, when- published in 1874. was a work of 133 pages, printed from
stone, upon plate paper, upon one side of the sheet only, the letter-press
being a fac-simile of the author's wonderfully clear chirography. and it
was accompanied by 10 plates and their explanations. The history of
this publication is interesting.

The publication of the Orthoptera had been unsatisfactory even to Mr.
Glover, so much so that he contemplated a new edition, and in the
Diptera he aimed to produce- something more complete and valuable.
The preparation of the manuscript was finished in the summer of 187).
and in September it was sent to Dr. Le Baron for his opinion upon its
merits, and for revision and correction.

September 14 the doctor wrote Mr. Glover a short note, acknowledg-
ing receipt. He states that he has had a couple of days to look it over,
and that he is pleased and surprised at the amount of interesting and

47

valuable matter which it contains. A postscript is inclosed, extracts
from which are here produced :

P. S. — Since writing the above note, and before mailirg it, I have more carefully
examined the plates of Diptera, and am satisfied that they are correct ; correct also,
so far as I have examined, -in their minute details.

As these plates already extend to twelve in number, in addition to the supplement-
ary plate A and as all the families, I believe, are more or less fully represented, it
appears to me that the benefit accruing to students from their immediate publica-
tion more than outweighs any advantage which an additional plate could give, unless
such plate could be prepared without delay.

My idea is this : The plates now finished being so extensive and so near perfect, and
their publication having been so Jong delayed', I should publish them as they are, or
with such additions and corrections as you now have at your command, and leave it
for a future edition, if such be called for, to make the work still more extensive and
valuable. This is the way the thing strikes an outsider ; but perhaps you, who are
behind the curtain, can see difficulties which others can not. * * *

Permit me to refer to one serious inconvenieuce, not in the execution but in the ar-
rangement of your figures. I mean the indiscriminate mixing, on the same plates, of
insects of different families, so that the student wishing to identify a species by a ref-
erence to the plates would not know to what part of the volume to turn. If he knew
the name of the insect he can refer to it by means of the index ; but if he do not know
it he will not know in what part of the book to look for it. This will be most incon-
venient in the Lepidoptera where the figures are scattered over so many pages. This
was done apparently to economize space, and we shall have to submit to the incon-
venience for the sake of the many benefits which we shall be able to derive from the
work.

September 25, 1873, Dr. Le Baron writes again as follows :

I have looked through your valuable compendium of Diptera, and have made such
suggestions and alterations as appeared to me desirable, and which I trust will meet
with your approbation. As it was impossible to examine the work thoroughly,
within the time allowed me, and in the intervals of other duties, I have confined my
examination mostly to that important portion of the work which lies between pages
92 and 180 of the manuscript. The introductory part, as I understand from the pre-
face, was compiled in a great measure from notes furnished by Baron Osten Sacken,
and therefore needs no revision. Next follow the plates, which must be regarded as
the special feature of the work. The figures are numerous, neat, pretty, and life-like,
and I believe, in the main, correct. As many of tneni are copied from other authors,
their accuracy will almost necessarily vary according to that of the respective au-
thorities. Many of the figures are taken from Packard's Guide, and many of those
figures wrere prepared originally for the American Naturalist. I do not know who was
the draughtsman, nor how correct they generally are, as I have never examined them
in detail. But one of them which I have had occasion to examine recently, namely,
that of Hypoderma bovis, on page 404, and which you have copied in Plate VIII, 21,
is little other than a caricature, as you will see by comparing it with the original, or
with Westwood's Figure 3, Plate XIX of Walker's British Diptera, or with your own
original figure of the text and variety (VI, 37). * * *

And. again, October 15, 1873 :

I have referred in several of my letters to the desirability of having a larger num-
ber of copies of your work on Diptera struck off than you contemplated. The idea
occurs to me that after 50 copies have been printed at yourown expense, an arrange-
ment might be made with, the Naturalists' Company to print 1,000 or more additional
copies at their expense on shares, they to have a part, perhaps a half, arising from
their sale.

48

I do not know but that it is your intention to have the work Btereotyped, bo that
you can have additional copies struck off hereafter ad libitum. If so, all right. Bat,
as I have before said, lean not bear the idea of having all the preparatory labor ex-
pended for so small a number of copies. Your work is of a popular and practical
character. It gives in a condensed form the greater part of what is known respecting
theDiptera, with the additional advantage of being copiously illustrated by fig-
ures. The leading idea and aim of the work is that of popular distribution. The 50
copies will of course accomplish nothing of this.

The manuscript was now seut to the publishers of the American Nat-
uralist, in Salem, for an estimate of the cost of printing*. In December
3Ir. Glover learned that Baron Osten Sacken had returned to America,
and at once wrote to him as one of his earliest friends in science, and
one whose valuable assistance in his dipterological studies he always
gratefully acknowledged, asking his advice in the matter. The follow-
ing is an extract from his letter :

I have just finished and sent to the priuting establishment of Putnam & Co.. to
find out what would be the expense of printing, which, if you approve, I shall do at
my own expense, and publish only 50 copies for gratuitous distribution to entomo-
logical societies, agricultural colleges, etc. Now, mistrusting my own knowledge on
the subject, I fear I may have made some errors, which, taken at the-present time,
before printing is commenced, may readily be corrected, but which if suffered to ap-
pear in print would only lead to future mistakes in nomenclature, etc. I would es-
teem it a personal favor if you would look the work over and make any corrections
you see fit, with your name attached, or without, as you wish. All I want is to get
the work out as perfect as I can, and I am willing to bear the whole expense for the
sake of diffusing knowledge to those who wish to learn, and have at present no fig-
ures to go by. I sent the work to Dr. Le Baron and to Mr. Uhler, who have urged
me to have the work published, and, not knowing that you would ever again visit
America, I sent the work with all its imperfections on its head to Messrs. Putnam &
Co., to put the work through as quickly as possible, as soon as they receive the man-
uscript from you.

The letter closes with apologies for troubling him, and with the re
mark that "the work was commenced entirely at your suggestion." The
italics are Mr. Glover's.

In a letter written the first week in January, 1874, he informs Baron
Osten-Sacken that he has directed Putnam & Co. to forward the work
and says :

You will find in looking over it (the MS.) that I have enlarged my plan so as to il-
lustrate as much of the subject as I could — from foreign specimens when I was unable
to procure native. Shall print 250 copies, if you think it worth the trouble : if nor
50 copies are all that I shall distribute.

Mr. Glover was hardly prepared for the reply to the above which was
returned a few weeks later; and though ir was received in the same
kindly spirit with which it was written, it hurt him cruelly and very
nearly caused him to abandon the idea of publication altogether. Baron
Osten-Sacken told him frankly that the work was too unequal and too
unfinished; that entomology in the United States had made great prog-
ress in the last twelve years ; that the plan of publication which was
suitable in 1862 would appear antiquated in 187-4; and finally that such
a publication would be open to criticism and financially a dead loss.

49

A few weeks later Osten-Sacken wrote a second letter, which is ap-
pended :

Cambridge, Mass., March 6, 1874.
My Dear Glover : You probably know that T have bad sonic correspondence
with Mr. Le Baron respecting your intended publication. I was very sorry to hear
from him that you took my letters so much to heart and that you felt discouraged in
consequence. The result of my correspondence with Mr. Le Baron was that we came
to a perfect understanding as to the main points at issue. We both think that the pub-
lication of your plates (with the scieutihc names appended), in the shape of one or
two volumes, would be very acceptable to the public at large. The letter-press, if
anv, should consist, in my opinion, of the general introduction only to the orders and
families, with references, at the end of each family, to the figures belonging to it.
But if I were you I would publish the plates at once, without waiting for the letter-
press, and give the latter at leisure afterwards. In other words, your work should be
for the public at large and not for the few and for the learned societies. As such it
will fill a want in the American literature. I even confess that on this point I have
somewhat modified my opinion since my last letter, and as well named collections
are a rarity your book will, to a certain extent, supply their place. But do not issue
each order as a separate work, as the people do not know much about the division of
orders yet, and as, issued in this form, the work assumes at once a learned appearance
which it should not have. The title should bear the word Insects, and not Coleoptera,
Orthoptera, etc., which learned terms upon a title page act as a bugbear to the un-
scientific.

Believe me always, very truly, yours,

E. Osten-Sacken.

Under date April 10, 1874, Mr. Glover replied as follows :

Should have acknowledged your letter immediately, but was confined to my bed
for some days by an attack of bilious intermittent fever. When I read your first
letter I felt so much discouraged that if I had had the manuscript in my possession I
should have burned it with pleasure and forsworn entomology forever. Indeed I
have scarcely opened the book again since it came back from Putnam's. I intended
then to publish 50 copies for gratuitous distribution among entomologists and my
personal friends, and had saved up the money to pay for its publication; but I was
so much disgusted with my own work that I invested in another manner, and should
I ever publish the plates with merely their names, as you suggest in your second let-
ter, I shall have now to wait until I can save up money to do so. At present, how-
ever, I intend to follow your advice and publish the plates as soon as I can with no
text, excepting the names and a short introduction, but shall have to refer to your
catalogue, as there is no other. I am busy revising and correcting name3, notes, and
figures of my Orthoptera, aud have etched from additional plates from Thomas's new
species collected by Haydeu and Wheeler. As soon as this is done I shall again com-
mence with the Diptera and prepare the names for publication. Mr. Uhler is assist-
ing me with the Hemiptera, and I intend to figure all the species I can procure dur-
ing the coming summer.

Remembering the main facts of this circumstance, but not wishing to
trust to memory in stating the matter, I have referred to Baron Osten
Sacken, who kindly places such portions of the original correspondence
before me as are important, together with an explanation, from which
the following extracts are taken :

I made the acquaintance of Mr. Glover while I lived in Washington as secretary of
the legation of Russia. It was somewhere betweeu 1856 and I860 [Mr. Glover first
met Baron Osten-Sacken in December, 1857. — C. R. D.]. At that time, except Le
14162— Bull 18 4

50

Conte and Asa Fitch, there were hardly any working entomologists in the United
States : Harris had died a few years earlier. As early as these times Glover was pre-
paring his copper-plates as a record of his collections and observations. 1 hoped he
would issue a volume with plates representing the most common insects, which, at
that time, would have been very useful in acquainting the public with the principal
forms and in starting the subject. But years went by. I left Washington in 1862,
and it was only in 1S74 that Glover wrote me to ask for my opinion about the publi-
cation of his work. * * * However, I had occasion to ascertain afterwards that
Glover had fully appreciated my frankness and my kind intention. I am glad that
you have undertaken to write a memorial of this amiable and worthy man and sincere
lover of nature.

In consequence of the circumstances herein narrated, Mr. Glover
modified largely his previous ideas regarding the publication of the
Diptera. He decided upon a small edition of 50 copies, and chose for
the volume the modest title " Manuscript Notes from my Journal, or
Illustrations of Insects," and, to carry out the idea more fully, had ir
printed by lithographic transfer upon stone from his own handwriting.

Apropos of this lithographic fac-simile printing, a characteristic an-
ecdote may be related. As may be inferred his printing bill was consid-
erable. The process necessitated making, with his own hand, a careful
copy of each page in trausfer ink, and as the steps which followed
were purely mechanical he argued that with press and appliances he
could easily do the work himself. Making inquiry he learned of a small
portable contrivance for the purpose, arranged with a cylindrical stone
and which could be obtained at a comparatively low price — less than
8100, I think. So the little printing establishment was purchased and
set up in his office in the Department. A very nice page of copy was
prepared after everything had been arranged to his satisfaction, direc-
tions were duly followed as to the transfer process, ink applied plenti-
fully, and an impression taken.

The professor's face was a study as he took off this first sheet. Xot
half of the written words appeared on the page, the transferring of the
copy not having taken from the stone. Then the printing ink had
stuck to the stone in places where the space should have been left
white, and altogether it was a very unsatisfactory beginning. Impres-
sion after impression was taken with no better success : and then it was
decided that insufficient care had been exercised in making the transfer of
the original. The next point was to clean the stone. The directions indi-
cated that the cylinder should be placed in a concave appliance, of a
material resembling fire-brick, which accompanied the press, and the
crank turned until the ink upon its surface had all been removed. Mr.
Glover adjusted the stone, grasped the crank, and ground away until
patience was very nearly exhausted, when he called in a colored mes-
senger to helphim finish the work. Other trials followed, during which
the amateur printer lost all patience, and after keeping the contrivance
a week or two he prevailed upon the agent to take it back at a large
discount from the original cost and a professional lithographer was
again employed to do his printing.

51

In 1876 he brought out the edition of Hemiptera previously referred
to, which was uniform with that of the Diptera, and distributed the 50
copies published to very nearly the same persons and institutions to
which the former volumes had been sent. The lists of the' recipients
are preserved with the copies of the two works given to the National
Museum.

In all these years of publication he was adding to his plates, to the
text of his Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera, and began compilations
of similar material from original and outside sources in other orders,
including the " Arachnids, Crustacea and Annilida, Entozoa, Helmin-
tha," etc. These later volumes, both "rough notes" and "prepared
notes," are in the form of scrap-books, made from old public documents,
octavo size, and are preserved in the National Museum.* But he gave
up further publication, and now devoted a considerable portion of his
time to the reproduction, by lithographic fac-simile, of the names to ac-
company the entire series of plates. These slips of names were pre-
pared and printed for every order excepting the Lepidoptera, includ-
ing the work on cotton insects; and had his health remained unim-
paired he would have finished the names for the set of Lepidoptera also.

In 1878 he issued his last publication, if publication it can be called,
an edition of 12 copies of his entire set of 273 platest with a type-printed

"In addition to his working set of plates, formerly in five quarto volumes, and his
p ublished works, complete, the material deposited in the National Museum (before
the purchase of his plates was effected) was as follows :

Manuscript notes upon the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera, with alphabetical
list of plants or substances injured or destroyed, completed, and systematically ar-
ranged (in quarto blank-books).

Hymenoptera, notes, etc., similar to Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, but not completely
arranged or systematized, " September, 1862.'"

The same, " rough notes" and various scraps pasted into old public documents.

Orthoptera, "prepared notes," in three volumes (old public documents).

Hemiptera and Heteroptera, rough notes, three volumes (old public documents).

Neuroptera " rough notes," one volume (old public document).

Cotton insects, plates and clippings from Patent Office Agricultural Reports, and
some notes, In a blank scrap-book. Arachnida, etc., and Entozoa, etc., as above,
one volume each in old public documents. There is also one volume of original fig-
ures, and the volume of the complete work, uncolored, which was presented to Pro-
fessor Baird by the author, and a few other duplicates.

Not having at hand the original list made by me when the transfer was effected, with
Professor Baird's receipt, as the writer acted for Mr. Glover in the matter, the above
list was made up while examining the manuscripts in Washington recently (October,
1887).

t The complete set of illustrations comprises 273 quarto plates with 6,179 figures,
engraved on copper, covering the following subjects :

Lepidoptera
Coleoptera .
Diptera
Hemiptera .

Platea.

"138
4!)
13
10

Figures.

2,634

1, 627

520

464

Hymenoptera

Orthoptera

Neuroptera

Cotton and its insects

Plates.

Figures.

346

281

215

52

title-page, a few introductory pages of classification, and cata^gues of
species with references accompanying each order. The slips of names
(save the Lepidoptera) were pasted upon each plate just under the fig-
ures, the page beiug of quarto size. Of these 12 copies, which were of
course uncolored, 5 were sent to Europe, and 5 distributed here. Two
other copies were sold with his library afterwards. Several copies, in
the hands of individuals or institutions, were later on ordered to be
colored, the writer having had the work done from Mr. Glover's origi-
nals, by a competent colorist. A list of institutions and individuals to
whom these sets were sent was made by me at the time of the distribu-
tion, but can not now be produced. One other formal publication, is-
sued in 1877, should be mentioned. I refer to the compilation of refer-
ences to the insects treated in his own and other reports, issued by the
United States Department of Agriculture and by the Patent Office, to
date of publication. It contains also a list of animal and vegetable
substances injured or destroyed by the insects referred to, the entire
volume making 103 pages, printed from stone, upon one side of the
sheet, in fac-simile, uniform with his other publications. A few sets of
his cotton plates were also distributed, bound up with a type-printed
title-page and cover.

While upon the history of Mr. Glover's undertaking, it should be
stated that among several plans looking toward the ultimate disposition
of the work, in the event of its not being published prior to the author's
death, there were two plans, at least, entertained by him in the latter
part of the centennial year, in which the United States Government
was wholly ignored. The first of these, which considered leaving the
work to some institution in England, with means to publish it, was
hardly seriously contemplated ; for being a work upon American insects
exclusively, it was not thought at all likely that it would claim the same
interest in England as in America. The other plan did receive consid-
eration to the extent of an inquiry of the authorities of Johns Hopkins
University, in Baltimore, as to the acceptauce of a trust fund to be left
for the purpose of promoting the study of entomology. In response to
this inquiry Mr. Glover learned that the consent of the trustees could
be obtained by President Oilman to the acceptance of a given sum, to
be known as the Glover fund, the donor to specify the manner in which
he preferred the income to be spent, as follows: Either in promoting
investigation, in publishing plates and texts, or in the delivery of lec-
tures. But the plan was never consummated.

At last came his sudden and prostrating illness, in the spring of 1S7S,
and he retired from active labor of any kind.

Regarding the sale of his plates — in January, 1879, during the third
session of the Forty-fifth Congress, Mr. Glover first memorialized that
body, proposing to transfer to the Government the en tire series, together
with the text of his entomological work. A special bill providing for
tbe transfer was not introduced, but the memorial was referred to the
Senate Committee on Agriculture. Professor Baird took great interest

53

in the matter, personally appearing before the committee to explain the
nature, value, and importance of the work, as well as the fact that the skill-
ful engravings of the copper plates themselves were the work of the pro-
fessor's own hand, and had involved most unremitting labor for a period
of over twenty years. The committee showed little interest in the sub-
ject, however, notwithstanding that the memorial was accompanied by
another recommending the purchase of the work, and signed by the
prominent entomologists of the country, among whom were the United
States entomologist, professors of Yale, Harvard, and other colleges,
and members of leading scientific societies. During the first session of
the succeeding Congress the matter was again brought to the attention
of the Committee on Agriculture, and a letter addressed to Professor
Baird from the chief engraver of the Bureau of Engraving and Print-
ing was submitted. In this letter it was stated that any skilled en-
graver would charge $100 for each of these plates, and if they were
engraved by a scientist they were worth more. Senator Davis, of West
Virginia, chairman of the committee, suggested that the committee
would recommend the purchase at a cost of $7,500 ; but the committee
took no formal action. This was a great disappointment to Professor
Glover, who was now anxious that the work should be purchased by
the Government, even at a nominal valuation. At the next session the
matter was brought to the attention of the House Committee on Agri-
culture, and the sum of $7,500 for the purchaseof the work was included
in the sundry civil appropriation bill, and finally passed both houses,
Professor Riley using his influence towards its final passage. The
money became available soon after, and was paid to Professor Glover
early in April ensuing the 4th of March upon which Congress adjourned;
but by this time he had become quite infirm. The result was very grati-
fying to him, though he died in September following.

No formal transfer of the plates was necessary after the purchase, as
they were already in the custody of the National Museum, having been
deposited there by the writer after consultation with Professor Baird
at the time when Mr. Glover was first stricken and unable to act for
himself.

As to the value of his work, it gave Mr. Glover great pleasure while
living to know that it was appreciated by the late Professor Agassiz
and leading scientific men of his day. Speaking of the " collections of
drawings," Professor Agassiz attests u their excellence and great im-
portance, both in a scientific and economical point of view," and con-
sidered " the publication of his observations, and of the delineations of
insects injurious to vegetation as most desirable, and likely to be in
the highest degree creditable to the United States Government." Dur-
ing the savant's last visit to Washington, while calling upon Prof. John
W. Hoyt to talk of the proposed national university, his opinion was
asked as to the sort of work that Professor Glover was doing. Agassiz's
reply was : "Magnificent! His services are extremely valuable, and

54

should he ever have occasion to leave the Department he can have a
place in the Museum of Comparative Zoology on his own terms."

Many extracts from the letters of entomologists might be here given,
showing the estimation in which the work was held, for Mr. Glover had
many friends in the scientific world who knew him only by his labors
in this, his chosen field. But one extract will be quoted, however, from
a letter written to me by Mr. William H. Edwards, when it was first
suggested that the Government should purchase Mr. Glover's plates :

Dear Sir : I am very glad to bear that an effort is making to secure for the coun-
try Professor Glover's copper plates of the insects of the United States and his manu-
script relating thereto. These materials are invaluable to us, and should Professor
Glover dispose of them in England or elsewhere the loss could never be made good.
Being an enthusiastic entomologist, as well as artist, these plates have been to him a
labor of love, and he has given to them the better part of a life-time, and executes
them with the greatest fidelity. His work on the cotton insects is beyond ah praise.
I know of nothiug comparable to it on the range of entomological illustrated litera-
ture, and the plates of this work and notes belonging to them are worth, in my opin-
ion, to the country the full sum that Professor Glover requires for the entire lot of
plates and manuscript.

Iii giving my own estimate of this work I must regard it from the
stand-point of view that will show the intention of its author. He
never proposed to put it forth as a technical work, or as a learned con-
tribution to science, for the instruction or better information of special-
ists, advanced students, or entomological investigators already possess-
ing large libraries and collections, but he did propose to make it, ichen
fully completed, a work of reference for all orders of insects in the popu-
lar sense of the term, for all who might be seeking general information
upon subjects relating to American entomology. In his conception of
the work, as in that of his museum plan, but one idea was aimed at —
utility. It was a favorite word with Professor Glover, and whether his
original intention was a work of 80 plates or 300, or the text of 100 or
1,000 pages, his only thought was to make it so simple and so useful
that a farmer with no appreciation of entomological science could con-
sult it as he would a dictionary, and learn something of the subject
upon which he desired to inform himself. It was to be, in short, an
illustrated encyclopedia of economic entomology, and if it had been fin-
ished and published in accordance with the author's design, there would
be nothing now in entomological literature like it. It certainly would
be wrong to judge it by his gratuitous publications. And no one, after
fully understanding the scope and design of the work, and examining
the great mass of material which represents the labor of twenty years
of Mr. Glover's active life, will deny either its utility or its value for
the purpose for which it was intended.

Supposing the work had been published in its entirety, and dis-
tributed in the manner Mr. Glover proposed it should be, among agri
cultural societies, to town libraries, etc.: A farmer of average intelli-
gence, we will say, comes, with an unknown insect in hand, to consult
it. it would require very slight entomological knowledge to enable
him to refer to the list of food plants to learn how many and what in-

55

sects lived upon the particular farm crop (or plant) which bad been in-
jured. This information obtained, with no knowledge whatever of
classification, he would be able, by means of the plates, to find the cul-
prit in a very little time, even if the figures were not sufficiently accu-
rate for the determination of fine specific differences. Having learned
the species, or even an allied species, reference from plate to text would
put him in possession of the main facts in the history of the insect, time
of appearance of different stages of the pest, and when and how to com-
bat it. And if the information given was not sufficient he could make
use of the references to other works there quoted.

This is, briefly, the manner in which the work was intended to be
used, and, as it contains over 6,000 figures of insects more or less in-
jurious (or beneficial) to American agriculture, I may repeat that noth-
ing like it has ever before been attempted, and that its completion and
publication would have served to vastly popularize the science of ento-
mology in the United States. But while its production is a marvel of
patience, persistence, and self-sacrificing iudustry, in the twenty years
its author was engaged upon it, he might have so systematized the work
of its production — calling others to his assistance to relieve himself of
the mere drudgery — and so have organized the plan of publication that
it would have been completed and placed in every large library of the
land while he was yet entomologist of the Department of Agriculture.

The point has been made tbat some of Mr. Glover's figures are not
altogether accurate, if not in some instances badly drawn. The criti-
cism is sometimes a just one, although in their entirety the drawings
will bear favorable comparison with similar entomological illustrations
of the times. One point must be admitted, that the earlier plates are
much better than the later ones, as will readily be seen by careful com-
parison. That this is due to two causes there can be little doubt: Some-
what impaired, or gradually failing eyesight in the first place (the more
positive cause), and less care in the second place, through impatience
to keep up with incoming material. The completion of two plates a
month, "out of office hours," and in the hours of daylight, with all the
work of making the drawings before undertaking tne engraving, and
coloring six or eight sets of the proofs afterwards, should be regarded as
expeditious work for a man sixty years of age. Mr. Glover himself re-
gretted having made certain of the plates (early ones in the Lepidoptera),
chiefly taken from Smith and Abbott's Insects of Georgia, and from a
few later works. Some of the far western Orthoptera, too, wrhich were
figured from alcoholic specimens, and colored from descriptions, or
from other figures, and sometimes from notes made by the collector, are
not wholly satisfactory, although readily recognizable by those who
have seen the insects in life. Fault has likewise been found with his
smaller figures, many of which should have been enlarged to show
specific differences in a marked degree, natural size being indicated in
the usual manner or by a second figure. All very minute species were
properly enlarged, and are, therefore, more valuable.

56

For purposes of ordinary identification in a general work of reference, as
this was intended to be, little fault need be found with the inajor portion of
the series. Of course this presupposes that the plates were to be colored,
as it was not the author's idea to issue them in any other way In fact the
very manner of engraving the figures shows this to be the case. In the
plates that were published by him, only half the editions were sent out
uncolored, and this only because of the great expense attending coloring
so many sets by hand — the distribution being entirely gratuitous.

In these days of cheapened processes for multiplied color reproduction
this matter is a serious obstacle in the way of future publication of Mr.
Glover's plates by the Government. Even if an edition of the plates
should be issued, without the text they do not tell the whole story,
and the text is not finished ; and in several orders the material is hardly
systematized or arranged. The plates, if published alone, with only
the names, would possess a certain value even if not colored, and it
would be better to publish in this manner than not at all. Eegarding
the question of coloring, if sets of the entire series were distributed
gratuitously by the Government, the recipients could well afford to have
them colored atterwards at their own expense from the original set.
Through combinations of a number of persons, so that a large contract
could be given out, the work could be done possibly at $35 to 840 per
set, which would be cheap for such a complete series of illustrations.

In regard to the published volumes which bear Mr. Glover's name,
these are valuable from their very scarcity, and from the fact that they
are all he has given us in published form, save the reports which have
appeared from time to time in Government publications. As works
giving a certain amount of information on two or three somewhat neg-
lected orders of insects they are useful; but from the stand-point of
scientific worth they are more valuable as series of named plates than
as scientific publications — the often fragmentary and incomplete text
giving little hint of the author's years of ^observation and study in the
field and vivarium.

As for the name and fame of the author, a published work compris-
ing an entire set of the plates alone is a sufficient monument to his un-
tiring industry, indomitable perseverance and skill, and to his faithful
labors through a period of twenty-five years for the advancement of
American entomological science. He wished to do more, but through
the limit set upon human endurance and existence he fell just a little
short of carrying out his great purpose. He did not strive for fame
through any contributions to the vast store-house of technical knowl-
edge, or the dry-dust records of closet investigation that he might have
made, nor did he ever wish to be considered an authority. But lie early
realized the difficulties which beset the way of the student of nature,
and that other student oi' practical rural economy, in obtaining a knowl-
edge of the insect forms about them, at a time when there were few
books and fewer named collections, and set to work to remedy the matter
as fat as he was able.

THE GLOVER MUSEUM.

As has been stated in the biographical sketch of Mr. Glover's life,
the museum scheme was contemplated many years before it was realized.
Indeed its first inception dates back prior to 1850, before be had left his
home on the Hudson. Begarding his collection of fruit models he
writes in 1866:

The design is to obtain from each State samples of the various fruits which have
been tried and proved ; to have them modeled here, retaining one copy to be added
to the national collection, and returning duplicates (and matrices), correctly named,
to each agricultural society.

Fifteen years before this, in 1851, he made the proposition to the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society to do this same thing, and some
specimens were furnished, made from fruits sent to Mr. Glover by mem-
bers of the society. Allusions to " the specimens for the New York
State Society," in a letter written at this period, also shows that the
idea was a very old one with its author. And all these early attempts
at exhibition tended directly towards the museum idea.

The first attempt to fully carry out the scheme was made in 1854, in
the single room which at that time constituted the Patent Office Bureau
of Agriculture 5 the fruit models being the chief display. At this
period they were his private property, though a year or two later the
proposition was made to dispose of them to the Government for $10,000.
The precise facts regarding early legislation on the subject can not be
given. But in 1858 we learn that Mr. Glover had seen a number of gen-
tlemen, whom he names ; that u everything appears favorable ;" and
"that the bill" will be put on "as an amendment." Then we learn
of his showing the fruits to members of Congress, who approved of the
idea, and promised to vote for the purchase. Meanwhile he leaves
Washington for the field, and while pushing his investigations he
learns that the bill has been defeated by "Letcher and Marshall," of
Virginia. This characteristic entry follows : " Will remember them for
it. Intend to resign in the fall, and offer to South Carolina or Mary-
land." Asa matter of history the bill was passed, though Mr. Glover
did not receive the money, through " misappropriation of funds." In
1867, however, the purchase was consummated, the sum of $10,000 be-
ing appropriated for the purpose, Hon. J. W. Stokes, then acting
Commissioner of Agriculture, having been instrumental in effectiug its
passage.

57

58

To go bacK again to the year 185G, he makes statements on the sub-
ject, in a letter to his cousin, which throws interesting light on the
museum scheme. He says :

I ask §10,000 for the whole, with the proviso that I work .six years to finish the
grand undertaking of modeling all the fruits, esculent roots, etc.; of the United
States, and label them with the name, synonym, habit, soil, etc., so as to form the
nucleus of agraml National Agricultural Museum. How do you like the plan?

The difference to Mr. Glover between selling his fruits in 1856 and in
18G7 was, that before the war he would have received this money in
gold, whereas he received it in a " depreciated currency ; " and, in ad-
dition to the fruit models, gave a collection of 600 specimens of birds,
which he had subsequently prepared and brought together, at consider-
able expense of money and time, while at the Maryland Agricultural
College. Even while connected with this institution, his labors, still
in the line of the practical and utilitarian, were directed towards the
acquirement of a collection. Mr. Glover was a skillful taxidermist,
and was a capital shot, notwithstanding the peculiarity of his eye-si gl it :
and as he tramped over the adjacent country, cane-gun in hand, using
it also as a walking-stick, he doubtless appeared more as a rural gen-
tleman than the enthusiastic naturalist that he was.

In August, 1864, the new museum was founded in the rooms of the
recently established Department of Agriculture. At this time the
models (some 3,000 in number) and the collection of birds above men-
tioned constituted the major portion of the cabinet. This was soon
augmented by donations, solicited or otherwise, or by occasional pur-
chases, and a mass of material was very soon gotten together repre-
senting, in one way or another, nearly every portion of the country. In-
sects, birds, plants, and botanical specimens, cereal products, fibers, and
the products of industrial art and manufacture were all included in the
collections, and the museum was fairly established. From this time for-
ward, up to and including the centennial year, its growth was steady
and rapid.

Regarding the plan or scheme of arrangement, which was most com-
plete in detail, it is not necessary to go into particulars here, as it is
fully described on page 27 of the Annual Eeport of the Department of
Agriculture for the year 1866.

Briefly, the museum was to be embraced in three divisions — a general,
State, and economic. The first he was to illustrate by complete series
of specimens of each of the various agricultural products from the seed.
through all stages of growth and after preparation for human use. up
to the highest range of manufacture. In the State division would be
shown the classified products of each State and Territory, including
minerals, soils, vegetable products, and manufactures; while in the eco-
nomic division would be displayed the commercial products of the vege-
table kingdom from every portion of the world. It was a grand scheme,
but too immense to be fully carried out in the cramped quarters assigned

59

to it, and in the days of ridiculously small appropriations. And here
pardon a digression, in one of the biographical sketches of the man,
which appeared at the time of his death, it is said that "during his en-
tire service he never asked for special appropriations for the pursuit of
investigations in any particular interest." This is true, but while he
never "asked" for appropriations — i. e., by persistent personal labor
with committeemen — he never lost the opportunity to explain to Con-
gressmen or other visitors of influence the benefits to be derived by
American agriculture in the establishment of such a museum in Wash-
ington ; and he always closed with a tersely-put statement as to the
ridiculously small sums of money that were available from the annual
appropriations with which to carry on the work. And upon one occa-
sion, some years after the establishment of the museum, he made such
an impression upon an enthusiastic committeeman who was visiting the
collections that the sum of $3,000 was shortly afterward appropriated
for the museum, to be spent under Mr. Glover's special direction. It
nearly took his breath away, and, as his assistant, I well remember how
hard it was to get him to use all of the money, as any unexpended bal-
ance at the end of the fiscal year would be turned back in the Treasury,
the reluctant purchase of a microscope nearly using up the amount re-
maining on hand the last of June.

It was natural for him to talk the museum scheme to all who would
listen. He believed in his plan, thought over it, worked for its perfec-
tion, confidently believing in its ultimately attaining the fullest realiza-
tion of success. The two rooms in the Patent Office were soon filled to
overflowing ; and when the designs were being made for the new build-
ing to be erected for the Department of Agriculture an exhibition hall,
50 by 100 feet in dimension, was contemplated, which it was thought
would be ample for the purpose. This was occupied in the fall of 1868,
twelve walnut cases having been provided for the reception of the va-
rious collections at that time brought together. But even in the new hall
the " plan " was hardly fulfilled in the arrangement. The " State divi-
sion" was represented by a single case of California products, the other
two divisions not being distinctively indicated, the entire museum being
at the same time u general " and " economic," as its specific collections
were as yet small and very incomplete.

As a man of deep originality and thought may make a wonderful dis-
covery or produce a valuable invention, and yet find himself lackingin
that worldly knowledge which would enable him to apply it with the
least difficulty to the uses of every-day life, so it was to a certain degree
with Mr. Glover in relation to his admirable museum scheme. Stronger
as an originator, or an investigator, than as an organizer, he lacked in
a measure executive ability. He wasable to outline andperfect a splen-
did system, but unable to carry it out save as he might do so through
the untiring labor of his own hands. This was the one drawback in the
preparation of his great work on entomology ; and it showed itself in the

60

building up of his museum in a marked degree after it had reached a
certain point iu its growth. The fact may be stated that in carrying
out the museum scheme it was not developed beyond this certain point,
and the suggestion is otfered that the theory of its arrangement may
have interested him more than the thing itself; for, with his devotion
to his work on entomology, which was an all absorbing interest at this
period, he could not have given his time and thought to both. It was
the illustration of the conception of the plan, and not the museum as a
whole, that was almost daily presented to its visitors.

For example: The California case was always inspected to illustrate
the State division and the arrangement of its minerals, its vegetable
products, and its manufactures explained. Turning to the collections of
fruit in other cases near, the model of the Baldwin apple was invaria-
bly exhibited, showing its manner of growth in various sections of the
country, thus demonstrating the localities where special fruits thrived
best. Stepping to another case, the bluebird was always pointed out,
with the distinctive mark upon its perch showing that it was a friend
aud not a foe to the farmer; and a little box of insect remains from its
stomach, by its side, furnished the proof of his statement. Flaxseed in
variety was shown in another case, illustrating the " general" museum,
together with the fiber in various stages of growth and manipulation to
the most delicate linen fabrics, and in the same manner the seed, oil,
and oil cake.

The scheme was most complete and admirable, reflecting the great-
est credit upon its originator, aud if carried out would have made it
oue of the graudest economic museums in the world. But it would have
necessitated a building larger than the entire Department of Agricult-
ure, and the outlay of many thousands of dollars, with the one draw-
back that in its State division there would have been endless repeti-
tion of the same thing, unless somewhat modified. Mr. Glover appre-
ciated this fully, and there was never an attempt, beyond the points of
illustration noted, to make it other than an economic museum of agri-
culture on the simplest possible basis of display. These statements are
made to explain in a measure why so valuable aud utilitarian a scheme
of arrangement was never fully completed.

As an economic museum or "object library" the collections increased,
at first slowly, then rapidly, so rapidly in fact that it was difficult to
supply case-room as fast as the specimens came in. It literally out-
grew the long entertained plan of arrangement, and as Mr. Glover be-
came more and more absorbed in his entomological work he finally
threw the greater part of the responsibility of the museum from oil' his
shoulders altogther, his assistants having charge of and carrying on
the work in its several branches, while he assumed merely nominal
control. By this time the collection of fruit models had been greatly
augmented by Prof. William H. Seaman, Who had charge of this branch.
as well as the microscopic work of the Division, a large series of the

61

principal vegetables also having been added ; while a regularly ap-
pointed taxidermist, Mrs. Teresa Drexler, made considerable additions
to the collections of birds and poultry. Miss Caroline 0. Moultou was
inn seii in attendant.

Then the preparations for the Centennial Exhibition of 187G were in-
augurated, the supervision of the work of getting up the museum ex-
hibit devolving upon the assistant entomologist,* who, co-operating af-
terwards with Professor Baird, was enabled to almost double the col-
lections of the department from foreign exhibits, necessitating the erec-
tion of a gallery on each side of the museum hall.

Mr. Glover had by this time so far lost interest in the museum, being
now wholly absorbed in his entomological work and its publication
that when the acquisition of this great mass of material necessitated a
better classification and arrangement of the museum display the for-
mulation of a new plan of arrangement was left entirely to the writer.
The classification which was then devised is published at the end of
the entomologist's report in the annual volume for 1877, pages 118 to
148,f in a special report made to Mr. Glover.

It may be stated that the scheme of arrangement set forth in this
published classification was closely followed in the reorganization which
shortly followed.

The museum was now (1877) at the zenith of its importance and use-
fulness, and shortly after its decline began. The first calamity which
occurred to it was the loss of in any of its large and valuable collections
gathered at the Centennial, which, for want of a few hundred dollars
worth of display bottles and other material suitable for their exhibition,
asked for and repeatedly refused, remained stored in the garret above
the museum hall. Through the officiousness of the property clerk of
the department, appointed by Commissioner Le Due, or by the Com-
missioner's order, this mass of material was either sold to a junk dealer
or thrown on a rubbish heap, according to its market value at "junk"
prices, and thousands of dollars' worth of valuable museum material
wasted and destroyed. Then followed Mr. Glover's retirement from
active duty, and as the assistant entomologist shortly after resigned,
and other changes had occurred in the museum corps, the museum was
practically left w ithout care, as no regular curator was appointed for
several years. Dr. Vasey was given nominal charge for a time, but his
own duties as botanist were sufficient to occupy his whole attention.

The remainder of the story is briefly told. A wooden exhibition build-
ing had been erected in one corner of the department grounds for the dis-
play of railroad exhibits and other similar exposition displays. More

*See Agricultural Report for 1876, p. 17.

tThe entomologist reluctantly incorporated this museum report and classification
into his own report, signing his name to the two documents in oue to avoid running
counter to the whims and absurd prejudices of the gentleman who was then Com-
missioner of Agriculture. This statement is made in simple justice to the author of
the report.

62

office rooms were needed in the department building than its cramped
quarters afforded, and in time the space in the splendid museum hall was

encroached upon. The collections thus displaced were removed to the
exposition building referred to above, though some, as the fibers and
birds and a few of +he more valuable economic collections, were trans
ferred to the National Museum, where they are carefully preserved,
though as yet not placed on exhibition. As to the remaining portion
of the "Glover Museum," it is pretty nearly as is was left ten years ago,
save that many of the collections of specimens have suffered from want
of care and attention, and that the museum hall is now given over to
other uses, for the specimens, those that were worth further preserva-
tion, were transferred to the exhibition building mentioned during the
winter just passed.

To conclude: The scheme of the museum, as contemplated by Mi.
Glover, was original and unique, however some of its special features
may have been suggested by European museums, and it is to be regretted
that it could not have been perpetuated and preserved in the original
space expressly designed for its accommodation, and where its founder
and father labored for its establishment and watched so long its growth
and development.

And what more remains to be said ? The influence of such a man as
Mr. Glover is shown to have been has made itself felt, though the ul-
timate outcome of his schemes for the diffusion of knowledge amoug
his fellow men did not reach the perfect realization that he had dreamed.
"I confess I have no idea how one man had the power alone to accom-
plish so much work in such a superior manner," Prof. Hagen once
wrote of him. He could not have accomplished more, for he did that
which his hands found to do with all his might while his strength
lasted, aud then he rested from his labors.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Mr. Glover's entomological writings are confined almost exclusively to
his reports published in the Annuals of the Patent Office, and the United
States Department of Agriculture, and the few published works which
bear his name. His earliest writings, as far as I have been able to discover,
date back to the fall of 1853, and, with one exception, relate to pozno-
logical subjects rather than to entomology. He wrote occasionally for
the Fishkill Standard, usually in a satirical vein, holding up to ridi-
cule some local abuse, though not, as far as I know, upon entomological
subjects. It is also surmised that he wrote a series of articles for The
States, published in Washington before the war, in which the short-
comings of a public official were pointedly reviewed. If there were
scientific articles written at this period of his life other than his Patent
Office reports, with a single exception. I do not know of them, and his
personal scrap-book does not reveal them. It is a known fact that he
could not be induced to contribute to current literature during the pe-
riod of his labors in the Department of Agriculture, though he was fre-
quently urged to do so.*

Throwing out, therefore, all titles which are known to represent mere
republications from his reports, the record is reduced to the following
titles, which, as far as I have been able to learn, are the published arti-
cles, works, or writings of Townend Glover.

1. "Popular Fallacies." American Agriculturist, November 9,1853. Signed "G."

A short article on the many impracticable insect remedies which go the rounds of the
agricultural press, year after year, unproven and unchallenged.

Note. — At the same period, and in the same jour-
nal, the following general articles were published over
the same initial: Planting Shade Trees along High-
ways and Eailroads, Nov. 23, 1853 ; Pomologicai Dream,
Nov. 30, 1853 ; and Pomologicai Realities (on pear cult-
ure), Dec. 23, 1853.

2. Insects Injurious and Beneficial to Agriculture. Report of the Commissioner

of Patents for 1854. Agriculture, p. 59-89. Illust. by six plates engraved on
stone by the author.

A paper on insects injurious to the cotton plant, wheat, and the grape-vine ; and on the
plum curculo, codling-moth, and peach-borer, closing with a short account of some of
the common species of beneficial insects.

* I find in one of his scrap-books a lengthy communication, clipped from some
newspaper unknown to me, which must have been a published official reply to some
correspondent of the Department. It is omitted from the bibliography.— C. R. D.

63

64

3. Report on Insects. Report of the Commissioner of Patents for 1855. Agricult-

ure, p. ti4— 1 19. With 48 wood-cut illustrations, from drawings by tin- author.

A report on insects frequenting the cotton plant; insects upon the stalk. leaf, terminal

shoots, flower, boll, and rotted bolls: insects found in the cotton fields not injurious to

the crop, and insects beneficial to cotton. Also contains a report on insects injurious

and beneficial to the orange tree — the orange scale.

4. Paper upon Entomology. Read before the meeting of the United States Agricult-

ural Society. Dated Jan. 11,1856. National Intelligencer. Date of publica-
tion cannot he given. (Republished in Fishkill Standard.)

5. On Destroying Injurious Insects. American Agriculturist, Oct., 1856. Vol. 15.

p. 304.

6. Reports on Orange and Cotton Insects. Report of the Commissioner of Patents

for 1858. Agriculture, p. 256-272.

Report on insacts frequenting the orange trees of Florida, including remarks on the orange
tree by D. J. B. (Browne). Also contains report on insects injurious to the cotton
plant in Florida. Notes on cut-worms aud the cotton-stainer.

7. The Hang- Worm. Report of the Commissioner of Patents for 1859. Agriculture.

p. 551-554. 1 Figure.

An answer to a correspondent of the U. S. Patent Office, giving the history of "Oiketicua,"
(Thyridopteryx ephemerceformis) .

8. Report of the Entomologist. Annual Report of the (U. S.) Commissioner of Ag-

riculture for 1862. p. 561-579.

Contains notice of the establishment of the Agricultural Museum, and article on the habits
of the principal species of Coleoptera injurious to agriculture.

9. Report of the Entomologist. Aunual Report of the (U. S.) Commissioner of

Agriculture for 1864. p. 540-564.

A short report on the Museum, followed by a description of the habits of principal in-
jurious species of Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Heteroptora,
Homoptera, and Diptera.

10. Report of the Entomologist. Annual Report of the (U. S.) Commissioner of

Agriculture for 1865. p. 33-45.

A report on the progress of the Museum, followed by a brief synopsis of habits of birds
examined and placed in the Department since the last report.

11. Entomological Exhibition in Paris. Annual Report of the Commissioner of

Agriculture for 1865. p. 88-102.

Treats of entomology on pages 88-94, 101-102 ; the rest is on agricultural museums, botan-
ical gardens, the gardens of acclimation in Paris, and the collection of the Zoological
Society of London. Habits of European injurious inserts compared with those of re-
lated American insects ; habits of European beneficial insects; silk culture noticed;
grand gold medal awarded to Glover for his work on entomology.

12. Report of the Entomologist. Aunual Report of the (U. S.) Commissioner of

Agriculture for 1866. p. 27-45.

I. Contains brief statements regarding the insects which have been reported on by the
division for the year. II. Contains an economic paper on insects and their uses—
chiefly relating to the products of insects, as honey, wax, cochineal, etc

13. Injurious to Cotton Plants. Monthly Reports (U. S.) Department of Agricult-

ure for 1866.

A series of articles on the most injurious of the cotton insects, as follows (illustrate1.
No. 1. June. p. 239-241.
No. 2. July. p. 2*2-285.
No. 3. Sept. p. 831-335.
No. 4. Oct, p. 377-:;7s.
No. 5. Nov. and Dec. p. 421-424.

14. The same. In Monthly Reporl for l-i,7. Xo. 6 of the series. January, 1867.

1». 21-23.

65

15. Report of the Entomologist. Annual Report of the (U. S.) Commissioner of

Agriculture for 1867. (p. 58-76.) 16 illustrations.

A report on the insects most injurious to agriculture during the year, that had been re-
ceived by the Entomological Division.

16. The Potato Beetle. Monthly Report Department of Agriculture for January,

1868. p. 22.

17. The Food and Habits of Beetles. Annual Report of the (U. S.) Commissioner

of Agriculture for 1868. p. 78-117; and 114 outline illustrations.

Part I. An article on the food and habits of the more common species of Coleoptera. Part
II. An alphabetical list of the principal animal and vegetable substances either fre-
quented or injured by beetles, with the names of the beetles frequenting them.

18. Report of the Entomologist. Report of the (U. S.) Commissioner of Agricult-

ure for 1869. p. 60-64.

A very brief report, relating entirely to the Museum of the Department.

19. Report of the Entomologist and Curator of the Museum. Annual Report of

the (U. S.) Commissioner of Agriculture for 1870. p. 65-91. 59 illust.

A record of the work of the Entomologist Division for the year, including new facts relat-
ing to injurious insects from other sources.

20. Entomological Record. Monthly report of the Department of Agriculture for

1871. p. 332-335.

Notes on the Colorado beetle, the chinch-bug, ravages of grasshoppers, thrips, etc. — [These
notes, together with the records published in ensuing monthly reports for several years,
were for the most part embodied in the annual reports of the Department, prepared at
the time of or after their publication in this form.

21. On the Grape-Vine Hopper. Monthly Report for October, 1871. p. 403.

22. Entomological Record. Monthly Report for November and December, 1871.

p. 477.

On twig-girdlers, strawberry insects, etc.

23. Report of the Entomologist and Curator of the Museum. Annual Report of

the (U. S.) Commissioner of Agriculture for 1871. p. 69-88. 23 illust.
A record of the principal insects reported on by the Department during the year.

24. Destructive Grasshoppers in California. Monthly Report of the Department

of Agriculture for January, 1872. p. 22.

25. The Utah Cricket. Monthly Report, February, 1872. p. 74.

26. The Cabbage Moth. Idem. March and April, 1872. p. 137.

27. A New Grasshopper. Idem. May and June, 1872. p. 215.

28. Entomological Record. Idem. July, 1872. p. 304-307.

29. Entomological Record. Idem. August and September, 1872. p. 366-369.

On peach-tree insects, and misc. insect injuries.

30. Entomological Record. Idem. October, 1872. p. 438-439.

On the army or*" snake-worm " insect injuries.

31. Entomological Record. Idem. November and December, 1872. p. 497-499.

On a large grasshopper and insect injuries.

32. Report of the Entomologist and Curator of the Museum. Annual Report

Commissioner of Agriculture for 1872. p. 112 138. 26 illustrations.

I. Report on the entomological work of the division for the year, with brief history and
habits of the insects recorded. II. A paper entitled "Notes on the Diptera.with the
principal remedies in use for injurious insects in this order."

14162— Bull 18—5

66

33. Illustrations j of | North American Entomo.ogy. | (United States and Can-

ada) — by Towneud Glover, Washington, D. C. | Orthoptera. | Washington,
D. C. | 1872. Large quarto; text, 11 pp. L3 plates with names.

This work, the only one printed from type, contains : An introduction, arrangement of
families, notes ou food and habits of orthoptera, parasites, list of substances injured
by orthoptera, lists of genera and species figured, list of desiderata and errata. 250
copies printed ; 50 distributed gratuitously, the remainder of the edition having been
destroyed.

34. A Vindication of the Entomological Division of the U. S. Department of

Agriculture. Private print, 1872. p. 6.

Published in reply to statements made in "The Department of Agriculture, its History
and Objects,'- a pamphlet issued, 1872, by the chief clerk ot the Department. Gra-
tuitously distributed.

35. Entomological Record. Monthly Report of the Department of Agriculture, for

1873. p. 29-31.

Notes on the apple-twig borer, the rose bug, plum insects, and other insect injuries.

36. The Tobacco-worm. Idem. April, 1873. p. 164.

37. Entomological Eecord. Idem. May and June, 1873. p. 237-238. Notes on the

apple-twig borer and Colorado beetle.

38. Entomological Record. Idem. July, 1873. p. 345-347. Notes on corn in-

sects, the grape-vine root louse, trap-door spider, Colorado beetle, luminous
larva?, etc.

39. Entomological Record. Idem. August and September, 1873. p. 426-427. On

Paris green, the Phylloxera, etc.

40. Entomological Record. Idem. October, 1873. p. 496-497. Notes on grape-

vine borers and iusect injuries.

41. Entomological Record. Idem. November and December, 1873. p. 571-576.

Notes on the phyloxera, the Colorado potato beetle, protection against cotton
moths, Xyloryctes satyrus, and insect injuries.

42. Report of Rntomologist and Curator of the Museum. Report of the U. S. Com-

missioner of Agriculture for 1873. p. 152, 169. 10 illust.

A brief report on the injurious species of insocts reported during the year with conclu-
sions, etc., relative to the use of Paris green and other poisons in combating cotton
insects.

43. Entomological Record. Monthly report of the U. S. Department of Agricult-

ure, for 1874. p. 43-45.

Notes on the Phylloxera, Paris green, tbe cotton caterpillar, &c.

44. Entomological Record. Idem. April and May, 1874. p. 221-222. On luminous

beetles, and poke-root as an insecticide.

45. Entomological Record. Idem. July, 1874. p. 324-330. On Colorado potato

beetle, and notes on iusect injuries.

46. Entomological Record. Idem. August and September, 1874. p. 373-376.

Notes on insect injuries. ,

47. Entomological Record. Idem. October. 1874. pp. 428-431. Experiments with

Phylloxera, the cotton worm, etc.

48. The Grape-root Gall-louse. Idem. November and December, 1874. p. 506-7

49. Report of Entomologist and Curator of the Museum. Report of the United

States Commissioner of Agriculture for ls?4. p. 122-14*5. -JO illost.

Pakt I. A brief report on the Colorado potato beetle and other insects, giving the new
facts of the year. Pakt II. An economic paper ou the Orthoptera.

67

50. Manuscript Notes from my Journal | or | Illustrations of Insects | Native

and Foreign | Diptera | or | Two-winged Flies. | Washington, 1874.

Written by Townend Glover. Transferred and printed from stone by Jas. F. Gedney.
4to. pg. Ill, plates I-XII, pi. A (each with a page of explanation) pg. 120, printed only
on one side of the sheet. Only 45 copies printed for gratuitous distribution.)
(a) Introduction, p. I-III. (b) Figures of about 340 imagos, 160 young, 30 habitations, and
numerous details of about 400 species, pi. I-XII. (<;) Anatomical details of 86 genera
pi. A. (d) Arrangement of families, p. I. (e) Alphabetical list of the families and gen-
era of Diptera mentioned in this work, with synonyms, habitat, food, etc., p. 2-59,
(/) Alphabetical list of predaceous or parasitic Diptera, the larvie or perfect flies of
which destroy other insects, p. 60-62. (g) Alphabetical list of vegetable and animal
substances, etc., inhabited, injured, or destroyed by Diptera, p. 63-78. (h) Alphabeti-
cal list of insects of other orders either destroying Diptera or destroyed by them, p.
79-85. (i) Alphabetical list of names of authors, and of authorities quoted, p. 86-89,
(;') Abbreviations used in this work, p. 90. (k) Alphabetical list of some of the gen-
era, etc., of Diptera, with derivation of names, p. 91-93. (I) Alphabetical list of the
species of Diptera. and other orders, fungi, etc., with derivation of names, p 94-100
(w) Supplement. 1. Remedies, p. 101-111. (n) Alphabetical list of insects, etc., men.
tioned in Report on Remedies, p. 112. (o) Synoptical tables (of divisions and families),
p. 113-118. (p) Definition of terms, p. 118. (q) Addenda, p. 119-120. (r) Notes, p.
120.

51. Recent notes on the Phylloxera, from Foreign Sources. Monthly Report U.

S. Department of Agriculture for January, 1875. p. 40.

52. On Beneficial Insects. Idem. April, 1875. p. 175-6.

53. Entomological Record. Idem. May and June, 1875. pp. 221-230. On cut-

worms ; Phylloxera in Austria, the same in France ; locusts, etc.

54. Insect Injuries. Idem. July, 1875. p. 307-310.

55. Insect Injuries. Idem. August and September, 1875. p. 367-370.

56. Entomological Record. Idem. October, 1875. pp. 442-445. Notes on the

chinch-bug and Colorado beetle.

57. Report of the Entomologist and Curator of the Museum. Report of the (U. S.)

Commissioner of Agriculture for 1875. pp. 114-136. 63 illust.

Part I. An Economic paper on tbe "Heteroptera or Plant Bugs." Part II. Remedies
reported to oe serviceable in destroying insects in the Suborder Heteroptera or plant
bugs.

58. Insect Injuries. Monthly Report of the U. S. Department of Agriculture,

1876. p. 245.

59. Insect Injuries. Idem. August and September, 1876. p. 333-336.

60. Manuscript Notes from My Journal | or | Illustrations of Insects | Native and

Foreign | Order Hemiptera | suborder Heteroptera | or plant-bugs. | Washing-
ton, D. C. | 1876.

Written and etched by Townend Glover ; transferred and printed from stone by -J. C. Ent-
wisle, 1876. (2) +2+10— 133 p. (p. l-576i>, p. 58-132), 10 pi. (pi. 1-9 colored), printed
only on one side of the sheet. (Only 53 copies printed, for gratuitous distribution.)
Title; copyright, (a) Introduction, p. 1-2. (&) About 325 figures of about 257 imagos,
19 young and numerous anotomical details of about 240 species, pi. 1-10, each pi. with
a p. of explanatory text, (c) Arrangement of families, etc., of the Heteroptera, or
plant-bugs (Burmeister's arrangement (1835), p. 1-6, p. 16; Westwood's (1840), p. 7-9,
p. 16; Amyot and Serville's (1843), p. 9-12, p. 16; Douglas and Scott's (1861-1865), p.
12-15, p. 17), p. 1-17. (d) Alphabetical list of the families and genera of Heteroptera
mentioned in this work with synonyms, habits, food, habitat, etc. (includes, with others,
all the species mentioned in Say's works, with the names of the genera to which they
have more recently been removed), p. 18-73. (e) Alphabetical list of predaceous or
parasitic Heteroptera, the larvae, pupae, or perfect insects of which destroy other in.
sects, p. 74, 75. (/) Alphabetical list of vegetable and animal substances frequented,
injured, or destroyed by Heteroptera, p. 76-85. (g) Alphabetical list of insects of other

68

orders either destroying Heteroptera or destroyed by them, p. 86, 87. (h) Alphabetical
list of the names of the authors and of authorities or societies, etc., referred to in this
work, p 88-91. ({) Abbreviations, etc., used in this work (with a diagram of three
French inches divided into lines), p. 92. ( j) Remedies reported to be serviceable in
destroying insects of the suborder Heteroptera or plant-bugs, p. 93-96. (k) Alphabet
ical list of (some principal) sections, families, and genera of the Hemiptera, Heterop-
tera, with derivation of names, etc.. etc. (compiled from the works of various authurs,
omitting many synonyms, and referiing the genera to the families of Amyot and Ser-
vility's classification), p. 97,112. (I) Alphabetical list of species, of the Hemiptera
Heteroptera (with translation of the names and referring tin- synonyms to their propel
genera), p. 112-118. (m) Genera as arranged in the entomological cabinet of the Mu-
seum of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, 1876 (with reference to
the pages on which the genera are mentioned in Amyot Sc Serville'a Histoirenaturelle
des Hemipteres, Paris, 1843), p. 119-123. (n) Extracts from the list of Hemiptera, of
the region west of the Mississippi, including those collected by the Hayden explora-
tions of 1873, by P. R. Uhler, Baltimore. Md., Washington, D. C, January 1876 (giv-
ing Uhler's arrangement of the " families. &c," and referring to the pages on which
the genera are mentioned in that work, (see Rec. Xo. 5C8), p. 124-137. (o) Notes of the
habits of the Heteropterous insects, with the latest changes in the nomenclature, po-
sition, and classification of the various families, subfamilies, genera, and species
(taken from Uhler's List (see Rec. No. 568), and referring to the pages of that list), p.
128-131. (p) Errata and addenda, p. 132. (q) List of (4r-) societies and individuals to
whom a copy of this work has heen sent (1876), p. 132.

61. Report of the Entomologist and Curator of the Museum. Report of the

U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture for 1876. pp. 17-46. Illust., p. 59.

I. Contains report of C has. R. Dodge on the Museum exhibit at the Centennial Exhibition.
II. Economic paper by the Entomologist on the Homoptera,

62. Report of the Entomologist and Curator of the Museum. Report of the

Commissioner of Agriculture for 1877, pp. 89-148, Plates V, Figs. 100. repro-
duced from the authors' engravings of Hymenoptera.

I. Economic paper on the Hymenoptera in relation to American Agriculture ; II. A re-
port on the Museum Division, with a systematic classification for economic museums.
prepared by Charles R. Dodge.

63. Manuscript Notes from my Journal | or | Entomological Index | to names, &c, j

in | Agricultural Reports | with list of | Vegetable and Animal Substances In-
jured or Destroyed by Insects | Washington, D. C, | 1877. 103 pages, quarto.
Written aud etched by Towneud Glover, and printed on stone.
50 copies were printed for gratuitous distribution.

64. Illustrations | of | North American | Entomology | in the orders of | Coleoptera,

Ortboptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera. Lepedoptera | Homoptera and Dip.
tera | By Townend Glover | Washington, D. C. | 1878.

The entire set of 273 plates, with names of species on each plate in every older but Lepe-
doptera. Contains, also, arrangement of families, compiled from various authors, in
each order, with alphabetical lists of families and alphabetical lists of species, with
references to plate and figure Twelve copies only were printed for gratuitous dis-
tribution, chiefly to institutions in this country and in Europe. The -
taiued the 22 plates of cotton insects though not so stated on the title page. This waa
Mr. Glover's last work, issued only a short time before he was forced to cease his
labors and to end his active connection with the Department of Agriculture.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Bulletin 1!

Plate

''V>

A Reproduction of an Early Plate on Stone.